Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates h ttps ://arch i ve . 0 rg/d etai I s/co m pre h e n si ve h i s02tutt [1 B, Bigney & Co.. Publishers HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HON. THE MARQUIS OF LORNE, K. T., P. C., Etc., Governor- General of the Dominion of Canada. AND HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS LOUISE. PORTRAITS ON OPPOSITE PAGE. A -ifc’ r t L [NSRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE OOMINION" THE BORLAND DESBARATS LIT HO COMP' Rt. Hon. SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD, K.C.B, RIGHT HON. SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD, K.C.B.Etc. For inaJty years Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada. FROM HUMBLE BEGINNINGS, BY WELL-DIRECTED TALENT, HE HAS BECOME A LEADER IN THE COUNCILS OF ENGLAND’S QUEEN; AND UNDER HIS MATCHLESS TACT AND WISE STATESMANSHIP. THE ONCE STRUGGLING BRITISH AMERICAN COLONIES HAVE BEEN ELEVATED TO THE POSITION OF A NATION, AND TO A HIGH PLACE AMONG THE GREAT POWERS OF THE WORLD. POP TP A /T ON OPPOSITE PAGE. 1 . ' EN6RAVE0 EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE OOMINION ' THE BURLANO DESBARATS LITHO COMPT Hon. EDWARD BLAKE, HONORABLE EDWARD BLAKE, OF TORONTO. ONE OF THE GREATEST CONSTITUTIONAL LAWYERS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA AND A LEADING STATESMAN OF UNIMEEACH- ABLE PURITY OF CHARACTER. PORTRA/T ON OPPOSITE PAGE. THE COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF THE Dominion of Canada, WITH ART ENGRAVINGS, ‘VOLTJl^E] II, FROM THE CONFEDERATION OF 1867 TO THE CLOSE OF 1878. Bv CHARLES R. TUTTLE, Author of “ History of the State of Michigan “ History of the Border Wars of Two Centuries;” “ History of the States of Iowa, Indiana, Wisconsin;” “ History OF THE United States,” etc., etc. SOLD ONLY BY CANVASSING AGENTS. aittriliil: PUBLISHED BY H. B. BIGNEY AND COMPANY 1879. Registered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, A. D., 1879, By CHARLES R. TUTTLE, In the office of the Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa. I THE gazette” print, MONTREAL. // /k'^so o 77 / PREFACE. VOLUME II. I N presenting the second volume of the History of the Dominion of Canada to the public^ the Editor wishes to set forth his plans concerning the whole work, and more particularly in respect of the scope and character of the volumes yet to be published. It is generally known that the first volume, issued in 1877, embraces the History of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island from their discovery and first settlement to the Confederation, of 1867. The present volume covers the period since Confederation, or from 1867 to 1879, and includes, not only the Provinces named, but also Manitoba, British Columbia and the North-West. The unfinished portion of the work, upon which the Editor is now engaged, may be described as follows : — Volume HI, to be uniform in size and style with the two volumes already published, and to embrace Biographies of those persons who have distinguished themselves in any of the pursuits or professions of life, in all the Provinces, from the earliest Canadian and Acadian times down to and including the present ; Volume IV, to be uniform with the present one, and to comprise a County History of the Dominion of Canada, that is, embracing the local history of each county within the Dominion; Volume V, to be uniform with the present one and embracing the general, civil and political history of the Dominion of Canada under the Administration of His Excellency the Marquis of Lome, or for the five years closing in 1883. It is also the intention of the Editor to publish a volume similar to that last mentioned for each succeeding five years, as long as he may be able to do so. It is upon this plan, as set forth above, and on the strength of the two volumes already published, that the Editor rests his claims upon the public for patronage and support. It was a fact, fully recognized on every hand in 1876, when the first installment of this History was published, that the important work of preserving the history and biography of the country had been hitherto neglected. Therefore an urgent demand existed that at least one person should devote himself somewhat permanently to the work of collecting the past and preserving the current History of the Dominion. The needs of the country did not so much require the production of a single volume, embracing the annals of the past, as the earnest and efficient labor of gathering and consolidating the records of the present. It was felt that in 1867, Canada had entered upon a new life — upon a “ National” existence, full of promise of a near future greatness that would command the respect of the Great Powers of the World. Hence in no period of Canadian History could the work of the historian yield greater fruit than in that of the past ten years ; while on the other hand, it is evident, that during the next twenty years, the History of the Dominion will solve many questions of political science of the greatest possible importance. The Editor will endeavor to deal with these subjects in a non-partisan spirit, always avoiding the very appearance of political bias. The two volumes already published will afford the best guarantee in regard to this. PREFACE. In the preparation of the present volume, the Editor has availed himself of much assistance. The excellent works of Messrs. Leggo and Stewart on the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin in Canada, have been carefully consulted. The various daily newspaper files to be had at the Parliamentary Library, as also the Debates and other Public Documents have each contributed, as sources of information. Amongst those persons who have assisted the Editor in his literary labors, none, perhaps, have rendered more valuable service than Mr. Dougall Macdougall, of Berlin, Ont.,late one of the Centennial Exposition Commissioners for the Dominion of Canada. The excellent account of the part taken by the Dominion in the Great Exposition at Philadelphia, in 1876, which will be found in the following pages, is largely due to the co-operation and assistance of Mr. Macdougall. All readers of this history will no doubt unite their gratitude and appreciation with the thanks of the Editor for Mr. Macdougall’s kind and generous contribution to this important department of the work. The Editor would not fail to mention the name of Mr. John A. Phillips, a gentleman who has been connected with the newspaper press in Montreal, Toronto and Ottawa, and who has assisted in the compilation of both the first and second volumes of this work, and whose labors, the writer is free to acknowledge, have been not only faithful and arduous, but very productive. It is the hope and expectation of the Editor, that Mr. Phillips’ labors will also be associated with those of the writer in the preparation of the future volumes of this work. The names of many others might be mentioned, but it will suffice to state that within the past two years, almost all persons connected with the various literary pursuits of the Dominion, have in one way and another, recognized the value of this work by their ready and useful co-operation. It is from such evidences of appreciation as these that the writer feels encouraged to persevere to the end, in a work which can scarcely fail to yield a lasting benefit to the present and future generations of the Dominion of Canada. CHAS. R. TUTTLE. Ottawa, April, 1879. CONTENTS. VOLUME II. CHAPTER I. THE CONFEDERATION. Page. CHAPTER VI. GOVERNMENT OP LORD MONCK— NOVA SIOTIa’S DLSCONTENT. Page. 1. First efforts towards Confederation. 2. Lord Durham’s effort.s for Confederation. 3. Fresh Oliioial steps taken. 4. The Charlotte- town Convention. 5. The Movement in Canada. 6. The work of the Charlottetown Convention. 7. The Quebec Conference. 8. Proceedings in Canada. 9. Proceedings in New Brunswick. 10. Proceedings in Nova Scotia. 11. Proceedings in -Newfoundland. 12. Proceedings in Prince Edward Island. 13. Proceedings of the Delegates in England. 14. Action of the Imperial Parliament. 15. Proclamation 25 CHAPTER II. LORD monck’s administration— 1867. 1. The Beginning of a New Era. 2. The Terms of the Union. 3. Celebration of Dominion Day. 4. Determination to form a Coali- tion Ministry. Opposition to the Scheme. 5. Meeting of the Reform Convention. 6. Hon. Messrs. Howland and Maodougall defend Coalition. 7. Coalition condemned by the Convention. 8. Reform Party and Confederation. 9. Plan of First Cabinet. 10. The First Cabinet. 11. Honors given to Confederation Commis- sioners. 12. The Elections. 13. Results of the Elections. 14. The Contest in Quebec. 15. Contest in the Maritime Provinces.. 33 CHAPTER III. GOVERNMENT OF LORD MONCK— 1867 — FIRST PARLIAMENT. 1. First Change in the Dominion Cabinet. 2. Hon. .1. B. Cauchon appointed Speaker of the Senate. 3. Opening of the First Domi- nion Parlia nent. 4. Debate on the Address. 5. Speech of Hon. .Joseph Howe. 6. Speech of Hon. Dr. Tupper. 7. Indemnity of Members. 8. Dual Representation. Independence of Parlia- ment. 9. First part of the first Session-Legislation. 10. Postal Arrangements. Post Office Savings Banks. 11. Intercolonial Railway. 12. Miscellaneous Legislation 43 CHAPTER IV. GOVERNMENT OF LORD MONCK— 1867— THE NORTH-WEST. 1. The Recess. 2. Proposal to Annex the North-West Territory. 3. Rupert's Land. Charter to the Ilud.son’s Bay Company, 1670. 4. Territory Claimed by the French. The Country Ceded to Eng- land by the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713. 5. Prosperity of the Com- pany. Establishment of the North-AVest Company. 6. Explora- tions and Discoverie.s. 7. Establishment of a Colony at Red River, by the Earl of Selkirk. 8. Amalgamation of the Hudson’s Bay and North-West Companies. 9. Opening of the Debate on the Acquirement of the Territories by the Dominion. Arguments in Favor of Acquiring the Territory. 10. Objections to the An- nexation taken by the Oiqiosition. 11. Amendment Proposed by Hon. Mr. Holton. The Resolutions Adopted 53 CHAPTER V. GOVERNME.NT OF LORD MONCK— 1868— FIRST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT. 1. Death of Hon. Fergusson Blair. Vacancies in the Cabinet. 2. Nova Scotia’s Efforts to get out of the Union. 3. Murder of the Hon. Thomas D’Arcy Mcbiee. 4. His Murder the Result of his Attacks on Fenianism. 5. Arrest and Trial of Whelan for Mc- Gee’s Murder. 6. Condemnation and Execution of Whelan. 7. The Civil Service Bill. 8. Passage of the Militia Bill. Some of its Principal Provisions.. 9. Miscellaneous Acts passed 59 1. Agitation in Nova Scotia for the Repeal of the Union Act. 2. Failure of the Nova Scotia Fisheries. Help from the Sister Pro- vinces. 3. Mr. Howe again visits England. Sir Roundell Palmer’s Opinion on the Union Act. 4. Petition for Repeal Re- jected in England. 5. Debate in Imperial Parliament on Repeal. 6. The End of Repeal. 7. Sir .John A. Macdonald’s Visit to Halifax. 8 Miscellaneous Events 66 CHAPTER VII. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG — NOVA SCOTIA’S ‘‘BETTER TERMS.” 1. Negotiations for “ Better Terms” opened with Mr. Howe. 2 Nova Scotia’s Statement of the Grievances under which she Suffered. 3. The Terms Granted Nova Scotia. 4. Mr. Howe Enters the Cabinet. 5. Mr. Howe’s Contest in Hards. His Election. 6. Newfoundland Declares Against Confederation 73 CHAPTER VIII. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG — 1869. 1. Explanations with reference to Vacancies in the Cabinet. 2. Senator Chandler’s Motion that the United States should take Canada in Payment of Alabama Claims. 3. Dual Representation. 4. Eneroachments of Americans on Canadian Fisheries. 5. The Salary of the Governor-General. 6. Hon. Mr. Rose’s Proposed Banking Act. 7 Opposition to the Measure. 8 Debate on the Route of the Intercolonial. 9. Debate on the Nova Scotia Bill. 10. Further Amendments and Objections- 11- The Silver Nuis- ance. 12. Prorogation. Enfranchising the Indians. 13. Sum- mary Trials, and other Acts. Supply and Private Bills. 14. Re- signation of Hon. John Rose. Sir Francis Hiucks appointed Minister of Finance. Reconstruction of the Cabinet. 15. Re- view of the Changes in the Cabinet. 16. Tour of the Governor- General through the Lower Provinces. 17. Visit of Prince Arthur. 18. The Peculiar Significance of the Prince’s Visit. 19. General Review of the A"ear 77 CHAPTER IX. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE NORTH-WEST. 1. Feeling in the North-West against Union with Canada. 2. Reasons why the French Half-breeds Feared Union. 3. Bishop Tach^’s Non-Progressive Policy. 4. The Elements of which the Popula- tion of the North-West wias Composed. 5. A Government Independent of the Hudson’s Bay Company Attempted at Port.ige la Prairie. 6. The Imperial Government Refuses to Negotiate a Transfer until Arrangements are made with H- B- Co- 7. Terms Finally Agreed to for the Transfer. 8. A Territorial Govern- ment Provided for the North-West. 9. Surveys Ordered Preparatory to Laying Out Townships. 10. lion. W. Macdougall Appointed Governor of the North-West Territory. His Instruc- tions. 11. Visit of Hun. Joseph Howe to Red River Settlement. 12. Hon. Mr. Macdougall Receives Warning not to Enter the Territory. 13. French Half-breeds Determine to Oppose Entrance of the Governor. 14. Mr. Macdoug.all Driven Out of the Territory 90 CHAPTER X. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG — THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. 1. Affairs in the Settlement- Fir.st Meeting of the Metis 2. 20 CONTENTS. Paqk. Apathy of the H. B. Co.’s Officers. Curious Conduct of Governor MacTavish. 3. The Mails Stopped- Difficulties of Communica- tion. 4. The Capture of Fort (Jarry by the Insurgents. 5. Formidable A.spect of the Insurrection. Gov- MacTavish’s Lame Explanation, fi. Proelamation Asking Engli.sh Half-breeds to Send Delegates to Convention. 7. Governor MacTavish at Last Issues a Proclamation Onlering the Insurgents to Disperse. 8. Meeting of the Convention on lOth November. 9. Riel Declares his Intention of Forming a Provisional Government- 10. Seizure of the Books, Cash, ito. of the Collector of Customs. 11. Exclusion of Canadian Votes in Order to Pack the Convention. 12. Bill of Rights Passed 101 CHAPTER XI. GOVERXMFXT OF SIR JOHX YOUXQ— THE NORTH-WE.ST. 1. Hon. Mr- Maedougall’s Humiliating Position at Pembina. 2. He Charges the H. B Co.’s Officials with Complicity with the In- surgents. 3. He Issues a Proclamation Announcing Himself as Governor of the North-West Territory. 4. Action of Canadian Government. The Queen’s Proclamation. 5. Mr. Macdougall Commi.‘sions a “ Conservator of the Peace.” 6. Failure of Colonel Dennis to Arouse the English Half-breeds. 7. Condition of Affairs in Winnipeg. 8. Surrender of Forty-five Canadians in Dr. Schultz’s House. 9. Declaration of Independence. 10. Hoisting the Rebel Flag. Riel Becomes President. 11. Arrival of the Canadian Commissioners. 107 CHAPTER XII. GOVERN.MEXT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG — THE RED RIVER TROUIil.ES. 1. Inactivity of the Canadian Commissioners. 2. Bishop Tach6 Agrees to Return to Red River. Escape of Five Prisoners. 3. Commissioner Smith Addresses a Mass Meeting. Appointment of Delegates. 4. Escape of Dr. Schultz. 5. Meeting of Con- vention. The “ List of Rights.” 6. Establishment of the “ Provisional Government.” 7. Aijpointment of Delegates to Canada. 8. The Rising at Kildon.an. Release of the Prisoners. 9. Capture of the Portage Detachment. 10. The First Blood Spilled. Death of Sutherland. 11. Major Boulton Condemned to Death. Duplicity of Riel. 12. Dr. Schultz’s Tramp of 500 Miles on Snow-shoes 115 CHAPTER XIII. GOVERN.MF,NT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG — THE RED RIVER TROUBLE.S- 1. The dark crime of the Rebellion. 2. The Mock Court-Martial of Scott. 3. How Scott was butchered. 4. The strange di.sappearanee of Scott’s body. 5. A reign of terror, fi. The mission of Bishop Ta.ch6. Mistakes. 7- First meeting of the “ Provisional ” Par- liament. Address of Bishop Tach^. 8. Release of jirisoners. Release of the property of the Hudson’s Bay Company. 9. Effect of Bishop Tachg’s arrival. 10. Hoisting the “ Union .Jack ” over Fort Garry. The Manitoba Act accepted. 11. Bishop Tachti’s pro- mise of Amnesty. 12. The action of the Bishop reviewed 125 CHAPTER XIV. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THIRD SESSION OF FIRST PARLIAMENT, 1870. 1. Anxious feeling throughout the Dominion. Return of Hon. Mr. Macdougall. 2. Opening of Parliament. A Brilliant scene. The Speech from the Throne. 3. Deb, ate on the address. 4. Sir Francis Hincks’ Banking scheme. Synopsis of the resolutions. 5. Debate on the resolutions. They pass through Committee. 6. Adoption of the Banking Act. Synopsis of its provisions. 7. Hon. Mr- Hunting- ton’s resolutions for the formation of a Zollverein. 8. Defeat of the resolutions by forty-two majority. 9. Mr. Blake’s attempt to have the B. N. A- Act amended. 10. Mr. Blake’s efforts again defeated. 11. The “ Silver Nuisance.” Pas.'-age of the Dominion Notes Act. 12. Sir A. T. Galt’s proi)Os.il to change the m.atiner of building the Intercolonial Railway. 13. Sir George E. Cartier’s delense of the Government’s Railway policy. 14. Rumored Fenian invasion. Suspension of the Ilahnin Corpun Act. 15. Debate on the imiirovement of the water communications of the Domnion. If). Acts for the protection of the Fisheries and the coasting trade. 17. The adoption of a Protective Tariff urged. 18. Adoption of the “ Protective” Tariff Bill. Its provisions. 19. Bills with- drawn or defeated. The Census. 20. The Supply Bill. Mis- Paob. cellaneous Legislation. Prorogation. Review of the Session 139 CHAPTER XV. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— PASSAGE OP THE MANITOBA ACT- 1. How the news of Scott’s murder was received. Indignation meetings. 2. Arrival of Delegates in Ottawa. Arrest of Richot and Seott. Their discharge. 3. The Delegates again arrested, tried and discharged. 4. Introduction of the Manitoba Act. 5. Change in the boundaries of the Province as at first proposed. 6. Mr. Mackenzie’s review of the policy of the Government, and the Manitoba Act. 7. Debate on the land reserve for Half-breeds. 8. Hon. Mr. Macdougall proposes a new Bill, which is rejected. 9. A dozen amendments rejected, and the Bill finally adopted 157 CHAPTER XVI. GOVERNMENT OP SIR JOHN YOUNG — THE FENIAN FIASCO — 1870. 1. Fenian preparations for another invasion of C.anada. 2. Militia called out. President Grant’s Proclamation. 3. The Fenians enter Canada. 4. Defeat of the Fenians at Eccles’Hill, 5. The Fenians retreat from the Missisquoi Frontier. 6. Repulse of the Fenians on the Huntingdon Frontier. Compliment to the Militia. 7. End of the raid. Trial of some of the raiders. Opinions of the press CHAPTER XVII. GOVERNMENT OP SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE EXPEDITION TO RED RIVER— 1870. 1. A Military Expedition to Red River determined on. 2. Arrival of General Lindsay. The terms on which the Expedition was sent. 3. Preparations for the Expedition. 4. The Militia contingent. Difficulty in filling the Quebec Battalion. 5. Collecting supplies. Colonel Wolseley appointed to command the Expedition. 6. The route of the Expcilition. Cause of delay. 7- Stoppage of the ‘‘Chicora” at the Sault Ste. Marie Canal. 8. The “ Chicora ” allowed to pass through the Canal. 9. First arrival of Troops at Prince Arthur’s Landing. Condition of the road to Shebandowan. 10. Colonel Wolseley decides to send the boats by way oi the Kaministiquia River. 11 . The c.auses of delay as explained by Mr. Dawson and Colonel Wolseley. 12. The start from Shebandowan on 16th July. 1.3. The Expedition on its way. Daily Routine- 14. Arrival at Fort Francis. State of affiiirs in the Settlement. 15. From F’ert Francis to Rat Portage. 16. The toilsome journey down the Winnipeg. Arrival at Stone Fort. 17. Arrival of the Expedition at Fort Garry. Peaceful occupation of the Fort. Hoisting the Union Jack. 18. The triumph of peace. The health of the troops. Temperance. 19. The difficult position of Colonel Wolseley. No Civil authority. 20. Withdrawal of the Regulars from Fort Garry. Colonel Wolseley’s strictures on the Dominion Government 172 CHAPTER XVIII. GOVERNMENT OF SIR .TOHN YOUNG — IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE YEAR, 1870. 1. Marine disasters. Loss of the “ City of Boston.” 2. Protection of the Fisheries Seizure of American vessels. 3. President Grant in his message to Congress, advocates retaliatory measures. 4. Large bush-tires. Great loss of life and property in the Ottawa district. 5. Destructive fires in Toronto, Quebec and Montreal. 6. The withdrawal of the Imperial troops. 7. The reason why Canada should receive Imperial aid .against Fenianism. 8. Hon. Ale.x. C .mpbell’s mission to England. 9. Dr. Tupper enters the JMinistry. Other important events 191 CHAPTER XIX. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 1871. 1. Opening of Parliament. The Speech from the Throne. 2. Sir A. T. Galt’s resolutions on Joint High Commission. 3. Question as to the constitutionality of the Manitoba Act 4. Debate on Mr. Blake’s resolutions. 5. Independence of Parliament. Government agrees to amend the Act. 6. Attempt to secure the Independence of tile Senate. 7. The Budget speech. Satisfactory Condition of the Finances. 8. Interim Election Act. 9. Additions to the Free Customs List. 10. Collapse of the “ National Policy.” 11. Assimi- lation of the currency. Banking Acts. 12. Miscellaneous Acts passed. 13. Debate on the gauge of the Intercolonial. 14. Public lands in Manitoba. 15. The question of admitting the Manitoba members to the House. 16. Mr. Rymals’ motion on the murder of CONTENTS. 21 Pagk. Scott. 17. The Supply Bill, i&c 199 CHAPTER XX. GOVKRNMENT OP LOBD LISGAR— THE AD.MISSION OF BRITISH COLU.MBIA. 1. Resolutions in favor of Union passed by the Legislative Council of British Columbia. 2. Changes in the original proposition made by the Dominion Government. 3. Questions as to terms of Union asked in the Senate. 4. Sir George E. Cartier defines the position of the Government. 5. Sir A. T. Galt’s objections to the resolu- tions. 6. lion. Mr. Tilley defends the Government policy. 7. Mr. Mackenzie offers an amendment to the resolutions. 8. Mr. Cart- wright condems the policy of the Government. 9. Col. Gray defends the resolutions. Mr. Joly condemns them. 10. Mr. Mills’ objections. Hon. Mr. Langevin upholds the resolutions. 11. Mr. Jones moves an amendment to the amendment. 12. Sir Francis Hincks’ explanation. Hon. Mr. Macdougall attaoKS the Govern- ment policy. 13. Resoulutions adopted. 14. On the motion to concur Mr- Mackenzie offers another amendment. 15. Several amendments put and lost. 16. The address finally adopted without amendment. 17. The resolutions in the Senate. 18. Hon. Mr. Letellier offers an amendment. 19. The address adopted in the Senate 217 CHAPTER XXI. GOVERXMENT OF LORD LISGAR — ARBITRATION BETWEEN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC- 1. The provisions under which the Arbitrators were appointed. 2. The case as presented by Ontario. 3. The case as presented by Quebec. 4. Replies to cases by counsel for both Provinces. 5. Interlocutory judgment given by a mejoritj’ of the Arbitrators. 6. Hon. Judge Day resigns 7. The remaining Arbitrators decide to proceed. A precedent for the Fisheries award. 8. The terms of the award dividing the debt, liabilities and assets. 9. The Quebec Govern- ment, and both Houses of the Legislature, protest against the award. 10. Sir John A. Macdonald decides that the Dominion Government has no power to interfere in the matter. 11. Mr. Blake moves for papers and correspondence. 12. Resolutions that the Dominion assume the whole debt introduced by Hon. Mr. Dorion and declared out of order. 13. Hon. Mr Dorion renews his motion for an address. 14. Sir George E. Cartier proposes an amendment to the motion. 1.5. Hon. Mr. Holton moves an amend- ment equivalent to a motion of want of confidence. 16. Synopsis of the debate. Hon. Mr. Holton’s motion defeated, 16 for 95 against. 17. Other amendments lost. The Government sustained by a vote of 08 to 40. 210 CHAPTER XXII. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1871. 1. The Two Great Events of the Year. 2. First Meeiing of the Domi- nion Board of Trade. Enlargement of the Canals urged- 3 . Dominion Board of Trade. Protection a*. Free Trade. The Meeting favors Free Trade. 4. Dominion Board of Trade. Various Suggestions to the Government. 5. Fires. Bradford almost en- tirely Destroyed. 6. The Burning of Ch cago. Help from Canada. Other fires. 7. The Cen.sus. Disappointment at its Results. 8. The Census. Reasons why the Increase of Population was not Greater. 9. The Census. How it was taken. 10. The Census. Some of its Results. 11. Marine Disasters. Vessels Caught in the Ice. 12. Final M'ithdrawal of the Troops. Formation of “A” and “B” Batteries. Militia Camps. 13. Postal Changes. 14. Opening of the E. & N. A. Railway. Seizure of the “ E. A. Horton.” 15. Various Events of Minor Importance 254 CHAPTER XXIII. GOVERNMENT OF LOBD LISGAR— THE FENIAN RAID IN .MANITOBA. 1. Arrival of Governor Archibald. The Difficult Task he had to Accomnlish. 2. IVarrants for the Arrest of Riel applied for. The Advantage of His F’light. 3. Conciliatory cour.se of the Lieut,-Governor Appointments to Executive Council. 4. The Death of Goulet. No Warrants or Arrests. 5. Why Regular Troops should have been left in Fort Garry, instead of Volun- teers. 6. The Winter Passes Quietly. Better Feeling towards the Volunteers. 7. Formation of a Police Force. The Census. Local Elections. 8. Immigration. Land Troubles. 9. Discontent of the French. Return of Riel. “ General ” O’Neil Plots an Page. “ Invasion,” 10. The Raid a Contemptible Fizzle. O’Neil again Arrested .and Released by United States Authorities. 11. Gover- nor Archibald’s Preparations for Defence. 12. The Second Military Expedition to Red River. 13. Five Thousand Dollars Reward for the Arrest of the Murderers of Scott, offered by the Ontario Oovernment. 14. Feeling caused amongst the French, by the action of the Ontario Government. 15. Riel and Lepine Assisted by the Dominion Government to leave the Country 271 CHAPTER XXIV. GOVERNMENT OP LORD LISGAR- FIFTH SE.SSION, FIRST PARLIAMENT, 1872. 1. Opening of Parliament. Speech from the Throne. New Members. 2. Debate on the Address. 3. Protection to Manufacturing In- terests. 4. Mr. Jones (Leeds) requests Protection for the Farmer as well as the Manufacturer. 5. The Nine-Hour Movement. The Law relating to Trades Unions. 6. Amendments to the Laws adopted. 7. Immigration and Immigration Aid Societies. 8. Financial Statement. A Surplus of over Three and a H,If Mil- lions. 9. The Prosperous Condition of the Country Commercially. 10. Debate on the Budget. 11. Continua tion of Debate on Budget. 12. Repeal of the Duties on Tea and Coffee. 13. Supply Bill 283 CHAPTER XXV. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE NEW BRU.NSWICK SCHOOL ACT, 1872. 1. The School Law of New Brunswick prior to Confederation. 2. The Common School Law passed in 1871. 3. Opposition to the Act, by the Roman Catholics of the Province. 4. Petitions to the Gover- nor-General to Disallow the Bill. 5. Sir John A. Macdonald advises the Approval of the Bill. 6. Remarks on the opinion of Sir John A. Macdonald. 7. Motion for Correspondence, etc. 8. Mr. Costigan’s Motion for an Address praying the Disallowance of the Act. 9. Debate on Mr. Costigan’s Motion. 10. Hon. Mr. Gray’s Amendment to Mr. Costigan’s Motion. 11. Hon. Mr. Chau- voau’s Amendment to the Amendment. 12. Continuation of the Debate. 13. Defeat of Hon. Mr. Chauveau’s Amendment. 14. Amendment Proposed by Mr. Colby Adoided. 15. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie’s Amendment. The Motion as finally Adopted 2tl3 CHAPTER XXVI. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE PACIFIC RAILWAY BILL, 1872. 1. The “Father” of the Canadian Pacific Railw.ay. 2. Inception of the Canada Pacific Railway Company. 3. The Inter-Oceanic Company. 4. Charters granted both Companies. ,5. The Govern- ment Bill. 6. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie’s Objections. 7. Debate on the Resolutions. 8. Amendment Offered by Mr. Macdonald (Glengarry). 9. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie’s Amendment. 10. The Resolutions Adopted. 11. Amendments Locating the Terminus Lost. 12. Another Amendment by Mr. Mackenzie Defeated. 13. Sir John’s Explanation. 14. Mr. Mackennie’s Amendment Regarding Free Grant Lands. 1.5. The Bill Passed 394 CHAPTER XXVII. GOVERNMENT OF LORI) LISGAR— THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON. 1. The Treaty of Washington Caused by the Action of the Canadian Government. 2. Hon. Mr. Campbell’s Mission to England in 1870. 3. Hon. Mr. Campbell’s Report. The Fenian Invasions. 4. Hon. Mr. Campbell’s Report. The Fisheries. 5. Proposal to Appoint a Joint High Commission agreed to by the United States. 6. The Proposal of a Commission well Received in Canada. 7. Meeting of the Commissioners at Washington, 27th Fcbrilarj’, 1871. 8. The American Commissioners Decline to Accept Rcci- pocity as a basis for Negotiations. 9 The American Com- missioners offer $1,000,000 for the Right to use the Fisheries for ever. 10. Reciprocity in Coal, Salt and Fish Offered. 11. The basis of an Arrangement Finally Arrived at, and Articles 18 to 25 agreed to. 12. Remarks on the Terms agreed on. 13. Navigation of the St. Lawrence. Transportation in Bond, Ac. Articles 26 to 33. 14. The San Juan Boundary Question. Articles 34 to 42. 15. Canada’s Claims to Indemnity for Fenian Raids Rejected by the Commissioners ,‘ji 2 CHAPTER XXVIII. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR — NEOOTIATION.S ABOUT THE TREATY. 1. Opposition of Public Opinion to the Treaty. 2. The Legislature CONTENTS. P.4.GE. of New Brunswick Condeiuns the Treaty. 3. The Canadian Gov- ernment Refuses to Admit American Fishermen pending Riitihcation of the Treaty. 4. The Canadian Government Expresses its Dissatisfaction with the Treaty. 5. Lord Kim- berly’s Satisfaction with the Treaty. 6. Reply of the Canadian Government. The Fenian Raids Claims. 7. Reply of the Canadian Government. The Fisheries. 8. Reply of the Canadian Government. Further Objections. 9. The Earl of Kimberley’s Reply to the Report of the Pri\-y Council. 10. The Position in which the Canadian Government found Itself. 11. Report of the Privy Council with Reference to Compensation for Fenian Raids. 12. The British Government offers to Guarantee a Loan of £2, .'500, 000. 13. The Terms agreed to. Remarks 323 CHAPTER XXIX. GOVEUNMKNT OF LORD LISGAR — DEBATE ON THE TREATY OF WA.SHINGTON. 1. Bill to give Effect to the Treaty Introduced by Sir John A. Macdonald. 2. Sir John A. Macdonald Explains his Action on the Joint High Commission. .3. Sir John’s Explanation. Effect of the Repeal of the Duties on Coal, ifrc., on the Negotiations. 4. Sir John’s Explanation. Navigation of the St. Lawrence and Lake Michigan. 5. Sir .lohn’s Exjilanation. The Bonding System and San .Juan Boundary Question. 6. Sir John’s Explanation. The Omission of the Fenian Claims from the Treaty. 7. Hon Mr. Mackenzie criticizes the Treaty. 8. Hon. Mr. Blake moves an Amendment. 9. Debate on the Hon. Mr. Blake’s Amend- ment. ID. Amendments Voted Down, and Bill Carried by a Majority from every Province — 333 CHAPTER XXX. GOVERNMENT OP LORD LISGAR— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OP 1872. 1. Dominion Board of Trade. Deepening the St Lawrence Channel. 2. Dominion Board of Trade. B.ay Verte Canal. Pilots. R.ail- ways. 3. Dominion Board of Trade. Proposal to from a Zollver- ein with the United States. 4. Dominion Board of Trade The Zollverein idea rejected. 5. Dominion Board of Trade. Petro- leum. Protection. Tariff. 6. The “ Nine hour ” movement. 7. Extensive fires and loss of life. 8. Terrible railway accident on the Grand Trunk. Thirty lives lost. 9. Departure of Lord Lisgar. 343 CHAPTER XXXI. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFPERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OP 1872. 1. Appointment of Lor 1 Dufferin rather a disappointment. 2. Previous services of Lord Dufferin. 3. Arrival and reception of Lord Dufferin. 4- Visits to Quebec and Ontario. His Excellency’s popularity. 5. Disturbance in Ottawa on the 12th of .July. Fire- arms used. 6. Turning the first sod of the North Shore Railway. 7. Marino disasters. Losses of life and property. Seizures. 8. Decision of the Emperor of Germany on the San Juan boundary (luestion. 9. The Canadian team win the Kolajiore Cup. 10. The Epizootic. 11. Extensive tires in towns and cities. 12. Cabinet changes. The state of the country 348 CHAPTER XXXII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN — 'ITIE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1872. 1. Dissolution of Parliament. Writs issued for a General Election. 2. Change of feeling in Ontario. Defeat of the Government. 3. Sir John A. Macdonald’s contest in Kingston. 4. Defeat of Sir Francis Hincks in South Brant. 5. The result in Quebec. Reduc- tion of Government majority. 0. Defeat of Sir George E. Cartier. 7, The result in the Maritime Provinces. 8. Remarks on the result — 354 CHAPTER XXXIII, GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— FIRST SESSION, .SECOND PARLIAMENT, 1873. 1. Opening of Parliament. The Speech from the Throne. 2. West Peterboro’ election. 3. 'The first division. The Government sustained by sixteen. 4. The Muskoka election. 5. AYest Peter- boro’ election. Hon. Mr. Huntington’s motion. 6. Remarks on the Opposition tactics. 7. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie criticizes the Speech from the Throne. 8. Petitions for a Prohibitory Liquor La.w. 9. Protection of Navigable streams. 10. Act for Protection of Navigable R vers passed. 11. Act passed abolishing Dual Page. Representation. 12. Confederation of the Empire. 13. The Budget. 14. Debate on the Budget 358 CHAPTER XXXIV. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— FIRST SESSION, SECOND parliaMint, 1873. (Continued.) 1. Increase of Ministerial and other salaries. 2. The Ballot. 3. The Intercolonial. Vote of want of Confidence. 4. Change of guage on the Intercolonial. 5. Mounted Police for the North West Territories. 6. New Brunswick School Act. $5,000 for appeal to Privy Council. 7. Readjustment of the debt. 8. Admission of Prince Edward Island. 9. Subsidy for repeal of Export duty on timber in New Brunswick. 10. Miscellaneous Act's 368 CHAPTER XXXV. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 1. The Pacific Scandal. 2. Charter granted to the Canadian Pac fic Railway Company. 3. Conditions of the Charter. 4. Remarks on the Charter. 5. Hon. Mr. Huntington’s charge of corruption. 6. Small effect of the motion. 7. Sir John A. Macdonald moves for a Committee. 8. The Oath’s Bill. 9. The Commiltee proposes an adjournment to 2nd of July. 10. The Committee to sit during recess. 11. Adjournment 375 CHAPTER XXXVI. GOVERN.MENT OP THE •EARL OF DUFFERIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. — (Continued.) 1. How the matter stood at the adjournment of the Session. 2. Disallowance of the Oath’s Bill. 3. Proceedings of the Committee. 4. Publication of Sir Hugh Allan’s letters. 5. Effect of the pub- lication. 6. Sir Hugh Allan’s affidavit. Its effect 382 CHAPTER XXXVII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN — THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. — (Continued.) 1. IIow the letters came to be published. 2. Mr. McMullen’s ‘‘ Nar- rative.” 3. The defence of the Government. 4. The feeling about Prorogation. 5. Lord Dufferin defines the position of a Governor General. 6. The question of Prorogation. 7. The tactics of the Opposition. 8. His xcellency’s decision. 9. The Ninety-two Remonstrant Members. 10. Ills Excellency’s reply. 11. Proro- gation. 12. The Indignation meeting. 13. 'The effect of Proroga- tion 390 CHAPTER XXXVIII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— THE ROYAL COMMISSION. 1. Appointment of three Judges. 2. Hon. Mr. Huntington refuses to appear before the Commissioners. 3. The Commission jirocecds with such witnesses as it can get. 4. Sir Francis Hinck’s evidence. 5. Sir .John A. Macdonald’s evidence. 6. Hon. H. L. Langevin’s evidence. 7. Sir Hugh Allan’s evidence. 8. Hon. J. J. C. Abbott’s evidence. 9. The Commissioners report without expressinng an opinion- 397. CHAPTER XXXIX. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— RESIGNATION OF THE MACDONALD MINISTRY. 1. Meeting of Parliament. 2. The attitude of tho Opposition. 3. The Speech from the Throne. 4. The P. E. I. members. 5. Papers laid on the table. 6. Debate on the address. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment. 7. Speech of Hon. Dr. Tupper. 8. Siieech of Hon. Mr. Huntington. 9. Hon. Mr. Macdonald’s amendment to the amend- ment. 10. The effect of five days debate. 11. Sir John A. Mac- donald’s defense. 12. Resignation of the Ministry. Guilty or not Guilty ‘f 408 CHAPTER XL. Government of the earl of dufferin — principal events of 1873. 1. Changes in the Cabinet. 2. Formation of the Mackenzie Ministry. 3. Dominion Board of Trade. Tho Tariff. 4. Dominion Board of Trade. Second Day’s Discussions. 5. Dominion Board of Trade. Third Day’s Proceedings. 6. Wreck of the “Atlantic.” 545 Lives Lost. 7. Other Marine Disasters. 8. Burning of the “ Bavarian.” 9. Fires. 10. The Pope-Macdonald Letter. 11. Other Events of the Year 418 CONTENTS. 23 CHAPTER XLT. Page. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN — SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 1874. 1. Dissolution of Piirliainent. 2. Result of the General Election. 3. Opening of Parliament. 4. Riel’s Election for Provencher. 5. Motion to Expel Riel. 6. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie Explains the Position of the Government. 7. Riel Expelled by the House. 8. Sale of Liipior in the House Prohibited. 9. Committee on the North-West Troubles, 18()9-70. 10. The Budget. 11- Hon. Dr. Tuiiper’s Strictures on the Financial Statement. 12. The Election Bill 425 CHAPTER XLir. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF OUPFERI.N— PACIFIC RAIHVAY BILL, 1874. 1. British Columbia's Discontent. 2. Mr. Edgar Sent to British Columbia as Agent of Dominion Government. 3. The Pacific Railway Bill. 4. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie Explains the Policy of the Government. 5. Hon. Dr. Tupper Criticizes the Bill. C. Mr. De Cosmos Explains the W ishes of British Columbia. 7. Bill Passed without Amendment. 8. Prorogation... 4.30, CHAPTER XLIII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS, 1874. 1. Dominion Board of Trade. 2. Terrible Railway Accidents. 3. Paci- fic Railway Offices Burnt. Other Fires. 4. Marine Disasters. 5. Trial of Lopine. 6. Commutation of Lopine’s Sentence. 7. Negotiations for Reciprocity. 8. Other Events- 435 CHAPTER XLIV. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OP DUFFERIN— HRITLSH COLUMBIA’S DISCONTENT. 1. Esquimault Graving Dock. 2. British Columbia’s Protests. 3. Mr. Edgar’s Mission. 4. Failure of Mr. Edgar’s Mission. 5. The.Car- narvon Terms. 6. Defeat of the Esquimault and Nanaimo Railroad Bill in the Senate. 441 CHAPTER XLV. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OP DUFFERIN— SECOND SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT, 1875. 1. Opening of Parliament. Speeeh from the Throne. 2. The Amnesty Question. 3. Riel again Expelled. 4. The Budget Speech. 5. The Supreme Court Bill. 6. Miscellaneous Legislation. Proro- gation 445 CHAPTER XLVI. GOVERNUHENT OP THE EARL OP DUFFERIN — PRINCIPAL EVE-NTS OF 1875. 1. Dominion Board of Trade. 2. Fire'*. 3. The Guibord Case. 4. Rail- way and Other Accidents. 5. Marine Disasters. 6. Other Events of the Year 448 CHAPTER XLVTI. GOVERNMENT OP THE EARL OP DUFFERIN — CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 1. Historical Importance of International E.xhibitions. 2. Origin of the Philadelphia Exhibition. 3. A Great National Experiment Entered upon with Self-Confidence and Enthusiasm. 4. The Honorable Character of the E.xhibition as a Whole. 6. Cosmo- politan Spirit of the American Invitation. 6. Hearty Response to the Invitation. 7. The Canadian Commissioners. National Appreciation of Their Services, 8. Their Responsibilities and Difficulties, and Their Initiatory Plan of Meeting Them. 9. Provincial Advisory Boards. Their Success. 10. Plans for Illus- trating Canadian Industry. The Mineralogical E.xhibit. il. The Lumber Exhibit. Ingenious and Attractive Mode of Display. 12. The Arrangements as to Some Other Exhibits. 13. 'The 'Transpor- tation Arrangements. 14. The Centennial Commissioners and Their Arrangements for Exhibitors. 15. System of Awards and Judges’ Duties. 16. The Exhibition Grounds and Buildings. 17. The Large Space Occupied by Canada. 18. How the Canadian Goods were Displayed. 19. Canada on the Opening Day. 20. The In.augural Ceremonies. 21. Splendid Receptions and Entertain- ments. 22. Marked Attention Shown Canada by Foreigners- 4,52 CIIAP'IER XLVIII. GOVERNMENT OP THE EARL OP DUFFERIN — CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL- (Continufd.) 1. Review of the Various National Exhibits. 2. The Canadian Paint- ings and Water-Colours. 3. Creditable Display of Canadian Photographs, &c. 4. Remarkable Exhibit by Canadian Entomo- logists. 5. The Exhibit of Minerals, Metals, Metallurgical Pro- Page. ducts, &c. 6. Canada in the Front Rank as a Mineral-Producing Country. 7. The Ceramic Departments of the Exhibition. 8. Useful and Serviceable Articles of Various Kinds. 9. Compli- ments Paid Canadian Manufacturers by Centennial Judge.s. 10. The Section of Education. The General Display. 11. The Cana- dian Educational Exhibit Unsurpassed. 12. The Machinery Exhibit Generally. 13. 'The English and American Display. 14. The Canadian Machinery Exhibit. 15. A Sy.-item of Machine Testing. 16. The Pr-ietical 'Teachings of. the E.xhibition to Canada. 17. The Exhibit of Agricultural Implements. 18. The Canadian Exhibit 4G6 CHAPTER XLIX. GOVERN.MENT OF THE EARL OP DUFFERIN — CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. (Continued.) 1. Canadian Exhibits of Grains. 2. Canada in the Pomologioal Hall. 3. 'The Different Canadian Fruits Exhibited. 4. Opinions of American Pomologists on the Canadian Exhibit. 5. The Wine Exhibit. 6. The Dairy Products of the Dominion. 'The Cheese Exhibit. 7. Superior Quality and Qu.antity of the Canadian Cheese. 8. The Butter Exhibit. 9. Live-Stock Department. Canada’s Admirable E.xhibit. 10. Canadian Horses. 11. Horned Cattle. 12. Canadian Sheep. 13. Canadian Swine. 14. Canadian Ponltry. 15. 'The Canadian Medals and the System of Their Award. 16. Conclusion of the -Judges’ Labours and Announce- ment of the Awards. 17. A 'Thrilling Scene. 18. Acknowledg- ment of the liritish Commissioners’ Services to the Colonial Commissioners. 19. Closing Ceremonies of the E.xhibition. 20. Return of the Canadian Exhibits. 21. Some of the More Impor- tant Results to Canada of the E.xhibition. 22. Warm Praise of Canadian Section af the Exhibition. 480 CHAPTER L. GOVERNME.NT OP THE EARL OP DUFFERIN— THIRD SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT, 1876. 1. Opening of Parliament. 'The Speech from the 'Throne. 2. 'The Depression in Trade. 3. The Budget. 4. Debate on the Budget. 5. Motion in Favor ef Protection Voted Down. 6. Protection for Farmers. 7. Sir John A. Macdoaald’s Motion in Favor of Protec- tion Defeated. 8. The Grasshopper Plague in Manitoba. 9. Prorogation. Acts Passed 492 CHAPTER LI. GOVERNMENT OP THE EARL OF DUFFERIN- PRINCIPAL EVENTS OP 1876. 1. Dominion Board of Trade. 2. Terribly Destructive Fires. 3. Marine Disasters 4. Cabinet Changes. Change of Political Feeling. 5. Lord Dufferin’s Visit to British Columbia. 6. Other Events of the Year 497 CHAPTER LIE GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN — FOURTH SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT, 1877. 1. Opening of Parliament. 'The Speech from the Throne. 2. The Budget. 3. Debate on the Budget. 4. Debate on the Tariff. 5. The Independence of Parliament. 6. Pacific Railway. 7. Proro- gation. Bills Passed 501 CHAPTER LIII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OP 1877. 1. Dominion Board of Trade. 2. Fires. 3. Burning of St. John. N, B. 4. Orange Riots. Hackett Shot. 5. Marine Disasters. 6. The Fisheries Award. 7. Other Events of the Year 500 CHAPTER LIV. GOVERNMENT OP THE EARL OP DUFFERIN — FIFTH SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT, 1878. 1. Opening of Parliament. Speech from the Throne. 2. The Budget. 3. Debate on the Budget. 4. The Dismissal of the Quebec Min- istry by Lieutenant-Governor Letellier. 5. Debate on the Letel- lier Case. 6. The Twenty-two Hours’ Sitting. 7. The Case Not Settled. 8. Prorogation 509 CHAPTER LV. GOVERN’MENT OP THE EARL OP DUFFERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1878. 1. Dominion Board of Trade. 2. The Twelfth of July Riots. .3. The Election.®. 4. Departure of the Earl of Dufferin. 5. 'The Marquis of Lome and H. R H. Princess Louise .5I5 ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME II. STEEL ENGRAVINGS. Paok. 1. ms EXCELLENCY THE MARQUIS OF LORNE AND II.R.JI. PRINCESS LOUISE . First Frontispiece. 2. RT. HON. SIR J. A. MACDONALD. K.C.B. Second Frontispiece. 3. IION. EDWARD RL.'IKB, Q.C. . . Tliird Frontispiece. I. SCENE AMONG THE THOUSAND ISLANDS . . . 48-9 5. CHAUDIERE FALLS, (QUEBEC) 88-9 (). THE LAC DES ALLUMETTES ...... 1.36-7 7. JUNCTION OF THE OTTAWA AND ST. LAWRENCE . 184-5 8. LAKE BENEATH OWL’S HEAD MOUNTAIN 9. VIEW ACROSS BOUNDARY LINE 10. OKFORD LAKE 11. RAPID NEAR THE CEDARS 12. A LAKE FARM ON FRONTIER 13. TIMBER SLIDE AND BRIDGE . 14. LAKE MASSAWHIPPY 15. LILLY LAKE, ST. .JOHN, N.B Pack. 210-1 272-3 320-1 344- 392-3 416-7 448-9 472-3 16. GENERAL’S BRIGADE, ANNAPOLIS, N. S. 504-5 PORTRAIT ENGRAVINGS. Page. 1. AB150TT, HON. J. J. C 400-1 2. AIKINS, HON. J. C. 72-3 3. ANGLIN, HON. T. W 216-7 4. BABY, HON. L. F. G 32-3 5. BINNEY, BISHOP ......... 90-7 (i. BLANCHET, HON. J. G 152-3 7. BOND, BISHOP 96-7 8. BOWELL, HON. MACKENZIE 32-3 9. BROUSE, DR. W. H 488-9 10. CAMERON, R. W. 432-3 11. CARLING, HON. JOHN ..... .72-3 12. CARMEN, BISHOP . 460-1 13. CARRALL, HON. R. W. W 296-7 14. CHANDLER, HON. E. B 400-1 15. CHILDS, G. W. 432-3 16. COSTIGAN, JOHN 488-9 17. CUTHBERT, E. 0 488-9 18. DE COSMOS, HON. AMOR 152-3 19. DOMVILLE, JAMES . 256-7 20. DREXELL, H. J. 432-3 21. DUHAMEL, BISHOP ■ . . 330-7 22. FABRE, BISHOH 336-7 2.3. FULLER, BISHOP 96-7 24. FERGUSON, HON. JNO 256-7 25. GIRARD, IION. M. A ... 152-3 26. GAVYNNE, HON. JUSTICE 460-1 27. HELLMUTH, BISHOP . 96-7 28. HENRY, HON. JUSTICE 460-1 2il. HOLMES, HON. S. H 296-7 30. HOLTON, HON. L. H 296-7 31. HOAVLAND, HON. AY. P . 216-7 Page. 35. KAULBACK, HON. 11. A. N 256-7 36. LAURIER, HON. AY 360-1 37. LEAYIS, BISHOP 336-7 38. LUXTON, F. AY 256-7 39. LYNCH, ARCHBISHOP 460-1 40. xMACDONALD, HON. JA.MES 32-3 41. MACDOUGALL, D 432-3 42. MACPHERSON, HON. D. L . 360-1 43. xAlASSON, HON. L. A 32-3 44. MILLS, HON. D. . . 360-1 45. MOUSSEAU, J. A 400-1 46. MOAYAT, IION. 0 ' . . . 360-1 47. MeINNES, DR ■ 296-7 48. NELSON, H. A 400-1 49. O’CONNOR, HON. JOHN . 32-3 50. OGILVIE, A. AY 216-7 51. PELLETIER, IION. C. A. P 21G-7 52. PENNY, HON. E. G 432-3 53. I'OPE, HON. J. C 72-3 54. POPE, IION. J. H • 72-3 55. RYAN, JOSEPH 152-3 56. SCHULTZ, JOHN 152-3 57. SHEIIATN, HON. J 488-9 58. SKEAD, HON. JAMES 72-3 59. SUTHERLAND, HON. JOHN 256-7 60. TACHB, ARCHBISHOP ....... .336-7 61. TASCHEREAU, ARCHBISHOP 400-1 62. THOMPSON, HON. J. S. D 296-7 32. JENKINS. REV. JNO 336-7 33. JOLY, HON. H. G . 360-1 34. .TONES, HON. A. G 216-7 63. AVHITEIIEAD, JOSEPH 488-9 64. WILLIAMS, BISHOP 96-7 65. AVRIGHT, ALONZO 400-1 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. A7^oiliTj:v:e it. C’EATTER I. THE COXFEDBRATIOX. 1. First Efforts towards Confederation. — 2. Lord Durham’s Efforts for Confedera- tion. — 3. Fresh Official Steps taken. — 4. The Charlottetown Convention. — 5. The Movement in the Canadas. — 6. The Work OF THE Charlottetown Convention. — 7. The Quebec Conference. — 8. Proceedinos IN Canada. — 9. Proceedings in New Bruns- wick. — 10. Proceedings IN Nova Scotia. — 11. Proceedings in Newfoundland. — 12. Proceedings in Prince Edward Island AND British Columbia. — 13. Proceedings OF THE Delegates in England. — 14. Action OF THE Imperial Parliament. — 15. Proc- lamation. 1. — In the preceding volume we have traced the history of the Canadas, Nova Scotia, New Fir.st efforts towards Bruiiswick, aiid Prince Edward Coniederation. Island, dowii to the federal union of 1867. In this volume we shall endeavor to comi^ass the history of the Dominion since confederation ; and, although in the previous volume we have given a pretty full account of the ways and means by which the federal scheme was accomplished, as also the causes leading to that end, yet, that each volume may be made complete in itself, a brief summary of the history of confederation itself may properly constitute the opening chapter of this volume. As far back as 1784, when New Brunswick was set oft" from Nova Scotia, the subject of confederation was agitated. The idea was no doubt suggested to the minds of i:>rovincial statesmen by the th’en newly organized federal union of the United States, and therefore thought to be advisable as a counterpoise to that republic. There were men in those days who, discerning the tendency of the times, predicted that the near future would witness a federal union of British North America ; but the Canadian people, with a few exceptions, have always been slow to advocate radical political changes, and therefore the senti- ment could only be developed by circumstances. However, from that day to the consummation of the union, no Province has been without its advocate of the measure. About the year 1800, the Hon. R. J. Uniache, of Nova Scotia, suggested a scheme of colonial union to the Imperial authori- * ties, which received considerable attention ; and { in 1814, Chief Justice Sewell, of Quebec, — a man I established in the friendship of the Duke of Kent, father of Her Majesty the Queen, — addressed to His Royal Highness a letter on the subject of a union, strongly recommending it — a document to which allusion is made by Lord Durham in his report on the aftairs of the British North American Provinces. In 1822, Sir John Beverly Robinson, at the request of the Colonial Office, submitted a scheme of a similar nature. In 1824, and again in 1827, the subject was mooted in the provincial newspapers. Robert Oourlay, 2() TXiTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE I)0:\riNI0N OF CANADA . writbig from London, in December, 1825, recom- mended that : “ Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, New Brnnswick, and Lower and Upper Canada, shonld be confederated; each to be as free within itself as one of the United States, and the whole to hold congress at Quebec. Each also to send two members to the British Parliament, to speak, but not to vote. A con- vention to meet after a lapse of time, to review and amend the whole system of government. A supreme judicial court to sit at Quebec for the , final determination of appeals, and the governor- in-chief to exercise clemency.” Many other | details are included in his project, among which are, freedom of trade, assimilation of laws, canals, provincial army and navy ; all to be gradually introduced, and religious equality to be estab- [ lished. In 1838, the Bight Keverend Dr. Stra- chan. Lord Bishop of Toronto, in a letter to Mr. Charles Buller, secretary to Lord Durham, thus expresses himself: “ It will be a pleasure to me ! to contribute everything in my power to the prosperous issue of Lord Durham’s administra- tion ; and if Mr. Pitt considered the constitution which he conferred upon the Canadas one of the glories of his life, what glory must redound to the statesmen who give a free constitution to the British North American Colonies, and by con- solidating them into one territory or kingdom, exalt them to a nation acting in unity, and under the protection of the British Crovernment, and thus not only ensuring their happiness, but pre- venting forever the sad consequences that might arise from a rival power getting possession of their shores,” 2. — We have good grounds for believing that Lord Durham’s advocacy of union was, in a great pnd Durham’s effort-s ^easure, the “ Seed sown on good lor Confederation. grouiicl.” In his Celebrated report on Canada and British North America generally, His Lordship laid great stress upon the absolute necessity of a union, thus : — “ On my first .arrival in Canada I was strongly inclined to the project of a federal union, and it was with such a plan in view that I discussed a general measure for the government of the Colonies, with the depu- tations from the Lower Provinces, and with various leading individuals and public bodies in the Canadas. But I had still more strongly im- pressed on me the great advantage of an united government, and I was gratified by finding the leading minds of the various colonies strongly and generally inclined to a scheme that would elevate their countries into something like a national existence.” Again, in reference to the influence of the United States as hemming us in on every side. His Lordship proceeds : “ If we wish to prevent the extension of this influence, it can only be done by raising up for the North American colonist some nationality of his own, by elevating these small and unimportant com- munities into a society having some objects of a national importance, and by thus giving their inhabitants a country which they will be un- willing to see absorbed even into one more powerful. A union for common defence against foreign enemies is the natural bond of connection that holds together the great communities of the world, and between no parts of any kingdom or State is the necessity for such a union more obvious than between the whole of these col- onies.” But if colonial jealousies and dissensions prevented the accomplishment of Lord Durham’s recommendations at that time, there is no doubt that his rei:)ort was the means of preparing the public mind for the adoption of a measure similar in many respects to that proposed by him. The author of “ Hochelaga” and “ The Conquest of Canada,” writing in 1843, gives expression to his hopes in the following language : “ I should rejoice to see all the British North American possessions, Newfoundland included, united under a central colonial government and repre- sented in a common legislature ; each, however, still retaining its own assemblies for local and particular purposes.” But it would be tedious as well as difficult to enumerate all the “ declara- tions”^for a union that were pronounced by in- fluential men of the provinces during these years. 3. — The British American League, at Kingston, passed resolutions in favor of union, and in 1851, Col. Arthur Rankin, in his ad- official steps to- dress to the electors of Kent, Confederation. THE CONEEDEEATTO^^. strongly advocated the project. Afterwards, in 1856, that gentleman, when member for Essex, placed the following motion on the notice papers of the House: “Mr. Rankin — On Wednesday ' next (30th April, 1856) — Committee of the whole on the general state of the Rrovince, for the pirr- pose of considering the subject of an union of the British North American Colonies, with a view to an address to Her Majesty to recommend the same to the consideration of the Imperial Par- liament.” The motion was coldly received, the leaders on both sides of the house regarding it as visionary ; Hon. W. H. Merritt, who cordially i I approved of Col. Rankin’s motion, being the only ! notable exception. In 1854, the question was discirssed in the NoAm. Scotia Parliament, Hon. j Messrs. Johnston and Howe, the leaders of the , rival parties, A^ying with each other in their i i adA'ocacy of a measure which, in their opinion, would be the means of constituting a 'great ' nation, by combining the elements of strength I and wealth which all the isolated Provinces possess. In 1858, the Hon. A. T. Galt reAUA'ed the subject in the Canadian Parliament, and eloquently dilated on the benefits to be deriA^ed from an union of the ProAunces ; and w’^hen, in the summer of that year, he became a member of the ministry, he insisted on its being made a cabinet question, wuth what success is shoAvn by the folloAving from Sir Edmund Head, the then GoA^ernor-General’s speech at the closing I of the session of 1858 : “ I propose in the course of the recess to communicate with Her Majesty’s j GoA'ernment, and Avith the goA'ernments of the ’ sister colonies, on another matter of very great importance. I am desirous of inviting them to discuss with us the princixfies on Avhich a bond ! of a federal character luiiting the Provinces of British North America may, perhaps, hereafter ; be practicable.” This was followed by a de- | spatch (signed by Hon. Messrs. Cartier, Galt, | and John Ro.ss), addressed to the Imirerial ' authorities, which pointed to a federal union of i the Provinces as a solution of the graA'e dilli- j ; culties which presented themselves in carrying i on the Queen’s gOAUumment in Canada. The I defeat and consequent resignation of the Derby- I D’Israeli ministry in England, preAumted any decisiA'e measure at that time on the part of the Imperial authorities. 4. — In 1861, the NoA'a Scotia Parliament passed a resolution faA'orable to union, bv a unanimous vote, which, having been trans- T,,e ch...rU.ttetown mitted to the Colonial Office, AA^as foi'AAmrded by the Duke ol NeAAmastle, the then Colonial Secretary, in a despatch dated July 6, 1862, to the GoA’ernor-General, and to the Lieutenant-GoA'ernors of the several ProA’inces. His Grace stated that Her Majesty’s go A^ernment AAUAs not prepared to announce any definite policy on a question which had been taken up by only one Province, and then exi)ressed his oAvn opinion thus : “ If a union, either partial or complete, should hereafter be proposed AAuth the concur- rence of all the ProA'inces to be united, I am sure that the matter AAmuld be Aveighed in this coun- try, both by the pul>lic, by Parliament, and by Her Majesty’s Government, Avith no other feel- ing than an anxiety to discern and promote any course Avhich might be the most conduciA'e to the prosperity, the strength, and the harmony of all the British communities in North America.” The Lieutenant-Go A'ernors of the seA’eral Pro- A'inces brought the subject before their respectiA'e legislatures, at the commencement of their seA'- eral sessions of 1864, for the purpose of appoint- ing delegates to confer as to the practicability of establishing a legislatiA'e union betAveen the maritime ProA'inces. Considerable discussion followed in those ProA'inces, which elicited con- siderable opposition, especially in Prince EdAA^ard Island, to a legislative union. HoAA'eA'er, the legis- lature of that ProA'ince, in the same year, passed the following resolution, w'hich is the same as AA'as passed by the legislatures of Noaua Scotia and New BrunsAvick : “ Resolved, That His Ex- cellency the Lieutenant-Go A'ernor, be authorized to appoint delegates, — -not to exceed fiA'e, — to confer Avith delegates Avhomay be appointed by the goA'crnments of NoA'a Scotia and New Bruns- wick, for the purpose of discussing the exj^e- diency of the union of the three Provinces ol Nova Scotia, Ncav Brunswick, and Prince Ed- ward Island, under one government and legis- 28 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. latare, the report of the said delegates to he laid before the legislature of this Colony, before any fnrther action shall be taken in regard to the proposed measure.” Delegates were accordingly appointed by the three Provinces in question, and arrangements were made for a convention at Charlottetown. 5. — While these movements were taking place in the maritime Provinces, the leading statesmen The raoveinent in Caiiadas Were castiiig about the Canadas. 1 '^^. method by which the conflicts between the upper and lower Provinces could be adjusted. The very possibilities of party government seemed to be passing away. Ministry after ministry were compelled to resign the government, until, in 1864, when the Tache- Macdonald administration was overthrown!, the leaders of the Deform party made overtures to Hon. John A. Macdonald, in a hope that the difliculties might be overcome by a federal system of government, applying either to the Canadas, or all British North America. These propositions were most cordially received, and resulted in tlie formation of a coalition government, which pledged itself in the following language : “ The government are prepared to pledge themselves to bring in a measure next session, for the pur- pose of removing existing difliculties by intro- ducing the federal principle into Canada, coupled with such provisions as wdll permit the northern provinces and the Northwest Territory to be incorporated with the same system of govern- 1 ment.” The Charlottetown convention, before spoken of, Avas ai-ranged for within a month after the coalition gOA'ernment Avas formed, as the Canadian gOA^ernment hastened to join in the movement. This wms done with the con- sent of the other governments concerned The Charlottetown! co!!A'e!!tio!!, therefore, became an eA"ei!t of great liistoric interest. It conAmned oi! j the first day of September, 1864. The Canadas Avere represented by : — Tho Hon. .John A. Macdonald, AI.P.P., Att. Gen. U. C. “ Geo. Brown, M.P.P., Pres. Conn. “ A. T. Galt, M.P.P., Finance Min. “ G. E. Cartier, M.P.P., Att. Gen. L. C. “ Win. McDougall, M.P.P., Min. of Ag. “ T. D Arcy McGee, M.P.P., Sol. Gen. L. C. NoA"a Scotia was represeitted by : — The Hon. Charles Tupper, M.P.P., Prov. Sec. “ AV. A. Henry, M.P.P., Att. Gen. “ R. B. Dickie, M.L.C. “ J. McCiilly, M.L.C. “ A. G. Archibald, M.P.P. Ncav Brunswick Avas represented by : — The Hon. S. L. Tilley, M.P.P. , Prov. Sec. “ .1. M. .Johnston, M.P.P., Att. Gen. “ J. H. Gray, M.P.P. “ E. B. Chandler, M.L.C. “ AV. H. Steeves, M.L.C. Prince Edward Island was represented by : — The Hon. Col. Gray, M.P.P., Pres, of Conn. “ E. Palmer, M.L.C., Att. Gen. “ W. H. Pope, M.P.P., Colonial Sec. “ G. Coles, M.P.P. “ A. A. Macdonald, M.L.C. Newfoundland sent no delegates. 6. — The AAmrk of the Charlottetown! Conven- tio!! embraced little more than a!i i!!tercha!!ge of sentiment on the subject of con- 1 , • T .T ’ , The work of the lederatfO!!, and the arrangetnent Charlottetown p , , , . , 1 Convention. lor another conA^etttfon at Quebec, to take place at such time thereafter as would appt'ar most faA'orable to the GrOA^ertior-Greiteral. The dilhculty preA^entittg further actioi! AAms, that the maritime delegates were commissiotted only to discuss the propriety of a legislati\m union. This w'as deemed impracticable by all, and as the Canadian delegates AAmre authorized to treat only of a federal uffion, their presence Avas, of course, informal. The proposition for a subseque!!t co!!fere!!ce, to be held at Quebec, came from the Canadian delegates. The proposition was agreed to, affd the Charlottetown! ConA'en- tion suspe!!ded its deliberations. But it must be remembered that the great work of this con- ference wms to ripen the now rapidly grownng se!!tin!e!!t i!! faAmr of a general U!!io!! of all the ProAn!ices. 7. — The arrai!genie!!ts for the Intercolonial Coi!fere!!ce, at Quebec, Avere soon completed, and the conference commenced its de- liberations on the 10th of October, Conference. in the same year, all of the delegates, thirty- three ii! !!umber, being present. There were seven delegates from New Brunswick ; Aa'c from Nova Scotia ; seA^en from Prince Edw'ard Island ; THE COXFEDEEATION. 29 two from Newfoundland ; and twelve, compris- ing the whole Canadian ministry, representing Canada. The votes were taken not by persons present, but by Provinces. The following is a list of all the gentlemen who sat in conference : Canada. The Hon. Sir Etienne P. Taclie, Premier. “ A. Macdonald, Att. Gen. We.st. “ G. E. Cartier, Att. Gen. Ea.st. “ W. McDongall, Prov. Sec. “ George Brown, Pres. Conn. “ A. T. Galt, Finance Min. “ A Campbell, Com. of Crown Land.s. '■ Oliver Mowat, Postmaster Gen. “ H. L. Langevin, Sol. Gen. East. “ T. IPArcy McGee, Min. of Ag. “ J. Cockbiirn, Sol. Gen. We.st. “ J. C. Chapais, Com. of Pnb, Works. JVeiv Brunswick. The Hon. S. L. Tilley, Prov. Sec. “ J. M. .Johnston, Att. Gen. “ P. Mitchell. “ C. Fi.sher. “ E. Chandler. “ W. H. Steeve.s. “ .J. H.Gray. dVova Scolia. The Hon. C. Tapper, Prov. Sec. “ W. A. Henry, Att. Gen. “ K. B. Dickie. “ J. McCully. “ A. G. Archibald. Prince Edward Island. The Hon. Col. Gray, Pres. Conn. “ E. Palmer, Att. (Jen. “ W. IT. Pope, Prov. Sec. “ G Coles. “ T. H. Haviland. “ E. Whelan. “ A. A. Macdonald. Newfoundland. The Hon. F. B. S. Carter, Speaker House A.ssem. “ Ambrose Shea. Sir Etienne P. Tache was elected chairman by the unanimous vote of the conference. The provincial secretaries of the several Provinces were elected honorary secretaries to the confer- ence, and Col. Bewitt Barnard was appointed executive secretary. The conference sat some eighteen days in Quebec, and the result of their deliberations was the famous “ Seventy-two Itesolutions,” which, in accordance with the final resolution, were authenticated by the sig- natures of the delegates, and were ordered to be submitted by its delegation to its own govern- ment ; the chairman submitting a copy to the Governor-General for transmission to the Secre- tary of State for the Colonies. After a tour through Canada, during which the delegates from the maritime Provinces were fHed in princely style, they separated, each delegation being pledged to use every legitimate means to secure the adoption of the scheme by their several legislatures, and by the Imperial Government. 8. — We now turn from the convention to notice the proceedings in the several Provinces. The Canadian Legislature met pr„ceeain<^s in in January, 1865. On the 3d of February, Sir E. P. Tache, in the Legislative Council, and Hon. J A. Macdonald, in the House of Assembly, simultaneously moved ; “ That an humble address be presented to Her Ma,jesty praying that she may be graciously pleased to cause a measure to be sulnnitted to the Imperial Parliament for the purpose of uniting the Colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island in one government, with pro- visions based on certain resolutions which were adopted at a conference of delegates from the said Colonies, held at the city of Quebec on the 10th of October, 1864.” After a debate of over a fortnight’s duration, the resolutions were adopted in the Council on the 20th of February, by a vote of forty-five to fifteen ; and, in the Assembly, after a most exhaustive and exhaust- ing five weeks’ debate, they were agreed to on ihe 10th of March, by a vote of ninety-one to thirty-three. The ninety-one who voted for the resolutions were composed of fifty-four from Upper C’anada, and thirty-seven from Lower Canada ; while twenty-five from Lower Canada and eight from Upper Canada made up the thirty-three who opposed them. After the close of the session in April, 1865, the Hon. Alessrs. Brown, Cartier, J. A. Macdonald, and Galt, proceeded to England, in order to confer with the Imperial authorities uxjon the subject of confederation and other matters connected 1 30 TUTTLE’S IlISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. therewith of colonial and national importance. The Imperial Grovernmeiit again renewed the assurances of their approval of the confederation scheme, and their desire to promote its adoption by every legitimate means. 9. — In New Brunswick, the Quebec scheme w'^as brought before the i:)eople at the general Proceedings in electioii, ill March, 1865, and a New Brunswick. Housc of Assembly, hostile to that scheme, was chosen. An anti-confederation ministry came into iiower, and things looked ill for a speedy success of the union cause. How- ever, after-eyents proved that the real senti- ments of the people of New Brunswick upon the subject of confederation had not been ob- tained, and that the elections of 1865 had been carried in a great measure by side issues. In the session of 1866, the Hon. A. E. Botsford moved the following resolution in the Legisla- tive Council, on the 9th of April; “We, your Majesty’s faithful and loyal subjects, the Legis- lative Council of New Brunswick, in Provincial Parliament assembled, humbly approach your Majesty with the conviction that a union of all your Majesty’s British North American Colonies, based on the resolutions adopted at the confer- ence of delegates from the several Colonies, held at Quebec on the 10th day of October, 1864, is an object highly to be desired, essential to their future prosperity and influence, and calculated alike to strengthen and perpetuate the ties which bind them to your gracious Majesty’s Throne and Government, and humbly pray that your Majesty may be graciously pleased to cause a measure to be submitted to the Imperial Parliament for the purpose of thus uniting the Colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island into one Government.” His Excellency’s reply w'as highly favorable to the confederation scheme, and, in consequence there- of, the ministry resigned othce on the 10th of April. Their resignation was accepted, and a new ministry formed, w'hich \vas composed chielly of gentlemen udio had taken an active part in forwarding the carrse of confederation. A general election immediately followed, which resulted in the utter rout of the anti-confede- rates, and the complete triumph of the friends of union. In the address in reply to the Gov- ernor’s sj)eech, the following paragraph on the subject of confederation wnxs carried by a vote of twenty-seven to seven : “ We know that Her Majesty’s Government have expressed a strong and deliberate opinion that the union of the British North American Provinces is an object much to be desired, and that the legislalure of Canada and of Nova Scotia concur in this view, and your Excellency may rely with confidence on our cordial co-oj)eration to accomplish that object.” On the 30th of June, on motion of the Hon. Charles Fisher, the Lieutenant-Governor was i^etitioned to appoint delegates to arrange with delegates from the other Provinces, with the Imperial Government, for the union of Brit- ish North America, upon such terms as would secure the just rights and interests of New Brunswick, accompanied with provision for the immediate construction of the Intercolonial Bailway. An amendment to defeat the resolu- tion was voted down by thirty-one against eight. A similar resolution was adopted in the Legislative Council, and thus the question of confederation was settled so far as New Bruns- wick was concerned. 10. — To Nova Scotia, it may be said, belongs the honor of having taken the initiatory steps which finally resulted in the p,„eeedings in adoption of confederation. In ^'’o'aScotm. the session of 1861, when the Hon. Joseph Howe was a member of the Government, the following resolution was unanimously adopted : “ Whereas, the subject of a union of the North American Provinces, or of the maritime Pro- vinces, from time to time, has been mooted and discussed in all the Colonies ; and, ivhereas, while many advantages may be secured by such a union, either of all the Provinces, or a portion of them, many and serious obstacles are pre- sented wBich can only be overcome by mutual consultation of the leadins' men of the Colonies, and by free communication with the Imperial Government. Therefore, resolved, that His Ex- cellency, the Lieutenant-Governor, be respect- THE CONFEDERATION. 31 fully requested to put himself in communication with His Grace, the Colonial Secretary, and His Excellency the Governor-General of the North Americ-an Colonies, in order to ascertain the policy of Her Majesty’s Government, and the opinions of the other Colonies, with a view to the enlightened consideration of a question involving the highest interests, and upon which the public mind in all the Provinces ought to be at rest.” Now, this was the resolution which brought about the Charlottetown Convention, which, as already explained, brought about the Quebec Conference. For some time after the Quebec Conference, Nova Scotia, because of the bad effects which the defeat of the union cause in New Briinswick produced, took no steps to further the federal scheme. However, in 1866, the Hon. Dr. Charles Tupper submitted the following resolution to the House of Assembly, which was adopted by a vote of thirty-one to nineteen : “ Whereas, in the opinion of this House, it is desirable that a confederation of the British North American Colonies should take place ; Resolved, therefore, that His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor be authorized to ap- point delegates to arrange with the Imperial Government a schme of union which will effectually ensure just provision for the rights and interests of this Province. Each Province to have an equal voice in such delegation. Upper and Lower Canada being for this pur- j)ose considered as separate Provinces.” As will be seen in a subsequent chapter, the people of Nova Scotia, in the next election pronounced strongly against the measure. 11. — The progress of the union movement in Newfoundland had so far resulted unfavorably. Proceedings in ^he subject was brought before Newfoundland. legislature by His Excellency the Governor, in his speech at the opening of the sesion in January, 1866, and the House, in committee of the whole on the address in reply to His Excellency, adopted the following para- graph in answer thereto : “ On the important question of confederation, in recognizing the solicitude of Her Majesty’s Government for the welfare of this Colony, we concur in the view of your Excellency that the abstract advantages of union are so obvious as to be almost neces- sarily acknowledged ; whilst with regard to this Colony, and on the details of so grave a measure, it is natural that much diversity of opinion should prevail. This is a matter which shall engage our serious attention.” This ex- pression of opinion was carried over an amend- ment to defeat it by a vote of eighteen to six. Soon after, at the same session, a resolution was carried to leave the whole matter in abeyance until information of the action taken by the other Provinces in relation thereto would be received. It is more than probable that had the legislature of Newfoundland been convened after the action taken by the other Provinces in appointing delegates to arrange the terms of confederation with the Imperial Government, its own course would have been more favorable. 12. — Prince Edward Island, by its legislature, repudiated the action of the delegates at the Quebec Conference, but, as we pH„ce Edward island shall see in a subsequent chapter, British Columbia. the Province reconsidered its action and came into the union, after the confederation was ac- complished by the four Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The action taken by British Columbia will be re- corded in connection with an account of the admission of that Province into the union. 13. — During the summer of 1866, the Colonies which had pronounced in favor of confederation made arrangements for the meet- ing of a conference of delegates 'leiegates m England, from the several Provinces, to settle the details and determine the precise terms of the Act giving effect to the union of the Provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, which should be submitted for adoption by the Imperial Parliament. The several Governments duly appointed delegates. Upper Canada was represented by : — The Hon. .Tolin A. Macdonald, Attorney-General. “ Wm. McDongall, Provincial Secretary. Lower Canada was represented by : — The Hon. G. E. Cartier, Attorney-General. “ W. P. Howland, Finance Minister. 32 TUTTLE’S IILSTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. The Hon. A. T. Galt. “ H. L. Lanarevin, Postmaster-General. New Bninswick was represented by : — The Hon. S. L. Tilley, Provincial Secretary. “ C. Fisher, Attorney-General. “ P. Mitchell, President of the Council. “ 11. D. Wilmot. “ J. M. Johnston. Nova Scotia was represented by : The Hon. C. Tupper, Provincial Secretary. “ W. A. Henry, Attorney-General. “ J. VV. Ritchie, Solicitor-General. “ A. G. Arc hiliald. “ J. McCully. These gentlemen met, according to the ap- poiniment, in London, Eng., early in December, 1866, and immediately proceeded to business. The Hon. John A. Macdonald was elected chair- man by the nnanimons voice of the conference, and for several weeks they were engaged late and early in their ardnons task of framing a nation’s constitution. Lord Carnarvon after- wards Itore testimony to the statesmanlike qual- ities which were displayed in the settlement of sectional difficulties, the unravelling of knotty points, the mutual forbearance, and the zeal and assiduity displayed during the prolonged sittings of the conference. Several of its members have since received the blue ribbon of the Bath, and its chairman is now Sir John A. Macdonald, K. C. B. 14. — The Imperial Barliament met on the 5th of February, 1867. On the 7th, the bill for the Action of the im- Confederation of the Provinces penal Parliament. introduced iiito the House of Lords by Lord Carnarvon, the then Colonial Secretary, and was received with approbation by all parties. On the 19th it was read a second time, was passed through committee of the whole on the 22d, and on the 26th February was read a third time. It was at once brought down to the House of Commons, and on the 28th of February was moved to a second reading. After a long and interesting debate, during which no men of any prominence, with the excei^tjon of IMr. Bright, opjfosed the measure, the motion j was agreed to without a division. It passed | throfigh committee of the whole on the 4th of March, and was read a third time and finally passed the House of Commons on the 8th of March. On the 28th of that month it receiA'ed the royal assent, and became one of the laws of the empire. The name chosen for the united Provinces was “ The Dominion of Canada,” Upper Canada to be henceforth called Ontario, and Lower Canada Quebec. From Nova Scotia alone came any serious opposition to the con- federation scheme after the appointment of delegates to the London Conference. Hon. Messrs. Howe and Annand went to London on behalf of the opponents of the union, who made a final effort to throw obstacles in the way of its success. On the meeting of the Nova Scotia legislature on the 16th of March, when an amendment to the address in reply to the Gov- ernor’s speech breathing a spirit hostile to con- federation, was moved, after an animated debate, it was defeated by a A'ote of 39 to 16. But this opposition is further described in a following chapter. 15. — The work of legislation being fully ac- complished, Her Majesty was graciously pleased to issue her proclamation on the proclamation 22d of May, declaring that the of Queen. Dominion of Canada should commence its ex- istence on the 1st of July, 1867, and appointing the members of the Senate. “ In thus briefly tracing the history of confederation from the time that, as a tiny seedling it was fostered in the minds of men of far-seeing and statesman- like views, until now, when it has grown into a wide-spreading tree, beneath whose shelter rest the hopes of what promises to be a mighty nation,” it has been our object to show that it is not a hastily conceived and ill-digested scheme, but that it is one of gradual growth, towards which for years our destiny has been drawing us, as in itself peculiarly adajrted to the necessities and the genius of our people. The ten years of prosperity which have suc- ceeded the measure amply demonstrate the wisdom of its provisions. ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE OOMINION" THE BORLAND DESBARATS LITHO COMP'' LOUD ]\10NCK’S ADMINISTRATION.— ISGT. 33 CHAPTER II. LORD MONCK’S A DMI NIST RATION.— 18()7. 1. The Beginning of a New Era. — 2. The Terms of the Union. — 3. Celebration OF Dominion Day. — 4. Determination to FORM A Coalition Ministry — Opposition TO the Scheme. — 5. Meeting of the Re- form Convention. — 6. Hon. Messrs. How- land AND McDougall Defend Coalition. — 7. Coalition Condemned by the Con- vention. — 8. Reform Party and Confed- eration. — 9. Plan of First Cabinet. — 10. The First Cabinet. — 11. Honors given TO Confederation Commissioners. — 12. The Elections. — 13. REsuiiTs of the Elections. — 14. The Contest in Quebec. 15. Contest in the Maritlme Provinces. 1. — The Dominion ol Canada came into ex- istence, by royal proclamation, on the first day a new era in A. D., 1867. This WaS Canaciiiui history. evciit fraught with greater importance, in many respects, than any other which has characterized the history of the coun- try, with the possible exception of General Wolfe’s victory on the Plains of Abraham. The latter was a victory of war, the former of peace. There were not a few, who, from unpatriotic motives — and a smaller number from honest conviction — proclaimed the union to be a hurt- ful measure, and predicted for it a short and disastrous life. But the first decade of its noble existence has not only silenced all opiiosition, but yielded the grandest fruits of national prosperity. The scheme of confederation has therefore proved successful beyond the best expectations of its most sanguine advocates. It has already revealed the great possibilities of our future greatness, and endowed us with a patriotism and a spirit of enterprise which are alike requisite to the development of our re- sources, and indispensably characteristic of British i:>eople. Confederation has furnished Canada an issue of union, in which the best thought, talent, genius, capital and energy of the statesman, the artist, the preacher, the mer- chant, the farmer, and the mechanic, centre in a common fund of national wealth, from which shall long contimre to emanate those blessings which secure the best freedom and most endur- able happiness of Christian civilization. Con- federation is Canada’s passport to a larger and more useful, as well as a happier existence. 21. — The Dominion of Canada, by the terms of confederation, did not become wholly a nation. The bond of union with the character of _thc mother country was not broken ' off, but, in the long run, substantially imirroved. However, Canada, by the measure of confedera- tion, secured a decree of freedom and indepen- dence such as few nations enjoy, and a greater and more complete control of her internal affliirs than was possible to the provinces in their separate condition. Indeed, under her present constitutional government, Canada has the con- duct of her general affairs nearly as completely in her own hands as those of Great Britain are in those of the Imperial Government, — the slight revisionary power retained in the hands of the Home authorities not being of a nature to render it at all probable that any ill-feeling or dissatis- faction will ever arise ; while the line dividing the authority of the general and local govern- ments is so wisely drawn that there is scarcely a possibility of internal difficulties in the admin- istration of political affairs. The union is a federal one of just and ecjuitable terms, and con- tains all the germs of strength and permanancy. By the terms of the act the Drovince of Canada was redivided and made into two separate pro- vinces, to be known as Ontario and Quebec, the boundaries of each corresponding to those of the old irrovinces of Upper and Lower Canada respectively, each having its local parliament for the management of its local affairs ; the Pro- vinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick re- mained as they were before confederation. The Senate was to consist of seventy-two members, to be appointed by the Crown, twenty-four each from Ontario and Quebec, and twelve each from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Represen- tation in the House of Commons was to be by 2 34 TUTTLES IIISTOllY OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA. population, Eased on the census of 1861, and to be re-adjusted after each decennial census ; the number of representatives from Quebec was per- manently fixed at sixty-hve, and the other x:)ro- vinces were to be allowed representation in the ratio that sixty-hve stood to the population of Quebec after each census. By this arrangement the number of members to be elected to the hrst Parliament was one hundred and eighty-one, of which Ontario furnished eighty-two, Quebec sixty-hve, NovaScotia nineteen, and New Bruns- wick hfteen. 3. — It was generally desired that the hrst day of July, the day upon which, by Royal jn-ocla- „ , , „ mation, the Dominion came into Celebration oi ’ FeeHiifi”.)/ existciice, and each succeeding (iissatishiction- 1867 . anniversary of the event, should be celebrated by loyal and patriotic demonstra- tions, somewhat after the fashion of the “Glorious F ourth of J uly” in the United States. Birt if there were those who held sanguine expectations in respect of this, they were doomed to partial disap- pointment. There was but little in the day to stir the average Canadian heart. Although con- federation was popular generally, it was quite as universally admitted to be, in a measure, at least, an experiment, and over this the people could not be expected to celebrate very enthu- siastically. Besides, the Canadian people had taken but few lessons in patriotism. This branch of national education had been left to a mono- poly of the Americans, while, for the most part, we had hitherto been content with loyalty as a higher grade of political sentiment. It now began to dawn upon the people of Canada that they might add a love of country to their love of Queen, without the slightest damage to the latter, and finally there was a general graduation into the wholesome theory that Canadians should be more devoted to Canada than to any other por- tion of Her Majesty’s wide dominions ; and in demonstration of this theory, the Dominion was given a flag of her own, which properly enorrgh was the British flag, but with such additions as to make it, if you please, the Canadian British flag. However, the first Dominion Day, July first, 1867, was generally celebrated as a public holiday throughout the four provinces. Business was susi)ended, troo^rs were reviewed ; pic-nics, excursions, concerts, etc., were held. In the larger cities, the day was one of rejoicing. But beneath the tide of acclaim there was a small but well defined current of dissatisfaction, especially in Nova Scotia, and inirch yet re- mained to be done before all those who had been legislated into union would become happy and contented. Many of the leading men in the maritime provinces still strongly opposed con- federation, and Messrs. Howe, Annand, Jones, and others, went so far as to openly express a preference for annexation to the United States, while a portion of the Reform party in Ontario and of the Rouges in Quebec, were by no means fully satisfied with the scheme after it was ac- complished. It is with j)eculiar feelings that we now (1878), remember the speeches of the anti-confederates of ten or eleven years ago. It was our lot to be reared within the sphere of the political influence of the late Hon. .Joseph Howe, and like thousands, we had learned to admire the man, and, even against our political education, to listen, with proforrnd respect, to his expositions of political economy. This eloquent statesman was among the foremost of those who drew doleful pictures of the ruin which confederation, in his estimation, was sure to work in all the provinces, and Mr. Howe was not alone in these groundless crys of alarm. But since the country has the good fortune to rejoice at the failure of these anti-confederate prophecies, why parade the names of those gentlemen who were unfortunate enough to render a consciencious but ill tempered op- position to the country’s best interests V Better by far to look at this opposition in another light altogether, and see in it as we may, many good results, in the way of toning down many of the rough edges of the crude scheme, and in forcing those who favored it to work more earnestly and faflhfully to bring it to a successful issue. 4. — It soon became evident to political leaders at least, that the great change in the form of government, must produce a con- coaiition-Oppo.«ition siderable change in the relative «heme. LOKD MONCK’S ADMINISTEATION.— ISG'?. 35 attitude of the two great political j)arties. To form a ministry that would command the hearty support of the country at large, a fusion of in- terests mirst, it was believed, take place, and old party lines be broken down, and a govern- ment formed of the best men, and those in whom the country had the most conlidence, irresi^ee- tive of party. The Hon. John A. Macdonald, who by common consent was the acknowledged leader of his party, and who, because of his position in connection with the very scheme of confederation mirst necessarily lead the new government, plainly intimated that as a coalition had to be formed in the Province of Canada in 18G4 to promote the scheme of confederation, so it would become necessary to form another coali- tion government to conduct the affairs of the new Dominion, now that confederation had been accomplished. This idea, however, by no means met with hearty approval from all the leaders of the respective parties, and was most bitterly condemned and opposed by the “ Clear G-rit” party, under the leadership of the Hon. George Brown. A large section of the press, led by * The following .are the resolutions adopted by the Convention : 1. Moved by Mr- Edward Blake, of Toronto, seconded by Mr. A. Irvdng, of Hamilton, and Resolved,— That this Convention records its high gratification that the long and earnest contest of the Reform Party for the great principles of representation by population, and local control over local affairs, has at last been crowned with triumphant success : .and it claims from the people of U(iperVanada the need of gratitude due from a just and gener- ous people to those who, by years of self-sacrificing labor, have peacefully achieved great and invaluable constitutional changes — the accomplish- ment of which, in other countries, has rarely been attained except through the sad scenes of armed revolution. 2. Moved by Hon. George Brown, of Toronto, seconded by Mr. J. G. Currie, of St. Catharines, and Re.solved, — That while the new Federal Constitution for the United Provinces of Canada, Xova Scotia, and New Brunswick, doubtless con- tains obvious defects, yet we unhesitatingly and joyfullj recognize that the measure,. as a whole, is based on eijuitable principles, and removes the barriers that have heretofore stood in the way of good government in this Province ; and on behalf of the great Reform Party of Upper Canada , this Convention heartily accepts the new Constitution about to be inaugurated, with a determination to work it loyally and patiently, and to i)rovide such amendments as experience from year to year in.ay prove to be expedient. 3- Moved by Mr. Stirton, M. P. P- , South Wellington, seconded by Mr. .John Macdonald, M. P. P., Toronto, and Resolved, — That during the long and eame.st struggle of the Reform party for representation by population, and local control over local afiairs — at length happily embodied in the new Constitution — these' re- forms were ever steadily regarded as but means to the end of securing efficient and economical government, and to bringing to an end th.at long reign of reckless misrule which (in the words of the great lieform Conven- tion of 18,09), entailed on the country a ‘‘ heavy public debt, burdensome taxation, great political abuses, and universal dissatisfaction.” 4. Moved by Mr. Adam Crooks, of Toronto, seconded by Mr. Pardee, of Lambton, and the Globe, strongly opposed the formation of another coalition government, and a general convention of the Deform party was called to meet at Toronto on the 27th of .Tune, to consider this and other questions. Meanwhile the Gov- ernor-General had called the Hon. John A. Mac- donald to form an administration for the new Dominion which was to be born on the first day of .Tnly, and that gentleman had formed a min- istry of thirteen, six of whom were Conserva- tives, six Reformers, and one who had acted ■v\dth the Reform party for some time, but had left it for religious and yiersonal reasons. 5. — The Reform Convention met in the Music Hall, Toronto, on the 27th of June, 1867. There were between six and seven , 1111 , , 1 j Heform Convention — hundred defegates present, about views oi iron. Geo. thirty of whom were members of the old Parliament of Canada. The meeting was called to order at two o’clock, when Mr. William Patrick, of Prescott, was elected chair- man, and Messrs. Spruell and Edgar, of Toronto, secretaries. The Hon. George Brown, in moving the second resolution,* explained at length the Resolved, — That this Convention recalls with pleasure that the peoifie of Canada h.ave looked earnestly forward to the successful termin.ation of the long struggle of the Reform party for representative reform, as a day when the tax-p.ayers in all sections of the Province would receive their rightful and equitable influence in the State, and when by the consequent ascendency of reform princii>les .and reform statesmen in the councils of the nation, the scandalous abuses under which the country has .so long labored could be swept away, and a new and better era inaugurated : and this Convention fully recognizes the grave responsibility now devolving upon the Reform party, by the largely increased political influence secured to it under the new Constitution, of meeting the just expectations of the country, and of carrying into effect vigorously and promptly those nume- rous reforms in the practical administration of public afl'airs for which its members have so long ontended in the legislature and through the i>ress. 5- Moved by Mr. McKeown, of Hamilton, seconded by Mr. James Young, of Galt, and Resolved, — That co.alitions of opposing political parties, for ordinary .administrative purposes, inevitably result in the abandonment of prin- ciple by one or both parties to the compact, the lowering of public morality, lavish public expenditure, and wide-spread corruption : that the coalition of 1864 could only be justified on the ground of im erious necessity, .as the only available mode of obtaining just representation for the people of Upper Canada, and on the ground that the compact tlicn made was for a specific measure and for a stipulated period, and was to come to an end so soon as a measure was attained ; .and while the Con- vention is thoroughly satisfied that the Reform party has acted in the best interests of the country by sustaining the Government until the confederation measure was .'eeured, it deems it an imperative duty to declare hat the temporary alliance between the Reform and Conserva tive parties should now cease, and that no Government will be satisfactory to the people of Upper Canada which is formed and maintained by a coalition of public men bolding opposite iiolitical principles. 6. Moved by Mr. Kenneth Mackenzie, seconded by Mr- Hamilton, and Resolved, — That one of the fundamental principles of the Reform party, now as ever, is, the total separation of Church and. State, tlie 36 TUTTLE’S llISTOPtY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. objects ibr which the Coiivention was called to- gether. His speech was largely devoted to prove the superiority of party over coalition government, and many of the able arguments adduced by him have since been fnlly verified. Bnt it wonld not be fair to charge the leaders of the C’onservative party with advocating coalition doctrines as a ]>ermanent necessity for the new government ; and it was, perhaps, with regard to this point that the greatest misnnderstanding- grew np between the two great political parties Mr. Brown was, however, not the man to dis- criminate, in so small a matter, and prononnced the scheme of coalition as pernicions in what- ever wniy it might be attempted under confed- eration. There wn^re many who fnlly endorsed his views, bnt ten yea7-s of practical working under the federal scheme have i^lainly shown the wisdom of temporary coalition, as the best means of quieting discontent under the new order of things, and of reaching a sound and healthy party government. Mr. Brown thor- oughly supported confederation. To summar- ize his speech, he expressed a belief that if puiiport of the clerfry of nil denominations by the free contributions of tbcir peoiile, .and the recognition by the Legislature and Government of all Canadians as subjects of the Queen and not in any sectari.an capacity. The Convention heartily rejoices that the new Constitution sweeps away from the Federal arena every question of a sectional and sectari.an character, and records its earnest conviction that on the fidelity with which this vital safeguard is respected in the practical administration of this (Inverriment, rests the future harmony and stability of the Dominion ; anil it joyfully recognizes th.at by the transference to the Legislature of Ontario of all local matter.s, the I’rote.stant electors of Upiier Canada will have the opportunity of showing to their Roman Catholic fellow-subjects, tluat generous consideration which a minority ought ever to receive in all free countries at the hands of a largely preiionderating majority. 7. Moved by Mr. .John Smith, of Hamilton, seconded by Mr. McDougall, of West Elgin, and Kf;soi,YKP,— That it is alike the duty and the desire of the Canadian people to cultivate the most friendly relations with the neighboring peo- ple of the United States, and especially to offer every facility for the e.vtension of trade .and commerce between the two countries. The Con- vention anticipates with iileasure that the day is not far distant when the (Tovernment of the Republic will modify their restrictive commercial policy towards the British American Colonics ; .and while holding it the true Canadian policy to look diligently about for new and profitable markets for the products of the Dominion, wherever they can be found, and while well satisfied that such markets exist in other foreign lands, fully as lucrative as those heretofore enjoyed, yet this Convention regards it as the duty of the Canadian Administration to meet frankly and cordi- ally any overtures from the Washington Government for a new treaty of commercial reciprocity between Canada and the Republic, extending over a fixed term of years, based on equitable itrinciples, and consistent with the honor of both countries. 8. Moved by Mr. llodgins, of Toronto, seconded by Dr. Bull, of West York, .and Resolved, — That this Convention records its gre.at satifaction that the people of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are hereafter to be united with the government \va.s a purely party one, con- federation would prove the greatest blessing the eouidry had ever known, but if a coalition government was formed, confederation might prove a curse in.stead of a blessing, for it would lead to more corruption and political immorality than had ever been known before. He defend- ed the coalition government of 18(34, of which he was a member, on the ground of its being a political necessity, and the only means of bring- ing abont confederation; but now that that end had been attained, coalition had served its pur- pose and should not again be resorted to. He contended that representation by population, a proper adjustment of the revenue, and many other important and necessary reforms which would be gained by confederation, were the results of many years’ unceasing etibrts of the Reform party of Upper Canada, and held that it was only fair and just that that party should be the one to carry out these reforms ; but, even if it \vere not, and the Conservative party came into powder after the elections, he thought it would be far better for the interests of the the people of Canada under one Government and Legislature : and it doe.s this the more heartily because it well remembers that the same long battle for popular rights and social and material progress was fought and won in these Provinces, a.s in C nada, by Reform statesmen against the bitter oppo.«ition .and hostility of the Tory party ; and because it agrees hat the great and influential Reform parties of these Provinces hold principles essentially in unison with those of Canadian Reformers, and that their representatives will be found in the Federal Parliament of the new Dominion the earnest and able advocates of just, efficient, and economical legislation : and this Convention entertains the hope that the day is not far distant when Newfoucdlaml, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia will form part of the Dominion of Canada, upon terms satisfactory to the people of these important Colonies. 9. Moved by Mr. Jos. Rymal, M.P. P., South Wentworth, seconded by Mr. Rock, of London, and Resolved, — That this Convention heartily rejoices that, under the new Constitution, the barriers that have stood in the way of cordial sympathy between the Liberals of Jjower Canada and the Reform party of Upper Canada, have been totally removed ; it gratefully remembers the aid received from them in hours of trial, and it anticipates gladly that the time is not far distant when the Reformers of Upper Canada may be able to repay the obligations then incurred. !(’. Moved by Mr. J. G. Currie, of St. Catharines, seconded by Mr. Brit- ton, of Kingston, and Resolved, — That the advantage to be derivmd by the people of Canada from the new Constitution, as well as the future progress of our country, will very much depend on the efficiency and economy with which the new governmental machinery is administered ; and this Convention regards it as a first duty of the Reform representatives in the new Legislature to apply themselves to a thorough overhauling of the departmental system, the curtiiilment of the lavish annual expenditure, the enforcement of strict economy in every branch of the public service, the gradual liquida- tion of the public debt, and the reduction of the cu.stoms duties as rapidly as consistent with maintaining the public faith. 11. Moved by Mr. Moyle, of Berlin, seconded by Dr. Fraser, of Monekland. LORD MONCK’S ADMINISTRATION.— 1867. 37 country for the Reform party to hold together, and present a firm and united ojiposition, so as to act as a wholesome check on any al tempts at reckless extravagance or corrnption on the part of the party in i^ower. He strongly denonnced those members of the Reform party who hivored coalition, and most especially the Hon. W. P. Howland and Hon. William Macdougall, who had accepted seats in the then proi^osed new cabinet, and claimed that after the Reform party had fought a long and hard fight and gained the victory, it was now asked, by the terms of the proposed coalition, to give up all that 'it had won, go down on its knees and humbly ask to be permitted to follow according to the leadership of Hon. John A. Macdonald. It woxild be hard to praise the Reform party too highly for the great achievements which it has wrought for the benefit of the country ; but in the one matter of confederation, that party could not justly claim to have contributed so much as the Conservatives, and was not, there- fore, entitled to more than a second place in the new government. This, it appears, Mr. Brown declined to accept, and endeavored to persuade his friends to take a similar stand. Had his advice prevailed, his party would, no doubt, have obtained control of the government a year or two sooner than it did, but, in such a course, it is not clear that the best interests of the country would have been so well xwotected. 0. — The Hon. Messrs, Howland and Macdou- gall, who had accepted the portfolios of Inland Revenue and Public Works, re- . . . , .. . Hon. Messr.-! How- spectively, in the new coalition imni nn.i MacioagiUi , . , . 1 1 IT p ilelVnd coalition. cabinet, being both Reformers, were not only denounced for this breach of poli- tical faith, in the speech of Mr. Brown, but on the evening of the first day of the convention, the fifth resolution was read and passed, condemning them severely for the same act. These gentlemen, in their turn, came forward and defended their Xiositions, setting forth the political necessity, which, in their opinion, existed, for forming a coalition government. The Hon. Mr. Howland claimed that by virtue of the union old party lines had been swept away ; that the goi'ern- ment to come into existence under the new con- stitution had, at that time, no declared policy, and that it was unfair to attack it before it had announced what it intended to do. He believed that new issues would arise and an honest opposition be formed, but considered oppo- sition for opjiosition’s sake unjust and un- generous. He stated that he and his colleagues had consented to join Mr. Macdonald because Rksoi-vf.i), — That in the opinion of this Convention one of the first and most important duties of the (Jovcrnment and Legislature, uniler the reformed Constitution, will be the improvement of the internal navigation of the country. 12. Moved by Dr. McGill, of Hamilton, seconded by Mr. Jackson, and Resolvkd, — That one of the questions most deeply affecting the st.ability and future progress of our country, is how we shall attract to our shores a large tide of European emigration : .and this Convention is of opinion that this highly iraport.ant end will best be attained by a thorough reform of the Crown-land departmental system : by extending to proposing settlers the utmost facilities for ascertaining what i>ublio lands are in the market, .and selecting and properly securing their titles to the lots they may select : by the imposition of a .special tax on wild hands held b.ack from cultiva- tion for speculative purposes in settled townships ; and by the speedy opening up for settlement and cultivation of the great North-Western territories ; and the Convention records its conviction that the small sum that may be extracted from the settler for his lot of wild land is of no consideration whatever in comparison with the rapid occupation of the soil by a hardy and industrious population. 1.3. Moved by Mr. A. McKellar, M-P-P., Bothwell, seconded by Mr. R. M. Rose, Kingston, and Rksoi.vkp,— That the development of the vast mineral resources of the country has been seriously retarded through the misman.agement of the Crown Lands Department— miners and cai)italists have been driven to other countries where useless departmental restrictions and annoying uncertainities and delays do not stand in the way of progress, and large tracts of the best mineral lands having been locked up in the hands of mere speculators. This Convention is firmly of opinion that a system of survey and location, enabling .actual oper.ators to know with certainty what mineral lands are in the market, on what conditions selections may be made, and how enterprising explorers may promptly and easily secure the fruits of their labor, would speedily produce .an immense development of the mineral industry of the Province : and this Convention regards it of great public importance that the arduous and valuable labors of the settlers in our mineral regions on the north shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, .and in all other sections of the Province, entitle them to the consideration of the Government and Lcgisl.ature, in the improvement of the means of communication .and the supply of amide postal facilities. 14. Moved by Mr. William Bccles, of St. Catharines, seconded by Mr. Radcliffe, of South Ontario, and Resolved, — That this Convention records its belief that the progress and social happiness of the people would be greatly promoted by the p.as.sage of a well considered homestead law, by which settlers may apply money, honestly their own, to the purchase of a farm or house, and set it aside by public registration for the benefit of their families, without liability to future creditors. 15. Moved by Mr. Dalglish, of South Grey, seconded by Mr. Malcolm Campbell, of Eckford, and Resolved,— That among numerous other questions demanding tlie early and earnest attention of the Government aTul Legislature are, an Act for the winding up of insolvent incorporated companies, a revision of the Patent Laws, a stringent Audit Act, applicable to all public expenditures, the establishment of a Provincial system of instruction for the blind and deaf and dumb persons, and the organization of an improved .system of public statistical returns for commercial, sanitary, and general pur- poses. 38 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF TIIR DOMINION OF CANADA. they considered that the great Liberal party of Upper Canada shonld be represented in the first cabinet of the Dominion, and also becarrse he did not think they shordd desert those Reformers oi Nova Scotia and New Brnnswick, who had worked so zealously to accomplish the union, lie deprecated unnecessary agitation, and said that an impression would be given in England that the Reform party could never be satished, but must always be agitated on some srrbject. Hon. Mr. Macdougall followed in a similar strain ; he denied that coalitions were immoral, or that they necessarily tended to promote ex- travagance ; he defended the conrse he and his colleagues had taken as the only one they could honestly and honorably juirsue, and said that he was willing to submit their conduct to a higher tribunal than that Convention — to the decision of the people, which would soon be given at the general elections. Upon the whole, the Hon. Messrs. Howland and Macdougall made a most creditalile defence, and in not sustaining their views the convention failed to express the sentiments of the country, as the result at the polls afterwards proved. 7. — Cn the following day the debate on the lifth resolution was resumed, when the Hon. Alex. Coalition conosition of British Cohimbia, with Russian America on the north and California on the south, rendered it doubtful to his mind if Britain with all her power could hold that country against a hostile army of the United States. He held that Canada was not so thickly settled that we need be in a hurry to extend our borders. There is room enough in Canada for fifty millions of people, and in the Lower Provinces for ten times their jjresent population. He repudiated the cry that those who had opjjosed Confedera- tion were disloyal, and claimed to be as loyal as any member of the Government. During the thirty-five years of his public life, he defied any man to point out a single act of his indicative of a disloyal spirit. His Excellency had referred 48 TUTTLE’S IIISTOJiY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. to the geiierous manner in which the Imperial Parliament had allowed the people to deal with the details of Confederation. He (Mr. Howe) denied that any such privilege was allowed. It did not even go before the LegislaUrre of Nova Scotia. The only chance the people of Nova Scotia had of expressing their opinion on Con- federation was last September, when the elec- tions came off, and they showed then, unmis- takably, that they were hostile to the measure. He referred to several instances in history when a change of constitution had taken place, but always with the consent of the people. Referring to the currency question, he remarked that in Nova Scotia they had a sound system, and never had a bank fail there. They had many banks, but not one of them had stopped, or was open to , suspicion. The Government kept its accoiuit with one of these banks, but gave it no exclusive power. Since the first of Jirly, a restless feeling had gone abroad among the people there that | something was to be done which would limit | the circulation of their banks. He trusted this would not be the case. He could not under- ; stand how any bank that is really sound and solvent could be broken by any Government, nor how any Government should possess the power to break any bank that is sound and solvent. He referred to the question of revenue to maintain the dignity of the Dominion, to the standing army that is promised, to the navy that we must have. Taxation must be increased ; all the revenues of this Province were to be taken up by the General Government, and all they get back was eighty cents ahead, the price of a Nova Scotian as well as the price of a sheepskin. He went on to refer to the postal system, noticing the negotiations of Messrs. LaFontaine and Merritt, which resulted in the free interchange of various products and the establishment of a live cent postage. He thought the best thing that could haiipen would be the arrangement of a penny postage ; but this could not be done without changing the constitution of the country. Now, the management of this system would be removed up to Ottawa; what happened now to Nova Scotia might one day happen to this Pro- vince, and every postmaster and postmistress be appointed here by a Government which we could not for a moment inlluence. Then as to public works, by careful management Nova Scotia had spent something like a million and a half of dollars on them, and what had Tiap- pened ? Why, on election day every emirloye was marched up to vote for the Government candidate, influenced by some power which could not be discovered. Referring to the clause on the militia, he said that according to resources and population. Nova Scotia had as many men as England, but now that they were told there was to be some new militia organization, he only hoped it would be more effective. He would promise it a careful consideration, but reports had reached Nova Scotia that had caused some alarm. It was said that every man in this Dominion was to be armed. He hoped no impracticable scheme would be adopted. Who were we to arm against V There was only one enemy to fear, and he regretted that the whole of the proceedings in regard to Confederation looked too much like a menace against that country. If we managed our affairs properly, we should be the best of friends with our neighbors. Peace with them was what we iiiA'ariably prayed for. Nova Scotia had never yet been able to frame a universally acceptable bankrupt law, and if this could be done, he would be glad to see it. Referring to the next clause of the address, he expressed his belief that in England they were preparing their minds to let us assume the responsibilities of a separate nationality. As to our fisheries, they were given up to the United States. England would not fire a shot in defence of them. He thought some system ought to be adopted in regard to contro- verted elections ; passed over the other passages of the speech without remark, and in conclusion deeply regretted that the measure had been passed in such a manner as to make it highly distasteful to the people of Nova Scotia, a free and loyal people who had for years conducted their affairs with loyalty and vigor, and regretted that they should be obliged to send represen- tatives here to make such speeches as he had GOVE[?NMENT OF LORD MONCK— 18(37— FIRST PARLIAMENT. 49 made to-nig-ht.^ As the dehate went on, he would move a short amendment expressing regret that this measure had not been submitted to the people of Nova Scotia. He knew that the decision on this question was a foregone con- clusion ; he knew that he stood here powerless to do more than express the sentiments he entertained. ! 6.— It Avas only in harmony with eA'ery ex- pectation that Mr. Howe was followed by his Speech of great opponent, the Hon. Dr. Hon. Dr. Tapper. Chai'lcs Tupper, wlio had fought him thoughout the whole battle for confedera- I tion in NoA^a Scotia, and who had won a Auctory j under many disadA'antages. We giA'e also a brief summary of Dr. Tupper’s reply. He felt that if North America assumed its proper i')osi- tion among nations, it could only be by uniting i these ProAunces. In looking at commercial in- terests, eAmry man must haA^e felt that the Union was only meant for promoting the pros- perity of the ProAunces. He referred to the ad- A'antages which he belieA^ed would result from the Intercolonial Railway, and noticed the A^aluable mineral deposits with which Nova Scotia abounded. These were comparatiA'ely Amlueless heretofore, and could iieA^er haA'e been deA^eloped by the unaided maritime population. If NoA'a Scotia was CA^er to aclA^ance and obtain adA^antages of free trade, it could only be by union with other ProAunces, and what had not free trade done for other countries. Look what it had done eA’en betAveen Upper and Lower Canada! His honorable friend had said truly that the true source of strength of British America must consist in attracting emigration. Confederation would be the means of effecting this. He AA'^as prepared to admit that his honor- able friend Howe had thoroughly swept the polls, but it was no new thing to hear of a sud- den change of opinion among the people of NoA'a Scotia. They might easily imagine the effect his honorable friend’s eloquence would haA’e traA'elling through the country telling the people that their sons were to be dragged from their fire.side, and that taxes were to be leAued on them. Had Nova Scotia remained as she was, they would either hat'^e had to greatly re- duce their expenditure, or else raise their tariff. But they had been accustomed to these changes in NoA'a Scotia. His honorable friend had once before found himself thoroughly defeated, and went on to refer to some of the causes AARich he believed had contributed to his large majority on this occasion. He felt that he need not in that assembly defend the manner in which his measure had been carried. Pitt and Peel had declared in language eloquent and emphatic that the most dangerous precedent to establish would be to say that Parliament was not fully competent to deal Avith any question on behalf of the people. NoA'a Scotia happened to be the only I’rovince in which Parliament had an opportunity of passing on this measure, and it obtained a two-thirds Amte. Not one half of the Amtes at the polls in NoA'a Scotia had been giA^en to his honorable friend and his supporters, and moreoA^er, his election had taken place under a new franchise created by himself (HoAA''e), and never put in operation before. He denied that the issue of confederation was put to the people at the polls. He asked how his honorable friend could reconcile his present course with his declaration in Nova Scotia that he would, if elected, srive the Union a fair trial. The mem- ber for Guysboro’ did the same, and was elected on that manly stand, while Mr. Annand, the only man who declared his intentions of oppos- ing the Union, was defeated. The moral power which Union had giA^en us rendered army and naA'y necessary. He belieA^ed we had lost the Reciprocity Treaty in consequence of the iso- lated position of the Provinces leading the States to believe they could dictate any terms they chose. He referred to some of Mr, HoAve’s former utterances, quoting speeches by that gentleman to proA^e his inconsistency in oppos- ing Union. In regard to Mr. Howe’s complaints as to being charged with disloyalty, he said the Queen’s name had never been appealed to against the anti-Unionists except in a constitu- tional manner. Far be it from him (Tupper) to charge any man with disloyalty, but if charges had been made in Nova Scotia, it was in rela- 4 r- ' ~ 50 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. tioii to the accusation that the Union jiarty were traitors. If Mr. Howe and his friends were not disloyal, it was at any rate true that there was not Fenian or annexationist in the Province who did not sympathize and act heartily with them. He then criticised other objections raised by Mr. Howe to the speech from the Throne, and endeavored to show they were, in each particu- lar, weak and unfounded. 7. — After the adoption of the Address, a bill was passed fixing the indemnity of members. Indemnity salai'ies of the Speakers of of members. Houses Were fixed at $3,000 per annum each, and the pay of mem- bers at six dollars per day for a session of not less than thirty days, with ten cents per mile mileage ; or six hundred dollars for the session should it exceed thirty days, with same allow- ance for mileage. The bill was opposed by Messrs. Blake, Mackenzie, Holton and others, who advocated a per diem allowance without regard to the duration of the session ; Mr. Blake remarking that he could see no reason why members should receive one hundred and eighty dollars for a session of thirty days, and six hundred dollars for a session of thirty-one days._ Exception was also taken to the bill on the ground that it would tend to induce mem- bers to draw out the session at its commence- ment until thirty days had expired, and then to hurry through the remainder of the session, as they would feel as if they were remaining at . the seat of G-overnment at their own expense ; after they had become entitled to their full ses- sional allowance. The bill was, however, passed without amendment. , 8. — Dual representation came forward for the i early attention of Parliament, and Mr David Mills introduced a bill disquali- Dual Representation. „ . , n t t Independence lynto members ol the Local of Parliament. t ■ i n n i I Legislatures Irom holding seats in the House of Commons. The bill, however, was withdrawn, and it was not until many 1 years after that dual representation, which came into existence with confederation, was abolished. The British North America Act said nothing with regard to members of the Local Houses being ineligible for seats in the House of Commons of the Dominion, and many mem- bers of the old Parliament of Canada were elected to the local Houses of Quebec and Ontario, as well as to the House of Commons- two of the most notable instances being Hon. George E. Cartier and Mr. Edward Blake. Dual representation never existed in the Maritime Provinces, local Acts being passed preventing it. One plea for this double representation was that all the experienced members of the old Parliament who could secure re-election would prefer the House of Commons to the more limited sphere of the Local Houses, and that the latter bodies would be .destitute of experienced men, and their business correspondingly delayed. But this argument could be only of a temporary nature, and the contention of the Opposition that dual representation gave undue inlluence to the Government of the day by having its members in the Local Houses as well as in the House ol Commons, gains much weight from the fact that although the evils of the system were pointed out during the elections, and a bill introduced within two weeks after the opening of the first Parliament, it was seven years before dual representation was abolished, and then only after the Liberal party had come into power. Bearing on the same subject was a question of privilege raised by Mr. Holton that members of the House of Com- mons were guilty of a breach of the Independ- ence of Parliament Act by becoming members of the Local Governments, for which they received remuneration This subject was refer- red to the Committee on Privileges and Elections, which decided that, as the Local Ministers were paid by the Local and not the General Govern- ment, no breach of privilege was committed ; and members of the Local Governments con- tinued to occupy seats in the House of Commons until the abolition of dual representation. 9. — The Government had planned to divide the first session of the Dominion Parliament into two parts, taking a recess ,, ITT T i -1 The first part of the during the holidavs, and until first session- . 1 • 1 , 1 legislation. March, in which to prepare and GOVEKXMENT OF LOED MOXCK— 18G7— FIEST PAELI AMENT. 51 elaborate its most important measures. In pur- suance of this plan, Parliament adjourned on the 21st of December until the 12th of March, 1868, but not until sufficient business had been transacted to provide for the new order of things. A supply bill was passed granting’ $5,264,279 generally for the service of the Grovernment from 1st July, 1867, to 31st March, 1868, and authorizing the G-overnor in Council to issue six per cent, stock or bonds for the redemption of any debt of the former Pro- vinces, but the amount of the public debt was not to be increased by such issue. The vacancy caused by the resignation of Hon. Mr. Galt as Finance Minister was filled by the appointment of Hon. John Rose, who was reelected for Huntingdo^ by acclamation, and sworn of the Privy Council on 30th November. The fifth bill passed related to the management of the revenue, the manner of collecting and disburs- ing, keeping accounts, &c. The Customs Act was comprised of one hundred and forty-one clauses, consolidating the different Customs Acts of the various Provinces, and making the rules and regulations with regard to ports of entry, transfers in bond, punishment of smug- gling, &c., uniform. The bill only appointed twenty ports of entry in bond, but the Gover- nor in Council had the power to increase this number, and in little more than a year from the passage of the Act the number had risen to one hundred and ten. The Customs Act relating to duties was temporary in its nature, and was superseded later in the session by the Tariff Act, to which we shall refer at length further on. The Inland Revenue, or Excise Bill, passed at this session, did not differ materially from that of the Province of Canada, the tax on spirits being retained at sixty cents per gallon (which was increased to sixty-three later on in the session), and cigars from one dollar per thousand upwards. The mode of collecting the tax on beer was, however, changed, and in lieu of a tax of three cents per gallon, one of one cent per pound on malt was substituted. These excise duties were very distasteful to the Mari- time Provinces, where, previous to the Union, the reA^enue of New Brunswick from this source was only about $100 per annum, while there was no revenue at all derived from it in Nova Scotia. A Stamp Act was also passed, imposing a tax on bills of exchange, drafts and promissory notes at the rate of one cent for twenty-five dollars, two cents for fifty, and three cents for every hundred dollars. This was also a new tax to the Maritime ProAunces, and was strongly opposed by some of the mem- bers from that section. 10. — The Act reorganizing and reconstruct- ing the postal arrangements of the Dominion, assimulating the systems of the n Tt • 1 j • • Postal arrangements lour ProAunces, adopting a uni- -Post-office r P J 1,1 Saving.s Banks. form rate of postage, and estab- lishing Post Office SaAungs Banks. Up to the time of Confederation, the postal rate in the ProA’ince of Canada was fiA'e cents per half ounce to any part of the ProA'ince, and tweh^e and a half cents to NoA^a Scotia, via Boston ; ten cents per half ounce to the United States, and twelve and a half cents to Great Britain. Newspapers were charged at the rate of twenty- fiA^e cents per annum for weeklies, and one dollar and sixty cents for dailies, payable quarterly in advance by either the publisher or subscriber ; but periodicals deAmted to the education of youth, agriculture, temperance, or any bi’anch of science, were exempt from post- age. In the Maritime ProA’inces the rates of postage Avere the same, except that all news- papers AA^ere free. In the new bill the whole postal serAUce was placed under the control of the Postmaster-General at Ottawa, who was giA^en large powers for the general management of his department, the establishment of mail routes, fixing rates of postage with other coun- tries, &c. The entire systems of the ProA’inces were assimilated, and a uniform rate of three cents to any part of the Dominion established. Postage on weekly newspapers was fixed at five cents per cj^uarter, payable in adAuuice by either the publisher or subscriber, and thirty cents for dailies. Transient papers were charged one cent each if mailed by the pub- lisher or subscriber, and two cents if by any d. ^ u.. un. librakv university of ILLINOIS M URBANA-CHAMPAlGfJ TUTTJjE’S HISTOEY of the HOMINION of CANADA. other person. The bill, as originally drafted, required payment on newspapers to be made in advance by the publisher, but an effort being made, while the bill was luider disciission, to have all newspapers pass free, and it being- represented that the enforcement of payment in advance would press very heavily on the smaller publishers, a comjrromise was arrived at by reducing the rate to a minimum, and allowing the manner of payment to remain as it had been in the Province of Canada. Postage to Clreat Britain remained at twelve and a half cents, but that to the United States was, shortly after the passage of the bill, reduced from ten to six cents, so that the era of cheap postage may be said to have been fairly inaugurated with the new Dominion. But the most im- portant feature of the new bill was the provision made in it for the establishment of Post Ofhce Savings Banks, where snms of one dollar and upwards could be deposited, the depositor being- allowed four per cent, on ordinary dcjrosits, which could be withdrawn at any time, or five per cent, on special deposits, which could only be withdrawn after three months’ notice. The offices were not opened until the first of April 18G8, and the people speedily showed their appreciation of the convenience and safety afforded them by depositing freely, so that at the expiration of the first six months, 203-offices had been opened, and $356,278.27 remained on deposit, $219,907.97 being at four per cent., and $135,800.00 at five. An attempt was made, while the Postal Bill was in progress through the House, to have the telegraph service amal- gamated with the postal service, in the same manner as had just then been proposed in Gtreat Britain ; but it was not thought advisable to attempt the undertaking, and the telegrai^h service of Canada is now so complete, and the charges so moderate, that it is extremely doubt- ful whether it could be performed any better or cheaper if it did form part of the Post Office system. Another subject which received some attention was the abolition of the carriers’ fee of two cents for delivering letters, and substi- tuting- a free delivery ; bnt the financial con- dition of the country was not such just then as to warrant taking the risk of the additional expense, and it was some years later before the free delivery system was introduced. A propo- sition was also made to extend the money order system to the United States, but the unsettled condition of the money market in that country at this time, added to other reasons, caused a postponement of the consideration of the scheme, and it was not until August, 1873, that arrangements were perfected and went into operation for an exchange of money orders between the Post Offices of Canada and the United States. The money order system was established in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec on the first of February, 1855, in Nova Scotia on the first of July, 1869, g,nd in New Brunswick on the first of November, 1863, and some idea of the rapid growth of the system may be gathered from the facts that during- the year 1866 there were 66,412 orders for a total amount of $2,399,293.63 issued in the four Pro- vinces, and 54,048 orders for a total amount of $2,140,195.75 paid. 11. — Fortunately for the country, the British North American Act provided for the construc- tion of the Intercolonial Eailway, R„i,. and a bill was accordingly passed in the first part of the session, making provi- sions accordingly. It provided for the building of the road from River dvr Loup to Truro by four commissioners, to be appointed by the Grovernor-Gfeneral, who was also to appoint the Chief Engineer. The guage of the road was fixed at 5 ft. 6 in. on such grades, in such man- ner, in such places, with such material and on such specifications as the Gfovernor in Council might determine. The powers of the Minister of Public Works and of a Railway Company were given to the Commissioners with regard to sur- veys, taking- lands, &c. All tenders to be adver- tised, and no contract for over $10,000 to be granted without the consent of the Governor in Council, who also fixed the remuneration of the Commissioners and the Chief Engineer, and to whose approval all other pay was subject. The Act provided for the issue of bonds to the extent (iOVEENMENT OF J.OFD MONCK— 1867— TII F NOFTII-WEST. 5:j of <£3,000,000 sterling, under Imi:)erial guarantee, at four per cent., and also of bonds of the Dominioii of Canada — without guarantee — for any sum, not exceeding £1,000,000 sterling, which may be necessary to complete the road. A sinking fund of one per cent, was provided for, and the Consolidated Revenue Fund charged with the necessary funds. There was consider- able opposition to the passage of the bill in the House, the principal ground, being that no route was specified, and Mr. Dorion moved an amend- ment that the route should not be determined on without the consent of Parliament. Sir John A. Macdonald explained that the Imperial guar- antee of £3,000,000 was obtained on the express stipulation that the route should be selected by the Home authorities, who would decide on the relative merits of the two proposed routes, the Northern, or Major Robinson’s route, and the Southern, or Sandford Fleming’s route. After considerable discussion a vote was taken on Mr. Dorion’s amendment, and resulted in its rejection by a vote of 35 for to 83 against.* 12. — It would be tedious to give an account of each measure passed during the first part of Mi.«ceiianeous logis- ^he sessioii, lieiice we will enu- merate only a few more of the important measures. These were, a bill estab- lishing the departmentof Public Works, defining the duties, &c., of the Minister of Public Works ; an Act resi)ecting Banks ; an Act in respect to the punishment of aggressions from subjects of * As thi.s vote may be taken as a pretty fair indication of the relative strength of the (iovernment and Oi>position, we give the Yeas and Nays: Yk.^.s. — M essrs, lieeliard. Bodwell. I’ourassa. Bowman, Che\.al, Connell. Coupal, Crooke, Dorion. Fisher. Fortier, (Jeotfrion, Holton, Kempt, Kierz- kowski, McFarlane. Mackenzie, Magill, McLachlin. Mills, Morrison (Victoria), Oliver, Parker, Ray, Rcdford, Rymal, Savary, Sproat, Stirton, Sylvain, Thompson (Haldimand), Thompson (Ontario), Tremblay, Wells, Young.— 35. Nays. — Messrs. Abbott. Ault. Beaty, Belierose. Benoit, Bertrand, Blan- chet, Bolton, Boswell, Bown, Brousseau, Buriiee, Burton, Caron, Cartier, Cartwright, Cayley, Chamberlin, Cymon, Crawford (Brockville), Crawford (Leed.s), Desaulniors, Dohbie, Drew, Dufresne, Ferguson, I’erris, Fortin, (laucher, (Jaudet, (rondron, (Jibbs, tJrant, Oray, Grover. Harrison, Huot, Hurdon, .Jackson, .Johnson, Jones (Leeds and Grenville), Keeler, Ivirk- patrick, L;ingevin, Lapum, Little, McDonald (Glengarry), Macdonald (Kingston), Macdonald (Middlese.x), Ma.sson (Soulanges), Masson (Terre- bonne), McCallum, McCarthy, Macdougall, McGee, McGreevy, McMillan (Restigouche), McMillan (Vaudreuil), Morris, Morrison (Niagara), Munro, Perry, Pinsonneault. Pope, Pouliot, Poser, Rankin, Renaud, Robitaille, Rose, Ross (Dundas), Ross (Prince Edward), Simard, Simpson, Stevenson, Street, Tilley. Tupper, AVallace, Walsh, M'ebb, Wilson, Wright.— 83. foreign countries at peace with Her Majesty; an Act prohibiting the unlawful training of men to the use of arms, and an Act suspending the Habeas Corpus Act. These three latter measures were rendered necessary by the continued threatening aspect of the Fenians in the United States, and fresh rumors of another invasion being contemplated. The private bills passed were to incorporate the trustees of the Bank of Upper Canada, for the purpose of winding up the affairs of the Bank ; to amend the charter ol the Commercial Bank, so as to permit it to wind up its business, or to amalgamate with some other bank,* to authorize the G-rand Trunk Railway to issue second mortgage equipment bonds to the extent of £500,000 sterling ; to in- corporate the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railway, and to change the name of the Canadian Inland Navigation Company to that of “ The Canadian Navigation Company,” and to authorize an in- crease of capital to $500,000 at once, with the right to further incj-ease to $2,000,000. CHAPTER IV. GOVPIKNNENT OF LORD MONCK— 1867— THE NORTH-WEST. 1. — The Recess. — 2. Proposal to Annex THE North-West Territory. — 3. Rupert’s Land. Charter to the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany, 1670. — 4. Territory Claimed by the French. The Country ceded to England BY" THE Treaty" of Utrecht, 1713. — 5. Pros- perity OF THE Company" Establishment OF THE North-West Company. — 6. Explo- rations AND Discoveries. — 7. Establish- ment OF A Colony at Red River by the Earl of Selkirk. — 8. Amalgamation of THE Hudson’s Bay" and North-West Com- panies. — 9. Opening OF the Debate on the A cCiUIREMENT OF THE TERRITORIES BY THE * The Commercial Bank was afterwards amalgamated with the Mer- chants Bank. 54 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMmiON OF CANADA. The Recess. Dominion. Arguments in favor of ac- quiring THE Territory. — 10. Ob.tections TO THE Annexation taken by the Opposi- tion. — 11. Amendment proposed by Mr. Holton. The Resolutions adopted. 1. — As before stated, the first part of the first session of the first Dominion Parliament came to a close on the 21st of December. The majority of the members were in favor of a long recess, so that the Gov- ernment might have sufficient time to prejrare its measures, and the Local Houses be enabled to get through their sessions before Parliament met again. The first half of the session was eminently satisfactory, and showed a vast im- provement on the old state of things which existed in Canada before the Coalition Govern- ment of 1804. The Government was assured of a large majority, but showed no disposition to use its power arbitrarily ; the measures intro- duced were, for the most part, sound ones and suited to the needs of the country ; the Opposi- tion displayed no signs of factiousness, and the meml)ers from whom most trouble was antici- pated (those from Nova Scotia) seemed disposed to accept the inevitable with as good a grace as possible, to be moderate in their opposition and to allow the Government a fair chance to develop its policy and show what it proposed to do for the general good of the country. The Opposi- tion, although numerically weak and powerless to seriously hinder the Government, was already beginning to show some signs of organization, and from this session we may date the forma- tion of the Reform and Conservative parties as they exist to-day. 2. — One of the most important features of the part of the session already partially reviewed, TheNorth-\ye.«tTer- ^as the introduction by the Hon. ritory— Its history. 'William Macdougall of a series of resolutions, on which an address was pre- pared to Her Majesty with regard to the North- AYest Territories.* As this vast country, con- * The.se resolutions were based on the 146th Section of the British North America Act of 1867, which provided for the admission of Newfoundland. Prince Edward I.sland, British Columbia, Rupert’s Land and the North- taining upwards of two millions seven hundred and fifty thousand square miles ol territory, abundantly watered, and possessing in many parts agricultural lands of unusual richness, is destined to become to Canada in the future what the Ohio valley and “ the Great West” are to the United States, we will pause for a moment here to brielly sketch its history from its early days to the time we are now writing of, when the first attempt was made to unite it to the Dominion. t Hudson Bay, from which most of this territory derived its name, was first visited by Henry Hudson in 1610, in his search for a north-west passage to India, but it is said that Sebastian Cabot reached it as early as 1517, and Western Territery into the Union. The text of the resolutions was as follow.s : — 1. That iGwould promote the prosperity of the Canadian people and conduce to the advantage of the whole Empire, if the Dominion of Canada, constituted under the provisions of the British North America Act, 1867, were e.xtended westward to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. 2. That colonization of the lands of the Saskatchewan, Assinihoine, and Red River districts, and the development of the mineral wealth which abounds in the regions of the North-West, and the extension of commer- cial intercourse through the British posse.ssions in America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, are alike dependent upon the establishment of a .stable Government .for the maintenance of law and order in the North- West Territories. 3. That the welfare of the sparsest widely scattered population of British subjects of Europeau.origin, already inhabiting these remote and unor- ganized territories, would be materially enhanced by the formation therein of political institutionsj bearing analogy, as far as circumstances will admit, to those which exist in the several Provinces of this Dominion. 4. That the 146th section of the British North America Act, 1867, pro- vides for the admission of Rupert’s Land and the North-West Territory, or either of them, into Union with Canada upon terms and conditions to he expressed in addresses from the Houses of Parliament of this Dominion to Her Majesty, and which shall be approved of by the Queen in Council. That it is accordingly exjjedient to address Her Majesty, that she would be graciously pleased, by and with advice of her Most Honorable Privy Council, to unite Rupert’s Laud and the North-West Territory with the Dominion of Canada, and to grant to the Parliament of Canada authority to legislate for their future welfare and good government. 6. That in the event of the Imperial Government agreeing to transfer to Canada the jurisdiction and control over this region, it would be expedient to provide that the legal rights of any corporation, company or individual, within the same, will be respected: and that in case of difference of opinion as to the extent, nature, or value of these rights, the same shall be submitted to judicial decision, or be determined by mutual agreement between the Government of Canada and the parties interested. Such agreement to have no eftcct or validity until first sanctioned by the Par- liament of Canada. 7. That upon the transference of the territories in question to the Cana- dian Government, the claims of the Indian tribes to compensation for lands required for purposes of settlement, would be considered and settled in conformity with the equitable principles which have uniformly governed the Crown in its dealings with the aborigines. 8. That a select committee be appointed to draft an humble address to Her Majesty on the subject of the foregoing resolutions. t This historic.al sketch of the North-West, has, to a great extent, been contributed by one thoroughly conversant with the subject, whose name the editor is not authorized to use in this connection. GOVEENMENT OF LORE MONCK— 1867— THE NORTH-WEST. 55 several other early navigators made explorations in its vicinity nearly a century before it was visited and named by Hudson. 3. — Although the territory was not visited by white men with any view to settlement for many „ T 1 years after the discovery of Can- ®Bay ' Compiny', it WaS Wcll kllOWll by rcputc to the earliest French settlers as a famous hunting ground, and the trading post at Tadousac was mainly sui:>plied with furs from this region by way of the Saguenay River ; and the King of France claimed sovereignty over the territory — a claim which was allowed by the treaty of St. Germain, in 1632. After the sign- ing of the treaty, the country was visited by two French traders named DeGrozellier and Radisson, who tried to induce their Government to establish a colony on Hudson Bay for trading purposes ; but meeting with no encouragement at the French Court, they turned their attention to England, wtiere they met with better success, Prince Rupert entering warmly into the scheme and sending them on a trading voyage. Out of compliment to the Prince the new territory was called Prince Rupert’s Land, and some voyages were made to it until 1670, when King Charles II. granted a charter to the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany to prosecute the peltry trade in Rupert’s Land. The first expedition under the company was sent out in 1673, DeGrozellier being en- gaged as pilot. He, however, failed to agree with his English employers, and, being dis- missed by them, returned to France and after- wards to Quebec, where he joined a trading company, and, together with Radisson, visited the territory in the French interest. The trade rivalry between the English and French soon grew to considerable proi^ortions ; the traders of both nations claimed the country, the French under the treaty of St. Germain, and by virtue of the Indians having permitted the erection of crosses marked with the Jleur de Us — thus ac- knowledging the sovereignty of France, and the Hudson’s Bay Company on the strength of their charter from Charles II. 4. — Both parties built forts and trading posts, and it was not long ere they came to an open rupture as to the right of posses- sion. In 1681, Radisson, who ^hTFrench.'^'i^^^^ IT , 1,1 • p ,1 country ceded to Eng- had entered the service oi the land by the Treaty of Hudson’s Bay Company, was despatched to the Bay with five vessels, and destroyed the factories which the French had erected on Nelson River. This led to reprisals on the part of the Quebec Company, and, in 1686, the Chevaliers de Troyes and D’Iberville commanded a body of troops from Quebec, and succeeded in capturing all the principal forts of the company. In 1689 two attempts were made by the Company to recapture their forts, but both attacks were repulsed by D’Iberville, and some of the ships captured. Other forts were built by the Hudson’s Bay Comxiany, and D’Iberville again attacked them in 1694 and captured all but Fort Albany, on the James River, which was the only place in the posses- sion of the English Company at the signing of the treaty of Ryswick, 1697, by which each nation agreed to restore to the other the places on the Bay they were entitled to before the war, and a Commission was appointed to determine which those places were. As war broke out again almost immediately, however, the Com- missioners accomplished nothing, and the sub- ject remained in dispute until the treaty of Utrecht, 1713, by which France resigned all claim to the Hudson’s Bay Territory. 6. — The Hudson’s Bay Company, left in undisputed possession of the vast territory enjoyed nearly a century of peace and marvellous prosperity. fS’of ‘North-' The terms of the treaty were so Company, vague that the Company had control of the whole upper portion of the continent, contending that its possessions stretched to the Rocky Mountains, including the valleys of the Saskat- chewan, Red and Assiniboine Rivers. These claims were not vigorously contested at first but, as the monopoly began to be oppressive, they were disputed, and led to serious compli- cations. The Company now organized on a large scale ; its affairs were presided over by a Governor-in-Chief, whose headquarters were at York Factory, on the Nelson River; a number of 5(> TTTTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE H03IINI0H OF CANADA. factories were established at various posts, and a numerous force of voyagers, traders, clerks and servants was employed. These trading posts were conveniently situated for the accommoda- tion of the roaming tribes of Indians, and an immense trade in peltries sprang up, which was continued with great profit until a quarter of a century after the conquest of Canada by the English, when a formidable rival appeared in the North-West Company. This was composed of a number of English and Scotch residents of Montreal, who had come to Canada after the conquest and engaged in trading in the North- West Territory, which was defined as stretching from the head of Lake Superior over the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast, north to the Frozen Sea, and north-eastward to the limits of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s domains. These traders commenced about 17G6, and operated singly, generally following the old French routes in the interior; but, in 1784, they united and formed the North-West Company, establish- ing posts on the Red River and Lake Winnipeg, and were soon employing a large number of servants and doing a prosperous business. Their territory, however, encroached on that claimed by the Hudson’s Bay Company, and disputes as to boundaries ensued, which soon led to bloody encounters between the employees of the rival companies. 6. — Although neither of these companies can claim to have done much in the way of colonizing Exploration and dis- the couiitry, or civiliziiig the covcnes. Indians, their servants made some valuable explorations and discoveries, which tended to throw much light on the capa- bilities and resources of this hitherto unknown wilderness. In 1771 John Hearn, a New Eng- lander, in the employ of the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany, penetrated far into the interior, and dis- covered the Great Slave Lake and the Copper- mine River, which latter he describes in his report to the Company to be a marvellous stream, whose banks are almost pure metal. In 1789, Sir Alexandei Mackenzie, at that time a Montreal merchant connected with the North- West Company, made further explorations to * the North-West, and discovered the mighty river flowing into the Arctic Ocean, which now bears his name. In 1792 he undertook the second journey in search of the Peace River, which he reached, and pushed his way on to the Pacific, being the first European who ever crossed from sea to sea the whole breadth of the American Continent to the northward, a feat he accomplished in eleven months from Fort Chipiowyan. On his way across the Rocky Mountains he discovered the Tacontche Tesse, the river of the Taculty nation. In 1808 this river was navigated to its mouth by Mr. Simon Frazer, who gave it his name, and it is now known as the famous gold-bearing Frazer River. 7. — Although the Hudson’s Bay Company did little or nothing itself in the way of colonizing, it assisted incidentally in that Establishment of a direction by selling, in 1811, a b^X'^Ea^rof^Sec large tract of its territory along the Red and Assiniboine Rivers to the Earl of Selkirk for colonization purj)oses. The Earl had made a study of the subject of emigration, on which he had publishsd a treatise ; and, desiring to put his views into active practice, purchased a tract from the Hudson’s Bay Company, and brought hither a number of families from Scot- land, who were afterwards joined by some Nor- wegians and French-Canadians, and, eventually, formed the nucleus of the present Province of Manitoba. The colonists had to contend against many hardships and privations at first ; their crops failed, the Indians were hostile, and the North-West Company soon began to dispute the right of the Hudson’s Bay Company to sell territory to which its title was at best doubHul. Collisions between the employees of the rival companies became frequent, and for five years an irregular warfare was kept up. Captain Millies McDonnelhad been appointed Governor of the Colony, and established his headquarters at Fort Han (now Pembina), but the unfortunate colonists were driven from their settlements, their crops destroyed, and many of them killed. A party found temporary shelter at Norway Hosue, one of the principal posts of the Hud- GOVEENYENT OF LOED MONCK— ISGT— EIEST PAELIAMENT. 57 son’s Ray Company, near the outlet of Lake 'Winnipeg, and after a while returned to their settlements, but were again driven away by the servants of the North-'West Company. The country finally became so much disordered that, in 1816, Sir Greorge Drummond, G-overnor- G-eneral of Canada, sent a regiment of soldiers to the Red River to keep the ireace. This had the desired effect for the time being, but mean- while another influence was at work which was destined to bring about a lasting j)eace between the rival companies. 8. — Of course the object of both companies was to make money, and it was now seen that AmaiK.mationofthe ^>7 their Iliad rivalry, aiid wan- toii destructioii of each other’s Companies. property, they were both losing- money instead of making it. No dividends were declared by the Hudson’s Bay Company, and its directors concluded that it was about time that the warfare which was ruining the peltry trade should cease. Overtures were made to the directors of the North-West Com- pany, which resulted in an amalgamation of the two comiianies under the title of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and a new charter was obtained from the Imperial Parliament granting a mon- opoly of the trade in the vast region between the coasts of Labrador and Columbia for a long period of years. With peace came a return of prosperity ; the Company again began to make money, the colonists were re-established in their settlements and allowed to remain in undisturbed possession. Cut off from the rest of the world by immense stretches of un- inhabited, and almost unexplored country on every side of them, the colonists began to pros- per, and gradually built up a number of thriving settlements along the banks of the R('d and Assiniboine Rivers. In the course of years, as the settlements of Upper Canada stretched westward, attention began to be turned to these far-away colonists on the Red River, and wonderful reports were made of the immense fertility of the soil, which, rudely and imperfectly cultivated as it was, gave more bounteous returns than some of the best lands in either Upper or Lower Canada. In 1858, the North-West Territory attracted considerable at- tention in Canada, and an attempt was made to claim it as a portion of Upper Canada, the title of the Hudson’s Bay Company being disputed, birt nothing was accomi)lished until after Con- federation, when a series of resolutions were introduced in Parliament by the Hon. Mr. Macdougall, with the object of annexing the territory to the Dominion. 9. — It was on the fourth of December when Hon. Mr. Macdougall introduced the resolutions already referred to, with a view r. 1 • • , 1 • , , . , JJebate on acquiring ot bringing this vast territory the North-West under the control of the Do- minion G-overnment. He opened the debate, which was continued until the eleventh, in an able s^ieech, in which he spoke of the import- ance of embracing the vast and fertile region within the bounds of the New Dominion ; of the impetus which would be given to immigra- tion by opening up this new country to settlers, and pointed out the necessity of a stable form of Government being established before any large amount of immigration could be attracted to the territory. He reviewed the claims of the Hudson’s Bay Company to the territory, and said that while the Government by no means admitted the justice or validity of those claims, it was evident that the Comxiany had some rights in the matter, and those rights should be respected as far as the Company could maintain them in the courts. He referred to the tenure under which the Comiiany held its title, and to the counterclaim set up that a large portion of the territory belonged to France at the time the Company received its original charter and down to the conquest, and that it was, therefore, transferred to England only at that time, and formed a part of the Province of Canada. He did not propose to discuss the claims of the Company then, birt simjrly to urge that the Imperial authorities should transfer its title to the Dominion Government, as provided for in the British North America Act, and the Do- minion Government would then be in a i)osition to consider what claims, if any, the Company 5 58 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. liossessed. In summing np, he said ; “ The position is this. — First, that it is desirable that this country should be transferred from Im- perial to Canadian authority. Second, that the control of that country ought to be in the hands of this Parliament, and under the direction of i this legislature. Then, if the Company make any claim to any portion of the soil occupied by our servants, they will come into the courts to make good their claim, and they will have the right, if the decision is adverse to them, to appeal to the Privy Council.” The debate was participated in by over forty members of the House, very full and free explanations and expressions of opinions being made by both the srrpporters and opponents of the measure. The arguments in favor of acquiring the territory may be briefly summarized as follows : The necessity for a more extended field for coloniza- tion, experience having shown that thousands of immigrants yearly passed through Canada on their way to the United States, many of whom could be induced to remain if the Government had any siritable lands to otter them free, as the United States had ; the importance of acquiring the territory to prevent its being absorbed by the United States, which had just acquired Pussian America, and showed a disposition to annex the Red River Territory ; the immense advantage to the whole country of having its territory extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and the moral obligation to provide for the settlers on the Red River a stable form of government, which they did not possess under the Tide of the Hrrdson’s Bay Company. It was denied that the resolutions implied any acknow- ledgment of the claims of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and the Minister of Public Works clearly explained the position of the Govern- ment on that point as follows : “In regard to the question of terms, the honorable gentleman had pretended that Government was 'prepared to recognize the right of the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany to demand a large sum of money from the people of this country. He denied there was such intention. From the beginning of the discussion down to the last hour, the Govern- ment of Canada had denied the legal claims of the Hudson’s Bay Company to that portion of territory fit for settlement. They proposed to claim this country as being part of New France, as having been ceded to the English Govern- ment in 1760, and as having remained in that position from that time down to the present. As to Rupert’s Land, that was an open point — they did not propose to settle that by these resolutions— that would be left to the legal tribunals of Canada, and every British subject would have the right to appeal from these to the highest tribunals of the Mother Country.” 10. — But although there was much to say in favor of the measure, the Opposition found considerable to advance against opposition to the it. It was urged that the Domin- Annexation. ion had already enough territory, and was not in a position, financially, to warrant the acquire- ment of a tract of country — a large part of which was utterly worthless — involving the expendi- ture of a sum of money variously estimated by the speakers at from five to twenty millions of dollars ; that the enlargement of the frontier of the Dominion by more than a thousand miles would be an increased source of weakness in the event of war, and would be apt to lead to complications with the United States, or to war between the Indians of the two countries ; that the establishment of courts, a police force and other necessary machinery of government would involve a much larger outlay than there was any prospect of receiving an adequate return for ; that the people of the Red River country did not want annexation, and that it was highly impolitic to acquire a territory the only access to which at present, was through the United States, and the expense of making a road to which on Canadian soil would be very great. With regard to the claims of the Hudson’s Bay Company, some of the o^rponents of the resolu- tions held that the Company had forfeited what title it ever had under the charter of 1670, by never having complied with its terms with reference to colonization and civilizing the Indians, while others held that the charter never was 'valid, as it had been granted by GOVERNMENT OE LORD MONCK—18fi7— FIRST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT. 59 Charles II, without the consent of Parliament ; that the Company had therefore no claim, and were not entitled to anything. Mr. Howe pointed out that the capital of the Hudson’s Bay Company, which was only j£l,000,000 live years ago, had been inflated to twice that amount as soon as it was known that Canada wanted the territory, and the inflated sum of ten millions of dollars was what the Govern- ment would be expected to i')ay ; a sum alto- gether unreasonable, and more than the country could alford to pay. 11. — On the motion to concur in the resolu- tions as reported from the committee of the whole, Mr. Holton moved the Amendment proposed « i ,, mi i. by Mr. Holton. The lollowiiig amendment 1 “ lhat, resolutions adopted. , . , , i • • p acordiiig to the provisions ot British North America Act, 1867, an Order in Council founded on an address of the Canadian Parliament to the Queen, praying that Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory should be united to this Dominion on the terms and in such address set forth, would have the full force and effect of an Imperial statute, and would bind this House to provide whatever sum of money might be required to extinguish the claims of the Hudson’s Bay Company upon the said territory, and that to pledge irrevocably public funds to the payment of a large and in- definite sum for the extinction of A'ayue and doubtful claims M^ould be alike unwise on grounds of general policy, and imprudent in view of the present financial irosition of the country : and that it is, therefore, inexiredient to adopt an address under the 146th clause of the British North America Act of 1867, until the nature, extent and value of the claims with which the territories in question are burdened, shall be ascertained.” After a short debate the amendment was put, and lost on a division by a vote of 41 to 104.* The resolutions as intro- * The following is the vote on the amendment ; Yra.s. — Messrs. Anglin, B^ehard, Blake, Bourassa, Cameron (Inverness), Carmichael, Cheval, Chipraan, Coffin, Connell, Crook, Borion, Forbes, Fortier, (Jcoffrion, (Jodin, Holton, Howe, Huntington, .Toly, Jones (Ilali- fa.\), Jone.s (Leeds .and (irenvilleb Kierkowski, Killam, McDonald (Glengarry), McDonald (Antigonish), McDonald (Lunenburg), Masson.. McKeagney, McLellan, Paquet. Power- Ray, Ross (Victoria, N.S.), Rymal, Smith, Shanly, Savarj’, Tremblay. — 41 . duced and amended by Mr. Macdougall were then adopted, and a select committee ap- pointed to draw up an address embodying them. CHAPTER V. GOVERNMENT OF LORD MONCR— 1868— FIRST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT. 1. Death of Hon. FEKOusiSON Blair. Vacan- cies IN THE Cabinet. — 2. Nova Scotia’s EFFORTS TO GET OUT OF THE UNION. — 3. Murder of the Hon. Thomas D’Arcy McGee. — 4. His Murder the result of HIS ATTACKS ON FeNIANISM. — 5. ArREST AND Trial of Whelan for McGee’s Murder. — 6. Condemnation and Execu- TioN OF Whelan. — 7. The Civil Service Bill. — 8. Passage of the Militia Bill. Some of its Principal I’rovisions. — 9. Miscellaneous Acts Passed. 1. — The sessions of the Local Legislatures of Ontario and Quebec followed close upon the adjournment of the House of ^ , , Death of Hon. Mr. Commons, and the public atten- luair.— cabiuet tion of these Provinces was occu- pied for about two months with the measures of the new administrations which had been brought into existence by Confederation. We shall not enter into any details of Provincial matters in this part of the present volume, as all matters pertaining to the Provinces in their X.w.s.— Mes.'srs. Abbott. Archambanit. Ault. Beaty, Beaubien, Belle- rose, Benoit, Bensen, Bertrand, Blanchet, Bodwell, Bolton, Bowell. Bowman, Bown, Brous.seau, Burpee, Burton, Cameron (Huron) Campbell, Carling, Caron, C.artier, Casault, Cayley, Chamberlin, Cimon, Colby, Crawford (Brockville), Crawford (Leeds), Currier, Daoust, Desaulniers, Dobbie, Drew, Dufresne, Ferris, Fortin, Gaucher, Gaudet, Gendron, Gibb.^, (iray, Grover, Hagar, Huot, Ilurdon, .Jackson, .Johnson, Keeler, I Kempt, Kirki,atriek. Langcvin,Lapum, Lawson, Little, Macdonald (Corn- J wall), Macdonald (Kingston), McDonald (Middlese.x). McFarlane, Mac- I keii'/.is, Magill, Masson (i'^oulange.s), McCallum, McCarthy, McConkey, I Macdougall, McGreevy, McMillan (Restigouche), McMillan (Vaudreuil), McMonies, Metcalfe, Mills, Morris, Morrison (Victoria), Munroe, O’Con- nor, Olivier, Perry, Pinsonneault, Pope, Pouliot, Poser. Read, Bedford, Reynold, Robit.aille, Rose, Ross (Dundas), Ross (Prince Edward), .Seward, Snyder, Sproal, Stephenson, Stirton, Thompson (Haldimand) Tilley. IValsh, Webb, Wells, White, AVhitehcad, Wilson. Wright. — 104. (30 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE HOMINION OF CAN AHA. separate capacities will be found in another part of this work ; we will, therefore, for the present, confine ourseh'es to the sessions of the Dominion Parliament and to such matters as have some weight and bearing on the whole Dominion. The first event of Dominion im- portance which occurred after adjournment was the death of the Pfon. A. J. Fergusson Blair, President of the Privy Council, at his residence in Ottawa, on 29th December after a very short illness. The death of Mr. Blair caused another vacancy in the Cabinet, two members of which had already failed to secure seats — Hon. A. G. Archibald, Secretary of State for the Provinces, who was defeated in Nova Scotia, and Hon. J. C. Chapias, Minister of Agriculture, who was a candidate in Kamouraska County, where the election was delayed on account of a row on election day. The latter, however, accepted a seat in tlm Senate, and retained his portfolio until 16th November, 1870. The question was, therefore, raised as to whether the Premier would take advantage of the opportiuiity thus offered to reduce the number of Cabinet Minis- ters, it having been stated in announcing the first t'abinet that some of the departments were experiment ary, and might be merged into others, and the number thus reduced, in conformity with the ideas of a large sec tion of the Reform party, which desired the utmost economy in the conduct of piiblic affairs. No changes were made, however, before Parliament re-assembled. 2. — An attempt was made to resume the first session of Parliament on the 12th of March, but, „ c. *■ 1 , as only about sixty members .Nova fecotui aeinauas J were present, business was not proceeded with until the following Monday, One of the first questions which occupied the attention of the House was the appointment of the Hon. Dr. Tupper on a special mission to England with reference to NoA'a Scotia affairs. Exiilanation was made to the effect fhat the Local Legislature of NoA^a Scotia, haA’ing adopted an address to Ifer Majesty, praying for a repeal of the Union Act, and appointed the Hon. Mr. Howe and three other gentlemen to present it, it was thought advisible by the Dominion Goa^- ernmentthat some trusty agent should be sent to London Avho could present the A’iews of the Union party to the Imperial authorities, if found necessary. It was not considered desirable to send a member of the Cabinet, as that might haA^e been construed into an admissioii that the subject of repeal was open to discussion and reconsideration, a point which the GoA^ernment by no means admitted ; it had, therefore, been thought advisable to select some gentlemen who thoroughly understood the alleged grieAmices of the NoA’a Scotians, and Avho VA^ere prepared to answer the arguments of the delegates. Messrs. Tirpper and Galt had been rec[uested to accept the mission, but the latter had declined, on the ground that he considered that the Hon. Dr. Tupper’s appointment would tend to still further estrange the NoA^a Scotians, and the latter had proceeded alone. In the discussion AA'hich followed the explanation, seA^eral of the Nova Scotia members deprecated the action of the Government, and expressed the opinion that the appointment of the Hon. Dr. Tupper would intensify the feeling in No\^a Scotia against the Union ; and some members of the Opposition held that although the Doctor Avas Avell qualified on account of his personal knowledge of the subject, the appointment was ill-advised, as it made the Government appear to espouse his cause against Mr. Howe and the anti-Union ] party, and AAmuld only make the feeling 1 stronger against Confederation. After some discussion on the ad\'isibility of sending • an agent, the matter was dropped. ' 3. — Parliament had been in session about three weeks, and the Currency and Militia bills were Avell proceeded with, when an eA^ent occurred which Tiio^.n-ArcyMuCee. threw the consideration of all other subjects aside, and caused a AvaA^'e of sorrow and con- sternation to spread throughout the A-vhole Dominion. A Avail of grief, a thrill of horror and shame peiwaded nearly all classes when it Avas Hashed oauu- the Avires on the morning of the seA'enth of April, 1868, that the Hon. 1 Thomas D’Arcy McGee had been foully mur- ! dered as he was entering his boarding-house on GOVEENMENT OE LOED MOXCK— 18G8— EIEST SESSION OE PAELIAMENT. C.l Sparks street, at 2.30 A. M., having just left the House of Commons. Mr. McGlee attended the House on the night of the sixth, and delivered an etlective speech on the motion to recall Dr. Tupper from England (which was withdrawn), in which he urged temperance, kindness and conciliation in dealing with Nova Scotia, and strongly deprecated the course of those mem- bers who would swerve from the path of duty and sacrifice the best interests of their country to gain a little personal popularity, little think- ing then how soon his devotion to his adopted country, and his strict performance of his duty, at the expense of personal popularity, would cost him his life. The House did not adjourn until after two o’clock in the morning, and Mr. McGlee lingered a few minutes in the lobby, then lit a cigar, and started on his way to Mrs. Trotter’s boarding - house on Sparks street, where he resided, accompanied by Mr. R. Mac- Farlane, M. P., and three messengers of the House. He parted from his companions at the corner of Sparks and Metcalfe streets, and pro- ceeded westwards alone along Sparks street towards his boarding-house. A few minutes later, a son of Mrs. Trotter, who was a page in the House, while on his way home heard a pistol shot, and on reaching his mother’s door found Mr. McGree lying dead on the sidewalk. The unfortunate gentleman had placed the latch- key in the lock, and was, probably, bending for- ward a little to open the door, when his assassin came up behind him, placed the pistol so close to his head that the hair was scorched. The ball entered the neck just at the base of the brain, a little to the right, and passing through the mouth — knocking out three teeth and the cigar he was smoking — lodged in the door. He died almost instantly, and although many of his friends lodged in the house w'ere quickly on the spot, no assistance could be rendered him, neither could anything be seen or heard of his assailant. 4. — The utmost indignation was manifested in Ottawa and other large cities when the intelligence of the murder was His murder the , i result of his attacks Spread, and the excitement ran on Fenianism. • n i i • ht especially high in Montreal, which was known to contain many Fenians and their sympathisers — there being no doubt t whatever entertaiiuid but that Mr. McG-ee’s murder was the work of that body, out of re- venge for exposures he had threatened of the workings of that body, and his fearless and persistent efforts to keep his countrymen from joining the organization. A notorious Fenian has written a book in which he parades the names of all the traitors, murderers and thieves who suffered some just punishment for their crimes committed in the name of Fenianism, and styles them “martyrs” or “heroes” ac- cording to his fancy ; but the truest, noblest and greatest hero evoked by the wucked brother- hood was Thomas D’Arcy McGlee, and he w’^as the only martyr w^’ho was sacrificed, not in the cause of Fenianism, but in the cause of loyalty and order, of justice and right, by a Fenian. Well might 8ir John A. Macdonald say of him : “He might have lived a long and respected life had he chosen the easy path of popularity rather than the stern one of duty. He has lived a short life, respected and beloved, and has died a heroic death, a martyr to the cause of his country. How easy it would have been lor him, had he chosen, to have sailed along the full tide of popularity with thousands and hundreds of thousands, without the loss of a single plaudit, but he has been slain, and I fear slain because he preferred the path of duty.” At the meeting of the House on the seventh, glowing eulogiums were pronounced on the murdered man by Sir John A. Macdonald, Sir Gleorge E. Cartier, Hon. Mr. Chauveau, Messrs. Mackenzie, Chamberlin, Anglin and McDonald (Lunen- burg), and the House adjourned out of respect to his memory until after the funeral, which took place at Montreal on the 13th, and was the largest ever known, over twenty thousand per- sons being in the procession. The funeral was at the public expense, and Parliament showed its appreciation of Mr. McGlee’s services by voting a pension of <£300 per annum to his widow, and £1,000 to each of his two daughters, to be held in trust, and the interest, at (3 per cent., paid them. G2 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 5. — On the day of the murder the Dominion Grovernment offered a large reward for the apprehension of the murderer, Arrest and trial of i i i ^ i i tFheian for McGee’s and this was Supplemented by offers from the Quebec Grovern- ment, the City of Ottawa and other sources, so that the gross amount swelled up to about $20,000. The detectives of Montreal and other cities came at once to Ottawa and joined their efforts to those of the local force to discover the guilty person or persons. Several arrests were made the first day of suspected parties, and, the Habeas Corpus Act being suspended, a large number of persons in Ottawa, Toronto and Montreal were apprehended during the ensuing week or two, not only on the chance of implica- tion of murder, but on the mere sirspicion of being Fenians. Soon suspicion as to the mur- derer narrowed itself down to one man — Patrick James Whelan — who had been arrested on the eighth, and the evidence against whom seemed very strong. The Coroner’s Jury returned an open verdict, but the investigation was re-oirened before the Police Alagistrate, and. after a long examination, Whelan was committed for trial at the next Assizes, on the charge of having mur- dered Thomas D’Arcy McGee, while a number of others were held as accessories before the fact. The generally accepted theory of the murder was that it was the result of a Fenian conspiracy formed in Alontreal ; that six men had drawn lots to determine who should com- mit the deed, and that the lot had fallen to MTielan. An effort was made, as soon as Whelan had been committed for trial, to induce 8ir John A. Macdonald to cairse the appointment of a Sirecial Commission to try him in anticipation of the regular Fall Assizes, but he wisely with- stood the pressure, and let the law take its usual course. The trial commenced at Ottawa on the seventh of September, before His Honor Chief Justice Richards and a jury, and lasted eight days.* Air. O’Reilly was Crown Prosecutor, ♦ The names of the jury were : William Purdy, Thomas Weatherly, William Morgan, Robert W. Brown, John Eccles, John Wilson, Matthew Heron, William (iamble, George Kavanagh, A. McDaniel, Benjamin Hodgins .and Samuel Conn. and Messrs. John Hillyard Cameron, Matthew Crooks Cameron, and P. J. Buckley appeared for the prisoner. The evidence against Whelan may be summed up as follows : He was proved to have used threatening language towards Mr. AIcGee during the time of his election compaign against Mr. Devlin, as well as afterwards. He was shown to have passed under the names of tiullivan and Smith at various times, under the former of which he was arrested for Fenianism, and under the latter he visited Mr. McGee’s house Avhile that gentleman was ill, on a pre- tence that his (Mr. McGee’s) house would be set on fire, but seemed disconcerted when the door was locked on him before he saw Mr. McGee, and appeared as if his plan, whatever it was, had miscarried. As to his direct connection with the murder, he was proved to have been in the gallery of the House of Commons several times on the night of the sixth of April, and to have behaved in so singular a manner as to have attracted the attention of one of the messengers as well as the doorkeeper, the messenger seeing him shake his finger at Mr. McGee in a threatening manner when he was speaking ; he was shown to have been in the habit of carrying a pistol, and, when arrested, a six-barrelled Smith & Wesson revolver was found on him, one chamber of which gave evidence of having been recently discharged, and a new cartridge xrlaced in it, and the bullet which had killed Mr. McGee, and which was found in the door of the boarding house, corres- ponded with those in the cartridges in the pistol found on Whelan. There were also minor details of circumstantial evidence which pointed to Whelan as the murderer ; but, so far, the evidence was only circumstantial, and scarcely enough to convict on. Direct evidence was not wanting, however, and although counsel for the defence tried to shake the testimony, it was not materially effected ; the evidence was that of Jean Baptiste Lacroix, a French Canadian laborer, who swore to having witnessed the murder, and of Detective Cullen, of the Montreal Police Force, who testified to having heard Whelan confess the murder to a companion GOVERNMENT OF LORD MONCK— 180*7— FIRST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT. 63 named Doyle, who was under arrest. as an ac- complice, in the jail at Ottawa — Cullen being concealed, and the men supposing themselves to be alone. 6. — Lacroix was an ignorant man, whose evidence was not very clearly given, but he Condemnation and ^^ood the test of cross-examina- execution of Whelan. without damaging his state- ment, and his ignorance and evident fear of getting into the meshes of the law in any way went far to disprove the theory that he had made up the story for the sake of getting the large rewards offered, which was the defence set up. Cullen’s evidence was attempted to be discredited on the same ground, but as it was corroborated by a man named Hess who was with him, and as the defence did not i:)roduce j the prisoner Doyle, with whom the conversation was alleged to have taken place, in rebuttal, the inference is that Cullen’s evidence was true, and could not be successfully met and dis proved. The friends of Whelan were very ' active, and he had the benefit of the best coun- sel to defend him, but the case was too clear, and a verdict of “ Guilty ” was returned after the jury had considered the evidence for one night. When asked if he had anything to say in his defence, Whelan made a long address to the Court, in which he protested his innocence, and tried to make it ai^pear that he was a ; martyr to the public demand for some one to be ! punished for Mr. McGee’s murder. He was I then sentenced to be hung on the tenth of De- j cember. An attempt was made by some of I Whelan’s friends to show that the murder was committed by a man named Dent, who shot himself on the day after the assassination, but j the evidence adduced at the Coroner’s inquest ; on Dent showed that he had been drunk ■ for j several days, and that not only could he not j have murdered McGee, but that it was highly ! improbable that he had even heard of Mr. ! McGee’s death when he committed suicide, i Every effort which legal ingenuity could devise ' was resorted to by the Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, and the other counsel of Whelan, to have his sentence set aside and a new trial granted, but in vain, and the most that was accomplished was a postponement of the sen- tence, and consequent prolongation of the un- fortunate man’s life to the 11th February, 18G9, when he was hanged in the jail yard at Ottawa. Immediately after the trial application was made for a new trial on the ground of irregu- larity at the first trial, but the apx^lication was refused. An appeal was then made to the Court of Error and Ax^peal, and decision given by a full court on 22nd January, 1869, to the effect that the error committed at the trial — that of refusing to allow Jonathan Sparks to be challenged for cause before all the' peremptory challenges were exhausted — was not material to the case, and, therefore, the application for a new trial was denied, six of the Judges agreeing in the judgment, and four dissent- ing. * Application was then made by Mr. Cameron for leave to appeal to the Imperial Privy Council, but the Court held, unanimous- ly, that it had not the right to grant an apx^eal, as the 29th section of the “ Act respecting the Court of Error and Appeal,” after pointing out the way in which an appeal may be brought before that court in criminal cases, says ; “And every rule or order of the Court of Error and Appeal shall be final.” Application was then made to the Governor-General in Council for a further respite until an answer could be ob- tained from the Judicial Committee of the Im- perial Privy Council whether an a^^peal w’ould be entertained wdthout the authority of the Canadian Court; this respite the Governor in Council declined to grant, holding that the question raised was purely one of law, and having been decided in the Court of Error and Appeal, the Government corcld not interfere, and that the sentence of the Court must be executed. It must be remembered that during this effort to get up a new trial, no plea wms made of Whelan’s innocence, nor of the dis- covery of any fresh evidence which would tend ♦The Court rvaji divided as follows: — For a new trial; Chief .Justice Ilufjarty, Chancellor Vankoughnet, Vice-Chancellor Spragge, .Justice Morrison. — i. Agaiu.st a new trial: Chief .Justice Draper, Chief Justice Richards. Vice-Chancellor Mowat, .Judges (Jwynne, .John Wilson, Ad, am Wilson- — G. 64 TUTTLE’S inSTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. to clear him of guilt, but the whole plea was based on a legal error which did not affect the merits of the case at all, for the juror challenged did not serve on the jury, and to the mind of laymen it was impossible, to see what differ- ence it made whether he was challenged per- emptorily or for carrse. During the efforts to obtain a new trial, Whelair had been removed to the jail in Toronto, birt on the day the judg- ment of the Court of Error and Appeal was delivered, 22nd January, he was returned to Carleton County jail in Ottawa, and kept under guard there until his executioir. Throughout the entire time of his imprisonment, Whelan displayed great coolness and self-command, and continued to jAead that he was not guilty ; and two days before the execution he made a state- ment before Air. O’Grara, Police Magistrate, and Mr. Lees, County Attorney, to the effect that he did not fire the fatal shot, but that on the night ^ I of the murder two men were hidden near Mr. McG-ee's residence, and that he was simply de- tailed to watch that gentleman’s movements and give them warning when he was coming, which he did, and the shot was fired by one of them. He did not give any names, but stated j he believed the real murderer would be dis- | covered. Very little credit was given to this statement, as it was altogether at variance with the facts discovered at the time of the murder, both with regard to the condition of the snow in the vacant lot through which the murderer was supposed to have escaped — which only showed the tracks of one man whose footprints corresponded exactly with the boots found on Whelan, in size and shape — and the brightness of the moonlight, which made it remarkable that even one man could escape without notice. AVhelan had the constant attendance of the clergy of his Church during his last hours, and at six o’clock on the morning of the eleventh, mass was celebrated in his cell, and he received the last sacrament — having previoirsly con- fessed. At a quarter to twelve he was pinioned, and, shortly afterwards, conducted to the scaf- fold, whither he was accompanied by the Rev. Fathers O'Connor, Collins and Lambert. He was calm, collected and firm, walking with a steady step to the gallows, and made the re- sponses “ Lord have mercy on my soul,” to the Litany for the dying, in a clear, audible voice. A very large crowd, variously estimated at from four to seven thousand persons, had as- sembled to witness the execution, and fears of a disturbance being entertained, two companies of the 60th Rifles, under command of Lord A. Russell, were drawn up in the jail yard, and all the available i:>olice force put on duty, but the crowd was very orderly, and nothing occurred beyond the picking of a few pockets. At the conclusion of the Litany, Whelan addressed a few words to the crowd,* in which he asked forgiveness from those he had offended against, and prayed Gfod to bless Ireland and have mercy on his soul, but did not say that he was innocent. He then knelt in prayer on the drop, and a second or two after the bolt was drawn, and he was launched into eternity. Application had been made by his wife for the body, which it was at one time decided to give her, but it becoming known that it was intended to give it a grand funeral in Montreal — which would in all probability have led to bloodshed between the Roman Catholics and Protestants in that city — it was deemed most prudent to refuse the request, and have the body interred in the jail yard. So ended the last act of the tragedy of D’Arcy McGfee’s murder ; and although there were, and still are, many who believe that Whelan either did not fire the fatal shot, or that he was merely a tool in the hands of others, there were few who were not convinced that he was, at least, a party to the act before its com- mission, and that he deserved his fate. 7. — On the re-assembling of Parliament on 14th April, after adjournment out of respect to * As there are several versions of what Whelan said, we give all we have at hand ; it will be seen that they do not differ materially : “ Friends and fellow-countrymen, — I address a few words to you upon this solemn occasion. I trust you will pardon this my offence. I ask it from the bottom of my heart in this solemn hour. From all whom I have injured byword, act or dcecb I ask forgiveness. God save Ireland, and God save my soul.” “ Friends and fellow-citizens,— I have but a few words to say to you on this melancholy occasion. I humbly ask the forgivene.ss of any to whom I may have done harm, and I forgive all those who have wronged me. May God save poor Ireland, and God save my soul.” GOVERNMENT OF LORD MONCK— 18(57— FIRST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT. G5 ,v „ Mr. McGee’s memory, business was rapidly pushed through, and the first session of the first Parliament of Canada was closed on the 22nd May. Ninety- three bills in all were assented to by the Gov- ernor-General, and three held over for Imperial assent. Of these, two on the extradition of criminals to the United States, and for the divorce of Mr. Whiteaves from his wife, Julia Wolf, for cause, received the royal assent ; the third, which proposed to reduce the salary of the Governor-General from i510,000 to $32,000 per annum, was disallowed by Her Majesty in Council. Among the most important Acts passed was one to secure the independence of members of Parliament, by declaring ineligible any i^erson holding any position of profit or emolument under the Dominion Government, or any contractor with any of the departments, and making parties who sit and vote in viola- tion of the Act liable to a fine of $2,000 per day. A Civil Service Bill was passed, the basis of which was that of England, candidates having to pass an examination before the Civil Service Board before appointment, and then •being one year on probation, at the expiration of which they may be promoted to the permanent staff, or kept on probation for a second year by an addi- tion of $50 to their salary ; but if at the end of the second year they do not show sufficient capacity, they must leave the service. The Act divided permanent clerks into three classes, with salaries ranging from $400 to $650 per annum for the third-class ; $700 to $1,000 for junior second-class, and $1,100 to $1,400 per annum for senior ; $1,200 to $1,800 per annum for first- class. The second and third-class clerks receive an increase of $50 per annum until they reach the maximum, but have to serve a certain number of years in each class. Heads of depart- ments and chief clerks may be allowed extra remuneration. Candidates must not be less than 18 years of age nor more than 25. The provisions of the Act are carefully drawn to remove the Civil Service, as much as possible, from political influence, and make the members of it efficient public servants. 8. — One of the most important Acts passed was that creating the Militia Department, and providing for the enrolling, call- j T 1 , Passilge of the Militia ing out and general management Bin. some of its of the Militia of the Dominion. '’loviMons. This Act called forth considerable opposition, it being contended that, having nobody to light, the Dominion needed no army ; but the Imperial authorities had clearly intimated their intention of withdrawing the regular troops from the colonies, so that they must make provision for their own protection in case of civil commotion or foreign invasion ; and the threatening aspect of affairs on the frontier, where it was expected another raid would be made by the Fenians in the United State's, tended to show the absolute necessity of reconstructing the militia laws and organizing an efficient force, so that the bill did not meet with very strenuous opposition. Under its provisions the militia was made to consist of all male British subjects between the ages of 18 and 60, and were divided into four classes, to be called out in the following order : 1st, all unmarried men from 18 to 30 ; 2nd, unmarried men from 30 to 45 ; 3rd, married men between 18 and 45 ; 4th, both married and unmarried between 45 and 60. The militia was divided into active and reserve, in the former of whieh all volunteers were included, and the Act pro- vided for the re-enrolment of existing volunteer organizations. Nine military districts were pro- vided for — Nova Scotia to constitute one ; New Brunswick one ; Quebec to be divided into three and Ontario into four. The Act emx:»owered the Minister of Militia to resort to enrolment by ballot to fill up the active militia, if he should think it necessary ; and gave power to the Governor in Council to erect drill sheds, estab- lish military schools and form camps of in- struction. Provision was made for calling out the militia to aid the civil power, on requisition of the Mayor or Warden of the town or muni- cipality, or of two Justices of the Peace, the men being allowed $1 per day each for such service, and liable to a fine of $20 for refusing to perform it. 9. — A Coinage Act was passed providing that d 66 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the Governor in Conncil may issue a proclama- Misceiianeous Acts ^ion to assimikte the value of currency to that of the United States, provided Congress adopted the basis of the International Monetary Conference, and meanwhile continuing the currency of the old Provinces of C’anada and New Brunswick, and giving the Governor in Coirncil power by proclamation to make silver coins of the United States or of other foreign countries legal tender in Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick. An Act was also passed authorizing the issue of Dominion notes, and providing for a certain reserve of specie to be held. Acts were also passed establishing the Department of Justice ; the Department ol Secretary of State of Canada ; the Department of Customs ; the Department of Inland Revenue ; the Department of Agri- culture, and the Department of Marine and Fisheries, and providing for the maintenance and management of the same. Amongst the most important Acts of the session were — one to make provision for fortifications and defence, and authorizing the raising of T)1,000,000 ster- ling, under Imperial guarantee, to be expended on works of defence at St.John, N. B., Montreal, and places west of Montreal. It will be remem- bered that, in 1868, it seemed highly probable that England and the Unitad States would be- come embroiled in war over the Alabama Claims, and other subjects on which the Governments differed ; and one of the main objects of Con- federation was to put the united colonies in a better position to defend themselves in the event of such a war, and this =£1,000,000 was to be guaranteed by the Imperial Parliament to fortify Montreal and other points. Happily the ap- pointment of the Joint High Commission, and peaceful settlement of the Alabama and other claims by arbitration, and the better feeling between the two nations, induced by the removal of these causes of irritation, relieved all anxiety on the subject of war, and this ex- penditure on fortifications was not needed and never made. An Act was also passed at this session respecting copy-rights ; another respect- ing trade marks ; another providing for a harbor police, and levying a duty of three cents per ton on every vessel entering the ports of Quebec and Montreal, for the maintenance of such force ; also. Acts providing for quarantine establish- ments, hospitals for sick mariners, steamboat inspection, naturalization of aliens, geological surveys — with an appropriation of $20,000 a year for five years for that purpose — pen- itentiaries, &c. Amongst the most important private bills were — one incorporating a company with $100,000 capital, to build a suspension bridge accross the Niagara River, immediately below the Falls ; one to amalgamate the Com- mercial Bank with the Merchants Bank ; and acts to incorporate several joint stock companies. CHAPTER VI. GOYEENJIENT OF LORD MONCK — NOVA SCOTIA’S DISCONTENT. 1. Agitation in Nova Scotia for the Repeal OF THE Union Act. — 2. Failure of the Nova Scotia Fisheries. Help from the Sister Provinces. — 3. Mr. Howe again VISITS England. Sir Roundell Palmer’s Opinion on the Union Act. — 4. Petition FOR Repeal re.jected in England. — 5. Debate in Imperial Parliament on Re- peal — THE End of Repeal. — 7. Sir John A. Macdonald’s visit to Halifax, — 8. Miscellaneous events. 1. — The public had misunderstood the action of Hon. Mr. Howe and his colleagues from Nova Scotia in the first session of Agitation in Nova Parliament, for although they seemed inclined to give Confederation a fair trial, no sooner was the first part of the session closed, December 21st, 1867, than we find that gentleman reviving the agitation for repeal of the Union, addressing public meetings in Halifax and other places, and still striving by every means in his power, to impress the people GOVERNMENT OF LORD ilONCK— NOVA SCOTIA’S DISCONTENT. with the idea that they were being rob])ed of their Constitution, and delivered over to the tyranny of Canada without their consent. The Local Legislature met on 30th January, and shortly after passed an address to the (^ueen, praying for repeal of the Union as far as Nova Scotia was concerned.* The agitation for the * The following is the te.xt of the resolutions on which the address was based ; and a careful persual of them will give a pretty fair state- ment of the grounds on which Nova Scotia, through her Legislature, asked to have the Union Act repealed : Jiemlved, That the members of the Legislative Assembly of this Pro- vince, elected 18G3. simply to Legislate under the Colonial Contsitu- tion, had no authority to make or consent to any ma terial change of such Constitution without first submitting the same to the people at the polls. “ That the resolution of the 10th of A|iril, which preceded the enactment of the British North American Act is as follows: — " ‘ Whereas it is the oiiinion of this House that it is desirable that a Confederation of the British North American Provinces should take place. /'cso/aerf therefore th.at His E.xoellency the Lieutenant-tiovernor be authorized to appoint delegates to arrange with the Imperial (iovern- ment a scheme of union which will elfectually insure just provisions for the rights and interests of this Province, each Province to have an ecpial voice in such delegation — Upper and Lower Canada being for this purpose considered as separate Provinces.’ “ This was the only authority possessed by the delegates who procured the enactment of the Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. “ That even if the House of Assembly had the constitutional power to authorize such delegation, which is by no means admitted, the fore- going resolution did not empower the delegates to arrange a Federal Union of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, without including in such Confederation the Colonies of Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. “ That no delagatcs from the two last named colonies having attended, and an unequal number from each of the others being present, the delegation was not legally eonstituted and had no authority to act under the said resolution, which expressly required each of the colonies to be represented by an equal number of delegates. “ That the delegates did not ensure a just provision for the rights and interests of this Piovince, as they were by the express terms of such resolution bound to dO) in arranging a seheme of union, but, on the contrary, they entirely disregarded those rights and interests! and the scheme by them consented to would, if finally confirmed, deprive the people of this Pi-ovince of their rights, liberty and independence, rob them of their revenues, take from them the regulation of their trade, commerce and taxes, the management of their railroads and other public property, expose them to arbitrary and e.xcessive taxation by a legislature over which they can have no adequate control, and reduce this free, happy and self-governed Province to the degraded condition of a depend- ency of Canada. “ That no fundamental or material change of the constitution of the Province can be made in any other constitutional manner than by a statute of the Legislature sanctioned by the people after the subject matter of the same has been referred to them at the iiolls, the Legisla- ture of a Colonial depedency having no power or authority imiilicd from their relation to the people as their legislative repre.sentatives to over- throw the constitution under which they were elected anublic business formerly dispatched in their own capital, within easy reach of the whole population. It transfers to the Government at Ottawa powers more extensive than the Queen and the Imperial Parliament in practice ever exercised, and vests in that Government, which the people of Nova Scotia can rarely hope to influence, the entire patronage of the Post Office and Revenue departments, and of the lighthouses and public works constructed at great exi)ense by the people of Nova Scotia,. It transfers the ownership of our Provincial Railways, built at a cost of a, million .and a half of pounds, currency, to the Dominion, without equiva- lent or compensation. It takes from Nova Scotia the regulation of her traile. her banking system, and savings biinks ; of her sea coast and inland fisheries, of her militia, of her courts and criminal law. It transfers the customs duties of Nova Scotia, alw.ays ami>ly suffioient for general and ■V the British North America Act was not favorahly receiA’cd by the fc^ecretary ol' State for the Col- onies (the Biike of Bnckingham), and a sub- mission of the points raised by the anti-unionists to Sir E-oundell Palmer and Mr. W. Vernon Hareourt resulted in almost convincing the j delegates that they had a poor case. In the I report of the delegates the following account ol' the oinnions obtained from these two eminent I counsel is giA^en with the questions submitted and the answers retAirned thereto : Question. — “ Has the Imperial Parliament the right to legislate away the constitution of a colony granted by royal charter, and deA'eloped into Responsible Grovernment, as was the case in local sen-ices and rapidly increasing under a low tariff, to Canada for a sum which is now no equivalent, and which being limited in amount, will establish a perpetual drain upon our re.source.s. As those revenues e.x])a.nd it confers upon the Parliament of Canada the right to burthen our trade with the rest of the Empire and with the world at large for her own ad- vantage ; to protect her manufacturers and breadstuffs, and to burthen our industry by any mode or system of taxation. It vests in the Govern- ment of Canada the appointment of our Governors, who will thus become the mere tools of the Canadian administration, instead of being, as they were, the impartial representatives of the Crown : of twelve Senators, already api)ointed by the Canadian ministers, but one shares the opinion of Nova Scotia, and four at least have been purchased by the distinction, to change their opinions and betray their country. For these- and many other reasons that might be stated, this Act of Union lias been and is most distasteful to the people of Nova Scotia, who believe it to be fraught with evil, uncalled for, and unjust ; but this disapproval of the Act itself has been aggravated and rendered more intense by the miale in which it was prepared and carried, which the undersigned do not hesitate to char- acterise as a surprise upon the people of Nova Scotia, and a fraud upon the Imperial Parliament ; nothing in the condition of this country rendered revolutionary changes necessary. Nova Scotia did not demand them, nor was any scheme of government res.sembling the Dominion Act ever submitted to them a t the hustings ; yet a member of the House of Commons, misled we charitably assume, on the second reading of the bill, assured the House that the policy of Confederation was brought under the notice of the electors at every polling booth, and that at every busting the issue was distinctly raised. Now that this statement has been brought under the notice of the electors at every polling booth, condemned and negatived at every busting, the undersigned trust that it will be frankly withdrawn, and that your honorable House will at once cancel the legis- lation adopted under so gross a misstatement of facts. The Dominion Act was published in this Province in March last; it was discussed in the press, on the platform and on the hustings until the gener:il election, which was held on the 18th of September. At the election the i)eoplo of Nova Scotia had for the first time an opportunity to expre.ss their opinion on the .scheme of union, and it was condemned with a unanimity and sternness never before witnessed in the decision of a public question in any free country- In the counties of Cape Breton, Guysborough, Shel- burne and AHctoria, the Anti-Confederate candidates for the Commons were elected by acclamation. In ever)- other county but one, the Con- federates were beaten by large and in many of them by overwhelming majorities. In the single county, though a Confederate struggled in by a small majority, followed by a protest for bribery and corruption, the Opposition was so strong that one of the gentlemen who sign the jietition obtained a seat. But one of the delegates who jirepared this Dominion Act was re-elected ; but two of the thirty-two members of the House who voted approval of it have been chosen, and of fifty-seven members returned to both Houses, all but four are humble petitioners to your honorable House for the repeal of the law so universally condemned, in the published papers submitted to Parliament. The Lieutenant-Governor regard to NoA'a Scotia?” AnsAA^er. — “ A.s a mattt'r of laAV, properly so called, aa'C are of opinion that there is no limit to the authority ol' the Imperial Legislature OA'er a colony in the situation ol' NoA'a Scotia.” Que.stion. — “ Sup- posing that there is in the Imperial Parliament the inherent right to deal A\dth a colonial con- stitution such as that possessed by Noaui Scotia, is the right absolute, or must the legislation of the Imperial Parliament receiA’e the ratiheation by statute of the Local Legislature, before it can become a laAV, for the I’roA'ince to be affected by it ?” Answer. — “ As the authority of the Im- perial Legislature is absolute, it cannot in any legal sense be held to be dependent on the con- in transmitting an address against Confederation, informed the Right Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies that he believed the attempt to agitate the Province to be acomplete failure, and t ie delegates who for many months last year were in communication with the Earl of Carnarvon, made statements that have now been iiroved to have been entirely unfounded. Acting upon these statements Her Majesty's Govern- ment and both Houses of Parliament were misled, and have inadvert- enly done a cruel wrong to a high-spirited people, which it would be a reflection on the justice and magnanimity of both Houses to believe will not be promptly repaired. Neither Prince Edward Island nor Newfound- land was touched by this Act of Union, and Nova .Scotia was only included because it was assumed those who professed to speak for her truly represented her interests and opinion.s. Now that the contrary has been proved, the peojde of Nova Scotia rely with confidence on the wisdom and justice of your honorable House, Though this recaution had been taken, at considerable trouble and great expense, to preserve a strict neutrality, and to prevent our soil being used by the Southerners as a base pf operations against the Northern States ; and how, in the case of the St. Alban’s raid, the money imin-operly returned to the raiders on their first release, was promptly made good to the sufferers by the Canadian GoA^ernment. He then contrasted our conduct with that of the United States, and showed how Fenianism had been fostered and nourished there, and great injury inflicted on Canada without the United States making any attempt to preA'ent it. The motion was carried. Later in the session the papers were brought down and published, making a pamphlet of one hundred and seA'enty- five pages, which gaA^e a very complete account of the precautions taken by Canada in 1863-4 ; and of the Fenian raid of 1866. 3. — The second debate of interest was on the second reading of a bill introduced by Mr. David Mills (Bothwell) for the abolition of Dual Reitresentation Representation, which came up on 20th April. At the first session of Parliament Mr. Mills had introduced a similar bill, but withdrew it ; he now pressed the matter to a Amte. His bill was to render members of local LegislatiAm Councils or Legis- latiA'e Assemblies, ineligible for election to the (lOVEKNMENT OF SIF JOHN YOUNG— 18G9. House of Commons. He said in substance, that the effect of the British North America Act wa^i intended to render the Local Legislatures entirely independent of the Dominion House ; but a member of the Local House who was also a member of the Commons, was like a man who belonged to two firms, one of which could not gain except at the expense of the other. He held that Dual Representation was immoral, because it led to the possibility of an alliance being formed between tlje members of the Local House, who were also members of the Commons, whereby they could agree to support the Ministry of the day in the Commons, pro- vided they obtained special advantages for their own Province. He referred to the peculiar position in which it placed a Lieutenant- GoA'ernor to find members of the Dominion Ministry which had appointed him, sitting in the Local House in op^rosition to the Local Ministry, and pointed out that it may lead to the exercise of undue influence against that Ministry. He said that it had been urged, in defence of Dual Representation, that to abolish it would be to interfere with the liberty of the people to elect whom they please to represent them ; but he contended that it was competent for Parliament, under the Independence of j Parliament Act, to declare that certain persons j were not eligible ; and, furthermore, he claimed that the great bulk of the people were opposed i to Dual Representation, as was evidenced by the very small number of gentlemen who had been elected to both Houses. Mr. Dufresne stated, in defence of his system, that if the people were opposed to Dual Representation they had a remedy in their own hands by declining to vote for the same candidate for both Houses. Sir Greo. E. Cartier also defended the system, con- tending that it was not within the power of the House to say who should be eligible and who not ; the law said that, and the House ought not to interfere with the right of the people to elect whom they pleased. After a long and animated discussion, the six months’ hoist was moved and carried by a vote of 82 to 57. 4. — On the third of May quite a lively debate occirrred on the fisheries question on a motion of Hon. Pierre Fortin for a Com- _ . Encroach 111 cuts of mittee of Inquiry. Doctor hortin AmericansM,n ^ Canadian hshfiries. complained of the encroachments of the Americans on the fisheries of the Do- minion ; more especially on the G-ulf fisheries, which were of importance not to one or two Provinces only, but to the whole Dominion ; and no adequate protection was given to Canadian fishermen, as there was only one schooner to watch some two hundred or more vessels. Mr. Savary said that the licensing system was not enforced, and the consequence was, practically, that the Americans had free fishing in our waters. He claimed that the three-mile limit was entirely disregarded, and that American vessels were consec[uently hshing a mile, or less, from the Canadian shores. Mr. Anglin thought the license system had proved a failure, as it was impossible to tell a licensed from an unlicensed vessel without overhauling them, and as soon as the Americans saw a British vessel coming they ran away. He gave an instance where some three hundred American vessels had been fishing in a small bay, c[uite close in shore, but, seeing the smoke of a British steamer, they had all got beyond the required distance before she came up. Sir John A. Macdonald said that when the Reciprocity Treaty terminated, in 1866, the cpre.stion of the fisheries reverted to the position it had held previous to that treaty, and that the three-mile limit was clearly laid down by the treaty of 1818. Application had been made by the Canadian Giovernment to Grreat Britain for protection to the fisheries. The Canadian Grovernment had also, in 1866, placed a license fee of fifty cents per ton on Ameiican vessels fishing in Canadian waters, more as an assertion of our right to the fisheries than for any other purpose. This fee had been raised to one dollar a ton in 1867, and two dollars a ton in 1868 ; but he confessed that the law had not been very rigidly enforced, the reason being that, under a rule of the British Admiralty, three w^arnings had to be given to American vessels before they could be seized. This rule had now been amended, so that only twenty- 80 TUTTLK’S HISTORY OF TIIF DOMINION OF CANADA. lour hours’ notice was necessary, and fonr British gun-boats were on duty, besides the Dominion steamers Druid and La Canadienne, and he had no doubt but that the service would be more etiectively i)t'‘i’formed. He thought it would be premature to charge the licensing system while there was a chance of a renewal of the Iveciprocity Treaty ; and he thought Ihe present prospects of its renewal were very good, as a large portion of the American press was l^ointingout that the United States needed such a treaty qirite as much as the Dominion. The motion was carried. 5. — On the twelfth of May, Mr. Oliver moved that the House go into Committee for the ThesaMryofthe of reduciiig the Salary (!()venioi-(3eiierai. Grovemor-General from c£10,000 sterling, which he considered excessive, to .€8,000 currency ($32,000). Sir .Tohn A. Macdonald said that as the bill on this subject, which had passed the previous session, had been disallowed by the Imperial authorities, he con- sidered it unseemly to bring up the question again, and moved in amendment that in view of the opinion expressed by the Imperial authorities on this question, it was inexpedient to take any action in the matter. Mr. Alexander Mackenzie severely criticized the Government for not treating the subject fairly ; it was the duty of the Government to introduce a bill definitely .fixing the salary of the Governor- General, and not subject that gentleman to the indignity of having this matter constantly brought up in Parliament. Mr. Mackenzie was Ibrced to suspend his remarks on account of indisposition, and the debate was continued on the following day. Mr. Mackenzie objected to any action of the House, involving a money exfienditure, lieing taken on orders from Eng- land ; he considered any attempt to hx the salary of the Governor-General by a despatch from England an infringement on the .liberties of the peoxde, and their right to control their own expenditures. He concluded by moving in amendment, “ That it is the undoubted privi- i lege of Parliament to fix and determine the amounts of all salaries and expenditures charge- able on the public funds of the Dominion, and that the salary of the Gor’ernor-General should, therefore, be fixed by an Act of this Parlia- ment.” Sir John A. Macdonald explained that in 1841, when the Imperial Revenues were surrendered to the Province, it was stipulated then that the Province should provide for the payment of the Civil List, and the salary of the Governor-General had been definitely fixed ; but at Confederation it was not thought neces- sary to fix any amount, and no sum had been siiecified at the’ Quebec Convention ; subse- quently a verbal agreement had been made in England that the amount should be .€10,000, sterling. The debate lasted the whole evening, and, on a division being taken, 137 voted for Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment, and only one, Mr. Smith, against it. On the twentieth Sir John A. Macdonald moved the House into Committee on a resolution to fix the Governor’s salary at .€10,000 stg. Mr. Oliver moved, in amendment, that it be fixed at <£7,500 stg. ; and Mr. Jones, in amendment to the amendment, that it be fixed at |32,000. A long debate ensued, and on a vote being taken, both the amendments were lost, and the motion of Sir John A. Macdonald carried by 89 to 60. The resolution was then read and adopted. 6. — One of the most important measures in- troduced during the session was the Banking Act of the Finance Minister, Hon. Mr. Rose, which was laid before the proposed Baiiking Act* House on 14th of May, and attracted the general attention of the country as j it involved some very radical changes in the ! whole Banking system. The charters of a ma- I jority of the Banks were near expiry, and appli- cations were being made for renewals. A very large meeting of Presidents and Cashiers of Banks was held in Ottawa on the first of May^ and the delegates were unanimous in their determination to resist any further interference by the Government with the Bank circulation, believing that it would result disastrously to the commerce of the country as well as to the Banks. At the same time they expressed a willingness to accept modified charters which GOVERNMENT OE SIE JOHN YOUNG— 18G9. 81 would give additional security to note holders and depositors, by making the shareholders res- ponsible for doirhle the amount of their stock, or by having any serious impairment of capital made good by assessment on the shareholders. A committee was appointed, to wait on Mr. Rose, but could not succeed in inducing him to change his scheme. In explaining his Act to the House he spoke of the necessity of having uniformity in the currency, and in the modes of issuing and redeeming it. As the charters existed, the Banking Act differed in each Pro- vince as to the amount of circulation. In New Brunswick, Banks could issue notes to the amount of three times their capital, in Nova Scotia to twice the amount, and in Ontario and Quebec to the amount of capital and any surplus of gold or Dominion securities they held. The notes were subject to discount in the different Provinces, and he desired to substitute one uniform currency which would have the same value in all parts of the Dominion. To accom- plish this he proposed to introduce a system somewhat similar to the National Bank Act in the United States. All the existing circulation of the Banks was to be withdrawn within hve years, and its place taken by Dominion notes to be issued by the various Banks on their deposit- ing Dominion bonds to the amount required, these notes to be i^ayable at the respective Banks, and a reserve of twenty per cent, in gold to be always kept on hand, while a more care- ful supervision in the way of returns and exam- inations was to be had. He pointed out some of the evils under the existing system by which a Bank could be started without any actual capital, and issue large amounts of notes which may prove worthless. 7. — The scheme did not meet with general favor either in the House or in the country, a Opposition to the portioii of the press con- wfthdrawn.^The demiiing so great a change, and Usury Bill. numerous petitions being sent in against it from various commercial bodies. On the first of June, Hon. Mr, Rose moved that the House go into Committee on the resolutions, when Mr. Holton moved in amendment that so radical a change in the long established Banking system of the country should not be hastily made, and that as the Bill would not take effect until 1871, the matter be postponed until next session. He argued that the existing system was not so bad as had been represented, that it had for a long time served the purposes of commerce and had worked better, and with less loss, than the Banking systems of many other ('ountries. He thought time ought to be taken to consider so important an Act, and that if it was intended to press the measure during the present session, it ought to have been laid before the House forty-eight hours after the address, and not left until so late. Mr. Mackenzie, in seconding the motion, said that the proposed change was very distasteful to the whole country, and especially to Ontario, which needed a large amount of the circulating medium to move her crops, and this Bill would have the effect of withdrawing a vast sum from circulation and locking it up. He thought that the disasters which had occurred to some Banking institutions were largely attri- butable to the interference of the G-overnment with the Banking system by the Act of 186G, and considered that any such further interfer- ence, as that proposed, would cripple the Banks, by causing sogeata reduction of the circulation, and bring disaster on trade and commerce. Mr. Cartwright said that Mr. Holton’s motion tried to make the question a party one, inasmuch as it involved a censure on the Cfovernment, but he thought it a matter of too great general import- ance to be restricted to the limits of parties. He admitted the seductiveness of the idea of an uniform currency, but thought it might be attained at too great a cost, and it would be at too great a cost if it destroyed the best feature of a paper circulation, which was its elasticity. Mr. Tilley dwelt on the benefits of an uniform currency, such as would be given by the Bill, and qi^oted figures to show that the Banks would actually make larger profits under the system jn-oposed than under the existing one. Hon. Mr. Rose said that none of the opponents of the Bill had claimed that the existing system was a good one, and that most of the popular 8 82 TUTTLE’S HISTOrvY OF THE DOMIXIOX OF CANADA. opposition to it had been worked np by the I’anks themseh'es. He said that the Banks would not be compelled to withdraw all their circulation at once but allowed live years to do it in. Hon. J. H. Cameron thought it wmuld be better to take more time to consider the matter, and moved, in amendment to Mr. Holton’s amendment : “That this House recog- nizes the great importance of an uniform system of currency, but, inasmuch as imme- diate uniformity cannot be obtained, it is ex- iredient that the several Bank charters about to expire be extended to such period as Parlia- ment shall determine.” The debate was a lengthy one, and Messrs. Glalt, Morris, Gibbs and others who usually supported the Govern- ment, spoke against the resolution and the debate was adjourned. On the hfteenth Hon. Mr. Hose announced that it was not the intention of the Government to press the Banking Act during the present session ; the charters which were aboirt to expire would be extended to the 30th June, 1870, and to the end of the next session of Parliament, which would practically extend them to 1871, and there would be an intermediate session of Parliament when measures definitely settling the matter wmuld be laid before the House. Another financial question which occupied much of the attention of the House was fixing the legal rate of interest, and several Bills were intro- duced during the session but abandoned, and a Government Bill on the same subject only had a majority of one on its first reading and was subsequently withdraw n . 8. — An interesting debate took place on a motion made by Mr. Mackenzie on the seven- T, , , ,, * teenth of May, to go into Com- uiittee Oil the following reso- Opposition strictures, i^^tioiis i “ 1. That ill the construction of the Intercolonial Railway, it is of the highest importance for commercial and economical reasons, to have the shortest and cheapest line selected, which, in addition to the main object, will afford access to the best and nearest port on the Bay of Fundy. 2. That the Bay of Chaleurs route, selected by the Govern- ment is not one which will best promote the commercial interests of the Dominion, or best secure the settlement of the remote portions of the Provinces through which the road will pass, and that, while it gives the smallest com- mercial advantage^, it will entail the largest ex- penditure in its construction, and afterwards in its maintenance and working expenses. 3. That in view of the serious effect to the finances of the Dominion, and the permanent and continuous loss to the commerce of the country, consequent on the adoption of a long and expensive route to the sea, it is desirable not to proceed with work on those j^ortions of the line not common to the Central or Southern routes, with a A'iew to the adoption of a route which will give access to the shortest and cheapest line, with- out interfering with the distance to Halifax as the ultimate terminus.” He A^ery ably and seA'erely criticised the action of the GoAmrn- ment in selecting the longest and most expen- siAm route and the one least likely to proAm remuneratHe commercially. Mr. Cartwright moA^ed a long amendment, in which he recited some of the proAUsions of Imperial and Dominion Acts with regard to the guarantee, and which ended: “That under these circumstances the House considers that any discussion as to the route of the Intercolonial Railway wmuld I not answer any good purpose, and would 1 greatly prejudice the credit of the Dominion at home and abroad.” Hon. Dr. Tupper seconded Mr. Cartwright’s amendment, and said that to pass Mr. Mackenzie’s motion would be a breach of faith Avith the Imperial Govern- I ment, w'hich had guaranteed the loan on the express condition that it should locate the line, and it had done so. The route was not so much longer, nor so much more expensiA^e as had been represented, and it afforded the shortest route to Europe by way of Shippegan and across Newfoundland. He argued that in all the negotiations about the Intercolonial since 1858, it had always been agreed that the Imperial GoA^ernment should select the route, and it preferred the one best suited for military purposes. After a long debate Mr. Cartwright’s GOVERXMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— 1809. 83 amendment was carried by a vote of 114 to 28. 9. — The most imjrortaiit debate of the session was on the “ Better terms ” to be given to Nova Debiite on the Nova Scotia. On the eleventh of xMr Blake’s .Time, Hoii. Joseph Howe moved Con.stitntional • n amendment. that the House go iiito Com- mittee on those resolutions which provided for the debt of Nova Scotia being taken as •19,186,000 at Confederation, and an extra sub- sidy of $82,698 annually being allowed her for ten years. Mr. Blake moved in amendment that the British North America Act of 1867 had fixed and settled the mutual liabilities of Canada and of each Province in respect of the puldic debt, and the amount payable by Canada to each Province for the support of its Government and Legislature. That the Act did not empower the Parliament of Canada to change the basis of the Union, thereby fixed and settled; that the un- authorized assumption of such power by the Parliament of Canada would injure the interests of the several Provinces, weaken the Union, and shake the stability of the Constitution ; that the proposed resolutions on the subject of Nova Scotia involved the assumption of such power ; and that, therefore, the House, while ready to give its best consideration to any proposal to procure in a constitutional way any needed changes in the basis of Union, deemed it inex- pedient to go into Committee on the resolutions. He supported his motion by an able argument on the unconstitutionality of the resolutions, claiming that the British North America Act clearly laid down what powers the Local Legislatures should have, and what amounts the individual Provinces should receive from the general treasury ; and that the Federal Parliament had no more right to change the monetary part of the contract than it had to deprive the Local Legislatures of any of the powers vested in them. The motion was seconded by Mr. A. Mackenzie, who took a similar line of argument. Hon. J. H. Cameron said it was no argument to say that because the Federal Parliament had not the power 'to take away anything guaranteed by the Act, it had not the power to give more, if it pleased, than the Act required. The question was not one of constitutionality, but of convenience. To say that the Dominion Parliament had not the right to increase a subsidy if it liked to, because the Imperial Parliament had named a certain sum, was to admit the right of the latter to control the expenditure of our revenue. Mr. Harrison raised the legal point that the 118th section of the British North America Act said ; — “ Such grants shall be in full settlement of all “ future demands on Canada.” Hon. Dr. Tupper differed from both views, and thought that the difficulty should be settled by the appointment of Commissioners, one by the Dominioji, one by the Local Government, and a third one to be mutually agreed on. Hon. Mr, Gray held that the sum mentioned in the Act was the minimum that could be granted, but saw no reason why a larger sum could not be jiaid. Mr. Smith thought that the Dominion Parliament had no power to change the Imperial Act, and inquired whether the rate of eighty cents per head could be altered to ninety ? Hon. Mr. Cartier consid- ered that it could, although the amount could not be reduced. These resolutions were not to alter the Imperial Act, they were simply to grant an increase on what that Act allowed. Mr. Howe was quite satisfied that Parliament had the right to legislate as the resolutions proposed. He did not believe in a “ cast-iron Constitution ” which had no flexibility in it. On a vote being taken, Mr. Blake’s motion was lost, 57 voting for it and 96 against. The resolutions were then carried and reported. 10. — On the following day, on the motion to concur in the resolutions, Mr. Wood offered an amendment to the effect that it . . ,, , Further amendments was inexpedient to disturb the ami objections. The bill pas.sed. financial arrangement with Is ova Scotia unless the other Provinces were luit on the same footing as that Province would be by such change. The debate was continued until nearly midnight on Saturday, and the division was not (juite concluded before twelve. Mr. Wood’s amendment was lost by a vote of 46 for to 88 against, and the Bill was read a first time. On the motion for the second reading of the bill 84 TUTTLPTS IIISTOJJY OF TIFF POMIXION OF CAXADA. on IGth, Hon. Mr. Holton moved in amendment “ That in the opinion of this House, any dis- tnrhance of the financial arrangements respect- ing the several Provinces provided for in the British North America Act, nnless assented to by all the Provinces, would he subversive of the system of G-overnment under which this Dominion was constituted ; and if effected as pro 4 )osed by this Bill, in favor of one Province, without at the same time providing for a general revision and re-adjustment of these arrange- ments, would be manifestly injurious to the other Provinces." After a lengthy debate, iii which the same arguments already given w^ere repeated, the amendment was lost on division by a A'ote of 52 for, 97 against. The bill was then adopted clause by clause until the fifth was reached, when Mr. Blake moved to add to it, “ That the grants and provisions made by this Act, and the British North America Act of 1867, shall be in full settlement of all demands on Canada l)y Nova Scotia.” The amendment was accepted by the (fovernment, and the clause as amended adopted. On the sixth clause Mr. Mills moved in amendment that the words be added, “ That this Act shall not take effect until ratified by the Imperial Parliament.” The amendment was lost without division, and the Bill adopted. 11. — The great loss and inconvenience which was being felt in Canada, growing out of the excessive amount of depreciated The Silver nui.'iancc. , . . , .1 1 • 1 American Silver which was in circulation, and which had been attracted to Canada since the suspension of specie payments in the United States, occupied the attention of the House during the. session ; and, on the twenty-sixth of May, Mr. Oliver moved for a Committee, to consist of Messrs. Carling, Kyaii, (Montreal), McConkey, McGrill, Harrison, Trem- blay and the mover, to consider any corres- pondence that had taken place on the subject of purchasing and exporting American silver, and to report as to the best means of abating the nuisance. He said that the Gfovernment had made some purchases and exported the silver, but it had not been enough. Mr. McDonald (Antigonish) said that in Nova Scotia the mei-' chants had avoided any loss or trouble by agreeing together not to take American silver except at twenty per cent, discount, and the consequence was that you could not find an American quarter in Nova Scotia. He thought the whole trouble would be remolded by passing an Act of five lines making American silver a legal tender for only eighty per cent, of its face value. The Committee reported, on the fourteenth of June, to the effect that the Government had purchased about one million of dollars’ worth of silver and exported it, but that it had not had any great effect ; and sug- gested that the intervention of the Government had become a necessity to abate the nuisance. 12. — The House was prorogued by His Excellency the Governor-General in person on ! the twenty-third of June, after , . . , , f , Prorogation. having given assent to forty-one entranchising the . ° , Indians. 1 ublic and thirty-two Locaf and Private Bills. Amongst the Public Bills the one deserving most attention on account of its humanitarian and civilizing tendencies, was an Act, * introduced by Hon Mr. Langevin, for ♦ The Bill isj in sub.stanco,as follows : Any Indian, or peison claim- ing Indian blood, or intermarried with an Indian family, shall not be deemed to be lawfully in possession of any land in a reserve divided into lots, unless he has a location ticket from the Superintendent-Gen- eral, but may be ejected like any other person, under 31 V., c. 42, s. 18. Persons selling or giving into.xicating liquor to anIndian,oropeniuga bar or tavern to sell it on a reserve, or the commander of a steamer or other vessel, from which it is given or sold, are liable, on conviction, to a penalty. No person less than one fourth Indian blood Is entitled to share in annuities, Ac., to his tribe; nor is any Indian eonvicted of crime, while in prison therefore, and the cost of his prosecution may be taken from the monies of his tribe. An Indian woman man-ying anyone not an Indian, ceases to be so herself, as do her children; and marrying out of her tribe, herself and children become members of the husband's tribe. The Superintendent-General may stop the annuity of an Indian who has deserted wife or child, and employ it tor her or his support. He may also use the funds of a tribe for the support of aged and infirm mem- bers who are neglected. Land held by an Indian, under a location ticket, is not transferable or liable to seizure for debt. It descends to his children with the obligation to support their mother if living. Failing direct heirs it reverts to the Crown, for the benefit of the tribe. Any j baud or tribe of Indians numbering thirty may elect one Chief. Larger tribes may have one Chief aiul two Second Chiefs for each two hundred. 1 The present life-Chiefs remain in office unless removed by the Governor- General for dishonesty, intemi)erance or immorality. They are to be re- placed by others elected every three years, by all males of twenty-one years. The Chief or Chiefs must see roads and bridges kept up, or the Superintendent may cause it to be done at the e.vpense of the tribe, or an Indian in default. They may frame rules respecting public health, decorum in Council, the rei)ression of intemperance and ijrofligaey, the prevention of trespass by cattle, roads, Ac., school houses. Council houses, and other imblic buildings, pounds and pound-keepers. The Governor in Council may, by letters patent, grant a life estate to an Indian deemed competent in land alloted to him, which he may devise to his children, who, in case of his death intestate, succeed to the fee simple, under the (;OVEHNMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— 18U9. 85 extending the franchise to Indians, nnder cer- tain conditions, giving them to some extent municipal powers, and for generally regulating Indian affairs. 13. — A new Insolvency Act was passed, amending and assimilating the Acts in existence in the various Provinces ; an Act other Acts. Supply regulating patents ot inventions and Priv.ite Bills. i i i k r and discoveries, and an Act for the management of immigration. A number of Criminal Acts were passed regulating the punishments for murder, arson, coinage or coun- terfeiting, forgery, larceny, perjury, malicious injury to property, vagrants, &c. ; and also several Acts for procedure in criminal cases, duties of Justices of the Peace, &c. Two very necessary and useful Acts passed were for “ Summary trials by consent,” and for the “ Speedy trial of offences.” The former provides for the summary trial of jirisoners, with their own consent, by any officer or Court having the power of a Recorder, instead of merely holding an examination and sending the case to a higher Court. The offences which may be so tried are — simple larceny, larceny from the person, embezzlement, or obtaining money under false pretences, receiving stolen property not valued at more than $10, attempts at larceny, aggravated assault, inflicting grievous bodily harm, or cut- ting, wounding, or stabbing, obstructing officers of the peace or customs in discharge of their duties, keeping or being an inmate or habitual frequenter of a house of ill-repute, &c. The prisoner must be asked by the Magistrate law of the Province in which he resided. It is not liable to seizure dur- ing his possession. If he die childless it escheats to the Crown for the tribe, but the widow has the usufruct until death or by re-marriage. If a widow or unmarried daughters are deprived ot benefit from the land, they will receive a double share of tribal annuity instead. Before let- ters patent issue, the Indian must furnish a name and surname, by which he is registered and to be known. Thereupon he and his family are en- franchi.sed and are not subject to the laws relating to Indian,s, e.xcept ss. 12, 13 and 14 of the .'51 V., c. 42, relating to the sale of liquor, taking of persons and seizure of presents, ,tc., for debts. They continue to receive tribal annunities. The land so allocated shall bear the same proimrtion to the whole reserve as the locatces bear to the heads of families, and males above fourteen, thereon. The Superintendent-General appoints tutors to the minor children, and the widow receives their share of Indian monies and lives on the land so long as she lives respectably. Any Indian falsely representing himself as enfranchised is liable to three months’ impri-sonment, on conviction before a. justice of the Peace. Indians not enfranchised may sue for debts, or for wrong inflicted, or to compel ful- filment of an obligation. whether he will be tried summarily before him, or he is tried at once ; if the latter, he is examined, and, if the evidence is sufficient, committed for trial. In cases tried under this Act sentences may be as much as six months’ imprisonment, or fine to the amount of $100, or both, with six months additional if fine is not paid. Under j the Act for “Speedy trials of offences,” any person in Ontario or Quebec committed for trial for an oflence which may be tried at General Sessions may, by his own consent, be tried by ! the Judge out of Session. The Sheriff, within | twenty-four hours, must notify the Judge who | orders the prisoner before him immediately, when he reads the charge to him and asks him whether he elects to be tried liy him or by a | jury ; if the prisoner consents and pleads guilty | he is sentenced at once ; if he pleads not guilty, an early day is fixed and the trial takes place. These two Acts were a great relief to the over- crowded Criminal Courts, the dockets of which were filled with petty cases which could much better be settled in this way. Besides, they allow the prisoner to get his term of punish- ment fixed at once, so that he may begin to serve it out immediately instead of having to wait months for a trial as used to be the ease. Another very excellent Act passed at this session was that relating to the execution and sentence I of death, by which it is provided that the j execution shall take place within the prison, ; and no person be permitted admission except I the necessary officers, and other persons admitted i by special order of the Sheriff. The terribly disgusting scenes which had been witnessed at public hangings, and the evil effect wffiich they had, led to the adoption of this system of private executions in England, and the good results arising from it there fully warranted its introduction into Canada, where its effects have, so far, proved very satisfactory.* An Act was also passed for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which inflicts fines of from $1 to $10, or thirty days in default of payment, for * The lust public execution which took place in Canada was that of P- .1. Whelan, at Ottawa, on llth Fcbruarv, for the murdcrof lion. T. D’Arcy McGee. 86 TUTTLE’S IILSTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. wantonly, cruelly or unnecessarily heating, binding or ill-treating, abusing or torturing any horse, cattle, poirltry, dog or domestic animal or bird, or causing them mischief by negligence or ill-usage. Acts were also passed relating to contagious diseases of animals, investigation into shipwrecks, steamboat inspection, improve- ment of harbors, pilotage, »&c. The Supply Hill granted $380,904 for the financial year 1868-9, and $14,20.5,010 for the year 1869-70; and authorized a loan of $1,460,000 for the purchase of the North-West Territory from the Hudson’s Bay C’ompany, and a further loan of $1,460,000 for other expenses relative to that Territory. The borrowing powers of the Cxovernment were i-edirced from $8,380,000 to $7,000,000, exclusive of the balance of the Intercolonial and Fortification loans, the issue of Dominion stock to Insurance Companies, and the unissued Dominion notes. Amongst the most important Local and Private Bills was one to give, elfect to an agreement between the Great Western Railway Company and the Government, the latter receiving $2,768,234 in full of all claims in four per cent, bonds, secured on the road, property and revenue of the Com- pany ; one to amend the Act relating to the Trinity House, Quebec ; one to amend the C'harter of the Toronto Board of Trade, enlarging the limit of membership ; one to incorporate the St. Thomas Board of Trade, and Acts to incorporate the Merchants’ Bank, of Halifax with $1,000,000 capital; the Dominion Bank, Toronto, with $1,000,000 capital; the Dominion Mutual Life Guarantee Insurance Company, with $1,000,000, and the Canada Marine Insurance Company, with $2,000,000 capital. During the session an Election Bill and a Bill providing for a Supreme Court of the Dominion were introduced by Sir John A. Macdonald, but allowed to lie over. 14. — Shortly after the prorogation of Rarlia- ment Hon. Mr. Rose visited Washington with „ . .. ,, ,, a view to a renewal of the Reci- liCsigniition 01 Jlou. 'ivinci^'’i!uicks pi’ocity Treaty, but nothing came negotiations, and it soon .stniption of ciibiiipt. }jgo-an to be rumoured that he was about to retire from the Cabinet and accept a partnership in an American Banking house doing business in London. These rumours were confirmed during the summer, but it was not until October that he resigned his portfolio, and sailed shortly after for England. Rumour had for some time been busy with the name of his successor, and Sir A. T. Galt had been freely spoken of as likely to resume his old position in the Cabinet, but although he was offered the seat, and urged to accept it, he declined, preferring to remain a private mem- ber, and the position was finally filled by the appointment of Sir F'rancis Hincks, on the ninth of October. Sir Francis had beena«ibsent from Canada fourteen years, during half of which period he had been Governor of Barba- does and the Windward Islands, and for the remainder Governor of British Guiana. He returned to Canada on the expiration of his last term of office, with the intention of only paying a visit and then accepting another Governorship which had been offered him ; but becoming desirous of remaining in his native country, he determined on re-entering public life, and accepted the portfolio of Minister of Finance. His appointment was well received by the sup- l)orters of the Government and the country generally, but he was bitterly attacked by the Opposition press and his former public career severely criticised. Mr. Rankin, the member for North Renfrew, having resigned his seat. Sir Francis offered himself for the constituency — which he had represented in the old Parliament of Canada just previous to his temporary re- tirement from public life. He was opposed by Mr. J. Findlay, and the contest was very keen, but Sir Francis was elected by 120 majority. In the following month all the vacancies were filled by the admission of Messrs. Christopher Dunkin, J. C. Aikins and Alex. Morris, and the Cabinet was reconstructed, many of the mem- bers changing their portfolios. The Cabinet as finally arranged stood as follows ; ITon. Sir John Ale.xander Macoonald, K.C.B., D.C'.L., Q.C., Conservative, Ontario, M.P., Premier and Minister of Justice. (;OVEENMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNO— 18G0. 87 Hon. Sir George Etienne Cartier, Bart., Q.C., Conservative, Quebec, M.P., Minister of Militia and Defence. Hon. Sir Francis Hincks, K.C.M.G., C.B., Liberal, Ontario, M.P., Minister ot Fnance. Hon Sir Edward Kenny, Kt., Nova Scotia, Senator, President Privy Council. Hon. Samuel Leonard Tilley, Liberal, New Brunswick, M.P., Minister of Customs. Hon. Hector Lons Langevin, Conservative, Quebec, M.P., Minister of Public Works. • Hon. Alexander Morris, D.C.L., Consei vative, Ontario, M.P., Minister ol Inland Revenue. Hon. Joseph Howe, Liberal, Nova Scotia, M.P., Secretary of State for the Province. Hon. Peter Mitchell, Liberal, New Brunswick, Senator, Minister of Marine and Fisheries. Hon. Alexander Campuell, Conservative, Ontario, Senator, Postmaster-General. Hon. Christopher Dunkin, D.C.L., Q.C., Conservative, Quebec, M.P., Minister of Agriculture. Hon. Jean Charles Chapias, Conservative, Quebec, Senator, Receiver-General. Hon. James Cox Aikins, Liberal, Ontario, Senator, Secretary of State and Registrar-General. 15. — It will be seen, by a comparison with the Cabinet as originally formed, that although Sir John A. Macdonald still kept ohanses in the to his plan ol haviiig all the Provinces, both Houses, and both parties represented in his Cabinet accord- ing to their relatiA'e strength and importance, he had somewhat modified it, for although the ProAunces had still their same number of representatiA^es each, neither the Houses nor the parties retained their relatiA'e proportions, there being fiA'e members of the Senate in the Ministry now in place of four, and three Con- servatiA'es from Ontario instead of two. The 1 addition of another Senator seems to haA'e been made on account of the difficulty Avhich any Liberal member of the House who had accepted office would haA'e had in gaining his re-election ; and the adding of one ConseiwatiA^e to the number from Ontario appears to have been partly caused by the gains made by that party at the general election, and partly by the inclination, now’ that Confederation w’as fully accomplished ^ and the GrOA^ernment w’ell established, to gradually abandon Coalition and form a party Administration. Coalition had serA’ed its purpose, and there w’ere now’ enough questions of great national importance arising on w’hich to cliA’ide two great parties, so that from this time forward we see Sir John aban- doning the idea of haA’ing “ all shades ot political opinion ” represented in his Cabinet, and recruiting his strength from the ranks ol his ow’ii party. Indeed the Globe claimed, after the reconstruction of the Cabinet, that there was not a member of the Reform party in it, and that, as far at least as Ontario w’as concerned, all traces of Coalition had disap- peared. Sir Francis Hincks, it claimed, had joined the C'onserA'atiA’e party in 1854, and had, also, been out of political life for fourteen years ; and it disputed his title to be called a repre- sentatiA’e of Ontario, as he had liA’ed in Quebec, or out of the country since 1843. Mr. Aikens, it asserted, no longer belonged to the Reform party, had not appealed to a constituency for years, and could not get elected in any part of Western Ontario. As for Mr. Morris, it desig- nated him as “ a serA’ile partisan of Sir John A. Macdonald.” The change was, hoAveA’er, pleasing to the Globe, as it carried out Mr. Brown’s idea of party government. 16. — Turning from political to social eA^ents, we find that, in July, His Excellency the OoA’ernor-Oeneral took a tour ^ ^ ^ lour 01 the (Governor- throii^’h Quebec and the Lower General through the ^ ^ lower Provinces. ProA’inces, and was everyAvhere enthusiastically AA^elcomed, except in NoA’a Scotia, where the Repealers had the bad taste to endeaA’our to prevent his being accorded any public welcome, but w^ere oA’erruled by the majority of the people. At Quebec he aagis en- tertained at a banquet and ciA’ic ball, and sailed for the Lower ProA’inces on the second of August, in the GrOA’ernment steamer Napoleon III., A’isiting New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island AAffiere he w^as cordially receiA'ed. The peojAle of Pictou, N. S., decided by a vote of 68 to 41 not to present him w’ith an address of welcome, and an attempt was made to pass a similar resolution at a public meeting at Halifax, held oji the tenth of August, but failed, and on his arriA’al, on sixteenth, he was presented w’ith a cordial address. On the eighteenth he formally 88 TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE LOIMINION OF CANADA. opened the Windsor and Annapolis Railway, and on the nineteenth was entertained at a grand banquet, from which, however, the members of the Local Grovernment carefully kept away, in order to show their anti-union proclivities. On leaving Halifax he went to St. John, N.B., where he was loyally entertained, and returned to Quebec where he remained for a considerable time. 17. — The great social event of the year however was the visit of Prince Arthur, who had been Visit of Prince gazetted to the Ritle Brigade on 19th June, 1868, and was now ordered to join his corps, which at that time was stationed in Canada. He arrived at Halifax in the steamer City of Paris, on the 22nd of August, and was received by His Excellency the Governor-General, the Lieutenant-Governor and a guard of honor on his landing. Halitax put on its most holiday attire and held high carnival during his stay, entertaining him at a grand banquet on the twenty-fourth, and a ball on the thirtieth. From Halifax he visited other parts of the Province and paid visits to Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, receiving everywhere a most enthusiastic reception. On the fifteenth of September he reached Quebec and spent four days there which were made one continued round of gaiety, a grand ball being given by the Lieutenant-Governor, and other entertainments. On the nineteenth he started for London, Ont., where he was to open the Provincial Exhibition. All along the route he was met with tokens of love and atfection, and such displays of loyalty as the brief time would permit. At London he received a perfect ovation, about 35,000 people attending the opening, and a grand ball being held in the evening. After visiting Niagara Falls and Bufialo he reached Toronto on the second of October, and the “ Queen City ” fairly excelled herself in her eftorts to do honor to the son of England’s Queen ; the ball held on the fourth being the grandest affair giAmn in the city since the visit of Prince of Wales. On the fifth he \tent from Toronto to Weston, and there turned the first sod of the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway, this being the only occasion in Canada when the first sod of a railway has been turned by a Prince of the Royal Blood. On the sixth he visited Kingston, w^here a grand ball was given in his honor, and on the eighth arrived in Montreal. There a house had been taken and furnished for him, as it was intended that he should pass the winter there with his regiment. His reception was quite as cordial as at other points. After a brief rest at Montreal, H. R. H. paid a A'isit to Ottawa, where he receiA^ed an enthusiastic welcome, and afterwards enjoyed a hunting trip to the Upper Ottawa, taking a Anew at the lumbering shanties by the way, returning to Montreal on the twenty-first of October. 18. — The Ausit of Prince Arthur at this parti- cular time had more than ordinary significance; The accomplishment of Confed- eration had disturbed two small significance of the T p • Prince’s visit. classes ot the community, m dili'erent ways, but tending towards the same re- sult — a seA'erance of connection wilh the British Empire. One class was so much elated at the consolidation of the Dominion, that it thought we might A^enture to ask to be allowed to go one step further, and become an entirely Inde- pendent Nation, preserAung friendly relations with Great Britain, but forming no jiart of the Empire, and entirely free from British control ; another small class — daily growing smaller — was dissatisfied with Confederation, and desired annexation to the United States, thinking that that course would promote the prosperity of the country more than any Union of the ProAunces and connection with the Empire. Both these small classes receiA'ed a seA^ere shock from the Ausit of the Prince ; for eA’ery where was his recep- tion so enthusiastic, the loA’e and deA^otion of the great mass to the people of the Crown so mani- fest, so deep and so loyal, that Annexationists and Independents had to hide their heads for A'ery shame, and those foreigners who had been misled by these false cries into the belief that the people of Canada had any desire to change their relations towards the Mother Country, were quickly conAunced of their mistake and GOVEENMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— 1869. 89 compelled to admit that Canada was never more loyal, never more devoted, never more proud of forming a portion of the Empire than at this time ; and that their most fervent wish was that the bond of love and duty might be made firmer. The Globe in commenting on this visit very jusitly said: “At the present moment it bears a significance which it would be unwise to disregard. It is asserted by many abroad who are ignorant of our position, and by an insignificant clique in our own Dominion, actuated by selfish motives, that our welfare and advancement depend on our renouncing allegiance to Grreat Britain, and starting in some, as yet undefined direction on our own responsibility. That such statements are untrue we have before now shown, and the bearing of the people towards Prince Arthur makes mani- fest how little effect they have had upon the public mind of Canada. Our sentiments towards the Mother Coiintry cannot be mistaken by those who seek to know the truth, and it is undeniable that in whatever form the future connection between Great Britain and her colonies may be resolved upon by those competent to decide, Canada will be found foremost amongst those who desire to strengthen the ties that nahrral affection, natural assistance, similarity of ideas and identity of sympathy may select as best calculated to cement the union of the British Empire.” 19. — Then, as a whole, the year eighteen hundred and sixty-nine was a prosperous and General review of the ^^dsfactoi y One for the NeW Dominion. The crops, although not unusually large, were abundant ; prices for necessaries of life ruled at moderate rates ; and trade, without being very large, was sufficient to show a sound, healthy tone, and gave evidence of a fair average prosperity. There were no large financial failures, and the only Bank difficulty of any kind was the temporary suspension of the Royal Canadian Bank, which caused some little inconvenience, but involved no loss to depositors or note-holders, except to such of the latter who were nervous at the moment of sus- pension and hastily disposed of their bills at a -1 — ^ discount before the real condition of the Bank had been ascertained. Rumors of the Bank having sustained heavy losses caused a run to be made on it, and, on the twenty-second day of May, the Directors thought it most prudent to suspend payments until the affairs of the Bank could be fully examined. This was done by Mr. Yarker, Manager of the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal, who made a report on the seventeenth of August, showing that by defal- cations and bad debts the capital of the Bank had been impaired to the extent of about twenty per cent. A change of Directors was made and an effort made to amalgamate with another Bank, but, after some negotiation with the Merchants’ Bank, the proposed arrangement fell through, and the Bank resumed business on the 13th of October under its own officers, and so continued until its amalgamation with the City Bank, of Montreal, when the name was changed to the Consoli- dated Bank, under which it now exists. Amongst the minor events of the year were the execution of Patrick Whelan at Ottawa, on the eleventh of February, for the murder of Thomas D’Arcy McGee, which we have already referred to, and the acquittal of Patrick Birckley and others accused of complicity in that crime. During the summer Father McMahon, who had been condemned to death and afterwards had his sentence commuted to imprisonment for life for taking part in the Fenian raids of 1866, was released from Kingston Penitentiary, where he had served out more than three years of his term. He showed his appreciation of the clemency extended to him by going to New York and violently attacking Great Britain and Canada. Another “ Fenian scare ” was raised in October, but beyond causing a little activity among the volunteers, had no result. In July, Her Majesty was pleased to bestow the honor of knighthood on the Hon. A. T. Galt, in recognition of his services in accomplishing Confederation, thus completing the list of those on whom honors were bestowed for their share in that noble work. There was one, however, who had strongly and zealously advocated 9 90 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Confederation, but who derived no honors from its accomplishment, however much he may have deserved them, and that was the Hon. George Brown, who had left the Government he had joined for the purpose of carrying Con- federation before the work was accomplished, and so lost recognition of his services. It would have been a gracefi^l act of the Govern- ment to have shown some appreciation of Mr. Brown’s services, although he did happen to be in opposition to the Local Administration at the time the work was completed. On this subject the Quebec Chronicle — a strong Con- servative organ — under date 19th July, said : “We deem this a proper occasion to endorse cordially the opinion of some of our contem- poraries, that in recognition of the services of those most prominently concerned in Confed- eration, the Hon. George Brown should not be passed over. Much as we have dilfered from him in opinion at times, and strongly as we have condemed some of his courses, truth and justice compel i;s to say that he has, both in opi^osition and in office, rendered Canada good service, and particularly in promoting C’olonial Union. In the latter work he made greater sacrifices than many of his colleagues, and had to face difficulties they never experienced.” CHAPTER IX. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE NORTH-AVEST. 1. Feeling in the North-West against Union with Canada. — 2. Reasons why THE French Half-breeds feared Union. — 3. Bishop Tache’s Non-Progressive Policy. — 4. The Elements of which the Population of the North-West was composed. — 5. A Government Indepen- dent OF THE Hudson’s Bay Company attempted at Portage la Prairie. — 6. The Imperial Government refuses to NEGOTIATE A TRANSFER UNTIL ARRANGE- MENTS ARE MADE WITH HuDSON’S BaY Company. — 7. Terms finally agreed to FOR THE Transfer. — 8. A Territorial Government provided for the North- West. — 9. Surveys ordered preparatory TO LAYING out TOWNSHIPS. — 10. HON. W. Macdougall appointed Governor of the North-West Territory. His Instruc- tions. — 11. Visit of Hon Joseph Howe TO Red River Settlement. — 12. Hon. Mr. Macdougall receives warning not TO ENTER THE TERRITORY. — 13. FRENCH Half-breeds determined to oppose Entrance of the Governor. — 14. Hon. Mr. Macdougall driven out of the Territory. 1. — We return again to affairs in the North- West. It will be remembered that on the 23rd of December, 1867, an address peeiine in the Nonh- was passed in Parliament pray- ing Her Majesty for the annex- ation of Rupert’s Land and the North-West Territory to the Dominion. The proposition to transfer this vast territory from the control of the Hudson’s Bay Company to that of Canada by no means met with general approval from all the inhabitants of the country, the objec- tions coming chiefly from the French Half- breeds, led by the Catholic priests — and at a later period than that of wffiich we are now writing, from the resident officers and employes of the Hudson’s Bay Company. In 1868 Bishop (now Archbishop) Tache published a very interesting little book entitled “ A Sketch of the North-West of America,” one of the main purposes of which was to show that the country was not nearly so fertile as it had been represented ; that the winters were very long and cold, and the summers very short and hot, and that it was not an attractive place for settlers. The worthy Bishop evidently thought that the Red River Settlement was well enough as it was, and did not advocate any change. After giving a brief sketch of the Colony,* and • The following account of the extent, mode of government, Ac., of the Colony in 1868, is taken from Archbishop Tach^’s work : “ Assiniboia is very circumscribed, inasmuch as its boundary is described GOVERNMENT OF Slli JOHN YOUXG— THE NORTH WEST. HI alkidiiig to the proposed annexation of Rupert’s Land to the Dominion he says : “ Oilspring- of Rupert’s Land, it will follow its mother and be ruled by the influences which affect her. Yet although not quite free, the child has acquired certain rights ; it posseses or occupies lands for which it has not always paid ; it has cultiYated them with its labor. True — the labor has not with a radius of only . 1 • meeting in the Metis. the fort Garry and Pembina Road. This “ Council” was created by resolu- tions passed at a meeting of the French Half- breeds held in the vicinity of the River Sale Church shortly after Mr. Howe’s departure, and had for its first President a French Half- breed, of Scotch descent,* named John Bruce, with Louis Riel as Secretary. It is under the direction of the Council that the barricade was thrown across the Pembina Road and guarded, at first, by a force of about a dozen men, which was increased in the course of a fortnight to about one hundred. Being only nine miles from Fort Garry, these proceedings were well known, and gave much alarm to the Canadian residents there and in its vicinity, who were amazed at the utter apathy shown by the Hudson’s Bay authorities; and one Walton Hyman, a tanner, whose tannery was only a short distance from this barricade, made an affidavit, on the 22nd October, 1869, before Dr. Cowan, stating the facts that had come to his knowledge, in the hope that this official information would arouse Governor MacTavish to the gravity of the situation, and induce him to take some action to prevent any opposition to the entrance of Governor Macdouirall. 2. — Although this information was positive j and circumstantial enough — even supposing, | which would be suiiposing a Apathy of the great deal, that the authorities company’s officers". ^ _ Curious conduct of had no previous knowledge oi Governor AlacTavish. what was going on so near the Fort — still ' Governor MacTavish and his Council remained inactive, and allowed the insurgents to perfect i their schemes without interruption. Nor can i the plea of want of power to put down the rising at this time be urged, for Riel had less than one hundred men, poorly armed, while the | authorities had, in addition to the ordinary con- stabulary of the country, numbering about forty 1- — While these events were occurring at the boundary line. Council meetings were being * It must be remembered that the term.s “ French” and “ Englisli” Half-breed.s are used not to designate the nationality of the partie."" inter- marrying with the Iudi,an.s, but the language spoken. 102 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. men, thirty or forty pensioners of the Royal Canadian Rifles, liable to do special service, and a force of 300 special constables sworn in a short time before. The only things, apparently, wanting to enable this incipient rebellion to be nipped in the bud were, a display of superior force, and the desire to do so, but these Grovernor MacTavish and his advisers never showed until the rebellion had gained such headway that it was beyond his power to control it, without appealing to arms, a course which would in all probability, have led to much bloodshed and serious loss of life. This doubtful neutrality has laid the resident officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company open to the very grave suspicion that they secretly encouraged the insurgents in their unlawful acts, in the hope that an armed oppo- sition to the acquirements of the territory by Canada would lead either to an abandonment of the scheme, or to an offer of “ Better terms ” in which some provision would be made for them for what they would lose by the transfer of the country. To say that Governor MacTavish and his advisers openly encouraged the insurgents is perhaps going a little too far, but that they did receive great encouragement from their inactivity is simply stating a fact. This in- activity seems all the more inexcusable and inexplicable when it is remembered that when the Governor returned from England in the summer, after an unsuccessful attempt to induce the Directors in London to allow the resident officers a share in the <£300,000 paid by the Caaiadian Government, he passed through Ottawa, and had several interviews with Min- isters, who asked him if he was in a position to transfer the Territory peueefuUy, as stipulated in the contract, offering to send up three hundred of the Canadian Rifles, then available, if he anticipated any trouble. To this the Governor replied most positively that he was quite able to carry out the terms of the contract without assistance, and yet vffien fifty determined men could have prevented any trouble, and he had about five hundred at his command, we find him unable to do anything but advise Governor Macdougall to remain at Pembina, and make himself and the Goverment he represented, lock ridiculous. 3. — About this time the mails which had to pass over the Pembina Road were stopped and examined, and all letters giving I j. 1 • The mails stopped- any true account of the condi- Difficulties of , . communication. non the country was in were suppressed, while all letters intended for par- ties in the Settlement suspected of being favor able to Canada were also stopped. This was mostly done at Riviere Sale by the insurgents, but it was also suspected that letters were opened and examined in the Post Office at Pem- bina, of which a strong annexionist and great friend of the insurgents was Postmaster. On account of this tampering with the mails great inconvenience was experienced in obtaining anything like correct information as to what was occurring in the Settlement, and Governor Macdougall was forc-ed to resort to all sorts of expedients, and employ only the most trust- worthy persons he could find, to get any letters from himself to Governor MacTavish, or any other person, taken into Fort Garry, while even greater difficulty was experienced in getting any information conveyed to Governor Mac- dougall. 4. — About the same time that Governor Mac- dougall was driven back to Pembina by Riel and his followers, it began to be . The capture of Fort rumoured that the insurgents in- Oany by the iusm- ^cnts • tended to take possession of the Fort, and the authorities were duly informed of the fact in ample time to have made prepara- tions for its defence, had they feJt so disposed, but they paid no attention to the warning. Sergeant James Mulligan, at that time Chief of Police at Fort Garry, states in an affidavit taken subsequently, that “ he urged upon Dr. Cowan, the Chief Factor in charge of Fort Garry, the danger in which the Fort stood, from the inten- tion of the insurgents to seize it ; and requested him to call upon a portion of the 300 special constables and the pensioners to defend it.” Fort Garry was a strong stone fort,* bastioned * “ The Upper Fort, or ‘ Fort Oiirry ’ proper, Is a rectangular building, about 200 yards by 85 yards. The original Fort was built about the year tJOVEENMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. 103 and defended by thirteen six-pounder guns, was amply srrpplied with ammunition and pro- A'isions, and had in it also 390 Enfield rifles, so that if Gfovernor MacTavish had only closed the gates, he could, at least, have held the place against any force that the insurgents could pos- sibly have brought against him, if he was afraid to do more ; but even this he failed to do, al- though he and Ur. Cowan were warned by other parties than Mulligan that the place would be taken possession of. Not the slightest pre- caution was taken, the gates w^ere not closed, cannon not in position, and yet the Clover nor and Chief Factor knew that a body of armed men had been in possession of the Pembina Road for ten days, and had threatened to occupy the Fort! On the afternoon of the second of November, Riel, with about 100 men, came down the road from Riviere Sale, entered the open gates, and immediately proceeded to billet themselves in the various houses within. Dr. Cowan, the officer in charge of the fort, saying, “ What do you want here with all these armed men ? ” Riel replied, “We have come to guard the Fort.” “ Against whom ? ” asked Dr. Cowman. “ Against a danger,” Riel answered. This was all the explanation given and seemed to satisfy the Chief Factor, and Riel and his follow'ers were left in undisturbed possession. 5. — The force being housed, next fed, and proceeded to arm themselves with Enfield rifles Formidable aspect P^^Ce of their OWll shot gUllS, liov.'^'^MacTaWsh’T' doscd the gates, set a guard, lame explanation. placed the cauiion ill positioii, and for the first time since its inception the re- bellion became formidable. The insurgents had now^ possession of nearly all the cannon in the settlement ; were abundantly supplied with small arms and ammunilion ; had all the pro- visions and other stores of the Hudson’s Bay Company, more than enough to last them all the winter, and it became evident that if they 1840, and was then 100 yards by 85 yards ; it has a stone wall about 10 feet high all round, with circular bastions pierced for gun.s. About the year 18-50 a second portion was added to it— 100 yards by 85 yards — but sur- rounded only by a wooden palisading on a stone foundation.” — Colonel IVobseley’s Oflicial .Journal of the Red River Expedition, 25th August, 1870. pleased to hold possession of the Fort until spring they could do so, for there was no force in the settlement able to dislodge them, and it would be summer, or perhaps later, before any force could arrive from Canada. In short, the insurgents w^ere now “ masters of the situation,” and held the position which ought to have been occupied by the loyal party, and which they would have occupied but for the supineness — to use no harsher term — of the officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Gfovernor MacTavish’s explanation of the capture of F ort Gfarry, as conveyed to the Hon. Mr. Macdougall in a letter dated 9th N ovember, is certainly a remarkable production when we consider that the Hudson’s Bay Company was still the de facto government, and that he, as the Chief officer, was supposed to protect the property of the Company, if nothing more. He says : “ Ex- cepting in one respect — but that, I am sorry to say, a serious if not in a formidable sense — little change, as far as we can learn, has, since my last, come over the arrangements or the spirit of these people * * *. The occurrence to which I have alluded in the preceding paragraph as being serious, is this, that on the afternoon of Tuesday, the 2nd inst., a number of these daring people, suddenly, and without the least intima- tion of their intention to make such a move, took possession of the gates of Fort Garry, where they placed themselves inside and out- side the gates, to the number in all of about one hundred and twenty, and where, night and day, they have constantly kept a pretty strong armed guard. On being asked what they meant by such a movement upon the Fort, they said their object was to iwotect it. Protect it from what ? they were asked. Their answer was — from danger. Against what danger ? they were asked. To this question, they replied that they could not now specify the danger, but that they would do so hereafter, and obstinately took up the positions they have since kept in spite of all our protests and remonstrances at such a bold and high-handed proceeding. On coming into the fort, they earnestly disclaimed all intention of injuring either person or property within it. 104 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. and it innst be allowed that in that respect they have kept their word ; bn.t it is an inconve- nience and a danger next to intolerable, to have a body ol' armed men, even wdth professions of peace towards onrselves, forcibly billeted npon an establishment such as this. Their intentions in coming- to the Fort they have never definitely exin-essed, nor have they yet specified the danger from which their presence was meant to protect the place. We are, therefore, left in some mea- sure to conjectures, and by these we are strongly led to believe that you were expected to come to the Fort, and that by thus having previous pos- session of the gates, they felt that they would be sure of keeping you out.” 6. — Headcjuarters being thus removed from Riviere Sale to more comfortable quarters, the ,, , . Councils were resumed, and on t'o«'n(Upie«'^ sixth of November Riel pro- Convention. ceedcd to thc village and directed Walter Robert Bown, proprietor of the Nor- Wesler, to print him a proclamation, and, on his refusing to do so, immediately made him a prisoner, placed a guard over the office, and caused the proclamation to be printed under the supervision of Mr. James Ross.* The posses- sion of Fort Garry gave such confidence to the insurgents that they assiimed the inspection of goods coming from the United States, and seized ail guns and ammunition, thus obtaining a number of double and single birffalo hiuiting O O * PUBLtC NOTICE TO THE INHABITANTS OF RUPERT'S LAND. The President and Repre.sentatives of the French speaking population of Rupert's Rand in Council (the invaders of our rights being now ex- pelled), already aware of your syiniiathy, do extend the hand of friend- sliip to you, our Iriendly fellow inhabitants : and in so doing, do hereby invite you to send twelve representatives from the following places viz; — St.John’s 1 St. Margaret ... 1 Ileadingly 1 St. .James 1 St. Mary’s 1 Kildon.an 1 St. Clement's 1 St. Andrew's 1 St. Paul's 1 St. Peter’s 1 Town of Winnipeg 2 in order to form one body with the above Council, consisting of twelve members, to consider the present political state of this country and to adopt such measures as may he best fitted for the future welfare of the same. A meeting of the above Council will be held in the Court House at Fort Oarry, on Tuesday, the 16th day of November, at which the invited representatives will attend. By order of the President, LOUIS RIEL, Sccrctitry* Fort Garry, 6th November, 1869. guns, the loss of which was severely felt when the settlers attempted resistance. At this time W. B. O’Uonohue joined the movement and j assumed the duties of Treasurer, collecting the four per cent, imposed on all merchandise which had been always levied by the Hudson’s Bay Company. O’Honohue was a very valuable i accession to the insurgent ranks, as he had been educated for the priesthood, possessed consid- I erable intelligence, and at that time occujiied the responsible positions of teacher in the j Roman Catholic ►"'chool at St. Boniface, and j priA'ate tutor to the children of Governor MacTaA'ish, whom O’Donohue did ilot hesitate to charge with being the instigator of the rebel- lion. * * When the general Amnesty Act wa.s passed during the .session of 1874, granting .amnesty to all parties concerned in the Red River troubles, except O'Donohue, the latter addressed a letter to the Speaker of the House of Commons, which we reproduce below as giving his version of the insurrection. O'Donohue was subseipiently pardoned in 1877, but died at St. Paul, Minnesota, almost immediately alter. To the Ilononihle Ihc Spetikrr of the Iftjtifte of- Commonn^ Ofltnrti Ctti/. Sir, — I hog to state to you ami the honorable body over which you pre- side, that a great injustice has been done me by the late action of Parlia- ment in excluding me from the amnesty granted to all others who participated in the insurrection of 18l>9 and 1870 in Manitoba. As this action of Pa.rli:unent would seem to throw the whole responsibility of the “Insurrection," the “Execution of Scott" and so-called “Fenian raid" on me, I do not propose .shouldering all of them, that those who j were responsible m.iy go forth spotless at my expense, purified by a reso- lution of Parliament. I I accordingly make the hdlowing statement of facts, which I can prove most conclusively : 1st. The insurrection was advised by Governor William MacTavish who, with other oilicer.s of the Hudson's Bay Company, also aided and .abetted it from its inception, up to the very hour it ceased to exist. 'That Kiel was in constant communication with Governor MacTavish, and on many occasions under his instructions. That he. Governor MacTavish, fully recognised the Provisional Government. That Donald A. Smith, on arriving at Fort Garry, recognised the Government also in my own hearing, and with Governor MacTavish, was Riel’s adviser during his stay in the Fort, and after the departure of both of these from the country. Riel coutteued to hold counsel with John MacTavish, who then represented the Hudson’s Bay Company. 2nd. That others, whose names I now forbear mentioning, and who are very “ loyal ’’ .subjects, advised recourse to arms. 3rd. That I was not a party to the insurrection till the 1.5th November, 1869, about four weeks after its inauguration, and two weeks after posses- sion W’as taken of Fort Garry. 4th. That the case of Thomas Scott was never brought before the Provisional Government, either before or after the execution or “murder,” as it is properly termed, of Thomas Scott ; that I am entirely clear of this charge, and shonld no other alternative be left me to remove the stigma of murder from my character, I am determined to do so at some future day at any hazard. From this I state without fear of contradiction, that thc Provisional Government did not order the trial or execution of Scott, and that neither as a member of that Government, nor as a private individual, h.ad I any part, directly or indirectly, in the execution of Thomas Scott. Neither was I brought, at any time, before the Privy Council composed of the French members of the Legislature. Further, GOVERNMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. 105 7. — On receipt of Gfovernor MacTavish’s letter informing him of the capture of FortG-arry, the Hon. Mr. Macdougall wrote to Gov. MacTavish at . ia.-!t issac.s a that gentleman, urging on him Proclamation, ® » o o prderiiiK the that uiitil the actual transfer of insur^rents to di.^^pewe. the territory took place the Hud- son’s Bay Company was the only government, and that it was his duty, as Governor of that Company, to issue a Proclamation calling on the insurgents to disperse, and to take such other steps as may be necessary to insure the peace- ful transfer of the territory, as agreed on in the contract, when the time for that transfer came. To this remonstrance from Mr. Macdougall Governor MacTavish paid no attention, and matters were allowed to remain in statu quo, as far as any attempt to put down the insurgents was concerned. The capture of Fort Garry and the seizure of all arms showed plainly to the that as a member of the (xovernment, and having my residence in Fort Garry, I was entirely ignorant of the fact that a Military Council was to be held, or being held, to try any of the prisoners there confined until I was summoned to give testimony, by Riel and the Council then sitting on Scott’s case, which summons I treated with contempt by informing the Council that it was acting without authority, and as such I failed to recognize it, and that I refused to testify in the case. That neither Riel nor .any other officer of the Government consulted with me, nor I with either of them, on the trial or execution, and that I am entirely innocent of the blood of Scott, which, were I given an opportunity, I could prove conclu.sively. And further, that but for my part in the so-called “ Fenian raid” — of which I will speak hereafter — I would have gone to Manitoba long since and demanded a trial on evidence in my possession, 5, — That the so-called ” Fenian raid ” is ii //u^norner* as Feniauism had nothing whatever to do with it. That it w.as simply a continuation of the insurrection inaugurated iu 18119, and with the same avowed intention, and by the same parties, a fact which the then existing Government of Manitoba was cognizant of for months previous to the so-called ‘‘ raid.” That my part iu it was simply that of an agent of the people, holding a commission authorized by a resolution of the Council held at La Riviere Sale in Sei)tember, 1870, over which Council L. Riel presided. This com- mission I hold, signed by the officers, both civil and military, of the late Provisional Government of the French party, and also a copy of the reso- lution authorizing the commission, as a proof of which I have iu my possession the minute book of the Council. That I am aware persistent efforts have been made by certain parties since I left the country to throw the responsibility of all the unlawful acts committed during the “ troubles ” upon me. A certain pamphlet was published hist winter “ to show why an amnesty should be issued by the Canadian Government,” in which this effort was repeated, and the “manifesto letter ” of Riel aimed also at this point. Had the causes of the ‘‘ troubles” and the acts committed by them been thorougaly investi- gated, these immaculate gentlemen would doubtless stand iu a different position in the eyes of the public from what they do at present— purified by a resolution of Parliament and amnesty. That I ask no favors now of the Can.adian Government, or Parliament, they have meted out to me the full measure of their injustice, but the world shall know in my own good time the whole unvarnished truth. W. B. O'DONOIIUE, Secretary and Treasurer, &c., Ac., of the late Provisional Government of Rupert’s Land, N. W. St. Paul, Minn., February 26th, 1875. Canadians that the insurgents meant to estab- lish a government by force, and they, therefore, dre’w up an address to Governor MacTavish, which was largely signed, calling upon him to issue a proclamation calling upon the insurgents to lay down their arms. This address was pre- sented on the 12th November, but it was not until four days after — the very day of the meet- ing of the Convention called by Riel — that the Governor at last issued his tardy Proclamation, reciting the unlawful acts which had been committed, and charging all those engaged “ immediately to disperse themselves and peace- ably to depart to their habitations or their lawful business, under the pains and penalties of the law.” The proclamation was a very weak production, not worth insertion here, and seems to have been purposely held back by Governor MacTavish until the day of the meeting of the Convention, in order that the English portion of the people might partly commit themselves to the movement by electing delegates to attend. The Engligh were unwilling to appear in any way to sanction the acts of Riel and his asso- ciates ; and were only induced to send members to the Convention, by the circulation of a rumor that the result of the meeting would be an abandonment of this position by the inijurgents, and the extension of an invitation to Governor Macdougall to enter the seltlement in peace. 8. — The English speaking portion of the com- munity was extremely loth to pay any attention to the proclamation of “ The Pre- Cuuvention on the sidciit aiid Representatives of the Kith November. h rench-speaking population of Rupert’s Land ” issued by Riel, on Gth No- vember, inviting them to send delegates to the Convention to be held at Fort Garry, on 16th ; but partly induced by the hope that they might be able to influence the convention to some good purpose, they finally agreed to send dele- gates, and representatives were chosen. The Convention met in the Court House, which was guarded by 150 armed men, and all the mem- bers were present except one English delegate who became so much alarmed at the display of force around the building that he returned 11 106 TUTTLE’S IIISTOKY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. home.* To this assembly the x^roclamation of Governor MacTavish was read, the insurgent portion seeming to regard it as a weak show of attempted authority, and the English members regarding it as a farce. The reading of the pro- clamation, and the protests of the English mem- bers against the show of force concluded the first day’s business, and nothing beyond talk was accomplished on the following day. The eighteenth and nineteenth being the days ap- pointed for holding the Hudson’s Bay’s Com- pany’s Quarterly Court, the Convention ad- journed until the twenty-second, in order that the room might be used for its legitimate pur- pose. The Court met, disposed of some criminal cases, but, singular to say, no reference was made to the acts of lawlesness committed by the insurgents. 9. — On the 22nd November, the Convention again assembled, and after debating all day on Riel declares his advantages, or otherwise, of uiiioii with Caiiada, nothing Government. arrived at. Oiie English member finally proposed that the French should lay down their arms, and then both sides of the population would be on equal footing to discuss matters; and suggested that Mr. Macdougall should be allowed to enter the Territory, so ♦ The following is a list of the members elected : Town of Winnipeg Kildonan St. .John’s St. Paul’s St. Andrew’s St. Clement’s St. Peter’s St. James’ Headingly • • ■ St. Ann’s Portage-lii-Prairie ENRLI.SH MEMBERS. Henry McKenney, ^ H. F. O'Lone. James Ro.ss. Maurice Lowman. Dr. Bird. Itonald Gunn. Thomas Bunn. Henry Prince, Imlian Chief of the Sanlteux. Robert Tait. William Tait. (fco. Gunn. John Garriooh. St. Franfois Xavier St. Boniface St. Vital St. Norbert St. Anne’s FRENCH MEMBERS. r Francois Daupbinais, < Pierre Poitras. t Pierre Laviellier. W. B. O’ltonohue. S Andre Beauchemin. ( Pierre Paranteau, Sr. I Baptiste Towron. ) Louis la Serte. i Charles Xolin, ' Jean Baptiste Perreault. John Bruce, Pre.sident. Louis Riel, Secretary. , Seizure of the hooks, tind tne cash, Jtc., of the , Collector of Customs. Bay Company took that all could place their grievances before him and seek redress. On this Riel rose excitedly and said that Mr. Macdougall should never enter the Territory, either as a private individual or as a Governor. That broke up the meeting for that day. On the 23rd, Riel and party seized the books and records of the Council of Assini- boia, and, on the meeting of the delegates, that day, threw off the mask and declared the inten- tion of the French members to form a Provi- sional Government. The English delegates declaring that that was a question they could not discuss without consulting their consti- tuents, it was agreed to adjourn the Convention until 1st December. 10. — Up to this period Riel and his followers had made a pretence of respecting the authority of the Hudson’s Bay Company as a goveining power Hudson’s the ec^ually strange course of assuming that they w^ere overcome by force, without ever having made the slightest attempt to put down that force ; but on the 24th, Riel no longer kept up the farce of pretending to respect the author- ity of the Hudson’s Bay Company, but going to the office of Mr. Roger Goulet, Collector of Customs under the Hudson’s Bay Company, took posession of all books, papers, cash and due bills. On the same day he attempted to take posession of a quantity of goods belonging to the Canadian Government, which were stored in the premises of Dr. John Schultz, and placed a guard over the store ; but the guard was enticed away while Riel was at lunch and the store locked, and although Riel brought out two field pieces and pointed them at Dr. Schultz’s house, thi’eatening • to knock it down if the stores were not given up, the Docter remainded firm, and Riel, anxious to avoid firing the first shot, w’as content to let the goods remain where they were for the ijresent. 11. — Shortly after this an effort was made to induce the FTench to agree to a middle course, that of allowing the Hudson’s Exclusion of Bay Company to rule until mat- ters were arranged; and to ap- Convention. GOVEENMENT OF SIE .TOTIN' YOUNG— TITE NOETII-WEST. 101 point a Committee which should represent all shades of opinioii, to confer with Mr. Mac- dongall at Pembina. As Riel was anxious to induce the English delegates to attend the ad- journed Convention on 1st December, so as to give a color of unanimity to his contemplated assumption of supreme jiower, he pretended to agree to this proposal, although, at the same time he was industriously circulating reports among his own party, calculated to still more incense them against Mr. Macdougall and the Canadian party. In order to be sure of a major- ity in the Convention it was attempted to pack a meeting in the Engine House, but a number of Canadians having got in, and Riel, finding that the peace party was likely to obtain a majority, had the lights put out, and the next day, a special meeting was called by Mr. A. Gr. B. Bannatyne, to consider first who were to be entitled to vote, and then discuss other matters. This special meeting decided to exclude most of the Canadian votes, and the insurgent ele- ment of the town, composed of the majority of the Americans and those in the Hudson’s Bay Company’s interest, had things their own way. 12. — On the first of December the adjourned meeting of delegates took place, and the English delegates soon found that their pacific proposals of the interval were to be disregarded, and that the French had prepared a list of matters they wished the English to agree to, and on their dissenting to the principal points in it, the French, who, with the two English delegates from the town of "W^innipeg who were in their interest, were in a majority, passed what they called the “ Bill of Rights.” * This Bill being passed, the English, •BILL OF RIGHTS. 1. The right to elect our own Legislature. 2. The Legislature to have power to pass all laws, local to the Territory, over the veto of the Executive, by a two-thirds vote. 3. No Act of the Dominion Parliament (local to this Territory) to be biilding on the people until sanctioned by their representatives. 4. All Sheriffs, Magistrates, Constables, Ac., Ac., to be elected by the people — a free homestead pre-emption law. 5. A portion of the public lands to be appropriated to the benefit of schools, the building of the roads, bridges and parish buildings. 6. A guarantee to connect Winnipeg by rail with the nearest line of railroad — the land grant for such road or roads to be subject to the Legis- lature of the Territory. 7. For four years the public expenses of the Territory, civil, military .and municipal, to be paid out of the Dominion Treasury. Bill of Rights passed. after making another ineffectual attempt to have a conference with Mr. Macdougall, retired to their homes, feeling that they had only been called together to give a color of unanimity to pro- ceedings which they remonstrated against, and which they, in common with the loyal portion of the French population, saw, might lead to the gravest consequences. CHAPTER XI. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG.- NORTH-WEST. -THE 1. — Hon. W . M.vcdouCtAll’s humiliatino posi- tion AT Pembiba. — 2. He charges the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Officials with complicity with the Insurgents. — 3. He ISSUES A Proclam.ation announcing him- self AS Governor of the North-West Territory. — 4. Action of Canadian Gov- ernment. The Queen’s Proclamation. — 5. Mr. Macdougall Commissions a Con- servator OF THE Peace. — 6. Failure of Colonel Dennis to arouse the English Half-breeds. — 7. Condition of Affairs in Winnipeg. — 8. Surrender of 45 Canadians IN Dr. Schultz’s House. — 9. Declaration OF Independence. — 10. Hoisting the Rebel Flag. Riel becomes President. — 11. Ar- rival OF THE Canadian Commissioners. 1. — We will now return to the Hon. W’^illiam ! 8. The military to be composed of the people now existing in the Territory. 9. The French and English language to be common in the Legislature and Council, and all public documents and acts of Legisliiture to be published in both languages. 10. That the .Judge of the Superior Court speak both French and English. 11. Treaties to be concluded and ratified between the Government and several tribes of Indians of this Territory, calculated to insure peace in future. 12. That all privileges, customs and usages existing at the time of the transfer be respected. 13. That these rights be guaranteed by Mr. Macdougall before he be admitted into this Territory. 14. If he have not the power himself to grant them, he must get an Act of Parliament passed expressly securing us the rights j and until such Act be obtained, he must stay outside the Territory. l.fi. That we have full and fair representation in the Dominion Parlia- ment. 108 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Macdougall, who, after being driven out of the Hudson’s Bay post near Pembina, Hon- W.Macdou^all’s i* i ,i i* • j hmniiiating position retired aci’oss the liiie into United States territory, and took up temporary residence on the farm of a French Canadian named Larose, about two miles south of the Pembina River. Here he remained for six weeks writing despatches to the Secretary of State for the Provinces, to G-overnor MacTavish, and to Canadian friends in Fort Garry, when- ever he could get an opportunity to send letters past the barricade at River Sale, waiting an ojrportunity of getting quietly into the Settle- ment, and expecting to hear that the Royal Proclamation had been issued and the Territory duly transferred by the Imperial Government to the Dominion. His position was peculiar and embarrassing ; hampered with his own family as well as the members of his staff and proposed new Government, he found himself with about twenty persons in his party, and scarcely accom- modation for one-third of that number, with winter coming on, the hope of reaching Fort Garry diminishing, and the dangers and dif- ficulties of returning to St. Paul daily increasing. To this must be added the humiliation of being kept hanging about the borders of the Settle- ment, while the authorities made no effort to assist him, and Governor MacTavish contented himself with advising him, like Micawber, to wait “ for something to turn up.” 2. — Becoming convinced at last that he need expect no help from the officials of the Hudson’s He charges the Bay Company, some of whom, at Company’s officials least, he charges with complicity with complicity with . , , . w the imsurgents. With the insurgeufs,* aiid be- • “ I cannot account for this extraordinary reticence and hasty surren- der of authority by the legal rulers of the country upon any theory but that of the weakness and imbecility of the (Jovernor, and the complicity of some members of his Council with the insurrection. I have evidence that one of his Councillors, at whose house some of the first meetings of the malcontents were held, is in correspondence with the American plot- ters at Pembina ; and trying to find out through them what my intentions and movements are. This treason within the Council will also account for the stopping of supplies which were ordered by the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany’s agent here, for our use as well as his own, and which the rebels could have known nothing about unless some of the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany’s employds had disclosed their destination. 'The rebels had not previously interfered with the Company’s carts or trade operations.” — Extract from letter of Hon. W. Macdougall to Hon. Joseph Howe, 7th November, 1869- lieving that the transfer would be made on the first of December, and his commission as Lieu- tenant-Governor thereby go into effect, he com- menced making preparations for that event, with a view to calling on the loyal portion of the popu- lation to put down the insurgents, either by a show of force, or by actual strength of arms if necessary. He was kept well advised of the state of affairs in the Settlement, and felt well assured that as soon as he could issue a Proc- lamation as the representative of Her Majesty, the loyalty of the Canadians and English Half- breeds would assert itself, and the French would hesitate to offer armed resistance to the repre- sentative of the Queen, where they did not scruple to attempt to scare the Hon. Mr. Macdougall. Although aware of the surrender of Fort Garry — for it can be called nothing else — by the Hudson’s Bay authorities, he still had hopes that the insurgents would lay down their arms when there was any show of force and authority against them. In, this, however, events jjroved that he was mistaken, and the Settlement very narrowly escaped a most dis- astrous war of creeds and races. 3. — On the same eventful 1st of December on which the Convention re-assembled at Fort Garry and ultimately passed the ^ “ Bill of Rights,” Mr. Macdougall, rnno“g him..eif acting on the supposition that No?th'-West°^*''® the transfer to Canada had been made on that day, issued a Proclamation an- nouncing his appointment as Lieutenant- Governor of the North-West Territories.* Mr. ♦ Victoria, by the Orace of God, of thelUnited'Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c., Ae., &c. William Macdougall. To all whom it may concern— Greeting : [L. S.] PROCLAMATION. Whereas, by ‘‘The British North America Act, 1867,” it was (amongst other things) enacted, that it should be lawful for Her Majesty, by and with the adv'ice of Her Majesty’s Most Honorable Privy Council, on Address from the Houses of Parliament of Canada, to admit Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory, or either of them, into the Union of the Dominion of Canada, on such terms and conditions as are in the address expressed, and as Her Majesty thinks fit to approve ; And, whereas, for the purpose of carrying into effect the said provisions of “ The British North America Act, 1867,’’ ‘‘The Rupert’s Land Act, 18G8,” enacted and declared, that it should be competent for ” the Gov- ernor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson’s Bay,” to surrender to Her Majesty, and for Her Majesty, by any instrument under Her sign manual, and signet, to accept a surrender of all, or any of the lands, territories, powers, and authorities, whatsoever, granted, or. G(JVEENMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG- THE NORTH WEST. 109 Macdougall has been blamed, and with some jnstice, for precipitancy in issuing this Pro- clamation before receiving information that the Territory had been transferred to Canada, and it was certainly unfortunate that he so far com- mitted himself without sufficient information, for it so happened that the Territory had not been transferred, and Mr. Macdougall had no more legal right to issue a Proclamation than Mr. Riel had, and the insurgents knew that he had not the power and laughed at the Proclama- tion and its promulgator. There is no reason to doubt that Mr. Macdougall was quite honest in issuing his Proclamation, and believed that, by straining a point, he had the right to do so, for when he left Canada the first of December was the date agreed on for the tranfer, and although he had not received official information that the i;300,000 had been paid and the transfer made by the Hudson’s Bay Company, neither had purported to bo granted, by certain Letters Patent of Ilis Late Majesty King Chnrlen the Second, to the said Governor and Company within Ruiiert’a Lamt, upon such terms and conditions as should be agreed upon, by and between Her Majesty, and the said Governor and Company ; And, whereaa, by “The Rupert’s Land Act, 18G8,” it is further enacted, that from the date of the admission of Rupert’s Land into the Dominion of Canada, as aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the Parliament of Canada to make, ordiin, and establish, within the said land and territory so admitted, as aforesaid, all such laws, institutions, and ordinances, and to constitute such courts and officers as may be necessary for the peace, order, and good government of Her Majesty’s subjects, and others therein ; And, whereas, it is further provided by the said Act that until other- wise enacted by the said Parliament of Canada, all the powers, authorities, and jurisdiction of the several courts of justice, now established in Rupert’s Land, and of the several officers thereof, and of all the magistrates and justices, now acting within the said limits, shall continue in full force and effect therein ; And, whereas, the said Governor and Company have surrendered to Her Majesty, and Her Majesty has accepted a surrender of all the lands, ter- ritories, rights, privileges, liberties, franchises, powers and authorities granted, or purported to be granted by the said Letters Patent, upon certain terms and conditions agreed upon by and between Her Majesty, and the said Governor and Company ; And, whereas. Her Majesty, by and with the advice of Her Majesty's most Honorable Privy Council, and on an Address from both the Houses of the Parliament of Canada, in pursuance of the one hundred and forty- sixth section of " The British North America Act, 1809,” hath declared that Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory, shall, from the first day of December in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, be admitted into, and become part of the Dominion of Canada, upon the terms and conditions expressed in the said Address, of which Her Majesty has approved, and Rupert’s Land, and the North- Western Territory, are admitted into the Union, and have become part of the Dominionjif Canada accordingly ; And, whereas, the Parliament of Canada, by an Act intituled : “ An Act for the Temporary Government of Rupert’s L,and and the North-Western Territory, when united with Canada,” enacted that it should be lawful for the Governor, by any order, or orders, to be by him, from time to time, made with the advice of the Privy Council (and subject to such conditions and restrictions as to him should seem meet), to authorize and empower such officer as he may, from time to time, appoint, as Lieutenant- he received any intimation that negotiations had been suspended. Still Mr. Macdougall was some- what to blame for not taking into account the change which had occurred since the first of December was agreed on as the day for the transfer to Canada ; then everything was quiet, and Grovernor MacTavish assured the Canadian Ministers that he was in a xrosition to transfer the Territory xreace fully ; now there was a large body of armed men in xrossession of the chief fort in the settlement, the Grovernment of the Hudson’s Bay Comx^any was dexmsed — whether willingly or unwillingly does not matter — and where Mr. Macdougall fell into error was in sux^posing that the Canadian (xovernment would accept the country in a state of internal commo- tion when it was specially agreed that the transfer would be a peaceful one.f Governor of the North-West Territories, to make provision for the administration of justice therein, and generally to make, ordain, and establish all such laws, and insdtutions and ordinances as may be neces- sary for the peace, order, and good government of Her Majesty’s subjects and others therein. Now know Ye, that vve have seen fit, by Our Royal Letters Patent, bearing date the twenty-ninth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, to appoint the Honorable William Macdougall, of the City of Ott.awa, in the Province of Ontario, in the Dominion of Canada, and member of Privy Council for Canada, and Companion of Our Most Honorable Order of the Bath, on, from and after the day to be named by Ua, for the admission of Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory, aforesaid, into the Union or Dominion of Canada, to wit : or from and after the first day of December, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, to be, during our pleasure, the Lieutenant (rovernor of t’ne North-West Territories ; And we did thereby authorize, and empower, and require and command him, in due manner, to Oo and Execute, in all thirvgs that shall belong to his said commsind, and the Tnist we hav-v reposed in him, according to the several provisions and instructions granted, or appointed him, by virtue of our said Commission, and the Act of the Parliament of Canada, hereinbefore recited, and according to such instru dions as have been, or may, from time to time, be given to him, and to such laws as are or shrill be enforced within the North-West Territories. Of all which Our Loving Subjects of Our Territories, and all others whom these presents may concern, are hereby required to take notice, and govern themselves accordingly. In Testimony Whereof, we have caused these Our Letters, to be made Patent, and the Great Seal of Our North-West Territories to be hereunto affixed : Witness Our Trusty and Well Beloved, The Honorable William Macdougall, Member of Our Privy Council for Canada, and Commander of Our Most Honorable Order of the Bath, Lieutenant-Governor of our North-West Territorie.s, etc., Ac., mg- enough, biit which was really not worth the Failure (if Colonel ... Dennis to arouse the paper it was Written Oil, as jyir. English Hall bleeds. authority to issue it. Colonel Dennis at once made his way to Winnipeg and communicated with some of the “ friends of law and order,” as the loyal party was sometimes called. lie took possession of the Stone Fort, or Lower Fort Garry, appoint- ed a number of officers in the different parishes, and began drilling his men. At first the English Half-breeds were quite enthusiastic, and the Christian Indians, under their Chief “ Prince,” tendered their services and a force of fifty was retained by Colonel Dennis to guard the Fort. This incautious action gave rise to the report that Governor Macdougall was enrolling the Sioux and other tribes to fight the French, and caused great anxiety in Canada for awhile, as well as a great fear in Minnesota and Dakota that their frontier would be plunged into all the horrors of an Indian war ; but the fear was soon allayed by the repudiation by Governor Mac- dougall of any intention of employing Indians ; and the collapse of Colonel Dennis’ mission as “ Conservator of the Peac'e ” soon diisiielled any danger of an actual conflict. The distribution by Riel amongst the Scotch and English Half- breeds of the “ Bill of Rights ” adopted by the Convention on the first of December, had the effect of making many waver in their opposition to him and rather disposed to think that he was only demanding what was just in requiring some kind of guarantee from the Canadian Government that their rights and property would be respected. Again, many of the Scotch Half-breeds were rich, and they hesitated about engaging in a strife where they saw that the men of property would be the first and most heavy losers ; so that although Colonel Dennis in his role of Conservator enrolled some 400 men in the different parishes, they soon grew luke- Avarm and he became convinced that no rising could be effected. He, howeA^er, endeaAmred to effect a meeting between Riel and Hon. Mr. MacdoAAgall, AA'hich Riel promised should take place, l)ut broke his promise as usual. Another thing which operated very unfaAmrably against Mr. Macdougall AA'^as the doubt which was soon thrown upon his right to the title of Lieirtenant- GoA^ernor, there being no official- notification of the transfer ; and Colonel Dennis, finding he could do nothing, and that his authority was doubtful, prirdently retired to Pembina, and shortly after returned to Canada with Mr. Mac- dougall, who left Pembina on 18th December, as soon as he found that his commission was worthless, and that he could do no good by remaining longer. 7. — Coming back to affairs at Fort Garry, we find that on the refusal of the English delegates to the ConAmntion which closed « ^ ■ its sittings on the 1st December, to join in the formation of a ProA'isional GoA'ern- ment. Riel determined to carry matters with a high hand. Being informed that the Hon. Mr. Macdougall’s Proclamation was being printed at the office of the Nor- Wester, he endeaA’oured to arrest its proprietor, Mr. W. R. Bown, and took possession of the office, but not until the Procla- mation had been printed. On the same evening (1st Dec.) an attempt was made to arrest Dr. vSchultz, who was the most objectionable of all the “Canadian” party to Riel, but the Doctor was absent at the Stone Fort consulting with Colonel Dennis, and the only result was an alarm to Mrs. Schultz, who Avas an iiiA^alid. The village of Winnipeg was now in a state of great excitement and confusion ; armed guards patrol- led the streets ; the Canadians were placed under surveillance ; the Proclamations of Hon. Mr. Macdougall, which had been posted up in conspicuous places, were torn down, and general alarm preA^ailed. While Colonel Dennis was enrolling all the recruits he could muster at the Stone Fort or others places, the Canadians in Winnipeg, to the number of about fifty, who had been already enrolled, assembled at the house of Dr. Schultz, about eight hundred yards’ distance from Fort Garry, to protect the property of the Canadian Government stored there. This small force, Avhich was but imperfectly armed, put the place in as good a state of defense as possible, and soon Avas in a state of siege (iOVr^ENMENT OF SUi JOHN YOUNG— Til F NORTII-WFST. 113 by Riel, who had now over three hundred men with him. Several times the parties very nearly came into collision, but each side was anxious to have the other lire the first shot, and they stood very much like a couple of school boys, anxious to fight but each afraid to “strike first.” 8. — For three days the Canadian party in Dr. Schultz’s house remained in a state of siege, „ , . and in the meanwhile the hopes Surrender ot ^ ^ forty-five Canadians Coloiiel Deiiiiis being able to raise any considerable force were dissipated. Fearing that a collision might occur, Colonel Dennis sent an order to the Canadians to leave Winnipeg and go to Kildonan School-house, as he could not come to their assistance, and warning them on no account to be provoked into firing the first shot. The bearer of this order was captured by Riel, and it gave him increased confidence. Cut off from wood and water the little force began to feel the pressure of the investment. Exhausted by the necessity of being at their posts night and day, they decided on the evening of the sixth to attempt to cut their way oirt on the following day, but on that morning Riel sent in Lepine and Moran, two of his prominent followers, and Mr. A. Gf. B. Bannatyne, brother-in-law of Grovernor MacTavish, under a flag of truce. Through these persons the Canadians were told that Riel knew that Colonel Dennis had advised them to surrender (which was correct), that he had agreed to have an interview with Hon. Mr. Macdougall, and that if they would march up to Fort Garry they would simply be disarmed and allowed to go where they pleased. Some of the party doubted the sincerity of this promise ; but on the assurance of Bannatyne, the only one of the party who spoke English, that the agreement would be faithfully kei:)t, and that he would personally guai’antee all private property, the Canadians surrendered, and with Mrs. Schultz, Mrs. Mair, and Mrs. O’Donnell, were taken to Fort Garry, not, however, to be released, for they found when disarmed that the gates were shut, a feu de joie fired, and arrangements made for their close imprisonment.* 9. — Dr. Schultz and the majority of the inis- oners w'ere within the walls of the Fort and securely guarded, while Thomas j^eciaration of Scott and some others were placed in the prison of the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany, which was outside the walls, and withal not a very secure building. Having by his promise to meet Hon. Mr. Macdougall induced Colonel Dennis to discontinue his efforts to enroll men, and, by his duplicity, caiitured the Canadians who were in arms, there was now no force available to oppose Riel, and the night of the seventh was one of high orgies among the insurgents. Riel and his Court became outrageously drunk on the rum found amongst the stores of the Hudson’s Bay Company. The work of capturing the Canadians without firing a .shot accomplished. Riel forgot his promise to see Mr. Macdougall, and on the very next day (the eighth of December) issued a proclamation, which was virtually a Declaration of Independ- ence, and which bore such unmistakable signs of American “ spread-eagleism” in its composi- tion that its authorship was generally attributed to Stuttsman, the Postmaster of Pembina, who was a rabid Annexationist and a great friend of Riel’s. The following is the list of prisoners taken on 7th December John Schultz, M. D. W. J. Davis. Arthur Hamilton, J. B. Haines. G. D. MoVicar, II. Weightman, R. P. Meade, L. W’. Archibald, Henry Woodington, C. B. P -f jA.Lapine. St. Boniface -j jog, (Jenton. 1 Louis Schmidt. St. Vidal 5 Louis Riel. . ( A. Beauchemin. ( P. Parenteau. St. Norbert tN. Laronche- ( B. Towron. r, . , n i Louis La scerte. Point Coupee j p, Delorme. Pt. A. Grouette. . Geo. Klyne. English Representatives. ,,, ,, , , i R v.H Cochrane St. 1 eter s j Thos. Spence. ^ i Thomas Bunn. St- Clement s. . . j Alex. McKenzie. ( .Judge Black. St. Andrew's .. t such as may be imposed by the Local Legislature for Municipal or other Local purjioses. 3. During the time this country remains a Territory in the Dominion of Canada, all military, civil, and other public expenses in connection with the general government of the country, — or that have hitherto been borne by the public funds of the Settlement, beyond the receipt of the above mentioned duties, shall be met by the Dominion of Canada, 4. That while the burden of public expense in this country is borne by Canada, the country be governed under a Lieutenant-Governor from Canada, and a I.egislature, three members of whom being heads of deiiartments of the Government, shall be nominated by the Governor General of Canada. 5. That after the expiration of this exceptional period, the country shall be governed, as regards its local affairs, as the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec are now governed, by a Legislature elected by the people, and a Ministry responsible to it, under a Lieutenant-Governor appointed by the Governor General of Canada. 6. That there shall be no interference by the Dominion Parliament in the Local affairs of this Territory other than is allowed in any of the Provinces in the Confederation ; and that this Territory shall have and enjoy in all respects, the same privileges, advantages and aids in meeting the public expenses of this Territory as the Confederated Provinces have and enjoy. 7. That while the North-West remains a Territory, the Legislature have a right to pass all laws local to the Territory, over the veto of the Lieu- tenant-Governor, by a two-third vote. 8. A Homestead and Pre-emption Law. 9. That while the North-West remains a Territory, the sum of §25,000 (twenty-five thousand dollars) a year be appropriated for schools, roads and bridges. 10. That all public buildings be at the cost of the Dominion Treasury. 11. That there shall be guaranteed uninterrupted steam communica- tion to Lake Superior within five years, and also the establishment by rail of a connection with the American railway as soon as it reaches the International line. 12. That the English and French languages be common in the Legisla- ture and Courts, and that all public documents and Acts of the Legisla- ture be published in both languages. 13. That the Judge of the Supreme Court speak the French and English languages. 14. That treaties be concluded between the Dominion and the several Indian tribes of the country, as soon as possible. 15. That until the population of the country entitles us to more, we have four representatives in the Canadian Parliament — one in the Senate and three in the Legislative Assembly. 16- That all properties, rights and privileges, as hitherto enjoyed by us, be respected and the recognition and arrangement of local customs, usages and privileges, be made underthe control oftho Local Legislature. 17. That the Local Legislature of this Territory have full control of all the public land inside a circumference, having Upper Fort Garry as the 120 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMIXIOISr OF CANADA. g’aA'e his reply to the “ Bill of Rights” (see foot- note), and concluded by inviting delegates to go to Ottawa, and consult with the Groveni- inent. His speech, as reported in the Neiv centre, and that the radii of this circninference, be the number of miles that the American line is distant from Fort Carry. 18. That every man in this country (except uncivilized and unsettled Indians) who has attained the .age of twenty-one 5 ’e.ars, and every British subject, a stranger to this Territory, who has resided three years in the country, and is a householder, shall h.ave a right to vote at the election of a member to serve in the Legislature of the country and in the Do- minion Parliament ; and every foreign subject, other than a British subject, who has resided the same length of time in the country, and is a householder, shall have the same right to vote, on condition of his taking the oath of allegiance — it being understood that this article be subject to amendment exclusively by the Local Legislature. 19- That the North-West Territory shall never be held liable for any portion of the £800,1)00 paid to the Hudson's Bay Company, or for any portion of the i)ublic debt of Canada, as it stands at the time of our entering the Confederation : and if, thereafter we be called upon to assume our share of the said public debt, we consent only on condition that we first be allowed the amount for which we shall be held liable ” The foregoing document was put into my hands at 11 a.m., February 7th, and 1 was invited to meet the Delegates at 1 p.m., the same day, which I did, and then, as Canadian Commissioner, replied as follows : — 1. ” With regard to the first article, the Convention has already had a communication to the effect that the Dominion (lovernment had provided by Order in Council for the continuance of the jircsent tariff of duties in the Territory for at least two years : and I feel convinced that the Govern- ment will be prepared to recommend to Parliament such measures as will meet the views of the Convention, as exi>ressed in this article- 2nd and 3rd. I believe the Canadian Government will ask the Dominion Parliament to meet the views of the Convention and their Constituents in respect to these articles. 4th. The Can.adian Government assured me of their desire to consult the wishes of the people of the Territory in respect to matters connected with the Composition of the Local Legislature, and of their intention to select at least two-thirds of the Council from among the residents. This Council would have reported as to the best mode of proceeding in intro- ducing the elective principle, and Parliament would then have been asked to pass an Act on the subject, the Government having no power to settle such a matter without an Act. Bearing this in mind, I do not hesitate to give it as ray opinion that the Dominion Government will ask Parliament to provide a liberal Government for the -country while it remains a Territory. 5th. I have the most explicit assurance from the Canadian Government that such will be the case. 6th. For this the Dominion Government will provide in a liberal spirit. 7th. This article brings up some constitutional considerations, with which it would be presumption on my part, were I to deal summarily. But, I will repeat most distinctly, that the Dominion Government will pay the utmost deference to the wishes of the Convention, as regards this and all other matters in connection with the Government of the country, and I have full confidence that the decision arrived at will be accejitable to the people. 8th. I have been instructed by the Canadian Government — to make known to the peojde of the Settlement— that all property held by residents in peaceable possession will be secured to them ; and that a most liberal land policy in regard to the future Settlement of the country will be adojited, — every privilege in this respect enjoyed in Ontario or Quebec, being extended to the Territory. 9th. I feel certain that an amount even exceeding that here mentioned, will be appropriated for the purjioses referred to. loth. I can safely promise that the Dominion Government will defray the cost of all the public buildings required for the general business of the Territory. 11th. I do not hesitate to give this assurance, as the works on the Lake Superior route, which have been progressing actively since the early part of last summer, will doubtless be completed much within the time specified. As to the railway to Pembina, shortly after the American line reaches that point, it will certainly be carried out. Nation, concluded as follows “I have now — on the part of the Dominion Grover mment and as authorized by them — to invite the delegation of the residents of Red River to meet and confer with them at Ottawa a delegation of two or more of the residents of Red River — as they may think best — the delegation to confer with the Grovernment and Legislature, and explain the wants and wishes of the Red River people, as well as to discuss and arrange for the repre- sentation of the country in Parliament. On the part of the Grovernment I am authorised lo offer a very cordial reception to the delegates who may he sent from this country to Canada. I myself feel every confidence that the result will he such as will be entirely satisfactory to the people of the North-West. It is, I know, the desire of the Canadian Government that it should be so.” 6. — On the eighth the question of sending the delegates was taken up by the Convention ; but it was soon found that this was intended to involve more than pruvi..iionai , n i 1 r TV • 1 -TV Government.” at hrst appeared, lor Riel, Ross, 12th. This will unquestionably be provided for. 13th. The answer given to No- 12, will apply equally here. 14th. Fully alive to the necessity of this, the Dominion Parliament will not fail to t.ake an early opportunity of dealing with the matter, in order to extinguish in an equitable manner the claims of the Indians, so that settlers may obtain ele.ar and indisputable titles. 15th. The Convention will not expect me to si>cak definitely as to the number of representatives to be alloted to the territory, but I can promise that the circumstances and requirements of the country will be fulij- and liberally considered in dealing with this matter. 16th. On the part of the Canadian Go\-ernment, as well as of Her Majesty’s Representative in British North America, and also tis coming immediately from the Sovereign, assurances have been given to all that the properties, rights and privileges hitherto enjoyed by the people of the Territory would be respected, and I feel sure that the Dominion Govern- ment will confide to the Local Legislature the recognition and arrange- ment of local customs, usages, and privileges. 17th. My knowledge of the country and of the extent to which the con- cession here desired might affect public works, Ac., is too limited to permit me to give any decided opinion on the subject further than that full and substantial justice will be done in the matter. 18th. AVithout entering into the details of the article, I would say that the franohies will be so adjusted as to be satisfactory to the public, both native and im.nigrant, and in a manner conducive to the general welfare. 19th. My belief is, that the Canadian Government has no intention of imposing on the North-West Tenltory the payment of any portion of the £300,000, and I have much confidence that thoy will be so actuated, in every respect, by wise and just motives, that in arranging for the dis- tribution of the public debt of Canada, the North-AVest Territory will not be held liable for anything it ought not to bear; in short, that here, as in every other particular, substantial justice will be done.’ ; * Mr. Smith, in his report, says ” The proceedings of the Conven- tion, as reported in the Neio Nittiim newspaper of the 11th and 18th Feb- ruary, co])ies of which I have had the honor of addressing to you, are sufficiently e.xact, and render it unnecessary for me to go into details.” (JOVERNMENT OE SfR JOHN YOUNO— THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. 121 O’Donoliue and others nrged that it was neces- sary to recognize and re-organize the Provi- sional Groveniment before the delegates were appointed. This was rather more than the English delegates had bargaim'd for, and they contended that they had not the power to vote on that question without first consulting their constituents, holding that the Hudson’s Bay Company was the only legal Groveniment in the country until the transfer had been made. A long and animated debate ensued, and two of the delegates, Messrs. Sutherland and Fraser, withdrew to consult with Governor MacTavish. On re-entering the Convention, Mr. Sutherland said : “ In order to clear away my own doubts, I went with Mr. Fraser to see Governor Mac- Tavish. I asked his opinion as to the advisability of forming a Provisional Government. He replied, ‘ Form a Government for God’s sake, and restore peace and order in the settlement.’ ” This reply of the Governor’s had considerable influence on the English delegates, and, after some further debate it was agreed to appoint a Committee “ to discuss and decide on the basis and details of the Provisional Government which we have agreed is to be formed for Rupert’s Land and the North West Territory.” This Committee reported at the evening session of the ninth, recommending a Council of twenty- four members, twelve French and twelve English, and suggesting the names of candidates for all the officers except President. This was afterwards filled up by the nomination of Riel, and after some discussion the report was adopted. The following is a list of the officers so elected : President Louis Riel. Judge of Supreme Court James Ross. Sheriff Henry McKenny. Coroner Dr. Bird. Postmaster-General A. G. B. Bannatyne. f John Sutherland. Collectors of Customs | Secretary of State Thomas Bunn. Assistant-Secretary of State Louis Schmidt. Secretary op the Treasury W. B. O’Donohue. The JVew Nation in announcing these elec- tions, says : “ The confirmation of Louis Riel as President of the Provisional Government of Rupert’s Land by the Con vention,was announced amid salvos of artillery from the Fort, and the cheers of the delegates. The town welcomed the announcement by a grand display of fire works and the general and continued discharge of small arms. The firing and cheering were prolonged until late in the night, everyone joining in the general enthusiasm. As the result of the amicable union of all parties upon one common platform, a general amnesty to political prisoners will shortly be proclaimed, the soldiers remanded to their homes to await orders, and everything be placed upon a peace footing. Vive la Republique." 7. — After the adoption of the report appointing officers of the Provisional Government, Riel or- dered that Governor MacTavish, Appointment of Dr. Cowan and Mr. Bannatyne, ‘leiegates to Canada. who had been prisoners (?) should be given full liberty and promised that all the prisoners should shortly be released. On the tenth a ballot was taken for delegates to Canada, and resulted in the election of Rev. M. Richot, Judge Black and Alfred H. Scott, the only objection being to the latter, as it was urged that at least one half-breed shottld be in the delegation. In dismissing the Convention, Riel made a charac- teristic speech, in concluding which he said : “ The first Provisional Government assumes the full responsibility for all its acts. As to the prisoners, I not only repeat to you the assur- ance I gave yesterday, but will at once state that all the prisoners are to be released — some in one way and some in another. A few will have to leave the country, as men considered dangerous to the public peace, if left here at large. But the hardships in their case will not be very great as they are single men. One other, William Hallett, will be released, after giving full guarantees. In respect to Dr. Schultz, the position is this — he is exiled forever, and if found in the country, is liable to be shot. All his i>roperty, also, is confiscated. But here again, I would remind the Convention that the first Provisional Government assumes all the responsibility of these acts. For the support of 13 122 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the present Government I would further say that it is at least desirable — and I should request it — that if anyone sees Schultz in the country, he should report it. Mr. A. Lepine will receive orders to administer the oath of allegiance to the prisoners who are to be released, as he is in charge of the Fort. As for Schultz, as I said, his goods are confiscated ; and in this way some of those to whom he is indebted will be pro- vided for.” 8. — Having accomplished his purpose of getting the endorsement of the English Half- The rising at Kil- breeds to his Pi’o visioiial Govern- donan. Release of . t> ■ i ■ i the prisoners. lUeilt, Kiel WaS llOt 111 a huiTy to keep his promise with regard to releasing the prisoners, although a few of them were given their liberty.* This delay, and the harsh measures adopted towards Dr. Schultz, made the people of the English parishes begin to fear that Riel did not mean to keep faith with them, and that more oppressive measures might be adopted towards the remaining prisoners, many of whom were known to be sutfering from scurvy and other diseases, caused by the fetid air of the crowded rooms in which they were penned, | without fire, although the winter was very severe, and the thermometer frequently ranged from twenty to thirty degrees below zero. The ! sutferings of these unfortunate men during their confinement was most intense, and many of them contracted diseases from which they never i fully recovered.! As time passed, without Riel fulfilling his promise to release the prisoners, or *Riel promised that all the prisoners should soon be released. On the 11th and 12th six or eight of them were set at liberty, and Dr. Cowan was informed in my presence, thatiis they were all to be discharged without delay, the rooms they had occupied would be placed at his disposal in a day or two. Extract from report of D. A. Smith, Eeq. t To give some idea of how they were treated, we make some extr.acts from a letter which appeared in the Chatham Banner from Mr. (i. D. MoVicar, one of the prisoners taken in Dr. Schultz’s house. He says: — “ On arriving at Fort Garry we were received by vollies of musketry, and imprisoned in three rooms. In these rooms we were packed so close that we had to break the windows to keep from suffocation. In one there wasabed and table, and in that room the poor fellows found themselves in the morning in a position something like the following ; — Seven on the bed, two under it, t'vo under the table, and the remaining space literally packed with human beings. One man slepifall night hanging on the bed- post. IVe were here fed on pemioan and tea. * * » After this thirty- eiglit (among whom I was included) were removed to Fort Garry Jail, the worst indignity of all. The jtlace is close, small, and unhealthy. A narrow hall and six cells, 6 x 9 feet, filthy in the extreme, and crawling with vermin. Here I remained, until I escaped with four others, putting in existence as best we could.” any effort being made by the Commissioners to effect that purpose, a deep feeling of indignation prevaded the country, which culminated in the rising of about eighty men at Portage la Prairie, among whom were Thomas Scott and Charles Mail- — both escaped prisoners — who came down to join a force raised by Dr. Schultz, with the object of releasing the prisoners by force. On the 15th February this force arrived at the parish of Kildonan, where they were joined by about six hundred men, under Dr. Schultz. The church, school, and manse of that parish being taken possession of, the leaders and principal men from each party met, and decided at day- break to send a messenger to Riel, demanding the instant release of the prisoners, or to prepare for attack. This expedition of action was thought desirable, because the force, though large, was hurriedly raised and imperfectly armed, and a sudden dash, while their number and armament was unknown to the French, was thought the most likely to succeed. The despatch of the messenger was followed by the immediate release by Riel of the remainder of the prisoners, who were told to say that Riel w'as anxious for peace and good will ; and now that he had released the prisoners, he trusted no further cause of difficulty would arise. 9. — The principal object of the expedition being thus accomplished, its leaders and prin- cipal men again met, and Dr. capture of the Schultz and others urged that as detachment it was clear that Riel was now disposed to accede to anything, the Hudson’s Bay authorities should be called upon to do their duty, the British flag- should be hoisted in Fort Garry, and that Fort made the seat of Government as before. To this some of the leaders offered the objections that the object of the rising was accomplished, and that to go further was useless, as it was plain to see that the Hudson’s Bay authorities had all along acted with Riel, and that they, would not now act for themselves ; and that Riel having released the prisoners, with many protestations of friendshij), could now do nothing more than continue to eat the Hudson’s Bay Company’s pemican and drink their rum — a cost GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE RED EIVER TROUBLES. 123 to that Comi)any which was thoiight to serve them right. Messages were also received from Donald A. Smith, and others, advising the force to disperse, as their purpose was accomplished, and, accordingly the force under Dr. Schultz departed to their homes to the northward, while the smaller party, under Major Boulton, prepared to return to Portage la Prairie. Though coun- selled to beware of treachery on Riel’s part, they did not leave for home until the following morning, 17th, by which time Riel had received information that the larger party had gone home, and, as Captain Boulton incautiously took the road which led quite close to Fort Grarry, Riel sent out a body of horsemen, under com- mand of O’Donohiie and Lepine, and captured the whole party.* Major Boulton was decoyed by Riel, who caused him to believe that he would be allowed to pass the Fort unmolested, but “ gobbled up” the whole detachment as soon as he had it completely at his mercy. f 10. — It was during this “ rising at Kildonan” that the first blood was shed, and that not in a The first blood spilled maimer to cause any amount of Death of Sutherland. iU-feeliug, such as followed the subsequent cold-blooded murder of Scott. On the morning of the 16th, a young French Half- breed, named Parisien, who had been captured *The names of the captured p.arties were as follows ; — From Fort.\ge l.v PRAinrE. — Miijor Boulton, .John McLean, Robert McBain, Wilder Bartlett, .James McB iin, Dan. Sis.sons, A. Murray, W. Farmer, Lawrence Smith, Charles McDonald, John Suitzer, II. Williams, Ale.x. M Pherson, W. (J. Bird, Ale.x. McLean. Fro.m High Blukk. — T homas .Scott, Joseph Paquin,(ieor£reSandison, W. Paquin, J. Dillworth, W. Dillworth, R. Adams, J. Paquin, .M. McLeod, Archibald McDonald, James Jock, .James Sanderson. Fro.m Headixgi.y. — J. B. Morrison, W. Salter, Magnus Brown, N. Morri- son, W. Sutherland, Robert Dennison, Joseph Smith, Charles Millan, Thomas Ba.xter, .John Taylor, .John McKay, Ale.x. Parker. Fro.m Poplar Point. — George Wylde, D. Taylor, A. Taylor, Geo. New- comb, 11. Taylor. , From St. .James' Parlsh. — Sergeant Powers, James .Joy. From Rumerb Sale.— G. I’arker. In all, 48. tThe iVeio Nation of 18th February gives a very humorous description ot the “ Battle of Winnipeg,” from which we' take the following extract : — “If we might give the sum total of all the labors, fears, and threats of all the men at arms, it would be this : — etweenSOO and 1,000 of the English people sprang to arms to liberate the prisoners, and about 24, all that remained, were set at liberty b>' the President. Thirty-six hours subse- quently a whole detachment, cn mute home to the Portage, was gobbled upbythe French. Here, then,isasummary:— English prisoners released, 24 ; made prisoners, 48. If we were not a peculiar people, this result would astonish us : but in this country we have learned to be astonished at nothing. The war of proclamations inaugurated by Dennis .Sr Co., has been followed up by a series of campaigns — the principal feature of which is that nobody was hurt.” by the English and held as a spy, made an attempt to escape. Dashing at his guard, he wrested his double-barrelled gun from him and made for the river; just then Mr. John Hugh Sutherland, son of Mr. John Sutherland, hap- pened to be riding up to see what was the cause of the gathering at Kildonan, and Parisien fired at him, probably more for the purjjose of getting the horse to assist him in his escape than with an intention of killing him. The first shot took effect in the hand, and the horse rearing, threw young Sutherland to the ground, and while he was down Parisien fired the second shot, which took effect in the body, and caused a wound from which the unfortunate young man died about nine o’clock the same night. Parisien was pursued, re-captured, and would probably have been lynched on the spot had it not been for the interference of Major Boulton, but the lad was severely wounded and frost-bitten, and died not long after, it was said, from the effect of the injuries he then received. 11. — The immediate result of the “ rising at Kildonan” was unfortunate, for it only doubled the number of the prisoners, 1 .Major Boulton , , in condemned to death, aiid caused a reiicwal, lor a —Duplicity of Kiel. -n o i i i j time, ot the ilf-teelmg which had existed between the French and English parties. Mr. Smith, in his report, condemns it as very injudicious,* and it is very certain * Rumours now began to circulate of a rising at the Portage, and on the night of the llth and 15 of February, some 80 or 100 men from that district passed down close to Fort Garry, and proceeded to Kildonan, where they were joined by from 300 to 350 men, iirincipaily English half- breeds, from the lower parts of the Settlement. Had these men. properly armed and organized, been prepared to supprot the well affected French party, when the latter took action, about the middle of .January, or even in the beginning of February, during the sitting of the Convention, order might have been restored and the transfer to Canada provided for with- out the necessity for firing a single shot ; but now the rising was not only rash, but purposeless, as, without its intervention, the prisoners would unquestionably have been released. The party was entirely unorganized, indifferentiy armed, unprovided with food even for one meal, and wholly incapable of coping with the French now reunited, who, to the number of at least seven hundred were prepared to offer the most determined resistance, which as they were in posession of a number of guns (six .and three pounders), ample stores of a.mmunition, provisions, and every other requisite, they could have done most effectually. My sympathies were, in a great mea.sure, with the Portage men, whom I believe to have been actuated by the best of motives ; but under the circumstances it was not difficult to foresee that the issue could not be otherwise than di.sastrous to their cause. The attempt was, therefore, to be deplored, as it resulted in placing the whole Settlement at the feet of Riel. The great majority of the settlers, English and Scotch, discountenanced the movement and bitterly complained of those who had set it on foot. Forty-seven id' the party were captured on their way home, while passing within a few 124 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. that Riel cleverly turned it to his advantage to induce the English irarishes to elect their delegates to the Council of the Provisional Grov- ernment, which was to meet on 20th February; and this is how he did it. As soon as Major Boulton was safe within the walls of Fort Garry he was placed in irons, a “ court martial” was held, he was found garilty of treason against the Provisional Government, and sentenced to be shot at noon on the next day, the eighteenth ; “ but, at the intercession of the Lord Bishop of Rupert’s Land, Archdeacon McLean, and, in short, every influential man among the English, and I have been told also, at the earnest entreaty of the Catholic clergy, the execution was delayed till midnight of Saturday, the 19th. Further than this. Riel declared he could not — would not yield — except, indeed, Dr. Schultz should be captured in the meantime, in which case he would be shot instead of Boulton.”* This was decidedly pleasant for Dr. Schultz, for whose capture, “ dead or alive,” Riel had some time previously ollered a reward. Riel apparently kept his determination to have Maior Boulton shot, up to ten o’clock on Saturday night, two hours before the execution was to have taken place, and Archdeacon McLean had spent nearly twenty-four hours with Major Boulton, administered the sacrament to him, and prepared him to meet his fate. At length Riel yielded to the entreaties of Mr. Smith, and agreed to spare Boulton’s life and release the othei’ prisoners immediately after the meeting of the Council, provided the English delegates were elected to attend it. Mr. Smith agreed to use his influence with the English portion of the community, and thus describes the compact with Riel, whereby the Canadian Commissioner became an electioneering agent for the Pro- visional Government. “ I reasoned with him long and earnestly, until, at length, about ten o’clock, he yielded, and addressing me,’ apjrar- hundred yards of the Fort : the explanation I have heard given for their otherwise inexplic.able conduct in having taken this route, instead of making a (Utour which would have en.^sured safety, being a supposed promise by Riel that they would lie permitted to pass unmolested. — D. ,1. Sm ith ’* riqtori. * D. A. Smith’s report— page 6. ently with much feeling said : ‘ Hitherto I have been deaf to all entreaties, and, in now granting you this man’s life,’ or words to that effect, ‘ may I ask you a favor ? ’ ‘ Anything,’ I replied, ‘ that in honor I can do.’ He continued : ‘ Canada has disunited us : will you use your influence to re-unite us? You can do so, and, without this, it must be war — bloody, civil war !’ I answered that, as 1 had said on first coming to the country, I would now repeat — that ‘ I would give my whole heart to effect a peaceful union of the country with Canada.’ ‘We want only our just rights as British subjects,’ he said, ‘ and we want the English to join us simply to obtain these ’ ‘ Then,’ I remarked, ‘ I shall at once see them, and induce them to go on with the election of delegates for that purpose ;’ and he replied : ‘ If you can do this, war will be avoided — not only the lives, but the liberty of all the prisoners will be secured, for, on your success depends the lives of all the Canadians in the country.’ He immediately proceeded to the prison, and inti- mated to Archdeacon McLean that he had been induced by me to spare Captain Boulton’s life, and had further promised to me that immediately on the meeting of the Council, shortly to be elected, the whole of the prisoners would be released, requesting the Archdeacon at the same time, to explain these circumstances to Captain Boulton and the other prisoners.” 12. — The news of the capture of the Portage party quietly spread, and a meeting was held in St. Andrew’s parish, whence _ Dr. Schultz’s tramp most of the forces under Dr. of soo miles on Schultz had come, at which the proposition was made to go at once and release Boulton and his party by force. Before any definite action was taken Mr. Donald A. Smith arrived to say that if the people submitted and elected the English yiortion of the Provisional Government Council, Boulton’s life would be spared, and the prisoners released. Mr. Smith, in his character of Canadian Commissioner, strongly urged this course, and ultimately the meeting adopted it, and the delegates to the Council were subsequently elected. At the same meeting Dr. Schultz was requested to pro- GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. 125 ceed to Canada, if he could, and represent to the peoi^le there the real state of affairs, and the coercion which had been used to make them have anything to do with the Provisional Gov- ernment. As all the roads leading to Minnesota were jealously guarded by Riel, Dr. Schultz was compelled to attempt to reach the head of Lake Superior by traversing the little known country between the head of Lake Winnipeg and Lake Superior. Fortunately he had as companion an English Half-breed named Joseph Monkman, who had been commissioned by the Hon. Mr. Macdougall to see the bands of Indians east of the Red River, and read to them his instructions which thanked them for abstaining from any participation in Riel’s movement, and assured them that though he was now in power, the opening of Spring would see the Queen’s power reinstated again. Dr. Schultz left the mouth of the Red River with this faithful and intelligent guide on the 21st February, and, to elude the parties on snow-shoes which were sent by Riel to intercept him, struck across the frozen end of Lake Winnipeg to the mouth of the river of that name, where, alternately following the course of that stream, or deviating to some distance, they reached its head waters. From here they struck across over Whitefish Bay, on the Lake of the Woods, to an arm of Rainy Lake whence they turned more eastward, following Rainy Lake, and then to the South- west, over the then unfrequented and unknown country of Northern Minnesota to the head of Lake Superior. Where Indian Camps could be found they ■^vere visited, and Riel and Queen’s authority gravely and sensibly discussed. In not one case had the loyalty of the Indians been affected, and they all seemed to feel that the Great Mother’s arm was long and strong, and that Riel and his Government would, to use their own expression, “ Pass away like the mist before the sun.” Though the travellers had little to give them, in return they invariably shared their own scanty supply, and often gave a guide from camp to camp. Over weary miles of snow-covered lakes ; over the water-shed between Rainy Lake and the Lakes of the Laurentian Chain ; over the height of land between Rainy Lake and Lake Superior ; through pine forests and juniper swamps, these travellers made their way, turning aside only where wind-fallen timber made their course impossible. Often saved from starvation by the ; woodcraft of Monkman, their course guided by the compass, or by views taken from the top of some stately Norway pine, they found them- selves, after twenty-four weary days of travel, in sight of the blue, unfrozen waters of Lake Superior. They had struck the Lake not far from its head, and in a few hours presented themselves to the astonished gaze of the i)eople of the then embryo village of Duluth, gaunt with hunger, worn with fatigue, their clothes in tatters, their eyes blinded with the glare of the glittering sun of March, to learn for the first time of the terrible event which had occurred since their leaving, and to find that, while indeed Riel had released Major Boulton when the English sent their delegates to his Council, yet he held the others with even a tighter grip ; and that, early in March, he had, for some fancied insult, placed Thomas Scott, ironed hand and foot in the prison from which Dr. Schultz had escaped, and, on the fourth of March, led him out to a death as horrible, perhaps, as was ever suffered on this Continent. CHAPTER XIII. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— RED RIVER TROUBLES. 1. The Dark Crime of the Rebellion. — 2. The mock Court-martial of Scott. — 3. How Scott was butchered. — 4. The Strange disappearance of Scott’s body. — 5. A REIGN OF TERROR. — 6 . ThE MISSION OF Bishop Tache — Mistakes. — 7. First Meeting of the Provisional Parliament. Address of Bishop Tache. — 8. Release of Prisoners — Release of the Property of THE Hudson’s Bay Company. — 9. Effect OF Bishop Tache’s arrival. — 10. Raising 12« TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. OF THE Union Jack over Fort Garry. The Manitoba Act accepted. — 11. Bishop Tache’s promise of Amnesty. — 12. Eeview OF THE COURSE OF BiSHOP TaCHe. 1. — We come now to the one dark crime, the one foul murder which disfigures the record ,,,, T, 1 n • of tlio Red River Rebellion, and the Kebeihon. hancls dowii the iiaiue of Louis Riel to posterity as that of a cowardly assassin, who wreaked his private spite and vengeance on a helpless prisoner, whom he had illegally de- X^rived of his liberty. The murder of Thomas Scott was a cool, calm, deliberate assassination without even the shadow of excuse of ex- Xrediency to x^alliate its heinousness, and it is a poor comxaliment to our system of administer- ing law, that the x^ei’peUMors of this crime should be at liberty to-day. For the other illegal acts which he committed. Riel had some slight show of justification, inasmuch as he and his followers claimed that Canada had bought the x>eox^le of Red River like so many sheep, without consulting them in any way or guaranteeing them x^rotection for their lives, liberty and property ; and the amnesty which was subsecxuently granted by the Imxierial Government for these offences, was a trial ac- knowledgment that some one had blundered in negotiating the transfer of the Hudson’s Bay Comx^any’s rights in the North-West without consulting in any way the inhabitants of that country ; but, for this foul murder of Scott, ; there is no excuse, no no justifica- tion ; it was simply a wanton, wilful exercise I of desx)otic x:>ower, x^rompted by a spirit of per- ; sonal revenge and a desire to strike terror into 1 ! the hearts of those loyal x) 0 ox:>le in the settlement, I who still doubted Riel’s authority to rule in spite of his “ Provisional Government.” It must, in fairness and justice, be admitted that a large i I X'>oi"fion of the storm of wrath and indignation which swex^tover the Province of Ontario at the j X^erxretration of this crowning crime of the rebel- lion, owed its origin to the fact that Scott was a | Protestant and an Orangeman, while Riel was a Catholic, and his chief adviser, O’Donohue, an | avowed Fenian ; but, although x^arty-xrolitical and religious feeling had something to do with the excitement, still there was a very general thrill of honest indignation at the cold blooded murder of a man w^hose only crime was that he was loyal to his Queen and country and would not acknowledge the authority of an usurper. 2. — Although the ruse of Riel in sparing the life of Major Boulton on the condition that the English parishes returned dele- The Mock Court- gates to the Provisional Govern- of Scott. ment, had been successful, and the efforts and influence of Commissioner Smith had the effect of getting delegates elected, still Riel felt that the English element did not give him a hearty and cordial suxrport, and finding that he was unable to “ rule by love ” he seems to have determined to “ rule by fear.” From the time of the first arrests he had been in the habit of threatening to execute some of the x^Hsoners, unless they took the oath of allegiance to the Provisional Government ; and after the rising at Kildonan he seems to have made ux^ his mind that “ an example must be made ” to deter the English from any further attempts to disx^tute his authority. Having spared Major Boulton he cast about for a suitable victim, and soon found one in the x^erson of Thomas Scott, a young Canadian who had taken x^art in the defense of Dr. Schultz’s house, and been cax^tured at that time but made his escaxre, and was again made prisoner when Major Boulton’s party was taken on its return from Kildonan. On neither occa- sion was Scott taken “ in arms.” Scott was one of the Canadians in Dr. Schultz’s house, but he did not surrender with them ; for when Riel’s troops surrounded the house on the evening before the surrender, Scott and Hallett went up to the Fort, unarmed, to ask Riel to allow the women and children, who were suffering con- siderable hardships, to be removed from the house. Instead of granting the request Riel arrested the messengers and x:>nt them in prison, from which Scott subsequently escaped, never- having taken any oath to the Provisional Gov- ernment. On the second occasion of his arrest, — on the return of the Portage party from Kil- GOVI^ENMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— THE EEH ElVEE TEOUBLES. 127 doiiaii — all the arms were stowed away in the bottom of the sleigh, so that none ol the party could be said to be “ in arms,” for although they had arms with them they were not available for use. Riel owed Scott a grudge because the latter had once put him out of a saloon in j Winnipeg’ when Riel was drunk and making | some insulting remarks, and also because he was one of a party which stopped at the house of one Coutu, which Riel was known to be in the habit of frequenting, and enquired for him, on the night that the Portage party came down to Kildonan. Besides this Scott was known to be % enthusiastically loyal and not only refused himself to recognize Riels’ assumed authority, but encouraged others to do so also, therefore he was a fit subject for Riel to wreak his vengeance on. Having determined on his victim Riel ordered a “ Court Martial ” to try Scott, and he was accordingly tried on the evening of March third.* The presiding officer of the Coirrt was f Joseph Nolin, who was Secretary of the “ Court Martial,” gave the following testimony regarding it at the trial of Lepine : — ‘‘ On the evening of the third of March Scott was tried by a Council of War; the prisoner presided at the Council ; there were acting at the Council O. Richot, Andr6 Nault, Elzdar Ooulet, Elzdar Lajemoniere, Baptiste Lepine, Joseph Delorme; I was Secretary of the Council ; on the evening of the third of March the meeting was for the purpose of trying Scott, to examine what evil he had done ; Scott was not present at the examination ; there were some witnesses examined who saw what Scott had done ; Riel was one, Ed. Turner was another, Joseph Delorme was another ; I think there were others ; these witnesses were examined by the Captains who com- posed the Council ; while the witnesses were examined, Soott was not present ; the witnesses were sworn by me ; I do not remember what evidence was given ; Scott was accused of having rebelled against the Provisional (lOvernment, and of having struck a C.aptain of the Guard ; there was only one who maile a speech, viz., Riel ; I remember he spoke against Scott ; after the evidence Scott was brought beforedhe Council ; Riel asked me to read to Scott what had passed before the Council ; I did not. read anything, as I had taken only notes ; then Riel explained to Scott himself the evidence which had been given before the Council in English ; he was then condemned to die ; Riel told Scott before he left the room that he must die ; after Riel had explained the evidence to Scott, he asked him if he had anything to say ; Scott said something ; I do not know what ; Riel did not ask him if he had any witnesses ; no written accusation or charge was given to Scott ; the taking and giving of evidence, the bringing in of Scott, the speech of Riel, his explanations to Scott, the decision of the Council and condemnation were all done within two or throe hours ; the Council commenced its sittings between seven and eight o’clock, .and concluded their labors at one sitting ; I took some notes in pencil of the proceedings ; the notes in pencil I refer to were notes of the evidence ; the next day I transcribed these notes ; I gave them to the Adjutant-General : the first motion for death was moved by G. Richot, seconded by Andrd Nault ; (Joulet and Delorme voted yea, along with’ the mover .and seconder ; Lajemonibre voted that it would be better to exile him ; Baptiste Lepine voted nay ; Ambroise (the prisoner) said the majority want his death, and he shall be put to death ; Riel explained to Scott his sentence ; Riel asked Soott if he had no request to make, if he wanted to send for a minister ; I do not know what answer Scott made to Riel ; Riel said if he wanted a minister, if he w,as at the Stone Fort he would send for him ; Riel said he would take his shackles off, and would send him to his room ; he would have pen, ink and paper Adjutant-Greiieral Lepine, and the other mem- bers of the Court were Gr. Ritchot, Andre Nault, Elzear Groulet, Elzear Lajemoniere, Baptiste Lepine and Joseph Delorme. At this so called trial. Riel was witness, prosecutor and Judge; and the pretended evidence was taken before Scott was brought into the Council. The pro- ceedings were in French, a language which Scott did not understand ; and he was not allowed an opportunity to make any defence. He was accused of having taken up arms against the Provisional Government, after having taken an oath not to do so, — which oath he never took — and also of striking one of the captains ; Riel told him he was to be shot at ten o’clock on the following day, but at first Scott could not believe it, thinking Riel would not dare to take his life ; finding, however, that Riel was in earnest, Scott sent for the Rev. Geo. Young, the Methodist Minister at Winnipeg, who had frequently visited the prisoners in the jail, and that gentleman, together with Commis- sioner Smith and others, endeavored to turn Riel from his foul plan, but without avail, the latter declaring boldly that Scott must die. Mr. Smith in his report says that he first heard of the inten- tion to shoot Scott from the Rev. Mr. Young, about eleven o’clock on the morning of the fourth of March, and that he requested that gentleman to intercede with Riel while he did the same with Father Lestanc. That Mr. Young being unsuc- cessful, he saw Riel personally. The following is his own account of the interview : “ Gov- ernor MacTavish was greatly shocked on being informed of Riel’s purpose, and joined in repro- bating it. Pere Lestanc consented to accomirany me, and we called on Riel. When we entered, he asked me, ‘ what news from Canada ?’ The mail had arrived the preceding day, and I replied, ‘ only the intelligence that Bishop Tache will be here very soon.’ I then mentioned what I had heard regarding Scott, and before Riel answered, Pere Lestance interposed in French words, meaning ‘ is there no way of escape T Riel replied to him, ‘ my Rev. Pere, you know to write ; he told him the next day he would be -shot ; Scott was then taken to his room ; Scott was handcuffed when taken before the Council. 128 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. exactly how the matter stands then turning to me, he said, I will explain to you — speaking at first in English, but shortly after using the French, remarking to me — ‘ you understand that language.’ He said in substance that Scott had throughout been a most troublesome character, had been the ringleader in a rising against Mr, Snow, who had charge of the party employed by the Canadian Government during the pre- ceding summer in road making ; that he had risen against the ‘ Provisional Government ’ in December last, that his life was then spared; that he escaped, had again been taken in arms, and once more pardoned, — referring no doubt to the promise he had made to me that the lives and liberty of all the prisoners were secured — but that he was incorrigible, and quite incap- able of appreciating the clemency with which he had been treated; that he was rough and abusive to the guards, and insulting to him, Mr. Riel ; that his example had been productive of the very worst effects on the other prisoners, who had become insubordinate to such an extent, that it was difficult to withhold the guards from retaliating. He firrther said, ‘ I sat down with Scott as we are doing now, and asked him truthfully to tell me, as I would not use his statement against him, what he and the Portage party intended to have done with me, had they succeeded in capturing me, when they surrounded Coutu’s house,’ to which he replied, ‘ we intended to keep you as a hostage for the safety of the prisoners.’ I argued with Riel, and endeavoured to show that some of the circumstances he had mentioned, and especially the last, were very strong reasons to urge why Scott’s life should not be sacrificed, and that, if as he represented, Scott was a rash, thoughtless man, whom none cared to have anything to do with, no evil need be apj^rehended from his example. I pointed out that the one great merit claimed for the insurrection was that, so far, it had been bloodless, except in one sad instance, which all were willing to look upon as an accident, and implored him not to stain it, to burden it with what woirld be considered a horrible crime. He exclaimed ‘we must make Canada respect us.’ I replied, ‘ she has every proper respect for the people of Red River, and this is shown in her having sent Commissioners to treat with them.’ I told him I had seen the prisoners some time back when they commissioned me to say to their friends at the Portage, that they desired peace, and I offered to go to them again and reason with them, should that be necessary. On this he said, ‘ look here, Mr. Smith, Mr. Scott, the represen- tative, went to see the prisoners at my desire, and on asking them whom they would vote for as Councillor, if they were permitted a choice outside of their own body ?’ Thos. Scott came forward and said, ‘my boys, have nothing to do with those Americans.’ And when I remarked ‘ this is really a most trifling affair, and ought not to have been repeated,’ he said ‘ do not attempt to perjudice us against the Americans, for although we have not been with them — they are with us, and have been better friends to us than the Canadians.’ Much more was said on both sides, but argument, entreaty, and protest alike failed to draw him from his purpose and he closed by saying, ‘ I have done three good things since I have com- menced ; I have spared Boulton’s life at your instance, and I do not regret it, for he is a fine fellow ; I pardoned Gaddy, and he showed his gratitude by escaping out of the bastion, but I don’t grudge him his miserable life, and now I shall shoot Scott.’ Leinne, the Adjtuant-Gen- eral, who was president of the Council of Seven, which tried Scott, — and five of whom. Riel told me, ‘ with the tears streaming from their eyes, condemned him as worthy of death,’ a sentence which he had confirmed — now entered, and in answer to Riel, said ‘ he must die.’ Riel then requested the Rev. Pere Lestanc to put the people on their knees for prayer as it might do good to the condmned man’s soul. Referring to Pere Lestanc and making a final appeal, unnecessary here to repeat, I retired.” 3. — Finding that entreaty was in vain, the Rev. Mr. Young applied himself to pre- iiow Scott was Pai-ing the mind of the uiifor- butchereci. tuiiate mail to meet his terrible GOVEENMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. 129 fate. He spent the time with Scott, being engaged in constant prayer and religious con- versation. Shortly after midday, on the fourth of March, Scott was summoned to execution. He was calm and prepared to die. He requested time to bid his fellow-prisoners farewell. This was granted him, and he took final leave of those who had shared in his captivity. Being bound, he w'^as conducted outside of Fort Glarry, and made to kneel in the snow a short distance from the walls of the Fort, where he was shot, like a dog, by a firing party of six, under com- mand of Adjutant-Greneral Lepine, the w^hole party, it is said on good authority, being drunk at the time. Scott’s last words were, “ I am ready,” and immediately after, Lepine gave the signal, and the unfortunate man fell, pierced by several bullets. He uttered an exclamation as he fell, and, on approaching the body, it w^as found that life was not extinct. Some one in the crowd spoke up, saying, “ put him out of his misery,” and one of the firing party, named Gruilmette, discharged his revolver at his head. The body fell forward on the left side, and was ; soon after put into a rude box and taken into j the Fort. There have been a good many sen- sational reports published as to the death of I Scott, but the following evidence, given by the Rev. G-eorge Young at the trial of Ambrose j Lepine, for the murder of Thomas Scott, tried at | Winnipeg at the Court of Queen’s Bench, His Honor Chief-Justice Wood presiding, tells the terrible story so clearly that we venture to reproduce it here. Being sworn, he said : “ I j reside at Winnipeg, and am a minister of the Methodist Church; in 1869 and 1870 I resided j in the same place ; T was in the habit of visiting ! Fort Garry generally once a week in the months of January, February and March, to see the j prisoners ; there w^ere two parties of prisoners ; the first were taken at Dr. Schultz’s building, and the other party off the prairie — the first party in ! December, and the other party in February ; I I knew Thomas Scott ; he was taken in both cases • these prisoners were in charge of Riel and cer- tain officers under him, as I understood ; I obtained permission from Riel first ; for the first few weeks I invariably obtained permission whenever I went ; subsequently 1 was not required to do this ; I saw a number of others who were said to be in authority, acting as such ; it was said that under Riel there w’^as an Adjutant-G-eneral and several Captains ; the prisoner (Lei^ine) held the office of Adjutant- G-eneral ; I very often saw Lepine during my visits ; he seemed to be in possession of power ; Riel w^as first styled Secretary, and subsequently President ; Mr. Bruce was first styled President ; I do not remember having any conversation with Lepine prior to this date ; I remember the 3rd of March ; nothing occurred till the evening to my knowledge ; on that evening I returned home from the country, arriving home about nine o’clock ; soon after a messenger named Turner came from the Fort, informing me that I was required at the Fort ; I asked by whom ; he said by Riel ; he had sent for me, as one of the prisoners had been sentenced to be shot, and the prisoner had asked me to be sent for ; I went with him, and, on entering the Fort, I went at once to find Riel ; I went to his room, and was told that he was at St. Boniface and would not be back till next morning ; then I went to see Scott ; I found him in the corner of a room in the building that had been used as a prison ; he was alone and not in irons ; the door was guarded by a number of armed men ; when I visited him the Saturday before, he was in irons ; this was on Tuesday evening ; I asked him if it was in accordance with his wish that I was sent for ; he told me it was ; that he had been called before a Council of war that afternoon, and condemned to die ; he objected to the trial, as it was conducted in a language he did not understand, but was told it made no difference, he was a bad man and had to die, and was sentenced to be shot the next day, at 12 o’clock ; he told me he thought they were quite bad enough to do it, but he doubted if they dare do it ; I instructed him the proper course for both of us was to act upon the presumption that it would be done ; the first matters attended to was to give me the address of his mother and brothers, and place 14 130 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. in my hands his effects, all of which were forwarded to them after his death ; having done that there was no further talk on the matter ; all further discourse was relating to his spiritual welfare ; I remained with him a considerable portion of the night, and left him for a time, as he wished to write a letter to his mother ; he was furnished with pen and ink and paper for that purpose ; early in the morning I thought to bring some things to bear in his behalf ; first of all, I thought to see Mr. Ross, who was then called the Chief Justice under that Administra- tion ; he was not at home ; I then proceeded to see Mr. Bannatyne and others for the same pur- pose ; they all seemed to be exceedingly sur- prised, and gave me an assirrauce that it would not take place ; that it was only done to frighten the people ; I deemed it best to converse with Mr. Smith and told him of it ; he had not heard of it before, and did not believe it possible to be done, and engaged to use all his influence to prevent it ; a Roman Catholic priest named Lestanc came in while I was talking to him ; I asked him if he had heard of the sentence ; he said he had ; I asked him if he would intercede with Mr. Riel for him ; Mr. Smith suggested that I should go and see Mr. Riel myself, think- ing I should succeed without further trouble ; in case of failure to send him word, and he would proceed at once ; I went and met Mr. Riel in his own room, and asked him if it was true that Scott had been sentenced to be shot, and if it was their intention to carry it into effect ; he said he was sentenced by a council of war, all the members had concurred with one exception, and it would be carried out ; I asked if Scott had been guilty of any great crime to deserve such a sentence, and expostulated with him, but to no eflect; failing in that I irrged that the execution be postponed at least twenty-four hours ; I wished more time ; he had had but a few hours notice, and could scarcely .realize that he was so near death as that ; upon the question of postponement he spoke of calling the Adjutant- Gfeneral and discussing with him ; in a few moments the Adjutant General — the prisoner here — entered the room ; Riel stated my request, and I also spoke of it in their presence ; Lepine, the Adjutant-General, very energetically shook his head, arose, and left the room ; Riel told me it was utterly useless to press the matter any further, so I returned to the prison and sent a message to Mr. Smith to notify him of my failure ; Mr. Campbell was my messenger ; I remained with Scott then until he was shot, engaged in religious exercises until we were interrupted by the parties enter- ing the room to lead him out to be shot. Goulet I and a man named Nault and others, four or I possibly five in all, were the parties who led ; him out ; when they entered the room Scott j was very much excited, exclaiming, “ This is horrible,” “ This is‘ cold-blooded murder ” ; I I advised him not to make such remarks, hoping i still that the sentence might not be carried j out ; one proceeded at once to tie his hands behind his back ; the others ]3ut a cloth about his head ; that was used to blindfold him — a piece of white cotton ; they put it over his fore- j head ; until he went out he was not shackled ; i I requested them to retire for a few minutes, j and they yielded to my request ; I then engaged ' in prayer with him ; when they came in, he re- I quested permission to say “good-bye” to the boys, i as he called them, and they granted that request i also ; in jrassing out, he went to each door where j the prisoners were, and bade them “ good-bye I Riel excitedly complained as regarded the delay , (vociferating wildly) in the matter ; I explained ! to him that I had been the cause of the delay ; he spoke in French ; we passed down the stairs, ! down which I assisted him, as I was afraid he would fall, his arms being tied, and we were ! directed to the place ; I did not pay any atten- tion to who directed us, I was too much occu- pied ; he passed through the gate ; the sleigh- track at the time was near the walk ; we were halted at some little distance from the gate on the sleigh-track ; as I sirpposed that this would be the place of execution, I had prayers with him there ; after prayers he asked me to draw the blindfold over his eyes, and if he should remain on his knees or stand up ; I told him it would be better for him to remain on his knees. GOVBENMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— THE EED EIVEE TEOUBLES. 131 and I withdrew from him after drawing the blindfold as he had asked me; just then I met face to face two persons, whom I asked to inter- fere — one was Groulet and the other was O’Donohue ; I knew they both spoke English ; Groulet said his time had come, and he must die ; O’Donohue said it had gone very far, but did nothing to prevent it ; during the time of this conversation they removed Mr. Scott from that point a short distance east, and in this place he was shot ; the firing party consisted of six per- sons ; when they were about to fire upon him I turned away, not witnessing the act ; imme- diately after firing, heard his voice, and returned ; he had fallen forward, the body lying partly on its side ; there was some indication of life — a slight twitching of the shoulder ; some one said “ put him out of his misery,” when one of the party took a revolver out of the pocket of another of the party, and put it to his head and fired it ; I then, supposing the man to be dead, entered the Fort ; before and after the firing of the pistol I observed that Scott’s coat had been pierced ; I took it that the bullets had passed through his chest and out of his shoulder ; passing within the gate I met Eiel ; I asked for the body, that I might get it interred ; at first he consented, but very soon recalled that consent ; I met Groulet, and he said I had better get a sleigh ; I said I should be glad to do so if I should be allowed ; at that time the body was in the rough box or coffin ; Nault said he objected ; I then came to town and tried to use some parties’ influence to get the body delivered up to them ; I was told that if I would get the Bishop of Ruperts’ Land to guarantee that it would be buried quietly and without any demonstration, we should have it ; accordingly, next morning the Bishop and myself waited on Riel for that purpose ; he told us he was very sorry to disappoint us, but the Adjutant- G-eneral, who was responsible for this case, had instrucled it to be interred in the walls of the Fort, as he had a right to dispose of the body ; after the Bishop had left I importuned Mr. Riel to give me the body, as I wished to write to Scott’s mother that day and inform her of the interment of her son’s body, as it would be some little comfort for her to know that her son’s body received Christian interment ; the answer was, as before, he could not interfere with the case ; he seemed to be very much displeased with the remark that he had a mother left to mourn over him. In reply to His Lordship : I have no personal knowledge who were Riel’s Council ; Nolin, I knew, was Secretary for Mr. Lepine ; I have obtained passes from him from time to time. In reply to Mr. Cornish ; I should think the firing party distant about twenty or thirty feet ; it did not so impress me at the time as being as far as across the hall ; I do not recollect who commanded the firing party ; I noticed a great deal of blood after the firing on the snow, and I heard his voice shout instantly after the firing, but did not recognise any words ; there were two sounds, one like words, and the other like a moan ; this was previous to the discharge of the pistol-shot ; after this the box was closed ; I have no doubt at all of his death.” 4. — Riel’s vengeance against Scott was not satisfied with the taking of his life, but extended beyond the grave, and not only - . , , „ , . ,1 The spiriting away of did he refuse to give up the Scotcsbody. body to the Rev Mr. Young for interment, but it is doubtful whether it was ever interred at all, and the final disposition of the body remains a mystery to this day. After the firing the Rev. Mr. Young asked Riel for the body and he at first consented to give it to him, but afterwards refused, saying that it belonged to the Adjutant-General and would be buried in the Fort. A hole was dug near the house of Dr. Cowan and a box, supposed to contain the body, deposited in it ; but after the arrival of Governor Archibald, the Rev. Mr. Young obtained permission to have the supposed grave opened in order that the bones might be sent to Scott’s friends for interment ; he found the box, but there were no remains inside it, and the inference is that the body was taken out of the box after it had been conveyed to the bastion and sunk in the river, as was stated by Goulet to John Bruce, and as was currently 132 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. reported both at the time and after. Certain it is that the body has never been found, and poor Scott’s friends have not even the melancholy satisfaction of knowing where his murdered remains lay, and will, probably, ever remain in ignorance of their whereabouts, unless the waters of the Red River or Assinihoine should some day cast them up. It may be well to note here that in January, 1873, Riel and Lepine addressed a letter to Governor Morris, of Manitoba, giving their version of the troubles of 18G9-70, in which the only reference made to this brutal murder of Scott was as follows : “The Indians of the entire country — those below Fort de Pierre and those at the Portage, who were apparently the most excited— seemed ready to threaten the country with one of their attacks. Even the prisoners who were kept at Fort Garry, having had wind of these plottings outside, and being encouraged by them, were hurried on to acts of extreme violence. Many of them, notably Mr. McLeod and T. Scott, beat their prison gates, and insulted, and went so far as to strike their guards, inviting their fellow- prisoners also to insirlt them. Seeing then that a i)unishment, long deserved and terrible, could alone restrain these excited men. and finding ourselves compelled to avert evils with which we were threatened by the inhabitants of the Portage conspiring with Indians — in a word to secure the triumx^h of peace and order which it was our duty to establish throughout the settlement, we had recourse to the full authority of Government.” That was all they had to offer in excuse or extenuation of this cowardly and wanton murder. 5. — The brutal murder of Scott had, to some extent, the effect desired by Riel ; the English Half-breeds seem to have become The effect of Scott’s . i i i -i t murder. A reign of COllVinCOd. that it WOUld 06 terror. useless to have recourse to force unless the Imperial or Dominion authorities sent a body of troops to restore order ; and those Canadians who had not already left the Settle- ment proceeded to do so with as little delay as possible. The Commissioners appear to have become convinced that after this act of wanton violence, their occupation as peace negotiators was gone, and Mr. Smith says in his report : “ After this date I held no communication whatsoever with Riel, except in reference to getting away from the country, which I was not allowed to leave without a pass. I felt that under the circumstances it was not desirable that I should remain longer at Red River, but it was not until late in the night of the 18th that Riel gave permission for my departure.” Every one who could get away seemed to think the Settlement a good place to get out of, and those who were obliged to remain were com- pelled per force to give a sullen and dissatisfied consent to the Provisional Government, feeling themselves powerless to resist Riel and his armed followers. The lives of the w^hole Settle- ment were in one man’s hands, for although Riel nominally had a Council, he ruled despot- ically, and grave fears were entertained that he would wreak his vengeance on more of the unfortunate prisoners — indeed it was pretty generally understood that other executions were to follow that of Scott, and probably would have, but for the arrival of Bishop Tache on the ninth of March. During this reign of terror Riel con- tinued to “ fare sumptuously every day” on the plundered stores of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and other goods which had been “ confiscated ” by his orders, and drunkenness and debauchery prevailed amongt the “ soldiers ” in possession of the Fort. 6. — We now turn to the mission of Bishop Tache, who, it will be remembered, had con- sented by telegraph, on .the eighth of January, to return from Bishop Tach^. , “ A series of mistakes. Rome. The Bishop made his way as speedily as possible to Ottawa, where he received instructions from the Government as to the nature and extent of his mission. These instructions may be briefly summarized as being to assure the Half-breeds of the kindly in- tentions of the Canadian Government, to invite delegates to Ottawa, and to offer amnesty for past offences, as promised in the Governor- General’s Proclamation of the sixth December.* * The following letter from Sir John A. Macdonald fully explains the GOVEENMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. 133 His Lordship left Ottawa on the sixteenth of February, and arrived at St Paul on the twenty- third, where he received a copy of the Bill of Rights, passed by the Convention at Fort Garry on the tenth. He telegraphed the Bill to intentions of the Government, and the powers with which it was intended to clothe the Bishop (Private.) Department op Justice, Ottawa, Canada, February 16th, 1870. My Dear Lord,— Before you leave Ottawa on your mission of peace, I think it well to reduce to writing the .substance of the conversation I had the honor to have with you this morning.. I mark this letter “ privmte,” in order that it may not be made a public document, to be called for by Parliament prematurely ; but you are quite at liberty to use it in such a manner as you may think most advantageous. I hope that ere you arrive at Fort Garry, the insurgents, after the explanations that have been entered into by Messrs. Thibault, De Salaberry and Smith, will h.ave laid down their arms, and allowed Governor MacTavish to resume the administration of public affairs. In such case, by the Act of the Imperial Parliament of last session, all the public functionaries will still remain in power, and the Council of Assiniboia will be restored to their former position. Will you be kind enough to make full explanation to the Council on behalf of the Canadian Government as to the feelings which animate, not only the Governor-General, but the whole Government, with respect to the mode of dealing with the North-West. AVe have fully explained to you, and desire you to assure the Council authoritatively, that it is the intention of Canada to grant to the people of the North-AVest the .same free institutions which they themselves enjoy. Had not these unfortunate events occurred, the Canadian Government had hoped, long ere this, to have received a report from the Council through Mr. McDougall, as to the best means of speedily organizing the Government with representative institutions. I hope that they will be able immediately to take up that subject, and to consider and report, without delay, on the general policy that should immediately be adopted. It is obvious that the mostlnexpensive mode for the administration of afliiirs should at first be adopted. As the preliminary expense of organiz- ing the Government afterunion with Canada, must in the first be defrayed from the Canadian Territory, there will be a natural objection in the Canadian Parliament to a large expenditure. As it would be unwise to subject the territory to a recurrence of the humiliation already suffered by Governor MacTavish, you can inform him that if he organizes a local police, of twenty-five men or more, if absolutely necessary, that the expense will be defrayed by the Canadian Government. You will be good enough to endeavour to find out Monkman, the person to whom, through Colonel Dennis, Mr. Macdougall gave instructions to communicate with the Salteaux Indians. He should be asked to surrender his letter, and informed that he ought not to proceed upon it- The Canadian Government will see that he is compensated for any expense that he has already incurred. In case a delegation is appointed to proceed to Ottawa, you can assure them that they will be kindly received, and their suggestions fully con- sidered. Their expenses coming here and returning, and while staying in Ottawa, will be defrayed by us. You are authorized to state that the two years during which the present tariff shall remain undisturbed, will commence from 1st January, 1871, instead of last January, as first proposed. Should the question arise as to the consumption of any stores or goods belonging to the Hudson’s Bay Company by the insurgents, you are authorized to inform the leaders that if the Company’s Government is restored, not only will there be a general amnesty granted, but in case the Company should claim the payment for such stores, that the Canadian Government will stand between the insurgents and all harm. W^ishingyou a prosperous journey and happy results. I beg to remain, with great respect. Your very faithful servant, .lOHN A. MACDONALD. To the Right Reverend theBishop ofSt. Boniface, Fort Garry- Mr. Ho'we, and on the twenty-fifth, received the following reply : “ Proposition in the main satisfactory, but let the delegation come here to settle terms.” The Bishop then proceeded on his way and reached Fort Garry on the ninth of March, just five days after Scott had been murdered, and quickly set himself to work to restore peace in the settlement. Bishop Tache has been one of the best abused men in Canada for the part he took in endeavoring to quiet the disturbances in the North-West, and has been called “ disloyal,” “ traitor,” and other oppro- brious names, because he recognized the Provisional Government, and entered into negotiations with Riel, after the murder of Scott. We do not desire to offer any excuse or apology for Bishop Tache ; his conduct, on the whole, was peaceful in its tendency and happy in its results ; but he seems to have become afilicted with that facility for making mistakes, with the very best intentions, which in turn attacked almost every person connected with Red River affairs about this time. The Imperial and Dominion Governments both made mistakes in supposing that the people of Red River would allow themselves to be transferred from one Government to another, without being consulted in the matter ; the French Half-breeds and officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company made mistakes when they thought that a show of armed resistance would frighten Canada from her bargain, and induce her to let the Red River settlement severely alone ; Mr. Macdougall made a mistake when he proclaimed himself Governor of the Territory, without waiting to see whether the territory had been formally transferred to Canada or not ; the Canadian Commissioners made a mistake when they tacitly acknowledged the “ ProAusional Govern- ment,” without any authority from the Canadian Government for so doing ; Riel made a mistake, when he ordered the murder of Scott, without taking into account the sure retribution which must follow from both Imperial and Dominion authorities; and Bishop Tache continued the series of mistakes by supposing that the murder of Scott did not affect the instructions he had 134 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. received on leaving Ottawa, and that he was still empowered to promise a full and complete amnesty to the insurgents. That the Bishop was honest and earnest in his endeavors to restore peace, we think even his greatest enemies will admit, now that the lapse of time has cooled the heat of party and religious animosity which was very great at the time ; that in his anxiety to secure that tranquility he overstepped the bounds of his instructions, we believe even his warmest supporters will be willing to allow. 7. — The Council of the “ Provisional Grovern- ment,” elected in accordance with the resolution First meeting of the passcd at the Convention which mint.”*‘Address'by" cloSCd its sittillgS 011 10th Fcb- Bishop Tach^. Re- , „ ^ . p . , ■ lease of prisoners. ruai’y, met toT the hrst time on 9th March, but beyond a speech from “ Presi- dent” Riel nothing was done, as only eight French and nine English members were present, j and the meeting adjourned until the 15th. On i that day the “ Legislature ” re-assembled, and I after notices of two motions had been given,* Bishop Tache was introduced by Riel, who, in the course of his remarks, said ; — “ He felt extreme pleasure in presenting to his Lordship the first Legislative Assembly of this country, representing all classes of the people, and in the name of the people represented by the honorable members of this Legislative Assembly he bid his Lordship welcome and congratulations on his safe return amongst them.”! His Lordship, in reply, said that he did not come in an official capacity, but simply j to use his exertions to unite all classes and I restore peace and order. He intimated that the Canadian Government was very much dis- satisfied with the actions of Mr. Macdougall- - an announcement which was received with * The following notices of motion were given Hon. Mr. Bunn.— That the (xovernment of England, the Canadian Government, and the Hudson’s Bay Company, have ignored our rights as British subjects, when they entered into arrangements on the subject of the tranfer of the Government of the North-West to the Dominion of I Canada, without consulting the wishes of the people of the North-West ! Tei-ritory. Hon. Mr. Scott.— That notwithstanding the insults and sufferings borne by the people of the North-West heretofore, and which they still endure, the loyalty of the people of the North-West toward the Crown of England remains the same, provided the rights and properties!, usages and customs of the people be respected. t Neio Nation, 2nd April, 1870. cheers — and was anxious to do justice to the people of the settlement. He concluded by asking for a release of the prisoners, a request which Riel granted, saying that they should be released that evening, and the re- mainder as speedily as possible. The House remained in session until the twenty-sixth of March when it was prorogued until the twenty- sixth of April, at which time a committee was to report a “ Constitution ” for the Provisional Go- vernment. During the session, acts were passed appointing a military force of fifty men, who were to be recruited for two months’ service and receive £B sterling per month and board ; for indemnity to members, at the rate of $5 per day ; for regulating the hay-cutting privilege, and for the adminstration of justice. 8. — On the twenty-eighth of March, Riel addressed a letter to Governor MacTavish offer- ing to give up the property of the Hudson’s Bay Company and IjuXon^sBay^® allow the resumption of business, on condition that certain amounts should be I “ advanced ” to the Provisional Government in I money and goods.* The terms offered were * To AVii.Li.i.M MacTavish, Esq. , Governor of the. Hudson’ e Ban Company, in the North- West : SiK, — 111 reference to our interview regarding the affairs of the Hudson’s Bay Company in this country, I have the honor to assure you that my great desire is to open as soon as possible, in the interests of the people, free and undisturbed, the commerce of the country. The people in rallying themselves to the Provisional Government with unanimity, prescribes to each of us our respective conduct. The Provisional Government, established upon the principle of justice and reason, will fulfil its work. By the action of the Hudson’s Bay Company, its commercial interests may be saved to a certain extent ; but that is entirely for your considera- tion, and depends upon the Company itself. I have had the honor to tell you that arrangements were possible, and the following are the con- ditions : — 1st. That the whole of the Company in the North-West shall recognise the Provisional Government. 2nd. That you, in the name of the Hudson’s Bay Company, do agree to loan the Provisional Government the sum of three thousand pounds sterling. .3rd. That on demand by the Provisional Government, in case arrange- ments with Canada should be opposed, you do guarantee a supplement of two thousand pounds sterling to the above mentioned sum. 4th. That there shall be granted by the Hudson’s Bay Company, for the support of the present military force, goods and provisions to the value of four thousand pounds sterling at current prices. 5th. That the Hudson’s Bay Company do immediately put into circu- lation their bills. 6th. That the Provisional Government shall also retain an additional specified quantity of goods in the store of the Hudson’s Bay Company. In accepting the above conditions, the Hudson’s Bay Company will be allowed to resume its business, under the protection of the Provisional Government. GOVEENMENT OF SIE JOHX YOUNG— THE EED EIVEE TEOUBLES. 135 filially agreed to, the bulk of the goods of the Company restored, and it was allowed to resume business. There have not been wanting those who claim that this whole transaction w^as a preconcerted plan between Kiel and the Hud- son’s Bay Company officials, for the purpose of holding the Canadian Government responsible for all loss sustained by the Hudson’s Bay Company, under the promise conveyed in Sir John A. Macdonald’s letter to Bishop Tache, dated 10th February, 1870, and that this formality of releasing the property, making a forced loan, &c., was only adopted as a means whereby to furnish the Company with data on which to found the bill which was afterwards to be rendered to the Canadian Government. Be this as it may, the little scheme was not successful ; for the condition contained in the letter, “ if the Company’s Government is restored,” was not complied with, and it was so evident that the resident officers of the Company were implicated in the insurrection, that when a vote of |40,000 was asked from Parlia- ment to compensate those who had suffered loss from the action of the Half-breeds, it was expressly stipulated that not one cent was to be paid to the Hudson’s Bay Company, and that Corporation had to bear the loss of stores used, &c., by the insurgents during their ten months occupation of Fort Garry, the cost which has been estimated at =£50,000. 9. — Judge Black, Rev. Mr. Richot and Alfred Scott, the delegates to the Canadian Govern- Departuro of the Fart GaiTy about 24th March and arrived in Ottawa “>'■5 about nth April. They bore Fort Garry will be open, but in the meanwhile, it being the seat of Government, a small guard of fifty men will be retained. Only the buildings at present occupied by the Government will be reserved for Government purposes. Such, Sir, are the conditions which the situation imposes upon us. I have a duty to perform from which I shall not retreat. 1 am aware that you fully possess the knowledge of your duty, and I trust that your decision will be favorable. Allow me here to express my deep feeling of sympathy for you in your continued illness, and to sincerely trust that your health may be speedily restored. 1 have the honor to be. Sir, Your most obedient servant, LOUIS RIEL, President. Govebnmext House, ) Fort Garry, March 28, 1870. i with them Commissions from the Provisional Government* and were officially recognised by the Secretary ofi State for the Provinces on 26th April. t The arrest of two of the delegates on a charge of complicity in the murder of Scott, their release and the success of their mission to Canada will be dealt with in another Chapter ; we will for the present confine ourselves to the order of events as they occurred in the Settle- ment. With the arrival of Bishop Tache and the departure of the delegates the change for the better began to take place. The prisoners were released, the Hudson’s Bay Company resumed ojierations, and, although Riel still kept an armed guard in Fort Garry, and held high carnival there on the rum and provisions he had “ borrowed ” from the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany, a feeling of more security began to pre vade the community, especially after it was known that the Imperial and Dominion authorities would send a force of one thousand troops up in the Spring and that the Civil authority would be peacefully inaugurated by having a military force sufficient to compel submission, if necessary — an extremity, however, for which the necessities daily grew less. Shortly after * To Rev. N. J. Richot, Ptr., &.a. : Sir,— T he President of the Provisional Government of Assiniboia, in Council, by these presents grants authority and commission to you, the Reverend N. J. Richot, jointly with John Black, Esq., and the Hon. A. Scott, to the end that you betake yourselves to Ottawa, in Canada, and that when there you should lay before the Canadian Parliament the list entrusted to your keeping with these presents, which list contains the conditions and propositions under which the people of Assiniboia would consent to enter into Confederation with the other Provinces of Canada. Signed, this twenty-second day of March, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy. By order, THOMAS BUNN, Seat of Government, Winnipeg, ) Secretary of State. Assiniboia. j Ottawa, April 26th, 1870. t Gentlemen,— I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the twenty-second inst., stating that as delegates from the North-West to the Government of the Dominion of Canada, you are desirous of having an early audience with the Government, and am to inform you in reply that the Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Geo. E. Cartier have been authorized by the Government to confer with you on the subject of your mission, and will be ready to receive you at eleven o’clock. I have the honor to be. Gentlemen, Yonr most obedient servant, JOSEPH HOWE. To the Rev. N. J. Richot, Ptr. J. Black, Esq. Alfred Scott, Esq. 136 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the arrival of Bishop Tache the annexationist Editor of the Nevj Nation left that paper and its publication was suspended for two weeks.* On its re-appearance, under the management of Mr. Thomas Spence, it became “ dreadfully loyal,” and continued so until the arrival of the troops. 10. — On the twenty-second of April, at the earnest request of Bishop Tache, the “ flag of Hoisting the “Union ^^6 Provisioiial Government” ua'iry.ThriianLba commoiily kiiowii as the Act accepted. “Feiiian Flag” was hauled down at Fort Garry atid the Union Jack hoisted in its place. This led to a bitter altercation between Riel and O’Donohue, which nearly terminated in blows, and the upshot was that a flag pole which was standing in front of Dr. Schultz’s house was taken down, removed to the side of the pole on which the Union Jack was hoisted and the Provisional flag also run up, so that the two flags flew side by side — only, the pole to which the latter was attached being the taller of the two, it flew highest. f Riel now became de- * Bishop Tach^, in a letter to Hon. Joseph Howe, under date 7th May, 1870. makes the following statement as to what had occurred since his arrival; — “The first week after my arrival half of the prisoners were liberated, and to this was added the promise that the rest would soon follow. An c.xpedition, the object of which was to generalize the insurrectional movement in the interior, was stopped. The New Nation was suspended on account of its e.xpre.ssing the desire of annexation with the United States. “The second week no more prisoners were in gaol, and the delegation started for Canada. Moreover, a man was prevented from going to the States, as it was su.spected that his intention was to ask the aid of Fenians. ‘‘The third week, the trading-post of Manitoba which had been signed, was restored to its first owners. The New Nation^ the organ and property of the Prov’isional (TOvernment, began to proclaim openly the necessity of loyalty to the Crown, and the advantage of an honorable settlement with the Dominion of Canada. The last obtrusion in the road was removed, and dangerous gathering of the Indians began to disperse. “ The fourth week (on certain conditions, it is true,) the furs and balance of goods at Fort Carry were restored to the hands of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and business resumed. “ The filth week, the post of White Horse Plains, the only one remaining in the possession of the Provisional (lovernmont, was given back to the Company. “ The sixth week, the “ Party flag” (which w.as never the Fenian flag), was replaced by the old ‘‘Union Jack,” not without some little difficulty, but the noble Briti.sh standard has floated since. Peace and confidence are prevailing, and without any exception the whole community is joy- fully anticipating the speedy settlement of our past difficulties by our complete and peaceable union with Canada.” t The Toronto Glohe, of 18th May, 1870, gives the following account of this occurrence, being part of a statement made to a reporter by C.aptain Webb, who had just returned from Fort Carry ; — ‘‘ During his sojourn at the Fort, Cai)tain Webb heard from many friends the particulars of the altercation between Riel and O’Donohue regarding the flag, which should predominate over the Fort. Previous to this little moiistratively loyal and had his band play “ God save the Queen ” every night. On the twenty-sixth of April, the “ Legislative Assem- bly” again met and remained in session until the ninth of May, their* time being occupied in framing laws for the Government of the Terri- tory. On the Queen’s Birthday an attempt was made to celebrate it ; the students at St. Boni- face College fired a feu de joie, races were held, and a grand concert was given in the evening, while many enthusiastic gentlemen got “ truly loyal drunk,” as the Neio Nation expressed it. On the seventeenth of June, Father Richot returned from Ottawa, and, on the twenty-third the third session of the Legislature was con- vened to hear his report of his conference with the Dominion Ministry. After his explanations — which included an assurance that amnesty would be proclaimed before the troops arrived — Mr. Schmidt oflered the following resolution ; “ That the Legislative Assembly of this country do now, in the name of the people, accept the Manitoba Act, and decide on entering the Do- minion of Canada, on the terms proposed in the Confederation Act.” The motion was unanim- ously adopted. After this, the country remained quiet, confidence began to be restored and some arrivals from Canada occurred. The reign of terror was entirely over, and, when the advance guard of Colonel Wolsely’s troops arrived at Fort Garry on 22nd August, there was not a vestige of opposition. Riel and his Council having ignominiously fled as soon as they heard the bugles of the 60th Rifles. 11. — Before turning from the subject in the cmevte between Riel and O’Donohue, a flag bearing a fleur de and a shamrock had been flying from the large flag pole over the Fort. But two or three days previous to Captain Webb’s arrival thereat. Riel had had the flag (which is generally supposed to be the Fenian bunting emblem), pulled down and a British ensign hoisted in its stead. O’Donohue objected to this, and an excited altercation resulted between them. Riel said to O'Donohue : “ Are you not a British subject O’Donohue replied : “ No, I am not,” to which Riel retorted : “ You are, because you and I have applied to the Canadian Government for the granting of our rights.” The wordy war between the President and his Secretary waxed hot, and at one time those who witnessed it anticipated a dissolution of the hitherto fast friends and coadjutors : but the dispute was settled by the large flag pole, which was erected in front of Dr. Schultz’s house, being removed to the Fort, and the Fenian flag hoisted to an equal altitude with “ the flag that’s braved a thousand years the battle and the breeze,” and when Captain Webb left the Fort, en route for St. Paul, the two flags were unfurling their folds together in the wind.” GOVERNMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. 13J Red River Territory, to record what had occurred Bishop Tiiche’s Other ^wts of the Dominion promise of amnesty, about the Same time, as will refer to the last act of Bishop Trche, his promise, in the name of the Canadian Grovernment, of complete amnesty to all who had been con- cerned in the insurrection ; ^ and, in justice to * The following is the Bishop’s letter to the Secretary of State, acquaint- ing him with what he had done : — St. Boniface, Red River Settlement, June 9th, 1870. IIoN. Joseph Howe, Secretary of State for the Provinces, Ottawa, Canada : Honorable Sir,— I hasten to communicate to you, for the information of His Excellency in Council, a very important promise I have just made in the name of the Canadian Government. I feel all the responsibility I have incurred in taking such a step, while on another hand I am confident that His Excellency the Governor-General and his Privy Council will not judge with too much severity an act accomplished in order to avoid great misfortunes and secure the welfare of the country. In my last despatch, dated on 28th May, I mentioned the satisfaction by the Liberal Bill erecting the Province of Manitoba. I also stated the uneasine.ss occasioned by the ignorance, whether or not a general and complete amnesty had been granted. The two last mails having brought no information on this subject, that feeling of uneasiness has increased to such a degree that it gives apprehension about the maintenance of peace in the country. Some speak of raising a large force to meet and molest the coming troops at some difficult point on their way hither ; and other plans, perhaps still more dangerous, are also afloat. Fortunately, the Provisional Government has so far refused such resources, determined to await the arrival of the delegates. Owing to the good disposition of the Provisional Government, and in order to remove the dangers to which we are exposed, and which it would be too tedious to enumerate, I solemnly gave my word of honor, and prorlisc even in the name of the Canadian Government, that the troops arc sent on a mission of peace; that all the irregularities of the past will he totally overluolccd or forgiven; that nobody will he annoyed for having been either leader or member of the Provisional Government, or for having acted under its guidance. In a word, that a complete and entire amnesty (if not already bestowed) will surely be granted before the arrival of the troops, so that everyone may remain quiet, and indues others to do the same. Personally, I felt no hesitation in giving such an assurance, because what I heard myself from the different members of the Cabinet at Ottawa, and what has been said by them in Parliament, has entirely convinced me that this promise of mine had been already issued, and that the delegates now on their way back will convey the most satisfactory information upon that subject. Should my vienos, unfortunately, have deviated from the real tendency of the Government, 1 humbly beg that my promise ivill be considered as sacred. It is the privilege of His Excellency to forgive, and if forgiveness be considered necessary, I earnestly pray for it. I don’t flatter myself with the idea that I hav'e done something in favor of the Canadian cause in this country ; and I can assure the Government of my willingness to contribute, as far as in my power, to its prosperity ; but should I have promised in vain, besides the heart-rending feeling I would personally experievee, I would be publicly reputed a deceiver, or as having been wilfully deceived by the Canadian Government. An awful re-action would ensue, and who knows what ivould be the result. If necessary, I therefore humbly lay my request before His Excellency. It would be very easy to have it largely subscribed to by respectable names, but such an undertaking would have given rise to excitement, and it is my constant endeavour to quell such a feeling rather than nourish it, as it is the greatest danger to be apprehended. I am confident that, although this is a personal act, it will be considered as the wish of the community at large, and probably granted. him, will give his own statement of his reasons for doing so, as given before the Select Com- mittee on the causes of the difficulties in the North-West Territory. After reading the letter given below, he said : “ I had the communication described in this letter on the day 1 wrote the letter, and, if you will allow me, I will explain to you the reason. Parties arrived from the United States, who had interviews with the leaders of the Provisional Grovernment, and the parties told them that they could not rely upon what had been promised ; that the assurances given would not be carried into execution ; and that, in some way or another, the politicians of Canada, when they took possession of the country, would refuse to be guided by that promise. They told the leaders that the troops were on their way, and, if they allowed them to enter the country, they would control the position, bring the leaders before the tribunals, try them and hang them. These representations created a very strong feeling among the leaders, and one or two of them came to my place and reported what they had heard. I repeated the assurances I had given in the name of His Excel- lency the Grovernor-General. They answered that this was of itself all right, but it was not from the Canadians. Now, the Canadian troops are on their way, they said, and they are under the control of Canada, and as we have given them cause for provocation, if we have not It is rumoured that Dr. Schultz is coming with a large party of sup- porters. I am sure that if such be the case, the Government has taken the necessary steps to prevent the collision, which would be the conse- quence of his return, perhaps with a desire to revenge the past, and renew the cause of by-gone troubles. We are perfectly aware of his former conduct, and it is not difficult to forsee what he may be in future, if not checked by a proper authority. I easily understand that at a distance my ideas may appear rather pressing, but allow me to say that here on the spot we are in a position to ascertain the dangers and difficulties which may naturally seem chimerical when viewed from abroad. Experience has already proved that, unfortunately, our apprehensions are not always entirely groundless nor an effort of our imagination. 8o far it is universally considered as a wonder that nothing worse has happened. May the wi.sdom and liberality of the Government remove what seems to be the last difficultv. I consider this document of such importance that I am forwarding it by a special messenger to Pembina, to secure its prompt delivery into your hands. No doubt you will be kind enough to answer mo by the first mail . I remain, with much respect, Honorable Sir, Your humble servant, ALEXANDER, Bishop of St. Boniface. 15 138 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. similar assurances from the Canadian Govern- ment, they may act in the manner represented to us. My statement before was, that I made the promise in the name of His Excellency the Governor-General, as representative of the Queen, but also added that such were the intentions of the members of the Canadian Cabinet. They had so little faith in the Canadian authorities that I thought they would prefer to negotiate directly with the represent- ative of the Sovereign. Indeed, I had this authority from the terms of the Proclamation, as well as from the letter addressed to me by His Excellency, in which he told me that he was directed by the Imperial Government to issue the Proclamation — and from the conversations I had, both with His Excellency and his Ministers, in which he and they told me that he was not acting in the name of the Canadian Govern- ment, but as Special Commissioner from the Imperial authorities. I was also furnished with a copy of the telegraphic message from England, upon which the Proclamation was based. The promise, made in the name of the Canadian Government on the ninth of June, differed in this respect — that it was made in the name of His Excellency, and, in my action, I was guided by Sir John’s letters of 16th February, but, with the exception of its being made in the name of the Canadian Government, the promise was itself exactly the same as I had made before. I thought it necessary to make it in the name of the Government of Canada, if the fears to which I have referred were to be dissipated ; and I determined so to make it, because I had received information from Father Eichot that the negotiations at Ottawa had been closed satisfactorily. As a portion of the negotiations was to get an entire amnesty, I thought the Canadian Government would not object to the ju-omise being made in their name. The promise which I made on my arrival, in the name of the Governor-General, was equally extensive with that which I describe in this letter of 9th June. All the difference is that the one was made in the name of the Government of Canada, whereas the other was made in the name of the Governor- General as the representative of the Queen. The answer of the Hon. Mr. Howe, dated 27th May, to my letters of the 3rd and 7th of the same month, in which I also saw plainly the promise of forgiveness, determined me that there was no risk in making the promise in the name of the authorities of Canada. I had also shown that answer to some of the leaders, and I relied upon it as affording me the basis for giving the promise named in my letter ; for you will observe that Mr. Howe tendered me, in the name of His Excellency, not only his sympathy, but his warm acknowledgment of my services in the cause of peace and moderation.” 12. — It will be seen by the above that the Bishop took upon himself to promise in the name of the Dominion Govern- The action of the ment what the Dominion Gov- K^’p^Xlfor ernment itself had not the power to grant ; that is, amnesty for offences committed against the Imperial authority, in a part of the British possessions which did not, at the time the offences were committed, even form a part of the Dominion of Canada. The power of amnesty rested with the Imperial authorities, as was clearly explained to the delegates, dirring the debate on the Manitoba Bill, by the Hon. Mr. How'^e in his answer to His Lordship’s letter of the ninth of June.* But, even admitting Ottawa, ith July, 1870. * My Lord, — Your letter of the 9th of June, which reached me yesterday, has been laid before tlie Privy Council, and has received their considera- tion. Your Lordship states that personally you felt no hesitation in giving, in the name of the Canadian Government, an assurance of a complete amnesty. Your Lordship has no doubt read the debate and explanations which took place in Parliament during the discussion of the Manitoba Bill. The question of Amnesty was brought forward, and the answers and ex- planations given by the Ministers in the House of Commons were that the Canadian Government had no power to grant such an Amnesty, and that the e.xercise of the prerogative of mercy rested solely with Her Majesty the Queen- The Reverend Father Richot and Mr. Scott must, on their arrival, have informed your Lordship that, in the repeated interviews which they h.ad with Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir George E- Cartier, they were distinctly informed that the Government of the Dominion had no power as a Government to grant an Amnesty ; and I would add that this Govern- ment is not in a position to interfere with the free action of Her Majesty in the exercise of the Royal clemency- Her Majesty’s Imperial Ministers can alone advise the Queen on such an important matter, when called upon to do so. No doubt can be entertained- that Her Majesty, advised by her Ministers, will on a calm review of all the circumstances discharge the duty of this high responsibility in a temperate and judicial spirit. GOVP]ENMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— THIEH SESSION OF PAELIAMENT, 18J0. 139 that there was some ground for his Lordship’s action furnished by Sir John A. Macdonald’s letter of 16th February, still the condition on which amnesty was promised in that letter was not complied with, for it stated that amnesty would be granted “ if the Company’s govern- ment is restored,” which was not done ; neither could he make good his authority under Sir John Young’s Proclamation of 6th of December, 1869, for the promise of amnesty was then made on the condition “ in case of your immediate and peaceable dispersion,” and the insurgents had neither submitted nor dispersed when the Bishop i:)romised amnesty, nor did they show any disposition to do so ; for, according to the Bishop’s own statement, they were meditating further acts of violence by preparing to attack the expedition then on its way to Fort Garry. Besides the intense feeling which had been raised in Ontario by the murder of Scott, and the strong debate which had taken place on the subject of amnesty during the discussion of the Manitoba Act in the House of Commons, were well known to His Lordship, and he was too astute a man not to see that the great outburst of popular feeling must have its weight with the Government, and that it could not advocate an amnesty ixntil the excitement had had time to cool down. Indeed, in his own evidence before the Committee already referred to, he said ; “ the only reason for delaying the granting of the amnesty promised by the The foregoing explanations are given to your Lordship in order that it may be well understood that the responsibility of the assurance given by your Losdship of a complete Amnesty, cannot in any way attach itself to the Canadian Government. The conversations to which your Lordship alludes as having taken place between your Lordship and some members of the Canadian cabinet when your Lordship was in Ottawa about the middle of the month of February last, must necessarily have taken place with reference to the proclamation issued by His Excellency the Governor-General, on 6th December last, by command of Her Majesty, in which His Excellency announced that in case of their immediate and peaceable dispersion, he would order that no legal proceedings be taken against any parties im- plicated in these unfortunate breaches of the law at Red River. Though I have felt it my duty to be thus explicit in dealing with the principal subject of your letter, I trust I need not assure you that your service and valuable exertions to calm the public mind in the North- West are duly appreciated here, and I am confident that where you regard the obstructions which have been interposed to the .adoption of a liberal and enlightened policy for Manitoba, you will not be disposed to relax your exertions until that policy is formally established. I have, etc., JOSEPH HOWE. Right Reverend the Bi-shop of St. Boniface, Red River Proclamation of Sir John Young, that I am aware of, has been the excitement existing throirghout the Dominion, and esjjecially in the Province of Ontario. This is not merely my own opinion ; it is also the opinion expresssd to me by certain members of the late Government. The constant reply which I received when I spoke to them on the subject was, that the excitement was so great that the Government would not be sustained if the amnesty was given.” Taking these facts into consideration, it is fair to infer that His Lordship, in his earnest desire to protect the people of the Red River from the consecprences of their conduct, and in the hope of establishing permanent peace in that country, knowingly exceeded the limits of his authority, acting under the impression that his promise would so far Compromise the Government as to coerce the Ministers into using their influence with the Imperial authorities — which was really all they could do — to obtain the Proclamation of a full and complete amnesty, before the arrival of the troops, after which any wild idea of further resistance would be useless. He knew that the Cabinet was divided on the subject ; that the Quebec members, led by Sir Geo. E. Cartier, were in favour of an amnesty, and, indeed that it was very well understood that an amnesty would be urged “ by and by,” when the popular excitement had abated ; but he was too impatient to await the slow process of time and endeavoured by a coup-de-etat to accomplish at once what it took years to partially gain. Shortly after giving his promise of amnesty, the Bishop left for Ottawa, “ to make certain,” as he said in his evidence “ to my own satisfaction, the promise made to the delegates, and report at Ottawa the satisfaction of the people.” CHAPTER XIV. GOVERNMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— Till RJ) SESSION OF FIRST PARLIAMENT, 1870. 1. — Anxious feeling throughout the Do- minion. Return of Hon. Mr. Macdougall. 140 TUTTLE’S UISTOEY OP THE DOMINION OP CANADA. — 2. Opening of Parliament. A brilliant SCENE. The Speech from tpie Throne. — 3. Debate on the address. — 4. Sir Francis Hinck’s Banking scheme. Synopsis of the RESOLUTIONS. — 5. DEBATE ON THE RESOLU- TIONS. They pass through Committee. — 6. Adoption of the Banking Act. Synopsis OF ITS PROVISIONS. — 7. HoN. Mr. Hunting- ton’s resolutions for the formation of a ZOLLVEREIN. — 8. DEFEAT OF THE RESOLU- TIONS BY 42 MAJORITY. — 9. Mr. BlAKE’S ATTEMPT TO HAVE THE B. N. A. ACT AMENDED. — 10. Mr. Blake’s efforts again defeated. — 11. The “ Silver NUISANCE.” Passage of THE Dominion Notes act. — 12. Sir A. T. G-alt’s proposal to change the manner OF BUILDING THE INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY. — 13. Sir G-eo. E, Cartier’s defense of THE Government’s railway policy. — 14. Rumord Fenian Invasion. Suspension of the “ Habeas Corpus ” Act. — 15. Debate on the improvement of the water com- munications OF THE Dominion. — 16. Acts FOR THE protection OF THE FISHERIES AND THE COASTING TRADE. — 17. ThE ADOPTION OF A Protective Tariff URGED. — 18. Adoption OF THE “ Protective ” Tariff Bill. Its PROVISIONS. — 19. Bills withdrawn or DEFEATED. ThE CENSUS. — 20. ThE SUPPLY Bill. Miscellaneous Legislation. Proro- I GATiON. Review of the session. i 1. — The year of 1870 opened with feelings of anxiety and foreboding of trouble throughout I A«xiou.s feeling ^he Dominion, consequent on the serious aspect which affairs in Hon. Mr. .Macdoiigaii. Noi't-West Were assuining and there was some alarm lest the hasty action i of the Hon. Mr. Macdougall in proclaiming himself Governor, without authority, might lead to grave complications ; hut these fears were quieted when it became known that his effort to excite the English Half-breeds to take up arms against the French had failed, and that he was on his way back to Canada. Of course, there was a sense of humiliation in the thought that so small a body should think itself powerful enough to defy the whole Dominion, but it was blended with a sort of feeling of amusement at the short-sighted policy of the Half-breeds in supposing that by keeping out Mr. Macdougall they could keep Canada from completing her bargain. There was, also, a considerable amount of dissastisfaction at the manner in which the Government had acted in the matter ; and the Opposition press did not fail to turn every cir- cumstance possible to account, and charge that it was the mismanagement of the Ministry which had caused the Half-breeds to be suspi- cious of Canada, and to take up arms to resist her gaining control over the country. As the news of the arrival of the Commissioners at Fort Garry, and their entering into negotiations with the Half-breeds bacame known, the feeling of anxiety was greatly dispelled, and it was felt that peace and good order might be restored without any appeal to force. The Hon. Mr. Macdougall arrived in Toronto on the seventh of January, and shortly after repaired to Ottawa. His position was an extremely unpleasant one. He had retired from the Cabinet and accepted a provisional Commission as Governor of a Ter- ritory which did not acknowledge Canadian authority ; and the question was soon raised as to whether he could continue to represent North Lanark in the Commons, as he would have vio- lated the Independence of Parliament A.ct if he accepted any position ol emolument while a member of the House. The question was after- wards raised in Parliament, and referred to the Committee on Elections and Privileges, by whom it was decided that he had not forfeited his seat. Mr. Macdougall was deeply incensed at his late colleagues, especially Mr. Howe, and accused them of trying to make him the scape- goat to save themseh’es from the penalty of their bungling and mismanagement. 2. — The third session of the first Parliament of the Dominion met on the fifteenth of February, and the opening was the most Opening of 1 .Ti. , . , Parliament.— A brilliant ever seen in Ottawa, brilliant scene.— The TT 1 T T-> • All speech from the H. R. H., Prince Arthur came Throne, from Montreal to attend it, and the rush to witness the ceremony was unprecedented, fully 1 GOVERNMENT OE SIR JOHN YOUNG- THIRD SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 18^0. 141 | fifteen hnndred persons being in the Senate Chamber, when the House was formally opened by His Excellency Sir John Young. Prince Arthur wore his Rifle uniform, and was accomo- dated with a seat beside the Governor-General. The attendance of Senators was unusually large, and a greater number of members of the Commons than usual were present. His Excellency, in his speech, referred to the beautiful harvest with which the country had been blessed, and to the prosperous condition of the fisheries, and trade and commerce generally- He spoke of the difficulties which had arisen in the North-West, on account of the misairpre- hension on the part of a portion of the inhabit- ants, of the intentions of the Canadian Govern- ment towards them, and expressed an opinion that a peaceful solution of the trouble would soon be reached, through the action of the Commissioners who had been sent there. An Act to take the place of an Act for the temporary government of the Territory would be sub- mitted to Parliament ; as would, also. Acts relating to banking, elections, and the estab- lishment of a Dominion Court of Appeals. He refen ed to the census which it would be neces- sary to take during the following year, and said that an effort would be made to induce a census being taken in Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island at the same time, so as to com- plete the census of British North America. He highly complimented the Volunteers on the alacrity with which they had turned out on the intimation that another Fenian invasion was intended, and briefly referred to the steps which were being taken by the different Provinces to induce immigration. Referring to his trip to the Lower Provinces, and subsequently, in company with H. R. H. Prince Arthur, through Ontario, he testified to the kindness and warmth of the loyal reception everywhere accorded him. 3. — The address, in reply to the speech from the Throne, was moved in the Senate, on the Debate on the sixteenth, by Hon. J. R. Benson, seconded by Hon. R. B. Dickey, and was adopted, without amendment, on the following day. In the Commons the address was moved by Mr. A. W. Savary, and seconded by Mr. Scriver. The debate lasted six days, and, although no amendment was offered, the j whole policy of the Government was reviewed ^ and severely criticised by the Opposition. Hon. Mr. Holton began by asking about the changes which had taken place in the Cabinet, claiming that the Government had not kept to the pro- gramme on which he had ajjpealed to the people. Mr. Mackenzie followed in the same strain, holding that the cry on which the Administration had gone to the electors, was that it was non-partizan ; that it gave a fair rep- resentation to the majorities of each Province, and that now they had virtually returned to party government by failing to give the Reform party in Ontario its due representation in the Cabinet. Sir John A. Macdonald claimed that, although the personel of the Government had been changed, its principles were the same as those maintained in 1867. The only difference was that the elections had shown such an increase in the Conservative vote in Ontario, that he was justified in giving that party a majority in the Cabinet. He said : “ The Gov- ernment is the same ; their principles and politics are the same ; and the introduction of these four gentlemen has not in any way affected the general principles or the policy which the Ministry has always adopted.” Sir A. T. Galt made a long review of the conduct of the Government, and said that, while not intending to offer a factious opposition, he regretted to say he could no longer give the present Administration his support. The debate, after this took a decidedly personal turn, a general attack being made on Sir Francis Hincks by several members of the Opposition, during which his past connection with Canadian politics was pretty freely commented on. Mr. Howe also came in for a considerable share of attention, and was severely attacked by Hon. W. Macdougall, who charged him with not having used his influence properly during his visit to Fort Garry, and with failing to give him (Mr. Macdougall) any 142 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. account of the true state of affairs in the Red River Settlement when they met on the plains. The whole conduct of the Government in the Red River troubles was reviewed and generally condemned, but the Government con- tented itself with deferring any defence until all the papers on the subject had been brought down, and the House should be in a better position to judge of their action. 4. — On the first of March, Sir Francis Hincks introduced his resolutions on the Banking . , system, which differed in many Biinkinff scheme. esseiitial particulars from those Re,soiutioiis. introduced by Hon. John Rose previously. The present resolutions provided that Banks could not be incorporated with less than $1,000,000 capital, of which twenty per cent, must be paid-up bona fide stock before notes could be issued or any business done, the remainder of the stock to be paid up in five years ; Banks not to issue notes for less than four dollars, the Government furnishing bills for smaller denominations ; Banks to keep at least half their reserve in Dominion securities ; the total note circulation of any Bank not to exceed its paid-up capital ; the whole liabilities never to be more than the amount of specie and notes on hand, and three times the amount of the capital ; the interest of note-holders and depositors to be secured by making shareholders liable for double the amount of stock held by them ; any Bank suspending specie payments for ninety days to forfeit its charter ; no dividend of more than eight per cent, to be declared until a reserve of f wenty per cent, had been accumu- lated; a list of shareholders to be published every year; Presidents, Vice-Presidents and Directors to hold at least five thousand dollars’ worth of stock each, and the whole Board of Directors to own at least five jier cent, of the capital ; no advances to be made by any Bank on its own stock ; no dividends to be paid out of capital, and when the capital became impaired it was to be made up by assessment on the share- holders ; Banks must at all times take their own notes in payment of any debt due them, but not to be compelled to redeem their notes in gold except at the office from which they were issued ; a fuller system of monthly returns was provided for. The scheme was generally well received by the people and acquiesced in by the Banks, so much so indeed, that the Globe and some other Opposition papers, which advocated “ Free Banking,” roundly attacked the latter for not protecting their own interests in oppos- ing the Bill ; but the Banks, generally, preferred to think for themselves, and were satisfied with the provisions of the Act. 5. — The Banking resolutions came up for discussion on the fourth of March, when Sir Francis Hincks moved that the i , . . v . Uebate on the House go in Committee on them, ptss'thrrug^^^*^^ Mr. Cartwright led the attack, and Committee, moved, in amendment, “ That the Speaker do not now leave the chair, but that it be resolved that it is not expedient to authorise the issue of legal tender notes in the manner authorized by the said resolutions.” He attacked the whole sys- tem generally and advocated the Free Banking system, which, he claimed, had worked exceed- ingly well, as neither the English nor United States systems coirld have withstood the strain on them which had been successfully borne by the Canadian Banks. Sir Francis Hincks defended his scheme, and said that although he would have preferred to establish a Govern- ment Bank of issue, he found popular sentiment did not favor that idea, and the next best plan was the one he proposed. Mr. Mackenzie fol- lowed in a very vigorous attack on the Banking policy of the Government, which he stigmatised as a plan for raising a forced loan from the Banks. The Government had been forced to resort to various devices to raise money ; it had raised $4,000,000 through the Insurance Companies, $1,500,000 through Savings Banks, $5,500,000 through the Dominion notes in circxrlation, and $1,000,000 under a pretence of exporting silver ; and now it wanted to add $8,000,000 by absorb- ing that much of the Bank circulation, w^hich would make a total of $20,000,000 raised by forced loans. He controverted the idea that the abstraction of money from the country, which would be the result of the proposed plan, was GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THIRH SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 1870. 143 not a direct tax, and argued against the notion that promises to pay, backed by the nation, could not depreciate in value. He held that this plan would operate most heavily against the interests of Ontario, and said that he was aware of the statement that some of the Banks favored the scheme, but he did not care for the opinion of those Banks, for he knew that they did not express the iropular opinion in Ontario. He then quoted a quantity of statistics and authorities to show the advantage of a Free Banking system. Mr. Young also opposed the resolutions, saying that they were only framed to tide over a difficulty and not to finally settle the Banking question. Mr. Workman com- plained that the Opposition members from Ontario could never see anything beyond what they considered the interests of Ontario. He thought the legal tender notes would be received with great confidence, and prove of immense advantage to the whole country. After some further debate Mr. Cartwright’s amendment was put and lost, only twenty-nine voting for it, and one hundred and ten against. The House then went into Committee. On the resolution fixing the capital at not less than $1,000,000, Sir A. T. Oalt thought the amount too high. It would prevent the formation of ; Local Banks, which were exceedingly useful in their communities ; he considered it would be better to fix the amount at $400,000. Sir Francis Hincks explained that the clause was only intended to apply to new Banks, but was willing to leave the matter to be discussed later on. The clause relating to the amount of stock to be o-wned by Directors was also left over, and the resolutions then passed through Committee 6. — The Banking Bill occupied the attention of the House for several days, and received Adoption of the various alterations during its s;S"Sofibpro- passage through its different stages, but was finally adopted on the fifth of April. The Bill as pas.sed pro- vides general clauses relating to Banks, which may, however, be varied by the special Acts incorporating them. No Bank can commence business with less than $200,000 paid-up capital. and it must obtain a certificate to that effect from the Treasury Board. At least twenty per cent, of the subscribed capital must be paid-up each year after commencing business. The notes in circulation are not to exceed the unimpaired paid-uir capital. None to be issued for a less sum than $4. Notes of a Bank must always be received by it at par in payment, but it is only obliged to redeem them where made payable, one of which places must l>e its chief office. It must hold as nearly as may be one- half of its cash reserve in Dominion notes — never less than one-third. Loans and discounts cannot be made on the security of its own stock ; but a Bank holds a lien on, and may refuse to transfer the stock of one of its debtors. No dividend or bonus may be paid out of capital ; directors knowingly concurring in such payment become jointly and severally liable for the amount to the Bank. When the capital is impaired, a call must be made to restore it if the stock is not all paid up, and all nett 2 :)rofits apiffied to cover the loss. No dividend of over eight per cent, shall be paid until a reserve has been formed of at least twenty per cent, of the capital. A charter is forfeited by suspension of payment of liabilities in specie or Dominion notes for over ninety days, and the Bank being insolvent, passes into the hands of assignees, unless the Directors are authorized by creditors to wind it up. The shareholders in such case become liable for double the amount of their subscription to the capital, and the assignees or directors may make calls not ex- ceeding twenty per cent, each, and giving thirty days notice of each, for amount. If the Bank be e.n commandite, and the principal partners are personally liable, they may be proceeded against at once without discussing the Bank assets, the liability continuing for such term as is provided by the special charter. In other Banks, parties who have transferred their shares within one month before the susi)ension are still liable for such calls saving their recourse against the persons accepting such transfer. Directors failing or refusing to enforce these calls are guilty of a misdemeanor, 144 TUTTLpyS HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. and personally liable for damages. Banks are made subject to the provisions of any winding- up Act which may be passed. A shareholder has a vote for each share held by him three months before meeting, and may always vote by a proxy, who must be a shareholder, and must not be a manager, cashier, bank clerk, or other subordinate officer of the Bank, nor shall these vote in irerson. The shareholders may make By-laws to regulate the number and qualification of directors (not less than five nor more than ten), the method of filling up vacancies, the remuneration of President, Vice- President and Directors. The qualific-ation of Directors to be at least $3,000 in Banks of $1,000,000 or under; $4,000 in those of -$1,000, - 000 to $3,000,000 ; and $5,000 for those over $3,000,000. By-laws may also prescribe the amount of discount to be allowed to directors (or, en commandite, to principal partners) not to exceed one-twentieth part to any one of them. The directors are to be elected annually by the shareholders, and are eligible for re-election. Lists of shareholders, with residences, amount held, &c., shall be laid before Parliament each session. Monthly returns are to be made up on the first day of each month, showing the actual condition of the Bank on the last day of the preceding month ; and these returns are to be certified to by the President and Cashier. Making a false statement or return is a mis- demeanour, if not made a higher offence, and Bank officers, directors and principal partner, signing or concurring in it, or using it, with intent to mislead, are liable for damages. Any officer, director, or principal partner, giving any unfair preference to any creditor, is in like manner guilty and liable for damages. Banks are liable to any further general legislation about Banks. Their char- ters will expire at the end of the session to be held in 1881. Any existing Bank may, on application of its directors authorized by the shareholders, obtain a renewal and extension of its charter from the Governor in Council on the report of the Minister of Finance and Treasury Board — such charter to contain any of the pro- visions of its former charters not inconsistent with the preceding provisions of this Act. If the capital stock of the Bank has been impaired, it shall be reduced accordingly by such exten- sion of charter, but not by a further amount than twenty-five per cent, nor below $200,000, nor shall the shareholders liability be reduced thereby. Banks obtaining such charter must call in and redeem its notes under $4 as soon as practicable. All Banks under new charter will be free from the tax on circulation. No one but a chartered Bank shall issue, or re-issue, make, or draw any note or other document, to pass as money, or substitute for it, under a penalty of $400. A note is pnssumed to be such if under $20, payable to bearer, or at sight, or on demand, or at less than thirty days, or overdue, or in any way designed for circulation — cheques on Banks and promissory notes delivered by a debtor to his creditor being excepted. The Act respecting Banks of 1868 is continued until the end of the session of 1872.* 7. — The small feeling toward Independence which we have already referred to as having a few advocates, found expression non. Mr. during this session in a series ot resolution for the , • , 1 -11 forinition of a resolutions introduced by the Zoiiverein. Hon. L. S. Huntington, on the sixteenth of March, and debated on that day, and the twenty-first. The resolutions were as follows : “ That an address be presented representing that the increasing population and productions of this Dominion demand more extended markets and a more unrestricted interchange of commodities of other countries. That a Conti- nental system of free commercial intercourse, bringing under one general Customs Union with this Dominion, countries chieffy interested in its trade would tend to the expansion of our commerce and develope our resources and our products. That such a system should place in a position of commercial equality and reciprocity all countries becoming parties thereto. That a great advantage would result from placing the Government of the Dominion in direct commu- * This Synopsis is from an article by Mr. B. Chamberlin, D.C.L., in The Year Book of Canada ^ for 1871- GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THIRD SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 18Y0. 145 nication with the several States which might be willing to negotiate for such a Customs Union. That it is expedient to obtain from the Imperial Grovernment all necessary powers to enable the Grovernment of the Dominion to enter into direct communication with such foreign States as would be disposed, upon terms advantageous to Canada, to negotiate for such commercial regulations. That in all cases treaties enacting such proposed Customs Union should be sub- mitted to the approval of Her Majesty.” In support of his resolutions Mr. Huntington made a fierce attack on the policy of the Ministry, which he claimed to be very faulty, especially in its conduct towards the United States. He argued that what the coiuitry wanted was Free Trade and Reciprocity, in some manner, with the United States, and that everything possible to attain these ends should be done before there was any talk of retaliatory measures. Sir Francis Hincks said the resolutions were violently pro- tectionist, for a Zollverein such as proposed would exclude England from our markets. He admitted that it would be beneficial to Canada to have reciprocity, but it was not her place to suplicate for it. Hon. Mr. Dorion was warmly in favor of the resolutions, and strongly advo- cated the necessity of obtaining Reciprocity. He also supported the desirability of obtaining permission from Great Britain for Canada to execute separate commercial treaties, and argued that the resolutions did not involve any discriminating duties against Great Britain. Mr. McGill opj)Osed a Customs Union because a political union would be sure to follow. After some further discussion the debate was adjourned. 8. — On the 21st the debate was resumed ; but Mr. Huntington seems to have become convinced of the fruitlessness of urging on res9iutionsby42 the House anything which bore about it any flavour of annexa- tion or union, whether commercial or political, with the United States, and submitted to an amendment beiiig offered by Sir A. T. Galt, which took the main pith out of his resolutions, as the amendment excluded all reference to a Zollverein, and was merely to the effect that Canada needed an extension of trade, and that it would be beneficial to her to obtain per- mission from Great Britain to enter into separate commercial treaties with foreign countries, the same to be approved of by the Mother Country. He followed the usual arguments in favor of reciprocity with ihe United States, and deprecated anything like retaliatory legislation. He felt confident that England would easily consent to Canada’s making separate commercial arrangements. Sir John A. Macdonald thought it would be much more becoming for Canada to act in consonance with, and with the assist- ance of the Mother Country than to sue in ''forma paperis to foreign nations for treaties, and he met with the rebuff, “We don’t know who you are.” He said there was no guarantee that England would grant any such right to make treaties, and that the resolutions really meant a separation from the Mother Country as soon as possible, which was something, he was sure, Canada would be very loth to ask. He con- cluded by moving in amendment to the amend- ment, “ That this House, while desirous of obtaining for the Dominion the freest access to the markets of the world, and thus augmenting its external prosperity, is satisfied that that object can best be obtained by the concurrent action of the Imperial and Canadian Govern- ments. That any attempt to enter into treaties with foreign powers without the strongest direct support of the Mother G’ountry as a prin- cipal party must fail, and that a Customs Union with the United States, now so heavily taxed, would be unfair to the Empire and injurious to the Dominion, and would weaken the ties now happily existing between them.” A long debate ensued, in which it was clearly indicated that the feeling of the House was strongly opposed to entertaining any propositions looking either to union of any kind with the United States, or separation of any sort from the Empire. Sir John A. Macdonald’s motion was then carried by 100 for to 58 against. 9. — The question of the “better terms” granted to Nova Scotia at the previous session was not 16 146 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. to be allowed to rest quietly, the Mr. Blake’s attempt ... , . , • i i to have the B. N. A. Uppositioii being’ determined to Act ameiidecl. , m i . make one more enort to remove from the Parliament of the Dominion the power to alter the financial basis on which Confedera- tion had been consummated. It will be remem- bered that when the Act granting a larger amount of debt and an increased subsidy to Nova Scotia was under discussion in 1869, Mr. Blake moved an amendment on the constitu- tional ground that Parliament was exceeding the power given it by the British North America Act, by altering the financial arrangement provided for in that Act. His amendment was defeated ; but determined to “ try again,” he moved in the Ontario Legislature for an address to Her Majesty, praying that she would cause a measure to be submitted to the Imperial Parlia- ment for the purpose of removing all color for the Parliament of the Dominion assuming the power to disturb the financial arrangements made to the British North America Act. The address was carried in the Ontario House and duly forwarded, and the Secretary of State for the Colonies decided that the Dominion Parlia- ment had the power to alter the terms if it pleased, and that it was not deemed expedient to deprive it of that power.* The despatch of Lord Gfranville, given below, was 4 )ublished on the twenty-third of March, and on the thirtieth Downing Street, February 19th, 1870. * Sir, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch, No. 6, of the 11th .January, forwarding an address to the Queen from the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, praying that Her Majesty would he graciously pleased to cause a measure to be submitted to the Imperial Parliament for the purpose of removing all color for the assumption, by the Parliament of Canada, of the power to disturb the financial relations established by the British North America Act (1867) as between Canada and the several Provinces. You will be so good as to inform the Assembly that their address has been laid before Her Majesty, who has been pleased to receive the same very graciously. The British North America Act (1867) embodied the terms of Con- federation, agreed upon through their representatives by the different Provinces of the Union, and Her Majesty’s Government would not feel justified in proposing to the Imperial Parliament to deprive the Parlia- ment of Canada of any power which that Act has assigned to them. I have been advised by the Law Officers of the Crown that under such statute the Canadian Parliament had authority to pass the Act’ respecting Nova Scotia, which was referred to during the debate in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Under these circumstances, you will inform the Assembly that I have been unable to advise Her Majesty to accede to the prayer of the address. I have the honor, &o., GRANVILLE. Governor-General, the Right Honorable Sir John Young, Bart., G. C. B., G. C. M. G. Mr. Blake brought the subject before Parlia- ment by moving the following resolution : — “ That an humble address be presented to Her Most Gracious Majesty, praying that she will be pleased to cause a measure to be submitted to the Imperial Parliament providing that the Parliament of Canada shall not have power to disturb the financial relations established by the British North America Act of 1867, between Canada and the several Provinces, as altered by the Act respecting Nova Scotia.” He said that he was willing to accept the opinion of the Law Officers of the Crown with regard to the addi- tional subsidy to Nova Scotia as final as far as that Act was concerned ; but he wanted to pro- vide against any possible jarring between the separate Provinces and the Dominion, so that each might keep within the powers granted by the Constitution. Last year he had contended that the Parliament of the Dominion had no power to alter the terms of the British North America Act. Parliament had decided that it had, and the Law Officers of Great Britain had decided that Parliament was right, and, there- fore, for all practical purposes, that question was settled ; but he desired to provide against the possibility of any further advantage being given to Nova Scotia, or to any of the other Provinces. He was willing to accept the statu quo provided Parliament put an end to its legislative power to disturb the financial arrangements of the Provinces. The matter was one of the most vital importance to the success of Confederation, and ought to be set at rest, or it might give rise to grave complica- tions in the future. He argued that in all Constitutions there was a reserve power to amend, and that in this instance the power rested with the Imperial Parliament which had granted the Constitution, and which was competent to alter it. 10. — Mr. O’Connor contended that the position of Nova Scotia was very different from that of the other Provinces, for, while Mr, Blake’s efforts they had voted to enter Confed- eration. Nova Scotia had not, and the extra subsidy was only given her to prevent a revolu- G0VEENMP:NT of SIE JOHN young— TUIED session of PAELIAMENT, 1870. 147 tion. Hon. Mr. Archibald held that Nova Scotia had got no more than she was entitled to by the terms of the Quebec Conference ; and said that when she found that the Dominion was not neglectful of her interest, the bitterness of feeling against Confederation began to jrass away. He moved, in amendment to Mr. Blake’s motion, “ That this House adheres to the decision of the Parliament of Canada last session, as recorded in an Act entitled ‘ An Act respecting Nova Scotia.’ ” The point of order was raised that this was not an amendment, but the Speaker ruled that it was in order. Messrs. Joly, "Wood, Mills, Dorion and others supported Mr. Blake’s motion, and Messrs. Howe, Cartier, Anglin and others opposed it. Sir John A. Macdonald defended the previous action of Parliament ; and maintained that the Dominion Parliament had the right to do as it pleased with its own revenues, even to misuse them, if it pleased. He instanced the granting of .£20,000 by the old Parliament of Canada for the relief of the wounded in the Crimea, and said that, should that resolution pass, it would be the first instance of a colony coming to the foot of the Throne to beg and plead to have its privileges restricted. He justified the action of Parliament in granting a larger subsidy to Nova Scotia, because it was her due, and “ thanked Grod that the Dominion was rich enough to be honest.” He concluded by moving in amendment to the amendment, “ That it is the undoubted privilege of this Parliament to fix and determine the amount of all expendi- tures chargeable on all public accounts of the country.” Mr. Mackenzie denied that Parlia- ments had the right to do as they pleased with their own revenues, as they could only do so within the limits of their Constitutions, and instanced the check put by the Minister of Justice (Sir John A. Macdonald) on the Legis- lature of Ontario, when it desired to increase the salaries of Judges, as proof that Parlia- mentary Assemblies did not possess the right to do what they pleased with their revenues. He then entered into a long argument to show that the previous Act was in direct violation of the British North America Act, and urged the adoption of Mr. Blake’s resolution as a safe- guard against the recurrence of a similar viola- tion in the future. After some further debate, Sir John A. Macdonald’s amendment was put, and carried by a vote of 87 for, 60 against. Mr. Oliver then moved “ That this House is of opinion that no further grants or provision beyond those made by the Union Act and the Act respecting Nova Scotia should in future be made out of the revenues of Canada for the support of the G-overnment or Legislature of any one of the Provinces.” The amendment was accepted by the Ministry and carried by 134 to 10.* Hon. Mr. Wood then moved to add the words, “ That such steps shall be taken as to render impossible any such grants or provisions,” which was lost on a division by a vote of 56 for to 85 against. Mr. Blake was, therefore, again defeated in his effort to get Parliament to take away the right which it was acknowledged to have to alter the financial basis of the British North America Act. 11. — The question of the “ silver nuisance ” had grown to be of so much importance that Sir Francis Hincks turned his silver attention to devising means to Passage“of the abate it, very shortly after he dominion Notes Act. accepted the portfolio of Minister of Finance. The evil had grown to be so great and so wide- spread, that he found the only way to remove it was for the G-overnment to take the matter in hand, buy up all the depreciated American silver, export it, and supply its efface with small Canadian coinage. For this purpose he issued a circular on the third of February, to the various banks and brokers, offering to buy three millions of silver at an average discount of five and a half per cent. ; and, on the thirteenth of Feb- ruary, a proclamation was issued that on and after the fifteenth of April, American silver would only be a legal tender for eighty per cent, of its face value — a quarter to be worth only twenty cents, and so on. The effect of this proclamation was to induce shop-keepers and * The ten who voted in the negative were Messrs. Anglin, Bellerose, Cimon, Costigan, Forbes, McOougiill (Antigonish) MeCreevy, Pope, Renaud, Richard. 148 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. others to refuse to take silver, and some of the mechanics and other workmen who had been paid in the depreciated money for some time past, and compelled to lose the discount, also refused to take it, except at its legal tender value. Father Rousselot, Parish priest at Montreal, announced from the altar on the twenty-eighth of February, that American silver would no longer be taken for tithes or church fees, except at twenty per cent, discount ; and, as the result of the general desire to get rid of the stuff, the discount soon reached the point at which the Grovernment would commence to purchase — five per cent. — and Mr. William Weir, of Montreal, was appointed by the Finance Minister, Government agent to buy and export American silver. Meanwhile some Canadian silver, in five, ten, twenty-five and fifty cent pieces, had been coined in England, and the soldiers were paid in Canadian silver on the first of April, and small amounts placed in the banks for distribution. But there was some little delay in getting a sufficient amount coined to supply all the small change needed for trade, and the Finance Minister decided to issue half- a-million dollars’ worth of twenty-five cent Dominion notes to meet the temporary require- ment, the notes to be withdrawn as soon as possible after sufficient Canadian silver was in circulation. The alteration in the Banking Act restricting the banks from issuing any notes of smaller denominations than $4 required that some legislation should take place to enable the Domin- ion to issue small notes and fractional currency to the extent required, and Sir Francis Hincks accordingly introduced his Dominion Notes Bill on the first of March. The Bill, as passed, repealed the first seven sections of the Dominion Note Act of 1868, except in as far as they effected the arrangements between the Government and Bank of Montreal, as well as section ten and so much of section eight as relates to the amount of issue of notes and specie and debentures to be held. The issue of such notes was fixed at $5,000,000, on security of specie and debentures — at least twenty per cent, of the former to be held ; and the issue might be increased from time to time, not oftener than quarterly, by order of the Governor-in-Council, in amounts of not more than $1,000,000, until the aggre- gate reaches $9,000,000. At each increase over $5,000,000 the Receiver-General was required to hold at least twenty-five per cent, of the increase in specie, and the whole $9,000,000 not to be issued unless the Receiver-General held at least $2,000,000 in specie. The Receiver- General was, as a rule, to hold twenty-five per cent, of the debentures held against these notes, in specie ; and the amount of specie was not to fall below fifteen per cent, of the amount in circulation. Whenever the amount of specie fell below twenty-five per cent, he must take measures to raise it to that amount, and he might issue debentures to purchase specie, or for the purposes of this Act, provided the aggre- gate amount issued did not exceed that author- ized by Parliament. Dominion notes might be issued to any amount exceeding $9,000,000, but the Receiver-General should keep a reserve in specie equal to the whole of such excess. The Governor-in-Council was authorized to establish branches of the Receiver-General’s office at Toronto, Montreal, St. John and Halifax, for the redemption of these notes, or might make arrangements with Banks at those places for their redemption. The Receiver-General was required to publish a statement every month showing the amount of notes outstanding and the debentures and specie held, and stating how much was held at each branch or agency. The bill met with much opposition in the House from Messrs. Mackenzie, Holton, and a few others, and considerable modifications were made before it finally passed, as given in substance above. The issue of “ shin-plasters,” as the twenty-five cent notes were called, was particularly distasteful to some members, and, on the motion for reading the bill a third time, on the fifth of April, Mr. Mackenzie Bo well moved, in amendment, “ That the Bill be referred back to the Committee of the whole, to be so amended that no bill of a smaller denomination than one dollar can be issued.” The amendment was lost by a vote GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THIRH SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 1870. 140 of 105 against to 38 for, and the Bill passed. 12. — One of the most animated debates of the session took place on the twelfth of April, on . the subiect of the Intercolonial proposal to cimnge Railway. The Opposition had intlrcofonki always contended that the build- ing of such an extensive road as a Public Work, put too great an amount of patronage into the hands of the Grovernment, and that the cost of the road would be greater than if it was built as a private enterprise, subsi- dized to a limited extent by the Government. On the motion of the Finance Minister to go into Committee of Supply, therefore, Sir A. T. Galt moved, “ That the House do not now go into Committee of Supply ,Uut that the following resolutions be adopted : That the present system under which the Intercolonial Railway is being constructed as a public work is expensive and unsatisfactory ; that it is not in the public interest that the Government should be charged with the maintenance and working of railways, and that steps should be taken to ascertain whether arrangements cannot be made with res- ponsible parties for the construction of the Intercolonial Railway as a private enterprise, including all existing contracts, and for the acquirement of existing Dominion railways in part payment thereof.” He said that he did not intend his motion as one of want of confidence in the Government, he only intended it as an enquiry to see whether the road could not be built cheaper than it could be under existing arrangements. The British North America Act did not require the Canadian Government to build the road as a public work, but simply to see that the road was constrircted ; it was the Act passed by the Dominion Parliament which required the road to be built as a x)ublic work, under the supervision of Commissioners. He did not wish to blame either the Government or the Commissioners, but, after two years trial, it was found that the law did not work well, and he thought that the wisest plan was to change the law. If it could be shown that a saving in the expense of construction could be made by changing the plan of building the road, he con- sidered it was the duty of Parliament to change the plan. The resolutions did not demand a change of policy and the adoption of a new plan for building the road ; they only asked that steps should be taken to ascertain whether the road could not be built cheaper if a different plan was adopted. He then went into a statement of the probable cost of the road if continued in the manner it was commenced, putting the amount at $20,000,000, and went on to argue that it could be completed for much less, if done as a private enterprise instead of a public work. Referring to the lines owned by the Govern- ment in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, he showed that they were being run at a heavy loss, and contended that railways could not be run as economically by Government as by private parties, as there was not the same per- sonal interest to make them pay. The only effect of the resolutions was to ask the Govern- ment if they could find responsible parties willing to build the road, to let them do so. He believed that a saving of seven or eight millions could be effected, and if that could be done it was the duty of the Government to do it; that seven or eight millions would be enough to defray the cost of enlarging the canals, which was a work fast pressing itself on public attention. He did not think that adopting the plan proposed by him conflicted with the British North America Act, or the Imperial Guarantee Act, but if it did conflict with the letter of the latter, he felt sure the Imperial Government would not object to amend it, if it could be shown that Canada would thereby save a large sum of money. Mr. Shanly, in seconding the motion, referred to the large number of contractors who had failed, and said it was because they had tendered too low in the first place in order to secure the contract. He could not blame the Commissioners for that, as they had to take the lowest tenders, but he thought it would be much better for the Government to have nothing to do with build- ing railways. 13. — Hon. J. H. Cameron thought that before it was determined to change the manner of 150 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. building the road, and turn it giro. E.Crtier’s over to private parties, it ought niiiway to be shown how the road could be made to pay as a commercial enterprise ; he did not think this could be done, for the road was a great deal more of a political w^rk than it was of a commercial enterprise. He con- tended that the Imperial Government had guaranteed a loan for the Canadian Govern- ment on the condition that the latter built the road, but did not give it the power to give up the control of the road, and to pass the respon- sibility over to some one else. Sir George E. Cartier claimed that the resolutions did imply a vote of censure on the Government, first, on their policy in biiilding the road ; and, second, as to the manner in which the Government railroads in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were run. He entered upon a general defence of the policy of the Government, and claimed that greater progress had been made on the road than had ever been accomplished on any road built in Upper Canada. Parliament at its first session had sanctioned the existing arrange- ment, and Commissioners were appointed on the eleventh of December, 1868. It was decided to proceed at once with such sections of the work as were ready, and tenders for ninety miles had been received on the sixth of February, 1869, there being no less than sixty- two tenders for each contract to be let ; on the sixth of April three more contracts, for a total of eighty-one miles, were let, and there were ! eighty-four tenders for each of these sections ; on the eighteenth of October five more con- tracts, for a total of ninety miles, were let, making the whole length contracted for two hundred and fifty-one miles, at a total cost of $3,567,000 — the amount actually paid on which, up to thirty-first of December, was $335,766, or about ten per cent. Some of the contractors, he admitted, had failed to carry out their contracts and they had been annulled, but would be all re-let before the working season commenced in May. Seven ty-four miles more would be let in a few days, and by the end of May fifty-five miles more, including the bridges across the Restigouche and Miramichi. By the end of the season three hundred and fifty miles would be under contract, and the whole line would be let before the end of next summer. Land had been obtained at Moncton for the workshops, and, meanwhile, such rolling stock as would be wanted immediately had been ordered. The section between Riviere du Loup and Rimouski was well advanced, and would be open for travel early in 1871, which would cause a gain of twelve hours in delivering the English mails. He claimed that the Govern- ment was doing all in its power to complete the road as speedily as possible, but they could not build it in one night, like a palace in a fairy tale; nor could the Government prevent con- tractors from failing, it could only re-let their contracts as rapidly as possible and push on the work. He defended the system of giving contracts for small sections, and having the contractors directly under the control of the Government, instead of giving out large con- tracts and have the contractors sub-let them in small sections. He compared the manner of building the Intercolonial with the way the Grand Trunk was built, and said that the latter had really cost =612,000 a mile for the section between Montreal and Toronto, and ^610,000 a mile from Toronto to Sarnia, while the actual expenditure to the men who did the work was not over =66,000 a mile, the balance being made by the large contractors. He claimed that the Inter- colonial would not cost over j£7,000 per mile in the way it was being built, as the Government did not want to make a big profit out of it, like a large contractor did. He thought this was not the proper time to raise the question of how the line should be run ; wait until the line was finished, and then the Gov^ernment would decide whether it would work the line, or let it to others. Messrs. Bolton, Cartwright and others sui:)ported the resolutions and con- demned the policy of the Government, after which a vote was taken and Sir A. T. Galt’s motion defeated by 40 for to 98 against. 14. — For some time i:>revious there had been periodical rumors of intended Fenian invasions. OJOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— TIURD SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 1870. 151 which had proved groundless ; Rumoured Fenian i . , i . .1 , invasion of the Dut at last the (jrovemment Habeiis C(jri)iiK Act. . i i received what was considered to be such authentic information of a proposed raid on the fifteenth of April, that the volun- teers were called out, and a hill hastily rushed through Parliament on the fourteenth of April, virtually suspending the Habeas Corpus Act. The hill provided that persons arrested by warrant of two Justices of the Peace, a Com- missioner of Police, or by the military, navy or volunteers, charged with being in arms against Her Majesty in Canada, or any act of hostility therein ; or crossing the border with such design, or to commit felony, or doing these acts in com- pany with subjects of a foreign power at peace with her Majesty, or joining such persons ; or treason or treasonable practices, might be detained until the end of the session next after the first of January, 1871, and bail deferred; but the warrant to be countersigned by the Clerk of the Privy Council within one month after commitment. They might be detained anywhere, and in any person’s custody, and the place and person charged by warrant of the Privy Council. The Grovernor-Greneral might, by proclamation, suspend the Act, and bring it again into force. Messrs. Holton and Mackenzie called attention to the very grave responsi])ility the Grovernment was taking on itself in asking for such a measure, but offered no opposition, merely hoping that care would be taken to guard the liberties of our own subjects. Mr- Mills thought the United States Government did not exert itself sufficiently to prevent these attacks, and that the matter ought to be repre- sented to Her Majesty’s Government. Sir John A. Macdolald explained that the Government had received information from various inde- pendent sources, which left no doubt that the Fenians intended shortly to attempt another raid, which was his reason for asking for this bill. He said that the United States Govern- ment had shown a most friendly spirit towards Canada, and seemed to be fully aware of its duties in the matter, and prepared to perform them. The bill was then read a first, second and third time, and referred to the Senate, where it was immediately passed, and the House, being summoned to the Senate Chamber, His Excellency the Governor-General gave his assent to it, and it came into effect at once. 15. — Amongst the subjects which occupied a part of the attention of the Hoirse this session, none was of greater imy)ortance Debate on the , , , 1 p j 1 Improvement of the than the enlargement of the water Com- ^ . . munications of the canals, and a very interesting Dominion, debate took place, on the twenty-third of March, on a motion of Mr. Magill for copies of Minutes of Council and reports of Engineers with regard to the enlargement of the St. Lawrence and Welland canals. In speaking in support of his motion Mr. Magill dwelt on the importance of the water communications of the continent, the two great outlets from the West being the Erie canal and the Canadian Lakes and St. Lawrence river. The Erie canal, he claimed, had been improved as much as it could be, but nothing had yet been done to improve the other route. He referred to the great benefit which had accrued from the building of the Welland Canal, and held that it should be deepened to fifteen feet so that ships of one thousand tons could pass through it, and argued that if the St. Lawrence canals were deepened so that sea- going vessels could pass through them, a very large portion of the grain from the West would be diverted from New York to Montreal. He estimated that the cost would be $12,000,000, or more, but thought that the return would more than pay for the outlay. Mr. Walter Shanly said that the Government had appointed a Commission to enquire into the matter, which he tegarded as altogether unnecessary ; the Government ought to take this matter in hand itself and proceed with it at once. He held that there was nothing in the articles of Con- federation which was fraught with more interest to the welfare and prosperity of the Dominion, than the enlargement of the water communica- tions which was there provided for. He contended that it was not only important that the St. Lawrence and Welland canals should be improved, but that such a scheme of water 152 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. comniiinicatioii should be adopted as would send the products of the West into the heart of New England. The canal system of Canada, so far, was a failure ; as it gave no direct com- munication with the West, and below Kingston we might almost as well have no canals, for they were only fit for local traffic. He urged the importance of building the proposed Caughnawaga canal, saying that it was a fallacy to suppose that all the grain from the West i went to Europe ; immense quantities went every ! year to the New England States, and he consi- dered these States the natural market for | Canadian grain, for they would never be able to supply themselves. The St. Lawrence canals, he claimed, stopped where they should go on, and a very large portion of the Western trade, which brought over $5,000,000 annually into the cofiers of the State of New York, could be diverted to Canada, by means of the Caughna- waga canal, for freight could be brought cheaper by that route than by way of Albany and Troy. He urged that the work should be done thoroughly and completely; it would not do merely to tide over a difficulty, but by investing largely in improvements of the water communi- cations, it would be found that Canada would be repaid five dollars for every one she invested. Mr. Jones (Leeds) thoxrght that the people should reflect seriously before incurring so serious an expense as that proposed by these improvements. He could not see how the project was to be made advantageous, unless it was thought that the tolls would pay ; and he doubted the policy of Canada spending $20,000,000 on the construction of canals to enable the Western American farmers to reach the seaboard cheaper and quicker, so as to help them to compete more successfully with Canada in the grain markets of Europe. Mr. Mackenzie ridiculed the idea of the Gfovernment having to appoint a commission on the subject, as they had ample sttrveys of the St. Lawrence and Welland canals, and of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers in their possession, and ought to be able to do the work themselves. “ It might be said that that was a Gfovernment [ which did its work by Commissions, and paid I its debts in shin-plasters.” He was strongly in I favor of improving the water communications, and advocated the building of the Caughna- waga canal as well as one on the Canadian side of Sault Ste. Marie. Sir John A. Macdonald defended the appointment of a Commission, and said that it had been done at the request of some thirty or forty members of Parliament, who had requested him to do so ; and he argued that the Commission was necessary, so that a full and complete report may be had on the whole subject of the improvement of our water communications, which was a matter of the utmost importance. He argued that the enlargement of the canals was a necessity, not to accommodate the American trade, but on account of the immense trade we may expect to have in a few years from our own North-West, now that the country was being opened up and settled. He thought, however, that by improving the canals immediately we would be removing one of the arguments in favor of a Reciprocity Treaty with the United States, for that had always been held out as one of the inducements for such a treaty, and the Americans may not be so willing to give Reciprocity if they found that they could ‘get the Canadian canals enlarged without promising anything in return. The debate was adjourned, but no action was taken at this session on the enlargement, beyond the passing of some small items in the Supply Bill, for slight improve- ments and alterations on the different canals. 16. — The irritating action of the United States in avoiding a renewal of the Reciprocity Treaty, while constantly pretending to Actsforthe be willing to do so, caust'd a very L'h“a7/the general feeling of discontent at coasting trade, the unsatisfactory condition of affairs to be felt throughout Canada. American fishermen were still allowed to fish in Canadian waters, almost the same as while the treaty was in existence, for although there was a nominal license fee of $2 a ton on American vessels, it was not rigidly enforced, and very few of them paid it; the products of the American mines, forests and ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION" THE BORLAND DESBARATS LIT HO COMP’ GOVERXMP]NT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. loJ fisheries were still admitted free into Canada, while highly protective, and in some cases almost prohibitory, duties were levied on Canadian products, and it was felt, at last, that this one- sided arrangement could not exist any longer, and that if the United States would not grant a free interchange of natural products, Canada must protect her own interests, and adopt what would be, to some extent, a retaliatory policy. The question of the fisheries was the one which caused most annoyance, especially in the Mari- time Provinces, and the announcement of Sir John A. Macdonald, in answer to Dr. Fortin, on the third of March, that it was not the intention of the Government to issue any more licenses to American fishermen, and that steps wmirld be taken to thoroughly protect the fisheries, was very well received by the House and the country generally. An Act, with regard to foreign vessels fishing in Canadian waters, was also passed, which provided that foreign fishing vessels found hovering about Canadian waters may be seized by the fishing officers, brought into a Canadian port and searched, and the master examined on oath. In case of his refus- ing to answer, or not answering truly, ho should be _^liable to a fine of $400 ; and if the vessel had been fishing without license within three marine miles of shore she should be forfeited. A good deal of annoyance had been felt at American vessels engaging in Canadian coast- ing trade while Canadian vessels were debarred a like priA'ilege, and an Act was passed which | proAuded that no goods or passengers should be carried from one port in Canada to another, excejAt in British ships, under a penalty of $400 and the forfeiture of the goods so smuggled, and the foreign A-^essel offending may be detained until payment of, or security for, such penalty or forfeiture. The GoA^ernor-in-Council was ! authorized to exempt from the operation of the ^ Act vessels belonging to nations whose coasting- trade is open to British ships. The Act was only to come into effect by proclamation, and ■ not to interfere with any rights granted by the i Imperial Government by treaty. II. — The feeling that Canada would be ; benefited by the adoption of a Protective tariff’ as directed against the United fcitates, also began to gain ground. Protective tarilf and found quite a number of ‘ adAmcates both in the press and in Parliament. On the seventh of March, Mr. OliA^er moA^ed for an address to Her Majjesty praying that an import duty be placed on wheat, flour, Indian corn, hops, salt and coal. He urged that the existing state of things gaA^e the American i^ro- ducer an unfair advantage OA^er the Canadian, by admitting his goods duty free to the Canadian markets while Canadian goods Avere subjected to high duties before they could reach the American markets. He thought that there was no chance of a renewal of the Reciprocity treaty', and our only course was to protect our own markets. He declared that the Americans Avere making a slaughter market of Canada in some articles — noticeably salt — for the double jiurpose of destroying home productions in Canada and keeping up prices in their own markets. Mr. M. C. Cameron declared that Upper Canada was almost unanimously in faA'or of a ProtectiA'e j Tariff’ and said that the Finance Minister, who had already made himself popular by his Banking policy, could increase his popularity j by adopting a protectiA^e policy. Messrs. Ferguson, Magill, Gibbs, Hutchinson, Stephen^ son and others also spoke in faA'our of pro- tection, and Mr. Mills in faA'or of free trade. Mr. Anglin declared that the Maritime ProA'inces Avanted neither y>rotection nor free trade, but the policy which would do the most good for the country. Mr. Mackenzie denied that a Pro- tection policy would be acceptable to Ontario, and spoke particularly of his own constituency, which he ^knew to be opposed to it. He adA'ocated the policy which would giA'e the greatest amount of cheapness to the consumers, and Avas opposed to a ProtectiA'^e tariff’ which would increase prices and only benefit a fcAV. Hon Mr. Howe said that the Maritime ProA'inces had been in faA'or of Free Trade , but, now that the United States was using a high tariff’ as a means of coercion, he thought that they would faA'or protection. Sir Francis Hincks 17 I 154 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMmiOH OF CANADA. desired that the matter should be left over until the Grovernment had announced its policy, which he thought would be satisfactory; and Mr. Oliver withdrew his motion, on the under- standing that he would renew it if the policy proposed by the Government did not prove acceptable. On the seventh of April, Sir Francis submitted his tariff resolutions which provided for the imposition of a duty of fifty cents per ton on coal, twenty-live cents per barrel on Hour, four cents per bushel on wheat, and three cents per bushel on other grains, five cents per bushel, or fifteen cents per barrel, on salt, ten per cent ad valorem on animals of all kinds, except animals imported for the improvement of stock, which were admitted duty free, and some other alterations which slightly increased the value of duty on various articles. 18. — The proposed tariff did not meet with a very cordial reception ; it was sufficiently pro- tective to show a retaliatory spirit Adoption of tho . , tt -i i i “ Protective” Tariff agaiiist the United estates, but Bill. Its provisions. ° scarcely strong enough to afford any great amount of protection ; and the Opposi- tion attacked it as a revenue tariff cooked up to look like protection by playing off the Provinces against each other, protecting Nova Scotia coal for the purpose of giving it an opportunity to compete with American coal in the Ontario market, and imposing a duty on American flour fo protect the products of Ontario in the Mari- time ProAunces. Sir Francis Hincks, personally a Free Trader, was not a very warm advocate of his own policy, and caused much merriment in the House, on the twenty-sixth of April, by stating that the Government had decided not to place any duties on coal, grain, flour, salt, &c., and afterwards, immediately after recess, announcing that a Cabinet meeting had been held and the Government had determined to put on again all the duties they had taken off before dinner. This irresolution on the .part of the GoA^ernment, and seeming w^ant of faith in its own policy, considerably weakened the bill, and some of the press which constantly sup- ported the Government now condemned the measure, but it was eA'entually carried, although seA^eral amendments to put flour, meal, coal and coke on the Free list were only defeated by narrow majorities, and the bill was passed in the Senate by the close A'ote of 28 to 24. The bill, as finally adopted, lAroAuded that the duty on animals should be ten per cent, ad valorem, but animals imported for the improv^ement of stock should be admitted duty free, under regu- lations to be issued by the Treasury Board and approA-ed by the Governor in Council ; cigars, forty-fiA^e cents per pound ; green fruit, hay, straw, bran, seeds (not cereals), vegetables, plants, roots, trees and shrubs, ten per cent. ; coal and coke, fifty cents per ton ; salt (except from British possessions, or for sea or gulf fisheries, which is free), fiA'e cents per bushel ; hops, fiA^'e cents per pound ; vinegar and acetic acid, ten cents per gallon; rice, one cent per pound ; wheat, four cents per bushel ; other grains, three cents per bushel ; wheat and rye flour, twenty-fiA^e cents per barrel ; other flour and meal, fifteen cents per barrel; spirits, not mixed or sweetened, such as rum, brandy, gin, whiskey, &c., eighty cents per gallon; spirits, mixed or sweetened, such as rum-shrub, cor- dials, bitters, &c., one dollar and twenty cents j)er gallon ; Cologne water and perfumed spirits, not in flasks, one dollar and twenty cents per gallon ; wdnes of all kinds, twenty-five per cent., and ten cents per gallon ; tobacco and snuff, twelve and a half per cent., and twenty cents per pound ; machinery, gold and silver leaf, emery paper and emery cloth, and platers’ leaf, remoA’^ed from the free list and charged fifteen per cent. Iron wire and a few other articles placed on the free list. Authority was given to the GoA'ernor-in-Council to issue a proclama- tion admitting the following articles free, or at a less rate of duty, whenever it appeared that similar articles would be admitted free, or at the same rate of duty, from Canada into the United States, aTz. : Animals of all kinds, green fruit, hay, straw, bran, seeds of all kinds, A^egetables, plants, roots, trees and shrubs, coal and coke, salt, hops, wheat, peas, beans, barley, rye, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and all other grain ; flour, wheat and rye, and other flour and meal ; GOVEENMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE RED RIVER TROUBLES. 155 blitter, cheese ; fish, salted or smoked ; lard, tallow, and meats, fresh, salted, or smoked 19. — The session was remarkable for the number of Gfovernment Bills introduced, and not carried through. On the defeated. The t weiity-fourth ot February, iSir John A. Macdonald introduced his election law for assimilating the manner of holding elections for the Commons in all the Provinces ; but the measure was so imperfect, and was met by so many objections from both sides of the House, that it was finally abandoned, on the third of May, Sir John A. asking for its discharge from the order paper. A similar fate befel the Act to establish a Supreme Court of the Dominion, which was introduced by Sir John A. Macdonald, on the eighteenth of March, but never reached its second reading and was withdrawn on the tenth of May. On the fourteenth of April a Bill to establish the Department of Secretary of State for the Provin- ces was introduced ; but on a motion by Mr. Mackenzie to the effect that the Department was unnecessary, the debate was adjourned, and the bill quietly dropped. Currency resolutions were also introduced, but subsequently with- drawn, and a Bill fixing the rate of interest, after being amended and re-amended, finally received the “ six months’ hoist ” on the casting vote of the Speaker; a fate to which Mr. Mills’ Dual Representation Bill also experienced. Mr. Thompson (Haldimand) introduced a Bill abolishing the Franking priidlege, giving as his reason for doing so that he thought the privilege was being abused when he found that old boots were being franked through the Post Office as letters ; but the Bill met with so much opposition from gentlemen who desired their dirty linen and other trifles, transported at the public expense, that it was not passed. Amongst the important Bills passed was that for the taking of the census of the Dominion in 1871. The Act provided that the census should be taken not later than the first of May, and should show all the statistical information which could con- veniently be obtained touching the population of the four Provinces, their electoral districts and sub-divisions, and the classification thereof, as regards age, sex, social condition, religion, education, race, occupation, and otherwise, — the houses and other buildings therein, and their classification as dwellings inhabited, unin- habited, under construction, and otherwise, — the occupied land therein, and the condition thereof, as town, village, country, cultivated, uncultivated, and otherwise, — the aggregate, valuation of property, real and personal therein, — the produce, state and resources of the agri- cultural, fishing, lumbering, mining, mechanical, manufacturing, trading, and other industries thereof, — the municipal, educational, charitable, and other institutions thereof, — and whatever other matters may be specified in the forms and instructions to be issued. 20. — The Supply Bill and Supplementary esti- mates granted 1 1,905,769 for the financial year ending 1869-70, and 113,223,145 The Supply Bin. for 1870-71. Included in these hufon’'‘Trorogatifn' amounts was $6,000,000 for the i^^view ot the session Intercolonial Railway, $1,460,000 for opening up the North-West; $316,000 for Nova Scotia railways ; $89,500 for New Brunswick railways ; $75,000 for secret service; $57,708 for protec- tion of fisheries, to provide for six steamers to be chartered for one year or more, to guard the gulf fisheries from the encroachments of Ame- 1 ! rican fishermen, who were no longer to be j licensed ; $328,850 for canal improvement ; * I $712,000 for public works, f and the ordinary Department allowances, which were, however, somewhat higher than the previous year. Amongst the other acts passed was one for the superannuation of members of the Civil Service, when they shall have become unfitted for duty by age or infirmity. It makes superannuation compulsory, graduates a scale of remuneration * The amount for Canal improvements was apportioned as follows: — For the supply of weirs at head of Lachine Canal, $34,000 ; for a culvert at the River St. Pierre, Lachine Canal, $16,000 ; for deepening Welland Canal, $86,000 ; for waste water weir at Dunnville, $27,000 ; for increased water supply for Rideau Canal, $12,000 ; for construction of Carillon and Grenville Canal, $150,000. t In the amounts for Public Works were included $63,000 for Parliament buildings at Ottawa ; $145,(X)0 for Parliamentary Library ; $200,000 for a Custom House at Montreal ; $75,000 for Customs’ House at St. .Tohn,M.B . ; $25,000 for Customs House at London ; $10,000 for Examining Warehou.se at Toronto ; $10,000 for Emigration Sheds at Toronto ; $155,000 for Post- ofiices at Toronto, Quebec and London, and $15,000 for slides and booms. 15Ci TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE HOMINIOX OF CANADA. in conformity with length of service, and autho- rizes a deduction of four per cent, per annum from all salaries of $600 or over, and from others during thirty-five years of service, to create a fund for payment of the allowances, provided by the Act. Acts relating to discipline on Canadian vessels ; to certificates of masters and mates of ships ; to dues for sick and disabled seamen ; to dues for harbor improvements ; to Official Arbitrators ; to cruelty to animals (bringing bull, bear, or badger baiting, and dog, and cock fighting within the provisions of the previous Act) ; to marking timber ; to Inspectors of leather, &c., were also passed. Amongst the most important Private and Local Acts was one incorporating the Hon. John Young, Hon. .Tames Skead, Hon. Frank Smith and others to build the Caughnawaga Ship Canal from Lake St. Louis in the St. Lawrence to Lake Champlain, or the Richelieu. Capital stock to be $3,000,000 with power to increase to .$4,000,000. Canal to be completed in five years or charter forfeited. An Act was also passed in- corporating the Ontario and Erie Ship Canal Company, to build a canal from the waters of Niagara River, at or near Fort Gfeorge, to Thorold, and thence to the waters of Lake Erie at or near Port Colborne, or the Niagara, at or near Chippewa, Capital $8,000,000. Work to be commenced within two years and finished in five. These two charters have never been made any use of An Act was also passed incorporat- ing the Detroit River Navigation Company, for the purpose of tunnelling the Detroit River for Railway purposes, from Windsor to Detroit. Capital $3,000,000. Work to be commenced in two years and tunnel completed in six years. Acts were also passed incorporating the St. Francis and Megantic Railway Company, with $1,000,000 Capital ; The Montreal and Cham- plain Junction Railway Company, with $2.50,000 Caj^ital, and the Quebec and New Brunswick Railway Company, with $1,200,000 Capital. Altogether thirty-nine Public and twenty Private and Local Acts were i:)assed. The most important work of the session was the passing of the Manitoba Act, which we will deal with in another chapter. The House was prorogued on the twelfth of May with the usual formalities, and the usual complimentary speech from the Throne was made. The session of 1870 was an important one, in some respects, but it was not a successful one for the ministry. It was im- portant as far as the passing of the Manitoba, Banking and Tariff Acts were concerned ; and the first two were generally well received by the public ; but the Tariff Act was an unfor- tunate one for the Ministers, for it could hardly be said to please anybody, and the extraordinary exhibition given on the twenty-sixth of April, , of a Ministry entirely changing its policy twice in less than three hours on so important a sub- ject as the Tariff, did not tend to strengthen public opinion as to the merits of a question on which the Grovernment seemed to have so much trouble to make irp its own mind. Again, the failure to prepare either an election law, or a Supreme Court Act, in which the Gfovernment felt sufficient confidence to carry them through, was rather disappointing, and led to one or two conclusions — either that the Gfovernment could not frame these Acts in a. manner aggreeable to all its members, or that they did not want to. Both these Acts were provided for in the Confederation ; both Acts were promised in the first speech from the Throne, and in each successive speech ; the necessity for both Acts was felt, and the Gfov- ernment certainly lost prestige in not pushing them through. On the other hand, the Banking Act, the settlement of the silver question and the vigorous policy promised with regard to the fisheries were very acceptable to the majority of the people and strengthened the Gfovernment ; but, on the whole, we are rather disposed to the opinion that the Ministry was weaker at the close of the session of 1870 than at the beginning. It had shown signs of unmistakable weakness and want of harmonious unity, and, although it could still command a majority of from thirty to 1 forty on anything approaching a vote of want I of confidence, still it had visibly lost strength, ] and could not meet the House with quite as j much confidence as during the two previous GOVEjRNMBNT of sir JOHN YOUNG— PASSAGE OF THE MANITOBA ACT. 157 sessions. This can be partly accounted for by differences of opinion which were known to exist amongst its adherents, both in the Cabinet and in the House, on the North-West question, and on a policy of adopting a protective or a free-trade tariff, and partly by the failing health of the Premier — whose strength utterly broke down at last, and he was unable to appear in the House during the last week of the session— which deprived the Government, to a certain extent, of the great power of his personal influence and parliamentary tact in debate. The Opposition, on the other hand, showed to better advantage than it had previously done, and received material help from new recruits in the persons of Sir A. T. Galt, Hon. W. Macdonald, Mr. Cartwright and others, who, while acting as “ Independent” members, generally voted against the Government. The universal loss was not great, but the moral loss was more con- siderable, and the Ministry altogether had not much to congratulate itself on at the close of the session of 1870. CHAPTER XV. GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— PAS- SAGE OF THE MANITOBA ACT. 1. How THE NEWS OF ScOTT’S MURDER WAS RECEIVED. Indignation meetings. — 2. Ar- rival OF Delegates in Ottawa. Arrest OF Richot and Scott. Their discharge. — 3. The Delegates again arrested, tried AND DISCHARGED. — 4. INTRODUCTION OF THE Manitoba Act. — 5. Change in the bound- aries OF THE Province as at first pro- posed. — 6. Mr. Mackenzie’s review of the policy of the Government, and the Mani- toba Act. — 7. Debate on the land reserve FOR Half-breeds. — 8. Hon. Mr. Macdou- GALL PROPOSES A NEW BiLL, WHICH IS RE- JECTED. — 9. A DOZEN AMENDMENTS REJECTED, AND THE Bill finally adopted. 1. — We have already referred to the anxiety which was felt throughout the Dominion, and especially in Ontario and Quebec at the threatening aspect of ^cliveL^indigra- affairs in the North-West at the t'O’* “eetmgs. beginning of the year, and of the feeling of relief which was experienced when it began to be apparent that a peaceful solution might be reached, and bloodshed avoided ; of course, there was much indignation at the summary arrest and imprisonment of British subjects by Riel, and his high-handed disregard of British au- thority ; but as long as he committed no greater atrocities than he had already perpetrated, it was felt that the Commissioners who had been sent up might be able to restore order, or, failing that, a military expedition in the spring would soon remove all cause of uneasiness. This feel- ing continued to grow stronger until the end of March, when, on the twenty-sixth, a telegram from St. Paul annnounced that the news of the murder of Scott had been received there. The rumor was, at first, pretty generally discredited, and when, on the fourth of April, Mr. Mac- kenzie asked in the House if the Government had received any information of the murder. Dr. Tupper said that his son-in-law. Captain Cameron, had received a letter from Mr. Pro- vencher, at Pembina, which did not confirm the report and he doubted its correctness, because Riel had once before hidden a prisoner and reported that he was dead, for the purpose of frightening the other prisoners and the loyal portion of the people. The truth of the report was, however, soon proved, and the arrival of Dr. Schultz, Dr. Lynch, Mr. Monkman and other refugees from Red River soon put an end to any doubt on the subject, and then a feeling of deep indignation and horror quickly spread throughout the community. An indignation ■meeting was held at Toronto on the sixth of Ajiril, at which Dr. Schultz, Dr. Lynch, and Messrs. J. J. Setter and Charles Mair, all late arrivals from Red River, were present, and delivered addresses, giving some account of the condition of the country. Resolutions were jiassed expressive of indignation at the murder of Scott, and calling on the Government to take 158 TUTTLE’S IlISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. prompt measures to restore law and order. A resolution was also passed condemning the policy of receiving any delegates from Kiel. A similar meeting was held in Montreal, and very soon “ indignation meetings ’’ became the order of the day, and were held all over Ontario ; but, unfortunately, they mostly fell into the hands of political wire-pullers, and were used more as a means of passing resolutions condemnatory of the Government than for the purpose of expressing popular feeling with regard to the lawless doings in the North-West. Popular feeling now ran very high, and the utmost anxiety was felt as to the probable fate of the other prisoners remaining in Kiel’s hands, which was not allayed until^ it was known that they had all been released, and that the delegates appointed by the Convention at Fort Garry had started on their way to Ottawa. 2. — Much ill feeling against the delegates was manifested, in advance of their arrival. Arrival of Delegates a portioil of the pi’CSS, which endeavoured to lash the Gov- Tiieir discharge. eminent ovcr the backs of the delegates, and a great deal was written, and spoken at indignation meetings, against “ treat- ing with rebels,” “ receiving delegates from the murderer Kiel,” and so forth. News of the feeling raised in Canada by the intelligence of Scott’s murder reached the delegates while they were still in the States, and Messrs. Scott and Kichot, who were travelling together with Colonel de Salaberry, determined not to venture to pass through Ontario, but proceeded to Og- densburg, where they crossed to Prescott, and i arrived in Ottawa on the eleventh of Ajiril. | .Tudge black, the third delegate, travelled alone and arrived a few days later. For some days before the arriA'al of Scott and Kichot it had been rumored that they would be arrested at the instance of a brother of Thomas Scott, who resided in Toronto ; and, on the twelfth of April an affidavit was made by Hugh Scott, before Police Magistrate McNabb, at Toronto, charging Kichot and Scott with being accessories to the murder of Thoms Scott, and a warrant issued for their arrest.* This warrant was forwarded to Detective O’Neill, Ottawa, and about midnight on the thirteenth he arrested Alfred H. Scott, at the Albion Hotel, where he was staying. Application was made at the Bishop’s Palace, where Father Kichot was residing, but he could not be found, and was not arrested. At ten o’clock on the following morning, the four- teenth, Scott was taken before His Honor Judge Galt, in Chambers, on a writ of habeas corpus, and at the same time Father Kichot entered the Court and gave himself up. The Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, Q. C., appeared for the pri- soners, and Mr. Lees, County Attorney, for the Crown. Counsel for the prisoners argued that the warrant was wholly irregular, that the Police Magistrate had no jurisdiction whatever as the alleged crime was not committed within his jurisdiction, and that on the face of the warrant itself it showed that they were then • The following are coijies of the warrant and information City of Toronto, to wit : — To the Chief Constable, and all other Constables of the City of Toronto, and to all or any of the Constables or Peace Officers within the County of the City of Toronto : — Forasmuch as Father Richot and Alfred If. Scott, at present residing in Ottawa, in the County of Carleton, have this day been charged before me, Ale.xander McNabb, Police Magistrate, of said city, on oath of Hugh Scott, for that they the said Father Richot and Alfred H. Scott, being British subjects, on the fourth day of Marcli, in the year of Our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy, at Red River, in that part of Her Majesty’s British American possessions, known as the North-AVest I Territory, actually aided and abetted in the murder of Thomas Scott, a British subject, or were accessories thereto. These are, therefore, to command .vou m Her Majesty’s name, forthwith, to apprehend and bring before me, or the sitting Alderman at the City Police Office, the bodies of the said Father Richot and Alfred II. Scott, to answer the said charges and to be dealt with according to law. Herein fail not. (Signed) ALEX. McNABB. Canad.v, Province of Ontario, City of Toronto, to wit The information of Hugh Scott, of the City of Toronto, accountant, taken on oath before me, Alexander McNabb, Esq., Police Magistrate, of the said city, the twelfth day of April, in the year of Our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy. The said informant upon oath saitli First : That on or about the fourth day of March, in the year of Our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy, at a place commonly j I called Red River, in that part of Her Majesty’s possessions, known as the I North-AVest Territory, one Tliomas Scott, a British subject, formerly a j resident of the City of Toronto, was feloniously killed and murdered. ! Second : — That he has reason to believe that one Richot, commonly called I Fatlier Richot, and one Alfred H Scott, actually aided and abetted in I such murder, or were accessories thereto. Third : — That he is informed and believes that the jiersons named in the last jiaragraph are British ■ subjects. Fourth : — That he has reason to believe, and does believe, that the said persons lastly referred to are now temporarily residing at the City of Ottawa, in the Province of Ontario. Sworn before me, at the City of Toronto, this twelfth day of April, in the year of Our Lord, one thou.sand eight hundred and seventy. (Signed) ALEX. MaNABB, Police Magistrate- HUGH SCOTT. GOVEENMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— PASSAGE OF THE MANITOBA ACT. 159 residing in Ottawa, where he had no authority. Mr. Lees said he had only received the case a few minutes before, and was not prepared to argue it then ; it was, therefore, i:)ostponed until the next day, the prisoners being remanded, but not committed to gaol, they being allowed to go in charge of a detective. On the fifteenth they were again brought before Judge Oalt and discharged. His Honor holding that the Police Magistrate of Toronto had no jurisdiction. He said : “ In this case I order the prisoners to be discharged, the Police Magistrate of Toronto having no jurisdiction in cases of this kind to issue a warrant where an offense has been com- mitted beyond the jurisdiction of our Courts. The warrant ought to be issued by a magistrate within whose jurisdiction the accused are now residing. On the face of this warrant it appears that the accused are residing in the City of Ottawa, consequently the Police Magistrate of the City of Toronto had no jurisdiction to issue this warrant, and, therefore, they are dis- charged.” 3. — It being very evident before the formal decision was given, that the Toronto Police Magistrate had no jurisdiction, The delegates again i i i j j i ■ i i arrested, tried and and that tfiC pi’lSOlierS WOUld be discharged. t i t ~nir -r-r ■, discharged, Mr. Hugh Scott, who had come to Ottawa from Toronto, had made another affidavit before Mr. Police Magis- trate O’G-ara, of Ottawa, who had issued a warrant, on which Richot and Scott were re-arrested as soon- as released.* On the six- teenth another application for a writ of habeas corpus was made before Judge Galt, and the nineteenth fixed for hearing the argument, the prisoners being allowed to go under police * The following is a copy of the warrant, omitting formalities : — W/irrefM,— Information has this day been laid before the undersigned, one of Her Majesty’s Justices of the Peace, in and for the City of Ottawa, in the County of Carleton, for that there is reason to suspect some person or persons, to informant unknown, on the fourth of March last past, in land out of Canada, to wit., at Fort Garry, in that part of British North America, known as the North-ATest, or Red River Territory, did feloniously, wilfully, and with malice aforethought, kill and murder one Thomas Scott ; and that one Richot, known as Father Richot, and Alfred H. Scott, both of Fort Garry, aforesaid, but both being now in the City of Ottawa, in the County of C.arleton, afore.said, and both being British subjects, did advise and abet the said person or persons unknown, in the said murder and felony, contrary to the statutes in such case made and provided, upon these is this general warrant issued for their arrest.” surveillance as before. On that day the Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, Q.C., counsel for the prisoners, appeared in Chambers before Judge i Galt, and said that he had no grounds on which I • . ! to ask for the discharge of the prisoners, as it : was clear that they could be indicted, and that the Police Magistrate had the right to issue a warrant and hold an examination. The writ j was therefore discharged, and the prisoners I re-committed for trial. The preliminary exami- j nation was commenced before Police Magistrate [ O’Gara on the 21st, and attracted a great deal of attention, the court room being crowded to 1 excess with members of Parliament, and every- J body else who could squeeze in, and a large crowd I assembling outside. The utmost order, however, j prevailed. The Hon. John Hillyard Cameron i appeared for the prisoners, Mr. Lees, County i Attorney, for the Crown, and Mr. Boulton for i the private prosecution. Judge Black was the j first witness examined, and testified to having known the prisoners in Fort Garry, and also being acc^uainted with the deceased (Thomas Scott) ; but he was not in Fort Garry on the day of the murder, and knew nothing at all about it J except from hearsay. William Dreever deposed I that he was one of the prisoners taken on the j seventh of December, 1869, but he was released, and left the Territory on the twenty-second of I February, 1870, a week before the shooting took place ; had met Alfred Scott in Ottawa, and been told by him that he (Scott) was present at the shooting of Thomas Scott, but he did not say anything more; witness had seen Alfred Scott in Fort Garry, but did not remember ever haAung seen him in arms, nor did he know I whether he had taken an active part with those who had risen against the Crown ; knew Father Richot, but could not say, from his own knowledge, that he had taken any active part in the rebellion. Frederick DaA'is, detectiA^e officer, Ottawa : Had heard Alfred H. Scott tell the Mayor and others in the Albion Hotel, Ottawa, before his arrest, that he (Scott) had seen Thomas Scott taken out and shot ; he had seen Scott put in his coffin, but not afterwards, and did not believe the story about his being 160 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. alive in the coffin ; was not one of the crowd who attended the shooting, but could not resist the temptation to follow and see it. Charles Gfarret, one of the prisoners taken at Dr. Schultz’s deposed, that he saw the shooting from the window of his house, which was about eight or nine hundred yards off ; did not see either of the prisoners at the shooting ; saw Alfred Scott several times with Eiel, but never saw him take any part with the insurgents; saw Father liichot apparently taking an active part in direct- ing the insurgents around Dr. Schultz’s house ; but could not say whether he was urging them or not, or advising them to go away. Archibald Hamilton, who had also been a prisoner, had not seen the shooting, and had never seen either of the prisoners exercising any authority amongst the insurgents. Major Boulton deposed that he was in prison at the time of the shooting, and did not see it ; saw Alfred Scott while in prison, but never knew him exercise any autho- rity ; never saw Father llichot until after his release from prison. At this point Mr. Boulton, counsel for the private prosecution, moved for a demand that he may have time to secure the attendance of Dr. Schultz, Mr. Mair, Mr. Young (a son of Kev. Gfeorge Young), and other wit- nesses who had lived in the Settlement, and could prove that the prisoners had taken an active part in the insurrection. The Police Magistrate said they were not trying the pris- oners on a charge of rebellion, but on a charge of comjjlicity in a murder, and unless counsel could say that these witnesses could give any evidence on that point, he could not grant any delay. After a little legal sparring between counsel, Mr. Hugh Scott, brother of the deceased, was sworn, and deposed that a son of the Rev. Gfeorge Young, who was then in Toronto, had told him that he was lu’esent at the shooting of Thomas Scott, and that both the prisoners took an active part aiding and abetting in that murder. Opposition to a delay was then withdrawn, and the case postponed until the twenty-third, the prisoners being admitted to bail in $2,000 each and two sureties of $1,000 each. On the case being called, on the twenty- third, Mr. Lees, County Attorney, said that, after consultation with the counsel for the private prosecution, they had determined to withdraw the charge. Hon. Mr. Cameron said he had no objection to the case being with- drawn ; but a charge had been made against j his clients of complicity in a murder, — from all j they had heard a murder of a very barbarous character — and they must be unconditionally discharged, because there was no ground on which to proceed against them. What he would like to have understood was that they were discharged because there was no further evidence to be called. Mr. Lees said he had been informed by the counsel for the private prosecution that he did not wish to call any more witnesses, and the Crown had no more to call. The magistrate then ordered the prisoners discharged, as there was no case against them. 4. — As soon as the delegates had been dis- charged by the Police Magistrate, they were formally recognised by the Secre- i„troduction of the tary of State for the Provinces, Manitoba Act. Hon. Joseph Howe, who received and put them in official communication with Sir John A. Macdonajd and Sir George E. Cartier,- with whom they had already had informal interviews. The demands of the insurgents were explained and an understanding arrived at which was mutually satisfactory at the time, but which gave rise to much question afterwards, for at least one of the delegates. Father Richot, stoutly maintained that a general amnesty was promised, while the Ministers as firmly declared that, although the subject was frequently mentioned, their invariable answer was that the power to grant an amnesty rested entirely with the Imperial Government, and that the Canadian Government had nothing to do with it. We shall, however, deal with this question more fully further on. Meanwhile Parliament had began to get impatient at the delay of the Government in bringing forward any measure with regard to the North West, and at its reticence with regard to the military preparations known to be in progress, and fJOVERN^MENT OE SIR JOHN YOITNG- several times the Premier was questioned on these subjects, bnt as often put the matter off, promising- that the G-overnment would give the House all possible information as soon as possible. On the sixteenth of April, the report of Mr. D. A. Smith, Commissioner, was printed, but it contained very little information that was not already known through the newspapers, and from the refugees who had come to Canada ; and the House had almost lost all patience when, on the second of May, Sir John A. Macdonald introduced the Manitoba Act.^ The Bill, as originally introduced, provided for the formation of a small Province, to be known as Manitoba, oirt of a portion of the North West Territories, as soon as they should have been transferred to Canada ; the boundaries, however, differing a little from those finally adopted. It may be proper to remark here, that, as first proposed, the intention of the Ministry seems to have been to erect an almost exclusively French Province, as the large English speaking settle- ment of Portage la Prairie, with about five hundred families, was not included in the limits of the Province ; and Sir John A. Macdonald said that it was purposely omitted that it might form the nucleus of an “ English Province.” This question of nationality lay at the root of the whole trouble in the North West. The French Half-breeds, led by the clergy, were well enough content to continue as they were with the English Half-breeds, but they dreaded an influx of English speaking population from Ontario, as certain to put them in a minority and destroy their political importance ; and in their efforts to “ keep out the English,” they were supported by their fellow countrymen in Quebec, who would have been pleased enough to have a French Province created to the North- West of Ontario, shutting that Province out from further growth, but did not relish the spread of English emigration there, as it would impair their political influence in the House of Com- mons. Ontario, on the other hand, was deter- mined that sectarianism should be kept out of * The name i.s also spelt Manitobah and means ‘‘the God who speaks,” or “ The Speaking God.” PASSAGE OF THE MANITOBA ACT. IGl the territory about to be acquired, and that all nationalities and all creeds should have equal rig-hts, and no more. The French element in the Cabinet was very powerful, and it was, doubtless, out of deference to the opinions of that element that the bill, as originally x>roposed, was so framed ; but it was immediately felt that the House was not inclined to pass any such sectional act, and it was, therefore, amended, as we shall see. 5. — On the introduction of the bill Mr. Mackenzie attacked the policy of the Govern- ment in withholding the pur- change in the chase money, which it was said P^rince had been done that Great Britain should transfer the territory peacefully ; but now it was found that an expedition was necessary, and the ImiTerial Government would only pay one quarter of the expense. He objected to the number of representatives in the Commons allowed by the Bill, which was out of all proportion for so small and thinly peopled a province. Hon. William Macdougall seA^erely criticised the conduct of the Government in not transferring the purchase money at the time agreed on, which he held to have been the cause of all the subsequent trouble, as had it not been for the doubt of his authority he felt confident he woirld have been allowed to enter the Terri- tory after his proclamation of first of December, He then called attention to the curious fact that the boundaries were so arranged as to exclude Portage la Prairie, with some two thousand English population, while the line was taken fifteen Minutes out of its direct course to embrace a small settlement marked “ Roman Catholic Mission.” Sir John A. Macdonald said that Portage la Prairie was left out at the desire of the people there that it might form the nucleus of a British Province, but was met with some expressions of incredulity. The bill was then read a first time. On the third Sir John asked the House to dispense with the evening sitting, on account of a Cabinet meeting ; and on the fourth he announced that some altera- tions had been made in the boundaries, so that Portage la Prairie was included, and the quan- 18 1«2 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF OANADA. tity of land reserved for the Half-breeds increased from 1,200,000 acres to 1,400,000. The popula- tion was increased hy the change to 17,000, and corresponding alterations were made in the money clauses. The existing Customs duties were to be continued for three years ; and the waste lands vested in the Dominion Grovernment instead of in the Local G-overnment, as in the other Provinces. 6. — The second reading of the Bill was to have taken place on the sixth, but just before * The Bill, as passed, centains thirty-two clauses, and provides the creation of a Province of Manitoba, out of that portion of Rupert’s Land. &c., bounded by 96“ west longitude, 30’ north latitude, 99“west longi- tude, and the boundary of the United States, to take effect from the day on which Her Majesty, by order in Council, shall annex Rupert's Lind and the North-West Territories to Canada. The provisions of the British North America Act, 1867, not applied to other separate Provinces alone, are made applicable to Manitoba. It was to be represented in the Senate of the Dominion by two members, till it has, by census, 50,000 people, then by three, when it has 7.5,000, by four- In the House of Commons by four members, until next census : after that, according to the fifty-fifth section of the British North .America Act. Voters same as for Legislative Assembly. Any voter might be elected member. There was to be a Lieu- tenant-Governor and an Executive Council, to consist of five persons, the seat of Government, till otherwise determined, to be at Fort G.arry. The Legislature consisted, besides the Lieutenant-Governor, of a Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly- 'The former to consist of seven members for four years : afterwards twelve to be appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Her Majesty’s name, he also appointing the Speaker. Quorum, a majority. Speaker to have vote and casting vote. The Legislative Assembly to consist of twenty-four members ; the Lieuten- ant-Governor to organize the districts within si.x months. A hitnu fide householder for one year before election, twenty-one years of age, and a British subject, might vote. For the first election having been a house- holder at any time within the twelve months was sufficient. Must vote in division where be is resident at date of the writ. For first election the Lieutenant-Governor might issue the writs to whomsoever he thought fit, and prescribe the forms, Ac., of proceeding. Duration of assembly, four years. The right to legislate respecting education could not affect any existing right respecting denominational schools. An appeal to the Governor-in-Council was granted to the minorit.v. In case proper legislation was not enacted, or decision of Governor-in-Council was not executed, the Canadian Parliament might make remedial laws. The English and French languages are to be used in the Legislature .and Courts. Interest w.as to be allowed to the Province upon $472, (X)0 per .annum, it having no debt, and a subsidy of $30,000 per .annum, and eighty cents per head, increasing till its population reaches 400,000. The customs duties, then liable in Ruperts’ Land, were continued for three ye,ars. Such laws relating to Customs or Inland Revenue, as the Governor-in-Council might declare, should be api)lied to the Province. The ungranted lands were vested in the Crown for Dominion purposes. 1,400,000 acres were api)ropriated for the resident Half-breed families, the Lieutenant-Governor to set apart .and apportion them under regulations to be made by the Goveruor-in-Council. Grants in freehold by the Hudson’s Bay Company before eighth of March, 1869, were confirmed ; if in less than freehold might be converted to that at desire of the owner. Titles by occupancy under the Company, in parts where the Indian title had been extinguished, should, if required, be .also converted by grant. Peaceable possession in such parts gave a rig'ht of pre-emption. 'These rights to bo ascertained and adjusted by the Lieuten- ant-Governor, under regulations to be made by the Governor-in-Counoil, who should also settle mode or form of grants. The Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba was to be .also Lieutenant-Governor of the unorg.anized portion of the North-West Territory, Ac., and the Act of last session, except as herein altered, was extended to them. — B. Chamberlin, in Yeur Hook of Caiiudih 1871. the meeting of the House on that Mr. Mackenzie’s ! day Sir John A. Macdonald was [.rum (loJernmenT 1 taken suddenly and alarmingly “'“i MamtobaAet ill in his office, and the second reading was postponed. On the following day, Sir John still continuing too ill to he moved from his office, the bill was taken charge of by Sir Greorge E. Cartier, and the second reading moved. Mr. Mackenzie said that he looked upon the present undertaking as one of vast political importance to the future of the country. The acquisition of the Territory had long been regarded by the Province of Canada, and our abandonment of that line of policy now would cause a change in the political relations of the country, which he was sure the House did not desire. He was aware of the fact that there were many, even amongst those who were now the advisers of the Crown, who had not always regarded this subject as being of the great importance it really was, and had even treated it with ridicule when first proposed to the House ; but he trusted that the members of the House would now feel that this was a question of such great impor- tance to the future welfare of the country, that they could rise superior to mere party affilia- tions, and treat the matter in that broad and liberal national spirit which it deserved. He said, that in a report of the Commissioner of Crown Lands (Hon. J. t). Cauchon), made in 1857, he found the following j^assage, which was so opposite to the present circumstances that he would quote it : “ It would be very desirable, therefore, and quite practicable, if the British Government will consent to annex the Indian Territories, extending to the Pacific and Van- couver’s Island, to Canada, to establish during summer, a monthly communication across the continent. It is of incalculable importance that these measures should be most forcibly pressed upon the Imperial Government at the present juncture, for on their solution depends the question of whether this country shall ultimate- ly become a Petty State, or one of the Great Powers of the earth ; and not only that, but whether or not there shall be a counterpoise faimrable to British interests and modelled upon GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— PASSAGE OF THE MANITOBA ACT. 163 British institutions to counteract the i:)repond.er- ating influence — if not the absolute dominion — to which our great neighbor, the United States, must otherwise attain upon this continent.” That fully represented his views on the impor- tance of the subject, and he thought that to attain this object, the question should be dis- cussed calmly, and dispassionately, with a view to the national welfare. Referring to a state- ment made by the Minister of Justice, in a recent debate on the murder of Scott, to the effect that the Dominion had no jurisdiction in the matter, he differed from the honorable gentle- man, holding that Imperial Legislation had given to the Province of Canada concurrent jurisdiction in the North-West Tenitory, which power had descended to the Dominion ; and this power had been exercised by a former administration. He then spoke of the great value the Territory would be to Canada on account of its containing the best trans-conti- nental route to the Pacific, running through a valuable farming country, and also through regions rich in coal and iron, with good soil, magnificent water supplies and all that was necessary for constructing the road, showing how superior, in this respect it was to the American Pacific, over one thousand miles of which was an arid desert. He next reviewed the previous Act and said that it was an error that representative institutions were not secured to the people ; and that the people ought to have had the measure properly explained to them before a Lieutenant-Grovernor was sent to the Territory. He sjioke in terms of strong condemnation of the conduct of the Secretary of State for the Provinces during his visit to the Red River, saying that instead of explaining the intentions of the Dominion towards the people, he had chosen annexationists as his companions, and by his improper course encouraged the rebellion, which it was now costing the country so much to suppress. He defended Mr. Macdougall from the attacks of the Secretary of State for the ProA'inces, and thought the former was right in his endeavor to see Riel, and that he was not to blame for issuing his proclamation, for the Secretary of State for the Provinces ought to ha^m notified him that the date of transfer had been chano-ed. i He thought that the insurrection could haA^e i been prevented if Mr. Howe had done his duty. | With regard to the rebellion itself, he had no ; doubt that it partly arose from the chagrin of , the Hudson’s Bay Company’s officers, who i sowed the seeds of discontent, the Secretary of State for the Provinces had watered the growing plant, and the result was the present scheme of compulsion by a military force. He ridiculed the actions of the three Commissioners sent uja as a farce, as they had only A'isited the section in rebellion, with the exception of Mr. Smith who had Ausited the loyal settlements, but only to ask the people to support Riel, in order to saA^e major Boulton’s life. He paid a tribute to the braA^ery and loyalty of Scott, and blamed Commissioner Smith for not insisting on the release of the prisoners before haAung anything to do with the coiiA^ention. He blamed the G-OA^ernment for receiAung Scott, Richot and Smith as delegates, claiming that they had no right to that title as they were only delegates of the rebel goA^ernment and not of the whole people. He held that the proposed bill v^as of the utmost importance as the initial measure for the GoA’^ernment of the North-West, and hoped that the GoA'ernment would pay atten- tio}i to the amendments which would be pro- posed ; for his own part he desired to giA'e satisfaction to all classes of Her Majesty’s sub- jects, but doubted whether this bill would satisfy the people of the North-West. He did not really know whether they desired represen- ' tatiA^e GoA^ernment or not, and he considered that it wmuld have been wiser to establish a j Territorial GoA^ernment for a short period, until j the people should haA*e an opportunity of saying what kind of gOA'ernment they preferred, when the House could haA^e meet their Auews. The i proposed bill might suit Messrs. Scott and | Richot, but there were others who should be consulted, and he thought it would be better ! to haA'e a ProAUsional GoA'ernrnent, with one | member of Council from each district, and let | 164 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. that Council siiggest to rarliament the form of government it would prefer. He strongly objected to the reservation of such a large qirantity of land for the Half-breeds, claiming that after provision had been made for land already occupied by actual settlers, and the reservations of the Hudson’s Bay Company, there would scarcely be one million of acres left for emigrants. He contended that great mistakes had been made in the land policy of the old Provinces, and had hoped that, with the accprirement of a new territory, a new era would have been inaugurated, and all the land left open for bona fide settlers. If such a policy was adopted, there would be no need for reservations of any kind, and the only restrictions he would advocate would be with reference to coal or iron miiies. With regard to titles of land, the original agreement had been that all titles granted up to the fourth of March, 1869, were to hold good, and it was incompre- hensible to him why that time had been extended fourteen months. He proved that, in the deeds granted by the Hudson’s Bay Com- pany, there was a clause requiring parties holding under such deeds to contribute their due proportion of the expense of maintaining all public establishments, whether civil, eccle- siastical, military or otherwise. This included the maintenance of the clergy ; and he was not prepared to confirm any titles which would impose upon the holders the duty of main- taining the clergy. Canada had deliberately adopted the principle of a new State Church policy, and the proper course would have been to have these titles suspended by ordering Crown Land titles. He expressed dissatisfaction with the clause relating to the franchise which provided that only those persons who had been householders for one year could vmte at the coming election. This was so manifestly unjust to the Canadians and others, who had been driven from their homes by the rebellion, that he hoped the Grovernment wmuld amend the clause. He wmuld greatly prefer to have the j residental qualification substituted for a house- ' hold qualification, on account of the number of I young men who would emigrate, and who should be entitled to a vote, although they might not at once become householders. He also objected to the members of the first Local Legislature being elected for four years, as the members returned to the Commons would only have two years to serve before a dissolution, and he thought it wmuld be better to have the first Local House elected for a short term. He also thought that the boundaries of the Province should be enlarged, as they were altogether too confined at present. 7. — On the reading of the twenty-seventh clause, reserving 1,400,000 acres of land for the Half-breeds, Mr. Ferguson T , , , , , , , , 1 Debate on the land moved that the clause be struck reserve tor iiaif- out, as it was altogether too much for a population of 14,000 ; besides which, the twenty-sixth clause vested all the wild lands in the Dominion Grovernment, and there- fore, the twenty-seventh clause was not necessary. Sir Greorge E. Cartier in defending the clause said that the land policy had been the most difficult question to settle in framing the bill. It was not desirable to leave the wild lands under the control of the Local Legislature, as was the case with the other Provinces, on account of the Dominion Gtovernment requiring control over them for the purpose of building the Pacific Railway ; it was, therefore, thought only fair to make this reservation for the settle- ment of the claims of the Half-breeds. He assured the House that it was the desire and intention of the Government to deal fairly and justly with all classes, no matter what their descent. Not one penny would be demanded from anyone holding titles under the Hudson’s Bay Company, and with regard to the full- blooded Indians there were only about seventeen hundred of them, and their interests would be respected. Hon. Mr. Macdougall maintained that there was no such things as Half-breed claims at all ; when the Indians intermarried and mingled w^ith the whites they ceased to be Indians. It was ridiculous to offer to treat these Half-breeds as minors, or wards of the Government as the pure Indians were, for they GOVEENMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— PASSAGE OF THE MANITOBA ACT. 1G5 were as intelligent and well able to take care of themselves as any white men, and instanced Mr. Monkman and other Half-breeds who had lately visited Canada as examples. The full- blooded Indians of the Territory also claimed these lands, and they had sense enough to know that the Canadian Grovernment would not pay for them twice over. The claim of the Half- breeds was not founded on either justice or law, and would lead to great inconvenience. He argued that it would be far better to insert a clause opening all the wild lands for settlement, so that any man could go in and have a right to the ownership of the land by actual settle- ment. That would meet the claim of the Half- breeds, for all of them who desired to become actual settlers could do so, and get a free grant of land ; but agriculture was not much pursued by these men ; they were hunters and trappers, and the only effect of these reservations would be to retard the settlement of the country without settling the Half-breeds. If free grants had been given, and a homestead law passed, the Grovernment would have done its duty, and acted as wisely and justly ns could be expected. He then entered into an argument on the j^ast land policy of Canada, which had retarded immigration, and sent thousands through Canada to the United States, where they could take up the best they could find, and hoped to see a wiser policy adopted for the North-West. Sir Francis Hincks said that it was very important that the Half-breeds should be treated liberally and made to feel satisfied. There were only two ways of getting j)ossession of the country ; one was to send up a large force and conquer the country, and the other was to consider the claims presented by the delegates, and meet them as fairly as possible. The granting of this land reserve was one of the conditio 2 is on which they could obtain peacea- ble possession of the country, and he considered that it would have been folly to have refused what was so small a concession compared to the immense reserves allowed the Hudson’s Bay Company. These claims had nothing to do with the Indian title which would be settled separately. After some further discussion, Mr. Ferguson’s motion was i)ut and lost by a vote of 37 for, to 67 against. 8. — On the motion to concur Hon. Mr. Mac- dougall introduced an entirely new bill, in the shape of an amendment. The new 1.,, r ,, ,1, p.n Hon. Mr. Macdougall Dili was founded on that of the proposes a new Bill, which is rejected. previous year, and provided a I er- ! ritorial Grovernment, to consist of a Lieutenant- ^ Grovernor, a Council of from seven to hfteen members and a Local Assembly, to be elected by all the male whites who had been residents ^ of the country one month ; any person, one of j whose parents was white, was to count as white. 1 No land to be reserved, except for school pur- 1 poses ; any actual settler to have the right to I take up a quarter section. The boundaries of the I new Province to be the same as of Assiniboia, i and its name “ the District of Assiniboia.” In j support of his amendment he said, that he did not think the circumstances of the country ! would demand, for two or three years, such elaborate legislation as the Grovernment Bill proposed. The bill of the previous year was faulty because it did not recognize the political rights of the people ; this year the Government had gone as far in the opposite direction and recognized them too much. The expense of the Government at first would fall on the Dominion, and it ought to be made as little as possible. He thought that one Chamber was quite sufficient for the Local Assembly. No provision was made in his measure for representation in the Dominion PaHiament, but that would come in time. With regard to the land policy, which he held to be most important, it was necessary that we should be able to offer better terms to immi- grants than they could obtain in Minnesota ; for this purpose he proposed to grant to each bona fide settler, on three years residence and payment of $b fees, two hundred acres of land, which would be much better than the one hundred and sixty offered by the United States, after five years settlement, on payment of $10. He stated that there were a large num- ber of Canadians in the Western States who were anxiously watching to see if the liberal 166 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. land policy was adopted, and, if it was, they would settle in the new rrovince. He then | entered upon a long defence of his own conduct, I and a severe attack on the Hon. Mr. Howe. Sir ' George E. Cartier said he could not approve of : what had been done in Red River, but he did believe in calling the people there nothing but | rebels. They were educated and intelligent, and their Convention at Fort Garry would compare ; very favorably with the one held at Quebec ; | and, as far as population and prosperity went, they were far better off than Upper Canada was when it was made a Province. He condemned I the scheme proposed by Mr. Macdougall as likely to breed dissatisfaction, and urged the , more liberal policy of the Government, which would go far to remove all feelings of discontent. Referring to the money clauses of the Govern- ment Bill, he said the Province would only cost $67,204 a year, while Mr. Macdougall’s Terri- torial Government would cost much more. He claimed that the land policy which the Govern- ment proposed to adopt was not exceeded in liberality by any Province or State, or even by the Federal Government. Mr. Mackenzie, in seconding Hon. Mr. Macdougall’s amendment, said he did so, not because he approved of all it contained, birt because the general principle was right. He claimed that some sort of provisional Constitution should be framed under which the real wishes of the people could be attained. The bill i)roposed by the Government did not meet the wishes of the people even as far as they were known, for the Bill of Rights asked for a land reserve for educational purposes which was not provided for ; it also asked for homestead and pre- emption laws, which were not provided for, and it did not say anything about this immense land reserve for the Half-breeds, which was provided | for. "With a view to having the Territorial form ' of Government adopted, he would move, in amendment, “ That the Legislature should be chosen by the popular voice, and there should be j representation in the Dominion Parliament, com- | billing with due regard to the rights of the people and the economical administration of local affairs, . the means of obtaining a knowledge of the public - will as to the form of the Legislature and the tenure of the lands of the Province, thus obviating the putting upon them of a form of Government to which they might object.” He said this was not meant as an objection to the bill as a whole, but simply as a modification of it to give the Government time to find out what the people really did want. He ridiculed the size of the Province, and said it was so small the Government might put a board-fence round it and whitewash it. Mr. Howe defended his conduct while in the North-West, and Messrs. Bodwell and Macdougall made attacks on Mr. Howe, after which a vote was taken, and Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment lost by a vote of 35 for, 95 against. Hon. Mr. Macdougall’s amendment was then put and lost, 11 voting for it and 120 against.* 9. — A number of other amendments were moved at various stages of the Bill, but were all rejected, and we wdll simply note them to show the provi- rejected, and tUe Bin . , 1-1 ,1 ■ finally adopted. sions to which the Opposition took .exception. Mr. Ferguson moved : “ That the boundaries begin at a point where the meri- dian 96 deg. west intersects parallel 52 deg. north latitude, thence due west along said parallel of 52 deg. north, to the intersection of meridian 100 deg. west, thence due south to the 49th parallel, thence along the Lake of the Woods to the mouth of the Winnipeg River, thence north to Lake Winnipeg.” Mr. Cartwright moved in amendment : “ That it shall be lawful for the Parliament of Canada to enlarge and make such changes in the boundaries as may appear expedient from time to time.” Mr. Cartwright’s amendment was lost by a vote of 52 for, 72 against. Mr. Mackenzie moved in amendment ; “ That the boundary be fixed at the l02nd deg. west longitude.” Lost by 47 to 74. Mr. Ferguson’s motion was then put and lost by 49 to 73. Mr. Mills then moved; “That the IndeiDendence of Parliament Act be made to apply to members elected in Manitoba.” Sir George E. Cartier said that members would '* The .^yes were, Messrs. Boulton. Connell, Macdougall, Macdonald (Glengarry) Mackenzie, Metcalfe, Rymal, Wallace, Wells and White — 11 . fiOVEENMENT OE SIE JOHN YOUNCJ— THE EENIAN FIASCO. IfiJ come under the provisions of the act as soon as the ProA'ince entered the Dominion ; and the amendment was lost by 45 for, 72 against. Mr. Ferguson moA'ed : “ That the twenty-seA^enth clause be stricken oirt.” Lost by 40 for, 77 against. Mr. Mackenzie moved an amendment defining the qualifications of members, which was lost, 38 for, 74 against. Mr. Drew moA^ed : “ That the first Parliament of Manitoba shall only last two years.” Lost, 41 for, 66 against. Mr. Ferguson moA^ed ; “ That one month’s resi- dence as a householder shall be a sufficient qualification for Amters at the first election.” Mr. Bodwell moved, in amendment: “That every person Avho has resided in the Province for one month shall be entitled to a vote at the first election, whether he be a householder or not.” Lost, 35 for, 82 against. Mr. Ferguson’s motion was then put and lost, 41 for, 76 against. Hoh. Mr. Macdougall moved in amendment to the 16th clause : “ That no person arrested for felony shall be entitled to vote.” Lost on division. On the 27th clause, reseiwing 1,400,000 acres for Half-breeds, being reached, Mr. Mackenzie moved that the following be substituted for it : “ That whereas it is expedient to appro- priate a portion of such uiigranted lands for the families of Half-breed residents, it is hereby enacted that the children of such Half-breeds resident in the Province shall be entitled to receiA^e a grant of not more than 200 acres each, on attaining the age of eighteen years, in such mode, and on such conditions, as the Gfovernor- in-Council may from time to time designate.” Sir Gfeorge E. Cartier obserA'ed that there were OA"er 10,000 children in the ProAunce Avhich would require eA^en a larger grant than that asked if the amendment was carried. Mr. Mackenzie’s motion was then lost, 37 to 80. Mr. OliA^er moA'ed to stirke oirt the clause relating to education. Lost, 30 to 81. On the motion for the third reading Mr. Mackenzie said he did not intend to offer any further opposition. The Opposition had endeaA'oured to amend the most objectionable features of the bill, and haAung failed in that, they threw upon the GfoA'ernment the full responsibitity of passing the measure as it stood. They had declined from first to last to accept any amendment, except the one forced on them by strong expres- sion of the opinion of the House at the outset ; but, belieAung that it AA^as necessary to haA^e some bill pass, to haA^e some form of GfoA^ern- ment established in the Territory, he did not ask for the Bill to pass on division. The Bill was then read a third time and passed. CHAPTER XVI. GOVERNMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG — THE EENIAN FIASCO. 1. Fenian preparations for another in- vasion OF Canada. — 2. Militia called out. President G-rant’s Proclamation. — 3. The Fenians enter Canada. — 4. Defeat of the Fenians at Eccles Hill. — 5. The Fenians retreat from the Missisquoi Frontier. — 6. Repulse of the Fenians on the Huntingdon Frontier. Compliment to THE MILITIA. — 7. EnD OF THE RaID. TrIAL OF SOME OF THE RaIDERS. OPINIONS OF THE Press. 1. — The trouble which had arisen in the North-West was eagerly seized on by the Fenian plotters in the United , (> 1 ■ Fenian preparation.s fetates as a means of drawing lor another inv.asion . of Canada. more money from the pockets of their dujies on the plea of striking another blow for the freedom of Ireland, by making an onslaught on Canada ; and all through the winter of 1869-70 vigorous preparations were made in New York and other cities for the threatened raid in the spring. Numerous appeals were made to the patriotism of the lower orders of Irish throughout the States, and very large contributions were made to “ the cause,” principally by those whose ignorance prevented them from understanding the utter folly of such an attempt, and whose blindness hid from them the fact that the gang of adventurers who were at the head of the 168 TUTTLE’S ITTSTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. “ moTement” were animated by no more noble purpose than that of living in ease and idleness at the expense of those whose love for their native land made them willing victims. Prepar- ations for the threatened raid were openly made in New York and other cities, and cprantities of arms, ammunition and stores collected at various points for the alleged xrurirose of a raid on Canada, and still the United States made no elibrt to interfere or prevent in any way the threatened breach of the neutrality laws, beyond informing the British Minister at Washington that information of an intended raid had been received by the G-overnment. This was in April, and the Habeas Corpus Act was sus- pended, as referred to in our last chapter, but the month i^assed away and no attempt on the frontier was made, and hopes were entertained that the “ scare” would end as several others had done. Rumors were rife that an attack would be made on the expedition to the North- West while it was on its way, and also that a raid into the Red River Settlement would take place in the spring for the purpose of helping Riel and O’Donohue in their scheme of annex- ation, but little fear of another attempt on the settled Provinces was felt, and the Government was twitted, both in Parliament and through the press, with being easily frightened, and with trying to make a little political capital out of periodical alarms about invasion by the Fenians. 2. — On the twenty-ninth of April the last of the volunteers called out for service on the frontier were dismissed to their Military called out. — , i p j President Grant’s homes, all danger lor the present Proclamation. , . . , being considered over ; but, shortly after, rumors of invasion again became current, and towards the middle of May the increased excitement and activity in Fenian circles began to be very apiiarent, and, on the twenty-second, a movement from New York and other points towards the frontier com- menced. Large quantities of arms and ammu- nition were collected at St. Albans, Malone and other points, and the trains leading to Canada were crowded with men and boys, professedly bent on an attack on that country. Still the United States Government did not interfere. While the Queen’s birthday was being celebrated in Montreal and other large cities by military displays, it became known that the Fenians were actually advancing on the frontier, and active steps were at once taken to meet and repel them. A Cabinet Council was at once held in Ottawa. Lieutenant-General Lindsay assumed command of the militia, as well as of the regular forces, and a sufficient nrrmber of the militia was at once called out, and the alacrity with which the call was answered is shown by the fact that in three days upwards of thirteeii thousand men were luider arms at their various posts on the St. Clair, Niagara, St. Lawrence and southern frontiers. On the same day President Grant issued a proclamation warning all subjects of the United States against aiding or abetting in the proposed raid ; and a number of United States troops were ordered to the frontier — but did not arrive until the trouble was over.* 3. — The plan of the Fenians was to enter Canada by at least two points at once, one body operating Irom St. Albans— as in The Fenians enter the raid of 1866 — and the other from Malone. At the former place it was estimated that from five to six hundred had assembled, with reinforcements constantly arriving ; and at the latter, the number was * The following is a copy of the President’s proclamation : — By the President of the United State.s — A Proclamation — U'l/civ-o*, it has come to my knowledge that certain illegal military enterprises and expeditions are being set on foot within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, with a view to carry on from such territory and jurisdiction, war against the people and district of the Dominion of Canada, within the Dominion of Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with whom the United States is at peace. Now, therefore, I, Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States, do hereby admonish all good citizens of the United States, and all persons within the military district of the United States, against aiding, countenancing, abetting, or taking part in such unlawful proceedings ; and I do hereby warn all persons that by countenancing such illegal acts they will forfeit all right to the protection of the Government, or to its interference in their behalf t > rescue them from the consequences of their own acts; and I do hereby enjoin all officers in the service of the United States to employ all lawful authority and power to prevent and defeat the aforesaid unlawful proceedings, and to arrest and bring to justice all persons who may be engaged therein. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, this twenty-fourth day of May, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and in the independence of the United States of America the ninety-fourth. By the President, U. S. GRANT. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State. GOVEJmMKNT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE FENIAN FIASCO. 169 placed as high as fifteen hundred. The first skirmish took place at Eccles Hill, in advance of Cooks Corners, on the Missisquoi frontier, where, at about noon, on the twenty-fifth, the advance guard of the Feiiians, about two hund- red strong, under command of “ General ” O’Neill — the “ hero ” of 1866 — crossed the fron- tier. The position at Eccles Hill is a strong one, and as soon as it was known that the Fenians really intended to make an attack, Lt.- Col. Osborne Smith, Deputy Adjutant-General, commanding Militia, Military District, No. 5, had ordered Lt. Col. Chamberlin, commanding the 60th (Missisquoi) Battalion of Militia, to occupy it with all the force he could command. Col. Chamberlin at once telegraphed to Frelighsburg asking any of tljie inhabitants who had riflles to occupy this hill, if the Fenians had not already taken possession of it, and endeavor to hold it until the arrival of the militia. The inhabitants at once turned out in the most loyal manner, | formed themselves into a “ Home guard ” under ! command of Mr. Asa Westover, and took posses- ' sion of the hill on the night of the twenty- fourth. Only one company of the 60th had yet mustered at Stanbridge (No. 3, under command of Captain Robinson) and a portion of this was sent forward to Cook’s Corners to support the gallant little party holding Eccles Hill. At day-break, on the twenty-fifth. Captain Bockus and twenty-four men, of No. 5 Company, also went forward to Eccles Hill, and the volunteers : from the surrounding country, and Montreal were hastening to the front, as fast as rail and steam could take them. The whole force assem- bled at the hill, however, at the moment of attack, was only thirty-six volunteers and thirty- five of the “ Home guard,” and of these some fifteen were at dinner when the attack began. 4. — The men were posted as advantageously as possible, among the rocks and trees, and behind the fences, stretching Fenians at Eocie’s from the road to the crest of the hill, with the “ Home guard” on the right flank. Meanwhile the Fenians had advanced within a few hundred yards of the frontier, and occupied Pigeon Hill, just opposite Eccle’s Hill. The following description of the engagement we take from Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlin’s report to Lieutenant-Colonel Smith : “ At about tw^enty minutes before twelve. General Foster, the United States Marshal for the adjoining district of Vermont, waited upon me, desiring, as he informed me, to offer assurances that his GoA^ernment and himself personally, were doing all that was possible to preA^ent a raid ; that the United States troops were being moA^ed up to assist him in the discharge of his duty and enforcement of the neutrality laws as fast as they could be transported. He also said he was charged with a message from the person in command of the Fenian force in front, to say that those under his command AAmuld not make war upon women and children, nor be permitted to plunder peaceable inhabitants, but would conduct their war in a manner appro A'^ed among ciAulized nations. I replied that I could receiA^e no message from men who were mere pirates and marauders, and that it was scarcely satisfactory to those whom they intended to murder, because they were in arms for the defence of their Goa^- ernment and country, that their piracy would not be attended with unusual barbarities. While we were in coiiA^ersation, the head of the Fenian column began to adA^ance. I called the attention of General Foster to the fact, who replied, ‘ I thought they intended to attack you soon, but not as soon as this.’ He then droA^e away in the direction of and past the Fenian party. I hastily made such disposition of the men as seemed most adA'antageous, with (faptain Bockus on the left of the skirmish line, which rested upon the main road. The force at my disposal for the purpose of resisting the attack made was something less than sixty rifles. The enemy adA^anced in close column from one hundred and fifty to two hundred strong, with a small adA^anced guard at fifty or one hundred yards in adA'aiice of the main body ; on its ajAproach to the boundary line it was ordered to move at the double, and the adA'ance guard rushed across. So soon as it was upon Canadian soil I opened fire upon it. The fire Avas returned from the 19 170 TUTTLE’S IlISTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. main column ol attack still within the United States territoiy, when the conllict became’ general. Upon the hrst discharge one man, in the leading section of the advance guard, was shot dead, and others wounded, and the remaining men comprising it sought refuge behind the neighbouring barns and under a bridge near at hand. The main body halted, wavered, partially rallied again, and then, galled by the well-sustained and well-directed fire of our men, broke — all seeking, refuge behind the houses and stone-fences along the road, or making their way to a wood which crowned the summit of the hill opposite to our position upon the same, (the western) side of the road, another man being killed and several wounded in seeking this shelter. From this time a desultory lire from behind trees and fences, &;c., was kept up. The fire of the Fenian column, while formed as such, was very ill- directed, sometimes more resembling a Jeu de joie than anything else. Hardly a shot came near us till after shelter had been gained by the enemy. 5. — Shortly after the attack, Lieut. -Col. Smith arrived and took command, and reinforcements were hurried forward from Stan- The Fenians retreat i-i iiiie from the Missisn.ioi bridge, SO that before three o clock nearly two hundred men had arrived.* The Fenians, however, showed no disiiosition to advance, but kept up a struggling fire from the houses where they had sheltered themselves, but doing no damage. About six o’clock the Fenians brought up a small field piece, when Colonel Smith advanced his skirmish line to the frontier boundary, and the few Fenians who were left in the houses, beat a hasty retreat. ‘Troops engaged in the action with Fenians at Eccles Hill, May 25th, 1870 Corps. Ofiicers. Men. j Horses. | 1 Remarks. Staff 2 2 1st Troop Montreal Cavalry. 2 24 26 3rd Batt. Victoria Rifles 3 ,53 both, or Missisquoi Battalion. 6 66 Home Guard 35 13 178 28 \V. OSBORNE SMITH, Lieut.-Co). leaving arms and ammunition behind them. A few shots were fired from the field jiiece, but without effect, and the would-be invaders with- drew about nightfall. After running away at the first fire of Colonel Chamberlin’s men, the Fenian, Greneral O’Neill, attempted to take refuge in a brick house, .but was driven out by the owner and fled to the rear, where he was arrested by United States Marshal Foster, placed in a cab and driven off the field to Burlington jail, pro- bably the happiest Fenian of the lot, for he felt safe. After O’Neill’s capture the command devolved upon one Boyle O’Eeilly, an escaped I convict from Australia ; but the men had lost all I desire for a fight and retreated during the night, i abandoning their camp at Hubbard’s Corners, ! about two miles from the boundary line, and I leaving there a large quantity of arms and i ammunition, which was subsequently taken ! possession of by the United States authorities. The gun, which was an iron, rifled, breech-load- ing six-pounder, was afterwards captured, and was subsequently presented to Mr. Westover, of the “Home guard,” in token of the gallant con- duct of that corps in repulsing the invaders. The warm reception given them disgusted the Fenians, and no further attempt was made in this direction. Not a man on our side was hurt in any way ; how many of the Fenians were killed or wounded it is impossible to say posi- tively. Colonel Smith in his report to Lieuten- ant-Gleneral Lindsay, says : — “ From all the information I can gather, the F enian loss may be set down as four or five killed, and fifteen or eighteen wounded ; some accounts double and treble this number — we have buried one man i inside our lines. Among the wounded is the so-called ‘G-eneral Donnelly.’ ”* ‘The list of the killed and wounded amongst the Fenians, as given in different American papers, loots up ten killed and thirteen wounded in the whole campaign. The names were Dead.— General J. J. Donnelly, of Utica; .John Rowe, of Burlington M. O’Brien, of Moriah ; Edward Grilfin, of Rochester ; James M. Evans, (f Troy; Eras. Laflen, of Newark; Denis Duggan; George Hughes; Charles J. Clancey ; Duffy— 10. Wounded. — Edward Hope, of Bridgeport; Frank Carrigan, of Bridge- port ; F. Cronan, of Montreal ; James Keenan, of Fort Edward ; Edward Callaghan, of Burlington; Charles Carlton, of Cambridge, Vt. ; Daniel Ahern, of Winooski. Vt. : Michael Flynn, of New Vork ; J. J. Collins, of Boston ; Timothy Moriarty ; Patrick Downey ; Michael Callaghan ; James Atridge— 13. GOVEBNMKNT OF SIE JOIIX YOUNG— THE FENIAN FIASCO. 171 6. — Meanwhile the second “ invading army ” had been mnstering near Malone, N.Y., and, on Repulse of the twcnty-seveiith crossed the HunUngdon ‘frontier. Huntingdon border at Holbrook’s Coinplimont to the f-r • i i i n^i i i Militia, near HiiK'niubrook. Ihe whole number of Fenians who reached their camp at Trout River is estimated at nearly fifteen hund- red, but only a small portion of them crossed the border, and slightly threw up a rude barri- cade across the road. The moment it was known that they were on Canadian soil, the regulars and volunteers at Huntingdon ad- vanced, and about eight o’clock got within shot of the invaders, when the 50th Battalion (Hun- tingdon Borderers) under command of Lt. Col. McEachran, opened fire, and the Fenians at once “skedaddled” back across the line, scarcely firing a shot and making such good time running that our troops could not get near enough to do them much damage, and only two or three were wounded. The Canadian troops consisted of the Montreal Garrison Artillery and Engineers, the Huntingdon Borderers, and a portion of the 69th regulars, the whole under the command of Col. Bagot. The Borderers had to deploy into an open field to attack, and the Fenians, who held a strong position, might have made a good defence if they had had any pluck, but they hadn’t, and, getting frightened at the steady bearing of the Borderers, began to run away almost before a shot was fired. This skir- mish finished the “ invasion,’.’ which yn-oved a most contemptible fizzle from first to last, as far as the invaders were concerned, and showed how promptly and with what ease our volun- teers could repulse any such wanton attacks. The driving of the invaders from the soil of Canada was done by our brave volunteers alone, to whom General Lindsay paid the folio w’^ing just tribute in General Orders of fourth June : “ Canada has been once more invaded by a body of Fenians, who are citizens of the United States, and who have again taken advantage of the institutions of that country, to move without disguise, a large body of men and warlike stores to the Missisquoi and Huntingdon frontier, for the purpose of levying war upon a peaceful community. From both these points invading forces have been instantly driven with loss (and in the confusion throwing awav arms, ammuni- tion and clothing) into the United States. Acting with scrui)ulous regard for the inviolability of the neighboring territory the trooy>s were ordered to halt, even though in pursuit, upon the border. The result of the whole affair is entirely due to the promptitude with which the militia responded to the call to arms, and to the rapidity with wdiich their movements to the front were carried out, and the self-reliance and steadiness shown by this force, as well as the armed inhabitants on the frontier. The regular troops were at hand in support, ready to move, had it been necessary, to wherever the main attack might be developed. The proclamation of General Grant and the arrival of Federal troops at St. Albans and Malone were too late to irrevent the collection and transfer of w^ar- like stores, or an inroad into Canada. The reproach of the invaded British territory and the dread of insult and robbery have thus been removed by a handful of Canadians, and the Lieutenant-General does not doubt that such services will receive the recognition of the Imperial Government. The Lieutenant-General congratulates the militia upon this exhibition of their promptness, discipline and training, and in dismissing the men to their homes he bids them carry with them the assurance that their manly spirit is a guarantee for the defence of Canada.” 7. — With the repulse at Holbrook’s, the demoralization of the Fenians became com- lete, A large number of United „ , ^ States troops, some six hundred, had by this time (the 28th) arrived on the frontier, and many of the “ Generals ” and other prominent ‘leaders amongst the Fenians arrested, some of whom were bailed, and others committed to jail. Large seizures of arms, ammunition, clothing, &c , were made, for, by some wonderful instinct, the United States authorities could find these things after the trouble was over, although none could be found before, notwithstanding the fact that 172 TUTTLE’S IIISTOKY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the Fenians had been collecting them for weeks. The bnlk of the marauders were too poor to pay their railway fares home, and had to get away anyhow they could, a great many being sent away “ at the public expense” to get rid of them, and the people of St. Albans and Malone were most heartily glad to have them go. In a few days peace and quiet was restored on the frontier, the Canadian troops withdrawn, and finally dismissed to their homes on the third of June. The Fenians certainly had nothing to be proud of in their ignominious defeat, and richly deserved the remark of Gfeneral Foster, that the letters I. K. A. (Irish Republican Army), stamped on their buttons, meant “ I ran away ” On the first of June the 50th Battalion (Huntingdon Borderers) was presented with a stand of colors, Gfeneral Lindsay and Prince Arthur being present and making brief addresses to the men, com- plimenting them on their gallant conduct. In the course of his remarks Gfeneral Lindsay said: “The President of the United States issixed a irroclamation, but it was no use to you ; it did not appear until it was too late, and you and your comrades at Missisquoi had to do the work yourselves until United States troops were sent to St. Albans, Malone, and, I believe, a few to the frontier, but they were of no use to you. They did not prevent the Fenians enter- j ing your country, and the gallantry of your' I militia alone did the work.” These remarks i gave great umbrage to a portion of the press in ; England, which could not be servile enough in its laudations of the prompt interference of the United States authorities ; but they were just and well deserved, for the United States Govern- ment made no effort whatever to prevent the invasion, and President Grant did not even issue his proclamation until it was too late to be of any service, and the United States troops did not arrive until three days after the Fenians had been beaten back into the United States by the G’anadian militia ; then they were very useful, but it was more in protecting their own people from robbery and violence, at the hands of the miserable rabble, than in doing any service to Gkinada. O’Neill, Starr, Thompson, and a few others amongst the leaders of the Fenians, were tried at Burlington and Canandaigua, before Judge Woodruff, of the United States Circuit Court, found guilty of breaches of the neutrality laws, and sentenced to various short terms of imprisonment and small fines, but were almost immediately “pardoned” by the President. And so ended the last attempt of the Fenians to invade G’anada. CHAPTER XVII. THE GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE EXPEDITION TO RED RIVER, 1870. 1. A Military Expedition to Red River DETERMINED ON. — 2. ARRIVAL OF GENERAL Lindsay. The terms on which the Expe- dition WAS SENT. — 3. Preparations for the Expedition. — 4. The militia contingent. Difficulta' in filling Quebec Battalion. — 5. Collecting supplies. Colonel Wol- SELEY appointed TO COMMAND THE EXPEDI- TION. — G. The route of the Expedition. Cause of delay. — 7. Stoppage of the “ ChICORA ” AT THE SaULT StE. MaRIE CANAL. — 8. The “Chicora” allowed to pass THROUGH THE CANAL. — 9. FiRST ARRIVAL OF TROOPS AT Prince Arthur’s Landing. Con- dition OF THE ROAD TO ShEBANDOWAN. — 10. Col. Wolseley decides to send the boats BY WAY OF THE KaMINISTIQUIA RiVER. — 11. The causes of delay as explained by Mr. Dawson and Col. W^olseley. — 12. The START FROM ShEBANDOWAN ON 16TH JuLY. — 13. The Expedition on its way. Daily ROUTINE. — 14. Arrival at Fort Francis. State of affairs in the Settlement. — 15. From Fort Francis to Rat Portage. — 16. The toilsome journey down the Win- nipeg. — Arrival at Stone Fort. — 17. Arri- val OF THE Expedition at Fort Garry. Peaceful occupation of the Fort. Hoist- ing OF THE Union Jack. — 18. The triumph GOVEENMKNT OF SIR JOHN YOUNC^— THE EXPEDITION TO EED RIVEE, 1870. 178 OF PEACE. The health of the troops. Temperance. — 19. The difficult position ofColonelWolseley. No civil authority. — 20. Withdrawal of the regulars from Fort G-arry. Colonel Wolseley’s stric- tures ON the Dominion Government. 1. — As soon as the Government became con- vinced that the Eed River Rebellion was likely to assume grave proportions, pre- Militar.v expedition , . „ , . p . to Red River paratioiis lor Sending a lorce to determined on. 101 the Settlement, il necessary, on the opening of navigation, were quietly pressed onward, and were in quite an advanced state before it was generally known that any prepar- ations were being made at all, and long before it was positively decided that an expedition would be absolutely necessary. The news that Hon. Mr. Macdougall had been stopped at Pem- bina on 31st October, 1869, was telegraphed to Earl Granville on 23rd November; and on the 26th another telegram was sent from the Governor-General, saying that the Canadian Government declined to accept the transfer of the Territory until order was restored and peaceable possession given, and asking that the Proclamation of the transfer, which it had been agreed should be made on the first of December, should be postponed. After some little negoti- ation this was agreed to, and both the Imperial and Dominion Governments set themselves earnestly to work to restore order, as already related in a preceding Chapter. Whilst en- deavouring in every way, however, to peace- fully settle the troubles by the negotiations of Commissioners, representations were made by the Dominion Government to the Imperial authorities that the interposition of the military might be necessary, and, on the 5th March, 1870, Earl Granville telegraphed to Sir John Young as follows : — “ Her Majesty’s Government will give proposed military assistance, provided reasonable terms are granted Red River Settlers, and jrrovided your Government enable Her Majesty’s Government to proclaim the transfer of the Territory simultaneously with the move- ment of the Force.” These terms were accepted and Lieutenant-General Sir James Lindsay was sent out to take command of the Forces. In order to facilitate the operations, and to obviate the delay which would necessarily arise if the arrangements between the two Governments were conducted by telegraph or despatch, Earl Granville commissioned Sir Clinton Murdoch, who was on his way to Washington, to consult with Sir John Young as to details, and thus save time, as it was determined that if the troops had to go to Red River they must be back in time to return to England before the winter set in, in accordance with the proposed withdrawal of the troops — of which we will treat in the next chapter.* In the instructions to Sir Clinton, Earl Granville said, “ Troops should not he employed in forcing the Sovereignty of Canada on the population, should they refuse to admit it,” and this instruction was thoroughly adhered *The following is a copy of a confiJential despatch from Earl Granville to Sir John Young, on the subject of Sir Clinton Murdoch’s mission : — Downing Strkkt, 23rd March, 1870. Sir, — As the season approaches at which it will be possible to despatch troops to the Red River Settlement, 1 find myself embarrassed by the want of explicit information respecting the views of your Government on matters which ought to be decided on before Her Majesty’s Government takes part in such an expedition. Among these are : The time at which the Canadian Government will be prepared to take over the Hudson’s Ray territory ; the arrangements for governing it during the short interval between its surrender by the Company and its annexation to Canada ; the time of its union with Canada ; the apportionment of the cost of the expe- dition, if it should be found absolutely necessary to send one ; and the arrangements for provisioning the Imperial troops during the four months of their sojourn in the Red River Settlement. All these are ma'ters on which misapprehension may exist, or differences arise ; and I am very apprehensive lest, at a critical moment, Her Majesty’s Government may be placed under the alternative of delaying an operation in which time is ol paramount importance, or of refusing their assistance, or of giving that assistance without any as-urance that what they hold to be its indispens- able oondit'ons are accepted by the Government of the Dominion- The discu-ssion of such questions cannot be conducted by telegram, and it would be too late t conduct them by despatch, even if the information as yet received from you indicated the points to which I ought to address myself. It is, therefore, fortunate that I am able to communicate with you more fully than could be done by writing, through Sir Clinton Mur- doch, the Chairman of the Emigration Board, who is about to proceed, at the Earl of Clarendon’s request, to lYashington, to negotiate a convention with the Government of the United States respecting the carriage of pas- sengers, and has hastened his journey in order to be able to visit Ottawa on his way. While in America I have instructed him to obtain all the information he can concerning the working of the present regulations respecting emigration to Canada, and in particular concerning the Free Grant system, which is an object of considerable interest at present in this country. But I have also informed him unreservedly of the views of Her Majesty’s Government in relation to the Red River Settlement ; and I think that if, after free communication with him, you entertain any apprehension as to the conclusion of explicit and satisfactory arrange- ments, especially with regard to the questions to which I have above ' adverted, you will be at liberty to detain him at Ottawa until all such apprehensions are removed. I have, Ac., GRANVILLE. Sir John Young, Bart., G.C.B., Ac., Ac., Ac. 1 K t TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. to, so that it was only after arrangements had been very nearly completed with the Delegates, and there seemed to be every probability that Canadian authority would be quietly acknow- ledged, that linal consent to the use of the Imperial troops was given. 2. — On the same day (23rd March) that instructions were issued by Earl G-ranville to . . , f,, , Sir Clinton Murdoch, a letter Arrival of (ireneral ’ on wh!chTbe'° addresscd to the W ar Office E.xpedition was sent. Coloiiial SecretaiT, on the subject of the proposed expedition, in which the following • paragraph occurs ; “ G-eneral Lindsay will consult Sir J. Young with regard to the selection of the force itself, and of the officer who is to command it, on whose firmness, prudence and judgment much may depend. The selection of the officer will be still more important if, as is possible, the Canadian Grov- ernment should desire him to act as the first Civil Lieutenant-Governor of the district.” YVe shall have to refer to this paragraph further on. General Lindsay arrived in Canada on the 5th April, and at once put himself in com- munication with the Governor-General, and the composition of the force was agreed on. At first it was proposed to send 200 to 250 regulars, and I about 700 volunteers, the Dominion Govern- ment paying three-fourths of the expense ; but, on the recommendation of General Lindsay, and with the consent of the British Government, the number of regulars was increased to 390, the Canadian Government paying the expense of all oA'er 250. The increase was considered necessary, as it was determined to leave small garrisons at Thunder Bay and Fort Francis to guard the stores which would be kept at those places. On the 23rd April Earl Granville sent the following telegram to Sir John Young : “ On the following conditions troops may advance ; — I. Rose to be authorised to pay j;300,000 at once, and her Majesty’s Government to be at liberty to make transfers before the end of June. II. Her Majesty’s Government to pay expense of British troops only, not exceeding 250, and Canadian Government the rest, sending at least 500 trained men. III. Canadian Government to accept decision of Her Majesty’s Government on all disputed points of the Settlers’ Bill of Rights. IV. Military arrangements to be to the satis- faction of General Lindsay.” On the fourth of May instructions w-ere sent to Sir John Rose to pay over the i)300,000 to the Hudson’s Bay Company (which was done on the eleventh), and on the sixth a telegram was sent by Earl Granville to Sir John Young that the troops may proceed. 3. — Meanwhile everything was being pre- pared for the intended expedition. Early in the winter instructions were „ Preparations for the given by the Department of Public Works to Mr. S. J. Dawson to get every- thing in readiness so that operations could be commenced as soon as navigation opened. It was decided that the route followed should be that formerly adopted by the North-West Com- pany, before its amalgamation with the Hudson’s Bay Company, by way of Lake Superior, Lake Shebandowan and the lakes and rivers to Fort Garry. This route had not been used for traffic for a long while, but it had been carefully examined during the previous years by Mr. Dawson, with a view of opening communication with the North-West through Canadian territory, and a road from Fort William, on Thunder Bay, to Lake Shebandowan had been laid out and more than half completed, while, at the other end of the route, the Government surveyors under Mr. Snow, had laid out a road from Win- nipeg to the North-West corner of the Lake of the Woods, and this was, also, in course of con- struction. Early in January contracts for build- ing one hundred boats, suitable for lake and river navigation, were given out to varioirs boat builders throughout Ontario and Quebec, and the work was pushed rapidly on during the winter.* The boats varied in length from 25 to 33 feet, with a breadth of beam from 6 to *The boats were built by the following parties at the places named ; — Samuel Leves, Toronto, 15 ; .John Clendenning, Toronto, 3 : John Charles, Barrie, 5; William Watt, Collingwood, 9 ; R. Benoit, Collingwood, 6; Martin Stells, Hamilton, 4 ; Louis Shikluna. St. Catherines, 6; Ale.xander Abbis, Port Halhousie, 4 W. Wakerly, Port Dalhousie, 2 : J. MePhee, Port Dalhousie, 1 ; George Ault, Welland, 10 ; M. March, Owen Sound, 5 ; GOVEENMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG— THE EXPEDITION TO EED EIVEE, 18*70. 1*75 7J feet, depth from 30 to 35 inches, and were capable of carrying from twelve to. fifteen men and their outfits, and from 2J to 4 tons of freight ; and it being afterwards found that a greater number would be required, forty additional boats were ordered. Work on the Thunder Bay road was also pushed forward as much as the season and the nature of the locality would irermit, and the bridges com- I)leted as far as possible. As it was found that the insurgents might attempt to tamper with the Salteaux Indians, through whose territory the exi^idition would have to pass, a trusty agent was sent from Fort William to Fort Francis to endeavour to keep up friendly relations with that tribe. A large number of voijageurs were also engaged to manage and navigate the boats, and arrangements made for moving the force to Thunder Bay as soon as navigation should be open. 4. — Grrave aiqrrehensions were entertained as to the practicability of sending a large body of The Militia con- proposed routc, iSkth^Quibec which, for a distance of two Battaiiion. huiidrcd milcs, had never been traversed by any vessel larger or stronger than a bark canoe ; and the chief officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who were supposed to be well acqirainted with the country, had declared it to be impracticable for their boats. So general was this opinion as to the character of the route, by Lake Superior, and so firmly fixed had it become, that the Imperial Govern- ment on two occasions sent troops by way of Hudson’s Bay to Fort Garry, once in 1846, when Colonel Crofton led a wing of the Sixtieth from York Factory, and again, in 1857, when some companies of the Canadian Rifles were sent by the same route. This belief was not, however, shared by Colonel Crofton, who commanded the expedition of 1846, and in his testimony before a Parliamentary Committee in England, in 1857, he unhesitatingly pronounced in favor of the route from Fort William to Fort Garry M. O’Gorm.an, Kingston, .5; A. McCorkell, King.ston, 7 ; W. C. Knapp, Kingston,!; W. Power & Co., Kingston, 2 ; various parties ,at Island of Orleans, 16. Total, 102. in preference, to the route from York Factory, saying that he had been over both, and he con- sidered that it was far easier to take troops by the former than the latter. Mr. Dawson, also, was very confident as to the practicability of the route, and the result showed that he was quite correct in his assertion that trooyis could be taken in that way without any insurmount- able difficulty. On the sixteenth of April an Order in Council was passed providing for the raising, arming and equipyiing of the militia force which was to form part of the expedition. This force, it was determined, should consist of two battalions, of 350 non-commissioned officers and men each, one to be taken from Ontario and one from Quebec. It was proposed to take volun- teers from each of the seven Military Districts in the following proportions : one company from No. 4 District; two comiDanies, each from Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and three companies from No. 7 ; the men all to rendezvous at Toronto, proceed thence by rail to Collingwood, and from that point embark for Thunder Bay by the steamers Chicora and Algoma which had been chartered by the Government for that purpose. The men were furnished with a complete outfit and a free kit. The intention in having one battalion from each Province was, doubtless, that the French Canadian Catholics of Quebec might be equally represented with the English Protestants of Ontario ; but this design failed on i account of the reluctance of the French Cana- dians to volunteer. The French Canadians were generally opposed to any expedition at all, and refused to join it from the fear that they might be called on to fight their compatriots in Red River. The French Canadian members of the Cabinet were not very hearty in their sujr- port of the expedition ; the French Canadian members of the House, as a general thing, were opposed to an expedition, thinking it an un- necessary display of force for no purpose, as the French Half-breeds in the Settlement would offer no resistance to the authority of Canada if they were fairly treated ; and the people of Quebec generally determined that, if they could not prevent the expedition, they would, at least, 17« TUTTLK’S HLSTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. not take part in it ; and so the Quebec battalion j was very slow in forming, and had, at last, to be t lilled np with discharged men from the Royal | Canadian Rifles and volunteers from Ontario. | General Lindsay in a report to the War Office, : dated 27th May, says: — “The division of the j Militia portion of the Force into two battalions, ; one from Ontario, the other from Quebec, and the apirortionment of the number of volunteers required (700) between seven Militia Districts in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec was, I presume, made for sectional and religious rea- sons. This political measure has greatly delayed the formation of the Quebec Battalion, which, as I write, still wants 58 to complete, though I have assisted it in every possible way by lend- ing Staff-Sergeants from the Royal Canadian Kilies, and by hastening the discharge of other men of that Corps, that they might volunteer to the Militia for the expedition. Of the 292 men in its ranks, not more than one-fourth, at most, are French Canadians.'^ ; 5. — As early as the eleventh of March an | Order in Council was passed authorizing the ^ Coiiectine supplies purchase of provisioiis lor the I Spohaed^oEm- proposed expedition, and Lieut.- j mand the Expedition, ([^oloiiel Wiley, of the Militia I Department was entrusted with this dirty, which | he performed so well that by the twelfth of ' April he had made arrangements for having the ’The following return of drill inndelby Assistant Brigade Major .Tames F. Macleod, on 23rd June, 1870, gives the nationally and religion of both battalions Xatioxai.ity. 1st Batt- 2nd Batt. 1. English 79 74 2. Irish 52 32 21 4. Born in Canada of— 1st 2nd Batt. Batt. (a.) English parents 56 61 (b.) Iri.'h 65 20 (c.) Scotch “ 45 15 — — 165 96 5. Born of English-speaking Canadian parents - • 40 21 6. Born of French-Canadian parents 3 77 7. Foreigners, but natural zed British subjects — 3 3 8. British subjects, but of foreign parents 4 18 355 362 Rkligion. 1. Prote.stant*. 330 236 2. Roman Catholic 25 126 355 362 ‘This, presumably, includes all denominations except Roman Catholics. —El). waggons, horses, oxen, hay, &c., provided, and had made contracts for the supply of flour, pork and other articles needed for the expedition.* As soon as it was settled that Imperial troops would form a portion of the expedition, if it went. Assistant Controller Irving was sent from England to take charge of the Control Depart- ment, and arrived in Canada on the fifteenth of April. On the twenty-second tenders for sup- plies were advertised for and contracts awarded on the second and third of May. In his official report Assistant Controller Irving says : “ The supplies obtained were reasonable in cost, and gave entire satisfaction throughout the expedition and Colonel Wolseley in his report to the Military Secretary, Montreal, dated twenty-sixth of Seiitember, 1870, says : “ I can confidently say that no body of fighting men on service were ever better fed, or their w'^ants better provided for, than were those comprising the Red River force.” There has been con- siderable disposition in some quarters to throw blame on the Canadian authorities for mis- management in connection with the expedition ; but it is well to note that the official reports do not bear out these charges, except in one instance, with regard to horses and collars, which we will refer to presently. On the eleventh of April, in his first communication to the Governor- General, General Lindsay had suggested the the name of Colonel Wolseley, Deputy Quarter- master-General in British North America, as Commander of the Forces, which recommenda- tion was accepted and Colonel Wolseley aj)- pointed. He left Montreal on the fourth of May, and went through to Collingwood to inspect the preparations for embarkation there, and to pro- ceed to Thunder Bay, for which place some of the stores and provisions had already started. 6. — Everything connected with the expedition was now being pushed forward with the utmost • By Colonel Wiley’s report to General Lindsay, dated 12th April, it appears that the following goods had been contracted for by him 2,000 barrels of flour ; 1,700 barrels of pork ; 30 waggons ; 30 sets of harness ; 10 carts ; 10 sets of harnes ; 70 horses ; 24 oxen ; 120 tons of hay ; 6,000 bushels of oats. As these were the bulk of the goods required it is highly creditable to Colonel Wiley that both the Commanding ofiioer and the Contract ofiicer should express themselves as so well pleased with the quality of the goods supplied. GOVEENMENT OF SIE JOHN YOUNG rapidity ; volunteers v’^ere being The route of the n t i i i -n i j Expedition. enrolled, equipped and drilled at Cuiise of delay. m j. j. i i oronto ; stores and provisions were being collected as rapidly as possible at Collingwood, and, on the 3rd of May the steamer Algoma left for Fort William with a cargo of stores and 140 voyageurs and workmen to go on with the road from Thunder Bay to Lake Shebandowan. It will be as well here to briefly sketch the route to be followed to reach Fort Garry from Toronto, the whole distance being about 1150 miles. The first 94 miles from Toronto to Collingwood was to be done by rail ; from Collingwood to Fort William on Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, 534 miles, was by steamer ; from thence to Shebandowan Lake, 48 miles, by the road which Mr. Dawson had partly completed ; and from Lake Shebandowan, by way of numerous lakes and rivers, and over forty-seven portages, a distance of about 470 miles, to Fort Garry. The task was a difficult one and could only be accomplished by pluck, perseverance and hard work. The most difficult portion of the route was the forty- eight miles intervening between Fort William and Lake Shebandowan, and it was here that the great delay to the expedition occurred. The Commander of the expedition tried to blame the Dominion Government for this delay, even going so far — anonymously — as to charge the Minister of Public Works (Hon. H. L. Langeviu) with attempting to prevent the expedition by not having the road completed, but Mr. S. J. Dawson, Superintendent of the road, and many others who accompanied the expedition, laid the blame on Colonel Wolseley, who would not carry out the programme as originally made out, but varied it by having the boats dragged up the Kaministiquia Eiver *“The construction of this road was under the superintendence of the Public Works Department, the gentleman representing which in the Ministry wa.s a French-Canadian, and known to be heart and soul with the priestly party in Quebec, and therefore most favorably inclined to Riel. Men of a suspicious turn of mind began to say that the fact of there being no road ready for our advance was part and parcel of a poli- tical scheme whereby the departure of the expedition might be stopped altogether.” Extract from an article entitled “Narrative of the Red River Expedition,” published in Hlaekwood'n Mfigaziiint'oT January, 1871, admitted to have been written by Colonel Wolseley. THE EXPEDITION TO BED EIVEE, 1870. 177 instead of completing the road, and then having the boats taken over it by waggon to Sheban- dowan Lake. As to the condition of the road, Mr. Dawson, in his official report, says : “ The distance between these places (Prince Arthur’s Landing and Lake Shebandowan) is forty-five miles by land, but for three miles downwards from Shebandowan Lake to a point now called ‘ Ward’s Landing,’ the Matawin River, although presenting a series of shallow rapids, is navigable to flat scows, or lightly loaded boats. Ward’s Landing was, therefore, the point to be attained with the road, as from thence to Shebandowan Lake material and supplies could be conveyed in scows, which had been provided for the purpose. The precise distance between Prince Arthur’s Landing, Thunder Bay and Ward’s Landing is forty-one miles and seventy chains, of which a section of twenty -eight miles was practicable to horses with waggons, on the arrival of the first detachment of troops. But, for the sake of lucidity in description, let the waggon road be considered as ending at a place called the Matawin Bridge, twenty-five miles from Thunder Bay, as that is the point to which the waggons, in the first instance, actually came. This waggon road was succeeded by a stretch of twelve miles, roughly opened, to the Oskondage, and this, again, by a further section of four miles and seventy chains, ending at Ward’s Landing. This latter was being cleared on our arrival. There were thus three sections of road, more or less advanced, viz. : twenty-five miles of waggon road, followed by twelve miles of what is known in such cases as ox-road, and four miles and seventy chains of road under process of being opened ; in all, forty-one miles and seventy chains.” Colonel Wolseley, on his arrival, seems to have been quite satisfied with the condition of the road, and its state of progress ; for, in his report to General Lindsay, dated 27th of May, after saying that he had ridden over the road, and minutely describing its condition and what remained to be done to it, he concludes : “ Altogether the road is better than I expected, although some- what longer, for instead of being forty it is 20 178 ’ TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. certainly forty-fire or forty-six miles long.” 7. — Most of our readers are doubtless aware that Collingwood is situated on Lake Huron, and that Fort William is on .''toppage of the .sfuu^ste.'MaVf^** Lake Superior, the two lakes being connected by the St. Mary River, which forms part of the boundary line between the State of Michigan and the Domi- nion. The river is navigable except in one place, where there is a canal, on the American side, two miles and a half long, and all vessels passing from one lake into the other have to 0-0 throujxh this canal. On account of the unfriendly feeling existing between the United States and Great Britain, and the open sym- pathy shown by the former lor the rebels in the North West, it was anticipated that vessels carrying troops or munitions of war might be stopped at the Sault, — although the Americans had been allowed during their rebellion to transport troops as well as warlike material 1 through our canals — and arrangements were partially made for a portage road opposite the ’ canal, by which the troops could march across i and meet the steamer at the other end of the rapid, she having, in the meanwhile, gone through the canal. The hrst steamer to arrive, * the Al.goma, was allowed to pass through without c[uestion, and proceeded on her way to Fort William, but did not return to Collingwood, as it was thought most prudent to keep her on Lake Superior in the event of any trouble occurring at the canal. The wisdom of this arrangement was soon shown, for when the Chicora arrived at the Sault, on the eleventh instant, she was refused permission to pass through, and her stores, &c., landed on the British side of the river, where they had to be portaged about three miles and reshipped for Fort William in the Algoma. This un- friendly act of the United States authorities caused considerable inconvenience and some delay, but could not materially check the pro- gress of the expedition ; the voyageurs and workmen brought irp by the Chicaro at once went to work to improve the portage road and build a small wharf for convenience in landing, and in a short time the goods were taken across. It had never been intended to attempt to take any troops, arms or ammunition through the canal, but only provisions, &c., and nothing else was on board at the time she was refused admittance. 8. — On the fourteenth of May the first detach- ment of troops, consisting of Companies 1 and 4, Ontario Battalion left Toronto p T T TiiG Chicorfl. ** for Collingwood, under com- allowed to pa.«s . „ „ 1 1 -n 1 . T through the canal. mand of Colonel Boulton, and, about 9 p. m. the same evening, embarked on the Chicora for Fort William. On arrival at the Sault the troops, stores, &c., were landed on the British side, and the Chicora taken over to the canal empty, but was again refused ad- mittance. General Cook, who commanded the American troops stationed at the canal was polite, but very decided in his refusal. He said to Colonel Boulton, “My instructions are absolute, nothing whatever connected with the Red River expedition can pass the canal. I must, therefore, absolutely refuse to let the Chicora pass through.” The vessel, therefore, returned to Collingwood, and the troops under Colonel Boulton formed a camp at the Sault to be on hand to assist in portaging stores, &c., from the Chicora to the Algoma. At the same time' more vessels were chartered to compensate for the time lost at the portage, so that the passage of the troops, &c., from Collingwood to Fort William may be delayed as little as possible. As soon as it became known in Ottawa that the Chicora had been stopped on her first trip. Sir John Young laid the circumstances of the case before Sir Edward Thornton, the British Minister at Washington, and he represented to the American Government that no attempt had been, or would be, made to pass troops or munitions of war through the canal, and that the expedition was purely one of peace, and that vessels ought not to be prevented from : taking ordinary freight. On this representation ; the embargo was removed, and the Chicora and other vessels were afterwards allowed to pass through the canal without trouble, the troops being landed on the British side and marched GOVEENMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE EXPEDITION TO RED RIVER, 1870. 179 across the portage. Considerable valuable time had been lost, however, and this was the first check to the progress of the expedition. 9. — On the 8th of May the Algoma arrived at Fort William wdth a portion of Mr. Dawson’s First arrival of troops voijageurs aiid Workmen, who Landing.-Coiuiition weiit iiito caiup about four miles oftheroadto , shebandowan. trom P oi't William, where the terminus of the road to Shebandowan was, and soon got to work on the road, fresh arrivals constantly augmenting the number. On the 21st May Company Gr, of the 60th Rifles, left Collingwood in the Chicora, Colonel Wolseley and staff also going on the same trip. The Sault was reached on the 23rd, and the camp above Fort M'^illiam on the 25th, this being the first detachment of soldiers to reach this point. Up to this time the camp had been designated as Grovernment Landing, but Colonel Wolseley, on his arrival, gave it the more euphonious name of “Prince Arthur’s Landing” as a com- pliment to the Duke of C-onnaught. PTom this date (25th May) to 21st June, the troops con- tinued to be transported from Collingwood, the last companies reaching Prince Arthur’s Landing on the latter date. During this month some progress had been made in getting a portion of the stores, &c., from Prince Arthur’s Landing part of the way to Lake Shebandowan, but great difficulty had been experienced in getting the boats over the road. As already stated, the road was only completed for a short distance beyond Matawin bridge, and the following account of its condition, written on the 27th May by Colonel Wolseley, will show how well satisfied he was with it at that date. He says : “ The road is very fair as a clay or sand road ; there are no bad places ; whenever it passes through swamps it has been ditched and fascined. The fire which raged through these woods for three days last week has done a great deal of harm to the road ; it burnt the greater number of culverts and small bridges. All these have been since repaired so as to be passable for teams, and, although as a perma- nent work, they are poor affairs ; they will answer our purpose very ' well. The most serious damage done has been where the road has been cut out along the hill-sides, where the made portions have fallen in from the crib- work, having burnt through. The fire has in many places gone right through the fascines and corduroy work on the raised parts of the road where it runs through low ground. All this damage has now been temporarily repaired in such a manner that waggons have been going over it yesterday and to-day. The bridge over the Kaministiquia River is a very good one, about -360 feet long ; river unfordable. From thence to the bridge over the Matawin River (about live miles) the road is of a different character, being only made wide enough for one waggon. It is in some places still roirgh, but it is quite practicable for any waggon. Beyond the Matawin, for the five or six miles that I went, the road is in some places very bad, but they are at work upon it, and when the bad places have been corduroyed over (which they will be within three or four days) all waggons can go over it easily. At present ox-waggons go over it to within four miles of where the boats are to be launched. A creek of about seventy feet in width has yet to be bridged over there, upon which work will be begun to-morrow or Monday.” For the first few days the weather was fine. Two companies of the 60th were sent forward to work on the road on 28th May ; the first line of waggons with supplies started for Kaministiquia Bridge, and some boats were also forwarded on wurggons. So far, all was going well, but on the 4th of June it commenced to rain, and rained nearly a week, and that entirely altered the complexion of affairs ; por- tions of the road became so heavy as to be almost impassable ; only light loads could be taken, and the horses began to show signs of distress, partly caused by ill-fitting collars, and I)artly from an insufficiency of food — they having been put on cavalry rations, which was not enough for them considering the heavy work they had to do On the 16th June, out of a total of 129 horses 63 were sick, and about this number continued unfit for work for some time, although their diet was changed, and they 180 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE HOMINION^ OF CANADA. were given as much as they could eat, and the seiwices of a veterinary surg’eon obtained. 10. — The weather continued rainy and the road bad, and it was at this time that Coipnenvoiseiey Coloiicl Wolseley determined to boatsbyVay''oft‘he try to effect a passage for his K,uninistiquia River. Kaministiquia River. This river runs from Lake Shehan- dowan into Lake Superior, a distance, by its course, of over seventy miles, and falls over 800 feet — that being the difference in level of the waters of the two lakes. Some of the falls are very fine, one being about 120 feet high ; and the river is full of rapids for the greater part of its length. It had always been considered as too wearing on boats to drag them up such a course, and was generally regarded as impass- able; but Mr. McIntyre, Hudson’s Bay officer at Fort William, persuaded Colonel Wolseley that boats could be taken up the river, and that officer despatched Captain Young with six boats, and a number of vopngeurs and soldiers to attempt the passage. The boats were towed round from Prince Arthur’s Landing to the mouth of the Kaministiquia early on the morn- ing of the 4th June, and after eight days of incessant hard work,4he party managed to force their way up the rapids, by means of poling, portaging and dragging the boats, and reached Matawin Bridge (about forty-five miles) on the twelfth. It having been demonstrated that boats could be sent up by this route. Colonel Wolseley ordered that all the boats remaining at Prince Arthur’s Landing should be taken that way ; and, accordingly 101 boats were so taken up between the 6th June and 6th July, a large number of voyageurs and troops being engaged in the work. Mr. Dawson energetically irrotested against taking the boats by this route, as it would knock them to pieces and render them unfit for the heavy work they had to undergo ; but he was overruled and the boats were taken that way, and did get very much damaged so that a body of carpenters had to be sent forward to repair them as they reached Lake Shebandowan. Mr. Dawson in his official report gives the following account of the river route: “From Thunder Bay to the Matawin Bridge, the distance is, as stated, twenty-five miles by road. Between the mouth of the Kaministiquia and the same point, it is forty-five miles by the river, presenting in this distance, twelve miles of quiet water, and thirty-three miles of shallow rapids, with falls occurring at intervals. The channel of the river, exceirt in the short navigable sections, is exceedingly rough, paved in some instances with boulders of all dimensions and shapes, and in others with sharp schists set on edge. There is little or no danger to men in ascending these rapids, but every risk to boats. To drag them up is a mere matter of brute force, but to save bottoms and keels from being torn to shreds, requires great care, and the greatest care cannot prevent them from being seriously damaged. Although the risk to life is small, the labour of dragging boats over rocks and stones, which afford but an insecure footing, is excessive and otherwise very disheartening to the men. From the Matawin Bridge to the Oskondage, the distance by the road, as already shown, is twelve miles, by the river it is about twenty-two. From the Matawin Bridge upwards, for a distance of about two miles, to a point called Young’s Landing, the river is navigable ; jiroceeding upwards from the latter point, a series of rapids is encountered, perhaps the most difficult that boats were ever forced over. These continue for eight miles, and on this section, none but experienced voyageurs can attempt to pass with boats. The rajiids last referred to, end at a point called Browne’s Lane, or Cauldron’s Landing, and from thence to the Oskondage, a further dis- tance of twelve miles, by its windings, the river is navigable to lightly loaded boats. From the Oskondage upwards to Ward’s Landing, four miles and seventy chains, boats and all material were conveyed by waggon. The total distance by land from Thunder Bay to Oskondage was thirty-seven miles ; by the river between the same points is nearly seventy miles.” * 11. — The delay of the expedition occurred between Thunder Bay and Lake Shebandowan, GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE EXPEDITION TO RED RIVER, 1870. 181 and was, according- to Mr. Daw- bfMrlofnvsmi'JHla ^^ 11 , luostly causcd by his voy- The oau.«cs of the Colonel Wolseley. ageurs being- taken oil' the road to drag- the boats up the river, which they knew to be unnecessary, and many of them becoming- disgusted and leaving. He says : “ Soon after the arrival of the first of the troops, twenty- eight boats were taken by waggon over the road to the Matawin Bridge, thus proving- that it was not only practicable but quite easy to send them that way. In this position, the true plan would have been to set all the available force, both soldiers and voyageurs, to work on the unfinished section of the road, so as to have it completed by the time the stores should reach the Matawin Bridge. But instead of adopting a line of action, so obvious and judicious, the boats, on the advice of inexperienced persons, who, although living in the vicinity, had never been over the country through which the road passes, or had ever so much as seen Sheban- dowan Lake, were ordered to the rou 2 :h and rocky channel of the river, while at the same time, with the exception of a few companies of the regular troops, sent forward to aid in repairing the damage occasioned by the fire, the main body of the military force was maintained in inactivity at Thunder Bay, and there it, in a great part, remained, until G-eneral Lindsay made his appearance and ordered a general movement for- ward. The voyageuTs knew the work and privations to which they were thus exposed to be unnecessary. They saw that a few additional waggons, only, were required to relieve them from the toil, and save the boats on which the success of the expedition depended. They were, indeed, accompanied sometimes by the soldiers, who did a portion of the dragging, as far as the Matawin Bridge, but the soldiers never returned on a second excursion of the same natirre, while the voyageurs had to tramp back again to Thunder Bay, and renew the work ; and, in the difficult sections between Young’s Landing and Brown’s Lane, the soldiers could not aid at all. Most of the native Indian voyageurs, brought at great expense to the ground, and whose ser- vices would have been invaluable as guides. became disheartened and left. The Nipigon Indians deserted in a body. Those from Fort William and the G-rand Portage could not endure the toil, and their places had to be tilled with men from among the workmen on the road.” Colonel Wolseley, on the other hand, claims that the expedition would not have got through in time for the regular troops to return in the fall had it not been for the adoption of the water route; and that the Dominion Gov- ernment was entirely to blame. In his despatch to the Military Secretary, Montreal, dated Ward’s Landing, IGth July, he says : “ I take the liberty of briefly recounting the two most salient of the causes which in my opinion has kept us back. First — the original plan of military operations was based upon the belief that the regular troops (more than one-third of the whole force), were to have left Collingwood for Thunder Bay in the first week of May, whereas they did not leave that port until 21st, 25th, and 26th of that month.* This delay is attributable, in my opinion, to two causes : first, the slowness of the Dominion Government in making arrangements for conveying the force and its equipment across the Lakes ; and secondly, to the action taken by the United States authorities in closing the canal atSault Ste. Marie to our shipping. I trust you will pardon my briefly recapitulating the circum- stances bearing upon the arrangements made for lake transport. The Lieutenant-General having proceeded to Collingwood on the hfth of May, and made all preliminary arrangements for the despatch of the regular troops and a considerable number of horses, bullocks, &c., by the steamers Chicora and Francis Smith, on the seventh and ninth of that month resiiectively, and having telegraphed to Ottawa for authority to close with the advantageous offers he had received from the *■- 1 may here remark that no action on the part of the Canadian (iov- ernment could have provided for the arrival of the troops at an earlier date: when the j4/f/o»io set out from CollinKwood. on the 3rd of jMay.it was not even known that she would get through on account of the ice which generally remains in the straits, above Sault Ste. Marie, till a later time than that at which she would be there, and when the Vhic'ora left on the 7th it was well understood that there was at least a probability other finding the canal shut. In view of such a contingency, men haork, 930 brls. ; sugar, 128 brls. ; tea, 122 chests ; beans, 191 bags ; pre- served p tatoes, 194i cases ; pepper, 187 lbs. ; ammunition, rounds, 111,000 ; augurs, 3 ; felling axes 244 ; pickaxes, 132; blankets, 25 ; fuze, 1 gimlets, .1; sledge-tiammerS; 3 ; small hammers, 3 ; hand hatchets, 218 ; Flanders kettles, 180 ; field ovens. 1 ; frying pans, 146 ; bags of bed! ng, 8 ; kegs of powder, 2 ; coil lashing rope, 1 ; coil JIanilla rope, 1 ; cross-cut saws, 7 ; hand-iiaws, lU ; scales and weights, 1 ; shovels, 133; spades, 135 ; spikes and nails, 50 lbs. : measuring tape, 1 ; tents, 155 ; large rope slings, 317; small rope slings, 444 ; portage strap.s, 616 : spare bags, 1,246 ; tins of mus- (|uito oil, 126; waterproof Imgs of blankets, 214 ; waterproof bags ol acoou - expeditioii in detail through its journey by water and land to Fort Grarry — suffice it to say that the route followed was not more arduous than many other canoe or boat routes are,* and that the men, although hard-worked at the portages, and sometimes at the oars, had a tolerably fair time of it, and, as the weather was fair most of the time, enjoyed the journey well. The record of one day’s routine taken from the Narrative, already referred to, will give a pretty accurate idea of all. “ At the first streak of day- light (occasionally long before it), the reveille was sounded, followed quickly by the cry of ‘Fort Garry’ from every tent or bivouac fire. This was the watch ward of the force, as ‘ Arms, men and canoes’ ( arma virumque cano) was the punning motto adopted for us by our witty chaplain. Tents were struck and stowed away in the boats, and all were soon on board and working hard at the oar. We halted for an hour at 8 a. m. for breakfast, and again for another hour for dinner at 1 p. m., and finally, for the night, about 6 or 7 p. m. It was surprising, after the first week’s practice, to see the rapidity with which the men cooked ; they quickly became most expert at lighting fires, cutting down trees, &c. The sun soon burnt them a dark color — indeed, some became nearly black — the reflection from the water having a very bronzing effect upon the skin. The wear and tear upon the clothes was excessive — carrying loads on their backs tore their shirts and coats, whilst the constant friction of rowing soon trements, 98 ; medical comforts and equipment?, 41 ; tins, 547; canteens A. it B., 2 ; boxes linseed meal, 2 ; kegs of salt, 1 ; grindstones, I ; boxes of tobacco 29 ; cases of soap, 1 ; bales ot military clothing, 5. * ‘‘ The route, generally, between the terminus of the Thunder Bay Road, Shebandowan Lake and Lake M'innipeg will compare very favor- ably with anv other canoe or boat route of equal length in British North America. The entire distance is 488 miles, with some forty portages (more or less according to the stage of water), having an aggregate length of seven miles. Between these portages the n.avigatiou, excepting for a few miles in a narrow brook at French Portage, is the easiest conceivable. There are no difficult rapids to run ; in fact, except on the Maligne and .at a few pLaces on the Winnipeg, as regards the facility of getting over them with bo.ats or canoes, the rapids are the merest ripples. The force, in getting through, had just seven miles of land carriage to get over with light boats, si.xty d.ays’ rations (gradually diminishing) and their ammunition, and this in short sections so far separated as to make the fatigue less than it would have been had the portages been longer and fewer in number. — The labor on the i)ortage,s was, no doubt, trying to men unaccustomed to such work, but it did not last long at a time, and all, besides, was the smoothest sailing conceivable.” — S. J. fJoiomii’a Report, IKige 22. (GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG— THE EXPEDITION TO RED RIVER, 18Y0. 185 wore large holes in their trousers, which, being patched with canvas from the bags in which the beans or other provisions had been carried, gave them a most motley appearance. Leading a sort of amphibious life, they were well nick- named the ‘ canvas-backed ducks.’ This con- stant pulling was very monotonous employ- ment ; but we had a goal to reach, and all felt that every stroke of the oar brought us nearer to it. The long portages were most trying to the pluck and endurance of our men, and it is very qirestionable whether 'the soldiers of any other nation would or could have gone through the same amount of physical labor that fell to our lot daily.” 14. — The advance detachment under Colonel Fielden reached Fort Francis, situate on the Arrival at Fort of Rainy River, on of ^ke 4th of August, having accom- Settiemeut. plished 208 miles in nineteen days ; and, as the last detachment had left McNeill’s Landing by that time, the Expedition was spread out to a length of over 150 miles. There were seventeen portages in this 208 miles of an aggregate length of three miles seventy-six chains, and at these the men had constructed, or improved, the roads, so that the troops fol- lowing would have much less trouble and be able to move more rapidly. Fort Francis was, at that time, a small collection of wooden build- ings, surrounded by a pailing, and occupied by a Half-breed agent of the Hudson’s Bay Company. The country, for the depth of about a mile on each bank of Rainy River, is fertile, but the only part under cultivation was a small portion adjoining the Fort, where the soldiers found peas, potatoes and onions growing, and arrange- ments had been made for supplying them with fresh meat here, which was a very agreeable change after three weeks of salt pork and biscuits.* Colonel Wolseley arrived at Fort The rations, as laid down in the Standing Orders issued at Toronto on the 14th of May, 1870, by Colonel Wolseley, consisted of 1 lb. of biscuit, or li lbs. of bread or li lbs. of flour; 1 lb. of salt pork, or li tbs. of fre.sh meat ; 2 o?,. of sugar ; 1 oz. of tea ; i oz. of salt with fresh meat ; I pint of beans, or 1 lb. of i)reserved potatoes ; 1-36 oz. of pepper. When fresh vegetables were obtainable, lib. was issued as the ration. In camp, when no very hard work was being done, this ration was found to be ample : but when working on the ro,ads and in the boats the men could eat from 11 to Francis with the advance detachment, which he had overtaken on 29th July, and was joined there by Captain Butler of the 69th Regiment, and Mr. Joseph Monkman, a Half-breed, who had both come from Red River Settlement. Captain Butler had been sent by General Lindsay to Pembina, and had made his way to Lower Fort Garry, visiting some of the loyal portions of the Settlement, and left on the 24th July to meet Colonel Wolseley. He reported the people in the Settlement still very uneasy. Riel and his followers continued in possession of Fort Garry, and the loyal inhabitants were anxiously awaiting the arrival of the trooiis. While at Prince Arthur’s Landing Colonel Wolseley had sent a proclamation to the chief officer of the Hudson’s Bay Company and to the Roman Catholic and Protestant Bishops. This had been made public, and relieved the fears of a portion of the inhabitants, who felt a little nervous about the coming of the troops. f Mr. Monkman had left Thunder Bay in June, and gone into the Settlement by way of Fort Francis and the North-West Angle of the Lake of the Woods, and commenced his return on 20th July. The report of both gentlemen was 2lbs. bothof bUcuit and pork, and on any similar expedition the ration ■should be incrciieed. The ration of tea might, perhaps, be reduced to § oz. per man per day, if the troops are together in considerable numbers. The sugar should be increased to 3 oz.”— Assistant ControUer Irving’s Report, page 4. tThe following is a copy of the Proclamation as it appeared in the Nem Nation of the twenty-third of July. The paragraph commencing “ Courts of Law,” &c., was subsequently omitted : — To THE Loyal Inhabitants of Manitoba. Her M.i.jesty’s (xovernment having determined upon stationing .some troops amongst you, I have been instructed by the Lieutenant-General Commanding in British North America to proceed to Fort Garry with the force under my command. Our mission is one of peace, and the sole object of the expedition is to secure Her Majesty’s Sovereign authority. Courts of Law such as are common to every portion of Her Majesty’s Empire will be duly established, and justice will be imp.artially adminis- tered to all races and all classes, the loyal Indians or Ilalf-breeds being as dear to our Queen as any others of her loyal subjects. The force which I have the honor of commanding will enter your Pro- vince reiiresenting no party either in religion or politics, and will afford equal protection to the lives and property of all races and of all creeds. The strictest order and discipline will be maintained, and private property will be carefully respected. All .supplies furnished by the inhabitants to the troops will be duly paid for. Should anyone consider himself injured by an individual belonging to the force, his grievance shall be promptly enquired into. All loyal people are earnestly invited to aid me in carrying out the above-mentioned objects. G. J. WOLSELEY, Colonel, Commanding Ked River Force, 21 186 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. to the effect that it was very uncertain whether Riel would ofler any resistance or not. He was extremely anxious on the subject of an amnesty, and Bishop Tachd had gone to Ottawa to urge on the authorities that a proclamation of amnesty should be issued, and, as long as this matter was in abeyance, it was doubtful whether Riel would show fight or run away while he had a chance. Under these circumstances Colonel Wolseley had to be prepared for any emergency, and to be ready either to “ go forth on an errand of peace” or to fight for the main- tenance of law and order, if necessary. * 15. — Colonel Wolseley remained at Fort Fran- cis until the 10th, birt the different detachments From Fort Francis forward as they arrived, to Rixt Portage. Coloiiel Fieldeii, arriving at 10 a.m., and leaving at 3.30 p.m. on the 4th. Some of the voyagems taken on at Shebandowan had proved incompetent ; these were dismissed and replaced by some brought up the Winnipeg by Lieutenant Butler and Mr. Monkman, and some obtained from the Hudson’s Bay post. All surplus stores were discharged here, and an hospital established, although there was, fortunately, no sickness, and left as a reserve, and one company of the Ontario Battalion remained as a guard. The field-oven was set to work here, and the men greatly relished a supply of soft bread, as a change from the “ hard tack ” rations they had been having for over two weeks. “From Fort Francis, the Expedition had before it 131 miles of unbroken navigation, ending at Rat Portage. First, Rainy River, winding for sixty-seven miles with a gentle current through forests of the most luxuriant growth, broken here and there by slopes of green sward, where the Indians of former times had practised the art of cultivation so long forgotten to their descendants, and then the Lake of the Woods, where the course lay for sixty-four miles farther, through islands, yrhich, *Sir John Young, in closing the Dominion Parliament on the twelfth of May, said : — “ Her Majesty’s troops go forth on an errand Of peace, and will serve as an assurance to the inhabitants of the Red River Settlement, and the numerous Indian tribes that occupy the North-West, that they have a place in the regard and council of England, and may rely on the impartial protection of the British Empire.” although the lake is large, afford sheltered channels where the stiffest breeze is hardly felt.”t The journey to Rat Portage was accom- plished without accident, or special incident, and Colonel Fielden arrived at the Portage on the 9th, and was met by a party from the Red River Settlement which had come up the Winnipeg in six boats of the Hudson’s Bay Company to meet the Expedition. This party was under the guidance of the Rev. Mr. G-ardiner, and their arrival was most welcome, not only as an evidence of active sympathy in the settle- ment, but because the party had brought up a number of experienced guides to the river, in which the Expedition was rather deficient. 16. — The third and most toilsome part of the journey was from Rat Portage, at the outlet of the Lake of the Woods, down the ’ ihe toilsome journey Winnipeg river to Fort Alex- tTivIuSni*'®®’ ander, at the entrance to Lake Winnipeg, a distance of 149 miles, in which there are twenty-five portages, with an aggregate length of three miles six chains. The difference in level bet'veen the Lake of the Woods and Lake Winnipeg is 340 feet, and the river is very broken and rapid for the greater part of its course, but with good guides is tolerably safe. It was long used by the North-West Company, and more recently by the Hudson’s Bay Company ; and although the expedition had hard work at some of the portages, and were in a little danger in running some of the rapids, it reached Fort Alexander without serious mishap. “ The journey down the Winnipeg River can never be forgotten if once made. For the first fifty miles there are numerous islands — so much so, that the river is a succession of lakes, or as if there were four or five rivers running side by side, uniting here and there only to separate a few miles lower down. At some points it is, however, contracted into one or two compara- tively narrow channels, where the great rush of water resembles a magnificent mill-race. The passage of such places is always more or less dangerous, particularly if small islands or large J. Dawson's Report ^ paye 21. . GOVERNMENT OF SIR JOHN YOUNG--THE EXPEDITION TO RED RIVER, 1870. 187 rocks divide the rapids into several channels, crossing one another before they meet in the boiling cauldron of foaming water below. Numerous were the hair-breadth escapes : in many instances the lives of boat’s crews seemed held in the balance for some moments — more awful for those who watched the scene from the bank, than for the soldiers actually in the boat. Providence — a noble term, which this war in France has taught newspaper writers to sneer at — watched over us in a remarkable manner ; for, although we had one or two boats wrecked on this mighty river, and many more were for minutes in imminent danger, the whole force reached Lake Winnipeg without any loss of life.” * The leading brigade of boats reached Fort Alexander on the 18th, and proceeded no further until the arrival of the other brigades containing regulars. By Sunday, 21st, all the regulars had arrived, and, after attending Divine service in the morning, embarkation took jjlace at 3 p. m., and about fifty boats conveyed the companies of the 60th, the Artillery and Engineers down the river to Lake Winnipeg. At Fort Alexander the force had been joined by Mr. Donald A. Smith, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who accompanied it on the remainder of its journey. The troops passed the night on Elk Island, and started at 5 a. m. on the 22nd for the mouth of the Red River, which was reached by the fastest boats about noon. It was hoped that Stone Fort would be reached before dark, but at sunset it was still eleven miles distant, and the Expedition halted for the night, camping on the right bank of the river. Every precaution had been taken to prevent any information of the arrival of the Expedition reaching Riel, and with such success that he had not the slightest idea the Expedition was so near him. The boats started again at 3.30 on the morning of the 23rd in a drizzling rain, which continued all day, and made their journey very uncomfortable. The people along the banks of the Red River now began to know *“ Narr.'itive of the Red River Exiiedition.”— Biociww/’x Mnaedi- tion was determined on, it was oidy on the distinct understanding that the troops should return in time to embark for England before the close of navigation, that regulars were allowed to participate in it, and they only remained in Fort Garry five days. Even the Fenian raid of 24th May did not alter the determination of I the British Government ; but, on the contrary, I the ease with which the volunteers repulsed the ! marauders seemed to confirm the Imperial Government in its opinion that the Dominion was able to take care of itself. 8. — The Dominion Government, however, whilst quite ready and willing to do all that was necessary tow^ards the defence of Hon. Alex. , , Campbell’s mission the couiitry, was by no means to England. ■ t t i ^ ^ i inclined to undertake the whole responsibility if the Mother Country could be made to see that she was fairly entitled to assist I in some measure, towards that defence ; and, in June, 1870, the Hon. Alexander Campbell, Post- master, was despatched to England to confer j with the Home Government on the cjuestions I of the fisheries ; Canadian claims against the ; United States for Fenian raids; the withdrawal of the troops, and the erection of fortifications, j We shall refer to his success on the first two j questions in our chapter on the Joint High I Commission ; on his want of success on the third j question we cannot do better than to quote from his own report to the Governor-G-eneral, dated 1 0th Sept., 1870. He say^s : “ The withdrawal of the Imperial troops and the relations of Canada to the Empire — On this subject j I submitted to Lord Kimberley that when the Confederation of the several Provinces of British North America was suggested, it was agreed on I all sides that it was a matter of both Imperial and Colonial policy, that Canada felt assured in carrying out the scheme that it would have the advantage of the moral and material support of the Empire. We had undertaken the task, and so far, carried it out successfully, but at very consi- derable sacrifice, and a sacrifice that was likely to be continuous. There was a growing feeling in Canada of distrust in the disposition of the Imperial Government to give us that support to w'hich we thought ourselves entitled. It was I somewhat difficult to point out the exact grounds I which had occasioned this feeling, but generally ' it proceeded from the tone adopted by public I men, and particularly by members of the Gov- ' ernment, in reference to Colonial and Canadian I topics. There seemed to us to be a disposition I to overlook the exertions we had made for the I purpose of preserving the connection, and to i depreciate the strong feeling of attachment I which subsisted towards the Mother Country, j and we apprehended a tendency on the part I of the G-overnment to withhold from us that ■ assistance and support so likely to cement the existing relations. “ Lord Kimberley said that his attention had I been called to the feeling of distrust to which I had referred, but that he thought nothing had been done by the British Government to afford any grounds for it ; there was no desire to separate Canada from the Empire, and so long i as we desired to remain connected they could not either in duty or honour, do anything in the direction of severing the connection ; he thought the feeling of distrust not justified by anything that had occurred. The Government did not wish to interfere with the freedom of Canada’s future, but so long as she chose to remain connected with the Empire, so long under all circumstances of foreign aggression was the Empire bound to maintain the Union, and wmuld do so ; but, in internal affairs it was the duty of Canada to protect herself. “ I said that we had for many years undertaken the maintenance of the internal peace of the country, but that we did not consider the Fenian invasion an internal trouble, but one proceeding from Imperial causes, from which the Imperial G-overnment should protect us, or against the GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 18^1. 199 expense of which they should indemnify us. I urged that it would re-assure the public feeling in Canada very much if the garrison at Quebec were to be maintained ; we did not ask this on account of the number of men which might be placed there, but because their presence would be to us a symbol of the sovereignty of the Empire. Quebec was an Imperial fortress, and the maintenance of the garrison of Her Majesty’s troops there, would be looked upon as indicating the determination in England to maintain the existing relations, and would have the most useful effect on public feeling in Canada. I l^ointed out that the argument which had been used that the maintenance of a garrison at Halifax was much the same as retaining one at Quebec, was not just, inasmuch as Halifax was 600 miles from Quebec, and the Railway which Lord Granville had spoken of in Parliament, was not completed, and would not be for two or three years. I added that the French-Canadian population regarded with particular disfavour the withdrawal of the troops, and expressed a hope that the Government would reconsider the question. “ Lord Kimberly said that the matter had been repeatedly and very fully considered, and that the decision that had been arrived at was not likely, he thought, to be departed from, but my repre- sentations should be considered.” 9. — Only one change in the Cabinet occurred during the year which was caused by the ^ , appointment of Sir Edward othe^'hitnant Keiiny, President of the Privy Council, as Administrator of the Province of Nova Scotia, on 13th of May. On the 21st June Hon. Charles Tupper, C. B., was sworn of the Privy Council and accepted the portfolio of President : On appealing to his constiuents in Cumberland he was returned by acclamation, which may be taken as fair evidence of the change of feeling which had taken place in Nova Scotia on the subject of Confederation since “ Better Terms ” had been obtained, for, it will be remembered, that Dr. Tupper was the only Union candidate returned at the general election of 1867, and then secured his seat by the small ma-jority of 97 in a poll of 2,639. On the 8th of October, Sir John Young was raised i to the peerage of the United Kingdom under the ; title of Baron Lisgar, an honor which wnis highly pleasing to the people of Canada, where he had made himself very popular. One very note-worthy event of the year was the reduction of the rate of postage to England from -twelve and a half cents per half ounce to six cents, which w^ent into effect on 1st of January. On i the 20th October a very severe shock of earth- j quake was felt pretty nearly throughout Canada, I but no damage was done. The year was marked by two events which although of a si^orting character, had still a national interest ; the first was the sending of a team of riffemen from Ontario to compete at Wimbledon, being the first airpearance of a body of riffemen from ' Canada, and it is pleasant to think that their success, although not very great the first year, was still sufficient to incourage the sending of another team each year siiice then, selected from the different provinces of the Dominion, so that the “ Dominion Team ” has come to be j regarded as an annual visitor at the great English Rifle ground, quite as naturally as either the English, Irish or Scotch teams. The second event was the International boat race which took place at Lachine, on the fifteenth of September, between the Renforth crew, of Tyne, Eng., and the “ Paris ” crew of St. John, N. B., for $2,500 a side, and was won easily by the English crew. The event caused most intense excitement and an immense number of spectators witnessed it. CHAPTER XIX. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 1871. 1. — Opening of Parliament. Speech from THE Throne. — 2. Sir A. T. Galt’s resolu- tions ON Joint High Commission. — 3. Ques- tion AS TO THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF .THE Manitoba Act. — 4. Debate on Mr. Blake’s 200 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. RESOLUTIONS. — 5. INDEPENDENCE OF PARLIA- MENT. GrOVERNMENT AGREES TO AMEND THE Act. — 6. Attempt to secure the Independ- ence OF THE Senate. — 7. The Budget Speech. Satisfactory condition of the Finances. — 8. Interim Election Act. — 9. Additions to the free customs list. — 10. Collapse of the National Policy. — 11. Assimilation of the currency. Bank- ing Acts. — 12. Misc^ellaneous Acts passed. — 13. Debate on the guage of the Inter- colonial. — 14. Public lands in Manitoba. — 15. The question of adaiitting the Manitoba Meaibers to the House. — 16. Mr. PyMAL’s -MOTION ON THE MURDER OF Scott. — 17. The Supply Bill, etc. 1. — His Excellency Lord Lisgar opened the fourth session of the first Parliament of the Dom- inion on the 15th February, 1871, Paliiamenc Si)cecii with the usual ceremoiiies. The the Ihronc. ^ i p xi rrM j Speech irom the Ihroue reierred to the Fenian Paid, complimenting the Militia Force on its gallant conduct; to the peaceful termination of the Red River troubles ; to the passage of resolutions in favor of Union by the Legislature of British Columbia ; to the appoint- ment of a Joint High Commission to consider the fisheries and other cpiestions ; and to the importance of offering inducements to emigrants to settle in Manitoba. Acts were forshadowed relating to the assimilation of the currency of the Dominion ; to Parliamentary elections ; Weights and Measures ; Insurance Companies ; Savings Banks, and for the consolidation and amendment of the Inspection Laws. During the recess nine vacancies had occurred from various causes, and the following new, or re-elected, members, were introduced to the House ; L. De V. Chipman, for Kings, N. S., vice W. H. Chipman, deceased ; Gr. Tourangeau, for Quebec East, vice P. Gr. Huot, airpointed Postmaster of Quebec ; Hon. Charles Tupper, re-elected for Cumberland on his appointment to the Presidency of the Privy Council ; Gf. B. Baker, for Missisquoi, vice B. Chamberlin, appointed Queen’s Printer ; T. Fournier, for Bellechase, vice L. E. N. Cassault, appointed Judge of the Superior Court ; L. Delorme, for St. Hyacinthe, vice A. E. Kierzkowski, deceased ; F. W. Pearson, for Colchester, vice Hon. A. Gf. Archibald, appointed Lieutenant-Gfovernor of Manitoba and North West Territory; Gfeorge MofFatt, for Restigouc^e, vice W. M. Caldwell, deceased ; G. J. Barthe, for Richelieu, vice T. McCarthy, deceased. 2. — The address in reply to the speech from the Throne was moved in the Senate, on seventeenth, by Senator Mac- sir a. t. Gait’s . T T 1 oi . resolutions on the larlane, seconded bv Senator appointment of the , 1 1 T p .loint High Armand, and adopted alter a Commission, short debate. In the House, on sixteenth, the address was moved by Dr. Lacerte, and seconded by Mr. Kirkpatrick. The debate was not lengthy nor important, and the address was adopted the same day, without amendment or division. The first debate of any importance occurred on the motion of Sir A. T. Galt relating to the appointment of the Joint High Commis- sion.* The discussion of this question at the moment the Joint High Commission was about to meet was not A^ery faAmrably regarded by either the House or the general public, it being felt that that was not an opportune time to * The following is a copy of the resolutions: — “ RcmlBed , — That this House recognises, in the fullest manner, the importance to the cause of peace and civilization of the settlement of all questions in dispute between (Jreat Britain and the United States, and in especial the interests of Canada ; and will rejoice to find the result of the Joint High Commission productive of cordial and lasting friendship between the two nations. “ That this House regards the control and disposal of the in-shore fisheries, and the navigation of the inland waters of the Dominion, as specially within the powers conveyed to the Parliament of Canada under the British North America Act, and will view with the utmost concern and apprehension any proposals to alter or diminish the just rights of the j Dominion in these respects without their consent. ! “That this House has always been, and now is, prepared to concede the : most free and unrestricted use of the fisheries and inland navigation to j the United States, upon receiving as an equivalent therefor complete I compensation, in the modification of the United States commercial system directed to insure a free and liberal interchange of the products of labor in the two countries. “ That a concession to the United States of the freedom of the fisheries and of navigating the St. Lawrence without such compensation, would place Canada in a most disadvantageous position for future negotiations, by depriving her of the means of offering any adequate equivalent for those concessions she is desirous of obtaining from that nation. “ That this House willingly consents to the consideration by the Joint High Commission of all subjects in which Canada is concerned with the United States, and will cheerfully make any sacrifices that may be required at their hands in the interests of the Empire, so far as they do not compromise the national interest and security of this country, and directly tend to their undue subordination to the United States in the future.’’ GOVERNMENT OF LORD LLSGAR— SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 18Y1. 201 imply that the Mother Country had any idea of abandoning Canada, or of sacrificing her interests in any way in the impending negotiations ; and, also, that it would weaken rather than strengthen the position of Sir John A. Macdonald if he went to Washington hampered with any special instructions from Parliament — which were quite unnecessary, as any action he might take there would have to be ratified by the Dominion Parliament before becoming operative. After the matter had been debated, therefore, the motion was withdrawn, and the Premier left for Washington immediately afterwards. The feeling of both the House and the country on the impropriety of submitting the resolutions at that time is very aptly set forth in an editorial in the Globe of 23rd February, from which we make the following extract : “ However true in substance may be some of the proiDositions in Sir A. T. Galt’s resolutions on the appointment of the Joint High Commission, we cannot but think that their introduction at this moment is ill-timed and inappropriate. The spirit and temper of the people of Canada with respect to their fisheries is perfectly well-understood. The action taken by the Government last year was a direct recognition of the popular sentiment. A formal declaration on that point, therefore, by Parliament, is altogether supererogatory ; and to suggest by implication that any proposal will be made to alter or diminish the just rights of the Dominion without our consent is even more objectionable. What may be Sir Alexander T. Galt’s views on the subject we are not much concerned to know, but we certainly fail to see the propriety of imputing to Great Britain an intention to sacrifice Canada in any respect to a desire for peace and friendly relations with the United States. * * # The question then is, shall we weaken or strengthen the hands of the British Ministry by the formal record on the journals of the Parliament of Canada, of such re.solutions as these having been assented to by a majority of the House ? We cannot read them without recollecting what are the avowed and lately reiterated sentiments of their author. We look upon the interests of Great Britain and Canada as identical and inseparable. Sir A. T. Galt’s opinions are just the reverse of ours. We believe that our strength and safety consists in throwing upon Great Britain, anp making her Ministers feel, the sole responsibility of ensuring the harmony of our relations with, and protecting our rights against, foreign powers. Sir A. T. Galt advocates a policy expressly intended to j)repare us for what he terms inde- pendence. To hint broadly, and in the face of our watchful and greedy neighbor, that Great Britain may barter away the rights of her dependency, is surely a very strange mode of rendering support to Great Britain’s or Canada’s representatives on the Commission. Any eager- ness to offer terms is pretty certain to encourage the Americans to try by whatever means they possess to secure what they desire without making any return for it. The Commission, as w^e understand it, is to act merely as a deliber- ative body. It will be time enough for us to protest when we find that its deliberations have resulted in any decision likely to compromise our National rights — an event not at all likely to arise. Public men who have been connected for years with the politics of this country and who have had experience of the questions that have arisen between Canada and the United States, should know the temper of the Ameri- cans better than to suppose that their Commis- sioners are at all more likely to recognise the justice of the position assumed by Canada because we publicly register a string of inuen- does suggestive of our own weakness and a want of confidence in the Imperial Government.” 3. — During the debate on the Manitoba Act of 1870 the question was raised by the Opposi- tion as to the constitutionality of that Act, Mr. D. Mills and others constitutionality of IT,. -r,T , n Manitoba Act. holding that the Parliament of the Dominion was exceeding the power bestowed on it by the British North America Act of 1867, by creating the Province of Manitoba and giving it representation in the Senate and House of Commons. This objection was over- ruled at the time, and the Act passed ; but, on the recovery of Sir John A. Macdonald from the 23 202 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. illness by which he was attacked at the close of the session of 1870, and his resumption of his duties as Minister of Justice, the matter was taken into consideration, and, becoming con- yinced that Parliament had exceeded its power, he submitted a report to the Privy Council on the 29th December, 1870, setting forth his reasons for so thinking ; and suggested that the Imperial Parliament be requested, through the Colonial Secretary, to pass an Act giving con- stitutionality to the Act already passed by the Dominion Parliament. The principle reason was that no provision was made in the British North America Act for representation in the Senate or House of Commons of Rupert’s Land, or the North-West Territories, or British Columbia, after they should have entered the Union, the number of members of each House being fixed without any reference to the changes which should take place on the entry of any new Province into the Union, except in the cases of Prince Edward Island and New- foundland. The report of the Minister of Justice w'as adopted by Order-in-Council, on 2nd January, 1871, and the draft of an Act to be passed by Imperial Parliament, submitted ' by the Grovernor-G-eneral to the Colonial Sec- retary, on the 3rd January. On the 26th of' January Earl Kimberley expressed his willing- ness to obtain from Imperial Parliament the necessary legislation, and submitted to the Grovernor-General the draft of aii Act which he was prepared to introduce. On the 27th of February Sir George E. Cartier, acting on behalf of the Minister of Justice diiring his absence in Washington, submitted a memoran- dum to the Privy Council, with a copy of the Act to be i^assed by the Imperial Parliament. This memorandum was adopted by Order-in- Council, and subsequently forwarded to the Colonial Secretary, and passed by Imperial Par- liament. It will be observed that this action W’'as taken by the Government without consult- ing Parliament, although it was in session, a course which the Opposition was not likely to allow it to pursue without challenge ; and on the 20th February Mr. Blake moved for the corres- pondence between the Imperial and Dominion Governments in relation to the Manitoba Act. He maintained that the leader of the Govern- ment was bound to submit the views of his Government to the House before the Imperial Parliament was asked to legislate in the matter. He held that it was on the responsibility of Parliament, and not on that of the Government of the day, that steps should be taken which might be of the utmost importance to Manitoba. Sir John A. Macdonald said he had no objection to bring down the correspondence ; but he doubted whether he could properly lay before the House an Act not yet submitted to the Parliament of England without consent. On the 1st of March Sir George E. Cartier sub- mitted to the House a message from the Governor-General, with a copy of the corres- pondence between the Government and the Colonial Office, but not including the draft of the bill forwarded by Earl Kimberley. On the 16th Sir George E. Cartier, in reply to a question by Hon. W. Macdougall, said that the Draft Bill had been approved by the Governor-General and immediately forwarded ; and, on the 23rd, Mr. Blake moved a series of resolutions to the effect that the bill should have been submitted to the Dominion Parliament before being for- warded to the Colonial Secretary for action by the Imperial Parliament. 4. — Mr. Blake, in moving his resolutions, said that he did not want to discuss the merits of the Bill to be submitted to the , ,, Imperial Parliament, that was xhe*(lovernment°*' beside the question ; the subject Lnsure%n for the consideration of the House was whether or not the Government of the day had the right to request the Imperial Parliament to alter the Constitution of the country without consulting the Dominion Parliament. He held that it had not. The proper mode to be adopted to efiect any change in the British North America Act, was laid down in the Act itself as by an Address from both Houses , of Parliament ; and this, he argued, was the course the Government should have adopted. The question for the represen- GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— SESSION OF PARLIAMENT, 1871. 203 tatives of • the people of Canada was this: whether they were prepared to surrender into the hands of the G-overnment that power which the Government assumed to possess — the power to ask the Imperial Parliament to make laws for the people of this country. Sir George E. Cartier said that the meaning of the honorable gentleman’s motion was, that Parlia- ment should not have passed the Manitoba Act. He (Sir George) reviewed the condition of affairs at the time that Act was passed, and maintained that at that time Parliament had positive power of legislation for Rupert’s Land, under the Rupert’s Land Act of 1868 ; there was some doubt as to the power of the Domi- nion to deal with the North West Territory in the same manner, and to settle these doubts tlie Government had prepared a Bill which was before the Imperial Parliament. When that Act was passed the Constitution of Manitoba could not be changed without its own consent, and it would be placed in the same position as other Provinces. He promised that the House should have an opportunity of passing an opinion on the Bill, and concluded by moving a series of resolutions in amendment to those of Mr. Blake, to the effect that the draft of the Act to be submitted to Imperial Parliament had been svrbmitted to the House, and that the House approved of it. Sir A. T. Galt com- plained of the action of the Minister of Militia in endeavouring to force the House into an expression of opinion on the policy of the Act submitted to the Imperial Parliament — which was not properly before the House — when the House thought it was discussing the propriety, or impropriety, of the Government’s asking the Imperial Parliament to alter the Constitution, without first consulting the House. He held that Parliament had a right to legislate respect- ing the North West Territories ; but he was not willing to let the Government have authority to move the Imperial Parliament to change the Constitution. This was not a question of policy, but one relating to one of the fundamental prin- ciples of the Constitution. He believed that the House was prepared to remove any doubt that might exist respecting the legislation for the North-West; but he appealed to the House to lay down a rule that no attempt should be made to change the British North America Act, except by an Address to the Queen adopted by both Houses, which had been the universal practice. Hon. A. A. Dorion thought that if the Government was allowed to move the Imperial Parliament in an unimportant matter, it might do so in a matter of the utmost importance. He moved, in amendment to the amendment, “ That on inspection of the measure proposed by the Government of Canada to be submitted to the Imperial Parliament for the purpose of confirming certain Canadian legislation, depriving the Parliament of Canada of certain existing powers, and altering the British North America Act of 1867, this House would be wanting in its duty if it did not express its decided opinion that 210 such Imf)erial legisla- tion should be asked for by the Government of Canada, except after the details of such proposed legislation shall have been submitted to both Houses of Parliament of Canada for their judg- ment, and addresses of such Houses to the Queen, praying for such legislation, shall have been passed.” The debate was adjourned ; but, on the following day, Sir George E. Cartier gave notice of resolutions on which to found an address praying for legislation on the Mani- toba Act — thus conceding what the Opposition had contended for. On the 27th the debate was resumed, aiid Hon. Mr. Dorion’s amendment was defeated by a vote of 55 for to 77 against. Hon. Mr. Anglin and Messrs. Mills and Mackenzie supported Mr. Blake’s motion, a 2 id Hon. Mr. Holton moved that the following words be added to Sir George E. Cartier’s amend- ment : “ That this House is of the opinion that no changes in the provisio 2 is of the British North America Act should be sought by the Executive Government without the previous assent of the Parliament of the Dominioii.” To this amendment Sir George E. Cartier assented, and it was adopted unanimously. Sir George E. Cartier’s amendment, as amended, was then carried by a vote of 99 to 38. Later on in the 204 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. session an address to the Queen was adopted, praying that a hill should he submitted to the Imperial Parliament to legalize the Manitoba Act, and to allow of the erection of similar Provinces in future by the Dominion Parliament, but the Parliament not to have the power to amend the Constitutions of such Provinces without the consent of the Local Legislatures. Thus, it will be seen that, by adopting Hon. Mr. Holton’s amendment, the Government virtually passed a vote of censure on itself, for it asserted that the very thing which had been done ought not to be done ; and by submitting resolutions and adopting an address the Government admitted that it was wrong and the Opposition right. It would have been a wise policy to have moved for the address in the first instance without having been forced to do so. 5. — The question of the Independence of Parliament attracted the attention of the House T , , r at an early period of the session. Inflepenaence oi J ^ Government J.rles ^y the Independence of Parlia- ; to amend the Act. meiit Act, passed at the session of ; 1867-8, parties in the yearly employ of the j Government were disqualified from sitting in ' the House, but the restriction did not apply to j persons receiving monthly salaries. In 1868, i the Hon. John Hamilton Gray, member of the House for the City and County of St. John, N.B., was airpointed by the Minister of Justice to codify the laws of the different Provinces, at a salary of $300 per month, and continued to draw such salary for about two years, at the same time receiving pay from both the Dominion and Ontario Governments as Arbitrator between the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, in addition to his sessional allowance and mileage, althorrgh he resided in Ottawa and not St. John, N.B. Attention was called to this case by the Public Accounts’ Committee in 1870, and on the 27th February, Mr. Blake moved, “ That in the opinion of this House it is inexpedient that any member of this House should for the futute be engaged in the service of the Government of Canada in any paid employment, such as that in respect of which the Hon. John Hamilton Gray, member for the City and County of St. John, in 1868, entered into the receipt of $300 per month of public moneys.” He said that the existing Independence of Parliament Act was very defective, for while it disqualified any person receiving a yearly salary from the Gov- ernment, it permitted members of the House to receive monthly salaries from the Government. With regard to Hon. Mr. Gray, he drew $300 per month for two years, making $7,200 ; during the same period he received $5,500 from the Ontario Government as an Arbitrator, and $400 from the Dominion Government for serving in the same capacity ; $1,200 for two years’ sessional allowances, and $584 for mileage, making a total of $14,884, or $3,884 more than was received by the first Minister of the Crown in the same time. He had no personal feeling against Colonel Gray, and was quite willing that he should receive public money for his services, hut not while he remained a member of the House. Sir George E. Cartier defended the Act passed in 1868 ; and claimed that the Govern- ment had a right to select its servants where it pleased. He held that this was the practice in England, and instanced the case of Sir Stafford Northcote, then serving on the Joint High Commission, and of Mr. Gladstone, who was appointed Commissioner to the Ionian Isles in 1858. He claimed that Colonel Gray’s employ- ment was only temporary, and that the Govern- ment had a perfect right to employ him if it was- thought desirable to do so ; but concluded his speech (amid much laughter) by annoiuicing that he intended to introduce a measure to re-establish the Independence of Parliament as it existed in the old Parliament of Canada. Mr. Savary moved, in amendment, that the last part of the paragraph referring to Colonel Gray be struck out, and that a rider be added to the effect that no member should he employed in the public service at a monthly salary. Sir George E. Cartier moved in amendment to the amend- ment, that all words after the word “ that ” be expunged, and the following substituted : “ That the House will give its best consideration to any measure that may be introduced having for its object the further securing of the Independence I GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— SPISSION OP PARLIAMENT, 1871. 205 of Parliament.” After some further discussion Sir G-eorge E. Cartier’s amendment was put and carried by a vote of 84 to 54. Later on in the session Sir George fulfilled his promise, and introduced a Bill secirring the Independence of Parliament, which was passed. This Act provides that the holding of any office, commis- sion, or employment, permanent or temporary, at the nomination of the Crown, to which any salary or other emolument is attached, disquali- fies a person from being elected to, and sitting in the House of Commons. Thus, for the second time, the Government accepted a motion of the Opposition. 6. — The question of the Independence, of Parliament came close on being an unfortunate Attempt to secirc ^hc Government. Not thi Senatr^’r close contciit with cndeavouring to secure the Independence of the House of Commons, the Opposition also endea- voured to provide for the Independence of the Senate ; and Mr. Blake introduced a Bill on the 23rd February, which provided that no Senator should be appointed to any office of emolument. On the Bill coming up for second reading, on 27th March, Mr. Blake said that the duties of a Senator were of the highest importance ; and as the electors had no opportunity of pronouncing periodically on the manner in which Senators had fulfilled those duties, it was all the more important that the independence of that body should be secured, and no opening left for the Government of the day to reward pliant Senators by appointing them to remunerative offices. He had been careful to avoid even a semblance of encroaching on the Constitution, and had not proposed that persons holding office should not be appointed to the Senate, but simply that Senators should not be appointed to office. He pointed out the evil effects of allowing the Government of the day to reward members of the House of Commons, who supported them, by appointing them to some office, and then elevating them to the Senate, and instanced the case of Mr. McLelan, who had been called to the Senate from the House, and appointed Railway Commisioner. He held that the utmost precaution ought to be taken to secure the independence of the Senate, so as to insure it that consideration and respect which it should receive at the hands of the public. Sir George E. Cartier opposed the bill on the grounds that a Senator in accepting his seat abandoned no other right that he possessed ; and, also, that, if the bill was desirable, it ought to have originated in the Senate. He instanced the practice of the House of Lords, and con- demned the bill as false in principle. Mr. Bodwell supported the bill ; he wms opposed to the Senate being made a refuge for worn-out politicians, and thought that the Government ought not to be allowed the opportunity of using its influence to hinder the independent action of the Senate. Mr. Mackenzie said that he had supported the nominative system for the Senate, but experience had partly satisfied him that he had made a .mistake, as the Upper House had been made subservient to the Government of the day to serve their own purposes. He denied that there was any disrespect to the Senate implied by the bill, and held that it was of the utmost importance that both Houses should be free and independent of Executive influence. He said it was indecent, to say the least of it, to find a gentleman being elevated to the Senate who had belied his own professions, and who had suddenly become allied to the Government for a particular purpose, and who was under- stood to have been promised at the time a seat in the Senate. Mr. David Mills supported the bill and was opposed to the nominative system. He did not believe that the Senate should be converted into a Magdalene Asylum for prosti- tuted politicians seduced by the Government. After a few remarks from Mr. Blake, a vote was taken and the second reading was defeated by only one vote, the figures standing 57 for and 58 against. 7. — On the 10th of March, Sir Francis Hincks made his Budget speech, showing that the country was in a prosperous con- The Budget speech dition, and that the revenue had eomution’of the exceeded the expenditure by $209,656. He referred to various statements 206 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. that had been made at Opposition meetings during recess, and said that the assertions that the Government was in linancial difficulties were altogether unfounded. He had had a state- ment of the exact condition of the country- prepared, by which it w^as shown that the total increase of debt since Confederation w^as $2,481,101, while $4,759,335 had been spent on public works, showing that $2,278,234 had been expended out of income wffiich should be charged to capital account. The expenditure on the Intercolonial had been $1,787,451, and for acquiring and opening up the North-West, $1,821,820. A great deal had been said about the money for building the Intercolonial ; he begged to say that the money w^as all in Bank bearing interest. He admitted that there had been an increase in the Civil Service expendi- ture, but claimed that that was only the necessary consequence of the growth of the country, i:)art of the increase being required for taking the census, and part for increased postal facilities. He called attention to the great increase of trade during the previous six months, and said Canada had risen from the position of the eleventh to that of the eighth country in the volume of her trade with the Mother Country. No country received so large an amount of goods per head from Great Britain as Cane da did ; and while the United States only imported about jG 20,000,000 from Great Britain, or ten shillings per head, Canada imported i;6,000,000, or about one pound ten shillings per head of her popula- tion. Speaking of the increase of debt, he said that the assets had increased proportionately, and called attention to the rapid increase of value in various i:)arts of the country, and especially in the Home district in Ontario, where the assessed value had risen from $1,500,000 to $69,000,000, in thirty years. The receipts for the previous year had amounted to $15,512,225, being $862,225 over the estimated receipts ; the expenditure had been larger than had been expected, but still left a balance of $209,656 to be applied to the Sinking Fuird. For the then current year he estimated that the revenue would reach about $17,300,000, which would I show asurpl\is of $1,800,000, subject of course to , any supplementary grants Parliament might vote. For the year ending 30th June, 1872, the estimate was $25,682,372, of which $7,846,910 was for public works chargeable to capital ; there was also $1,040,000 for redemption of debt, and $400,000 for North-West expenses, leaving the I actual estimated expenditure at $16,394,808. ; This was a large amount, but a portion of it I was for exceptional expenses, such as taking the census. The estimated revenue was $16,810,000, showing so considerable a surplus that the Government felt justified in making some re- [ duction in taxes. It was proposed to remove the five per cent, duty on Customs imposed the previous year, and to place certain raw materials I which entered into manufactures, and now paid duty, on the free list. Sir A. T. Galt expressed satisfaction at the exhibit made by the Finance Minister, butj there was one point he had not ; touched on which was the increase in the volume of trade, which he found had risen from $129,500,000 in 1867-8 to $146,000,000 in 1869- 70 ; but he regretted that the Government had not adopted the recommendations of the West India Trade Commission with regard to encouraging trade with those colonies. He complained that the financial policy of the Government, as shown by their Banking and Insurance legislation, had the effect of absorbing the floating capital which ought to be used in public enterprises. The effect he said might not be felt in time of prosperity, but if adversity should overtake us the result would be most dis- astrous. The result so far had been to enable the Government to show a plethora of money, and he feared this would lead to unnecessary extravagance. He regretted to see the Govern- ments of Ontario and Quebec adopting a railroad policy which would be unremunerative for years ; and was sorry to see that the General Government showed no example of economy. There w^ere two sources of expenditure, one over which the Government had no control — the interest on the public debt and the subsidies to the Provinces ; and one over which they did have control — the ordinary expenditures. He GOVEENMENT OF LOED LISGAE- was sorry to see that these were steadily and rapidly increasing. In 1867-8 the expenditure over which the Government had control was $5,516,000 ; in 1868-9 it had grown to $5,634,000 ; in 1869-70 to $6,243,000; in 1870-71 to $7,018,000, and the estimate for the next year was $8,060,000, showing an increase in five years of forty-five x>er cent., thirty per cent, of which had been made in the last year. He thought the Government was too much disposed to engage in large public works, many of which were not absolutely needed. The engagements which had been entered into were beyond our means, and, coupled with the absori)tion of the cash capital, would lead to financial embarrass- ments, which would lead to an increase of taxation at a time w’^hen the country would be less able to bear it. He thought that the House should interpose its influence to check this disposition towards lavish expenditure before it was too late ; and he, therefore, moved the following amendment to Sir Francis Hinck’s motion that the House go into Committee of Ways and Means : “ That the Speaker do not leave the chair, but that it be resolved that this House regards the continuous and rapid increase of the ordinary expenses of the Government as excess- ive and uncalled for, and believes that unless strict economy is observed in the general outlay of the country, great evils will speedily follow.” Hon. Mr. Tilley defended the action of the Government, and claimed a surplus of over $1,000,000 a year since Confederation. He argued that the expenditures on public works, such as canals and railways, were of the utmost importance, and were absolutely necessary for the development of the country. He defended the Government from the charge of extrava- gance, and claimed that the cost of the Civil service wms less than it had been the first year after Confederation. Mr. Cartwright argued that we could not expect to be always enjoying a period of prosperity, and it was unwise to enter into extensive engagements which might be severly felt should a period of depression overtake us. He thought that the country had undertaken to do quite as much as it could SESSION OF PAELIAMENT, 1871. 207 safely guarantee, in agreeing to build the Intercolonial and open up the North West. Sir George E. Cartier claimed that the Government was only spending its surplus, and reducing instead of increasing taxation. After some further debate by Messrs. Oliver and Holton, who supported the amendment, and Sir Francis Hincks, who opposed it, a vote was taken and resulted in its defeat, 36 voting for it and 91 against. The House then went into Committee of Ways and Means, and, on motion of Sir Francis Hincks, the five per cent, tax on Customs duties imposed the previous year was taken off. 8. — The forty-first section of the British North America Act provided that all law^s relating to elections in the vari- Election ous Provinces of members of Local Legislatures should be applicable to elec- tions for members of the House of Commons until the Dominion Parliament should pass a general Act regulating the election of members of its owai body, and the Government had promised such an Act at every session of Parlia- ment, but had only submitted one, which contained so many objectionable features that it wms withdrawn. As the general elections, how^ever, were approaching, the Government could not very well postpone the matter over the present session, and, accordingly, on the 28th of February, Sir George E. Cartier intro- duced a bill to make temporary provision for the election of members of the House of Commons. In doing so, he explained that the Government thought it best that the approaching general elec- tion should take place under the laws existing in the several Provinces at the time of Confedera- tion, and a general law could be passed later, the Act i:)roposed being only intended to remain in force two years. The interim law provided that there should be only one day’s polling ; polling places to be provided for every 200 voters. Mr. Mackenzie congratulated the Government on having adopted some of the suggestions made by the Opposition of the previous Parliament, but regretted that the principle had not been adopted of having the elections all take place on the same day, as was 208 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the law in Ontario. He objected to an election taking place in one constitnency on one day and in another several weeks after, as it opened the door for corruption. He opposed the bill because it enacted neither one thing nor the other ; it adopted parts of the electoral laws in the different Provinces, birt not the whole of them. He thought the simplest way would be to adopt not only the franchise, but the whole electoral law of each Province, and let the elec- tions for the House of Commons be conducted in the same manner as the local elections. On the second reading Hon. Mr. Dorion moved an amendment to the effect that Peturning Officers should not have the right to question the validity of the voters’ lists, and disfranchise munici- palities, as had been the case in Kamouraska. A short debate ensued — in the course of which Mr. Geoffrion stated that not less that twenty constit- uencies in Quebec had had some of their munici- palities disfranchised by Returning Officers — after which Sir George E. Cartier agreed to accept Hon. Mr. Dorion’s amendment. On the third reading Sir George E. Cartier said that, as regarded Nova Scotia, the law of 1867 would i prevail. He referred to the action of the Local Legislature of that province in disqualifying Dominion officials, and said that Dominion officials in Nova Scotia would be allowed by the Act to vote at elections for the House of Commons. Mr. Jones (Halifax) said he was not prepared to let pass undisputed the unfair action of the Government with regard to Nova Scotia. The Government was about to take from Nova Scotia the control over its own affairs. He asked why the Government allowed New Brunswick to retain the ballot, and took it away from Nova Scotia. He pointed out that Dominion officials were prevented from voting in Ontario and Quebec, and claimed that Nova Scotia should be allowed the same privilege. On concurrence, several amendments were proposed and lost, the most imirortant being one by Mr. Young — that the elections throughoirt the Dominion should take place on one day ; and one by Mr. Mills — that there should be only one polling- day in each Province — the latter being only lost by "seven votes. The bill was then passed. 9. — In accordance with the policy foresha- dowed in his budget speech, Sir Francis Hincks, on the 14th of March, moved the TT • j /-^ • . 1 ■ Additions to the Mouse into Committee on a series Free Li.st. The duty p 1 , • • • , , 1 on Hemlock bai-k. oi resolutions giving to the Governor-in-Council the power to place on the Free List, from time to time, raw materials to be used in Canadian Manufactures, and also machinery on proof being adduced that the same could not be manufactured in Canada. The resolutions met with considerable opposi- tion from Hon. Mr. Holton and others partly on the ground that it was an immense power to place in the hands of the Government on the eve of a general election, the right to favor certain classes by placing goods on the Free List ; and partly on the ground of general opposition to anything approaching protection. On the motion to concur in the resolutions Hon. Mr- Holton desired to take the sense of the House, and moved in amendment : “ That the resolu- tions be not concurred in, but that it be resolved that in the opinion of this House it is inexpe- dient to clothe the Executive with power to determine what articles shall be admitted free of duty.” The amendment was lost by a vote of 37 for to 84 against, and the resolutions adopted, a bill founded on them being subsequently introduced and passed. On the same day the Government sustained what was a virtual defeat and again showed how little united the Cabinet was on some questions of fiscal policy. Very general complaints had been made, by parties in- terested, of the wholesale destruction of hemlock trees which was going on in order to obtain the bark for export to the United States where there was a large demand for it for tanning purposes ; and grave fears were ent ertained that the supply would become so exhausted as to seriously inconvenience our own tanners. With a view to protecting our own manufactures of leather. Sir Francis Hincks introduced a resolution imposing a tax of one dollar and a half per cord on hemlock bark. The proposal was not very favorably received by the House, several members who generally supported the Govern- GOVEENMENT OF LOED LISGAE— SESSION OF PAELIAMENT, 1871. 209 meiit opposing it, the principal arguments being that the farmers ought to be allowed to make all they could while clearing their lands, and that the duty proposed was not high enough to afford any real protection to the hemlock forests, but would simply have the result of putting a little money into the pockets of the tanners. The resolution was adopted, but on the follow- ing day Sir Francis Hincks announced that the Government had decided to withdraw' the resolution, on account of the expression of feel- ing against it, and also because the members from the Eastern Townships — which was the locality most interested in the matter — did not seem to agree on the subject. Hon. Mr. Holton called for the yeas and nays on the rnotion to withdraw, which w’'as carried by 112 to 14. 10. — The fiscal policy of the Government was a question on which the members of the Collapse of the Cabinet seemed to find it hard “National Policy.” agree amoiigst themselves, and on it the Government was destined to suffer a defeat this session. The “ National Policy ” — as the imposition of taxes on flour, coal, salt wheat and other grains at last session of Parlia- ment was called — had not proved very success- ful. Adopted more as a retaliatory measure against the Americans for their obstinacy in refusing reciprocity than from any idea of adopting a professedly and effectively Protective Tariff, it no sooner became apparent that there was a possibility of satisfactory arrangements for a renewal of reciprocity being arrived at by the Joint High Commission, than a disposition to repeal the Act was shown. The amount of revenue derived from it was not very large ; but imposing a tax at all on flour and coal proved more annoying than beneficial to both Nova Scotia and Ontario — the two provinces it was in- tended most to benefit by an interchange of their staples, — and although the Inter-Provincial trade was increased, and more Nova Scotia coal found its way into Canada than had ever done before, still both sections were quite willing to repeal the Act and allow both flour and coal to be again admitted duty free.* During the session peti- * By a return laid before Parliament at this session, it appears that the tions praying for the repeal of the duties were presented from the Dominion Board of Trade and other commercial bodies ; and on Sir Francis Hincks moving the second reading of the Customs Bill, on 22nd March, Hon. Mr. Holton moved, in amendment, “ That the bill be referred back to Committee of the Whole forthwith to repeal the duties on flour, coal, coke and wheat.” Sir Francis Hincks said that whatever might be the opinion as to the propriety of these duties there could be no doubt as to the imirropriety of reirealing them at the present mome nt, when the Joint High Commission was sitting in Washington and this very subject would doubt- less be under consideration, and he thought it would be very ill-advised for the House to take any course which might interfere with the proposed action of the Commissioners.! Hon. Mr. Holton argued that there was no evidence to show that the subject was under consideration by the Joint High Commissioir at all ; and held that the question really was whether the experience of the past year justified the retention of these duties or not, and not what the Joint High Commission might do or say on the subject. Sir George E. Cartier claimed that the imirosition of these duties had been productive of much good to Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec ; and, also, that they had had one good result in making the United States Congress more willing to reduce the duties on these articles. Hon. Mr. Holton claimed that Congress had not been influenced at all by the imposition of these duties, but had only acted in the interests total value of flour, meal, wheat and grains imported up to 7th April, 1870, was $196,440. On that day the ‘‘ National Policy ” went into effect, and the imports and entries for consumption from that date to the end of the year were as follows : — Flour, of wheat and rye, 312,314 barrels, valued at $1,440,955 ; entered for consumption, 210,617 barrels, valued at $977,408 ; duty collected, $52,654.30. All other kinds of flour and meal, 27,725 bar- rels, valued at $121,049; entered for consumption, 2.5,860 barrels, valued at $110,769 ; duty collected, $3,879.03. Wheat, 8,080,759 bushels ; entered for consumption, 647,630 bushels, valued at $645,311 : duty collected, $25,905.24. Grain other than wheat, 1,061,765 bushels, valued at $695,181 ; entered for consumption, 916,256 bushels ; valued at $703,051 ; duty collected, $27,488.07. t As a matter of fact, a proposition to renew the Reciprocity Treaty on the basis of mutually admitting coal, salt and fish free at once and timber after 1st July, 1874, h.ad been made by the American Commissioners to the Joint High Commission, and was under consideration at the very time this discussion occurred in the Dominion Parliament, an account of the fate of which proposition will be found in our chapter on the Treaty of Washington. 24 210 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. of its own people. Messrs. Workman, Magill, Beatty, Oliver, Galt, Harrison, Cartwright, Mills, Kirkpatrick, Blake and Currie spoke in favor of the abolition of the duties ; and Messrs Tilley, Tupper, Howe, Whitehead, Gibbs, Cameron, (Huron) Jackson, Gray and Colby in favor of retaining them, the two latter arguing that one year was not sufficient to judge by as to whether the policy was advantageous or not. Dr. Blanchet moved, seconded by Mr. M, P. Ryan, in amendment to the amendment that the duty be also removed from salt, j)eas, bran, barley, rye, oats, Indian-corn, buckwheat, and all grain ; and from Indian-meal, oatmeal, and flour. Sir Francis Hincks then said that the Government was of opinion that if the duties were to be removed they should be taken en bloc from all the articles on which duties had been imposed last year ; the Government would, therefore, support Dr. Blanchet’s amend- ment, but would oppose Mr. Holton’s. Dr. Blanchet’s amendment was then carried by 102 for to 28 against, all the Ministers voting for it. After some further debate Hon. Mr. Holton’s amendment was put and carried by a vote of 83 to 55, the Ministers voting against it, but many of their general supporters voting for it ; as Mr. D. Mills exclaimed, “ Thus died, aged eleven months, the ‘ National Policy.’ ’’’^ 11. — Four financial measures of considerable importance were i“)assed during the session, one * Yeas— Anglin. Barthe, Beaty, Beaubien, Bechard, Benoit, Blake Blanchet, Bolton, Bourassa, Bowman, Brousseau, Burpee, Caron, Cartwright, Cheval, Chipman, Cimon, Coffin, Coupal, Crawford (Leeds), Currier, Delorme, Dufresne, Ferris, Forbes, Fortier, Fournier, Galt, Gaudet, Geoffrion, Gendron, Godin, Hager, Harrison, Holton, Irvine, .Jones (Halifax). Kempt, Killam, Kirkpatrick, Lacerte, Langlois, Little, Macdonald (Glengarry), Magill, Masson (Soulanges), Masson (Terre- bonne), Macdougall (Lana'rk), Macdougall (Renfrew), McMonies, Merritt, Mills, Moffatt, Morison (Victoria, 0.), Oliver, Paquet, Perry, Pearson, Pelletier, Pickard, Pouliot, Poser, Ray, Bedford, Renaud, Ross (Cham- plain), Ross (Victoria, N.S.), Ross (Wellington), Ryan (Montreal West), Scatcherd, Smith, Snider, Stirton, Thompson (Haldimand), Thompson (Ontario), Tourangeau, Tremblay, Wallace, Wells, Workman, Wright, (Ottawa Co.), Wright (York, Ont.)— 83. Nays — Archambault, Ault, Baker, Bellerose, Bertrand, Bown, Cameron (Huron), Campbell, Cartier, Colby, Costigan, Crawford (Jlrock- ville), Daoust, Dobbie, Dunkin, Fortin, Gaucher, Gibbs, Grant, Gray, Grover, Hincks, Holmes, Howe, Jackson, Jones (Leeds), Keeler, Langevin, Lapum, Lawson, McDonald (Antigonish), McDonald (Lunen- burg), McDougall (Three Rivers), McKeagney, McMillan, Morris, Morrison (Niagara), Perry, Pinsonneault, Robitaille, Ross (Dundas), Ross (Prince Edw’ard), Ryan (Kings, N.B.), Savary, Scriver, Simard, Simpson, Street, Sylvain, Tilley, Tupper, Webb, White, Whitehead Willson— 55. assimilating the currency of the • • ,1 1 , • , Assimilation of the Dominion, another relating to currency. Banking ~ Acts. Banks and Banking, and two with reference to Savings Banks. The Banking Act was a general one extending lor ten years the charters of banks about to expire, and making provision for the New Brunswick Banks to continue under existing charters, or to accept the provisions of the bill, if they so desired. The Savings Banks Bills provided that the Nova Scotia system was to remain as it was only allowing the banks to have branches in the different towns. In New Brunswick, the St. John’s Bank was put on the same footing as i that of Halifax, the other banks being made subsidiary to it. In Ontario and Quebec the existing Savings Banks were given the option of three courses to pursue : 1st. To arrange their matters with the Government, hand over their assets and allow the Government to manage them as a Government Savings Bank ; 2nd. To incorporate themselves with any chartered bank in the Dominion ; 3rd. To become incorporated themselves with a paid-up capital, twenty-five per cent, of such capital to be paid by instalments ; any surplus they may possess to be invested in Government funds for charitable purposes. The question of assimilating the ! currency had occupied the attention of the House at previous sessions, but had been post- poned out of deference to the wishes of the Nova Scotia members ; now it was felt that the inconvenience of having one kind of currency in Nova Scotia and another in the other Provinces was too great, and the bill providing a uniform currency for the Dominion was passed by the Government. One object of the bill was to force British as well as American silver out of circulation, and substitute Canadian silver. Mr. Chipman and a few others endeavoured to have the currency of Nova Scotia allowed to remain as it was, and, failing that, to have the date of the act coming into force extended to 1st January, 1872, instead of 1st July, 1871, but without success, an amendment to that effect by Mr. Jones of Halifax, being defeated by a vote of 27 to 90, and the bill was passed. GOVEENMENT OP LOED LISGAE— SESSION OP PAELIAMENT, 18tl. 211 12. — Amongst the other public bills passed, was one extending the Census Act to Manitoba Miscellaneous Acts ^ud British Columbia, and allowing the time for taking in Algoma, the Magdelen Islands and other remote places to be extended to 1st September. An Act indemnifying the Government for the amount expended in repelling the Fenian raid of 1870, was passed, as also an Act making the loan for payment of the Hudson’s Bay Company for the purchase of the North-West, the first charge on the Consolidated Revenue Fund after the loan for fortifications. An Insurance Act was passed providing that Canadian com- panies may make their deposits in Dominion or Provincial securities ; British companies in securities of the United Kingdom ; and American companies in United States securities. It also prescribes the manner in which a company may retire from business, so as to provide for the security of policy-holders, and also the manner of procedure in the event of the failure of a company. Acts were also passed extending the statutes to Manitoba and British Columbia ; and for the establishment of militia districts in those Provinces. A bill was introduced in the Senate with reference to the seizure of foreign vessels fishing in Canadian waters, providing that they may be taken to certain designated ports instead of to the nearest port, and regulating the distribution of the proceeds of the sale of such confiscated vessels. Amongst the private bills were acts incorporating the Metropolitan Bank, Montreal, with 11,000,000 capital ; the Bedford District Bank of Waterloo, Q., with $500,000 capital; the Western Bank, of Yarmouth, N. S., with $500,000 capital ; and the Bank of Liverpool, of Liverpool, N. S., with [ $500,000 capital. The following Railway I Companies were also incorporated, the Montreal j and Ottawa Junction Railway Company, with i $1,000,000 capital, to construct a road from Ottawa to Coteau Landing; the Ontario and Quebec Railway Company, with $1,250,000 capital, to construct a road from Toronto, by way of Peterborough, Madocand Carleton Place, to connect with the North Shore Railway of Quebec ; the Kingston and Pembroke Railway Company, with $1,250,000 to build a road from Kingston to Pembroke. The Sault Ste. Marie Railway and Bridge Company, with $10,000,000 capital, to build a railway from Sault St. Marie to connect with projected rail- ways at N ipissing, extend a branch to connect the Toronto, Simcoe and Muskoka Junction Railway at Bracebridge, and to construct a railway bridge across the river St. Mary, and connect with the Michigan Railways. The Fredrickton and St. Mary’s Bridge Company, with a capital of $300,000, for bridging the St. John River; and the Dominion Telegraph Company, with $1,000,000 capital, were also incoryiorated. Altogether thirty public and twenty-eight private Acts were passed. 13. — Two of the most important subjects discussed at this session were- the Arbitration between the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec with regard to the intercolonial, allotment of the surplus debt of the Province of Canada at the time of Confederation, and the admission of British Columbia, both of which we treat of in separate chapters. Amongst the important debates were one on the question of the Intercolonial, and another on the distribution of land in Manitoba. In the former the Opposi- tion strongly urged the adoption of the four feet, eight and a half inch guage at once, instead of the five feet six inches which was being put down, as it would be cheaper to change it at once than to do so after the road was completed. It was argued that the narrow-guage was being universally adopted throughout the continent, and that all the trunk lines must eventually adopt that guage in order to make through connections, and that the Great Western Company had already changed their guage. Hon. Mr. Langevin said that the Government had taken the subject of gauge into consideration, and it was found that it would cost about $1,000,000 to change the guage of the lines running from Halifax to Truro, and from Amherst to Moncton ; but the serious obstacle in the way of adopting the narrow guage w^as the Grand Trunk. It was most desirable that the Intercolonial and 212 TUTTLPl’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the Grand Trunk should be the same guag’e, so as to avoid breaking bulk, and he did not consider that the Grand Trunk could afford the expense of changing its guage, which would involve an ex- penditure of about $3,000,000. The subject was then dropped after some further discussion. 14. — On the second of March, Sir George E. Cartier laid on the table a message from the Public lands in Govemor-General containing an Manitoba. Order in Council respecting the regulation of public lands in Manitoba. These related to the system of survey ; distribution of the 1,400,000 acres reserved for Half-breeds; ssttlement of Crown Lands ; pre-emption rights ; homestead rights ; exemirtion of certain lands and reservation for Pacific Railway Sir George • The following is a synopsis of the regulations adopted: — Survey. — The system to be rectangular. The townships to consist of thirty-six sections of one mile square each ; .and road allowance one chain wide shall be allowed between all townships and sections. The International boundary line to form the basis of townships 1 and 2. The Winnipeg meridian to be adopted^is the lino from which townships shall number east and west. In the survey of any and every township the deficiency or surplus, as the case may be, resulting from convergence of meridians, shall be set out and allowed in the quarter sections on the west boundary— the area of which shall in the survey be returned according to their actual contents. Distribution op Hali-^Breed Lands. — Every Half-breed resident in Manitoba on 15th .July, 1370, and every child of such Half-breed, shall be entitled to share in the 1,400 ,000 acres Half-breed reserve, the most liberal construction being put on the word “ resident.” No restrictions as to settlement are imposed, and the grantee may do as he pleases with his land. The Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba shall designate the township or parts of townships in which the allotments to Ilalf-breeds shall be made. A census sh.all be taken of all who are entitled to grants, and the land divided into as many lots as there are claimants ; these lots to be distributed by the Lieutenant-Governor, the tickets for the lots being drawn at random from a box, and, as they are drawn, numbered and registered in the order in which the claimants have previously registered their names. Claimants of the age of eighteen or more to receive their patents at once, minors to have theirs on coming of age. There shall be no distinction of sex in the distribution. After allotment, the lands to be governed entirely by the laws of Manitoba. Settlement op Crown I.ands.— These provisions to apply only to sur- veyed lands. All unapprojiri.ated public land to be open to sale at one dollar per acre. All sales to be for cash. Pre-Emption Rights. — Any person being the head of a family, or a single man above the age of twenty-one years, being a British subject by birth or naturalization, who has made, or shall hereafter make, a settle- ment in person on the public lands, and who has inhabited and improved the same, and who has erected or shall erect a dwelling thereon, may have himself entered with the Land Officer of the division in which such land is, any number of acres not e.xceeding 160 or one-quarter section of land, to include the residence of the claimant, and obtain a patent there- for, upon paying to the Crown the price of such lands. Before the right of pre-emption can be exercised, the person so applying must produce proof to the Land Officer of settlement and improvement, and make' oath to that officer that he has not previously pre-empted any land under these regulations, and that he intends them for his own use, and not for speculative purposes. Any person swearing falsely shall forfeit what money he has deposited, and be liable to prosecution for perjury. Any question as to the rights of settlers to be settled by the Land Officer. Homestead Rights. — Any he.ad of a family, or person over twenty-one years of age, who is a British subject by birth or naturalization, shall be E. Cartier explained the policy of the Govern- ment, and said that the Government was anxious to get settlers. The plan of survey had been changed, and blocks reduced from 800 to 640 acres. Every volunteer who settled would get one lot as a volunteer, and another as a settler. Hon. Mr. Macdougall attacked the policy of the Government in reducing the grants from 200 to 160 acres. He charged that the reserve lands were placed under the control of the Local Government, which had been packed with friends of the Dominion Government from Lower Canada. Hon. Mr. Morris defended the policy of the Government, and denied that the reserve lands were under control of the Local Government, they still remained under control of the Dominion, and the Local Government was only avrthorized to carry out details. On the 6th April, Hon. Mr. Macdougall moved the Hoixse into Committee on certain resolutions on which to base an address to the Governor- General, praying him to issue amended instruc- tions for the survey, distribution, settlement and sale of lands in Manitoba. He criticised the policy of the Government, and compared it with that of the United States, where pre- emption, and homestead rights were extended to all immigrants, while by the Government policy they were restricted to British subjects, and thought this would have a bad effect on intending emigrants. He objected to the reduc- entltled to be entered for one-quarter section, or a less quantity, of unap- propriated public land for the purpose of securing a homestead. Members of the Ontario and Quebec battalions of volunteers who settle in Manitoba shall be entitled to an extra free grant, without actual residence, of one- quarter section. No other person shall be entitled to more than one homestead right, which shall not exceed 160 acres. The settler, on applying to the Land Officer, must make an affidavit that he is a British subject, is twenty-one years old, that the application is for his exclusive benefit, and that he actually intends to settle. On payment of ten dollars he can then enter on possession, and, at the expiration of five years, on proof of residence or cultivation, to the satisfaction of the Land Agent, he receives a patent for the land. A patent may be obtained at any time on payment of pre-emption priee. Exemptions op Certain Lands. — The following lands are not subject to pre-emption or homestead rights : — Lands allotted to the Hudson’s Bay Company under the terms of the transfer of the North AVest to Canada; lands reserved for schools : wood lands set apart for supplying fuel ; selected sites of towns or villages ; lands actually settled and occupied for the purposes of trade ; miner.al lands. Reservation for Pacific Railway.— At any time after the 1st May, 1874 the Governor-in-Council may, subject to then existing rights, with- draw from the operation of the above system land to the width of three full townships on each side of the line finally sanctioned for the Inter- Oceanic Railway, and may also terminate after the s.ame day the free homestead system. GOVEENMENT OF LOEI) LISGAE— SESSION OP PAELTAMENT, 1871. 213 lion of the size of the townships from nine to six miles, as it would make municipal privileges more expensive, or force several townships to unite. He opposed the Grovernment plan of laying out roads, and thought the settlers ought to have the right to make roads where they liked. Hon. Mr. Morris defended the Government policy, and said settlers could pre-empt their land on payment of one dollar an acre, while they had to pay one dollar and twenty-five cents in the States. In answer to Mr. Bowell, Sir George E. Cartier said that Ihe regulations would be amended so that every volunteer, except those dismissed for bad conduct — and he was glad to say there were very few of those — should receive a free grant, whether he had actually gone to Manitoba or had remained in depot, and he could have another grant by settling. He defended the Government policy and said it was necessary to put a price of one dollar per acre on the land to prevent it falling into the hands of speculators. Dr. Schultz said that the people he represented were well pleased with the land policy of the Government, which was much better than that of any other portion of the Dominion, and the system was ex- cellently adapted to a prairie country. He would have preferred to see Manitoba made a large Province, and the lots two hundred acres each ; but in view of its small size and the large land reserve he thought 160 acres enough. He approved of the system of laying out roads between the sections, but thought the roads should be at least a chain and a half wide ; the existing roads were two chains wide. He was instructed by his constituents to thank the Government for the grant of 1,400,000 acres of land ; and he may say on their behalf that they were principally Half-breeds, but were very anxious to have the Volunteers settle amongst them. He could say this, notwithstanding the unfounded reports of riots and misconduct by the Volunteers. The Half-breeds were, however, somewhat doubtful about taking these lands until the Indian title was extinguished, lest it should bring them into conflict with that race ; he hoped, therefore, that the Government would adopt a liberal Indian policy as speedily as possible. He thought that the Government should be very careful in trying to keep land out of the hands of speculators, and approved of the policy of keeping reserves for fuel. On the debate being resumed, on the tenth, Hon. Mr. Morris said that the Government had con- sented to the suggestion made that patents could be taken out in three years instead of flve. Mr. Ferguson suggested that conditions of settlement should be attached to the grants to the Half-breeds. Sir George E. Cartier said it was too soon to talk of conditions ; the first thing was to get the blocks of land selected for the Half-breed reserve, and then the balance of the country could be thrown open for general settlement. On the subject coming up again, on the thirteenth, Mr. Ferguson pressed his point that the Half-breeds should be required to settle. Sir George E. Cartier said that had better be left to the Government ; many of the Half-breeds were babies and their lands would have to be kept for them ; when they came of age they could do as they pleased with them. He also said that the Government would adopt the suggestion of Dr. Schultz and make the roads wider. Hon. Mr. Macdougall having intimated his intention not to press his resolu- tions, the order was then discharged. 15. — The propriety of the admission of the members elected to represent Manitoba in the House of Commons, was ques- The question of tinned by the Opposition on SSbfJ,\Uers account of the doubt raised as to House, the costitutionality of the Manitoba Act, under which their election took place. These elections were held on the 2nd of March, and on the twenty-seventh of that month Mr. Speaker informed the House that he had received returns of the election of Mr. Donald A. Smith, Dr. Schultz, and Mr. Delorme, for the Province of Manitoba ; and also a special return from the Eeturning Officer for Marquette.* Mr. Mackenzie asked what the Government intended to do ‘This return showed that the election had resulted in a tie, the candi- dates, Dr. Lynch and Mr. An^us McKay, receiving 282 votes each. On a subsequent election, Mr. Robert Cunningham was returned. 214 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. about the returns, as they ought not to be entered on the Journals. The Government had announced its intention of moving an address to Her Majesty, praying the Imperial Parlia- ment to pass an Act to legalize the Manitoba Act, under which these elections took place, and it would be impossible for the House to recognize the legality of the elections while the legality of the Act under which they were held was questioned. Sir George E. Cartier said that the House had passed the Manitoba Act under which these elections were held, and it was not for the Government, or the House either, to say that the gentlemen elected could not take their seats. The position the Government look was that the Manitoba Act was valid, and the legislation of the Imperial Parliament was only asked to remove any doubts such as had been expressed by the Opposition. The retirrns were entered on the .lournal. On the twenty-ninth, Mr. Donald. A. Smith, member for Selkirk, was introduced by Sir George E. Cartier and Mr. Simpson. Mr. Mackenzie desired to call the attention of the Government to the fact that a gentleman had been introduced to the House who had been elected under an Act of Parliament which was awaiting confirmation by the Imperial Farliament, and said that, as there was some doirbt as to members from Manitoba being entitled to their seats, he thought the Govern- ment should follow the precedent created by itself at the opening of the present Parliament, when a similar doubt was raised, and refer the matter to a Committee. Sir George E. Cartier said that the honorable gentleman took his seat under an Act of Parliament, which had neither been disallowed nor declared null by any legal pi’ocess, and therefore was entitled to his seat. If the honorable member for Lambton liked to raise a question of priAulege, he could do so, and the Government would then advise the House w^hat course to pursue, but not before. The subject then dropped. On the 5th of April Dr. Schultz and Mr. Delorme, members from Lisgar and Provencher, took their seats. On the 8th Mr. Speaker read a communication from William Dease, claiming to be the proper representative of the District of Provencher. On the 10th Mr. Ross (Prince Edward) called attention to certain rumors which were in circulation to the effect that the member for Provencher (Mr. Delorme) had been a member of Riel’s Council, and also of the Court Martial that condemned Scott. If he was guilty of the first charge, he was guilty of high treason ; if of the second, of murder. He (Mr. Ross) therefore thought it was only just that the gentleman should have an opportunity to clear himself, and for that reason he called attention to the rumors. Mr. Delorme said the rumors were entirely incorrect ; he knew nothing of the murder until two days after it took place. He was elected a delegate to the Convention called by Mr. Smith, and that was the first thing he had to do with affairs at Red River. Mr. D. A. Smith said he knew that Mr. [ Delorme was not a member of Riel’s Council, nor of the Court Martial which condemned Scott. Hon. W. Macdougall said that Mr. Ross havinff stated that there was reason to believe i ^ that Mr. Delorme had been connected with the rebellion, he would move “ That a Select Com- mittee be appointed to enquire into the truth of these allegations, and to report the proceedings which ought to be taken, in order to relieve this House from the disgrace and dishonor of receiving amongst its members any one guilty of such offenses; and the committee to consist of Messrs. Morris, Dorion, Street, D. A. Macdonald, J. H. Cameron, Blake, and Gibbs.” Sir George E. Cartier moved, in amendment, “ That the matter be referred to the Committee on Privileges and Elections.” Hon. Mr. Dorion considered that the explanation of the member for Provencher was perfectly satisfactory, and moved in amend- ment to the amendment, “ That, the member for Provencher having declared that he took no part in the unfortunate event at Red River at the time Scott was put to death, and was only informed of it two days after it had taken place, and his statement having been corroborated by the member for Selkirk, there is no case which would require to be sent to a Committee.” Hon. Mr. Holton said there was no case for GOVEENMP^NT OF LOED LISGAE— SESSIOJ^ OF PAELTAMENT, 1871. 21.5 a Committee. Mr. O’Connor said that the Manitoba Act laid down the qualifications for members of the House from that Province ; and he argued that even if the charges against the member for Provencher were proved true, he could not be disqualified. After some further debate, Hon. Mr. Dorion’s motion was carried by a vote of 94 to 46, and the matter was dropped. On the 12th, Mr. Blake called atten- tion to a very serious question of privilege ; three members had been returned for Manitoba, and petitions against the return of two of them, (Donald A. Smith and Pierre Delorme) had been presented ; the Manitoba Act made no pjovision for trying controverted elections, and it was so near the end of the session that it was impossi- ble to get evidence in the cases from Manitoba before the close, and, therefore, it seemed as if these gentlemen would hold their seats, although the petitioners declared they were not entitled to them. He thought that the Giovernment should have taken some steps in the matter, but as they had not he would move “ That petitions have been presented to and received by this House against the election and return of Donald A. Smith, the sitting member for Selkirk, and Pierre Dolorme, the sitting member for Provencher ; that no provision has been made for the trial of controverted elections in Manitoba ; that the expense and delay in- volved in the trials of the said elections, would render such trials abortive ; that in order to prevent a failure of justice, provision should be made to render it possible to take evidence in the matter of the said controverted elections on the spot, during the recess of Parliament.” Sir'Gfeo. E. Cartier said it was not in the power of the House to pass statutory enactments with respect to controverted elections in Manitoba, such enact- ments to have force when the House was not in session. He moved, in amendment, “ That the petitions against the election of Messrs. Donald A. Smith, and Pierre Delorme, be referred to the Committee on Privileges and Elections, with instructions to meet without delay and report to the House the procedure to be adopted with regard to the said petitions, in order that the rights of all parties concerned therein may be fully protected.” Hon. Mr. Holton said the practical effect of this amendment would be to defeat the ends of justice, unless it was certain that the Committee would be called together at once. Mr. Blake suggested that the Minister of Militia should withdraw his amendment, and substitute a short Bill to meet the requirements of the case. Hon. .T. H. Cameron thought that the Committee might meet during recess and report a Bill to the House in the evening. Sir George E. Cartier’s amendment was then put and carried. The fears of the Oi)position were well grounded, for the Committee did not meet and no report was made before Parliament was X)rorogued. 16. — The strong feeling aroused in Ontario, by the murder of Scott, had rather strengthened during the past year, and after • 1 p ,1 . i -n 1 Mr. Rymnl's motion the arrival of the troops at Fort on the murder of Garry, when no steps were taken by the Government to arrest Riel and others implicated in that murder, the feeling increased, and was as much directed against the Govern- ment as against the murderers. This feeling- had been turned to good account by the Opposi- tion press, and it was expected that Mr. Blake, who had moved resolutions on the subject in the Ontario House, would test the feeling of the House of Commons on the subject, but he refrained from doing so, and Mr. .Toseph Rymal undertook the task. On the 11th of April he moved the following amendment to the motion, to go into Committee of Supply : “ That this House regrets that the Government of the day have done nothing towards procuring the punishment of the murderers of Thomas Scott, and that an humble address be presented to His Excellency, praying that he will take such steps and make such representations as will be best calculated to bring these men to justice.” He complained of the murderers of Scott being- allowed to go at large, and declared that, if no attempt was made to arrest them, it was a bitter mockery of British justice. He then criticised the appointments made by the Government, and charged that loyal men were ignored, and 216 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. those who had favored and assisted the rebellion appointed to places of honor and emolument. Sir George E. Cartier said he was sure all the members of the Government deeply lamented the death of the unfortunate man Scott ; but he thought the motion should not have been made in this House. The Government of the Dominion had no more right to interfere in the matter than they wmuld in the case of a murder committed in Ontario. At the time of the occur- rence the Dominion had no jurisdiction in the Red River country ; it had not yet been trans- ferred, and it had no authority ; now local Courts of Justice had been established, and they, and they alone, were competent to deal with the case. As to the question of patronage, the Dominion Government apiiointed only two officers — the Lieutenant-Governor and the Recorder ; — all others were appointed by the Local Government. ML Rymal said that when the Hon. D’Arcy McGee was shot the Govern- ment had offered a reward for the apprehension of his murderers, and he thought they might do the same in the case of Scott. Mr. Bowell sup- ported the motion, and severely criticised the aj^pointments made in Manitoba. Dr. Tupper defended the course of the Government and of Lieutenant-Governor Archibald, who, he said, had, by his wise measures, restored peace and order. He stigmatised the motion as a mere party dodge brought forward on the eve of a general election for political purposes, and maintained that the Dominion Government had no jurisdiction in the case. Hon. E. B. Wood maintained that Lower Canada had had juris- diction over the North-West in criminal matters since 1803, and instanced the trial of two men, named Brown and Boucher, at Toronto in 1818 for crimes committed in the North-West. Mr. D. A. Smith said that after the troops entered Fort Garry some persons wanted him to issue warrants for the arrest of Riel and others, but he did not think he had authority. The debate was continued by Messrs. Blake, Ferguson and Jackson, who followed the same tone of argu- ment — that the Dominion Government had jurisdiction, and ought to exert its authority. after which a vote was taken, and Mr. Rymal’s motion defeated by a vote of 40 for to 75 against. 17. — Amongst the business of minor interest transacted was the passing of a congratulatory address, on the 21st F ebruary, by g„ppjy g;,, both Houses, to His Excellency Prorogation, the Governor-General, on the occasion of his being raised to the peerage. The address was moved in the Senate by Hon. Alexander Campbell, seconded by Hon. Letellier De St. Just; and in the Commons by Sir John A. Macdonald, seconded by Mr. A. Mackenzie. The Supply Bill granted $16,399,856 for the year 1871-2, and $1,099,263 supplementary for the year 1870-1. In the former amount was included nearly $8,000,000 for public works, $6,000,000 being for the Intercolonial. $624,000 was granted for canals ; $326,000 for harbor improvements ; $297,880 for the Parliamentary Buildings, Library and Grounds ; $400,000 for opening up the North-West, and $200,000 for a Post Office at Halifax. There was con- siderable debate on this item in Committee, and it was finally agreed that before any steps were taken to expend the money, the question between the Dominion and Nova Scotia Govern- ments with regard to the cost of the Provincial building at Halifax should be submitted to arbitration, and if a sum not exceeding $66,385 was agreed on it should be accepted, the build- ings taken over and the $200,000 grant not used. The point at issue between the two Govern- ments was the amount which had been expended on the building since “ Better terms ” were agreed on, the Local Government claiming that it should be reimbursed by the Dominion, and the latter declining to pay any more than the stipulated price. The matter was subsequently compromised. The sum of $260,000 was granted for taking the census, in addition to $150,000 voted last year. In the Supplementary Estimates was included $250,000 for surveys for Pacific Railway ; $50,000 for taking census in Manitoba and British Columbia ; $120,000 for Post Offices at Toronto, Quebec and London; $120,000 for a Reformatory near Montreal. The House was prorogued on 14th April. ogilvie, **' P. HOWE^^^ ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTLE’S HISTORY Of THE DOMINION’ THE BORLAND OESBARATS LITHO COMP> GOVBENMENT OF LOED LISGAR— THE ADMISSION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 21'7 CHAPTER XX. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE ADMIS- SION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 1 Resolutions in favor of union passed BY THE Legislative Council of British Columbia. — 2. Changes in the original proposition made by the Dominion GrOVERNMENT. — 3. QUESTIONS AS TO TERMS OF UNION ASKED IN THE SENATE. — 4. SiR Gteorge E. Cartier defines the position OF THE Government. — 5. Sir A. T. Galt’s OBJECTIONS TO THE RESOLUTIONS. — 6. IlON. Mr. Tilley defends the Government POLICY. — 7. Mr. Mackenzie offers an amendment to the resolutions. — 8. Mr. Cartwright condemns the policy of the Government. — 9. Colonel Gray defends THE resolutions. Mr. .ToIA" CONDEMNS THEM. — 10. Mr. Mills’ objections. Hon. Mr. Langevin upholds the resolutions. — 11. Mr. Jones moves an amendment to THE AMENDMENT. — 12. SiR FrANCIS HiNCKS’ EXPLANATION. HoN. Mr. MaCDOUGALL ATTACKS THE GOVERNMENT POLICY. — 13. Eesolutions adopted. — 14. On motion to CONCUR, Mr. Mackenzie offers another amendment. — 15. Several amendments PUT and lost. — 16. The address finally adopted without amendment. — 17. The RESOLUTIONS IN THE SENATE. — 18. ThE ADDRESS ADOPTED IN THE SENATE. 1. — One of the main objects of the Imperial Government in promoting the scheme of Con- Resoiutionsin favor federation— and one always kept LeStive^Coulicu view — was the confeder- of British Columbia, British North American colonies ; and every influence which could legitimately be brought to hear on the various governments was used to accomplish this object. With the larger Provinces there was little difficulty, as they were anxious and willing to be united, but with the smaller ones there was much trouble, as they were some- what afraid of being swallowed up in a great Confederacy with the more populous Provinces, and thus lose all trace of their individuality. Both Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland were diffident about casting in their lot with the Dominion, and public opinion had to be “ educated ” a little before it could be brought to see the advantages which would arise from one coniiJrehensive union, in place of the scattered and individually weak colonies. — The people of Prince Edward Island, at this time, were still opposed to Confederation ; the people of Newfoundland had defeated at the polls the party which favored Confederation, and had rejected the liberal terms which the Dominion Government had agreed on with the Commissioners sent to Ottawa for that purpose, and considerable interest was centered in British Columbia to see how the people there regarded the scheme of union. Earl Musgrave, who had shown himself a clever diplomatist in persuad- ing the Legislature of Newfoundland to accept Confederation, was transferred to British Colum- bia, then a Crown Colony, and at once set himself zealously to work to affect an union. In his message to the Legislative Council on the 15th of February, 1870, he strongly urged an union with the Dominion, and a Government measure was adopted by the Council in favor of Confed- eration. The terms proposed by the Council, and subsequently submitted to the Government of Canada, did not differ materially from thgse ultimately agreed to, except, in two jrarticulars, the first being that the Council desired the poj)ulation computed at 120,000, and the second that a coach road should be built pending the completion of the railroad which it was proposed to build to the Pacific.* On the 7th of May, Messrs. J. W. Trutch, J. S. Helmcken, and R. W. * The eighth resolution read as follows “ Inasmuch as no real Union can subsist between this Colony and Canada without the speedy estab- lishment of communication across the Rocky Mountains by Coach Road and Railway, the Dominion shall, within three years from the date of Union, construct and open for traffic such Coach Road from some point on the line of the Main Trunk Road of this Colony to Fort Carry, of simi- lar character to the said Main Trunk Road : and shall further engage to use all means in her power to complete such Railway communication at the earliest practicable date, and that surveys to determine the proper line for such Railway shall be at once commenced ; and that a sum of not less than one million dollars shall be expended in every year, from and after three years from the date of Union, in actually constructing the initial sections of such Railway from the Seaboard of British Columbia, to connect with the Railway system of Canada.” 25 218 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. W. Cai’rall, members of the Executive and Legis- lative Councils of the Colony, were appointed by Governor Musgrave a delegation to proceed to Ottawa and confer with the Dominion Ministry as to the terms proposed by the British Columbia Council. They arrived in Ottawa on the 3rd of .Tune, and had several interviews with the Ministry, the result of which was that somewhat different, but rather more favorable terms, were agreed to. These terms were embodied in an Order-in-Council passed in the Privy Council of the Dominion on the 1st of July, 1870, and submitted to the British Colum- bia Council for ratilication. The following is the report : “ The Committee of the PriA^y Council have had under consideration a despatch dated the 7th of May, 1870, from the Governor of British Columbia, together with certain resolutions submitted by the Government of that Colony to the Legislative Council thereof — both hereunto annexed — on the subject of the proposed union of British Columbia with the Dominion of Canada ; and after several interAuews between them and the Honorable Messrs. Trutch, Helmcken, and Carrall, the Delegates from British Columbia, and full discussion with them of the various questions connected with that important subject, the Committee now respect- fully submit for Your Excellency’s approval the following terms and conditions to form the basis of a political union between British Columbia and the Dominion of Canada. I. Canada shall be liable for the debts and liabilities of British Columbia at the time of the Union. II. British Columbia not haAung incurred debts equal to those of the other Provinces now constituting the Dominion, shall be entitled to receive by half-yearly payments in advance from the General Government, interest at the rate of five i^er cent, per annum, on the differ- ence between the actual amount of its indebt- edness at the date of the union, and the indebt- edness per head of the population of NoA'a Scotia and New Brunswick (|27.77), the popula- tion of British Columbia being taken at 60,000. HI. The following sums shall be paid by Canada to British Columbia for the support of its GoA^ernment and Legislature, to wit : an annual subsidy of $35,000, and an annual grant equal to eighty cents per head of the said popu- lation of 60,000, both half-yearly in adA'ance, such grant of eighty cents per head to be augmented in proportion to the increase of popu- lation, as may be shown by each subsequent decennial census, until the population amounts to 400,000, at which rate such grant shall there- after remain, it being understood that the first census shall be taken in the year 1881. IV. The Dominion will proAude an efficient mail service fortnightly by steam communication between Victoria and San Francisco, and twice a week between Victoria and Olympia, the A'essels to be adapted for the coiiA^eyance of freight and passengers. V. Canada will assume and defray the charges for the following services : — A. Salary of the Lieutenant-GoA^ernor. B. Salaries and allowances of the Judges of the Superior Courts and the County or District Courts. C. The charges in respect to the Department of Customs. D. The postal and telegraphic services. E. Protection and encouragement of fisheries. F. ProAusion for Militia. G. Lighthouses, buoys and beacons, ship- wrecked crews. Quarantine and Marine Hospi- tals, including a Marine Hospital at Victoria. H. The Geological Survey. I. The Penitentiary. And such further charges as may be incident to and connected with the serAuces which, by the British North America Act of 1867, apper- tain to the General GoA^ernment, and as are or may be allowed to the other Provinces. VI. Suitable pensions, such as shall be approved of by Hei’ Majesty’s Government,- shall be proA'ided by the GoA'erirment of the Dominion for those of Her Majesty’s servants in the Colony whose position and emoluments deriA^ed therefrom would be affected by political changes on the admission of British G0VI<:KNMENT of LOED LISGAR— the admission of BRITISH COLUMBIA. 219 Columbia into the Dominion of Canada. VII. It is agreed that the existing Customs, taritF and Excise duties shall continue in force in British Columbia until the railway from the Pacific coast and the system of railways in Canada are co)inected, unless the Legislature of British Columbia should sooner decide to accept the tariff and excise laws of Canada. Where Customs and Excise duties are at the time levi- able on any goods, wares or merchandises in British Columbia, or in the other Provinces of the Dominion, these goods, wares and merchan- dises may from and after the union be imported into British Columbia from the Provinces now composing the Dominion, or from either of those Provinces into British Columbia, on proof of payment of the Customs or Excise duties leviable thereon in the Province of exportation, and on payment of such further amount (if any) of Customs or Excise duties as are leviable thereon in the Province of importation. This arrangement to haA^e no force or effect after the assimilation of the tariff and excise duties of British Columbia with those of the Dominion. VIII. British Columbia shall be entitled to be represented in the Senate by three members: and by six members in the House of Commons. The representation to be increased under the provisions of the British North America Act, 1867. IX. The influence of the Dominion Grovern- ment will be used to secure the continued maintenance of the naval station at Esquimault. X. The proAdsions of the British North America Act, 1867, shall (except those parts thereof which are in terms made, ov by reason- able intendment may be held to be specially applicable to, and only effect one and not the whole of the ProA'inces now comprising the Dominion, and except so far as the same may be A’aried by this minute) be applicable to British Columbia, in the same way and to the like extent as they apply to the other ProAunces of the Dominion, and as if the Colony of British Columbia had been one of the ProAunces originally united by the said Act. XI. The GrOA'ernment of the Dominion under- take to secure the commencement, simul- taneously, within two years from the date of the Union, of the construction of a Railway from the Pacific towards the Rocky Mountains, and from such point as may be selected east of the Rocky Mountains towards the Pacific, to connect the seaboard of British Columbia with the railway system of Canada; and, further, to secure the completion of such rail- way within ten years from the date of the union. And the GoA^ernment of British Col- umbia agree to couA^ey to the Dominion Gov- ernment, in trust, to be appropriated in such manner as the Dominion GoA^ernment may deem advisable in furtherance of the construc- tion of the said railway, a similar extent of public lands along the line of railway through- out its entire length in British Columbia, not to exceed, however, twenty (20) miles on each side of said line, as may be ajrpropriated for the same purpose by the Dominion Government from the public lands in the North-West Territories and the Province of Manitoba. Provided that the quantity of land which may be held under pre- emption right or by Crown grant within the limits of the tract of land in British Columbia to be so coiiA^eyed to the Dominion GoA^ernment, shall be made good to the Dominion from con- tiguous public lands ; and proA'ided further, that until the commencement within two years as aforesaid from the dale of the union, of the con- struction of the said raihvay, the GoA^ernment of British Columbia shall not sell or alienate any further portion of the public lands of British Columbia in any other way than under right of pre-emption requiring actual residence of the pre-emptor on the land claimed by him. In consideration of the land so to be coiiA'eyed in aid of the construction of the said railway, the Dominion GoA^ernment agree to pay to British Columbia, from the date of the union, the sum I of $100,000 i^er annum in half-yearly payments I in adA^ance. XII. The Dominion GoA^ernment shall guar- antee the interest for ten years from the date of the completion of the works at the rate of five per centum per annum on such sum, not 220 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. exceeding' j£100,000 stg., as may be required for the construction of a first-class graving dock of Esquimau. XIII. The charge of the Indians and the trus- teeship and management of the lands reserved for their use and benefit shall be assumed by the Dominion Government, and a policy as liberal as that hitherto pursued by the British Columbia Government shall be continued by the Dominion Government after the union. To carry out such policy, tracts of land of such extent as it has hitherto been the practice of the British Columbia Government to appropriate for that juirpose, shall, from time to time, be con- veyed by the Local Government to the Dominion Government in trust for the use and benefit of the Indians, on application of the Dominion Government, and in case of disagreement between the two Governments respecting the quantity of such tracts of land to be so granted^ the matter shall be referred for the decision of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. XIV. The constitution of the Executive authority, and of the Legislature of British Columbia, shall, subject to the provisions of the British North America Act, 1867, continue | as existing at the time of the union until altered i under the authority of the said Act, it being at j the same time understood that the Government ' of the Dominion will readily consent to the j introduction of Responsible Government when j desired by the inhabitants of British Columbia, and it being likewise understood that it is the intention of the Governor of British Columbia, j under the authority of the Secretary of State for i the Colonies, to amend the existing Constitution i of the Legislature by i^roviding that a majority j of its members shall be elective. j The union shall take effect according to the ; foregoing terms and conditions on such day as | Her Majesty, by and with the advice of Her Most Honorable Privy Council, may appoint ' (on addresses from the Legislature of the Colony | of British Columbia, and of the Houses of the Parliament of Canada, in the terms of the 140th i section of the British North America Act, 1867), j and British Columbia may, in its address, specify the electoral districts for which the first election of members to serve in the House of Commons shall take place. (Certified) WM. H. LEE, Clerk Privy Council. 2. — It will be noticed that imj)ortant changes were made with regard to the population, and the building of the railway, changes in the With regard to the population SWom" being fixed at 60,000 instead of 120,000, it may be said that neither figures really represented the actual population, which by the most liberal estimate did not exceed 15,000 whites, and about 25,000 Indians and Chinese ; but the delegates claimed that the population should be estimated on the basis of contribution to the revenue, and that as the Customs and Excise duties paid in British Columbia were equal to what would be paid by 120,000 persons on the per capita collection in Canada, the population ought to be estimated at that number for all financial purposes. By this arrangement British Columbia would have received $96,000 per annum per capita allow- ance, and $82,000 a year interest on debt. The Dominion Government could not see its way very clearly towards asking Parliament to pay eighty cents per head per annum for so many im- aginary people ; but by putting an exceedingly liberal construction on the estimated population, agreed to call it 60,000, which included China- men and Indians. On the subject of the railway, the Dominion Government was also very liberal, for it agreed to ('ommence it in two years instead of three as asked for, and to complete it in ten, while no specific time was stipulated for by the British Columbians ; but this was partly done on account of the abandonment of the Coach Road, which was considered an unnecessary and use- less expense in view of the rapid completion of the railroad. With regard to the $100,000 a year granted as interest on the nominal value of the land to be given irp for the railway, this was given to fill the dehciency which would other- wise have occurred on account of cutting down the number of the population, it being pretty well understood that the Dominion would have GOVEENMENT OF LOED LISGAE— THE ADMISSION OF BEITISII COTATMBIA. 221 to be liberal in its terms to induce the people to vote for Union, and Governor Musg-rave very plainly states so in his letter to Sir John Young, under date 20th February, 1870. He says ; “ In some of the terms proposed, this Colony may be thought by your Government to ask too much ; but they must be prepared to be liberal, if they desire the Union. * * * It will be necessary, if Union is to be real and entered upon cordially, that present visible advan- tage and local improvement should spring from the measure.” The “ present visible advantage” w^as made very plain by showing that British Columbia would have upwards of $150,000 a year more to spend on local improve- ments if she entered the Union than if she remained out of it ; and the British Columbians were soon convinced that is was to their interest to enter the Dominion. On the 24th of January^ 1871, Governor Musgrave telegraphed to Lord Lisgar, “ Address to Queen for Union with Canada on terms agreed upon, passed Legislative Council unanimously to-day,” and on the 28th of February, Sir George E. Cartier laid on the table of the Dominion House a message from the Governor-General, transmitting the address. 3. — The debate on the admission of British Columbia was commenced for the 28th March. In the Senate, Senator Hazen Questions as to terms . • i r n of Union asked in the inquired ol the Government Senate. p • i i what evidence it had to show that the population w^as 60,000, as stated in the second section of the terms agreed on ; w^hat would be the cost of the mail service guaran- teed ; what wmuld be the scale of salaries, &c., provided for in section five ; w'^hat would be the probable amount of pensions to be granted under section six ; what wmuld be the esti- mated cost of the railway ; was the graving- dock at Esquimault to be the property of the Province or of the Dominion after the <£100,000 was paid ; to w^hat extent was the Legislative Council an elective body ; and w^hat evidence w'^as there to show that the terms proposed wmuld be generally acceptable to the people of the colony ? Hon. Mr. Campbell replied that the Government had no evidence as to the population, but had accepted the statements of Messrs. Trutch and Carrall, who gave the population as 16,000 w-hites, 1,000 Chinese, and 45,000 Indians ; the exact amount of the mail service had not been ascertained, but the present cost w^as about $13,000 for the lake service and $15,000 for the gulf service ; the salaries under the fifth section wmuld amount to about $109,000 there were four gentlemen to be pensioned, but the amounts had not yet been fixed; the total would, probably, be betw^een three and four thousand pounds ; he could not say what the road would cost, but it was not the intention of the Government to build it as a public wmrk ; the Government wmuld give a subsidy of land and money to a private company to build the road ; the graving- dock w-ould be the property of the Province if it was built by the Province ; with regard fo the constitution of the Council and the expres- sion of public opinion, he said that the Council consisted of fifteen members, six appointed by the Crown and nine elected, and that as an election had just taken place and Confederation was the main question at issue, it was evident that the people favored it by returning members who adopted the Union resolutions unanimously. 4. — In the House, Sir George E. Cartier, in moving the House into Committee on a series of resolutions on w''hich to frame - , , TT i>/r • 1 Sir (ieorse E. Cartier an address to Her Majesty, pray- defines the pniicy ni . . f. -n ■ • 1 the (lovenjineiit. ing lor the admission ot British Columbia, entered into an explanation of the policy of the Government. He traced the history of Confederation from 1858, and showed how at every stage the union of all the Colonies had been steadily kept in view. In 1865, while the Delegates were in England, the question ol including the Pacific Colonies in the Dominion had been discussed, and provision made in the British North America Act for the admission of British Columbia. That union they were now called upon to perfect, the terms had been agreed to with the Delegates, and were offered for ratification by Parliament ; but he may say that the terms agreed on were of the TUTTLE’S IIISTOIIY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. nature of a treaty, and although the fullest and freest discussion would be allowed, there could be no amendment, the terms must either be accepted or rejected as a whole. He proceeded to explain the various sections of the agreement and said that it was fair to estimate the popula- tion at the number fixed on (60,000), as the returns from Customs and Excise showed that on that basis the people were paying about $6 per head, while in Canada the rate was only about |3. The representatives of British Col- umbia had claimed that they were entitled to estimate the population at 120,000 on the basis of taxation, but had finally agreed to the number named in the resolutions. The next point which was peculiar to British Columbia was the sixth section, which provided that certain pensions should be paid. He explained that under the existing system of Government in British Columbia there were a number of Crown appointments which were for life ; but in anticipation of Confederation, the people had determined to adopt Responsible Government as soon as the union was perfected, and many of these officers would lose their places of emolument. He had no doubt but that the ser- vices of some of them could be utilized by the Federal Government, but he thought that it was only just that those who could not be so pro- vided for should be pensioned. With regard to the 7th section, he said that it had been inserted at the rec[uest of the Delegates, and as the Domi- nion would derive larger Customs duties under the British Columbia tariff than under the Canadian, there was no objection to allowing it to remain as it was if the people wished it. He next referred to section 11, which guarantees the building of a railway to the Pacific. He said that there had been a great deal of misconception about this railway, and it was thought the Gov- ernment intended to build it itself at an enormous cost, which would entail very heavy taxation. The Government had no idea of building the road itself, but would build it by the aid of companies, which would receive large grants of land, and, perhaps, a small money subsidy. They relied principally on the land to build the road. The length of the road would be about 2,500 miles, and it was proposed to give twenty miles of public land to each mile of railway, which would give 64,000,000 acres of land, worth, on an average, one dollar per acre, which would of itself be almost enough to build the road. It was absolutely necessary that the Govern- ment should have complete control of these lands, and for that purpose British Columbia had agreed to give up such lands as should be required on payment of $100,000 per annum. There would be about 15,360,000 acres of land so given up, which was worth one dollar per acre ; and as the Government only guaranteed what would be the interest on $2,000,000, it was a clear gainer of $13,360,000. If any money subsidy was given it would be in annual instalments, in such manner as not to increase the burden of taxation. In reply to questions, he said that the estimated cost would be about $100,000,000. With regard to the clause relating to the care of the Indians, he said it embodied the policy always pursued by the Canadian and British Governments with regard to them. He concluded by again refer- ring to the importance of the scheme before the House, particularly instancing the importance to a nation of the maritime element. The union of British Columbia would give Canada double maritime strength, and would lay the foundation of a maritime power that would be second only to England. He felt that this country was destined to be a great power, and the admission of British Columbia was a great and necessary step towards reaching our ultimate destiny. 5. — Hon. Mr. Holton said this was essentially a financial question. The Minister of Militia had told the House that the ^ ^ Government intended to have a objeutions to the resolutions. railway built which would cost $100,000,000, but it was not to increase the burdens of the people ; he would like to hear from the Finance Minjster how this great financial feat was to be accomplished. Sir Francis Hincks said he was not prepared to go into details on the financial arrangements GOYEKNMENT OF LOED LISGAE-THE ADMISSION OF BEITISH COLUMBIA. 223 involved in the resolutions ; but he may say in general terms that the Grovernment proposed to give a large land grant, and a liberal money subsidy, for building the railvray ; it was not expected that the subsidy would exceed one million to one million and a quarter dollars per annum, and he thought that could be met out of reveiiiie, without increasing taxation. The Government would pay the cost of preliminary surveys, but it would be made a first charge' against the subsidy. With regard to financial arrangements other than the railway, he thought that the whole payments to British Columbia would be about -1460,000, and the receipts from the Province |360,000, leaving a charge of $100,000 per annum upon Canada, which could be met out of revenue. Sir A. T. Galt said that, with two restrictions, he was willing to accept almost any terms which would bring the Pacific Colony into the Union. These two restrictions were that the constitutional rights defined by the British North America Act should not be infringed on ; and the Dominion should not enter into heavier financial engagements than it was able to sustain. He thought that with the construction of the Intercolonial, the enlarge- ment of the canals and the obligations of defence, the four millions of people had already about as many burdens as they could bear. He pointed out the difference between the original proposal of British Columbia to have a Coach Road, and the terms agreed on to build a rail- way ; also that the proposed terminus of the road had been changed from Fort Garry to Lake Nipissing. The new arrangement was much more than British Columbia had asked for, and much more burdensome. He had hoped that the Finance Minister would have been more explicit in his statement, for he (Sir A. T. Galt) thought that British Columbia would prove far more expensive than was shown by the state- ment of the Finance Minister. The population a year before was estimated at 10,000 whites, and 40,000 Indians. The revenue in 1868 was 1585,000 ; in 1869, $573,000; in 1870, $537,000, of which $350,000 was estimated to be from Customs and Excise. He calculated that under the existing tariff Canada would receive about $386,700 from British Columbia, and pay about $526,000 ; but the adoption of the Canadian tariff would reduce the receipts by about $90,000, so that there would be an annual charge against Canada of about $250,000. He could not see how the Government expected to build the road without increasing the burden of tax- ation, when the House was told that the agree- ment was of the nature of a treaty, and that the road must be built in ten years. With regard to the fact that the representation of British Columbia was not based on population, he would merely remark that every such departure from the principle of the Confederation Act was calculated to revive complaints of past times. He thought it would be far better for new Pro- vinces to pass through a probationary period, similar to the Territorial Government of the States, and then there need be no violation of the constitution. 6. — Hon. Mr. Tilley desired to make some explanations with reference to the action of the Government. The British Col- , - - , Hon. Mr. Tilley umbia delegates had wanted a defends the guarantee of a loan of XIOO.OOO sterling, in perpetuity, to build a graving dock ; but the Dominion Government had refused to give a guarantee for more than ten years, as it was thought that in that time there would be a railway, and the dock ought to be self-sustaining. With resrard to the Coach Road, it was found that it would be so expensive, on account of the cost of labour in British Columbia, that it was thought better to push on the railway and not have the Coach Road at all. With regard to the railway, that was a necessity. As soon as the Dominion Government acc[uired the North- West Territory it incurred the responsibility of building a railway to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, as a necessity to opening up that territory, and the union with British Columbia would only cause an extension of the road to the Pacific. He argued that the opening of the road would greatly reduce the cost of freight, which was then from twelve to fourteen cents per pound, and 224 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA. so encourage immigration, and that in a few years British Columbia would have a very large population to assist in bearing the burden of the cost of the road. He thought the railway could be built very cheaply if fifty millions of acres of land was given to aid it. He thought that Parliament could afford almost any quantity of land and a liberal grant of money to get the road built. He did not believe that the engineer- ing difficirllies woirld be great ; and dwelt at some length on the importance of having the road and effecting an union .with British Col- umbia, intimating his fear that if the Dominion lost this opportunity of uniting the Province with itself, British Columbia would be looking elsewhere for rrnion. 7. — Mr. Mackenzie said that, as an ardent friend of Confederation, no one desired more strongly than himself to see the Mr. Mackenzie „ , p n t-> offers an amendment federation ot all the Proviiices to the resolutions. , ,.ii ,i accomplished ; still there were very serious considerations to be looked at in reviewing the propositions submitted to the House. He regretted that the gentlemen on the Government side of the House could not discuss the matter for half an hour without threatening that if the proposition was rejected British Columbia would seek annexation to the United States. If the Government was in posses- sions of information w^hich authorized the asser- tion, the House ought to be given that inform- ation ; but he did not suppose there was any real ground for the assertion, and that it was a mere piece of empty declamation. He was not disposed to accept the assertion of the Govern- ment that these resolutions must be regarded in the light of a treaty, and that the House must not alter them. He could not consent to the view that the House was only to express its opinion, but make no change. He thought that it was the duty of the House to very carefully consider this matter, and to eliminate anything that might tend to cause trouble in the future. He held that one of the most essential ingre- dients in national prosperity was a strict regard for constitutional obligations and the position we occupy relatively to other powers, whether they be Provinces or Independent Nations ; and yet the House was asked yearly, if not daily, to disregard the principles of the British North America Act, which was the basis of our political system. One of the great principles which had been struggled for for years, and which was gained by the British North America Act, was Representation by Population ; and the* resolutions now before the House were a very grave infringement of that j)niiciple. He did not insist that the principle should be rigidly applied to the Senate, and although there was disproportion in allowing British , Columbia three representatives in that body, he should not make it a ground of serious objection ; but he strongly protested against the direct viola- tion of the principle of Representation by Population shown by giving the scanty popu- lation of British Columbia six representatives in the House of Commons. It must be remem- bered that there was a vast tract of country between Manitoba and British Columbia, where new Provinces would spring up ; and if the same rule was applied to them as was now pro- posed towards British Columbia, the principle of Representation by Population would be destroyed. The House had been told that four- sixths of the alleged population was made up of Chinese and Indians ; but it must be remem- bered that the political system of Canada had never given representation to Indians ; and it was unfair to ask to give to a new Province what had never been granted to the old ones. He favored a liberal policy towards a young Col- ony sparsely xropulated, and would favor a large grant of money ; but he did not think the land to be acquired by the Government so valuable as it was represented to be ; indeed, he was of opinion that most of the land west of the Rocky Mountains was of poor cjuality, and this impres- sion was borne out by the large importation of articles of food which showed that very little was produced. He looked upon the acquisition of the Colony as a political necessity ; and although he did not share the fears of the Minister of Customs with regard to annexation, still he thought the sooner the Colony was united GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE ADMISSION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 225 1 to Canada the better. Yet he would not urge too much haste or mistakes may be made, as had been done at Confederation, for he thought if more time had been taken then we should not ; have had the trouble which had subsequently arisen with Noya Scotia. He differed entirely with the Government policy on the railway question. He did not think that the right way to build a great railway was to give away all the good lands ; he considered that they should be kept for Free Grants to immigrants, and thought that the policy of giving all the best lands to the j railway would retard immigration. The Govern- ment had asserted that Ontario would give nine millions of acies to aid the enterprise, but there was no evidence that Ontario would do so ; and even if she did, the land in the section where the railway would run was of poor quality and not good for much. With regard to the build- ing of the road the House had no information ; there were no surveys, and the Government had ' given no information as to the engineering ; difficulties. These, he believed, would be very ' great east of Winnipeg; w^est of that place to , the Rocky Mountains he did not anticipate 1 much difficulty, but west of the Rocky Moun- tains the country was very rough and the difficulties would, probably, be very great. He was quite willing to give British Columbia a liberal grant to carry on her local services, but he was totally opposed to undertaking such an immense burden as guaranteeing to build this gigantic railway in ten years. He did not believe it could be accomplished, and he con- sidered it most unjust to delude the people of British Columbia with the idea that it could be done. He concluded by moving in amendment, that all the words after “that” be struck out and the following inserted : “ The proposed terms of Union with British Columbia pledge the Dominion to commence within two years, and complete within ten years the Pacific Rail- way, the route for which has not been surveyed nor its expense calculated. The said terms also pledge the Government of Canada to a yearly payment to British Columbia of the sirm of $100,000 in perpetuity, equal to a capital sum of $2,000,000, for the cession of a tract of waste land on the route of the Pacific Railway to aid in its construction, which British Columbia ought to cede without charge in like manner as the lands of Canada are proposed to be ceded for the same purpose. This House is of opinion that Canada should not be pledged to do more than proceed at once with the necessary surveys, and, after the route is determined, to prosecute the work at as early a period as the state of the finances will justify.” 8. — Dr. Grant and Mr. Masson (Terrebonne) supported the policy of the Government, the former advocating protection of the fur trade ; and the latter condemns the policy . T-» • • 1 1 1 • Government. arguing that British Columbia would be a more valuable acquisition than Manitoba. Mr. Cartwright dwelt on the immen- sity of the undertaking and the great increase to the debt which it would necessitate. The debt at present, with the obligations which the country had pledged itself to fulfill, amounted to $130,000,000 ; the present resolutions would add about $6,000,000 to that, and the railway — according to the estimate of the Government — would cost $100,000,000 more, making a total of $236,000,000. If instead of building the rail- way itself, the Gov^ernment turned it over to a Company and gave the immense grant of land spoken of, it was a very serious thing for the House to consider the importance of placing in the hands of a single Corporation a tract of land equal in area to the New England States. He was confident that the acquisition of the Colony would involve expense in the way of defence, not a standing army exactly, but some force something like the Irish Constabulary, for it must be remembered that the Colony was 2,500 miles from the Central Government, and would be liable to have its peace disturbed either by the Indians within its own borders or by incursions of Indians from the United States. He counselled the House to pause and reflect before pledging itself to build a rail- way which would cost more than our present national debt. Mr. Young said that as a friend of Confederation, he was glad to see British 1 26 226 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF TUB UOMINIOU OF CANADA. Columbia asking to be taken in ; but he would have preferred to have seen all the Atlantic Provinces united first. There were many ob- jectionable features in the resolutions, such as allowing a subsidy of eighty cents per head on a population of 60,000, while the actual population was only 12,000 ; of pensioning Government officials, and of allowing three representatives in the Senate and six in the House of Commons — which was giving one representative in the House to every 2000 inhabitants, while in the other Provinces there was only one to every 20,000, — but he could have allowed all these, as he wished to deal in a liberal spirit with the Colony, had it not been for the guarantee to commence to build a rail- way to the Pacihc in two years, and complete it in ten. This was more than British Columbia asked, and a great deal more than should have been agreed to. He then quoted from Mr. Saudford Fleming to show that the railway would cost $100,000,000 to build, and $8,000,000 a year to maintain, Mr. Fleming holding that it would need an income of $14,000,000 a year to make it pay. He was not opposed to the Pacific railway, but what was objectionable and dangerous was the guarantee to finish it in ten years. Unless a Company could be found willing to undertake it for the land grant, the Dominion would have to build the road itself, and this he did not consider it was in a position to do. He objected to the payment of $100,000 a year for the wild lands granted, and showed that British Columbia would draw $614,726 per annum from the Treasury, and only contribute $386,700 to it, and this would be reduced to $257,800 if the Canadian tariff was adopted. He was willing to be liberal, but he did not think the Dominion was in a position to pay the new Province two dollars for every one it contributed. Mr. Blake said it appeared to him as if the Government was not honest in its professed desire to have British Columbia enter the union, and had purposely proposed prei^osterous terms, which the House was bound to reject, so as to defeat the scheme. These terms irrevocably bound the House to build a railway in ten years, without having the slightest information on the subject. It was utterly vain for the Government to suppose that it would realize any considerable sum from these lands, whether the country was settled or not ; and it must be borne in mind that the Government was pledging that it would build the railway itself in ten years — the idea of a Company was an after-thought, and if no Com- pany was found the Government was bound to complete the road itself in ten years. He objected very strongly to the limitation of time, and urged that it was amply sufficient that the Government should pledge itself to build the road as speedily as the financial position of the country would justify. British Columbia had not asked more than that, and that was all any reasonable man could expect. He maintained that Parliament ought not to be asked to pledge itself to carry out so vast an undertaking with- out the fullest possible information as to its cost and the ability of the country to meet it, and the House had really no information at all before it. He strongly urged the adoption of the amendment. Mr. Bolton briefly i^ointed out the enormous charges involved in the resolu- tions without any adequate information, and declared his intention to support the amendment. The debate was then adjourned. 9. — On the following day the debate was resumed by Colonel Gray, who, in a lengthy argument, defended the policy p , , ^ ITT 1 Col. Gray defends the of the Government. He agreed, resolutions. Mr. Joiy with the member for Sherbrooke, that the two most important considerations were that the constitution should not be infringed, and that Canada should not undertake too great financial responsibilities. As to the first point, he argued that the British North America Act did not limit representation to whites, and that there was nothing in it to prevent Indians from being represented. If the strict letter of the Act with regard to Representation by Popula- tion was followed, British Columbia, if allowed any representation at all, would only have one member ; and he called attention to the fact that the Province was divided into two sections, the island of Vancouver and the Mainland, GOVEJRN.MENT OE LOED LLSGAE— THE ADMISSION OF BEJTISII COLUMBIA. the interests of which were very dissimilar^ and pointed ont that if only one member was allowed, one section must go unrepresented. He argued that the admission of Manitoba with a larger representation than was in accordance with the British North America Act had established a precedent, and held that the argument then advanced, that the popu- lation would rapidly increase, was equally api:)licable to British Columbia. The position he took was that a Province could not be governed by the provisions of the British North America Act until after it had entered the Union ; and if British Columbia pleased to stipulate before entering that its interests required six representatives in the House of Commons, there was nothing in the British North America Act to preA^ent six members being allowed. With regard to the ability of Canada to build the road he entered into a detailed account of the cost of the Union Pacific road, showing the difficulties which had to be OA’^ercome, and argued that the Cana- dian Pacific would be much easier to construct, and that the prosperous condition of the country fully justified the undertaking. He said there was much misconception about the cost, as it was made to appear that the Dominion would haA^e to bear the whole expense of the road — some $100,000,000 — which was not the case, as the road would be built by a private Company, with the aid of public lands, &c., which was a A'ery different thing from the GoA^ernment under- taking the whole expense. Mr. Joly said that the policy of the Government reminded him of the fable of the frog and the ox ; the frog tried to emulate the ox, and went on swelling and swelling himself until he burst, and when he (Mr. Joly) heard the Minister of Militia he thought that the Dominion was like the frog, and only hoped it would not share the same fate. He contended that the great advantage which Canada had possessed over the United States was its lighter taxation ; but, if we added $100,000,000 for this railway to the debt we already had, we should haA^e a larger debt in proportion than the States had, and taxation would accordingly be higher. He pointed out that the land grant to the railway was only half that of the United States to their Pacific road ; that neither the freight nor passenger traffic was likely to be as much, while the cost of the road would be greater, and argued that, under these circumstances, it was not at all likely that any Company would undertake to build it, and the result would be that the road would haA^e to be built by the GoA^ernment. He considered the railway at least a quarter of a century in adA’^ance of the resources of the country ; and he thought it would be most honest to tell British Columbia so, and, if she still pleased to enter the Union, let her do so. If British Columbia was only waiting to see who would offer her the best terms, the United States or Canada, he for one was not xrrepared to offer so much as the resolutions called for. He considered that the Northern Pacific Railway, now being built in the United States, wmuld meet all the require- ments of the North-West for many years to come. 10. — Mr. Jackson said that, while the abstract principal of Representation by Population may be right, he thought there Mr. Mills’ objection... were other considerations which should be taken into account in resolutions, dealing with the iieAV Province. If the present prosperity continued, he had no doubt of the ability of Canada to build the road in the siAecified time. Mr. Mills attacked the argument of the member for St. John (Col. Gray) with regard to taking the case of Manitoba as a pre- cedent. He (Mr. Mills) held that the Manitoba Act was a breach of the articles of Confeder- ation, and could not be regarded as a precedent. W ith regard to giAung representation to Indians, that was contrary to the usage of all the other Provinces. He held that the principle of Repre- sentation by Population was expressly laid down by the Quebec Conference and the British North America Act as the basis of represent- ation in Parliament, and no other basis was constitutional. He would ask the House whether it was just, for the sake of a population of ten thousand which had been languishing for years. 228 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. to incur a greater amount of debt than had been incurred by the whole of British North America since its settlement. He did not consider the cases of the American and Canadian Pacihc Railways at all parallel, for the Americans had a population of one million on the Pacific and thirty millions east of the Rocky Mountains, while we had only ten thousand on the Pacific and four millions east of the Rocky Mountains ; besides which the American railway system extended one thousand miles further west than ours before they began to build their road. It was said that the road could be built in ten years, but, at the same time, it was seen that the Intercolonial, which was not over one-fifth of the length, would take seven years to complete, and, at the same rate, it would require thirty- seven years to finish the Pacific Railway, and he did not think it right of Parliament to pledge posterity so far ahead as that. He thought the proposal of the Gfovernment would not only crii')ple Canada l)ut British Columbia as well, and so injure the whole country as to render it unable to take advantage of any favorable opportunities that may arise in the future. Hon. Mr. Langevin reminded the House that the resolutions had been i^assed unanimously by the Legislative Council of British Columbia on the understanding that they would be accepted by the House without amendment. He con- tended that the present terms were not less favorable to Canada than those originally pro- posed, as they only gave three representatives in the Senate instead of four, and six in the Commons instead of eight. There was no com- parison between the Intercolonial and the Pacific Road, as the former had to be a Gfovernment work, while the latter would be built by a private Company. He thought there was no doubt of a private Company being found when such liberal grants of land and money were offered. He contended that the country was already pledged to build a road to the Rocky Mountains, and it would be very short-sighted policy not to extend it to the Pacific. The pre- sent debt was only $80,000,000, not $100,000,000 as had been stated, and it would not be increased anything like another $100,000,000 by the rail- way, as the greater part of the cost of that would be paid by land grants. It was absurd to suppose that we could ever people the North- West by the aid of the Northern Pacific, a road which was distant from our frontier all the way from one hundred to two hundred miles. It was necessary to fix a period for the completion of the road in order to give confidence to British capitalists as well as British Columbia ; but he had no doubt but that British Columbia would agree to an extension of the period if it was found that it could not be built in the time specified. Hon. Mr. Smith took strong excep- tion to the clause which required the road to be built in ten years, no matter what ruin it brought uj)on the country, and said that no verbal assurances of Ministers could extend the time after the terms had been accei)ted by the House and ratified by the Imperial Parliament. It had been argued that the road was a political necessity, but no Company would build it for that reason ; it must be shown that it would pay as a commercial enterprise, and the only evidence on that point was Mr. Fleming’s, which showed that it would not pay one-tenth of working expenses ; it would therefore follow that no Company would undertake it, and the Dominion would have to build the road itself. It had been stated that if the Dominion. did not grant the terms, British Columbia demanded that Colony would annex itself to the United States. He would ask the House if it was seriously expected to believe that these ten thousand white peojile on the Pacific coast would be quietly permitted to disrupt the British Empire ? And even if they were, that was an Imperial question and not one to be settled by the Parliament of Canada. Canada could not reasonably be expected to buy the loyalty of these people at such a heavy cost. The improve- ment of our canals was a part, and a very important part, of Confederation. And the work had not been commenced yet because the country could not afford it, and yet the House was asked to sanction a scheme which would add $100,000,000 to our debt. Mr. Rymal GOVERNMENT OF LORD JJSGAR— THE ADMISSION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. opposed the resolutions on the grounds that they violated the constitution by giving British Columbia one representative for every two thousand inhabitants, which was from ten to twenty times the proportion of representation in the other parts of the Dominion. With regard to the financial aspect he said that the present debt was $116,000,000; it would require $15,000,000 more to finish the Intercolonial ; $20,000,000 would be needed to improve the canals and the proposed railway would cost $150,000,000, making a total debt of over $300,000,000, which at five per cent, would require $15,500,000 a year to pay interest. The present income was $15,500,000 and the expenditure $14,345,000, and he feared that such wholesale additions to our burdens would lead to national bankruptcy. Hon. Mr. Dunkin argued at considerable length in favor of the resolutions, on the ground that the country was already pledged to the policy of bxrilding a Pacific Railway as a completion of Confeder- ation. He argued that a through road to the Pacific could be built at a cheaper rate than one only to the Rocky Mountains, which must be had to open up the North-West. The debate was then adjourned. 11. — On the resumption of the debate, on the 30th, Mr. Jones (Halifax) moved, in amend- ment to the amendment, that the Mr. Jones moves an p , . . , , n i - mi amendment to the followmg words be addeu, “ The .amendment. proposed engagement respecting the said Pacific Railway, would, in the opinion of this House, press too heavily on the resources of Canada.” He said it would be well for the Gov- ernment to pause and consider before adding the irroposed immense burden of taxation. It must be remembered that there were other Provinces yet to be added to the Dominion, Newfounland and Prince Edward Island, and this large acces- sion of debt would be very apt to deter them. It had been stated that the building of this road was necessary to prevent British Columbia from annexing itself to the United States; but he would ask why Canada should pay such an immense sum to prevent this consummation. Far from preventing annexation, however, he 229 thought this action would rather tend towards it; hitherto, one of the principal arguments against annexation had been that we were so much more lightly taxed than the United States ; that while their debt equalled $60 per head of the population, ours was only $27 ; but if this enormous liability was incurred the tables would soon be turned, and oxir taxation would be greater than that of the United States. He asked the House to take a business-like view of the matter and say whether the country was in a condition to assume such a heavy responsi- bility. Mr. Bod well, in seconding the amend- ment, ridiculed the idea of a rejection of the terms causing British Columbia to seek annexa- tion, and said the argument was only used to frighten some of the doubtful supporters of the Government to vote for the measure ; he did not object to a land grant to aid in constructing a railway, but thought the iwoposed quantity too small, and that a very large money grant would be needed in addition ; he thought, also, that the Hudson’s Bay Company should give at least 2,000,000 acres as it was largely interested in opening up the North-West. He considered it immoral in any Government to undertake obligations it could not fulfil ; and he did not see how the Government could reasonably expect to fulfil the obligations it was asking the House to assume. Hon. Mr. Morris expressed sxirprise that two such professed advocates of Confederation as the members for Sherbrooke and Lambton, should oppose a scheme which would effectually perfect Confederation. The honorable member for Sherbrooke had said that he preferred the terms originally proposed by British Columbia ; these terms had stipulated for the bxxilding of a Coach Road in three years, and the expenditure of at least $1,000,000 per annum on the railway ; he (Mr. Morris) was sure the House would not think these terms preferable to those proposed by the Government. The honorable member for Lambton had said that he was opposed to locking up lands by putting them in the hands of a Company, yet, by his amendment, he was taking the most effectual way to lock them up by denying a(;cess to them. 230 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. for how coirld settlement be encouraged unless means were found to get at the lands ? It had been said that there was very little arable land in British Columbia, but he could state on the authority of the Hon. Mr. Trutch, Surveyor- Groneral of the Province, that fully one-third of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, or 50,000,000 acres was good farming land. He considered the railway more of a necessity to Canada than it was to British Columbia, and argued that if the Northern Pacific could be built on a land grant alone there would be no difhculty in inducing capitalists to undertake the Canadian Pacific where the natural obstacles were fewer, and a money grant would be added to the land. Mr. Oliver thought that no better terms should be given to British Columbia than to the other Provinces, and it was mani- festly unjust to pledge $100,000 a year for lands which had not been shown to be worth any- thing, and which would only be a source of expense to the Dominion. He 1 bought these lands should have been left in the hands of the Local Grovernment to encourage immigration with by liberal free grants. He favored the admission of British Columbia and the build- ing of the railway, but ojrposed the resolutions as giving too liberal terms and imposing too heavy obligations on Canada. Mr. Magill opposed the resolutions on the grounds that they unduly favored British Columbia at the expense of the other Provinces, and imposed too heavy brrrdens on the people. Mr. Colby supported the policy of the GTovernment, and thought that the finances of the country had never been in a better condition to undertake the construction of the railway. Hon. Mr. Anglin said he fully and freely accepted Con- federation and all the obligations which it entailed, one of which was the admission of British Columbia, but he did not consider the scheme proirosed one of the legitimate results of Confederation at all. Taken on its merits, the scheme was objectionable in every way. He objected to violating the Constitution to give British Columbia six members in the Commons ; to pensioning officials, and to grant- ing $100,000 a year — under a shallow pretence of buying land — to keei) a corrupt and extrava- gant Grovernment in power ; and he objected still more strongly to building the railway on any such terms as those proposed. He wished that the House could have the secret history of the measure before it, for he was convinced that no Canadian Grovernment, of its own free will, would dare take the responsibility of making so mionstrous a proposition. The House was asked to pledge itself blindfold to build a railway within a given time without even knowing whether it was not an impossi- bility to build one at all. The experience of the Red River Expedition had shown the region through which the road must pass to be little better than a mass of rocks and water; and beyond the Rocky Mountains the country was again very difficult. He read extracts from the Victoria (B.C.) Colonist to show the difficult nature of the country through which the road would pass, and said that the cost of forwarding supplies would be enormous, and that the Grovernment ought, at least, to have brought down a complete survey of the road to show where it was to be built, and what its cost would be. He considered the Grovernment esti- mate of the cost altogether too low, and said some authorities placed it as high as $200,000,000 to $240,000,000. The Grovernment was fast driv- ing the country into the American system of debt and taxation, and when we had those what barrier would then be between us and annexation ? The building of this road would enormously increase taxation, and although it might also increase immigration, no one would pretend that it would induce anything like a sufficient immigration in ten years to compen- sate for the immense outlay. Referring to the present condition of the country and the apparent surplus, he said that was mostly caused by the interest on the Intercolonial Railway loan and the debt repaid by the Gtreat Western Railway, and the House should not be misled by this seeming prosperity into undertaking any excessive responsibilities. A Company had been spoken of, but where GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE ADMISSION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 231 was the Company, and how could it raise $75,000,000 on 50,000,000 acres of barren land ? He argued that British Columbia must be unfit for settlement, else why had the population decreased so much of late years ? California had grown to be a great State after the gold fever died out, and why had not British Columbia ? He could assign no other reason than that it was unsuited for cultivation. 12. — Sir Francis Hincks said he assumed that both sides of the Hoirse favored Confederation ; Sir Francis Hindis’ and he desired to call attention lfr’MacaougaiV°"‘ to the fact that all the proceed- the Government policy, iiigs Were of the character of negotiations between two parties, as to the best means of accomplishing an object oli which both were agreed. The Government had entered into negotiations, and the whole House, with one or two exceptions, seemed in favor of connection with British Columbia and the building of the railway, although they may differ as to terms. It had never been intended that the Government should build the road itself, but that it should be done by a Company, and all calculations had been based on that understanding. The Government scheme was a modification of that proposed by British Columbia, and although the Government would not agree to a sti^Dulated annual expenditure, it fully admitted the necessity of building the railway. In reply to a question by Mr. Scatcherd as to whether the road would be built if the land would not build it, he replied that the Government had not expected to be able to build the road on the land grant alone ; it would be necessary to give a money subsidy as well, and he supposed that would amount to a million or a million and a quarter per annum, but whether it would be given as a subsidy or as a guarantee on the share capital of the Company had not been determined. The Government had no intention of incurring any such debt as $100,000,000, and if there was no other way of building the road he may say that the scheme would be abandoned ; he did not consider that they would be bound to go on at all hazards of ruin to the Dominion ; and if the road could not be completed in the sx'>ecified time he was sure British Columbia would not be dissatisfied as long as Canada had done all she could. Mr. Workman regretted that he should have to dissent from the Government on its railway policy. He thought the road would involve the country to the extent of $50,000,000 at least, and that was more than the country could afford for a railway which would not pay. He ridiculed the idea of a trans-continental traffic for the products of the East, and said that any merchant knew those products would not bear railway travel. As to the Intercolonial, he believed it would be a source of expense and anxiety for many years to come, and thought it would be better to get one elephant off our hands before taking up another and a larger one. Hon. Mr. Macdougall accused the Government of failing in the final step towards the completion of Confederation. Taking an impartial view of the case, he must charge them with having struck a fatal blow at the great measure with which for the past few years they had been connected, and for the success of which they were pledged to this House and responsible to the country. They proposed for the sake of completing the Union, as they alleged, to load the Dominion with a debt of double the amount the people now labored under ; and he claimed that no such sacrifice was needed to accomplish that object. Under the British North America Act the Government had no right to enter into any such agreement as the one proposed with British Columbia, and tell the House that it was of the nature of a treaty and could not be altered. If it could not be changed, what was the good of submitting it to the House at all, and wasting days in discuss- ing it ? British Columbia was a Crown Colony with a very limited population, which was constantly changing ; and it was absurd to say that the future destinies of that Colony rested in the hands of the few thousand miners and adventurers who happened to be there now and may be away to-morrow. But the power had been given them to ask unreasonable terms, and 232 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINIOJ^ OF CANADA. they had done so, althovigh he did not believe that the majority of the people desired to force from Canada the terms proposed. What right had the people of that Colony, he would like to know, to stipulate that luiblic works should be under- taken 111 the North-West Territories and in the Province of Ontario ? That was clearly exceed- ing their power and infringing on the rights of the Dominion Parliament. The line of the proposed railway might be diAuded into three sections, the lirst of which through Ontario was barren, rocky, presenting many difficulties in the way of constructing a railway, and totally uns.uited for settlement ; the middle section was fertile and offered few obstacles, but was too sparsely settled to offer any hope of a railway paying for some years ; and the last section was through a mountainous, difficult country, the agricultural resources of which were very doubtful. It was not at all probable that any Company would undertake to build a road through such a country, and if no Comi)any could be found he would like to know whether the GfoA'ernment would undertake to build the road ? He thought it would be a far better plan to build a railway through the Fertile Belt from Pembina to the Rocky Mountains, and from thence haA^e a good post road to the Pacific. From Pembina connec- tion could be had with the other parts of the Domiiiion by the Northern Pacific; and the Dominion AA'ould soon haA^e a mixed road, part land, part Avater, through its own territory, which he thought would be amply sirfficient for many years. Objection might be taken to the excessiA^e representation allowed, and to the large money payments to be made to the Colony ; but he was not disposed to be niggardly toAA^ards new Provinces, thinking that they should have liberal means at their disposal for local improve- ments. The excessiA^e representation was a A'iolation of the British North America Act, but it was an eA'il which Avould, probably, cure itself in a few years by the increase of popula- tion. 13. — Mr. Beaty would sujAport the resolutions, as he had eA^ery confidence in the GoA^ernment and fully endorsed their policy of opening up the North-West resofutions adopted „ , A p , 1 /-A without amendment. lor settlement. As for the Op- position it seemed to him that they had no policy except that they ought to sit on the Treasury benches, and then the North-West could open up itself. Hon. Mr. Dorion said that of the two aspects presented by the question, the political and the financial, the latter was the most impor- tant, and he had hoped to have heard some full explanations from the GoA^ernment on that point ; but beyond a A^ague statement by the Finance Minister that the cost of the railway would be not less than .$100,000,000, no informa- tion had been giA^en. It was with humiliation that he had heard a Minister of the Crown say that after entering into a solemn compact to build the road in ten years, the agreement could be broken if it was found inconvenient to carry it out. He referred to the heaA^y obligations the Dominion Avas already under, and the necessity of improAung the canals, and said that if he was desirous of seeing Confederation broken up he could think of no surer way than adopting these resolutions. He had been opposed to Confederation, and was not in favor of an indefi- nite extension of the Dominion ; but if the Dominion must be enlarged in some direction, it would be far better to extend it in the direction of NeAvfoundland with its 150,000 inhabitants, and Prince Edward Island, with its 100,000 settled residents than to British Colum- bia with its 10,000 nomads. He quoted from Mr. Sanford Fleming to show that a mac- adamised road would take seA'enteen years to build, and that a railway was a commercial absurdity, which woirld require eight millions a year to maintain it. He did not think there was any necessity for a Canadian Pacific Rail- way, as the American roads could gii^e us all the accommodation we required, and our money could be much better employed. He considered that the four millions of people inhabiting the basin of the St. Lawrence were more worthy of consideration than the few residents in British Columbia, and that if this A^ast sum of money was to be spent it should be spent in improving GOVEENMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE ADMISSION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 233 the canals, which wonld he of vast importance to the country, instead of wasting it on a useless railway. The ineml^ers were then called in and a vote taken on Mr. Jones’ amendment to the amendment, which was lost : Yeas, 63 ; Nays, 98. Mr. Ross (Dundas) moved in amendment, “ That, in the opinion of this House, the further consideration of the question be postponed for the present session of Parliament, in order that greater and more careful consideration may be given to a question of such magnitude and importance to the people of this Dominion.” Lost: Yeas, 75; Nays, 85. The vote was then, taken on Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment which was defeated by a vote of 67 to 94. Hon. Mr. Dorion then moved in amendment, “ That it be resolved in view of the engagements already entered into since Confederation and the large expendi- ture urgently required for canal and railway purposes, this House would not be justified in imposing upon the people of this Dominion the enormous burdens required to construct within ten years a railway to the Pacific, as proposed by the resolutions submitted to the House.” Lost : Yeas, 70 ; Nays, 91. The main motion was then carried on the same division, and the resolutions passed through committee. 14. — On the following day (31st of March) on Sir G-eorge E. Cartier moving concurrence in On the motion to ^f the Committee of Maekeozie offers ^he Whole Oil the resolutioiis, Mr. another amendment. Mackenzie reviewed some of the speeches made by the members of the Ministry in support of the resolutions. He was surprised that the Minister of Inland Revenue with all the sources of information at his command could only find that one-third of the Province was arable, and had to include Yancouver Island at that. Now in dealing with the question of the railway, Vancouver Island must not be included, for the railway would not run through it; and from all he (Mr. Mackenzie) could learn, not more than one-fourth or one-fifth of the Mainland was fit for agricultural purposes, and it had yet to be shown whether or not the other four-fifths of the country through which the road must run w^as good for minino- o o purposes. He ridiculed as absurd the statement of the Minister of Militia that the land purchased from British Columbia for $2,000,000 would be taken in account by any railway comirany as $15,600,000. He characterised the statement made by Ministers that the condition to build the road in ten years need not be complied with unless the Government pleased, as the greatest piece of political immorality he had ever heard uttered in the House. Parlia- ment could not afford to loosely enter into engagements it did not mean to perform, and he for one would never give his consent to any measure he was not prepared to fully carry out when the time came. He had been charged with saying that the railway was a political necessity. He denied ever having said so. What he had said, and was willing to admit, was that it was desirable to have communication with British Columbia as soon as the financial condition of the country would admit of ; but to undertake to build in ten years a railway from the Ottawa Valley, through a rocky and difficult country, to the Pacific Ocean would be an act of stupendous folly. He pointed out that the Northern Pacific Railway cmrld not pay the interest on its bonds ; that the G-rand Trunk had never yet paid one cent, and yet the House was asked to believe that this proposed railway, which for two-thirds of its route would pass through an uninhabited country, would be a grand success at once. We had two hundred miles of uninhabitable country lying between the head of Lake Superior and Winnipeg; and he would suggest a cheap narrow gauge railway and steamers on the stretches of navigable waters as all the means of communi- cation which would be needed for years to come. He considered the railway scheme one of the most foolish imaginable ; and what was it for ? To get some 10,000 people into the Union, who would cost the country over $10,000 per head ! Such terms argued either insane reck- lessness on the part of the G-overnment, or a painful want of patriotism which would greatly damage the country. He declared that it was monstrous to suppose that a small body like the 27 234 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. British Columbia Council should be allowed to draw lip propositions binding on the Parliament of the Dominion, and they were to be told that they must not alter them. He concluded by moving that all the words after “ that ” be omitted, and the following inserted ; “ That having regard to the vast importance of questions involved in the said resolutions, including the obligation to construct within ten years the Pacific Railway, the cost of which is estimated to exceed $100,000,000, time should be afforded to the people and their represent- atives for consultation before coming to a final decision, and that the consideration of the said resolution should therefore be postponed till next session.” 15. — Sir George E. Cartier said he had hoped that the three days discussion would have Several .amendments exhausted the matter, aiid he put and lost. would iiot liave had to speak again, but he felt compelled to reply to the remarks of the member for Lambton. The honorable gentleman objected to binding the country to build 2,500 miles of railway in ten years, and said we could not afford it. Did he forget that years ago when Canada was much more sparsely settled than it was now we had built 2,000 miles of road in eight years ? Had Canada been ruined by those works, or had her agricultural interests suffered ? Besides the railway she had also built the Victoria Bridge at Montreal, which alone cost as much as 500 miles of railway, and several other large bridges. If the railway could bo built at all, it could be done in ten years, and for his part, he rather considered the time too long than too short. The hundred millions expenditure was a bugbear, a phantom raised by the opposition ; there was no idea of spending any such sum, the Govern- ment purposely keeping control of its public lands to facilitate railway enterjjrises. He could not see that there was any object' to be gained by postponing the matter, as proposed in the amendment, and should therefore oppose it. Mr. Blake argued that the terms on which British Columbia was to be admitted had not been before the people, and therefore it was proper to postpone action until the people could have an opportunity of expressing an opinion. The Government had tried to make a point of the fact that the hundred millions was not to be all in cash ; but it had not been disputed that the cost would be that sum, and that beinff admitted it made little difference whether it was paid in land or money, it was the same drain on the resources of the country. The Govern- ment argument was that we would not be expected to perform impossibilities ; but an honest man would fulfil his obligations if it involved bankruptcy, and if the Government undertook these obligations it ought to be with the expectation of honestly fulfilling them. He thought it would be better to take more time to consider the matter, and would therefore support the amendment. Hon. Mr. Tilley maintained that there was no necessity for delay ; the scheme had been before the public for three months and had been favorably received, indeed it had been agitated through the press ever since Confederation. He thought that a money subsidy of $10,000 per mile would put the building of the road beyond question. Hon. Mr. Macdougall quoted from a report made by Mr. Hind, an officer of the Government, to show that there was only 40,000,000 acres of arable land in the Fertile Belt of the North- West ; and taking the arable land in British Columbia as 10,000,000, that would only make 50,000,000 acres, all of which was to be given to the Railway Company, and the Government would have no good land left for settlement. He denied that the scheme had been before the public for months, as it was only after the debate was commenced, on the twenty-seventh, that its full magnitude was made known. Mr. Jones (Leeds) said that although both sides deprecated party considerations he had never heard a question made a more thoroughly party one. He opposed the resolutions because he did not think the country could afford the expenditure ; and he was also of opinion that the Imperial Government ought to assist in any scheme for opening up the North-West. He did not consider that the land in British (;OVERNMh:NT OF LOET) LIS(JAR— TUB ADMISSION OF I3E1T1SII COLUMBIA. 235 Columbia could be very good, or there would have been more ^settlement there. He was in favor of consideration of the matter being- postponed, and should vote for the amend- ment. Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment was then put and lost by a vote of 68 to 85 Mr. Cartwright moved an amendment to the eleventh resolution to the effect that the Dominion Gfovernment pledged itself to use its best endeavours to complete the railway in ten years. Lost, Yeas 7, Nays 135. Mr. Bodwell moved in amendment to strike out all words after “ that ” and insert the following : “ That the proposed terms of union with British Columbia provide for representation in the Senate by three members, and in the House of Commons by six members, while the white population is about 10,000, and such represen- tation in the House of Commons is enormously in excess of the proper number according to the population, and is in violation of the fundamental principles of the constitution, a principle which ought not to be disturbed without the consent of the Provinces, and that the said resolutions be referred back to a Com- mittee of the whole House for the purpose of reducing the number of representatives in the House of Commons.” Mr. Killam moved, in amendment to the amendment, that the words “ population is about 10,000 ” in the amendment be struck out. Lost. — Yeas, 43 ; Nays, 100. Mr. Bod well’s amendment was then rejected. Yeas 58, Nays 87. Mr. Blake moved, in amendment, to strike out all words after “ that,” and insert the following : “ That the proposed terms of union with British Columbia provide for payment by the Dominion to British Columbia of a yearly sum of 1100,000 in perpetuity, equal to a capital sum of 12,000,000, for the cession of a tract of waste land on the route of the proposed Pacific railway, to aid in its construction, while any such land required for that purpose should be ceded without charge, in like manner as lands of the Dominion are to be ceded, and that the said resolutions be recommitted for the purx:)ose of amending the same in accordance with this resolution.” Lost; Yeas, 59; Nays, 84. The resolutions were then adopted, and an address based on them introduced and read the first time. 16. — On the motion of Sir Gleorge E. Cartier, on the following day ( 1st of April ) for the second reading of the address, Mr. Mackenzie said that his ted without''^ side did not intend to delay the House any longer, but would take one more vote as a protest against some of the terms. Having made this protest, the Opytosition would throw upon the CTOvernment the responsibility for the extraordinary terms which had been conceded in the address ; he therefore moved, “ That this House, while willing to give its best considera- tion to any reasonable terms of union with British Columbia, is of opinion that the terms embodied in the said address are so unreasonable and so unjust to Canada that this House should not agree thereto.” Hon. Dr. Tupper said that he had not hitherto taken any part in the debate, but had listened with mingled pain and pleasure to the remarks of other members , pain at hear- ing some old friends of Confederation opposing the resolutions, and pleasure at the able exposi- tions of the policy which he thought would bring Confederation to a great and glorious consummation. He argued at considerable length in favor of the resolutions, holding that the Canadian route to the Pacific was far better than either of the American routes, as it was easier of construction, and would bring Liver- pool and China 1000 miles nearer together than any other route, thus securing a large amount of traffic. Mr. Scatcherd said he was opposed to admitting British Columbia on these terms, or on any terms that would increase taxation. He did not think Confederation had been a success for three sections — Nova Scotia, Quebec and Manitoba — were dissatisfied ; and he did not find any difference between the position of the minority now and what it was in 1865. The Grovernment was quite as arbitrary and un- reasonable now as then. He should oppose the resolutions, for if they were passed every- thing we ate, drank or wore, for the next fifty years, would be stamped with Pacific Railway 236 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. taxes. Hon. Mr. Hunting-ton said, that although he had voted against Confederation, still he desired to see the scheme since it had been adopted, carried to complete success ; but Confederation was not a machine which would carry itself to success without careful and wise management. Already the national debt had been increased fifty per cent., and now it was proposed at one sweep to augment it $100,000,000. He argued that Confederation was quite as much an Imperial as a Colonial policy ; and if it was the duty of the Imperial Parliament to aid in constructing the Inter- colonial, it was a hundred times more its duty to assist in connecting the Eastern Provinces with the Pacilic. He would be glad to know if the Grovernment had any reason to give the House why they had forced the Empire from its share of this great work of consolida- ting the British power upon this continent ? As the Honorable Minister of Militia did not seem disposed to answer this qirestion, he would tell him what is being talked on this question outside of the House. It was stated that there were people outside of the House that were interested in this project. It was rumored that certain bankers and capitalists, who were al)le to bring great influence to bear upon the Grovernment, were anxious that the Dominion Grovernment should take such steps as would have the effect of convincing capital- ists that Canada was determined to build this railway in order to defeat the scheme of the Northern Pacific Pailway ; and the observations of the Honorable President of the Council seemed to give some color to these rumors. It had been used as an argument in favor of the resolutions that if they were not passed British Columbia would annex herself to the United States. British Columbia was a Crown Colony, and if it were really a part of the Im^^erial policy to consolidate British interests oil this continent, it would not make the difference of a feather’s weight if every man, woman and child in British Columbia voted for annexation, they would not be annexed. If any of the British possessions ever became annexed to the United States, it would be at the cannon’s mouth, and as the result of the utter ove«throw of British power on this continent. The British Govern- ment would never allow the 10,000 people in British Columbia to annex that vast and important country to the United States, and it was humiliating to hear Canadian Ministers advancing such an argument to act as a spur to hurry on their scheme. Mr. Rymal called attention to the fact that the Finance Minister had not yet explained hcrw he proposed to raise the money ; and proceeded to make a personal attack on Sir Francis Hincks. Mr. Thompson (Ontario) was opposed to accepting the terms without any evidence to show that we could carry them out. If it was intended to build the road with a land grant, it should be so expressed in the resolutions; or if it was pro- posed to give a money subsidy, that should be stated. A division was then taken on Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment, which was lost; Yeas 68, Nays 86. Sir A. T. Galt said that the Government had stated that it was not their intention to build the road out of the money resources of the Dominion, but that they would aid a Company with land and money ; in order to have this formally expressed he would offer the following amendment : “ That the said address be not now read a second time, but that it be read a second time on Monday ; and that, in the meantime, it be resolved that in accepting the terms of the union with British Columbia, this House understands that the engagement for the construction of the Pacific Eailway within ten years is subject to an understanding had between the Government of the Dominion and the Commissioners from British Columbia, and that the said railway shall be constructed through the medium of private Companies receiving subsidies in money and land, and that it was not intended to pledge the Dominion beyond the obligation of its money resources to a loyal and earnest prosecution of the work, without entailing undue and excessive burdens on the people.” Sir George E. Cartier opposed the resolution, but promised to bring down a resolution on Monday or Tuesday, explaining GOVERNMENT OF LORD LTSGAR— THE ADMISSION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 221 how the Grorenimeiit proposed to build the railway. Messrs. Mackenzie, Blake and Bowell expressed themselves unable to support the amendment. Sir A. T. Glalt’s amendment was then put and lost. Yeas, 7 ; Nays, 126. The main motion was then carried, the address passed and ordered to be engrossed. In accordance with his promise. Sir G-eorge E. Cartier, on 4th April, gave notice that on the next day he would move the Ibllowing resolution : “ That the Rail- way referred to in the. address to Her Majesty concerning the Union of British Columbia with Canada, adox)ted by this House on Saturday, the 1st April instant,* should be constructed and worked by private enterprise, and not by the Dominion Government ; and that the public aid to be given to secure that undertaking should. consist of such liberal grants of land, and such subsidy in money, or other aid, not unduly pressing on the industry and resources of the Dominion, as the Parliament of Canada shall hereinafter determine.” Mr. Mackenzie raised the point of order that the House had already voted down a similar proposition made by Sir A. T. Galt. The Speaker reserved his decision until the resolution was moved ; but the resolution was not brought up during the remainder of the session. 17. — The resolutions for the address were moved in the Senate, on the 3rd of Ai:)ril, by the „ „ , ,, Hon. Alex. Campbell who said lion. Mr- Campbell -*• reso'iuUous in® he quitc wcll aware of the vastness of the enterprise proposed, but it had formed part of the original plan for a Confederation of all the Provinces from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and he did not know that anyone re- garded an union with British Columbia as undesirable. The three most imi)ortant propo- sitions in the resolutions were reiu’esentation ; the financial arrangements other than the rail- way, and the railway itself. With regard to representation he did not think that the principle of Representation by Population could *It is worthy of notice th.at the.sc re.solutions, so full of importance to Canada and which led to the defeat of the Macdonald Ministry, were adopted on the lit of April. be strictly applied in the case of new Provinces or they would have no representation at all on account of the sparseness of their populations. Their future growth and increase of population must be taken into account also. This principle had been admitted by both Houses in the case of Manitoba, and approved by the Government and Parliament of England, and the same prin- ciple had been admitted in the negociations with Newfoundland, it was only fair, therefore, to apply it to British Columbia. It was a mis- take to say that Indians were not taken into account in the matter of representation in Canada, for all the Indians were being included in the present census, and it was most likely that they would form an element in the readjust- ment of representation which would take place after the census was completed. With regard to the second proposition he said that the scheme had been before the public for three mouths, and he had not seen any objections raised to it in the public press. He entered into details to show that Canada would receive about $363,500 per annum from British Columbia and pay out about $361,000, exclusive of $100,000 per annum for the land needed for the railway. As to the railway itself he said that Canada only guaran- teed to secure its construction, not to build it herself. The ten years clause he did not con- sider as compulsory, but only as a guarantee of good faith, for Canada could not be expected to perform impossibilities ; and if such an event as a foreign war, or any other unforseen circum- stance should arise to postpone the completion of the road, British Columbia could not object to the delay. Every one who had debated the question had admitted the necessity of building the road at some time, and the advantage of having British Columbia admitted to the Union ; and he could not see that anythinar was to be gained by delay, we were in excellent financial condition now and were not likely to be any better off’ in ten years time, and he knew of no reason for delay. Canada had sx:)ent $160,- 000,000 on rail wavs since 1854 and no one could deny that the country had been immensely benefited thereby. It was true that the share- 238 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. holders had not been very greatly benelited, hut the advantage to the country was unquestion- able ; yet if it had been said twenty years ago that this vast s\im would be expended on railways everybody would have predicted financial ruin for the country, but now who thought it a burden ? He thought that the road could be built with a money subsidy of from $7,000 to .fl0,000 per mile in addition to the land grant, and said that it would not press heavily on the people, as it would be spread over a number of years ; it would be 1873 before the surveys could be completed, and it would be built at the rate of perhaps, 100 miles the first year. 200 the second, and so on. This question was one which concerned not British Columbia alone but the whole Dominion, and especially the North-West which would never be built up without railway communication. 18. — Hon. Mr. Letellier de St. Just said that since Confederation was an accomplished fact Tipn. Mr. Letellier ^as willing to accept it and olers ail amendment. poWCl’ tO make it successful ; birt he could not support the extrava- gant financial policy contained in the resolutions. It had been urged that British Columbia might become annexed to the United States ; he thought that if the people there were not loyal enough to want to join Canada on reasonable terms, it would be best not to have British Columbia at all. He considered* the terms proposed most unreasonable ; and from the manner in which they had been passed in the British Columbia Legislature, and the Parliament of Canada told that no alteration could be made, it looked as if British Columbia proposed to annex the Dominion instead of the Dominion annex injr British Columbia. He argued that, taking the Intercolonial as a guide, the proposed railroad would cost $150,000,000, that no Company could be found to build the road for the land grant and the proposed subsidy of seven or eight millions of dollars, and that the Groveniment would have to build the road, which would involve the country in financial ruin. He criticised the entire absence of information on the part of the Grovernment, as to cost, &c., and said that 1 no honest person would enter on a private enterprise without counting the cost to see if he could afford it ; but the Grovernment wanted the House to pledge itself to build the road without knowing what it would cost, or whether the country could afford it. He claimed that the scale of representation was unjust to the other Provin- ces, and especially to Quebec, which was already unfairly dealt with at Confederation by having the number of her representatives fixed at sixty- live for all time, while the other Provinces would increase their number. On the cpiestion of. pensions, he though! it strange that the Govern- ment had at Confederation dismissed many old servants of the Province of Canada without pensions, and reduced the salaries of others, and could now undertake to pension Public Officers in British Columbia. He concluded by moving in amendment, “ That in the opinion of this House, the further consideration of this question be postponed for the present session of Parliament, in order that greater and more careful consideration may be given to a question of such magnitude and importance to the people of this Dominion.” 19. — Hon. Mr.Wilmot, in seconding the amend- ment, said that he was not indisposed to carry out Confederation by the admis- n-n-j -1 /-II 1 - i-n The .address adopted Sion of British Columbia, and it in the Senate Till without amendment. the Government would embody in the resolutions, stipulations similar to those introduced in the House of Commons* it would remove many objections that he had to the scheme as it stood. He did not object to the liberal financial terms, but was strongly opposed to incurring any such gigantic work as the railway, without better information on the subject. He quoted from Allison, and other authorities to show the evil effects of undue railway speculation ; and urged that as business men they should carefully count the cost before i entering upon such an enterprise, and pause before rushing into expenditures which may lead to National bankruptcy. He reviewed the experience of New Brunswick with regard to * See Notice of Motion given by Sir (leorge E. Cartier in House of Commons on 4th April, page 237. GOVEKNMENT OF LOED LISGAE— THE ADMISSION OF BEITISH COLUMBIA. 231> building railways, and said that if the Govern- ment had come down with a definite proposal to give so much a mile and such a quantity of land to a responsible Company to build the road he would have given it his support ; but these general resolutions which pledged the country to more than it could perform, he was comi^elled to oppose. Hon. Mr. Miller dwelt on the many advantages wdiich had already accrued from Confederation ; and held that it was our duty to enlarge the union as rapidly as possible U}itil every square mile of British territory in North America was united under one Government. He explained at length the great resources of British Columbia, its magnificent forests, rich mines, not only of the precious metals but of coal, and splendid fisheries ; and argued that no time could be more favorable than the present for uniting with this fine Province. He wmimly advocated the building of the railway, and thought that the advantage of having a road from the Atlantic to the Pacific on British territory was so great that there would be no difficulty in attracting sufficient capital to ensure the success of the enterprise, without pressing too heavily on the resources of the Dominion. Hon. Mr. Sanborn raised the constitutio)ial objection to the resolutions that there was no provision made in the British North America Act for the appoint- ment of Senators from British Columbia, while the resolutions allowed three to that Province. He thought that if this railway was a part of the Imperial policy we ought to have Imx:>erial support and assistance ; but instead of receiving assistance the troops were withdrawn, and it looked as if we were expected to shift for our- selves. He argued that the population of British Columbia — even including Indians — had been greatly over-estimated, and the cost of the rail- way very much underestimated. He put the cost at not less than $150,000,000, and opposed the resolutions because he did not consider the Dominion could afford any such outlay as was required by them. Hon. Mr. Macpherson thought it was ridiculous to say that Parliament intended to incur a liability of $100,000,000 ; no Government would be so reckless as to think of such a thing ; the people would not stand it, and even if they would they could not borrow the money. He favored the union of all the Provinces at once and the building of the road, and supported the resolutions. Hon. Mr. Dever said that the advantages of union being admitted by both sides, it was only left to consider the terms, and he was quite satisfied with those proposed by the Government. Hon. Mr. Dickey thought we had been rather unfortunate in our negotiations for admitting new Provinces ; we had paid =£300,000 for the North-West, and got nothing for it ; we had offered far too liberal terms to Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, and now the House was asked to consider the terms proposed for the admission of British Columbia. He thought it would have been better if the Government had simply agreed to secure the building of the road through Companies, but as the agreement had been made he was prepared to support the resolutions. Hon. Mr. Chapais defended the resolutions at great length, and showed that the cost of the road would be about $94,000,000. He valued the land at $1.50 per acre, so that, even if the proposed Company only received 32,000,000 acres, it would h^ve $48,000,000 worth of land, and, w'ith a subsidy of $25,000,000 from the Govern- ment, he thought there would be no difficulty in the Company’s raising the balance. The debate was continued three days, and was participated in by Hon. Messrs. Smith, Holmes, Mitchell, Skead, Macfarlane, Botsford, Benson, and Flint, who supported the policy of the Government; and Hon. Messrs. Seymour, Wark, Reesor, MacMaster, Christie, McClelan, Odell, Olivier and Simpson, wdio opposed it. On the fifth a vote was taken on Hon. Mr. Letellier’s amendment, which was lost — Yeas, 21; Nays, 38. Hon. Mr. Sanborn then moved, seconded by Hon. Mr. Reesor, to insert the following : “ While this House desires the early union of British Columbia with the Dominion, and is prepared to adopt any plan consistant with a prudent and fair estimate of the resources of this country to secure this result, it cannot, with a due regard to our financial ability, concur in •240 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the terms set forth in said address and report, imposing’ n])on this Grovernment the absolute obligation to secrrre the completion of a railway communication ))etween the Pacific coast and the railway system of Canada.” Lost — Yeas, 21 ; Nays, 39. Hon. Mr. Sanborn, seconded by Hon. Mr. Leonard, moved the following amend- ment : “ That the railway referred to in the said address and approved Report ol the Committee of the Privy Council, shoirld be constructed and worked by irrivate enterprise, and not by the Dominion (xovernment, and that the public aid to be given to secure that irndertaking should consist of such liberal grants of land, and such subsidy in money, or other iad, not rrnduly pressing on the industry and resources of the Dominion as the Parliament of Canada shall hereafter determine.” Lost — ^Yeas, 21 ; Nays, 39. The main motion to adopt the resolutions was then carried. Yeas, 38; Nays, 21. We have given this chapter much the character of Parlia- mentary proceedings, but this has been thought ! desirable, inasmuch as the details of the admis- sion of British Columbia to the Confederation are not only imi^ortant as a subject of reference, but instructive as indicating the manner of the 1 political growth of the Dominion. CHAPTER XXL GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— ARBITRA- TION BETWEEN ONTARIO AND (QUEBEC. 1. — The provisions under which the arbi- trators WERE APPOINTED. — 2. TlIE CASE AS PRESENTED BY ONTARIO. — 3. ThE CASE AS PRE- SENTED BY Quebec. — 4. Replies to cases by Counsel for both Provinces. — 5. Interlo- cutory .TUDGMENT GIVEN BY A MA.JORITY OF THE Arbitrators. — 6. Hon. Judge Daa" resigns. — 7. The remaining arbi- trators decide to proceed, a precedent FOR THE Fisheries award. — 8. The terms OF THE AWARD DIVIDING THE DEBT, LIABILI- [ TIES AND ASSETS. — 9. ThE QuEBEC GOVERN- MENT, AND BOTH Houses of the LEtiisLA- TURE, PROTEST AGAINST THE AWARD. — 10. Sir John A. Macdonald decides that the Dominion Government has no power to INTERFERE IN THE MATTER. — 11. Mr. BlAKE MOVES FOR PAPERS AND CORRESPONDENCE. — 12. Resolutions that the Dominion assume THE WHOLE DEBT INTRODUCED BY HoN. Mr. Dorion, and declared out of order. — 13. Hon. Mr. Dorion renews his motion for AN Address. — 14. Sir George E. Cartier PROPOSES AN amendment TO THE MOTION. — io. Hon. Mr. Holton moves an amendment EQUIVALENT TO A MOTION OF WANT OF CON- FIDENCE. — 16. Synopsis of the debate. Hon. Mr. Holton’s motion defeated. 16 FOR, 95 AGAINST. — 17. OTHER AMENDMENTS LOST. The Government sustained by a VOTE OF 68 TO 40. 1. — A question which occupied a good deal of public attention at this time, and which wms the subject of several debates in . i 1 • ,1 • r The provisions under 1 arliament during the session ol which the Arbitrators , 1 P 1 AT- were appointed. 1871, was the aw^ard of the Arbi- trators appointed to determine how the debt of the Province of Canada at the time of Confeder- ation should be divided between the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It will be remembered that the debt of the Province of Canada exceeded the amount to be assumed by the Dominion, and that such surplus debt was to be divided between the two Provinces.* The maimer in which such division was to be made was provided for in the 142nd section of the British North America Act, 1867, which is as follows : “ The division and adjustment of the debts, credits, liabilities, properties and assets of Upper Canada and Lower Canada shall be referred to the arbitrament of three Arbitrators, one chosen by the Government of Ontario, one by the Government of Quebec, and one by the Government of Canada, and the selec- tion of the Arbitrators shall not be made until the Parliament of Canada and the Legis- *B.v sections 112, 114, 115, of the British North America Act, 1867, the debts of the three Provinces at Confederation were placed at ©62,500,000 for Canada, §8,000,000 for Nova Scotia, and §7,000,000 for New Brunswick ; and by section 113 certain assets were deolarcil to be the property of the I’rovince of Canada. (^()VKRXMI-]NT OF LORD T.ISGAR— A RBITRATION BETWBFN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. 241 latures of ( )ntario and Qnobec have met ; and j the Arbitrator chosen by the Grovernment of 1 C^xnada shall not be a resident either in Ontario ! or Quebec.” Under this authority the Honor- able David Lewis Macpherson, Senator, was i appointed Arbitrator on behalf of Ontario ; the Honorable Charles Dewey Day on behalf of Quebec ; and the Honorable John Hamilton Gray, M.P., on behalf of the Dominion, the date of the latter appointment being- 21st March, 1868. The Honorable John Hillyard Cameron, Q C., was counsel for Ontario, and Messrs. Lewis E. N. Casault,* and Thomas W. Ritchie, Q.C., for Quebec. The cases for the respective Pro- vinces were stated by printed factums. 2. — By the factum presented by the Province of Ontario the whole debt of the old Province of Tho case as presented Canada at the time of Confedera- by Ontario. placed at 173,039,553.92, and, consequently, the sum to be apportioned between Ontario and Quebec at $10,539,553.92 being- the excess over $62,500,000 assumed by the Dominion. Schedules were pre^xared giving the sums which had been spent on Local improvements in each Province since the Union, by which it was shown that $9,833,733.33 had been so sixent in Ontario, and $7,401,046 in Quebec, making a total of $17,735,579.52; and it was proposed that the excess at Confederation should be divided in the same ratio as the whole amount spent for local improvements bore to the amount spent in Ontario. This would have made the amount to be charged to Ontario $5,845,416.01, and to Quebec $4,694,137.90. Failing the acceptance of this proposition an offer was made to settle on the basis of population according to the last census (1861), which would have given the amounts as $5,867,738.43 to be charged to Ontario, and $4,675,805.49 to Quebec. Failing both of these a third proposition was made that the excess should be apportioned to the assets of Quebec and Ontario, capitalized at six per *The Hon. L. E. N. Ciisault was appointed a Puisne .Judge of the Superior Court, Quebec, on 27th May, 1870, and the Hon. George Irvine, Q.C., Solicitor-General of the Province of (iuebec, took his place as one of the counsel for that Province. cent., which would have made Ontario liable for $5,304,184.42 and Quebec for $5,235,369.53. It was contended that it was fair that the $10,539,553.92 to be divided, should be borne by the respective Provinces in the proportion in which they received monies for local purposes, and of which the debt formed a part. ' With regard to the second proposition it was argued that this mode of apportionment had been already adoyited by the Parliament of Canada with respect to the Municipalities Fund, and the Common School grants. With reference to the third scheme of divi.sion jn-oposed it was held that this mode could only be used by agreement, but that it was just in itself, as these assets arose from and formed part of the debt of the late Province of Canada, and were not for general, but local purposes ; and it was added on the pait of Ontario that no other mode of apportionment than one of the three submitted could be suggested. In the matter of dividing the assets it was ixroposed that each asset should be left in the Province in which it arose. This to be done upon a capitalization of income for four and-a-half years. The nominal par value of the assets, as stated in the schedules, showed an excess for Ontario of $2,826,571.40. The proposed capitalization gave Ontario $30,319.86 more than Quebec. Ontario claimed all the school lands, as having- been entirely derived from that Province and also a ixortion of the Seignioral Tenure arrangement, amounting- to $2,528.10. 3. — Council for Quebec, in setting forth their case, first remarked that from the terms of the British North America Act, 1867, The ca.e as presented there was a question as to '^y* 4 uebee. whether the Arbitrators had jurisdiction of over a portion of the assets of the late Province of Canada. They then contended that it would be manifestly unjust to make any division on the basis of population without taking- into account the relative financial po.sitions of the two Provinces at the time of their union in 1841 ; and also inquiring in whose interest, and in what proportion, the debt was incurred. They then proceeded to show that at the time 28 242 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. of Union the debt of Upper Canada was $5,925,779.54, while that of Lower Canada (less a contingent for Montreal Harbour, which was not likely to be ever called for) Avas only $60,996, against which she had to her credit $250,502.41, so that she actually had a surplus of $189,306.41, which amount, it Avas claimed, should be added to the debt of Upper Canada, making it $6,115,630.60. Taking the population of Upper Canada at that time as 465,377, and Lower Canada as 663,258, the counsel claimed that Lower Canada was entitled to a debt of $8,716,032.20, at the time of union, toirut her on an ecj^ual footing AAdth Upper Canada. Counsel claimed that it was impracticable to go into the origin of the debt, so as to show, Avith any degree of accuracy, on Avhose account it was contracted; nor AA'orrld it be just to take the assets as a basis, especially if only a part of them Avas taken into consideration. For instance, large sums of money Avere spent on the roads of Upper Canada, which were sold by the Government to private companies or to municipalities for mere nominal considerations. It was further urged that the sums set down as the A’alue of jiublic works, retained by the Dominion, may be fairly contested as between Ontario and Quebec ; to the Dominion they were AAmrth their present A'alue ; but, in determining the origin of the debt, their cost should be considered. Taking all these difficulties into consideration, the Quebec counsel arriA^ed at the conclusion that the “xrlainest, ea.siest, and, it may be said, the only just aaid xrracticable way of settling the question is to treat the case as one of ordinary x^artnership, and axAxdy the rules which goA'ern the x>artition of x^artnership estate — rules which are the same in the old Ivoman as in the modern English and French laAAv” On this basis, and assuming that the Union had been equally beneficial, it was held that each UroAunce should first assume the debt it had incurred at the time of union. LoAA^er Canada had then no debt, and Ux^x^er Canada owed $6,115,085.95, which, being charged to Ontario, Avould leave $4,309,767.92 to be diA'ided, or $2,154,883,96, making a total of $8,269,969.91 of the $10,443,853.87 excess of debt to be charged to Ontario, and $2,15 i:,883.96 to Quebec. 13y cliAuding the excess, after deducting Upper Canada’s debt at Union fairly in half, it was claimed that Ontario AAmuld be $244,498.52 better olf than if the basis of xwpulation in 1861 was taken, and $357,766.93 better off than if the population of 1867 was taken. With regard to assets, the counsel for Quebec claimed that those Avhich axq:)ear in the statement of liabilities should be AuevA^ed in the same light as sums of money Amted for sx^ecial serAUces, which, not having been emxdoyed, fall into the x^iibHc chest, and should be adjusted as all other credits, properties, assets, debts and liabilities. With resx^ect to Indian lands, it was held that, as Ontario had receiA'ed the lands and the arrears due for those sold, she should be subject to any claims that may exist on them; and should be charged with the x'>rincix:)al of the annuities. 4. — Rexdies to the claims AA’^ere x:>nt in by each rroA'ince. Counsel for Ontario contended that the Arbitrators had no power to . , , 1 ... p , 1 Replies to cases by examine into the positions ot the ^oun.sei tor both ProAunces at the time of the Union; but should the Arbitrators determine that they had that power, Ontario would insist upon going into a consideration of the origin of the debts and charges, which counsel for Quebec declared to be imxiracticable. It was claimed that the Common School and Municipality Funds for Ux^x^^^’ Canada, as well as certain balances belonged to Ontario, and should not be diAuded as x>roposed by Quebec. With resx^ect to Indian lands Ontario denied any sex^arate liabilities, on the grounds .that the monies for their sale Avent into the general revenue ; and that for the annuities chargeable under the treaty of surrender made by the Hon. W. B. Robinson, an exxiress equiA^alent was made to LoAver Canada by setting apart 200,000 acres of Crown Lands for the Indians, and by an annual charge upon the reA^enue. Counsel for Quebec in their reply contended that if the basis of local debts was adox^ted, then the local debt of Upx^er Canada at the time of the Union, $5,925,779.50, with interest amounting to (iOVEEN-MENT OF LOED LISGAE— AEEITEATION BETWEEN ONTAEIO AND (iUEBEO. 243 17,578,744.65 ought to be added to the local debt of Ontario, as well as the Upper Canada Improvement Fund, which had no equivalent in Lower Canada, and which, during the six years of its existence, amounted to $425,527.62. That the dilference in the excess of the proceeds of the Municipal Loan Fund in Upper and Lower Canada, amounting to $3,192,767.38, should also be included, which sums, together with the $9,833,733.33 stated by Ontario herself to be her local debt, would amount to $26,- 956,552.52. Assuming the figures of Ontario to be correct, this would make the division of the $10,539,553.92 to be $8,150,591.34 to Ontario, and $2,388,962.58 to Quebec. On the second | proposition by Ontario that population should | be taken as the basis of division, counsel for | Quebec contended that it would be most unjust [ to do so, without considering the respective financial position of the parties ; and further contended that in the expenditures after the Union, or incident thereto, much larger sums j were spent on Upper than Lower Canada. In ' the 4th and 5th Vic., chaps. 28, 34, 44, 46 and 50, the sum of $6,704,137.18 was voted for Upper Canada and $715,968.88 for Lower Canada. But the iropulation of Lower Canada at that time was one-half larger than that of Upper Canada, and, if population had been | taken as a guide, the share of appropriation of i Lower Canada would have been $9,555,185.58, | from which should be deducted the amount I actually appropriated, as given above, $715,- 968.88, making a difference of $8,839,216.70. Add to this the disproportion of the debt, $8,715,630.60, and the simple interest on Upper Canada’s debt at the time of the Union, $7,578,- 744.65, it would make a total of $25,133,591.95 in favor of Ontario. Counsel for Quebec held that this immense disproportion could not be ignored, which it practically would be if the second proposal of Ontario was accepted. The third proposition of Ontario was considered even more unjust and unsound than the two others, and accordingly rejected. In reply to the pretension of Ontario with respect to the school lands, Quebec replied that it was utterly untenable in the face of cap. 26 of the Consoli- dated Statutes, creating this trust. The Budget sireech of the Treasurer of Ontario, was also cited to prove that this fund is one in which the Provinces have proportionate interest. As to the claims arising out of the Seignorial tenure arrangement, Quebec contended that ample compensation was at the time made to Upper Canada; and that if Quebec were really more generally benefited by that Legislation than Ontario, that benefit is nothing to set against the $7,578,744.65 paid by United Canada, for the debt with which Upper Canada came into the union in 1841 ; for the $3,192,767 excess received by Upper Canada from the municipal- ities fund, another $425,572.62, which Upper Canada drew from the imj)rovement fund — these three sums amounting to $11,197,039.65.* 5. — On the 9th of July, 1870, an interlocutory judgment was rendered by a majority of the Arbitrators, Hon. Messrs. Gray interlocutory and Macpherson, the Hon. Mr. Day dissenting. The substance Arbitrators, of the interlocutory judgment was (1) that the Union did not create in fact or in law any part- nership between Upper and Lower Canada. (2) That it was beyond the power of the Arbi- trators to enter into any consideration of the debts and credits of the Provinces at the time of the Union in 1841. (3) That the division of the surplus debt beyond the $62,500,000, for which by the 112th Section of the British North America Act, 1867, Ontario and Quebec are made jointly liable, should be made on the basis of the origin of the different items of the debt incurred by the creation of the assets named in the 4th Schedule to that Act, and shall be apportioned between the two Pro- vinces as the same may be judged to have originated for the local benefit of either ; and where it appears that an asset was created for the benefit of both Provinces, then the debt incurred for that asset shall be eqrrally divided between them. (4) That in cases where the * In statins the cases and counter oases of counsel for ttie two Pro- vinces, we have copied very largely from the excellent condensation of the factums which appeared in the Year liDok for 1871, page 113. 244 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. debt does not come within the purview of the 4t]i Schednle, reference shall be had to its origin. (5) That the assets enumerated in the 4th Schednle to be the property of Ontario and Quebec conjointly, shall be divided or allowed on the same basis. (6) That the expenditure made in the creation of the assets shall be taken as their value, and where no asset is left the amount paid shall be taken as the amount of debt incurred, the Arbitrators to enter upon the policy or advantages of expenditure or debts incurred. 6. — The Hon. Mr. Day differed so entirely from his colleagues as to the justice of their Hon jadgeDay award that he saw no chance of their differences being adjusted, and, therefore, deemed it to be his duty to resign, which he did on the 9th of July, stating to the Hon. 1*. J. 0. Chauveau, Provincial Secre- tarv of Quebec, his reason for so doing.* At the same time Hon. Mr. Day submitted a written protest and a long argument in favor of his views. Di his protest he pointedly negatived all the allegations in the judgment of the majo- rity, and gave what he considered ought to have been the jirdgment of the Arbitrators, from which we take the following extract, as giving the gist of his opinions : — “ The Arbi- trators are of opinion that the propositions sirbmitted in behalf of the ProAunce of Ontario do not, nor does either of them, furnish any legal or sufficient rule or just basis for such diAusion and adjustment ; and they do award and adjudge that the said diA'ision and adjust- ment ought to be made according to the rules which goA'ern the partition of the debts and property of associations known as DniA'ersal AIon'tre.\l, 9th .July, 1870. * Sir, — I have the lionor of transmitting herewith my resignation of the appointment of Arbitrator, under the 142nd Section of the British North America Act, 1867 ; I do so with regret, but I am satisfied from the broad and unconceivable differences of opinion which e-vist between my colleagues and myself on points of essential importance, that I oannot hope to be of any further service in the bu.siness of arbitration. The course which they propose to follow appears to me necessarily to lead to great injustice, and is so entirely contrary to my conviction of what the public interests require, that I cannot concur or consent to take hart in it. 1 have the honor to be, sir. Your most obedient servant, CIIARLE.S D. DAY. To the lion. P. ,J. 0. Chauve,iir- poses in each ProAunce and ax)portioning the debt in the same ratio. This amount was found to be $18,587,520.57, of which $9,808,728.02 Avas chargeable to Upper Canada, and $8,778,792.55 to Lower Canada — or in other words, that Ontario should bear nine-seA-enteenths of the excess, and Quebec, eight-seA-enteenths.* The aAvard gaA'e to Ontario f he following assets. Debt from Upi)er Canada Building Fund $36,800; Debt from the Law Society, Upper Canada, $156,015.61 ; Debt from the Consolidated Municipal Loan Fund, Upper Canada, $6,792,136.39 ; Debt from the Agricultural Society, Upper Canada, $4,000 ; Debt from UniA'ersity Permanent Fund, $1,220.- 63, making a total of $6,990,172.63 ; and to Quebec the folloAA-ing assets. Debt from Aylmer Court-house, $3,239.70; Debt from Montreal Court-house, $114,596.21; Debt from Kamour- aska Court-house, $201.27 ; Debt from McGill College, $7,790 ; Debt from Consolidated MunieixAal Loan Fund, LoAA^er Canada, $2,939,- 429.98 ; Debt Superior Education Fund (Legisla- tive Grant) $28,494.73 ; Debt Quebec Fire Loan $264,254.65 ; Debt Temiscouata AdA^ance Ac- count, $3,000 ; Debt Education Office, (East), $290 ; Debt from Building and Jury Fund, $116,475.51 ; Debt from MunicijAalities Fund, L. C., $484,244.36 ; Debt from Lower Canada SuxAerior Education Fund, $234,281.46; Debt from Montreal TurnxAike Trust, $188,000, making a total of $4,384,297.83. With regard to the Montreal TurnxAike Trust, which was guaranteed by the ProA'ince of Canada, and the interest on which had so far been met by the Trust, it Avas ordered that in the eA'ent of any claim under * Taking tiio e.xce.«s as $10,.AOO,0()0, Ontario would be charged with $6,.540,tl02, and (iuebec $4,9.59,01)7. 240 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OE THE DOMINION OF CANADA. such guarantee arising against the Dominion, Quebec was to make the same good to the Dominion. The award divided the Special or Trust Funds, and the moneys thereby payable, including the several payments in respect lo the same or any of them, as follows: — To Ontario — Upper Canada G-rammar School Fund; Upper Canada Building Fund; Upper Canada Municiiralities Fund ; Widows’ Pension and Uncommuted Stipend, Upper Canada, sub- ject to the payment of legal charges thereon; Upper Canada Grammar School Income Fund ; Upper Canada Land Improvement Fund ; Balances of Special Approirriations in Upper Canada ; Surveys ordered in Upper Canada before the 30th of June, 1867 ; and the amount by Ontario to Canada Land and Immigra- tion Company. To Quebec — Lower Canada Superior Education Fund ; Lower Canada Superannuated Teachers’ Fund; Lower Canada Normal School Building Fund ; Widows’ j Stipends and Uncommuted Stipend, subject to I all legal charges thereon ; Balances of Special Appropriations in Lower Canada; and the Surveys ordered in Lower Canada before June 30th, 1867. It was ordered that |124,685.18 should be taken from the Common School I Fund as held on the 30th of June, 1867, and I transferred to the credit of the Upper Canada Improvement Fund, being one-quarter of the amount received by the Province of Canada on account of Common School Lands sold between the llth of June, 1853, and the 6th of March, j 1861 ; that the remainder of the Common School I Fund (amounting to .$1,608,539.29) shall be j held by the Dominion of Canada, and the j revenue derived therei'rom shall be appro- j priated between the Provinces of Ontario and j Quebec as is directed by section 5, chapter 26 Consolidated Statutes of Canada, with regard to the $200,000 mentioned in that section. I Any monies received by Ontario since • Con- j federation on account of Cominon School Fund to be turned over to the Dominion and treated 1 in same manner as above, Ontario being ; entitled to retain six per, cent, for sale and management of said lands; and on any lands sold between 14th of June, 1853, and 6th of March, 1861, and paid for after Confederation, Ontario to retain one-cj[uarter for the Upper Canada Improvement Company. The Crown Land Suspense Fund ($112,748.63) was a balance standing in the books of the late Province to parties who had paid in money on account of lands which they never got. It was said to consist chielly of bad bookkeeping, but a portion of it, as a matter of fact, being payable I away for refunds, it was not included in the debt of the late Province. The Arbitrators order that each ProvTnce shall satisfy the claims made upon it arising in respect of lands situate in it. In the Crown Lands Department there was a sum of $253,089.76, which consisted of defalcations by Crown Lands Agents, &c. Respecting this amount, the Arbitrators order and direct that each Province shall be entitled to collect and get in w’^hat it can, and retain for its owui use all monies in this account which have arisen or may arise in respect of lands situated within its own limits. With regard to the Montreal Harbor bonds, amounting to $481,426.27, which were guaranteed by the Provnnce of Canada, and the interest on which had been regularly paid by the Montreal Harbor Commissioners, it was ordered that in the event of any demand being made on the Dominion on account of this debt, it shall be met by the Provunces of Ontario and Quebec in the same proportion as the surplus debt was divided. The award declares that neither Pro- vince has any claim upon the other in respect to Indian a)inuities, and concludes with a decla- ration that the Arbitrators hav^e adjudicated upon all matters brought before them by Quebec, Ontario, and the Dominion, and referred to them by the Imperial Act. 9. — The aw'^ard was made in triplicate, one copy being forw^arded to the Secretary of State for Canada, and one each to the The Quebec Gov^erninents of Ontario and both Houses ..f the _ , T- J. ±- c Legislature, protest Quebec. it gave great satisiac- against the award. tion in the former Province, but was propor- tionately displeasing to the latter ; and the Executive Council, on the 12th of September, GOVEENMKNT OF LOED LISGAE— AEBITEATION BETWFEN ONTAEIO AND (QUEBEC. 247 passed an Order protesting against the “so- called award,” and declared its intention of resisting its enforcement by every legal means.* This jirotest was forwarded to the Secretary of State for the Provinces on 14th of September ; and after the meeting of the Quebec Legisla- ture, a joint Address to the Grovernor-G-eneral was adopted by both Houses, protesting against * Copy of a repoft of a Committee of the Honorable the E.reentioe Council approved by the Lientenant-U jvcrnor in Council on the \'2th September, 1870. On the pretended judgment or award rendered and made by the lion. J. H. Gray and the lion. 1>. L. Maepherson, two of the Arbitrators appointed to decide as to the division and aminion the Privy Council, which was the matter. adopted, ill which it was advised that the Dominion Government could not take action in the matter. After recounting the appointment of the Arbitrators, &c., as given above, the memorandum concludes ; “ The ease now stands thus : — The Government of Ontario | maintains the validity of the award ; the Government of Quebec contends that it is ; altogether illegal and A'oid, and declares its O O ’ j intention of appealing’ for redress and justice | in every constitutional mode, and the Legislature of Quebe also protesting against its validity, asks the Governor General to adopt measures to protect the rights of that Province. Now the Government of Canada has no power or means of intervening between the parties, of enforcing the award as valid, or setting it aside as invalid, or of granting the redress, or the measure of jirotection sought for by the Legislature of Quebec. It is for the Government of Ontario, j if it desires to enforce the award, to take such steps as it may be advised that the law allows for that purpose, and it is tor the Province of Quebec to take the necessary legal steps to resist any action on the part of that of Ontario. If the question of the validity of the award becomes a matter of litigation either Province will have the power of carrying it by appeal 1 from the decision of any inferior tribunal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the Court of last resort. If the Governments of the two Provinces were to agree on a statement ! . . 1 or special case, with the view of submitting the | question of the validity of the award to the Judicial Committee, it would be the duty of j His Excellency the Governor General, on being prayed so to do, to transmit such special case to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, with a request that it shall be submitted to such Judicial Committee for their opinion, under the 4th clause of the Imperial Act, 3 and 4 William lY", chap 41. If the two Governments do not agree upon a joint submission of the case, it will be in the power of either Government to pray Her Majesty to refer the case, as stated by it, for the opinion of the Judicial Committee. As it is obvious that if the Governor-in-Cojxncil were to assume to decide the questions in dispute, the Province against whom such decision would be given would not accept or submit to it, and as such decision would have no legal force whatever, the undersigned recommends that no expression of opinion be given by His Excellency-in-Council, and for the same reasons the undersigned refrains from making any report on the legal questions. Under present circumstances and Jintil the questions raised resjjecting the award are settled by judicial decision, the undersigned is of opinion that no action with respect to it can properly be taken by the Governor-in-Council. John A. Macdonald.” 11. — Of course, so important a matter attracted the attention of the Dominion Parliament at an early date ; and, on the 23rd of February, Mr. Blake moved for paper-s ami rp,, T , correspondence. “ lhat an address be presented to His Excellency for copies of all correspondence between the Canadian and Quebec Governments, and Canadian and Ontario Governments, touch- ing the Provincial Arbitration and award ; and a copy of the award, and an approximate statement of the results of the accounts, as between Canada and each Province, on the 1st day of Feburary, 1871, adjusted on the footing of the award.” Mr. Godin moved, in amendment to strike out that portion of the motion following the words “ and a copy of the award.” Mr. Fournier moved in amendment to the amendment, that the following be added : “ That in the opinion of this House the question relative to the division of the debt between the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec having been GOVERNMENT OF LORI) LLSGAR— ARBITRATION BETWEEN ONTARIO AND (QUEBEC. 249 submitted to and adjudicated upon by two Arbitrators only, one appointed by the Dominion Government and the other by the Government of Ontario, — in the abseiice of the Arbitrator appointed by the Government of Quebec, their award is not binding upon the respective Provinces.” He said thatany lawyer knew that in cases of arbitration it was necessary for all the Arbitiators to be present when the evidence was taken, and, further than that, he held that it was necessary lor the awmrd to be unanimous to make it valid. Sir John A. Macdonald said that the amendments were premature as the House did not know officially what the award was until the papers wmre brought down. He promised there should be no delay in bringing them down. Mr. Joly complained of the indifi'erence shown by the Dominion Govern- ment which had taken no notice of the protests of the Quebec Government beyond mere formal acknowledgments. Mr. Blake could not agree with Mr. Fournier’s amendment because he believed the House had no power to deal with the matter. The House wms not competent to say whether the award was good or not ; but he believed that the Government was bound to abide by the award until it was shown to be bad, and, therefore, it was important that the House should know the financial position of each Province as shown by last payments by the Dominion ; and he could not agree to have the last part of his motion struck out. After a short discussion in which it was urged that it was premature to discuss the competence or in- . competence of the House to deal with the c[uestion until after the papers w’ere brought down, the debate was adjourned; and, on being resumed, on 28th, the amendments w’^ere withdrawn. 12. — On the 1st of March Sir George E. Cartier laid the papers on the table. (All the Resolutions that the i^iformation contained in the th’“Jho'iedebt“® papers has been given in pre- MrmorTot.‘’fnd““' Ceding paragraphs). On the declared out of order. Y)orioil gave notice that on the following Wednesday, he should move that the House go into Com- mittee of the Whole to consider certain resolu- tions respecting the division of the sur^rlus debt of the former Province of Canada.* He argued in favor of his resolutions that there wms so great a difference between the views of the two Provinces as to wdiat amount of the debt each should assume, that he considered it would be the fairest way for the Dominion to assume the whole debt — he could not see wffiy it should not assume all as well as part — and then they would be taxed in fair proportion according to their respective populations. The compensation to be allowed New Brunswick and Nova Scotia could easily be arranged, and at the same time the outstanding differences between the Dominion and New Brunsw'ick with reference to the ijenitentiary at St. John, and with Nova Scotia on account of the Provincial building at Halifax could be satisfactorily settled. He thought that, before the Arbitrators said in what proportion the debt wms to be paid, they ought to have settled what the amount of the surplus debt was, for that was a very open question ; the Auditor of the Dominion said it w'as 110,800,000, the Treasurer of Ontario -$10,539,000, and the Treasurer of Quebec $10,000,000. He argued that the award was in every way unfair and unjust, inasmuch as it made the poorer and least populoxrs Province pay in the largest proportion. Sir George E. Cartier raised the point of order that the resolutions involved an appropriation of the revenue, which, under the 54th section of the British North America Act, could * The resolutions were as follows : — 1. “ Hfnolved — That the division between the Province of Ontario and the Province of Quebec of the surplus of the debt of the former Province of Canada, over and above the sum of $62,500,00(1, assigned to the Dominion of Canada by the British North America Act, presents great difficulties, which it has not hitherto been possible to overcome in a satisfactory manner. 2. “ Resolved — That the difficulties resulting as well from the uncer- tainty as to the amount of the debt to be divided as from the absence of an acceptable base for the making of such division, and that of the assets remaining in common to these two Provinces, threaten to give rise to serious embarrassment. 3. ‘‘ Resolved — That, for the avoidance of such difficulties, the debt of the former Province of Canada should be assigned entirely to the Dominion as though it had been so from the first, with compensation to the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia for the shai-e which those Provinces would have to pay upon the surplus of that debt. 4. ‘‘Resolved — That an humble address be presented to Her M.ajesty, praying her to be pleased to recommend that the British North America Act should be amended in accordance with this resolution.” 29 250 TUTTLE’S HISTOBY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. only be clone by message from the Grovernor General. After a few remarks from Hon. Messrs. Holton, Dorion and Cartier, Mr. Speaker rnled that the resolutions were out of order, not because they conflicted with the 54th section of the British North America Act, but because they involved an increase of the public debt, and should have originated in Committee of the Whole. 13. — On the ninth of March, Hon. Mr. Dorion moved “ That an humble address be presented to Her Majesty, representing that Hon. Mr. Dorion •■it i , renews his motion an eciuitable and satistactory division of the surplus debt of the late Province of Canada between the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec is not likely to be effected in the manner provided by the British North America Act, 1867, and that the difficulties which beset the cpiestion have been greatly aggravated by the award rendered by the Arbitrators appointed by the Dominion Government and by the Government ofXIntario, in the absence of any Arbitrator for the Province of (.Quebec, which is regarded by the Govern- ment and the people of Quebec as illegal and unjust, and praying that Her Majesty be pleased to recommend the passing of an Act by the Imperial Parliament so amending the British North America Act as to authorize the ' Parliament of Canada to deal by Legislative enactment with all questions connected with the said surplus debt.” He said that he had seen it stated that it was the intention of the Dominion Government to get the matter referred to the Privy Council, wdiere it would take ten years before it would be settled, and that that would be the best thing that could happen for Quebec. He did not think so. He considered that it would be a very bad thing to have this question rankling between the two ProAunces for such a length of time ; he beliet^ed it would be far better for the Dominion GoA^ernment to obtain permission to settle it now on the basis proposed in his resolution which would put the two ProAunces on the same footing they oc- occupied before C'on federation. 14. — Sir George E. Cartier characterized the resolutions of the honorable member for Hochelaga as a piece of clap- sir Oeor^e E. Cartier trap proposed for electioneering to the ’ purposes, and not from any desire to protect the interests of Quebec. He (Sir George) declared he w^as not willing to submit to the mercy of a ma;jority of a House of 181 members, where Quebec was only repre- sented by 65, the legal position of that ProAunce. He held that the GoA^ernment had decided not to express any opinion on the award until a competent judicial tribunal should haA’^e decided on it. Supposing the PriA'y Council set aside the award of the Arbitrators, there would have to be a new arbitration, and Quebec may haA^e nothing to complain of Or suppose that the PriA^y Council upheld the aAvard, he was of opinion that the people of Quebec, both English and French, would think that a great wrong had been done them, and then it w^ould be competent for them to appeal to the House, and the House could express its opinion, but he held that it AAmuld be improper to do so while the case was pending. He concluded by moAung in amend- ment that all words after “ That ” in the original motion be struck out and the following inserted ; “ The A^alidity of the award rendered by the Arbitrators appointed by the Dominion Government and by the Government of Ontario in the absence of any Arbitrator for the ProAunce of Quebec being contested by the ProAunce of Quebec ; and the Government of Canada having come to the conclusion not to act on such award until its A'alidity shall have been determined l)y a competent judicial tribunal, this House refrains from expressing an opinion on the aAAmrd so rendered.” Hon. Mr. Chauveau moved, in amendment to the amendment, “ That it is highly desirable that the difficidty now existing between the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario concerning the diA'ision and adjustment of the debts, liabilities, credits, properties and assets of Upper and Lower Canada proA'ided for by the British North America Act be speedily set at rest, and that this House will gwe its most faAmrable consideration to any measure to be introduced by the GoA^ernment having this (iOVKIv'NMI^NT OF l.ORD LISGA R— ARBITRATJON BKTWFFX ONTARIO AND (QUEBEC. 251 obje(T in view, and involving any aid on the part of the Dominion coniinensurate,>with the importance of the object itself and w'ith our resources, due regard being had lor the rights of the other Provinces.” He thought that it was highly desirable that the Provinces should be relieved from the dead-lock into which they had got on the subject of the award ; and, out of which, he saw no way so easy as for the Dominion to assume the whole debt and com- pensate the other Provinces. He argued that the whole Province of Quebec was unanimous in its decision that the award was unjust, and that, even if it was conlirmed by the Privy Council, it would still be considered unfair ; for it could not be forgotten that Lower Canada went into the Union with a balance to her credit, while Upper Canada was so heavily in debt she w'as almost bankrupt, and now, when the Union is dissolved, the Arbitrators w^anted to saddle Quebec wuth a large share of that debt, and give Ontario the lion’s share of the paying assets — far more than she was entitled to. He thought that the money consideration involved was as nothing compared to the con- sideration of having one Province permanently dissatisfied. Mr. Mills raised the question of order. The amendment to the amendment involved an appropriation of money, and was open to the same grounds of objection on which a similar motion had been already rejected. Mr. Speaker decided that the motion involved a money expenditure, and was therefore out of order. 15. — Hon. Mr. Holton said that the amend- ment to the amendment having been ruled out Hon. Mr. Holton ^Ue ill Amendment place, which would iiot be Son of wa^t of opcii to the saiue objectioii. He confidence. moved, ill amendment to the amendment proposed by Sir G-eorge E. Cartier, that all words after “ that” be expunged and the following wmrds inserted in lieu thereof : “ This House regrets that His Excel- lency the Governor-Greneral has not been advised to recommend to this House to adopt an address to Her Majesty the Queen, repre- senting that the division between the Province of Ontario and the Province of Quebec of the suplus of the debt of the former Province of Canada, over and above the sum of $62,500,000 assigned to the Dominion of Canada by the British North America Act, presents great difficulties, which it has not hitherto been possible to overcome in a satisfactory manner; that the difficulties resulting as well from the uncertainty as to the amount of the debt to be divided as from the absence of an accejitable base for the making of such division, and that of the assets remaining in common to those- two Provinces, threaten to give rise to serious embarrassment, and that, for the avoidance of such difficulties, the debt of the former Province of Canada should be assigne^ entirely to the Dominion as though it had been so from the first, with coiniiensation to the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia for the share which those Provinces would have to pay upon the surplus of that debt, and praying Her Majesty to be pleased to recommend to the Imperial Parliament the passage of an Act to amend the British North America Act in accord- ance with such reiiresentation.” Mr. Delorme seconded the amendment to the amendment. He thought that the question before the House was not so much whether the award was legal or not as to find some means of settling the matter. He did not believe that the Privy Council could settle the question to the satisfac- tion of both parties, and that ultimately the House would have to ask for power to settle it. Hon. J. H. Cameron said that so far the question had been discussed as if there were no other interests involved except those of Quebec, but he thought Ontario was equally interested. He defined Hon. Mr. Holton’s motion as a “ flank movement ” designed to entrap Ontario members into a vote of want of confidence, and said it would not succeed. He said that the people of Ontario believed the award legal, and would continue to think so until some competent authority declared otherwise. He thought that they were perfectly satisfied with the action of the Grovernment. He blamed the Quebec Arbi- TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. tralor for retiring from the arbitration, and said the people of Ontario desired nothing more than what was jnst, and wonld allow Qnebec exerj latitude before the Privy Council. Hon. Mr. Chauveau defended the conduct of the Arbitrator for Quebec in resigning as soon as he found an interlocutory judgment was put forward which would prevent any inquiry being made into the origin of the debt. The debate was then adjourned. 16. — On the resumption of the debate on the 13th, Mr. Bellerose opposed the resolution intro- Synopsis of the duced by Mr. Dorion, which he debate. Hon. Mr. i ^ ii Holton's motion maintained did not embody the defeated ; IB for, 95 . J. against. seiitimeiits either ot the House or of Ontario or Quebec. If that motion was carried Quebec would lose the right of ajipeal to the Privy Council which she now enjoyed, and where she had a fair chance of obtaining justice. He said that when he remembered that the little Province of Nova Scotia had forced the House to do her justice he could not think that the great Province of Quebec would be unfairly treated. Mr. Ross (Champlain) condemned the award as unjust, and thought that that being admitted there should be no difficulty in the Governments of the two Pro- vinces arriving at a fair understanding. He thought the Dominion Government had done all that it could do in not acknowledging the award. Mr. Harrison thought that if the Quebec members believed the award illegal they need not trouble themselves about its injustice. He argued that in public arbitra- tions it was the rule that a majority decided, and that Judge Day having been duly notilied of all the meetings put himself in the wrong by not attending them. The validity of the award was a legal question, and it was not for the House to decide a question of law. Mr. Mills said it was useless to discuss the award on its merits ; the House had nothing to do with that ; but what did interest the' House was the proj)osition that the Dominion should assume the whole debt of the kte Province of Canada. This had not been asked for by the Legislatures of either Ontario or Quebec, and it was only through them that it could be done. The reason wl^^ the whole debt was not assumed at Confederation was that Ontario was paying more into the Treasury in proportion to popu- lation than Quebec, and he objected to a return to that state of things. He argued that the assumption of the debt by the Dominion would increase the debt about $12,500,000, which, as Ontario paid about live-ninths of all the taxes, would make that Province pay about $7,000,000. He condemned the course the Government was pursuing as the remarkable one of telling the successful litigant to appeal instead of the unsuccessful one. The true policy for the Dominion Government to have pursued would have been to accept the award as valid until it had been declared otherwise by a competent tribunal. Mr. Dufresne thought that the only power that could decide on the validity or invalidity of the award was the one that appointed the Arbitrators. He considered it very fortunate that the British North America Act had removed from their control the settle- ment of a question which caused so much sectional feeling ; and endorsed the policy of the Government in declining to take any action at all on the award until it had been finally adjudicated ui)on. Mr. Joly said that the Province of Quebec was determined to oppose the award by all constitutional means; that sooner or later, no matter what the decision of the Privy Council may be, the question must come before the House, and he thought that it might just as well be settled now by the Dominion assuming the whole debt of the late Province of Canada. Hon. Mr. Irvine said that had the award possessed any semblance of legality so that the Quebec members could have told their constituents that although the decision was against them it was according to law, they might have accepted it ; but they could not say so ; they could not see that judgment had been given by a competent authority, or that their property had been taken away according to any recognized principle. He approved of the course pursued by the Government, and thought it would be most COVEKNMKNT OF LOED LISIFVH— AEBITRATION EETWEP^X ONTARIO AND (QUEBEC. 253 satisfactory if some means could be found to settle the case without appealing to the Privy Council, as in that event only the legal points would be considered without regard to the merits of the case. Mr. Greoflfion was in favor of forcing the Grovernment to take some action in the matter of the award. He contended that to defer action would be injurious to Quebec, and believed that the Hon. Mr. Holton’s motion would prove acceptable to the people of Quebec. He opirosed an appeal to the Privy Council, as only intended to cause delay, to be used to the advantage of the gentlemen on the Treasury Benches; and hoiked that Parliament would adopt some speedy measure of restoring harmony between the two Provinces. Mr. Scatcherd said it was very curious that neither of the three members of the Dominion Cabinet, who were from Ontario, nor the three members of the Ontario Cabinet, who were also members of the House, had made any remarks on a subject which was of so much importance to Ontario.^ He had heard nothing to make him change his opinion that the award was just and fair ; and thought the present trouble was caused by the action of the Dominion Grovernment ; either they ought to have stopired the arbitration when Judge Day resigned, or have accepted the award as valid when it was made. He did not think there was any danger of Quebec seceding on account of the award ; but should show his disapproval of the conduct of the Dominion Grovernment. Hon. Mr, Howe contended that once a case was before a legal tribunal it had passed beyond the control of the House ; and, therefore, the matter of the award should be left to the Privy Council. He thought a decision might be obtained before the next session of Parliament. Mr. Magill argued that the British North America Act had provided that the surplus debt of the Province of Canada was to be divided between Ontario and Quebec, and * The three Dominion Ministers referred to were Sir John A. Macdonald, (absent in AVashington), Sir Francis Itincks, and Hon. A. Morris. The members of the Ontario Cabinet were Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, Hon. E. B. M ood, and Hon. John Carling. The three latter, however? were not in the House being away electioneering for the Ontario Local elections. i that it was not competent for the Dominion. to j assume it. He held that if there was any j : unfairness in the awai’d it was towards Ontario, | I and thought that the Dominion (lovernment , ought to act on the award, leaving it to Quebec i to appeal to the Privy Council if she felt i aggrieved. Mr. Langlois thought that the proposition to transfer the settlement of the I matter from the Privy Council to the Dominion [ Parliament was a most dangerous one for the interests of Quebec, as, judging from the present debate, it was evident that the members from Ontario would take one side, and those from Quebec the other, and it would be left to the members from the Maritime Provinces to decide, and they would, most probably, be divided. He held that the award was invalid on legal grounds, and the decision should be left to the highest legal tribunal. Hon. Mr. Anglin was opposed to any action being taken by Parliament until the award had been passed on by the Privy Council ; and if it was upheld, and this House was asked to assume the debt, he held that all the Provinces interested in the financial basis of the Union should first be consulted. He should vote against all the motit>ns. Si? . Gfeorge E. Cartier thought it strange that no one- | had apologised for the absence of the member for | Chateauguay, who had proposed a vote of want j of confidence in the Government, and then not i appeared to support it. He proceeded to ' attack the motion, saying it was even more injurious to the interests of Quebec than the motion of the member for Hochelaga. Mr. Barthe contended that the question was not one of money but of politics, and, therefore, should be dealt with by the House. Quebec was the : pivot of Confederation, and an injustice to her was an injustice to the whole Dominion. He did not believe there was a ma,jority of the House in favor of Ontario, but thought that if the wrongs of Quebec were fairly shown there j:; was enough justice in the House to see them | ’ righted in spite of sectional differences. He had supported the Government for fifteen years ;; but should oppose their policy on this question, .i After a few remarks from Hon. Mr. Dorion, •J54 TITTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. and Hoii. W. Macdougall, the House diA’ided on Hon. Mr. Holton’s amendment, which was lost, Yeas, 16 ; Nays, 95. 17. — Mr. Mills then moved in amendment that all the woi'ds after “ that ” in the original motion other amendments strUCk OUt, aild the following ment?usta1nld'^^ Substituted, “ The division of the vote to 68 to 40 . former Province of Canada over and aboA^e the sum of $62,500,000 assigned to the Dominion of Canada by the British North America Act, haA'ing been referred to Arbitrators appointed under the authority of the said Act, and a majority of the Arbitrators so appointed having made an award, this House is of opinion that the GoA'ernment in an ajustment of accounts between each Pro- Aunce and the Dominion should act irpon the basis of the award.” Lost on diA'ision, Yeas, 25 ; Nays, 84. Mr. .Toly moA'ed in amendment to add the following words after the word “rendered ” in Sir George E. Cartier’s amendement, “ but this House regrets that the GoA'ernment of Canada did not take any action, in order to suspend the proceedings of the two remaining Arbitrators, before their award was rendered when requested so to do by the Government of the Province of Quebec.” Lost. Yeas, 15 ; Nays, 95. The diA'ision was the same as on Hon. Mr. 1 Holton’s motion, except that Mr. Cimon did not i A'ote. Hon. Mr. Dorion said he should A'ote ! against the amendment of the Minister of Militia as it committed the Quebec members to the position of the decision of a tribunal of which the House knew nothing, and which was not eA'en mentioned in the motion. The House then diA'ided on the amendment of Sir George E. Cartier, which was carried. Yeas, 68 ; Nays, 40. The main motion, as so amended was then carried on a diA'ision. It will be noticed that of those wdio spoke on the motion or amendments i Messrs. ChauA'eau and Holton did not A'ote, the former haA'ing been called away by the illness of his child, and the latter not being in tbe House. The debates and the diA'isions showed that while the Quebec members were unanimous in their condemnation of the award, only the French Opposition were willing to censure the GoA'ernment for the course it had pursued. The A'ote on Sir George E. Cartier’s amendment — that the House should not express an opinion until the A'alidity of the award had been established — taken by Provinces was as follows : Ontario, 21 for, and 23 against ; Quebec, 36 for and 16 against ; Nova Scotia, 6 for, and 10 against ; New Brunswick, 5 for, and 1 against; making a total of 108 A'otes cast. It will be noticed that Ontario only polled half a A'ote ; a large number of members — including Messrs. Blake and Mackenzie — being aAvay attending to their elections for the Local. Had there been a full House the Government would, probably, have had a smaller majority. The House having thus recorded its opinion that it had nothing to do with the award it was left to the Courts to settle, and a record of its settlement — as far as it is settled at the time of writing — will be found in a future chapter. CHAPTER XXII. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR -PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1871. 1. The two great events of the year. — 2. First meeting of the Dominion Board OF Trade. Enlargement of the canals URGED. — 3. Dominion Board of Trade. Protection vs. Free Trade. The meeting FAVORS Free Trade. — 4. Dominion Board OF Trade. Various suggestions to the Government. — 5. Fires. Bradford almost entirela^ destroyed. — 6. The burning of Chicago. Help from Canada. Other FIRES. — 7. The Census. Disappointment AT ITS RESULT. — 8. ThE CENSUS. REASONS WHY THE INCREASE OF POPULATION WAS NOT GREATER, — 9. ThE CENSUS. HoW IT WAS TAKEN. — 10. The Census. Some of its RESULTS. — 11. Marine disasters. Vessels CAUGHT in the ICE. — 12. FiNAL WITH- DRAWAL OF THE TROOPS. FORMATION OF “ A” AND “ B” Batteries. Militia camps. — 13. Postal changes. — 14. Opening of the GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1811. E. AND N. A. Railway. Seizure ok the “ E. A. Horton.” — 15. Various events of MINOR IMPORTANCE. 1. — The year 1871 was certainly the most important one in Confederation, for in that year ,p, , , the Union of all the Colonies in The two grrcat events of the year. British North America — except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland — was completed, and, by the admission of British Columbia, the important advantage was gained of an outlet on the Pacihc Ocean, thus adding materially not only to the size, but to the importance of the Dominion amongst the powers of the earth, ranking, as she does, third in extent — Russia and the United States being the only nations posse.ssing a greater number of scjuare miles. Besides the admission of British Columbia, the signing of the Treaty of Wash- ington was of itself sulhcient to mark the year as a remarkable one for the Dominion, and the settlement of the many points of difference which had existed between the United States and Clreat Britain removed any fear of a rupture between those countries, and left the Dominion free to devote her energies to the development of her resources, and to the building up of that “ G-reater Britain,” which many of us fondly hope the future will see on this continent. Of the Treaty itself and the feeling which it created in the Dominion, we treat in another chapter ; but we may say here that however unfavourably it was regarded at the first blush, the people soon came to see that it was the best bargain that could be made with our neighbors ; and that although Mr. Gladstone’s Government undoubtedly sacrihced Canadian interests to some extent to preserve peace between England and the United States, yet we had also to consider that in the event of war, which was not at all improbable in spite of the “ Peace at any price ” policy of the British Ministry, Canada would have had to bear the brunt of the battle, and might even then have eventually been despoiled of her fisheries ; so that, perhaps, after all, in was as well to let them go on the only terms we seemed likely to get. Another point was that, on close examin- ation, the terms did not look so bad as they did on a first view, and. after the British Govern- ment agreed to guarantee a portion of the loan necessary to the Pacific Railway, the opposition to the Treaty lost much of its force, and the people generally began to recover from the feeling of half surprise, half indignation, which had greeted the first announcement of the Treaty, and to begin to believe that England did not really mean to quite abandon her colonies to their own resources, nor to sacrifice Canadian interests to preserve her own peace, without making her some sort of compensation ; and, therefore, although there was a good deal of excitement immediately after the conclusion of the Treaty, it soon died out, and things returned to their normal condition. 2. — One of the most important events of the year, outside of the two great events already mentioned, was the first meeting pi„t ^,etingofthe of the Dominion Board of Trade, which was opened at Ottawa on the 18th of January, and at which delegates from almost all the Local Boards of Trade were present.* The Hon. John Young was elected President and Mr. W. J. Patterson Secretary. The President in his address urged the import- ance of building the Pacific Railway, and the necessity of utilizing the water communication with the North-West. He next spoke of the enlargement of the existing canals, which he ars’ued were altogether too small for the class o O * The following are the names of tlie delegates to what may be called the tir.st “ Commercial Congress ” of the Dominion : — Montreal Corn Exchange.— M. P. Ryan, M.P., .James McDongall, (lilbert Seott.L. E. Morin, W. JV. OgiUde, Ira (rould, W. . I. Patterson, Seci-etary. Montreal Board of Trade. — lion. .John Young, Hugh McLennan, John Kerry, .Andrew Robertson, ,1. R. Thibaudeau. Toronto Board op Trade. — William Elliott, .John Gordon, W. H. Howland, Robert Wilkes. Ottawa Board of Trade. — Hon. .James Skead, Alex. Workman. W. Pennook, E. MoGillivray. St. .John (N.B.) Board op Trade. — Thomas W. Daniel. William Thompson, .James Domville. Quebec Board op Trade. — Henry Fry, A. .Joseph, T. 11. Grant. Hamilton Board op Trade.— M. Leggatt, James Watson, .J. ,J. McKenzie. JjONdon Board op Trade. — John Walker, Charles P. Smith. Windsor (Ont.) Board op Trade. — J ames Dougall. Belleville Board op Trade. — G eorge Neilson. Stratford Board op Trade.— T homas M. Italy. Brantford Board op Trade. — .J. Cockshntt. 256 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. of vessels which were being bnilt ; it being well known that large vessels could carry freight cheaper than small ones, it was of the utmost importance that improvements should be made so as to accommodate the larger vessels which were daily coming into more general use. He compared the American and Cana- dian canals, and showed that in order to compete successfully with the former the latter must be greatly improved. He also strongly advocated the buildino- of the Caughnawaga Canal from Lake St. Louis to Lake Champlain, which would furnish a much shorter and more direct route to the New England States than by way of the IHchelieu River. Mr. McLennan moved a resolution urging the Dominion Grov- ernment to enlarge the Welland and St. Lawrence canals to a depth of 12J feet, and to remove any obstructions in the river. He stated that two-thirds of the vessels engaged in trade on the lakes could not get through the Welland Canal. He was strongly in favor of improving the canals which would increase our own trade, but did not favor spending Canadian money to biiild the Caughnawaga Canal, which, he argued, would divert trade to New York. After a short discussion the reso- lution was adopted by a vote of 28 to 5. Mr. Domville introduced a resolution to urge on the Dominion Government the importance of build- ing the Baie Verte Canal, which would greatly tend to increase the trade between Canada and the West Indies. In the course of a short dis- cussion Mr. Thompson stated that the canal would be about eleven and a-half miles long, and its estimated cost would be about $2,500,000. The resolution was then adopted. Some discussion took place on the sul)ject of other canal improvements, and a resolution was unanimously adopted urging on the Govern- ment the necessity of building a canal in Canadian territory at Sault Ste. Marie without delay. On the subject of the Upper Ottawa canals it was resolved that it was not necessary to proceed with them immediately ; but an enlargement of the Grenville Canal was approved of. 3. — Of course, in a meeting of this kind, although there was no political feeling dis- played, it was only to be exirected that the qirestion of Tnuiel’^Protectio^n T\ j j • 11-^ m t VS . Free Trade. The I rotection and T ree i rade meeting favors Free wmuld arise ; for, although eight years ago there were very few Protectionists, comparatively speaking, in Canada, and the question had not yet been made, as it is now, a distinct party issue, still there were some who regretted that the tariff had been reduced from twenty to fifteen per cent, at Confederation, and desired to see, if not a very high, at least a moderate protective policy adopted. The ques- tion was introduced by Mr. William Elliott, of Toronto who moved “ That in the opinion of this Board, it is desirable to increase the duties from fifteen to twenty per cent., the free list to remain as at present ; and, should the revenue admit it, the duties should be reduced on teas, coffee, sugar and spices.” This was met by an amendment by Mr. A. Robertson, of Montreal, seconded by Mr. James Domville, of St. John, N.B. “That it is the opinion of this Board that the necessary revenues required by the Govern- ment are so great as to afford all the incidental protection required, and that instead of adding to the present tariff the duties should be gra- dually reduced as fast as the exigencies of the country will permit.” A long discussion ensued on the relative- merits of a Protective or a Free Trade policy, as viewed from a commercial standpoint ; in the course of which it was stated that under the existing tariff large quan- tities of iron were sent from Nova Scotia to England, and that great numbers of Canadian sewing machines were exported to Europe. The sense of the meeting was decidedly in favor of having no higher duties than the exigencies of the revenue absolutely required and the amendment was adopted by a vote of 26 to 8. 4. — The Board remained in session three days, discussing various subjects of importance and adopting several resolutions urg- Board of ing on the Dominion Government silggeitioTirto the the propriety of certain legisla- hovemment. ‘^Es DOMVIL.^^' ■I- SUTHERV-^^ W'. LUXTOt*' > ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTLE'S HISTORY OE THE DOMINION' THE BURLAND DESBARATS LITHO COMP'' CJOVEENMENT OF LOEE IJSCJAE— PEINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1871. 257 lion. Amonst the suggestions made was one that the inspection of butter, fish, oil, hides, ashes, seeds, leather, provisions and petroleum should be made compulsory. It was urged that although there were laws for the insx'>ection of most of these articles, the inspection not being- compulsory was generally neglected, and that it would be far more satisfactory if an Act was passed compelling the inspection of these articles.* A petition to Parliament was adopted praying for a repeal of the duties on flour, grain, coal and coke ; and resolutions passed suggest- ing the adoption of an uniform system of weights and measures ; an assimilation of the currency, and a change in the patent law, so as to abolish the requirement of one years resi- dence before obtaining a patent, as far as British subjects were concerned. It was decided to ask the Grovernment to publish monthly state- ments of the quantity and value of the imports and exports ; and also to urge on each Board of Trade the propriety of having published yearly a statement of the trade in its own town. The Banking question was discussed and a proposi- tion made that the Grovernment should be recommended to allow Banks to issue small notes, after the Grovernment limit of $9,000,000 shoixld have been reached ; but, after some debate, the resolution was withdrawn. The question of the proposed Canadian Pacific Rail- way was very fully discussed, and a general opinion expressed as to the desirability of having the road built, and a liberal portion of the public lands appropriated for that purpose ; but it was argued that the location of the route should be made with the view of securing the one best suited for commercial purposes, even if a portion of it ran through American terrritory, and not again commit the error which had been made with regard to the Intercolonial, of locat- ing a road with a view more to possible Military contingencies than to commercial requirements. After determining that the next annual meetino- * A general Inspection Act was passed during the Session of 187.S, pro- viding for the inspection of Flour and Meal, Wheat and other grain, Beef and Pork, Pot and Pearl ashes. Pickled Fi.sh and Fish Oil, Butter, Leather and Raw Hides, and Petroleum, the principal features of which will he found in our Parliamentary Summary for that year. should be held at Ottawa, the Board adjourm'd. The meeting throughout was a purely business one, and the practical tone of the suggestions made coming from representative business men on commercial questions had considerable weight, and we find the Grovernment adopting many of the suggestions — noticeably the repeal of the duties on wheat, grain, coal and coke, which although not done directly at the instance of the Board, was, doubtless, considerably influenced by the petition from that body, presented at the opening of Parliament. 5. — Although there were several large fires in the leading cities during the year, and extensive bush fires in various parts of Ontario and New Brunswick, .almost elfurei‘y 1 . , , 1 T 1 destroyed. during the summer and fail, there was nothing like the terrible scourge which swept through the Ottawa and Saguenay districts in 1870 ; towards the end of May pretty extensive fires raged for awhile in the woods on both sides of the Ottawa from Pembroke to L’Original, and Renfrew, Arnprior, Eardley, Eganville and other towns and villages were in considerable danger for a time ; but the flames were kept back, and although a few barns, fences, &c., were destroyed and large quantities of timber burned, the damage was not very heavy ; and a good fall of rain soon removed all danger. In August there was a long dry spell, and bush fires burned for some time in the Counties of Simcoe and North Perth, and around Kingston ; and Monckton, Groderich, Mitchell, Walkerton and Stratford were threathened ; but again a kindly rain brought relief, and although about 5,000 acres of fine timber were destroyed in North Perth alone, the other damage done was not very considerable. The most distressing fire of the year occurred in the village of Brad- ford, on the Northern Railway, on the morning of the 22nd of May, and in a few hours almost the entire village was laid in ashes, and over one hundred families burnt out. Out of a popu- lation of 1,600 it was estimated that nearly 1,000 were rendered homeless, and the damage done by the fire amounted to over $500,000. The peo^ile of Toronto and neighboring towns and villages 30 258 TUTTLE’S IIISTOUY OF THE DO^TINION OF CANADA. came forward promptly and generously to the relief of the sufferers, assisting them with iwesent necesssaries and helping them to rebuild their homes. Ottawa, Barrie, Fredricton, N. B., Hamilton, St. John, N. B. and London had each one extensive fire doing damage to the value of from $40,000 to 1 200,000, hut Quebec, Montreal and Toronto were more lucky and had no very large fires. 6. — The early days of October witnessed the greatest conflagration known to modern times. On the 9th, — commencing at The burning of . i i i i ohicago-iielp from 111110 0 clock Suiiday eveniiig Canada — other fires. i i i .i li- the 8th, — occurred the appalling disaster to Chicago, which swept away a greater portion of the city, destroyed $200,000,000 worth of property, and left 150,000 people homeless or destitute. Some of the characteris- tics of this mighty disaster were truly wonderful. It was the writer’s misfortune to have been in Chicago at the time of the fire, and to have suffered, in a considerable degree, some of fhe hardships endured by the people of that city on the occasion. On the 10th of October, the writer ]iartook of a bowl of soup, with eager relish, in St. Ann’s church. West Division, with the hunger-famishing multitude, without much concern as to its ingredients. On that day in that church, where hundreds lay blackened and disfigured, and dying from previous exposure fo the fire, — where fhe hysterical shrieks of bereaved mothers mingled with the moans of dying children, — the minister of Grod and the gambler, the weeping mother, and the laughing harlot, the banker and the beggar, — all on a perfect level so far as earthly riches are con- cerned, ate from the same board in a common sympathy. The scene can never be forgotten by those wdio witnessed it. Nor were such incidents as these confined to St. Ann’s church. The suddenness and completeness of the mis- fortune which had overtaken the flourishing city, caused a throb of i^ity and sympathy throughout Canada, and immediately after the sad intelligence was received, thousands of busy hands w'^ere engaged in preparing food and clothing for the hungry and naked; relief com- mittees wmre formed in almost every city, town and village, and contribrrtions in money and kind l^oured in from every side. On the evening fol- lowing the fire relief trains started with cooked and uncooked provisions, clothing, bedding, &c., from Montreal, Toronto, and other points, the Grrand Trunk carrying all goods for the sufferers free, and making such good time and connections that the through trip from Montreal to Chicago was made in forty-eight hours, and a steady stream of money and provisions was kept up until the Chicago Relief Committee cried “ Enough.” The City Council of Montreal voted $50,000 for the sufferers, and as much more in money and goods, was raised by private subscription ; Toronto City Council gave $10,000, and private contributions tripled that sum ; Hamilton, London, Ottawa, Quebec, St. John, Halifax ; all contributed their share ; throughout the length and breadth of the land universal charity was poured out. None were so poor that they could not give something, and the total offering of the Dominion to the dis- tressed city amounted to over $1,000,000. Never was a call for help against an overwhelming calamity, more nobly, speedily and freely res- ponded to, and the cities of the Dominion vied with those of the States in friendly rivalry to render assistance. Almost at the same time that Chicago was destroyed, three fires occurred in Canada which, although insignificant in comparison, caused much loss and distress. On the 8th, thirteen houses were burned in Sand- wich, Ont., causing a loss of $50,000 ; and on the following day the most destructive fire ever known in fhe village, swept over Gfeorgefown, doing damage to the extent of $40,000. Whilst the excitement caused by the burning of Chicago was still at its heighth, oir the 11th, came the intelligence that the thriving town of Windsor, Ont., was almost laid in ashes, and that damage to the extent of $200,000 had been done. The fire raged with intense fury for a while, and it was feared that the whole town would be destroyed ; but thanks mostly to the gallant firemen who came over from Detroit, the greater portion of it was saved from the flames. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 18*71. 259 7. — The result of the census taken this year was a most thorough disappointment to a large proportion of the people who, pi«>i)pruduced 1,165,117 ; Quebec, 1,270,215; New Brunswick, 37,845 ; Nova Scotia, 111,.588. The number of yards of home-m;ule linen was. Ontario, 25 ,.502 : (Jiiebec, 1,559,410 ; New Brunswick. 74,241 ; Nova Scotia, 111,987 : total, 1,771,140. Of home-made cloth there were 7,611,947 ; Ontario, 1,775,320 ; Quebec, 3,389,766 ; New Brunswi. k, 1,050,828 ; Nova Scotia, 1,476,003 ; total, 7,641,917. The number of pounds of maple sugar was 17,276,054, of which Ontario produced 6,247,442; Quebec, 10,497.418; New Brunswick, 3.89,004; Nova Scotia, 151,1!I0. Of fruits there were 6,3.35,315 busheii of ai)ples ; 1,126,402 pounds of grapes, and 358,963 bushels of other fruits. Products ok the Forest. — The total number of cubic feet of timber of all kinds was 65,669,871, of which Ontario produced 33,496,815; Quebec, 24,3ii9,086 ; New Brunswick, 3,780,.5(i7 ; Nova Scotia, 4,083,40.3. The various kinds were as follows: White pine, Ontario, 14,791,20.3 cubic feet : Quebec, 8,876,060 ; New Brunswick. 330,it20 ; Nova Scotia, 2.38,6,38 ; total, 24,236,821. Red pine, Ontario, 1,-524,698 cubic feet ; Quebec, 347, 515 ; New Brunswick, 60,139; Nova Scotia, 22,020; total, 1,954.372. Square oak, Ontario, 3,144,5.54 cubic feet : Quebec, 5.3,635 ; New Brunswick, 7,.360 : Nova Scotia 96,494: total, .3,302,048. Tamarac, Ontario, 1,223,444 cubic feet; Quebec, 3,994,878: New Brunswick, 360.825 : Nova Scotia, 116,816 ; total, 5,695,96.3. Birch and m.aple, Ontario, 92,200 cubic feet; Quebec, 500,995; New Brunswick, 827,-345 ; Nova Scotia, 518,727 ; total, 1,939,357. Elm, Ontario, 1,777,905 cubic feet; Quebec, 53,299 ; New Brunswick, 1,250 ; Nova Scotia, 200 ; total. 1,832,6.54. Black walnut, 117,.589 cubic feet, Ontario. Soft walnut, Ontario, 72,214 cubic feet : Quebec, 28,382 ; New Brunswick, 1-50 ; Nova Scotia, 2,265; total, 102,981. Hickory, Ontario, 157,975 cubic feet; Quebec, 39,612 : Nova Scotia, 240 ; total, 197,827. All other timber, Ontario, 10,594,943 cubic feet: Quebec, 10,414,710; New Brunswick, 2,192 608; Nova Scotia, .3,068,003; total, 26,290,264. Pine logs, Ontario, 5,713,204: Quebec, 5,011,532; New Brunswick, 1 -214, -485 ; Nova Scotia, 477,187; total, 12.416,408. Other logs, Ontario, 1,255,000; Quebec, 3,628,720 ; New Brunswick, 3,533,152 ; Nova Scotia, 897,595 ; total, 9,.314,-557. Masts, spars, Ac., Ontario, 4,876 ; Quebec, 94,822 ; New Brunswick, 11,3,56 ; Nova Scotia, 10,631 ; total, 121,685. Staves, Ontario, 20.964 ; Quebec, 1,181 ; New Brunswick, 747 ; Nova Scotia, 11,811 ; total, 34,706. Cords of lath- wood, Ontario, 15,095; Quebec, 7,148; New Brunswick, 2,490; Nova Scotia, 924 ; total, 25,657. Cords tanbark, Ontario, 30,854; Quebec, 91,051 ; New Bruns wick, 28 ,228 ; Nova Scotia, 12,.388 : total, 162,-521. Cords firewood, Ontario, 4,519,320; Quebec, 3,172,612; New Brunswick, 545,679; Nova Scotia, .526,472 : total, 8,71.3,083. The Fisheries.— Table 26 contains statistics relating to the fisheries by which it appears that 991 vessels with 6,984 men, and 16,876 boats, with 30.. 514 men were engaged in this important pursuit. All the Provinces more or less engaged in it, but the greater part of the business was in the Maritime Provdnees. Vessels engaged, Ontario, 20; Quebec, 110; New Brunswick, 139 ; Nova cotia, 722; total, 991. Men — Ontario, 7.3 ; Quebec, 801: New Brunswick, 537; Nova Sootia, 5,573; total, 6,984. Boats — Ontario, 1,1.54 ; Quebec, 4,779 ; New Brunswick, .3,003 : Nova Scotia, 7,940 ; total, 16,876. Men— Ontario, 2,307 : Quebec, 6,929 ; New Brunswick, 4,776; Nova Scotia, 11,855 ; total, 25,867. Shoremen — Quebec, 3,143; New Bruns- wick, 726; Nova Scotia, 778; total, 4,647. Fathoms of net — Ontario, 129,958; Quebec, 348,694 ; New Brunswick, 425,109; Nova Scotia, 975,674 ; GOVEPvNMEXT OF LORD LISGAR— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OP 1871. 265 freeze rapidly, and a large number of the fall fleet were caught in the ice and great damage done. The river closed very suddenly at Montreal, and a number of barges and small craft were caught and held in the harbor until the ice broke up in the spring, and many ocean-going vessels had to winter at various ports in the St. Lawrence, but little damage was done to them beyond the loss of time, and consequent expense. Below Quebec and down the Glulf, however, the case was diflerent, andthe following vessels were crushed in the ice and became total wrecks ; Ship Afdmillan, 987, Montreal to Liverpool ; baroque Chryseis, 477, Montreal to Griasgow; barque Emigrant, 475, Quebec to Grreenock ; barque total, 1,879,435. Fathoms of fascines, Ontario, 14; Quebec, 1,369; Now Brunswick, 169 ; Nova Scotia, 771 : total, 2,323. The products of the fisheries will bo found in the following table ; CJ a o Cod Quintals. Haddock, hake, pollock “ Sounds and tongues— barrels. . Herring “ (Tasp.areaux “ Mackerel “ Sardines ‘‘ Halibut “ kilnion “ Sh.ad “ .. Eels Whitefish Trout “ . . Other fish “ Cured roes “ Oysters “ Cod liver oil — gallons Other fish oil “ 9,814 127 21,445 17,363 12,536 33 3,622 264,742 1,881 .350 90.428 225 5,857 6,457 891 5,349 1,6()5 5,816 1,501 1,724 58,179 919 869 309,030 37 ,.581 17,290 40 181,792 18,534 2,421 10 1,33 6,340 3,532 488 57 289 9,070 13,24.3 217 75,826 380 ,.308 101,042 871 l;55,266 10,.'358 69,647 25 2,.530 4,218 7,183 1,262 14 372 1,367 1,952 1,257 1,405 287,925 682,()31 120,213 1,261 417,300 2it,117 77,925 6,492 3,560 15,907 12,380 7,693 23,017 19,729 81.1.52 2,934 14,500 2,4<.)1 676,403 Raw Minkral Products.— The total production of gold was 22,941 ounces, of which Ontario produced 190 ; Quebec, 3,411 ; Nova Scotia, 19,331. Ontario was the only Province producing any silver, the quantity being 69,197 ounces. Copperore, Ontario, l,934tons ; Quebec, 11,326 ; New Brunswick, 50; total, 13,310. Iron ore, Ontario, 30,726 tons; Quebec, 92,001; New Brunswick, 3,070 ; Nov'a Scotia, 3,566 ; total, 129!.363. Pyrites, Ontario, 500 tons; Quebec, 2,.300; total, 2,800. Manganese, New Brun.s- wick, 475 tons ; Nova Scotia, 160 ; total, 635. Other ores. New Brunswick, 10 tons ; Nova Scotia, 14,053 ; total, 14,063. Coal, New Brunswick, 13.502 tons ; Nova Scotia, 657,506 ; total, 671,008. Peat, Quebec, 14,597 ; New Brunswick, 160 ; Nova Scotia, 15; total, 14,772. Plumbago, Quebec, 270 tons. Lump gypsum, Ontario, 4,230; New Brunswick, 13,659; Nova Scotia, 96,.544 ; total, 114,43.3. Phosphate lime, Ontario, 1,975 tons; Nova Scotia, 5; total, 1,980. Mica, Quebec, 4,000 pounds ; New Brunswick, 10; total, 4,010. Crude petroleum, Ontario, 12,969,435 gallons. Grained marble, Ontario, 8,870 cubic feet. Building stone for dressing, Ontario, 2,093,711; Quebec, 1,674,362; New Brunswick, 810,552; Nova Scotia, 628,171; total, 5,206,796. Roofing slate, Quebec, 4,593 squares; Nova Scotia, 1,420 ; total, 6,013. Industries. — Under this head are grouped all the manufactures of the Dominion, .and twenty-seven tables are required to give the very elabor.ate st.atistics gathered. It is impossible for us to give more th.an a very con- densed summary, and we shall, therefore, only notice these manufactures the value of whose products exceed one million. Agricultural imple- ments, number — Ontario, 173; Quebec, 65; New Brunswick,!; Nova Scotia, 10 ; total, 252. Hands employed ; Ontario, males, 2,118, females, 25; Quebec, males, 378 ; New Brunswick, males, 7 ; Nova Scotia, males, 19 ; total, 2,546. Yearly wages : Ontario, $745,693 ; Quebec, $105,087 ; New Brunswick, $2,030; Nova Scotia, $3,274; total, $856,084. Value of raw material; Ontario, $790,073; Quebec, $97,185; New Brunswick, $876; Nova Scotia, $1,913 ; total, $889,847. Value of articles produced ; Ont.ario, $2,291,989; Quebec, $382,.532; New Brunswick, $3,804; Nova Scotia, $7,068 ; total, $2,685,393. Bakeries, number — Ontario, 383; Quebec, 471 ; New Brunswick, 41; Nova Scotia, 29; total, 926. Hands employed; Ontario, males, 1,107, females, 132; Quebec, males, 1,089, females, 71; New Brunswick, males, 116, females, 15; Nova Scotia, males, 114, females, 20; total, 2,674. Yearly wages; Ontario, $346,254; Quebec, $265,252; New Brunswick, $32,011; Nova Scotia, .$36,922; total, .$680,439. Value of rloyed : Ontario, 4,763 males, 17 females ; Quebec, 2,104 males, 14 females ; New Brunswick, 470 males, 7 females ; Nova Scotia, 428 males ; total, 7,798. Yearly wages : Ontario, $1,259,790 ; Quebec, $404,982 ; New Brunswick, $130,080 ; Nova Scotia, $96,705 ; total, $1,891,566. Value of raw material : Ontario, $387,861 : Quebec, $382,154 : New Brunswick, $84,911 ; Nova Scotia, ,$42,805 ; total, $1,397,731. Value of articles produced: Ontario, $3,078,841 ; Quebec, $1,257,736; New 31 2()G TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Mary Eliza, 888, Quebec to Marseilles ; ship Three Belles, 594, Montreal to Grlasgow. The follow- ing were badly damaged from the same cause : barque Amelia, 548, Quebec to Newcastle ; barque Ahna, 348, Montreal to Liverpool ; ship Pride of England, 1,356, Quebec to Greenock; ship Pomona, 1,195, Montreal to Glasgow ; barque Viola, 595, Montreal to Liverpool. None of Brunswick, $308,634; Nova Scotia, $204,023; total, $4,849,234. Cooper- age, number— Ontario, 669 ; Quebec, 472 ; New Brunswick, 191 ; Nova Scotia, 407 ; total, 1,739. Hands employed ; Ontario, 1,837 ; Quebec, 796; New Brunswick, 261 ; Nova Scotia, 548 ; total, 3,442. Yearly wages ; Ontario, $478,168; Quebec, $87,628; New Brunswick, $17,515; Nova Scotia, $50,642 ; total, $644,952. Value of raw material : Ontario, $516,676 ; Quebec, $111,156 ; New Brun.swick, $14,189; Nova Scotia, $44,249; total, $686,270. Value of articles produced : Ontario, .$1,281, SOi ; Quebec, $320,989 ; New Brunswick) $38,707 ; Nova Scotia, $131,099 ; total, $1,772,663. Dress-making and millinery, number — Ontario, 4ii3; Quebec, 333; New Brunswick, 56 ; Nova ScotiU) 52 ; tot:il) 934. IBinds emi)loyed ; Ontario, males, 103, female.s, 2,023; Quebec, males, 19, females, 1,247; New Brunswick, males, 5, females, 263; Nova Scotia, males, 8, females, 214 ; total, 3,877. Yearly wages ; Ontario, $255,967 ; Quebec, $107,768 ; New Brunswick, $30,545; Nova Scotia, $10,837 ; total $405,117. Value of raw material ; Ontario, .$815,514 ; Quebec, $557,275 ; New Brunswick, $119,073 ; Nova Scotia, $94,335 ; total, $1,586,197. Value of articles produced : Ontario, $1,350,483; Quebec. $882,918; New Brunswick, $195,396; Nova Scotia, $158,882 ; total, $2,585,679. Flour and grist mills, number — Ontario. 951 ; Quebec, 810 ; New Brunswick, 233 ; Nova Scotia, 301 ; total, 2,295. Hands employed Ontario, 2,759 ; Quebec, 1,506; New Brunswick, .311; Nova Scotia, 416 ; total, 4,992. Yearly wages: Ontario, $833,959: Quebec, $280,266 ; New Brunswick, $55,967 ; Nova Scotia, $62,687 ; total, $1,232,879. Value of raw material : Ontario, $22,6 15,814 ; Quebec, $8,151,797 ; New Brunswick, $866,668 : Nova Scotia, $839,269 ; total, $32,474,548. Value of articles produced ; Ontario, ^827,115,794 : Quebec, $9,897,711 ; New Brunswick, $1,059,355 ; Nova Scotia, $1,068,051 ; total, $3tl,135,919. Foundries and machine-working, number — Ontario, 258 ; Quebec, HI ; New Brunswick. 31 ; Nova Scotia, 30 ; total, 430. Hands employed ; Ontario, males, 4,671, females, 15 ; Quebec, males, 1,860, females, 2; New Brunswick, 650 males; Nova Scotia, 445 males; total, 7,653. Yearly wages: Ont.ario, $1,587,018 ; Quebec, $47.3,217 ; New Brunswick, $200,854 ; Nova Scotia, $168,726 ; total, $2,429,815. Value of raw material ; Ontario, $1,576,693; Quebec, $505,034 ; New Brunswick, $199,947; Nova Scoti,a, $145,747; total, $2,427,423. Value of articles produced: Ontario, .$4,631,850 ; Quebec, $1,607,484 ; New Brunswick, $602,095 ; Nova Scotia, $484,122; total, $7,325,531. Saddle or harness-making, number — Ontario, 676 ; Quebec, 235 ; New Brunswick, 64 ; Nova Scotia, 66 ; total, 1,041. Hands employed : Ont.ario, 1,754 males, 19 females; Quebec, 588 males, 8 females : New Brunswick, 155 males ; Nova Scotia, 143 males ; total, 2,669. Yearly wroduced ; Ontario, .$459,891; Quebec, $490,783; New Brunswick, $77,250; Nova Scotia, .$44,9.50 ; total, $1,072,874. Oil refineries, number — Ontario, 40; Quebec, 4 ; total, 50. Hands employed : Ontario, 429 males, 4 females ; Quebec, 60 males, 1 female ; total, 494. Yearly wages : Ontario, $184,810 ; Quebec, $17,500: total, .$202,319. Value of raw material; Ontario, .$1,266,744; Quebec, $174,500; total, $1,441,244. Value of articles pro- duced : Ontario, $2,846,669 ; Quebec, $249,000 ; total, $3,094,669. Soap and candle-making, number— Ontario, 38 ; Quebec, 24; New Brunswick, 7 ; Nova Scotia, 6; tot, at, 75. Hands employed: Ontario, 150; Quebec, 92 males, 6 females; New Brunswick, 25; Nova Scotia, 24; tot;il, 301. \ early w.agcs : Ontario, S47,093; Quebec, $27,372; New Brunswick, $7,274 ; Nova Scotia, $8,230; total, $89,974. Value of raw materi:il : Ontario, $.y95, 936 ; Quebec, $436,359; New Brunswick, $88,188; Nova Scotia., ^479,650 ; total, $1,000,033. Value of articles produced^ Ontario, $,524,720; Quebec, $588,423; New Brunswick, $107,000; the loss of two lives and the destruction of about $300,000 worth of property. 12. — The year 1871 witnessed the departure of the last small remnant of regular troops which had been left to garrison Final withdrawl of Quebec ; and, after an occupation Formation of ‘‘ A” I t 1 ‘‘ Batteries. ot one hundred and six years, Miiitia camps, the British troops were entirely withdrawn from that ancient fortress and its defense turned over to the Dominion authorities. With the exception of two Infantry Battalions and some Artillery Nova Scotia, $103,710; total, $1,323,853. Tobacco working, num- ber— Ontario, 42; Quebec, 25; New Brunswick, 4; Nova Scotia, 6; total, 77. Hands employed: Ontario, males .531, females 456; Quebec, 654 males, 5,30 females; New Brunswick, 34 males, 30 females; Nova Scotia, 109 males, 152 fem.ales ; total, 2,216. Yearly wages ; Ont.ario, $157,423 ; Quebec, $200,197 ; New Brunswick, $7,275 : Nova Scotia, $42,200 ; total, $407,095. Value of raw material: Ontario, $424,382: Quebec, $660,863 ; New Brunswick, $13,700 ; Nova Scotia, $98,800 : total, $1,197,745. Value of articles produced : Ontario, $693,387; Quebec, $1,426,656; New Brunswick, $26,800 : Nova Scotia, $288,500 : total, $2,435,.343. Distilleries, number — Ontario, 18; Quebec, 1; Nova Scotia, 1; total, 20. Hands employed: Ontario, 421 ; Quebec, 45 : Nova Scotia, 1 ; total, 467. Yearly- wages: Ontario, $170,590; Quebec, .$16,000; Nova Scotia, ,$300; total, $186,890. Value of raw material : Ontario, $1,141,071 ; Quebec, $60,000; Nova. Scotia, $2,000: total, $1,203,071. Value of articles pro- duced : Ont.ario, $3,875,757 ; Quebec, $210,000 ; Nova Scotia, $(i,780 ; total, S4,092,’537. Engine building, number- Ontario, 6; Quebec, 5; Nova, Scotia, 1 ; total, 12. Hands employed : Ontario. 508 : Quebec, 457 : Nova Scotia, 42 : total, 1,007. Yearly wages : Ontario, $190,573 ; Quebec, $126,388 ; Nova Scotia, .$12,000 ; total, $328,961. Value of raw materi.al : Ontario, ,$289,158; Quebec, $109,650 ; Nova Scotia, $14,000; total, .$412,808. \alue of articles produced: Ontario, $671,000; Quebec, $333,525 : Nova. Scoti;i, $40,000; tobil, $1,044 ,.525. Paper m;inufaeturers, number — Ontario, 12; Quebec, 7; Neyv Brunswick, 1; Nova Scotia, 1; total, 21. Hands em- ployed: Ontario, 264 males, 80 females ; Quebec, 236 males, 148female.s; New Brunswick, 12 m:iles, 3 females : ^ova Scotia, 8 m.ales ; total, 760. Yearly wage’s : Ontario, $99,270: Quebec, $89,473 ; New Brunswick, $7,072 ; Nova Scotia, $2,000; total, $197,815. Value of raw material; Ontario, $2.36,250 ; Quebec, $275,823 ; Now Brunswick $6,000 ; Nova Scotia, $4,500 ; total, $522,573. Value of articles produced; Ontario, $487,500; Quebec, $5,37,376; New Brunswick, $.37,400 : Nova Scotia, $9,. 375 ; total, $1,071,651. N.ail and tack factories, 15 ; employing 569 males, 21 females. Yearly wages, $191,870. V;Uue of raw material, $708,080. Value of articles pro- duced, $1,147 ,.380. Rolling mills, 5; employing 760 males, 2 females. Y^early wages, $241,500. Value of raw material, $1,0.59,000. Value of articles produced, $1,680,000. Sewing maoliine factories, 18 : emi)loying 965 males, 1 female. Yearly wages, $.375,845. Value of raw material. $267,449. Value of articles produced, $1,123,464. Sugar refineries, 4 : employing 359 males. Yearly wages, .$118,200. Value of raw materi:il, $3,716,000. Value of articles produced, $4,132750. There were altogether 140 different industries having 40,839 factories, and capital invested, &c., as follows : — Aggregate Value of all industries in each Pro- vince. Capital In- vestment. No. of Hands em- ployed. Amount of Yearly W ages. Value of Raw Material. Value of Articles Produced Ontario Quebec New Brunswick • Nova Scotia — $37,874,010 28,071,868 5,976,176 6,04i ,966 87,281 66,714 18,352 15,595 $21,415,710 12,389,673 3,869,360 3,176,266 $65,114,804 44,555,025 9,4;H,760 5,806,257 $114,706,799 77,205,182 17,367,687 12, .338, 105 Total $77,964,020 187,942 $40,851,009 $ 124,907,846 $221,617,773 268 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CAXxVBA. and Engineers stationed at Halifax, no British troops were left in Canada, the British Govern- ment having fnlly carried out its intention of removing all the forces and leaving the Dominion to protect itself. The garrison at Halifax is maintained there simply because that port is the Imperial Naval station in the North Atlantic, and not in any way as any protection i to the Dominion. As it became necessary to have some body of men to take care of the forts, military | stores, &c., handed over by the Imperial to the | Dominion Authorities, it was determined to form ' two Batteries of Garrison Artillery, to be desig- | nated as “A” and “ B ” respectively, to be stationed | at Kingston and Quebec, with detachments at Montreal and Toronto, to prevent the fortifica- i tions at those points from going entirely to ruin. These two Batteries, which are in reality “ the army of Canada,” being the only regular troops i in the Dominion, yvore organized in accordance with General Orders issued by the Minister of ! Militia 20th October, 1871, and consist of about 400 men, rrnder command of Lt. Col. T. B. ; Strange. The order also provided that “ these - batteries in addition to performing garrison duties shall serve as practical schools of gunnery for the training of all ranks of the Militia Ar- tillerv, viz : by instructing gunners and drivers, and affording officers and non-commissioned officers opportunities of joining long or short courses of instruction as may best suit them in- dividually.” The Adjutant General in his annual report for 1871 says that “ the British flag that floats over those strong holds (Quebec, &c.) is as vigilantly guarded, and the morning gun as regularly fired, by the Dominion Militia Artillery Corps ” as during their occupation by the regular forces. The withdrawal of the troops gave a great impetus to militia matters this year, aiid the new system of forming large camps for eight or sixteen days instruction was tried for the first time with considerable success. Camps were formed at Niagara, Laprairie, Goderich, Levis and other points, and 22,544 officers and men performed sixteen days drill, and 5,210 eight days. The total enrolled strength of the active militia on 31st December, was 43,174, of whom 34,414 performed annual drill, 27,754 in camps and the remainder at Head Quarters. 13. — Several important changes were made in the Post Office Dei^artment during the year, which tended somewhat to in- crease postal facilities, but the Postal Cards. Government did not yet see its way clear to inaugurate a system of free deliveries in cities, which had been urged for some time. On the 30th June the contract with the Inman line of steamers for carrying the mails between Halifax and Liverpool, and vice versa, expired, and, the last mail from that place by that line was despatched by the City of Baltimore for Liver- pool ; on the same day the City of Liverpool arrived with her last mail from England. The contract had been given to the Allan line, and the first mail was brought out by the Peruvian which arrived at Halifax on the 11th July. The most important event, as far as the general public was concerned, was the introduction of Postal cards, which came into use in May, and proved an immense convenience. The Postal system was extended to British Columbia and Manitoba, and the mode of keeping accounts in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick was assimilated to that of the other Provinces. Another very im- portant change was that of altering the mode of paying Postmasters from a per centage on receipts to fixed salaries, which very much sim- plified accounts and tended to make the service ! more efficient. ; 14. — An event of no little importance to the j Maritime Provinces took place on the 18th October when the European and opening of the e.& North American Railway was s^iz4re^ot'‘tT!f' formally opened from Bangor, I Me., to St. John, N. B; thus putting the Maritime Provinces in connection with the I American railways, and, by way of Portland, with Canadian lines also, a route which, although circuitous, proved convenient pending the completion of the Intercolonial. The occasion was made one of general rejoicing, and President Grant and Lord Lisgar both assisted at the oi>ening cermonies and attended the grand banquet afterwards. 'General Grant did not GOVEENMKNT OF LORI) LISGAR— PRINOIPAL EVENTS OF 1871. 2(;9 make a speech, but Lord Lisgar did and expressed himself as highly pleased with the Washington Treaty, for which he was pretty severely criticised by a portion of the press, which considered that the interests of Canada had been sacrificed by that notable document, for the sake of preserving peace between Eng- land and the United States. An event, however, which, for a moment almost threatened to rupture that peace occurred towards the end of the year, and caused intense excitement for a short while, but eventually blew over. As the Treaty of Washington had not been signed until May, arrangements had been made in anticipation of the opening of the fishing season for the protection of our fisheries, similar to those in force in 1870, and six cruisers were placed on duty to prevent the encroachments of American fishermen. After the signing of the Treaty, and while the fisheries clauses were still awaiting confirmation by the Legislatures of the Dominion, and Prince Edward Island, the Gfovernment of the latter Province passed an Order-in-Council that American fishermen should be admitted at once, and the cruisers were so notified. The Canadian Government still maintained its xrrotective force, and three vessels were seized, the Samuel Gilbert, the Franklin C. Schenck and the E. A. Horton. The latter was captured by the Marine Police schooner Sweepstake, Captain James A. Tory, in Antigonish Bay, N. S., on 1st September, while the crew were actively engaged in fishing within a mile of the shore, and was taken to Gfuysboro’, N. S., and placed in charge of the Collector of Customs at that port. A Mr. Thomas Condon was engaged to watch the vessel, but, on the night of the eighth of October she was stolen from her dock by some friends of the owners — by the connivence, it was supposed, of the watchman — and taken to Gfloucester, Mass., to which port she belonged. The rescue caused considerable excitement at Gfloucester, where the wildest threats of resistance to any attempt to recapture her were made ; but the Gfovern- ment had no intention of attempting a recapture by force, and, after an investigation of the cir- cumstances of the case, by which it was shown that the persons in charge of the vessels had been extremely negligent, if not worse, adopted the following Order-in-Council, on 13th No- vember ; “ The Committee of Council to whom was referred the consideration of the annexed report of the Honorable the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, with the accompanying corres- pondence in relation to the rescue of the United States fishing vessel E. A. Horton, have the honour to report as follows : The Committee are of opinion that the gross carelessness exhibited in guarding the vessel will be suitably requited by the loss of the prize money that might have been realized had she been properly protected. The Committee consider that any question of indignity to the Flag may properly be left to the Imperial Gfovernment who alone are competent to deal with it. Believing that the rescue of this vessel has been planned by parties in the United States, who, for objects of their own, desire to create difficulty and thereby disturb the entente cordiale which exists between that coiuitry and the British Empire, the Committee of Council do not feel called uiron to recommend that any reclamation of the vessel in question shall be made by the Gfovernment of the Dominion ; and the Glommittee are the more ready to advise this course from the conviction which they entertain that the Customs authorities of the United States will not, under the circumstances as they exist, furnish the owners of the E. A. Horton with, the papers recjuired to make her of any value. The Committee of Council further recommend that a copy of this Minute, if approved by your Ex- cellency, be transmitted with the annexed cor- respondence, for the information of the Eight Honorable the Secretary of State- for the Colo- nies.” A copy of the Minute was accordingly forwarded and the Earl of Kimberley signihed his api^roval of the course adopted by the Cana- dian Gfovernment in a despatch to Lord Lisgar, under date 15th December, in which he says : “ This Gfovernment recognize with satisfaction the moderate and dignified course adopted by your Ministers. Such conduct is eminently cal- culated to i)roniote and strengthen the friendly 270 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. relations with the United States Government which it is the earnest desire of Her Ma^jesty’s Government, as it must be of the Dominion Government to see maintained in their full integrity. The Government will carefully con- sider whether the circumstances of the case recj[uire that a representation should be made on the subject to the Government of the United States.” After duly considering “ the circum- stances of the case,” and consulting the Law OlRcers of the Crown, Earl Kimberley decided that “ the circumstances do not rec^uire that a representation should be made by Her Majesty’s Government to the United States Government on this subject,” and so informed Lord Lisgar, under date 15th February, 1872. There were a great many people in Canada who did not feel disposed to compliment the Canadian Govern- ment on its “ moderate and dignified” course in allowing a vessel to be stolen from its custody and not demanding the return of the stolen property, just as there were many persons who did not admire the “ moderate and dignified ” course of the British Government in c[uietly submitting to an insult to the British Flag without thinking it worth while to rec[uest an apology ; but then people were getting accus- tomed to see England, under the Gladstone Administration, snubbed by foreign powers ; and the Dominion Government really could not help itself, for the British Ministry had shown so decided an inclination to sacrifice Canadian interests to the United States, that it was not at all probable it would risk a rupture with that power on account of Canada, and therefore, it was, perhaps, the wisest course for the Macdonald Ministry not to demand the return of the Horton while it appeared improbable that Great Britain would support that demand, and so prevent Canada from being placed in the ridiculous and humiliating position which she would have been had she made the demand and then been forced to withdraw it, under I)ressure from the British Ministry, as would, probably, have been the case. 15. — Amonst the events of minor importance occurring during the year may be mentioned the commencement of the exten- . \' .anous events of sion of the Grand Trunk along uunor importance, the wharves at Montreal so as to have access to the East end of the city and form a junction with the North Shore and Northern Colonization roads when they were completed. The scheme met with a little opposition from some parties inimical to the Grand Trunk, and special objec- tion was taken to a railway bridge being thrown across the Lachine Canal at Wellington Street ; l)ut the importance of the project and the increased facilities which the carrying of it out would give for the transfer of freight to or from the West, finally prevailed and the work was carried out. The exhausted condition of France after her terrible conflict with Germany could not fail to enlist the warm sympathies of those of French descent in this country, and a Com- mittee was formed in Montreal, of which the Hon. Judge Coursol was Chairman, to receive contributions for the relief of the sufferers, and a considerable amount was collected and for- warded. A visitor, whose advent had been greatly feared, made its appearance in June in various parts of Ontario, in the shape of the Colorado Beetle, but, fortunately, its ravages were not very extensive. This pest had been seen late in the summer of 1870, but not in sufficient quantities to be of much moment, and its first appearance in Canada “ in force ” may be put down as June, 1871. British Columbia was formally admitted to the Union on 20th July, and the Hon. J. W. Trutch appointed the first Lieutenant-Governor of the Province. In accordance with the agreement with the Pro- vince to build a railway to the Pacific, several surveying parties were sent out during the summer, and portions of the Line prospected. The number of drowning accidents during the summer was quite unjDrecedented, and almost every day furnished one or more victims, no less than ten lives being lost over the Falls of Niagara alone. Amongst the unfortunates were Messrs. George Speight and C. A. Lodge, two jrrominent journalists connected with the Montreal Gazette who were drowned in the Lachine Rapids on the Queen’s Birthday. A GOVEKNMENT OF LOED LISGAE— TliE FENIAN EAII) IN MANITOBA. 271 very handsome monument to their memory was afterwards erected in Mount Royal Cemetery by their brother journalists. The experiment of the year before of inducing an English crew to visit Canada and row in our waters was repeated ; and James Renforth, champion scul- ler of England, with a picked crew consisting of James Percy, Harry Kelly and Robert Chambers, arrived at Halifax on the 25th July in the North American, to compete with the Paris crew of St. John, N.B., in a four oared race to be pulled on the Kennebecassis River on the 23rd of August. The race took place at the time appointed, but after rowing a short distance Renforth suddenly fell back in his boat and died in the hotel at Torryburn, where he was taken, a few hours after. At lirst there was a suspicion of foul play, but an analysis of the stomach showed no traces of poison of any sort, and the post-mortem examination revealed the cause of death to be heart disease, brought on by overtraining. Considerable progress was made during the year in opening up the North- west, the Dawson road was completed and opened for travel and telegraphic communica- tion established with Winnipeg by way of Pembina, the first message being sent over the wires on the 24th November. On the 14th of December, the Grand Duke Alexis, second son of the Czar of Russia, arrived in Montreal, where he remained a few days, and afterwards visited Ottawa, Toronto and Niagara Falls. The serious illness of the Prince of Wales at the time prevented any public demonstrations being made, although preparations for grand balls had been made at Montreal and Ottawa, but the entertainments were abandoned, at the request of the Grand Duke, for the reason given above. His visit, therefore, partook of a jorivate nature, but he seemed to enjoy himself during his stay, and the writer remembers hearing him say on the night of his arrival in Montreal that he felt more at home than he had in any place since he left Russia, for it was the first place in which he had been received in a snow-storm and had to ride in a sleigh. The last month of the year was rendered memorable by the defeat of the Sandfield Macdonald Government in Ontario, on the 17th of December, and the formation of a New Ministry under Mr. Blake, particulars of which event will be given in our history of that Province. CHAPTER XXIII. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAE^TIIE FENIAN RAID IN MANITOBA. 1. Arrival of Governor Archibald. The DIEFICULT TASK HE HAD TO ACCOMPLISH. — 2. Warrants for the arrest of Riel APPLIED for. The advantage of his flight. — 3. Conciliatory course of the Lieut.- Governor. Appointments to Executive Council. — 4. The death of Goulet. No WARRANTS OR ARRESTS. — 5. WhY REGULAR TROOPS SHOULD HAVE BEEN LEFT IN FoRT Garry instead of volunteers. — 6. The WINTER passes QUIETLY. BETTER FEELING TOWARDS THE VOLUNTEERS. — 7. FORMATION OF A POLICE FORCE. ThE CENSUS. LoCAL ELECTIONS. — 8. Immigration. Land trou- bles. — 9. Discontent of the French. Return of Riel. “ General ” O’Neil plots AN “ INVASION.” 10. The Raid a contempti- ble FIZZLE. O’Neil again arrested and RELEASED BY UNITED STATES AUTHORITIES. — 11. Governor Archibald’s preparations FOR DEFENSE. — 12. ThE SECOND MILITARY EXPEDITION TO Red River. — 13. $5,000 REWARD FOR THE ARREST OF THE MURDERERS OF Scott offered by the Ontario Govern- ment. — 14. Feeling caused amongst the French by the action of the Ontario Goverment. — 15. Riel and Lepine assisted BY THE Dominion Government to leave THE COUNTRY. 1. — We will return now to affairs in Manitoba following the arrival of Colonel Wolseley, as recorded in Chapter XVII. The Arrival of Lt.-Oov. •position of the Colonel was rather peculiar, as we have already stated, on account of his not being invested with any civil authority, and he was, doubtless. TUTTLE’S IILSTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. very glad to be relieved from resi>oiisibility by the arrival of Lt.-Grov. Archibald, on the 2nd of September. The arrival of the Lieutenant- Governor had been purposely delayed until after that of the troops and he had, moreover, lost a day looking for the terminus of the road from the North- W est Angle of the Lake of the W oods, it having been arranged that he should land there and be escorted by a party of the citizens, to be sent out by Bishop Tache to meet him, to Wiimii^eg by the newly made road ; but his grride could not find the landing place, and it was as well he did not, for the Bishop, who arrived at Fort Garry the day before the troops, had not been able to raise an escort to meet him, and so he would have found no one at the landing. The new Governor was kindly, but not enthusiasti- cally received. The French element was greatly dissatisfied that the amnesty which they had been led to expect had not been proclaimed, and it needed all the power and influence of Bishop Tache to persuade them to quietly submit to the new order of things without the proclamation of the amnesty, which they were told was only postponed, but would certainly be granted. The Canadian or “ Loyal” party was equally dissatis- fied. Many of them had suffered much at the hands of Riel, and clamored for reprisals in the way ol arrests and imprisonments, which the Gov- ernment just coming into power did not see its way clearly to make ; so that Governor Archibald had a very difficult task to perform in attempt- ing to afliiliate two distinct classes, neither one of which could be thoroughly conciliated with- out giving offence to the other. Added to this, some immigration had already commenced, but * In his evidence before the Select Committee on the causes of the North-West difficulties, Lieutenant-Governor Archibald said, on the 15th .May, 1874: “Sir George (Cartier) told me he thought I had better not arrive betbre tlie troops, but that I had better be on hand immediately afterwards. There was a good deal of discussion as to my route. The Bishop asked me to go by the Lake of the Woods. I said I was willing provided I was met at the North-West Angle by a deputation from all classes of the peoide. The Bishop’s proposition was that the French Metis should meet me there and escort me, but I desired that both classes of Metis should meet me, that I might not enter the territory with one class or party only. Upon that, the Bishop said, ‘ That should be done.’ When I went up I therefore made for the North-West Angle, and went a tiay out of my way, but my guides, under the charge of Mr. Pettier, were unable to find it, though we sailed a day on the lake in quest of it ; landed on the shore ; failed to find any trace of the e.xpected escort ; and there- upon we went on by Hat Portage and the Winnipeg. We afterwards found that no escort had been sent.” it was mostly of a partisan character, those who came from Ontario joining the Canadian party in its demand for the punishment of those who had been in rebellion, whilst those who were from Quebec supported the French party in its cry for amnesty and a general forgetfulness of the past. Between the two extremes the Governor tried to steer impartially, and that he was roundly abused by both sides is one of the best evidences of his success ; and the peaceful establishment of law and order, and the restor- ation of public confidence is another. 2. — Of course, those who had suffered were anxious for the punishment of Riel and his followers, and warrants for the Warrants for the arrest of Riel, O’Donohue and appifedfon“*The . advantage of his Lepine lor the murder ot Scott, flight, were applied for to Colonel W olseley ; he, however, having no civil authority, could not act, and recognized the Government of the Hudson’s Bay Company, under the management of Mr. Donald A. Smith, as the only legal authority, pending the arrival of Governor Archibald. Mr. Smith, very prudently, declined at first to issue a warrant, fearing that any attempt at punishment in the then temper of the people— disappointed and angered at what they considered the duplicity of the Canadian Government in promising amnesty,* and then taking forcible possession of the country without granting it — would lead to fresh troubles ; and, although warrants were subsequently obtained, the parties wanted had had time to make good their escape to the United States. There is no doubt but that the flight of Riel was the best thing that could have happened for the peace of the country ; and this opinion was fully held by Governor Archibald, for, in a letter to Sir George E. Cartier, dated the day after his arrival (3rd September, 1870), he says : “ It is, perhaps, the best solution of the question that these men have taken to flight. Their presence here, in the meantime, would have been a source ot incessant trouble. Warrants for the apiirehen- • It must be remembered that Bishop Tachd had promised in the name of the Canadian Government, that an amnesty would be proclaimed, and that the people thought he was authorized to do so. See chapter xiii, paragraphs 11,12. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE FENIAN RAID IN MANITOBA. 273 sion of the three men who have fled were applied for and obtained, and have been placed in the hands of constables. Of course, while feeling runs so high as it does at present, an attempt at arrest (if they had remained) would have been met by resistance, and in the end we would perhaps have had to call in the military, and we would have had a world of trouble, which the absence of these people enable us to escape. I do not know whether Bishop Tache will take the same view, but I hope he will.” Again, writing on the tenth, he says : “ I have seen a good deal of Bishop Tache, who assures me of his sui^port in the views I am acting on : but he is very nervous about the amnesty, and he is evidently fretting at the delay in what he thinks is sure to come. He says there is great uneasi- ness in the French population, and fears the consequences of any attempt to arrest the trio (Riel, O’Donohue and Lepine), against whom warrants were x^rocured before I arrived. I thought it right to press on him that the surest way to avoid any such collision, is that the parties should not be found within the jurisdic- tion. I have no doubt that any attem^A to arrest would be met with a desperate resistance, which might involve a great many of the population, while so far as I can learn there is no disposition to proceed against any j)erson but the three men who were considered in a x^eculiar manner to be chargeable with the death of Scott. I have explained to the Bishop that even if there were an amnesty to-morrow, it would not save these parties from y)ossible attempts on their lives which might be attended with consequences as fatal as the attemj^t to arrest, and therefore under the present circumstances, in the interests of the community, in the interests of the French Half-breeds, and in the interests of the parties themselves it would be better that they should not be found in the territory.” 3. — On the day following his arrival the Governor had inserted in the New Nation (then Conciiiatoo' course the Only U 0 wsx:>aper in the Pro- of the Lieutenant- . , , . , i , i i i Governor. viiice) a iiotice that he would Appointments to i i i i i i • Executive Council, hold a levee on the sixth instant, at which his Commission, &c., would be read. and on that day he was waited.on by the Catholic and Protestant Bishojis and Clergy, and a num- ber of leading business men and farmers of the Settlement. The first iinjiression made by the new Governor was good, and although the Opxiositioii i^ress tried to lash the Dominion Government over his back by accusing him of partiality to the French, yet his course, on the whole, was highly judicious, and the best jiossi- ble to re-establish order on a xiermanent basis. His attention was at once turned to having a census taken so that electoral divisions could be made and an election for the Local House held at once, as it was desirable that the form of Responsible Government, provided for in the Manitoba Act, should be inaugurated as speedily as possible. Pending the election, and in accord- ance with the instructions given him by the Secretary of State for the Provinces, under date 4th of August, he apjiointed two members of the Executive Council, leaving the other offices vacant until after the elections. The two gentle- men so api)ointed were Hon. Alfred Boyd, Pro- vincial Secretary, and Hon. M. A. Girard, Provincial Treasurer. The follov^ing extract from Governor Archibald’s despatch to the Secretary of State for the Provinces, dated 17th of SexMember, will give his reasons for the appointments : “ Thinking it was now time to organize a Government, and that I had become sufficiently acquainted with the x^eox^le to form some idea of the material out of which this could be formed, I have chosen a man rex^re- senting each section of the x^optilation here, and ax^pointed them members of my Executive Council. Mr. Alfred Boyd is a merchant of good standing here. He is a man of fair abilities, of considerable means, and very popular among the English Half-breeds. He was chosen by the parish of St. Andrews (the most x>opulous X>arish in the Settlement) as a delegate to the Convention last winter. While highly esteemed among the English x^^rty, he is not obnoxious to the French. I have appointed him Pro- vincial Secretary. Mr. Marc Amable Girard is a French- Canadian from Varennes, below Montreal, who has recently removed here. He 32 274 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. is a Notary by profession, has been Mayor of V arennes, and is a gentleman of some property, and of good standing, and seems to be the nominee of the French party. I have appointed him Provincial Treasurer.” 4. — On the 13th September an event occurred which caused much excitement, and threatened for a moment to disturb the The death of Goulet. „ , , i i , No warrants or peace ol the Settlement; but a prompt investigation of the cir- cumstances of the case, and the evident disposition shown to administer even justice, soon calmed the excited feelings of the people, and order was restored without any difficulty. A man named Elzear Goulet, who had .been one of Eiel’s Councillors, and a member of the “ Court-Martial ” which condemned Scott to death, made his appearance in a saloon in Winnipeg, was recognized and chased by a man who had been im^^risoned by Riel, and some volunteers belonging to the Ontario Battalion, and in trying to swim across the Red River was drowned. No Coroner had as yet been appointed, and, in the absence of Dr. Bird, who had been Coroner under the Hudson’s Bay Government, Governor Archibald ordered an investigation to be held before two magis- trates, Messrs. Robert McBeth and Samuel Hamelin, and appointed Mr. H. .T. G. McCon- ville, a Montreal lawyer newly arrived in the Settlement, to conduct the case. The examina- tion lasted many days, owing to the difficulty in getting witnesses to testify, and in obtaining a clerk to take down the evidence, the general impression amongst the French being that the investigation was to be used as a sort of Star Chamber, to obtain information on which to base a series of general prosecutions. Mr. McConville, in his report to Governor Archi- bald, says ; — “ Some persons, as I have since understood, were under the belief that this was an inquiry held secretly for the purpose ^f finding guilty parties, Muthout any considera- tion of imj)artiality or justice; hence, the diffidence shown towards us. Proper inter- preters could not be found, and some time was lost, in several instances, in trying to procure them for the magistrates (one of the latter understanding only the French language, and the other preferring the use of the English language). I took upon myself to translate, when witnesses understood both languages, asking them in French whether that which I read in French was their testimony under oath ; asking them in English whether that which I read in English was their testimony under oath. Mr. McBeth understands tolerably well the French language, and was satisfied with the translation so given. Some diffident persons seemed to show suspicions when I was obliged to take the notes in writing for the magistrates, and I miist say that notwithstanding the efiorts of the latter they could not secure a clerk for such purpose. One, after writing one-half day, did not return, and could not be found. Another, after writing two days, would not continue, and refused to give his services to the magistrates.” The evidence went to show that Goulet had been chased by three persons, and met his death in trying to escape from them. Two of the parties were known, a civi- lian and a volunteer, but the third party was not so clearly identified, and it was proposed to issue warrants in blank, to be filled in when the parties had been properly identified. This Governor Archibald did not feel justified in doing; and, after the arrival of Judge .Johnson, the matter was submitted to him, and he decided that the evidence was not sufficiently strong to justify the issuing of warrants, and, therefore, no arrests were made.* 5. — It would appear from the evidence that ^Francis Godschall Johnson, one of the Judges of the Sup erior Court, Qiiebeo, had been, previous to such appointment, Recorder of Rupert’s Land under the Government of the Ilud.son’s Bay Company, and, also, Governor of the District of Assiniboia. After the ]>assage of the Manitoba Bill it was thought necessary to have a full report on the laws in force in the Territory at the time of transfer from the Hudson’s Bay Company, in order that Acts may be introduced at the next session of Parliament assimilating, as far as possible, the system of Criminal Law and Criminal Practice in Manitoba to those of the other Provinces, and Judge Johnson was selected as the most competent person to perform the service. lie was granted one year’s leave of absence from the Quebec Bench) Mr. T. K. Ramsay being appointed to act in his place, and by an Order-in-Council passed on 20th August, 1870, was made a Commissioner to report on the laws, tfec. By a subsequent Order, passed 13th September, Governor Archibald was authorized to appoint Judge Johnson Recorder of the Territory formerly known as Rupert’s Land, which he accordingly did. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LLSGAR— THE FENIAN RAID IN MANITOBA. 275 Why regular troops should have been left in Fort (furry instead of volunteers. the ends of justice were made somewhat sub- servient to necessity in this case, for there was no doubt but that the death of G-oulet was caused by these three men — who belonged to the Cana- | dian or “Loyal” party — but it was felt that ^ in the excited state of public feeling to have ■ made any arrest would, in all probability, have ‘ precipitated a conflict between the two nation- ; alities and religions which would have been far more disastrous than the rising of the previous winter ; it was, therefore, deemed more exiredient to defer any action in the matter until popular feeling should have become more quiet. The fact was that the short-sighted policy of the British Government, in its haste to withdraw the troops from Canada, of immediately recall- ing the regulars and leaving the volunteers as i the only military force in the Province was \ already beginning to bear evil fruit. The French Half-breeds did not consider that they had ever rebelled against British authority ; | but, on the contrary, that they had only asserted their rights as British subjects to a voice in the I management of their own affairs by resisting the encroachment of Canada on those rights, and that they wmuld not have obtained those | rights had they not taken up arms against Canada. They laid down their arms when they ’ thought that the object for which they had been taken up was accomplished, but the presence of Canadian troops amongst them, and the delay in proclaiming the amnesty made them feel that they were being treated as a conquered people, and there was a very decided inclination amongst them to again take up arms and “ fight it out.” To regular British soldiers there could i not have been any objection taken ; and it was hoped that the portion of the 60th, which was sent up, would have been allowed, at least, to remain for the winter ; but no amount of repre- sentation on the part of the Canadian Govern- ment could convince the British Ministry that the interests of ireace would be best served by allowing the regulars to remain a short time at Fort Garry until order was perfectly restored, and they were brought back to Quebec to spend i the winter there to no purpose, when their presence would have been of great advantage in the North-West. It must be remembered that the majority of the volunteers were Protes- tants, and a large proportion of them Orange- men, who made no seci’et of their desire to “ avenge the murder of poor Scott ;” that they had neither the training nor steadiness of regular troops, and that many of those who had been imprisoned by Riel and forced to submit when they had not force enough to resist, were now very anxious to avenge their wrongs and incite the volunteers to a rupture with the French party now that theEnglish party was the stronger of the two. The majority of the volunteers were quiet and orderly, but, unfortunately there were some turbulent siririts amongst them, and as grog-shops were altogether too numerous in Winnipeg, there were several “rows,” so that, after the death of Goulet, Colonel Jarvis thought it most prudent to stop the leave of the Ontario Battalion for awhile, and prevent their going into Winnipeg at all. 6. — Meanwhile Riel, O’Donohue, and a num- ber of their followers had established themselves at St. Joseph, just across the The winter passes boundary line, and were secretly iS’tovvarfs'the plotting for another rising after the winter had set in, and no help could be expected from Canada. A meeting of about forty of the disaffected was held at River Salle — where the first oj^position to Mr. Macdougall had been planned — on the night of the 17th of September, four days after the death of Goulet, at which Riel and Lepine were supposed to have been present ; but, although threats were freely indulged in, and a company of volunteers was sent to the frontier to protect it against the threatened raid from St. Joseph, no rising took i^lace, and the winter passed in peace and quiet. After a little while the volunteers and the inhabitants began to get on better terms with each other, although the correspondents of some Canadian newsi)apers — especially the Nouveau Monde and. Globe tried their best to spread ill-feeling by exaggeration and misrepresentation of the con- duct of the volunteers on the one hand, and ridi- •^1C, . TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OP THE HOMmiOH OF CANADA. culing aud belittleing the French Half-breeds on the other. After the volunteers got fairly settled in their winter quarters, an Amateur Dramatic Association was formed, and gave several very creditable entertainments, while a minstrel troupe and a few balls and parties, tended to make the winter pass pleasantly, and to place them in familiar intercourse with the people, so that by the spring, when they were disbanded, or taken back to Canada, there was a much better feeling than there had been immediately after their arrival. 7. — It was not intended that the volunteers should do police duty, and it had been intended to form a body of mounted Formation of a police i i i •, force. The census, policc 111 Canada, aiid send it up Local elections. . . alter the Expedition. The project was abandoned, and an attempt made to raise a local force ; but the response to Grovernor Archibald’s call for men was so meagre, and the terms demanded so exhorbitant, that it was found impossible to do anything in that direc- tion, and a small force of twelve men w^ formed from the volunteers, with Captain Vil- liers, late of 13th Hussars, as Chief, and Captain DePlainval as Sub-Chief. * A division of the country into districts, for the purpose of taking the census, was made as speedily as possible, and the enumerators commenced their work on the 27th of October, and completed it during November. Their duty was to give an exact return of the- population of the Province on the 16th July — the day after its formal entry into the Dominion — those who M'ere residents, but happened to be absent on that date, being included, as were also those Indians who “ dwelt in houses” — i.e., who followed civilized pursuits and were not roaming about hunt- ing and trapping. The returns showed the population to be 11,963, of whom 1,565 * “ It was at first thought that the constables could be selected from amongst the Ilalf-breeds, but the demands of these men were found to be so large that the idea of employing them was given up. They asked $‘i.50a day besides their rations, aud stipulated th.at they should be allowed to remain at their homes. They declined to wear a uniform, and seemed to consider that the fact of their being policemen was sufficient in itself to entitle them to high pay and a release from the ordinary duties of their office. Those who volunteered were principally French Half-b'reeds.’'— Con-eapondence Toronto Glohe, 20t^ September, 1870. were whites, 558 Indians, 5,757 French Half- breeds, and 4,083 English Half-breeds. Reli- gions were divided — 6,247 Catholic ; 5,716 Protestant. Nearly the whole population were British subjects, there only being sixty-two citizens of the United States, half of whom were born in Canada and had become natural- ized. Of the 1,565 whites, 747 were born in the North-West, 294 in Canada, 69 in the United States, 125 in England, 240 in Scotland, 47 in Ireland, 15 in France, and 28 in other countries. Immediately after the completion of the census, writs were issued for the local election, which was held on the 30th of December, and which Xiassed off very quietly, the majority of the candidates being elected by acclamation. The Local House met on 15th of March, 1871, and a report of its proceedings will be found in our Provincial History of Manitoba. 8. — Nothing of very striking importance occurred during the winter beyond a few dis- turbances with the volunteers, i.„„i^r.ation. Land which were not of a serious nature ; and the impartiality with which Governor Archibald made appointments, and the fairness with which he recognized the claims of the French Half-breeds, caused him to grow in popularity, and tended to restore feelings of peace and security. With the spring came an influx of immigrants, the first arriving on the 29th of April. About the 1st of May such of the volunteers as desired to settle in the country were discharged from ser- 'V’jce, and a grant of land made them ; those who did not wish to remain were returned to the Province from whence they came — all but two companies, about eighty men, who were kept to guard the Fort, and to assist the police in maintaining order if required. During the summer the land question very nearly caused trouble, but through the exertions of Governoj’ Archibald the danger was averted. The new immigrants were, of course, very anxious to obtain land, and, quite naturally, wanted to get the best without any regard as to whom it ^ belonged to ; the Governor was not in a posi- tion to grant any lands so speedily, for the 1 GOVERNMENT OF LORI) LISGAR— THE FENIAN RAID IN MANITOBA. 271 Indian title had first to be extinguished, and the Half-breed reservation under the Manitoba Act set apart before the Government could determine what lands it really had at its dis- posal to give to actual settlers. This took some time to accomplish ; the Indian Treaties were not concluded until July, and it was about the same time before the surveyors got fairly to work and a Land Office was opened in Winni- peg. Meanwhile some of the new-comers had grown impatient and squatted on whatever land they took a fancy to, M’hich was resented by the French Half-breeds, who claimed some of the lands so occupied, and for a while a colli- sion seemed imminent. The greatest danger of a collision occurred at Riviere aux Islets de Bois, which a body of French Half-breeds had selected as a site for their farms, and put uj) some enclosures. A party of immigrants from Ontario took possession of this site, staked ofl‘ the ground, put up huts, and, to add insult to injury, changed the name of the river to the Boyne. The French Half-breeds at once held a meeting, and determined to drive out the intruders by force ; but Governor Archibald, hearing of the matter, sent for some of the leaders, and by threats and entreaties induced them to abandon their threatened attack, and something like peace was restored.* * Oovernor Archibald in his “ Memorandum connected with the Fenian Invasion of Manitoba in October, 1871,” gives the following account of this difficulty, to which, to some extent, he attributes the Fenian raid of the following October: — “When the volunteers came to be disbanded, and were thus freed from all restraint, the hatred of the two classes exhibited itself more and more. Some of the immigrants from Ontario shared the feelings of the disb.anded volunteers, and acted in concert with them. A body of French Ilalf-breeds had made a selec- tion of a tract of land at Riviere aux Idetn de liois ; some of them h.ad made farms, or at all events enclosures, at that place. There was .abun- dance of land elsewhere equally good, but the new-comers preferred this spot. They entered on the ground and staked it off; put up huts, and de- clared they would hold it against all comers. To give character to their occupation, they discarded the name by which the river had been known, and called it the Boyne. Of course the Half-breeds were enraged, they thought it bad enough to lose land they believed to be theirs, but in the new name they saw something worse— an insult to their religion. They seemed to think that property, race, and creed were all to be trodden under foot, unless they took care of themselves. They met in their parishes on the Assiniboine .and Red River, and determined to march to the settlement .and drive off the intruders. Fortunately, I he.ard of their intentions. I sent for some leading men among them, and warned them | that if they lifted a hand or struck a blow it was all over with them. The collision was arrested, but not without gre.at risk. Had blood been shed on that occasion we should have had a civil war, in which every French Half-breed would have been an active participator ; while from the English Half-breeds, in accord on the question of property with the 9. — Some of the new immigrants and a por- tion of the volunteers from Ontario seemed determined to provoke a colli- Discontent of the sion with the French, and lost fimmrar”^ no opportunity ot irritating them “invasion.” and abusing the Governor for his alleged par- tiality towards them. Some of the volunteers did not hesitate to declare that they had taken an oath before leaving Ontario to avenge the murder of Scott, and to shoot any Frenchman who was in any way implicated in his death ; and as a sort of challenge to the Catholics, an Orange Lodge was formed, and the 12th of July celebrated by a procession, with party badges, tunes, &c. About this time lliel returned to his home, and was warmly welcomed by his old friends.* He'had been spoken of as a candidate for the House of Commons for Provencher, but had been persuaded that his election would be useless, as he would either be shot or expelled the House. After the return of Eiel, and the affair at Riviere aux Islets de Bois, the temper of tLe French began to get sullen. They recognized tne fact that the large immigration from Ontario would soon sweep away their political majjority, and that the Province would be ruled pretty much as the new-comers pleased, without any regard for them ; and they began to grow uneasy at the long delay in proclaiming a general amnesty, which no argument could persuade them it v^as not in the power of the Canadian Government to grant. Several meet- ings were held in the French parishes, and the subject of another rising in the fall was discussed. Meanwhile, the irrepressible “ General ” O’Neil was again meditating a raid ” on the pocket- books of the confiding servant-girls of New York, and followed his usual game of planning another “ invasion ” of Canada, this time selecting the far away Province of Manitoba, the warm French, neutrality was the utmost that could have been counted on, .and at this moment we had a garrison of only eighty men to defend all our military stores at Port (larry and to preserve the peace of half a continent besides.” *“ After a painful illness consequent on his sufferings and privations, Riel returned to his home, three days ago. He is still suffering, ill and exhausted. His friends, and even his former politic.al adversaries, are calling to see him in crowds. So .soon as this news is known amongst the Ontario people they will commence the excitement again.” Bishop Tach(5 to Sir George E. Cartier, 6th of May, 1871. 278 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. receptions he had received in Upper and Lower Canada on his previous visits in 1866 and 1870, not encouraging him to try either of these Provinces again. At first sight his plan seemed to savor more of the temporary success than either of his former efforts ; for he was almost certain of receiving a friendly recejition from the French Half-breeds, while it was doubtful whether the English Half-breeds were so much in love with Canada as to hght on her behalf, and the bulk of the volunteers having been withdrawn there was really very little material from which he need expect a vigorous resistance. Added to this he had an ample supply of men within easy distance, for there were two railways under construction in Northern Minnesota at the time, on which several thousand men, mostly Irishmen, were engaged ; and these, together with the nondescript class generally found hovering about the frontier towns of the West, and the scum of the large cities, gave him an abundance of men for his purpose. Of arms and ammunition he had a fair supply, for tlm United States Grovernment had kindly returned what had been seized by their troops after the last raid. With circirmstances so much in his favor it is not surprising that O’Neil was easily persuaded by O’Donohue to try one more invasion of Canada, and that rumorrrsof Fenian concentrations of men and arms near Pembina and other points on the frontier, began to be current in Manitoba during September. 10. — The “ head and front ” of this new move was W. B. O’Donohue, Riel’s ex-Treasurer ; and The raid a claimed that the attempt was crSe'iugai’n®a?restid intended as a Fenian move- uldtedstatli'^ ment at all, but was simply authorities. meant as a continuation of the rebellion of ’69-70, and that Riel, Lepine and the other leaders were cognizant of what was iditended, and were prepared to lend their assist- ance to the movement.* On the other hand Grovernor Archibald, Bishoxr Tache and others testified to Riel’s oiTposition to the raid, and his exertions with his fellow-countrymen to deter • See W. B. O’Donohue’s letter to Speaker of House of Commons. them from assisting it. The evidence, however, we must admit, seems to us a little partial, and there does not appear to be any reasonable grounds for doubt but that Riel favored the move- ment at first, and that it was only after the raid was over, and the brave O’Neil had for the third time sought safety in the arms of an United States Marshal, that Riel suddenly remembered his loyalty and ofiered his services, and those of some two hundred Metis to Grovernor Archibald. The “ raid ” took place on the 5th of October, and was a more contemptible fizzle than either of its predecessors. At half-past seven o’clock in the morning “ Generals ” O’Neil, Curley and Donnelly, and O’Donohue, with thirty-five followers, appeared at the Hudson’s Bay Company’s post at Pembina, which they took possession of, but immediately afterwards a squad of United States troops under Colonel Wheaton arrived at the post and captured all the “ Generals ” and ten of the “ army,” the balance, led by O’Donohue, showing to what good service stout legs can be put when craven hearts prompt the running. So ended the “raid.” Not even a blank cartridge was wasted, nor was there the slightest opportunity for the most gushing reporter to get up even the mildest “ sensation ” report of it. O’Donohue left in such a hurry when he heard that the United States troops were coming that he forgot to take his cloak and overcoat. He was taken prisoner shortly after on the Canadian side of the line by some Half-breeds who, either through ignorance or design, took him into United States territory and surrendered him to Colonel Wheaton, who promptly discharged him, as he had been captured in Canadian territory. The prisoners went through the farce of an exam- ination before United States Commissioner Spencer, and were liberated as speedily as possible, on the xrlea that there was no evidence that the offence charged — breach of the neutrality laws — had been planned in Minne- sota. O’Neil, finding that the United States officers really meant to do their duty promptly this time, saw that it was useless to make another attempt, and shortly after returned to the East. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE FENIAN RAID IN MANITOBA. 2^9 11. — As to the preparations made to repel the invasion, had it become serious, we may say that Governor Archibald had Governor Archibald’s , p i j i preparations for been awarc ol (J Doiiohue s de- cl6f©nc6. sign for some time, and had been making very strong efiorts with the Catholic clergy to induce them to use their influence with Eiel and his followers to unite with the Government in its efforts to repel the invaders ; and had also issued a proclamation, on the 3rd of October, setting forth the danger with which the Province was threatened, and calling upon “ all our said loving subjects, irrespective of race or religion, or of past local differences, to rally round the flag of our common country,” and to assemble at once in the different parishes and enroll under local officers. The Canadians and English Half-breeds responded very promptly to this call, and about nine hundred men were speedily enrolled ; but the French held back, and it was only on the 8th — after he had heard of the capture of O’Neil & Co. by Colonel Wheaton — that Governor Archibald was informed that some two hundred of the Metis had assembled at St. Boniface, across the Red River from Fort Garry, and desired to offer their services. He crossed the river in company with Hon. Mr. Royal, and was introduced to the leaders, amongst whom w^ere Riel and Lepine, shaking hands with them and thanking them for their tendered service, which was acceiAed, and about fifty of them were detailed to act as scouts, but, of course, there was nothing for them to do, as the would-be raiders had been already dispersed, or captured by Colonel Wheaton. Governor Archibald held, in his report of the raid, and in his evidence before the Select Committee in 1874, that at the time Riel offered his services it was not known that the raid was at an end ; that there was still intense excitement, and that another attack from the way of St. Joseph was momentarily expected ; j and that Riel’s offer of assistance was made in good faith, as he could not possibly have known the precise state of affairs, which was, that the leaders having been captured, the raid had collapsed. With all due difference to Gov- ernor Archibald, there is no evidence to show that Riel did not have efficient scouts as well as the Governor ; that he was perfectly well aware of the fact of the raid having failed ; and that he had held back so that he and his followers could be at liberty to join the raiders if they succeeded in establishing themselves in the territory ; or if — as was the case — the raid was frustrated by the United States troops ; then he could offer the Governor his services just when they would not be needed. 12. — The effect of the news of the raid in Canada was to cause a second expedition to be hastily fitted out, to take the p ,1 1 , 1 The second military place ot those volunteers who |\i)editiou to Red had been recalled during the summer, and an Order-in-Council was passed on the 12th of October, providing for the immediate despatch of 200 men to reinforce the two service companies in Fort Garry.* It was well known before the expedition left that their services would not be needed to fight the Fenians, as there was no probability of the attack being renewed, but it was seen that the force left in the Province was too small, and that a larger body of men wuis needed until order should have been perfectly restored and the Local Militia thoroughly organized. For the latter duty Lieutenant-Colonel Osborne Smith, C.M.G., Deputy Adjutant-General of Militia, Commanding Military District No. 5, was ordered to proceed to Manitoba, by way of Pembina, at once, to take command of the new Military District to be formed, and also to meet the expedition at the North-West Angle of the Lake of the Woods. The expedition was formed on the same basis as the previous one (except that there were no regulars), 100 men being taken from each Province, — and it is worthy of notice that far more than the neces sary number volunteered in each district, so that good selections could be made, and so promptly was this done that in five days after * The total number of the force was 2 Captains, 2 Lieutenants, 2 Ensigns, 1 Surgeon, 200 Riflemen. One Quarter-master, 1 Supply Officer. 1 Paymaster, 60 Yoyttyf.urtt^ and 5 additional Riflemen, were subsequently added, making the total strength of the expedition, in officers and men, 275. 280 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the Order-in-Council had been passed, the officers commanding the several Military Dis- tricts reported that their contingents were ready, and were being forwarded to Colling- wood at once, at which place the whole force, with the necessary military stores, eqnipment and supplies for the expedition was concen- trated by the 20th. On the following day, at 4 o’clock p.m., the whole force, with most of the supplies, embarked on the Chicora for Thun- der Bay, under command of Captain (now Lieutenant-Colonel) Thomas Scott, the senior officer of the expedition. It reflected great credit on the Militia Department that, in very little more than a week from the date of the Order- in-Council, the men had been gathered from all parts of Ontario and Quebec, armed, equipped, supplied and started on their journey. The remainder of the supplies, horses, &c., left Collingwood in the steamer Manitoban on the same day, and the two steamers arriA'ed at Thunder Bay on the 24th. The route pursued was the same as that of the first expedition, but, the road from Thunder Bay to Sheban- dowan Lake being finished, the transfer of troops, stores, &c., was made in thirty-four hours, instead of more than six weeks, which it took Colonel "VVolseley to accom- l>lish the same distance. The first brigade of boats left Shebandowan at 1:30 p.m. on the 27th, and the remainder on the following day. The winter set in unusually early this year, and the expedition had to fight its way through a succession of snow-storms ; cut channels for the boats through ice two inches thick, wade through half-frozen mud and water, dragging the heavy boats after them down the shallow rivers, where there was frequently not enough water to float a laden canoe, and bear the utmost exposure to cold, with the thermometer often nearly down to zero. The hardships to be endured and the difficulties to be overcome were much greater than those of the previous expedition ; but the men bore with and overcome them with the utmost good will, laughing at the most serious obstacles, and manfully fighting onwards, every man seeming to be alive to the great importance of getting through quickly, and reaching Fort G-arry before the winter finally closed in. The expedition arrived within twelve miles of the North-West Angle of the Lake of the Woods on 12th of November, when the ice became so solid that there was no hope of advancing further by boats, and the flotilla was put into winter quarters and the men marched across the ice to the road to Fort Garry. Colonel Smith had joined the expedition at the mouth of Rainy River on the 11th and led it into Fort Garry, which place was reached at mid-day on the 18th, the distance from the North-West Angle of the Lake of the Woods, 110 miles, having been marched in four days and a half, and the whole journey from Colling- wood to Fort Garry made in twenty-eight days, without the loss of a man, or a serious accident of any kind, in spite of the most trying weather. Colonel Smith says in his report, “ From first to last the weather was of the most unfavorable nature ; rain, snow, intense cold, and violent gales alternating in rapid succession, presented all obstacles that the commencement of winter season in these high latitudes offers to the progress of troops.” The Red and Assiniboine rivers were both frozen over before the men reached them, and were marched across on their way to the Fort. 13. — Three Half-bieeds were arrested for participation in the attack on the Hudson’s Bay Company’s post at Pembina on $5,000 reward for the the 5th of October, and tried for murderers*‘of Scott , , i 1 , -I , offered by the Ontario treason at the (.Quarterly Court Goycmment. opened at Fort Garry on 17th of November, 1871, Judge Johnson presiding. The men tried were R. Villeneuve, the evidence against whom was not very clear, and who was found “ not guilty” by the Jury ; Andre Jerome St. Matthe, in whose case the Jury failed to agree ; and Oiseau L’Entendre, who was found guilty and sentenced to be hung on the 24th of February, 1872, but was pardoned. The result of these trials, added to the arrival of the volenteers, served to convince the French Half-breeds that playing at treason might prove a dangerous game, and no attempt at further disturbances GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE FENIAN RAID IN MANITOBA. 281 was made during the winter. With the new year came another cause of danger, not from an unexpected source, which for a moment created great excitement and threatened to be the means of a fresh outbreak. It will be recollected that both in the House of Commons and in the Ontario Legislatirre the Opj)osition had endeavor- ed to pass a vote of censure on the Dominion Government for not endeavoring to bring the murderers of Scott to justice ; and, also, that the Government of the Hon. John Sanfield Macdonald had been defeated in Ontario and a new Ministry formed by the Reform party under Mr. Blake. The cry for vengence on the murder- ers of Scott had been made to do good party duty dxrring the election, and to the bitter sectarian feeling thus engendered was jrartly due the defeat of the Government. On his accession to office, on the 17th of December, 1871, Mr. Blake did not lose much time in bringing the subject of Scott’s murder again before the House, and on the 18th of February, in Supply, an appro- priation of $5,000 was voted to be offered as a reward for the arrest of the murderers of Scott. The County of Middlesex also offered a reward, and it was expected that these rewards would lead to an attempt to cause the arrest of the parties principally concerned in the murder of Scott. The fact that Riel and Lepine were allowed to reside quietly at their homes, without any effort being made to punish them, was made the occasion of violent attacks on Governor Archibald and the Dominion Government by the Opposition press of Ontario, which, for party purposes, and to secure the Orange vote clamored for the punishment of these men, well knowing at the same time that an attempt to arrest them would lead to civil war in the Pro- vince, where the great bulk of the people 'regarded them as heroes and patriots, and deeply resented the endeavours of Ontario to regulate the affairs of Manitoba, while that Province enjoyed Responsible Government and nineteen out of twenty-four of the members of its Legislative Assembly were in favor of letting by-gones be by-gones. But, unfortu- nately, party spirit is sometimes so unreason- able that it is quite willing to throw a whole country into the horrors of even a civil war and bring ruin and destruction upon thousands, provided a petty party triumph can be tempor- arily gained. By far the greater portion of the agitation in Ontario for vengeance on the murderers of Scott, was a party political move- ment from beginning to end, and that it did not cause a war of races and creeds throughout the Dominion was no fault of the party leaders, but was due to the policy of keeping off premature action until “ time, the great curer of evils,” had calmed excited feeling and obliterated much of the asperity which existed during the years immediately following the troubles of 1869-70.* 14. — The feeling of the French Half-breeds on receipt of the intelligence that rewards had been offered for the capture peeiing caused of Riel and Lepine was most ?he intense, and meetings were again Outano Government. held for the purpose of advocating resistance should any attempt be made to arrest them. The temper of the people, and the condition of affairs in the Province, is fully expressed in the following extract from a letter from Lt.-Governor Archibald to Sir Geo. E. Cartier, under date 24th February, 1872; “I have had a rather anxious time since the intelligence arrived of the rewards offered by Middlesex County Council and the Legislature of Ontario. Intense excitement prevailed for awhile among the French Half- breeds. On the point of blotting out the past, there is little or no division among them. Even those of them who did not side with Riel and the men of the movement, as they are called here, look upon the question of punishment of the offenders as one of race, and w^ould consider an attempt of the kind on any of these people as an attack upon the whole. I had learned privately, through the instrumentality of the police, that immediately after the arrival of the telegraphic news, meetings were held in each * “ Time, the great curer of evils, will soon calm down the apprehen- sions of those engaged in the rising, and all will go well with you, especi" ally if Riel and those directly implicated in Scott’s death submit to a voluntary exile.” — Extract from a letter from Sir John A. Macdonald to Governor Archibald, dated 1st November, 1870. 33 282 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. French parish on the subject, and that there was but one feeling among the people on the subject. They determined that the parties against whom the rewards were directed should remain in the country, and that the people should protect them by an armed force against any attempt to arrest them. I fear very much that had the attempt been made it would have led to serious bloodshed. Happily the feelings of the great body of the English people of this country have so changed that it is difficult to find a magistrate who does not hesitate to issue warrants which may lead to fatal consequences ; and several Justices, who were themselves sufferers at the time of the troubles, and who a year ago were urging all kinds of vindictive proceedings, have refused to issue w'arrants now. I am not aware whether any warrant has actually been issued up to this moment. The difficulty is not among the people of the country, but among the small band of lawless men, idlers and roughs wffio infest the taverns of Winnipeg. These men have no influence except for mischief, but they might light a flame it would be hard to extinguish. For a few days I felt the danger was extreme. The only possible way to avoid a serious outbreak was to get rid of the two men whose presence in the country formed the pre- text for the action of the roughs at Winnipeg.” 15. — We have said that the action of the Ontario Grovernment was not altogether unex- pected ; and steps had been taken Riel and Lupine , , ^ ^ assisted by the bv the Uoininion (rovemmeut to Dominion (rovern- ment to leave the render that actioii innoxious as country. far as disturbing the peace of Manitoba by attempting the arrest of Kiel was concerned, by providing for the withdrawal of Riel and Lepinetothe United States for awhile, until the excitement had blown over. It seems curious that the Government of the Dominion should not only connive at, but actually assist, the escape of criminals from justice, while the Government of one of the Provinces should see fit to offer a rew^ard for the apprehension of those same criminals; but it must be remembered that the circumstances w^ere peculiar in every respect. The Dominion Government was a Coalition one, the main strength of which was the French Conservative members from Quebec — or, to be more exact. Sir George E. Cartier, who represented that party ; the Quebec members were almost unanimously of opinion not only that no prosecutions for anything arising out of the troubles in the North-West should take place, but that the Imperial Government should be urged to grant a complete amnesty for past offences ; on the other hand, a nirmber of the Ontario supporters of the Government were Orangemen, who not only opposed the granting of an amnesty, but were willing — to put it mildly — that the ring-leaders of the insurgents should be tried for the murder of Scott. To conciliate these conflicting opinions so as to maintain the Government w'^as no easy task. To advocate the granting of an amnesty w''as to lose the support of the Ontario members and court certain defeat to initiate criminal proceedings against Riel and his followers was to alienate the Quebec members, and, probably, precipitate a war of religion and races in which the French and Irish Catholics of all the Provinces — for a war of this kind could never be confined to Manitoba once it broke out — would be arrayed against the Protestants, and the ultimate result of which would be the destruction of the country. To avoid both these difficulties Sir John A. Macdonald adopted a temporising policy, dealing with the amnesty question as one which was impossible at present, but would be satis- factorily settled “ by-and-by and simply taking no action in the matter of prosecutions, and when other parties projrosed to do so, furnish- ing the means for Riel and Lepine to disappear for awhile until the excitement had subsided. On the morality, or immorality of this policy w^e make no comment, contenting ourselves with stating it ; it served its purpose for the time, but, even as a mere party measure — leaving morality and justice out of the question altogether — it is very questionable wffiether it * When I spoke to Sir John A. Macdonald on the subject he never denied that the amnesty had been promised, but he said ‘ Vo Govern- ment could stand on that question.’ I told him there had been promises of amnesty frequently, .and he did not deny the statement. He repeated that no Government could stand that would endeavour to procure the amnesty.” Archbishop Tach4 before the Select Committee, April 18, 1874. GOVEBNMENT OE LOED LTSGAR— FIFTH SESSION, FIRST PARLIAMENT, 18Y2. 283 was the most judicious which could have been adopted, or whether it would not have been better to have asked the Imperial Grovernment to proclaim a partial amnesty — such as was afterwards granted — and have left the question of punishment for the murder of Scott entirely to the Courts, and the action of private prose- cutors if they desired to take any. That would, at least, have conciliated one i^arty and the Government would have been stronger on its appeal to the country in 1872, when it was so weakened that it only needed the coup de Grace of the Pacific Scandal to driv^e it ignominiously from office. As the case stood, however, when the Ontario Government offered its reward there was no other course to pursue than to induce Riel to run away again, as he had done once before, and so save further trouble. Negotiations had already been entered into between Archbishop Tache and Sir John A. Macdonald, before the Proclamation of the Ontario Government, for the withdrawal of Riel from the Province on account of his being spoken of as a candidate for the House of Commons from Provencher at the General Elec- tion, and it was thought that his presence would cause trouble ; but the offer of the reward has- tened his departure. Archbishop Tache left Manitoba on the 23rd of September, 1871, and, consequently, was not in the Province at the time of the Fenian Raid. He proceeded to Canada, and while there had several interviews with Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir George E. Cartier, who urged him to use his influence with Riel to induce him to leave, which he finally consented to do, on condition that some- thing was given Riel to support him, as he was a poor man and had a mother and three sisters dependant on him. This was agreed to, and Sir John sent him a draft for |1,000.* The •{Private and strictly Confidential.) “ Otta\v.v, December 27th, 1871. “ My Dear Lord Archbishop, — I have been able to make the arrange- ment for the individual that vve have talked about. I now send you a sight draft on the Bank of Montreal for $1,000; I need not press upon your Grace the importance of the money being paid to him periodically (say monthly or quarterly) and not in a lump, other- wise the money would be wasted and our embarrassment begin again. The payment should spread over a year. " Believe me your Grace’s “ Very obedient servant) “ Ilis Grace “(Signed,) John A. Macdonald. “ The Archbishop of “St- Boniface, Montreal.” Archbishop returned to St. Roniface on the 16th of January, 1872, and shortly after opened negotiations with Riel for his departure. Riel pretended reluctance to leave, and wanted better terms than the Archbishop could offer him. Before the question of his leaving had been decided, information was received that a reward had been offered by the Ontario Gov- ernment, and Lieutenant-Governor Archibald at once opened negotiations with Archbishop Tache to get Riel and Lepine out of the way. After some little haggling it was decided that they should have |1,600 each to go, and provi- sion should be made for their families during their absence, which was not to be less than a year. The money (<£600 stg.) was advanced by Mr. Donald A. Smith, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and the men went to the United States, thus removing any cause of immediate anxiety on the ground of arrest. The Province then lapsed into a state of quietude, and there we will leave it for the present. CHAPTER XXIV. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR. — FIFTH SESSION, FIRST PARLIAMENT, 1872. 1. Opening of Parliament. Speech from THE Throne. New Members. — 2. Debate ON THE Address. — 3. Protection to manu- facturing INTERESTS. — 4. Mr. JoNES.(LeeDS) REQUESTS PROTECTION FOR THE FARMER AS WELL AS THE MANUFACTURER. — 5. ThE NINE- HOUR MOVEMENT. ThE LAW RELATING TO Trades Unions. — 6. Amendments to the LAWS ADOPTED. — 7. IMMIGRATION AND IMMI- GRATION Aid Societies. — 8. Financial STATEMENT. A SURPLUS OF OVER THREE AND A HALF MILLIONS. — 9. TlIE PROSPEROUS CON- DITION OF THE COUNTRY COMMERCIALLY. — 10. Debate on the Budget. — 11. Continu- ation OF DEBATE ON BUDGET. — 12. REPEAL OF THE DUTIES ON TeA AND COFFEE. — 13. Supply Bill. 1. — The last session of the first Parliament of 284 TUTTLE’S HISTOLY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the Dominion was opened by the Governor- opening of General, in person, at Ottawa, on fromThe'^Thronr®*^ Hth of April, with the usual New members. • ceremoiiies. The Oil ly feature of special interest was the presence, for the first time, of Senators from Manitoba and British Columbia. The speech referred to the recovery of the Prince of Wales from his recent illness, and recommended that the two Houses join in the thanksgiving’ tor his recovery, to be cele- brated on the fifteenth. Explanation was made that the meeting of Parliament had been post- poned at the recjuest of the Imperial Govern- ment, and the House congratulated on the entrance of British Columbia into the Union, lieference was made to the Fenian raid in Manitoba; the Washington Treaty, and the con- ference of Dominion and Provincial representa- tives on the subject of immigration. It was aunounced that surveys for the Pacific Railway had been in progress ; and attention called to the necessity for improving the canal communi- cations of the Dominion, and also of providing water communication between the !St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy. Measures were promised for the readjustment of representation, as required by the Union Act, consec[uent on the taking of the census ; for the regulation and management of Public Lands and Mines of the Dominion in Manitoba and the North-West Territories, and for amending .the laws relating to public health. The speech concluded with a reference to the general prosperity of the country, and successful issue of the efibrts to consolidate the Dominion. On the return of the members to the Commons Chamber after the delivery of the Speech from the Throne, the six new members elected from British Columbia ■were introduced,"^ and also Mr. Edward Carter, elected for Brome in the place of the Hon. Mr. Dunkin, who had been appointed a Judge of the Superior Court for the Province of Quebec ; the Hon. J. H. Pope, who had been re-elected *The following were the members from British Columbia, who were elected in December, 1871 ; Hon. Amor DeCosmos and Henry Nathan, Victoria; J. Spencer Thompson, Cariboo; Robert Wallace, Vancouver; Hugh Nelson, New irestminster ; Philip Houghton, Yale. by acclamation for Compton on his being called to the Privy Council, on 25th October, 1871, as Minister of Agriculture, on the resignation of the Hon. Christopher Dunkin on his appoint- ment to a Judgeship ; and Lieut. -Col. F. W. Cumberland, who had been elected for Algoma on the resignation of Mr. Simpson on his being appointed Indian Commissioner for the North- West Territories. 2. — The Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne was moved in the Senate by the Hon. Mr. Girard, one of the Debate on the newly appointed Senators from Manitoba, and seconded by Senator Robertson. In moving the Address Senator Girard took occasion to express his gratification at the refer- ence made in the Speech to Manitoba, and to assure the House that the people of Manitoba were deeply attached to British institutions and were ready to join with the sister Provinces in maintaining the integrity of the Dominion. No amendment was offered, and the Address was adopted after a very brief discussion. In the House Mr. Nathan, of Victoria, B. C., moved the Address, seconded by Mr. Edward Carter, Q.C. The principal topics of the Speech were touched on and the policy of the Government as fore- shadowed fully endorsed. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie in reviewing the policy of the Government cri- ticised not so much what was in the Speech as what was not in it ; and complained that the Government had not announced any line of policy on the Washington Treaty, nor with j reference to the application of New Brunswick I for “ Better Terms ” ; that no reference was made to any Act to be introduced for the trial j of Controverted Elections, nor for the establish- ment of a Supreme Court which was deemed of the utmost importance, and characterised the Speech as “ a most meagre bill of fare.” He sharply criticised the Treaty of Washington, which he contended should not have been signed by the Canadian Commissioner, as it was not recj[uired that it should be signed by all the Commissioners, and entered into a short discussion on the state of public feeling on the subject. On the subject of the admission of GOVEENMENT OF LOED LTSGAE— FIFTH SESSION, FIEST PAELIAMENT, 1862. 285 British Columbia Mr. Mackenzie said that the Opposition had been misrepresented as being opposed to the union with that Province. The Opposition was glad to have British Columbia in the Union, but what it objected to was the terms on which that Province had been admitted, which were altogether beyond the means of Canada to carry out. Sir Francis Hincks defended the policy of the G-overnment. He said that the Treaty itself would have to be dealt with by the House ; but, on account of a difficulty which had arisen between the British Government and that of the United States on the subject, it was not advisable to discuss it just then. He argued that the clause which stipulated that the Treaty may be signed by a less number than the whole of the Commis- sioners was only intended to provide for the possibility of one of them dying ; and contended that as both sides of the Imperial Parliament had agreed that the English Government alone was responsible for the Treaty, it was most unfair to endeavor to blame Sir John A. Macdonald for it. Hon. Mr. Holton held that the Premier was responsible to Parliament and to no other power in dealing with the interests of Canada ; he had been appointed a member of the Joint High Commission by virtue of his position as Premier, and nothing could relieve him of his responsibility to the House. Hon. Mr. Mac- dougall said that now that the question of acceptance or non-acceptance of the Treaty was closed, all that was 'left for them to do as loyal subjects was to submit to it ; and he regretted to find, from the remarks of the Finance Minister, that the Government was not disposed to ratify the Treaty. Sir Francis 'Hincks said it was a misapprehension to suppose that he had said that the Government was in opposition to the Treaty. What he had said was that the Ministry had protested against the Treaty, and a good deal of correspondence had since taken place with the Imperial Government, the result of which would be made known when the papers were brought down ; he may say, however, that the Ministry was now in entire accord with the Imperial authorities. After some further debate the Address was carried without any amend- ment being offered. 3. — The Question of Protection to manu- factures occupied the attention of the House at an early date, and led to an animated debate, on the 17th of m^nufactming April, on the motion of Mr. Magill for “ a Select Committee to enquire into and report to this House on the extent and condition of the manufacturing interests of the Dominion, with the power to send for persons, pai>ers, and records, and to make such recommendations as in their opinion may conduce to the encouragement of this important interest, thereby furnishing employment for our increasing population, and procuring a home market for our productions.” He contended that the best way to encourage immigration was to encourage out manufacturing interests which would tend to promote the prosperity of the whole coitntry. Sir. Francis Hincks said that the Government would have no objection to the appointment of the Committee, which he had no doubt might do much good ; but he did not wish it to be supi:>osed that the manu- facturing interests were in a state of depression, for he knew, on the contrary that many of them were in a very flourishing condition. Hon. Mr. Holton condemned the action of the Admin- istration in “governing by Commission.” Last year they had appointed a Commission to discover a canal policy for them, and now they wanted a Commission to find a commercial policy. Hon. Mr. Huntingdon thought that the question of encouraging our manufactures was likely to become one of the utmost importance. He did not think that our relations with our neighbors were so far settled as to warrant the adoption of a fixed fiscal policy for the country ; but when they were, he hoped to see this question raised above a mere party cry to be used by demagogues at election time, for it was one of too great import to the welfare of the country. Mr. Jones (Leeds) w’ished to amend the motion so as to have the agricultural interests included, and spoke at some length on the importance of 286 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. having' those interests protected as well as manufactnres. Mr. Workman, in seconding the motion for a Committee, said that he was not in favor of a High Protection Tariff ; as a manufacturer himself he was satisfied with the present duties ; at the same time he thought there were some manufactures which needed Protection, but he was not in favor of a very high tariff. Mr. Young thoxrght the farmers were too intelligent to want duties on their produce, for they knew it was the foreign market which ruled prices, and that duties would do them no good, while they would prevent American produce from finding an outlet through Canada. He was willing to encourage manufactures within the bounds of a revenue tariff; but thought that anything like the absurd Protective duties of the United States would be an injury instead of an advantage to the country. No system could be for the benefit of the whole country if it forced capital and labor into unproductive channels, although it might build up monox:)olies ; and he hoped that the Com- mittee would study the interests of the whole community and not of a class. After some further discussion Mr. Jones withdrew his amendment that agriculture should be included, and the motion to appoint a Select Committee on encouragement of manufactures was then adopted. 4. — On the 24th Mr. Jones (Leeds) moved for a Select Committee to enquire into and report Mr Jones (Leeih) ^.poii the agricultural interests fol'thSreras ’well 0^ ^hc couiitry. Hc Contended as the manufacturer. agricultural interest was the most important one in the whole Dominion, and that, as there was now no hope of having a Reciprocity Treaty with the United States, he thought we ought to have a protective tariff on agricultural products as well as on manu- factures. He maintained that the small duties put on agricultural products in 1870 and repealed in 1871 had been of benefit to the farmers while they were imposed ; and favored a general Protective Tariff. Mr. DeCosmos in seconding the motion, said that British Columbia was an unit on the question of Protection to agriculture as she would never be able to compete with California without it. Mr. Mills said that the motion, as well as that previously adopted with regard to manufactures, asked for Protection, which M'as only another way of saying that certain classes of the com- munity should have a part of their money taken out of their pockets by law, every time they made a purchase, and placed in the pockets of certain other classes who produced protected articles. He argued, on principles of political economy that such pre- tensions were absurd ; the price of our surplus products must be determined by the state of the foreign markets, and not by Protection. Mr. Bodwell said that it had been urged that Ontario and British Columbia farmers would be benefited by Protection to agricultural products ; but it must be remembered that other portions of the Dominion would be correspondingly injured. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had to import large quantities of breadstuff’s, and would suffer from such a tariff, for the benefit of Ontario. He quoted a number of statistics to show that the Dominion exported about four times as much agricultural products as were imported, and argued that as long as we exported so largely to foreign markets, our home prices must be ruled by those markets. He claimed that the whole Protection agitation was got up by a few manufacturers who were anxious to realize fortunes. Mr. Ferguson favored Protection for the farmers ; he thought that they were already laboring under great difficulties, and if the agitation for nine hours as a days work spread to the agricultural classes, and farmers were compelled to pay the same rates they now paid for only nine hours work, the sooner they, emigrated to some other part of the world the better it would be for them. After a little further discussion, the motion was adopted. This motion only empowered the Committee to “ enquire into the condition of the agricultural interests of the Dominion, with power to collect evidence and report,” but some of the advocates of Protection desired a more pronounced expression of opinion on the GOVERNMENT OF LORI) LISGAR— FIFTH SESSION, FIRST PARLIAMENT, 1872. 287 question of protection to agricultural interests, and, on the 20th of May, Mr. Ross (Dundas) moved that the House go into Committee on certain resolutions for the purpose of imposing duties on barley, oats and Indian corn. The Speaker ruled the motion out of order, as a private member could not propose to consider a question of the imposition of duties, 'U'^hich must originate with the Grovernment. Here the question rested for the session, for, after their experience with the “National Policy” the Grovernment did not seem disposed to accept the responsibility of again proposing to the House to place a duty on agricultural products. 5. — The vexed cj^uestion of Capital vs. Labor came into more than usual i^rominence during The nine-hour ^hc wiiitcr of 187M872, and relating toTrudL'’^'' iujustice of the Cxistillg laws as affecting employers and employes was made very apparent. The National Labor League of the United States, which was actively engaged in agitating what was popularly known as “ the nine-hour movement,” established several branches in Canada, especially in Toronto, Montreal and Hamilton ; and a few demagogues were soon found who for pay, or on the chance of future political preferment, undertook to show how much better it was to work only nine hours a day instead of ten — receiving the same wages, however, as if working full time ; and how much better eight hours’ work was than nine, and so on in a descending scale as to the number of hours, and an ascending one as far as wages were concerned. The agitation soon became popular amongst nearly all classes of employes, who were quite willing to work shorter hours, provided there was no diminution of wages. The Trades Unions being united, and working well together, it seemed at first as if the employes would carry their point and have nine hours recognized as a working day, without any corresponding reduction of wages, and a few employers agreed to the demand for a reduction of working hours. The large majority of the employers of labor, however, were opposed to this increase of wages, — for such it virtually was — and combinations of employers were made to resist the demands of the employes. The question was brought to a square issue in Toronto by the strike of Typographical Union No. 91 on the 25th of March, when the printers on the Globe, Telegraph, and Express, and in all the job offices, struck work because the employers would not reduce the hours from ten to nine. The master-printers had had notice of the intended strike, and formed nn vuiion amongst themselves to resist it. This they partially succeeded in doing by engaging pi'inters from the country and from the United States to take the places of those on strike. The officers of the Typographical Union were very active in inducing the new arrivals to desert those who had engaged them and join the strikers, and many were induced either to return home or leave their work. This became so annoying at last that Mr. Gfeorge Brown, of the Globe, caused the arrest of thirteen of the principal members of the Typographical Union on a charge of conspiring to deter men from going to their work. The arrests were made on the 16th of April, and the examination commenced before Police Magistrate McNab on the 18th. The gravamen of the charge was that under the laws of Canada Trades Unions were illegal societies, and that the members of Typographical Union No. 91 had, by intimida- tion or otherwise, endeavoured to deter persons engaged to perform certain duties from so doing. The case was postponed until the 6th of May, when evidence was given, and further postponed until the 18th, when the prisoners were committed for trial at the next Assizes, but released on their own recognizances. 6. — The arrest of these printers cairsed con- siderable excitement, not only in Toronto birt throughout the Dominion. There Amendments to the was scarcely any difference of adopted, opinion amongst counsel as to the illegality of Trades Unions as the laws then stood; but there was an almost equal unanimity of feeling amongst all classes that the law ought to be at once amended, and that no man, or body of men, should remain subject to arrest and imprison- 288 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DONINION OF CANADA. meut for no greater offense than that of endea- vouring to get the best price he could for his labor. On the 7th of May, Sir John A. Mac- donald introduced two bills into the House, one on the subject of Trades Unions, assimilating the law to that of Great Britain, and one on violence, threats and molestation defining what constitutes such offenses as airplied to the rela- tions of employers and employed to each other. On the 11th of June the Trades Union Bill came up for second reading when Sir John A. Macdonald said there was nothing in it which could do injustice to either employer or employe. Its object was to repeal a harsh Act, under which mechanics could be indicted for every association they might form. The amendment had been adopted in the British Parliament without a dissenting voice, because it w'as felt that the old law was too oppressive to be borne by free men, and he thought that recent events in Toronto showed that the law needed to be changed here. Mr. Mackenzie thought that the Dominion Parliament was exceeding its power in requiring Trades Unions to be regis- tered, otherwise he was satisfied with the Act. After a little opposition from Mr. Masson, the Bill was passed wdthout amendment or division. The Act as passed assimilates the law with regard to Trades Unions to that of Great Britain. Unions are not illegal nor agreements void merely because in restraint of trade. Dam- ages are not recoverable for* breach of an agreement between members of an Union respecting conditions under w^hich they may trade or seek or give employment, or for a subscription to the Union, or to apply its funds for benefits to members or remuneration for obeying the r.ules and resolutions of the Union, or to pay a fine of a member, or of agreements between several Unions, or any bond to secure the execution of such agreements. Acts for the incorporation of charitable or provident Assoc- iations shall not apply to Unions, nor shall any Union not registered have the benefit of the Act. To others the old law respecting agreements, &c. in restraint of trade will apply. Any seven members of a Union may register it. provided none of its purposes are illegal. Each branch is to be considered a separate Union. Upon registration it becomes a Corporation and may hold lu’operty, &c. 7. — Two Acts were passed at this session with a view to encouraging immigration ; the first being to amend the Immi- gration Act of 1869 by abolishing immSIratio" the capitation tax of one aollar per head, and substituting instead a tax of tw^o dollars for each immigrant to be collected from the Captains of any vessels not cleared under the sanction of the Imperial Immigration Commissioners, not carrying a surgeon, and on board of w^hich proper precautions for preserva- tion of the health of passengers and crew, had not been observed during the voyage. The second Act provided for the formation of Societies for the promotion of immigration by subscriptions and advances made to intending emigrants from abroad, and providing means for recovering such advances in cash or labor. The Minister of Agriculture was authorized to divide the country into Immigration districts, and any twenty-five persons in a district may form a society, the capital of which must not be less than $500, half of which must be paid up in cash, and the constitution and by-laws of the Society must be approved of by the Minister of Agriculture. Societies may receive aid from municipal or other corporations ; and may receive applications for immigrants and forward them through the Department to immigration agents abroad, who may enter into contracts with such emigrants enforcible after their arrival. They may also act as agents of persons or societies in the old country to renew advances made by them to assist intending emigrants. In introducing the bill in the Senate, on the 8th of May, Honble. Alexander Campbell said that it had been prepared in consequence of the formation last wniter, at Ottawa, of a society to aid in bringing immigrants into the country. He explained the provisions of the bill, as given above, and said it was the object of the Government to give all possible aid to societies which were endeavoring GOVEENMENT OF LOED LTSGAE— FIFTH SESSION, FIEST PAELIAMENT, 1872. 289 to increase the population of the conntry. Hon. Mr. Sanborn thought that so far we had had very expensive immigration machinery wdth very poor results, which he attributed partly to divided authority, and partly to the public lands remaining in the hands of the local authorities. He thought the best immigration agents were local industries ; encourage manufactures, provide a market for labor, and labor would find the market without much aid from the Immigration office. Hon Mr. Wark thought the bill was calculated to do much good, as it would tend to give newly arrived immigrants some exjjerience on cleared and settled farms before plunging into the wilderness to attempt to clear a farm for themselves. After a little more discussion the bill was adopted. In moving the second reading in the House on the 18 th May, Hon. Mr. Pope, Minister of Agriculture, said that from every quarter there came the cry that if the Grovernment w^ould only give some assistance towards the passage money, jrlenty of immi- grants could be had ; it was therefore proposed to provide for the formation of societies for the purpose of making such advances and being secured for repayment, and he thought mirch benefit would be derived from the Act. Mr. Jackson was of opinion that the clause giving societies power to recover from immigrants was liable to abuse, as a system of slavery might be inaugurated and immigrants made to suffer A^ery much. Hon. Mr. Blake thought that the clause dealt with property and civil rights, and was not within the jurisdiction of the Dominion Parliament. As soon as the laboring men found out that every shilling they earned could be taken from them in Court by these Immigration Societies, it would haA'e the effect of diverting immigrants from Canada to other countries. Hon. Mr. Chauveau agreed with the main purpose of the bill, but thought that it trenched upon the rights of the Local Grovernments. Mr. Ferguson argued that under the Homestead law of Ontario the clause of the bill giving a lien on the immigrants land for the advance would be inoperative ; and the Minister of Agriculture would be practicing a deception if he led societies to belieA"e that they could recoA^er where free grants AA^ere concerned. Mr. Jones (Leeds and GrrenAulle) had A^ery little confidence in any scheme for attracting immigra- tion; we had had many such, and plenty of expensiA^e agents, but during the past ten years the immigration had not been one per cent, per annum. He thought it would be far Aviser to irrotect our own industries and thus offer inducements to our population to stay at home, than to spend large sums in bringing immigrants here, and haA"e our OAvn people constantly going away because they could get better employment elseAvhere. Mr. Blanchet thought that the most practical way to encourage immigration was to proceed at once with the Pacific railway and other great public works. Mr. Mills objected to the bill on the constitutional ground that the House AA^as infringing on the rights of the Provincial Legislatures. Hon. Mr. Anglin agreed with the exceptions taken by Messrs. Blake and Mills, and thought that the passage of the Act Avould be ec^uiA'alent to introducing the Coolie system. Sir Francis Hincks defended the bill, and x>ointed out the differences which existed between it and the Coolie system. After some further debate the bill passed its second reading, and Avas adopted Avithout further discussion. 8. — The Minister of Finance, Sir Francis Hincks, made his Budget speech on the 30th of April, and was again able to statement, make a most faAmrable exhibit, (hreeanda°hai7^ the receipts for the financial year ending 30th June, 1871, haAung exceeded the expenditures by more than |3, 500, 000. In moA'ing the House into Committee of Supply Sir Francis said that he w^ould make the state- ment, as was usual, for the past year 1870-71, for the current year, 1871-72, and for the coming year, 1872-73. First as to the amount of the debt; on the 30th June, 1871, it was |77,706,- 517, or, in round figures $80,000,000, a large portion of the interest on Avhich was met by the interest accruing from A^aluable assets, that interest amounting to nearly tAventy per cent. 34 290 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOHINIOH OF CANADA. of the whole interest paid on the debt. One reason why the debt appeared larger than it really was, was the unsettled condition of the surplus debt of the old Province of Canada which had not yet been divided between the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and which made the Dominion debt appear more than it really was by about $7,500,000 ; but this amount also appeared as an asset, and it did not affect the amount of interest at all. The statements relating to expenditure on capital account were of the most satisfactory kind. During the four years since Confederation, $7,268,698 had been spent on the Intercolonial Railway, and on the Xmrchase of the North West and expenses con- sequent on opening up that territory ; $813,205 had also been expended on other Public W orks chargeable to capital account, making a gross expenditure of $8,081,903, yet the total increase of the debt since Confederation was only $1,977,- 876 showing that $6,104,027 had been expended out of current revenue on important Public Works. Although the large sum of $3,640,248 had been exf>ended in Public Works during the year 1870-71, still the net debt had been decreased $503,224. The amount of Saving’s Banks deposits was aboirt $4,500,000, against which there was $1,362,666 in five per cent. Canada Bonds held in London, where they could be converted into money at a moments notice, so that there need be no anxiety on that score. The Government had also to its credit in the Bank of Montreal, on interest, $1,400,000 on Intercolonial account ; there was also =6600,000 sterling in London in Imperial Guaranteed Bonds and Canada five per cents, and over $1,- 000,000 on deposit, at interest, in various Banks, so that, he held, the financial position of the Dominion was unassailable. With regard to the hscal year ending 30th June, 1871, he had estimated the receipts at $17,600,000, but the actual receipts had been $19,335,560, and as the expenditure had only been $15,623,081, it left a surplus on the year’s transactions of $3,712,479. 9. — He proceeded to state that the revenue of 1870-71 had exceeded that of 1869-70 by $1,925,- 387.35, which had been chiefly ’ J The prosperous gained on spirits, cigars, tea, coSntry”" wines, sugar, cotton and woollen commercially, goods, iron and hardware, silks and satins. With reference to the current year, 1871-72, he said that in spite of the reduction of taxes last year, which would amount to about $800,000, the revenue would still be in excess of 1871-72, even after making allowance for British Colum- bia. The total receipts would be about $20,050,000, and expenditures $17,040,695 ; so that he counted on a surplus of $3,115,467 for the current year. For the year 1872-73 the income was estimated at $20,630,000, and expenditure about $19,600,000, so that he looked for a surplus of about $1,000,000. He referred at considerable length to the Wash- ington Treaty, and to the guarantee of a loan of ^62,500, 000 which Great Britain had agreed to make in consideration of Canada abandoning her claims against the United States for indem- nity for the Fenian raids ; and argued that although the Treaty was not all that could be desired, still it was a very material advantage to Canada to have the British guarantee of nearly half the sum which would have to be raised to build the Pacific Railway, as it would enable her to get the money on much better terms, and would, according to his estimates, effect a saving of about $600,000 a-year in interest, which he thought was “ infinitely better than negotiating a Bill for Fenian claims, and encountering the danger of irrita- tion on both sides which must arise in the settlement of disputed claims.” Referring to the public works which would have to be undertaken, the Pacific Railway, the enlarge- ment of the canals, &c., which, he estimated, would involve a charge of about $3,000,000 per annum, he said : — “ In undertaking works of such considerable magnitude, it is important to see what is the state of the increase of the commerce of the country. Now, sir, that increase is really wonderful. In 1869 our total exports were $49,320,000, while in 1871 they were $55,151,000. The aggregate of exports and imports in 1869 was $116,725,000 in 1871 GOVERNMENT OP LORD LTSGAR— FIFTH SESSION, FIRST PARLIAMENT, 1872. 291 $142,098,000, or an increase of nearly 22 per cent. And when we come to the details of the exports we find them most satisfactory- The produce of the Mines has increased from $2,093,000 to $3,221,000 ; of Fish, from $3,242,000 to $3,994,000 ; of Forests, from $19,838,000 to $22,352,000 ; of Animals and their products, from $8,769,000 to $12,582,000, the latter chiefly owing to an enormous increase of exports of butter and cheese.” With reference to the tariff, he said that the Grovernment did not propose to offer any changes to the consideration of the House just then ; but, owing to their being a in’oposition before the United States Congress to take off the duty on tea, it was possible that the Grovernment might feel compelled to propose a similar course to the House later in the session. 10. — Hon. Mr. Mackenzie severely criticised the action of the Grovernment in giving up the T, , . Fenian claims and the fisheries Debate on the Budget. £qj. small money consideration from Gfreat Britain. He hoped no Ministry would ever again go on a begging expedition to the Imperial Government. He looked with loathing and disgust upon the course which had been pursued, and he regarded the result as most humiliating. For some time the Govern- ment spoke in the strongest and most offensive terms to the British Government, with reference to our rights of property and the Fenian out- rages, and he felt humiliated to think that while the American people were forcing the Alabama claims on the British Government, we had not pressed our claims against the United States for outrages committed on our frontier. He felt humiliated that the British and Canadian Gov- ernments should have yielded so tamely to the rejection of this as a legitimate subject for dis- cussion and reparation, and for an apology on the part of the United States. It seemed as if the Government thought of nothing but the amount of money it was to get, and the House was now asked to rejoice over an Imperial guarantee of j 62,500,000 as compensation for injury by the Fenian raids, and the loss of the fisheries. He saw no cause for congratulation. He denied the accuracy of the Finance Minister’s figures as to the value of the proposed guarantee. Assuming a gain by it, however, we had this huckstering for the sake of saving, at the very outside, about $120,000 a year. A humiliation had been imposed on us which he was quite sure the country would not submit to for twice that amount. We were able to pay our way, and interest on our debt, and to contract what- ever debt we might require for national imiwove- ments, even if the Imperial Government should decline to aid us by guarantees. He did not agree with the honorable gentleman’s course with regard to the surplus. With one this year of nearly four millions, and one anticipated for next year of three millions and a half, and a prospective surplus of a million and a half for the year following, he did not propose to etfect any reduction of duties on articles where some relief might naturally be looked for. He regretted this as he did not see that there was any immediate rec|uirement for the money, and he thought it would be better to reduce taxation a little while the finances were in a condition to permit of its being done. Sir A. T. Galt joined in the congratulations of the Finance Minister on the prosperous condition of the finances, and agreed with him that it would not be judicious, in view of proposed heavy expen- ditures on public works, to introduce any change in the fiscal policy. He did not think that the present enormous revenue could continue, and hoped that Ministers would be warned by the past and not lead the country into extravagance on the strength of momentary prosperity. He objected to the introduction of the Washington Treaty into the Budget speech, thinking that that subject should be dealt with by itself. Hon. W. Macdougall regretted that the Govern- ment had not advocated a policy of closer commercial relations with the United States, and argued that Canada should exercise greater liberty in the matter of commercial treaties. Mr. .Toly quoted from the Washington Treaty correspondence to show that the Government had not used every means possible to obtain a renewal of the Reciprocity Treaty. 292 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 11. — After recess the debate was continued by Hon. Mr. Blake, who regretted that the Continuation of Premier had not seen fit to make debate on Budget. explanation to the House with reference to the Washington Treaty, but had left it to the Finance Minister to make a sort of apology. He thought that the question should not be regarded as one of money only, and quite agreed with the Ministers of the Crown when they told the Imperial G-overnment that the idea of a money payment was repugnant to the people of Canada ; but, if it was to be treated as such — if we were to be told that a sufficient price had been jraid, then it became material that the figures of the honorable gentleman should be correct. He then analized the figures to show that the saving effected by having the guarantee would only be some $150,000 instead of $600,000, as claimed by the Finance Minister, and from this $150,000 must be deducted what compensation must be paid New Brunswick for losing her timber duties under the treaty, so that there would be very little left ; and it must be remembered that the only advantage the guarantee was to the Dominion, was in what could be saved on the interest, for both principal and interest had eventually to be paid by the peoide of the Dominion. Mr. Cartwright depre- cated mixing up the Washington Treaty with the Budget. He thought the present statement highly favorable, but reminded the House that the present remarkable expansion could not be expected to continue, as periods of great prosperity were almost invariably followed by periods of depression, and he condemned the financial arrangements of the Finance Minister, not because they woirld cause mischief at the moment, but that they did not make provision for the future disasters which might overtake us. He contended that the large increase in the Customs and Excise during the past three years, amounting to $6,000,000, was not likely to be maintained, but was much more likely to be diminished. Hon. Mr. Morris said it was quite refreshing to hear the leader of the Opposition talk about our being able to pay our own way, when last session he had nothing but groanings and lamentations that the country was being driven into enormous taxation and ultimate bankruptcy. Mr. Workman, (Montreal,) said that he had heard the financial statement with great pleasure. He had feared that the country was going to be sunk in debt, but the fear had now been removed from his mind. He was glad to hear that there was to be no inreased taxation, but that the great public works could be carried out on the present taxation, and he was satisfied with the position the Dominion was assuming before the world. He tnrsted that the G-overnment would be guarded in the proposed large expenditure. A very great amount of borrowed money was being intro- duced into the country, and difficulties in future years were very possible. After some remarks from Hon. Mr. Tilley, the motion to go into Committee was carried. 12. — Although Sir Francis Hincks said in his Budget speech that it was not the intention of the Government to make any Repeal of the duties change in the tariff, he soon had to propose a very important one, namely the repeal of the duties on tea and coffee, caused by the United States Congress having repealed the duties on those articles. On the 7th of May he gave notice that on the following Tuesday he would move the House into Committee to consider resolutions repealing those duties, and on the 21st the resolutions were adopted and a bill based on them read a first time. The Act provided for the repeal of duties on tea and coffee imported after the 1st of July 1872, and allowed a drawback on all previously imported and re-warehoused in original packages before the 29th June. It was also provided that if at any time a greater duty was imposed by the United States on tea or coffee imported into that country from Canada than from any other country, then the Governor-in-Council may impose a similar duty on tea and coffee imported from the United States. Mr. Bodwell thought that as the Finance Minister had announced a surplus of $3,500,000, and as the repeal of the tea and coffee duties would only reduce the revenue about $1,250,000, other GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE necessaries may be added to the free list, and he moved in amendment that rice be added to the articles on which duty should be repealed. Sir Francis Hincks said that in view of the heavy expenditures which v’^ould be needed for public works it was not deemed expedient to make any further reductions, and, after a short discussion, the amendment was withdrawn. On the bill coming up for a second reading Sir Francis Hincks explained that both the Houses of Congress had agreed to impose a duty of ten per cent, on tea and coffee imported from any country west of the Cape of Good Hope, and the proviso in the bill was intended to allow the Governor-in-Council to impose a like tax on tea and coffee imported from the States to what they imposed on similar articles from Canada, but tea and coffee coming through the United States in bond would be admitted free. Mr. Mackenzie thought this was a violation of the treaty obligations with the United States by which we w^ere bound not to impose discrimin- ating duties, and he did not think it was possible to pursue the course proposed. Aside from that he did not believe in retaliatory measurers ; he did not believe in laying a burden on ourselves simply because others took a burden upon themselves. Sir Francis Hincks did not think the bill was an infringement of the treaty, and read the clause referred to in support of his argument, and after a brief discussion the bill was passed. 13. — The supply bill granted 1688,999.37 for the year ending 30th June, 1872, and $20,729,060.85 for the year ending Supply Bill. June, 1873. Amongst the items passed were $190,000 unexpended balance for taking the census, Hon. Mr. Pope stating in reply to a question that the total cost of taking the census would be about $410,000.00. Items of $17,712 to pay salaries of Immigration officers, $12,000 for travelling agents, and $7 0,000 to assist the various Provinces in encouraging immigration were passed. The latter item caused some discussion, Mr. Young doubting whether the vote was quite constitutional as it looked like increasing the subsituties to the NEW BRUNSWICK SCHOOL ACT, 1872. 293 Provinces. Sir Francis Hincks explained that the item was the result of a conference between Dominion and Provincial Immigration Agents, it being found that there were many expenses which could be better met by the Provincial Agents ; the amount would be distributed $25,000 to Ontario, $20,000 to Quebec, $10,000 each to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and $5,000 to Manitoba. The item was passed. Amongst the important items passed were $5,400,000 for the Intercolonial ; $3,490,000 for Canal improvements; $1,549,400 for maintaining the Militia; $644,000 for Public Buildings; $471,584 for ligh1 houses and coastguard service ; $113,735 for protection and preservation of the fisheries ; $576,500 for maintenance of Indians in British Columbia and the North-West; $559, 1 83 for Customs; $200,000 for imj^roving the navigation of the St. Lawrence between Montreal and Quebec; $110,600 for the North Shore Railway ; $99,250 for European and North American Railway ; $70,000 for temporary water supply to Welland Canal ; $165,000 for planks, &c. for the Red River road. CHAPTER XXV. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE NEW BRUNSWICK SCHOOL ACT, 1872. 1. The School Law of New Brunswick PRIOR TO Confederation. — 2. The Common School Law passed in 1871. — 3. Opposi- tion TO THE Act BA" THE ROMAN CATHOLICS OF THE PrOAMNCE. — 4. PETITIONS TO THE Governor-General to disallow the Bill. 5. Sir John A. Macdonald advises the approval of the Bill. — 6. Remarks on THE OPINION OF SiR JOHN A. MaCDONALD. — 7. Motion for correspondence, &c. — 8. Mr. Costioan’s motion for an address PRAYING THE DISALLOWANCE OF THE ACT. — 9. Debate on Mr. Costigan’s motion. — 10. Hon. Mr. Gray’s aaiendment to Mr. Costigan’s motion. — 11. Hon. Mr. Chau- VEAU’S amendment TO THE AMENDMENT. — 294 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 12. Continuation of the debate. — 13. Defe.\t of Hon. Mb. Chauveau’s amend- :ment. — 14. Amendment proposed by Mb. Colby adopted. — 15. Hon. Mr.. M.ic- kenzie’s amendment. The aiotion as FINALLY ADOPTED. 1. — One of the most interesting debates of the session of 1872 was on the question The School L.W of the disallowaiice by the prio7trcrfedera- Govenior-Oeneral of the New Brunswick School Act ; and although the Act itself properly belongs to the history of that ProA'ince, still as the matter was brought before the Dominion Parliament, and it was a subject which interested the jieople of the whole Dominion, it will be more con- venient to consider it here than to leaA'e it entirely to onr history of that Province. To thoroughly understand the matter it will he necessary to state the condition of the School Laws in New Brunswick before Confederation ; the effect if any had on them by Confederation, and what change was proposed by the new law. It must be borne in mind that the population of New Brunswick is a mixed one as far as reli- gion is concerned, about one-third being Koman Catholics and the remainder belonging to A^arious Protestant denominations.* The School Law in force in the ProAunce at Con- federation provided for a ProAuncial Board of Iklucation consisting of the GoA’^ernor and Council, with the Superintendent of Schools, which Board had the jrower to proA'ide for the organization, gOA'ernment and discipline of all Public Schools, and apportioned the annual Legislatwe grant for school purposes amongst the various irarishes. Under this law Roman Catholics, as well as other denominations, could establish Public Schools at which their religion formed part of the course of instruction. By the 93rd Section of the British North America • The Census of 1871 gives the figures as follows Roman Catholics, 9(i,016 ; Ba.ptists, 70,597 ; Church of England, 45,481 ; Presbyterian, 38,852 ; Metnodist, 29,85fi; Other denominations, 4,702— Total, 285,591- It will thus he seen that although the Roman Catholics were more numerous than any other denomination, they were only about, one-third of the whole poimlation. Act, 1867, it was proAuded that “ In and for each ProA'ince the Legislature may exclusHely make Laws in relation to Education,” subject to certain proAusions. These proAusions were to the effect that any exceptional rights or priAU- leges enjoyed by any Denominational Schools at the time of Union should be respected; and that, in the eA^ent of any law being jiassed by any Provincial Legislature infringing on those rights or priA'ileges the Dominion GoA’^ernment should interfere, but not in any other case.* 2. — The ProAuncial Legislature of New Bruns- wick was not satisfied with the working of the old School Laws, and, during the The Common School session of 1871, passed a new ^aw, passed ini8n. Act, which was assented to on the 17th of May. This Act introduced an entirely new Free Public School System, similar to that in Ontario, and proAuded for the ProAunce being divided into School districts, for which Trustees were to be appointed who were bound to proAude school accommodation for all children in the district between the ages of five and twenty, free of charge ; arrangements with existing schools could only be made on the conditions that they were made free and came under the proAusions of the Act and regula- tions ; a school tax ec^ual to thirty cents per head was imposed, and the raising of additional * As frequent reference is marie in the debates on this question to the Confederation Act, wo give the sub-sections of Section 93, which relate to the possible interference of the Dominion Oovcrnment in Provincial matters : — (1) ‘‘Nothing m any such law shall prejudicially affect any right or privilege with resjiect to denominational schools which any class of persons have by law in the Province at the Union ; (2) “All the powers, privileges, and duties at the Union by law con- ferred and imposed in Upper Canada on the .separate schools and school trustees of the Queen’s Roman Catholic subjects thail be, and the same are hereby, e.xtended to the dissentient schools of the Queen s Protestant and Roman Catholic subjects in Quebec ; (3) “ Where in any Province a system of sejtarate or dissentient schools exists Ji/ Law at the Union, or is thereafter established by the Legislature of the Province, an ai)peal shall lie to the Governor- Gcneral in Council from any act or decision of any Provincial authority affecting any right or privilege of the Protest mt or Roman Catholic minority ol the Queen’s subjects in relation to education ; (4) ‘‘ In case any such Provincial law as from time to time seems to the Governor-General in Council requisite for the due execution of the provisions of this section is not made, or in case any decision of the Governor-General in Council or any appeal under this section is not duly executed by the proper Provincial authority in that behalf, then and in every such case, and as far only as the circumstances of each case require, the Parliament of Canada may make remedial laws for the due Execution of i he Provisions of this section and of any decision of the Governor-General in Council under this section.’’ GOVEENMBNT OF LOED LISGAE— THE NEW BEUNSWICK SCHOOL ACT, 1872. 295 funds for school purposes — including a poll- tax of one dollar on every male resident — was provided for. A new Board of Education was established, which had power to pro- vide a training and model school ; to appoint Inspectors of Schools ; to divide the Province into School districts ; to make regulations for the organization, government and discii^line of schools; to x^rescribe text-books and aj^i^aratus, &c. ; to determine aj^peals from Inspectors ; to make regulations for the distribution of school monies, and to make general regulations. Trustees were given the right to borrow money for not more than seven years for the erection of school-houses, and were made a body corporate and invested with all the school l^roperty of the district. Three Trustees were to be elected by the ratei:)ayers of each district, to serve three years ; the first three to lie elected for one, two and three years resx)ectively, so that one should retire each year. All schools to be non-sectarian. 3. — This Act met with strenuous ox)i)osition from the Homan Catholics, who used every Opposition to the Act lawful meaiis to defeat it in the Catip)lio^s’S’\he House, claiming that to establish Province. ^ System of Common Schools in which the text books would be beyond the control of their clergy, and in which their religion would not be taught, would be to establish a system which they could not conscientiously support, and the result would be that they would have to maintain schools for the educa- tion of their own children, while taxed in the general assessment for the maintenance of schools to which they had conscientious objec- tions. A petition signed by the clergy and laity was presented, praying that the Roman Catholics of New Brunswick should, at least, be put on an equality with those of Ontario and the Pro- testant minority of Quebec, in both of which Provinces separate schools w^ere allowed, so that school taxes x^aid by Catholics in the one Province and by Protestants in the other, were applied for the education of Catholic or Protes- tant children as the case may be, and the believers in neither creed were made to con- tribute to the Educational fund of the other. Amendments to this effect were made during the passage of tne Act through the Legislative Assembly, but were voted down by about two to one, the expression of oxrinion against sectarian schools being very strong. In the Legislative Council an effort was made to pass an amend- ment recognizing separate schools, and, on the the IGth of May, the Hon. Owen Mclnerney moved the following amendment to the second clause of the Act : “ All schools existing at the time of the x^assing of this Act, and all schools to be hereafter established, whether separate of common schools, shall, x^i'ovided they comply wdth the requirements thereof, be entitled to their share pro rata of the district assessment and other funds, for the suxq:>ort of schools, such shares to be determined and hxed by the Trustees of the district where such school or schools is or are situated.” The vote on this amendment stood even, six for six against, and was x)assed in the negative under the rules of the House, which are that all ties count as a negative vote. Although the Act wars highly distasteful to the Roman Catholics, it was satisfactory to the majority of the x^eoplG) and Lieut.-Grovenior Wilrnot, doubtless, well exxrressed their satisfac- tion when he said, in his x^rorogation speech, on 17th May : “ It is with great satisfaction that I have given my assent to the Bill relating to common schools, and most sincerely do I congratulate you ux^on the x^i'ovision therein made for the education of our youth. Many measures of great importance have been enacted by the Legislature of this Province, but the session now brought to a close will ever be remembered as that w^hich inaugurated a system of free schools, a measure so far transcending as the cultivation and develoxnnent of the intel- lect surpasses in value and imxrortance all other sources of national wealth and x'>ower. You have x>i'ex:)ared the w’ay for the x^oorer man to secure as his right that elementary instruction w^hich will ht him for an intelligent discharge of his duties as a citizen of a great and growing Dominion.” 4. — Finding all efforts to defeat the Bill in the 296 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Local Legislature fruitless, the Catholics next addressed themselves to securing Petitions to the t- m i Governor-General to itS dlSallOWailCC by the (xOVerilOr- disallow the Bill. , . (jreneral, and petitions to that effect were forwarded from the Bishops, clergy and laity of the whole Province. A few extracts from one of these petitions will give the grounds of complaint taken by the Catholics : “ The petition of the undersigned Catholics of Memramcook, Dorchester, Westmoreland, in the Province of New Brunswick, humbly sheweth : “ That the Act relating to common schools passed at the late session of the Local Legisla- ture of this Province, if allowed to go into operation, will destroy or greatly diminish the educational privileges which the Catholics of this Province enjoyed at the time of the passing of the British North America Act, and subse- quently. “ That under the school law in force in this Province at the time of the passing of the British North America Act, and up to the present time. Catholics were enabled, wherever their numbers were suthciently large, to establish schools in which a good religious and secular education was afforded. “ That in the cities, and other centres of large populations, for the wants of which the law did not suihciently provide ; your petitioners at a cost truly enormous when compared to their means, erected large and commodious buildings in which they established and maintained graded schools, equal in all respects to any primary schools existing in these Provinces, and that they received Legislative grants to aid in the maintenance of those schools. To those grants they may in most cases be fairly regarded as having a prescriptive right. JA, JZ, 4A, At W ^ W TV* . W “ That if this Act be allowed to go into operation, your petitioners will be compelled to contribute to the support of a school system of which they conscienciously disapprove ; and if they would not expose their children to what they regard as the most serious and alarming dangers, they must maintain other schools at their own expense, thus paying twice where others pay but once ; or when their numbers or means will not enable them to establish and maintain schools, to which they can with safety send their children, they will be compelled to allow them to grow up in ignorance. “ That this would be a most serious infringe- ment upon the rights of your petitioners, a most serious deprivation of the educational privileges they have hitherto enjoyed, and a palpable violation of the spirit of the British North America Act. Your petitioners there- fore humbly pray that your Excellency wdll be pleased to disallow the said Act.” 5. — In due course the Bills passed by the Local Legislature of New Brunswick were forwarded to the Grovenior- , p IT SirJ. A. Macdonald (jreneral ior approval, and were advises the approval referred to the Minister of J ustice. Sir John A. Macdonald; at the same time the numerous petitions received were submitted to him, and he reported upon the bills and petitions on the 20th of January, 1871, to the Privy Council, advising that assent be given to all the bills, and the report was adopted by the Council on the same day. His reasons for advising that assent be given to the School Bill were very clear, and we reproduce them here : “ Numerous petitions to His Excellency the Governor-Gfeneral, from the Roman Catholics of New Brunswick, most respectably signed, have been received, praying that the Act, chapter 21, intituled ‘ An Act relating to Common Schools ’ be disallowed. The grounds upon which this prayer are based are : “ That the Act will greatly desDoy or greatly diminish the educational i^rivileges which Catholics enjoyed at the time of the passing of the British North America Act, and subse- quently. “ That the pecuniary grants hitherto made to the graded schools have been taken away, although to these grants Catholics may in most cases be fairly regarded as having a prescriptive right. “ Now the Provincial Legislatures have exclusive powers to make laws in relation to Education, subject to the provisions of the 93rd INNES. S- H. HOLVI'^'^ H. HOE'CO ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY COR" TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION THE 0URLAND DESBARATS LITHO COMP' « *1 s. \ ‘ • f ¥ V r I ' li- it. ,'./r. , t / /■ 'il'' • ' * ' f • »r t » :,i ’i ' J ,( lA'I GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE NEW BRUNSWICK ACT, 1872. 297 clause of the British North America Act. Those provisions apply exclusively to the Denominational, Separate or Dissentient Schools, they do not in any way affect or lessen the power of such Provincial Legislatures to pass laws respecting the G-eneral Educational system of the Province. “ The Act complained of is an Act relating to Common Schools, and the Acts repealed by it apply to Parish, Grammar, Superior, and Common Schools. “ No reference is made in them to Separate Dissentient, or Denominational Schools, and the undersigned does not, on examination, find that any Statute of the Province exists establishing such Special Schools. “ It may be that the Act in question may operate unfavorably on the Catholics, or on other religious denominations, and if so, it is for such religious bodies to appeal to the Provincial Legislature, which has the sole power to grant redress. “ As, therefore, the Act applies to the whole school system of New Brunswick, and is not specially applicable to denominational schools, the Governor-General, has, in the opinion of the undersigned, no right to intervene. “ As to the second objection, respecting pecu- niary grants, those must, of course, be under the annual supervision of the Legislature, which has the sole power to deal with the Public funds ; unless by special enactment, those grants have been conferred for a specified period by an Act of the Legislature. “ In such case the grant might be considered in the nature of a contract, and the repeal might be held to be a breach of that contract. “The undersigned does not find that any such statutory contract has been made. Under these circumstances he is, therefore, of opinion that no other course is open to the Governor- General, than to allow the Act to go into operation. “ All of which is respectfully submitted. “(Signed), John A. Macdonald.” 6. — The excitement on the school question was very great during 1871-72, and was not confined to the Catholics of New IT - 111 ! 1 • 1 11 Remarks on the Brunswick but shared in by all opinion of sir .joim p , , , • , • , 1 1 , A. Macdonald. ol that denomination throughout the Dominion, and especially in Quebec ; it being cosidered that the Protestant majority was harshly and unjustly using its power, and was infringing on the rights and privileges of the Eoman Catholics of New Brunswick. Whether the passage of this Act was or was not an arbitrary abuse of power by the majority, it is beyond our purpose to enquire ; but that it was strictly within the letter of the law for it to do so, was abundantly shown after- wards by opinions of the Law Officers of the Crown and by decision of the Privy Council the opinion of Sir John A. Macdonald (given in preceding paragraphs) that the Local Legislature had power to pass the Act, and that the Domi- nion Government had no right to interfere, being fully sustained. It appears hard, at first sight, that the Roman Catholic minority of Ontario and the Protestant minority of Quebec should be allowed to maintain separate schools which receive Government aid, and that the Catholic minority of New Brunswick should be debarred the same privilege ; but, it must be remembered that the circumstances of the case were somewhat different. Catholics and Pro- testants had had a long and bitter fight in the Parliament of the old Province of Canada over the question of Education, and it was only settled by mutual concessions, the Catholic majority in Lower Canada yielding a little to the Protestant minority, in consideration of the Protestant majority in Upper Canada doing the same by the Catholic minority in that Province, and the privileges thus mutually granted were fully secured by the provisions of the 93rd section of the British North America Act. In New Brunswick the question had not arisen at the time of Confederation and no provision was made to secure to the Catholics any right to have separate schools, and the whole question of schools in that Province, therefore, came under the general provisions of the Act leaving all matters relating to Education entirely in the hands of the Local Legislatures. There being 35 298 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. no schools in New Briinswick recognised by law as Denominational, Dissentient or Separate at the time of Confederation, and schools of these classes being the only ones exempted from the general Act, it follows that the opinion of the Minister of Jttstice was strictly correct, and that the Roman Catholics of New Bruns- wick had no means of redress except through their own Legislature, which alone has x)ower over all matters appertaining to Education in the Province. 7. — The feeling of the Local House, however, was so strongly against allowing Denomi- Motion for national or Separate schools Correspondence &c. Catholics saw they had no chance of obtaining any redress from it, at that time, and they, therefore, used every means to induce the Dominion Parliament to interfere, either by recommending the Grovernor Greneral to disallow the Bill, or by adox^ting an address to Her Majesty jrraying for an amendment to the British North America Act which would secure to Catholics in New Brunswick the same jirivi- leges as were enjoyed by Catholics in Onatrio. On the 29th of April, 1872, Mr. Renaud, member for Kent, N.B., moved for all correspondence, &c., relating to the School Act passed by the Legisla- ture of New Brunswick. He urged in support of his motion that the law was unfair to the Roman Catholics, as it ignored their religious scruples ; and that it was unconstitutional as the Local Legislature had exceeded its powers. Hon. Mr. Anglin maintained that the law was uncon- stitutional as it took away rights which the Catholics enjoyed at the time of Confederation, and that, therefore, although he deprecated the interference of the Dominion Grovernment in Local matters as a general thing, it was right for the General Government to interfere in this instance, and protect the rights of the minority. He contended that the Dominion Government ought not to have decided on the petitions addressed to it as a mere question of law, but as one of justice and policy as well ; and that the legal opinion given by the Minister of Justice that the Act could not be disallowed by the Governor-General, had aggravated the wrongs of the Catholics by causing the Local Legislature to be extremely severe in the “Regulations” issued under the Act, so as to preclude the possibility of Catholics having separate schools luider their own control, or of conducting the religious exercises of the schools in the manner they would desire. Sir John A. Macdonald said that the House, 'as a House, could not consider the question as to whether the Roman Catholics of New Brunswick should have a Separate School Act or not, whatever the opinions of individual members might be, that being a question entirely within the jurisdiction of the Local Legislature. In his opinion there were only two cases in which the Dominion Govern- ment was justified in interfering with a Local Act; the first was, if the Local Legislature exceeded its powers and passed an Act which it had not the legal power to pass ; and the second was if the Act passed, although within the jurisdiction of the Province, was inimical to the interests of the Dominion. As to the first case, there was no question in his mind— and he thought that every lawyer would agree with him — that the New Brunswick Legislature had the legal right to pass the Act, and the legal question was the only one for the Dominion Government to consider. As to the second case, he could not see how the passing of a School Act for the Province of New Brunswick alone could affect the Dominion at large ; and, there- fore, on neither ground would the Dominion Government be justified in interfering. Indi- vidually he was in favor of Separate Schools, and had consistently advocated them in his own Province ; but the proper place for the Catholics of New Brunswick to strive for them was in the Legislature of their own Province, and at the polls, as the Catholics of Ontario had had to do ; and as they held the balance of power in the Province they ought to be successful eventually. Sir George E. Cartier, Mr. Bellerose, Colonel Gray, Mr. Costigan and Mr. Joly spoke on the motion, which was then carried. 8. — The papers asked for were duly brought down, and, on the 20th of May, Mr. Costigan GOVEENMENT OF LOED LISGAE— THE NEW BEUNSWICK SCHOOL ACT, 1872. 299 Mr. Costigan’s motion moved, that ati address be voted for an address , t-< n i- praying the to His Jixcellency, representing disallowance of the , . , . , • i i , i Act. “ That it IS essential to the peace and prosperity of the Dominion of Canada that the several religions therein jirevailing should be followed in perfect harmony by those professing them in accord with each other, and that every law passed either by this Parliament or by the Local Legislature disregarding the rights and usages tolerated by one of such religions is of a nature to destroy that harmony : — That the Local Legislature of New Brunswick in its last session, in 1871, adopted a law respecting Common Schools forbidding the imparting of any religious education to pupils, and that that prohibition is opposed to the sentiments of the entire population of the Dominion in general and to the religious convictions of the Eoman Catholic population in particular : — That the Roman Catholics of New Brunswick cannot, without acting uncon- scientiously, send their children to schools established under the law'' in question and are yet compelled like the remainder of the population, to j)ay taxes to be devoted to the maintenance of those schools : — That the said law is unjust, and causes much uneasiness among the Roman Catholic population in general disseminated throughout the whole Dominion of Canada, and that such a state of affairs may prove the cause of disastrous results to all the Confederated Provinces : — And praying His Excellency in consequence at the earliest possible period to disallow the said New Brunswick School Law.” He urged that the Catholic minority of New Brunswuck asked no greater privileges than w'ere enjoyed by the Protestant minority ol Quebec, and that their request should be granted. He contended that at the time of Confederation the Catholics virtually had Separate Schools, that their rights were guaranteed them under the Act of Confederation ; that the New Brunswick School Act sought to deprive them of those rights, and that, therefore it was unconstitutional and ought to be disallowed. 9. — Mr. Bellerose said that the Grovernment had admitted that this Act pressed unfairly on the Catholics of New Brunswick, and, therefore, it was the duty of Costigan’s motion, the Grovernment to use every constitutional means to remove the cause of complaint. He argued that the injustice was not to the Catholics of New Brunswick alone, but to Catholics throughout the Dominion ; and that the Domi- nion Grovernment should protect the minority from the tyrannous action of the majority. Sir Greorge E. Cartier said that the resolution tended to upset the action of the British North America Act, and to place the subject of Educa- tion in the hands of the Dominion Parliament instead of the Local Legislatures ; for if the principle was admitted that minorities could appeal to the Dominion House against the action of the majority in their Province, the Dominion Parliament wmuld, virtually', have the power of legislating in all educational matters. This would place the large Catholic majority of the Province of Quebec at the mercy of the Dominion House, which was largely Protestant, and w'as what had been specially guarded against at Confederation. He argued that as the old law's repealed by the New Brunswick Legislature did not provide for Separate Schools, the Local House had not infringed any right possessed by the Catholics by passing the new Act, and there was no ground for disallowance. Besides, he held it w'as incompatible w'ith Responsible Grovern- ment for the House to advise the Governor- General ; that advice should come through his Ministers alone, and the motion as it stood was, virtually, a motion of want of confidence in the Ministry. Mr. Masson (Tei rebone) contended that the Act w'as injurious to the whole Dominion, as it was an unjust oppression of a minority ; and if the principle was admitted the Catholic majority of Quebec might oppress the Protestant minority without redress. He held that the Dominion Parliament stood in the same relation to the Provincial Legislatures as the Imperial Parliament did to that of the Dominion ; and if the Imperial Parliament had the right to disallow the Act of the Dominion 300 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Parliament reducing the Grovernor-Generars salary, surely the latter had the right to dis- allow the unfair New Brunswick School Act. Hon. Mr. Langevin said that he personally disapproved of the New Brunswick School Act ; but the only question for the Government to consider was whether it was Constitutional, and not whether the individual members of the Ministry approved of it or not. He had no doubt that the Local Legislature of New Brunswick had the right to pass that Act, and, therefore, he could not favor its disallowance, however unjust he may think it. Hon. Mr. Dorion held that Separate Schools were virtu- ally in existence in New Brunswick before Confederation, although the word “ Separate ” did not appear on the statute book, and that, therefore, the spirit if not the letter of the law was broken by the Act lately passed. He wished to know for what purpose the veto powder was vested in the Dominion Gov- ernment if it was not to protect minorities from the unjust oppression of majorities? He contended that the Act should have been disallowed, which would not have been an injustice to the majority, for the Local Legisla- ture would have had the right to consider the Act again, and wmuld, perhaps, have amended it so as to remove the objections to it. The Act was prejudicial to the interests of the Dominion, for it would cause dissention between Catholics and Protestants not in New Brunswick alone, but throughout the whole Dominion ; and what we wanted was a feeling of perfect equality before the law, so that no class should feel that any of its rights or privileges had been trampled upon. Mr. Alonzo Wright said that as a Pro- testant representing a Catholic constituency he would be false to his constituents, as well as false to his own feelings as a Liberal Protestant, if he did not vote to accord to the Catholic minority of New Brunswick the same .rights and privileges as were enjoyed by the Pro- testant minority of the Province of Quebec ; he would, therefore, support the motion. Hon. Mr. Anglin thought it was not correct to say that the House was called on to over-ride the — ^ Legislature of New Brunswick, all that was desired was that an act of injustice should be prevented by a simple exercise of the veto power. The School Law of New Brunswick was based on the principle that the child belonged to the State, and not to its parents or the Church — a principle which ought not to be admitted in any Christian community. He argued that the Dominion Ministers having failed in their duty to advise the Governor- General to disallow the Act, it w^as competent for the House to adopt the resolution advising its disallowance. All that the Catholics wanted was permission to use their own money to educate their children in the way they thought right. On motion of Hon. Mr. Gray, the debate was adjourned. 10. — On the 22nd the debate was resumed by the Hon. Colonel Gray, who said that he had been struck by the kindlv feelings It It*- /~1 9 V O Hon- Mr Gray’s i • i • j. i • Amendment to Mr. which existed between Ontario Costigan's motion. i /'\ n i i . t and Quebec, when they existed as the old Province of Canada, on religious as well as other questions ; and he attributed it to the fact of their being allowed to settle their differences their own way amongst themselves, without outside influence being brought to bear on them. This, he argued, was the best plan and should be adopted towards New Brunswick. The people there should be left to settle their differences without any interference by the Dominion Government ; if there w’^ere any grievances to redress the Local Legislature was the proper place to redress them, and he had no doubt but that the people would be better satisfied in the end than if any outside influence was used. He entered at length into the ques- tion of the constitutionality of the Act, arguing that it was quite within the power of the Local Legislature to pass it, and that it should not be disturbed by the Dominion Parliament. He concluded by offering an amendment, so as to make the motion read : “ That it is essential to the peace and prosperity of the Dominion of Canada, that the constitutional rights of the several Provinces should be in no way impaired by the order of this Parliament ; that the Law GOVEENMENT OF LOED LISGAE— THE NEW BEUHSWICK SCHOOL ACT, 1872. 301 passed by the Local Legislature of New Bruns- wick, respecting Common Schools is strictly within the limits of its constitutional powers, and is amenable to be repealed or altered by the Local Legislature, should it prove injurious or unsatisfactory in its operation ; that not having yet been in force six months, and no injurious consequences to the Dominion having been shown to result therefrom, this House does not deem it proper to interfere with the advice that may be tendered to His Excellency the Grovernor- General by the responsible Ministers of the Crown, respecting the New Brunswick School Law.” 11. — Hon. Mr. Chauveau said that the two main points which the House had to consider were, whether it had the power Hon. Mr- Chauveau’s . , tip-. Amendment to the to do what was asked ot it, and Amendment. whether what was asked of it was right. He held that the spirit of the British North America Act was to maintain the sMm quo of the minorities in the several Provinces ; and that if the New Brunswick School Act was not unconstitutional it was the next thing to it, as it was a violation of the siririt if not of the letter, of the British North America Act. He contended that non-sectarian schools was as repugnant to Catholics as Catholic schools were to Protestants ; and that wherever they had been tried — in Ontario, in Ireland, in Prussia, and elsewhere — they had proved unsuccessful. Non-sectarian schools to Catholics meant no education at all, or an obligation to pay. taxes to support schools they could not conscientiously send their chil- dren to, and having to pay again for other means of educating them. He admitted that it was a grave responsibity for the Dominion Parliament to undertake to veto an Act of a Local House, but the Act perpetrated a grievous wrong, and of two evils he considered the veto was the lesser. He concluded by moving, in amendment to the amendment, that all after the first word, “ That,” be struck out and the following substi- tuted ; “That an humble address be presented to Her Majesty, praying that she will be pleased to cause an Act to be passed amending the British North America Act, 1867, in the sense which this House believes to have been intended at the time of the passage of the said Act, by providing that every religious denomina- tion in the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, shall continue to possess all such rights, advantages, and privileges, with regard to their schools, as such denomination enjoyed in such Province at the time of the passage of the said last-mentioned Act, to the same extent as if such rights advantages and privileges had been then duly established by law.” Hon. Mr. Smith, (Westmoreland) said that the question was such an important one to New Brunswick, that the members from that Province ought to have an opportunity for consulting together, and he, therefore, moved an adjournment of the debate, which was agreed to. 12. — On the 29th the debate was resumed by the Hon. Mr. Smith (Westmoreland), who deprecated any attempt to alter continuation of the the constitution of the country. He said that he had opposed Confederation, but since the measure had been carried he had given it his support, and the principal reason he had done so, and the people of New Brunswick had done so, was that he and they had felt confidence in the stability of the measure, confidence that under the Act of Union the rights of the weaker Provinces would be respected and maintained ; but if the consti- tution was to be changed whenever political necessity required, then confidence in the constitution would be gone, and the stronger Provinces could infringe on the rights of the weaker ones whenev^er they pleased. He warned the House that the people of New Brunswick were already greatly excited on this subject, and that any attempt of the House to interfere with the right of the Local Legislature to manage its own affairs might lead to serious consequences. Mr. Colby regretted that the question of religion should have been introduced into Dominion politics, as it was the question from which Confederation had most to fear, but as it had been introduced the House was obliged to deal with it. He could neither agree with the motion of the honorable member from 302 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Victoria (Mr. Costigan) that the veto power should he exercised, nor could he agree with the amendment of the Premier of Quebec (Hon. Mr. Chauveau) to appeal to the Imperial Parliament, as the veto power should only be used in very extreme cases where a Local Legislature had clearly violated the constitution, and it would be very dangerous to establish the precedent of appeal to the Imperial Parliament whenever a difficulty arose ; but, he thought that a course might be found on which both Protestants and Catholics could unite, which was to express a regret that the Act had been l')assed, and a hope that any substantial greivance that existed would be redressed by the Legislature whose special function it was to act in the matter. He would therefore move, in the event of the amendment of the Premier of Quebec (Hon. Mr. Chauveau) being either withdrawn or defeated, an amendment to the effect that, “ This House regrets that the school Act recently passed in New Brunswick is unsatisfactory to a portion of the inhabitants of that Province, and hopes that it may be so modified during the next session of the Legislature of New Brunswick, as to remove i any just grounds of discontent that now exist.” Mr. Costigan said that before proceeding any further he would like to ask whether the Grovernment intended to support the amendment of the Premier of Quebec. Sir John A. Macdon- ald said, on behalf of the Grovernment, that he fully recognized and ai:)preciated the motives of his honorable friend from Quebec in so framing his amendment as to relieve the Grovernment from some embarassment, but they (the Government) thought that a motion such as that suggested by the honorable member for Stanstead (Mr. Colby) was most likely to conduce to the i^ublic interest, and they would, therefore, support that amendment when oftered. 13. — Mr. Costigan said that it had been gen- erally believed that the Government had intended to accept the amendment of the Defeat of Hon. Mr. , p i t i Chauveau’s member tor Quebec, and it had jimeiidmeiit. been so announced by the G-ov- ernment press ; but if it was not their intention to do so, then he (Mr. Costigan) would not accept it as he would have been willing to do if the Government had supported it. He characterised the proposed amendment of the member for Stanstead (Mr. Colby^) as very weak and unsatis- factory, and asked if the House had no right to veto the Act of the New Brunswick Legislature, what right had it to express regret that it had been passed, and hope that it would be amended ? He claimed that pressure had been brought to bear on the Government to make them change their minds, and that pressure had not come from Ontario or Quebec, but from New Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia. The member for "West- moreland (Hon. Mr. Smith) had said that if the Constitution was altered it would cause a revo- lution in New Brunswick; he (Mr. Costigan) stood as the advocate of the rights of one-third of the population of New Brunswick, and he could tell them that if the just plea of the Catholics for fair play was not granted, if after exhausting every reasonable means they failed to convince the good sense of the Dominion of the justness of their claims, there would be no revolution. The wound would sink deep into their hearts, but they would bear it with patience and fortitude, and there need be no talk of revolution. He had hoped that the Government would have accepted the amend- ment of the member for Quebec, but as they would not it would be useless, even if it were carried, and therefore he should vote against it. Hon. Mr. Chauveau wished to explain that he had no intention by his resolution to amend the constitution, but simply to remove a doubt as to the construction to be put upon it. Hon. Mr. Macdougall argued that there was no ground for disallowance ; he considered that the amend- ment of Mr. Chauveau would establish a dangerous precedent, and that that suggested by Mr. Colby would amply meet the requirements of the case, therefore, he would support it when offered. Mr. Joly held that religious education was essential to the happiness of a country, and if this was admitted, it must be seen at once that it was impossible not to have Separate Schools in a mixed community. He believed GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR^THE NEW BRUNSWICK SCHOOL ACT, 1872. 303 that the right of the minority to educate their children as they joleased should be as zealously guarded as that of the majority. Hon. Mr. Anglin, Messrs. Bolton, McKeagney, Killam, Connell and Ryan also spoke, after which Hon. Mr. Chauveau’s amendment was put and lost. Yeas, 34 ; Nays, 126. 14. — Mr. Colby then moved the amendment of which he had given notice (see paragraph 12). Mr. Dorion said that the amend- proposed by meiit acknowledged that injustice Mr. Colby adopted. i t had been done and expressed re- gret, but afforded no relief He believed that the veto power was reserved to meet just such cases, and he thought that the Government ought to use it. He would vote against the amendment as he thought it an empty and meaningless motion which would be regarded as an impertinence by the Legislature of New Brunswick, and it would be of no practical use to the minority. Hon. Mr. Blake said that he had studied the question of the New Brunswick School Law, and confessed not being very well satisfied as to its constitutionality ; the opinion of the Minister of Justice may be correct, and he was not sure that it was not, but on the other hand there were circumstances which made him doubtful about it. He then at considerable length reviewed the old School Law of New Bruns- wick holding that although Denominational Schools were not mentioned by name, denomin- ational teaching was clearly recognized, and he regretted that the Local Legislature had taken away that right to denominational teaching by inserting a clause in the new Act that all schools should be non-sectarian. He thought that the remedy proposed, amending the constitution, was a most dangerous one, and should not be resorted to ; but he suggested that the fourth sub-section of section ninety-three of the British North America Act provided a means whereby the Parliament of Canada may pass remedial laws, under certain circumstances, and he would like to have the opinion of the Law Officers of the Crown in England as to whether the School Law lately passed by the New Brunswick Legislature came under the provision of that sub-section or not. If it did, and the Local Legislature failed to give the relief required, then it would be competent for the House to deal with the question and to pass any remedial law. He concluded by saying that his friend the member for Lambton would move an amendment to that effect later on. Mr. Wallace (New Brunswick) argued that Parliament had no power to interfere with the Provincial rights of New Brunswick, and he considered the amendment just voted down an insult to that Province. A division was then taken on Mr. Colby’s amendment which was carried. Yeas 117 ; Nays 42. 15. — Hon. Mr. Dorion said that the motion just adopted was only meant to gloss over the difficulty by which the Govern- Hop.Mr.Mackenzie-s ment was menaced by a direct alfinaiS^® vote on the motion of the member for Victoria (Mr. Costigan) ; and that in order to bring the matter back as near as possible to the original motion, he would move that the following words be added : “ And this House further regrets that to allay such well grounded discontent, His Excellency the Gov- ernor-General has not been advised to disallow the School Act of 1871, passed by the Legisla- ture of New Brunswick.” Sir John A. Macdonald thanked the mover for his manliness in moving a straight vote of want of confidence. Mr. Anglin hoped that every member would consider that he was choosing between relief to an oppressed minority and the convenience of the Government. Mr. Costigan said that he had not intended a vote of want of confidence by his original motion ; but the Government had done its best to defeat his object, and he should be obliged, reluctantly, to vote a want of confidence. A vote was then taken, and Hon. Mr. Dorion’s amendment defeated. Yeas, 38; Nays, 117. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie said he was not satisfied that the Catholics of New Brunswick had been fairly dealt with in the School Bill ; nor was he quite sure that the Government would be justified in disallowing the Act. There was room for considerable doubt in the matter, and he would, therefore, move in amendment that 304 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the following words be added : “ And that this House deems it expedient, that the opinion of the Law Officers of the Crown in England, and if possible the opinion of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council should be obtained as to the right of the New Brunswick Legislature to make such changes in the School Law as deprived the Koman Catholics of the privileges they enjoyed at the time of the Union, in respect of religious education in the Common Schools, with the view of ascertaining whether the case comes within the terms of the fourth sub-section of the ninety-third clause of the British North America Act, 1867, which authorizes the Parlia- ment of Canada to enact remedial laws for the due execution of the provisions respecting Education in the said Act.” Sir John A. Macdonald agreed to the amendment, and said it was for the benefit of ail parties that the question should be set at rest, for the Catholics to know exactly how they stood under the new law, and for the Protestants to know whether that law was constitutional or not. He took it that the case to be submitted should be satis- factory to the Grovernment of New Brunswick and also to those who were opposed to the law. Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment was then carried, and the main motion adopted. The main motion as finally adopted reads s follows ; “ That this House regrets that the School Act recently passed in New Brunswick is unsatisfactory to a portion of the inhabitants of that Province, and hopes that it may be so modified during the next session of the Legislature of New Brunswick, as to remove any just grounds of discontent that now exist ; and that this House deems it expedient that the opinion ol the Law Officers of the Crown in England, and if possible the opinion of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, should be obtained as to the right of the New Bruns- wick Legislature to make such changes in the School Law as deprived the Roman Catholics of the privileges they enjoyed at the time 'of the Union in respect of religious education in the Common Schools, with the view of ascertaining whether the case comes within the terms of the fourth sub-section of the ninety-third clause of the British North America Act, 1867, which authorizes the Parliament of Canada to enact remedial laws for the due execution of the provisions respecting Education in the said Act.” The reference of the question to the Law Officers of the Crown had the effect of temporarily quieting the excitement in New Brunswick, and the other Provinces where it was regarded as one of the leading questions of the day ; and both sides w’^ere content to wait patiently until the case had been submitted and an opinion obtained. What that opinion was and what further action was taken will be recorded in a future chapter. CHAPTER XXYI. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR — THE PACIFIC RAILWAY BILL, 1872. 1. The “ Father ” of the Canadian Paci- fic Railway. — 2. Inception of the Canada Pacific Railway Company. — 3. The Inter- Oceanic Company. — 4. Charters granted BOTH Companies. — 5. The Government Bill. — 6. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie’^ objec- tions — 7. Debate on the resolutions. — 8. Amendment offered by Mr. Macdonald (Glengarry). — 9. Hon. Mr. Macken- zie’s amendment. — 10. The resolutions ADOPTED. — 11. Amendments locating the TERMINUS LOST. — 12. ANOTHER AMENDMENT BY Mr. Mackenzie defeated. — 13. Sir John’s explanation. — 14. Mr. Mackenzie’s AMENDMENT REGARDING FrEE GrANT LANDS. — 15. The Bill passed. 1. — The terms on which British Columbia was admitted to the Union, required that that Province should be connected ,1 <>,1 The “ Father” of the With the other portions of the Canadian Pacific _ . . , ., ,1 Railway. Dominion by a railway, to be commenced in two years after the date of GOVEENMENT OF LOED LLSGAE— THE PACIFIC EAILWAY BILL, 1872. 305 Union, and completed in ten ; and the resolu- tions adopted in Parliament provided that the work should be done by an incorporated Company, assisted by a subsidy from the Government, and not as a public work. The Opposition made it one of their strong points against the Bill admitting Britsh Columbia that no Company would be found either able or willing to andertake the work, and that the result would be that the Government would be compelled to construct the road itself, in order that faith may be kept with British Columbia ; it was found, however, that after the terms were actually agreed to and it was positively determined that the road must be built, that there was no lack of Companies willing to undertake the work. The first person to interest himself in the matter, and who should be known as the “ Father ” of the Canadian Pacific Eailway, was Mr. Alfred Waddington,=^ an English gentleman who had resided many years in British Columbia, and who was quite an enthusiast on the subject of a trans- continental railway through Canadian territory, which, he held, offered an easier and more practicable route than could be found in the United States. 2. — Mr. Waddington had devoted much time and money to surveys and explorations, and was, probably, the best informed man Inception of the i ,i -t-t,- Ciinada Pacific 111 Canada as to the possibilities Railway Companj. n t ,• of a Canadian railway, at the time that the Act of Union with British Columbia was passed. The Government surveys were commenced early in the summer of 1871 — before the formal union had actually taken place, — and while they were in progress, Mr. 'Waddington had an interview with Sir John A. Macdonald j and offered to propose a scheme for building j the railway, in conjunction with a number of American capitalists whom he had interested with him in the proposed undertaking. The representatives of these capitalists, Messrs. G. W. McMullen and C. M. Smith, of Chicago, accompanied by Mr. Waddington, subsequently • Mr. Waddington died of smallpox, at Ottawa, 26th February, 1872- had an interview with Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Francis Hincks, some time in July, 1871, but were informed that the Government was not in a position to entertain any proposals at all, at that time. Shortly after Sir Francis Hincks met Sir Hugh Allan, and suggested to him that if American capitalists could see a good thing in the Canadian railway, surely Canadian caiiital- ists could do so, and gave him a list of the names of the American capitalists which had been left with him by Mr. McMullen — amongst these names were Jay Cooke & Co., W. B. Ogden, General Cass, Thomas B. Scott, and other promi- nent capitalists, principally connected with the Northern Pacific Railway. Sir Hugh put himself in communication with some of these parties, and the result was that they entered into an agreement, under date 23rd December, 1871, for building the road, provided a charter could be obtained from the Canadian Government ; and notice was given in the Canada Gazette that ajiplication would be made at the next session of Parliament for the incorporation of the Canada Pacific Railway Company, with a capital of $ 10 , 000 , 000 . 8. — While these negotiations were going on between Sir Hugh Allan and his American associates. Sir John A. Macdonald ^he inter-Oceanic had suggested to some of his Company, friends in Toronto the propriety of forming a Canadian Company, saying that if the Ameri- cans could make it pay Canadians could. The proposal was rather coldly received, and it was not until late in the fall of 1871, that the project was taken up with any degree of warmth, when Hon. Mr. Macpherson interested himself in it, and soon notice was given that application would be made to Parliament for the charter of * “ I first communicated with several gentlemen in Ontario, principally in Toronto, endciivoring to enlist their interest in the eniorjirise. I told them that it was a great pity that a great work of this kind should be carried off by foreign competitors, and if American caiiiCalists could make it a paying enterprise, surely Canadians could do so as well. I spoke to my friends and mentioned the fact that these American gentlemen had come and made this proposition. * « » This I think added to the urgent request of myself on frequent occasions to a number of gentlemen in Toronto, induced I think the formation of the lnter-0(!eanic Company. I had spoken to Mr. M.acpherson, Mr. Howland, Mr. Cumberland, Mr. Worts, and a number of other gentlemen in Toronto, to try to interest them in it, .and the Company was formed .” — Sir John A. Macdonald ’ 9 evidence before the R , i i , • arrived at, and further Consideration was post- artielc.'i 18 to.25 . agreed to. poiied. 111 Order that they may consult their Government. In the meantime the Canadian Parliament, on the fourth of April, (See Chapter xix. par. 10), repealed the duties on coal, salt, &c., which had been imposed during the session of 1870, and, of course, it was no object to the Americans to offer to admit these articles to their markets free when they could have access to Canadian markets without giving anything in return. Accordingly, when the dis- cussion was resumed, on the 17th of April, and the British Commissioners announced that their Government regarded the offer as inadequate, and considered that lumber should be admitted free and at once, and a money payment made in addition, the American Commissioners replied by withdrawing their proposal altogether, and reverting to their original offer of a money payment only, suggesting that if the two Govern- ments could not agree on the sum to be iiaid, the amount should be left to be determined by an impartial Commission. The British Commis- sioners replied that it would not be x:)Ossible to come to any arrangement which did not admit fish and fish oil free, and that any money payment could only be for the right to fish for a fixed term of years, and not in perpetuity. After some haggling on the part of the American Commissioners, who claimed that the admission of Canadian fish and fish oil free to American markets was alone equivalent to the privilege of inshore fishing without any money payment, it was agreed that the inshore Canadian fisheries should be free to American fishermen for twelve years ; that fish and fish oil should be admitted free to both countries for the same period of time, and that a Commission should sit at Halifax to determine what amount, if any, should be paid in addition by the United States, it being understood that the payment of any award would be subject to the action of Congress after it was made. Articles xviii to xxv, as given below, were then assented to by the Commis- sioners of both Governments, on 22nd April. 12. — It will be noticed as somewhat remark- able, that after the first opening of this subject between the respective Commis- on the sioners, the main point at issue terms agreed on. ■ ■ I -" 320 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. between Canada and the United States was entirely lost sight of, and the whole energies of the Commissioners on both sides were devoted to settling how the United States could, with the greatest ease to themselves, acquire a right to which they had i)reviously set up no claim, and the British Provinces had evinced no desire to part with, except on terms which the United States had accepted once, but now refused to renew. The whole cjuestion at issue since the revocation of the Reciprocity Treaty had been the interpretation of the terms of the Treaty of 1818, whether the three mile limit, marking inshore fishing, should be computed from head- land to head-land, or from the shore itself, following the indentations of the Bays and Creeks. The Americans had never set up the claim that they had the right to fish within three marine miles of the shore — although they con- stantly did it, — but that they had the right to enter the Bays to fish, no matter how much inside the line as drawn from head-land to head- land they were, so long as they kept three miles from the shore of the Bay itself ; yet the Commissioners waived this c^uestion entirely, and considered nothing but the much more Valuable privilege of fishing wherever a Canadian fisherman had the right to fish. It is cj^uite safe to say, that had the c[uestion been considered on its own merits and alone, as was the intention of the Canadian Grovernment when a Joint Commission was proposed, no such conclusion would have been arrived at, as the surrender of our valuable fisheries for the paltry privilege of selling a few fish duty free to the Americans, and a problematical money payment which might amount to nothing ; but the intro- duction of the Alabama claims quite swamped the fisheries question, and so long as the Grladstone Administration could get that ques- tion settled at any price, and that bite noir peacefully laid to rest, they cared very little how much Canadian interests were sacrificed in the endeavor to propitiate the Americans ; that the Halifax Commission did make an award of less than one half the money value of the fisheries, and that Canada was not left wholly unrecom- pensed for her abandonment of a valuable right was certainly more due to the justice of the Commissioners than to the Grovernment, which showed no great concern whether w’'e got any- think or not. As to Sir John A. Macdonald’s share in this transaction we shall have somethincr O to say by-and-bye, but we may merely remark here that it would be preposterous to blame him for not accomplishing impossibilities — for it was impossible for him either to force Reciprocity from the Americans, situated as he was, or to prevent the sacrifice of our fisheries when the British Grovernment was anxious and willing to render them up as a peace-offering. 13. — After the rejection by the American Commissioners of the proposal to consider the questions ot the navigation of Navigation of the the St. Lawrence and the use of Tra^^p^HaUon in , 1 .. . . Bond, Ac. Articles the Canadian canals in connec- 20 to 33. tion with the Fisheries question, these subjects were left for separate consideration. On the 23rd of March the c[uestion of the navigation of the St. Lawrence and the canals was taken up, when the British Commissioners stated that they considered that the concession of the navigation of Lake Michigan would be an equivalent for the navigation of the St. Lawrence. As to the canals they contended that the privilege of navigating the Canadian canals was much more valuable than that of using the American canals, and asked what equivalent the American Commissioners pro- posed. The American Commissioners contended that the United States was already entitled to the free navigation of the St. Lawrence from the point where it ceased to form the boundary line, from, to, and into the sea, and they could not concede that the navigation of Lake Michigan should be taken as an equivalent for that right. With regard to the canals they desired that an agreement should be made to enlarge the Welland Canal, or they would not be disposed to make any concessions. They then proposed in exchange for reciprocal transit and transhipment, and the use of American canals and Lake Michigan by Canadians, that the United States should have the free naviga- GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— THE WASHINGTON TREATY. 321 tion of the St. Lawrence and the use, on equal terms, of Canadian canals, it being specially stipulated that the Welland and St. Lawrence Canals should be enlarged by the Canadian Grovernment, and that no discriminating tolls should be charged, and the rate of toll to be fixed at just enough to cover interest on cost and provide for repairs and a sinking fund. This proposal was rejected by the British Com- missioners as being altogether too much in favor of the United States and against Canada. On the 27th of March the discussion was resumed, when the British Commissioners stated that the Canadian Grovernment had already provided for the enlargement of the Welland Canal, and that the expediency of enlarging the capacity of the St. Lawrence canals was under consideration. On the same day the American Commissioners proposed that the subject of the export duty charged in New Brunswick on American lumber floated down the St. John river should be considered by the Commission. On the 22nd of April the consideration of these subjects was again taken up when the British Commissioners proposed that the navigation of Lake Michigan should be given in exchange for the navigation of the St. Lawrence, the British Grovernment agreeing to urge on the Grovern- ment of Canada to give United States citizens the right to use the Canadian canals on equal terms with British subjects ; provided that the United States Grovernment would agree to urge on the several States to give British subjects the right to use the several State canals on equal terms with citizens of the United States. They also proirosed, as part of the arrangement, a reciprocal agreement as to transit and tranship- ment, and that the British Grovernment would urge on the Grovernment of New Brunswick not to impose export duties on American lumber floated down the River St John. The American Commissioners renewed the claim of the United States to the free navigation of the St. Lawrence, which was not admitted by the British Com- missioners, who stated that, while not admitting the right the British Grovernment had no wish to exclude the United States from its use ; they would, however, call the attention of the American Commissioners to the Rivers Yukon, Porcupine and Stikine, in Alaska, which should on like grounds be declared free and open to British subjects, in case, the St. Lawrence should be declared free. The American Commissioners agreed to the proposal as far as the Rivers Yukon, Porcupine and Stikine were concerned; and also to the arrangement proposed with reference to canals, limiting it, as regarded American canals, to those connected with the navigation of the lakes and rivers traversed by the boundary line, or contiguous to it. They also agreed to give the right of navigating Lake Michigan for ten years. It was agreed that the transhipment arrangement should be made dependent on the non-existence of discriminat- ing tolls or regulations on the Canadian canals, and also the abolition of the New Brunswick export duty on American lumber intended for the United States market. The right of carrying was also made dependent on the non- imposition of export duties on either side on the goods of the other jiarty passing in transit. The British Commissioners desired to introduce the question of the survey of the boundary line along the forty-ninth parallel, between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains ; but the American Commissioners held that the boundary survey was a matter for administrative action, and did not require to be dealt with by a Treaty provision. These subjects were dis- cussed at the Conferences of 24th, 25th and 26th April, and embodied in Articles xxvi to xxxiii of the Treaty, which were agreed to on the 3rd of May. 14. — The question of the North-west Water Boundary was first brought up by the British Commissioners at the Conference The San Juan boun- on the 15th of March, when they Amciesir to’ 42 . proposed that an arbitration of this question should be made upon the basis of the provisions of the Treaty agreed on in 1869. The Ameri- can Commissioners replied that although no formal vote on the ratification of that Treaty had been taken in the United States Senate, still it was so well understood that that Treaty was 38 322 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. unfavorably regarded that they could not accept it as a basis for the settlement of the question, and proposed that an effort should be made by the Joint High Commission to settle the question without reference to that Treaty. This was agreed to, and the British Commissioners ad- duced their reasons for holding that the Rosario Straits should be taken as the boundary line under the Treaty of 15th of June, 1846. The American Commissioners held that the Haro Channel was the channel contemplated by that Treaty, and adduced their reasons, including some original corresirondence between the Hon, Edward Everett and the Gfovernment on the subject, which had not been alluded to in pre- vious discussions of the question. The British Commissioners could see nothing in this new correspondence to cause them to change their opinion with regard to the Rosario Straits being the channel intended. The American Commis- sioners then proposed that, as the Treaty of 15th of June, 1846, might have been made under a mutual misunderstanding, and that, possibly, neither party would have signed it had it been known what construction the other party would imt on it, therefore the whole of that part of the Treaty relating to the North-west Water Boun- dary should be abrogated, and a fresh attempt made to re-arrange the boundary line which had been in dispute before that Treaty was con- cluded. The British Commissioners replied that they had no power to entertain the proposal to abrogate the Treaty of 1846, and, therefore, on the 20th of March, the proposal of the American Commissioners was declined. On the 19th of April, the British Commissioners proposed, as a compromise, that the Middle Channel, commonly known as the Douglas Channel, should be adopted as the one through which the boundary line should pass, with the understanding that all the channels through the Archipelago should be free and common to both parties. This was declined by the American Commissioners, who x^roposed instead, that the Haro Channel should be recognized as the one meant by the Treaty of 1846, with the under- standing that no fortifications should be erected by either party to obstruct or command it, and that provision should be made to i)rotect the proprietary rights of British subjects in the island of San .Tuan. The British Commissioners declined this, and stated that their Grovernment was so fully convinced of the justice of its interpretation of the Treaty of 1846, that it could not abandon its views, except after a fair deci- sion by an imx:)artial Arbitrator ; they, therefore, proi:)osed that the matter should be submitted to arbitration. The American Commissioners agreed to this, provided the other questions between the two Grovernments should be satis- factorily adjusted ; but declined a xrroposal that the Arbitrator should be allowed to select a middle channel if he thought proper, declaring that what the IJ nited States Grovernment desired was, not a compromise, but a decision as to the X)roper inteiqn-etation of the Treaty of 1846 as to whether the Haro Channel or the Rosario Straits was the channel referred to in that Treaty. This wms finally accepted as the basis of agree- ment, and Articles xxxiv to xlii were assented to on the 22nd of April. 15. — We have now dealt with all the subjects relating to Canada which are included in the Treaty, but there is one other canada-s claims to subject which was not consid- l.“fd"/cSd ered by the Commission, the Commissioners. rejection of w^hich caused much discontent in Canada for a while, and this was our claim for indemnity at the hands of the United States Government for the damages done by the Fenian raids. A statement of the case w'as very care- fully irreirared by Lord Tenterden, and, at the Conference of the 4th of March, the British Commissioners, referring to Sir Edward Thorn- ton’s letter of 26th of January relating to “the mode of settling the different questions which have arisen out of the Fisheries, as well as all those which affect the relations of the United States towards Her Majesty’s Possessions in North America,” proirosed that ■ the Commis- sioners should consider the injuries which the people of Canada had suffered by the Fenian raids. The American Commissioners objected to these claims being introduced, and the subject GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT THE TREATY. .323 w.as left in abeyance, while Articles xii to xvii, providing for a mixed Commission on the claims of British and American citizens arising out of the war, were agreed to. On the 26th of April the British Commissioners again urged the con- sideration of the Fenian raids claims, stating that they were instructed to urge them as coming within the class of subjects indicated by Sir Edward Thornton in his letter of 26th of January. The American Commissioners replied that they were instructed to say that the United States Grovemment did not regard these claims as coming within the class of subjects indicated in that letter as subjects for the consideration of the Joint High Commission. The British Com- missioners stated that, under the circumstances, they must refer to their G-overument for further instructions. On the 3rd of May the British Commissioners again urged the consideration of the claims, when the American Commis- sioners replied that they could see no reason to vary the reply formerly given to this proposal. In their view, the subject was not embraced in the scope of the correspondence between Sir Edward Thornton and Mr. Fish under either of the letters of the former ; and that they did not feel justified in entering upon the consideration of any class of claims not contemplated at the time of the creation of the Commission, and that the claims referred to did not commend themselves to their favor. The British Commissioners then withdrew the claims, and Canada was thereby debarred from present compensation from the United States for the injury inflicted by the Fenians. Lord Kimberley, in his despatch of the 20th of June, 1871, to Lord Lisgar, thus de- fends the action of the British Commissioners : “ Her Majesty’s Government were well aware of the serious difficulties in the way of settling this question, and they could not, therefore, feel surprised at this result. At the same time, it was with much regret that they acquiesced in the omission of these claims from the general settlement of outstanding questions between Great Britain and the United States. But it seemed to them evident that the British Com- missioners were right in thinking that there was no reasonable probability that by further pressing the point an agreement would beco me to upon it with the American Commissioners, and when the choice lay between the settlement of all the other differences between the two countries on terms which Her Majesty’s Gov- ernment believed to be honorable to both, and beneficial alike to Canada and to the rest of the Empire, and the frustration of all hope of bring- ing the negotiations to a satisfactory issue, they could not hesitate as to the course which it was their duty to take.” The Treaty was signed by the Commissioners at Washington on the 8th of May, and on the 9th an extra session of the United States Senate was convened to ratify it, which was done on the 24th (the Queen’s Birth- day). On the 17th of June it was duly ratified by both parties at London, and on the 4th of July President Grant issued a proclamation giving effect to those clauses which did not re- quire the consent of the Parliament of Canada and the Legislatures of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. CHAPTER XXYIII. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— NEGOTIA- TIONS ABOUT THE TREATY. 1. Opposition of Public Opinion to the Treaty. — 2. The Legislature of New Brunswick condemns the Treaty, — 3. The Canadian Government refuses to ADMIT American fishermen, pending ratification of THE TREATY. — 4. ThE Canadian Government expresses its dis- satisfaction WITH THE Treaty. — 5. Lord Kimberley’s satisfaction with the Treaty. — 6. Reply of the Canadian Gov- ernment. The Fenian Raids Claims. — 7. Reply of the Canadian Government. The Fisheries. — 8. Reply of the Canadian Government. Further ob.tections. — 9. The Earl of Kimberley’s reply to the REPORT OF THE PrIVY COUNCIL. — 10. ThE POSITION IN WHICH THE CANADIAN GOVERN- 324 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. MENT FOUND ITSELF. — 11. EePORT OF THE Privy Council with reference to com- pensation FOR Fenian Raids. — 12. The British G-overnment offers to guarantee A LOAN OF =£2, 500, 000. — 13. The terms AGREED TO. REMARKS. 1. — The terms of the Treaty of Washington were made public in Canada on the 14th of Opposition of Public and at once awoke a storm Opinion to the Treaty, most marked disapprobation from the press of both parties, but especially from the Opposition papers which endeavored to throw a very large part of the blame on Sir John A. Macdonald for the share he had had in the transaction. It was generally felt that the interests of Canada had been most shame- fully sacrificed, that the Americans had got all they asked for, and more too, and that Canada had not only received little or nothing in return, but that one of the main questions in which she was directly interested, and for the settle- ment of which it had been supposed that the Joint High Commission had been appointed (the Fenian Claims) had been dismissed with i the brief comment that it did not come within [ the range of questions to be considered by the Commission. 2. — In no part of the Dominion was the dis- satisfaction with the Treaty more deeply felt or more generally expressed than in Tlie Legislature of xt n • i i i New Brunswick JN ew Bruiiswick, whose people CDiKleiiiiis the Treaty. i i ^ lound not only their fisheries ! taken from them, but also their chief means of j raising a local revenue, by the proposed repeal | of the export duty on American timber floated down the St. John River. Of course, it was ‘ understood that the Dominion Grovernment would have to make good this deficit by an increased subsidy ; but the people felt very keenly this interference with their right to raise revenue in the manner which suited them best. The Legislature was just about to adjourn, but on the day before prorogation, the 16th of May, Attorney-General King introduced a series of resolutions condemnatory of the treaty which were adopted unanimously, after a short debate. in which no one attempted to defend the Treaty. The resolutions, after condemning the Treaty as “ a policy of unlimited and dangerous conces- sions,” concluded as follows : “ Resolved, That in any Treaty relating to the free use of the Fisheries and to the navigation of rivers and canals, Canada should at the same time make provision for the further regulation of com- merce and navigation beyond those secured by the Articles of the Treaty as above concluded, in such manner as to render the same recipro- cally beneficial and satisfactory.” “ Resolved, That in the opinion of this House, the Parliament of Canada should, under exist- ing circumstances, adhere to and carry out the policy of protection to the Fishery rights of the Dominion of Canada, recently adopted, and should not give assent to the Articles of the said Treaty relating to the Fisheries.” 3. — The American Government having suc- ceeded in having the fisheries capitulated to them, were in a great hurry to ^ take possession of their new to^IdmuTmericiin* acquisition ; and on the 8th of ^^tmcatlon offh# May — the day the Treaty was I signed — Mr. Fish addressed a note to Sir j Edward Thornton requesting the British Government to use its influence with the I Governments of Canada, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland to induce them to allow American fishermen the free use of the fisheries, pending the ratification of the Treaty, quoting the action of the Provincial Governments at the time of the signing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 as a precedent ; and Lord Kimberley, in his despatch of the 17th of June, urges the Canadian Government to “ take no active steps to enforce those statutes (the Fishery laws) and to suspend the instructions to the Colonial cruisers to exclude American citizens from the fisheries.” The Government of Prince Edward I Island at once agreed to the request of the Imperial authorities, and, on the 24th of July, an Order-in-Council was jiassed suspending all regulations for the protection of the fisheries of that Province against the Americans, and throwing the fisheries open to them, pending GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT THE TREATY. 325 the ratification of the Treaty. The Canadian Government, however, declined to take the responsibility of any such action without consulting Parliament, and could not see the analogy between the two cases. The Order- in-Council, passed on the 28th of July, on | the Washington Treaty, concludes wdth the j following paragraph with reference to this | request : — “ The Treaty of 1854 was negotiated j wdth the concurrence of the Provincial Govern- ! ments represented at YVashington, and met with the general approbation of the people, whereas the Fishery clauses of the late Treaty were adopted against the advice of the Canadian Government and have been generally disap- proved of in all parts of the Dominion. There can hardly be a doubt that any action on the part of the Canadian Government j in anticipation of the decision of Parlia- ment would increase the discontent which now exists.” 4. — Although Sir John A. Macdonald signed the Treaty with the other British Commissioners, The Canadian and ill his Capacity as a repre- Si'ressesTts seiitative of Her Majesty at that dissatisfaction with „ n • r. the Treaty. coiilereiice, yet, as Premier of Canada, he strongly opposed the Fishery clauses and protested against the exclusion of the Fenian claims ; and, although “ Imperial necessity ” was too powerful for him in Washington, he lost very little time after his return to Canada in informing the British Government of the dissatisfaction with which the clauses of the Treaty relating to Canada were regarded by the Canadian Government and the country at large. These objections w'^ere embodied in a resolution of Council passed on the seventh of June, and forwarded to the Colonial Secretary, in w’^hich the Council set forth their reasons for considering the Treaty highly unfavorable to the interests of Canada, and intimate that they w^ere not disposed to recommend to Parliament the legislation requisite to give effect to some of its clauses, W’^hile matters remained in their present condition. 5. — The* Earl of Kimberley, in his despatch of 17th of June, to Lord Lisgar, took occasion to congratulate Canada on the very , . P , rr, , I'll! Lord Kimberley’s satisfactory 1 reaty which had satisfiiction with the been concluded, and in a sub- sequent despatch, 20th of June, expressed his regret that the Commission had refused to entertain the Fenian claims. (See Chap. XXVII, par. XV.) In the first mentioned despatch he says : “ The Dominion is, from its geographical position as the immediate neighbor of the United States, so iieculiarly interested in the maintenance of cordial relations between that Republic and the British Empire, that it must be a source of satisfaction to the Canadian Government, that Her Majesty has been able to conclude a Treaty for the amicable settlement of differences which might have seriously endangered the good understanding between the two countries and then goes on to say, “Moreover, the Rules laid down in Article VI, as to the international duties of neutral Govern- ments are of special importance to the Dominion which carries on such an extensive and increas- ing maritime commerce, and possesses such a considerable merchant navy.” He then takes up each question and shows, to his own satis- faction, that they are all highly advantageous to Canada. After recounting the difficulties w^hich were in the way of a settlement of the Fisheries question, and stating the various pro- posals which had been made and rejected by the Commissioners, he concludes, “ the reciprocal concession of free fishery wdth free import of fish and fish oil, together wdth the payment of such a sum of money as may fairly represent the excess of value of the Colonial over the American concession, seems to be an eqiiitable solution of the difficulty. It is perfectly true that the right of fishery on the United States coasts, conceded under Article XIX, is far less valuable than the right of fishery in Colonial waters, conceded under Article XVIII, to the United States, but on the other hand, it cannot be denied that it is most important to the Colonial fishermen to obtain free access to the American market for their fish and for fish oil, and the balance of advantage on the side of the United States will be duly redressed by the 326 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Arbitrators under Article XXII. In some respects a direct money payment is perhaps a more distinct recognition of the rights of the Colonies than a tariff concession, and there does not seem to he any difference in principle between the admission of American fishermen for a term of years in consideration of the payment of a sum of money in gross, and their admission under the system of Licenses, calcu- lated at so many dollars per ton, which was adopted by the Colonial Grovernment for several years after the termination of the Reciprocity Treaty. In the latter case, it must be observed, the use of the Fisheries was granted without any tariff concession whatever on the part of the United States, even as to the importation of fish. Canada could not reasonably expect that this country should, for an indefinite period, incur the constant risk of serious misirnderstanding with the United States — imirerilling, perhaps, the peace of the whole Empire, in order to endeavor to force the American Government to change its com- mercial policy ; and Her Majesty’s Government are confident that, when the Treaty is consid- ered as a whole, the Canadian people will see that their interests have been carefully borne in mind, and that the advantages which they will derive from its provisions are commen- surate with the concessions which they are called upon to make.” 6. — These despatches of Lord Kimberley’s being referred to -the Privy Council, that body RepIyoftheCanadian eXprCSSCd its Opinioil of the TfrFenian iaids Treaty in pretty plain terms, in a report dated the 28th July, 1871, which w^e give almost entire, as embody- ing nearly everything which could be said on the subject in diplomatic language: — “The Committee of the Privy Council have not failed to give their anxious consideration to the important subject discussed in the Earl of Kimberley’s desiratches, and they feel assured that they will consult the best interests of the Empire, by stating frankly for the information of Her Majesty’s Government the result of their deliberations, which they believe to be in accordance with public opinion in all parts of the Dominion. The Committee of the Privy Council readily admit that Canada is deeply interested in the maintenance of cordial relations between the Republic of the United States and the British Empire, and they would, therefore, have been prepared, without hesitation, to re- commend the Canadian Parliament to co-operate in procuring an amicable settlement of all differ- ences likely to endanger the good understanding between the two countries. For such an object they wmirld not have hesitated to recommend the concession of some valuable rights, which they have always claimed to enjoy under the Treaty of 1818, and for which, as the Earl of Kimberley observes. Her Majesty’s Government have always contended, both Governments having acted on the interpre- tation given to the Treaty in question by high legal authorities. The general dissatisfaction which the publication of the Treaty of Wash- ington has produced in Canada, and which has beeii expressed with as much force in the Agricultural Districts of the West as in the Maritime ProAunces, arises chiefly from two causes : — 1st. That the principal cause of difference between Canada and the United States has not been removed by the Treaty, but remains a subject for anxiety. 2nd. That a cession of territorial rights of great A^alue has been made to the United States, not only without the prerdous assent of Canada, but contrary to the express wishes of the Canadian GoA^ernment. The Committee of the Privy Council will submit their views on both those points for the information of Her Majesty’s GoA^ernment, in the hope that by means of discussion a more satisfactory understanding between the two GoA'ernments may be arriA^ed at. The Earl of Kimberley has referred to the rules laid down in Article VI. of the Treaty of Washington, as to the International duties of neutral Govern- ments, as being of special importance to the Dominion, but the Committee of the Prwy Council, judging from past, experience, are GOVEENMENT OF LOED LISGAE— NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT THE TEEATY. 327 much more ai:»prehensive of misunderstanding, owing to the apparent difference of opinion between Canada and the United States, as to the relative duties of friendly States in a time of peace. It is unnecessary to enter into any lengthened discussion of the conduct of the United States during the last six or seven years with reference to the organization of consid- ei'hble numbers of the citizens of those States under the designation of Fenians. The views of the Canadian Gfovernment on this subject are in possession of Her Majesty’s Government, and it appears from the protocol of conference between the High Commissioners, that the British Commissioners presented the claims of the people of Canada, and were instructed to state that they were regarded by Her Majesty’s Government as coming within the class of subjects indicated by Sir Edward Thornton, in his letter of 26th January last, as subjects for the consideration of the Joint High Commis- sioners. The Earl of Kimberley states that it was with much regret that Her Majesty’s Government acquiesced in the omission of these claims from the general settlement of outstanding questions between Great Britain and the United States, and the Committee of the Privy Council, while fully participating in that regret, must add the fact that this Fenian organization is still in full vigor, and that there seems no reason to hope that the United States Government will perform its duty as a friendly neighbor any better in the future than in the past, leads them to entertain a just apprehension that the outstanding subject of difi'erence with the United States is the one of all others which is of special-importance to the Dominion. They must add that they are not aware that during the existence of this Fenian organization, which for nearly seven years has been a cause of irrita- tion and expense to the people of Canada, Her Majesty’s Government have made any vigorous effort to induce the Government of the United States to perform its duty to a neighboring people who earnestly desire to live with them on terms of amity, and who during the Civil war loyally performed all the duties of neutrals to the expressed satisfaction of the Government of the United States. On the contrary, while in the opinion of the Government, and the entire people of Canada, the Government of the United States neglected, until much too late, to take the necessary measures to prevent the Fenian invasion of 1870, Her Majesty’s Government hastened to acknowledge by cable telegram the prompt action of the President, and to thank him for it. The Committee of the Privy Council will only add on this painful subject that it is one on which the greatest unanimity exists among all classes of the people throughout the Dominion, and the failure of the High Com- missioners to deal wdth it has been one cause of the prevailing dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Washington.” 7. — “ The Committee of the Privy Council will proceed to the consideration of the other subject of dissatisfaction in Canada, viz : the cession to the citizens of the United States of the right to the use of the inshore fisheries, in common with the people of Canada. The Earl of Kimberley, after observing that the Canadian Government took the initiative in suggesting that a joint British and American Commission should be appointed with a view to settle the disputes which had arisen as to the interpretation of the Treaty of 1818, proceeds to state, that ‘ The causes of the ‘ difficulty lay deeper than any question of ‘ interpretation, that the discussion of such points ‘ as the correct definition of bays, could not lead ‘ to a friendly agreement with the United States, ' and that it was necessary, therefore, to endeavor ‘ to find an equivalent which the United States ‘ might be willing to give in return for the fishery ‘ privileges.’ In the foregoing opinion of the Earl of Kimberley, the Committee of the Privy Council are unable to concur, and they cannot but regret that no opportunity was aftbrded them of communicating to Her Majesty’s Government their views on a subject of so much importance to Canada prior to the meeting of the Joint High Commission. When the Canadian Government took the initiative of suggesting the appointment of a Joint British 328 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. and American Commission they never contem- plated the surrender of their territorial rights, and they had no reason to suppose that Her Majesty’s Government entertained the senti- ments expressed by the Earl of Kimberley in his recent despatch. Had such sentiments been expressed to the delegate appointed by the Canadian Government to confer with his Lord- ship a few months before the appointment of the Commission, it would at least have been in their power to have remonstrated against the cession of the inshore fisheries, and it would, moreover, have prevented any member of the Canadian Government from acting as a member of the Joint High Commission, unless on the clear understanding that no such cession should be embodied in the Treaty without their consent. The expediency of the cession of a common right to the inshore fisheries has been defended on the ground that such a sacrifice on the part of Canada should be made in the interests of peace. The Committee of the Privy Council, as they have already observed, would have been prepared to recommend any necessary concession for so desirable an object, but they must remind the Earl of Kimberley that the original proposition of Sir Edward Thornton, as appears by his letter of 26th January, was that ‘ a friendly and complete irnderstanding ‘ should be come to between the two Govern- ‘ ments, as to the extent of the rights which ‘ belong to the citizens of the United States ‘ and Her Majesty’s subjects respectively, with ‘ reference to the fisheries on the coasts of Her ‘ Majesty’s Possessions in North America.’ In his reply, dated 80th January last, Mr. Secretary Fish informs Sir Edward Thornton that the President instructs him to say that ‘ he shares ‘ with Her Majesty’s Government the apprecia- ‘ tion of the importance of a friendly and ‘ complete understanding between the two ‘ Goverments with reference to the subjects ‘ specially suggested for the consideration of ‘ the proposed Joint High Commission.’ In ‘ accordance with the explicit understanding thus arrived at between the two Governments, Earl Granville issued instructions to Her Majesty’s High Commission, which, in the opinion of the Committee of the Privy Council, covered the whole ground of controversy. The United States had never pretended to claim a right on the part of their citizens to fish within three marine miles of the coasts and bays, according to their limited definition of the latter term, and although the right to enjoy the use of the inshore Fisheries might fairly have been made the subject of negotiation, with the view of ascertaining whether any proper equivalents could be found for such a conces- sion, the United States was precluded by the original correspondence from insisting on it as a condition of the Treaty. The abandonment of the exclusive right to the inshore Fisheries without adequate compensation was not there- fore necessary in order to come to a satisfactory understanding on the points really at issue. The Committee of the Privy Council forbear from entering into a controversial discussion as to the expediency of trying to influence the United States to ado]Dt a more liberal commercial policy. They must, however, disclaim most emphatically the imputation of. desiring to imperil the peace of the whole Empire in order to force the American Government to change its commercial policy. They had for a considerable time back ceased to urge the United States to alter their commercial policy ; but they are of opinion that when Canada is asked to surrender her inshore Fisheries to foreigners, she is fairly entitled, to name the proper equivalent. The Committee of the Privy Council may observe that the opposi- tion of the Gov^ernment df the United States to reciprocal free trade in the products of the two countries, was just as strong for some years prior to 1854, as it has been since the termination of the Reciprocity Treaty, and that the Treaty of 1854 was obtained chiefly by the vigorous protection of the Fisheries which preceded it, and that but for the conciliatory policy on the subject of the Fisheries, which Her Majesty’s Government induced Canada to adopt after the abrogation of the Treaty of 1854, by the United States, it is not improbable that there would have been no difficulty in obtaining its renewal. (iOVERNMENT OF TiOIM) LISOAE— NE(JOTIATION.S ABOUT THE TEEATY. 329 The Committee of the Privy Council have adverted to the policy of Her Majesty’s G-overu- ment because the Earl of Kimberley has stated that there is no ditference in principle between a money payment and ‘ the system of licenses ‘ calculated at so many dollars a ton, which was ‘ adopted by the Colonial Government for ‘ several years after the termination of the ‘ Reciprocity Treaty.’ Reference to the corres- pondence will prove that the license system was reluctantly adoi^ted by the Canadian Government as a substitute for the still more objectionable policy i)i’essed upon it by Her Majesty’s Government, it having been clearly understood that the arrangement was of a temporary character. In his despatch of the 3rd March, 18G6, Mr. Secretary Cardwell observed : ‘ Her Majesty’s Government do not ‘ feel disinclined to allow the United States, for ‘ the season of 18G6, the freedom of fishing ‘ granted to them in 1854, on the distinct ‘ understanding that unless some satisfactory ‘ arrangement between the two countries ‘ be made during the course of the year this ‘ privilege will cease, and all concessions ‘ made in the treaty of 1854, will be liable ‘ to be withdrawn.’ The principle of a money payment for the concession of territorial rights has ever been most repugnant to the feelings of the Canadian people, and has only been enter- tained in deference to the wishes of the Imperial Government. What the Canadians were willing ruider the circumstances to accept as an equiva- lent, was the concession of certain commercial advantages, and it has therefore been most unsatisfactory to them that Her Majesty’s Government should have consented to cede the use of the inshore Fisheries to foreigners, for considerations which are deemed wholly inadequate.” 8. — “ The Committee of the Privy Council need not enlarge further on the objectionable Reply of the features of the Treaty as it bears Govt^iment. Canadian interests. These further objections. admitted by many, who think that Canada should make sacrifices for the general interests of the Empire. The j^eople of Canada, on the other hand, seem unable to comprehend that there is any existing necessity for the cession of the right to use their inshore hsheries without adecprate compensation. They have failed to discover that in the settlement of the so-called Alabama Claims, which was the most important question in dispute between the two nations, England gained such advantages as to be required to make further concessions at the exi'iense of Canada, nor is there anything in the Earl of Kimberley’s despatch to support such a view of the question. The other parts of the treaty are equally if not more advantageous to the United States than to Canada, and the fishery question must consequently be consi- dered on its own merits ; and if so considered no reason has yet been advanced to induce Canada to cede her inshore fisheries for whaf Her Majesty’s Government have admitted to be an inadequate consideration. Having thus stated their views on the two chief objections to the late Treaty at Washington, the Committee of the Privy Council will proceed to the consideration of the correspondence between Sir Edward Thornton, and Mr. Fish, transmitted in the Earl of Kimberley’s despatch of the 17th June, and of his Lordship’s remarks thereon. This subject has already been under the con- sideration of the Committee of the Privy Council, and a report dated the 7th June, embodying their views on the subject, was transmitted to the Earl of Kimberley by your Excellency. In his despatch of the 26th June, acknowledging the receipt of that report, the Earl of Kimberley refers to his despatch of the 17th of that month, and ‘ trusts that the Canadian Government will, ‘ on mature consideration, accede to the proposal ‘ of the United States Government, on this ‘ subject.’ The Committee of the Privy Council, in expressing their adherence to their report of the 7th June, must add that, inapplicability of the precedent of 1854, under which the action of the Canadian Parliament was anticipated by the Government, to the circumstances now existing, appears to them manifest. The Treaty * These letters were on the subject of throwing open the fisheries at once, pending the ratification of the Treaty. 39 330 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE HOHIHIOX OF CAHAHA. of 1854 was negotiated with the concvirrence.of the rrovincial Goyernmeiits represented at AVashington, and met with the general approba- tion of the people, whereas the Fishery clauses of the late Treaty were adopted against the advice of the Canadian Government, and have been generally disapproved of in all parts of the Dominion. There can hardly be a doubt that any action on the part of the Canadian Govern- ment in anticipation of the decision of Parlia- ment would increase the discontent which now exists. The Committee of the Privy Council request that your Excellency will communicate to the Earl of Kimberley the views which they entertain on the subject of the Treaty of Washington in so far as it aflects the interests of the Dominion.” 9. — The foregoing report of the Committee of the Privy Council was forwarded to the Earl of TheEiriof Kimberley l)y the Governor- uie’reporTof ule^ General oil the 15th of August, Privy Council ^O Until the 23id of November, when no reference at all was made to the Fenian Raids claims, and he reitter- ated, in substance, the assertion that Canada ought to be satisfied with the Fishery clauses of the treaty. “ I shall endeavour, as far as possible,” he says, “ to avoid entering into further discussion of the clauses of the Treaty which aiiply especially to Canada, as I cannot think that any advantage would result from a prolonged controversy between the two Gov- ernments as to the details of the Treaty, and the manner in which the negotiation was con- ducted,” and then proceeds to take exception to two statements in the report of the Privy Council. In the first place he objected to the imputation by the Privy Council that the right to use the Fisheries had been conceded to the United States without the consent of Canada, taking the ground that the right to give effect to that part of the Treaty was specially reserved to the Parliament of Canada, in the same manner as would be done towards the Imiierial Par- liament, “ if the Crown were to conclude a similar Treaty as regards the Fisheries of the United Kingdom.” He also contested the asser- tion that the Fisheries were ceded for “ what Her Majesty’s Government have admitted to be an inadequate consideration,” arguing that the reciprocal right to fish, with free importation of fish and fish oil, and a sum of money in addition was adequate compensation. 10. — The Canadian Government now found itself in this position : the Imperial Govern- ment having paid to the United The position m which States, with the Colonial Fisher- jJ'o'Vernmerfouna ies, the debt incurred by Great Britain by the depredations of the Alabama and other cruisers, was determined to force the Dominion to accept the Treaty as it stood, and seemed disinclined to offer any assistance or re- compense for the great sacrifice Canada was required to make. Of course, the Candian Parliament could refuse or withold the Legisla- tion necessary to give effect to certain clauses of the Treaty, but the Treaty would go into effect all the same and the Americans would have the use of our Fisheries without our getting even the small advantages in return secured by the Treaty — for, as the Imperial Government had made up its mind to allow the Americans the use of the Fisheries, it would take no steps to protect them from the encroachment of foreign fishermen, British gunboats were withdrawn, and the Dominion having no power to com- mission vessels of war without Imperial sanction, it was evident that no practical resistance to the inroads of American fishermen could be made even should the assent of the Canadian Par- liament be withheld. Again, the articles relating to transportation were made dei^endant on the ratification of the Fishery clauses, and any dis- ruption of the existing arrangement for reach- ing the seaboard by way of Portland in the winter would have been a great drawback to Canada, pending the completion of the Inter- colonial. Unpleasant, therefore, as it was to swallow the bitter pill of spoliation and humili- ation, it was a painful necessity, and the only thing in the power of the Government to do was to endeavour to get it gilded a little so as to make it somewhat less nauseous to the public palate. GOVERNMENT OE LOEE LISGAR— NECiOTJATlONS ABOUT THE TREATV. 331 11. — When the claims for compensation on account of the Fenian Raids were withdrawn Report of the Privy from the consideration of the Council with t . , tt- ^ ■ ■ •, reference to J Olllt High CommiSSlOll, it WaS compensation for i 1 1 i • Fenian Raids. Oil the Understanding that their settlement would be assumed by G-reat Britain, and to this point the Canadian G-overnment now addressed itself. On the 20th of January, 1872, a report of the Privy Council, in answer to the Earl of Kimberley’s despatch of 23rd of November, 1871, was approved. After refer- ring to the Fisheries clauses, and maintaining that Canada had just cause of complaint, the report goes on, as follows, to treat of the Fenian Claims : — “ In the Earl of Kimberley’s despatch to your Excellency, dated 23rd of November, no reference whatever is made to the subject of the Fenian Raids, and with regard to the Fishery clauses of the Treaty the only inference to be drawn from the despatch is that the objec- tions raised by the Committee of Council are of very little weight. The Committee of Council readily admit that further controversial discus- sion on the points on which differences of opinion unfortunately exist between the two Governments would be unprofitable. It is, however, due both to Her Majesty’s Gfovern- ment and to themselves that they should frankly explain to the former the conclusion at which they have arrived on the two questions discussed in their Report of 28th July last. They maintain that Canada has a just claim to compensation for the expenses incurred in consequence of the Fenian Raids. It seems unnecessary to support this opinion by further argument. * # # While still adhering to their expressed opinion as to the Fishery Articles of the Treaty of Washington, they are yet most anxious to meet the views of Her Majesty’s Government and to be placed in a position to propose the necessary legislative measures, and they will proceed to make a suggestion which they earnestly hope may receive a favorable response. The adoption of the principle of a money payment in satis- faction of the expenses incurred by the Fenian Raids, would not only be of no assistance to the Treaty, but might lead to some complications. It is not improbable that differences of opinion might arise in the discussion of the details of those claims between the two Gfovernments, which might lead to mutual dissatisfaction. Again, such a solution of the question would necessitate a discussion in the Imperial Parlia- ment, in the course of which opinions might be expressed by members which might irritate the people of Canada and might moreover encourage the Fenian leaders in the United States, who have not ceased their agitation. There is in the opinion of the Committee of Council a mode by which their hands might be so materially strengthened that they would be enabled not only to abandon all claims on account of the Fenian Raids, but likewise to propose, with a fair prospect of success, the measures necessary to give effect to those clauses in the Treaty of Washington which require the concrrrrence of the Dominion Parlia- ment. That mode is by an Imperial Gruarantee to a portion of the loan which it will be neces- sary for Canada to raise in order to procure the constructipn of certain important public works, which will be highly beneficial to the United Kingdom as well as to Canada. It is not pretended that the construction of these works is contingent on an Imperial G-uarantee. The credit of Canada has never stood so high in the money market as at the present time, its 5 per cent, securities being at a premium. But there is no doubt that with the Imperial Guarantee, a considerable saving of interest could be effected. The Committee of Council feel assured that Her Majesty’s G-overnment will recognise the scrupulous good faith which has invariably been observed by Canada under Gov- ernments of various shades of politics. Her Majesty’s Government are aware that one of the conditions on which British Columbia joined the Confederation, was that Canada should procure the construction of an Inter-oceanic Railroad. In order to procure the construction of this gigantic work, a cash subsidy will have to be granted to the Company undertaking it, to the extent in all probability of five millions sterling. This 332 TUTTLh^’S IIISTOIiY OF TIIK DOMINION OF CANADA. Railroad will open up for settlement the vast prairh^s ol' the North-West, vdiich will sustain an enormous population. According to the most reliable statistics, the immigration from the United Kingdom to Canada, is in about the proportion of one to six to that from the United Kingdom to the United States, the population of the United States being more than ten times as great as that of Canada. On the other hand, the imports into Canada of staple articles of British manufacture, such as cottons, woollens, and iron and hardware, are about three times as large in proportion to population as those into the United States. It is therefore clearly the interest of the United Kingdom that the British North-West Territories should be opened for settlement as speedily as possible, and to effect this object, the Canadian Pacific Railroad is indispensably necessary. That Railroad, it may be added, would in all probability be found the most eligible mode of conveying a portion of Her Majesty’s mails to the East. The time has arrived when the enlargement and extension of the Canadian Canals, so earnestly desired by the United States, as appears by the protocols attached to the Treaty of Washington, can no longer be postponed. The required works must be constructed by the Grovernment, and will cost about three millions sterling, the aggregate of the Railroad and Canals being eight millions. The revenues of Canada are in a most satisfac- tory condition, and fully able to bear the increased charge which will be gradually thrown upon them. The taxes are much less than in the adjoining Republic, and are cheer- fully borne by the people. The Committee of Council are of opinion that Her Majesty’s Grovernment might fairly be urged to propose to Parliament a guarantee for a Canadian loan, not to exceed four millions sterling, on the condition that such guaranteed loan should be raised at the same time, and in ecj^ual proportion with a Canadian unguaranteed loan for the same objects. The Committee of Council do not believe that any other mode can be suggested by which they would be enabled to surmount the difficulties in the way of their obtaining the consent of the C’anadian Parliament to the measures necessary to give effect to the Treaty of Washington, than that which they have felt it their duty to recom- mend. The Committee of Council trust, that should other difficulties be removed. Her j Majesty’s Grovernment will enable them to assure I the Canadian Parliament, that any recommen- dation made by Canada to terminate the Articles of the Treaty of Washington, numbered 18 to 25 inclusive, and likewise Article 30, in con- formity with Article 33, would be acted on.” 12. — This report was forwarded by the Grovernor-General on the 22nd of January, but was not replied to for nearly two British months, the answer of the Earl of Kimberley being dated the 18th of March, and the calling together of j Parliament was delayed on that account until ! the 11th of April, as it was most desirable that the Government should either be in a position to recommend the legislation necessary to give j effect to the Treaty of Washington, as soon as Parliament met, or be prepared to oppose the 1 Treaty. The Earl of Kimberley in his reply j says: “ Her Majesty’s Government have consid- i ered this suggestion (the guarantee of half of a j loan of i)8,000,000) with an earnest desire to remove the difficulties which are felt by the Canadian Government, and I have now to convey to you the conclusion at which they have arrived. They are of opinion that the most convenient course will be that it should be provided in the Acts to be passed by the Dominion Parliament to give effect to the Treaty that such Acts should only come into force upon the issue of a proclamation by the Governor-General in Council bringing them into operation. On their part Her Majesty’s Government will engage that when the Treaty shall have taken effect by the issue of such proclamation, they will propose to Parliament to guarantee a Canadian loan of ^£2,500, 000, such loan to be applied to the purposes indicated by the Council, namely, the construction of the railroad through British Territory from Canada to the Pacific, and the improvement and enlarge- ment of the Canadian canals, and to be raised at r GOVEfiNMENT OF J.OKD LI8GAE— DEBATE ON THE TEEATY OF WASHINGTON. 333 the same time and in equal proportion with the Canadian unguaranteed loan for the same objects, on the understanding that Canada abandon all claims on this Country on account of the Fenian Raids.” With regard to the request that Her Majesty’s Grovernment would authorize the Canadian Government to announce to the Dominion Parliament that “ any recom- mendation made by Canada to terminate the articles of the Treaty of Washington, numbered 18 to 25 inclusive, and likewise article 30, would be acted on.” His Lordship replied, should a desire to terminate the Treaty at the proper- time, he intimated by addresses from both Houses of the Canadian Parliament, the request should meet with due consideration at the hands of Her Majesty’s Government. 13. — With this small concession, and the promise of terminating the Treaty at the end of The terms agreed t welve years, the Canadian Gov- to. Remarks. emmeiit was forced to be content as there appeared no chance of making any better arrangement ; and, by a report of the Comiuittee of the Privy Council, approved on 15th of April, 1872, accepted the terms offered, and agreed to submit the necessary measures to the consideration of Parliament. The report concludes as follows : “ The Committee of the Privy Council feel that although Her Majesty’s Government have been unable to accede to their proposition in full, it is nevertheless their duty, in the interests both of Canada and the Empire at large, to accept the modified proposi- tion of the Earl of Kimberley, and they will accordingly be prepared to propose to the Canadian Parliament, the measures necessary to give effect to those clauses of the Treaty relative to Canada.” So ended the negotiations with the British Government with regard to this most unjust Treaty, and all that was left for the Canadian Government to do was to gain the consent of Parliament to the necessary legisla- tion, a consent which there was now no doubt would be given, but which it is almost certain could not have been obtained had it been asked immediately after the Treaty was made pirblic, and while both the press and the people were excited at its unfairness, or if the Government had been forced to ask for it without having some equivalent — however slight — to show for the great sacrifices which Canada was called on to make. But, in the year w-hich had elapsed since the promulgation of the Treaty the people had had time to think the matter over coolly, and to see that so long as a Liberal Government remained in power in England there was no hope of greater consideration of Canadian wishes or interests, and that we must either submit with the best grace possible, or be pre- pared for the agitation of the question of a separation from the Mother Country, a step which very few Canadians were prepared to advocate. The reflection that the treaty would only last twelve years was some consolation ; and although the Americans had got all they demanded, still there were many who felt, as Le Pays expressed it, that “ we ought perhajis to be thankful that they asked no more. ’ CHAPTER XXIX. GOVERNMENT OF LORD LI SGAE— DEBATE ON THE TEEATY OF WASHINGTON. 1. Bill to give effect to the Treaty intro- duced BY Sir John A. Macdonald. — 2. Sir John A. Macdonald explains his action ON THE Joint High Commission. — 3. Sir John’s explanation. Effect of the REPEAL OF THE DUTIES ON COAL, &C., ON THE NEGOTIATIONS. — 4. SiR JoHN’s EXPLANATION. The navigation of the St. L.JlWrence AND Lake Michigan. — 5. Sir John’s expla- nation. The Bonding system and San Juan boundary question. — 6. Sir John’s EXPLAN.VTION. ThE OMISSION OF THE Fenian claims from the Treaty. — 7. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie criticizes the Treaty. — 8. Hon. Mr. Blake moves an amendment. — 9. Debate on Hon. Mr. Blake’s amendment. — 10. Amendments voted down and Bill CARRIED BY A M.AIORITY FROM EVERY Province. 334 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. 1. — On the 18th of April — seven days after the meeting of Parliament, and three after the Riii.to .ive effect to acceptance by the Privy Council ln“sir tei’ms otfercd by the Earl Macionaiii. Kimberley — the papers and correspondence relating to the Treaty of Wash- ington M^ere laid before the House ; and, on the 3rd of Alay, Sir John A. Macdonald introduced a Bill to give effect to the Treaty. The Bill ^suspends certain Acts of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick inconsistent with the 18th Article of the Treaty. Fish and fish-oil (excel)! fish of the inland lakes and rivers and those preserved in oil), being the produce of the Fisheries of the United States, are to be admitted free of duty. Goods arriving at any ports in Canada, whether from another jiortion of the United States or another country, may be passed through Canada free in bond, as may also goods brought from the United States to be exported from a port in Canada. United States citizens may carry goods in United States vessels, free of duty, from one place in Canada ■ to another, provided a portion of the interme- diate transportatio 2 i has been by land through United States territory in bond, under regula- tions to be agreed upon. This Act to come into force when proclaimed by the Governor- General.* 2. — In moving the first reading of the Bill, Sir John A. Macdonald entered into a very Sir .John A. leiigthy statement of the causes Alaciloniilcl explains i i i n his iu-tion on the which led to the appointment of .Joint High . . Commission. tile Joiiit High Commissioii, the actions of that Commission, and the signing of the Treaty. He pointed out that the Parliament of Canada had a perfect right, if it so pleased, to , reject the Bill he had brought in, no matter what the consequences of that rejection might be, which would have the effect of makiiiff clauses 18 to 25 of the Treaty a dead letter. He 1 traced the action of the Canadian Government with reference to the Fisheries, after the termin- ation of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, their desire to return to the state of things anterior to ^ that Treaty, and the entire exclusion of American * Year Kook, iS7.3. fishermen after the failure of the Howland-Galt mission to Washington to pro^iose a new Reciprocity Treaty ; the intervention of the British Government, and the subsequent adoption of the licensing system, at the sugges- tion of that Government ; the failure of the licensing system, its abolition, the establishment of a Marine iiolice, assisted by British cruisers, to protect the Fisheries, and the mission of the Hon. Mr. Campbell to England in 1870, to propose a Joint Commission to consider this question of the Fisheries as well as that of the Fenian Raids. He then referred to the Alabama claims, to the efforts which had been made to adjust them, the rejection of the Clarendon- Johnson Treaty by the United States Senate, and the source of constant weakness to the Empire which these unsettled claims were, so long as other nations knew that should England become engaged in war, the people of the United States would force the Government to press then for a settlement of those claims, continuing, “ Hence, Mr. Speaker, the great desire of England, in my opinion, that that great question should be settled, and hence also, the inter- mingling of the particular questions relating to Canada with the larger Imperial questions, and, sir, in my opinion, it was of greater consequence to Canada than to England that the Alabama question should be settled.” He then sketched the correspondence between the British and American Governments with reference to the Commission (as already given) and spoke of his own connection with the Commission and his reluctance to accept the position, as he felt that being only one out of five his opinions and wishes for the interest of Canada might be constantly outweighed by the other four ; but that, at the advice of his colleagues he had accepted the post, so that Canada may not be unrepresented on the Commission. He then spoke of his correspondence by cable with the Imperial authorities, and the promise of the Home Government that the rights of the Dominion in the Fisheries should not be ceded without the consent of Canada, which, he held, was of great importance, as we could be assured (iOVKKNMENT OF LOFD LTSGAE— DEBATE ON THE TBEATY OF WASHINGTON. 335 that “ the rights of Canada to those Fisheries are beyond dispute, and that England cannot, and will not, under any circumstances whatever, cede those Fisheries without the consent of Canada. So that in any future arrangement between Canada and England or England and the United States the rights of Canada will be respected, as it is confirmed beyond dispute, that England has not the power to deprive Canada of them, so that we may rest certain that for all time to come England will not, without our consent, make any cession of these interests.” 3. — Proceeding to take up the subjects of the Treaty in detail, he first dealt with the Fish- Sir John’s exi>iana- ei’ics, explaining that M’hen he tion. Effect of the ■. -rn- i , n repeal of the duties reached Washington he lound on coal, inion that in addition to that offer there should be compensation in money, and then on the 17th of April, the American Commissioners withdrew as they had the right to do their offer altogether. And why did they withdraw the offer altogether ? Oiie of the Commissioners in conversation said to me, ‘ I am quite surprised to find the opposition that has sprung up to the admission of Canadian coal and salt into our market ; I was quite unprepared for the feeling that is exhibited.’ I know right well what the reason was. The monopolists having the control of American coal in Penn- sylvania, and salt in New York, so long as the Treaty would open to them the markets in Canada for their products, were willing that it should carry, because they would have the advantage of both markets at once ; but M’hen the duty was taken off in Canada, when you had opened the market to them, whether or not, when they had the whole control of this market, whether for coal or salt, the monopolists brought down all their energies upon the Senate for the purpose of preventing the admission of Canadian coal and salt into the American market, and from that I have no doubt came the with- drawal by the American Commissioners of their offer.” He then went on to say that after find- insT his hands as a Commissioner thus weakened by the action of the Canadian Parliament, he was forced to be content with the Reciprocity in fish and fish oil, and the agreement that a money payment should be paid, if the Arbitrators so awarded. With regard to the value of the privileges he said, “ This Reciprocity Treaty is not a mere matter of sentiment — it is a most valuable privilege, which is not to be neglected, despised, or sneered at.” He called attention to the fact that the fisheries of the Pacific coast and of Hudson’s Bay were not included in the Treaty — both of which, he held, would before 33(! TUTTLE’S IIISTOUY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the expiration of the Treaty he developed into very valuable privileges. With regard to the Fisheries of the inland lakes, he said that they had not been included in the Treaty at his request, as he considered that our side of the lakes had been most highly cultivated, and that the privilege of fishing in our waters on the lakes, would be far greater than that of our lake fishermen being permitted to take their catch into the American markets. Passing’ on to O the value of the free admission of the catch of the inshore Fisheries to the people of the Maritime Provinces, he said, “ The only market for the Canadian mackerel in the world is the United States,” and proceeded to show how our fishermen w^ere virtually excluded from it by the duty imposed. He claimed that the people of the Lower Provinces were in favor of the Treaty, because it gave them Reciprocity in fish, and argued that it would be unjust and ungenerous of the people of Ontario to reject the Treaty, because it did not also give them the Reciprocity which they desired. He next re- viewed at length the pretentions to the Fisheries set up by the Americans under the Treaty of 1783, and their arguments that the rights given them by that Treaty had not been abrogated by the Treaty of 1814; and the constant source of dispute which had been furnished by the Con- vention of 1818 ; and argued that one of the greatest advantages of the present Treaty was, that it settled beyond the shadow of a doubt ' the question that our Fisheries belonged to us, lor by paying a sum of money for the privilege of using them, the Americans acknowledge our proprietary right in them, just as much as a tenant acknowledged his landlord’s proprietary j right by paying him rent. ! 4- — With reference to the free navigation of the St. Lawrence granted to the Americans Sir.Tohn’s by the Treaty, he said that the explanation. The • vj. i t i i . navigation of the right had beeii claimed by the bt. Lawrence and . . •' Lake Michigan- Americans from 1822 to '1828, when it was thought that it was settled for ever by the refusal of the British Grovernment to entertain the claim and the question had so remained until 1870, when it w="as again ojtened by the President in his Annual Message to Congress, and had been finally settled by the Treaty. This was a subject, he said, which being one of boundary between two nations, and affecting a river forming that boundary, rested entirely with the GrOA'ernments of those two countries. He pointed out that the only part of the river affected by the Treaty, was “ the small piece of broken water between St. Regis and Montreal,” for from its source to St. Regis the United States are part owners of the banks of the river, and, both by International law and by Treaty, the riA^er was common to both nations ; as for that portion from Montreal to the sea, no one could suppose that we desired to close that to the ships not only of the United States, but of any other nation. The real point of importance was the retention of the control of the canals, w'^hich alone made the iiaAdgation of the St. LaAvrence aboA^e Montreal possible, and this had been secured to Canada, and her right to the canals acknowledged by the 27th Article. He claimed that this admission was highly important, for by the 26th Article, the naAMgation of the St. Lawrence, ascending to and descending from the poiiit where it ceases to be a boundary, was secured to the United States for ever ; and as the ascent could only be made by the aid of our canals, and as that was known at the time of the signing of the Treaty, he thought that the Americans might at some future time claim that the right to use the canals as well as the rwer w^as secured to them by this Article for eA^er, and therefore, the 27th clause had specially admitted that the canals were the property of Canada and under her control, so that this question had been proA'ided for. As to the right to naAMgate the Yukon and other rivers in Alaska, he said, that their use had been guaranteed by a Treaty between G-reat Britain and Russia ; but since the territory had been transferred to the United States, the ques- tion might be raised whether that Treaty was binding, and he thought it wms of the utmost importance to the Western country that the navigation of these riA^ers should be declared free. With regard to the naAugation of Lake NGRAVEO EXPRESSLY FOR ' TUTTLE S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION THE BORLAND DESBARATS LITHO COMP' GOVERNMENT OF LORD LLSGAR— DEBATE ON TSE TREATY OF WASHINGTON. 337 Michigan, the honorable member for Lambton (Hon. Mr. Mackenzie) had said in one of his speeches that that lake was as much a part of the St. Lawrence as the river itself ; he, (Sir John) failed to see on what ground any such claim could be made, as the lake was bounded on all sides by United States territory, had always been regarded as an inland sea — just the same as the Black Sea — and its navigation had never been claimed by Great Britain ; however, he did not think the matter was of great impor- tance, for there was no fear that the cities on Lake Michigan would ever desire to close their ports to the shipping of Canada. 5. — With reference to the 29th and 30th Articles, securing for twelve years the right of Sir .John’s transportation in bond, and of explanation. The . in « Bonding system and Carrying goods Irom one Amer- San Juan boundary . , -it question. icaii iioi't to another, provided part of the voyage was made through Canadian territory, he spoke of the great advantage of having secured to us by treaty what we had hitherto enjoyed by sufferance. It had been held over us as a threat by the American press that if Canadians were too “ bumptious ” this privilege should be taken away from them, and they should “ remain cooped up in their frozen country;” but now we w^ere secured in the right of transporting our goods in bond through American territory during the winter months when our own ports were closed, for twelve years. “ And long before that time expires,” he continued, “ I hope we shall have the Canadian Pacific Railway reaching to the Pacific Ocean, and with the Intercolonial Railway reaching to Halifax, we shall have an uninterrupted line from one seaboard to the other.” The privilege of carrying from one American port to another he considered might be a very valuable one, as it considerably ameliorated the harsh and exclusive coasting system of the United States, and opened a field for Canadian enterprise. With reference to the San Juan boundary question, he considered it was settled in a way no one could object to; and that, whatever the decision may be, neither party would have any reason to doubt the fair- ness and impartiality of the Arbitrator, nor the ability of the many learned jurists whom he would have it in his power to consult, if he thought proper to do so. 6. — Passing from the questions which the Treaty had settled, he came to one which was omitted from it — the Fenian Sir John’s explana- Raids claims. He pointed out omission of the , , , , , , _ Fenian claims from that although we had sunered the Treaty, great wrong and damage by these raids, still, from our position as a Colony, we could not demand satisfaction for them ourselves but only through the British Government. The Imperial Government had been requested to present these claims against the United States and had promised to do so, and had asked the Canadian Government for a statement of the claims. This statement had not been furnished, and it had been said that it was a piece of Canadian carelessness not to furnish it ; but he thought differently, he considered it a piece of Canadian caution. It was not usual in International claims of this kind for any amount to be men- tioned, but only to have the principle admitted, and to have the claims themselves adjudicated upon by a mixed Commission — such as the one at present in session in Washington on claims arising out of the late civil war. The British Government had promised to urge these claims, and, when the Joint High Commission was appointed, it was considered that those claims were included ; but when the British Commis- sioners had proposed to consider them, the American Commissioners had declined to do so, on the plea that according to their interpretation of the correspondence on the appointment of the Commission these claims were not included in the subjects to be discussed. The British Commissioners and the British Minister declared that it was always their impression that these claims were to be discussed ; but the American Commissioners insisted on the exact interpreta- tion of the letters which had passed on the subject of the Commission, and he (Sir John) admitted that, “ it is altogether doubtful whether the agreement to enter into the nego- tiations could be construed in any way so as to 40 338 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINIOX OF CANADA. bring these claims into the discussion.” The claims were, therefore, not considered by the Commission. “Whose faxilt was that?” he continued. “ It was the fault of Her Majesty’s Grovernment in not demanding in clear language, in terms which could not be misunderstood, that the investigation of these claims should be one of the matters dealt with by the Commission.” He proceeded to argue that England was res- ponsible for that error ; that she had promised to present the claims and had not done so, and, further, that she had assumed the responsibility of withdrawing them ; and that, therefore, Canada had a fair right to look to England for a settlement of these claims, It had been argued that it was a humiliation to Canada to take this money, but “ It is our due, ” he said. “We are entitled to it, and we must have it from some one. England refused to ask it for us from the United States, and she accepted all the responsibility which that refusal involved.” He then referred to the disinclination of the Canadian Government to make a direct claim for money compensation from England, which might have tended to disturb the very cordial relations existing between the Imperial and Colonial Governments ; and to the suggestion of a guarantee which, “ without causing England to expend a sixpence, or putting the least additional burden upon her people, would, if acted upon, do us more good, aiid prove of infinitely greater advantage, than any amount of mere money compensation we could reasonably expect.” He argued that the solid advantage of obtaining money cheaper by this action was not its chief advantage, for by thus taking an interest in and advancing oui irublic works England had “ put a finish at once to all dreamers or speculators who may dream, or hope, or believe in the alienation and separation of the Colonies from the Mother Country.” He argued that it was no more a humiliation for Canada to accept a guarantee now than it was to ’accept one to build the canals, or for fortificatioiis, or for the Intercolonial ; and that the Canadian Government had not made a bargain with the Imperial Government — as had been stated — to advocate the acceptance of the Treaty in return for a guarantee ; but had simply told the Imperial Government that they did not think that Canada was receiving sufficient compensa- tion under the Treaty for what she was called on to sacrifice, and the Imperial Government had at once accepted the proposal to give a guarantee which would secure substantial advantages to Canada. In conclusion he urged the acceptance of the Treaty, saying : — “ With respect to the Treaty I consider that every por- tion of it is unobjectionable to the country, unless the articles connected with the Fisheries may be considered objectionable. With respect to those articles, I ask this House fully and calmly to consider the circumstances, and I believe, if they fully consider the situation, that they will say it is for the good of Canada that those articles should be ratified.” His speech lasted for four hours and a quarter, and was well received by the House. 7. — Hon. Mr. Mackenzie replied to the expla- nation of Sir John, criticising his action as a member of the Commission ; and ^r. M.ackenzie took exception to the assertion criticises the Treaty. that the position of England was weakened amongst European nations by her outstanding differences with the United States. He thought that as one of the Colonies of Great Britain, we should endeavor by all just and reasonable means to give effect to the measures of the Mother Coiuitry ; but he did not believe the national life, national glory, and national perpetuity were always to be obtained by making a sacrifice of political and territorial rights, or by what was called the “peace-at- any-price policy.” He claimed that the only question at issue with the Americans with regard to the fisheries was whether the three- mile limit should be drawn cross the mouths of bays which were more than six miles wide, or whether it should follow the sinuosities of those bays — the Americans had never claimed the right to fish within three miles of our shores. To settle this very simple question Hon. Mr. Campbell had been sent to England, “and out of the proposition to settle this GOVERNMENT OF LORD LISGAR— DEBATE ON THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON. 339 comparatively small snbject we had this enormous matter thrown upon our hands, whereby we had deliberately sold our fisheries for naught, given away our rivers, and allowed the encroachment of the American Grovernment upon our territorial rights. This was the true position in which to place the Treaty.” He disagreed with the statement of the Premier that the rejection of a second Treaty by the Senate would have led to war between Great Britain and the United States ; and protested against the attempt to carry the Treaty through the House on threats like that. He reviewed the actions of the British Commissioners, and said that they seemed to have yielded as soon as the American Commissioners objected. “ The hon. gentleman (Sir John A. Macdonald) had stated that they were very urgent. They had ‘ set their hearts on obtaining the St. Lawrence navigation,’ and therefore he had given it away. They would set their hearts on something else within a year. They were constantly setting their hearts and envious eyes on some portions of our territory ; and if hon. gentlemen were to be Commissioners for this purpose, like the Dominion Premier, he feared very much that the Americans would set their hearts on obtaining advantages in the so-called compensation for our Fisheries.” He denied the statement that the action of the House in repealing the duties on coal and salt, had j prevented our having reciprocity in those ' articles, and quoted dates to show that the proposal of the American Commissioners to admit these articles free was made three days after the resolution was adopted by the House.=^ , He ridiculed the idea that the imposition of ' some $200,000 duties could frighten 40,000,000 I people into Reciprocity, and said it was a | similar exhibition of utter folly for the Premier to try to persuade the country that but for the ; action of the House we would have had Recip- j rocity. With regard to the statement that the ' Sir John A. M MflaL ^ resolution proposed to the effect that if the surveys then jxrogressing were favorable, the Dominion Gfovernment should proceed with the work at once. Hon. W. H. Howland moved that the words “ as soon as our means will allow ” be added, and after some discussion the motion as amended was adopted. Mr. H. Fry moved that the Dominion Government be petitioned to amend the law relating to inlots, so as to make the service more effective ; and also that vessels trading to the West Indies and Newfoundland be exempted from comi)ulsory pilotage as well as vessels under 300 tons. After a short discussion, in which several delegates complained of the incapacity of several of the St. Lawrence pilots, the resolution was adopted. The question of railways was next discussed, and a resohrtion was introduced by Hon. W. H. Howland, to the effect that it was advisable that supi:)ort should be given to a new road to run direct from Toronto to Ottawa, there to connect with the North Shore and Northern Colonization Rail- ways, thus giving Toronto and the West another trunk line to tide water. After some discussion the resolution was withdrawn. 3. — The Hon. John Young then moved, “ That it be an instruction to the Executive Dominion Board of Couiicil of this Board, to appoint Trade. Propo.«al to ,. , „ -ii.T form a zoiiverein a delegation to coiifer with the with the United • -i p i xt • i States. Executive Council of the JN ationaf Board of Trade of the United States on trade relations between the United States and the Dominion.” This gave the honorable gentleman an opportunity to express his views on the subject of a Customs IJnion, or Zoiiverein, with the United States, which he had been advocating for some time past, and which had been approved by the National Board of Trade of the United States at its last annual meeting at St. Louis, and which was favored by a very small party of annexationists in Canada who had gained a 1 , ^ ! little encouragement from the disregard to Canadian interests by the Imperial Government, as evidenced by the Treaty of Washington, and the feeling of dissatisfaction which had been raised in Canada by that Treaty. In advocating his views, the Hon. Mr. Young instanced the success which had attended the formation of the German Zoiiverein, and also the advantages which had accrued to the United States by having Free Trade between all the States, and to Canada since Confederation had abolished the various Provincial tariffs, and established a common Custom House, with unrestricted Inter-Provincial Trade. He held that a Customs Union between the Dominion and the United States would be of great advantage to Canada ; would very much reduce the cost of collecting the revenue, as it would abolish so many Customs Houses between the two countries ; and that it would not, necessarily, lead to a political union. 4. — Hon. W. H. Howland was entirely opposed to the idea of a Zoiiverein. He thought that “if we put the management Dominion Board of of our commercial arrangements zoiuereki^fdea out of our hands, we must necessarily put the Government of our country out of our hands,” and argued that a commercial union with the United States would only be the beginning of annexation. He referred to the Munroe doctrine of “ manifest destiny,” and said he was surprised while in St. Louis to find how thoroughly impregnated with it the Americans were, and that they would scarcely listen to him with patience when he told them that Canada preferred to retain her own GOVEEN'MENT OF LOED LISGAE— PEINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1872. 345 autonomy, and not to be absorbed by the United States. He concluded by moving in amendment, “ that in the ojrinion of this Board the alterations in our trade relations vdth the United States as proposed in the resolutions caivied by the National Board of Trade could not be entertained as*far as the idea of a Zollverein is concerned ; but we express at the same time our most cordial willingness to negotiate with the United States for the purpose of relieving the trade between the two countries of all restrictions interfering with the ligitimate prosecution of trade so far as may be found beneficial to the interests of both countries.” Mr. Morin, of Montreal, spoke in favor of a Zollverein and Messrs. Watson, Imlach, McLennan, Wilkes and others against it. In the course of his remarks, Mr. Wilkes said, “ A Commercial Zollverein of two independent nations is not commercial liberality ; but it is combined illiberality against the other nations of the world.” The discussion was the most animated of the meeting, and the expression of opinion was so generally against the proposed Zollverein that Hon. Mr. Howland’s amendment was carried without a division; after which the motion to appoint delegates to attend the next annual meeting of the National Board of Trade of the United States was adopted. 5. — On the nineteenth a resolution was intro- duced by Mr. Kirby, of Sarnia, to the effect that the Dominion Grovernment be Dominion Board of .... , , i i « , Trade. Petroleum, petitioned to repeat the Act Protection. Tariff. . . i i p imposing an excise duty of hve cents per gallon on refined petroleum, and to substitute an inspection fee of fifty cents per barrel. A long discussion ensued on the unsatisfactory working of the law as it stood, and the sum of one dollar being inserted instead of fifty cents ; after which the motion as amended was carried, on division, by a vote of 18 to 17. The balance of the session was mainly devoted to a discussion of the tariff, in the course of which Sir Francis Hincks and Hon. Mr. Tilley addressed the Board. In view of the approaching session of Parliament and changes which might possibly be made then, no action was taken by the Board. The question of Protection was raised by the introduction by Mr. Laugher, of St. Hyacinthe, and by Mr. Smith, of St. John’s, P. Q., of series of resolu- tions in favor of moderate protection to home manufactures ; but the subject was laid over without debate. On the twentieth a memorial to the Dominion Gfo vernment was adopted asking for the enlargement of the St. Lawrence Canals, and the improvement of the Ottawa River navigation ; and, after the customary votes of thanks, the meeting adjourned. 6. — During the early part of the year the “ Nine hour movement ” — which was being agitated in the States as the ^he “Nine hour” “Eight hour movement” — spread “o''e‘“ent. very generally over the principal cities of Canada, and was adopted by the Trades Unions, whilst “ Nine hour Clubs ” were formed, and a strong effort made to cause the hours of labor to be reduced from ten to nine hours. The “ Movement ” was only an attempt to get more wages, made in the shape of an appeal for shorter hours instead of a direct demand for more pay, for the “ Movement ” men required that their wages should not be reduced, only the number of hours a day that they were required to work lessened. Public meetings were held in Montreal, Toronto; Hamilton and many other places, and the question, on the whole, fairly and dispassionately discussed, without any disorder or disturbance. The only trouble which may be said to have arisen out of the movement was the printer’s strike in Toronto, of which we have already treated. For awhile it was feared that a strong struggle between employers and employes would result from the movement, and, in some cases — as with the master printers in Toronto — the employers combined to resist the demands of the men ; but no serious difficulty arose, in some instances the employers yielded, in others a compromise was arrived at by allowing a half- holiday on Saturday afternoon, and, as times grew hard and work scarce, the movement, which was mostly the outgrowth of “ good times ” and plenty of work, gradually died out. 41 TUTTLE’S niSTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. 34G We cannot do better than introduce here the remarks made on this subject by Lord Lisgar at the farewell banquet given him before his departure for England. “ He had heard appre- hensions expressed in more than one quarter representing Trades Unions and combinations to demand higher wages. It was feared that these would retard the progress of public works. He thought these apprehensions need not be indulged in. Combinations for demanding high rates of wages were seldom successful except amongst trades where the workmen are few and the centres of operation are limited in nvimber. In all other cases wages tended to find their natural level, and if the workmen demand more than a proper rate the effect would be to throw many of their number out of employment. The intelligence of the laborers would soon find this out, and combinations and unions assisted them to find it out. They should not, therefore, be put down either by legislation or force so long as they abstained from molestation of parties unwilling to ioin them.”* 7. — Quite a number of serious fires, some attended with loss of life, occurred during the Extensive fires and ^arly part of the year, the most loss of life. extensive of which broke out in the stable of the Royal Exchange Hotel, Ingersoll, on the morning of the 7th of May, and destroyed the best part of the business portion of the town — including the Niagara District Bank and the Chronicle office — before the flames were subdued. Many families were rendered homeless and two persons were killed by the falling walls. The loss was upwards of $300,000, only partially covered by Insurance. The heavy loss was mainly attributable to the lack of water works and the want of fire protection, and it was thought that nearly the whole town would have been destroyed, but for the timely arrival of the London Fire Brigade which speedily conquered the fire. Montreal had two extensive fires, and many small ones. The first large fire was on the morning of the 27th of March, when the brass ♦Toronto Glohe, 21st June, 1872. foundry of Charles Garth and Sons, Craig Street, was destroyed causing a loss of about $50,000, on which there was only $20,000 Insurance. The fire occurred at half past one in the morning, at which time the water was shut off at the reservoir, and it was nearly half an hour before full pressure was on, by which time nearly the whole building was destroyed. The second fire was at the Victoria Straw Works on the 4th of May, when damage to the extent of about $20,000 was done to the Straw Works and to the Star newspaper. On the 28th of January fifteen houses were burned in the village of Norwich, damage to the extent of $30,000 being done, and extensive fires also occurred at Whitby, Collingwood, Perth, Coaticook, Elora and Ottawa. At Bradford, Ont., on the 15th of January, the house of a Mr. Tessier was burned and five persons who were in at the time perished in the flames. At Stanfold, Que., on the 16th of March, three persons were burned to death and several others lost their lives in small fires at various places. The most destructive fire, however, as far as the value of property destroyed was concerned, occurred in Toronto, on the night of the 14th of February, when the greater portion of the Iron block on Front Street was burned, involving a loss of nearly $400,000. This block consisted of eleven fine stores, and had only been erected in the fall of 1871 at a cost of over $130,000. Eight of the stores, with most of their contents, were destroyed, and several other buildings were damaged. 8. — The morning of the 22nd of June was marked by one of the most appalling railway acci- dents which has ever occurred Terrible railway in Canada, by which twenty- Sl! Xrunk.’^Thirty four human beings were hurled into eternity with scarcely a moments warning, and forty-five were wounded, six of whom died shortly after, and many were maimed and crippled for life. The No 3 Express train of the Grand Trunk, going East, left Toronto for Montreal shortly after seven o’clock on the evening of the 21st of June, and all went well until about one o’clock on the following GOVBENMENT OF LORD LISGAR— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1872. 347 morning when, as the train was nearing Shannon ville, about eleven miles from Belleville, the flange of one of the front wheels of the engine broke and the locomotive “jumped the track” dragging the smoking car and the second class car with it. In the second class car were three families, and about fifty-five lumbermen — mostly French Canadians — many of whom had been employed felling poles for the Dominion Tele- graph Company. Almost immediately after the engine left the track it tumbled down the embankment, which was about eight feet deep, the smoke stack and part of the boiler projecting inwards towards the track. The smoking and second class cars, which were next to the engine, telescoped and run on over the boiler, in their course knocking the safety valve off and allowing the whole body of steam to escape into the second class car, which had fallen over on its side. The scene w'hich ensued was appalling. Penned up in the crowded car and unable for some terrible moments to make any effort to escape, the unfortunate passengers w^ere fairly boiled to death or suffocated by the hot steam. Fortu- nately the two first class cars and the Pullman which completed the train, did not leave the track, and beyond a shaking their occupants were not hurt , they were, therefore, at liberty to help the sufferers, and there being a quantity of crow^bars, which the lumbermen had been using, in the baggage car, no time w^as lost in breaking into the telescoped cars and extricating those who w^ere still alive. It was found that twenty-four were either dead or so injured that they died almost immediately, and of the forty-five who were scalded or had limbs broken, six more died in the course of the next few days. The sufferers were taken to Belleville and an inquest held which resulted in a verdict that the disaster was caused by the breaking of a flange and was purely accidental, the Company not being in any way to blame. This, however, was not satisfactory to those who were always ready to find fault with the G-rand Trunk, and throw blame, justly or unjustly, on the manage- ment of Mr. Brydges, and a cry of a “ white- washing ” verdict was raised which induced Attorney -Greneral Crooks, of Ontario, to order another inquest to be held on one of the wmunded men, who died after the first inquest was closed, and thus reopen the whole enquiry. Nothing more, however, came of this inquest than the first, and no blame could be attached to the Company for what was purely accidental, and no foresight on its part could have prevented. 9. — In proroguing Parliament on the 14th of June, Lord Lisgar bade farewell to Canada — and indeed his successor was Departure of Urd already on his way to Quebec — Lisg.ir. but before his departure he was entertained at a public dinner in Montreal. The dinner was given at the St. Lawrence Hall, and about one hundred and fifty sat down, amongst them Sir Greorge E. Cartier, Sir Francis Hincks, Hon. Dr. Tupper and other Ministers ; Sir A. T. Gault, Lieutenant-Governors Doyle, of Nova Scotia, and Wilmot, of New Brunswick, Consul-General Dart, Hon. L. H. Holton, and many other leaders of both the great political parties. In returning thanks to the toast of the evening. Load Lisgar briefly reviewed the progress of Canada during the three years he had admin- istered the Government, and referred with pride and pleasure to the great and important changes which had taken place since his arrival, the acquisition of the North-West ; the pacifi- cation of Nova Scotia; the erection of the Province of Manitoba and the restoration of order in the Red River country ; the admission of British Columbia; the signing of the Treaty of Washington, and the promised building of the Pacific Railway. A vast change had taken place in the Dominion, and he congratulated her on her progress so far and augured well for her future. He sailed from Quebec on the twenty-second, taking wdth him the good wishes of the people, but not very deeply regretted, for without having been unxoopular, he had never become a very impirlar Governor. His administration was marked by many important events, as enumerated above, and he had done his duty conscientiously and well, to the satisfaction of His Sovereign and in a manner 348 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE acceptable to the bulk of the people ; but he awoke no enthusiasm, snch as was evoked by his snccessor, and is mostly remembered as “ a good old man.” CHAPTER XXXI. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF HUFFERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1872. j 1. Appointment of Lord Dufferin rather ^ A DISAPPOINTMENT. — 2. PREVIOUS SERVICES j OF Lord Dufferin. — 3. Arrival and re- i CEPTioN OF Lord Dufferin. — 4. Visits to j Quebec and Ontario. His Excellency’s POPULARITAL — 5. DISTURBANCE IN OTTAWA ON THE 12th of July. Firearms used, i 6 Turning the first sod of the North j Shore Railway. — 7. Marine Disasters. | Losses of life and property. Seizures, i 8. Decision of the Emperor of G-ermany : ON THE San Juan boundary question. — 9. The Canadian team win the Kolapore ; Cup. — 10. The Epizootic. — 11. Extensive | FIRES IN TOWNS AND CITIES. — 12. CABINET i CHANGES. The STATE OF THE COUNTRY. | 1. — Singnlar as it may now appear, in the | light of after events, the appointment of the Earl of Dufferin as the successor | Appointment of* p t i x * * ii Lord L>atterin rather OI Lorcl LdSg'ai' 111 the (jrOVernor- ' a disappointment. ^ i i • p ji x^ • • i (jreiieralship oi the JJominiou ’ was not welcomed with any degree of enthu- siasm in Canada, although it was generally regarded as a good appointment ; and the general and wide-spread popularity which that noble- man achieved during his six years residence amongst us, and the feelings of love and affection which he inspired in the hearts of Canadians of all creeds and classes, was due entirely to his own intrinsic worth, and his admirable adminis- trative qualities and not to any preliminary flourish of trumpets heralding his coming. Indeed we rather think that his appointment partook somewhat of a disappointment to many Canadians, for it had been suggested at the time DOMINION OF CANADA. of the marriage of the Marquis of Lome and H. R. H. the Princess Louise, (21st March, 1871), that he should become Lord Lisgar’s successor, and H. R. H. the Duke of Edinburgh had also been mentioned in this connection, so that the appointment of a gentleman who, however distinguished in England, was almost unknown in Canada, and whose very name was strange to the great mass of the people, while it was received with satisfaction, gave rise to no such feelings of enthusiasm as it was afterwards his fortune to evoke in every part of the broad Dominion in which he appeared. 2. — The Earl of Dufferin is descended from a noble Irish family, and was born at Florenee, on 21st of June, 1826. He was „ ^ „ ’ Previous services ot educated at Eton, and Christ Lord Dufferin. Church, Oxford, and succeeded to the title in 1841, while still in his minority. In 1849 he was appointed a Lord-in- Waiting to the Queen, a post which he held until 1852, under Lord John Russell’s administration, and again filled the same office from 1854 to 1858, on the return of his party to y)ower. In 1850 he was created an English Baron and took his seat in the House of Lords as Lord Clandeboye, where he attracted some attention, especially by his speeches on the question of the tenure of land in Ireland and the relations of landlord and tenant. In 1855 he accompanied Lord John Russell as an atlaclie to his special mission to Vienna, and displayed such administrative ability, that, in 1860, he was apx:)ointed by Lord Palmerston British Commissioner to Syria to enquire into the massacres of Christians which had been taking place, a task he accomplished with so much satisfaction to the Grovernment that he was made K.C.B. for his services. In 1864 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the County Down, and the same year took the position of Under-Secretary of State for India, which he held until 1866 when he became Under- secretary for War. In the same year he was offered the Glovernorship of Bombay, but declined on account of his mother’s health. On the return of the Liberal party to power in December 1868, he was appointed Chancellor of GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEfN— PETNCIPAL EVENTS OF 18Y2. 349 the Duchy of Lancaster and Paymaster, which he retained until his appointment as Governor- General in April 1872. Lord DufFerin had been over twenty years in public life at the time of his appointment, and had gained such favor with the leaders of his party, that on the assassination of Earl Mayo, Vice-Roy of India, he was generally spoken of as the successor of that unfortunate nobleman ; Lord Northbrook was, however, given the Governor-Generalship of India and Lord Duflerin sent to Canada. Previous to his departure he was entertained at a public dinner at Belfast, where he delivered what may be called the first of his Canadian speeches, in which he displayed an amount of knowledge of our affairs, and a study of our resources and requirements which was highly gratifying to Canadians accustomed as we had been to the appointment of Governors who came to us knowing little about our needs or aspirations and left knowing less. Lord Duffer in labored under the disadvantage of being appointed by the Gladstone Administration, which was highly unpopular in Canada on account of its avowed policy of letting the Colonies “ shift for themselves,” and for their surrender of Canadian interests by the Treaty of Washington ; and his having been a member of the Government caused at first a slight suspicion that he may have been appointed for the purpose of carrying out some Imperial project for the total separation of the Dominion from the Mother Country, but such a fear soon passed away and His Excellency developed such remarkable power as a Constitutional ruler, that he rose rapidly into public favor and before the end of the year had already become one of the most popular Governors who have ever represented Her Majesty in British North America. Canada has very little cause to be thankful to the Gladstone Administration, but we have to thank it for the appointment of the Earl of Dufferin, an act which went a long way towards removing the soreness which the with- drawal of the troops, the Washington Treaty, and the possible abandonment of the Colonies had caused. 3. — Lord Dufferin sailed from Derry in the Allan steamer, Prussian, on the 13th of June, and arrived at Quebec, on the . ■ , , 25th, where he was met by Sir of Lord Dufferin. John A. Macdonald, Sir Francis Hincks and other members of the Cabinet ; Sir Hastings Doyle, who had been sworn in as Administrator of the Government during the brief period elapsing between the departure of Lord Lisgar and the arrival of the Earl of Dufferin ; Sir Narcisse Belleau, Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec ; Hon. Dr. Blanchet, Speaker of the Quebec Legislature ; the Mayor and Aldermen of Quebec, and a large assemblage of citizens of Quebec and other cities. His Excellency was at once sworn in as Governor-General of Canada by His Honor Chief- Justice Meredith, and was afterwards presented with addresses from the Corporation, the Board of Trade, the St. Patrick’s Society and the Literary and Historical Society. On the following day His Excellency and Lady Dufferin visited the Camp at Point Levis, and then left for Ottawa, which place he reached on the evening of the twenty-seventh, and was received by the Mayor and Corporation, who presented an address, and representatives of the various National and other Societies, by whom addresses were also presented. After a brief rest at the seat of Government to recover the effects of his voyage. His Excellency set about carrying out that policy of visiting all portions of the Dominion and making himself familiar with the people which subsequently endeared him to the public heart. Military camps were then being formed throughout the various Provinces for the usual annual drill, and such of these as were convenient His Excellency determined to visit. On the 1st of July, he left Ottawa and visited the camps at Prescott and Kingston, and then proceeded to Montreal, where he arrived on the third, and on the following day visited the camp at Laprairie. On his return to the city he was presented with an address by the Mayor and Corpora- tion, and the same evening left for Quebec, where he spent a few days as the guest of Sir Narcisse Belleau, and then proceeded to River 350 TUTTLE’S UISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OP CANADA. du Loup, where he passed the next two months. 4 — On the 20th of August His Excellency, accompanied by Lady Duflerin, returned to Visits to Quebec Quebec aiid remained there until Excinency"s ^^I’d of September. It was popularity. inaugurated that system of generous hospitality and familiar intercourse wdth all classes of the people which so markedly distinguished his adminis- tration from that of many of his predecessors. Mixing freely and fully with the people he was appointed to rule over, he soon learned to feel and think with them ; and while never for one moment forgetting to uphold the dignity or the Noble Lady he represented, he speedily identified himself with the aims and aspirations of those around him. Educational institutions early attracted his attention, and he freely visited those establishments in Quebec, being careful to make no distinction of creed or race ; and, indeed, during his whole term of office he so skilfully guided his conduct in this respect that not even the most sensitive or the most bigoted could take offence. From Quebec their Excel- lencies proceeded on a tour through Ontario, arriving in Toronto on the 24th of September, where they w^ere received by Lievrtenant- Governor Howland and members of the Local Government. Their Excellencies were escorted from the depot to Government House by a torch- light procession, and on the following evening a grand ball was given by the Lieutenant- Governor in their honor. On the 26th their Excellencies visited Hamilton, and attended the Provincial Fair, where they were welcomed by more than 40,000 people. On the following day they returned to Toronto where a more formal reception was accorded them, and the usual addresses presented, wdiile the city fairly outdid itself in the way of triumphal arches, decora- tions, &c. The next week was spent at Niagara Falls, from whence His Excellency returned to Toronto for a few days, and on the lOtfi of October proceeded to London to attend the Western Fair then being held in that city. From London he went to Petrolia, and from thence returned to Toronto, where he remained until the 28th, when he went back to Ottawa. While in Ontario he pursired the same politic course he had adopted in Quebec, visiting most of the public institutions, especially educational establishments, and cultivating the same friendly relations with the people. The balance of the year was spent at Rideau Hall, with the exception of a flying visit to Montreal on the 21st of November, to attend the unveiling of a statue of Her Majesty which had been erected in Victoria Square. His Excellency, at the reqibest of the Committee, delivered the address formally presenting the statue to the City of Montreal, and also made a short speech in French which was most enthusiastically re- ceived. We have thus hastily sketched the course of His Excellency during the first six months of his sojoirrn amongst us to show how thoroughly and heartily he entered upon his duties from the moment of his arrival ; and it is safe to say that before the expiration of those six briefmonths he had made himself more thorough- ly at home and had become much more popular, 'than many Governors-General have in six years. 5. — The 12th of July this year was marked by a disturbance in Ottawa which has, unfortu- nately, proved but the fore-run- Di,su.rb.we in ner of many other disturbances of*Jniy.°"rire-f™s of a similar nature on that day in Montreal and other xDortions of Canada. On this day the usual Orange procession was exi:>ected to be particularly imposing, as the corner stone of the new Orange Hall, at the corner of O’Connor and Queen Streets was to be laid by the Grand Master of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Ontario, and several Lodges from neighboring municipalities visited the city. The procession was to have taken place in the morning, but owing to an accident having delayed the trains, it was postponed until the afternoon, and it was quite late when it moved. When the procession was passing through Lower Town a little difficulty arose between some of the processionists and some lookers on, and stone throwing commenced, which was quickly followed by several pistol shots and more volleys of stones. Fortunately the officers GOVHJIXMKNT OF THE EARL OF DUFFEEIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1812. 351 of the Societies were able to restore order before any more serious damage than a few cnts and bruises from stones was done ; but for a few minutes the excitement was intense and the danger of a serious encounter between the Orangemen and the Catholics imminent. The trouble was said to have arisen from a drunken man throwing a stone at the procession, and another account credited some boys with caus- ing the disturbance by throwing mud balls, but whatever was the cause the effect was to show how dangerous it is to allow party processions of any kind in a mixed community where w^hat is one man’s iffeasure is another’s pain, and it would have saved much bloodshed and ill-feeling if this premonition had been regarded and party processions altogether abolished. 6. — An event which although more particu- larly important to the Province of Quebec was Turning the first of Considerable interest to vn'rth ‘shore wholo Dominioii, took place Railway. Quebec on the 18th of July, when the first sod of the North Shore Railway was turned. This road (which is not yet quite completed at the time of writing, 1878) was intended to form, in conjunction with the Northern Colonization Railway, (now open from Montreal to Ottawa and knowm as the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway) a grand Trunk line connecting Quebec and Montreal with the Canada Pacific Railway at or near its proposed terminus at Lake Nipissing ; and it was expected that this road running along the north shore of the St Lawrence and of the Ottawa would open up an immense tract of new country and prove even more beneficial to the Province of Quebec than the Gfrand Trunk Railway had to Ontario. It is not our jDurpose to enter upon a history of this great undertak- ing in this place ; suffice it to say that the project was one in which the whole Province felt peculiar interest, and that the opening ceremo- nies at Quebec were attended with much display. A very large assemblage gathered at the spot which w'as to be the city terminus of the road, amongst whom were representatives of the Dominion and Local Houses, and after the benediction had been pronounced by Arch- bishop Taschereau and the enterprise formally blessed that Prelate, w^ho was dressed in full canonicals, took a pick-axe and broke the earth with it. Madame Cauchon (wife of the Hon. J. E. Cauchon, Speaker of the Senate and President of the North Shore Railway Company) then turned the sod with a silver spade, pro- vided for the occasion, and throwing it into a wheel-barrow it was trundled away by her husband, and the ground declared duly broken. After this, the navvies set to wmrk and ploughed about half an acre, and the work was fairly inaugurated. A grand banquet was then given at which addresses were, delivered by the Hon. J. E. Cauchon, President of the road ; Hon. P. J. 0. Chauveau, Premier of Quebec, and others. 7. — The year 1872 was an unfortunate one for ocean-going vessels trading to or from 1 the Dominion, and the annual report ot the Minister oi Marine Lo.sses of ufe and and Fisheries shows that 221 accidents were reported during the year, ' involving the loss of 220 lives and the destruc- tion of over $2,000,000 wmrth of property. The loss was particularly great amongst vessels carrying cargoes from the St. Lawrence, and no less than six grain-laden steamers which left Montreal in the fall were lost, in some cases the crews being lost also. These vessels, as is the case wdth many others, were built for coasting, or for trade in the Baltic or Mediterranean, and were totally unfit to weather the severe storms of the North Atlantic in the fall. Another very fruitful source of loss was the overloading of timber-laden vessels by piling up deck-loads to the height of .6 or 7 feet, and so great had this evil become that an Act regulating the carrying of deck-loads was introdiiced and passed at the session of 1873. The navigation of the lakes was attended with comparatively little damage, and the loss of life was only seventeen. The whole number of casualties reported to the Department of Marine and Fisheries was sixty- nine, of which twenty-one were steamers, thirty- six schooners, six brigantines and barquantines, and six barges. The estimated loss was about 352 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. $450,000. Only two seizures were made of American vessels infringing the Fisheries laws — the En C. seized on 29th of May, and the Janies Bliss seized on the 18th of June. Doth vessels were caught fishing within two miles of the shore, and their masters pleaded that they thought that the Treaty of Wash- ington was in force and that they had the right to fish where they pleased. The vessels were bonded, but the sureties were not proceeded against, the Act giving effect to the Wash- ington Treaty being passed w^hile the cases were pending. 8. — One of the questions which it was part of the object of the Joint High Commission to ^ settle, and which that Commis- delegated to some one else boundary duestion. adj^^dicate Oil was decided, on the 24th of October, in favor of the United States. It will be remembered that by the " Treaty of Washington the Emperor of G-ermany was appointed Arbitrator to decide the question of the North-West water boundary at issue between Oreat Britain and the United States, more commonly known as the San Juan boun- dary c[uestion. The case of each Grovernment was submitted early in the year, and, on the 6th of July, the Emperor appointed three Law Officers of the Crown to take the case into consideration, and report upon it; and on the 24th of October the Emperor gave his decision, declaring that the American claim that the De Haro Channel was the one through which the boundary line should pass was most in accord- ance with the true interpretation of the Treaty of 1846. Thus another and important section of Canadian territory was surrendered to the United States through the bungling of the Imperial Treaty-makers, who neither considered the worth of the sections of country they cut off’ by the stroke of a pen, nor the value and true interpretation of the words used in per- forming the operation. It is a curious’ fact with reference to all the treaties made between Great Britain and the United States, that, after the lapse of a few years, when a doubt can with decency be raised, they are always found to contain some other meaning than the one they were supposed to convey at the time of signature, and that the new interpretation is invariably more favorable to the United States than the old one. Both the Canadian and English journals w^ere dissatisfied with the decision, as it placed the key to British Colum- bian waters in the hands of the United States, and would greatly cripple England’s power on the Pacific coast in the event of war ; but the Treaty specially stipulated that the decision was to be final and without appeal, and, there- fore, we had to put up wdth it, although neither pleased nor contented. 9. — An event which caused not a little pleasure throughout the Dominion was the winning of the Eajah of Kolapore’s Cup at 11 , 1 ,1 /I 1 - The Canadian team Wimbleton by the Canadian win the Koiapore team, on the 13th of July. This cup was offered by the Rajah to be competed for annually by one team from the Mother Country, one from India, and one from so many of the colonies as choose to send representatives ; and was contended for in 1871 by the Canadian team of twenty against a team of twenty picked from the highest scorers of the three Inter- national teams of the United Kingdom, the Canadians being beaten. In 1872 it was not considered exactly fair to engage the whole Canadian team, as that left them no reserve to fall back upon, while the English reserve was practically unlimited, and it was therefore decided that only eight men on each side should compete. The Canadian eight selected were those who had made the best average scores at Atlcar and Wimbleton ; but the opposing team comprised the “ crack ” shots of the English and Scotch teams, and it was not supposed that the Canadians would have any chance of winning. To the great surprise of the spectators, however, the Canadians fired with unexpected coolness, steadiness and precision and carried off the prize by a score of 532 to 524. The result called forth many complimentary notices from the English press, and Canadian papers were loud in their praise of the team, some of them going so far as to suggest that the C40VEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— PEINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1872. 353 Dominion should pay the expense of sending a team to Wimbleton annually, a suggestion, howevei, which was not adopted."^ 10. — Early in October a peculiar disease made its appearance amongst the horses in various parts of the Dominion and cairsed The Epizootic. • t i i • very considerable inconvenience and some loss. The disease first assumed formidable proportions in Toronto, where as many as six hundred horses were reported ill at the same time. In Ottawa over three hundred were incapacitated for work, and the street cars were obliged to cease running for want of propulsive power. In Montreal traffic was almost entirely suspended for several days ; more than three hundred horses were laid uir in the stables of the City Passenger Railway Company ; the majority of the horses in the Grand Trunk stables were ill, and the moving of freight had to be suspended, whilst amongst the carters and in the livery and private stables about every other horse was unfit for work. It was estimated, on the 17th of October, that there were fifteen hundred horses sick with the epizootic, and ox carts were in some instances resorted to for moving goods. The disease spread to the Lower Provinces and caused great inconvenience in Halifax. Although very *The following is the score of the two teams, taken from the London Daily Telegraph, of 15th July 1872. Canad.v. 200 500 600 Total. yds. yds. yds. Gunner Shand, Nova Scotia . 23 25 22 70 Private Ferguson, 2nd Batt. G. T B . 24 24 21 69 Quartermaster Thomas, 54th Batt 22 21 68 Ensign Johnson, New Brunswick . 24 24 20 68 Private Bell, 10th Royals, Toronto . 20 25 22 67 Captain Wall, G. T. Brigade . 23 22 20 65 Corporal Larkin, 63rd Batt . 24 21 20 65 Assistant Surgeon Aikin, 37th Batt • 23 17 20 60 532 E.N'GLAND. Private Cortis, 1st Sussex • . 24 24 26 74 Corporal Caldwell, 1st Renfrew . 21 22 25 68 Sergent McA'^ey, 19th Lanark . 22 22 23 67 Private AVyatt, 13th Salop . 20 22 22 64 Private Clark, 2nd Edinburgh 27 15 64 Corporal Wallace, 2nd Edinburgh . 23 24 17 64 Mr. Board, 7th Somerset 23 19 63 Ensign Smyth, 19th Lanark 20 16 60 524 troublesome and annoying to the horses it was not fatal, where taken in time, and very few deaths occurred in proportion to the numbers attacked. As very cold weather approached the disease died out. 11. — Canada was almost entirely free during the latter jiart of 1872 from the destructive bush fires which so frequently devas- t, , • « tate her noble forests ; but the Fire King was unusually active in the towns and cities, and very large losses of jiroperty were caused, accompanied in some cases by loss of life. On the morning of the 17th of July a fire broke out in the Central Hotel, Pictou, N.S., which spread rapidly to the neighboring build- ings and for awhile threatened the whole town with destruction ; the arrival of the New Glasgow Fire Company, however, put a check on the flames, but not before seA^enteen houses had been burnt, and damage done to the extent of 130,000. On the morning of Sunday, the 28th of July, a fire occurred in the drug store of Mr. George Mortimer, Sussex street, Ottawa, which speedily communicated to the tobacco store of Mr. Nye and other neighboring build- ings, a number of which were destroyed, and damage done to the extent of $150,000. OA'er the store of Mr. Nye resided a family named Evans, and Mrs. E^^ans and a servant girl were burned to death. The next fire of imirortance occurred in Mitchell, Ont., on the morning of the 24th of August, destroying the Post and Telegraph Offices, Oddfellows Hall, and a dozen other buildings, the whole valued at $100,000, on which there was only $15,000 insurance. Two days after the largest jiart of the business portion of Orillia, Out., was laid in ashes, the damage being estimated at $100,000, on which there was A^ery little insurance. Next in order I was the destruction of the magnificent St. Patrick’s Hall, situated on Victoria Square, Montreal, on the morning of the 2nd of October, inAmlAung a loss of a quarter of a million of dollars. This handsome building was unfor- tunate ; the roof fell in shortly after it was completed and iiiAmh^ed a heaA^y cost to replace it, and although the stores under it were let, it 42 354 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. had never paid well as an investment, and, therefore, the St. Patrick’s Hall Association decided not to rebuild — although pressed to do so by the St. Patrick’s Society — and the land was sold and handsome stores erected on it. On the 9th of December several business places in Oshawa, Out., were burned, loss $50,000 ; and on the night of the twenty-sixth, a fire broke out in Windsor, Out., which did $40,000 worth of damage, and would, probably, have destroyed the whole town, had it not been for the timely arrival of the Detroit Fire Brigade. 12. — Only one change took place in the Cabinet during the year, caused by the appoint- ment of the Hon. Mr. Morris Cabinet Changes. , ,1 ■ n -r , ■ 1 • i The state of the to the Chief J usticeship, and subsequently to the Lieutenant- Governorship of Manitoba. Hon. Mr. Morris’ place as Minister of Inland Revenue was taken by Hon. Dr. Tupper, President of the Council, whose place was filled by the Hon. John O’Connor, M.P., for Essex, who was sworn of the Privy Council on the 2nd of July. There were, however, some indications of impending change, as Hir George E. Cartier went to England on 2nd of October, for medical advice, with his health so injured that it was feared he would not return alive — a fear which was verified the next year ; and Sir Francis Hincks was said to be anxious to resign, a rumor which came true the following February. The general election which took place during the fall considerably weakened the Government, but of that we shall treat in another chapter. Commercially the year was a prosperous one, the crops were good, trade was active, and the peoirle generally happy and contented. Still towards the end of the year some indications of the coming “ Hard times ” were to be found in the stringency of the money market, and a perceptible increase in the number of failures ; in short, the Dominion had passed through the cycle of exceptional prosperity upon which it entered at Confederation, and was about entering a corresponding period of unusual depression. CHAPTER XXXII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFEEIN— THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1872. 1. Dissolution OF Parliament. Writs issued FOR A General Election. — 2. Change of FEELING IN ONTARIO. DEFEAT OF THE Government. — 3. Sir John A. Macdonald’s CONTEST IN. Kingston. — 4. Defeat of Sir Francis Hincks in South Brant. — 5. The RESULT IN Quebec. Reduction of Govern- ment MA.TORITY. — 6. Defeat of Sir George E. Cartier. — 7. The result in the Mari- time Provinces. — 8. Remarks on the RESULT. 1. — The last session of the first Parliament of Canada closed on the 14th of June, and the House was dissolved by Procla- , *• mation on the 15th of July and writs for a new election issued, returnable on the 2nd of September except in the cases of Gaspe, Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Manitoba and British Columbia, writs for which places were returnable on the 12th of October. Preperations for the contest had been going on for some time prior to the dissolution, and the campaign was opened on the part of the Government at Peterboro’ on the 9th of July when Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Francis Hincks were entertained at lunch and delivered addresses on the topics of the day. On the Liberal side the campaign was opened by Hon. Mr. Blake in South Bruce, and by a dinner to Messrs. Holton and Dorion in Montreal. Sir .lohn and Sir Francis made a tour together through Ontario addressing large audiences at Hamilton, Brantford, London, Chatham and other places ; and Messrs. George Brown, Blake, Mackenzie and other Liberal leaders also “ stumped ” the Province very extensively. The change in the election law had restricted the voting to one day, but the voting was still open and as the law did not require all the elections to be held on the same day, as is the case now, the Gov^ernment followed its usual GOYEENMENT OF THE EARL OF LUFFERIN— THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1872. 355 course and issued writs first for those places where their success was most assured. The first election held in Ontario was on the 24th of July, at Ottawa, when Messrs. J. M. Curier and J. B. Lewis were returned by acclamation. The first election in Quebec was held on the 25th when the Hon. J. H. Pope was re-elected by acclamation for Compton. Nominations now followed fast and by the end of the month four supporters of the Grovernment had been returned by acclamation in Ontario, eight in Quebec, and one in New Brunswick, 2. — This, however, was but a momentary success for the Administration, for the tide soon began so turn against them Chanse of feeling in . i Ontario. Defeat of 111 Ontario, aiid it then became the Government. evident that they would have a hard struggle to maintain their majority in that Province. The contest was exceedingly bitter and prosecuted with great energy on both sides, but although money was used very freely the Grovernment had lost favor in Ontario, and the result was that it lost its majority in that Pro- vince. It must be remembered that at the General Election of 1867, Ontario was strongly Reform, and that it had given its support to the Macdonald Administration not as a Conserva- tive but as a Coalition Ministry to carry out Confederation. At that time there was no issue before the country except the consumma- tion of Confederation, and that Ontario had supported ; but in 1872, although there was no great question at issue, the Government was put on its trial for its conduct during the five years it had been in power, and the verdict of the people was against it. There were various causes at work to effect this result, foremost amongst which may be noted that during that five years the complexion of the Government had changed, and it was no longer a Coalition composed of the leaders of both parties, but almost purely Conservative, all recent vacancies having been filled with members of that party, and the old members of the Cabinet who entered it as Liberals having become so identi- fied with the Conservative interest that they were no longer recognized by their old party. Then the Local Government had undergone a change, and a Reform Administration had taken the place of the Sandfield Macdonald Coalition ; and as two members of that Govern- ment (Messrs. Blake and Mackenzie) were the leaders of the Opposition in the Commons, they naturally took wdth them much of the influence of the Local House in the Dominion contest. Another point against the Government was the Treaty of Washington. The people of Ontario had set their hearts irpon getting a renewal of the Reciprocity Treaty, and had counted upon the Fisheries to get it for them again as they had before ; and when they found that the Fisheries had been given up without Reciprocity — except in fish and fish-oil, which was of no advantage to them — they revenged themselves on most of the Ontario members who had supported the Treaty by refusing to re-elect them. The troubles in the North-West had also consid- erable effect on the elections, the Orange vote being very largely alienated by the failure of the Government to take any steps to avenge the murder of Scott, and this feeling was con- siderably increased by the action of the Local House in offering a reward of $5,000 for the arrest of the parties guilty of that foul act. These were the principal influences at work, but there were others, such as a feeling of alarm at the gigantic public works to which the Government was pledged ; the increase of the cost of Government ; and, to a small extent, a little dissatisfaction at the repeal of the slightly protective duties which had been placed on American produce. 3. — The first contested election in Ontario was at Kingston, where Sir John A. Macdonald was opposed by Mr. John Carruthers, a wealthy and inflirential mer- Maeiionaid’s contest rAi • • ec in Kingston. chant. The opposition to Sir John in 1867 had been almost nominal, his opponant, Mr. Stewart, was not a strong man, and his candidature was looked on as annoying more than anything else, and, consequently, he only obtained 142 votes out of the very light poll of 877 (the number of voters on the rolls was 2,284 ) ; but the condidature of Mr. 356 TUTTLE’S tlLSTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Carruthers was a very different matter ; he was the strongest man the Reform party could find in Kingston ; he was highly respected, a large employer of labor, and a resident — one of the great cries against Sir John being that he was a non-resident, — and the whole strength of the Reform party was used to compass the defeat of the leader of the Government, it being evident that such a result would seriously affect other elections in Ontario. The Nomination took place on the 25th of July, and was attended with much disorder. When the candidates attempted to address the crowd they were inter- rupted by shouts and yells, and the annoyance became so great that both candidates lost temper and engaged in a personal encounter on the platform, which was speedily put a stop to by mutual friends. The contest throughout was conducted with much vigor, and on the day of polling, the 1st of August, the excitement was intense. In spite of the most strenuous efforts of the Opposition, however, the result showed that Sir John still retained his hold on the affections of the Ivingstonians, he being returned by a majority of 131 out of a total vote of 1,339. 4. — Another contest which excited much attention was that of Sir Francis Hincks, Minister of Finance. Sir Francis Defeat of Sir Francis , i i n i i n tit Hincks in ."outh had bceii elected lor North Brant. -r» p Renfrew by 120 majority over Mr. Findlay, when he accepted a seat in the Cabinet in October, 1869 ; but so strong an opposition had been raised against him in the Riding that it was thought most prudent to find another constituency for him, and accordingly, he was nominated for South Brant. Mr. A. Watts, who had been previously mentioned as a candidate, retiring in his favor.* The principal cry raised against Sir Francis was that he did not belong to Ontario at all, having for many years resided in Montreal, when not out of Canada altogether, and his financial policy was ♦ The Mail in announcing the Government Candidates, on the 16th of July — at the same time that it announced the dissolution of Parliament — gave the name of Sir Francis as the nominee for North Renfrew, but on the following day the name of Mr. Peter White, jun. appeared, and on the I9th, it was stated that Sir Francis would run in South Brant, Mr. Watts having retired. also very severely criticised, especially his Bank- ing policy. The election took place on the 19th of August, when he was defeated by Mr. T. Patterson, by a vote of 1,378 to 1,106. Sir Francis was subsequently returned for Vancouver, B.C. Amongst the other prominent Conservatives defeated in Ontario were the Hon. J. H. Cameron, in Peel; Hon. Aquila Walsh (one of the Intercolonial Railway Commissioners) in North Norfolk; Mr. Walter Shanly in South Gren- ville ; Mr. Dalton McCarthy, in North Simcoe, and the Hon. William Macdougall — who, although sometimes voting with the Opirosition, was ranked as a Ministerialist — in North Lanark. Altogether the Government was thrown into a minority in the Province, and the Globe exultingly exclaimed of the result : “ The election of 1872 has reversed the verdict of 1867.” 5. — In Quebec there was also some reaction against the Government, but not so great as was the case in Ontario, r. i, the Government maintaining a eovernnmJJft majority, although somewhat reduced. Here, as in Ontario, the troubles in the North-West played a conspicuous part, but in a reverse manner, for, as in Ontario, the Government was blamed for not punishing the murderers of Scott ; so in Quebec they were blamed for not proclaiming a general amnesty and freely pardoning Riel and others for the murder. Another subject which operated against the Government was the New Brunswick School question, which really told more against the Government in Quebec than it did in New Brunswick. The cry, of course, was that Parliament ought to have advised the Governor- General to exercise his power and veto the N e w Brunswick School Act (See Chap. xxv. par. viii), and that the French members from Quebec who had voted with the Government on that question had sacrificed the interests of their co-religionists in New Brunswick to the exigencies of party. The strongest cry, however, was that raised by the Parti Nationale, that the interests of the Province had been surrendered at Confederation by admitting the principle of Representation by GOVEIiNMENT OE THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— THE GENEEAL ELECTION OF 1872. 357 population, and using it to the disadvantage of Quebec. The fact that the re-distribution of seats which had followed the census of 1871, and which was made during the session of 1872, had given six more representatives to Ontario, one to New Brunswick, and two to Nova Scotia, while the number from Quebec remained at sixty-five, was used as an argument that Quebec j had been injured by the terms of Confederation, I and the claim was set up that Quebec should have the same number of representatives as Ontario, irrespective of population — as was the case before Confederation. Added to this there was a little soreness about the Treaty of j Washington, and a slight disposition towards [ annexation amongst a small clique, which helped against the Government, whose majority was considerably, but not materially, reduced. 6. — The greatest interest centered in the elec- tions for Montreal West, and East, and Quebec ‘ Defeat of Sir George <-'entre. Ill the former the Hon. | E. Cartier. Johii Youiig opposed Mr. G. A. j Drummond, the Government candidate ; in Montreal East Sir Geo. E. Cartier was opposed | by Mr. L. A. Jette, and in Quebec Centre, Hon. ; Mr. Cauchon, who ran as an Independent, was ! opposed by Mr. Ross. In the Western Division of Montreal the contest assumed very much the character of a struggle between Protection and Free Trade, with a small dash of annexation j thrown in. The Hon. John Young was an [ advocate of Free Trade, in its widest sense, and had for some time past been favoring the idea ; of a Customs Union with the United States, j which was generally regarded as being only the I entering wedge of Annexation. Mr Young was one of the oldest and most respected citizens i of Montreal, and had undoubtedly done much to build up the city by advocating the deejiening j of the St. Lawrence Channel, and other schemes for the improvement of its shipping facilities. Mr. Drummond, on the other hand, was a partner ^ in the large sugar refinery of Redpath & Sons, | giving employment to several hundred hands, i and was an advocate of moderate Protection. This was the first instance since Confederation where Free Trade and Protection were fairly j jiitted against each other as an issue, and Free Trade certainly had the best of it, for on Election Day, the 28th of August, the Hon. John Young was returned by a majority of 820, having had 2,140 votes polled in his favor, to his opponent’s 1,320. In Montreal East the contest was all on one side, as Sir George E. Cartier was ill in bed and could take no part in the contest, which was carried on by his opponent on the grounds already stated. Mr. Jette was Solicitor of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, and as such, was sup- posed to have the influence of the Church on his side ; and certainly he had powerful influences at work in his favor, for he was returned by a majority of 1,282, out of a total vote of 4,278. The defeat of Sir George was quite unexpected, and was generally attributed to the wish of the Church to punish him for his conduct in the New Brunswick School Act and Red River Amnesty questions ; and there is no reason to doubt but that these two questions were the cause of his defeat. Sir George was afterwards elected for Provencher. In Quebec Centre the feeling between the Irish and French ran very high, and the meetings of the rival candidates were very disorderly, culminating on election day, the 5th of August, in a row in which one man was shot. Mr. Cauchon obtained a majority of 168, mostly obtained by bullying and intimi- dation. 7. — In the Maritime Provinces the Govern- ment gained considerable strength, and the last vestige of dissatisfaction at Con- federation were totally swept Miiratime Pruvmccs. away in Nova Scotia. It will be remembered that at the General Election of 1867 the only candidate in favor of the Union who was elected was Dr. Tupper ; but, since the change of policy of the Hon. Joseph Howe, and his acceptance of office under Sir John A. Mac- donald, public feeling had gradually been improving, the Anti-Confederate Local House ! had been defeated. Union candidates had carried all the elections for the Commons, and the ! majority of the members of that House who had been elected to oppose Confederation had so far modified their views that they generally 358 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OE THE DOMINION OE CANADA. supported the GrOYernmeiit. The result of the election was, therefore, as clean a sweep for the Government as it had been for the Anti-Con- federates in 1867, Mr. Church, Lunenburg, being the only pronounced Oppositionist who was elected. In New Brunswick, also, the Government was strengthened, gaining four seats, and only two gentlemen — Messrs. Anglin and Connell — who were likely to strongly ojrpose the Government were returned. In Manitoba and British Columbia supporters of the Government were returned. 8. — Taking the returns as a whole, therefore, the Government of Sir John A. Macdonald was Remarks on the Sustained, but it experienced a severe shaking, and the defeat of two members of the Cabinet and the loss of a majority in Ontario very materially weakened it ; whilst the questionable means resorted to to maintain even the majority retained opened it to the attack of the Opposition, which led to the retirement of the Government in Not’^ember, 1873. The actual loss was about one half of the majority which the Government had during the session of 1872. On the vote on the second reading of the Treaty of Washington the Gov- ernment had a majority of 66, which may be taken as its maximum strength ; and on the vote on Mr. Huntington’s motion, on 2nd April, 1873, I charging the Government with having sold the I Charter of the Pacific Railway to Sir Hugh Allan j — which is a strict party vote — the Govern- j ment was only sustained by 31 out of a vote of i 183, so that it is a safe estimate to say that the Government had half of its majority shorn from it by the General Election of 1872. CHAPTER XXXIII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN. FIRST SESSION SECOND PARLIAMENT, 1873. 1. Opening OF Parliament. The Speech from THE Throne. — 2. West Peterboro’ elec- tion. — 3. The first division. The Govern- ment SUSTAINED BY 16. — 4. ThE MuSKOKA election. — 5. West Peterboro’ election. Hon. Mr. Huntington*’s motion. — 6. Rem-I-Rks on the Opposition tactics. — 7. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie criticises the Speech FROM THE Throne. — 8. Petitions for a Prohibitory Liquor Law. — 9. Protection OF NAVIGABLE STREAMS. — 10. ACT FOR PRO- TECTION OF NAVIGABLE RIVERS PASSED. — 11. Act passed abolishing dual representa- tion. — 12. Confederation of the Empire. — 13. The Budget. — 14. Debate on the Budget. 1. — The first session of the second Parliament of Canada was opened by the Governor- General in person on the fifth of opening pf March, 1873.^ The weather was from the most propitious, being clear, bright and mild as spring, and the scene was enlivened by the first appearance of the Gov- ernor-General’s Foot Guards, a detachment of which corps, under command of Captain Tilton acted as a guard of honor. His Excellency having caused the Commons to be summoned to the Senate Chamber dismissed them until the next day to select a Speaker, and then returned to Rideau Hall. In the Senate the Commission of the Hon. P. J. O. Chauveau as Speaker was read and the prescribed oath of office taken by him. In the Commons the usual oaths were administered by Mr. Alfred Patrick, Clerk of the House ; and, after the return of the members from the Senate Chamber, Sir John A. Mac- donald proposed the Hon. James Cockburn, member for West Northumberland, as Speaker. In doing so he paid a tribute to the efficient manner in which that gentleman had performed his arduous duties during the last Parliament, and said that in again proposing him he was following the system which obtained in England that after a Speaker had performed his duties satisfactorily he should not be capriciously changed at the beginning of each Parliament. No opposition being offered, Mr. Cockburn was unanimously elected and took his seat amid much applause from Ministerial benches. On the sixth His Excellency again attended at the GOVEENMENT OF EAEL DUFFEEIN— FIEST SESSION SECOND PAELIAMENT, 1873. 359 Senate Chamber, and the Commons being summoned and the Speaker having announced his election, Parliament was formally opened by the Speech from the Throne. After the usual allusion to the state of peace in which the Empire was, the speech announced the granting of a Charter for building the Pacific Railway ; the completion of the surveys, &c., for the enlargement of the Welland canal and for the construction of the Baie Verte canal ; and the success which had attended the immigration policy of the Government. Attention was called to the approaching completion of the statistical portion of the census, and the establishment of a Bureau of Statistics suggested. A new Election Law and also an Act relating to Controverted Elections were promised ; as well as Acts rela- ting to Pilots, Salvage, Merchant Shipping, Criminal Law, Weights and Measures and the amendment and consolidation of the Inspection Laws. An Act was also promised readjusting the offices of the Secretary of State and the Secretary of State for the Provinces. In conclu- sion, the Houses were congratulated that “ the finances of the Dominion are in a prosi:)erous condition, and that there is no reason to doubt that the revenue will be sufficient to meet all contemplated charges upon it.” 2. — On returning to their chamber, the Commons adopted a motion that the Speaker be westPeterboro’ empowered to issue a writ for election. election in Quebec to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Hon. P. J. 0. Chauveau to the Speakership of the Senate ; and another, that the address be considered on Monday, the 10th. Hon. Mr. Blake moved that the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery be instructed to be present with the returns in the elections in West Pererboro’, Muskoka and South Renfrew^ as he (Mr. Blake) desired to raise a question of privilege based on those returns. The returns were produced at once, and on the following day, Hon. Mr. Blake raised his question of privilege as follows : “ That it appears by the poll-books, and other papers transmitted by George Burnham, the Returning Officer appointed to conduct the last election for WestPeterboro’, that twm candidates, John Bertram Esq., and William Cluxton E.sq., were nominated, — that a poll was demanded granted, and taken — that at the close of the polling the said John Bertram had the largest nxunber of votes, having received 745 votes, while the said William Cluxton received only 705 votes, and that notwithstanding the said Returning Officer has not declared and returned the said John Bertram as duly elected, but has declared and returned the said William Cluxton as duly elected. That the said William Cluxton has not taken his seat in this House. That the said John Bertram ought to have been returned as member for West Peterboro’ in this Parlia- ment, and that the said John Bertram has a right to take his seat in this House, as member for West Peterboro’ saving however to all Candidates and Electors their right of contesting the said election, if they think proper in such manner as may appertain to law and justice, and according to the usage of Parliament.” In this case the Returning Officer stated, that on the day of nomination, 10th of August, he had demanded from the candidates their qualifi- cations* that Mr. Cluxton had handed in his, bxrt Mr. Bertram had not„and that, therefore, he had declared Mr. Cluxton elected, “ on the ground that he was the only Candidate who comixlied with the provisions of the 36th and 37th sections of the Consolidated Statutes of Canada.” 3. — Hon. Mr. Blake argued in favor of his motion that it was manifestly to the interest of the House that every constitu- first division, ency should be represented in the House; that the representa- tives were, for the most part, elected by the majority of the voters ; that “ no less than forty- seven members were elected under four different sets of electoral statutory provisions, which differed materially from the electoral laws under which the remaining members of the House were returned ; that many candidates were • Candidates for the House of Commons from Ontario were then required to qualify to the v'alue of £500 stg. The law has since been changed and no property qualification is now required. 3G0 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ignorant of the requirements of the law, and that where it was shown that a candidate had received a majority of the votes, and had duly qualified,* he should not lose his election because there had been some little informality in the nomination. He claimed that it was proper for the House to take up the matter and deal with it summarily instead of referring it to the Committee on Privileges and Elections and quoted precedents from both English and Canadian practice in support of his argument. Sir John A. Macdonald contended that the House was not the proper place to try the ques- tion. A Committee on Privileges and Elections was appointed for the express purpose of removing all such questions from the arena of party politics and placing them before a tri- bunal which should consider them with all the impartiality of a Court. He would not enter into the merits of the question as he held that the proper j)lace for that was before the Com- mittee, which Committee, he promised should be struck as soon as the Address was adopted ; and he moved in amendment that the papers in the case be referred to the Committee on Elec- tions and Privileges, with instructions to report, without delay, “ on the proper and legal course to be adopted with regard to the said Return, in order that the rights of all parties concerned may be duly protected.” The discussion was continued by Messrs. Carter, Palmer, Hincks, Howe and Mathieu in favor of referring the question to the Committee ; and by Messrs. Huntington, Blain, Scatcherd, Mackenzie, Bod- well, Prevost, Cauchon and Blake in favor of its being decided by the House. Hon. Mr. Mac- kenzie moved an amendment to the amendment of Sir John A. Macdonald to the effect that Mr. Bertram should be declared duly elected for West Peterboro’ and entitled to take his seat, which amendment was lost on division by a vote of 79 for, 95 against The amendment offered by Sir .Tohn A. Macdonald was then adopted by a vote of 95 for, 79 against. 4. — The Returning Officer for the County of ♦ Mr Bertram sent in his certificate of qualification to the Returning Officer on the 22nd of August, two days after the election. Muskoka, Mr. Richard James Bell, made a special return to the effect that he was The Muskoka unable to make a return in con- formity with the terms of the statutes, for the reasons that the poll-book for the township of Morrison had been lost, and no poll clerk having been appointed, he was unable to obtain the affidavits required by law in the case of a poll- book being lost ; also, that in the district of Parry Sound, the poll clerk, Mr. .Tohn Wilson, had been found incompetent, and a Mr. John Foley had acted in his place without being sworn. On the 10th of March Hon. Mr. Blake called attention to this return, and made a motion which, after recounting the circum- stances of the case, concluded, “ That the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery do forthwith amend the return for the Electoral District of Muskoka, by inserting therein the name of Alexander Peter Cockburn, Esquire, as having been duly elected for the said District.” Mr. Blake said that the returns showed that 652 rmtes had been polled for Cockburn, and 530 for D’Arcy Boulton, giving Cockburn a majority of 122. In Morrison the vote was, Cockburn 34, Boulton 3 ; and in Parry Sound, Cockburn 84, Boulton 19 ; so that even throwing out the vote of these two places Cockburn would have a majority of 26, and he claimed that he ought to be admitted to his seat at once. Sir John A. Macdonald said that although he was opposed to the House dealing with questions of this kind, still, the circum- stances of the case were so different from those of the West Peterboro election, that he should not oppose the motion, but he hoped that the House would pass an Act which would prevent this case being used as a precedent. Mr. Blake’s motion was then carried. 5. — On the 18th of March the Committee on Privileges and Elections reirorted on the West Peterboro’ case to the effect that ^cst Peterboro- whereas the Returning Officer H,®minetor,N'’"' had returned William Cluxton as duly elected, and it did not appear that he was either disqualified, or ineligible to be elected, or an improper person to sit in the House, they were of opinion that the House ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION' THE BURLANO OESBARATS LITHQ COMP^ GOVERNMENT OF EARL DU FFERIN— FIRST SESSION SECOND PARLIAMENT, 1813. 301 ou.ffht not to declare him not entitled to his seat ; but that the case should be left to be dealt with under the Controverted Elections Act, if any petition was made ag-ainst his return. Mr. Huntington moved, “ That the Report of the Committee on Privileges and Elections concerning the Return of a Member to this House from the electoral district of West Peterboro’ be not concurred in, but that it be resolved. That this House deems it necessary to protect the interests of the Electors generally, and particularly those of West Peterboro’ by securing to the Candidate who has received the majority of votes, his seat in this House, and therefore deems it proper to act in accordance with the proceedings of this House on the 10th of March, instant, in causing the return from the Electoral District of Muskoka to be amended by inserting the name of A. P. Cockburn Esq., the said A. P. Cockburn having had a majority of votes cast in his favor, as shown by the Return made to this House, and in conformity with this precedent, and the precedents in the Parliament of the Province of Canada in the Oxford case, the Kent case, the Beauharnois case, the Bagot ease, and the Lennox and Addington case, to assert its jurisdiction, to maintain its privileges, and forthwith to redress the greivances and flagrant violation of law and duty, apparent on the papers which has been committed in declaring the Candidate, who received a minority of votes, to be duly elected ; and this House declares that John Bertram Escp, having, according to the return made to this House, received 745 votes, while William Cluxton, Esq., the other Candidate, received only 705 votes, should have been returned as member for West Peterboro’, and has a right to take his seat, saving the rights of all persons to contest the Election and Rehirn.” He followed the line of argument taken by Hon. Mr. Blake and others that the Returning Ofhcer should have declared the Candidate who received most votes elected, Messrs. James Macdonald (Pictou), Jones (Leeds), Mackay, Palmer, Macdonald (Antigonish), Daly and others opposed Mr. Huntington’s motion, which was supported by Messrs. Mackenzie, Mills, Joly, Anglin and others. Mr. Huntington’s motion was then defeated by a vote of G8 for, 93 against. 6. — This question of the West Peterboro’ election was very cleverly used by the Opposi- tion as an attack on the Grovern- „ , ,, ment, and it was pressed in the tactics, first instance as a c[uestion of privilege so as to get a division on it before the Address was debated so as to feel the strength of the Govern- ment to see if it would be safe to try a non- confidence motion ; but although the Govern- ment only showed a majority of sixteen the Opposition did not feel sufficient confidence to move an amendment to the Address. It is a curious circumstance that no attempt was made to show either that Mr. Bertram was qualified, or that he had tendered his qualification to the Returning Officer at the time of nomination as the law required ; and that the statement of Mr. Daly that “ Mr. Bertram had no property quali- fication on the day or night of nomination ; but that he obtained the qualification after he was aware of the result of the election,” was allowed to pass unchallenged. On the first trial of strength the Government showed considerable weakness ; but by the second division had gained nine votes and continued to gain even after Mr. Huntington charged them with selling the Pacific charter, it was only after the publica- tion of the evidence on which that charge wms based that the Government was not only shaken but knocked to pieces. 7. — In the Senate the address in reply to the Speech from the Throne was moved by Hon. Mr. Vidal, seconded by Hon. in, 11, lion. Mr. Mackenzie Mr. Lochrane, and, alter a debate criticises the Speech . 1 • 1 n , x , n • 1 from the Throne. in which Senators Leteffier de St. Just, Campbell, Christie, Miller, and Carroll participated, was adopted without division. In the House the debate did not take place until the 11th, when the address was moved by Mr. Tobin, seconded by Mr. Palmer. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie thought that the Speech had been carefully drawn so as not to commit anybody to anything. While he was 43 3G2 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. willing’ to admit the prosperity of the coniitry, it must not be forg’otten that we had just irassed through a financial crisis, and he thought that that crisis had been aggravated by the course of the Finance Minister, which had tended to make money scarce and dear. Referring to the Pacific Railway, he claimed that the Opposition were as anxious to have it built as the Grovernment, but they objected to the manner in which it was proposed to do the work ; they objected to the extraordinary powers taken by the Grovernment, which instead of inviting free competition, had shut out all competition. With regard to granting the charter to Sir Hugh Allan and his American confreres, he did not object to the employment of American capital, but he did object to the capitalists who were engaged in building the Northern Pacific Railway being interested in the Canada Pacific, which would be made merely a feeder for the rival line. With regard to the canals, he cpiite agreed with the Grovern- ment as to their importance ; but he was sorry to see that the plans and specifications had been prepared by a gentleman who had been in the Public Works Department and had been removed on account of the blunders he had made; this was a most important matter, and he thought that the Grovernment ought to have secured the highe.st possible professional adAUce. He regretted, as he had had to regret for several years past, that there was nothing said about a canal in Canadian territory at Sault Ste. Marie. On the subject of emigration he thought that the charter granted would permit the Pacific Railway Company to take all the good land and leave that of inferior quality ; wdiile the placing a minimum limit on the price at which the land could be sold would tend to retard immigration, and had, he believed, been done merely to give the lands a fictitious value in England so that the Company might raise money. He criticised the past emigration policy of the Grovernment, and said that although vast sums had been spent on the Dawson route, still not a single beast could be taken over it to Fort Glarry. He thought that Canada ought to have been represented at Berlin on the San Juan 'boundary question, and asked what the Grovernment intended to do with the settlers on that island. He was glad that the Grovernment had made up its mind at last to pass an Election Law ; but was sui’iirised to find that nothing was said in the speech about an Insoh^ency Act, which w^as greatly needed. It was also surprising to find no reference to the claims of New Brunswick for compensation for her losses under the Washington Treaty. On the whole, the Speech was so very non-committal that the Opposition did not intend offering any amendment to it. Sir John A. Macdonald replied to Mr. Mackenzie, and the debate was continued until nearly midnight by Messrs. Joly, Hincks, Young (Montreal), Young (Waterloo), Patter- son, (Brant), Dodge, Edgar, Charlton, Witton, Mercier, Cunningham, Blain and DeCosmos, after which the Address was adopted without amendment or division. 8. — The question of a Prohibitory Liquor Law had been attracting a great deal of attention of late years, and numerous peti- . 1 T 1 j T X ii Petitions for a tions had been presented to tne Prohibitory Liquor Local Gfovernments as well as to the House of Commons ; and at this session the first practical step towards such an end was taken. We do not propose to deal with the rise and progress of the Temperance movement in Canada in this place, as we shall devote a chapter entirely to that subject further on, but for the present will content ourselves with recording the action taken during the session of 1873. On the 24th of March, Mr. Bodwell moved to refer all the petitions praying for a Prohibitory Liquor Law to a Select Committee with power to send for persons and papers, which was adopted.* In support of his motion Mr. Bodwell urged that the House had the right to deal with the question, as it was one affecting * The Committee was composed of Messrs. Bodwell, Mackenzie, Craw- ford, B^chard, Bowoll, Burpee, (Sunbury), Casgrain, Charlton, Chisholm, AVilkes, Porbes, Killam, Gibbs, (South Ontario), Ross, (Middlesex), and Dodge. The names of Messrs. Tilley, Blanchet and Tobin were struck off the Committee at their request — Mr. Tilley on the ground that it was not usual for a Minister to be on a Committee of that nature,— and Messrs. Blanchet and Tobin, because they did not wish to serve. GOVEENMBNT OF EARL DUFFEEIN— FIRST SESSION SECOND PARLIAMENT, 18^3. 363 trade and commerce, and the old Parliament of Canada had passed four prohibitory laws. He contended that the Maine Liqiror Law had been at least partially successful, and claimed that the introduction of a Prohibitory Law here would greatly reduce crime and increase the happiness of the people. The loss of revenue w^ould be 14,793,217, but he thought that the Finance Minister could easily find some way to make that up. Dr. G-rant thought the subject the most important that could be brought before the House, but did not consider that the people were prepared for prohibitive measures. Mr. Chisholm said that the cry “ educate the public mind ” had been raised for the past 20 years, but if the evil continued to increase as it had done in that period there soon would be no one left to educate, as the race would have become ex- tirpated. He thought that the matter should be dealt with by the House at once. On the twenty- fourth of April the Committee presented its first report, in which it was stated that 358 petitions had been received signed by 36,132 persons, and also 59 petitions from Municipal and other corporate bodies, representing a population of 428,723. The report concluded, “ The Committee respectfully rec[uest that permission be granted them by the House to procure samples of liquors, as far as practi- cable, from every Province of the Dominion, and to have the same analyzed and reported upon by competent persons, and which the Committee believe will disclose a system of adulteration, immense in its extent, fatally destructive to health, mental and physical, (intensifying the deleterious effects of alcoholic beverages) and injurious in a degree but little suspected, to the revenues of the Dominion.” On the ninth of May the second report of the Committee was pre- sented, in which the House w^as urged to take some action on the petitions, but beyond order- ing several thousand copies of the report to be printed, no action was taken by the House. In the Senate a similar Committee was appointed on the twenty-fourth of April, on the motion of the Hon. Mr. Vidal, seconded by Hon. Billa Flint. The Committee made a report on the fourteenth of May, which stated that intemper- ance was spreading, and recommended pro- hibitory measures. After some discussion the last paragrai')h was altered so as not to pledge the Senate to Prohibition, and the report was ordered to be printed. 9. — The question of the injury done to navigable streams by the practice of throwing- sawdust and mill refuse has for protection of many years been a very vexed navigable streams. one, and the views held by the two parties mostly interested — the lumbermen and those interested in navigation — have been so diametrically opposed that there seemed no chance of recon- ciling them ; for, while those engaged in navigation showed that rivers were being filled up by the immense qiiantities of sawdust and refuse thrown into them, and that harbors were being rendered perfectly useless by the banks of sawdust — in some cases ten to twelve feet thick — found in them, the lumbermen claimed that sawdust could not settle in rivers with a current and must be carried away, no one could tell where, and, indeed seemed to think that throwing 8,000,000 cubic feet of sawdust into the Ottawa annually was rather an improve- ment than otherwise. During the session of 1871 a resolution was adopted at the suggestion of the Committee on Banking and Commerce, that a Commission be appointed to enquire into the whole question ; and accordingly Messrs H. H. Killaly, of Toronto, R. W. Shepherd, of Montreal, and John Mathers, of Chelsea, were appointed by an Order-in-Council on the 6th of November 1871, such Commissioners. These gentlemen made a very extended survey of the navigable streams on which lumbering operations were carried on, and found in many instances immense deposits of sawdust, slabs, bark and other mill refuse, which in some instances almost completely blocked the streams. They also took a great deal of evidence, a great portion of which went to show that sawdust alone was not injurious to the streams, and that it was only when it became mixed and blocked with slabs, &c., that it settled in masses which the sj^ring freshets could not take away. 304 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. The Committee reported in February 1873, reeomendiug that an Act be passed imposing a heavy fine for throwing mill refuse, except sawdust, into streams. 10. — On the 14th of March, Mr. Cartwright introduced a bill for the protection of navi’ gable streams and rivers, which Act for i)rotection of i i i i i navipible rivers CliaCtS that 110 SawdUSt, Cdg- ings, slabs, bark or rubbish shall be thrown into any navigable river under a penalty of $20 for the first, and $50 for each subsequent offense. The Gov- ernor-in-Council having the right to exempt any river from the operation of the Act. In moving the second reading, Mr. Cartwright pointed out that in some streams the depth of water had been reduced from eight or nine feet to four or five. In New Brunswick the mill owners were compelled to burn their sawdust ; and he protested against any private interest being allowed to obstruct our great streams. In Committee, Mr. Bellerose moved the three months hoist, which was defeated on a division. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie thought it was a shame that the Ottawa River should be left in its present condition ; and that if this custom was allowed to go on, it would soon be a question whether the navigable channels would not be impeded. Mr. Currier thought that most of the injury was done by throwing in edgings and slabs. It would be very difficult and expensive to con- sume the sawdust. He maintained that the sawdust did not affect the Fisheries, for the Ottawa was full of fish. Mr. Wright (Ottawa Co.), did not believe that any injury resulted to the streams from throwing sawdust in ; but thought the injury to navigation had resulted from slabs, edgings, &c. He thought it would be almost impossible for lumbermen to dispose of their sawdust any other way than by throw- ing it into the rivers. Mr. Rochester was per- fectly satisfied that the spring freshet had always carried away the sawdust that was thrown into the Ottawa River from the mills ; and the passage of the bill would do great injury to the lumbering business. As to injuring the Fisheries, he maintained that there were no important fish in the Ottawa. Mr. Lewis said that it would be impossible for the mill owners of the Chaudiere to burn their refuse, as they had not space to do so, and it would not be fair to them, after they had gone to such heavy expense to prevent their throwing their sawdust into the river. After some further discussion the Bill was passed. 11. — It will be remembered that at the first session of the first Parliament Mr. Mills introduced a Bill for the abolition of Dual Representation which ^aal Representation. was withdrawn, (Chap. III., Sec. 8), and that he had several times renewed his motion but had been met with the six months hoist. On the 12th of March he again introduced a Bill to render Members of the Legislative Councils and Legislative Assemblies of the Province now included, or which may hereafter be included within the Dominion of Canada, ineligible for sitting or voting in the House of Commons. On the 27th the Bill came up for a second reading, when Mr. Mills said that when he first introduced the Bill he found so few members favorable to it that he had withdrawn it ; but towards the close of last Parliament he had found so many favorable to it that now ho desired to get an expression of opinion from the House. He thought that as long as the Lieutenant-Oovernors of the Provinces were appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of his Ministers, members of the Local Houses should not be also members of the House of Commons. Mr. Masson said that he thought it was time this question was settled ; and that although Dual Representation might be unpopular with some members of the House it was very popular with the electors of Quebec, as shown by the fact that at the last election out of twenty-one candidates for both Houses, eighteen had been elected. The Ontario Legislature had declared against Dual Represen- tation, and the consequence was that the Government had had to take a gentleman off the bench (Mr. Mowat) as their leader after the retirement of Messrs. Blake and Mackenzie. He moved in amendment, “ That in the opinion GOVERNMENT OF EARL DUFEERIN— FIRST SESSION SECOND PARLIAMENT, 1873. SO;) of this House the fact of an individual having obtained the confidence of the people, and thereby a seat in any of the Local Legislatures, should not act as a legal disqualification to sit and vote in the House of Commons, and that there does not exist sufficient cause and reason to justify this House in depriving the people of their just rights and privileges in the free choice of their representatives.” Mr. .Toly said that the amendment would condemn the action of four out of the six Local Legislatures which had declared against Dual Representation. The Quebec House had passed an Act, by a majority of nine, abolishing Dual Representation, but it had been defeated in the Legislative Council. Messrs. Taschereau, Bod well, Langlois, Jette, Mercier and Landerkin, supported the Bill ; and Messrs. Ross (Champlain) Wright (Pontiac), and Mathieu spoke in favor of the amendment. Mr. Bellerose moved in amendment to the amendment “ That this House while affirming its right to legislate on the question of Dual Representation, thinks it more advisable to leave the question of its abolishion to the Local Legislatures, if its existence appears disadvan- tageous to them.” After some discussion Mr. Bellerose’s amendment was then put and lost by a \mte of 56 for, 07 against. Mr. Masson’s amendment was then put and lost, when Mr. Baker moved the six months hoist which was lost 57 for, 96 against. The Bill was then read a second time, and subsequently passed and received the assent of the Gfovernor-G-eneral. The question was not regarded as a strictly party one, and the division list showed that Ministers were divided on it, Messrs. Macdonald, Langevin, Pope and Robitaille voting for the six months hoist, while Messrs. Campbell, Mitchell, Tilley and Tupper voted against it. 12. — The feeling of disquietude as to the future relations of Canada to the Mother Confederation of the Couiitry which had Occasionally Empire. becii making themselves felt, and the slight disposition towards Annexation which was sometimes shown — more particularly by some members of the House who supported the Opposition — gave rise to the introduction. on the 31st of March, by Mr. Wallace (Albert) of a series of resolutions on which to base an Address to Her Majesty, praying for a Confederation of the Empire.* Mr. Wallace said in support of his resolutions that as the leading journals of Great Britain had inti- mated that Canada might sever her connection with Great Britain if she wanted to, it was an opportune moment for Canada to express the opinion that she did not want Independence or Annexation, but would be glad to have all the British Empire federated. Hon. Dr. Tupper hoped that the motion would be withdrawn. The chain of Union which bound the Atlantic to the Pacific, had only just been completed ; and he deprecated any action which might lead to the impression abroad that Confederation had not been successful and that the people were not satisfied with it. Sir .John A. Macdonald was glad that the resolutions had been introduced, as he thought that the relations with Great Britain would gradually become less of allegiance, and more of alliance. The idea of Independence now was absurd, as we were not able to stand alone, and would be absorbed by the United States in less than five years. He did not believe in the lamb laying down with the lion ; they might lie down together, but he was afraid that the lamb would be inside. After some further discussion the motion was withdrawn. 13. — On the 1st of April, Hon. Mr. Tilley, Minister of Finance, made his Budget speech, reviewing the Financial con- dition of the country. He commenced by regretting the retirement of Sir Francis Hincks, on account of failing health. * 1. That Canadians must look forward to attaining their full status as a people, but while doing so, they are alike opposed to Independence, or absorbtion into the neighbouring Republic, and desire only to enjoy their rights as fully as their fellow-subjects in the British Isles. 2. That in return for being endowed with the full rights of subjects, the Canadian people will be prepared to assume their shares of the responsibility arising out of them. 3. That as Steam and Telegraidi have connected London and Otta wa as clo-ely together as were London and Edinburgh at the time of the Union between England and Scotland, there ought to be no insuperable dillicul- ties to obtaining an object so much to be desired. 4. That an humble address be presented to Her Most Gracious Majesty, praying that the Imperial Parliament may be recommended to take into consider.ation a Confederation of the Empire or some other plan that will give Canadians the full rights and privileges of British subjects. 3()6 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. Before entering on the budget proper, he re- viewed the Financial condition of the country during the past hve years, comparing its position in 1872 with what it was in 1867. In 1867 the paid up capital of the Banks was $28,692,980; in 1872 it had risen to $49,189,969 ; in the same time the deposits had increased from $26,103,004 to $59,560,003, and if the amount deposited in Savings Banks was added we would find that the increase had been nearly $33,000,000 in six years. In trade and commerce the increase had been most remarkable ; in 1868 the exports amounted to $57,567,888, which had risen to $82,639,663, and for the first half of the current year (from 1st July, to 31st December, 1872), they amounted to $53,488,968. The goods entered for consumption had shown an equally gratifying increase ; in 1868 the amount was $71,985,306, in 1872, $107,709,116, and for the half of the current year, $84,364,291. The exports and goods entered for consumption for the last six months in 1872, amounted together to $126,330,636, while the whole year 1867-8 only showed $129,553,194, so that the volume of trade had very nearly doubled in five years. The public debt in 1867, was $75,728,000 and in 1872 it had increased to $82,187,000, making a net increase of the debt of $6,456,000, which was just in proportion to the increase of the popirlation and no more. For this increase we had to show more than half the Intercolonial completed ; we had paid $1,500,000 for the North-West Territories, and another $1,500,000 for opening up and settling them ; we had spent over $1,500,000 on public works; $380,000 oii surveys for the Pacific Eailway ; $400,000 for taking the census, and about $500,000 for repelling Fenian Raids, all over and above the ordinary expenses ; and still at the end of five years he found that the surplus ot revenue over expenditure had been $9,522,022 which had been contributed towards the construction of public works out of revenue. The taxation for the five years had averaged $3.54 per head per annum, which he claimed was very light ; and the sirrplus in that time would authorize the increase of the debt of $30,000,000 without increasing taxation. The whole statement with regard to the first five years of Confed- eration was most satisfactory, as Mr. Tilley expressed it : “I may say that rising from the consideration of the past five years, no matter how we view it, whether in a commercial point of view, whether with respect to trade and commerce, its banking operations, its imports and exports, the increase of the tonnage of our vessels, or with respect to the financial condition of the Dominion, in every aspect in which we view it, I rise from the enquiry, feeling the greatest possible encouragement not only with regard to the past, but with regard to the present, and with regard to the future.” Passing on to the financial statement for the year ending 30th June, 1872, he said that the estimated receipts had been exceeded, and the estimated expenditures reduced. Notwithstand- ing that the duty on tea and coffee had been removed, and that $200,000 of duty paid on those articles had been refunded by order of the House, still the receipts had amounted to $20,714,813 against an expenditure of $17,589,468 leaving a surplus of $3,125,345, in addition to which there was $470,606 carried to Sinking Fund, which would make the total surplxrs of $3,595,951. For the current year he estimated that there would be a surplus of about $765,000 For 1873-74 the total estimates were $30,894,089, out of which $9,974,240 was for Capital account.'^ Deduct from this $93,000 for debts falling due during present year and it would leave $20,826,849 to be provided for out of revenue. The estimate revenue from all sources was $21,740,000, which would show a surplus of $913,151, against which there would be some supplemental estimates. He entered at length into a statement of the various items of expen- diture and probable income, and said that it was not the intention of the Grovernment to propose any increase in the tariff. With reference to the amounts to be spent on the Pacific Railway and the canals he estimated that they would involve * The amounts to be charged to Capital account were, Intercolonial Railway, !si4,3.35,000 ; Canals, 85,277,000; Public buildings, including library and grounds, 8.362,000, making a total of ,89,974,210. GOVERNMENT OE EARL DUFEERIN— FIRST SESSION SECOND PARLIAMENT, 1873. 307 an animal charge of |3, 367, 400. To meet this he argned it would only be necessary to replace the percentage of duty to what it had averaged during the first live years of Confederation. This had been 12 J per cent, but owing to additions to the free list, removal of the duties on tea and coffee, &c., it had been reduced to less than 10% in 1872. If the tariff should in the future be readjusted so as to raise the average to 12|% again, it would — basing his estimate on the imports of the present year, yield an income of 13,437,500, which would be sufhcient to meet the amount required for Railway and Canals, without raising the average rate of duty any higher than it had been during the first five years of Confederation. 14. — Hon. Mr. Mackenzie was glad to hear the Finance Minister announce that no change Deb.ate on the ^ould be made ill the tariff ; but thought that the manufacturers who had been led to expect at least incidental protection would be rather disappointed. With regard to the estimate of the Finance Minister that the taxation was only about $4 per head, this was only the amount collected by the Dominion, but it must be remembered that there was four or five dollars a head of local taxation as well. He held that the most important thing was to make Canada as cheap a country as jios- sible to live in, and this could not be done by increasing taxation. He looked wdth great apprehension at the great increase which must take place to meet the lavish expenditures which were to be made. He did not think that the Pacific Railway would assist Canada as a means of transporting the joroduce of the West to the East, as he was doubtful whether agri- cultural produce could be carried 1,000 miles by rail and made profitable ; but thought that its main advantage would be in attracting set- tlers, unless the i^olicy of the Grovernment with regard to the public lands hampered immigration as he feared it wmiild. He took exception to several matters of detail which he said he would more fully discuss in Committee ; and exju-essed surprise that no provision was made for the “ Better Terms ” for New Brunswick, which were freely spoken about. Sir Francis Hincks quite agreed with the Finance Minister, as to the small per capita tax, which was very little more than the mere interest on the debt of the United States amounted to, while it was only one-third of what the per capita tax of England was. Mr. Oliver thought that the expenditure of the Dominion had increased beyond all proper proportion to the revenue. Mr. Chisholm was rejoiced to find the financial statement so much better than had been expected. Mr. Young (Waterloo), said that if the financial condition of the country was so prosperous under a recklessly extravagant administration, he would like to know what it would have been under dilferent managment. He denied that the prosperous- state of things was dite to the Gfovernment ; it was due to the abnormal extension of the revenue by excessive imports, and there must follow a reaction on this; but the Grovernment went on as if this state of things would last for ever. The public expenditure had increased 66 per cent, in five years, which wms not warranted by our income, and would lead us to a deficit. Mr. Cartwright thought that too sanguine a view had been taken of the probable income of the country. Mr. Thompson, (Welland) thought the Government had not made the most of the advantages they had. He was opposed to building the Pacific Railway at present, and would rather see local roads in British Columbia and Manitoba. Mr. Patterson, (South Brant) hoped the Govern- ment would redeem the promises of a Protective Tariff, made during the elections. Mr. Grant strongly endorsed the policy of the Government, and considered the building of the Pacific Rail- way an imperative necessity. Mr. Wilkes claimed that the people of Canada were very heavily and not very lightly taxed, and that the proportion of revenue from imports was larger than in any other country. After some further discussion the formal motion to go into Com- mittee of Sui^ply passed. 368 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. CHAPTER XXXiy. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN. —FIRST SESSION, SECOND PARLIAMENT, 1 813. — (Continued.) 1. Increase of Ministerial and other SALARIES. — 2. The Ballot — 3. The Inter- colonial. Vote of want of confidence. — 4. Change of gauge on the Inter- colonial. — 5. Mounted police for the N. W. Territories. — 6. New Brunswick School Act. |5,000 for appeal to Privy Council. — 7. Re-ad.justment of the debt. — 8. Admission of Prince Edward Island. — 9. Subsidy for repeal of export duty ON TIMBER IN NeW BRUNSWICK. — 10. MIS- CELLANEOUS Acts. 1. — On the 8th of May, Sir John A. Macdonald moved the House into Committee on certain resolutions increasing the salaries Increase of Minis- p t • i i t i terial and other ot Lieuteiiaiit Crovemors, J udges snlcirics* ^ and other officers, and also the indemnity to members of the Senate and House. Hon. Mr. Holton objected to the jrrinciple on which the indemnity to members was based, holding that it presented a pecuniary induce- ment to shorten the session after the expiration of thirty days. Although he did not think $1,000 too high a remuneration, he was of opinion that it should be based on a per diem allowance. Mr. Jones denied that the system had acted viciously on members. Mr. Macdonald (Glengarry) did not object to an increase of salary to Judges, and would suggest an increase of salaries to Ministers, but was opposed to any increase of indemnity to members, thinking that they got “ all their services were worth.” On the 14th, Sir John A. Macdonald introduced a resolution to increase the salaries of Ministers from $5,000 per annum to $7,000 per annum, the Premier to receive $1,000 extra ; such increase to take effect from the 1st day of January last. In Committee, on the 17th, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie advocated a system of graduated salaries, such as obtained in England, and also took exception to the increase counting from the 1st of January past, holding that it should take effect from the commencement of the next fiscal year. Sir John A. Macdonald said that it was impossible to introduce the English system here; in England the Ministers were all wealthy, and a few thousands made no difi’erence, but here salaries were of some importance, and to adopt a graduated scale would be to admit an element of discord which would cause trouble. On the resolutions coming up for discussion on the 20th a very long debate took place on the incapacity of some of the Judges in Quebec, and it was noticed that the number of appeals to the Privy Council from that Province were greater than that of all the other Provinces put together. Hon. Mr. Dorion, Hon. Mr. Cauchon, Mr. Fournier and others spoke of the unsatisfactory state of things in Quebec owing to the age and unfitness of some of the Judges; and Mr. Mercier offered an amendment that, “ The salaries of the Judges in Quebec over seventy years of age should remain the same as at present; the salaries of Judges under seventy should be augmented ; that Judges above seventy should not be forced to resign, but that if they did resign within sixty days after the passage of this law, they should draw a pension of two-thirds of the salary as augmented by this law.” After some discussion the amendment was lost on a division. On the question of Ministers salaries Hon. Mr. Mackenzie moved in amendment “ That in the opinion of this House it is not expedient to increase the salaries of Ministers of the Crown in the manner proposed ; that uniformity in amount is unnecessary, as the heads of the less important Departments are now sufficiently i^aid with $5,000 per annum, and that the Resolutions be not now concurred in, but be referred back to a Committee of the Whole with instructions to graduate the salaries, so that the aggregate amount shall not exceed $75,000.” Sir John A. Macdonald argued against having graduated salaries. Hon. Mr. Holton referred to the practice in England, and also to the fact that salaries in Canada had been graduated up to 1851. After some further GOVEIiNMENT OF EAliL DUFFEEIN— FIEST SESSION SECOND PAELIAMENT, 18V3. 3G9 discussion, Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment was withdrawn and the bill regulating the increase of salaries passed.* 2. — The question of voting by ballot early attracted the attention of the House, and two Bills were introduced — one by The Ballot. Tremblay on the 14th of March, and one by Mr. Young CVYaterloo), on the 19th — providing for voting by ballot at elections for members of the House of Commons. On the 3rd of April, on the motion for the second reading of Mr. Tremblay’s Bill, Mr. Witton spoke in favor of the ballot ; he claimed that elections as at present conducted were characterized by lavish expenditure, debauchery and drunkenness ; that in the Colonies in which it had been introduced it had proved a success, and that its introduction in England should be followed by its adoption here. Mr. Beaubien said that the system had been tried in Montreal at municipal elections and worked badly. Mr. Costigan favored open voting so that a man could tell who were his friends and who his enemies. He thought that there was quite as much bribery in New Brunswick under the ballot as there ever had been with open voting. Mr. Almon claimed that the ballot had been a dead failure in Nova Scotia. Hon. Mr. Dorion thought that the best argument in favor of the ballot was that the * The Bill as passed provides that all Ministers should receive ST.OOO per annum, and the Premier $1,000 additional. The Lieut. -Governors of Ontario and Quebec to receive .$10,000 per annum each, and Lieutenant- Governors of the other Provinces $9,000 each. Chief Justices of the Queen’s Bench and Superior Courts, Quebec, ;to receive .$6,000 each, four Puisne Judges of the former and ten of the latter $5,000 each, twelve Puisne Judges $4,000 each and three $.S,500 each. In Ontario the Chancellor and two Chief Justices and present presiding .Judge in Court of Error and Appeal $6,000 each, Vice-Chancellor and Puisne Judges $5,000 each. In Nova Scotia the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Judge in Equity $5,000 each, and five Puisne Judges .$4,000 each, the whole with such travelling expenses as may be granted by the Governor-in-Council. In Manitoba the Chief .Justice of Queen’s Bench $5,000, and two Judges $4,000 each. In British Columbia, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court $5,000, and two Judges $4,000 each; Judges appointed before the Union to retain existing salaries. County Judges, except in York, Ont., and St. John, N.B., $2,000, to be increased after three years service to $2,400, and $200 travelling expenses. In York and St. .John the salaries to be $2,400 at once. Junior County .Judges .$2,000 and same travelling expenses. After fifteen years service a County .Judge may on account of infirmity be pensioned with an allowance equal to two-thirds of his salary. The indemnity to members of Parliament was placed at $10 per diem if the session lasted only thirty day.s, or less, or $1,(/00 if over thirty days- The Speakers of the Senate and Commons to receive $4,000 each. A lump sum of $75,000 was voted to readjust salaries of Civil Serviee employes — $5,000 of which was for officers and clerks of the House of Commons and $2,500 for those of the Senate. only place in which it had been tried and repealed was Nova Scotia. Mr. Young (Mon- treal) thought that the ballot had promoted law and order in Montreal, and, therefore, would support the bill. Mr. Mackay was strongly opposed to secret voting. If the people were properly educated to a correct and honest exercise of the franchise, the ballot system would not be wanted, Mr. Smith (Westmore- land) spoke, after seventeen years experience, of the peace and order which had resulted from the ballot system in New Brunswick. He hoped that the Election Bill promised by the Groveni- meiit would provide for voting by ballot. The debate was adjourned until the ninth, when it was resumed by Mr. Palmer, who thought that the ballot would tend to get rid of improiier inlluences at elections ; but considered that it would be wiser to wait until after the impend- ing general elections in England and see how’ it worked there before introducing it into Canada. Mr. Oliver could see no necessity for awaiting the result of the trial in England, when it had been tried here in municipal elections and found satisfactory. He favored the introduction of the ballot at once as the gigantic Public Works about to be undertaken would throw an immense amount of patronage into the hands of the Grovernment, and the ballot was necessary for the protection of voters employed on those works. Mr. Smith (Peel) spoke of the various ways in which voters could be coerced, and favored the Bill. Mr. White (Hastings) did not think that the mass of voters were afraid to vote fairly and openly, nor that undue influence was used by employers. He claimed that the effect of the ballot in the States had been to keep the worst men in ofhce ; and that its working in Nova Scotia had been most unsatisfactory. Mr. Burpee (St. John) said that personally he preferred open voting, but he thought that the ballot protected workingmen and young men in mercantile establishments, and also caused quieter elections ; . he, therefore, supported the Bill. Mr. Edgar thought that the system should be adopted without awaiting the result of experiments in other countries. Mr. Wallace 44 370 TUTTLPrS HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. (Norfolk) was opposed to the principle of the ballot, on the gTound that every voter had a right to know how his neighbor voted. He pointed to the gross bribery which was practised under it in the States, where men actually contracted to furnish so many votes for so much money. He believed the ballot would tend to dishonor, not to honor, to degrade, not to elevate the voter. Mr. Cunningham did not think the same reasons for the ballot existed in Canada ! that did in England. Messrs. Chisholm, Trow, j Bodwell, Dodge and Patterson spoke in favor of I the ballot. Mr. McDonald (Pictou) thought that the tone of the debate would be inclined to impress foreigners with the idea that Cana- dians were deteriorating and were no longer fit to exercise the franchise in the same free and open manner as their forefathers, but he did not believe such a change had taken place. He held I that it was only to a few weak worthless things to whom the ballot would apply, for the farmers and skilled artisans were perfectly independent and could and would vote as they pleased, ballot or no ballot. The case was very different in England where the influence of the land- owners and capitalists was so great, but there were no such influences in Canada. As to promoting quiet elections, that, he urged, could only be attained by separating the masses of the voters as much as possible, and the quiet elec- tions in Nova Scotia, had resulted from the large number of polling iflaces more than from the ballot. As to bribery he believed there was quite as much, if not more, under the ballot sys- tem as irnder open voting. He did not believe that in Nova Scotia there was one man out of ten who preferred ballot to open voting. He thought the arguments in favor of the ballot rather sentimental than practical ; and in no country where it had been tried had it raised the moral standard of the people, but had, on the contrary, debased it, as was shown most especially in the cases of the United States and France. The motion for the second reading was then carried by a vote of 78 to 55. It will be noticed that none of the Ministers spoke on the question, nor did any of the leaders of the Opposition. The Bill was introduced by a private member, and its being carried through j its second reading gave a very fair indication of the feeling of the House on the question with- out its being made ajrarty one. Later on in the session (15th May) Sir John A. Macdonald i introduced a Temporary Election Act, and announced that the Government did not pro- pose to proceed with the Election Act promised ! in the Speech from the Throne, but would have I it printed, with the ballot clause, and distributed i during the recess. The two ballot bills were I then dropped and the Temporary Act passed, its provisions being similar to the Acts in force at Confederation, except that voting was con- fined to one day. 3. — On the 2nd of May, on Hon. Mr. Tilley moving the House into Supply, Hon. Mr. Mac- kenzie moved in amendment, 1 1 . 1 mi The Intercolonial. a long resolution to the effect vote of want of that the Government had been extravagant and wasteful in the matter of the Intercolonial; that large sums had been squandered in useless or insufficient surveys ; that sums of money had been paid to contrac- tors in excess of their contracts, and that such payment was a gross violation of public duty. The resolution referred to Section No. 5, which was originally let to Haycock & Co., and subse- quently to A. McDonnell & Co., and, according to the statements embodied by Mr. Mackenzie in his resolution, showed that an overpayment of $64,685 had been made. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie in moving his resolution, reviewed the early history of the Intercolonial, the objections which had been raised to the route, and to the manner of building the road, and claimed that some of the evils which it had been pointed out would arise from the haste of the Government to I commence the road before proper surveys had been made, had occurred and a large sum of money thereby lost to the Government. He went on to show that the twenty mile section. No 5, had been originally let for |361,000, that changes had been made in the alinement which would reduce the cost about $90,000 to $100,000, and still further changes after the contract had GOVERNMENT OF EARL DUFFERIN— FIRST SESSION SECOND PARLIAMENT, 1873. 371 been re-let to McDonnell & Co„ effecting a further saving of $79,485 ; thus showing an error of no less than $170,000 in the short distance of twenty miles. He then proceeded to show how the G-overnment had gone on advancing money to McDonnell & Co., until they had actually been paid $64,000 more than they themselves had admitted to be due under the contract. He claimed that it was a most serious thing for the Government to undertake to alter contracts once they had been let ; and more particularly was this the case in the face of the immense Public Works which it was proposed to undertake. If the Government was to violate contracts in this way there was no legitimate stopping place, and they apparently had no principle to guide them, except what they may think expedient either in the interests of the contractors, or their own interest. He did not impute any wrong motives to the Government, but he knew there had been a gross violation of duty. Hon. Dr. Tupper said in reply, that the Government was quite prepared to accept the motion as one of want of confidence, and also to show that far from being guilty of dereliction of duty, the Government had pursued the only course that they could have taken in the public interest. With regard to the route he claimed that it was the very route advocated by the honorable gentleman himself (Mr Mackenzie) until he found himself in Oposition, and then he thought it necessary to adopt a new opinion with regard to it. He then entered into a history of the Intercolonial from 1858 to show that the Northern route had been selected by the Imperial Government and approved by the party of the honorable gentleman, who had caused it to be surveyed. Coming to the point of the resolution he said that Parliament had decided that the road should be built by an independent Board of Commissioners, and he I)aid a compliment to the manner in which those gentlemen had filled their duties. He admitted that, acting under the pressure which had been broirght to bear on them that the road should be commenced immediately after Con- federation, and the cry raised by the Anti- Confederates in Nova Scotia that any delay was a violation of the contract, the Government had been hasty and let the contracts for the first few sections — of which No. 5 was one — without having as exact information as could have been desired ; but he contended that the i:)ublic in- terest had not suffered, and that the road had been built as economically as possible. He went on to argue that the hrst contracts had been let at lump sums to the lowest tenderers, and that in every instance but two the contractors had failed and the work had had to be re-let at greatly advanced figures, on account of the great advance which had occurred in wages since the contracts were let ; and he held that where the Government found contractors willing to carry out their contracts if they could get a little assistance, it was better for the public interest to give them some help than to have them abandon the contract altogether and the Govern- ment be forced to re-let it He went on to explain that the rise in wag(^s had been fifty per cent, and claimed that the Commissioners had acted in the matter as any Railway Company or private individual would have done. Hon. Mr. Anglin said that the Minister of Customs (Dr. Tupper) had not attempted to deny that the overpayments had been made. He then attacked the course pursued by the Government and condemned the action of the Commissioners, contending that we were entering upon a career of extravagance and corruption, where money was being wasted to help friends of the Govern- ment. Hon. Mr. Tilley defended the action of the Commissioners in granting additional aid to contractors on account of the increase of wages. Hon. Mr. Holton contended that it had been / proved that $64,000 had been paid over and above the contract price ; and what they charged the Government with was using this amount of the public funds without authority from Parliament. Messrs. Burpee, (St. John), Young, (Waterloo), and Wood supported the amend- ment and Messrs. Palmer, Wallace and Flescher opposed it, after which a division was taken and Mr. Mackenzie’s motion defeated by a vote 70 312 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. for 95 ag’ainst. A resolution was subsequently introduced by Hon. Mr. Tilley and adopted that the contractors for sections 1 to 7 be paid certain sums claimed by them for extra work, to the total amount of $193,804. 4. — -On the 24th of April, Hon. Mr. Langevin moved the House into Committee on certain Change of gause on I’eSolutioilS Oil which tO foUlld the Intercolonial. ^ changing the gauge of the Intercolonial and other Grovernment Railways in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia from 5 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. 8J in., or to lay a third rail. Hon. Mr. Langevin explained that when the matter had been before the House before it was thought that it was impossible for the G-raiid Trunk to change its gauge for want of means ; but that Company had been able to raise the amount necessary to make the alteration, and it was now thought advisable that the guage of the Intercolonial and other Grovernment Railways should also be changed, so as to make it uniform and save transhipment at River du Loup. As to the cost, Mr. Sanford Fleming had estimated that it would cost about $800,000 to change the gauge from River du Loup to Moncton, and $600,000 to lay a third rail from Moncton to Truro. A long debate ensued, not so much on the change of gauge as in the shape of criticising the Grovernment for not having adopted the suggestion of the Opposition two years before to change the guage, which would have saved the country a large amount of money ; after w^hich the resolutions were adopted, and the Act subsequently passed. 5. — Two Acts relating to the North-West Territories wmre passed ; one with regard to legislation for the Territories, and Mounted Police for , , , , . , , „ i j i the North West the othei’ With retereiice to the TcrritoriBs. administration of Justice and the formation of a Mounted Police force, not to exceed 300 men. The Act provides for the appointment of one or more Stipendiary Magistrates, with salaries not to exceed $3,000 iier annum, who have power to try summarily, without a jury, persons charged with larceny, &c., if the value of the articles is not over $100 ; and two Stipendiary Magistrates may hear summarily all cases wdiere the punish- ment is not more than seven years imprisonment — w'hich is to be undergone in Manitoba ; all more serious offences to be tried in Manitoba. The Police Force to consist of a Commissioner, one or more Superintendents, Paymaster, Sur- geon, and Veterinary Surgeon, and not more than 300 constables, to be all or partly mounted. Enlistment to be for three years, and the G-o vernor- in-Council may grant each man 160 acres of land on his discharge. In introducing the Bill, Sir John A. Macdonald said that the outfit of 300 men would not exceed $50,000, but that it wms intended that the force should be selected by degrees, and it was not probable that it would reach 300 men for some time to come ; and, also, that it was the intention of the Government to reduce the military force in Manitoba as the Police force was formed. 6. — It w'ill be remembered that at the last session a resolution wms adopted that the opinion of the Law Officers of ^ew Brun..wiek the Crown, and if possible, of f the Committee of the Privy Council also, should be obtained as to the power of the New Brunswick Legislature to pass the School Act of 1871 (See Chap. XXV. Sec. 15). On the 15th of April, Sir John A. Macdonald laid on the table all the papers in the case, including the opinions of the Attorney-General Sir J. D. Coleridge, and the Solicitor-General, Sir Joseph Jessel, that the Provincial Legislature was competent to jiass the Act. Some further evidence was submitted by the Roman Catholic Bishop and a further opinion, under date 10th of April, obtained to the effect that they were still of opinion that the Legislature had the power to pass the Act. This further opinion was transmitted to the House by message, on the 5th of May. On the 14th, on the motion to go into Supply, Mr. Costigan moved a resolution to the effect that the House regrets that the School Law of New Brunswick is unsatisfactory to a large number of the peojile, and trusts that it may be modified at the next session of the New Brunswick Legislature so as to remove the causes of discontent which exist ; that it is GOVERXMENT OF EAEL DUFFEEIN— FIEST SESSION SECOND PAELI AMENT, 1873. 373 expedient that the opinion of the Law Officers of the Crown in England should be obtained, and if possible, also the opinion of Her Majesty’s Privy Council ; therefore, in order to allow the i:)arties to agree upon a case, that His Excellency be recommended to disallow the Acts passed by the Legislature of New Briuiswick at its last session amending the Act. He said that he had no intention of moving a vote of want of confidence, but he thought that was the proper time to offer his resolution. He reviewed the history of the New Brunswick School Act, and claimed that the amendments passed at the last session of the Legislature were even more oppressive than the act itself, and that one of them legalized assessments which the Supreme Court had declared illegal. He had been asked to let his motion stand over and endeavour to make an arrangement with the Government and the Province ; this he was willing to do, but thought it only fair that the principle should be adopted that the Governor-General should withhold his signature from the bill. Sir John A. Macdonald complimented the mover on the very moderate manner in which he had so constantly and faithfully urged the cause of his co-religionists. He thought that it would have been better for New Brunswick if a School Act similar to that of Ontario and Quebec had been adopted ; and they would not have peace and quietness and a sound Educational system until they adopted the principle of Separate Schools. At the same time he was opposed to advising the Governor-General to disallow the Acts of the Local Legislature. He entered into an able argument on the constitutional question to show that if the House arrogated to itself the right to order the Governor-General to allow or disallow Acts of the Local Legisla- tures on subjects left entirely under their control by the British North America Act, then the principle of a Federal Union was destroyed j and a Legislative Union substituted in its place and we may as well at once dispense with our costly Provincial Legislatures, for they became of no practical use if the Dominion Parliament had the right to revise all the Acts jiassed and allow or disallow such as it pleased. Besides, the House by passing this resolution was seeking to assirme the prerogative of the Crown, and to exercise a power which was reserved to the representative of the sovereign alone. Hon. Mr. Anglin, Messrs. Masson, Wright, Cauchon, Mackenzie and others supported the resolution, the main points of argument being that as the House at its last session had desired the Govern- ment to obtain the opinion of the Law Officers of the Crown and also of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and that only the opinion of the Law Officers and not of the Judicial Committee also had been obtained, it was inju- dicious in the Local Legislature to amend the Act pending that decision, and that it would be better for the Governor-General to disallow the amendments, as it would only have the effect of suspending the action of the law while the opinion of the Committee was obtained, for, if the Act was disallowed the Legislature could pass it again next session. After a very lengthy debate Mr. Costigan’s motion was adopted by a vote of 98 to 63. On the nineteenth, in answer to a question put by Hon. Mr. Anglin, Sir John A. Macdonald said the resolution adopted with regard to the New Brunswick School Bill had been duly laid before His Excellency the Governor-General, who had commanded him (Sir John) to state that he was asked by one branch of the Parliament of Canada to exercise the Royal irrerogative by disallowing certain Acts of the New Brunswick Legislature. It was stated that these Acts were passed for the pur- pose of legalizing certain assessments made to give the parties complaining of the School Act the opportunity of bringing such Act before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. His Excellency had been already instructed by Her Majesty’s Government of the opinion of the Law Officers of the Crown in England that the Act in question was within the competence and jurisdiction of the New Brunswick Legislature and that being the case he deemed it to be his duty to apply to Her Majesty’s Government for their instructions on the subject. Sir John 3^4 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. added that as the matter was one of great im- portance to a large number of Her Majesty’s subjects, it was the intention of the Government to ask the House for an appropriation to defray the expenses of a test case so as to get a decision from the Privy Council. 7. — On the 13th of May, Hon. Mr. Tilley gave notice of a series of resolutions re-adjusting the Re-adjus(mentofthe ^^^bt of the Dominion, on the basis of the Dominion assuming the whole debt of the Province of Canada at the time of Confederation ($73,006,088.84) instead of $62,500,000 as provided in the British North America Act ; the other Provinces to be allowed a proportionate increase. On his moving the House into Committee, on the 19th, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie asked what reason there was for assuming the debt of the Province in that way. Hon. Mr. Tilley replied that applications had been received from Quebec, Nova Scotia and Manitoba, and indirectly from New Brunswick, I'or increased subsidies on the ground that the l^resent allowance was not of the same value as in 1867, and they could not pay their local charges with it. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie said this was a most extraordinary proposition, and he did not believe any other Government would have made such a proposal without consulting the Governments of Ontario and Quebec. Sir John A. Macdonald thought it was for the best interests of. the Dominion, as it was not to the advantage of the Dominion to have the two leading Provinces in a state of semi-hostility on the question of the division of the surplus debt of the old Province of Canada, this arrangement would settle that difficulty, and make it easier to settle the question of assets. The resolutions were adopted, and an Act based on them passed. 8. — On the 16th of May a message was received from His Excellency forwarding the .uimission of Prince coniiection with the Edward Island. projiiosed admissioii of Priiice Edward Island ; and, on the 20th, Hon. Mr. Tilley introduced a series of resolutions on which to base an address to Her Majesty, in conformity with the British North America Act, praying for the union of the Island wuth the Dominion. The terms of the Union may be briefly summarized as follows : The Island, having a population of over 94,000, to be allowed six representatives in the Commons ; debt to be taken at $4,701,050 and interest at 5 per cent,, either charged or allowed as it exceeds or falls below that amount ; the Dominion to allow $45,000 per annum, less 5 °/^ on any amount not exceeding $800,000 advanced by the Dominion for the purpose of purchasing lands from the proprietors of the old grants ; subsidy to be $30,000 per annum, and eighty cents per head of population ; steam service between the Island and the Mainland to be maintained by the Dominion ; Dominion to assume the Island Railway and also the Law Court building on payment of $69,000. In moving the resolutions, Hon. Mr. Tilley stated that the Government had been trying ever since Confederation to effect an union with this beautiful and fertile island, which had at last been accomplished and Confederation completed. He explained that the total expense of the Island to the Dominion would be about $480,000 per annum, and the receipts, based on those of the last year, about $441,000. The address was adopted, and a bill i^roviding for the admission of the Island introduced and passed. 9. — On the 17th of May, Sir John A. Macdonald introduced a series of resolutions with reference to the repeal of ,1 j T i • i • T Subsidy for repeal of tile export duties on timber export duty on timber , 1 • -KT T-> -I in New Brunswick. charged in New Brunswick. In sufiport of his resolutions. Sir John A. Macdonald said that New Brunswick had an undoubted right to impose this tax, but it was very inconvenient that she should, and as the Washington Treaty rendered it necessary that the tax should be repealed in order to secure to Canada very substantial advantages, he thought it would be a good bargain for the Dominion to buy the right and abolish the tax. This would settle all the questions under the Washington Treaty except that of what money compensation we should receive for the differ- ence in value of our Fisheries and those of the United States. Hon. Mr. Tilley said that this GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— THE FACIFIC SCANDALi 3*75 Miscellaneous Acts. tax had been levied by New Brunswick on all timber floated down the St. John River for about thirty years, and had proved a tax on Canada as well as the United States. He gave statistics of the revenue derived from this source for many years, Mr. Findlay objected to the Dominion pledging itself to pay $150,000 a year forever when in a few years all the timber from which this tax is derived would be cut down Hon. Mr. Holton contended that the sum named was twice as much as New Brunswick derived from the tax at present, and that it was only giving her “ Better Terms ” in an underhand manner. After some further discussion, in which Messrs. Tilley, Hincks, Mackenzie, Wood, Tupper, Merritt, Currier and Mills participated, the resolutions were adopted ; and a Bill based on them was sub- sequently introduced and passed. 10. — Amongst the other Acts passed was one creating the Department of the Interior, and abolishing the Dejiartment of Secretary of State for the Pro- vinces; one for regulating lands in Manitoba; for the Inspection of Steamboats ; on the carriage of dangerous goods ; with reference to Harbor Masters in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ; Port Wardens of Montreal and Quebec; Trinity House, Quebec ; trial of Controverted Elections ; Superannuation ; Ocean Mail Service; Natu- ralization of alieiis ; ^Free Grants in Manitoba; Continuing the Insolvent Act until next Session ; Bank Returns ; Patents ; Militia ; W eights and Measures; Gas Inspection; Pilotage; Wrecks and Salvage ; Carrying Deck Loads ; Trinity House, Montreal, &c., &c. An Act was passed giving the Governor-in-Council power to issue bonds for $1,500,000 at 5 per cent, for forty years, to deepen the channel between Montreal and Quebec to twenty-two feet, and widen it to three hundred feet. Amongst the Local and Private Acts were one Incorporating the Dominion Board of Trade; one regulating the rate of interest in Nova Scotia; Incorporating the Stadacona Bank, Quebec, capital $1,000,000 ; Imperial Bank, Toronto, capital $1,000,000 ; Victoria Bank of Canada, Montreal, capital $1,000,000 ; Pictou Bank, capital $500,000 ; Bank of St. Hyacinthe, capital $500,000 ; Central Bank of Canada, Montreal, capital $1,000,000. A number of amendments to Railway Acts were also i^assed, as well as Acts granting charters to Insurance and other Comxranies. Altogether 126 Bills were passed, and all received Royal assent. The House was adjourned on the 23rd of May to the 13th of August, and was then prorogued. CHAPTER XXXV. GOVERNMENT OF THE EVRL OF DUFFERIN. THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 1. The Pacific Scandal. — 2. Chaetee geanted TO THE Canadian Pacific Railway Com- pany. — 3. Conditions of the Chaetee. — 4. Remaeks on the Chaetee. — 5. Hon. Me. Huntington’s chaege of coeeuption.— 6. Small EFFECT OF the motion. — 7. Sie John A. Macdonald moves foe a Committee. — 8. The Oath’s Bill. — 9. The Committee peo- POSES AN ADJOUENMENT TO 2ND OF JuLY. — 10. The Committee to sit dueing eecess. — 11. Adjouenment. 1. — We come now to the most important event which has ever occurred in Canadian history, and a repetition of which we sincerely trust it may never be the painful duty of a future historian to recall — the down-fall of a powerful and popular Ministry before a charge of gross corruption. In approaching this subject we find it extremely difficult to avoid writing in what may be considered a party spirit — for the question assumed so much the foi'm of a purely party one, that the grossness and immorality ot the offense charged to have been committed was to a great extent lost sight of ; and the cjuestion became not so much whether the Ministry was morally guilty or not, but whether the Opposition would be able to piove them guilty — ; but we shall endeavour The P.aeifio Scandal. 37(j TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. to calmly and disj)assionately relate the cir- cnmstances in the chronological sec[nence in which they occurred, reserving any opinion until the conclusion of the affair, and, meantime, being careful that we “ nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice.” The mere fact of its having been possible that so grave a charge as that contained in what is popularly known as “ The Pacific Scandal ” could be made against a Canadian Ministry is a sad blot on our political escutcheon, and far be it from us to endeavour to make the dark spot any blacker, or its hideousness any greater than the bare facts themselves show it to be. • 2. — In a previous Chapter w'e have traced the formation of the two rival Companies for building the Pacific Railway — Charter granted to , - -r\ • n -n -i the Canadian Pacific tiic Canada i acihc Railway Railway Company. i t t , ^ Company and the Inter-Oceanie Railway Company — and also the passage of an Act giving the G-overnor-in-Council authority to contract with either of these Comiianies, or with both amalgamated, or to grant a charter to a new Company on the basis of a money subsidy of $30,000,000 and a land grant of 50,000,000 acres. It will be recollected that the two Companies were highly antagonistic, the Canada Pacific, with Sir Hugh Allan at its head being regarded as representing the interests of Quebec, while the Inter-Oceanic, under the leadership) of Senator Alacpdherson, was sup)p)osed to more particularly represent the interests of Ontario. The cry had also been raised that a number of American Cai)italists interested in the Northern Pacific Railw^ay, were connected with Sir Hugh Allan in the Canada Pacific and that if the charter was granted to that road it would lose its distinctive character as a purely Canadian road, and be converted into a mere feeder to the Northern Pacific. Thus the matter stood at the close of the session of 1872. Shortly after the p>rorogation of Parliament negotiations were oi)ened betw^een the two Companies with a view to amalgamation ; but a difficulty presented itself in the matter of the Presidency of the j)roposed amalgamated Comp^any, Sir Hugh Allan insisting that he was entitled to and should receive the position, and Senator Macp)herson and his supiporters contending that the selection of the President should be left to the Directors. Other difficulties as to the partition of stock also occurred, but might, possibly have been surmounted, but on this cpuestion of the Presidency neither party seemed disp)osed to give way, and eventually the negotiations fell through ; and, the Gfovernment not caring to give the charter to either Company as it existed, a new=" Company was formed, with Sir Hugh Allan as its President, called the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, to wffiich a charter was eventially granted by Letters Patent, under date 5th of February, 1873. 3. — The capntal of the new" Company was $10,000,000, of which $3,846,000, or nearly five- thirteenths was held in the conditions of the Province of Ontario ; $3,076,000, Charter, or nearly four-thirteenths, in the Province of Quebec, and $769,300, or a trifle over one- thirteenth, in each of the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba and British Columbia.* The stock was to be issued in one hundred dollar shares, and w"as not to be transferable for six years wTthout the consent of the Dominion Grovernment and the Directors. Ten per cent, was to be paid up at once and deposited with the Receiver Greneral. The guage of the road w"as to be four feet eight and one half inches ; work was to be commenced at both ends simultaneously by the 20th of July, 1873, and the road compileted by 1881, if possible. The Government to have the right to order each section of tw^enty miles as completed to be worked for local traffic. The Manitoba section (from the main line to the United States frontier) to be completed by the 31st of December, 1874, and the Lake Superior section (from some p)oint on the main line to Lake Superior) to be completed by the 31st of December, 1876. The land grant was to be * The parties to whom the Charter was 'granted, were. Sir Hugh Allen, Montreal ; Hon. A. O. Archibald. Halifax ; Hon. ./. 0. Beaubien, Quebec ; J. B. Beaudry, Montreal ; E. R Burpee, St. John.N. B ; F.W. Cumberland, Toronto ; Sandford Fleming, Ottawa; R. N. Hall, Sherbrooke, P. Q. ; Hon J. S. Helmcken, Victoria, B. C. ; A McDermot, Winnipeg, Man. ; D. Meinnes, Hamilton; Walter Shanley, Montreal; John Walker, London. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 311 50,000,000 acres, to be granted in blocks twenty miles deep, by not less than six, nor more than twelve miles in width, alternating with blocks of the same size reserved by the Grovernment. The branch lines to receive grants of twenty- five thousand acres a mile for the Lake Superior, and twenty thousand for the Manitoba branch If any blocks were found unht for settlement, the Company should not be obliged to take a greater dept than one mile, the difference to be made up out of other Grovernment lands, the lands to be granted at intervals of six months as the work progressed. The land retained by the Grovernment was to be held for the first twenty years at an upset price of two dollars and a half an acre, unless the Company sold any land for less than that price. The money subsidy wms to be $30,000,000 from which was to be deducted whatever expense the Grovern- ment had been to for surveys. The papers relating to the granting of the Charter were submitted to the House, on the 13th of March, 1873, by message from the Grovernor-Greneral. 4. — It would be difficult to find anything more satisfactory than the Charter appeared to Remarks on the The rivalries of Ontario and Quebec seemed to be ami- cably settled by an equitable distribution of stock ; the Board of Provisional Directors — the gentlemen to wffiom the Charter was granted — were all men of standing and position in their respective Provinces ; and the fear that control of the road might be obtained by American Capitalists interested in the Northern Pacific Railway was guarded against by making the stock non-transferable for six years, without the consent of the Grovernment and the Directors. Some exception was taken to the land clauses which seemed to give the Company “ the pick ” of the best sections ; and to the provision that the Grovernment should not sell for twenty years for less than two dollars and a half an acre, by those who were in favor of making free grants of lands to immigrants ; but it must be remembered that the Government never proposed to offer these lands in immediate proximity io the railway to settlers gratis, always holding that the sale of these lands would eventually recoup the country for the large money subsidy it was giving ; and as to the “ pick,” it is hard to see how the Company could gain very much by that as it could only take alternate sections of ecj^ual size with the Govern- ment. Altogether, the terms of the Charter w'^ere satisfactory, and the fact of Sir Hugh Allan being at the head of the Company, added great strength to the enterprise, and gave it every possible prospect of success. Sir Hugh Allan was not only the largest capitalist in Canada, and the one best known in Europe, but he had the reputation — which is sometimes even better than capital — of being a “ lucky ” financier. Everything in which he engaged proved suc- cessful. The Steamship Company which bore his name was one of the largest and most pros- perous crossing the Atlantic ; the Merchants’ Bank, of which he was President, stood second to none amongst our financial institutions for soundness and good management ; the Montreal Telegraph Company, of which he was President, wms paying larger dividends than any similar Company on the continent ; all the other Com- panies with which he was connected were prosperous, in fact he seemed the embodiment of Canadian success, the word “ failure ” had never been associated with his name, and it was felt that if it was possible for any Company to inspire Canadian and English capitalists with sufficient confidence to furnish the large sums of money necessary to build the Canadian Pacific Railway, it would be more likely to be the one over wffiich he presided than any other. 5. — Still everything was not entirely satis- factory, and soon vague rumors began to be afloat that undue means had u 1 i j. Hon. Mr. Hunting- been used to obtain the Charter ; ton’s charge of but it is safe to say that very few persons in Canada were prepared for the serious charge made by the Hon. Mr. Huntington from his place in Parliament on the 2nd of April, 1873, that the Government had corruptly sold the Charter to Sir Hugh Allan and his friends in consideration of large sums of money which were spent during the general election in 45 3^8 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. assisting siTpporters of the Government to biry their way into Parliament. We cannot do better than copy the motion as made from the Votes and Proceedings of that date : Hon. Mr. Huntington moved, “ That Mr. Huntington, a member of this House, having stated in his place, that he is credibly informed and believes that he can establish by satisfactory evidence ; — “ That in anticipation of the legislation of last session, as to the Pacific Railway, an agreement was made between Sir Hugh Allan, acting for himself, and certain other Canadian promoters, and G. W. McMullen, acting for certain United States capitalists, whereby the latter agreed to furnish all the funds necessary for the construction of the contemplated Railway, and to give the former a certain percentage of interest, in consideration of their interest and position, the scheme agreed on being ostensibly that of a Canadian Company with Sir Hugh Allan at its head ; “ That the Government were aware that nego- tiations were pending between these parties ; “ That subsequently, an understanding was come to between the Government and Sir Hugh Allan and Mr. Abbott, M.P., that Sir Hugh Allan and his friends should advance a large sum of money for the purpose of aiding the elections of Ministers and their supporters at the ensuing general election, and that he and his friends should receive the contract for the construction of the Railway ; “ That accordingly. Sir Hugh Allan did advance a large sum of money for the puiq^ose mentioned, and at the solicitation, and under the pressing instnnces of Ministers ; “ That part of the monies, exj)ended by Sir Hxigh Allan in connection with the obtaining of the act of incorporation and charter, were paid to him by the said United States capitalists under the agreement with him ; it is “ Ordered, that a Committee of seven members ■ be appointed to enquire into all the circum- stances connected with the negotiations for the construction of the Pacific Railway, with the legislation of last session on the subject, and with the granting of the Charter to Sir 1 1 Hugh Allan and others ; with power to send for persons, papers and records ; and with instructions to report in full the evidence taken before, and all proceedings of said Committee.” The motion was read by Mr. Huntington without any lU’eface or remarks, and was j received by the House in dead silence. After , a pause of a moment there were cries of j “ Carried ” by the Opposition, and “ Lost ” from the Ministerial benches, when a division being i called for, the House divided and the motion was lost by a vote of 76 for, to 107 against. 6. — It is doubtful whether in any other Par- liament than that of Canada so startling a i statement, and one so nearly s.„,„ effect of the concerning the honor and honesty of the Ministry of the day, could have been received in such a manner. A ministerial paper , on the following day announced that the motion ' had been “ voted down in the contemptuous silence it deserved,” and the general tone of the i Ministerial press and of Public Opinion at this time was that the motion was only a “ dodge ” of the Opposition intended to annoy the Ministry and not a very well managed dodge at that. Unfortunately for the political morality of j Canada the press, of all shades of politics, has for the last forty years or so, felt it a duty in- ; cumbent on it to endeavor to prove that all its ' political opponents, who happened to be in office at the moment, were the greatest rascals and the ' most unprincipled men generally that could be ^ found in the Province ; indeed, judging from the tone of the party press alone, it would appear that only the scum rose to the top of political life and that the only chance a pro- minent politician had of being regarded as an honest and upright man was for him to die, 1 when it would generally be discovered that he had possessed virtues of which he had never during his lifetime been suspected ; but even death would not always shield him from abuse, and occasionally some f)olitical ghouls would be found to pursue a man even after he had departed this life, and to blacken the reputation he had left behind him. Charges of bribery and ' corruption were so freely and indiscriminately i GOVEIiNMKNT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 379 made that the cry had lost its potency ; no election took place without the organs of each party charging the other with “ the most open and barefaced corruption,” and the public ear and the public eye had become so accustomed to hearing and seeing these charges made without any foundation in truth that they fell unheeded and disregarded. It was the old story of the boy and the wolf, the false alarm had been raised so often that when there really was danger no one paid much attention to the cry raised. Another point which tended to lessen the force of the blow was that it was made by Mr. Huntington, an Independent member of Annexation proclivities, who although almost always voting with the Opposition was not regarded as being a member of the Reform party. It was urged, and with some degree of justness, that if the Opposition was in a position to prove this- gross charge it would have been preferred by the Leader of the party and not by one who could scarcely even be regarded as being amongst the rank and file ; and that the party was not in a position to adduce any evidence to sustain the charge made. Indeed it ai^pears very probable that at this time Mr. Huntington was not really in possession of the letters and telegrams which afterwards played so conspicious a part in the controversy, but that he had what he considered a sufficient basis in more or less well authenticated rumors, and hoped with the aid of what is popularly known as a “ Fishing Committee ” to be able to dis- cover sufficient evidence to prove his assertion. 7. — Be that as it may, the motion fell very flat ; it was simply regarded as a direct vote of want of confidence in the Macdonald' moves for Ministry, and as such imme- Cm ittee diately voted dowii . But Sir John A. Macdonald knew full well that no Ministry could long retain the confidence of the House and the country with such a charge hanging over it ; and although he was prompt to vote down Mr. Huntington’s motion as of want of confidence, he saw that a Committee must be appointed, and, accordingly, on the meeting of the House on the following day, the 3rd of April, he said “ Mr Speaker, I beg to give notice that I will on Tuesday next ask that the House shall appoint a Special Committee of five to be selected by the House, for the purpose of considering the subjects mentioned in the motion of the hon. member for Sheffbrd yesterday. The Committee shall be drawn by the House, and, if need be, shall have special power given them to sit in recess, and if need be a Royal Commission shall be issued for the purpose of giving them additional powers.” On the 8th Sir John A. Macdonald moved the aiDpointment of the Committee, and in doing so said that the motion of the hon. member for Shefford had been voted down because it was regarded as one of want of confidence, and not because the Government desired to shirk inquiry; the Government courted the fullest inquiry, and would be ready to issue a commission so that the Committee could sit after prorogation and take evidence on oath ; he did not think that the House had i^ower to authorize the Committee to sit after prorogation, but that difficulty could be got over by issuing a Royal Commission, and he woirld take care that the Commission was ordered to report to the House. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie disclaimed any intention on the part of the Opposition to vote a wafit of confidence in supporting the motion of the hon. member for Shefford. He doubted whether it was consistent with Parliamentary practice for the Committee to sit after prorogation, and suggested that the Premier should introduce a short bill giving that power, and also the power to this and other special Committees to take evidence on oath. Sir John A. Macdonald thought it would be better to leave it to the Committee to suggest the best mode of dealing with the subject. He believed that the evidence should be taken on oath, but doubted whether the House had the power to authorize the Committee to do so, and again suggested a Royal Commission. Hon. Mr. Dorion thought it would be best to pass a short bill giving all Special Committees power to take evidence on oath ; a course which was also aj^proved of by Hon. Mr. Blake. Hon. Mr. Holton thought 380 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE that a Court of Inquiry could not be a Royal Commission and a Parliamentary Committee at the same time ; he thought that the former would supercede the latter, and the House lose all control over the Committee. Sir John again renewed his offer that if a Commission was issued the return should be ordered to be made to the House ; and the members were called in and the Committee appointed by the House. The members of the Committee were Hon. Messrs. Blanchet, Blake, Dorion, McDonald ] (Pictou,) Cameron (Cardwell.)* I 8. — On the 17th of April, the Hon. J. H. * Cameron, Chairman of the Committee, presented j the first report, recomending that The Oaths Bill. n-n i • i j ■ 1 a Bill be introduced empowering | the Committee to examine witnesses upon oath. | On the 18th, Hon. Mr. Cameron introduced a j Bill providing for the examination upon oath of i witnesses before Committees of the Senate and [ House of Commons.! It will be as well to remark here that no Committee of the House, except the Committee on Private Bills, had at this time power to examine witnesses under oath, and it w"as an open question whether the House had authority to grant that power. The reason of this doubt was that at the time of the passage of j the British North America Act, 1867, Committees | of the Imperial House of Commons did not possess the power to examine witnesses under i oath, although Committees of the House of Lords did. The Act giving this power was not passed until 1871. Now the eighteenth section of the British North America Act provides that, “The Privileges, Immunities, and Powers to be held, enjoyed and exercised by the Senate and by the House of Commons, and by the members thereof respectively, shall be such as are from time to time defined by the Act of Parliament of Canada, but so that the same shall never exceed those at the passing of this Act, held, enjoyed, and exer- •In striking Committees by the House each member is entitled to only one vote : there were 175 members present and the vote stood Hon. J. G. Blanchet, 37 ; Hon. Edward Blake, 36 ; Hon. A. A. Dorion, 3-5 ; Hon. .James McDonald, 34 : Hon. .T. H. Cameron, 33. Messrs. Blake and Dorion were leading members of the Opposition, and the other members of the Committee were supporters of the Government. t This Act, commonly known as the “ Oaths Bill,” was disallowed by Her Maje.sty. Disallowance proclaimed on the 1st of July, 1873. DOMINION OF CANADA. cised by the Commons House of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Grreat Britain and Ireland, and by the members thereof,” and it was argued that the House of Commons of the Dominion could not in 1873 exercise a power which the Imperial House of Commons did not exercise in 1867. This view was held by Sir John A. Macdonald and other eminent jurists, and the correctness of the view was afterwards proved by the disallowance of the Act on the advice of the Law Officers of the Crown. The cjuestion as to the power of the House to pass the Act was discussed at the first reading on the 18th, and again on the second reading on the 21st, the majority of the lawyers who spoke, holding that it was beyond the power of the House, while Hon. Mr. Dorion and others held that the power was inherent in the House and could be exercised at will. It was further urged that an Act had been passed during the session of 1868, authorizing the Clerk of the Senate to swear any person being examined at the bar of that House, and the Chairman or any member of any Committee of either House, to swear any witness respecting a Private Bill referred to it ; which Act had received the Royal assent, and the House was still acting under it on Private Bills. In reply to this it was urged that the Act of 1868 had probably escaped the attention of the Law Officers of the Crown ; and Sir John A. Macdonald renewed his offer of a Royal Commission, which was not accepted. The Oaths Bill passed its third reading in the House on the 21st, in the Senate on the 29th, and, on the 3rd of May, His Excellency came down to the Senate Chamber and gave his assent to it, tojrether with some other bills. 9. — The Bill being now, for all practical purposes, law, the Committee was expected to proceed at once; but, to the The Committee surprise of some members, the Uijo “ent to 2nd Chairman, Hon. Mr. Cameron, on the 5 th of May, presented another report covering a series of resolutions adopted by the Committee to the effect that owing to the absence of Sir G-eorge E. Cartier and the Hon. J. J. C. Abbott in England — both material GOVEENMENT OF THE BAEL OF DUFFEEIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 381 witnesses to the investigation — the Committee should adjourn until the 2nd of July, if Parlia- ment should then be in session ; that the proceedings of the Committee should be secret ; that the Committee should be empowered to sit at such place or places as may be found expedient ; and that the Committee report the resolutions and ask the consent of the House to them.* On the sixth a long debate took place on the motion of Hon. Mr. Cameron to adopt the resolutions contained in the report, except that relating to the meetings of the Committee being private, which the Gfovernment had decided not to urge. The resolutions were that the Committee should adjourn until the 2nd of July, if the House should then be in session ; and that the Committee should have leave to adjourn from place to place. The debate was very acrimonious, the Opposition asserting that the Government was trying to burk inquiry; that it had delayed the passage of the Oaths Bill which instead of being put through at once, as had been promised, had taken nearly a month before it received the Royal assent ; and that everything that could possibly be done to delay inquiry was done. Sir John A. Macdonald claimed that the Government was as anxious as the Opposition to have the inquiry ; but said that the Government was, to all intents and purposes, inpeached and placed on its trial ; and he asked in the name of British fair play if it was just to urge that that trial should be hurried foward while the witnesses on whom they relied to exonerate them were absent. After a long debate Hon. Mr. Dorion moved an amendment which after recounting the motion originally made by Hon. Mr. Huntington, continued : “ That since the appointment of the Committee, when the unani- mous feeling of the House was that the enquiry should be actively prosecuted during the present session, nothing had occurred to justify * These resolutions were all adopted in Committee on the casting vote of the Chairman, Messrs. Blake and Dorion voting against them. The Committee had been furnished by Hon. Mr. Hntington with a list of witnesses the first of whom was Sir Francis Hinks and Hon. Mr. Dorion moved in amendment to first resolution that Sir. Francis be called before the Committee, but the amendment was lost by the casting vote of the Chairman. the proposed adjournment of the Committee to the 2nd of July ; but on the contrary the interests of the country imyieratively demand that the inquiry should be prosecuted without further delay.” The amendment was lost on division, 76 for, 107 against. 10. — Hon. Mr. Cameron then moved that the select Committee should have leave to sit although the House might not thc Committee to be sitting at the time the Com- s't during recess. mittee met; but at the suggestion of Hon. Mr. Holton the motion was allowed to stand as a notice, and it was not until ten days afterwards — that is on the sixteenth that the question came up for discussion. On the previous day, the hfteenth, Hon. Mr. Huntington made some further statement to the House with reference to his charges, and attempted to read extracts from some letters which he claimed would support his charge, but was ruled out of order by Mr. Speaker who decided that inasmuch as the whole matter had been referred to a Com- mittee anything in the way of evidence must be produced before that Committee, and not before the House. Hon. Mr. Huntington then moved that inasmuch as he was credibly informed that certain original documents of the utmost im- portance in proving the charges made by him were in the hands of a trustee under circum- stances which rendered it exceedingly doubtful whether they might not be placed beyond the reach of the Committee before it met again on the second of July ; the Committee be ordered to meet at eleven o’clock next morning when he (Mr. Huntington) would disclose the name of the trustee with a view to having him summoned to produce all documents in his possession relating to the inquiry.* The motion was adopted. On the sixteenth the motion of the Hon. Mr. Cameron that the Committee should have leave to sit although the House be not sitting was adopted by a vote of 101 for to 66 against, an amendment offered by the Hon. Mr. • This motion referred to certain letters from Sir Hugh Allan to Mr. (t. W. McMullen and others, which had been placed in the hands of Hon. Henry Starnes to be delivered up to Sir Hugh on certain conditions. These documents were impounded in his hands and afterwards produced before the Royal Commission. 382 TUTTLE’S UISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OE CANADA. Adjournment to 13th of August. Uorion that it was necessary that the Honse should sit on the day to which the Committee was adjourned, haring been voted down by 66 for to 101 against. 11. — The question of the Committee con- tinuing its meetings after the date to which it had adjourned — the 2nd of July — being settled, the only other point to be determined was the adjournment of the House. It is well known that Committees of Parliament expire with prorogation, and, therefore, to enable the Committee to hold its meetings on and after the 2nd of July, it was necessary to adjourn the House to some date beyond that day, by which time the Committee should have completed its labors and be in a position to report to the House. On the 21st of May, Sir John A. Macdonald moved, “That when the House adjourns on Friday next, it do stand adjourned until Wednesday, the 13th day of August next,” which was carried without discussion or division. On the 23rd, His Excellency came down to the Senate Chamber and gave his assent to all the bills passed during the session, including the Supply Bill. On returning to the Commons Chamber, in answer to Hon. Mr. Mackenzie, Sir John A. Macdonald said that the meeting- on the 13th of August would be merely pro forma to receive the report of the Committee, which could then be printed and distributed during recess, and that he did not think it was necessary for more than the Speakers of the two Houses to be present for formal prorogation, as no business would be transacted. Hon. Mr. Holton thought that it would be necessary that at least a quorum of the House should be present. Sir John A. Macdonald said that there need be no occasion for members from a distance to attend, as, if it was necessary that a quorum should be present, it would be a very easy matter to get that number from amongst the members residing in Ottawa or its vicinity, so that those who 'lived at a distance might not be put to inconvenience. He reiterated the statement that the meeting would be simply pro forma, and said that he would take care that it was pro forma and nothing else. The House then adjourned. It is well to note that there was nothing said by either side at this time about any business being transacted on the 13th of August, other than receiving the report and immediate prorogation ; indeed the anxiety seemed to be to have it clearly understood that no other business should be transacted on that day. In view of the great dissatisfaction afterwards expressed by the Opposition because Parliament was prorogued on the 13th of August, and the abuse which was heaped on Lord Dufferin because he carried out on that day the programme which the House had laid out for him on the 21st of May, it is well to reflect on the unanimous oirinion of the House, at the time it was decided to adjourn to the 13th of August, that no business was to be transacted on that day, other than that previously agreed on. And this fact of the adjournment to the 13th of August being quietly agreed to by the Opposition, strengthens the impression that up to the time of the adjourn- ment of Parliament neither Mr. Huntington nor any of his party were in possession of any positive evidence in support of his charges, but were merely trusting to the Committee being able to procure that evidence ; for had he then been possessed of all the documents which were afterwards published, there can be no doubt but that the Opposition would have insisted that the meeting on the 13th of August should be for business; and it is another noticeable fact that it was not until after the publication of the McMullen correspondence that a single Opposition paper began to claim that the meeting on the 13th of August should be for any other purpose than prorogation. CHAPTER XXXVI. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— THE PACIFIC Continued.) 1. How THE MATTER STOOD AT THE ADJOURN- MENT OF THE SESSION. — 2. DISALLOWANCE GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFEREN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 383 OF THE Oaths Bill. — 3. Proceedings of THE Committee. — 4. Publication of Sir Hugh Allan’s letters. — 5. Effect of the publication. — 6. Sir Hugh Alian’s affi- davit. Its effect. 1. — It must be remembered that up to this time — 23rd of May, 1873 — nothing had been „ „ adduced to show that “ an How the matter acS^rnmentofthe Understanding’ was come to between the Grovernment and Sir Hugh Allan and Mr. Abbott, M.P., that Sir Hugh Allan and his friends should advance a large sum of money for the purpose of aiding the Elections of Ministers and their supporters at the ensuing G-eneral Elections, and that he and his friends should receive the contract for the construction of the Railway,” except the statement of the Hon. Mr. Huntington, on the 2nd of April, that he was “ credibly informed ” and believed that he could substantiate such charge. The Committee appointed had done nothing; each side blamed the other for delay, and both declared themselves ready for investi- gation, yet each wanted a little more than the other was inclined to give. Sir John wanted, and tried hard to persuade the Opposition to accept, a Royal Commission, which could examine witnesses under oath ; the Opi^osition insisted on having a Committee under the control of Parliament and urged the passing of a Bill authorizing the taking of evidence on oath, which was done. Still Mr. Huntington did not appear in a hurry to bring matters to proof, and w’hen the Committee was ready for him to formulate his charge he sent a letter — which, by-the-way, was not addressed to anyone in particular — through Hon. Mr. Dorion, stating that he was “ unexpectedly obliged to leave town for a few days,” and forwarding a list of witnesses he desired to have summoned, the publication of which tended to prejudice public opinion a little against the Ministry, for it contained the names of five Ministers as important witnesses ; but, the general public regarded Mr. Huntington’s motion as mere party warfare, and the House still reposed its confidence in the Ministry and supported it by majorities of from thirty to forty. 2. — The Oaths Bill was assented to on the 3rd of May, and on the same day Lord DufFerin forwarded a certified copy of the Disallowance of the Bill to the Colonial Secretary. Oaths Uiii. This action on his part was very freely criticised by the Opposition press after the disallowance of the Bill, and he was charged with aiding his Ministers in delaying or defeating investigation into the serious charges made against them ; but it must be rememberod that the opinion had been freely expressed in Parliament by Sir John A. Macdonald — who was the Legal adviser of the G-overner General — that the Bill was ultra vires, and although His Excellency had reason to think that his best course was to take the advice of his Ministers and sign the Bill, he had the undoubted right to consult other authorities if he had — as he did have — any doubt as to the strict legality of the Act.* On the twenty-ninth of May a despatch was received from the Earl of Kimberley acknow- ledging the receipt of His Excellency’s despatch of the third of May enclosing a certified copy of the Oaths Bill, and informing him that the Law Officers of the Crown had pronounced it ultra vires. On Friday, the twenty-seventh of June, His Excellency, who was at Quebec at the time, received a telegram from the Earl of Kimberley which read “ Oaths Bill disallowed ” ; and on Tuesday the first of July an Extra of the Canada Gazette was issued containing a Pro- clamation announcing its disallowance, * Lord Dufferin in his veiT .able .and lucid despatch of the 15th of Augrust, in which he reviewed the whole course of the Scandal up to and including the prorogation on the 1.3th, says on this point : — “ Into the motives which induced me to sanction the Oaths Bill, .and into its subsequent history, I need not enter, as the former .arc stated in iny despatch of the 3rd May, and the latter is recorded in your Lordship’s communication of 30th June, — but I may observe in passing, that amongst other respects in which my conduct has been criticised, the fact of my having communicated to you by the first opportunity a certified copy of the Oaths Bill, has been a very general point of attiick, I .apprehend it will not be necessary to justify myself to your Lordsbip in this particul.ar. My law-adviser had called my attention to the possibility of the Bill being illegal. Had perjured testimony been tendered under it, no proceedings could have been taken .against the delinciucnt.aud if, under these circum- stances, I h.ad wilfully withheld from the Home Government all cognizance of the Act, it would have been a gross dereliction of duty. To those in this country who have questioned my procedure it would be sutBcient to reply, that I recognize no authority on this side of the Atl.antic competent to instruct the Governor-General as to the nature of his correspondence with Her Majesty’s Secretary of State.” 384 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 3. — On the 2nd of July the Select Committee met, pursuant to adjournment, in Montreal, Proceedings of the members being present. Committee. Committee met in the Appeal Court Room, and the Chairman, Hon. J. H. Cameron, announced that he had received a communication from the Minister of Justice informing him of the disallowance of the Oaths Bill ; therefore, the Committee would not have power to sw^ear witnesses. Hon. A. A. Dorion at once moved that Sir Francis Hincks, the first witness on the list, be called. Hon. Mr. McDonald (Pictou), moved an amendment to the effect that inasmuch as the House had instructed the Committee to take evidence on Oath, and the Bill authorizing them to do so had been disallowed, that the Committee could not proceed without further instructions from the House. A debate ensued on this in which Hon. Messrs. Blake & Dorion held that when the Committee was appointed it was as an ordi- nary Parliamentary Committee ; that nothing was said then about evidence being taken on oath, that being an after instruction ; and that the Bill authorizing oaths to be administered having been disallowed, the Committee reverted to the position it occupied before that passed, and was, therefore, cpiite comiietent to continue the inves- tigation without sworn evidence, and they urged that the examination of witnesses should be lu’oceeded wdth. Hon. Mr. Cameron, said that not only the House but the whole country expected that the evidence should be taken on oath, and no other testimony would be satisfac- tory. He thought there was one way in which the difficulty could be overcome, and that was by getting the Gfovernment to ask the Home authorities to pass an Act in Imperial Parliament, which was in session, giving the Dominion House the power it lacked when the Oaths Bill was passed; and suggested an adjournment for twenty-four hours that he might consult the Premier. Hon. Mr. Dorion objected to the Government suggesting a change of the consti- tution of the country without consulting Parlia- ment. It might not be very important in a small matter like this, but if the principle was admitted it might be used in very important matters. Hon. Mr. Cameron said what was wanted was that the Imperial Parliament should legalize an illegal Act which the Dominion Parliament had passed, believing it had the power to do so. The Committee then adjourned till Thursday, the 3rd, and on reassembling Hon. Mr. Cameron read a letter from Sir John A. Macdonald stating that in the absence of the Governor-General, he could not say whether the Government would ask the Imperial authorities for the legislation suggested by the Chairman of the Committee ; but, if the Committtee desired it, he would submit the question to the Privy Council. The motion of Hon. Mr. McDonald, that the Com- mittee could not proceed without further instruction from the House was then carried, Hon. Messrs. Blake and Dorion voting against it, and Hon. Messrs. Blanchet, McDonald and Cameron for it. On motion of Hon. Mr. Blanchet the Committee then adjourned to the 13th of August to meet at Ottawa. After the adjourn- ment Hon. Mr. Cameron read a letter addressed to him as Chairman of the Committee by Sir John A. Macdonald, offering to issue a Royal Commission to the members of the Committee so that they could continue their labors ; the Commission being instructed to report to the House. This offer was declined by Hon. Messrs Blake and Dorion, and the Committee adjourned. 4. — On the morning of the 4th of July the people of Montreal and Toronto were astonished by the publication in the Herald „fsir and Globe of a number of tele- grams and letters from Sir Hugh Allan to Mr. G. W. McMullen, Mr. C. M. Smith, and another gentleman whose name was not given, which were claimed to be the letters which were impounded in the hands of the Hon. Henry Starnes, and on which the Hon. Mr. Huntington had based his charge that the Government had sold the Charter to Sir Hugh Allan and a number of American capitalists in consideration of a large sum of money to be used in aiding the elections of Ministers and their friends. This correspondence consisted of three telegrams and seventeen letters, covering a space of time GOVERNMENT OP THE EARL OF DUFEERIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 385 from the 8th of October, 1871, to the 16th September, 1872, and disclosed a partial view of the steins which Sir Hugh Allan had taken to form a company of American capitalists to build the Pacific Railway, and the efforts he had made to induce the Grovernment to give him the contract. These letters were evidently written in the confidential strain of one party in an enterprise addressing another party equally interested, and gave particulars as to the persons whom it was thought necessary to gain over to support the scheme, and the means to be used to secure that support. In one letter, addressed to Mr. C. M. Smith, Chicago, and dated 28th February, 1872, Sir Hugh speaks of having to distribute 1850,000 worth of stock, and expend about $100,000 in money to secure the Charter,* but not a member of the Govern- ment was mentioned, nor was there even prima facie evidence that any of the money was to be used either directly or indirectly for the benefit of Ministers. In another letter, dated 16th Sep.tember, 1872, and addressed to G. W. McMullen Chicago, he says, “ I have disbursed $343,000 in gold, which I want to get repaid. I have still to pay $13,500, which will close everything off.” In a long letter addressed to a gentleman in New York, whose name was not given at this time,t dated 1st July, he reviews his whole course of action “ Montreal, February 28, 1872. * “ Dear Sir, — It seems pretty certain, that in addition to money pay- ments, the following stock will have to be distributed : D. L. Macpherson, $100,000; A. B. Foster, $100,000; Donald A. Smith, $100,000; C. J. Brydges, ,$100,000 ; .J. J. C. Abbott, $50,000; D. Mclnnes, $50,000; John Shedden, $50,000; A. Allan, $.50,000; C. S. Gzowski, $50,000; George Brown, $.50,000 ; A. S. Hincks, $50,000 ; H. Nathan, $50,000 ; T. MoGreevy, .$50,000; total, $8.50,000. To meet this I propose that we give up of our stock as follows: C. M. Smith, $250,000; G. W. McMullen, $250,000 1 Hugh Allan, $350,000; total, $850,000. Please say if this is agreeable to you. I do not think we can do with less, and may have to give more. I do not think we will require more than $100,000 in cash, but I am not sure as yet. Who am I to draw on for money when it is wanted, and what proof of payment will be required '? You are aware I cannot get receipts. Our Legislature meets on the 11th of April, and I am already dee]) in preparation for the game. Every day brings up some new difficulty to be encountered, but I hope to meet them all successfully. Write to me immediately. “ Yours truly, (Signed) “ HUGH ALLAN. “ C. M. S.MITH, Esq., Chicago. “ P.S.— I think you will have to go it hlind in the matter of money (cash payments). I have already paid $8,500, and have not a voucher, and cannot get one.” tThe name of the party was G. W. Cass. with regard to obtaining the Charter, and says that having made up his mind that the matter would ultimately rest in the hands of Sir George E. Cartier, he determined to secure his interest, and that in order to obtain this he influenced in one way or other twenty-seven out of the forty-five French Canadian members who supported Cartier in the House and gave the Government its majority ; but he does not say that any other means were used than through advocating the building of the Northern Colonization Railway, (which he intended should ultimately form part of the Canada Pacific). With regard to the Northern j Colonization Railway he says, “ I employed several young French lawyers to write it up ' for their own newspapers. I subscribed a controlling influence in the stock and proceeded [ to subsidize the newspapers themselves, both editors and proprietors. I went to the country through which the road would pass and called on many of the inhabitants. I visited the priests and made friends of them and I employed agents to go amongst the principal people and talk it up.” He then says that when Cartier became convinced that the majority of his followers would not support him “unless the contract for the Pacific Railway was given in the interests of Lower Canada,” he consented to his (Sir Hugh’s) having the contract. The whole tenor of the correspondence went to show that Sir Hugh was a most accomplished wire-puller ; that he intended to retain his American associates in the enterprise, although it was to be, nominally, a British Company ; that he had used, and intended to use, large sums of money to gain his ends, but there was nothing in them to create more than a suspicion that any understanding had been come to between Sir Hugh and the Ministry that he should spend large sums to aid in the elections, in return for the Charter, as charged by Hon. Mr. Huntington. 5. — The publication of these letters, of course, caused much excitement, and the Opposition Effect of the press jubilantly iiroclaimed that publication. Hoii. Mr. Huntuigton had proved 1 46 38G TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE HOHINIOH OF CANADA. his case. The Globe of the 5th of July, at the j couclusiou of a long editorial on the subject, said : “ The throwing over of Mr. Macpherson, the enormous expenditure at the election, and the evasion of enquiry by the Government, are all explicable on one hypothesis and one only. That hypothesis is that the Government sold the Charter for money to Sir Hugh Allan ; that they are in the same boat; that they are tarred with the same brush ; and that the man who occupies the post of First Minister is hopelessly involved in an infamous and corrupt con- spiracy.” This was, of course, the extreme view, and was not at all generally shared in by the people ; for, as a matter of fact. Sir John A. Macdonald’s name is only mentioned three times in the whole seventeen letters, once with regard to making an appointment to meet him ; once that a coolness existed between him and Cartier “ arising from the coqiretting of the latter with Blake and Mackenzie to form an alliance and carry the elections iiext summer, with a view to leave Sir John A. oixt in the cold ” ; ^ and once, where he says that Cartier told him that he (Cartier) and Sir John had long ago made up their minds not to give the Charter to either Macpherson’s or his (Allan’s) Company but to form a Government Company, and have the work conducted under Government control. This did not look like being “ hopelessly involved in an infamous and corruxxt conspiracy ” ; and when the first surprise caused at the jrartial revelation of Sir Hugh Allan’s scheme had passed, and the letters were read through again calmly, it was found that the only paragraph -which in any way supported the charge was contained in a letter to Mr. Cass, dated 7th of August, in which Sir Hugh says : “ The policy I adopted has been quite successful. The strong French influence I succeeded in obtaining, has proved sufficient to control the elections, and as soon as the Government realised this fact, which they wmre unwilling to admit and slow to see, they opened negotiations with me. It is unnecessary to * Letter to G. W. McMullen dated 5th February, 1872. detail the various phases through which it passed, but the result is that we yesterday signed an agreement by which, on certain monetary conditions, they agree to form the company, of which I am to be President, to suit my views, to give me and my friends a majority of the stock.” These words “ certain monetary conditions ” had something of a corrupt ring in them and caused a good deal of distrust to remain until the publication of a sworn statement by Sir Hugh Allan,* gave his * The following is the full te.xt of Sir Hugh Allan’s affid ivit in answer to the letters published in the Montreal Herald of the fourth of .July; which appeared in the Montreal Gazette of the fifth : I, Sir Hugh Adan, of Ravenscraig, in the Province of Quebec, Knight, being duly sworn, depose and say ; That I have for some years past taken a strong interest in the develop- ment of railway communication throughout the Dominion of Canada, and particularly through the district of country lying to the westward of Montreal, with a view to increasing the facilities of communication be- tween the sea-board and AVestern America. And that amongst other projects, my attention was early directed to the scheme for constructing a railway between Montreal, as the most AVesterly Atlantic sea-board, and the Pacific Ocean. That in the Autumn of 1871, I learned, in conversation with Sir Francis Hincks, that certain American capitalists had proposed to the Govern- ment, through Mr. Waddington, to organize a Company for the purpose of building the Canada Pacific Railway, but that no action had been taken upon their proposition. That thereupon, inasmuch as no movement ap- peared to be contemplated in Canada for the purpose in question, and I doubted if Canadian capitalists could be induced to subscribe to it to any large extent , I obtained from Sir Francis Hincks the names of the persons who had been communicating with Government, and immediately placed myself in correspondence with them, for the purpose of endeavouring to form a Pacific Comi)any in advance of the measures which were expected to be taken by the Government at the then ensuing session of Parlia- ment. That, accordingly, after a certain amount of negotiation, I entered into an agreement with Mr. Smith, of Chicago, and Mr. McMullen, who was understood to represent a certain number of American capitalists — in which I reserved for Canadians as much stock as I thought I could pro- cure to be subscribed in Canada, the remainder to be taken up by the Americans interested and their friends. This agreement contemplated a vigorous prosecution of the work of construction, in conformity with the design of the Canadian Government .so soon as it should be ascertained, provided the means to be placed at the disposal of the Company were such as in the opinion of the associates would justify them in undertaking the contract. And with regard to this agreement, I most distinctly and explicitly declare that neither in the agreement itself, nor in any con- versation or negotiation connected with it, was there any stipulation, statement, or expressed plan, which had for its object any retardation of the work, or any other i>uri)Ose than its completion throughout at as early a day as would be consistent with reasonable economy in building it. And more particularly, I declare that there was no intention expressed or implied, either in the agreement or in the negotiations which accom- panied it, of placing it in the power of the Northern Pacific Railway or any other Company or body of men to obstruct the enteri)ise in any man- ner or way whatever. That no further steps of importance were taken by myself or associates up to the time of the opening of the session of Parliament at Ottawa, in respect of the projected Company, except that I placed myself in communication with the Government, offering to organize a Company which would undertake the construction oqthc road, and discussing the question of the facilities and aid which the Government would probably recommend to be furnished by the country ; and in the course of these discussions and negoti.ations I endeavored, as far as possible, to secure for myself the position of President of the projected Company, which was GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF HUFFERIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 387 version of his whole connection with the Pacific Railway contract from the inception of the enterprise down to the granting of the Charter to- the “Canadian Pacific Railway Company ” from which all American capitalists were carefully excluded. the position my a.ssociates were willing to allow me, and to which I thought myself entitled, from the active part which I took in the great national enterprise to which the agreement and negotiations in question hiid reference. And as to this point, I had reason to believe from the first that the Government was ineparcd to admit my claim. That when the time for the session of the Canadian Parliament approached, I applied to Mr. Abbott to prepare the requisite legislation ; and shortly after Parliament had opened I proceeded to Ottawa for the purpose of ascertaining how matters were progressing, .and what prospect there was of a successful prosecution of the undertaking by myself and the persons who 'were then associated with me. That, i)revious to this time, however, I had communicated with a large number of persons in Canada on the subject of the proposed Company, requesting their co- cper.ation and assistance, .and endeavoring to induce them to subscribe for stock to such extent .as I thought fair, con.sidering their position and moans. And although I did not meet with any great me.asure of success in procuring subscriptions of stock, yet it was quite as great as I had anticipated when making my arrangements with the American capitalists. In my negotiations with them, therefore, I provided for the distribution of thestock which those gentlemen were willing to subscribe or which I believed they would eventually be willing to subscribe, upon the formation of the Company. That when I visited Ott.awa, as stated in the last paragraph, I ascer- tained, by personal observation and communic.ation with the members of the House, that a strong prejudice had arisen againsst any connection with American capitalists in the formation of the proposed Company, the fear expressed with regard to that subject being that such capitalists would find it for their interest rather to obstruct the Canadian Pacific, .and further the construction of the Northern Piicific, than to .act in the interests of Canada by pressing forward the Canadian road. And though I did not share this fear, and alw.ays believed, and still believe that the persons who proposed to be associated with me would have gone on with the enterprise in good faith to the best of their .ability, yet I found the feeling for the moment so strong that I jiulged it expedient and proper to yield to it, and therefore consented that the legislation to be presented to the House should exclude foreigners from the Company, and that the Directors should be exclusively Canadi.an. That a Bill incorporating the Canada Pacific Company was then introduced into the House by Dr. Grant, who h.ad been a prominent advocate of the Canadian Pacific scheme, and had introduced in the last previous session a similar measure, at the Instance of the bate Mr. Waddington and others who were then interesting themselves in the project. Th.at notwithstanding that the Bill which was so introduced contem- plated by its terms the exclusion of foreigners, I did not feel by any means convinced that the Government would insist upon any such condition, believing as I did, and do, that such a proposition was impolitic and unnecessary. I did not. therefore, feel justified in entirely bre.aking off my connection with the Americ.an associates, although I .acquainted them with the difficulty which might arise if the Government took the same position which the m.ajority of the people with whom I conversed at Ottawa appeared to do. I was aware that, by the terms of the Bill introduced by the Government, they would have a controlling power as to the terms of the contract, and I was wilting to abide by their decision as to the extent of interest, if any, which foreigners might be permitted to hold. And until that decision was communicated to me, I felt in honor bound by the agreement I had made to leave the door open for the entrance of my American associates into the Company, unless the contingency arrived of a .distinct prohibition by the Government .against admitting them. And in informing them of the progress of the .affair in Canada, as I did on certain occasions as an individual, .and without implicating the Company of which I was a member, I considered that I was only acting fairly by them. And X did not intend thereby to bind, and, as I conceive, did not in any way bind or compromise to my views 6. — The publication of Sir Hugh Allan’s affidavit was joyfully received by the friends of the Government as “a clean gir Hugh Allan’s Bill of Health ” against the effect, charges of Hon. Mr. Huntington, and that gentleman and his friends were bitterly assailed the other members of the Canada Pacific R.ailway Company, with whom I did not think it necessary to communicate at all on the subject of my occasional correspondence with my Amerioiin .associates, the more especially as this correspondence was entirely priv^ate and confidential, and, moreover, was written with such inattention, as to accuracy of expression, as might be expected in correspondence intended only to be seen by those to whom it was addressed. During my stay at Ottawa, I had some communication of an informal character with members of the Government, and I found th.at they were stilt disj>osed to recognize the value of my services in endeavoring to organize a Company. But in view of the rivalry which appe.ared to exi>t in respect of the Pacific scheme, and the strong array of Canadi.an names which had been obtained by the Inter-Oceanic Company as associates in its project, nothing definite leading me to expect any preference for myself or for the Company which I was endeavoring to organize, or indeed .anything definite relating to the project, was .s.aid by the members of the Government with whom I communiciited. It appe.ared to me th.at while their intentions and opinions had been freely expressed to me when no Company other than th.at which I w.as imoposing to organize was likely to be formed, the presence of eomiietition amongst Canadians, for the contract, had decided them to allow matters to take their own course until they should h.ave been enabled to decide, after the formation of the Canadian Comi)anies, what line of conduct would be most conducive to the interests of the country. And there w.as, therefore, very little s.aid or done during the session, which g.ave me any clue to the views of the Government with respect to the course of action which they would probably ultimately adopt. After the session, the Canada Pacific R.ailway Company, of which I was a member, proceeded to organize, and they notified the Goverment that they were prepared to take the contract for building and running the Pacific Railw.ay on the terms and conditions mentioned in the Govern- ment Bill. They caused stock books to be opened in various parts of the Dominion in conformity with the Act, and took such initiatory steps and such other proceedings as were necessary to enable them to act gs an organized corponate body. It soon .after became evident to me that the Government would bo best pleased to see .an amalgamation of the two Companies incorporated by Parliament, in order that united action might be secured and the greatest strength obtained in the formation of a Canadian Company ; and I therefore opened negotiations with the Inter- Oceanic Comp.anny fortbe purpose of endeavouring to effect such an .amalgamation, and at the same time the Canada Pacific Company placed itself in communnication with the Government with relation to the same subject. It was thereupon intimated that the Government were also desirous that the amalgamation should take place. That therein>on Mr. Abbott, a member of the Can.ada Pacific Railway Company, proceeded to Toronto to meet Sen.ator Maepherson, and, if possible, to arrange terms of amalgamation that would be satisfactory to both Companies. And after a discussion of the matter during two or three days, in Toronto, be- tween him and Mr. Maepherson, he reported to the Can.ada Company that there did not appear to be any material difficulty in the way of our amal- gamation, except that the chaim which I made to be President of the amalgamated Company, and to have the nomimation of an equal number of the members of the now one to that nominated by Mr. Maepher- son, could not bo acceded to. Mr. Maepherson’s propos.al was that he, as representing the Inter-Oce.anic Company, should have the nomination of a larger number of members in the amalgamated Company than I, and that the question of the Presidency should be left to the Board of Direc- tors. With regard to the Presidency, Mr. Abbott informed the Company, that Sir John Maedoniild expressed himself as being favorable to my elec- tion .as President, and that any influence the Government might possess among the members of the amalgamated Company would be exercised for the purpose of aiding in my election to that office, and that probably the difficulty as to the nomination of members to tbe new Company, between myself and Mr. Maepherson, might be obviated in some way. In other 8S8 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. lor making snch serions charges on such slight and insufficient grounds. More moderate men were disposed to think that the letters disclosed sufficient suspicious circumstances to warrant Mr. Huntington’s attack ; but that the affidavit of Sir Hugh Allan had cleared the Ministry re.spectp, he reported th.at he could find no divergence of opinion .is to the am.ilgamation of the two Companies between myself and Mr. Macpherson. After receiving Mr. Abbott’s rejiort of the negotiation at Toronto, I felt s.itisfied that no difficulty would occur in bringing them to a success- ful termination. And as the late Sir Oeorge Cartier happened to be in Montreal shortly afterwards, and I was taking considerableintercst in his re-election, I met him and had unofficial conversation with him on the subject of the Charter, on several occasions, urging that the influence of the Government should be used to procure the amalgamation upon such terms as I considered would be just to myself and the Company over which I presided. That Sir George Cartier wreference to Quebec in the matter of the Presidency, or in any other particular. He says the question about the Presidency should be left to the Board. Under these circumstances, I authorize you to assure Allan th.at the influence of the Government will be e.xercised to secure him the position of President. The other terms to be as agreed on between Macpherson and Abbott. The whole matter to be kei)t quiet until after the elections. Then the two gentlemen to meet the Privy Council at Ottawa, and settle the terms of a provision.al agreement. This is the only practical solution of the difficulty, and should be accepted at once by Allan. Answer- [Signed,] JoH.\ A. Macdonald. Sir George Cartier, Ottawa.’ And Sir George Cartier, on that occasion, gave me the assurance which he was by that telegram authorized by the Premier to convey to me Th.at on further discussion with Sir George C.artier, as to the course which the Government would probably take with regard to the amalgama- tion and the contract to be granted, I urged upon him certain modifica- tions of the terms of the above telegram from Sir John A. Macdonald, and finally Sir (Jeorge came to entertain the opinion th.at I was entitled to have certain of those modifications conceded to me, and expressed his willingness to recommend it to hfs colleagues. Being desirous of h.aving as definite an expression of opinion from Sir George as he felt himself justified in giving, I requested that he would put what he stated verbally to me, in writing, .and accordingly, on the 30th of Jul> , 1872, he wrote to me the following letter ; — (Cojiy.) Montreal, July 30th, 1872. Dear Sir Hugh, — I enclose you copies of telegrams received from Sir John A. Macdonald, and with reference to their contents I would say that in my opinion the Governor-in-Council will approve of the amalga- mation of your Company with the Inter-Oceanic Company, under the name of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, the Provisional Board of the amalgamated Company to be composed of seventeen members, of whom four shall be named from the Province of Quebec, by the Canada Pacific Railway Company; four from the Province of Ontario, by the Inter-Oceanic Railway Company, and the remainder by the Government ; the amalgamated Company to have the powers specified in the tenth section of the Act incorporating the C.anada Pacific Railway Company, etc., the agreement of amalgamation to be executed between the Com- panies, within two months from this date. The Canada Pacific Company might t.ake the initiative in procuring the amalgamation ; and if the Inter-Oceanic Company should not e.xecute an agreement of amalgamation upon such terms, and within such limited time, I think the contemplated arrangements should be-made with the Canada Pacific Company, under its charter. Upon the subscription and payment on account of stock being m.ade, as required by the Act of last session, respecting the Canadian Pacific from the charge made against it. It was remembered that the Ministry had claimed in the House when the adjournment of the Com- mittee to the 2nd of July was asked for, that their two most important witnesses — Sir Hugh Allan and Mr. Abbott — were absent, and that Railw.ay Company, I have no doubt but that the 6overnor-in-Council wilt agree with the Company for the construction and working of the Cana- dian Pacific Railway, with such br,anches as shall be .agreed upon, and will grant to the Company all such subsidies .and .assist.ance as they are empowered to do by the Government Act. I believe all the advantages which the Government Act empowers the Government to confer upon any Company will be required to enable the works contemphated to be successfully carried through, and I am convinced th.at they will be accorded to the Comp.any to be formed by amalgamation, or to the Canada Pacific Company, as the case may be. I would add, that as I approve of the measures to which I have referred in this letter, I shall use my best endeavors to have them carried into effect. Very truly yours, [Signed,] Geo E. Cartier. I positively decl.are that up to the date of this letter I had not any undertaking of any kind or description with the Government, either directly or through any other person, than that contained in Sir John Macdonald’s telegr.am of the 26th July, which is given above; and that telegram and the above letter from Sir George Cartier contain every- thing that was ever stated or .agreed to between any member of the Government and myself on the subject of the Pacific Railway project up to that date. On the same day that I received the .above letter from Sir George Cartier, I informed Sir .lohn A. Macdonald of the contents of it, and asked for his sanction of the views which it contained. But he declined to concur in the terms of Sir George’s letter, telegraphing to him that he would not agree to them, and that he would come down to Montreal and confer with him respecting them. Thereupon I immediately informed Sir George Cartier th.at I should consider the letter addressed to me as being withdrawn. And to my knowledge Sir George telegraphed Sir John that he had seen me, and that as he (Sir John) objected to Sir George’s letter, it had been with- drawn. I also telegraphed Sir John on the same day (July 31st) to the effect that I had seen Sir George Cartier, and that he (Sir John) might return my letter or regard it as waste paper) and that I was satisfied with the telegram of the 26th as expressive of the views of the Government. I positively and explicitly declare that, excepting so far as an under- standing between the Government and myself is expressed in the fore- going correspondence. Iliad no agreement of any kind or description, either verbally or in writing, by myself or through any other person, in respect of the contract of the Pacific Railw,ay, or of any advantage to be conferred upon me in respect of it. The terms of the Charter, the com- position of the Company, the privileges which were to be granted to it, the proportions in which the stock w,as to be distributed, having been matters for negoti.ation .and settlement up to the last moment, and were only closed and decided upon while the Charter was being prepared in the early part of the present j’ear, and the persons who finally com- posed the Company were only decided upon within a few days of the issue of the Charter, I myself being permitted to subscribe only a similar amount of stock to that subscribed by other prominent members of the Company. With reference to certain priv.ate and confidential letters published this d.ay .in the Montreal Herald, and to certain statements in these letters which may appear to conflict in some degree with the foregoing, I must, in justice to myself, offer certain explanations. I desire to state with regard to those letters, that they were written in the confidence of private intercourse, in the midst of many matters engrossing my atten- tion, and probably with less care and circumspection than I might h.ave bestowed upon them had they been intended for publication. At the same time, while in some respects these letters are not strictly accurate, I conceive that the circumstances, to a great extent, justified or excused the l.anguage used in them. With regard to the reference repeatedly m.ade in those letters, to the American interest in the stock of the Company, .as I have already stated. GOVERNMENT 6f THE EARL OF DUFFERTN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 380 it would be most unfair to commence the inquiry while they were away ; and it was felt now that the demand was a just one for the statement of Sir. Hugh Allan imt quite a different complexion on what might otherwise have been twisted into a very ugly prima facie I had made an agreement with the parties to whom those letters were addressed, associating myself with them in a Company projected for the construction of the Pacific Railway. 1 had never been informed by the Government that it was their intention not to permit the association of foreigners with Canadians in the organization of the Pacific Company. And in consenting to the legislation introduced into the House, I thought I was only deferring to a prejudice which I myself considered without foundation. I did not hesitate to intimate that if a suitable opportunity offered they should be permitted to assume a position in the Company, as nearly like that which they and I had agreed upon as circumstances would permit. And as I entirely disbelieved the state- ments that were made as to their disposition to obstruct the Canadian Pacific, and considered that they might be of great use in furthering its construction, especially in the event of a failure of the negotiations in England, I had no hesitation in placing myself individually in the position of favoring their admission into the Company if circumstances should permit of it. It was in that spirit that what is said in my private letters, now published, was written to the gentlemen to whom they were addressed, and if matters had taken such a turn as to permit with pro- priety of those intentions being carried out, I should have felt myself bound to adhere to them. But, in point of fact, when the discussions as to the mode in which the Company should be formed, were entered upon with the Government, late in the autumn, I came to understand deci- sively that they could not be a>lmitted, and I notified them of the fact, and that the negotiations must cease between us, by a letter which has not been published in the Herald of to-day, but which was in the follow- ing terms : — MONTREAL) October 24th, 1872. My Dear Mr. McMullen, — No action has yet (as far as I know) been taken by the Government in the matter of the Pacific Railroad. The opposition of the Ontario party wilh I think, have the effect of shutting out our American friends from any participation in the road, and I apprehend all that negotiation is at an end. It is still uncertain how it will be given (the contract), but in any case the Governinent seem inclined to exact a declaration that no foreigners will have, directly or indirectly, any interest in it. But everything is in a state of uncertainty, and I think it is unnecessary for you to visit New York on this business at present, or at all, till you hear what the result is likely to be. Public sentiment seems to be decided that the road shall he built by Canadians only. Yours truly, (Signed,) Hugh Allan. 6. lY. McMullen, Esq., Picton, Ont. Up to this period to which this statement extends, the negotiation between the Government and myself had chiefly reference to effecting an amalgamation between the two companies which were competing for the railway, upon the principle, as I understand, that the enterprise would require all the strength that could be obtained for it, and the united efforts of everyone interested in it. And that it would conduce greatly to its success if the persons in the two Companies, who, together, comprised most of the prominent men in the Dominion, could be induced to join their energies in pressing forward the project. About this time, however, a memorandum was communicated to me which had been received by the Government from the Inter-Oceanic Company, which appeared to destroy the prospect of amalgamation ; and although the Canada Company endeavored to remove the objections made by the Inter-Oceanic Company, they failed in doing so, and the idea of amalgamation was shortly afterwards finally abandoned. There- upon, the Government informed me that it was decided that the contract should not be given to either of the Companies alone, but that the Government would incorporate a new Company, if the prominent members of the two incorporated Companies, and any leading Canadians who might be disposed to join them, and able to give assistance, could case if the letters had been allowed to 2:0 forth to the world without explanation or contra- diction. Another point was that Sir Hugh Allan’s statement was aworn In and purported to tell the whole story ; while the letters were evidently obtained surreptitiously and only gave frftg- be induced to subscribe the stock in the proportions which the Govern- ment had decided upon, which proportions are those embodied in the Charter. And from that time the efforts of all parties interested in the project were directed towards procuring the association together of the most prominent men of both Companies in the new Company to be incorporated under the terms of the Government Act of the previous session. And it was as the result of these efforts that the present Com- pany was formed, composed, in a majority of instances, of gentlemen with whom I had no communication whatever, and not in any respect as the consequence of any understanding between myself and the Govern- ment. From that time also, communication between myself and my former associates ceased, having finally been broken off by myself as soon as I ascertained the desire of the Government. And I state further, positively, that no money derived from any fund or from any of my former American associates, was expended in assisting my friends or the friends of the Government at the recent general elections. That with regard to the construction which api)ears to be intended to be placed upon the statements in the letter referred to as to the preliminary expenses connected with the Charter, I state most posi- tively and explicitly that I never made an agreement or came to any understanding of any kind or description with the Government or any of its members, as to the payment of any sum of money to anyone, or in any way whatever, in consideration of receiving the. contract for the Canadian Pacific. I declare that I did expend considerable sums of money in various ways which appeared to me to be advantageous to the Company I had organized, and calculated to strengthen my hands in endeavoring to obtain the contract for that Company, but that I did not on any occasion or in any way pay, or agree to pay, anything what- ever to any member of the Government, or to any one on behalf or at the instance of the Government, for any consideration whatever, in connection with the Charter or contract. As may be gathered from the letters in question, I considered it to be my policy to strengthen my position as far as I possibly could with my own friends and fellow- citizens in the Province of Quebec, and more especially in so far as related to the Montreal Northern Colonization Railway, which I conceived would at some day be the outlet from the Canadian Pacific to the port of Montreal. And a considerable portion of the money referred to in those letters, was expended by me in furtherance of that project in many ways. I considered it for my interest also that those members of Parliament who had shown an interest in the Canadian Pacific enterprise, and in other railway enterprises in which I was interested, and who were disposed to assist and further them, should be aided in their elections, and I subscribed some money and lent some money to assist the election of such persons as were my friends and in whom I was interested, but withont any understanding or condition with them, or any of them, as to Parliament- ary support or assistance in the event of their election. In these and similar ways I expended sums of money approaching in amount those mentioned in those letters, as I conceive I had a perfect right to do ; but I did not state in those letters, nor is it the fact that any portion of those sums of money were paid to the members of the Government, or were received by them or on their Behalf, directly or indirectly, as a considera- tion in any form for any advantage to mo in connection with the Pacific Railway contract. I desire also to state further with regard to the envelope and the papers which it contains, which were phaced in the hands of the lion. Mr. Starnes shortly before my departure for England with the delegation of the Pacific Railway, that upon being informed by me that all negotiations between my former American associates and myself on the subject of the Canadian Pacific must cesise, large demands were made upon me by Mr. McMullen based partly upon alleged e.xpenditure by him, and partly upon a claim’by him for compensation for his loss of time and services in the promotion of the enterprise so long as he and his friends remained connected with it. These demands at first were of such an extensive character that I declined altogether to entertain them. I was disposed 390 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ments of a long correspondence, so arranged as to make the circumstances of which they treated appear in the worst possible light. The effect produced is well described by Lord Dnfferin in the following portion of his despatch to the Earl of Kimberley, under date 15th August : “ On the whole, as far as I could gather from the tone of the press, and from conversation, these revelations rather improved than otherwise the position of the Ministry. On the one hand. Sir Hugh Allan’s letters accounted for and justified Mr. Huntington’s pertinency, on the other, his affidavit, — or rather. Sir John Macdonald’s telegram, quoted in the affida- vit, — satisfactorily prove that, so far from yielding himself, or allowing his colleague, Sir George Cartier, to yield to the pressure put upon him by Sir Hrrgh Allan in the height of the election contest, my Prime Minister had required the immediate and complete cancelling of an arrangement favorable to Sir Hugh to which Sir George had evinced a willingness to subscribe.” CHAPTER XXXVII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUPffERIN— THF PACIFIC SCANDAL.— (Confmwed.) 1. How THE LETTERS CAME TO BE PUBLISHED. — 2. Mr. McMullen’s “ Narrative.” — 3. The DEFENSE OF THE GOVERNMENT. — 4. ThE FEELING ABOUT PROROGATION. — 5. LORD Dufferin defines the position of a Governor-General. — 6. The question of Prorogation. — 7. The tactics of the to return to my American associates any money which they might have expended in the matter, and I was ready to compensate Mr. McMullen for the loss of his time and his expenses, but it appeared to me that the sum he demanded was much greater in amount than all such disburse- ments and expenses could possibly have reached. I felt naturally that by trusting to the honor of my correspondents and writing to them in a manner somewhat inconsiderate, I had placed it in their power to annoy me by the publication of those letters, and I feared that the outcry which might follow thei^ publication in the columns of certain papers which have manifested unceasing hostility to the Canadian Pacific Railway, might injure the prospects of the delagation in England. I therefore authorized an arrangement to be made with Mr.'McMullen, by which a sum very much less than his original dem.ands should be paid to him ; the greater portion at oirce, but the remaining and a considerable portion on the delivery of the letters to me after the present Session of Opposition. — 8. His Excellency’s deci- sion. — 9. The Ninety-two Remonstrant MEMBERS. — 10. His Excellency’s .reply. — 11. Prorogation. — 12. The Indignation MEETING. — 13. The effect of Prorogation. 1. — For the two weeks which followed the publication of Sir Hugh Allan’s letters, and his subsequent affidavit with regard how the letters to them, little else occupied the be published. attention of the newspapers, and “ The Scandal ” and “ The Slander,” as it was called by the Opposition, and Ministerial papers respectively, was discussed in all its possible and impossible bearings. Of course, Mr. McMullen came in for a full share of abuse, and “ scoundrel,” “ black-mailer,” &c., were amongst the mildest uncomplimentary epithets applied to him. It was charged that when he found that the Government was determined to have American capitalists excluded from the new Company to be formed, and that Sir Hugh Allan had informed him that he would be obliged to break off all negotiations with his American associates, he attempted to black-mail Sir Hugh, demanding a large sum of money, and threatening that if not paid he would publish the letters he had in his possession ; that Sir Hugh had partly agreed to his terms, had paid part of the money demanded, and had deposited a cheque for the balance ($17,500) in a sealed envelope, in the hands of Hon. Henry Starnes to be given to Mr. McMullen should the session close without the letters being published, and the letters them- selves, which were also deposited with Hon. Mr. Starnes, were then returned to Sir Hugh Allan. It was also charged that he had kept Parliament, should they not be published in the interv'al. This was accordingly done. Mr. McMullen received the greater part of the sum agreed to with him, and the remainder was placed in one of those envelopes in the form of a cheque, the other envelope containing to the best of my belief the same letters which have been published in the Mont- real Herald this morning, together with one or two others, which do not appear there, but which would have established the rupture of all negotiations between the Americans and myself. And this arrangement was made on my behalf, with Mr. McMullen, without the concurrence or knowledge of any member of the Government, none of whom were aware that the papers had been deposited in the hands of Mr. Starnes. And I have signed, Hugh Allan. Sworn before me at Montreal, this 4th day of July, 1873. J. L. Beaudry, J. P. GOVERNMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFERIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 391 copies of these letters and had sold them to the leaders of the Opposition for a larger amount than that offered by Sir Hugh ($20,000 was the sum named). To this Mr. McMullen reiilied that he had never met Hon. Mr. Huntington but once, had never spoken to him about railway matters at all, disclaimed having received any- thing for the letters, and denied having furnished them at all for publication. 2. — Crimination and re-crimination went on for two weeks between McMullen and his Mr. McMullen’s accusei’s, aiid the public was ‘‘Narrative.” beginning to weary of the controversy, when, on the 18th of July, Mr. McMullen caused to be published in the Montreal Herald and Toronto Globe, what he called his “ Narrative ” of the whole course of his negotiations with Sir Hugh Allan with reference to the Pacihc Railway ; and the whole complexion of the case was immediately changed. The narrative of Mr. McMullen was like a scorpion, all the sting was in the tail. Mr. McMullen’s reputation for veracity was not very high, and the tone and animus of his narrative was so transparently vindictive towards the Grovernment and Sir Hugh Allan for excluding him and his partners from the contract; that it would not have carried much weight against the sworn testimony of Sir Hugh Allan that no barrgain of any kind was made with the Ministry ; but the postcript to McMullen’s statement contained copies of telegrams and letters from Sir John A. Mac- donald and Sir George E. Cartier which showed, on the face of them, not only that Sir Hugh Allan advanced large sums for election purposes to those gentlemen, but that it was done on account of some arrangement entered into by Sir George E. Cartier, under date 30th July, 1872.=^ The appended statement of ♦There was a great deal of speculation as to how copies of these four documents came into Mr McMullen’s possession, as they were kept for some time by Hon. Mr. Abbott and afterwards handed to Sir Hugh Allan ; but it was rumored that Hon. Mr. Abbott's Private Secretary (Mr. George Norris, .Jr.) sold copies of them to ilr. .John A. Perkins, a warm supporter of the Opposition, and an unsuccessful Candidate for Brome at the election of 1872, for $1,500, and that they were appended to Mr. McMullen’s letter to divert suspicion from the source from which they were obtained. The dismissal of Mr. Norris and his subsequent employment by Mr. Senator Foster, that, as far as his knowledge went, the statement of Mr. McMullen was substantially true, and that he was aware of an arrangement having being made for the use of money for election purposes, carried great weight, and many who had always regarded the charge of Hon. Mr. Huntington as a mere political trick, now changed their minds and were pronounced in their opinion that the matter needed the promptest and most thorough investigation, as there must be some truth in the charges. 3. — This second revelation was almost a death- blow to the Ministry, and although the Montreal Gazette of the 21st The defence of the July published an editorial, by '♦°'ernment. authority of the Ministry, it did not have much effect in changing the opinion which was by this time generally formed, that the Government had been retained in power by the corrupt use of Sir Hugh Allan’s money ; and that he had been given the Charter as a reward for his pecuniary services. The defence was as follows: “We are authorized by the members of the Govern- ment referred to in the communications of Messrs. McMullen and Foster, published in the Gazette of Saturday, to state that in so far as any part of those communications or of the documents published with them tends or purports to implicate any member of the Government in any agreement, promise or understanding to grant, or to further the granting of the Charter of the Canadian Pacihc Railway Company, or the contract for the building of that Railway, as compensation for assistance at the late general elections, or for pecuniary considerations of any kind, or upon any ground, or for any reason inconsistent with their duty as members of the Government, those communications and documents are either absolutely and entirely false or so expressed as to convey an absolutely false impression. That the arrangement referred to by the late Sir George E. Cartier in the published letter of the 24th August last was an arrangement personal Perkins, and the failure of both Mr. Perkins and Mr. Norris to apjie.ar before the Royal Commission, gave some color to this rumor. 392 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE to himself and Sir Hugh Allan, independent of, and until published, irnknown to the other members of the Government, and that it had no reference to the Canadian Pacific Charter or contract, or to the granting or furthering the granting of either of them ; and that at the earliest possible moment the whole of the facts and circumstances will be laid before a tribunal competent to receive evidence respect- ing them upon oath.” Indeed, the defence instead of strengthing the position of the Ministry rather weakened it ; for it was regarded by many as a mean attempt to throw upon the shoulders of a dead colleague* the whole responsibility of a transaction to which at least two other members of the Ministry — Messrs. Macdonald and Langevin — appeared to have been privy. 4. — Public attention was now thoroughly aroused, and the excitement soon grew to be The feeling about ^^^ry great. The proposed pro- Prorogation. rogatioii Oil the 13th of August was no longer regarded as a mere formality, but the necessity for the members re-assembling and continuing the session was warmly and spiritedly discussed. On the one hand it was urged that it would be unfair to those members who lived at long distances from Ottawa if the House should proceed to business without their presence, and in some instances it would be physically impossible for the members to reach Ottawa by the 13th ; and also that the House having formally agreed th^t the meeting of the 13th should be only pro forma, and that no business beyond receiving the report of the Select Committee, and prorogation should be transacted, no other business could be done. On the other hand it was urged that the revelations which had been made demanded instant inves- tigation — indeed some papers went so far as to claim that no investigation was needed, but that the Governor-General should dismiss the Min- istry at once ; and that if the members were not in their places they had only themselves to blame and must take the consequences of their absence. The Opposition press was violent in its demand that the House should not be proro- * Sir George E. Cartier died in London, 27th May, 1873. DOMINION OF CANADA. gued. Mobile the Ministerial organs were as decided in their opinions that prorogation hav- ing been fixed for that day, must take place, and that the session could not be prolonged. Public sympathy was quite in favor of the House con- tinuing the session, and pushing through the in- vestigation of these charges without delay. It was felt that there had been altogether too much delay already; and that, no matter whether it was the Government or the Opposition which was to blame for this delay, it was now time that it should cease, and the charges either sus- tained or disproved without any more fighting against time on either side. As for the Opposi- tion, there was no doubt but that the members were now really in earnest in demanding inquiry ; and any further attempt of the Government to stave off an investigation was only regarded as an effort to retain power as long as possible. 5. — It was only to be expected that into so warm a controversy the name of the Governor- General should be introduced; L„rdDufferin and very soon the Ministerial ofi^Govemor-’*^*”" press began to assume an air of authority with regard to the proposed action of His Excellency which was calculated to give the impression that the articles we're at least sanctioned, if not inspired, either by him or by some one in his very close confidence. This led the Opposition press to comment with consider- able severity upon the proposed conduct of His Excellency, and not only to advise but to lecture him on what it was supposed he would do. His Excellency was at this time making a progress through the Maritime Provinces, and was in Prince Edward Island when Mr. McMullen’s “Narrative” was published. He at once sent for Hon. Messrs. Tilley and Tupper, who happened to be on the Island on some business connected with its recent admission to the Union, and he says in his despatch of the 15th of August, “ the strenuous assurances I received from each of them confirmed my hope that matters might be satisfactorily explained.”* From Prince Edward Island * If may be as well to state here that not the faintest breath of suspicion has ever attached itself to either of these gentlemen as having GOVKliNMENT OF THE EAEL OF HUFFEEIN— THE PACIFIC SCANJ)AL. ' 393 His Excellency proceeded to Halifax, and there he found that the press was making such unwarranted use of his name, that he considered it necessary to explain what he considered the position of a Governor-Greneral under the Constitution, which he did in a very able speech delivered at a dinner given in his honor by the Halifax Club. 6. — Still His Excellency was by no means determined what course to pursue. It had The que.«tion of ^eeii arranged that Parliament Prorogation. sliould be formally prorogued by Commissio]!, and Lieut. -Grovernor Caron, of Quebec, was the officer who was to perform the ceremony ; but His Excellency felt that his presence in Ottawa was necessary, and that he must consult his full Council before finally determining whether to continue to take the advice of his Ministers, or to dismiss them. From the time of the publication of the letters, etc., he had been in correspondence with Sir John A. Macdonald, who assured him that all the charges against the Grovernment could be satisfactorily explained as soon as the Grovern- ment had an opportunity to do so before a tribunal competent to take testimony on oath ; the Premier insisting, very justly, that in a matter so nearly concerning the honor of the Ministry it would be most unjust to admit testimony which was not given under the sanctity of an oath, and with the fear of punish- ment for perjury before the eyes of the witness. On the question of prorogation, the Premier claimed that His Excellency should carry out the well-understood and perfectly well-agreed arrangement made in May, that the House should only meet pro forma, and be prorogued. It must be recollected that at this time the strength of the Opposition lay in Ontario and Quebec, especially in the former, where they were in a decided majority; and it was much easier for them to assemble at Ottawa than it was for the supporters of the Government, many been in any way connected with the alleged corrupt bargain with Sir Hugh Allan ; and their high personal charaeter.s and unimpeachable political probity, were the strongest supports Sir John A. Macdonald had through the trying seven days during which the debate which led to the resignation of the Ministry lasted. of whom were in the most remote parts of the Dominion, and could not possibly reach the Capital in time for the meeting of the House. The Opposition organs had set up the plea that a majority of Parliament could do whatever a full House could do — in fact, that a majority ivas Parliament; but Sir John A. Macdonald held that it would be most unjust for his Ministry to be “ given over, bound hand and foot, to the tender mercies of their opponents I in the absence ol his supporters, whom he had j dismissed to their homes with my sanction and j with the acquiesence of Parliament,”* and His I Excellency finally yielded to his advice, and determined that the programme of prorogation should be carried out. 7. — Meanwhile the Opposition was most active, and were confident of success. Every supporter they could count on The tactics of the was drummed up and mar- •Jw’osition. shalled in array for the momentous 13th, and a few converts from the Ministerial ranks were partially gained over, who, although not at that j time quite prepared to vote a want of confidence [ in the Government, were quite ready to support I a prolongation of the session, as opposed to I immediate prorogatioii, and a prosecution of the inquiry without further delay. Strong in their theory that a majority could do whatever the House could, and still stronger in the numerical superiority which they knew they would be able to show in the absence of so many Ministerialists, who could not reach Ottawa, they gathered at the Capital, feeling- confident of driving the “ Charter-sellers,” as the Ministry were termed by them, from office. The fact that the programme for prorogation had been changed, and that His Excellency would be present in person, instead of emjjloy- ing a deputy, as had been originally determined, gave them increased confidence, and they felt well satisfied that he would not prorogue the House in the face of so large an assemblage of members, and against their special request, which it was determined to make known to him in the shape of a memorial signed by all * Lord Dufferin’s desi)atch of 15th August. 47 394 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. who were opposed to prorogation, although not therefore necessarily opposed to the Govern- ment. ^ 8. — The citizens of Halifax had prepared a series of demonstrations in honor of His Excel- j lus.Exoeiiency-. ^isit, and as he did not decision. disappoint them, he was detained until the evening of Saturday, the 9th, and did not reach Ottawa until the morning of the 13th, the day hxed for prorogation. Shortly after his arrival. His Excellency had an inter- view with Sir John A. Macdonald, at which all the arguments for and against prorogation were gone over again, and His Excellency finally determined that he did not consider himself justified in exercising the Royal Rre- rogative and dismissing his Ministers on the unsuhstantiated charges against them, in the face of their oft-repeated assurances that there was no foundation for them, and that the suspicious circumstances could he explained ; that, therefore, he should continue to take their advice and should prorogue Parliament, but only on the condition that Parliament should be convened again as speedily as possible, say in six or eight weeks — a condition to which Sir John readily assented, indeed he had him- self previously proposed an extra session — and it was agreed that His Excellency should meet the full Council at two o’clock, in order that the agreement might be ratified by all the Min- isters. At this Council meeting it was sug- crested that if the extra session was called in O ten weeks instead of eight, it would be possible to get the estimates and departmental reports ready, so that the ordinary business of Parlia- ment might be proceeded with, and the trouble and exi)ense of a Spring session avoided. This was assented to, and, on this understanding. His Excellency agreed to prorogue Parliament. 9. — On his way to the Council Chamber, His Excellency was informed that a deputation of members of Parliament desired rc'uionstran t"° to wait on him for the purpose members. „ , . • i • j. of presenting a memorial against prorogation ; and as soon as the Council meeting was over he received the members. when their chairman, Mr. Cartwright, read the memorial praying that Parliament should not I be prorogued until it had had an opportunity of determining what steps it would take in the matter of the charges made by Hon. Mr. Huntington against the Ministry.* Mr. Cart- wright in irresenting the memorial, stated that it had been signed by ninety-two members of the House, which was more than a majority of the ordinary attendance at Parliament, and that another member who had not affixed his signature, had expressed his willingness to sign it. 10. — His Excellency in replying assured the deputation that he regretted as much as anyone the delay which had occurred in hIs Excellency’s making the inquiry, and, as far as the delay might have been occasioned by the disallowance of the Oaths Bill, stated that his own impression had been that it was not ultra vires, but that a doubt having been raised on the question he had exercised the right which he possessed of consulting the Home Authorities, with the result already known. He continued : “ You then proceed to urge me, on grounds which are very fairly and forcibly stated, to decline the advice which has been unanimously tendered me by my responsible Ministers, and to refuse to prorogue Parliament, in other words you require me to dismiss them from my councils ; for, gentlemen, you must be aware that this would be the necessary result of my asseiiting to your recommendation. Upon what grounds would I be justified iii * “ The under.xigned, members ofthe House of Commons of Canada, desire respectfully to approach Your Excellency, and humbly to represent that more than four months have already elapsed since the Honorable Mr. Huntington made, from his place in the House, grave charges of cor- ruption against Your Excellency’s constitutional .advisers in reference to the Pacific Railway contract ; that although the House has appointed a Committee to enquire into the said charges, the proceedings of this Committee have, on various grounds, been postponed, and the inquiry has not yet taken place: that the honor of the country imperatively re(iuires that no further delay should take place in the investigation of charges of so grave a character, and which it is the duty and undoubted right and privilege of the Commons to prosecute. “ The undersigned are deeply impressed with the conviction that any attempt to postpone this inquiry, or to remove it from the jurisdiction of the Commons, would create the most intense dissatisfaction; and they, therefore, pr.ay Your Excellency not to prorogue Parliament until the House of Commons shall have an opportunity of taking such stejis as it may deem necessary and expedient with reference to this important matter.” GOVEENMKNT OF THE EAEL OF DUFEEEIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 3f15 taking so grave a step ? what guarantee can you afford me that the Parliament of the Dominion would endorse siich an Act of personal interference on my part? You, yourselves, gentlemen, do not form an actual moiety of the House of Commons, and I have no means, therefore, of ascertaining that the majority of that body subscribe to the opinion you have enounced. Again, to what should I have to appeal in justification of my conduct ? It is true grave charges haA^e been preferred against these gentlemen ; charges which I admit require the most searching iiiA^estigation ; but as you, yourseh'es, remark inyourmemorandirm, the truth of these accusations still remains untested. One of the authors of this corres- pondence which has made so pain fill an impression on the public, has admitted that many of his statements were hasty and inaccurate ; and has denied on oath the correctness of the deductions drawn from them. Various assertions contained in the narratiA^e of the other haA'e been positiA^ely contradicted. Is the GfoA^ernor-Gfeneral, upon the strength of such evidence as this, to driA'e from his presence gentlemen who for years haA^e filled the highest offices of State, and in whom, during the recent Session, Parliament has repeatedly declared its continued confidence ? It is true, certain documents of graA^e significance haA^e lately been published in the newspapers in connection AAuth these matters, in regard to which the fullest explanation must be giA^en, but no proof has yet been adduced which necessarily connects them with the culpable transactions of which it is asserted that they formed a part, howeA'er questionable they may appear, as placed in juxtajDosition with the correspondence to which they haA’^e been appended by the person who has possessed himself of them. Under these circumstances, what right has the GoA'ernor- General, on his personal responsibility, to proclaim to Canada — nay, not only to Canada, but to America and Europe, as such a proceeding- on his part must necessarily do, that he believes his Ministers guilty of the crimes alleged against them ?” He then referred to the impossibility of making a call of the House, to the positiA^e agreement made by Parliament — as he was informed by the Premier — that the meeting on I the 13th of August Avould only be for prorogation ; and announced his intention of I issuing a Royal Commission at once to iiiA'esti- ; gate the charges, and said that Parliament I would be summond to receiA^e the report in I eight or ten weeks at the furthest. I 11. — When the Special Committee held its meet- ing in Montreal on the 3rd of July it adjourned to meet at Ottawa on the 13th I r. . . 1 TIP Prorogation. of August, and accordingly lour of the members, Messrs. Blake, Blanchet, Cameron and Dorion, met at 11.30 a.m., but nothing was done, and when the House met at 3.25 p.m., the Committee had no report to present. The reply of His Excellency to the deputation, had been a great surprise and dis- appointment; great things had been expected of the “ Memorial ” and the intelligence that prorogation would take place, was received with very bad grace. The moment the Speaker took the chair — before indeed the doors had been opened, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie rose to a question of priAulege, and read a motion to the effect that it was the imperative duty of the House to haA^e a full inA^estigation into the Pacific Railway charges ; that the assumption of that duty by any Tribunal appointed by the ExecutiA''e Avould be a gross breach of the priAuleges of the House ; and that it was highly reprehensible for any person to presume to advise His Excellency to I prorogue Parliament until it had taken action in the matter of the inquiry. Hon. Mr. Mac- kenzie was just commencing to speak to his motion when Black Rod appeared and was greeted with such a storm of hisses, cheers, and cries of “ priAulege ” that his message summon- ing the House to the Senate Chamber was almost inaudible. The Speaker at once left the chair and was followed to the Senate by thirty- fiA^e members, all supporters of the Government, all the members of the Opposition retaining their seats. In proroguing the Houses, His Excellency formally announced what he had told the Memorialists, aTz., that a Royal Com- H;)(i TOTTLK’S IirSTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. mission would be issued, and that Parliament would be summoned lor business in a few weeks time. 12. — Deprived of the power of attacking the Ministry in the House of Commons by proroga- T ,■ .■ tion, the members of the Opposi- Tlie Innigniition ’ ^ \ "'““‘"’s- tion organized an “Indignation” meeting in the Railway Committee Room, and discussed this latest phase of 'the “ Scandal.” Mr. Cartwright reported the result of the inter- view with His Excellency, and was followed by Messrs. Cunningham, Durpee (Sunbury), Forbes, Paquet, Cauchon, Lallamme, Mackenzie, Blake, and Huntington, who all took the line of argu- ment that prorogatioii was a breach of the privileges of Parliament ; that His Excellency should not have taken the advice of his Minis- ters ; that those Ministers were guilty of the grossest corruption, and were only staving oH' inquiry to keep themselves in office ; and that the issuing of a Royal Commission by Ministers to try themselves was a farce on Justice and an insult to the House in whose hands the inquiry should have been allowed to remain. The plea that supporters of the Grovernment were not X^resent was looked on as a mere subterfuge, as friends of the Ox')position had had xrlenty of time to come from Manitoba, and it was charged that sir^rporters of the Ministry had been instructed to absent themselves so that this plea could be raised with some degree of jrlausibility. The meeting was stormy and excited, and His Ex- cellency came in for some share of blame, one speaker comparing him to Nero fiddling while Rome was burning. Having talked itself hoarse without taking any action, the meeting ad- journed until 7.30 p. m., when it again met in the Railway Committee Room, — a suggestion of Hon. Mr. Cauchon’s that they shoirld take pos- session of the Commons Chamber being disre- garded, — and Hon. Mr. Cauchon moved “ That the prorogation of Parliament without giving the House of Commons the opportunity of pro- secuting the inquiry it had already undertaken was a gross violation of the privileges and in- dependence of Parliament and of the rights of the xreojde.” Mr. David Mills seconded the reso- lution, which was carried unanimously. Dr. Forbes then moved, seconded by Mr. Cart- wright, “ That in the oxiinion of this meeting, the House of Commons is the proper body to institute and proseerrte an incjuiry into the X^ending charges against the Ministry ; and the act of the Ministry in removing the inexuiry from the House of Commons, and appointing a Commission of their own to try themselves, is a gross violation of the rights and privileges of Parliament, and it will be the imx)erative duty of the House of Commons, at the first moment at which it is allowed to meet, to take the matter into its own hands and prosecute an inquiry.” I This was spoken to by Messrs. Cartwright, A. J. “ Smith (Westmoreland), McDonnell (Inverness), ! Cunningham, Coffin, Goudge, Fiset, Rymal, j Young (Montreal West), Jette, Anglin, and I Mackenzie, and Senators Letellier De St. Just and Christie, after which it was carried unani- mously, and the meeting disx^ersed. . 13. — The news of the prorogation, produced the greatest excitement throughout the country, and the action of the Ministry The effect of Proro- in advising x^rorogation, and the conduct of the Governor in accepting their ad- vice were freely commented on and generally condemned.* The pox:)ularity of the Governor- General received a severe wrench, and, for a moment he was in considerable disfavor. That Lord Dufferin acted correctly, however, as a Constitutional ruler there can be little doubt, or if he erred at all it was in being too Con- stitutional and preferring to follow the strict letter of the law instead of exercising the Royal Prerogative. His whole line of conduct was foreshadowed in his sx^eech delivered be- fore the Halifax Club, of which we give the * The tone of the Opposition press generally was very severe on Lord Dufferin ; we give the following extracts from the leading org.ans in Quebec and Ontario as mild specimens : “ Yesterday, at Ottawa, .an act was perpetrated which is probably the greatest outrage on the Constitution which has occurred since Oliver Cromwell ordered ‘ that bauble ’ to be taken away.” Montreal Herald, 14th August 1873. “ Lord Dufferin has, in short, done what the Premier asked him. flc has missed a great opportunity of showing that he had a mind of his own, that he could rise to the dignity of a great crisis, that he could aid in putting down corru|)tion with a firm hand. It will be a disappointment to some, but others more familiar with the past career of Lord Dufferin have not looked for much at his hands.” Toronto Globe, 14th August 1873. GOVKRN.MRNT OF TUB EAEL OF FITFFEETN— THE EOYAL COMMISSION. 301 following’ paragraph with regard to a Governor- General’s duty towards his Ministers : “ 8o long as they are maintained hy Parliament in their positions, so long is he bonnd to give them his unreserved confidence, to defer to their advice, and loyally to assist them with his counsels.” That the Ministry still possessed the confidence of Parliament he had no reason to doubt ; their ma,]'ority in the last Session had steadily in- creased from 16 on the first vote to 35 on the last, and even the full strength of the Opposi- tion as assembled at Ottawa, including the twelve who usually sui:)ported the Government but had signed the ‘‘ memorial ” was only 92. Three of the signatures were affixed by proxy, so that there were only actually 89 present, out of a House of 200, and it was not ('laimed by the Opposition that they could muster more than | one or two more votes. In fact it was a mino- ! rity of the House endeavouring to pursuade I His Excellency to dismiss his legal advisers and ! take them instead — for, of course, a refusal to | take the advise of His Ministers was tantamount I to a dismissal. So strongly was this point felt that the Opposition j)apers claimed that “ a ma- | jority ” of the House had memorialized His [ Excellency — but how they made 89 members, | or even 93 as some papers claimed signed, a ] majority of 200 they did not take the trouble to I explain. Another point raised was that Lord Dufferin ought to have dismissed his Ministers because they were charged with corrupt prac- tices ; but if Governor-Generals were to adopt the principle of dismissing Ministers because Opposition newspapers charged them with cor- rupt practices no Ministry would ever remain twenty-four hours in office. This point is very fairly dealt with by Lord Dufferin in his des- patch of the fifteenth of August. He says : “ It is a favorite theory at this moment with many persons, that when once grave charges of this nature have been preferred against the Ministry they become ipso facto unfit to counsel the Crown. The practical application of this princi- ple would prove very inconvenient, and would leave not only the Governor-General, but every Lieutenant-Governor in the Dominion, very thinly provided with responsible advisers, for as far as I have been able to seize the spirit of po- litical controversy in Canada, there is scarcely an eminent man in the country on either side whose character or integrity has not been, at one time or another, the subject of reckless attack by his opponents in the press.” That Lord Dufferin was right in refusing to condemn and punish his Ministers before they had been found guilty there can be little doubt ; but that his Ministers committed a blunder and greatly in- fluenced Public Opinion against themselves by the advice they gave him is beyond question. The general public is not given to troubling itself overmuch with nice points of Parliamen- tary privilege or of Constitutional practice ; they only looked to the broad* facts that over four months ago the Ministry had been charged in the House of Commons with selling the Charter of the Pacific Railway; that for more than a month letters and documenis had been before the public, which, taken alone and without ex- planation, made out a prima facie case of guilty ; that it was in the power of the Ministry to have continued the Session of Parliament and had those charges investigated, in some way, if they had been so disposed ; and their disinclination to meet Parliament was looked on as a proof of guilt, and from the day of the prorogation of Parliament may be counted the decline and fall of the Macdonald Administration, and the over- whelming defeat of the party at the polls at the General Election of 1874. CHAPTER XXXVIII. GOVFENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEHIN— THE EOYAL COMMISSION. 1. Appointment of three Judges. — 2. Hon. Mr. Huntington refuses to appear before THE Commissioners. — 3. The Committee PROCEEDS WITH SUCH WITNESSES AS IT CAN GET. — 4. Sir Francis Hincks’ evidence. — 5. Sir John A. Macdonald’s evidence. — 6. Hon. H. L. Langevin’s evidence. — 7. 3!)8 . TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Sir Hugh Allan’s evidence. — 8. Hon. J. J. C. Arrott’s evidence. — 9. The Commis- sioners REPORT WITHOUT EXPRESSING AN OPINION. 1. — On the 14th of August, 1873, the day following Prorogation, His Excellency issued a .ppointmentof three CoiUmission to JudgeS .iiKices. Polette and G-owan, and Ex- Judge Day to investigate the charges made by Hon. Mr. Huntington, and to report to the Speakers of the Senate and Commons as well as the Secretary of State. A great deal of exception was taken to these appointments by the Opposition, on the ground that the Ministers should not be tried by a Commis- sion appointed by themselves ; and some of the Opposition papers even attacked the per- ^onnel of the Commission, claiming that they were likely to be swayed by political con- siderations. This was scarcely just. Ex-Judge Day, Chancellor of McOill College, Montreal, had been for many years one of the Judges of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, and stood very high in his profession ; Judge Polette, of the Superior Court, Quebec, and Judge Gowan, County Court Judge for Simcoe, had been removed from politics for many years, and both were regarded as gentlemen of unblemished probity and excellent legal knowledge.^ The Commission was issued under the Act Vic. 31, Chap. 38, — passed during the session of 1868 — o-iving the Governor-in-Council power to issue Commissions to inquire into public matters, &c. ; and exception was taken to the Commis- sion on the ground that this sort of inquiry was not contemplated by the Act; but the Governor-General held that to be a purely ♦ Lord Dufferin, in his despatch of the l&th of August, to the Earl of Kiuiberley, says of these gentlemen ; — Only one of them is personally known to me, viz. : Judge Day, who, as Chancellor of the McOill University, received me on my visit to that institution. Since that we have improved our .acquaintance, and I have no hesitation in stating, both from what I know and have learnt, that I have every conlidencc in Judge Day’s high sense of honor, capacity and firmness. I have also considered it ray duty to satisfy myself as to the ilualifications of the other two gentlemen with whom he is associated, and I am in a iiosition to inform Your Lordship that they are generally regarded as per.sons of unblemished integrity, sound judgment, and professional ability, while the length of time all three have been removed from politics frees them from the suspicion of political partizanship. legal point on which he must take the advice of his legal advisers, and, moreover, as the Act specially iirovided for incjuiry into any matter affecting “ the good govern- ment of Canada,” he concluded that this was a subject which came very much under the meaning of the Act. Another objection to the Commission was that , its appointment was a breach of the privileges of the House ; but this was met by the fact that the House was powerless to conduct the inquiry itself in the only manner which would be satisfactory — under oath — since the disallowance of the Oaths Bill ; and that prorogation having dis- solved the Committee appointed by the House, the matter would have to lie over until Parlia- ment met again, which was most undesirable ; and, moreover, there was nothing to show that Parliament would appoint another Committee, for if the Ministry was defeated on a vote of want of confidence, the matter might be allowed to rest there. On the other hand, the appointment of the Commisssion could not in any way affect the right of Parliament to appoint a Committee of its own, and investi- gate the case de novo, as if the Eoyal Commis- sion had never existed. Under these circum- stances, it appears that Lord Dufferin was perfectly justified in appointing the Commis- sion ; and, although the Opposition press at- tacked the Commission, its appointment was generally approved by the public at large, who were anxious to have the truth or untruth of these charges proved without further delay. 2. — The Commission was required to sit at Ottawa, and, accordingly, met on the 18th of August, and settled the manner ii„ntington of proceeding, the examination of witnesses being commenced on the 4th of September, and continued until the 30th of that month. Hon. Mr. Huntington was summoned to appear before the Commis- sion, but failed to do so. In a letter to the Chairman of the Commission, Hon. Judge Day, under date 26th of August, he acknowledged the receipt of a letter from the Commissioners, dated 21st of August, requesting him to furnish (iOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— THE ROYAL COMMISSION. 399 a list of the witnesses he desired to have examined, but declined to do so on the grounds that, the inquiry having been instituted by him in the House of Commons, it was a breach of the privileges of that House for any other tribunal to attempt to interfere with that inquiry. In conclusion, he said, “ I believe that the creation of the Commission involves a breach of that fundamental principle of the Constitution which preserves to the Commons the right and drrty of initiating and controlling inquiries into high political offences; that it involves also a breach of that firndamental principle of justice which prevents the accused from creating the tribunal and controlliim' the procedure for their trial; and that it is a Com- mission without precedent, unknown to the Common Law, irnsanctioned by the Statute Law, providijig, by an exercise of the Preroga- tive, for an inquiry out of the ordinary course of justice into misdemeanor cognizable by the Courts, and, consequently, illegal and void. Entertaining these views, you will not expect me to act otherwise than in conformity with them, and you will be satisfied that by my non- appearance before the Commission I intend no disresirect to the Commission, but am moved by the same sense of public duty which will constrain me, at the earliest practicable moment, to renew the efforts which I have been making since April last to bring to trial, before the Commons of Canada, the men whom I have impeached as public criminals.” 3. — The “ Prosecutor ” thus declining to pro- secute the Commissioners summoned those wit- The Commission n^^ses whosc iiamcs he had wUnessesTs'lr"'^^ haiidcd to the Special Commit- tee, and such others as they were requested by the Government to summon. Al- together forty-three witnesses were summoned, and thirty-six examined.* The seven who * The witnesses e.xamincd were ; Hon. J. J. C. Abbott, Andrew Allan, Sir Hugh Alliin, Hon. J. 0. Bcaubien, Louis Beaubien, Hon. .1. L. Beau- dr>-, J. B. Beaudry, N. AV. Bethunc, AA'^. E. Blumhart, E. K. Burpee, Hon. Alex. Campbell, Hon. J. C. Chapais, Hon. M. H. Cochrane- C. .7. Coursol, F. AV. Cumberland, James Bakers, E. L. DeBellefeuille, Sanford Fleming, R. N. Hall, Joseph Hamel, Sir F. Hincks, A'ictor Hudon, Hon. H. L. Langevin, C. A. LeBlanc, Sir .John A. Macdonald, Hon. D. I,. Maepher- son, F. C. Martin, 1). Meinnes, Rev. D. McMullen, Daniel (7. McMullen, were summoned and did not appear were Hon. L. S. Huntington, G. W. McMullen, C. M. Smith, Hon. A. B. Foster, Hon. Thomas McGreeA^y, John A. Perkins, and George Norris, jr. A sirecial messenger was sent to summon Mr. Mc- Mullen, but that gentleman preferred making ex parte statements to givdng eAudence under oath, and did not appear before the Commission. It will thus be seen that the party making the chai’ge against the Government (Hon. Mr. Hun- tington) and the person on whose statements he was supposed to have acted (Mr. McMullen) gracefully avoided the test of an oath, and left the Commission to get at the truth of the mat- ter, if they could, without any help from them. This gave the iiiA'estigation a very “one-sided” appearance, as the Ministers were put on their defence without any prosecutor appearing, and the public scarcely placed that confidence in its labors which might haA^e been expected had the party jpaking the charges apj)eared to substan- tiate them ; still the Commission performed its labors v^ery fairly, and the inA'estigation was about as thorough as could be expected under the circumstances in which it was placed by Hon. Mr. Huntington’s refusal to appear. W e do not propose to enter at length upon the evudence — a great deal of which was of little or no impor- tance ; but will confine ourseHes to a brief synopsis of that portion of it which bore most directly on the points chai'ged by Hon. Mr. Huntington that the GoA'ernment had made a corrupt bargain with Sir Hugh Allan to giA^e him the contract in consideration of his spend- ing lai’ge sums of money for election iJurposes. 4. — Sir Francis Hincks denied most positi\^ely that any sum of money had been mentioned by him in conversation with any- praneb Hincks- one, as what he should expect to get out of the contract, or that any such coiiA^er- sation had ever taken place. He had neA'er heard or known of any arrangement haA'ing beeji entered into betweeJi Sir Hugh Allan and the GoA^ernment for furnishing money for election purposes, ajid did not know at the time Hon. Peter .Mitchell. I’. S. Murphy, Hon. (7. Ouimot, .Jackson Rue, Hon. Henry Stiirnes, Thomas AVhite, jr. 400 TUTTLE’S IllSTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. of the election that money was being furnished by Sir Hugh. He entered at length into the early history of the formation of a Company to build the road, and said that he knew — and other members of the Grovernment must have known — from the fact of Sir Hugh Allan coming to Ottawa with Mr. McMullen and other Americans, that he was negotiating with American capitalists, but he did not know, nor did any other member of the Grovernment know, of the agreement made between Sir Hugh and these gentlemen. He was positive that it was not irntil some time after the elections that the Grovernment decided to grant a G'harter to a new Company ; the strongest efforts of the Government had always been used to effect an amalgamation of the Inter-Oceanic and Canada Pacihc Companies, and it was only after all these efforts had failed that it was determined that a new Charter should be granted, and then ffreat care was taken that each Province should be represented in the Board of Directors, and the members of the Board should only be allowed equal qrrantities of stock, and that offices were to be opened in each Province for the subscription of stock, each Director being- only allowed to retain a small jrortion for himself. 5. — 8ir John A. Macdonald was examined on the ITth of September, and his evidence was in substance as follows ; After the Ma/jimaufs sessioii of 1871, Mr. AVaddington evidence. , . • . i • . and some American capitalists j had an interview with Sir Francis Hincks and himself on the subject of the Pacific Railway. I “We said, as a matter of politeness, that we I were glad to see that American cairitalists were i looking for investments in Canada, but that we could not enter into any arrangements or receive I any projiositions from anybody until after the next j Session.” Mr. Smith and Mr. McMullen were amongst those who called. He (Sir John) then spoke to several Canadian capitalists ’of this visit and said, that if Americans could make the enterprise pay Canadians ought to be able to, and that it would be a pity if the enterprise fell into the hands of foreigners. Sir Francis Hincks next saw Sir Hugh Allan, but without any arrangement with his colleagues. Neither Sir John nor any of his colleagues knew that these American gentlemen had any connection with the Northern Pacific Railway. “ I thought that the true plan would be to endeavor to get irp a strong Canadian Company, in which would be represented the capital of the different sections of the Dominion, and after a body of Canadian capitalists was so formed, they might extend to the United States, or to England, and I thought that it would frustrate that policy, to have communication in the first place with Americans.” Sir Hugh Allan and these American capitalists next had an interview with members of the Ministry, about October, 1871, but being told that the Government was not prepared to accept any proposition made, did not offer any. He (Sir John) denied the statement in Mr. McMullen’s letter which was published on 18th July.) that he had met McMullen at the St. Lawrence Hall in September and expressed the approval of the Government at the proposed arrangement with Sir Hugh Allan ; he saw Mr. McMullen, but neither approved nor disapproved of the proposed action, as the Government was not in a position to entertain any proposition until after obtaining the sanction of Parliament. The arrangement made between Allan and the American capitalists roused a feeling of fear in Ontario, especially in Toronto, that the road would get into American and Montreal hands, and the interests of Ontario be sacrificed. This led to the formation of the Inter-Oceanic Company. He (Sir John) par- ticipated in the fear, whi(;h was becoming very great in Canada, that these American capitalists were seeking control of the Canada Pacific to make it subservient to the interests of the Northern Pacific, and the whole Cabinet was j of the opinion that American capital must be [ excluded. He then referred to the legislation of 1872, the incorporation of the Inter-Oceanic — which was regarded as the Ontario Com- i pany, — and the Canada Pacific — which was regarded as the Quebec Company, — and the ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTIE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION' THE BORLAND OESBARATS LITHO COMP' I .,'1 y ■ . ' , \ \ $ 4 , V. GOVEENMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— THE ROYAL COMMISSION. 401 passage of the Grovernment Act, authorizing the contract to be given to either Company, or to both amalgamated, or to a new Company, and continued, “The policy of the Government, from the time of prorogation until now, I may say, hns never varied. It was that an amalga- mation of these two Companies should be procured if possible.” It was felt that to give the Charter to either section would be to alienate the other, and that the Government would be defeated in either Ontario or Quebec, as the case may be, and, therefore, every effort was made to bring about an amalgamation. He (Sir John) urged Senator Macpherson and his other Toronto friends to amalgamate, and brought about a meeting between Mr. Macpherson and Mr. Abbott for that purpose. An amalgamation was very nearly made ; the two points of difference were the Presidency and the number of Directors ; the Government had suggested thirteen, five from Ontario, four from Quebec, and one each from the other Provinces, but the Canada Pacific wanted seventeen members. On the question of the Presidency, Mr. Macpherson did not want it himself, but would not consent to Sir Hugh Allan having it, fearing that with his wealth and influence he would, in some way, admit the American capitalists with whom he had been connected. Sir John’s impression was that amalgamation would take place, and with that idea he went to Kingston to look after his own election. While in Kingston he again saw Mr. Macpherson, and became convinced that it was no use attempting to conclude the amalgamation before the elections, and, therefore, sent the telegram, dated 26th July, 1872, to Sir George E. Cartier, which is included in Sir Hugh Allan’s affidavit (see foot note page 388). He exidained the phrase, “This should be accepted by Allan,” — with reference to his promise that the Govern- ment would use its influence in the amalga- mated Company to secure Sir Hugh the Presidency — to mean that he had heard that Sir George was losing favor with his Lower Canada friends on account of his sirpposed opposition to Sir Hugh Allan and the Quebec Railway schemes he was engaged in ; and he (Sir John) thought that the concession of this point would help Sir George in the Quebec elections. When he parted with Sir George at Ottawa, the latter going to Montreal, and Sir John to Toronto, it was agreed that both should endeavor to raise funds amongst their friends to help in the Ontario elections, where it was expected that the contest would be keenest on account of the influence of the Ontario Government being brought to bear against Ministerial candidates, and the names of Sir Hugh Allan, Mr. Abbott, and others in Montreal were given Sir George as those of parties likely to subscribe. On or about the 30th of July, he received a letter from Sir Hugh Allan saying that he had entered into an agreement with Sir George E. Cartier.* This agreement was not satisfactory to him, and he telegraphed to that effect to Sir George, and on the 31st July received telegrams from both Sir George E. Cartier and Sir Hugh Allan, stating that the agreement with Sir George was withdrawn, and Sir Hugh Allan was content with the telegram of 26th July.f “ That was the only arrangement that was ever made between the Government and Sir Hugh Allan, or the Canada Pacific . Railway Company, which he represented, and I had no discussion or conversation in a contrary sense, either from Sir Hugh Allan or any member of his Company, or from Sir George Cartier, from that time until this.” That arrangement was that the whole matter should remain in abeyance until after the elections, and then Sir Hugh Allan and Mr. Macpherson shoirld meet and try to amalgamate their Companies. With reference to the state- ment by Mr. McMullen that there had been * See Sir (Jeorge E. Cartier’s letter of 30tb of July to Sir Hugh Allan, in Sir Hugh Allan’s affidavit, page .383. Montreal, 31st of .July, 1872. t To Sir .John A. Macdonald : Have seen Sir Hugh, he withdraws letter written you since you make objection to it, and relies for basis of arrangement on your telegram to me of which I gave him copy. Matters go on well here. Hope they arc .same with you. Hon’t think it is necess.ary for you to come down here Saturday. I want to be out of town on Sunday, but will remain here if you specially desire to .see me. Answer. (Signed), (}. E. CARTIER. 48 402 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. another agreement made on the 6th of August, he never heard of any such agreement, and did not believe Sir George Cartier ■would have made any agreement without consulting him. “ Sir George was a man of the highest honor, and between him and myself there were no political secrets, and if he had made any arrangement of that kind respecting the railway, he certainly would have communicated it to me.” He then explained that after the elections, efforts were renewed with a view to amalgamating the two Companies, and he went to Toronto himself for that purpose, and it was only after every effort in that direction had failed that the Government addressed itself to the formation of a new Company. He explained that the sole object of the Government was to get a Board of Directors who by their wealth, standing or ex- perience in railway matters would command the confidence of the country, and gave the rea- sons for selecting the gentlemen to whom the Charter was subsequently given. In framing the Charter he said Eveiy precaution that we could think of or that was suggested to us to prevent the Americans getting in either directly or indirectly so as to have control of the Com- pany, was adopted.” With regard to election funds, he stated that when in Kingston he got a letter from Sir Hugh Allan stating that he would contribute $25,000 to the election fund, to 1 “ help the friends of the Administration.” He | (Sir John) considered himself trustee of that i fund, and did not use any of it for his own elec- j tion. He then went to Toronto and engaged in i the election contest there, getting pecuniary as- sistance where he could. He said, with refer- ence to these subscriptions : “ In Canada we have not the same organization that they have in England. We have neither a Reform Club nor a Carleton Club to manage elections, and the leaders have to undertake that for themselves,” and stated that he found the Opposition using so much money that he twice asked Mr. Abbott — who was acting for Sir Hugh Allan during the latter’s absence in New- foundland — for $10,000 more, making in all $45,000, which was all he ever received, and not “ over $100,000,” as stated by Mr. McMullen. He had never asked Sir Hugh Allan for any subscription when he received the $25,000, but had no doubt Sir George Cartier had. The two sums of $10,000 each were given at his request. With reference to Mr. McMullen’s statement that Sir Hugh Allan had said that he had loaned $4,000 to Sir John A. Macdonald and $4,500 to Sir Francis Hincks “ with very good knowledge that it was never to be repaid,” he said : “ With reference to that sum of $4,000 to my- self, that is a complete and utter falsehood. I never received $4,000 from Sir Hugh Allan. I never had any money transactions with him in my life. He never gave me any money or never lent me any money in his life. It is utterly false, and I have reason to believe Sir Hugh Allan never said so.” With regard to Mr. McMullen’s statement that after Sir George Cartier had made the agreement of 6th of August Sir Hugh Allan began to pay out money, but became alarmed when $150,000 to $200,000 had been paid, and refused to pay more unless the whole Government would sanction the bargain, and that Sir George telegraphed to Ottawa and received in reply a telegram from Sir John A. Macdonald confirming his action, he (Sir John) declared it : “ Altogether untrue. He received no such telegram from me. He could not do so, because I never was in Ottawa during that time. I was always in the West attending the elections. From the time I left Ottawa at the end of June or the beginning of July, until the elections were all over, I never was once in Ottawa, and I never made such a communica- tion. It is altogether a falsehood.” He next o-ave an account of two interviews — one on O 31st December 1872, the other on 23rd .Tanuary, 1873, which Mr. McMullen, Mr. Smith and Mr. Hurlburt had with him, in which they com- plained of the manner in which they had been treated by Sir Hugh Allan, and read portions of some papers in support of their statements. He (Sir John) told them that, if their statements were correct, it appeared that Sir Hugh had used them badly for he had promised what the legislation of last session ought to have GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 40.3 shown him he could not perform, and he ought to return the money advanced for the prelimi- nary expenses of the Canada Pacific Company. Their object seemed to be to know whether, by any chance, they could be admitted to an interest in the Kailway, and they were informed that it was impossible. With regard to the statement of Mr. McMullen that Sir Hugh Allan, thinking that the Government intended to play him false after the election, prepared a statement with copies of telegrams, orders for money, &c., and threatened publication if the Government did not keep faith with him, and that the Government yielded to the threat. Sir John said : “ I can only say that I never heard of such a statement ; never saw it ; no such threat was ever made, and no communication of the kind was ever made. It is a falsehood complete and entire, without one semblance of truth.” With regard to the sealed packet in Hon. Mr. Starnes’ hands, he declared that he knew nothing of it until Mr. Huntington asked in the House of Commons to have it impounded. He had no knowledge of any agreement made by Sir George E. Cartier on the 5th or 6th of August, and did not believe any such agree- ment was ever made. After answering several questions witJi reference to the efforts at amal- gamation of the two Companies, and the graniing of the Royal Charter, he said in answer to a question whether he had any special reason in mentioning Sir Hugh Allan as likely to subscribe to the election fund, certainly he had ; Sir Hugh Allan was very largely interested in railways, and it was to his interest to get a Railway Parliament returned, as if the Opposi- tion got a majority they might upset the policy of the last Parliament and spoil all their plans. The letter from Sir Hugh offering to subscribe 125,000 for election purposes contained no terms or stipulations whatever. It was the only letter received on the subject. The |25,000 was received early in August, before the 24th. With reference to Sir George E. Cartier’s allusions in his letter of 24th of August, to the conditions of his letter of 30th July to Sir Hugh Allan, Sir John stated that he had not seen that letter until after it w’^as alluded to in the papers,* he then saw it in possession of Sir Hugh Allan, who he supposed had it and would produce it before the Committee. Being shown copies of the telegrams and draft for |10,000 given at end of Mr. McMullen’s statement, he said he had no doubt they were correct copies’; he had drawn for $10,000. Mr. McMullen had said in answer to a question put by a reporter of the Chicago Times whether he could prove that Sir John A. Macdonald was aware of the bargain between Sir Hugh Allan and Sir George E. Cartier : “ I can, and will even show his telegrams, one admonishing Allan to shell out, because he had a big thing ; another telegram declaring in the most positive manner that he endorsed the arrangement made by Sir Hugh with Cartier, and would hold himself bound by it. He con- firmed the bargain unreservedly.” Reporter asks can you prove that ? Mr. McMullen an- swers : “ I will put witnesses on the stand who saw the telegram, one of them a very promi- nent man and a friend of Cartier’s. I will name the man who wrote the second of these transactions.” In answer to this Sir John said ; “ I can only say that I never sent such a telegram. It is quite an untruth. I never sent any telegram to Sir Hugh Allan, saying that I endorsed any arrangement made by Sir George Cartier and Sir Hugh Allan. I cannot under- stand how the idea that I sent such a note or telegram got abroad, or how Mr. McMullen could have got the idea that I sent any such telegram to Sir Hugh, calling on him to shell out, for he had got a big thing.” He did not know what passed between Sir Hugh and Sir George on the subject of this subscription; Sir George wrote him no letters ; what little com- munication there was, was by telegraph. He (Sir John) declared distinctly that there was no understanding that Sir Hugh Allan was to receive any exceptional advantages from the * There were two letters from Sir George E. Cartier to Sir Hugh Allan dated 30th July, 1872, one already given in Sir Hugh’s affidavit, page .388, and the other will be found in his evidence before the Commis- .sion, page 405. For some time it was supposed that there had been a postscript to the published letter of 30th July which had been erased, but it was discovered that there were two letters. 404 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. Government, in consideration of any sub- scriptions he might make. He continued ; “ I have no doubt Sir Hugh Allan gave these sub- scriptions for the one object of sustaining the Government and their Railway policy in con- nection with the Pacific Railway, he being assured that that policy would be sustained with the influence and power of the Government if it remained a Government.” 6. — Hon. H. L. Lange vin was examined on the 18th of September, and gave, in substance, Hon. H. L. follow'ing evidence ; He Langevm’s evuLnce. iiothiiig about any agree- ment between Sir Hugh Allan and American capitalists until he saw it in the newsjrapers. The members of the Government, with the ex- ception of Sir Francis Hincks, had been unani- mous in their opinion that American capital should be excluded, and Sir Francis had yielded when he found all the others against him. He denied in most unqualified terms the charge that the Government, or any members of it, had made any contract with Sir Hugh Allan, or any one else, with regard to the Pacific Railway in consideration of furnishing funds for election purposes. With regard to Mr. McMullen’s statement that Mr. Abbott had reported that he had promised him (Mr. Langevin) $25,000 for his good will in the matter of the railway, he said ; “ I may say first, that Mr. Abbott never told me that he was authorized to promise me $25,000, or any other sum. Mr. Abbott never promised or offered me anything. He never spoke to me of anything of the kind, and there- fore, in so far as I am concerned, that charge is false.” With regard to money for election pur- poses, he stated that during the Session of 1872 he had a conversation with Sir George E. Cartier about election expenses, and it was agreed that Sir George should furnish him with a portion of the money he collected in Montreal to assist in the elections in Eastern Quebec. In conse- quence of this conversation he received $15,000 from Sir Hugh Allan, which he said he had been requested by Sir George Cartier to remit to him (Mr. Langevin) for election expenses. Subsequently he received a note from Sir Hugh stating that on giving Mr. Abbott a receipt he would receive $10,000 more. He saw Mr. Ab- bott and declined giving a receipt, stating that if the money was not a free gift he would not receive it, and would return the $15,000. The $10,000 was afterwards paid without any condi- tions, and he also received $7,500 or $7,600, the balance of election expenses, from Sir George E. Cartier, through Sir Hugh Allan. None of this money was used in his own election. His statements with regard to the determination of the Council with reference to excluding Amer- icans, to the steps taken to amalgamate the two Companies, and to the formation of the new Company, were substantially the same as those of Sir John A. Macdonald, except that he was not personally so intimately connected with the transactions. He had no knowledge of any letter from Sir George E. Cartier to Sir Hugh Allan under date 30th July, 1872, except the one published. 7. Sir Hugh Allan was examined on the 19th. He read a statement giving an account of his connection with the Pacific g;,. Allan’s Railway, which was mostly simi- lar to the affidavit already given (foot-note, page 386), adding some particulars as to what the original scheme for building the road was, and fyling copies of his agreements with Jay Cooke & Co., and other American capitalists.* There was nothing in the agreement, nor was it ever • We make the following e.^tract from his evidence, to show how it was intended to build the road : — On looking at the deed of agreement, it will be seen that it was stipu- lated that the road should be built by the route and on the terms pre- scribed in the Act to be passed respecting it, and it was further under- stood that in addition to the route north of Lake Superior a branch was to be constructed from Lake Nipissing to Sault Ste. Marie, with a branch to Georgian Bay, near the mouth of French River. At Sault Ste. Marie, the river was to be bridged and the line carried along the south -shore of Lake Superior to Duluth, where it would join the North Pacific, from which line another branch would lead to Fort Garry. From Fort Garry westward to the Pacific, it was intended the road should proceed on the route afterwards determined bn the surveys, and it was regarded as a possibility that the Northern Pacific, when it got as far west as the Missouri River, might be defected to as to join the Cana- dian Pacific, get the advantage of our easier pass through the mountains, and run on its track to some point west of the mountains, where they would again separate ; the Northern Pacific passing south to New West- minster, and the Canadian Pacific seeking the shore of the Pacific Ocean at such point as determined by the surveys. I favored this scheme because it not only gavelus such a Pacific Rail- road as we might desire, but also (he advantage ot a direct connection with the States of Northern Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Dakotah, the traffic and produce of which would naturally find its way to and from the seaboard, through Canada, as being much the shortest. GOVERNMENT OF TUB EARL OF DUFFERIN— TBE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 405 intended to retard the building of the road in any way. The Americans were to pay preliminary expenses and advanced $40,000 currency for that purpose, which he afterwards returned when he broke off connection with them. He narrated the circumstances relating to Sir John A. Macdonald’s telegram of 26th of July, the agreement signed by Sir G-eorge E. Cartier under date 30th July, and its subsequent withdrawal on Sir John A. Macdonald refusing to agree to it, sirbstantially as already given in his affidavit, and in Sir John A. Macdonald’s evidence, and declared that these were the only agreements ever entered into with the Grovern- ment. On the 31st July — the day the agreement of the 30th was cancelled on account of Sir John A. Macdonald’s objections — he called on Sir Greorge E. Cartier, and when about leaving Sir Greorge asked him, “ Are you not going to assist in our elections,” or words to that effect. He replied that he wmuld siibscribe, as he had done on former occasions, and asked how much was wanted. Sir George thought, possibly, $100,000. He (Sir Hugh) desired the sirccess of the Government on account of his approval of its railway and canal policy wffiich he considered advantageous to his business, and he asked Sir George to state in writing what he wanted. This Sir George did, and gave him the following letter at a subsequent visit in the afternoon : Private and Confidential. Montreal, 30 July, 1872. Dear Sir Hugh, — The friends of the Govern- ment will expect to be assisted with funds in the pending elections ; and any amount which you, or your Company shall advance for that purpose, shall be recouped to you. A memorandum of immediate requirements is below. Very truly yours, (Signed) GEO. E. CAKTIEE. Sir Hugh Allan. and, consequently, the cheapest route, even for the traffic of New York and Boston. Thus, in place of, as has been alleged, ’sacrificing the interests of Canada to the United States, these plans, if carried ont, would have been a greater benefit to Canada than any other scheme of communication that could be desired, aud would have given a double communication with Fort Garry, NOW WANTED. Sir John A. Macdonald $25,000 Hon. Mr. Langevin 15,000 Sir G. E. C 20,000 Sir J. A. (add’l) 10,000 Hon. Mr. Langevin (add’l) 10,000 Sir G. E. C 30,000 At the time the letter was written only the first three amounts ($60,000) were put down, the other three were added by Sir George Cartier afterwards. With reference to the promise in that letter that the money should be repaid. Sir Hugh said : “ I did not see well from what source this money could be repaid, but Sir George held out some hope that his political friends would contribute to make it up. Beyond this there was nothing that I can recall as to the manner of repayment. On leaving Sir George I said to Mr. Abbott that I saw no possibility of my ever being repaid these contributions. Neither then nor on any other occasion had I any correspondence with Sir George, as to the repayment of these sums.” The total amounts paid were Sir George E. Car- tier’s Committee, $85,000; Sir John A. Mac- donald for Ontario elections, $45,000 ; Hon. H- L. Langevin for Quebec elections, $32,600, making a total of $162,600 ; besides this he paid $16,000 or $17,000 to assist some friends of his own, and these sums, with the amounts paid for preliminary expenses on the Pacific and other railroads connected with the enterprise, made his total advances about $350,000. With regard to the construction sought to be put on these transactions by Mr. McMullen’s letters, he said : “ That with regard to the construction which appears to be intended to be placed upon the statements in the letter referred to as to the preliminary expenses connected with the Char- ter, I state most positively and explicitly that I never made any agreement or came to any un- derstanding of any kind or description with the Government, or any of its members, as to the payment of any sum of money to any one, or in any way whatever, in consideration of re- ceiving the contract for the Canadian Pacific. I declare that I did expend considerable sums of 406 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. money in rarions ways which appeared to me to he advantageons to the Company I had or- ganized, and calculated to strengthen my hands in endeavoring to obtain the contract for that Comi^any, but that I did not on any occasion or in any way pay or agree to pay anything what- ever to any member of the Government, or to any one on behalf, or at the instance of the Government, for any consideration whatever, in connection with the Charter or contract. * * # * * And I state further, positively, that no money derived from any fund, or from any of my former American associates, was expended in assisting my friends, or the friends of the Government, at the recent general elections.” He maintained that his subscriptions to the elec- tion fund had nothing to do with getting the Pacific contract, as charged by Mr. Huntington, as at that time, July 30th, nothing was settled ; and when the Charter was granted it was given to a new Company, of which he was a Director, but in which there were some Directors un- known to him and others opposed to him. With reference to the parties mentioned in his letter of 28th February, 1872, to Mr. Smith, mention- ing that $850,000 of stock would have to be dis- tributed (see foot-note, page 385), he explained that he had not obtained the consent of the gentlemen named to take the stock, and that it was never meant that they should have it with- out paying for it. With reference to Mr. Mc- Mullen’s statement about the $8,500 advanced to Sir John A Macdonald and Sir Francis Hincks, he said that no such transactions took place, and he had no recollection of any con- versation of the sort with Mr. McMullen. With regard to the statement that Sir Francis Hincks had told him he would expect $50,000 in cash, he said that no such conversation ever took place ; and that he never spoke to Sir Francis Hincks in his life about money, in this con- nection. He denied that he had ever paid $6,000 to Hon. Mr. Ouimet, as charged by Mr. Mc- Mullen, and as to newspapers the only transac- tion he remembered was discounting a note for $4,000 for one of the proprietors of the Minerve. With regard to the alleged indefinite loan of $10,000 to Sir Francis Hincks, he said he had never loaned him any money ; and of the au- thorized promise of $25,000 to Hon. Mr. Lange- vin, that he had never heard of it until he saw it in the newspapers. With regard to the state- ment that after he had paid between $150,000 and $200,000 he had refused to advance any more unless the whole Government agreed to the bargain and that Sir John A. Macdonald had telegraphed his consent, he said he was absent from the Province the whole time and therefore that was impossible, that no money was paid without his knowledge and consent, and, therefore, he never could have made such a statement. In reply to questions, he stated that Sir Francis Hincks was the only member of the Cabinet who had ever favored the idea of employing American capital ; and that when the people of Ontario began to cry out about it, the whole Cabinet then opposed it. In answer to the c[uestion, what was meant by the words, “ the same conditions,” and “ the same terms,” in Sir George E. Cartier’s letter of 24th August (Given in postscript to Mr. McMullen’s nar- rative), he said : “ It was difficult to say what Sir George meant by those” words. He was not a man with whom you could talk very much, because in all the interviews with him he generally did most of the talking himself, and you could with difiiculty say anything. I never understood exactly what he meant on any of these points. I was quite satisfied that he probably felt that he did not like to be under such very heavy obligations, and would endeavor at some future time to make it up by subscription or otherwise. I did not think that he had any very definite idea, and I did not think it would be done.” He declared that he had no understanding with Sir George, or any other member of the Government, or derived from any other source, that he was to derive any advantage from the Government in con- sideration of his advances, and had not received any. He had never subscribed so largely to an election fund before, but explained that he did so from a desire to” assist the party which he believed it would be most advantageous to the GOVERNMENT OE THE EARL OP DUFFERIN— THE PACIFIC SCANDAL. 407 many enterprises he was interested in, to have remain in power. In reply to numerous questions, he maintained that there was never any other agreement than the first letter of 30th July, signed by Sir G-eorge E. Cartier, which was subsequently withdrawn, and that that was what he referred to in his letter to General Cass and Mr. McMullen. He denied that there was any truth in Mr. McMullen’s statement that he had prepared any copies of telegrams, etc., and threatened to publish them, and that then the Government came to terms ; or that he had ever received any telegram from Sir John A. Macdonald approving of Sir George E. Cartier’s agreement, the only telegram he saw was disapproving of it. 8. — The Hon. J. J. C. Abbott was examined on the 19th of September, and gave an account Hot,. J.J.C. Abbott’s ^f his COmiection with the rail- evidence. way project from its inception, bearing out in general terms the statement of Sir Hugh Allan. His account of the interview with Sir George E. Cartier when the advance of money was spoken of, was substantially the same as Sir Hugh’s, except, that he thought Sir George added : “ You know you wont lose it all. Our party will make up the greater part of what you give, but we want it now.” His evidence with regard to the efforts towards amalgamation, the exclusion of American capital and the for- mation of a new Company, corroborated that of Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Hugh Allan. He had no knowledge until quite recently of the telegram of 31st July, from Sir John A. Macdonald disapproving of Sir George E. Cartier’s agreement of 30th July, and had thought at the time that Sir John approved of the agreement. With regard to the |8,500 and the $50,000 for Sir Francis Hincks he knew nothing about them except what had appeared in the newspapers. With regard to the $25,000 for Mr. Langevin, he said that he had never been “authorized to promise Mr. Langevin $25,000 to aid in the elections about Quebec, on condi- tion of his friendly assistance,” as stated by Mr. McMullen. He had had some conversa- tion with Mr. Langevin during the Session about Quebec elections, and had promised that if an election fund was raised in Montreal he would endeavor to have a part of it ap- propriated to Quebec, as he did not think it fair, he (Mr. Langevin) should have to bear all the expense alone ; but nothing at all was said about the Railway, and indeed, he always supposed that Mr. Langevin, as an ardent Lower Canadian, was in favor of the road which it was supposed would be most advantageous to that Province. He did mention to Sir Hugh Allan, that if an election fund was got up Mr. Langevin ought to have $25,000 out of it, but did not mention it to Mr. McMullen. Witness here stated that nearly if not all the papers published about the Pacific railway had been obtained by illegal if not criminal means, and especially the telegrams, letters and receipts published at the end of Mr. McMullen’s “ Narrative,” which must either have been stolen from his private drawer, or from where Sir Hugh Allan placed them after they were given into his keeping. All the money payments with which he had anything to do, were $10,000 to Mr. Langevin, $20,000 to the Central Committee, and $10,000 to Sir John A. Macdonald, which were paid by order of Sir Hugh Allan. With regard to Mr. Langevin’s $10,000, he corrobor- ated that gentleman’s statement, and said that he finally paid the money on his own authority without a receipt. He understood the exi)res- sions “ on the same conditions,” and “ on the same terms,” in Sir George Cartier’s letter of 24th August, to refer to the letter of 30th July, which said that the sums so advanced should be recouped. He was not present at any other interview, nor did not know of any communication between Sir Hugh Allan and any members of the Government in relation to the subscription of money for the elections. As far as he knew, and he had reason to believe he was in a position to know as much as anyone, the subscriptions to the elections had no in- fluence whatever on the Charter. He never heard them alluded to. 9. — The other Ministers examined supported the testimony of Sir John A. Macdonald to the 408 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. The Commissioners f^cts of their determination not expressTng^an* to allow the introduction of American capital, to the negotia- tions for amalgamation, and their repudiation of the charge that any corrupt bargain had been made. The other evidence taken was mostly of ail unimportant nature, and nothing was adduced to materially sustain the charges of Mr. Huntington. The Commissioners, under the Commission issued to them, were instructed to report “as well the said evidence as any opinions which you may think fit to express thereon ; ” but they did not “ think fit ” to express any opinion, and merely reported the evidence, with the various documents fyled. CHAPTER XXXIX. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN — IHiSIGNATlON OF THE MACDONALD MINISTRY. 1. Meeting of Parliament. — 2. The attitude OF THE Opposition. — 3 The speech from THE THRONE. — 4. ThE P. E. I. MEMBERS. — 5. I’apers laid on the table. — 6. Debate on THE Address. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie’s Amendment. — 7. Speech of Hon Dr. Top- per. — 8. Speech of Hon. Mr. Huntington. — 9. Hon. Mr. Macdonald’s Amendment TO THE Amendment. — 10. The effect of FIVE days’ debate. — 11. SiR JoHN A. MaC- donald’s defence. — 12. Resignation of THE Ministry. G-uilty, or not Guilt v ? The Meeting of Parliament. 1. — Never before in the history of the Domin- ion, and seldom in that of the old Province of Canada, had the assembling of Parliament attracted so much attention as did the session which opened at Ottawa on the twenty-third of October, 1873. The ten weeks which had elapsed since the prorogation of the thirteenth of August had been busily used by the leaders of both parties in marshalling their forces, and the result was one of the largest — if not the largest — gathering of members which had ever assembled in Ottawa. It was felt that no more delays or subterfuges would avail on either side ; the country had been roused during the publication of the evidence taken before the Royal Commis- sion, as it had never been roused before ; the Commission had declined to express any opinion on the evidence produced before it, and left that duty to Parliament, and all eyes were now turned towards the Capital, and the ver- dict of guilty, or not guilty, was anxiously awaited. Both sides were confident of success ; but the Opposition had most reason to be so, for during the recess most of the members had had an oj)portunity of meeting their constituents, and the tone of public opinion was so much against the accused Ministers that many members who generally voted with the Govern- ment felt that they would no longer be repre- senting the wishes of their constituents by continuing that support they had given in the past, unless the Government could show a much better defence than had been made before the Royal Commission. Still it was expected that the Government would be able to escape the vote of want of confidence which it was certain would be made, by a small majority; and, after that ordeal was once passed, they would, un- doubtedly, be able to recover the confidence of some of their old supporters, and increase their majority. 2. — On the other hand, the leaders of the Op- position were confident, almost jubilant, and left not a stone unturned not The attitude of the only to secure the loresence and fidelity of their regular followers, but to gain new converts. In this latter effort they were highly successful. In times of great political excitement when a change of Administration is imminent, there are always to be found a few disappointed or ambitious members of the party in power whose “ convictions ” are susceptible of sudden change as they find the party they have previously supported losing the reins of power and their opponents gaining them. It has ever been the fate of Ministers to have some of their weak-kneed followers secede from them GOVBENMENT OF EAEL DUFFEEIN— EESIGNATION OF THE MACDONALD MINISTEY, 409 in their honr of adversity — on the same princi- ple that rats desert a sinking ship ; and Sir John A. Macdonald did not find himself an exception to the general rule. Several of his ordinary supporters who were only “ Remon- strants ” on the thirteenth of August, had de- veloped into full-pledged Oppositionists by the twenty-third of October ; and it was pretty freely hinted that, iii some instances at least, promises of reward for party infidelity were not wanting, and that those who had been unable to obtain the rewards or advancements they desired from the existing Ministry, were enter- tained with very flattering promises by those who expected to benefit by the downfall of that Ministry. There may be a difference in morality between a candidate corrupting a constituency in order to gain a seat in Parliament, and that same candidate selling his vote for place or office after his election, although we are inclined to think the difference scarcely perceptible ; and while we do not charge that the Opposition corruptly purchased any of the votes which ultimately placed them in power, still it is cer- tain that several members who had uniformly opposed them for years, and even up to the thirteenth of August, suddenly became con- verted from the error of their ways in support- ing Sir J. A. Macdonald’s Administration, and received places of trust and emolument imme- diately on the formation of the new Ministry. Without charging these gentlemen with being purchased — as the partizan press very freely did — we are still forced to confess that circum- stances certainly showed suspiciously against them. 3. — The opening was unusually well attended, both by members and spectators, the latter The Speech from the ^eiiig attracted from all parts of the Dominion by the anticipated struggle, and both the floor and gallery of the Senate were crowded with a large and fashion- able assemblage. His Excellency, in his Speech from the Throne, stated that Parliament had been called together, in accordance with his promise at prorogation, at the earliest possible moment after the receipt of the report of the Royal Commissioners, and that “ the report will •be laid before Parliament, and it will be for you to determine whether it can be of any assist- ance to you.” It was announced that the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, having- been unable to make the financial arrangements they desired in England, had surrendered their Charter, which had been accepted, and that a measure for the purpose of carrying out the agreement with British Columbia, and building the road, would be submitted to Parliament. An Election Law was promised, as well as an Act establishing a G-eneral Court of Appeal, and Acts relating to navigable waters, to the inspection laws, to insolvency, and for the establishment of a Dominion Board of Agricul- ture. The Public Accounts were promised, and the announcement made that, “the pros- perous condition of our finances continues, and the revenue has been sufficient to meet all charges upon it.” 4. — On returning to the Commons Chamber the first business transacted was the introduction of new members, amongst whom ^[,5 p ^ i were the six members from “embers. Prince Edward Island who took their seats for the first time, and were greeted with cheers from the Ministerial side of the House as they were severally introduced by members of the Grovernment.* Considerable importance was attached to these six gentlemen as it was felt that in the close condition in which the parties were getting, numerially speaking, their votes might almost decide the sux)port or defeat of the Government ; at the same time, although elected to support the administration of Sir John A. Macdonald and introduced to the House * The name of the six representatives and their introducers are as follows : lion. David Laird (Queen’s), introduced by the lion. Sir John A. Mac- donald, and Mr. A. L. Palmer. lion. J. C. Pope (Prince), introduced by Hon. J. II. Pope, and Hon. John Crawford. James Yeo (Prince), introduced by Hon. Hugh Macdonald, and Hon. J. B. Robinson. Hon Peter Sinclair (Queen’s) introduced by Hon. II. L- Langevin and Hon. T. N. (libbs. A. C. Macdon.ald (Kings), introduced by Hon. Peter Mitchell and Hon. A. DeCosmos. Hon. Daniel Davies (King’s), introduced by Hon. Dr. Tupper, and Hon. John Carling. 49 410 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE HOMIXION OF CANADA. by members of the Ministry, it was understood that on the subject of the Pacific Scandal they proposed to exercise an independent judgment and decide on the evidence adduced more than from a mere party standpoint. Mr. Appleby, newly elected for Carleton, N. B., was also in- troduced by the Hon. A. J. Smith and Mr. Burpee (Sunbury) and took his seat with the Opposition — to whose ranks the former of these gentlemen was a recent acquisition. 5. — It had been rumored that the Opposition did not intend to move a direct vote of want of Papers laid on the Confidence in the Government, fearing that some of the Minis- teralists who had signed the memorial of the 13th of August, would scarcely support them in so direct a vote, but rather to raise a sort of side issue by raising the question of privilege that the Prorogation of the 13th of August was a breach of the privileges of Parliament, a motion on which they could depend on the support of the Memorialists ; but if any such action was intended it was rendered inoperative by the action of the Premier in laying on the table immediately messages from His Excellency transmitting the papers with regard to the disallowance of the Oaths Bill ; papers relating to the prorogation of the 13th of August ; papers relating to the issue of the Royal Commission ; and a copy of a despatch from the Earl of Kim- berley, under date 9th October, in which he acknowledged receipt of the Governor-General’s ^ despatches of the 15th and 18th of August, j giving an account of the prorogation and the ' issue of the Royal Commission. His Lordship’s J despatch concluded as follows : “ Her Majesty’s | Government have read these clear and able state- ! ments with much interest. It is not their duty to exi:)ress any opinion upon the particular measures adopted on the advice of your responsible Ministers, but they fully approve your having acted on these matters in accordance with constitutional usage.” The Report of the Royal Commission was also laid on the table ; and it was at once felt that no side issue would be of avail, the Government had in efiect challenged the Opposition to question their conduct if they dared, and the question of confidence or non-confidence must be squarely raised. After the submission of these papers, and a little routine business, the House adjourned until Monday, the 27th, when the great debate on the Address was commenced. 6. — In the Senate the Address was moved by Hon. G. Alexander, seconded by Hon. D. Mont- gomery, and was adopted after a brief discussion, in which Hon. Messrs. Letellier de St. Just, Campbell, Dickey, Macpherson and Christie participated. In the Commons, the Address was moved by Mr. Witton, seconded by Mr. Baby, who made the usual complimentary remarks on the measures treated of in the Speech from the Throne. The first paragraph of the Address — which was merely that an Address be ]Dresented — was adopted without comment. On the second paragraph, which was as follows : “ That we thank His Excellency for his statement that, in accordance with the inti- mation given by him at the close of last session, he has caused Parliament to be summoned at the earliest moment after the receipt of the report of the Commissioners appointed by His Excellency to inquire into certain matters con- nected with the Canadian Pacific Railway,” being read, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie rose and reviewed at length the course pursued by the Government with regard to the Pacific Railway Charter. He claimed that during the five years of the first Parliament of the Dominion, the Administration had been gradually losing the confidence of the country ; and that, as their chief object was the retention of power rather than the passage of good measures, it became necessary for them to start some new move- ment to retain them in office ; the Intercolonial Railway was nearly finished, and it was neces- sary for them to find some other great work by means of which they hoped to keep themselves in power ; therefore, the inauguration of the Pacific Railway. He recounted the objections which had been raised by the Opposition at the time of the admission of British Columbia, to the country binding itself to build the road in GOVEENMENT OF EAEL DUFEEEIN— EESIGNATION OF TUB MACDONALD MIXISTEY. 411 ten years ; and the still stronger objection which had been raised during the session of 1872, to the G-overnment being given the power to issue a charter to a Company to build the road, without consulting Parliament. It was customary to consult Parliament on the subject of contracts, and he thought it very extraor- dinary that the very Administration which submitted to the approval of Parliament, at the session of 1872, a contract for carrying the mails, which involved an expenditure of <£25,000, should refuse to submit to the House a contract involving the expenditure of |80,- 000,000, and the granting of 50,000,000 acres of our best lands. This was extraordinary, not to say suspicious, and when the Government sought to justify, it by saying that it was neces- sary on account of the ten-year limit of time, it looked as if that limit had been made as part of the plot to throw the control of this immense patronage into the hands of the G-overnment. He claimed that unless there was some object to gain there was no reason why the Govern- ment should not have consulted the House with regard to the contract. He then referred to the fact that the Government had put off the passage of a stringent Election Act, which would prevent bribery, and place the trial of Controverted Elections in the hands of the Judges, until after the general elections; and argued that no Government would have done this had it not been intended to carry the elec- tions no matter what means were used. He referred to the imperfect character of the In- terim Election Law, and the great advantages it gave to the Ministerial candidates in many ways, and said that in spite of all these advan- tages it was found that something more was needed, and that something more was furnished by the contractors for the Pacific Railway. He then quoted from the evidence of Sir John A. Macdonald, before the Royal Commission, to show that he had instructed Sir George E. Cartier to call on Sir Hugh Allan for funds, and went on to argue that it was ridiculous to say that the immense contributions of this gentleman had no reference to the granting of the Charter, but were simply given by him for the support of the party — a man who, by his own showing, never had a party, and had never even voted but once. He proceeded to show by the evi- dence, that Sir Hugh Allan was not a party man ; that he was a shrewd speculator, and that it was only after an agreement had been come to that he should have the contract, that he agreed to furnish money for the elections and asked, “ w^hat money do you want ? ” He re- viewed the conduct of the G-overnment with regard to the prorogation of the thirteenth of August, and the appointment of three Judges to take the evidence against them ; and contended that from the evidence taken, it was clearly shown that the G-overnment were determined to carry the elections at all hazards, and that they used the Pacific contract to gain their ends. He concluded by moving, seconded by Mr. Coffin, “ That the following words be added to the paragraph : ‘ And we have to acquaint His Excellency that by their course in reference to the investigation of the charges preferred by Mr. Huntington, in his place in this House, and under the facts disclosed in the evidence laid before us. His Excellency’s advisers, have raerited the severe censure of this House.’ ” 7. — Hon. Mr. Mackenzie spoke until six o’clock, and, after recess, was replied to by the Hon. Dr. Tupper, who said he speech of iion. Dr. rejoiced that his colleagues and Supper, himself had at last an opportunity of defending themselves in Parliament’against the foul asper- sions which had for months been cast upon them. He believed that not only had the Government been assailed in a manner unpre- cedented in history, but that there were motives behind that assault which would not bear inves- tigation. He claimed that the G-overnment had remained in power by “ bringing forward such measures as they believed would advance the prosperity, raise the character, and elevate the position of Canada,” and had been met by gentlemen who were most unscrupulous as to the means they used in their efforts to reach the Treasury benches. He claimed that the Opposi- tion had acquired thier majority in Ontario by 412 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. charging the Grovernment with sacrificing the interests of Canada to the necessities of the Mother Country, and thought that a small triumph which was gained by advocating disloyalty to the British Crown. He charged that the Opposition having tried in vain every effort to overthrow the Grovernment on the Washington Treaty, had resorted to these charges in connection with the- Pacific Railway Charter. The honorable member for Shefford had charged the Grovernment wdth bartering a great public interest for foreign gold, while the facts showed that every precaution had been taken to exclude foreigners from the road ; and instead of the Grovernment being interested with foreigners, it was the Opposition which had become interested with Jay Cooke & Co., when that firm found that the Grovernment was determined to keep it out of the Pacific Railway. He then reviewed at length the ai)pointment of the Committee, the circum- stances attending the passing of the Oaths Bill, its disallowance, the offer of the Premier to i issue a Royal Commission to the Committee, : the refusal of Messrs. Blake and Dorion, the prorogation of the 13 th of August, and the issue of the Royal Commission, contending that , the Grovernment had acted throughout in the best of faith. He reviewed the evidence taken before the Royal Commission at length, and claimed that the charges made by the honorable member for Shefford (Mr. Huntington), had been disproved in every particular, by the very witnesses on whom he had professed to rely to establish them. 8 . — Hon. Mr. Huntington followed, and denied that he had ever had any connection with Jay speech of Hon. Mr. ^ookc & Co. He declared that Huntington. firmly believed in the truth of the charges at the time he made them, although he did not have Sir Hugh Allan’s letters in his pocket then. He asked how it was that the members for Vancouver (Sir Francis Hincks) and Cumberland (Hon. Dr. Tupper) had not denied the charges in Sir Hugh Allan’s letters ? He claimed that the letters of Sir Hugh Allan were the best evidence produced before the Committee, and they showed con- clusively the bargain between Sir Hugh Allan and the Grovernment. He did not accuse Sir Hugh Allan of any greater crime than that of thinking he could carry everything before him by bribery. He then read the agreement entered into between Sir Hugh Allan and his American friends, as adduced before the Royal Commission, and claimed that that substantiated the first part of his charge. The gist of his charge was that Sir Hugh Allan purchased the contract, and he contended, that the evidence taken before the Commission proved that the contract had been purchased. He quoted from several parts of Sir Hugh Allan’s letters to show the intimacy existing between him and the Grovernment. It was shown that Sir Hugh Allan wanted the contract, and that Sir (Teorge E. Cartier wanted money to bribe the electors with; Sir Hugh got the contract and Sir George got the money, and what was the logical conclusion ? An adjournment of the debate was moved by Sir Francis Hincks. 9 . — On the twenty-eighth the debate was re- sumed by Sir Francis Hincks, who defended himself from some personal at- . , 1 1 • 1 Hon. Mr. Mac- tacks made on him by the mem- donaid’s amendment , r oil rr- 1 1 , 1 to the amendment. ber for Shefford, and entered into a lengthy explanation of the conduct of the Government, which he claimed was entirely blameless and for the best interests of the country; and held that the charges of the honorab le membe r for Shefford had not been sustained by the evi- dence produced. He was followed by the Hon. James Macdonald, of Pictou, who in a very elo- quent and exhaustive speech of over four hours duration, very ably defended the Government, and attacked the Opposition for endeavoring to hound to political death and personal dishonor the man who had done more than any other living Canadian to uphold the honor and dignity of the country, and to consolidate and developc its power and resources. He concluded by moving in amendment to the amendment that the following words be substituted : “ And we desire to assure His Excellency, that after consi- deration of the statements made in the evidence GOVEENMENT OF EAEL DUFFEEIN— EESIGNATION OF THE MACHOiSrALD MINISTEY. 413 before us, and while we regret the outlay of money by all political parties at Parliamentary Elections, and desire the most stringent mea- sures to put an end to the practice, we, at the same time, beg leave to express our continued confidence in His Excellency’s advisers, and in their administration of public affairs.” The debate was continued by Mr. David Griass, one of the recent converts to the Opposition, who explained his “ peculiar position,” and stated that he believ^ed the charges proved ; Mr. Baker, who supported the G-overnment ; and Mr. Young (Waterloo) who condemned it ; and was adjourned on motion of Mr. Wood. 10. — The debate was continued on the twenty- ninth, thirtieth and thirty-first of October and „. the third of November by Messrs, days debate. Wood, Cartwright, MacKay, Mc- Donnell, (Inverness) Cunningham, Joly, Coffin, Laflamme, Burpee, (St. John) Pickard, Prevost, and Mills in support of Hon. Mr. MacKenzie’s amendment ; and Messrs. Palmer, Kirkpatrick, Grant, Thompson, (Cariboo), Wallace, (Norfolk), Tilley, Carter, Domville, Ouimet, Mathieu, and Wright, (Pontiac,) who supported the Govern- ment, after which Sir John A. Macdonald rose to speak. The debate had now lasted five niffhts and the condition of the Government O was hourly growing more and more critical ; new defections from their ranks were daily taking place, and, although none of them had spoken yet, it was understood that at least a portion of the Prince Edward Island members would support the Opposition. The “ whips ” on both sides were unceasingly active and noses were being counted with a care and thought- fulness which had not been known since the days preceding the “ Dead Lock ” in 1864. Of course, there were whispers of attempts at cor- ruption and corrupt influences, but the only charge of the kind which was made was by Mr. Cunningham, member for Marquette who stated in his place, on the third of November, that he had been approached on the previous day (Sunday) by Alderman Heney, of Ottawa, who had offered him one, two, or three thousand pounds if he would vote for the Ministry. On motion of Mr. White, ( Halton ), Alderman Heney was summoned to the bar of the House, and appeared there, and was placed in custody of the Sergeant-at-Arms to be produced when needed. Mr. Heney, however, was never needed, for the resignation of the Ministry took place on the fifth, and the House was prorogued on the seventh without any action being taken in his case. The excitement in Ottawa during the long debate was most intense ; the hotels were crowded and the galleries nightly thronged while small anxious groups of threes and fours could be seen about the lobbies and in the cor- ridors of the Russell, at almost all hours of the day or night, eagerly discussing the latest move, or supposed move, on the political chess- board. The speech of Sir John A. Macdonald had been anxiously waited for, but was rather a disappointment to some of his friends when it did come. He was not in his happiest vein, and spoke more like the leader of a forlorn hope than the chief of a victorious party ; he was out- generalled and beaten, and he knew it, and his five hour and a half oration had little of the strength and force in it which characterized some of his previous Parliamentary efforts, such as his speech in defense of the Washington Treaty. 11. — He commenced by stating that he had not intended making any remarks on the two motions before the House, for ^ the reason that .he had already Defence, made a full, free and unreserved statement under oath, of the whole case, as far as he knew of it, and he had not desired to suirplement his statement, under oath, by another statement, not under oath ; but he had been taunted in the press and outside of the House, with holding back his statements, and not daring to meet the House or the country, and he wished it to be understood that he was quite prepared to meet both the House and the country. He commenced by defending the prorogation of the thirteenth of August, claiming that there was no breach of the privileges of the House committed, that it was simply an exercise of the prerogative which it could not be questioned the Sovereign 414 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. had the vindoubted right to exercise, on the advice of his Ministers, responsible to both Houses. He hoped the time would never come when Parliament would refuse to be prorogued, and attempt to sit en permanence, for then would j be destroyed one of the greatest safeguards of the British Constitution. Passing on to the motion of the honorable member for ShefFord (Mr. Huntington) he declared that it was not only | intended as a motion of want of confidence in the Government, but, was also meant to kill the Pacific Eailway, and prevent the deputation which had gone to England to interest Euro- ' pean capitalists in the scheme from accomplish- ing their object. He denied the statement made by the leader of the Opposition and others that pressure had been brought to bear on him (Sir John) by some of his supporters to induce him to ask for a Committee. There was no such pressure at all ; the motion of the member for ShefFord was promptly voted down, because it was a vote of want of confidence, but no Ministry could dream of holding office after such a charge had been made without haAung it disproved, and accordingly he (Sir John) had, on entering the Council Chamber, on the following morning announced his intention of asking for a Committee, before any one had si:)oken to him on the subject. He went on to explain that he never supposed any one would expect the Committee to complete its work in Ihe absence of the three parties mainly interested — Sir Hugh Allan, Hon. Mr. Abbott and Sir George E. Cartier — who were then absent in Ihigland, and for that reason he had added to his motion, “ and if need be to sit after the prorogation of Parliament,” so that if these gentlemen did not return before the other I business of Parliament was concluded, the Committee could still continue its labors. He had afterwards discovered that Parliament had uot the power to authorize a Committee to sit after prorogation, and it was on that account that the House had been adjorrrned on the 23rd of May instead of being prorogued, so that the Committee could go on taking evidence after these gentlemen returned. He claimed that the House perfectly well understood and accepted the statement that the meeting on the 13th of August was to be pro forma ; and that after it had been so announced by him, on the authority of the Governor-General, and accepted by the House, it was not possible that any other course could be pursued. As to the legality of the issue of the Koyal Commission, he did not propose to speak, as the motion of the member for Lambton rendered that unnecessary ; he would, therefore, pass on to the evidence taken before the Commission. He argued at some length to prove the legality of the Commission, and blamed the honorable member for ShefFord for not appearing before it, whether it was legally constituted or not, if he really wished to have a full investigation. He defended the Judges appointed on the Commission from the charges of partizanship made against them ; and with reference to the statement that witness after witness had been examined who simply knew nothing, he said that the names of the witnesses had been given to the Committee by the member for ShefFord, and were called and examined in the order in which they were given by him. If they knew nothing it was not the fault of the Commissioners. With regard to the charges themselves he said : “ First we are told that the Government had acted with these American gentlemen, and had given up all the rights of Canada to a foreign corporation. We were told that we were recreant to our position, as Canadians, to our position as members of Par- liament, and guardians of the rights of Canada, and that we handed over the great Pacific Eailway to the Americans. When that broke down, the next charge was brought up. Hon. gentlemen opposite said, ‘ We know you did not do that, but you have sold it,’ and when that broke down they came to the last charge, and said, ‘ Oh, you are guilty of spending a large sum of money at the elections.’ These are the three charges, and I shall deal with them seri- atim.” With regard to the first charge he said that it had roused him when it was made, for he had thought that he had entirely kept Jay GOVERNMENT OF EARL DUFFERIN— RESIGNATION OF THE MACDONALD 3IINISTRY. 415 Cook & Co., and every other Company inter- ested in the Northern Pacific Railway, out of any participation in the Canadian Pacific. He claimed that it was because he had done so that this attack had been made upon the Grovern- ment ; and he charged the member for Sheffbrd with being the agent of the Northern Pacific Railway, and that he was elected to his seat by alien railway influences. He spoke of the strong opposition which he knew he should meet with in Ontario during the elections on account of the Washington Treaty ; and said that the Op- position leaders had described him as a cross between Benedict Arnold and Judas Iscariot, but he was proud of having assisted in securing peace to two great nations by that Treaty, and he should be glad to have it recorded on his tombstone that he had been instrumental in ne- gotiating that Treaty. He entered at length into The various efforts which had been made by the Opposition in Ontario, and the cries which had been raised that he had sacrificed the interests of Ontario to that of the other Provinces ; that he was going to ruin the coun- try with the Pacific Railway ; that he had given too much to Nova Scotia, &c., to show the diffi- culties which the Government had to contend against in that Province. He claimed that the Opposition had spent two pounds to the Gov- ernment’s one, and challenged them to have a Committee appointed and investigate the facts. He charged that there were more members on the Opposition than on the Government benches who owed their seats to the use of money, and affirmed that he believed he could pro^.'e what he said before any Committee the House thought proper to appoint. He then traced at length the course pursued by the Government with re- gard to the building of the Pacific Railway, claiming that after the cry had been raised against the admission of American capital, every precaution had been taken by the Government to exclude it, and blaming Sir Hugh Allan for continuing to hold out hopes to his American partners after he must have known that the Government could not, and would not, grant a charter to any Company in which Americans were interested. He spoke of the visit paid him by Mr. McMullen and other Chicago gentlemen about the time of the granting of the Royal Charter, and their complaints about Sir Hugh Allan’s treatment of them, and said that he took j that as the best evidence that Sir Hugh Allan and his American associates had c[uarrelled, and there was no danger of their being interested in the Charter in any way. With regard to the action of Sir George E. Cartier in Montreal, he said : “ I do not wish honorable gentlemen to suppose for one single, instant that I would desire to shelter myself or my living colleagues by throwing the blame on my dead colleague. Whatever Sir George Cartier has done I will assume the responsibility of. Whatever Sir George Cartier has done I must accept as being the honest expression of an individual Minis- ter ; but, sir, I do not admit, and I will not admit, and it is not safe for honorable gentlemen opposite to admit, that any one Minister can bind a Ministry.” He declared that the only agreement ever entered into with regard to the granting of the Charter, as far as he was concerned, or as far as the Government was concerned, was the telegram of the 26th ol July with regard to postponing the matter until after the elections and then bringing about an amalgamation of the Ontario and Quebec Companies. He charged that Sir Hugh Allan’s letter had been bought from McMullen by the member for Sheffbrd, (the charge was at once denied by Mr. Huntington), and then pro- ceeded to defend the course of the Government after the 26th of July, saying : “ There never was an occasion, there never was a minute, in which the interests of Canada were sacrificed by the Government of Canada for election purposes.” He then proceeded to show how the Company to which the Charter was finally granted was constituted ; how thirteen repres- entative men from the different Provinces had been selected, and how it was provided that no one of them should hold more than |100,000 worth of stock ; and concluded his address as follows : “ If there is a word in that Charter I which derogates from the rights of Canada ; if 416 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. there is any undue privilege, or right, or preponderance given to any one of these thirteen Directors, I say, Mr. Speaker, I am condemned. But, sir, I commit myself, the Grovernment commits itself, to the hands of this House, and far beyond the House, it commits itself to the country at large. We have faithfully done our duty. We have fought the battle of Confederation. We 'have fought the battle of Union. We have had Party strife i setting Province against Province, and more than all, we have had in the greatest Province, the preponderating Province of the Dominion, every prejudice and sectional feeling that could : be arrayed against us. I have been the victim of that conduct to a great extent ; but I have fought the battle of Confederation, the battle of ' Union, the battle of the Dominion of Canada. I throw myself upon this House ; I throw myself upon this country ; I throw myself upon posterity ; and I believe that I know that, notwithstanding the many failings in my life* I shall have the voice of this country and this House rallying round me. And, Sir, if I am mistaken in that, I can confidently appeal to a higher Court, to the Court of my own conscience, and to the Court of Posterity. I leave it with this House with every confidence. I am equal to either fortune. I can see cast the decision of this House either for or against me, but whether it be against me or for me I know, and it is no vain boast to say. Sir, for even my enemies will admit that I am no boaster, that there does not 1 ’ exist in Canada a man who has given more of his time, more of his heart, more of his wealth, or more of his intellect and power, such as it may be, for the good of this Dominion of Canada.” i 12. — Sir John A. Macdonald was followed by Hon. Mr. Blake, who spoke until half-past two in the morning, when the House Re.-iignation of the ,. , ^ ., 1,1 i 1 Ministry. Guilty or adjouriied. Uii the 4th the de- notGuiitj. resumed by Hon. Mr. Blake in a lengthy speech, in which he con- demned the conduct of the Grovernment, and sought to show the very intimate relations 1 which existed between them and Sir Hugh 1 Allan. The debate was continued by Messrs. Cameron (Cardwell), Pope, (P. E. I.) and Dodge who supported the Ministry ; and Messrs. Laird, Hagar, Smith, ( Selkirk ), and Davies, (P. E. I.) who supported Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment. The House adjourned at 1.30 on the morning of the 5th. By this time it had become evident to Sir .John A. Macdonald that he had lost his majority in the House. The determination of the Prince Edward Island members (except Mr. Pope), to sujiport Mr. Mackenzie’s amendment, added to the defection of some of his usual supporters on whom he had depended — notably Mr. D. A. Smith — had turned the scale, and he now saw that he would be defeated on a division, and that Mr. jMackenzie’s vote of want of confi- dence would carry. Under these circumstances, he decided not to await the issue of the vote, but, on the morning of the 5th of November (the anniversary of the Grunpowder Plot) he placed the resignation of the Ministry in the hands of Lord Dufferin, and Mr. Mackenzie was sent for to form a new Administration. The announce- ment was formally made to the House by Sir John A. Macdonald, and to the Senate by Hon. Mr. Campbell, and both Houses adjourned until the 6th, and on that day to the 7th, when the for- mation of a Ministry by Hon. Mr. Mackenzie was announced, and Parliament was prorogued. So ended the celebrated “ Short Session,” and so died the Macdonald Ministry, after having been in power in the old Province of Canada and in the Dominion for nearly twenty years. The fact of the resignation can hardly be taken as a plea of guilty by the Ministry to the charges made against them by Mr. Huntington, and it may be argued that the case was not absolutely proved, and that Sir John, finding many of his old friends and supporters could not support him on this question, resigned to spare them the pain of recording their votes against him ; and, further, that by their not so committing themselves they would be at greater liberty to give him their countenance and support again on matters of general policy in which they agreed with him. However that may be, the fact of the Ministry not daring to test the House and take a vote, GOVBENMENT OF EAEL DTJFFERIN— EESIGNATION OF THE MACDONALD MINTSTEY. 417 was claimed by the Opposition as a plea of guilty, and the vote of the country at the next general election endorsed that opinion by an overwhelming majority. Judging from the evidence alone and from the statements made by honorable gentlemen on both sides, it would not be fair to say that the charges of Hon. Mr. Huntington were sustained ; nor would it be possible to say that there was no ground for them, and that there was not at least some por- tion of truth in them. Sir John A. Macdonald, Sir Hugh Allan, Mr. Abbott, and others inter- ested, all swore that there never was any bargain of any kind by which money was to be advanced for the elections in consideration of Sir Hugh Allan getting the contract ; that the large sums spent by Sir Hugh were expended because the policy the G-overnment had in- augurated was what he considered best for the interest of the Dominion, and most likely to benefit the many and extensive commercial enterprises in w^hich he was engaged. On the other hand, we have the fact that it was only after Sir George E. Cartier had agreed that the Canada Pacific Company should have the con- tract, in the event of an amalgamation not taking place that Sir Hrigh agreed to advance any money to the members of the Government for election purposes in compliance with the request contained in Sir George E. Cartier’s second letter of 30th July. It is true that the first letter was withdrawn, at the request of Sir John A. Macdonald, but the second letter] was not, and payments were made on it for a month after, and it scarcely seems probable that so clear-headed and shrewd a business-man as Sir Hugh would have gone on advancing such large sums after the withdrawal of the first letter of the 30th of .July, unless he had some reason to believe either that that letter would be renew^ed, or that he would gain his object in some other way. He, however, swears that he had no bargain with any member of the Gov- ernment, and as the member with whom the bargain was supposed to be made — Sir George E. Cartier — was dead, there was no evidence other than that of inference to show that there was any other bargain than that proposed by Sir John A. Macdonald’s telegram of 26th July, which showed nothing corrupt, or at all com- promising to the Government. Taking the evidence therefore, as it stands we should be inclined to arrive at the Scotch verdict of “ Not Proven,” which, while admitting that there was not evidence enoirgh to convict, at the same time acknowledges that there was evidence enough on which to suspect. That Sir Hugh Allan gave $162,600 to Sir George E. Cartier, Sir .John A. Macdonald and Hon. Mr. Lange vin, for elec- tion purposes, there can be no doubt nor is there any doubt that Sir Hugh Allan was one of the parties to whom the Charter was eventu- ally granted, although he did not get as favor- able terms as he had previously expected ; still, although the inference is very strong, the posi- tive evidence is lacking, and in the absence of that, and in the face of the sworn testimony of Sir Hugh Allan and others that there was no bargain, we must give the accused the benefit of the doubt, and admit the charges “ Not Proven.” It is a sad commentary on the poli- tical morality of Canada, to be forced to allow that Ministers of the Crown came so near being found guilty of the crime of selling a great public work; but there are two crumbs of comfort left, one is that there was no charge, indeed no suspicion, that either Sir John A. Macdonald or his colleagues sold the Charter for any personal advantage, but only for funds with which to corrupt others — a nice distinc- tion, but still one of some significance. Bribery at elections was scarcely regarded as an offence ; both parties resorted to it freely and almost openly ; and the second crumb of comfort to be gathered from the Pacific Scandal is that the * On my return, I found that the limits of payments which I had first agreed to had been exceeded, and, .with . subsequent advances, they finally stood as follows ; — To Sir Geo. E. Cartier’s Committee $85,000 To Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, towards election expenses in Ontario 45,000 To Hon. 11. L. Langevin, towards electoral ex- penses in Quebec 32,600 Total $162,600 Sir Hugh Allan’s evidence before Koyal Commission. 50 418 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. exposure of the immense proportions to which this system of bribery had attained, opened the eyes of the public at large to its enormity, and prepared the way for the passage of a more thorough Election Law, and very severe Acts against bribery and corrupt practices at elec- tions. CHAPTER XL. GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN — PEINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1873. 1. Changes in the Cabinet. — 2. Formation OF THE Mackenzie Ministry. — 3. Dominion Board of Trade. The Tariff. — 4. Dominion Board of Trade. Second day’s discussions. — 5. Dominion Board of Trade. Third day’s proceedings. — 6. Wreck of the “Atlantic.” 545 lives lost. — 7. Other Marine disasters. — 8. Burning of the “ Bavarian.” — 9. Fires. — 10. The Pope-Mac- DONALD LETTER. — 11. OTHER EVENTS OF THE A^EAR. 1. — The important event of the year 1873, was par excellence “ The Pacific Scandal,” which we have already dealt Changes in the Cabinet. with at Considerable length, and it only remains to notice the changes in the Ministery which preceded and followed the defeat of the Macdonald Administration. Quite a number of changes took place in the Macdonald Cabinet, the first of which was on the thirtieth of January, when the Hon. J. C. Chapais, Receiver-Greneral, resigned, and his portfolio was taken by Hon. Theodore Eobitaille, who was sworn of the Privy Council on the same day. Ever since his defeat for South Brant at the G-eneral Election, 1872, and his subsequent return for Vancouver, B.C., it had been rumored that Sir Francis Hincks contemplated retiring from public life ; but it was not until the twenty- second of February that he resigned the portfolio of Finance Minister, and accepted the Presidency of the City Bank of Montreal. His successor to the portfolio of Minister of Finance was Hon. Mr. Tilley, Minister of Customs, whose portfolio was taken by Hon. Dr. Tupper, Minister of Inland Revenue. On the fourth of March the Hon. John O’Connor, President of the Privy Council assumed the portfolio of Minister of Inland Revenrre. On the first of May, the Hon. Joseph Howe, Secretary of State for the Pro- vinces, was appointed Lieutenant-Gfovernor of Nova Scotia; and on the fourteenth of June, the Hon. T. N. Gibbs and the Hon. Hugh McDonald were sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Secretary of State for the Provinces and President of the Privy Council respectively. The death of Sir George E. Cartier having made a vacancy a general change of portfolio’s took place on the first of July which left the Cabinet as follows : Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K. C. B., Minister of Justice, (Premier). Hon. S. L. Tilley, C. B., Minister of Finance. Hon. Peter Mitchell, Minister of Marine and Fisheries. Hon. Alexander Campbell, Minister of the Interior. Hon. H. L. Langevin, C. B., Minister of Public Works. Hon. J. C. Aikins, Secretary of State. Hon. Charles Tupper, C. B., Minister of Customs. Hon. John H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture. Hon. John O’Connor, Postmaster General. Hon. Theodore Robitaille, Receiver General. Hon. T. N. Gibbs, Minister of Inland Revenue. Hon. Hugh McDonald, Minister of Militia and Defence. 2. — The portfolio of Secretary of State for the Provinces was not filled (the Department was abolished by the Act of 1873, Fo„„,,tionofthe creating the Department of the Mackenzie Ministry. Interior), and no other changes took place in the Cabinet until the day of the resignation of the Ministry — fifth of November — w'hen the Hon. S. L. Tilley w^as appointed Lieutenant- Governor of New Brunswick ; and the Hon. Hugh McDonald was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. At the same time Mr. John Crawford, member for West Toronto, was apjiointed Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, and a very large number of other appointments were made, w'hich caused much dissatisfaction amongst the incoming party, but mo.st of the appointees w’^ere undisturbed, and only a few removed. On the seventh of Novem- GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DU FFERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF ISYS. 419 ber, the new Ministry was sworn in and apiDointed to office as follows : Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, M. P., Oiitaiio, Minister of Public- Works, (Premier). Hon. Antoine A. Dorion, M. P., Quebec, Minister of Justice. Hon. Edward Blake, M. P., Ontario, without portfolio. Hon. Albert J. Smith, M. P., New Brunswick, Minister of Marine and Fisheries. Hon. Luc Letellier de St. Just, Senator, Quebec, Minister of Agriculture. Hon. Richard John Cartwright, M. P., Ontario, Minister of Finance. Hon. David Laird, M. P., Prince Edward Island, Minister of the Interior. Hon. David Christie, Senator, Ontario, Secretary of State. Hon. Isaac Burpee, M. P., New Brunswick, Minister of Customs. Hon. Donald A. Macdonald, M. P., Ontario, Postmaster-General. Hon. Thomas Coffin, M. P., Nova Scotia, Receiver General. Hon. Telesphore Fournier, M. P., Quebec, Minister of Inland Revenue. Hon. William Ross, M. P., Nova Scotia, Minister of Militia and Defence. Hon. Richard W. Scott, Senator, Ontario, without portfolio. The portfolio of President of the Privy Coun- cil was not filled until the 20th January, 1874, when the Hon. L. S. Huntington was ajipointed. A few days previously (on the 9th) the Hon. David Christie was appointed Speaker of the Senate, and the Hon. R. W. Scott took the port- folio of Secretary of State. On the 31st January, Hon. Mr. Blake resigned, so that the number of Ministers was reduced to the usual number, thirteen. The formation of the new Ministry was somewhat severely criticised by the Con- servative press, and the inconsistency of Mr. Mackenzie, who had always opposed Coalitions in taking Messrs. Coffin and Cartwright into his Cabinet, was pointed out ; while it was also thought strange that Mr. R. W. Scott, Commis- sioner of Crown Lands in the Ontario Govern- ment, should be called to the Senate and sworn of the Privy Council, and still more singular that Hon. Mr. Blake should accept a seat at the Council, without portfolio, thereby increasing the number of Ministers to fourteen, while he had always contended that the number of Min- isters was too large, and should be reduced. However, although there was some criticism, there was little opposition, and all the new Ministers who had to go to their constituents for re-election were returned by acclamation, with two exceptions. 3. — The fourth Annual Meeting of the Dominion Board of Trade was opened at Ottawa, on the 15th of January, repre- Board of sentatives from seventeen Boards Tantr. of Trade being present. Mr. Henry Fry, of Quebec, was elected President and Mr. W. H. Howland, of Toronto, Vice President. The first discussion was on the tariff question, Mr. Morin, of Montreal, making a motion to the effect that the time had come for a revision of the tariff, and that it should be so revised that the duty should be taken off' the prime neces- saries of life and raw materials, and a heavy duty put on articles of luxury, or such articles as enter into competition with our own pro- ductions ; but that such increase of duty should not exceed the amount required for the public service. Mr. Wilkes, of Toronto, offered the following resolution as a substitute : “ That this Board, having considered the mode by which the revenue is levied, believes that the time has come when a revision of the sources of revenue should be considered, and it recommends to the Government such modifications of the duties on such. articles of daily food and clothing as will reduce the cost of living to our poxiulation, thereby encouraging our industries ; and that a revenue of at least one mill in the dollar be *The following is a list of the delegates : — Mo.ntreal Board OP Trade. Messrs. 11. McLennan; John Kerry; Andrew Robertson ; L. E. Morin ; Hon. .John Young. Montreal Corn Exchange. Messrs. M. P. Ryan; W. W. Ogilvie; Thomas White ; R. Sproat; H. Labelle. Toronto Board of Trade. Messrs. Robert Wilkes ; W. H. Howland; John Morrison ; Thomas Lee. Ott.aiva Board op Trade. Messrs, E. McGillivray ; F. Clemow ; William Pennock ; Hon. James Skead. Quebec Board op Trade. Messrs. R. R. Dobell ; Henry Fry ; A. Fraser ; John Roche. St. Hvacinthe Board of Trade. Messrs. Antoine .Maynard ; Louis Cote. Three Rivers Board of Trade. H. McDougall Esq. Kingston Board op Trade. Messrs. John Carruthers ; W. B. Simpson ; William Harty. SoREL Board of Trade. G. H. Bramley Esq. Windsor Board of Trade. James Dougall Esq. Hamilton Board op Trade. Messrs. W- McGiverin ; S. E. Gregory. London Board of Trade. Messrs. John Walker ; Thomas Thompson. St. John’s, Que. Board of Trade Messrs. Charles Langellier ; .James McPherson. Halifax Board of Trade. Messrs. C. Thompson ; John T. Wilde. St. John N. B., Me.ssrs. T. R. Jones ; .J. A. Harding ; R. S. DeVeber. Stratford Board of Trade. Thomas Daly, Esq. Lewls Board of Trade. J. H. Simmons Esq. 420 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. levied on the improved estates of the country in consideration of their protection, and increase in value ; also that a small tax be levied on sawn lumber exported to the United' States, and an increased duty be levied on proof spirits and tobacco.” Mr. Imlaeh moved an amendment to the effect that the princii^le of incidental pro- tection was a sound one, and that a return to the 20 % tariff of 1859, with alterations to protect manufactures, would be beneficial to the country. This amendment was negatived 16 voting for it, and 33 against. Mr. Walker, of London, moved an amendment to the effect that the Board was in favor of maintaining the 15 % tariff ; and that if the Grovernment needed more revenue, it should be raised from articles of luxury ; “ and that this Board is of opinion that permanence in the fiscal policy of the country is most important to commerce and manufactures.” After some debate. Major Walker’s amendment was carried by 40 to 9. 4. — On the 16th, a discussion arose on the motion of Mr. Kirby, of Petrolia, that the Excise duty should be taken off petro- Dominion Board of , nr- -j-vt t i i ■ Trade. Second day’s leum. Major VV alker moTCd in di-scusaons. amendment, seconded by Mr. M. P. Ryan, that no change in the Excise duty on petroleum be recommended, which was adopted by 33 to 18. A resolution in favor of improving the St. Lawrence canals was carried ; and one in favor of recommending improvements in King- ston harbor lost on division. Two resolutions with reference to improvements in the harbor at Quebec, and in favor of enlarging the Riche- lieu river navigation and canals were discussed, but afterwards withdrawn. A long discussion took place on a resolution with reference to the liabilities of common carriers, introduced by Mr. W. H. Howland, of Toronto. The principal point of the discussion was the signing of receipts for given quantities, “ more or less,” and there was a considerable difference of opinion as to whether it would be in the interest of trade to have the existing system changed, on account of the increased cost and loss of time which it would involve. At the same time, it was felt that merchants were, to a great extent, at the mercy of the railways and other common car- riers, as there was no means of compelling them to pay for shorts when receipts were signed “ more or less,” although the deficiency might have occurred through negligence while the goods were in transit. Finally the matter was referred to a sx^ecial committee. 5. — On the seventeenth a resolution was introduced by the Hon. John Young, and carried, to the effect that as the Dominion Board of National Board of Trade of the p^oceedi^gi'^* United States, had instructed its Executive Committee to memoralize Congress in favor of appointing a Commission on the subject of Reciprocity, the Executive Committee of the Dominion Board of Trade he instructed to petition the Dominion Parliament to appoint a similar Commission. Mr. Morin moved a reso- lution in favor of the Pacific Railway, to the effect that that i^ortion of the line running on the north shore of Lake Superior should not be built at present, but the road to be completed to the Sault Ste Marie, and there connect with the American system, by means of a bridge across the St. Mary River, a branch line from Winnipeg to Pembina, connecting the western section, and then the road to be built from Win- nipeg to the Pacific. Hon. John Young read a very long and elaborate paper on the advantages of this route to the Pacific, and on the means of utilizing the “ magnificent water stretches ” of the North-west; after which Mr. Thomas White, of Montreal, moved an amendment, to the effect that as the Board was not in possession of the j reports of the exploratory survey, it did not feel I called on to exi:)ress an opinion as to the route, I which was carried. Resolutions in favor of re- ! stricting the carrying of deck-boards, of I protecting sailors from crimps, and for continu- I ing the Insolvency Law were carried. A I discussion took place on the question of recom- j mending the passage of an Act requiring the inspection of butter, cheese, &c., in the course of which Mr. Morin said that Canadian butter could only be sold as grease in England. The resolution was withdrawn. A resolution was adopted that the Government should be peti- GOVERNm^NT OF THE EARL OF DUEEERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1813. 421 tioued in favor of establishing the free delivery system of letters in towns and cities, and for the reduction of the postage on transient news- papers to one cent each. Resolutions were also carried in favor of direct telegrai:)h communica- tion with Europe, and a weekly Canadian mail by way of New York. A resolution in favor of repealing the ten per cent, tax on tea imported from the United States was laid on the table ; and after passing the usual votes of thanks to retiring officers, etc., the Board adjourned. 6. — The year 1873 was a disastrous one gen- erally for vessels trading to Canada ; but the one great disaster of the year Wreck of SS. •» . -1 r- -11 1 “Atlantic,” which far surpassed all others in 545 lives lost. ■: extent was the wreck of the Steamer “ Atlantic ” of the "White Star Line, on Meagher’s Island, in the County of Halifax, Nova Scotia, at a quarter past three o’clock on the morning of the first of April, by which 545 persons lost their lives. The “ Atlantic ” was a magnificent iron vessel 3,700 tons measurement, 420 feet length, 40 9-lOths breadth ; 31 feet depth, elegantly finished, and considered one of the finest steamers crossing the Atlantic. She left Liverpool on the 20th of March, and Queenstown on the 21st for New York, in command of Captain James A. Williams, having on board 35 cabin, and 876 steerage passengers, and a crew of 141, making a total of 952 souls on board, amongst whom were upwards of 350 women and children. The ship had fair weather until the 26th of March, when she encountered a heavy gale which lasted three days, and greatly imj)eded her progress. On the 31st, while still 460 miles from Sandy Hook, Captain Williams discovered that he had only 127 tons of coal left, or barely enough for thirty-six hours consumption.* At this time, according to his reckoning, he was 170 miles from Sambro Light, and he thought it most prudent to change his course and make for Halifax to get a fresh supply of coal. At one o’clock p.m., on the 31st * It was .shown at the investigation which took place that the vessel left Liverpool with less than thirteen days supply of co.al , which was consi- dered altogether inadequate for a trip across the Atlantic at that period of the year when voyages are frequently seventeen days and more. the vessel’s course was changed, and af 3.15 a.m., on the morning of the first of April she I ran, bow on, upon a rock about fifty yards distant from Meagher’s Island. Her bow re- i j mained fast, but her stern swung round to the [ I eastward, and in a few minutes the vessel [ I turned over on her side, her deck facing sea- [ I wards and being almost perpendicular with the | water. Hundreds of the unfortunate passengers had hurried on deck immediately after the vessel struck, and numbers of these were swept into the sea by the keeling over of the vessel and drowned. A number managed to cling on to the side which was uppermost and gain the rigging, from which the majority of them were afterwards rescued, but so sudden was the disaster that hundreds were drowned in their berths, and it is a melancholy fact that out of one hundred and fifty women and nearly two hundred children only one boy — John Hendely, eight years old — was saved. Shortly after the vessel struck some of the officers managed to pass a rope to the rock and some of the crew and passengers made their way along it, and were afterwards rescued from the rock by the people of Meagher’s Island, but almost as many were drowned in trying to reach the rock as were saved, and numbers became numbed by the cold wind and spray while clinging to the rigging and dropped into the sea. An investi- gation was held, wffien it was shown that Captain Williams was considerably out in his reckoning^ and great carelessness was exhibited by the fact that Sambro Light had not been sighted, al- though the night was fine and it could have been seen from the spot when the vessel struck. The certificate of the Captain was suspended for two years, and that of the fourth officer. Brown, who was in charge at the time of the accident, for three months ; but the greatest indignation was felt at the niggardness of the Company, which by sending the vessel to sea so shortly supplied had rendered a change of her course necessary, and, so exposed her to a danger she would otherwise have escaped. 7. — The total number of casualties reported to the Department of Marine and Fisheries for 422 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. other marine ^^6 year was 321, iiiYolviiig a disasters. ijgg property to the value of $2,685,683, but these returns are by no means complete, and the loss, especially of life, was probably much greater. Among the most serious disasters was the loss of the steamer George S. Wright, during a snow storm in Janu- ary, in Queen Charlotte Sound, B. C., while on her way from Oregon to Sitka, by which all hands, 30 in nirmher, were lost. What was almost a repetition of the Atlantic horror oc- curred about mid-day on the 5th of July, when the steamshii? City of Washington, 2,870 tons, of the Inman Line, on her way from Liverpool to New-York, with 29 cabin, and 442 steerage passengers, and a crew of 96, went ashore on the reefs off little Point Ebert, Shelburne County, N.S., and became a total wreck. Fortunately, the accident occurred in broad day-light, in smooth water, and near the main land, so that all hands were landed safely. The vessel and cargo, however, valued at nearly $500,000 became a total loss. The vessel had been in a fog for nine days, and the compass had deviated considerably, which accounted for the accident, but the master’s certificate was suspended for a year on account of his having neglected to take soundings when crossing the Banks of New- foundland. Amongst the other losses were the barque Commissioner , from Pictou to Bermuda with a load of coal, ten lives lost ; the barque James W. Etivell, of St. John, N.B., burned at sea, ten lives lost ; barque Thornhill, from Quebec to Liverpool, stranded on Manicouagan Shoals, 17 lives lost ; steamer Pictou, from Quebec for Pictou, N S., burned in the Griilfof St. Lawrence, 29 lives lost. On the 24th and 25th of August, a very heavy gale raged along the coast of Nova I Scotia and Cape Breton, and throughout the : Grulf of the St. Lawrence, and a large number of small coasting vessels w^ere driven ashore, fifteen were total wrecks, and nearly one hundred lives were lost. 8. — The loss of life and property on the inland waters of the Dominion was not so heavy Burning of the ill previous years, the only "Bavarian.” Very serious loss of life being occasioned by the burning of the steamer Bavarian, oi the Canadian Navigation Company, about eight o’clock on the evening of the 5th ot November, nearly opposite Whitby lighthouse on Lake Ontario, while about twelve miles from shore. The Bavarian was a new vessel which only commenced running in the Spring of 1873, but her engine and walking beam were old, having been used in the Kingston for about eighteen years and taken from that vessel after she was burned in 1872. The Bavarian was an iron paddle-wheel steamer, 427 tons, and left Toronto at 5 p.m. on the evening of the 5th of November, having a crew of thirty-four and six passengers, three ladies, two gentlemen and a boy. She had a full cargo, amongst which was some twenty barrels of high-wines. After she had proceeded about thirty miles, the walk- ing beam broke and part of the machinery in falling stove in the barrels of high-wines, and the contents running into the furnaces at once caused an immense conflagration. The greatest panic thereon ensued ; and although there were three boats capable of holding twice as many persons as there were on board, and the vessel had upwards of 200 life preservers, the panic was so great that just one half of those on board perished. The pilot seized the life boat, capable of holding thirty persons, and with a crew of six and two passengers pulled for the shore ; the first officer got thirteen into a boat capable of holding twenty-five and also pulled away, leaving three ladies standing on the deck praying to be saved ; the Captain jumped overboard and tried to save himself on a pail-rack, but was drowned. Of the six passengers four were lost, three being ladies ; and sixteen of the crew. With anything like the commonest order and presence of mind every soul on board could have been saved easily, as the night was calm and fine, the boat accomodotion ample, and the shore not far distant. Another accident which might have proved very disastrous, on account of the cowardly conduct of the Captain, was the grounding of the steamer Louis Renaud in the Lachine Rapids, near Heron Island, on the GOVEENMENT OF TUB BARE OE DUEFBRIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1873. 423 evening of the 12th of May. There were about 150 passengers, including many women and children, on board, and a crew of twenty- seven, but all were safely landed on Heron Island. In this case also the officers behaved very badly, the Captain, John Rankin, seizing the life boat the moment the vessel strirck, and, with only four persons in it, although it would hold twenty, making for shore — from which he took good care not to return. Thanks to the exertions of some of the passengers all were safely landed, but the vessel and cargo became I a total wreck. 9. — The year 1873 was not distinguished by a large number of destructive conflagations, but some of the fires which occurred were very extensive, and involved considerable loss of life and property. Amongst the most important was the burning of the Court House at Quebec, on the morning of the 2nd of February, whereby an immense quantity of title deeds and other legal docu- ments, together with many valuable records of the Colony from its foundation were destroyed. In the building were the Appeal, Superior, Circuit, Vice Admiralty, Quarter Sessions and Police Courts ; and the Crown, Stamp, Sherifi’s, Registrar’s and other offices, and the Advocate’s Library, considered the most valuable in the Province, all of which were consumed by the flames. The pecuniary loss was considerable, but the loss and inconvenience caused by the destruction of so many valuable documents was much greater. On the 31st of January, the Branch of the Bank of British North America at Renfrew, Out., and several adjoining buildings were burnt and three persons lost their lives. On the 17th of March, a fire occurred in the St James’ Hotel, Montreal, doing damage to the extent of $20,000 , and five persons were either suffocated or killed in jumping from the windows of the burning building. On the 6th of May, twenty-seven tenement houses at Cote St. Antoine, near Montreal, were burned, and nearly one hundred families rendered home- less. Bush fires raged in the Ottawa district towards the end of June, but were not as extensive or destructive as in former years. 10. — During the time of the excitement about the “ Pacific Scandal, ” while everything the The Pope. Macdonald G-ovemmeiit did was viewed with suspicion, and, if possible turned to their disadvantage by the Opposition press, an occurrence took place which caused much comment at the time, and very nearly led to the condemnation of an innocent man on the evidence of two American “ Experts ” in hand- writing. The office of Flour Inspector at the port of Montreal had for some years been held by Hon. John Young, who held his appointment from the Board of Trade, and who was paid by fees. During the session of 1873, a general Inspection Act was passed which vested the appointment of all Inspectors in the hands of the Governor-in-Council — the Flour Inspector at Montreal being appointed on the recommen- dation of the Board of Trade. Hon Mr. Young represented West Montreal in the House of Commons, and it was held that his retention of the office of Flour Inspector — which had been recommended by the Board of Trade — would be an infringement of the Independence of Par- liament Act, which excludes any member of the House of Commons from holding any office of profit or emolument in the gift of the Dominion Government. Mr. Young’s friends tried to raise the cry that he was threatened with dis- missal because he supported the Opposition, and that his being a Member and Flour Inspector at the same time, was not an infringement of the Act because he received no salary, but was paid in fees by the parties whose goods he inspected. The matter had already attracted considerable attention when, on the 4th of Seji- tember, the following letter — with display heading, and Editorial comments as to the “ corruption ” it showed — appeared in the Montreal Herald : Ottawa, 1st September, 1873. My Dear Pope, I want you, before we take any steps about John Young’s appointment, to see about the selection of our candidate for West Montreal. 424 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. From all I can learn 'William Workman would mil the best. He will very likely object, but, if he is the best man, you can easily hint to him, that if he runs for West Montreal, and carries it, we will consider that he has a claim to an early seat in the Senate. This is the great object of his ambition. I don’t think we should take any steps about filling up the appointment until we have our candidate ready and all competitors out of the field. There will be some difficulty in getting A. A. Stevenson to consent, but 1 suppose it can be done. Will you see to this at once? If our candidate is ready, then we must take the necessary steps to procure Young’s resignation, which, I am pretty sure, he will send in when he finds that, if he does not do so, we will appoint another Inspector. Yours sincerely, (Signed,) JOHN A. MACDONALD. The publication of this letter caused much excitement. The Opposition press claimed that it disclosed an attempt on the part of the Ministry to coerce a political opponent into resiffuino- his seat, and the intention of making a corrupt bargain with a friend, by promising him a Senatorship, to induce him to spend money to secure his election. On the other hand, the Ministerial press was loud in its denunciations of the Opposition for “Stealing” and publishing private correspondence. An investigation into the manner of the letter coming into the possession of the publishers of the Herald was opened before Police Magistrate Drehaut, on the fifth, and Hon. Mr. Young, Mr. E. Gr. Penny, Editor of the Herald, and ! others examined. From the evidence it appeared that the letter w'as addressed to the Hon. J. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture, | and mailed in Ottawa by Sir John A. Mac- donald’s Private Secretary, on the night of the 1st of September, that it reached Montreal on the 2nd, and was seen in the Post Office by one of the clerks, but none of the clerks remembered delivering it, or knew what had become of it. Hon. John Y’oung deposed that on taking his letters out of his box at the Post Office, on the 3rd, he found an envelope addressed to him, on opening which he found the letter, without an envelope, and around it was a slip of paper bearing the words “ For- warded by a friend for information of Hon. Mr. Young.” He knew nothing of how it came to be in his box, or who sent it to him ; but, after a consultation of the leaders of the Opposition had been held, it had been decided to publish it. Suspicion, of course, fell on the Post Office clerks, but nothing further was discovered at this time, and the enc[uiry dropped. After the accession of the Mackenzie Administration to power, a Commission was appointed, consisting of Messrs. Dewe, Parmalee and Mercier, to examine into the management of the Montreal Post Office, and the investigation into the matter of the Pope-Macdonald letter was resumed. The question of handwriting was gone into very fully and every clerk in the office was made to copy the envelope and slip into a book, which book, with the envelope and slip, was submitted to Messrs. Paine and Underwood, two American Experts, who soon discovered that the handwriting on the slip and eiiA-elope agreed with that of Mr. J. L. Palmer, Chief Clerk in the Delivery branch, Mr. Paine going so far as to swear positively that the slip and envelope were written by Palmer. Palmer was suspended, and would have been dismissed and disgraced, had not the real culprit been forced by a friend to whom he had confided his secret, to confess his offence and save an innocent victim. It then appeared that the letter on its arrival in Montreal had been sorted by mistake into the box of the Militia Department, of which Colonel Pope was Storekeeper ; that a mes- senger named Boyes employed in the Depart- ment went for the mail, and finding this letter opened it, read it, and forwarded it to the Hon. John Young. Boyes sent his confession in writing to the Commission, and put them in possession of collateral evidence to prove his assertion, and left for the United States before any action could be taken against him. 11. — About one o’clock in the afternoon of GOVERNMENT OF EARL DUFFERIN— FIRST SESSION THIRI) PARLIAMENT, 1874. 425 CHAPTER XLI. the 13th of May, one of the most terrible col- other events of accidents which has ever the year. occuiTed in Canada took place in the Drummond Mine at Westville, N.S., whereby seventy miners were killed. The accident was caused by a miner using i:)Owder for blasting, which was contrary to orders. The blast fired I the mine and nearly all who were in it at the time perished. Fortunately it was about the Uien’s dinner hour and most of them were above ground, or the loss would have been counted by ! hundreds. On the 20th of May, Canada lost one of her foremost statesmen by the death in London of Sir George E. Cartier, who had, probably, done more to consolidate French Con- servative power in Lower Canada than any other one man, and who had for many years kept the Conservative x:>arty in power in the old Province of Canada, and afterwards in the Dominion. Parliament being in session at the time a resolution was carried to give his remains a public funeral. The body was brought over in the Allan Steamer Prussian, and transferred at Quebec to the Government Steamer Druid, on which a ChapeUe Ardente had been erected, and conveyed to Montreal, where it laid in state in the Court House and was afterwards interred in Cote des Neiges Cemetery. On the 31st May, the Hon. Joseph Howe, who had only a month previously been appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, died at Halifax. During the summer His Excellency visited the Maritime Provinces and was everywhere warmly received — except in Halifax, where his reception was rather a failure ; and he greatly added to his fast growing popularity by delivering many of those happy speeches for which he has since become famous. The year, on the whole, was a fair but not a very prosperous one for Canada ; crops were not above an average ; business began to show signs of slackening, and we had indeed entered upon that cycle of “Hard Times” in which we have since continued. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— FIRST SESSION THIRD PARLIAMENT, 1874. 1. Dissolution of Parliament. — 2. Result OF THE General Election. — 3. Opening of Parliament. — 4. Riel’s election for Pro- VENCHER. — 5. Motion to expel Riel. — 6. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie explains the POSITION OF THE GOVERNMENT. RiEL EXPELLED. — 7. Sale of liquor in the House prohibited. — 8. Committee on the North-West troubles, 1869-70. — 9. The Budget. — 10 Hon. Dr. Tupper’s strictures ON THE Financial statement. — 11. The Election Bill. 1. — It was only natural to suppose that Mr. Mackenzie would take an early opportunity of appealing to the country, and, accordingly, Parliament w'^as P'^rhament. dissolved on 2nd January, 1874, and writs for a General Election issued. The Opposition press was very irate at the dissolution, calling it “ The Outrage,” &c., but it is hard to conceive how Mr. Mackenzie could have done otherwise under the circumstances under which his party had suceeded to power. One of the main charges against the Macdonald Administration w^as that it had corrupted a large portion of the electors, and that irpwards of thirty of its supporters had “ bought their way to Parliament with Sir Hugh Allan’s money if this was true it was important that the independent electors in those constituencies should have an opportunity of returning other persons instead of these corruptly elected members. Again, the people had a right to pronounce on the Macdonald Administration that judgment which the Royal Commission had declined to give, and whieh had been evaded in Parliament by their resignation. Public confidence could not be expected in any Government, after the events of the past few months, without an appeal to the people ; and Mr. Mackenzie showed that he appreciated this fact by advising that appeal. 51 426 TUTTLK’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 2. — Mr. Mackenzie may be said to have appealed to the country almost without a policy, Iteuit of the General ©xcept that of a Condemnation of Kicction. Pacific Scandal. On other points he was guarded, and made few promises. AV^ith regard to the Pacific Railway the policy of the new G-overnment would be that faith would not be kept with British Columbia, but that the road should be built as soon as the finances of the country would permit of it, and after full surveys had been made. Meanwhile the Grovernment proposed to utilize “ the magni- ficent water stretches ” of the country and have a route part land and part water which could only be used half of the year. On other questions, the introduction of the ballot, creation of a Suiireme Court, &c., he followed the old measures of the late Grovernment. The string harped on throughout the campaign was the enormity of the crime committed by the Macdonald Administration in selling the Charter of the Pacific Railway, and that proved sufficient, for the result gave Mr. Mackenzie a majority of about 80 out of a House of 206, being stronger than the Macdonald Administration had been after the G-eneral Election of 1867. The Con- servative i)arty received a defeat such as its greatest opponents had not anticipated, and from which they expected it would never recover — an erroneous belief from which they were rudely awakened by the General Election of 17th September, 1878. 3. — Parliament met on the 26th March, and the Hon. T. AV. Anglin was unanimously elected Opening of Speaker of the Commons. On Parliament. followiiig day the first session of the third Parliament of the Dominion was formally opened by His Excellency the Gov- ernor-General. In the Speech from the Throne, His Excellency announced that an Election Law would be introduced, providing for the use of the ballot. Acts relating to Controverted Elections ; to the establishment of a Supreme Court ; to the Militia, and to Insolvency were 1 promised, as well as a new Pacific Railway Bill. AAith regard to the Intercolonial it was announced that it would be taken out of the hands of the Commissioners and vested in the Department of Public AYorks. Reference was made to the re-opening of negotiations with the United States on the subject of Reciprocity, and the appointment of a Canadian Commis- sioner.* AVith regard to the Finances of the Dominion he said : “ I regret to state that the receipts of the current year will not be sufficient to meet the expenditure. It will therefore be necessary for you to consider the best means to be adopted, for making good the anticipated deficiency.” On the thirteenth, the ‘Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne was moved in the Senate by Hon. E. G. Penny, seconded by Hon. M. Panel ; and in the House by Mr. Moss, (AYest Toronto), seconded by Mr. AY. Laurier, (Drummond and Arthabaska). In both Houses the Address was adopted without amendment. 4. — At the General Election of 1872, Louis Riel, the ex-“ President ” of the Provisional Government in the North-AVest Riei-s election for in 1869-70, and since then a I’^'^eueher. fugitive from justice on account of the murder of Scott, was a candidate for Provencher, but retired in favor of Sir George E. Cartier on that gentleman’s defeat in Montreal East. After Sir George’s death Riel wjis returned for Provencher, but did not attempt to take his seat. At the General Election 1874 he was again elected, and there were much speculation as to whether he wmuld dare to take his seat, and what course the Government would pursue if he did. The excitement had, however, nearly died out, when, on the 30th of March the news was telegraphed from Ottawa all over the country that Louis Riel had appeared before Mr. Patrick, Clerk of the House of Commons, taken the Oath of office, and signed the roll of the House. The report was true. Riel reached Ottawa privately, was introduced to the Clerk of the House by Dr. Fiset, the Liberal representative for Rimouski, took the Oath, signed the roll, and departed as safely and quietly as he came. It is said that he remained quite some time in Ottawa with * lion rJeorfre Brown, of whose mission to Washinjjton we tre.at elsewhere. GOVRPvNMENT OF PLVRL DUPFP^PIN— FIRST SBSSIOX THIRD PARLIAMENT, 1874. 427 his friends, but kept very quiet and his presence caused no disturbance. 5. — On the same day that Riel signed the roll, 30th March, Mr. Mackenzie Bowell made two motions in the House, one for Motion to e.xjiel Riel. ,, p Ji / ii i ^ the attendance ol the Clerk ol the Crown in Chancery to prove that Riel had been returned as duly elected for Provencher ; and the other for the appearance at the bar of the House of Hon. H. J. Clarke, Attorney- G-eneral of Manitoba, to prove that the Grand Jury of Manitoba had found a True Bill of murder against Riel, and that he was a fugitive from justice. Hon. Mr. Clarke was examined at great length at the bar of the House, and showed that a Bench-warrant for Riel’s arrest had been issued, but he had not been arrested. On the 9th of April Mr. Mackenzie Bowell gave notice of a motion to expel Riel as a fugitive from justice^^; and, on the 15th, he made his motion for expulsion. Hon. Mr. Holton proposed an amendment to the effect that as the House had appointed a Committee of investiga- tion into the troubles in the North-West in 1869-70, action should be suspended until that Committee should report. Mr. Mousseau moved an amendment to the amendment to the effect that it would be most conducive to the peace and tranquility of the Dominion that an Address should be presented to Her Majesty praying for a general amnesty for all offences committed in the North-West in 1869-70. 6. — Messrs. Mousseau and Baby, spoke in favor of amnesty ; and Messrs. Rochester, Orton, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie G-Ordoil, White, (Hastillgs), White, of^JiTooverrmeT (Renfrew), Davies, Wright, (Pon- Riei expelled. tiac), aiid Pickard, in favor of expulsion. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie said that the Government had to face the question, and he desired to state that he should vote for the motion of his hon. friend opposite (Mr. Bowell) and against the amendment of his hon. friend sitting by him (Hon. Mr. Holton) and he did this simply because he thought it right to come to the point directly, and because Louis Riel was a fugitive from justice, and ought to be placed where he would be tried for the offence with which he was charged. He was aware that many of his friends regarded Riel’s crime — if it was a crime — as a political one, and were not disposed to view it in any graver light, and he could understand why they should do so He was willing to admit that the people of the North-West had suffered much annoyance and injustice when their territory was taken fios- session of by the Dominion Authorities. That the peojile should have for a moment lost control of their passions under the circumstances, and entered upon a course which was entirely un- justifiable was not much to be wondered at. He was prepared for these reasons to take a lenient view of the cases of nearly all of them, and in regard to the question of amnesty he had no hesitation in saying that he did not see the slightest objection to one being granted which would cover all the political offenses committed upon that occasion. The debate was continued by Messrs. J. H. Cameron, M. C. Cameron, Dr. Schultz, D. A. Smith, Hon. Mr. Blake and others, and adjourned to the 16th, when a vote w'^as taken on Mr. Mousseau’s amendment to the amendment, which was lost, 27 for, 164 against. Hon. Mr. Holton’s amendment was then lost, 76 for, 117 against. The motion of Mr. Mackenzie Bowell for expulsion was then carried. Yeas, 124; Nays, 68. 7. — The Temperance movement had been gaining great strength in Canada of late yearsi and had found expression in the saie of Uquor in the House by numerous petitions in i^roinbited. favor of a Prohibitory law ; but it was felt that if Parliament really wished to reform the drinking habits of the people, example would be far better than precept, and it should com- mence its good work by abolishing the bar within its own precincts ; accordingly, Mr. Chisholm moved, on the 1st of April. “ That Mr. Speaker be recj[uested to issue an order prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquor within the precincts of this House.” After some discussion the motion was adopted. 8. — The question as to whether an amnesty had ever been promised by the late Government 428 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. to those who had participated in Committfie on the , -r-»TTi' -nin- North-West troubles, the Hed Hiver Kebellion ot 1869-70. 1869-70, had been attracting a great deal of attention of late. Archbishop Tache had published a pamphlet in which he fully explained his reasons for stating — as he had always done — that a general amnesty had been promised, at the time the delegates came to Ottawa, in 1870, and afterwards ; and the French Liberals of Quebec began to press Hon. Mr. Mackenzie pretty hard on the amnesty question. This was a hard matter for him to deal with, for the Liberal party had gained so much support in Ontario by pandering to the Orange sentiment, and had worked so successfully on the cry for vengeance for the murder of Scott, that it would have been almost a death-blow to him to have boldly declared himself in favor of a general amnesty, and a forgetfulness of old scores. On the other hand the Quebec members were very earnest in their efforts to obtain amnesty for their co-religionists and compatriots in the North West; and they found a very able advocate in the Minister of Justice, Hon. A. A. Dorion. The difficulty was a serious one ; and Mr. Mackenzie met it with characteristic caution. He would not pledge himself on the question of amnest}/ ; but intimated that if the honor of the Crown was involved by any promise of amnesty given by the late Administration, the Groveniment would take the matter into consideration. To discover whether any promise had been made, or not, Mr. D. A. Smith (Selkirk), on the 1st of April, moved, “ That a select Committee of nine members be appointed to encj^uire into the causes of the difficulties which existed in the North-West in 1869 and 1870, and into those which have retarded the granting of the amnesty announced in the Proclamation issued by the late Governor-G-eneral of Canada, Sir John Young; and further to enquire whether, and to what extent, other proipises of amnesty have been since made ; with power to send for persons, papers and records.” After a short discussion the motion was carried, and the following Committee appointed : Messrs. Smith (Selkirk), Cameron (Cardwell), Bowell, Abbott, Blake, Moss, Gfeoffrion, Masson and Jones (Halifax.) 9. — On the 9th of April, the Estimates were brought down, and on the 14th, Hon. Mr. Cart- wright, Minister of Finance, made his Budget Speech. He commenced by stating that the Groveniment of which he was a member was quite willing to assume full responsibility for all their own acts, but could not be expected to assume, and would not assume, responsibility for the acts of their predecessors. He then proceeded to show that the acts of those predecessors had placed the country in a very embarrassing position by the great increase in expenditures which had taken place under their rule, and by the very heavy liabilities in the future to which they had pledged the country ; and argued that the pre- sent Administration found itself compelled to increase taxation in order to meet the obligations which had been incurred by their predecessors. With regard to the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1873, the receipts were $20,813,469 and the expenditures $19,174,647, showing a surplus of $1,638,822, which was highly satisfactory ; but for the year ending 30th June, 1874, he antici- pated a deficit of nearly $3,000,000 which it would be necessary for Parliament to provide for by increased taxation. The estimated receipts for that year, according to the statament of the late Finance Minister, were $21,740,400 and the estimated expenditures $22,586,727, showing a deficit of $946,727; but he (Mr. Cartwright) claimed that there were many important items of expenditure incurred by the late Administration, which were not included in that $22,586,727, and which would increase the expenditure for the year 1873-4 to about $24,100,000. Amongst these items were, $400,- 000 for the expenses of Prince Edward Island ; $200,000 for the preservation of peace in the North-West; $200,000 for the general election ; $400,000 additional exx^enditure on public works ; $100,000 for surveys of Dominion lands ; $175,000 additional for the Post Office; and $156,000 for miscellaneous charges. With regard to the estimates for the year 1874-5, the sum GOVERNMENT OF EARL LUFFERIN— FIRST SESSION THIRD PARLIAMENT, 1874. 429 required would be abouF $42,000,000, of which $5,530,000 was required to pay maturing bonds, and $6,600,000 for canal enlargement. The net amount for fixed and current expenses was $24,639,000 ; of this $6,831,000, was for interest on the debt, $5,500,000 for collection of the revenue, and $3,757,000 for subsidies. The amount estimated to be received from all sources he considered could not be placed at more than $22,000,000, and he proposed to raise the deficit by increased taxation on the following articles ; wines, $200,000 ; spirits $200,000 ; silks, velvets, &c., $400,000 ; unenumerated articles, on which the rate was raised from 15% to 16|%, $500,000 ; cigars, $100,000 ; tea and coffee, $400,000 ; iron, $100,000 ; ships materials, machinery and parts of locomotives were removed from the Free List and charged 5, 10 and 16|% respectively. In the Excise Department the duty on spirits j was raised from 63 to 75 cents per gallon; on manufactured tobacco from 15 to 20 cents per | pound. From these two latter sources (spirits | and tobacco) he expected an increased revenue | of $700, 000 to $750,000, which with the increased Custom duties would make a total of about j $3,000,000, which, he anticipated would be sufficient to meet the increased expenditure, and to provide for the large public works in which the country was engaged. 10. — Hon. Dr. Tupper reviewed the Budget Speech of the Finance Minister, and claimed ' that he had done great injustice Hon. Dr. Tupper’s; , i t A .roperty cjualification, but said both of them had been cojned from the Nova Scotia election law. The debate was continued by Messrs. Flynn, Blake, Cameron, (Cardwell), Plumb, Farrow, Dymond, Oliver, Mills, Palmer, Langlois, Tremblay, Mitchell, Kirkx)atrick, Cameron, (Huron), Laird, Macdonald, (King- ston), Jones, (Halifax), Trow, Goudge, Davies, Elesher, Macdonnell, (Inverness), Caron and Schultz, after which the Bill was read a second time. In Committee there was considerable discussion as to the abolition of Nomination Day, several Members sx^eaking against it, and others objecting to the introduction of the ballot as being “ un-English ” and “ sneaking ” and a few trifling amendments were made ; but the Bill x^assed its third reading, on 20th May, without any material alteration. In the Senate the second reading was moved by Hon. Mr. Luc Letellier de St. Just, on 22nd May, and in Com- mittee an amendment was moved by Hon. Mr. Bellerose x^roviding for a x^roperty qualification, which was lost. Hon. Mr. Camxffiell moved to add the words of the British North America Act, which required candidates to be subjects of the Queen, either by birth or naturalization, which was carried. On the 41st clause Hon. Mr. Haviland (P. E. I.) moved an amendment to make the franchise in Prince Edward Island the same for the House of Commons as for the Local Legislature, wffiich was carried on a division by the casting vote of the Speaker. The Bill as amended was then passed. CHAPTER XLII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN. —PACIFIC RAILWAY BILL, 1874. 1. British Columbia’s discontent.— 2. Mr. Edgar sent to British Columbia as Agent OF THE Dominion Government. — 3. The GOVERNMENT OP THE EARL HUFEERIN— PACIFIC RAILWAY RILL, 1874. 431 Pacific Railway Bill. — 4. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie explains the policy of the G-overnment. — 5. Hon. Dr. Tw x^er criti- wr ciSES THE Bill. — 6. Mr. DeCosmos explains THE WISHES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. — 7. BiLL PASSED WITHOUT AMENDMENT. — 8. PRORO- GATION. 1. — One of the most difficult questions with which Hon. Mr. Mackenzie found himself British Columbia’s Confronted on his accession to discontent. power, was that of the Pacific Railway. The honor of the country was i)ledg’ed to build the road, and the existing Act of Parliament required that it should be built by a Company, receiving aid from the Gfovernment and not by the Gfovernment itself; but the Canadian Pacific Railway Company had sur- rendered its Charter, and, owing to the exposures which had taken place with regard to the granting of that Charter, there seemed no pos- sibility of any other Company being formed. The British Columbia Government was already beginning to show signs of discontent and dissatisfaction at the non-commencement of the road within the time agreed on in the terms of Union, and as early as July 1873, had lodged a protest with the Macdonald Ministry ; and with the change of Administration, and the taking of office by the party which had always opposed the terms of Union, and held that the Dominion could not, and should not, build the road in ten years, this dissatisfaction was very greatly increased. 2. — Mr. Mackenzie, in his speech at Sarnia, boldly announced that faith would not be kept Mr Edgar sent to ^ith British Columbia in so far Age^oZiYnio".! ^s the time of building the Government. Railway was concerned ; but that the road should eventually be completed “ as the finances of the country would warrant,” and that some kind of temporary arrangement would be made meanwhile. Immediately on the conclusion of the General Election Mr. J. D. Edgar, who had been an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in Monck, was appointed to proceed to British Columbia as the Agent of the Dominion Government “ to consult with the Local Government with reference to the late agitation concerning an extension of time for the construction of the Pacific Railway beyond that promised in the terms of Union.” Of the failure of his mission we shall speak further on. 3. — In the Speech from the Throne it was announced that, “The enactment of 1872 respecting the Canadian Pacific The Pacific Railway Railway having failed to secure the prosecution of that great enterprise, you will be called upon to consider what plan will best and most speedily provide the means of transcontinental communication with British Columbia,” and, accordingly, on the 12th of May, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie moved the House into Committee on a series of resolutions on which to form a new Pacific Railway Bill. The Bill, as i:)assed, provides for the construction of a railway “ from some point near to and south of Lake Nipissing to some point in British Columbia on the Pacific Ocean,” the route to be determined by the Governor in-Council. The line is divided into four sections, viz., first, from Lake Nipissing to the west end of Lake Superior ; second, from No 1. to Red River ; third, from Red River to a point between Fort Edmonton and the foot of the Rocky Mountains ; fourth, thence to the Pacific. Branches are provided for, viz., first: From the eastern terminus to Georgian Ba}r ; from a point near Fort Garry to the boundary at or near Pembina. A line of telegraph to be constructed along the line in advance of the railway. The gauge to be 4 feet 8J inches. The line to be constructed under the Department of Public Works. But the sections may be divided into sub-sections, and the building, furnishing plant and running be let to contractors, after tenders are obtained. But contractors must have a capital equal to $4,000 per mile of the sub-section tendered for, and 25 per cent, of it in money or apj)roved securities must be deposited in a bank to the credit of the Receiver General. $10,000 per mile only may be paid to the contractors, for construction and rolling stock, and 4 per cent. 432 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. on a Slim pei’ mile to be fixed by contract, for a period of twenty-five years for running. Land at the rate of 20,000 acres per mile may also be appropriated in alternate sections of twenty miles square with a frontage of three to six miles on the road, two-thirds to be sold by the Government at prices agreed upon, and the proceeds paid to the contractors as the work goes on, and the remaining third conveyed to them in like manner. These lands to be designated so soon as the line is located. The right of way through pulilic lands, station grounds, &c., to be also granted free. The sub- sections contracted for to be the jiroperty of the contractors. But the Government may at any time take possession, paying actual cost and 10 per cent, additional ; subsidies to be returned. No contract to be binding until one month after it is laid before the House of Commons, unless sooner approved by resolution. The Govern- ment may, if found more advantageous, contract and work the railway as a public w'ork. A bonus not exceeding $12,0C0 per mile may be granted to any Company which will construct a railwav to connect the eastern terminus of the line with the proposed or existing railways ; running powers being secured for traffic of Canadian Pacific Railway. Any Order-in- Council granting such subsidy is to be submitted to the House of Commons for ratification. The branches may also be built as a private enterprise or public work. The Government may order the work to be proceeded with from time to time or suspend it at any time till next session of Parliament. <£2,500,000 sterling of the sum authorized to be raised with Imperial guarantee, and $15,000,000 of that to be raised without, may be applied to the construction of the road. 4. — In introducing his resolutions Hon. Mr. Mackenzie said that he had not changed the opinion expressed by him at the T-T/\r» AT»* vTo pboTT/i o e-xpiains the policy of time of the admissioij of British the Govcrmnent. i- jii -r\ Columbia that the Dominion was promising more than it could perform ; but, as the terms had been agreed to, and the honor of the Dominion pledged, he was prepared to carry out those terms as nearly in the spirit, if not in the letter, as possible. He reviewed the action of the late Government in granting better terms than British Columbia had asked ; their efforts to get a Company to build the road ; the granting of the Charter to “ the famous Sir Hugh Allan Company, which was a mere combination for the purpose of finding caihtalists. They had no capital themselves, and did not pretend to have any the failure of that Company to interest capital- ists, and their surrender of the Charter ; and dwelt on the difficult position in which the present Administration found itself in coming into power. He held that it was utterly impossible that the exact terms of Union could be carried out, and stated that Mr. Edgar had been sent to consult with the Local Government as to a modification of terms, but the result of his mission was not yet known. With regard to building the road he considered that it would have to be built by the people ; but it was not necessary that it should be all constructed at once. By building short lines of railways to connect the magnificent water stretches of the Continent, a summer route to the foot of the Rocky Mountains could be had which would be sufficient for many years to come ; the Pembina Branch would be constructed at once, and, he hoped would be open in a year. With regard to the railway proper, he said that he did not think it at all necessary that the 557 miles from Nipissing to Nepigon should be built at present. With reference to the portion which would run through British Columbia he held that it was impossible to commence it until the surveys had been completed, and it had been determined which was the best terminus on the Pacific Coast. Bute Inlet, so far appeared the best, but the engineering difficulties were very great, and it would be folly to commence the road there and, perhaps, after some millions had been expended, discover that there was a much easier route and better terminus. With reference to the proposed plan of granting $10,000 a mile and 20,000 acres of land, and guaranteeing interest at 4 per cent, on such ^ J drexE'^-' . vv, CHl'-V- Con.missiooei Senator •'^'Kennial Con""' ^Jcdougat-^.’ '■'itennial Conv®^’ '^issionei, ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF THE OOMINION' THE BURLAND DESBARATS LITHQ COMP’ GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— PACIFIC RAILWAY BILL, 1874. 433 additional sum per mile as may be agreed on with the contractors, he entered at length into a statement how railroads had been built in other countries on similar terms, and claimed that the scheme of the i^resent Grovernment differed in two essential particulars from that of the late Adminstration, inasmuch as it was not proposed to lock ui") the land so as to give it a fictitous value, and all contracts would have to be submitted to Parliament. By the new scheme, the Government, while giving 20,000 acres of land to the Company or Con- tractor, would retain entire control of the sale of two-thirds of the land. This would depre- ciate the value of the land in the eyes of any Company proposing to build the road ; but he considered it most important that the Govern- ment should retain the power to throw population into any part of the country, which was the only way to make the road a commer- cial success. The road had been divided into four sections, from Lake Nipissing to Nepigon ; from Nepigon to Red River, or from some point on Lake Superior to Red River; from Red River to Fort Edmonton, or some other point, there to connect with the fourth section, which was west of the Rocky Mountains ; and he thought it would be best if four Companies could be found to build these four sections instead of one Company to build the whole road. “ The British Colombia section will, of course, have to be proceeded with as fast as we can do it. as it is essential to keep faith with the spirit, and as far as possiple with the letter, of the agreement.” After some further remarks from Mr. Mackenzie the resolutions were adopted, and the Bill introduced and read a first time. 5. — On the second reading of the Bill, on the 19th May, Hon. Dr. Tupper defended the course Hon. Dr. Tupper *^6 ^^te Ministry, and charged criticizes the Bill. present Premier with incon- sistency in now proposing that the Government should build the road as a public work, when he had, formerly, strongly condemned such a course. He defended the scheme of the late Government, contending that they would by it have been able to complete the road without additional taxation. He comifiained of the powers taken by the Government in the Bill before the House ; and claimed that by the showing of the Premier both the money and land subsidies would be greater than those profiosed by the late Government, while the four per cent, guarantee on the balance of the cost of construction would make a total sum of 184,000,000 to be obtained on the credit of the country, without taking into account at all the land grant. He contended that the scheme of the late GoA^ernment would not have thrown a burden of more than one million and a half a year on the people, which could haA^e been met without increased taxation ; but the present scheme would raise that amount to OA^er twelve millions a year, and he would like to know from what source the GoA^ernment expected to raise that sum when the Finance Minister had been forced to confess that he could not raise, from ordinary revenue, within $3,000,000 of what he required for expenditures. If this scheme was carried out, the time was not far distant when taxation would have to be resorted to which would be so insupportable that instead of immigration into this country there would be emigration out of it. He contended that the great defects of the proposed system were that the water communications would only be aA^ail- able for six months in the year ; and that the immediate completion of the Pembina Branch would haA^e the effect of sending all the emi- grants, which we were spending so much money to procure, by the American lines which would expose them to the temptation of settling in the States, instead of going through to the North- West. He held that if the GoA^ernment scheme was perseA'^ered in there could only be one of two results, either the road would neA^er be built at all, or it would be built at such an excessiA^e cost that our debt would become equal to, if not more, in proportion to population than that of either Great Briain or the United States. 6. — Mr DeCosmos said there was no danger of secession from the Union on the part of 52 434 TUTTLE’S HTSTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. MrDeCosmos ColiTmbia. She would w1‘hes'’of^® agitate for her rights in a consti- British Columbia. tutioiial manner, and if the Grovernment did not give her her rights, he and his colleagues would endeavor to drive that Government from power and replace them by a Government which would do so. He went on to advocate Esquimault as the Western terminus of the road, and to make a calculation with regard to the number of persons which would be necessary to support the road. He estimated the number of persons residing along the Nor- thern Pacific as about 1,000,000, and thought that if there were 1,500,000 persons residing along the line of the Canada Pacific Railway between Nipissing and the Western terminus of the Road, a railway 3,000 miles in length, they would afford a fair support to our railway. When we had our road we would also be able to enter into rivalry with the Americans for the trade with China and Japan. He spoke in high terms of the past enterprise of Canadians, but said that if they were unprepared to advance westward, let them hand over their country to a people who would know how to discharge properly the duty which devolved upon them. Referring to the Intercolonial Railway, he pointed out that it could not be said that anyone knew any difference in the taxation of the country for its construction. .Just the same thing would be the result in the case of the Pacific Railway, could we only get rid of the terrible curse of extreme party politics. He advocated the building of the road directly by the Government, and he commented upon the advantages of keeping the lands out of the hands of Companies and close corporations, who would hinder settlement for their own purposes. The British Columbians would be satisfied if the present Government, instead of professing to commence the road and then not doing so, as the late Government had, would show that they intended in good faith to build it as rapidly as possible. He held that the position of the Premier, in saying that if the British Columbia Government relaxed the terms they could com- mence the surveys, and if they were not willing to relax the terms, the surveys could not be proceeded with, was quite illogical. He asked the Chief Minister and this House how the Government intended to vindicate the good faith of the country with regard to British Columbia ? He hoped the honorable Premier would see his way to commencing the work on the Pacific coast immediately. He believed that the peo- ple of British Columbia would be quite willing to have a mixed water and railway route adopted. All they were anxious for was to see the road built as rapidly as practicable. He did not see why the construction of the road could not be commenced at once ; and advocated Bute Inlet as the point at which construction should be begun in British Columbia.* 7. — Mr. Thomson (Cariboo) while partly favor- ing the scheme, did not think that it sufficiently guaranteed that the terms of bui passed without Union would be carried out, as admendment. the Premier gave no intimation as to the time in which the road would be built. He was not altogether pleased with the mixed land and water route, and thought that the sum pro- mised to be spent yearly in British Columbia ($1,500,000) was not enough. Mr. Bunster contended that Esquimault was the proper terminus of the road, and that the Government should commence to build it from that point at once, when they would soon have a large immi- gration flocking in and settling the waste lands. The Bill was then read a second time, and the House went into Committee. In Committee Mr. Bunster moved an amendment that the construction of that portion of the road which was run through British Columbia should be commenced in a year from the passage of the Act, and that not less than one-tenth of the whole construction in that Province should be carried out each year. The amendment was lost, and the Bill reported without amendment. On the third reading of the Bill, on the 20th May, Mr. Kirkpatrick took exception to the 13th clause which empowered the Government to give out the contract for the portion of the road from Nipissing to Georgian Bay without the * Condensed from Toronto Olobe. GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— PEINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1874. 435 consent of Parliament ; and moved an amend- ment to the effect that the contract should not be binding until approved of by Parliament, which was lost on division. Mr. Bunster then moved the amendment which had been lost in Committee, which was lost, 5 for, 77 against. Mr. Bunster then moved that the work of con- struction should be commenced at Esquimault, Vancouver Island, during the present year^ which was lost on division, and the Bill passed its third reading without amendment. 8. — Parliament was prorogued on the 26th of May, when His Excellency gave assent to one hundred and seventeen Bills. Prorogation. Amoiigst the most important Acts passed, which have not been already mentioned, were : An Act authorizing a loan of <£8,000,000 stg. to be expended on the Pacific Eailway and enlargement of canals ; An Act taking the construction of the Intercolonial out of the hands of Commissioners and placing it under control of the Department of Public Works ; An Act with reference to the Gfraving Dock at Esqui- mault, providing that in lieu of the guarantee at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum for 10 years on <£100,000 stg. for this G-raving Dock agreed to in the terms of the Union with British Colum- bia, $250,000 may be advanced during the progress of the work ; Acts amending the Dominion and Manitoba Land Acts ; and an Act relating to Permanent Building Societies in Ontario, and Incorporating a Member of Boards of Trade. CHAPTEK XLIII. GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— PEINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1874. 1. D 0 MIN 10 .N Board of Trade. — 2. Terrible Kailway Accidents. — 3. Pacific Railway OFFICES BURNT. OTHER FIRES. — 4. MARINE DISASTERS. — 5. Trial of Lepine. — 6. Commu- tation OF Lepine’s sentence. — 7. Nego- tiations for Reciprocity. — 8. Other EVENTS. 1. — The fourth annual meeting of the Domin- ion Board of Trade was opened in the Railway Committee Room, Ottawa, on the Board of 24th February, and lasted four days, as usual. In the absence of the President, Mr. W. H. Howland, Vice-President, presided. One of the interesting features of the meeting was the presence, for the first time, of the dele- gates from Prince Edward Island, and also delegates from the National Board of Trade of the United States. Mr. W. H. Howland, of Toronto, was elected President for the ensuing year, and Mr. W. W. Ogilvie, of Montreal, Vice- President. The first debate occitrred on a motion of Mr. Thompson, of Toronto, urging on the Dominion G-overnment the necessity of en- larging the St. Lawrence canals at once ; but, after some discussion, an amendment was carried to the effect that the Board was satisfied with what had been already done in the way of canal improvements, and hoped that the Government would prosecute the work as rapidly as the financial condition of the country would permit of. A resolution in favor of urg- ing the Government to construct a ship canal at Sault Ste Marie, as soon as possible, was moved by Mr. Adam Brown, of Hamilton, and adopted ; as were also resolutions with reference to ship-building and registration. The most interesting debate of the session was that on the tariff, which showed that the pinch of hard times had already begun to call attention to the fact that if Canadian manufactures were to live and compete with those of the United States, they must receive a certain amount of protec- tion ; and after a long discussion, a resolution, moved by Mr. Thomas White, Jr., Montreal, was adopted, to the effect that as there would be a deficit in the revenue, and additional taxa- tion would be required, such taxes should be levied in such a manner as to afford incidental protection to Canadian manufactures. 2. — A terrible accident occurred on the Great Western Railway, about three miles east of Komoka, and seven west of Lon- Terrible Miway don. Out., on the evening of the Accidents. 28th of February, whereby ten persons lost their 436 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. lives and over twenty were serioxrsly injured. The Western Express Train left London about 6.30 p.m., and had run about seven miles when it was discovered that the first-class car was on fire. It appears that the lamp in the closet either fell, or was knoked down and set fire to the floor and wood work. The fire had gained some headw^ay in the closet before it was discovered, and rapidly spread to the car, in which there were about forty persons. The train was then running about thirty miles an hour ; and, as there W'as no signal rope, on account of there being some oil cars in the train, the Conductor had to climb over the top of the baggage car to signal the engineer to stop, and so for over ten terrible minutes the burning car rushed through the night, while its unfortunate inmates were being roasted to death. Many jumped from the car and were injured, and when the train was finally stopped it was found that ten were dead and twenty injured. The fire seemed to have been ac- cidental, but the Company was blamed for allow- ing a train to go out without a bell-rope, so that the Conductor could signal to stop. This, how^ever, appeared to be the custom of the Company whenever part of the train was composed of oil cars, as it was almost impossible to conduct a rope along those cars so that it would work Another very serious Railway accident occurred on the South Eastern Townships Railway, in the Province of Quebec, on the morning of the 13th of August, by which five persons were killed and sixteen wounded, some of them very seriously. It appears that during the night of the twelfth a heavy thunder storm raged for about two hours over the valley through which the road runs near the United States frontier, I and a number of bridges and culverts were carried away, amongst them the railway bridge ' spanning a little brook between Abercorn and : Sutton Flats. The flood was so great, and so many bridges were carried away, that the track- i man, Doran, could not get from Sutton Flats to , Abercorn to warm the Station master of the damage done the track by the rain (for it was 1 washed out in many places between Abercorn | and Emerson), and the storm had injured the telegraph so that it would not work. The morning train for Montreal left Newport, N. Y. and jxassed Richford and Abercorn all right. When about half way between the latter place and Sutton the engine suddenly plunged into the yawning gap left by the bridge being carried away, the baggage and second class car shot over the engine and telescoped, and nearly every one in these cars was either killed or wounded, five being taken out dead and sixteen wounded, one of whom. Major Manson, died from the effect of his injuries. Fortunately the cars did not take fire, so that the horror of being burned was not added to that of being crushed to death. 3. — 1874 was essentially a year of fires, especially in towns and cities, and Montreal came in for rather more than her , , . Ill r* Pacific Railway share, having no less than five ofiiees burnt, other ° fires. large fires, which did damage to the extent of over $500,000. The first, and most destructive fire of the year occurred on the 16th of January, in Ottawa, when the old barracks in the Parliament grounds which had been used as the offices of the Intercolonial and Canada Pacific Railways were burnt, and nearly all the maps, plans, survey reports, &c. of the latter road destroyed, involving a loss of nearly $1,000,000, and causing, much trouble and delay in making new surveys. There was a suspicion that the fire was incendiary, and some ill natured people whispered that it was set with the purpose of delaying the construc- tion of the Pacific Railway by destroying the plans and surveys ; but an investigation showed the fire to have been iiurely accidental. On the 15th March some burglars entered the office of Mr. John Abell’s machine shop, at "Woodbridge, Ont., and blew open the safe door. They did not get much for their pains, but they set fire to the place and the whole of the extensive works were destroyed, involving a loss of $200,000 and throwing 200 hands out of employment. On the 19th April New Glasgow, N.S. was visited by a terrible fire which broke out in Frazer’s tailor shop and spread over an area of five acres, destroying 43 houses, being about half the business portion of the place, and doing GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 18V4. 431 damage to the extent of |100,000. On the 9th of May a fire broke out in the factory of John Taylor & Co. Esplanade Street, Toronto, and spread to the large wholesale G-rocery store of Smith and Keighley, Front Street, and to other places on Front, Esplanade and George Streets, doing damage to the extent of |250,000. In Montreal, on the 20th of March, the Queen’s Hall was burnt, loss $50,000. About one o’clock on the morning of the 9th of August a fire broke out in Henderson’s saw mill, on the Canal bank, Montreal, and soon spread to the Government flour shed near by, from whence it extended to one of the dredges just completed for the Harbor Commissioners, and the steamer York, which were lying in the slip alongside the sheds. The mill, flour shed, dredge, steamer, and an old barge called the Davis were all destroyed, the total loss being about 1250,000. A man who acted as watchman on the Davis was so frightened at seeing himself apparently hemmed in by fire that he jumped into the water and was drowned. On the 13th August, Ogilvie’s flour mill, Montreal, wms burnt, loss $50,000 ; and on the 19th October the paint and oil establishment of McArthur & Sons, together with adjoining buildings, were destroyed, loss $200,000. On the 21st July a number of houses were burnt in Ingersoll, Out., loss $30,000 ; and on the 24th twenty buildings were destroyed by fire in Trenton, Ont., loss $75,000. On the 1st August five buildings were burnt in St. Thomas Ont., loss $35,000 ; and, on the 12th, ten houses in the Tanneries, near Montreal, were destroyed, the damage being about $20,000 and over thirty families being rendered homeless. On the 22nd September, seven stores in Windsor, Ont., valued at $35,000 were burnt ; as were also several stores and dwellings valued at $40,000 at Cayuga, Out., on 26th October. The most destructive fire of the year, outside of Ottawa and Montreal, broke out about four o’clock on the morning of the 13th September, in the paper mill of Messrs. John Crilly & Co. Cornwall, and soon spread to the large cotton factory of Messrs. Gault Brothers, which was entirely destroyed, involving a loss of about $250,000, and throwing nearly 300 hands out of employment. Extensive bush fires raged around Ottawa, Kincardine, Brussels, Paisley, Goderich, Seafoith, Mitchell, Orangeville and other places in August and September, and much damage w^as done. 4. — The marine disasters of the year were not so great as in some former years, and no such terrible calamity as the wreck of , . , . T Til Marine Disasters. the Atlantic occurred, and the number of lives lost was small in comparison to that of 1873, only 108 being recorded. The greatest destruction of property (no lives w^ere lost) occurred in the harbor of Quebec, on the 8th of May, caused by the breaking up of the ice-bridge, w^hen eight steamers, ten tug and ferry boats, one ship and three schooners were crushed in the ice, and all more or less injured, the total damage being nearly $100,000. The Government steamer Napoleon III was sunk, as were also I he tug Castor and steamers Georgia and Royal, and two schooners. The sunken vessels were raised, but were all badly damaged, the schooners being total losses. The Swedish ship Anna was totally lost on St. Paul’s Island, on the 8th September, and eleven out of a crew of eighteen perished. The barque Cynthia Pal- mer, of St. John, N.B., left Liverpool for Maitland, N. S., with a crew of ten, on 5th May, and has never been heard of since. The total num- ber of casualties to sea-going vessels was 278, involving a loss of 108 lives, and the destruction of property to the value of $1,856,398. On the inland waters there were thirty disasters, only one of which was accompanied by loss of life, that being the case of the American steamer Favorite, which was ui:)set near Amherstburg, on the first of November, and one man was lost. 5. — One of the most important events of the year 1874 was the trial and conviction, at 'Win- nipeg, Manitoba, of Ambrose Lepine for the murder of Thomas Scott, at Fort Garry, on the 4th March, 1870. We have already stated (ChaiAer XLi, pars. 4-7) the circumstances relating to the election of Kiel for Provencher and his expulsion from the House on the ground that he was a fugitive 438 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. from justice, the Griand Jury of Manitoba hav- ing found a true bill against him for the murder of Scott, and a Bench warrant having been issued for his arrest. At the same time true bills were found against Ambrose Lepine, who had been Riel’s “ Adjutant-Greneral,” and others, and Lepine and two others were arrested and tried before the Court of Queen’s Bench, of Manitoba, Chief Justice Wood presiding at the October term, 1874. The greatest interest was manifested in the trial, and the Hon. J. A. Chapleau, Solicitor-G-eneral of Quebec, went to Winnipeg specially to defend Lepine, and had associated with him the Hon. Joseph Royal. The prosecution was conducted by Mr. F. E. Cornish, Crown Presecutor, and the trial of Lepine was commenced on the 13th of October, and lasted twelve days, a verdict of “ Ouilty ” being returned on the 26th. The jury was a mixed one, and the evidence taken was very voluminous ; it is unnecessary, however, to re- produce it here, as a great portion of our account of the murder of Scott is taken from that evi- dence ; suffice it to say that Lepine’s participa- tion in that foul act was clearly shown, and the jury could not i)ossibly have found any other verdict than the one they rendered, accompany- ing it, however, with a recommendation to mercy. On the 28th Chief Justice Wood passed sentence condemning Lepine to be hung on the 29th January, 1875. Of the other two prisoners, one, Andre Nault, was tried, and the jury failed to agree ; the other case was not pressed. 6. — Of course, it was not generally thought that the sentence of death would be carried out — Commutation of indeed it is doubtful if the jury Lf-pine’s sentence. would have agreed had it not been believed that their recommendation to mercy would be considered ; and numerous petitions were forwarded to His Excellency praying for an exercise of Executive clemency. These petitions numbered 262, and were signed by 58,568 persons, mostly French. Before their receipt, however, some steps had been taken towards a commutation, or rather, at first, in the direction of an amnesty. On this question (amnesty) the Government of Sir John A. Mac- donald had, on the 4th of June, 1873, passed an Order-in-Council requesting His Excellency to bring the matter before Her Majesty’s Govern- ment “ in order that such course might be taken as might be consistent with the interests of justice and best for the quiet of the country ; ” and, on the 24th of July, 1873, the Earl of Kimberley, Secretary of State for the Colonies, expressed the willingness of Her Majesty’s Government to take upon themselves the res- ponsibility of dealing- with the question of amnesty. There the matter rested for eighteen months ; Hon. Mr. Mackenzie felt that he could not recommend the granting of an amnesty, but a Committee was appointed to try and find out whether the late Government had promised an amnesty, in which case Mr. Mackenzie would have been willing that “ the faith of the Govern- ment should be keirt.” The labors of the Com- mittee, however, threw very little new light on the question, for while Archbishop Tache, Father Richot and others maintained that the late Government had promised amnesty, the members of that Government were quite as positive that they had not, and none of the letters, or other documents produced, clearly established the fact. After the condemnation of Lepine, however, a very strong pressure was brought to bear on the Premier, and it was well known that there was great difference of opinion in the Cabinet on this question ; and finally, as a sort of compromise an Order-in-Council was passed on 4th December, 1874, calling His Excellency’s attention to the Order-in-Council of 4th June, 1873, and praying him to again bring the matter under the attention of the Home authorities. This Order-in-Council Lord Dufferin forwarded to the Earl of Carnarvon, Secretary of State for the Colonies, in a very able despatch, dated 10th December, 1874, in which he fully reviewed the whole amnesty question, especially as it bore on the carrying out of the sentence of death on Lepine, and which con- cludes as follows : “ It only remains for me to add that even should it be decided that the obligations imposed upon us by the procedure of Lieutenant-Governor Archibald are less com- GOVERNMENT OP THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1874. 439 IDromising than I am inclined to consider them, and that the Crown is quite untrammelled in its action, I still think that the various circumstances I have refeired to in this despatch, require the capital sentence of Lepine to be commuted by the clemency of Her Majesty into a much milder punishment. This commutation, when the proper time arrives, I propose to order on my own responsibility, under the powers accorded to me by my instructions. On the other hand, I feel very strongdy that it would shock the public sense of justice were Riel to be visited with a lesser penalty than his associate. In the estimation of all those who consider the killing of Scott a crime. Riel is held to be the principal culprit, and, as a matter of fact, whatever promises were made by Lieutenant- Grovernor Archibald to Riel were also extended to Lepine. If, therefore, the latter is required to undergo a term of imprisonment, it appears to me that the Executive will be precluded from exercising any clemency towards Riel, until he shall have surrendered himself to justice, and, on conviction have submitted to a similar penalty.” In reply to this, the Earl of Carnarvon, under date 7th January, 1875, approved of the course His Excellency proposed to pursue with regard to Lepine, and, according- ly, on the 15th January, His Excellency caused a letter to be addressed by his Private Secretary to the Hon. Telesphore Fournier, Minister of Justice, in which he says : “ It further appears to His Excellency that the case has passed beyond the province of Departmental adminis- tration, and that it will be best dealt with under the Royal Instructions, which authorize the Grovernor-Greneral, in certain capital cases, to dispense with the advice of his Ministers, and to exercise the prerogative of the Crown according to his independent judgment, and on his own personal responsibility. I have it, therefore, in command to inform you that it is His Excellency’s pleasure that the capital sentence passed upon the prisoner Lepine be commuted into two years of imprisonment in gaol from the date of conviction, and the permanent forfeiture of his political rights. His Excellency desires that the necessary instrument for giving effect to this commutation be forthwith prepared.” This action on the part of His Excellency received the full approval of the Imperial Groverqment, and was generally well received by the press and public of Canada as the best possible solution of a very difficult question. 7. — It will be remembered that Article XXII of the Washington Treaty provided for the appointment of three Commis- „ *• sioners to determine what money i^eciproeity. compensation, if any should be paid to Canada by the United States for the difference in value between the Fishery rights mutually granted under that Treaty. These Commissioners had never been appointed, and it being thought that it might be possible to make an arrange- ment with the United States whereby Canada might relinquish this prospective right to com- pensation, an Order in-Council was passed on the 23rd of February, 1874, to the effect that the present seemed a favorable time for re-opening negotiations on the subject of a Recif)rocity Treaty, on the basis of Canada giving up her claim to comx)ensation under Article XXII; and recommending His Excellency to request the Imperial G-overnment to authorize the British Minister at Washington to enter into negotiations on that subject with the United States. This Order-in-Council was transmitted by His Excellency to the Colonial Secretary, on the 24th February, and on the 5th March His Excellency M'^as advised that the Earl of Derby had instructed the Minister at Washington to open negotiations. On the 9th of March Hon. Mr. Mackenzie submitted a memorandum set- ting forth a number of points under the Washington Treaty which he thought might be improved by new negotiations, and suggest- ing that the British Minister, on account of his lack of local knowledge, was scarcely competent to deal with the American Grovernment alone. On the 21st March, the Earl of Derby addressed a letter to the Hon. George Brown, inform- ing him that Her Majesty had been pleased to appoint him “to be Joint Plenipotentiary with 440 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Her Majesty’s Minister at Washington for the pnri’)Ose of negotiating and concluding a treaty with the United States relating to fisheries, commerce and navigation.” Mr. Brown at once went to Washington, and he and Sir Edward Thornton prepared an elaborate statement to submit to Hon. Hamilton Fish, and, on the 17th of April a synopsis of it was telegraphed to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs (the Earl of Derby) who replied that he saw no objection to the paper being submitted, but that the pro- posals should not be made as being the result of the matured decision of Her Majesty’s G-overn- ment, but as preliminary only ; and Sir Edward Thornton was desired to explain this to Mr. Fish. The substance of the proposal was as follows : That the Reciprocity Treaty should be renewed for twenty-one years, including the fisheries, with addition of free admission of salt, manufactures of wood, iron or steel articles, or of those jointly, agricultural implements and a few other trifling articles. To open coasting trade of lakes and river St. Lawrence. To en- large Canadian canals. That canals of Canada and United States should be open on equal terms to both countries. That a joint commis- sion should be appointed to improve the navigation of the River St. Clair at joint expense. That the navigation of Lake Michigan shoxild be thrown open in perpetuity. That citizens of United States or Canada may own or navigate vessels of the other country. That there should be reciprocal admission to patent rights. That a Joint Commission should be appointed for propagating and protecting fish in the lakes and for co-operation in the establishment of light- houses.* A very elaborate statement was submitted, giving the amount of trade between the United States and Canada, by which it was made to a^rpear that “ during the first ten years of the treaty the transactions between the coun- tries showed a clear balance in favor of the United States of $62,0^3,545.” In other words, it was urged that the former Reciprocity Treaty having been more advantageotrs to the United *Lord Carnarvon’s despatch to the Governor-General, 23rd April, 1874. States than to Canada, therefore Canada was most anxious to renew the Treaty ; a line of argument which the Americans seemed to regard as susiiicious, to say the least of it. Negotiations went on for nearly a month between the Pleni- potentiaries and Mr. Fish, and on the 17th June Sir Edward Thornton announced to the Earl of Derby that a draft Treaty had been agreed on, which would be submitted to the Senate— an unusual proceeding, as treaties, although recj^uir- ing the ratification of the Senate, are first sub- mitted for the approval of the President. On the 22nd of June the Senate discussed the Treaty in secret session, and decided that it was too late in the session to consider it then, and that it would be better to postpone the matter until Congress met again in December, which was done. When Congress again met the Senate decided that it was not expedient to ratify the Treaty, and the matter, therefore, fell through. On the receipt of a despatch from Sir Edward Thornton to that effect an Order-in-Council was passed on the 19th February, 1875, to the effect that negotiations for a Reciprocity Treaty having failed “ no time should be lost in proceeding under the Treaty of Washington to ascertain the compensation due to Canada for the conces- sion of the Fishery rights to citizens of the United States.” Negotiations were afterwards entered upon which led to the appointment of the Fisheries Commission, which met at Halifax in 1877, and awarded $5,500,000 to Canada. 8. — Beyond the changes in the Cabinet mentioned in Chapter XL., par. 2, the following occurred during the year: on other events of the the 1st of June, the Hon. A. A. Dorion, Minister of Justice, was appointed Chief Justice of the Province of Quebec, and on the 8th the Hon. Telesphore Fournier, Minister of Inland Revenue, accepted the port- folio of Minister of Justice, and was succeeded by the Hon. Felix Greoffrion, who was the same day sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Minister of Inland Revenue. On the 30th September, the Hon. W. B. Vail was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Minister of Militia and Defence in place of Hon. William GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— BRITISH COLUMBIA’S DISCONTENT. 441 Ross, appointed Collector of Customs at Halifax. One of the most important events of the year was the arrival, on the 31st of July, of 250 Menonites, the first installment of a large number who had decided to settle in Manitoba, and who have proved a very valuable and useful class of settlers. Another important event was the inauguration, at Montreal, on the 1st of October, of the Free Postal delivery system, which has since been introduced into all large towns and cities, and has proved a great convenience and accommodation. Another event of some importance was the purchase by Hon. Mr. Mackenzie of 40,000 tons of steel rails for use on the Pacific Railway, which turned out rather an unfortunate speculation, for when the rails were delivered there was no road to put them on — indeed most of them are lying rotting and rusting uselessly at the time of writing ; and as the price has steadily declined since Mr. Mackenzie has been severely blamed for making this purchase so far ahead of when the rails would be required, whereby the country has lost several hundred thousand dollars. The year generally was not a prosper- ous one ; the Fisheries yield was about $1,000,000 more than in 1873, but crops were only moderate, the lumber trade was very dull, business generally was poor and failures frequent, and on the whole we had fairly entered upon “ Hard Times ” and began to feel their pressure. CHAPTER XLIV. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— BRITISH COLUMBIA’S DISCONTENT. 1. The Esquimault Gtraving Dock. — 2. British Columbia’s protests. — 3. Mr. Edgar’s mission. — 4. Failure of Mr. Edgar’s mission. — 5. The Carnarvon Terms. — 6. Defeat of the Esquimault AND Nanaimo Railroad Bill in the Senate. 1. — We have already referred to the great disappointment and discontent which existed in British Columbia at the non- The Esquimault fulfilment of the terms of Union Dock, by Canada ; and, after the announcement of his railway policy made at Sarnia by the Hon. Mr. Mackenzie, this feeling of discontent was great- ly increased. Other matters were troubling the Local Gfovernment also ; it was part of the agreement with Canada that the Dominion should guarantee the interest at five per cent, on a loan to the extent of <£100,000 sterling for the purpose of building a G-raving Dock at Esquimault, which was thought to be an absolute necessity to the Province ; but it was found to be impossible to raise the money on this security, as investors were fearful that after the expiration of the ten years the Province might be unable to continue paying the interest, or to repay the principal. The Province was also sadly in want of money for Local improve- ments and found itself unable to raise any on its own security. A proposition was, therefore, made by the Local Premier, Hon. Amor DeCosmos, that the Dominion Grovernment should advance to the Province a lump sum of $250,000 in lieu of the five per cent, guarantee of <£100,000 for ten years for the G-raving Dock ; and also $1,850,000 in lieu of the annual subsidy granted British Columbia under the Terms of Union, the Province giving up all claim to subsides in the future. The first proposition was, in fact, that the Domininion should advance at once the amount which it would have to pay in ten years in the shape of interest on $500,000 at five per cent.; and the second that the annual subsidies should be capitalized at about twenty years value, and paid at once. To the first of these proposals Hon. Mr. Mac- kenzie consented, and an Act was introduced and passed during the session of 1874, providing that $250,000 may be advanced during the building of the Glraving Dock at Esc|uimault, and it was promised that the second proposition should receive consideration. 2. — Of course, it was not to be expected that these concessions were made as an equivalent for the delayer abandonment of British Columbia's the railway — indeed great pains 53 442 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. was taken to show that they were quite inde- pendent of the railway question and had no bearing upon it ; but it is extremely doubtful whether the propositions would have been acceded to had it not been for the desire to propitiate the people, and recompense them in some slight degree for the disappointment they were forced to suffer with regard to the railway. With regard to the railway, the Local Grovern- ment was very urgent. On the 26th July, 1873, Lieut. -G-overnor Trutch addressed a remon- strance to the Secretary of State, on the breach of Terms of Union by the Dominion, as the railway had not been commenced within two years after the Union, as agreed to ; and, on the 24th of November a Minute of Council was passed by the Local Grovernment and forwarded to the Dominion Grovernment, in which the protest is renewed, and the Minute states “ that the non-fulfilment by the Dominion Government of the terms of Union has caused a strong feeling of anxiety and discouragement to exist throughout the Province.” In reply to this second remonstrance the Privy Coun- cil of the Dominion, on the 23rd of December, passed the following Minute : “The Committee of Council respectfully recommend that the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia be informed that this Grovernment is giving its most earnest consideration to the project for the construction of the Pacific Eailway, an outline of which was given in a speech delivered by Mr. Mackenzie at Sarnia, on the 25th November, a scheme which they believe will be acceptable to the whole Dominion, including British Columbia, and that they hope to be able within a short time to communicate more definitely with that Province on the subject.” This, of course, was far from pleasing to the people of British Columbia, and the discontent increased. On the 9th of Feburary, 1874, the Assembly adopted a resolution “ That an humble Address be presented to His Excellency the Lieutenant-G-overnor, respect- fully requesting him to protest on behalf of the Legislature and people of this Province against the infraction of the Terms of Union, and to impress upon the present Administration the absolute necessity of commencing the actual construction of the railway from the seaboard of British Columbia early in the present year.” On the 23rd February, 1874, a Minute of the Executive Council of British Columbia was passed which endorsed the Address of the Assembly, and concluded : “ The Committee feel that a strong but respectful protest against the course pursued by the Dominion Grovern- ment should be once more forwarded to His Excellency the Governor-G-eneral,” which was accordingly done. 3. — Meanwhile Mr. Mackenzie had determined that it would be best to send an Agent to British Columbia, and accord- , , 1 , 1 Tv/r T -r\ n n Mr. Edgar’s Mission. ingly he selected Mr. J . D. Edgar, who left Toronto on the 23rd of February, and reached Victoria, B. C., on the 9th of March. A short time previous to Mr. Edgar’s appoint- ment, the Hon. Amor DeCosmos, Premier of British Columbia, had resigned, (9th February 1874) as he could not continue to sit in both the Local House and the Commons, and preferred the latter, and had been succeeded by the Hon. Gfeo. A. Walkem, Attorney-Gfeneral, to whom Hon. Mr. Mackenzie addressed a letter intro- ducing Mr. Edgar, in which he said : “ Mr. Edgar will confer with yourself and other members of the Grovernment of Columbia on the question lately agitating the public mind in Columbia, and will be glad to receive your views regarding the policy of the Government on the construction of the Eailway. But for the meeting of Parlia- ment in four weeks, some members of the Government would have visited your Province, but Mr. Edgar, as a public man, is well known here, and fully understands the questions he will discuss with you. I need not, I am sure, assure you of my own sincere desire to do all I can, not only to act justly but generously to Co- lumbia. It is in your interest and is the interest of the Dominion that we should both act with a reasonable appreciation of difficultes which are unavoidable, and devise means to remove them or overcome them. We have induced Mr. Edgar to go to Columbia, as we thought GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DITFFERIN— BRITISH COLUMBIA’S DISCONTENT. 443 yon would prefer a full conference with an Agent to a tedious and possibly unsatisfactory correspondence.” On his arrival, Mr.Edgar called on Attorney-Greneral Walkem and Lieutenant- G-overnor Trutch, and was received by both as the Agent of the Dominion, and had many con- ferences with them on the subject of making some arraiigement about amending the Terms of Union, w’hich Mr. Mackenzie had plainly stated could not and would not he carried out to the letter by the Dominion. 4. — Mr. Edgar found the Province in a perfect ferment on the railway question, as on account Failure of Mr. Ed- spai'seiiess of the white gar’s mission. population — which w’as estimat- ed at about 10,000 — everybody expected to be directly benefited by it. Mr. Edgar, in his report, says: “With the exception, perhaps, of the gold miners, who are confined to the main- land, there is no class in the Province that would not derive immediate personal advantages from the railway construction expenditure. Those in business, in trade, and in agriculture would feel the stimulus instantly ; w’hile those of means and leasure would be enriched by the increase in the value of their property.” Of course, where all were so much interested, the Local Grovernment was only representing the popular will when it endeavored to hold the Dominion Government to a fulfilment of the Terms of Union, and Mr. Edgar soon found that it would be a very difficult matter to get the Government to listen to any proposals which did not look to the immediate commencement of the road. Mr. Edgar says in his report that he did not find so much anxiety about the time in which the road was to be completed, as about the necessity for commencing it at once ; and it was urged on him that as, no matter where the mainland terminus was located, there should be a road across Vancouver Island, from Nanaimo to Esquimault, which was the finest harbor on the Pacific coast, that line should be built at once. After much negotiation — and what may be called coquetting between Mr. Edgar and Attorney-General Walkem, the former made a formal offer, on the 8th of May, of the terms which the Dominion G-Overnment would be willing to offer in lieu of the original Terms of Union. The proposal starts with the statement that to complete the road in ten years as called for by the Terms of Union, was both a mechani- cal and financial impossibility ; and that instead of attempting to carry out those terms the Dominion Grovernment wmuld be willing to agree : 1st. To commence at once, and finish as soon as possible, a railway from Esquimault to Nanaimo. 2nd. To spare no expense in settling as speedily as possible the line to be taken by the railwmy on the mainland. 3rd. To commence at one® a waggon road and line of telegraph along the whole length of the railway in British Columbia, and to con- tinue the telegraph across the continent. 4th. The moment the surveys and road on the mainland are completed, to spend a minimum amount of $1,500,000 annually upon the construction of the railway within the Province. Instead of entering into any discussion of the propositions, Mr. Walkem raised the question of Mr. Edgar’s authority to represent the Dominion G-overnment any further than to “ talk the matter over ” and see what the views of the Local Grovernment were ; and Mr. Edgar — on telegraphic instruction from Mr. Mackenzie — shortly after left for home without having accomplished anything. 5. — The scene of action was soon changed to London, whither Hon. Mr. Walkem repaired immediately after Mr. Edgar’s The Carnarvon departure, to urge upon the Colonial Secretary that Canada should carry out the Terms of Union. Considerable corres- pondence and negotiation followed, and, finally, the Earl of Carnarvon offered to act as Arbitrator between the two parties. This was agreed to, and after having heard all that each side had to say, and carefully considered the best way to reconcile the conflicting views of the Provincial and Dominion G-overnments, His Lordship decided on the following terms — known as the 444 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. “ Carnarvon Terms ” as a fair solution of the difficulty : 1. That the railway from Esquimault to Nanaimo shall be commenced as soon as possible, and completed with all practicable despatch. 2. That the surveys on the mainland shall be pushed on with the utmost vigor. On this point, after considering the represen- tations of your Ministers, I feel that I have no alternative but to rely, as I do most fully and readily, upon their assurances that no legitimate effort or expense will be spared, first to deter- mine the best route for the line, and secondly to proceed with the details of the engineering work. It would be distasteful to me, if indeed, it were not impossible to prescribe strictly any minimum of time or expenditure with regard to work of so uncertain a nature ; but happily, it is equally impossible for me to doubt that your Grovernment will loyally do its best in every way to accelerate the completion of a duty left freely to its sense of honor and justice. 3. That the vvaggon road and telegraph line shall be immediately constructed. There seems here to be some difference of opinion as to the special value to the Province of the undertaking to complete these two works ; but after considering what has been said, I am of opinion that they should both be proceeded with at once, as indeed is suggested by your Ministers. 4. That $2,000,000 a year, and not $1,500,000, shall be the minimum expenditure on railway works within the Province from the date at which the surveys are sufficiently completed to enable that amount to be expended on construc- tion. In naming this amount I understand that, it being alike the interest and the wish of the Dominion Government to urge on with all speed the completion of the works now to be undertaken, the annual expenditure will be as much in excess of the minimum of $2,000,000 as in any year may be found practicable. 5. Lastly, that on or before the 31st December, 1890, the Railway shall be completed and open for traffic from the Pacific seaboard to a point at the Western end of Lake Superior, at which it wall fall into connection with existing lines of Railway through a portion of the United States, and also with the navigation on Canadian waters. To proceed at present with the remainder of the railway extending by the country North- ward of Lake Superior, to the existing Canadian lines, ought not, in my opinion, to be required, and the time for undertaking that work must be determined by the development of settlement and the changing circumstances of the country. The day is, however, I hope, not very distant when a continuous line of railway through Canadian territory will be practicable, and I therefore look upon this portion of the scheme as postponed rather than abandoned. 6. — Both the Provincial and Dominion Gov- ernments had agreed to abide by the decision of the Earl of Carnarvon, and both exirressed themselves as satisfied with the terms decided on by him. On the 18th December, 1874, a Minute of the Privy Council of the Dominion was adopted, which after acknowledging receipt of Lord Carnarvon’s despatch of 17th November, transmitting the “ Terms,” concludes as follows : “ The Committee of Council respectfully request that Your Excellency will be pleased to convey to Lord Carnarvon their warm appreciation of the kindness which led his Lordship to tender his good offices to effect a settlement of the mat- ter in dispute ; and also to assure his Lordship that every effort will be made to secure the realization of what is expected.” In order that the Dominion should carry out its portion of the agreement loyally, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie intro- duced a Bill at the next session of Parliament for the construction of the railway from Esqui- mault to Nanaimo. On its coming up for second reading, on the 29th of March, a long discussion took place, and Mr. Wallace moved the three months’ hoist, seconded by Mr. Stephenson, which was defeated by 62 for, to 101 against. In Committee some debate occurred on the section empowering the Government to proceed with the work at once, without submitting the GOVEENMENT OF EAEL DUFFEEIN— SECOND SESSION, TIIIED PAELIAMENT, 1875. 445 contract to Parliament, and Hon. Dr. Tupper moved to add to the 8th clause the words “ provided always that any such contract shall have the previous approval of Parliament,” which was lost on division 64 for, to 91 against, and the Bill read a third time and passed. In the Senate, however, the Bill was defeated by two votes, and as Mr. Mackenzie did not renew his Bill in the House, the first clause of the Carnarvon Terms was broken; and the dis- content of British Columbia, which had been partially allayed, was not only renewed, but greatly increased. CHAPTER XLV. GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN —SECOND SESSION, TIIIED PAELI AMENT, 1875. 1. Opening of Parliament. Speech from THE THRONE. — 2. ThE AMNESTY QUESTION. — 3. Riel again expelled. — 4. The bud- get speech. — 5. The Supreme Court Bill. — 6. Miscellaneous legislation. Proro- gation. 1. — The second session of the third Parliament of the Dominion was opened at Ottawa on the fourth of February, by His Ex- Opening of Parlia- ,, .1 /-n y-i ^ ment. Speech from celleiicy the (jrovemor Creneral. the Throne. The Speech from the Throne congratulated the House on the success which had attended the formation of the Mounted Police Force for the North-West, and on the conclusion of Treaties with the Crees and Sauteux. The Supreme Court Bill — which had made its appearance in nearly every Speech from the Throne since Confederation — was again promised ; and also a new Insolvency Act. Bills for re-organizing the Government of the North-West Territories ; with reference to Insur- ance, and on the subject of Copyright were promised ; and the announcement made that gratifying i)rogress had been made in the sur- veys of the Canada Pacific Railway, and that measures had been taken to secure the early completion of the Georgian Bay Branch. With reference to the commercial depression it was said, “ I am happy to believe that notwithstand- ing the general and widespread commercial depression which has prevailed over the con- tinent, the trade of Canada is sound, and that the contraction we have experienced in some branches of industry for the past year has not been greater than might naturally have been anticipated.” On the fifth the Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne was moved in the Senate by Hon. D. Wark, seconded by Hon. D. Baillargeon ; and in the Commons by Mr. L. H. Frechette, seconded by Mr. Colin Mac- dougall. In both Houses it was adopted with- out amendment. 2. — The first cj^uestion of importance which attracted the attention of the House was that of amnesty to the participants in the troubles in the North-West in 1869-70. On the 8th February Hon. Mr. Holton inquired whether it was the intention of the Government to submit any proiiosition to the House on the subject of those troubles, and Hon. Mr. Mackenzie replied that it was. On the 11th Hon. Mr. Mackenzie moved a long resolution to the effect that an address should be presented to His Excellency praying that a General Am- nesty should be extended to all participants in the troubles of 1869-70, except Riel, Lepine and O’Donohue, and to the two former after five years’ banishment. The resolution quoted at length from the evidence taken before the North-West Committee of last session to show that an amnesty had been promised by the late Government ; and Mr. Mackenzie tried to make it appear that the present Government was only keeping the faith which the late Government had pledged. The debate was continued for two days by Messrs. Mackenzie Bowell, Sir John A. Macdonald, Hon. Mr. Blake, Wallace, Ryan, Masson, Devlin, Mousseau, Laurier, Hon. Mr. Fournier, Hon. Mr. Cauchon, Ouimet, Frechette, DeCosmos, Desjardins, St. Jean, Pickard, Gaudet, Mackenzie, (Montreal West), 446 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Coupal, Pope, Cvirrier, Scriver, Rymal, Brooks, Fiset and Caron. Mr. Monsseau moved an amendment, to the etFect that a full amnesty should be granted to all persons concerned in the North-West troubles, which was negatived by a vote of 23 for, 152 against. Mr. Farrow then moved an amendment to the etFect that amnesty had been promised to Archbishop Tache by some members of the present Cabinet, which was lost on division ; and Hon. Mr. Mackenzie’s motion was then adopted — Yeas, 126 ; Nays, 50. In 1877 amnesty was also ex- tended to O’Donohue — who had been previously excluded on account of his participation in the Fenian raid in Manitoba, in 1871 — and so the bitterness with regard to the troubles of 1869-70 was removed. Amnesty was formally pro- claimed on 25th April, 1875. 3. — There still remained one question con- nected with the North-West to settle, and that W'as the position of Louis Eiel as Riel again expelled. , n i p n tt a member elect ol the House. We have already stated the circumstances attending his expulsion in 1874, but the people of Provencher re-elected him, and it became necessary to deal with this question again. On the 15th February, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie said he desired to intimate to the House the course he proposed to pursue with regard to the member elect for Provencher. He stated that on Wednesday the 10th instant, the final sentence of Outlawry was pronounced in the Court of Queen’s Bench in Manitoba, and upon the same day the formal record of the sentence was forwarded to the Secretary of State. He thought it would be the most con- venient method, and one that perhaps would best place upon the journals the precedent for any future action, to have that formal sentence laid upon the table of the House, and to base upon it the motion for expulsion, precisely as was done in the Imperial Parliament in the case of O’Donovan Rossa. In that case Mr. Grladstone first laid the judgment of the Court on the table, and then made his motion in accordance with the fact that was established by the judgment, namely, that he had ceased to be qualified to be a member of the House.* On the 24th, Hon. Mr. Mackenzie moved that the sentence of Out- lawry, which had been laid on the table, be read, which was carried ; and he then moved “ That it appears that Louis Riel, a member of this House, has been adjudged an Outlaw for felony.” In doing so he stated that he was only following the course adopted ^by Imperial Par- liament in the cases of Smith O’Brien and O’Donovan Rossa, under similar, or nearly similar circumstances, as he had been advised that the sentence of Outlawry was equivalent to a conviction by the Court of the crime charged in the indictment. Hon J. H. Cameron raised the objection that in the Province of Manitoba, whatever it might be elsewhere, the proceedings in Outlawry upon an indictment for felony could not he had in the manner required by the law of England. The debate was continued by Hon. Mr. Fournier, Sir John A. Macdonald, Messrs. Mills, Masson, Cauchon, G-eoffrion and Baby, the question not being so much as to whether or not Riel should be expelled, but as to what was the right way to do it. Mr. Plumb then moved in amendment, “ It appears on the face of the record of proceedings brought before this House that no legal or valid judgment of Outlawry has been rendered against the said Louis Rie], member for Provencher, and it also appears from the same record that the said Louis Riel, having been indicted for murder, has not been arrested nor appeared nor pleaded to said indictment nor surrendered to take trial thereon, but has been and continues to be voluntarily absent and a fugitive from justice from the Province of Manitoba. Be it therefore resolved, that the said Louis Riel shall be and he is hereby expelled from this House.” After some debate in whitfh Messrs. Masson, Fournier, Macdonnell, (Inverness), Flesher, Holton, and others parti- cipated, Mr. Plumb’s amendment was xrut and lost, 24 for, 146 against. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie’s motion was then carried, 138 for, 31 against. 4. — On the 10th February, Hon. Mr. Cart- wright, Minister of Finance, made his Budget * Hansard, p. 139. GOVERNMENT OF EARL DUFFER IN— SECOND SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT, 1875. 447 Speech. The expenditures for The Budget Speech. year ending’ 30th June, 1874, were 123,316,000, an increase of ^4,140,000 over the preceding year, which he explained was caused by the augmentation of the interest on the debt by $500,000 ; expenses on account of the admission of Prince Edward Island, $600,- 000 ; increased subsidy, &c., to New Brunswick, $850,000 ; maintenance of Dominion railways, $900,000 ; increased indemnity to members, &c., $400,000; elections, $200,000; North-West Mounted Police, $200,000 ; Indians, $100,000 ; Post office, $300,000 ; miscellaneous, $200,000 ; making altogether, $4,250,000, which was a little more than the increase named. The receipts for the same period were $24,200,000, being $13,400,000 more than the preceding year, and showing a nominal surplus of $880,000, from which had to be deducted a sum of $166,- 000 for Ordinance lands, and $45,000 received from the British Government on account of Boundary Surveys, both of which sums would have to be paid out. He claimed that the changes in the tariff last session had increased the revenue from Customs about $2,000,000, the remaining $550,000 increase being partly attri- butable to the admission of Prince Edward Island, and partly to Excise duties. With regard to the Estimates for 1875 the amount charge- able to income was $24,857,488, and the esti- mated revenue about $25,250,000. On Capital account, $14,717,000 would be required, which was needed for the Intercolonial, Prince Edward Island and Pacific Railways, enlargement of the canals, and other public works. With regard to the loan for <£4,000,000 sterling, lately nego- tiated in London, he said that the net proceeds had been a little over $17,500,000. It was pro- posed to use $10,000,000 of that to jray off maturing debt, and the remainder on public works. He defended the course of the Govern- men in placing the loan, and claimed that a very considerable sum in interest had been saved by the transaction. Hon. Dr. Tupper reviewed the financial statement at considerable length, and was followed by Messrs. Cartwright, Domville, Mackenzie, Mitchell, Smith, Burpee, Plumb and Goudge ; after which the usual motion to go into Committee of Supply was carried. 5. — On the 23rd of February, Hon. Mr. Fournier introduced the Supreme Court Bill. The Bill as passed constitutes a The Supreme Court Supreme Court and Court of Exchequer for the Dominion, to be Courts of Record and to consist of a Chief Justice and six Judges, any five being a quorum in term. They are to be chosen among Judges of the Superior Courts or barristers or advocates of ten years standing ; two of them must be taken from the Judges or barristers or advocates of Quebec ; must reside within five miles of Ottawa ; tenure of office same as of other Judges of Superior Courts ; salaries. Chief Justice, $8,0U0, of Judges, $7,000. Two sessions te be held yearly in Ottawa, beginning on the third Monday in January, and first Monday in June. The Court to have criminal and civil jurisdiction throughout Canada, and decisions to be final, the right to appeal to the Imperial Courts being taken away except so far as it affects Imperial interest. The second reading took place on the 16th March, when a short discussion took j^lace in which Messrs. Palmer, Tasehereau, Mills, Irving, Moss, Wilkes and Cameron participated. On the motion for the third reading, on 30th March, Mr. White moved the six months hoist, which was lost. Yeas, 38 ; Nays, 121. Several amendments were proposed and lost ; and Mr. Irving offered an amendment to the effect that the decisions of the Court should be final (which was no*^ in the original Bill) which was accepted by Hon. Mr. Fournier, and, after some debate, adopted by a vote of 112 for, to 40 against. Some further amendments were voted down and the Bill passed its third reading. 6. — The House was prorogued on the 8th of April, His Excellency giving assent to fifty-six public and forty -two private and Miscellaneous Lesis- local Acts. Amongst the most Prorogation. important Acts passed were, an Act amending the Postal Act, providing for the free delivery of letters in cities and towns, changing the rate 448 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. of newspaper postage to one cent per pound, and introducing other changes ; an Insolvency Act. One of the most important Bills was that providing a Territorial Grovernment for the North-West Territories, entirely independent of Manitoba, the G-overnment to consist of a Lieu- tenant Governor, (salary, $7,000), and a Council of five, (salary, $1,000 each.) A Copyright Act was also passed, and assent to it reserved. The Bill was subsequently approved. CHAPTER XLVI. GOYEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— PEINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1875. 1. Dominion Board of Trade. — 2. Fires. — 3. The Guibord case. — 4. Railway and OTHER ACCIDENTS. — 5. MARINE DISASTERS. — 6. Other events of the year. 1. — The fifth annual meeting of the Dominion Board of Trade was held in the Railway Dominion Board Committee Room, Ottawa, com- mencing on the 19th January, and lasting four days. The President, W. H. Howland, Esq., presided. The first subject discussed was that of advising the establishment of a Department of Commerce in conjunction with the Department of Agriculture, to be pre- sided over by a Cabinet Minister. Mr. Thomas White, Jr., moved an amendment to the effect that the Department should be distinct from the Department of Agriculture, as everything that Department had attempted in the way of statis- tics had been a failure. After some discussion' the amendment was carried. Mr. Adam Brown moved that the question of establishing Tribu- nals of Commerce or Arbitration Courts be brought under the special notice of the Minister of Justice. The resolution was adopted after a short debate, which showed that the delegates felt that a system of arbitration would be far preferable to the existing costly and tedious modes of litigation. Considerable discussion took place on the rights of telegraph companies to construct their lines along certain railroads, but no decision was arrived at. A long debate occurred on the proposed terms of the Reci- procity Treaty which Hon. Mr. Brown had been endeavouring to get accepted at Washing- ton, some of the clauses being approved and others condemned. A motion to the effect that the Extradition Treaty between Canada and the United States should be so amended as to include fraudulent debetors was discussed, but was not adopted. Resolutions were adopted with reference to holding enquiries in all cases of shipwrecks, and also to placing fog whistles at certain points in the Gulf. A resolution was introduced by Hon. Mr. Stairs, on behalf of the Halifax Chamber of Com- merce, to the effect that the stamp tax on Bills of Exchange was very troublesome and annoying, and as it yielded but little revenue, it should be repealed as soon as possible. A long discussion ensued, the arguments not being so much in favor of the tax as against decreasing the revenue and two amendments were lost, after which the motion was carried on a division by a vote of 26 to 20. Mr. Clemow, of Ottawa, read a very interesting paper on the iron resources of the Ottawa Yalley, in which he argued that only a slightly protective tariff was needed to develope this industry ; and moved that the paper be presented to the Governor-in-Council as the opinion of the Board. Mr. Fry moved in amendment that the paper be printed in the Minutes, and after some discussion the amend- ment was carried by 24 to 18. Mr. Sewell, of the Levis Board of Trade, spoke in favor of the practicability of the winter navigation of the St. Lawrence, claiming that a stout steamer could make from eight to nine knots an hour through the floe ice, and that there was no danger. He moved that the Dominion Govern- ment be petitioned in favor of assisting in the establishment of a line of winter steamers between Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, which was carried by 24 to 14. A motion was adopted without division urging the Dominion Government to reconsider its action with regard GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 18V5. 449 to the Welland Canal, and to increase the depth to fourteen feet. Mr. C. F. Fairweather, of New Brunswick, was elected President for the ensuing year, and after the usual votes of thanks the Board adjourned sine die. 2. — The fires of 1875 were neither so numer- ous or so costly as those of some other years, still they showed a large aggre- gate loss of life and property. On the 11th January Winnipeg, Manitoba, had its first great fire, several business houses and dwellings being destroyed, and damage to the extent of |15,000 done. About one o’clock on the morning of the 25th January, the farm-house of Pierre Delude, about three miles from Boucherville, P. Q., took fire, and burned so rapidly that although he escaped his wife and eight children were burned to death, indeed so completely destroyed that all that was found of the nine Iversons would not have filled a com- mon soap box. On the 9th March the G-rand Trunk offices and car-shop at Point St. Charles, Montreal, were entirely destroyed, and $50,000 worth of damage done. The largest fire of the year occurred on the 6th June, when the immense saw-mill of Gilmour & Co., situated iir Hull, P.Q., and said to be the largest and most complete mill of the kind in Canada, was com- pletely destroyed, involving a loss of $150,000. The city of Hull was in great danger, for there was nearly 10,000,000 feet of lumber in the piling yards adjoining the mill, and if that had caught nothing could have saved a very large destruction ; but, fortunately the exertions of the firemen confined the flames to the mill. Extensive forest fires raged in Nova Scotia, and on the Upper Ottawa in June, and did very considerable damage. The saddest fire of the year occurred about eleven o’clock on the night of the 4th of December, in Lajeunesse’s hotel. Back River, near Montreal, when the brilliant and eloquent young Irish priest. Father Murphy, and his friend. Father Lynch, met an untimely end. They had stopped at the hotel on their way to St. Therese, and were in a room on the second floor, when a gas machine near their room exploded, and they were suffocated and burned before help could reach them. 3. — A funeral of more than ordinary importance took place in the Cote des Neiges Cemetery, Montreal, on the 16th November , , , . p -r 1 The Guibord case. when the remains of J oseph Guibord, who had then been dead nearly six years — were finally disposed of, after much litigation as to where their last resting place should be. Mr. Guibord was a printer of standing and respectability in the City of Montreal, and a member of the Roman Catholic Church with which he was in good favor until he joined the Inslitut Canadien, a Liberal Catholic organization which incurred the displeasure of the Church by the independence of its views ; and which displeasure so much increased that its members were excommunicated by the Bishop. On the 18th November, 1869, Joseph Guibord died of apoplexy, and burial with the usual ceremonies of his Church was denied him on the ground that he had died at variance with the Church. The friends of Guibord, however, were not dis- posed to accept without remonstrance the dictum of the Church. It so happened that Guibord had bought and paid for a burial lot in the Cote des Neiges Cemetery ; and his friends claimed that he had a civil right in the land which the Church could not ignore. Accord- ingly the remains were deposited in the vaults of the Protestant Cemetery, and civil action was taken to force the Fabrique of Notre Dame to bury Guibord. The case dragged its weary length through the Courts for over five years, being decided both for and against the Fabrique and at last was appealed to the Privy Council. The contention in the case may be briefly stated as this : the Fabrique held that the matter was a purely ecclesiastical one and did not come within the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts at all ; that the Church had an undoubted right to regulate its own spiritual matters and to say who should or should not be regarded as a member ; that Guibord had died without the pale of the Church and, therefore could not be accorded Christain burial. On the other hand the Institut Canadien contended that the Fabrique had entered into a civil contract 54 450 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. with Giiibord which it was bound to carry out ; it had sold and received the money for a piece of land for the specific and well defined purpose of its being used as a burial jfiace for Gruibord when he died, and that, therefore, when he did die the Fabric[ue was bound to carry out the contract and bury him. The Privy Council decided that Gruibord had a civil right to be buried, and so ordered. The case had attracted the attention of the whole Dominion, especially in Quebec and Ontario, the former upholding the Ecclesiastical and the latter the Civil power, and “ Poor Gruibord’s bones ” had almost became a stock heading in the newspapers, when, on the 2nd of September, an attempt was made to carry out the order of the Privy Council and have what was left of Gruibord buried. On that day the coffin was removed from the vault of the Protestant Cemetery and taken to the Roman Catholic Cemetery at Cote des Neiges, where a grave had been dug next to that of Madame Gruibord, who had died while the case was pending. But Gruibord’s bones were not to rest in peace yet. The case had attracted great attention amongst the lower orders of French Roman Catholics, who regarded the order of the Privy Council as an attempt to over-ride the Church ; and, accordingly, when the funeral cortege reached the Cemetery gates it found an infuriated crowd which barred the entrance, closed the gates, and refused to allow the hearse to enter ; while some of the crowd, to make assurance doubly sure, filled up the grave. There was no funeral that day. The coffin was returned to the Protestant vault, and a strong guard of police placed in the Cemetery, it hav- ing been freely threatened that the vault would be forced, and the coffin and its contents abstracted and destroyed, so as to render burial ' impossible. For the next six weeks the excite- i ment rose to a fearful pitch ; the case was now ! regarded as a struggle between Church and State, and it was felt that it must be made j apparent that the State was supreme, not the ' Church ; and that the order of the highest Legal Court in the Empire must be obeyed, no | matter whom it might offend. The counsel for the Inslitut Canadien, Mr. Joseph Doutre, Q.C., waited until the formal decree of the Privy Council had been received, before making the second attempt to have Guibord buried, and when that attempt was made on the 16th No- vember, every precaution had been taken to in- sure the carrying out of the order of the Privy Council, even by force of arms if necessary. The whole volunteer force in Montreal and every policeman who could be spared from duty, was called into requisition, and few of the military heroes who have been buried in Montreal, were ever escorted to the grave by so imposing a military force as that which followed the remains of the poor printer to their last resting j)lace. This time there was no disturbance. The gates were open, the grave dug, and Guibord’s coffin finally deposited in it — with rather “ Maimed rights ” as far as the Church was concerned, but still the order of the Privy Council was carried out and he was buried. On accoixnt of the fear that the body [ would be exhumed, the grave had been made much larger than usual and partly filled with, cement and scrap iron before the coffin was placed in it, and after that was done the grave was filled up with the same material so that the coffin was enclosed in an immense mass of cement and iron, several barrels being used. There was no attempt at exhumation, however, for His Lordship Bishop Bourget unconsecrated that portion of the Cemetery in which Guibord lies, and as the Catholics considered that the disgrace of having an excommunicated person buried in holy ground was thereby removed, the excitement soon died out, and Guibord’s bones w^ere left to rot in peace. 4. — A railway accident of an unusual kind occurred on the Richmond, Drummond and Arthabaska Railway on the even- ing of the 28th September, whereby 11 persons lost their lives and 28 were injured. Shortly after six o’clock six platform cars with an engine behind them left Yamaska for Sorel, having on board about 75 workmen who had been engaged on th'e road. About two GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— PEINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1875. 451 miles from Yamaska the cars ran on to a lot of rails which had been placed across the track — it was supposed, by some men who had been refused work on the road — and the cars were thrown off the track. Most of the men succeeded in jumping from the cars in safety, but a large number were killed or injured. About nine o’clock in the evening of the 3rd February an im- mense mass of snow and ice slid from the toj) of Cape Diamond, Quebec, and fell on a frame house standing under the cliff. The house was crushed like an eggshell, and a man, his wife, four children and an old woman were buried in the ruins and taken out dead. On the 1st of November there was a heavy storm at Quebec, and while it was raging the ferry steamer Monlmorenci attempted to land her passengers at St. Famille, Isle of Orleans, in the usual manner, that is in a scow. Forty-five passengers had got into the scow when it was dashed against the ferry boat by the waves and upset, thirteen persons being drowned. 5. — The vear 1875 was a most disastrous one to Canadian sea-going vessels, the number of casualties reported being 264, M.arine disasters. . , . i n r .00 t involving the loss of 388 fives and property to the value of over |2,500,000. The most appalling disaster of the year as far as the number of lives was concerned, occurred about 9 o’clock on the evening of the 4th Nov- ember when the steamer Pacific from Victoria, B. C. to San Francisco, collided with the sailing ship Orpheus, and was almost immediately sunk, and out of the 238 persons she had on board only two were saved. The Pacific had about 600 tons of freight on board and $178,000 in specie. The Orpheus did not offer to render any assistance, but sailed away from the sinking steamer which went down so suddenly that there was no time to launch the boats. The next disaster in point of magnitude was the loss of the steamer Vicksburg, of the Dominion Line by which 76 lives and a cargo valued at about $100,000 were lost. The Vicksburg left Quebec on the 27th May with 8 cabin and 25 steerage passengers and a crew of 60, and ran into field ice in the Gfulf on the 30th. About 11 o’clock on the night of the 31st, while running at half speed, she struck solid ice, and a hole was stove in her bow. She was headed for St. John, Newfoundland, from whence she was about 120 miles distant, but the water gained so much on the steam pumps that it finally put out the fires, and about six o’clock on the morning of the 1st June the boats were lowered, but only five of the crew got into the first, nine crew and three passengers into the second, and aboirt thirty persons into the third, the remainder of the crew and i:)assengers going down with the ship, which sunk about half- past six. The boat with five men in it was picked up by the steamer Georgia and carried to New York, and the one with three passengers — amongst whom was Mr. B. McShane, of Mon- treal — and nine crew was picked up by an American fishing vessel, and taken to St. Johns, Newfoundland. The third boat was never heard of. 6. — Several changes took place in the Cabinet during the year. On the 18th May, the Hon. D. A. Macdonald, Postmaster- other events of the Gieneral, was appointed Lieuten- ant Grovernor of Ontario, and his portfolio was taken by Hon. Telesphore Fournier, Minister of Justice; on the same day Hon. Edward Blake again entered the Cabinet, and accepted the office of Minister of Justice. On the 8th of October, Hon. Telesphore Fournier was ap- pointed one of the Puisne Judges of the Supreme Court, and on the following day Hon. L. S. Huntington, President of the Privy Coun- cil, was appointed Postmaster Oeneral vice Foirrnier. The Presidency of the Council was not filled until the 7th December, when the Hon. J. E. Cauchon was sworn of the Privy Council, and appointed to the Presi- dency of that body. On the 151h May His Excellencv left Canada on a pleasure trip to England, where he remained until the 22nd October. On the 18th June, the change of gauge on the completed i:)ortions of the Intercolonial was commenced, and rapidly completed. One very noticeable feature of the year was the large immigration of Mennonites 452 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. who settled in Manitoba, being induced thereto by the favorable reports of the colony which had settled in the Province the previous year. One of the saddest events of the year was the unprovoked attack on a Catholic procession of women and children while making a “ pilgrim- age” in Toronto, on Sunday, 26th September, by a party of Orange Young Britons, in which a number of persons — especially policemen — were very severely injured, but, fortunately, no lives were lost, although revolvers were freely used. This was one of the outcroppings of the Guibord affair, the Orangemen having the idea that the Catholics were defying the civil authority, and refusing to bury Guibord after the Privy Council had ordered his interment. It is only just to the respectable body of Orangemen to say that they strongly con- demned the action of the rowdy element of the order. Trade remained dull, and times hard, and one of the most significant signs of the times was the meeting of over 100 leading manufacturers in Toronto, on the 26th Novem- ber, and the adoption of resolutions in favor of a protective policy on the part of the Canadian Government as against United States manufactures. CHAPTER XLVII. GOVEBNMENT OF TIIK EARL OF DUFFERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNNIAL. 1. Historical importance of International Exhibitions. — 2. Origin of the Philadel- phia Exhibition. — 3. A great national EXPERIMENT ENTERED UPON WITH SELF CON- FIDENCE AND ENTHUSIASM. — 4. ThE HONOR- ABLE CHARACTER OF THE EXHIBITION AS A WHOLE. — 5. Cosmopolitan spirit of the American invitation. — 6. Hearty res- PONSE'TO THE INVITATION. — 7. ThE CANADIAN Commissioners. National appreciation of THEIR SERVICES. — 8. ThEIR RESPONSIBILITIES AND DIFFICULTIES AND THEIR INITIATORY PLAN OF MEETING THEM. — 9. PROVINCIAL Advisory Boards. Their success. — 10. Plans for illustrating Canadian in- dustry. The mineralogical exhibit. — 11. The lumber exhibit. Ingenious and at- tractive mode of display. — 12. The ar- rangements AS TO SOME OTHER EXHIBITS. — 13. The transportation arrangements. — 14. The Centennial Commissioners and THEIR ARRANGEMENTS FOR EXHIBITORS. — 15. System of awards and Judges duties. — 16. The Exhibition grounds and buildings. — 17. The large space occupied by Canada. 18. How THE Canadian goods were dis- played. — 19. Canada on the opening day. — 20. The Inaugural ceremonies. — 21. Splendid receptions and entertainments. — 22. Marked attention shown Canada by FOREIGNERS. 1. — An International Congress must always be hailed as an event of great importance, for whether its object be the termination of some unhappy KlnatloLa/ contention, or the improvement Exhibitions, of the laws which regulate the intercourse of nations, it has special claims upon the sympathies of humanity. Such assemblies will always occupy a prominent place in history, for they mark the steps by which the family of nations attempts to improve its relationships. There have been many undertakings of the kind in our time, varying in the boldness of their design, the elaborateness of their details, and the splen- dour of their success. In this chapter we have to record the history, and general character and results, of another of these great undertakings in which the Dominion of Canada bore a high and conspicuously honourable part, and which has done more to display to the world her vast material resources, and rapidly developing industries, to prove the energy, enterprise and skill of her people, and to elevate her in the scale of nations, than any event in her history which has occurred within the memory of men now living. To the Canadian reader of to-day, in whose mind the achievements of his country. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 453 at this exhibition of the world’s industries, are still vividly impressed, the comprehensive sketch which appears in these pages may not have the charm and freshness which belong to descriptions of those lustra of the nations held a quarter of a century ago. The distance which lends enchant- ment to old time history will be wanting here. But the time will come, — the time, perhaps, when Canada shall be holding an International Exhibition of her own — when a vital interest, in this recent national event, will be felt by explorers amongst these repertoires of Canadian annals, and it is none the less the duty of a faithful historian to leave on record those promi- nent facts and features of his theme, by which alone posterity can estimate aright the part which his country has played, and the rank which has been assigned her, at an exposition of such transcendant importance to her own national interests and welfare. 2. — The circumstances under which the In- ternational Exhibition at Philedelphia was held, may be very briefly recited. On PhUadqU^a the third of March, 1871, the E.Uubition. Grovernment of the United States, having determined to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of their independence, created, by an Act of Congress, the United States Centen- nial Commission to provide for “ An International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine,” to be held in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876. By another Act of Congress, bearing date the 1st day of June, 1872, a Centennial Board of Finance was appointed to make the necessary arrangements for carrying out the objects of the Commission. These Acts of Congress were approved and confirmed on the 3rd day of July, 1873, by a proclamation of the President of the United States, and on the fifth of that month, the Secretary of State, Mr. Hamilton Fish, notified the same to the several foreign Ministers at Washington. On the 5th of June, 1874, an Act of Congress was approved extending invitations to take part in the Exhibition to foreign gov- ernments, and a formal invitation was forthwith sent to Her Majesty’s Grovernment through the usual channels, and to the Grovernment of Canada. Thus was called into existence, for the first time, a celebration of the National Independence of one of England’s oldest and greatest Colonies, in which the members of the Colonial Empire everywhere were cordially invited to join, and at which they were destined to exhibit to admiring millions jri’oofs of their rising power and greatness, of their devoted loyalty to the Mother country, and of a sympathy with the people of the United States so strong and heartfelt as to make it appear to the representatives of other races that the Anglo Saxon, in whatever part of the earth he may be planted, is ever striving for that excellence which is alike beneficial to himself and his fellow men. 3. — We can well understand that, with all the self-confidence of the American people — and the fiery trials of a cruel civil war a greiit nation.ai , T . ,1 , experiment entered had given them every reason to upon with seit-con- , , , , ■ , • o 1 fiden -e and rely on the patriotism ol the enthusiasm, nation — the period immediately preceding the opening of their International Exhibition was one of no little anxiety and apprehension. There was much in the occasion selected, and its associations, to beget anything but forgetfulness of a Past that should never have been — much to test generous thoughts, mutual forbearance and conciliation, and sentiments of national kindliness. Now that the event itself is rele- gated to the domain of history, we know how little these sentimental objections availed in view of the practical importance and results of what was after all a great practical undertaking. It was, however, a bold and in some repects, a perilous enterprise — bold in its inception and primary design, but bolder still in those lofty aims by which its ultimate success was in a large measure to be judged. In this one particular at least it came far short of the English Exhibi- tion of 1851. That was confessedly the most novel and daring proposition of them all. It had no precedent to refer to, no statistics to build upon. It had to be carried into execution by means invented impromptu for the occasion, while the whole world looked on, prepared to 454 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA. condemn or applaud as the issue might deter- mine. The Philadelphia Exhibition was more fortunate in these respects. It had in a measure the advantageous test of experience. In all its plans and arrangements, its internal economy and classihcation, and the innumerable minute details of so vast an undertaking, its directors had much in their favour. They had all the varied teachings of its predecessors to learn from — the knowledge of their difhculties and obstacles, and the means of surmounting them. Still, with all this experience of old world exhibitions, they could not but feel that they W'ere entering upoii a work which was to form an epoch in the life of a newer and much younger civilization — a work which was of vital moment to the Kepublic, and which must be accomplished in a manner not unworthy of its great progenitors. So far as this continent was concerned, it had all the vague anticipations of an experiment which, if not altogether new, was at least to be tried under conditions and circumstances very different from any which had hitherto prevailed. The leading journals of the United States, and American corresj^ond- ence in foreign newspapers, had invested the Exhibition with a pretentiousness which invited almost an unsparing criticism. They teemed with glow'ing descriptions of what the assembled peoples of all nations would then for the first time witness under an American sky, and on American soil. It behoved the people to see that these pretensions were well sustained, that, having chosen their own time for holding the Exhibition, having selected their vantage ground at pleasure, having to face the real difficulties presented by the trans- portation of exhibits from points very far distant, or places altogether isolated from even ! telegraphic communication with the western I continent, the drawbacks incident to the remoteness of the main point of attraction from other great industrial centres, and the possible chances of continental wars and other formidable complications which always menace the peace of the world, that their trial at this industrial assize of the nations, and the verdict which would there be passed upon them, was one which had better not have been courted. All these considerations of possible risk and disaster, and many more, must have been presented to the intelligent, thinking body of the American j)eople in their busy season of preparation, but, whether they did or not, w’’e failed to find, either in their press, amongst the citizens of their large civic communities, or the skillful artificers and handicraftsmen of their busy hives of labour and industry, any fear of unkindly reverses, any prognostications of evil for their forthcoming Exhibition. Buoyant, full of hope, and a great deal of pardonable bragga- docia, they did not stop to brood idly over misfortunes which might never come, but set about its prosecution as if comy)lete success were already assured. The national pride was aroused, and the energy and ingenuity, the wealth and resources of the Kepublic, were laid under tribute to exact from the world contributions to what proved to be a very formidable rival of the far-famed exhibitions of monarchical Europe. 4. — The verdict which the American people challenged, and secured, from the whole world was one wffiich did them the , . , , T r , The honourable highest degree of honour — an character of the Ex- honour in which the Dominion, from the signal success which crowned its own efforts at the Exhibition, is fully entitled to share. Like the peoples of older countries, wffiere history has been repeating • itself for centuries, the jieople of the United States had felt the evils and curse of w'^ar. At Philadelphia they made a splendid trial of what could be effected by the arts and virtues of peace. Ten years before they were just emerging, bleeding and crippled, from a conflict the most dreadful and sanguinary of modern times. They then proved how a nation, unused to arms, could exhibit warlike hardihood, enterprise, and for- titude, and could endure, for the sake of national unity, the greatest and most painful sacrifices. Their deadly struggle for the preservation of the Union was magnificently rewarded at Phi- ladelphia. They there showed how a powerful. GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OP DUFEEEIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 455 becavise an undivided, people, who had settled their own differences, could remove, for the time being, all differences and distinctions between the other great members of the human family. They, at all events, proved that they could, in an incalculable degree, promote the comfort, enlarge the knowledge, and strengthen the kindly affections of mankind towards each other ; that they could produce effects much nobler and more lasting than those of war, more profitable to the world generally, and more consonant with the lessons which are derived from our common Christianity ; that they could achieve a triumph of industry, instead of a triumph of arms ; and, by their readiness to sign a treaty of universal amity, break down inter- national barriers, and form an universal republic of all nations. They can, too, claim the merit of having inspired every department of human skill and labour with new motives and fresh power for the conquests which lie before them, and of having given the mind of humanity an upward impulse, the effects of which will be increasingly beneficial as the years roll on. All this was evident not merely in the vast and varied collections of the Exhibition itself, but in the proofs which these afforded of the boundless capacity for prodution of those who made them. As a comparative and competitive display of natural products, inventive ingenuity, industrial skill, and artistic taste — as a mar- vellous assemblage of interesting, useful, and charming objects — treasures of art, as well as of science and nature, the Exhibition was an abso- lute success. As a living, palpable record of philosophical transactions, it was invaluable, for it displayed and described not merely the triumphs of science, but showed, with the best models and most perfect apparatus of the time, the application of science to every branch of industrial art. Its highest value, however, con- sisted not so much in the many things which all these were intended to do, as in the one thing which they had so often done already, and to which they were there to testify — the develop- ment of man’s own character with all its fertility of resource, its dogged perseverance under difficulty, distress, and disappointment, its care of all past acquisitions, its unbounded faith in all kinds of future possibilities. No one could traverse the transepts and corridors of these magnificent Exhibition buildings, and their annexes, filled with the treasures of the congre- gated publics of the nations without taking a broader view of hrrman destiny, and without having his highest hopes of the future quick- ened and expanded. 5. — Whatever character for selfishness the American people had to lose, it was plain to every visitor at Philadelphia in 1876, that they had no desire ortpA*mer?cau“*^ to make their Exhibition a mere gigantic advertisement for themselves. The arrangements for foreign exhibitors were of the most complete and liberal kind, and their whole undertaking was entered upon in a truly cosmopolitan spirit. Invitations were issued to the whole world to bring its choicest productions and compete with the most powerful representative of Democracy, and with each other, in amicable rivalry, and these were universally accepted. Gfer- many and France, Russia and Turkey were there to contend for another mastery than that of war — for other victories than those which follow the sword and fields of slaugh- tered battalions. To them as to all, the sum- mons from this side the Atlantic was a sum- mons to the peaceful arena of a nobler com- petition, where the superiority or predomin- ance of one country may be built, not upon the depression and prostration of another, but where each might strive which could do most to em- bellish, improve, and elevate our common humanity. It was a summons that defied the ordinary restraints of space and distance, and was heard through and beyond all the barriers of colour, creed, and nationality. It went forth to insulated and far distant centres of civiliza- tion like China and Japan — to countries many thousands of miles apart — to unmapped islands of the remote East, and the comparatively un- known and untrodden wildernesses of the far North — to the earliest seats of science and the 456 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 1 arts, and to communities still semi-barbarous. From every climate, and every zone, came something of nature’s bounteous gifts, or of ; man’s thought and handiwork, his steady per- severance, or subtle industry. The oldest arts and the newest inventions, the rarest specimens of skill and taste — all alike challenged compa- rison and contrast in that microcosm of the pro- ducts of all nations. Britain with her countless colonies and possessions was there to strive for the peaceful triumphs of the English race. The multitude of her busy workshops and mines at the seat of the Empire, the fields and forests of Canada and Axrstralasia, the remote dependen- cies of the African continent, the rich dyes and cunning looms of Hindostan and the far East, were there to attest the wide spreading opera- tions of those who, wherever they be, or by whatever name called, are still our fellow countrymen. 0. — Canada especially felt constrained to make a zealous response to the call of a neigh- boring people, and to bring into Hearty response to ,. n i j. i.i the invitation in actiou all the resources at the disposal of an undistxxrbed country enjoying the full vigour of its natural strenffth. To the American people the Exhibi- tion w^as an affair of supreme and overshadowing interest, and Canadians could not be indifferent to any scheme seriously affecting the fame and fortunes of a nation with whose industrial destinies their own were linked so closely. On intimation of the intended Exhibition being given to the (xovernment of Canada, the matter was warmly taken up, and every effort made by the Government of the Dominion, and the several Provincial Governments, to enlist the enthusiasm of the Canadian people in the project. When the subject was brought before Parliament great interest wms manifested by the members of both Houses, and a universal wish was expressed that the appearance of Canada, as o}ie of the nations of the civilized world, at Philadelphia, should be worthy of the country and its people, as well as of the historical occasion itself. An item was placed in the estimates for the purpose, and the Hon. Alexan- der Mackenzie, Premier of the Dominion Government, introduced in the House of Commons a resolution which was unanimously carried, appropriating the sum of |100,000.00 in aid of the Canadian objects of the Exhibition. This sum, as the result proved, was amply sufficient to carry out the intentions of Parlia- ment in a manner accordant with its patriotic feeling, so much so that, when the Exhibition closed, and all the attendant expenses and liabilities of the Canadian Section had been handsomely provided for, it was found that the wisdom and prudence of the Dominion Com- missioners had saved a large sum out of the national funds which had been committed to their charge for Exhibition purposes. 7 . — The first step towards organization was taken by the appointment by the Government of a Canadian Commission. This ine Canadian Commission was composed of the tennapp^ecTation Hon. L. Letellier de St. Just, oi their services. Minister of Agriculture, who was ex-ofjUcio President, the Hon. E. G. Penny, of Montreal, a member of the Senate of Canada, and Mr. Dougall Macdougall of Berlin, Ontario. Mr. Letellier, on his subsequent elevation to the Lieutenant-Governorship of Quebec, was replaced by the Hon. C. P. Pelletier, his suc- cessor in the same dexrartment of the Govern- ment. It is a fact wmrthy of notice, in this connection, that of these Commissioners, the two upon whom the burthen and heat of the day fell, Messrs. Penny and Macdougall, were, or had been, associated all their lives with the profession of journalism. Mr. Penny, a clever and versatile writer, had been for many years the able Editor of the Montreal Herald, a lead- ing organ of public opinion in the commercial metropolis of Canada, while Mr. Macdougall had been honourably connected with the local press in different parts of Ontario, and only relinqitish- ing his active duties as a journalist on his appointment, some years previous by his poli- tical friends, to the Registrarship of the County of "Waterloo. The manner in which these two gentlemen discharged their difficult and onerous duties, as Executive Commissioners for the GOVEEISTMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 457 Dominion, and the untiring energy, tact and patience, which they displayed, as representa- tives abroad of their Grovernment, and generally in carrying out the objects of the Commission, were universally acknowledged. Flattering allusions were made to their services by the press of both political parties, and in the debates of both Houses of Parliament ; they each received a diploma of thanks from the Grovern- ment, accompanied by the Dominion gold medal, and were made the recipients of similar honours on the part of the American Grovernment, accom- panied by the International bronze medal of the United States. Mr. Joseph Perrault, ex-M.P., of Montreal, was named Secretary of the Commission, and a small, but intelligent and energetic, statF was selected to co-operate with him in carrying out the directions of the Com- missioners. 8. — The task confided to these gentlemen was a very responsible one, and the difficulties which Their responsibilities ^esct them at the Very outset “ei^Stryp!ans Were neither few nor unimport- of meeting them. Two great obstacles pre- sented themselves in enlisting the general sympathies of the people, and obtaining the co-operation of the industrial interests of the country, and no doubt did eventually prevent many valuable exhibits from being sent to Philadelphia. One of these was the illiberal tariff of the United Slates, which made it im- possible to hope that any transactions with the citizens of that country could arise from the comparison of goods and prices; the other was the great financial depression which prevailed universally, and which dampened the com- mercial spirit, and, to a certain extent, paralyzed the industrial energies, of our people. It thus early became a subject of no little anxiety to determine the manner in which the wishes of the Grovernment should be carried out, and the method which should be adopted in securing an adequate collection and representation of the various products and industries of the country. The several Provinces of the Dominion had already made their appearance at previous Inter- national Exhibitions, but it was felt that the manner in which Canada, as a whole, should show herself at Philadelphia, must be on a far more extended scale than at London, Paris, or Vienna. This was made necessary by the cir- cumstances of the Exhibition taking place on the continent of which Canada forms a part, where, therefore, if she were seen at all, it must be to take rank as an important American power. Her proximity, moreover, to the place of Exhibition made it imperative that the plan adopted should be a widely comprehensive one, embracing, not a few exhibits selected by the Commissioners themselves and deemed merito- rious enough for national display, but affording fair scope to the ambition of the whole body of the Canadian People. Within certain limits it was desirable that every person, anxious to exhibit at Philadelphia, should find his appro- priate place there; but as it was also found necessary that provision should be made for the larger part of the expenditure, this condition manifestly demanded an authority by which some scrutiny should be exercised to prevent a large outlay on comparatively insignificant or unimportant articles. Grreat difficulties having been discovered in the way of inducing exhi- bitors to take part in the enterprise, unless guaranteed against unknown expense, it was determined to assume the whole cost of the conveyance to Philadelphia, the arrangement of and the care there, and the reconveyance to Canada, of all goods destined for the Exhibition. With a view, too, to create emulation, and induce exhibitors to offer the choicest articles and products at their command, it was also resolved to give a certain number of gold, silver, and bronze medals to Canadian exhibitors only, and, in order to secure the utmost impar- tiability in the distribution of these, the awards were made by distinguished foreign judges. 9. — To reconcile these very liberal and encour- aging arrangements with the conditions already described, the assistance of the 1 , y-., , Provincial Advisory several Provincial Grovernments boards. Their was invited. This was at once heartly accorded, and each of the Provincial Grovernments obtained from its respective 55 458 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Legislature a certain precuniary appropriation for the purpose of aiding the general design. An Advisory Board, composed of competent and experienced gentlemen, was named in each Province under the directions of one of the members of the Provincial Ministry, who also appointed a Secretary. The Presidents of these Provincial Advisory Boards were, for Ontario, Hon. A. Crooks, Minister of Public Instruction ; for Quebec, Hon. Pierre Oarneau, Minister of Agriculture ; for Nova Sotia, Hon. P. C. Hill, Premier ; for New Brunswick, Hon. J. J. Fraser, Provincial Secretary ; for Prince Edward Island, Hon. Senator T. H. Haviland, Provincial Secretary; for Manitoba, Hon. Charles Nolin, Minister of Agriculture ; and for British Columbia, Hon. W. J. Armstrong, Minister of Agriculture. Each of these gentlemen was constituted an Honorary Commissioner. To all these Advisory Boards was committed the task of deciding what articles should be accepted for Exhibition purposes, it being understood that, in extraordinary cases only, reference should be made to the Commissioners represen- ting the Dominion. By this elastic and compre- hensive plan it was hoped to obtain extended sympathy throughout the Dominion, and that hope was fully justified. The method adopted enlisted in the public service official and unofficial gentlemen of great zeal, experience, and local and technical knowledge, in all parts of the country, and connected with all depart- ments of industry, and there is no doubt that a o-reat deal of the success which was subse- O quently attained was due to the liberal support and confidence of the Provincial Governmeiits, and the active, intelligent, and judicious co-operation of their Advisory Boards. 10. — The duty imposed upon the heads of the Canadian section of the exhibition embraced the Plan., for Illustrating iHustratioii of all departments ifflZerliogifeU of Canadian iiidustry. The min- ing, lumbering, agricultural and manufacturing interests, as well as those con- cerned in the rearing of live stock, were all to be suitably represented. At previous exhibi- tions Canada had gained a high reputation for the scientific and complete collection of minerals which she there displayed. The extension of her territory by the addition of other Provinces, some of them rich in mineral deposits, made it extremely desirable that she should maintain this reputation in the United States. A sum of money was at once set apart for the special ex- penditure incurred in procuring new specimens of this kind of public wealth, while like sums were appropriated for procuring other natural and economical products from British Columbia and Manitoba, and even the extensive territories stretching away into the North-West of the Dominion, to serve as interesting illustrations of the inexhaustible riches which there awaited the courageous pioneer. The greater part of the specimens of mineral ores, &c., were exhi- bited under the superintendence of Professor A. P. C. Selwyn, Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, to whose care and energy, in their classification and arrangement, and the prepara- tion of a scientific and descriptive catalogue, may be attributed much of the success which was achieved in this department of the Cana- dian Section. 11. — The exhibition of lumber was, for a long time, the subject of much perplexity. Those connected with that highly im- The lumber exhibit, portant interest were generally J^f,Smodeof anxious to exhibit a lar^ quan- tity amounting to several hundred thousand feet. It was thought by them that the lumber trade of the United States would be very largely represented, and that in order to impress the spectator with the extent of our own forest resources, it would be necessary to cover a great area with this description of goods. , The expense of transporting such an immense quan- tity of bulky material was one obvious objection to this, and the combustible nature of the material itself, if displayed in one immense exhibit, was another. Ten thousand feet of each description of lumber was finally accepted under conditions satisfactory, to the lumbermen. Several large firms, engaged in the trade, fur- nished considerable quantities of the choicest description of sawn lumber, while the Govern- GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 459 ments of Quebec and New Brunswick expended money liberally in procuring round and square timber, some of which was of very large size. Much interest was excited among visitors b)’^ specimens of the Douglas pine from British Columbia. Some of these were taken from trees eight feet in diameter. The plan adopted for the display of all these lumber exhibits was a novel one. They were all ingeniously put together, and built up in a prominent place in the grounds, in the form of a Canadian log- house, in which alone the sawn lumber com- prised about eighty thousand feet — an edifice which attracted a great deal of attention, and of which drawings were published in most of the illustrated papers of the world. At one corner of this log-house — fit emblem of the homes of many thousands of hardy settlers in the back woods of Canada — was to be seen rising grace- fully up, full a hundred feet from its base, the tallest flag-staff in the exhibition — an immense and beautiful spar from New Brunswick — and, from the summit of this the broad folds of the flag of the Dominion were flung to the breeze. 12. — The arrangements which were made to ensure a proper display of some other Canadian interests were equally satisfac- The arrangements as . t r i n to some other toi’y aiid successfuf. Oiie of exhibits. - . . the most important and rising branches of Canadian manufacture is that of cheese, of which no less than thirty-five million pounds were exported in the last fiscal year preceding the opening of the Exhibition. It was very desirable that a growing interest of this kind should be fairly represented, and that the best display possible should be made. Liberal assistance was given the dairymen of the Dominion, and when it was found impossible to expose their products in the Agricultural Hall of the Exhibition, and the dairymen of the United States offered to join them in the con- struction of a suitable building for the purpose, two thousand dollars worth of stock was ac- quired in the Centennial Company, and the money expended as the share of Canada in the cost of the dairy house. The collection of Cana- dian dairy products was entirely managed by the Ontario Dairy Association, and was univer- sally acknowledged to be far superior to any- thing of the kind in the whole Exhibition. In providing for the display of Canadian horses, horned cattle, and other live stock, a rule different from that which was applied to these other exhibits was found necessary to be adopted, and the whole risk of loss or damage in the transportation of the animals to Philadel- phia, and the care of them there, was thrown upon the owners. This regulation no doubt contracted to some extent the number of this class of exhibitors, but notwithstanding the possibility of loss to which they were exposed, our Canadian farmers entered the lists of com- petition with the greatest spirit, and demon- strated conclusively the vast capabilities of their country for the breeding of even the highest class of stock. 13. — The provisions requisite for securing an adequate representation of all the natural and industrial iwoducts of the Do- transportation minion having been thus com- arrangements. pleted, the means of transport became a pressing consideration. Satisfactory arrangements, how- ever, were made with the different railways of the country, which were brought under the general system adopted by the railroads of the United States engaged in conveying goods to the Exhibition — a system, by the way, with which no fault could be found on the score of liberality, and the details of which were carried out in good faith, and with a manifest desire to facilitate the operations of the respective Crovern- ments. The Government steamer Lad// Head, conveyed nearly the whole of the goods from the Maritime Provinces direct to the port of Philadelphia, where they were unshipped in the dock-yards, and transported by rail to the Exhibition grounds. On the arrival in the United States of Canadian and other foreicrn goods, some serious difficulties arose which required the greatest possible patience and management in adjusting, and which, at one time, threatened greatly to retard the punctual instalment of all the exhibits. These difficulties, which were eventually overcome by the for- 400 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. bearance of the United States authorities, grew out of the Customs House reglations of a country haying a strictly protective tariff that embraced almost every article brought for exhibition. 14. — It here becomes necessary, in order to understand the manner in which the various The Centennial Canadian exhibits were distribu- &“™ementl ^^d and displayed at Philadelphia, for Exhibitors. haiidsome allotment of space which was filled by them there, to glance at the labours of the Centennial Commission, and the plans which they had adopted for carrying out the highly patriotic task which had been entrusted to them. The Exhibition at Philadelphia w'as placed under the direction of a Board of Commissioners appointed by the Federal Grovernment, and a Board of Finance appointed by and representing the stock holders, who supplied a large part of the capital. The Board of Finance was presided over by Mr. John Welch, the present Foreign Minister of the United States at the Court of St. James, and all other arrangements, including especially those which concerned foreign exhibitors, were confided to the Commission under the Presidency of Greneral Joseph R. Hawley, whose chief executive officer was General Alfred T. Goshorn, with the title of Director-General. In other words, the Exhibition was worked by three great departments. The first, the Centennial Commission proper, was charged with the general suspervison of all the arrangements, including, however, the direcT management of all the State and public ceremonies, the settlement of leading questions relating to the working of the Exhibition, and the direct superintendence cf the final questions relating to the awards. To the second department — the Centennial Board of Finance — were entrusted the providing of the funds, the erection of the Exhibition buildings, and the entire control of all financial qirestions relating to the Exhibition. To the third or executive department was confided the practical working of the Exhibition. 15. — The system of awards, and the work of the judges, dilfered materially from all j)revious exhibitions. The large inter- The system of awards national juries of London, Paris, and judges duties. and Vienna, were replaced by two hundred and fifty judges, half foreigners and half citizens of the United States, divided into numerous groups of varying strength, according to the extent of the display under each particular head. The business of the judges was to examine and report upon such exhibits as they considered worthy of award ; the reports were to be based upon inherent and comparative merits ; the elements of merit were to include considerations relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, workmanship, fitness for the purposes intended, adaptation to public wants, economy, and cost. Each report was attested by the signature of the reporting judge, confirmed by those of his colleagues, while the awards, which comprised a uniform medal accompanied by the report, were to be finally declared by the United States Centennial Com- mission. It is evident that the value of this arrangement mainly depended upon the ability and care bestowed upon the judicial reports ; but, as the result showed, the reports, so far as many of the groups were concerned, proved of more value to exhibitors than graduated medals without such explanations. Each exhibitor had the right to reproduce and publish the report awarded to him — the Centennial Commission reserving the right to publish and dispose of all reports in the manner it deemed best for public information, and also to embody and distribute the reports as records of the Exhibition. In addition to the reports upon individual exhibits, the judges of each group were also required to furnish a general report of the collective ex- hibits under their charge, embracing some notice of the early history, progress, and present condition, of the different industries. 16. — The grounds selected for holding the Exhibition consisted of 236 acres in Fairmount Park, a large and beautiful park by the Schuylkill River owned grounls^ind'”" by the city, and devoted to the recreation of the population. Here, a line of railway had been constructed, making a com- GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 461 plete circuit of the grounds, and miniature passenger carriages, drawn by miniature loco- motives, were kept running for the convenience of sight-seers during the whole term of the Exhibition. This railway was one of the novelties of the occasion, and was freely used by the many thousands who frequented the beautiful grounds in which it was built. The buildings properly belonging to the Centennial Commission were scattered around and through- out this immense and lovely area, in the ornamentation and decoration of which the wealth of the people had been lavished, and which was, for the myriads who thronged its endlessly winding walks, or wandered at pleasure over its soft green sward, and amongst its infinite lines and circles of flower beds, an object in itself of unceasing admiration and delight. The Commission at first provided five immense and magnificent buildings, viz. ; the Main Building, the Art Grallery or Memorial Hall, Machinery Hall, the Agricultural Building, and the Horticultural Hall, which jointly covered an area of nearly fifty acres ; but it became necessary to erect numerous supple- mentary buildings, or annexes, on account of the continuous applications for increased space from all quarters of the globe. The Main Building was in the form of a parallelogram, extending east and west 1880 feet in length, and north and south 464 feet in width, thus covering about twenty acres, and being about the same size as the famous Crystal Palace of 1851. It rose, in three steps, to a total height of seventy feet, and was flanked with majestic square towers. At the centre of each side was an entrance with a lofty fa 9 ade. The roof of the transept rose above the roof of the nave, and there the four towers, 48 feet square and 120 feet high, gave a very striking and graceful relief to the great length and the whole appear- ance of the edifice. There was no distinctive feature about it like the ponderous dome of the Vienna palace, but the avenues were long and spacious, the light was admirably distributed, and the stritcture throughout was well adapted for the purpose for which it was built. The nations taking part in the Exhibition were here assigned space, according to geographical position, in sections running crosswise of the building. The cost of the building was $1,680,000, and it was afterwards purchased by the International Exhibition Company, and is now used as a Government exhibition building. Three hundred feet north of the Main Building, on an elevated terrace, stood the Art Gallery or Memorial Hall. This building, although smaller in its dimensions than the others, was perhaps the most magnifi- cent structure of the kind ever erected in connection with an international exhibition. It was built of granite, iron and glass, in the modern Renaissance style, and covered an acre and a half of ground, being 365 feet long, 210 feet wide, and 59 feet high, with a basement 12 feet in height. From the central portion of the structure rose a dome of iron and glass to the height of 150 feet. Its bell-shaped summit was surmounted by a colossal statue of Columbia, twenty-four feet high, and weighing three tons. At each of the four corners' of the base of the dome were groups representing Mining Commerce, Agriculture and Manufactures Over the main entrance were two groups representing Science and Art. Three distinctive features were displayed in the front of the building, viz. : three large doorways in the centre, a pavilion at each end, and arcades similar in appearance to those in the old Roman villas which connected the pavilions with the centre. The promenade thus formed looked outward over the grounds, and inward over open gardens ornamented with flowers, &c. The walls of the east and west side of the building were relieved by five niches for the reception of statuary. Between the pavilions, at an elevation of forty feet from the ground, extended a grand balcony two hundred and seventy-five feet long, and forty-five feet in width, from which a fine view was had of the beautiful park that stretched away to the north- ward. The Art Gallery was erected by the city of Philadelphia, and the State of Pensylvania, at a cost of a million and a half of dollars, and. 462 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. having been used by the Centennial Commission during the period of the Exhibition, afterwards became an industrial museum similar to the South Kensington museum in London, England, for the free exhibition of art treasures from all parts of the Union. Although this building gave seventy-five thousand feet of wall space for paintings, and twenty thousand feet of floor space for statuary, &c., yet it failed to meet its original requirements, and a large annexe had to be erected affording sixty thousand feet of addi- tional wall space for paintings, and which con- tained thirty galleries, each forty feet square, besides four spacious corridors. It is a fact worthy of notice that, of the nine million nine hundred and eleA’^en thousand Ausitors w’^ho attended the Exhibition, this Memorial Hall receiA'ed by far the largest proportion. The Machinery Hall, which was the most complete and wonderful section of the Exhibition, was fourteen hundred and two feet long, and three hundred and sixty feet wide, and w^as of course constructed of prodigious strength in order to bear the immense strain upon it of the powerful machinery within its walls. It coA^ered an area of fourteen acres, and cost five hundred and forty-two thousand three hundred dollars. One wing on the southern side of the building was specially dcA^oted to the display of hydraulic machinery ; -and, from a tank, sixty by one hundred and sixty feet and ten feet in depth, was seen a water fall thirty-fiA^e feet high, by forty feet wide, supplied by the different kinds of pumping apparatus on exhibition. The motive power of the machinery was supplied by a gigantic Corliss engine of fourteen hundred horse power, forty feet in height, with a ffy wheel weighing fifty-six tons and haAung a diameter of thirty feet. This huge motor worked with an almost awe inspiring silence, and communicated its motion to about ten thousand feet of shafting, and fourteen acres of machines of all kinds, from great carpet looms, which woA^e at one’s bidding carpets of the pattern of any choice, to the delicate little sewing machine. To the general public. Ma- chinery Hall appeared to be more attractiA-'e even than the Main Building, for it seemed like the unveiling of the mystery of life to see growing under one’s eyes wonderful fabrics whose production to the uninitiated is always a kind of creation. The Agricultural Building, a Grothic structure in wood, coA^ered an area of about ten acres, cost two hundred and sixty thousand dollars, and was a A^ery handsome and commodious edifice. Here were displayed all the products of the soil, both in the crude and manufactured condition, together with agricul- tural implements and machinery. The space for the exhibition of live stock consisted of forty acres, and was at a considerable distance from Fairmount Park. The Horticultural Hall was a beautiful conserA^atory, two hundred and thirty feet long by eighty wide, built principally of iron and glass, in the Moorish style of architec- ture of the twelfth century. It covered an area of one hundred and twenty-two thousand fiA'^e hundred square feet, was built by the City of Philad elphia at a cost of three hundred thousand dollars, and was afterwards retained as a per- manent conserA^atory by the Park commissioners. The approach to the east and west entrances were by flights of blue marble steps. The central portion of the building was occupied by the conserA^atory proper, which was two hundred and thirty by eighty feet in area. It was sur- mounted by a lantern one hundred and seventy feet long, twenty feet wide, and fourteen feet high. A marble fountain executed by Foley adorned the centre, and smaller fountains the angles, of the Hall. A gallery, twenty feet from the floor, ran entirely around the conserA^atory. The stairways from the vestibules leading to this also gaA'e access to external galleries OA^er the forcing houses, which were connected by a grand promenade aboA^e the rooms on the ground floor of the building. The forcing houses were one hundred by thirty feet, coA'ered by curved roofs of iron and glass, and separated by vesti- bules. In the evening the building was lighted by three thousand five hundred burners. Sur- rounding this building was a garden forty acres in extent, in w^hich were seen not only all A^arieties of rare plants and flora but also the GOVl^RNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERTN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 4G;i numerous methods of ornamental arrangement employed in artistic gardening. Besides these five buildings, which comprised the Exhibition proper as organized by the Centennial Commis- sion, about a hundred and eighty sj^ecial buildings were erected in all parts of the grounds at the expense of particular interests. Amongst these was the United States Grovern- ment building, which covered an area of one hundred and two thousand eight hundred and forty square feet, and which was used for collections belonging to the Federal Grovern- ment, and objects illustrative of the equipment of the army and navy, and of the processes employed in their civic departments. This was the most complete and best arranged exhibit in the whole Exhibition. Special grants were also made gratuitously to the various States of the Union, and to several nationalities, of building sites, and upon these almost every State and Foreign Grovernment erected a building for the accommodation of Commissioners, or the exhibi- tion of local productions. Canada was granted one of these sites in the best part of the grounds. Amongst the most beautiful of the foreign houses thus erected was St. G-eorge’s House built by the British Commission in a style of domestic architecture representing a period common to the history both of the English and American people, and which was furnished and decorated in the most artistic manner. The use of two handsome and handsomely furnished apartments in this house was generously granted by the British Commission to the Commissioners for the Dominion. There was but one voice throughout the United States in praise of St. George’s House and its contents, and never was a national gift more appreciated than when, with the approval of the Queen, and in the name of Her Majesty’s Government, it was presented to the City of Philadelphia at the close of the Exhibition. 17. — As may be well supposed, the Dominion of Canada required room in almost all the The large space buildings above enumerated, as occupied by Canada, as Suitable space upon the ground devoted to the display of cattle and other live stock. The application for this puipose was one of the earliest which reached the American authorities, and, as afterwards appeared, its promptitude was regarded as a compliment by those to whom it was addressed. The request was acceded to with much cordiality. Large sj)aces were devoted to the objects of the Dominion in all the departments of the Exhibition, and an excellent position was secured in each of them. In the Main Building, chiefly devoted to manufactures, Canada received the allotment of a space of thirty thousand sc|uare feet, which was exactly equal to that devoted to Spain and Russia together. She occupied the floor between the main avenue and the northern wall in one direction, and two cross avenues of the building in the other, was immediately next the Court of Great Britain and Ireland, and faced those of Spain and Russia on the other side of the avenue. The other British colonies adjoined her on the west side, and, along with Canada, were all clustered together close by the side of the Mother Country. The Canadian exhibit filled a space, taking all the buildings into consider- ation, larger than that devoted to any nationality other than the United States, with the possible exception of England. In the Machinery Hall the area of five thousand square feet, devoted to Canada, was immediately in front of one of the main entrances of the building, and consequently remarkably conspicuous. She was favoured by a somewhat similar arrange- ment in the Agricultural Building, her space having been allotted at the corner formed by the two main avenues, close to one of the doors. The area which she occupied here was fifteen thousand square feet. She had also appropriated spaces- devoted to her in the Ladies’ Pavilion, and the Carriage Hall, a complete room in the annexe to the Art Gallery, two compart- ments in the Photographic Gallery, about three housand feet in the Dairy Building, and five thousand feet in the Pomological Hall. 18. — The plan devised for exhibiting the Canadian goods, especially in the Main Building 4G4* TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. now the Canadian ^here Hiost of the manufactured Koods were displayed, gj-ticles Were displayed, was a very suitable one. Some of the minor Powers enclosed their contributions within screens gaudy in color, and of unassignable architect- ural style, but those nations which, like England and France, had studied most carefully the economies of International Exhibitions, had come to learn that the less there is to distract attention from the object under exhibition the better. Hence not only were all enclosing partitions abolished by them, but the show cases were all more or less unpretentious in appear- ance. Those in the English department were luiiformly of ebony, relieved with gold, and were sufficiently extended to allow of each article being viewed apart from its neighbours- Those in the Canadian department were of somewhat similar construction. They were almost wholly of glass, set in rich, dark walnut frames, and thus enabled the interior space to be fully occupied by the exhibits which could be seen from all sides. In point of utility, capacity, and beauty, they fulfilled, to a large degree, all the essential conditions, and they compared, in these respects, very favorably with other cases used at the Exhibition which had been made to meet similar exigencies. At the close of the Exhibition they were sent to Ottawa, where they are now being used by the Groveni- ment in the Patent Office and Museum of the Parliament Buildings. 19. — The day fixed for the opening of the Exhibition was the 10th of May, and, though „ , all the buildings, except the ^Opening Day. Agricultural Hall, were in a fit state to receive their contents long before that time, no department was quite ready for in- spection. Some of the Courts were even closed to the public. But, upon the whole, the Ex- hibition was in a more forward state than any of its great predecessors, except perhaps those of London. It is to the credit of Canada that no other nationality was further advanced towards completion, and better able to pass muster in the long roll-call of nations, on the day when the first American Inter- national Exhibition was proclaimed open to the world. 20. — The ceremonies at the opening were simple but impressive, and were preceded by a sort of military pageant in the T^e inaugural principal streets leading to the; Exposition grounds. The President of the United States had arrived for the inauguration, and accompanied by G-overnor Hartranft of Pennsylvania, was escorted to the great centre of attraction by a large body of troops who were followed in the long procession by the Governor of Massachusetts, and a number of the Governors of other States, with their several staffs and escorts. The day was beautifully fine ; the scene along the route was very animated, and, as the grounds were approached, the enthusiasm of the multi- tude assembled knew no bounds. When the entrance to the Main building was reached, the troops formed in line and saluted the President and his party, who filed into the great edifice amidst the plaudits of the populace, which were taken up by the many thousands on either side as the President passed up the Main aisle, and through to the grand stand in front of the Memorial Hall, where a brilliant assemblage was already awaiting the inauguration cere- monies. These were witnessed by at least one hundred and ten thousand people. The exer- cises began by the Right Reverend Bishop Simpson offering up an appropriate and solemn prayer, at the conclusion of which the Cen- tennial hymn of John G. Whittier was sung by over nine hundred voices with magni- ficent effect. Then followed the presentation of the buildings to the United States Centennial Commissioners by Mr. .John Welch, the Pre- sident of the Centennial Board of Finance. A cantata by Sidney Larnier, of Georgia, was sung, after which there was a formal presen- tation of the Exhibition to the President of the United States by General Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission. President Grant acknowledged the acceptance by reading a short and appropriate address, in the course of which he extended a warm welcome to all the repre- 'ocb gwyn^*®' JVDcb HEN^'^ CNGRAVEO EXPRESSLY FOR” TUTTLE S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION' THE 8URLAND DESBARATS LITHO COMP' GOVEENMBNT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 4G5 sentatives of foreign nations, and concluded by declaring’the Exhibition open. The President’s speech was very heartily cheered, His Imperial Majesty, Dom Pedro II, of Brazil, who was present, rising in his seat and joining in the acclamation by waving his hat. Wagner’s Cen- tennial Inauguration March was performed by an orchestra under the direction of Theodore Thomas, and, at the conclusion of this. Bishop Simpson pronounced a short benedictory prayer, the vast assemblage standing with uncovered heads. At the hour of noon, upon a signal being given by G-overnor Hawley, the American flag was unfurled frorn the Main Building. The and organ accompaniment. A salute of one hundred guns was fired from George’s hill, while chimes were rung out from different parts Hallelujah Chorus was rendered with orchestral of the grounds. During the performance of the chorus, the foreign Commissioners passed from the platform into the Main Building, and took up their places upon the central avenue before their respective departments, after which Presi- dent G-rant, accompanied by the Emperor of Brazil, and the Director G-eneral, and followed by all the distinguished guests of the day, pro- ceeded into the Main Building, through its main avenues, where he conveyed his congratulations to a number of the foreign Commissioners who were present to receive him, and thence to Machinery Hall, from which he passed to the Judges quarters. One of the most impressive scenes of the day took place in Machinery Hall, where the President, assisted by the Emperor of Brazil, started the motive power which was to give such amazing life and action to the ma- chinery of that wonderful building. The huge Corliss Engine was there standing as silent as the grave, but, at a given signal, the President and the Emperor each seized a crank, opening the valves, and turned them several times ; at once the ominous sound was heard which gave the myriads of onlookers to understand that the engine was about to move. ^Then the monstrous fly wheel began slowly revolving, increasing gradually in velocity until it was travelling at full speed. G-eneral Hawley started a cheer. which was taken up by the surrounding multi- tude ; deafening echoes reverberated through the vast building, and as all the wheels in the hall began rapidly moving, the loud ringing of peals of bells and other demonstrations, told the world that the Centennial International Exhibi- tion was at last fairly opened. 21. — G-reat distinction was shown at these opening ceremonies to the British section — the flag of G-reat Britain being on a > n the immediate left of the position entertainments, assigned to President G-rant during the cere- monial, the American flag being on his right. In the evening the city was illuminated, and an entertainment was given by Mr. G-eorge W. Childs, at which the President of the United States, and the Emperor of Brazil, accompanied by a brilliant staff, were present, and almost every person of distinction, American and for- eign, then in the United States. This was proba- bly the most magnificent private entertainment ever given in America. The following evening a grand banquet was given by Sir Edward Thornton, the British Ambassador at Washiiinr- ton, which President G-rant, the Emperor of Brazil, and many other American and foreign dignitaries, attended. The Canadian Commis- sioners were present at these and other notable gatherings of distinguished men, which were held at intervals during the period of the Exhibition, and received on every hand the warmest congratulations on the highly credita- ble appearance which their country made in so many of its departments. These were parti- cularly hearty at a reception given by Mr. Childs to Lord Dufferin on his arrival at Philadelphia. This gentleman, and Mr. A. .1. Drexel, another leading citizen of Philadelphia, earned the lasting gratitude of the Canadian representatives for the valuable assistance rendered them in services of a semi-official character with the American G-overnment. They were offered by the English Commission and accepted, positions as British Honorary Commissioners, and were distinguished by the loyal support and splendid hosiritalities shown by them while acting in that cairacity. 50 466 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 22. — But it was not merely in this round of public festivities, and the different brilliant receptions which were held in Marked attention , i , • i • p , i shown Canada by the palatial maiisioiis ol the foreigners. . . . p -m .i i i i . private citizens of Philadelphia, that so lively a sympathy and marked attention were bestowed upon the Canadian section of this International display. The different Canadian departments were honored by visits from, and minutely inspected by, the President of the United States, the Emperor of Brazil, and all leading officials who were residing at or visiting Philadelphia, as well as by many men of great celebrity in private positions in the United States, whose names are as familiar to the world as household words. Amongst our fellow-countrymen, too, the eager and intelligent interest, which was excited by Canada’s honorable participation in the event, was manifested by the large numbers who flocked to the great centre of attraction from all parts of the Dominion. It was calculated that not less than fifty thousand persons, from this side the great lakes, visited Philadelphia before the close of the Exhibition. Amongst these were His Excellency the Governor-General, the Lieutenant-Governors of the different Provinces, members of the Senate and House of Commons, and of all the Provincial Legis- latures, and the Premiers, and nearly all the other members of the Dominion and Provincial Ministries. Lord Dufferin spent several days in inspecting the most interesting features of the collection, paying especial attention to the various branches of the Canadian section. He was received with marked respect by the American authorities of the Exhibition, and by all the foreign Commissioners. During his stay in Philadelphia he resided at the head- quarters of the Canadian Commissioners, on Walnut Street, and, after his departure, was pleased to address a letter to them, through their senior member, in which he thus expressed his satisfaction with the Canadian display: — “ Lord Dufferin furthermore desires to express to you the very great satisfaction with which he has witnessed the admirable arrangements under which the Canadian exhibits have been displayed. The whole orginization of the department is most creditable to you and to your colleague, evincing, as it does, good taste, good judgment, and a thorough appreciation of the manner in which the products and the industries of Canada should be set out to the best advantage. Excellent as were the materials with which you had to deal, their effect has been undoubtedly very much enhanced by the admirable way in which they have been arranged, and I am sure it must have been a great satisfaction to you to have perceived how very much every one has been struck by the Canadian contributions, and the important part taken by the Dominion in the general display.” CHAPTER XLVIII. GOVEPvNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN —CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. {Continued.) 1. Review of the various National exhi- bits. — 2. The Canadian paintings and WATER-COLORS. — 3. CREDITABLE DISPLAY OF Canadian photographs, &c. — 4. Remark- able EXHIBIT BY Canadian Entomologists. — 5. The exhibit of minerals, metals, METALLURGICAL PRODUCTS, &C. — 6. CANADA IN THE FRONT RANK AS A MINERAL PRO- DUCING COUNTRY. — 7. The ceramic depart- ments OF THE EXHIBITION. — 8. USEFUL AND SERVICEABLE ARTICLES OF VARIOUS KINDS. — 9. Compliments paid Canadian manu- facturers BY THE Centennial Judges. — 10. The section of education. The GENERAL DISPLAY. — 11. ThE CANADIAN EDU- CATIONAL exhibit unsurpassed. — 12. The MACHINERY EXHIBIT GENERALLY. — 13. ThE English and American display. — 14. The Canadian machinery exhibit. — 15. A sy"s- TEM OF MACHINE TESTING. — 16. ThE PRAC- TICAL TEACHINGS OF THE EXHIBITION TO Canada. — 17. The exhibit of agricul- tural IMPLEMENTS. — 18. THE CANADIAN EXHIBIT. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 461 1. — In passing in review the enormous number and great variety, of useful and valuable articles which were grouped together Review of the • ii i -n t- / various national 111 the buildiugs, or wci’c Scat- tered in multitudinous profusion throughout the grounds of this International Exhibition, it is proper to speak of the fair con- clusions which may be derived from a com- parison between the products of Canada and those of other nationalities. There are, of course, a number of branches of human art in which a country, so young as our’s, could not hope to compete there with the older nations of the world. This is especially the case with painting, sculpture,. and ornamental industries of various descriptions, embracing jewellery, decorative works in metal, and the finer species of china, glassware, and pottery. Comparatively few of these adorned the Canadian department, although of the products of Canadian art this much may be said, that they equalled many of the examples sent from countries that lay claim to some artistic fame, and, as a whole, were superior to the collections of some others which made a more pretentious disiilay. Among the many contributors of works of fine art England stood conspicuously and honorably forward. This was universally conceded, and was confirmed by the verdict of most of the foreign, as well as Ame- rican, judges. The preeminent position taken by the Mother Coxintry was due, in a large measure, to the contributions generously loaned by the owners of fine works of art. Her Majesty the Queen loaned several important and valuable pictures, and her example was followed by the Eoyal Academy, which sent a number of the diploma works of deceased Academicians, as well as by many of the possessors of private picture galleries, and by distinguished artists. Gfainsborough, Reynolds, Wilkie, and other worthies of classic British art, were represented by good specimens of their work, while Frith, Faed, Holman Hunt, and other prominent masters of the modern Sehool, were also there. By far the most extensive collection of pictures was contributed, as was to be expected, by the United States, and, although there was a great variety of aim and treatment, the standard was uniformly good, and there were not wanting evidences of home as well as foreign inspira- tions of a high order. The most original and interesting efforts were in landscape paintings, representing the grand features, and bold rocky scenery,' of the far West. The finest efforts, however, in landscape were to be found in the Dutch gallery, where the sole end seemed to be to represent the simplest truths of nature in colour, light, and shade. The inadequate repre- sentation of the Freneh school of painting was atoned for by the sculptors, whose bronze figures were among the most remarkable and beautiful productions in the whole collection, and received the warmest approbation. The exhibit of Italian sculpture was, on the whole, somewhat disappointing, the aim of the sculptors apparently being to represent curious distinctions of surface texture in cloth, or linen, or knitted fabrics, and difficult undercutting of network suggestive, more or less, of a mere materialistic art. The Austrian pictures were very striking in the direction of colour, and amongst them were some remarkable works, gorgeous in many hued brilliancy, or subtle and refined delicacy. In religious art the noblest contributions were sent by Spain. The art of etching, which in the hands of genius is a fascinating method of ex- pressing original thought and feeling, combining the utmost freedom with the greatest refinement, was well represented by exhibits from France, England, Austria, and the United States. 2. — In painting, our display, if not large, was very creditable in average excellence, consider- ing it was the contribution of, Canadian paint- perhaps, the youngest art country water colors. in the world, and while comparison with old countries, such as England, France and Ger- many, was not to be expected, the Canadian works did not suffer disparagement along side those of the United States, Sweden and Norway. They showed, at least, that we possess in our own land, material out of which may be built a school of art both original in character, and respectable in merit. The landscapes in oil by Fraser, Perie, Verner, Martin, Cress well, Forbes, 4(J8 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. and Jacobi, were very mnch' admired, and elicited commendations from many of the most discriminating- judges. The water-colour draw- ings — most of them belonging to members of the Ontario Art Union, a very promising society of artists that is being fostered by the Grovern- ment of that Province — were of exceptional merit, and not a few of these, especially those showing the distinctive characteristics of Cana- dian scenery, were highly praised. The water- colours by Millard, O’Brien, Matthews, Baigent, Fowler — who was awarded a medal — Cresswell, and Jacobi, formed the finest disy)lay in that department in the whole of the annexe to the Art G-allery. W. C. W. Cope, a member of the Royal Academy, was requested by the Canadian Commissioners to inspect the works of art from the Dominion, and to adjudge the extra awards given in the shape of medals. He did so and spoke in high terms of the “ very good busts ” and the “remarkable display of Canadian land- scapes.” 3. — In Photography, the specimens exhibited by oirr artists were not inferior to any that graced the building. The splen- did display from the establish- ment of Messrs. Notman and Fraser, of Toronto and Montreal, was larger and more varied than any in the Exhibition, occu- pying a wail space of about 1100 feet, and being valued at $12,000. The principal points of excellence remarked, in the portraits exhi- ted by this firm, were the artistic and graceful freedom of posing, combined with pictorial representation ; this, together with the effective treatment of light and shade, and the splendor and depth of tone, and boldness of relief, placed their work in the highest rank of art produced by photography. It was from the appreciation of their work that the United States Centennial Commission did Canada, through them, the high honor of entrusting the sole duty of photograph- ing the Exhibition, and its principal exhibits, and it is not surprising that the rare excellence of oirr display, in this department, was specially noted and received congratulatory remarks from the people and the press of all other countries. Creditable display of Canadian j>hotographs, house decorations, &c. In sculpture, for the purpose of house decoration, our department contained what was universally acknowledged to be the finest piece of workman- ship in the building — a highly ornate and much admired marble mantle from a Montreal manu- factory, while some specimens of panelling, consisting of imitations of various woods and marbles, with medallions, birds, &c., also from Montreal, were not surpassed by the work of any competitors. The prizes taken by Canada in the departments representing the fine arts were six in number. 4. — In this connection it may be proper to mention the very remarkable collection of insects sent by the Entomological , n I ■ n , • Remarkable exhibit Society of Ontario a collection by Canadian entomo- , . , p , . legists. which lor comprehensiveness and scientific arrangement, could not be sur- passed, and was without a rival in the whole exhibition. Infinite pains and trouble were expended by our entomologists in obtaining and preparing this marvellous collection, which came from all parts of the Province some of the material used being the accumulated result of many years of patient labor. When complete the collection was a very large and handsome one, and was replete with interest and instruc- tion. In every department the best system of classification was followed, and, to insure the greatest accuracy in naming, all doubtful specimens were submitted to the best informed specialists on the continent. The whole collec- tion filled eighty large cases which were disposed in a double row on a suitable stand, eighty-six feet in length, erected in the Canadian department of the Agricultural Hall. In these cases were prominently diplayed all the insect pests which inflict injuries on the crops of the agriculturalist and horticulturalist, as well as those which are friendly to the farmer and fruit- grower by preying on the foes which attack their products. The specimens were all in an excellent state of preservation, but the feature which attracted the chief attention of those interested in this branch of science was the thorough and correct manner in which so many thousands of specimens were classified and GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DU FFERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 469 named. Worked up in this painstaking manner the collection gave valuable information to all seeking it, not only in regard to the species themselves, as far as their identity and relative position in the system of classification "were con- cerned, but also as to their geographical distri- bution throughout our country — a branch of entomological knowledge of great importance. The economic value of such a collection — which is still preserved, as far as possible, unbroken and well cared for, in the society’s rooms in London — is incalculable. While marking an era in the progress of entomology in Canada, this Centennial effort, which redounded so much to her credit, formed a groundwork on which might be built up observations of the greatest value ; while the facilities afforded beginners for naming the specimens, which have been the subjects of their study, must have the effect of greatly stimulating intelligent research in this important department of natural science, in which there is still so much to learn, and which is so intimately associated with the progress of successful agricxrlture. 5. — In glancing at the minerals, metals, and metallurgical products of the Exhibition, one of The exhibit of i^^P^’^ssions Created by a Setanurekar'*’ general survey of the specimens products, &c. tjiere was, that certain min- erals, in the possession of which Britain and her colonies, including the Dominion, were conceived to be excef>tionally favoured, are in point of fact to be found in great abundance all over the world. The United States had already given ample proof of wealth in the means of supplying their own demands for iron and steel, but if the many huge blocks of iron ore, and immense masses of coal, were to be accepted as the criterion of the resources of Canada, that which the United States has accomplished in later years bids fair, when circumstances permit it, and the necessity for the establishment of iron works arises, to be imitated in our own country at no distant day. No one could fail to be im- pressed with the belief that a country capable of furnishing such great quantities and varieties of economic ores of different kinds, as were to be seen from the Lake Superior and other districts, and of exhibiting such sections of fossil fuel as were there shown from Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and the Saskatchewan, was possessed of boundless mineral wealth. In regard to some foreign exhibits, that of iron for examirle, it was very apparent that whatever the indirect induce- ments may be, it is generally speaking those of a direct commercial character which determine the conduct of manufacturers in connection with exhibitions like that of Philadelirhia. The expense and trouble of preparing and superin- tending the arrangement of the necessary sirecimens, at a point several thousands of miles distant, deterred many from the task. Great Britain, producing half the pig iron in the world, was represented in a country consuming nearly one-fifth of the earth’s productions by compara- tively few firms, of whom but a small number occupied a position of any importance. This was also pretty nearly the attitude of Germany, of France, and of Belgium ; all apparently expected no practical consequences to themselves to result from the necessary outlay. Sweden was differently circumstanced, and acted accord- ingly. She was most creditably represented, and in a manner worthy of her ancient repute as a source of some of the best iron known in commerce, and her exhibit altogether was conspicuous by the scientific character of its arrangement. But while, wTth this exception, the European seats of this greaf trade were inadequately represented, and while England, the largest iron making country in the world, abstained from exhibiting in a country where no customers were to be expected, Canada showed more foresight by pursuing a different policy, and set the Mother Country and every other nation an example in this department of the Exhibition which was freely acknowledged. 6. — In minerals of all kinds, metals, and metallurgic products generally, she took a front rank. Nature has been very . . ± o Ciinaila in the front proflfac in giving us most of rank as a mineral , . , . , , , producing country. the ordinary metals and ores, together with valuable deposits of limestone, building stone, salt, etc. In all these there was 470 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. a large number of entries from all parts of the Dominion, although probably the most important part of the exhibits was that of iron. The iron ore shown from the mines near the Ottawa contained sixty-nine per cent, of metal, about double the quantity that can be obtained from the ores of Norway and Sweden. It is stated that one of these mines alone has at least one million tons of ore that is easily accessible. Of our metallurgical products, some of the best were the billets of iron from the Ottawa Iron and Steel Manufacturing Company, which are specially adapted for the manufacture of steel, and, as stated by experts, there is no better ore for this purpose in the world than that which is obtained in Ontario. The billets referred to were only under the Catalan forges for two and a half hours from the raw ore, yet they showed, in a remarkable manner, their adapt- ! ability for the manufacture of steel by the ring | of the metal. This was taken advantage of by j tuning the billets to ring a chime — a source of j amusement and astonishment to the thousands who were attracted by the musical sounds. The whole geological department of Canada was highly approved. The collection was made j in a most systematic manner, and the result was that it furnished the means of appreciating at once the geological structure and mineral wealth of the country. It of course mainly commended itself to persons of scientific tastes and knowledge ; the experts who visited it declared it to be one of the most complete and ! best arranged collections of the kind of which the Exhibition could boast. The gold column in the Canadian section, indicating the quantity of that metal mined in British Columbia, was a source of curiosity and no little astonishment to many visitors. This column represented a [ mass of gold of the value of thirty-seven million dollars, obtained within the preceding thirteen years. Among the specimens having economic value, the wonderful mass of plumbago, and the preparations illustrating its varied applications to the. arts, shown by the Dominion Plumbago Company, were particularly noticeable. There was one single block of this mineral which weighed more than 2800 pounds — the largest piece of the kind ever known to be mined. This exhibit was pronounced unequalled in the history of plumbago, and the exhibitors were awarded the highest honors of the Exhibition. One specimen of lithographic stone presented the facsimile autographs of all the Governors of Canada, both French and English, from the time of Champlain, in 1612, to that of Lord Monck, in 1862, with the exception of two of the French Governors in the first half of the seventeenth century. In this connection it may be stated that a case of petroleum oil, and its products, from a London manufactory, was also among the more interest- ing and beautiful attractions of this part of the Canadian department to visitors from all parts of the world. It obtained the highest Inter- national award and the Canadian gold medal. In the geological department, Canada carried off twenty-eight International prizes. Thus did we proclaim to the world the existence of our mineral resources, and announced to this great industrial congress, by visible signs as well as in plain language in the admirable catalogues prepared by Professor Selwyn and his clever assistants, that we possess untold mineral wealth which only awaits capital and human skill to render it available for the general use of mankind. 7 . — One of the most wonderful and fascinating departments of the Exhibition, as a whole, was that of the ceramic and glass , . The ceramic wares, comprising porcelain, department of the . E.xhibition. stone wares, terra-cottas, mosaics, and ceramic wares of every description — a dis- play most extensive and important, and covering a very wide field. As was to be expected, the Exhibition of Oriental, that is of Chinese and Japanese, porcelain and pottery was on a large scale, and full of interest, and was the most important contribution to the ceramic depart- ment put together by any one country. So far as the European products were concerned, although there was rather a paucity of inven- tion, either of new processes of manufacture, or new applications of material, nevertheless some GOVEENMENT OF THE BAEL OF DUFFEEIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL 471 of the contributions served to illustrate what has often been observed of the almost inexhau- stible fertility of the potter’s art. The exigencies of some new process, the sudden development of some hitherto restricted trade, the mere shifting of the wind of fashion, all may be met, and sometimes are so met, by novel efforts on the part of the potter, and serve to prove that the most ancient art of the world has still many untried resources, and many fields still open to originality and enterprise. Of late days the wider spread of accurate investigation, in geology and mineralogy, has greatly aided the manufacture by the discovery of new veins of clays, and of other minerals available for its process. The careful analysis of many clays, and other researches of experimental chemistry, as well as the precise observations of scientific collectors, has also widened the field of labour. In this department Canada had its contributions which were important, not so much from their extent — although that was not to be despised — as from the evidence they afforded of the abundance of excellent natural material, and of the industrial skill shown in its use. In refer- ring to Canada’s part in the general display, Mr. R. H. Soden Smith, F. S. A., who was Chairman of the board of American and foreign judges in this department, remarked : — “ In Canada the manufacture of the more finished descriptions of pottery is of very recent growth, but already shows signs of a skill and emergy, on the part of the manufacturers, which promises well for the future, and which could not fail to be regarded by Englishmen with special interest and satisfaction. Both granite and cream- coloured wares of good quality, and workman- like style, were exhibited, as well as bricks of excellent manufacture, artificial stones, crucibles, specimens of terra-cotta, &c. The success at- tained is the more remarkable as the manufac- ture of some of these wares, so important for household use, has not been long established. A great and most creditable advance has been made by the enterprising Canadian manufac- turers, and that in a brief period.” We may, in addition to this, remark that the development of this industry has been wonderfully rapid, and even admitting, to the fullest extent, the advantage which our people have had from workmen trained in Europe, nevertheless the results already obtained reflect great credit on the emergy, enterprise and ability brought to bear on the manufacture. In this, as in other departments of Canadian handicraft, the self- reliance of our people has strikingly come out in the progress of the industry. Some have entered upon it without any x>revious know- ledge or training, and yet, by sheer jrerseverance, readiness of resource, and aptitude to learn, have triumphed over their early difficulties and losses, and accomplished, in a short time what, in the opinion of the most competent judges, must be considered a remarkable success. 8. — It was, however, in articles of prime necessity that Canada was likely chiefly to excel, and in these she took high rank ,, n 1 • Useful and service- among the other manufacturing able articles of vari- nationalities. In leather of all descriptions, including the finer classes, in boots and shoes, in tweeds, knitted goods, and domestic cottons, in stoves and stove-ware, tools of all kinds, printed books and stationery, and similar articles, she compared most favourably with any other nation that appeared at Phila- delphia. Taking the single article of boots and shoes, as an example, we may state, that one Toronto firm sent a collection which was not ec[ua]led in the whole exhibition for variety, embracing so many different kinds and styles and made in so many descriptions of leather, foreign and domestic. This exhibit caused quite a sensation, especially amongst the lady visitors, who were delighted with the delicacy and exc^uisite workmanship of the ladies’ wear, and large crowds were daily gathered round the glass cases in which it was contained. A large number of the articles were sold as samples for the Australian market. In this branch of manirfacture the sewing machine is now being freely utilized. The Canadian sewing machines were a very creditable display — many of our manufacturers, who had at previous exhibi- tions established for themselves so high a 472 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF TUB DOMINION OF CANADA. reputation, being able to maintain it in an even more meritorious manner at Philadelphia, while a large collection of musical instruments of various kinds proved the successful efforts that are being made by our manufacturers in this branch of the arts. In ready-made clothing, too, Canada made a very successful display, one of our exhibitors obtaining the International diploma and bronze medal. So in some other useful and serviceable articles, such as edge tools, Canada w^as a conspicuous and very hon- ourable competitor — her display being second to none in the building. They were especially noticed and commented upon by gentlemen of high experience in Great Britain, who were acting as Centennial judges, as were also several large assortments of iron goods of various kinds, including a rare assortment of 1 skates, shown by the Starr Company of Halifax. A collection of saws, from a manufactory in St. Catharines, Ontario, was a very prominent exhibit, and w^as one of the great attractions of I the Canadian Court. It was contained in an I immense glass case, with a black velvet back, in which the bright implements were tastefully arranged. It comprised every description of saw in general use, and was universally admired for the beauty, finish, and excellence of the material. There were many Canadian firms who exhibited numerous varieties of tools for ! industrial purposes, and large orders from dif- ferent parts of the United States, and even from countries so far distant as Australia, were the direct consequences of all these different exhi- bits. Then again in woollen goods of all kinds, I shown by Canada, it was acknowledged frankly ' by competitors from various parts of the world, that she took the first place, though, of course, she did not show broadcloths, nor other similar goods of the very finest texture. Her display of cottons, although not large, was very excel- lent. In cotton, linen, and other similar fabrics, the largest proportion was supplied, as was to I be expected, by the United States. Great I Britain and other continental nations, were restrained from making so extensive and varied a display of these manufactures as they might have done, by reason of the excessive protective tariff. The inevitable result was to prevent so complete a comparison as might otherwise have been made, and thus to frustrate one of the most desirable and valuable purposes of an international exhibition. In some classes, how- ever, the textile manufactures of all countries were well represented, and although the collec- tions of some were more extensive and diversified than those of others, there was sufficient in all cases to show the progress made by the different competitors, and their capabili- ties, as well as to afford valuable opportunities for comparison. 9. — On this account, therefore, if on no other, the very creditable place which was universally assigned to Canada’s displav, in ^ ; “ ^ j J Compliments paid j this particular department, is all j the more remarkable, and many Centennial judges, high compliments were passed upon it. Mr. Isaac Watts, late Secretary to the Manchester Cotton Supply Association, one of the English I judges at the Exhibition, and the Chairman of ] the judges in this department, praised Canada’s I exhibit very highly. He said : “ The textile [ fabrics contributed by Australia, New Zealand and the colonies generally, with one exception, were neither numerous nor important, but Canada has made a remarkable disjAay, and one which excited surprise and admiration. In articles of clothing, and in cotton and woollen i fabrics of various kinds, Canada has proved to j be in many resyiects in advance of the United j States. The superior qualities of the woollen j tweeds and cassimeres, the heavy cheviots and check regattas, the heavy twilled domet flannels, the pure Nova Scotia woollen blankets, the plaid flannel shirtings, twilled jeans, calicoes, heavy sheetings, etc., was unquestionable, and they were unsurpassed by any similar goods in the Exhibition. The British judges, having under- taken to make the special and additional awards offered by the Canadian Commission to exhibitors from the Dominion, had ample opportunities of estimating the progress that has been made, and the degree of perfection which has been attained. Canada, especially GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 4*73 in some of her manufactures, is entitled to pre-eminence.” Many other competent judges at Philadelphia passed enconiums similar to this. The Canadian goods exhibited were generally conspicuous for fine workmanshii:), elegance of design, and harmonious combination of colours, and they repeatedly called forth expressions of pleasure and satisfaction. The vast progress of the United (States, as shown by their exhibits of a similar kind, was undoubtedly great. Judged alone, and in relation to former periods, it proved that a high degree of perfection had been attained. The collections from other countries, however, though less extensive, indicated a progress no less remarkable, and, therefore, the pre-eminent place taken by our own country was all the more honourable. On all sides development and progress were strikingly manifested, and, if this was more conspicuously shown in some cases than in others, we can well believe that all would be inspired with new life and impulses, which could not fail to induce fresh efforts to excel in the peaceful but glorious achievements of industry and commerce. 10. — The section of Education, in any Inter- national Exhibition, is one of transcendant importance as indicating in many The section of • j ti , i Education. The ways, the intellectual expansion general display. ‘ Ai and progress of the world. At Philadelphia there was scarcely one civilized country unrepresented ; the limits of the Exhi- bition in this respect were very wide; and, although some countries were by no means adequately represented, the representation as a whole was perhaps as complete in every way as could be expected. A few countries from which, under different circumstances, we should have looked for an exceptionally excellent appearance, seemed coy and backward in presenting them- selves ; and this was all the more to be deplored in that elementary education having taken its place as a science, it was of the highest impor- tance to collect and examine in such a place the experience of many nations. The exhibits of Grreat Britain, for example, formed no criteria by which to estimate accurately her educational standing. They consisted of some valuable photo- graphs of the London Board Schools, writing frames for the blind, a multiplicity of school registers, maps, a military model apparatus for illustrating drill movements, books and en- gravings, and a number of interesting objects from the South Kensington Museum. France was represented chiefly by books. G-ermany submitted a large collective exhibit of her book trade and printing industries — the only other noticeable feature in her division, being the fullness and excellence of her geographical exhibit. Norway, though sending little, showed an interesting collection of materials for a free school. Austria made a poor return to the United States for what they had sent to Vienna in 1873. Italy furnished music, didactic treatises, and microscopic anatomical preparations, and was surpassed by Brazil, which made a very fair display of work done by pupils in the schools of Rio Janeiro. Of those countries which put forth a systematic effort to show the existing state of education amongst them, notice was first arrested by Sweden with its specimens of work from its schools of home industry, and its national high schools, its fine collec- tive exhibit from the technical elementary schools, and its primary school-house — a one story frame building, fitted with all the acces- sories of bright furniture, books, charts, &c., which was erected in the exibition grounds by the Royal Swedish Commission. The most noteworthy exhibits of Belgium were types of school furniture, approved by the Belgian Grovernment, and examples of the writing method approved by the State. The Nether- lands furnished a limited but worthy illustra- tion of their highly developed system of School Boards and school inspection. Switzerland made a particularly good exhibition. A careful selec- tion of reports, from the Boards of Education in nine Cantons, revealed the thorough organization of the Federal schools, while a large number of “ obligatory and facultative” text-books and apparatus, used in elementary and high schools, showed the admirable provision made for the young as clearly as the pupils’ work showed the 57 4Y4 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA. good use made of that provision. The statistical part of the Swiss Section w’^as scarcely surpassed, and afforded a noble monument to the free insti- tutions of the mountain republic. Spain, though behind hand in education, gave the impression of a land anxious to advance, and struggling towards the light. The Russian exhibits fur- nished evidence of careful instruction in schools, especially in the sciences relating to mechanical engineering. Japan has for several years dis- played a remarkable anxiety to procure the best school models, and has been very successful. Some of the best elements of the Western sys- tem of education have been incorirorated in her public schools. The .Japanese building was rich in books of elementary science, maps, and plans of schools, school furniture, almanacs, histories, and newspapers, and pictures illus- trating their mode of instruction. Teaching by the eye is a strong point with the Japanese. The Argentine Republic, all things being con- sidered, also made a creditable appearance. All these countries, however, w^ere subordinate to, and overshadowed by, the display from the United States, which was very extensive, and for which the most complete preparations w’^ere made. Every State in the Union was authorized to appoint a Commission for the purpose of securing the best aj^pearance possible, and large sums were voted to send a collective exhibit of statistics, literature, and students’ w^ork. The principal States sent each its Superintendent of Public Instruction, w^ho remained at Philadel- phia, with his staff, nearly the whole term of the Exhibition to offer explanations of novel apxraratus, and of the various systems pursued. There were two Kindergarten schools, and a model school, in daily work in the Exhibition grounds, while visits to schools in the adjacent city were constantly organized. 11. — We have been thus particular in point- ing out the positions taken in the section of education by the different great The Canaflian , • x* in i • educaiioniii e.xhibit couiitries ol the woitd, and their unsurpassed. , j -xi .1 j r place as compared with that of the United States — the great rival of Canada — in order to indicate more accurately the position of Canada herself. The place taken by this country in the great International competition was one of which her people have every reason to feel proud. It was one of the most striking displays in the whole Exhibition, excited marked interest amongst the thousands of visitors from all other countries, and called forth the highest enconiums from the press and prominent edu- cationists in all parts of the world. The Cana- dian exhibit was made by the Ontario Depart- ment of Education, was under the superin- tendence of Dr. Hodgins and Dr. May, of that Department, and consisted of a large and varied collection of school material, apparatus, and other appliances, specimens of pupils’ work, and a number of very fine photographs and models of school buildings. The whole exhibit was so arranged as to show that the develop- ment of the intellectual and physical faculties, and the acquisition of scientific and other know’"- ledge, is more easily acquired by the use of different kinds of apparatus, than by any other method of instruction. This was so success- fully effected that, in all the vast array of ex- amples of the triumph of industry and art from different nations, no country was crowned with more successful results, or exhibited more won- derful proofs of intellectual progress than was manifested by our educational exhibit at Phila- delphia. The plan devised for securing this was a most striking one. The maps w^ere dis- played on an ornamental wall, one hundred and ten feet long and thirty feet high, so constructed that an increased amount of space could be utilized. The wall was surmounted by a very handsome cornice wffth massive walnut pillars and pedestals ; in the centre was the main arch- way, and at the summit of this was displayed the Royal Arms of Great Britain — the largest in the Exhibition — beautifully carved and gilt ; underneath were shields in relief of the arms of the Dominion and of Ontario as well as a large ornamental shield of the arms of the Education Department itself. Two smaller archways at the sides were also adorned with appropriate symbols representing the advance of education, and on the principal pillars were GOVEKNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIH— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 475 life-size busts of Her Majesty the Queen, and the late Prince Consort. In front of the wall alcoves were built, thus multiplying over ten times the quantity of original wall space. The principal wall was covered with geographical and physical maps elegantly mounted, whilst the walls of the alcoves were covered with charts and diagrams illustrative of the various branches of science. From the blending of the colours, and the perspective back-ground being of a neutral tint, the maps, charts, &c., were thrown out in bold relief, greatly enhancing their attractiveness ; and, from the fact of the wall being so much elevated above the other articles displayed in the Canadian department, it formed an exhibit very pleasant for the eye to rest upon, and added very much to the general effect of the whole Canadian court. The apparatus, globes, books, object lessons, &c., were displayed in large glass cases fitted up specially to suit this class of goods, and, on the top of these cases, were life-size busts — copies from the originals in the South Kensington Museum — of several royal personages, and men distinguished in literature and science. From the prominent position, and the excellence of the display, of this whole educational collection, it became a source of great interest to general visitors. The Educational Court was thronged daily with thousands, many of whom previously were actually ignorant of the geographical posi- tion of the Province, and who were surprised to find it so far advanced in educational matters. To those who were particularly interested in education, and also to those who were seeking information for emigration and other purposes, was presented a special report relating to the educational institutions of the country. It is almost unnecessary to explain here how we succeeded in winning this victory, by our display, over that, of all other countries, or to show in what special sections of the department we excelled. One of the princijral designs of the Canadian educational exhibit was to show the tools, so to speak, by which the teacher’s work is successfully performed. The United States educationists, who were the largest representa- tives of education in the whole exhibition, did not do this ; their chief exhibit consisted of pupils’ work. They had hundreds of bound volumes containing specimens of writing, com- position, arithmetic, &c., and as the sequel proved, those were of little interest, except to persons from the immediate localities represented, and who, in many cases, were personally acquainted with the pupils. Foreigners, as a rule, would not take the time to examine these books, and, when they did so, a few specimens satisfied their curiosity. It is a well known fact that the great attraction to visitors in the Machinery Hall was to see the machinery at worK: ; they were only partially satisfied with knowing that certain articles could be produced, but were anxious to see how the work was ac- complished. It was precisely the same in regard to education ; they were not so much interested in the pui^il’s work, as in examin- ing the appliances used in teaching. As com- pared with our most formidable competitor, the United States, the display made by Canada was all that the most enthusiastic Canadian educa- tionist could desire. The different States of the Union spared no expense in preparing their educational exhibit ; the State of Pennsylvania alone spent $15,000. and erected a special build- ing for the purpose. Other States also contributed largely, as we have seen, for their own special exhibits ; yet it was generally acknowledged, even by the people of these States themselves, that our representation was the most complete in the whole Exhibition — of the most value for educational lotrrposes, and of the most interest to visitors. As compared with the Mother Country the opinion of the Editor of one of the most influential journals in England was that, “ the only thing which redeemed the British exhibit was the splendid collection from the Educational Department of Ontario,” and simi- lar opinions were expressed by other leading British newspapers. So much was it appreciated for its excellence by our fellow subjects at the Antipodes, and by educationists from foreign countries, that duplicate copies of maps, appa- ratus, models, &c., manufactured in Toronto, 476 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. under the direction of the Educational Depart- ment of the Province, were ordered by the representatives of the G-overnments of Victoria, New South Wales, Japan, the United States, and other countries. We can well believe that no honours were better deserved than when this educational exhibit was awarded the Canadian gold medal by the English judges for the Cana- dian department, and the International medal and diploma by the Centennial Commission of the Exhibition. 12. — We have before referred to Machinery Hall and its contents — the most marvellous The Machinery feature of the Exhibition. The exhibit generally. display of machinery at Philadel- phia was a great event in the history of applied mechanics ; as a whole it was a magnificent effort of refined mechanism, rich in new ideas, full of fresh instruction, and most encouraging in promise for the future. Past inventions were presented under new and unlooked for arrangements, the old ideas leading to fresh devices. It was most suggestive in presenting new forms to materials, new constructions containing original combinations of matter in alliance with force or mechanical energy. There were novel applications of ingenious mechanism to useful purposes in art and manufactures, all conducive to the saving of labor, or the economy of material, and all striving to attain excellence in production combined with good proportion in strength, harmony, and beauty in outline. This department of the Exhibition had a strongly marked American character, and could hardly be regarded as an International compe- tition. Other civilized countries took part therein, but the aggregate did not equal one fourth of the articles exhibited from the United I States. There was also marked evidence of j patriotic spirit in the prodigious efforts made I by individual citizens and firms to sustain I worthily the mechanical reputation of their country. It will of course be readily under- stood that the majority of such articles exhibited by all countries, the United States included, wei'e not distinguished for originality, or even for novelty, but rather, as in former Interna- tional gatherings, for their good qualities in respect to design, material and workmanship. The greatest change was observable in the products of those nations that were formerly the least advanced. It was impossible to resist the conclusion that a great change was going on in the relative position of different countries at these machinery gatherings.* There is an equalizing force at work producing an equalizing tendency, and this equalizing tend- ency of exhibitions has to be taken into account in estimating their active force as agents for advancing civilization. 13. — The English display, although smaller in quantity than at former exhibitions, was con- siderably richer in originality, The Engihsh and and in everything that marks American display. thought and progress. One could not fail to notice, however, the great fertility of invention displayed in the United States, and the excellent workmanship obtained by the joint effect of their machine tools, machinery, and skilled workmen. Compared with the English machin- ery, that of the United States seemed somewhat lighter, and although not deficient in strength, perhaps not so well adapted to purposes where great steadiness of action, and freedom from vibration are required ; but the ingenuity of device and fertility of mechanical resource were marvellous. The aim at improvement took two different directions, one being that of obtaining simplicity and cheapness of construction, put- ting the cost of making as a secondary importance ; the other being the endeavour to obtain high perfection in the details, and great economy of working, treating the cost of con- struction as of less importance. The one, in a word, was aimed at cases where engines and machinery are employed for temporary purposes, the other at cases where continuous working is the object. As a whole. Machinery Hall could not fail to give any intelligent observer a high opinion of the mechanical genius of the Ameri- can x)eople. There was great inventive power, and a ready and fearless adaptation of the means to the end sought. In considering the GOYEENMBNT OF TUB BAEL OF DUFFBEIN— CANADA AT TUB CENTENNIAL. 477 display of numerous and varied contrivances, one could not fail to remember that many of these came from distant parts of the country, and had to be contrived out of such materials and \\dth such means as were available on the spot. But in the machines and apparatus from favoured establishments and localities, the workmanship was admirable, and every work- ing part down to the minutest detail bore evidence of the highest thought and study. The proximity of American machinists to the place of exhibition would be sufficient to account somewhat for their superiority ; still, in versa- tility and powder of adaptation, they evidently took the first place in the world. 14. — Canada was fortunate at Philadelphia in having her position assigned at the chief en- The Canadian . ti’^nce to Machinery Hall, where Machinery Exhibit. majority of visitors had to pass through the space containing her products. The classes of machinery exhibited by her embraced almost every branch. The exhibit, although, comparatively speaking, small, was very well selected ; but, for causes which have already been indicated, and which operated in the case of other competitors as well, it was an inadequate representation of the enormous capital, skill and energy employed in the con- struction of machinery amongst us. Notwith- standing this, a large number of the Canadian articles exhibited were spoken of, by judges of the greatest practical knowledge and experience, as being of high value, not only on account of the excellence of their finish and the solidity of their parts, but for the novelty of their con- struction, and the ingenuity of the contrivances brought to bear in adapting them to their several purposes. As a single example of this, one of our inventors, who was exhibiting at Philadelphia, vvas enabled to place throughout the great Pennsylvania Railway, as well as in many foreign countries, a valuable invention for facilitating the removal of railway carriages from their trucks, either for the purpose of changing the gauge of the wheel, or for repairs. There were a number of other such conspicu- ous articles in Machinery Hall, which com- manded much attention, and even admiration. Of motors there was a great profusion, both for water and steam, and a large and attractive display of steam and other pumps, on the latest and most improved system of construction. We have as yet merely indicated the Canadian ex- hibit of machine tools. In the finer department of these, both for metal and wood, Canada came out nobly, and was on all hands assigned a very high position. The machine tools, for metal, were principally after the English style, inclining rather to Leeds than to Manchester. Perhaps the most perfect of these exhibited was a large slotting machine of fine proportions, most consistently carried out in all the details, with every part in good keeping with the other, which is a rare virtue, and seldom mani- fested by those makers who can only imitate. The most conspicuous Canadian exhibit in this department, however, was a radial drilling machine, of real exterior beauty, arranged in such a manner that the drilling spindle could be twisted every way, so as to point forward or backward, or in any direction, and still retain all its automatic faculties. Specially notice- able also were a massive screw-cutting and side lathe, a grand moulding machine for all sorts of wood-planing work, and not a few excellent machines for wood-working, by dif- ferent makers. All these w^ere much admired for their respective designs, their materials and workmanship, and the perfection of the adjust- ment of all their joints. 15. — One remarkable circumstance in con- nection wuth the machinery exhibit at Phila- delphia, as a whole, should be a system of m.aclune noted. The different machines were subjected to a course of rigid testing, in order to ascertain their mathematical ac- curacy. This had not been done at any pre- vious exhibition, although strong recommen- dations in favor of it had been made in some of the European official reports. The great advan- tage and value of this system of testing are very obvious. Machine tools, for example, with their collateral adjuncts, when considered as the agency by which other kinds of machines are 4T8 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. to be produced, lose a great part of their value when they are mathematically inaccurate. Unless true circles, straight lines, parallelism, and absolirte truth, inherently exist in themsel- ves, they are not capable of imparting those conditions to the materials upon which they operate. Inaccuracy in any machine lowers the quality of its work, and indirectly increases the cost of production enormously. At Philadelphia an official invitation was sent to every exhibitor of machines, and tools for working metal, wood and stone, to test his exhibit, as already described. The Americans were evidently prepared for the invitation, for, as if by concert, almost every American firm of high standing volunteered. There was no response from any other nation, except Canada and one French firm, and Canada passed through the trial most creditably. 16. — For some unexplained reason, no col- lection in Machinery Hall was more freely The pncticii commented upon than our own, Exhibitfon apparent fault pointed Canada. out SO repeatedly; and, it maybe safely added, no nation deiived more benefit from the practical teaching of that great educator, the Centennial Exhibition, than did “ this Canada of ours.” Canadian machinery has a character of its own ; unlike some of the European nations, theory has not gone before practice, from the circumstance that our engineering knowledge and experience have not reached the foundry and smithy through the technological college, nor the class room, but rather through the teachings and promptings of necessity, and from free intercourse and contact with the Mother country, and our enterprising neighbours on the other side of the great lakes. Hence it is that the Canadian style, so to speak, is a mixture of the English and American, with rather more of the latter than the former, and with a strong trace of original thinking interspersed throughout all. The Canadian exhibit at Philadelphia, under different and more favorable circumstances in our trade relations with our neighbors, would have been much larger and more complete in every way. As it was it compelled the warmest praise from the highest authorities at the Exhibition. Sir John Anderson, one of the English judges, a civil engineer of high standing, and the Chair- man of the judges in the machinery department, spoke of the Canadian exhibit in terms of the hghest commendation. In his official report to the British G-overnment this gentleman makes the following remarks : “ Great Britain and Canada occupied the best position in the Machinery Hall. If we were to take the Canadian Exhibition in connection with the British, and consider them as one, in the same manner as was done in the United German Empire, then indeed the extent was greater than all the rest in the world exclusive of the United States. * # * * Canada made a good display in machine tools which, to some extent, veiled over the short comings of the Mother Country. There were thirty exhibitors from Canada, and no other country produced a stronger feeling of surprise, by the extent and excellence of the general machinery exhibit, than did that colony. All were prepared to see a brilliant display by the United States, and none of the European nations did so much as might have been expected. The Canadian exhibition, when considered in rela- tion to the number of its population, and to the comparatively short period that had elapsed since she gave herself resolutely to engineering, was truly noble. Although one of the youngest competing nations in machinery, yet it contained many admirable specimens which would have done honour to any country. There was a freshness and youthful vigour manifested, both in design and execution, that foretell the future giant.” That a young country like Canada should have sent to the world’s Exhibition machines of such a high class, which were not only considered remarkable by other nations, but were deemed worthy of the closest inspec- tion and criticism by machinery experts, is one of the most striking signs of the times. Machine making knowledge is extending in all directions, and it really appears as if engineering would soon be as common as carpentry has been in times past. 17. — The exhibition of agricultural imple- ments was confined, with a few exceptions, to GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— CAHABA AT TEE CENTENNIAL. 479 the United States and Canada. The c.’jhibiHon of p i e i j. j afiricuiturai It was a lact, Ireely commented imiiioments. upon by English visitors to Phila- delphia, that the leading manufacturers of G-reat Britain were not represented, and the reasons assigned for this were the high American tariff, the great expense of transportation, and the impolicy of exposing the inventions of British manufacturers for six months to the thousands of enterprising American machinists. These reasons may be valid as far as they go, but we believe they were short-sighted on the part of any country, and the wisdom of disregarding them was amply shown, as we shall see, in the case of Canada, to whom, also, they in a large measure applied. The Philadelphia Exposition drew together people of all nations and lan- guages, eager for information, and many anxious to carry back to their distant homes such ma- chinery as appeared most suitable for their varied necessities. Foreign manufacturers, by their absence, left the field of enterprise open to the exhibitors M^ho were rejiresented, especially to those of the United States who were the prin- cipal contributors. The English manufacturers, especially by this policy of abstention from competition, endangered their past monopoly of the Gfreat South American trade, while they prevented what would have proved both inter- esting and instructive, a comparison between the two great exporting countries of the world. 18 . — Considerable difficulty was experienced, as we have seen, with our own manufacturers The Canadian outset, but these Were, to £.xhibit. ^ certain extent, overcome by the liberal inducements to exhibit held out by the heads of the Canadian section of the Exhibition. The result was that we had at Philadelphia a collection of agricultural implements sufficient in number and quality to prove the high state of excellence we have reached in that important mechanical department. The Canadian exhibit attracted close attention, and secured the cordial praise of all who examined it. Our people had to compete with a very numerous and varied col- lection of implements of the same class from other manufacturers. But, though the imple- ments sent by the United States were in some cases of an excessively high finish, intended merely for show, the Canadian machines, most of which were made for actual work, were admitted to be at least equal to any in the Agricultural Hall. And there w^as not wanting evidence of this. The practical proof of their excellence, combined with their cheapness, was to be found in the desire which a number of prominent gentlemen from Australia manifested to x^urchase them^ and to procure for the inhabi- tants of their colonies the oi)X)ortunity of seeing imi)lements of so much simx)licity and utility, and capable of being x)roduced at so reasonable a cost. Several of the Commissioners, too, from Australia who were large agriculturists, and of great experience, felt constrained to purchase a number of Canadian imx)lements for the use of their respective Grovemments. One of these gentlemen, Mr. E. W. Cameron, of New York, a native Canadian now established in that city as a merchant, performed important services in this resj^ect, both to the Colony w^hich he represented and to this country. Mr. Cameron, largely we believe, from patriotic motives, by the iDurchase of or liberal advances upon these goods enabled quite a number of our manufacturers of agri- cultural implements to test the Australian mar- ket. It- is not for us to speculate upon the success of the attempts made at Philadelphia, and, since that, at the Sydney Exhibition in New South Wales, to inaugurate a trade between Canada and the Antipodean x)arts of the Empire, but this much may be said that, but for the oi^portunity aUbrded our manufacturers of show- ing their productions at these two x^laces, there is no reason to believe that any prosj)ect of such a trade would have been ox)ened uj). It is, at all events, a matter of good augury that those acquainted -vvith agricultural life in the Austra- lian colonies are confident that not a few of our Canadian agricultural implements wall be found suitable and saleable in those distant markets- To the general advantages to be derived by Canada in this respect, some reference wms made, in his report to the British G-overnment, by Mr. John Coleman, an English gentleman 480 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. of acknowledged reputation for his knowledge of agricultural machinery, and who was Chair- man of the Board of judges in that deirartment of the Exhibition. Mr. Coleman said : — “ G-reat credit is due to the Canadian Government for having encouraged their somewhat unwilling exhibitors to come forward by the offer of a large number of special medals, of different value, the adjudication of which was confided to the English judges. The very creditable display of Dominion products, in the agricul- tural department, was due in great measure to this liberality. We cannot dorrbt that American trade, and in a lesser degree the Canadian also, will experience a beneficial stimulus in their foreign relations from the Centennial Exposi- tion — a matter of great importance at a time when, as far as the home trade is concerned, production has overtaken, and, in many cases, overrun, demand. Nothing conveys a better idea of the vastness of the country, and its agri- cultural resources, than the fact that enormous manufactures of agricultural machines, amount- ing in some instances to tens of thousands aniurally, have hitherto found a home market.” CHAPTER XLIX. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFf^ERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. (Continued.) 1. Canadian exhibits of grains. — 2. Canada IN THE POMOLOGICAL HALL. — 3. THE DIFFER- ENT Canadian fruits exhibited. — 4. Opinions of American pomologists on the Canadian exhibit.— 5. The wine exhibit. — 6. The dairy products of the Dominion. The cheese exhibit. — 7. Superior quality AND QUANTITY OF THE CANADIAN CHEESE. — 8. The butter exhibit. — 9. Live stock DEPARTMENT. CaNADA’S ADMIRABLE EXHIBIT. — 10. Canadian horses. — 11. Horned cat- tle. — 12. Canadian sheep. — 13. Canadian swine. — 14. Canadian poultry. — 15. The Canadian medals and the system of their AWARD. — 16. Conclusion of the Judges’ LABORS AND ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AWARDS. — 17. A THRILLING SCENE. — 18. ACKNOW- LEDGMENT OF THE British Commissioners’ SERVICES TO THE COLONIAL COMMISSIONERS. — 19. Closing ceremonies of the Exhi- bition. — 20. Return of the Canadian exhibits. — 21. Some of the more import- ant RESULTS TO CANADA OF THE EXHIBITION. — 22. Warm praise of Canadian section OF THE Exhibition. 1. — The Canadian exhibit of grains was in an eminent degree satisfactory, and the qualities of many of them were pronounced Canadian e.xhibUs of by good judges to be of the very erams. highest order. Amongst the representatives of different nationalities at Philadelphia there was a friendly exchange, as far as possible, of specimens of the irrincipal grains of their respective countries. Canada participated in the benefit of this — all the foreign Com- missioners, whose countries were exhibiting products of this class, freely extending to her their good offices whenever these were sought. Count Bielsky, the Russian Commissioner, was particularly generous in handing over to the agent of the Ontario Government, who merely wished a specimen, a large c^uantity of a certain quality of wheat which was supposed to be of remarkable merit for our climate. Quite a number of specimens of grains, considered by good authorities to become of particular value to the farming interest of the Dominion, were procured in this way. These collections proved invaluable, not only for the purpose of comparisons, but for experiments as to their adaptation to our climate, and their compara- tive value from a commercial standpoint. The Ontario Government was indefatigable in securing these specimens, which they have since had classified and fitted up in glass cases that may be seen in the Parliament buildings at Toronto. They are there kept in sample bottles, properly labelled, and form an interest- ing memorial of the Exhibition, in addition to their great worth as a collection. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DU FFERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 481 2. — In fruit the Dominion of Canada occupied a place in the Pomological Hall very much Canada in the ^hail WOuld bc her fair Pomological Hall. share, judging by her geogra- phical proportions and her i-iopulation, compared with that of the United States. The Canadian fruit display, which was made by different Associations in Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia, and w'hich occupied the whole north side of the Pomological Hall, was one of the most attractive sights in the Exhibition, and was all the more creditable to our fruit growers on account of their having fallen upon a season exceptionally unfortunate in many respects. The plum crop, usually so abundant and of such fine quality in different jiiarts of the Dominion, had, from a variety of causes, been to a great extent destroyed ; the pear crop was unusually light ; and the extreme heat and drought, which were universal — the “heated term” especially having been of very long duration — had very seriously affected the a 2 “)ple crop in all parts of the country. Notwith- standing these serious draw^baks, however, the Associations of fruit growers in the different Provinces set to work wTth the most laudable determination to secure a creditable represen- tation of the fruit products of the Dominion ; the obstacles in their path only served to make them redouble their exertions, and the result was a display that was in the highest degree creditable to them, and that secured universal praise and admiration. The fruit w'^as sent to Philidelphia at different times as it ripened, but it was not till the month of September that there was anything like a full or complete representation from the Dominion. In that month, and for a considerable period extending into the month of October, the Exhibition was at its best, and, excepting in grapes, in the growth of which California far exceeds any other part of the North American continent, there was nothing in the Pomological Hall to excite the envy of Canada, while in some other varieties of fruit she stood unrivalled. As an evidence of this w’^e may state that, on the 14th of October, theday when the Exhibition in the Pomological Hall was closed, our display remained substantially the same, new samples having taken the places of those which perished, as far as practicable ; and after that a choice selection of our fruits was placed on exhibition in the Agricultural Building, w’^here it remained for examination until the close of the Exhibition in the month of November following. The statistics of the attendance of visitors shows that Pomological Hall was a very attractive place of resort and, if the generous testimony of the American press, and the opinions of unpre- judiced visitors, competent to form a just estimate, from all parts of the United States, are of any value, the Dominion exhibit was the most instructive and comprehensive of all those shown at the Exposition. 3. — Notwithstanding the unfortunate failure of our plum crop, to which allusion has been made, our collection of plums different Cana- was the largest and most com- exhibited. plete of any ; indeed the w^hole display of ifiums from all quarters of the United States, gathered into one, did not ecj^ual in merit that from the Province of Ontario alone. In apples, we had to contend wath the products of the virgin soils and brighter suns of the South Western States ; and though at the middle of September, by rea- son of our more northern climate, our winter apples were not so fully developed, nor as highly coloured, yet in variety, value and com- pleteness, our collection w’^as never once sur- passed ; and as the season advanced, and the middle of October drew on, our display of apples stood confessedly at the head, both for beauty of specimens and intrinsic worth. In pears and peaches w^e w^ere excelled by but very few collections, notwithstanding the fact already mentioned that the season proved very unfavor- able to these fruits, and the further fact that but a portion of oirr country is adapted to the growing of many varieties of peaches or pears. Our display of grapes was also the most com- plete of any. We could not, in open air culture, equal, as has been stated, the grapes from Cali- fornia, but with that exception, our specimens were as fine in appearance as those shown from 58 482 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. climates siapposed to be more favored than our own. No State in the Union displayed as full and exhaustive a collection of hardy, out-door varieties of graires. It may be remarked, how- ever, that the Californian grapes were all from Eixroi:)ean sources, while it was understood that most of those grown on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains are derived from indigenous vines. The Californian fruits, as a whole, were much larger than those from the Dominion, or indeed from any other place, but they lost in flavor the advantage which they might be sup- posed to have in size. A remark somewhat similar applies with truth to one or two of the Western States, but in general the apples, pears and plums of Canada were equal, even in apirearance and size, to those of the United States, to say nothing of their uniform superior- ity in flavor. The Canadian exhibit altogether, was a subject of astonishment to thousands of visitors who had evidently no idea that such fruit could be grown in this country. 4. — A distinguished American Pomologist who wrote an exhaustive critique on the display in Opinions of Poiuological Hall, closed his tel'Stsonthe paper, which was published at Canadian Exhibit. time, with the remark that “ Decidedly the best show, taking into consi- deration variety, quality, number and taste, is that from the Dominion of Canada.” Another equally high airthority, writing in the New York Graphic, referred to the Canadian exhibit in the following terms ; “ Probably the finest show of various fruits is made by the Fruit Growers’ Associations, of Canada. It would be impossible to do justice to the entire collection. As a representative collection it could not be surpassed, and the arrangement and classifica- tion reflect much credit on the officers of the associations. It must be doubly gratifying to them that this very beautiful display of Cana- dian fruits attracts such ixniversal attention. Their exhibit has contributed much to the beauty and attractiveness of the Pomological department, and they are to be congratulated upon the fruit-producing capabilities of their soil and climate, and the taste and enterprise of their fruit-growers.” There is abundance of similar testimony from various sources, but all by our most formidable competitors themselves, in favour of the excellence of the Canadian exhibit — a generous acknowledgment that, at the Centennial Exhibition, Canada took the lead in the extent of her exhibit, and the variety, quality and flavour of her fruit. Our display in this department was valuable in many respects. It did much to enlighten the people of other lands, and even many thousands of our American neighbours, in regard to the true character of the productions of Canada. It served to dissipate a very prevalent impres- sion that we dwell in a cold, frozen and inhos- pitable region of the great American Continent — one where the tiller of the soil may hope, during the short summer, to be able to wrest from the ungenerous earth scarcely enough to maintain life during the long, dark, dreary winter, but where he may never hope to taste, much less to raise for exportation, the luscious fruits of temperate climes. In the Pomological Hall, at the Philidelphia Exposition, Canada did more to break down unfounded prejudices, and to disseminate throughout the world correct information, in regard to the true nature of our climate and soil, and the excel- lence and beauty of its productions, than would have been done by an army of emigration agents, or by a whole circulating library of infor- mation on the climatology and productions of the country. 5 . — Closely related, in some respects, to the fruit exhibit was that of wine, an article which, of all those shown at Philadel- , The Wine Exhibit. phia, was perhaps the most largely exhibited, as to the number of specimens, and variety of description, and as to the number of nationalities which sent this kind of mer- chandise. There was scarcely a country re^Tre- sented that did not send its contribution, and Canada was by no means backward in entering the lists of competition with the famous vine growing districts of the old world. In this article she alone had ten or twelve varieties. Some of them excited very gratifying surprise GOVERNMENT OF TUB EARL OF DUEEBRIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 483 on the part of competent European and American judges, and were pronounced by them to be superior as vins ordinaires. The Wine Growers Association of Ontario were prominent exhibitors in this department, and their brandies were specially commended. 6. — We have before referred to the assistance rendered the dairymen of the Dominion, by the Canadian Government, in The dairy products . . , . , n , of the Dominion. surmouiiting what at hrst ap- The cheese exhibit. t i p • i i i i i i peared to be a lormidable obstacle in the way of their obtaining a proper display of Canadian dairy products. To the dairymen themselves, however, belongs the principal credit of achieving at Philadelphia an unprece- dented success in their exhibition of this growing branch of Canadian industry. They entered into competition with the dairymen of the United States and other countries, with the greatest zeal and determination, and the result was,\s we shall see, to crown their exertions with the highest honors of the Exhibition. The display of the whole dairy products shown at Philadelphia was made in a building on the grounds specially erected for the purj^ose. It was a model butter and cheese factory with ample room for display, and for a complete outfit of apparatus, and was built at a cost of ten thousand dollars. This sum was raised by the United States’ dairymen by private sub- scription in several of the large States of the Union, and also by legislative aid. The Cana- dian Government contributed two thousand dollars. Exhibits of cheese were sent from Ontario — this department being solely in charge of the Ontario Dairymens’ Association — and from different parts of the United States at intervals, from the month of July to the month of October inclusive. No difficulty whatever was exper- ienced in securing exhibits from our own dairymen ; they contributed month after month from their best stock, and thus kept up the excitement which Canada created among the dairymen of other countries. The associations in the United States showed far less alacrity, and, even after the building was erected, special exertion had to be made by the Bureau of Agri- culture of the Exhibition to secure a fair representation from the United States. This gave a certain stimulus to the American associations, yet they did not altogether exhibit so large a quantity of cheese as our Canadian] dairymen. 7 . — The number of United States’ exhibits was only one hundred and fifty-one ; the Cana- dian exhibits numbered one hun- , T , r‘ I'Tiji Superior quality and dred and ninety-fave, whilst three quantity of the , /-< T 1 Canadian cheese. Western Canadian towns alone shipped to the Exhibition nearly thirty per cent, more cheese than was shown by all of the United States associations put together. The total quantity exhibited in the dairy house was two thousand and eighty-six packages, weigh- ing fifty-five and a half tons. Of these there were from the United States one thousand and twelve packages, weighing over twenty-six tons, while from Canada there were one thou- sand and three packages weighing over twenty- nine tons, other countries contributed sixty- five packages estimated at five hundred pounds. The statistics of the Dairy House prove also beyond question that our average monthly ex- hibits were greater in quantity than those of our neighbours. There was not a single month during the Exhibition, that cheese was not sent from Canada to keep up the display, and, from first to last, it was universally conceded to be very excellent ; at no time did it appear at a disadvantage, but the foremost position secured for Canadian cheese at the opening of the Ex- hibition was successfully held until its close. The result was that Canada shone out better in the dairy department than in any other of the great agricultural departments of the Exhibi- tion, splendidly leading in this branch of agri- culture the competition of the world. In this competition it should be remembered that the United States exhibitors had a decided advan- tage. They represented some of the largest and best cheese factories in existence, and their ex- perience was much greater in every way than that of our own dairymen. Notwithstanding this, the highest jroint of merit they obtained was ninety -six, whilst the highest point obtained by Canada was one hundred — a result which 484 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. shows a pronounced victory for the dairymen of this country. If any other evidence of the superior energy and skill of our people in this department were wanting, it is to be found in the official reports of distinguished American dairymen, who were very cordial in their praise of the Canadian exhibit, and in the large number of prizes awarded to Canadians by the Centen- nial judges, who were with one single exception, American citizens who honorably discharged their duty without partiality. One hundred awa:rds were recommended in this branch of dairy products, and of these forty-five were for the United States, forty-nine for Canada, and the remainder for other countries. Canada thus gained the highest award of merit for cheese given in the competition tyith the whole world, and this, too, at the largest International Exhi- bition that has ever been held. 8. — The display of butter was much smaller altogether than that of cheese. The United States and Canada were of course The butter exhibit. ,, ... i -i •, i , the principai exhibitors, but Portugal, the Argentine Kepublic, Brazil, the Netherlands, Grermany, Italy, and Denmark were also represented. Our own exhibit was com- paratively speaking small, reaching only to some seventeen hundred pounds out of nine thousand one hundred and fifty pounds from all other countries; but, in proportion to their number, the prizes taken by Canadian butter makers were very numerous. There were one hundred and twenty-three exhibits from the United States, to which twenty-three prizes were awarded, and sixteen from Canada which obtained five prizes. The official reports of the judges of the Centen- nial dairy show, were almost unanimous in conveying two valuable inferences or lessons in regard to this part of the Exhibtion. One was that the long keeping of the fresh butter ex- hibited seemed to prove that salt does not preserve butter, but that the keeping quality in butter depends more on the milk than -on the salt used in its manufacture. The other lesson was in regard to the relative superiority of factory and creamery butter as compared with dairy butter. The former was generally re- garded as inferior to the latter, but it was a remarkable fact that, at the June and October displays at Philadelphia, the most perfect flavor and the indications of the longest keeping ciuality were found in the butter of factory make. The samples there shown have thus evidenced an important and striking advance in this branch of the dairy interests. 9. — Of all the departments, however, of this great international competition in which Canada most excelled was that of live stock stock. We have before referred ffi^^Sdmirabie to the rule which the Canadian Commission felt obliged to adopt with respect to this class of Canadian products, and which was different from that applied to other exhibits, viz. : of throwing all risk or damage upon the owners. This rule, as we have said, contracted the number of exhibitors in this deparment, but, as the result proved, it did not prevent the hearty co-operation of a large number of Cana- dian stock breeders in carrying out one of the great objects aimed at — of making Canada famous as a cattle breeding country, and thus advancing, to an incalculable degree, the repu- tation of our agriculturists. The spirit of emulation shown by them was an honour to the Dominion, and is worthy of the highest praise. At great risk, and without a chance of profit, they at once decided to send their most vahrable animals to Philadelphia, and they succeeded, even beyond the most sanguine ex- i:)ectations, in receiving awards, and showing, at the World’s Fair of 1876, that their country is capable of raising horses and cattle equal, and in some respects superior, to those which were exhibited from other and older countries. 10. — The horses were sent to Philadelphia in the latter part of August, the cattle in Sep- tember, and the sheep and swine . , 1 « 1 , , 1 • 1 p Canadian horses. in October. About one-third of all the horses exhibited came from Canada, and, out of sixty-eight shown by her, fifty-two carried off' prizes. A considerable number of these were sold to American and other foreign pur- chasers, and realized very large prices. There is no country that excels our own in agricultural GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF LUFFERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 485 horses either for general symmetry, strength, or action, and, of all the classes on the grounds, this was decidedly the best — nearly every Cana- dian agricultural horse that was exhibited being awarded an International medal. Our whole exhibit of horses was highly creditable. The animals were universally admired, and caused much discussion as to their excellence — a cir- cumstance which drew attention to the remark- able fact, that some of the best horses shown by the United States’ exhibitors were raised and purchased in this country. 11. — In horned cattle, although the Canadian animals did not bear so large a proportion to those of the United States as in Horned cattle. , n i • i i horses, yet all the various breeds were represented, and a large number of prizes were taken relatively to the number of animals. The number of exhibits was seventy-two, and the number of International prizes thirty-three. The proposals of the American Commissioners embraced the offer of sweepstake prizes for the best bull and the best cow on the grounds. There is little doubt, we think, from the most reliable information that can be obtained, that had those sweepstakes been given, the prize for the best bull must have been adjudged to a Canadian, even if Canada had not also carried off that for the best cow, of which there was also a very favourable prospect. The judges, however, declined to make this award, and, although a remonstrance was addressed to the American authorities on the subject, and an express order was in consequence issued to the judges to determine the sweepstakes, it was afterwards discovered that they had left the city without doing so. This was the only instance on record, so far as Canada was con- cerned, in which any thing like an unworthy jealousy was apparent in recommending the International awards, but, if there was such a feeling, it was confined exclusively to the judges in that class, and was disapproved of by the Exhibition authorities; indeed, it is a subject of congratixlation that, in a task so extensive as that of adjudication on the merits of so vast an assemblage of valuable articles, causes of fair complaint were not more numerous. 12. — The Canadian sheep shown were of the long or medium-wooled varieties, and compared favourably with the other Can- , . . , , . Canadian sheep. adian animals. The American exhibit in this class consisted of seventy-two sheep ; about forty of that number were bred in the United States, and of these few were considered by the judges as deserving of notice, and none worthy of prizes. The rest had been recently imported from England. These latter obtained twenty-one awards, and the first prize in the Inter-States competition. The position which our Canadian stock occupied was so superior that, but for the importations of a famous English agriculturist, Canada would have swept everything before her in the breeds which she cultivated. As it was, however, she gained a large number of International medals, and, in the long-wooled varieties, carried off the sweepstakes award as against England and the United States. Of the breeds cultivated in Canada, the whole number of representative animals brought under the notice of the Centennial judges was one hundred and seventy-live. Of these Canada showed fifty-six, consisting of Lincolns, Leicesters, Cotswolds and Southdowns. For these she received twenty- four awards, besides the two sweepstake prizes already mentioned, and the Inter-States award for the best flock of six ewes and one ram of the long-wooled breed. England was repre- sented by forty-seven sheep all from first-class breeds. She took thirty-five prizes, and one sweepstake prize for the best ram of any age of the middle-wool breeds. 13. — In swine the Dominion was well repre- sented. The number of grown animals shown was twenty-seven— some of them T.,, ™ , Canadian swine. accompanied by litters, i wenty- nine prizes were awarded — some of the animals taking more than one prize, while the Canadian swine also carried off the sweepstakes, and were thus successful in the competition against the world. The animals that were sold realized more than double the price at which they were valued in Canada. 486 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 14. — The Canadian poultry exhibit was also very creditable. While some breeds of fowls from the United States were Canadian poultry. ,, n , i generally supposed to be supe- rior to those from Canada, in several others it was as generally admitted that Canadian fowls held the first rank. Large numbers of American visitors, and several of the leading journals of the country, freely acknowledged that the Canadian exhibit contained a greater average of really first class stock than their own. So far as numbers were concerned, Canada took the lead of any single State. The American fanciers ex- celled chiefly in the larger, and the Canadian in the smaller, breeds. No sweepstake prize was given for poultry, and consequently the Cana- dian birds did not come into direct competition with the world. This is to be regretted as, in the opinion of competent jirdges, there is little doubt we could have taken every prize in many varieties, and stood well in the rest. As it was, the choice of the Canadian exhibits had been A'ery carefully made, and a large share of the honours fell to their lot. The medal was the same for all awards ; but the judges distin- guished three classes of merit, and we are thus able to arrive at the relative excellence of the two dis^rlays. Out of one hundred and thirty- three Canadian exhibits, not inclixding irigeons — in which the Americans swept all before them — one hundred and twenty-nine received the highest mark of merit, while the United States’ exhibitors had only two hundred and twenty-two highest marks out of four hundred and thirty-four. Fifty-one prizes were obtained for Canadian poultry, and each prize was for an exhibit comprising more than one bird. 15. — Eeference has been made to the induce- ments, in the way of prize medals, which were offered by the Canadian Com- The Canadian medals . . i i • , n and the system ol miSSlOll tO CXhlDltorS frOlU Caiia- their award. da. ihe liberality ol our Grovernment in this respect had an important effect in stimulating competition amongst our own peojile, and it is proper that some account should be given of the manner in which these medals were distributed. The prize medal scheme, which was very successful in its results, originated with the Dominion Commissioners, who, with the sanction of their Government, offered gold, silver and bronze medals to their own exhibitors, and promised that these should be awarded, under certain specified conditions, by foreign judges. In order to carry out this design they sought the aid and co-operation of the British Commissioners, Colonel Herbert Sandford, R.A., and Professor Archer, F.R.S., who were asked to nominate English judges for the purpose. The scheme which was submitted to these two gentlemen, and which was sub- stantially approved of by them, was this : The articles exhibited in the Canadian section, with the exception at first of live stock, dairy pro- ducts, new fruits, and fermented and distilled' liquors, were divided into several classes, in- cluding one for unenumerated articles. A judge was asked for each class, and he was requested to name the persons to whom a definite number of bronze and silver medals should be awarded. Each judge was further requested to distinguish amongst the persons to whom silver medals were awarded any whom he thought deserving of one of the number of gold medals which were limited to five — those receiving the gold medals to abandon the silver ones. Early in June a meeting was held at St. George’s House to con- sider the recjuest of the Canadian Commission and at this meeting, which was attended by the British and Canadian Commissioners, and by all the British judges, a ready response was given to the proposal, which was accepted with ardent manifestations of pleasure by those to whom it was addressed. In awarding these medals the judges were governed by considera- tions of the skill and ingenuity exhibited in the manufacture or production of the articles sixb- mitted to them, and of their value and importance in the arts of life. To avoid failure on the score of liberality, the judges were authorized to increase the number of medals in any class, if they believed that the merits of the articles shown justified such addition. The above scheme applied at first only to such articles as formed a portion of the permanent GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OP DUFFEEIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 487 Canadian exhibits throughout the Exhibition season. It was subsequently made to embrace other products in the Canadian section, such as life stock, dairy produce, wines, malt liquors, &c., — the medals in the live stock department being awarded in like manner by Centennial judges from England. All these gentlemen were requested, whenever they might deem it necessary to associate themselves with experts, and this request was freely acted upon. The great body of Canadian exhibitors owe many thanks to the English judges for the great pains and care with which they exercised the charge committed to them — a charge which they accepted with great cheerfulness, and carried out with the most conscientious desire to do justice to all who were in any way interested in the results of their labors. The total number of Canadian medals thus awarded was four hundred and eighty-seven, which included thirteen gold, one hundred and seventy-four silver, and two hundred and thirty bronze medals. There were besides these, live honor- able mentions in sixteen classes, and in the live stock department. So far as the International competition was concerned, we may state that in manufactures and machinery of all kinds, including books and educational appliances, models of vessels, musical instruments, railway plants, &c., Canada obtained one hundred and seventy prizes. The total number of Interna- tional medals taken by Canadian exhibitors was five hundred and sixty-four, which shows a large percentage upon Canadian exhibits, as compared with the percentage of prizes on the aggregate of the world’s exhibits, at this great International Exhibition. 16. — The year 1876 will belong remembered for the extreme heat of the summer months ; Conclusion of the ^hc “ hcatcd term” was one of in^lfo^niemen^of"'' ^^6 most scvcre cvcr experienced the awards. ill the United States. The labours of the Centennial judges, which required great and constant attention, both physical and mental, were carried on unremittingly during the whole summer, but they were arniily rewarded when, at the completion of their arduous duties, the Centennial Commission revised their reports, and announced, with considerable ceremony, the number of awards granted to each competing nation. The cere- mony of the announcement of the awards took place in the judges’ hall, on the evening of the 27th of September, in the presence of a large and select assemblage. Upon the platform were the American authorities of the exhibi- tion, and some of the most distinguished men from all parts of the United States. The body of the hall was filled by the official representa- tives of all nations, some of them in brilliant uniforms, and with numerous stars and orders glittering upon their breasts. The galleries were thronged with a galaxy of ladies from all parts of the world, superbly dressed, and animated with the enthusiasm of the occasion, which was made, if anything, more inspiriting by all the accessories of magnificent music. Senator Morrill presided, and eloquent speeches were delivered by a number of American gentle- men present. 17. — The great scene of the evening, however, occurred during the distribution of the various national awards. Beginning with ■ 1 I .. /-I PI ,■ ,1 A thrilling scene. the Argentine Confederation, the List of Nations was called, and, as the repre- sentatives of each stepped forward to receive the roll of his country, the audience took advantage of his appearance to give compli- mentary applause. This was very hearty indeed in honor of Brazil, Japan, Russia, France, Austria and Grermany; but when Col. Sandford, the English Commissioner, who ap- peared in the rich uniform of blue and gold of the British artillery service, was called forward to receive the roll for the United Kingdoms of G-reat Britain and Ireland, there was a roar of applause, followed by shout after shout, the entire audience rising to their feet in honour of Old England. The effect was electric, and after the Commissioner, bowing to the audience, had retired, the audience took up the theme again, and, with a second demonstration as hearty as the first, called him out a second time. It was some minutes before the audience became suffi- 488 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. ciently quiet for the ceremony to proceed, and then the roll of the British Colonies was called, the special compliment being given of calling each British colony separately — an honour not done in the case of any other country. Each Colonial Commissioner was received with warmth, which, in the case of Canada, was particularly hearty, the a 2 :)plause rising almost to enthusiasm, and being long-continued, as the Hon. Senator Penny, the Senior Commissioner for Canada, stepped from his place in the bril- liant throng to the front of the platform, and received from the hands of General Hawley the exceptionally honorable record of the Domi- nion of Canada. The scene on this occasion, in the judges’ hall of the Philadelphia Exposition, was a true index of the spontaneous feelings of the American people. The efforts made by the Mother country and her colonies to enrich the exhibition in every one of its departments, and the conspicuous part which they took in the whole Centennial celebration, afforded striking evidence of the deep sympathy which they felt in the progress, social, moral and industrial, of the United States. It produced the liveliest satisfaction in all parts of the powerful Republic whose people were there commemorating the greatest event in their national history ; it tended to cement more closely the ties of friendship and brotherhood, and was appre- ciated and hailed with an enthusiasm which, we are bound to believe, was the natural, heartfelt promptings of the national heart. 18. — From the opening of the Exhibition to its close, the official representatives of Canada and Acknnwieiigement of the Other British colonies were Counnissoiier’s Constantly brought in contact services to the Colo- • , i , i m ■ i . . • niiii Commissioners. With the Official representatives of the Mother Country, who were unceasing in their endeavours to render them all the assistance in their power. These services, it was felt, re- quired some acknowledgment however formal, and, in addition to a complimentary banquet which was tendered the British Commissioners and given in their honor, a letter of thanks was addressed by the Colonial Commissioners to the Earl of Carftarvon, the then Colonial Secretary in the Imjierial Government, in which their sense of those services was appropriately ex- pressed. In this letter, which was signed by the different Colonial Commissioners headed by those from Canada, the writers say: “We desire, before separating, to convey to your Lordship our sense of indebtedness for many courtesies, and much valuable aid, received from the British Executive, and from their Secretary and staff throughout the performance of our duties. The attention so shown to us has both facilitated our independent action, and well sustained that perfect unanimity which so happily prevails in every portion of Her Ma- jesty’s dominions, and has thereby enabled us fittingly to manifest in this city, to the people of this country, and to its multitudes of foreign visitors, that, whatever may have happened one hundred years ago, the United Kingdom and the Colonies are now firmly joined in the closest bonds of friendship.” In his reply, which was conveyed through the Governors of the different colonies, the Earl of Carnarvon, after expressing the great pleasure which the commuication had given himself and those to whom it particularly referred, adds : “ This letter has afforded the highest satisfaction to Her Majesty’s Government, and I am charged to express their warm apprecia- tion of the valuable labours of the Colonial Commissioners, which have so essentially con. tributed to the worthy representation of the British Empire at the Exhibition.” 19. — The closing ceremonies of the Exhibition I took place, as originally intended, on the tenth I of November. There was no closing ceromonie. diminution in the crowds of E-xinbition. visitors up to the end, but the authorities re- I sisted the natural temptation to keep the Exhibition open a few days longer, as it woirld have been difficult to have carried out any such arrangement, in the case of any of the nationa- lities, with due regard to the return of their various exhibits before the winter weather set in. On the evening previous to the closing of the Exhibition, a grand banquet was given by the Centennial Commission to the various Foreign Commissioners, and several hundred THE BURLANO OE.SBARATS L.THO COMP’ ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR" TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION ' GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEKIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 489 distinguished guests from all parts of the world. G-eneral Hawley, the President of the Com- mission, presided, and, on giving the toast, “The United Kingdom of Great Briatin and Ireland and Her Colonies,” made some most flatterings allusions to the assistance that had been given to the Exhibition by the great interest which had been taken in it by British exhibitors from all quarters of the globe. Sir Edward Thornton, the British Ambassador, who was present, remarks in his despatch to the British Government on the subject: “ The toast was received by all who were present with an enthusiasm such as J have never seen dis- played during my residence in this country, and every time mention was made either of Her Majesty, or of the British iiation, it elicited overwhelming applause ; indeed the United States’ Commission unhesitatingly admit that much of the success of the Exhibition was due to the assistance and countenance given to the enterprise by Her Majesty’s Government, and the British exhibitors from the United Kingdom, and from her colonies.” On the following day the Exhibition was formally closed by the President of the United States. Owing to the unfavourable state of the weather the cere- monies, instead of being conducted as intended in the open air, took place in the judges’ hall, where, in addition to the President, the members of his Cabinet and of the diplomatic body, the foreign Commissioners, and a large assembly of other officials were present. A military guard of honor was provided, on this as on other State occasions, by the First Troop of the Philidelphia City Cavalry, a corps which was raised one hundred and five years ago, which formed General Washington’s body guard in the great revolutionary war, and which has maintained its organization, full numbers, and equipment ever since its formation. 20. — Immediately after the close of the Exhi- bition the work of dismantling, packing and Return of the despatching was pushed forward Canadian exhibits. greatest possible vigour. Notwithstanding this, however, considerable delays occurred in returning the Canadian exhibits from Philadelphia. These were caused mainly by the obstacles which were thrown in the way of repacking and shipping by the rules of the United States Customs Department. Although the Exhibition closed, as we have said, on the tenth of November, it was the twenty- second of the month before any of the exhibitors were allowed to dispose of their goods for ship- ment, and, after they had begun to do so, many difficulties occurred at each stage of the process up to the actual point of reshipping. The con- sequence was that the Canadian department was not closed till the 29th of Decetnber, by which date everything might have been at home had the obstructions referred to not inter- vened. As it was, however, on the first of January following, when every Canadian pack- age had left for its destination, fully two-thirds of the British goods remained, and several of the other foreign countries had hardly com- menced shij)ping, so that Canada, who, at the opening of the Exhibition, was one of the farthest advanced in her preparations, was the first of all the assembled nations to close her department in Philadelphia. 21. — The grand results to the Dominion of the honourable and conspicuous part which she played in this first American the more International exhibition can cumSa^of scarcely be over-estimated. How- ever much or little her people have as yet experi- enced of the material benefits of her splendid dis- play and competition, on an occasion that will always be memorable in her history, the moral effect of her patriotic exertions, and the success with which they were crowned, cannot be gainsaid. Taken throughout, there can be no doubt that the Exhibition at Philadelphia has had the effect of enhancing the feelings of self- respect and patriotism of many thousands of Canadians who visited it, and who saw that, except in some special classes of productions sometimes depending wholly upon the climate, or other accidental circumstances, Canadian industries were in no respect behind those so much vaunted in the United States. They had reason, indeed, to believe that, while they 59 490 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. produced articles of as great excellence, they produced them at lower prices than their rivals, and that nothing prevented a valuable trade in many articles between the two countries except the excessively high American tariff. At the same time, the Exhibition has afforded proof that the demand for useful articles is not limited to a single nation, and has given cause to hope that, if our products are debarred from a par- ticular market, they may nevertheless find a ready sale in other parts of the world. Nothing could be more encouraging than the manner in which many of our manufactures were sought by our fellow-subjects at the Antipodes, and we may hope that other nations have already been found, or will be found hereafter to be, not insensible to the possibilities of profitable Canadian trade. In many visitors to the Exhibition, not belonging to the British empire, the display made by Canada excited, not only lively interest, but great astonishment. Canadians were repeatedly assured, as well by the citizens of the United States, as by highly intelligent visitors from other countries, Euro- pean and American, that until they saw the variety and perfection of the goods in the Canadian dejrartment, they had formed no just idea of the country from which those articles came. They were, of course, aware that the Do- minion had a place on the majrs of the world, and of North America, but they had no conception that what they had regarded only as a strip of land, of inhospitable climate, and remarkable chiefly for ice and snow, could be capable of furnishing domestic animals of the greatest perfection, all the grains used for food in equal plenty and excellence, generous wines of a quality by no means despicable, and a variety of manufactures which extends throughout all the articles necessary for the use, if not for the ornament and luxury of life. In this respect, even if no direct pecuniary advantage should arise from the Exhibition, there can be little doubt that its value must be incalculable. Hitherto when Canada has appeared at an Inter- national Exhibition, in the famous capitals of the old world, it has been as the exhibitor of a few articles which, excepting lumber and cereals, were looked upon as curiosities. At Philadelphia, in 1876, she met for the first time the nations of the world as a nation, and held her own with all but those of the very first class, giving indications at the same time, of an ambition in due course of taking her place amongst the most powerful and prosperous nations in the civilized world. 22. — Highly flattering notices of the Canadian section of the Exhibition appeared in most of the languages of the world, ,, , , . ,, Warm praise of Cana- through articles in the press, dlan section of the -riTi p T i p Exhibition. Whole pages of compliments of this character might, if necessary, be repro- duced here. We shall offer but two, one a remark by a distinguished foreigner, the Presi- dent of the Centennial Commission, than whom no one had better opportunities of forming an intelligent and unbiased judgment, or was more competent to express it. On the occasion of a public reception of Canadian school teach- ers by Gfeneral Hawley, in his official capacity, he said that : “ Canada had done more for the success of the Centennial Exhibition than any eight of the States of the American Union, with the exception of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.” This generous, and, we believe, strictly truthful statement by an American citizen, who honor- ably represented- his country at Philadelphia, and performed signal service for her there, may be fully supplemented by the opinion of an illustrious British citizen of noble birth, who, till recently, represented so worthily his Royal Mistress, our gracious Sovereign the Queen, in this great w^estern dependency" of her Empire. On his return to Ottawa, after visiting the Exhibition, His Excellency the Governor-Gfeneral of Canada, was presented with an address by the corporation of that city. Lord Duflerin’s reply was what might have been expected from that able and accomplished nobleman, and its eloquent peroration will form an appropriate conclusion of Canada’s historical record at the American International Exhibition of 1876. Lord Dufieriii said; — “In conclusion, gentlemen, I cannot help adding GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— CANADA AT THE CENTENNIAL. 491 one word of congratulation on the admirable appearance made by Canada at the Centennial Exhibition, from whence I have just come. Whether we take into account the variety of our products, their intrinsic value, the degree to which they are destined to promote the expansion of our wealth, trade and commerce, or whether we consider the admirable method and comj>leteness with which they have been displayed under the supervision of our Com- missioners, we must be equally struck with the effective share which Canada has taken in enhancing the attractions of the Centennial show. There can be no doubt but that these proofs of our resources and prospects have made the most favourable impression upon our neighbours in the United States. In many respects they acknowledge, with a generosity which well becomes them, that we are their masters ; and the many prizes we have taken away, especially in the agricultural competi- tions, have completely borne out their apprecia- tion of our eminence ; indeed, I may say I am never allowed to enter the United States without being made to feel with what kindly feelings we are regarded by that great people whose own extraordinary development is one of the marvels of the age. Wherever I go, I never fail to meet with the greatest courtesy and consideration, which I gladly recognize as a tribute, not to myself, but to the Canadian nationality I represent, whom the people of the States are always anxious to honour in my person. At no period in the history of the world have those bonds of sympathy and affec- tion, by which the members of the great Anglo- Saxon race are indestructibly united, been drawn closer or rendered more sensibly ap- parent, than at the present moment. The many proofs given by England of her friendly feeling towards the people of the United States, have found their crowning expression in the noble way she has associated herself with them in celebrating the Centennial year of their existence as an independent community; and nowhere has her Imperial dignity been more fitly or appropriately displayed than beneath the lucent roof of the Philadelphia Exhibition, where she sits enthroned amid her native treasures, and surrounded by the crowd of loyal colonies through whose intervention she not only ex- tends her sceptre to the four quarters of the world, but has everywhere built up free insti- tutions, and laid deep the foundations of an imperishable freedom. Facing her in generous emulation stands the United States, backed by the wealth of her virgin territory and the inventions of her ingenious artificers, and, as you traverse the building from end to end, you almost forget to remember whether you be English, Canadian, Australasian, American, from Africa or from India, in the proud con- sciousness that you are a member of that great Anglo-Saxon race whose enterprise has invaded every region, whose children have colonized two continents, whose language is spoken by one-third of civilized mankind, whose industry throngs the markets of the globe, and whose political genius has developed the only success- ful form of constitutional government as yet known to the nations of the earth.”* ♦ We feel that this sketch of the Centennial would be incomplete without something more than the “ mere mention ” of the American gentlemen who so freely and earnestly assisted the Canadian Commis- sioners, and we, therefore, append the following short sketches of them : Mr. Oeorge W. Childs was born in Baltimore in the year 1829, and is essentiallyla self-made man. At a very early age he entered the United States navy, where he remained fifteen months. When just fifteen, he left Baltimore for Philadelphia, where he obtained a situation in a publishing house, in which he at once proved his admirable business qualifications. He represented his employers very successfully at the annual trade sales in New York and Boston, and, at the end of four years, started in business for himself in a small room of the building then occupied by the Public Ledger of Philadelphia. Soon after, he was otfered a partnership in the publishing house of R. E. Peterson A Co., the name of the new firm being Childs A Peterson. Some of the most saleable and profitabte books which have ever appeared in the United States were published by Mr. Childs’ firm, his intuitive sagacity and good judgment in this respect going far to establish the fortunes of himself and his partner. In 1864 he purchased the Public Ledger, a splendid newspaper property, of which he has ever since been the owner and con- trolling spirit, and in the publication of which he has amassed an immense and ever-increasing fortune. The Public Ledger was started in 1836, by three journeyman printers, as a penny daily newspaper. It was a great success, and, amongst his intimate friends, it was no secret that young Childs, while yet a boy of eighteen, and when the prospect of the accom- plishment of his wishes seemed impossible, set before himself, as an object to be achieved, the proprietorship of the Ledger establishment. He said to Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie, nine years before the event occurred, “ If I live, I will become the owner of the Public Ledger.” In 1864, the paper reached a critical stage in its existence. Mr. Childs l)urohased it, against the strong advice of his friends, for something over .S150,000. He at once doubled its price and advanced the advertising rates, and, although these changes were for a time perilous, the course of the paper, under its new and able management, soon made it an almost unex- ampled monetary success. It soon gained an immense circulation, and is 492 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. CHAPTER L. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— THIRD SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT, 1876. 1. Opening of Paeli ament. The Speech FROM THE Throne. — 2, The depression in TRADE. — 3. The Budget. — 4. Debate on the Budget. — 5. Motion in favor oe Protec- tion VOTED DOWN. — 6. PROTECTION FOR Farmers. — 7. Sir John A. Macdonald’s MOTION IN favor OF PROTECTION DEFEATED. — 8. The grasshopper plague in Mani- toba. — 9. Prorogation. Acts passed. 1. — The third session of the third Parliament of the Dominion was opened by His Excellency Opening of Grovemor-Greneral on the s^S'fromthe® 10th February. In the Speech Throne. from the Throne His Excellency referred to his recent visit to England ; to the now one of the best newsi)aper properties in the world. The new Ledger building, erected and fitted up under its proprietor’s personal directions, is a model printing house, and probably, in all respects, the most perfect and complete establishment of the kind in existence. The policy of the paper, under Mr. Childs’ control, has given it a very wide influence, and made it universally respected in the United States. Its independent, high-toned character, and straightforward integrity of purpose, are strongly characteristic of its projjrietor, whose name is honourably known both at home iind abroad- Few men have gained such a princely fortune in the business of publication, and none have used it more worthily. Mr. Childs is a large-hearted, generous man — a philanthropist in the broadest sense of the term. He dispenses his great wealth in a thousand charitable and beneficent ways, and is constantly de\ising new schemes of open-handed liberality and benevolence towards his fellow- men. His magnificent entertainments, during the period of the Phila- delphia Exhibition, are well known to foreigners all over the world ; but he will be longer remembered by the poor and indigent of Philadelphia, for his kind and considerate thoughtfulness of them at that time. Hundreds of i)Oor women, .and several thousands of pauper children from the different charitable institutions of that great city, were repeatedly sent by Mr. Childs, happy-hearted, to Fairmount Park, and furnished with comfortable dinners while there enjoying the sights of the vast World’s Fair. At the conclusion of his labours as an honorary British Commis- sioner, Mr. Childs received, from the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, Lord President of the Council in the British Government, a letter heartily thanking him for his valuable services to the British section at the Exhibition. Mr. Anthony J. Drexel was born in Philadelphia in the year 11827. His father was a banker in that city, and early enlisted him in the same pur- suit. At the age of fifteen he entered his father’s office, and, ever since, he has been actively engaged in the banking business in which he has long held a distinguished position. He now ranks as one of the first bankers in the world, being .at the head of prominent banking houses in New York and Paris, as well as in Philadelphia. Mr. Drexel is well known for his fine business abilities, his high personal character and stain- less reputation, not less than for his great wealth and his large, although wise and discriminating, charities. In the City of Philadelphia, his name is suggestive of everything honorable, liberal and public spirited. For many years he has been a zealous and powerful promoter of every bene- volent or philanthropic scheme ; no man has spent his wealth better, or continued depression in trade, and the bountifnl harvest. He congratulated the members on the approaching completion of the Intercolonial railway ; mentioned the opening of the Prince Edward Island railway as an epoch in the history of that Island, and regretted no progress had been made in the settlement of the Fisheries compensation. Effect had been given to the Superior Court Act by appointing the judges and officers.! Bills to amend the law relating to Common Carriers ; respecting Life Insurance Companies ; to provide for collecting statistics of crime ; to provide for consolidating the statute law ; for the enfranchisement of In- dians ; and respecting insolvent Banks, would used his influence more worthily. One of his most recent public benefits has been the erection, in the suburbs of the city, of 385 houses for working people. These he enables them to acquire on terms extremely favorable, having a thoughtful regard always for the means and circumstances of individual purchasers. In this iiractical, helpful way he encourages the humblest artisan in his native city to secure a comfortable home. Between Mr. Drexel and Mr. Childs there has subsisted a long and firm friendship ; they have fought the battle of life ably and successfully side by side — the capitalist, in past crises of his friend’s business career, having been ever ready to lend the support of his credit and wealth to Mr. Childs’ well- considered undertakings. With all his acknowledged abilities, and his eminent public and social position, not the least conspicuous of Mr. Drexel’s virtues are his innate modesty, and retiring and unobtrusive disposition. At the E.xhibition his substantial services to the British, in- cluding the Canadian, Isection, were thoroughly appreciated, and, like his American colleague, he deservedly received the warm thanks of the Imperial Government. Mr. Roderick AY. C.ameron, above referred to, and whose portrait ap- pears in these pages, was born atGlenevis, County of Glengarry, July 25th, 1825. He is of Highland parentage, his father having been a clansman of the famous clan whose name he bore, and his mother a McLeod, a native of the Isliind of Skye. Mr. Cameron’s father was a hero of the old school — a United Empire Loyalist who, after linking his fortunes with Caniida in a very troublous time, wiis mainly instrumental — along with a number of other Highland gentlemen whose descendants are now living in Glengarry— in founding the old North-AYest Company which was after- wards merged in the Hudson’s Bay Company. He finally settled in Glengarry, and represented that County in the old Parliiiment of Upper Canada which sat at York, now Toronto, from 1820 to 1824. His son, Mr. R. AY. Cameron, received his early education in the country of his birth, and in 1852 went to New York to engage in the shipping business, and, in that year, was the first to establish regular communication by packet ships between the United States and the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand. The trade has since grown into large proportions under Mr. Cameron’s able and energetic management. He has been for many years the owner of a fleet of first-class ships plying between different American ports and the Australian and other British colonies, and has latterly turned his attention with, we hope, some success to cultivating a trade between Canada and those Antipodean colonies. Mr. Cameron was, as we have above stated, one of the Commissioners for New South AY ales at the Philadelphia Exhibition ; he also represented that colony, in a similar capacity, at the Paris Exhibition of 1878. He is a bright example of the great success achieved by the business enterprise, ability and in- tegrity of not a few Canadians in the United States- Although a citizen of the Republic, he is a warm friend of British interests, and has proved in many ways his strong attachment to his native country and her people. t On the 8th October 1875, the following gentlemen were gazetted judges of the Supreme Court of the Dominion: Hon. AYilliam Buell Richards, Chief Justice, Hon. Messrs AY. .1. Ritchie, S. H. Strong, J. T. Taschereau, T. Fournier and AAL A. Henry, Puisne Judges. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFEREST— THIRD SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT. 493 be submitted. The depression in trade had seriously affected the revenue ; and it was necessary to curtail the expenditure. Corres- pondence with regard to the Pacific Railway would be laid before Parliament. A deputation from the Manitoba Grovernment had visited Ottawa with a view to some re-arrangement of the Income of the Province, which was not sufficient for ordinary expenditure, and propo- sitions concerning this would be presented. On the 11th the Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne was moved in the Commons by Mr. Casey, seconded by Mr. Taschereau. No amend- ment was offered. Sir John A. Macdonald remarking that the Speech was “ a most harmless printed document.” Considerable discussion, however, took place with reference to a speech which the Postmaster-General (Hon. Mr. Hun- tington) had delivered at Argenteuil in which he had violently attacked the Catholic religion ; and Hon. Mr. Mackenzie took occasion to repu- diate the Postmaster-General and to declare that the Ministry in no way held itself respon- sible for the “most unfortunate speech ” of the Postmaster-General. The Address was then adopted. In the Senate, the Address was moved, on the 14th, by Hon. Mr. Paquet, seconded by Hon. Mr . Leonard, and adopted tuianimously. 2. — The first debate of the session — except that on the Address — took place on the 16th The depression in February, on a motion by Mr. D Trade. Mills i “ That a Select Committee composed of Messrs. Burpee, (Sunbury), Carmi- chael, Currier, Charlton, Dymond, Delorme, Platt, Sinclair, Workmaii and the mover, be appointed to inquire into the causes of the pre- sent financial depression.” He entered at some length into the question and attributed the depression to a great extent to our intimate trade relations with the United States, where there was very great depression. Sir John A. Macdonald thought the motion was really one to inquire into the state of the nation, and, therefore, equivalent to a motion of want of confi- dence. He thought that the motion should be suspended until after the Finance Minister had made his Budget speech. Mr. Young thought that the country was in the position of a solvent trader who had bought a large and good stock at fair prices, but found some difficulty in dis- posing of it, and favored the appointment of the Committee, as did Messrs. Dymond and Workman. Messrs. Irving and Kirkpatrick op- posed the appointment of the Committee. Mr. Wood strongly advocated a Protective policy, and Mr. Thompson (Welland) was equally strong in favor of Free Trade. The debate was continued on the 17th and 18th, and particiirated in by Messrs. Tupirer, Norris, Bo well, Patterson, Currier, Oliver, McGregor, Rochester, McDou- gall (Elgin), Gilmour, Jones (Leeds), Davies, Orton, DeCosmos, Bunster and others. Mr. Blaine moved to substitute “ Manufacturing and Commercial ” instead of financial in the motion, which was accepted by Mr. Mills. Hon. Dr. Tupper moved to add “Mining,” and Hon. Peter Mitchell “ Shipping ” which was agreed to and the motion as amended carried. 3. — On the 25th February Hon. Mr. Cart- wright made his Budget Speech. The revenue for the year ending 30th June, 1875, was 124,648,715 ; expendi- ture, $23,713,071; balance, $935,644. There had been a very marked decrease in the volume of trade, the imports having fallen off $7,785,512, and the exports, $11,464,949. The revenue for the current year threatened to fall very much below the estimate, as it showed nearly $2,000,- 000 less in the first seven months of 1874-5 than for the same period in 1873-74. He attributed the depression to over-importation, fall of the price of lumber in the United States markets, general extravagance and speculation, long con- tinued depression in the United States, and general financial trouble throughout the world. He estimated the receipts for the current year at $23,250,000, and the exirenditure at a little less ; which was a reduction of nearly $2,500,000 on last year. He declared that he did not think that either the late or present Government could be fairly charged with having cairsed the existing depression ; and with reference to means of relieving it said, “ There is no use in concealing that the Government have been im- 494 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. portuned from many quarters to declare them- selves in favor of a high tariff.” He then went on at length to argue that the depression although great, was only temporary, and that this was not the time to make radical changes which may inflict serious permanent injury on the country. He held that the true financial policy of the country was to have what was substantially a revenue tariff, which was the policy to which the Grovernment meant to adhere, and he ho])ed that by pursuing a policy of justice to all, prudence and economy they would be able to tide over the existing depression. 4. — Hon. Dr. Tux:)per reviewed the Financial policy of the Grovernment at considerable length, Debate on the ^iid Severely blamed them for not attempting to afford any relief from the great commercial depression under which we were suffering The expen- ditures were increasing and the receipts de- creasing, and still the Grovernment had nothing to propose. He thought that what Canada needed was a broad, liberal National Policy, which would be founded on principles beneficial to the whole country, and not any fine spun theories as to the relative advantages of Free Trade and Protection. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie was willing to admit, as he had before admitted, that absolute Free Trade was impossible ; and although, in theory, he was a Free Trader, he believed that the only policy suited to Canada was a tariff based on the requirements for ex- penditures — in other words, a Kevenue Tariff. The debate was adjourned to the 28th, when Mr. Irving moved a long resolution to the effect that it was necessary, under existing circum- stances, to revive differential duties ; and that a rate not less than ten per cent, should be added to the existing rate on all foreign manufactures of the classes of goods which could be produced in Canada. Mr. Charlton opposed any charge in the tariff. Mr. "Workman moved in amend- ment to the amendment, “ That this House deeply regrets to learn from the speech of the Honorable Minister of Finance, on Friday last, that the Grovernment has not proposed to this House a policy of Protection to our various and important manufacturing industries ; and that the large amount of capital now invested in these industries, and their present depressed condition, render such a policy necessary to restore them to a condition of prosperity.” Mr. Workman’s amendment was ruled out of order. Mr. Devlin spoke strongly in favor of Protec- tion, and Mr. John Macdonald (Toronto) pointed out the anomaly of a Committee being ap- pointed to inquire into the state of the manu- facturing interests while the Grovernment re- fused to do anything to relieve them. Sir John A. Macdonald said that the announcement of the Grovernment that there would be no change in the tariff had taken him by surprise. He characterized the motion of the honorable mem- ber for Hamilton (Mr. Irving) as a protest against the Grovernment in favor of his constituents ; but said that if the intention had been to make Protection look ridiculous the honorable gentle- man could not have framed his resolution better. He advocated a broad National Policy, and was of opinion that the Grovernment should take some steps towards relieving the existing distress. A vote was then taken on Mr. Irving’s amendment, which was defeated, 3 for, 174 against, and the debate adjourned.* The debate was continued on the 3rd by Messrs. Young, Bunster, McDougall (Elgin), Dymond, Appleby, Kochester, Davies, Plumb, Pope, Cartwright, Mackenzie, Vail and Holton, after which the motion to go into Committee of Supply was carried. 5. — On the 7th, on the motion to go into Committee of Supply, Mr. Workman moved the amendment which had been , , - , n T 1 • Motion in favor declared out of order during the of Protection voted down. Budget debate (see preceding paragraph). The motion was seconded by Mr. Devlin, and supported by Messrs. Domville and Colby. Mr. Palmer did not think that a Free Trade policy was practicable in Canada, and although he could not vote for the motion as it stood, still he would support any motion to * The three who voted for the motion were Messrs. Irving, Devlin and Wood. GOVEENMENT OP THE EARL OF DUFFEEIN— TIIIEL SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT. 495 revise the tariff in such a manner as would afford relief to the manufacturers. He contended that it was a mistake to say that protection to manufacturers would injure farmers, as he thought that no one industry could flourish without benefitting others. Mr. Brown thought that all the Canadian manufacturers needed was to be allowed to enter into fair competition with the Americans. Mr. Sinclair was of the opinion that the resolution was framed wholly in the interest of a small clique of manufacturers, and Mr. Cook hoped that it would receive so decided a negative as to kill all hope of a Protective Tariff forever. Sir John A. Macdonald thought that the resolution did not go far enough, and although he should vote for it, intended to introduce a more comprehensive motion himself at a future stage. He believed that agriculture and manufactures should go hand in hand, and the tariff be so re-adjusted as to foster both. He charged the G-overnment with inconsistency, and said that in not coming forward to the relief of the country, they had lost an oppor- tunity which may never return to them. Mr. Workman’s motion was then put and lost. Yeas 64, Nays 119. 6. — On the 21st February Dr. Orton moved for a Select Committee on the Agricultural Protection for interests of the Dominion. He farmers. spoke of the Unfair operation of the American tariff, and claimed that while we were admitting American farm produce to free competition with our own productions, the Canadian farmers had been forced to pay over $25,000,000 into the United States Treasury since the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, in the shape of duties. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie objected to the appointment of the Committee. He thought that : “ The farmers are quite able to take care of themselves ; they are the most prosperous class in the country, and the nos- trums the hon. gentleman would prescribe for their proetction I do not think they will have on any account.”* The debate was continued • The result of the General Election of 17th September, 1878, showed that Mr. Mackenzie was right in his opinion that the farmers of Ontario were ‘‘ quite able to take care of themselves;” but most wofully wrong by Messrs Masson, Archibald, McCallum, Pat- terson, Stirton and Casey, and adjourned until 22nd when Messrs. Plumb and Smith (Peel), ad- vocated the appointment of the Committee, and Messrs McDougall (South Renfrew) and Burpee (Sunbury) opposed it, and the debate were again adjourned. On the 8th March, the debate was resumed by Mr. Wallace (Norfolk) who, as representing a farming constituency, was per- fectly certain that the farmers desired to change the existing state of things between Canada and the United States. Mr. Trow had travelled very extensively in Western Ontario, and also repre- sented a farming constituency, but he had not heard any farmers asking for protection against American competition. The only kind of pro- tection the farmers wanted was against the weevil, the Hessian fly, and the Colorado bug ; if the mover of the resolution, being a medical man, could prescribe some remedy for these evils he would be doing the farmers a much greater service than by any Protection motion. The debate was continued by Messrs. Grordon, Huntington, Pope, Bo well, Mills and Rymal, after which, some slight changes in the Committee which had been proposd by Hon. Mr. Mackenzie having been made, the motion for a Committee was carried witout division. 7. — On the 10th March, on the motion to go into Committee of Supply, Sir John A. Mac- donald moved in amendment Muc- that “ This House regrets His K of Excellency the G-overnor G-ene- ral has not been advised to recommend to Par- liament a measure for the readjustment of the tariff, which would not only aid in alleviating the stagnation of business deplored in the gra- cious Speech from the Throne, but would also afford fitting encouragement and protection to the struggling manufactures and industries, as well as to to the agricultural products of this country.” In a long and able speech he reviewed the question of the necessity for a change in the tariff at the present time, and advocated the adoption of a broad National Policy, which, in his idea that they did not want their products protected against Ame- rican competition. 496 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. while affording protection to oirr manufacturing and agricultural interests, would, also, furnish a sufficient revenue for conducting the business of the country and proceeding with the impor- tant public w'orks which had become absolutely necessary. He held that the reduction in ex- penditure claimed by the Finance Minister in his Budget speech was not a genuine reduction, as it w^as only accomplished by postponing or abandoning public w^orks which the country needed. He quoted from English and American authorities to show that the countries whose products were protected were competing wdth Free Trade England in her own markets and beating her ; and already it was prophesied that in less than ten years the very people in England who clamored for Free Trade and Free Bread, would be demanding a return to the Protective policy under which England had grown to be great and powerful. He said he had no hope that the present Grovernment would change its policy after the very pro- nounced opinions of some of its members, but he desired to appeal beyond the Grovernment, beyond the House, to the sober second thought of the country. Hon. Mr. Cartwright deprecated anything like a retaliatory policy towards the United States ; and defended the policy of the Grovernment, claiming that they had made some very important reductions in expenditures. He denied that the Grovernment had ever held out any promises of a readjustment of the tariff ; and held that the adoption of a Protective policy would only be to further the interests of a few manufacturers at the expense of the general public. Mr. Masson supported the resolution ; Dr. Brouse preferred Eeciirrocity to Protection ; Mr. Laurier favored Protection but thought the resolution went too far, and Mr. Mousseau charged Mr. Laurier with inconsistency, after wffiich the debate w^as adjourned. On the 14th the debate was resumed by Mr. Fleming who opposed Protection and sirecially ob- jected to frequent charges in the tariff. Mr. Wallace did not think the question was one of Protection or Free Trade at all, but of a readjustment of tariffs. He thought there must be something radically wrong in the fiscal policy which made us go 3,000 miles for coal while we had such large deposits in the Dominion, import iron while we had the finest iron in the world right under our feet, and wmol when we could grow much more than we needed. Mr. Bertram said that we had prospered under our present system, and it should be continued. Mr. McNab and Mr. Bunster supported the resolution. Mr. Kirk- patrick thought the tariff should be readjusted, and claimed that the Finance Minister had led the country to expect that it would be. Messrs. Mitchell, Colby, Macdonald and Norris sup- ported the resolution and Messrs. Archibald and Carmichael opposed it, after which the debate w^as again adjourned. On the following day Messrs. Borden, Cameron (Smith Ontario), Mills, Casey, Oliver, Mackay, Kirk and Hagar opposed the resolution, and Messrs. White (Hastings), Plumb, Wood, DeCosmos and McCallum sup- ported it. Hon. Dr. Tupper reviev^ed at length the policy, or want of policy, of the Grovernment ; and claimed that the country at large showed that it wanted Protection, for in nearly every case where a candidate had declared himself in favor of moderate Protection, he had been returned. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie defended the course of the Grovernment, and ridiculed the idea of the country at large wanting Protection. After some further debate, the House divided, and Sir John A. Macdonald’s resolution was defeated. Yeas, 70; Nays, 116. 8. — The summer of 1875 was a most disastrous one for the young Province of Manitoba, which was just beginning to feel the The grasshopper beneficial effects of immigration, plague m Manitoba. The grasshoppers literally “ ate up every green thing,” the settlers lost all their crops and were in great danger of starving through the winter, and did not save enough for seed. In this plight the Executive Council of Manitoba applied to the Dominion Grovernment for a sum of money wdth which to procure provisions for the winter, and seed corn for the spring. The sum asked was $60,000, as a loan, and the Dominion Government promptly advanced it. GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— PEIXCIPAL EVENTS OF 18^6. 49t Supplies and seed were forwarded in the fall, but, unfortunately, the Red river froze much earlier than usual — the ice forming on the 3rd, and navigation being entirely closed on the 18th November — and a large portion of the goods could not reach Winnipeg by boat. This in- volved winter transportation, which added greatly to the cost, and used up so much of the $60,000 that Lieutenant-Governor Morris was forced to make an application for an additional $25,000. This was done by letter under date 16th March, and on the following day Hon. Mr. Cartwright submitted a message from His Excel- lency transmitting a supplemental estimate for $25,000 for relief of the distressed settlers. The matter was at once referred to Committee of Supply, and the item passed. 9. — Parliament was prorogued on the 12th April, His Excellency giving assent to thirty- Prorogation. Acts public aiid thirty-six private and local Bills. Amongst the most important Acts passed was one granting $26,746 per annum for six and a half years to Manitoba, so as to raise the annual subsidy to $90,000. An Act permitting witnesses before Parliamentary Committees to be examined under oath ; an Act with regard to corrupt practices at elections ; an Act providing for the collection of criminal statistics ; an Act provid- ing for the bridging of navigable streams under certain conditions ; an Act relating to the main- tenance and management of Indians ; an Act amending the Dominion Lands Act ; an Act creating the District of Keewatin out of the territory lying north of the International bound- ary, west of Ontario, south of Hudson’s Bay and east of the westerly boundary of Manitoba. The Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba to be ex officio Lieutenant-Governor of the new district, the Governor-in-Council appointing a Council of five or ten to assist him. An Act amending the Supreme and Exchequer Courts Acts, providing for taking evidence by Commission, &c. An Act amending the Insolvent Act of 1875, and another providing for the winding up of the affairs of insolvent banks. CHAPTER LI. GOVERNMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— PEINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1876. 1. Dominion Board of Trade. — 2. Terribly DESTRUCTIVE FIRES. — 3. MARINE DISASTERS. — 4. Cabinet changes. Change of politi- cal FEELING. — 5. Lord Dufferin’s visit to British Columbia. — 6. Other events of THE YEAR. 1. — The sixth annual meeting of the Dominion Board of Trade was opened at Ottawa on the 18th January, the President, Mr. Dominion Board Fairweather, presiding. Forty- of Trade. nine delegates were present, representing eighteen organizations, whose aggregate mem- bership was 2,083. The first business, after reading the annual report, etc., was the adoption of a resolution introduced by Mr. Adam Brown, of Hamilton, that the Dominion Government be petitioned to urge on the British Government the advisability of an amendment to the existing Treaty of Extradition with the United States so that it should include all criminals, except persons accused of political offenses. Mr. Mingay (Kingston) urged the appointment of Government Bank Inspectors, but the motion was lost on division ; as was also a motion by Mr. Desjardins that the Government be asked to grant a subsidy to establish a line of winter steamers between Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. A resolution in favor of the compulsory inspection of butter, petroleum, hides, ashes, beef and pork, was lost; and one, proposed by Mr. W. H. Howland, in favor of an uniform system of grain inspection adopted, as was also a motion that the Govern- ment be recommended to establish a Canadian Lloyds. A long discussion took place on the motion of Mr. Adam Brown that the Government be petitioned to replace the ten per cent, duty on Tea and Coffee imported other than direct from the place of production, which had been repealed by the Mackenzie Administration. The arguments tended to show that the removal 60 498 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. of this duty had broken down the direct trade between Canada and China, and thrown the business into New York without reducing the retail price, or benefiting the consumer. The resolution was adopted 26 for, to 11 against. A resolution recommending the Grovernment to construct the Caughnawaga Canal was intro- duced by Hon. John Yoirng and carried. A long and interesting debate took place on the subject of the depression in trade, and a resolution, introduced by Mr. Adam Brown, to the effect that the Gfovernment should adopt a “National Commercial Policy,” and take measures to protect the capital invested in our manufactures, was adopted by a vote of 23 to 14. Several other subjects were discussed, and Mr. Andrew Robertson, of Montreal, elected President for the ensuing year, after which the meeting adjourned ^ine die. 2. — Never before in the history of Canada had there been a greater succession of extensive Terribly destructive ^^^S ill toWllS and citieS than occurred in the year 1876, and only once since — the burning of St. John, N.B. — has such complete destruction overtaken any Canadian city as occurred to St. John’s Que., and St. Hyacinthe, Que., in this year. On the 12th April, the stores of Messrs. Molleur and McDonald, St. John’s P. Q., were burned, and damage to the extent of $70,000 done. The town had been singularly free from fires for some years, and this large destruction partially aroused the people to a sense of their almost entire want of protection against fire, and they very nearly bought a steam fire engine, unfor- tunately, they did not quite buy it, and the next fire rendered the services of one unnecessary for some time — at least until the town could be rebuilt. Another fire broke out about 8 o’clock on the morning of the 18th June, in a lumber pile in Bousquet’s Saw Mill, and spread very rapidly to adjoining buildings. There were little or no appliances for mastering the .flames, and the fire soon got beyond control, and burned until the whole business portion of the town was destroyed, 225 houses being laid in ashes, upwards of 400 persons rendered houseless, and damage to the extent of over $1,000,000 done, only about $400,000 of which was covered by Insurance. Unfortunately two persons were burned to death and seven seriously injured. On the third September a similar disaster overtook the flourishing town of St. Hyacinthe, about 35 miles from Montreal, and in a few hours what had been one of the most prosperous towns in the Province of Quebec was little more than a heap of smouldering ashes. The fire broke out about 1.45 p.m. in a shed in rear of the office of the Courtier du Canada, occupied by a man named Maxime Blanchette, and spread rapidly. Here, also, as in St. John’s, there were no appliances for coping with a large fire and it was soon beyond control. Montreal, Quebec and Levis were telegraphed to for- help and responded as speedily as possible. In less than an hour after the telegram had been despatched to Montreal for help, a portion of the Montreal Fire Brigade, with the steamer “ A. Bertram ” was at work on the flames — the run from Point St. Charles to St. Hyacinthe having been made by the G-rand Trunk in 32 minutes. It was nearly 5 o’clock before the Montreal men got to work and they had a fight of four hours before the fire was under control, by which time the entire business portion of the town was des- troyed, over 300 houses being in ashes, 500 persons homeless and $1,500,000 of damage done, only about $250,000 worth of which was covered by Insurance. Not a single bakery was left, and large quantities of bread and other pro- visions had to be sent from Montreal and other places. The largest fire which had occurred for years in Quebec broke out about 2 o’clock in the afternoon of the 30th May, in Scott Street, St. Louis suburb and raged with great fury for several hours, 411 houses being destroyed, and damage down to the extent of $500,000, nearly $300,000 of which was covered by Insurance. The suburb was thickly populated, and it was estimated that over 1,000 people were rendered homeless, the majority of whom were poor persons, unable to bear the loss. Several other town and cities suffered severely from Are during the year, and extensive bush fires raged GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OP 1876. 499 in several parts of the country, but these three disasters at Qubec, St. John and St. Hyacinthe made all other fires look small by comparison. 3. — Although there were several severe gales on the coast, and on the lakes during the year, and the loss of both life and pro- Marine disasters. , .-ii perty was heavy, still there was no one great marine disaster, the largest loss of life occasioned by accidents to seagoing vessels being 68 by the foundering of the schooner Katie on her way from Port Hawkesbury, P. E. I. to Boston ; and 30 in the ship Lake St. Ctair, which foundered at sea on a voyage from New York to G-lasgow. The total number of casualties to sea going vessels was 403, involv- ing the loss of 381 lives, and the destruction of $2,755,996 worth of property. On the Inland waters of the Dominion there were 11 disasters and 13 lives lost, 6 by the loss of the barque F. C. Street in Lake Ontario, in May, while on her way from Port Colborne to Toronto ; and 7 by the foundering of the Maggie Hunter in October, while going from Oswego to Toronto. 4. — Only two changes in the Cabinet occurred during the year. On the 7th October the Hon. David Laird, Minister of the Cabinet changes. t i • ■ i i t • i Change of political Interior, was appointed Lieuten- ^**^*°^ ant-G-overnor of the North-West Territories, and on the 24th the Hon. David Mills was sworn of the Privy Council, and appointed to the vacant portfolio. On the 13th December the Hon. R. E. Caron, Lieutenant- Grovernor of Quebec, died, and on the 15th the Hon. Luc Letellier de St. Just, Minister of Agri- culture, was appointed his successor. The vacancy in the Cabinet was not filled until the 26th January, 1877, when Hon. C. A. P. Pelle- tier was sworn of the Privy Council, and appointed Minister of Agriculture. During the year there began to be a very perceptible change in public opinion on political matters, and all who were not prejudiced or purposely blind began to think that Hon. Mr. Mackenzie’s lease of power was likely to prove very much shorter than had been anticipated when he came back from the G-eneral Elections of 1874 with eighty of a majority, unless he changed his policy very materially, and admitted that how- ever good Free Trade principles may be in theory they are bad in practice as far as Canada is con- cerned. What has since become known as “ The Conservative reaction ” had set in, and a strong disposition towards Protection was grow- ing up. The first practical illustration of this was given on the 5th July, in North and South Ontario, where Messrs. W. H. and T. N. G-ibbs run for the vacancies caused by the death of the two Liberal members, Messrs. G-ordon and Malcolm Cameron. In South Ontario Mr. J. D. Edgar was the Reform candidate, and three Cabinet Ministers, Messrs. Mackenzie, Cart- wright and Pluntington stumped the Riding in his interest. But he was defeated, and the Hon. T. N. Gribbs, who adopted as his platform “ Our own markets for our own people,” was returned by forty-one majority by the same constituency in which he had been defeated in 1874, by one hundred and fifty-one. It was in this summer that political “picnics” came into fashion, and the Conservative party had a number in Ontario which helped their cause materially. 5. — During ^the summer their Excellencies paid a visit to British Columbia, and this natu- rally leads us to refer to the con- Lordpufferin-s visit tinned discontent there with squish Columbia. regard to the railway. On the rejection of the Esquimault and Nanaimo Railway Bill, by the Senate near the close of the Session of 1875 nothing was done with reference to re-intro- ducing the Bill ; but, during the summer of 1875, surveying parties were at work on Van- couver Island locating the road, and some of the famous 40,000 tons of steel rails, which Mr. Mackenzie had so inopportunely bought just at the moment the price was about to fall, were shipped to Esquimault and Nanaimo ; and the natural impression was that the Canadian Grov- ernment intended to carry out the Carnarvon Terms, and would reintroduce the Esquimault and Nanaimo Railway Bill at next session of Parliament. The Grovernment had no such in- tention, however ; but the funds in the Treasury were running low and Mr. Cartwright had to raise a new loan, and it so happened — whether 500 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. by accident or design we cannot say, the Dominion Grovernment said accident, the British Columbia G-overnment design — that the new policy proposed towards British Columbia was not promulgated u.ntil the loan had been affected, although the Order-in-Council had been passed some two months previously.=^ On the 29th September, 1875, a report of the Privy Council was approved by His. Excellency, in which it was held that the Terms of Union did not stipulate that the railway should be built to Esquimault, but simply to the Pacific coast ; the proposal to build that road had only been made to British Columbia as compensation for delay in building the main line ; that the road was jD^^i^’ely a local one and should be built by the Province, but the Dominion Gov- ernment would be willing to ask Parliament for a grant of |750,000 to assist in building the road if British Columbia would be content to wait for an indefinite period for the completion of the main line. This report, although passed on 29th September, was not forwarded until the 10th November; and the proposal was at once indignantly refused by the British Columbia Government, which claimed that the Carnarvon Terms should be carried out. A long and vigorous protest against the bad faith of the Dominion Government was made by the British Columbia Council to the Colonial Secretary, and, on the 28th March, 1876, Mr. DeCosmos moved a long resolution in the Commons setting forth that Canada had twice solemnly pledged her honor to commence the road and had not done so, and concluding “ this House is of the opinion that the Government should forthwith * “ The delay in the transmission of the Minute of Council now under consideration deserves notice. It was passed on the 29th September last, and was detained at Ottawa until the 10th November — some seven weeks — ‘ owing,’ as alleged by the Under Secretary of State, ‘ to the fact of the officer whose duty it was to furnish a copy of the Order-in-Council to this Department for tr.ansmission * * * having inadvertently omitted to do so.’ To the Dominion (xovernment this detention proved most opportune. By a signal coincidence they were during this period engaged in negotiating a heavy loan in England, §7,250,000 of which, it is publicly reported, they succeeded last October in borrowing on the Imperial (Guarantee, in which the Province is specially interested, as it was mainly given to aid in the construction of the Pacific Railway. Owing to the detention alluded to, the Provincial Government were not afforded an opportunity of protesting in the proper quarter against the Guarantee being used under existing circumstances.” Extract from Minute of British Columbia Council, 4th January, 1876. promjitly commence and vigorously and con- tinuously prosecute the work of the actual construction of the said railway in British Columbia in accordance with its solemn pledges to that Province.” He reviewed the whole circumstances of the case at considerable length and held that the Dominion was in honour bound to carry out its agreement. The motion was debated at some length and defeated by a vote of Yeas, 7 ; Nays, 154. More correspondence passed between the Colonial Secretary and the Dominion and Local Governments without any nearer approach to a solution being reached, each side holding to its position, the Dominion Government practically saying that it did not intend to attempt to carry out the exact terms of Union, but would build the road how, when and where they pleased ; and the Local Government claiming the completion of the bargain which had been made with them. Matters were in this condition when His Excellency, on the advice of his Ministers, determined to pay British Columbia a visit. Their Excellencies left Ottawa on 31st July, for San Francisco, from which port they were conveyed to Victoria in H. M. S. Amethyst. The city was handsomely decorated and the reception was a fine one. The feeling on the railway question found expression in many of the mottoes on the arches, under one of which, bearing the inscription “ Carnarvon Terms or Separation ” His Excel- lency declined to pass, and as the Committee declined to alter the motto he had his carriage driven another way. Their Excellencies spent a month in the Province visiting New Westmin- ster, Yaleandother places, and made themselves very popular. On the railway question His Excellency was guarded until the morning be- fore his final departure from Victoria, when he delivered what has since become know as his “ Great British Columbia Speech,” in which he calmly and dispassionately reviewed the whole railway c[uestion, and tried to convince his hearers that it was not the policy of his Ministry to abandon the railway, but that it was an impossibility to build it at once. This v^ery able speech had temporarily a good effect GOVEENMENT OF EARL OF DUPEERIN— FOURTH SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT. 501 on the temper of the people, who were beginning to tire of Mr. Mackenzie’s bad faith and openly advocate secession from the Union. His Excellency returned to Ottawa on the 23rd October, and after a brief rest paid a private visit to the Centennial. 6. — Amongst the other important events of the year may be mentioned the adoption by the other events of the ^ostoii Board of Trade and by the National Board of Trade of resolutions in favor of Reciprocity; and the formal opening of the Intercolonial Railway on the 1st July. On the 12th July there was an Orange riot in St. John, N. B., in which one man Was shot, and there was some little disturbance in Montreal, but nothing serious. On the 22nd July 800 Icelanders arrived at Quebec on their way to Manitoba where they had secured a re- servation. Towards the end of the year they were severely afflicted with small pox and suffered a great deal. One of the “ events ” of the year was the visit of the Montreal Lacrosse Team to England accompanied by a Team of Caughnawaga Indians, for the purpose of playing exhibition games and introducing our National sport into the Mother Country. They were well received wherever they went, and had the honor of playing before Her Majesty at Windsor ; and it is a curious coincidence — and may be used as an illustration of the difference between the Canadian and American systems of treating the Indians — that on the very day (25th June) on which these two teams of wfflite and red men were playing together in friendly rivalry for the amusement of their Queen, the red men of the United States were engaged in fierce combat with the soldiers of their country, and the deadly tomahawk of the Sioux was dying the Western prairies with the life-blood of Custer and his men. CHAPTER LII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFEEIN— FOURTH SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT, 18V7. 1. Opening of Parliament. The Speech FROM THE Throne. — 2. The Budget. — 3. Debate on the Budget. — 4. Debate on the TARIFF, — 5. The Independence of Parlia- ment. — 6. Pacific Railway. — 7. Proroga- tion. Bills passed. 1. — The fourth session of the third Parliament of the Dominion was opened at Ottawa on the 8th February by His Excellency opening of the Grovernor-G-eneral who in his sneiehTrom tw® Speech from the Throne referred to the pleasure he had experienced by his visit to British Columbia ; to the prosecution of the surveys for the Canada Pacific, and of work on the Welland and Lachine canals, and the advi- sability of deferring for the present other public works contemplated at Confederation ; the Extra- dition Treaty with the United States and the completion and opening of the Intercolonial Railway were referred to ; and pleasure expressed at the creditable position taken by Canada at the Centennial Exhibition. Regret was express- ed that nothing had yet been done towards appointing the Fisheries Commission under the Washington Treaty. Acts were foreshadowed amending the Joint Stock Companies Act; the Life Insurance Companies Act ; navigation of Inland waters ; Customs ; Greological Survey ; Weights and Measures, &c. The Address in reply to the Speech was moved in the Senate on the 9th by Hon. Mr. Hope, seconded by Hon. Mr. Haythorne and carried. In the Commons by Mr. Guthrie, seconded by Mr. Bechard. After a short discussion, in the course of which Sir John A. Macdonald characterized the Speech as “ A meagre Bill of Fare,” the Address was carried without division. 2. — On the 20th February Hon. Mr. Cart- wright made his Budget Speech. The revenue for the past year had been $22,- 1 ,1 -I ■ , The Budget. 587,000, and the expenditure, $24,488,000, showing a deficiency of $1,901,000, which he attributed to two causes, first, that the continued depression in trade had caused the revenue to be much less than had been expected ; and second, that there had been several extraordinary expenditures during the 502 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. year which were not likely to occur again. The exceptional charges were $134,000 for boundary surveys; $210,000 for Centennial expenses; $980,000 for public works ; $250,000 for chang- ing the gauge of the Intercolonial and substi- tuting steel rails for iron, making a total of $1,574,000 out of the $1,901,000 which he con- sidered may be fairly treated as exceptional expenditures. He had no idea that this large deficit was likely “ to become chronic,” but was due to the depression in trade from which we must shortly recover. The falling off in revenue had been almost all in Customs receipts, which had fallen from $15,351,000 to $12,823,- 000, being a loss of $2,500,000 in one year, which was something enormous and unprece- dented. He reviewed the financial position for the past ten years, showing that bank circulation had increased from $14,000,000 to $26,000,000, or nearly 100 per cent. ; deposits from $29,689,000 to $70,450,000, being 130j3er cent., while the de- posits in Government Savings’ Banks had grown from $1,686,000 to $7,178,000, or fully 400 per cent ; shipping had increased 65 per cent., and the exports of the four original Provinces had increased from $45,000,000 to $65,000,000, or forty-five per cent. He argued from this that although the country was suffering at the moment it had increased very greatly in ma- terial wealth ; and thought that “ we have seen probably the worst of the present depression.” He entered at [considerable length into details as to the loan he had lately effected in London, which he claimed had been accomplished on very favorable terms, and with the arrange- ments now made he did not think that the ordinary expenditures would, in future, much exceed $23,000,000 per annum. The estimates for 1877-78 amounted to $23,167,000, which was an increase of $136,000, of which $86,000 was for Indians. The Excise and Customs duties he proposed changing were the abolition of the Excise duty on coal oil, and the reduction of the duty on imported oil from fifteen to six cents per gallon. On malt it was proposed to place a tax of one cent per pound, and three cents per gallon on beer. The duty on cotton and linen thread to be raised from ten to seven- teen and a half per cent. ; on cigars a specific duty of fifty cents per pound and twenty per cent, ad valorem ; perfumery, twenty-five per cent. From these and a few other slight changes, he expected to realize about $500,000 additional, which he thought would be suffi- cient to cover any decrease in the revenue. 3. — Hon. Dr. Tupper quite agreed with the Finance Minister that the financial condition of the country was greatly to be Debate on the deplored ; he went further than that, and thought that it was a source of much mortification that a Finance Minister should have to disclose such a state of affairs, and not be prepared to offer any remedy. Referring to the decennial period just closed, as the Minister of Finance had done, he said it was divided into two periods — seven years of almost unpre- cedented and unexampled prosperity, and three years of what the Finance Minister had most properly called “ deep distress ; ” — and the dividing line between these two periods was very clearly marked by the accession to power of the present Administration, and a change in the financial policy of the country. He then compared the two periods, claiming that during the first seven years of Confederation the Gov- ernment of which he had been a member had been able to meet all expenditures liberally — even extravagantly, it had been charged — and to spend $13,000,000 on public works out of current receipts, besides placing $3,000,000 to the credit of the Sinking Fund, which was equal to a reduction of the debt by $16,000,000. This was accomplished with only a fifteen per cent, tariff; but he held that fifteen per cent, then gave greater protection to the manufac- turer than twenty per cent, would now, on account of the changed condition of the labour market in the United States ; besides which, it had been the policy of the Government to keep raw materials entering into manufactures on the free list, especially in the case of machinery which could not be purchased in Canada, and which was required for manufacturing pur- poses. When the Government found they had GOVEENMBNT OF EARL OF DUFFERIN— FOURTH SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT. 503 more revenue than they required, they did not reduce the slight protection afforded manufac- tures, but rather increased it by removing the duties from tea and coffee, which was a step in the interest of the employes of manufacturers. With regard to the sixty-five per cent, increase in shipping, mentioned by the Finance Minister, he (Dr. Tupper) thought it was one of the strongest arguments which could be produced in favour of the policy of the late Government in keeping articles which entered into ship-building on the free list. He referred to the Washington Treaty, and the advantages which had accrued to Canada by the free admission of fish to United States markets. Referring to the attempt to adopt a “ National Policy ” in 1870, and to the imposition of duties on coal, salt, wheat, &c., he said “ the one short year of its continuance was sufficient to enable parties interested in the development of the great coal mining industries of this country, to point triumphantly to the fact that no such injurious results followed as had been predicted, but that the American duties on coal were immediately reduced from $1.25 to 75 cents, the duty on potatoes, of which there was a considerable export from the Maritime Provinces, was largely reduced, and so was that on lumber and other articles, and instead of the policy resulting, as predicted by hon. gentlemen opposite, as an injury to the revenue, the result proved to be entirely the reverse, and, while Canada derived $800,000 of revenue upon those articles sent by the United States into this country, we saw an immediate amelioration of the tariff which existed then, in favor of Cana- dian industries.” He referred to the policy of the late Government with^ regard to railways and public works, and compared it with that of the present Administration, greatly to the pre- judice of the latter. He denounced the policy of the present Government when in Opjrosition in 'causing the repeal of the protective duties on coal, &c. ; and in defeating the Pacific Railway policy of the late Administration, a policy which he claimed would have caused the expenditure of $100,000,000 of foreign capital in Canada, and have stimulated an immigration which would have built up the North-West. He reviewed at length the tariff changes which had been made by the present Adminis- tration, and claimed that by taxing machinery and raw materials which entered into manufac- tures, and imposing duties on ships and ship materials, they had struck heavy blows at important industries. When more revenue was wanted the Government instead of continuing the fostering policy of the late Administration had imposed duties on tea and coffee, thus increasing the cost of living to the poor man. He claimed that the tariff had been so framed, that instead of affording any relief from the commercial depression, it rather intensified it by imposing every conceivable burden, and repress- ing every industry. He criticised severely the manner in which the last loan had been placed on the London market and the terms obtained and said, “ The fact is this, and the people may as well understand it, that at least two per cent, on two and a half millions sterling has been taken out of the pockets of the people of Canada and distributed among the happy parties who had the good fortune to obtain this loan.” He commented unfavorably on the proposed tariff changes, arguing that any changes in that direction should be made on the basis of a broad National Policy which would protect our own industries ; and concluded by prophesying that the mistaken and unpatriotic policy of the Government had lost them the confidence of the country, and that they would not be able much longer to continue their downward course. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie replied to the Hon. Dr. Tupper characterizing many of his statements as exaggerated and inaccurate, and ridiculing the idea of a “ National Policy ” as something which the Opposition did not dare to define, but contented themselves with vague statements about “fitting protection,” without saying what that fitting protection was. Sir John A. Macdonald replied to Hon. Mr. Mackenzie after which the motion to go into Committee of Supply was passed. 4. — On the 2nd March, on Hon. Mr. Cartwright moving that the House go into Committee of 504 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Ways and Means on the tariff Debate on the Tariff. t , • ci • t i « hit resolutions, bir J ohn A. Mac- donald moved an amendment : “ That the said resolution be not now read a second time, but that it be resolved that the House regrets that the financial policy submitted by the Giovern- ment increases the burden of taxation on the people, without any compensating advantage to Canadian industries ; and further, that this House is of opinion that the deficiency in the Revenue should be met by a diminution of expenditure, aided by such a readjustment of the tariff as will benefit aiid foster the agricul- tural, mining and manufacturing interests of the Dominion.” He said that he believed there was a very general dissatisfaction throughout the country at the changes proposed in the re- solutions, which only increased taxation without affording any "protection to our strugling industries. He specially objected to the heavy tax put on malt, w^hich was much greater than that on spirits ; and on ale, w^hich made the duty on that light and wholesome beverage “ seventy per cent, higher than any other country in the world.” He thought that so long as intoxicating drinks were used, it was best to encourage the use of the lighter and most innoxious kinds in preference to whiskey and other spirits. He objected to the specific duty of five cents per pound on tea; he thought it was a harmless and useful bevefrage, the use of which should be encouraged, and he more strongly objected to the manner of levying the tax w'hich made the poor man jtay as much on his twenty-five cent tea as the rich man did on his which cost one dollar or more per pound. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie defended the policy of the Giovernment, and held that a time of depres- sion was not the proper time for a reconstuc- tion of the tariff. He attacked the “ National Policy ” idea and held that Protection was one of the relics of the Dark Ages, while Free Trade show^ed the advance of human freedom. The debate was adjourned until the 6fh, when Mr. Charlton defended the policy of the Grovernment, and attributed the existing depression to the late war in the United States which had caused an enormous inflation of values and we were now suffering from the reaction. Hon. T. N. Gibbs criticised the policy of the Government and showed how it had killed the direct trade with Brazil in sugar, and with China and Japan in tea. Mr. Plumb supported Sir John A. Mac- donald’s amendment and Mr. Ross (Middlesex) opirosed it. Mr. Wood said that he heartily sup- ported the Government in their general policy, but differed from them in their commercial policy. He could not support the amendment because, “ It was a general omnibus including everything in the country, and might mean any- thing or nothing, just as circumstances might require.” He advocated a 20 per cent, tariff, and concluded in moving in amendment to the amendment “ That, inasmuch as it is deemed necessary to raise an additional revenue, it is the opinion of this House that the interests of the country would be better served by imposing additional duties upon such goods and wares as may be produced in Canada, thereby affording increased protection, while securing the addi- tional revenue required.” The debate was con- tinued by Messrs. Colby, and Thompson (Welland), Sir John A. Macdonald — who read a letter from Mr. George Stephen, one of the largest manufacturers in Canada, saying that manufacturers generally were in favor of a tax of 7 5 cents a ton on coal, provided it was made part of a general tariff reform, — and Mr. John Macdonald (Toronto) and again adjourned. The debate was continued on the 9th, 13th and 15th when Mr. Wood’s amendment to the amend- ment was lost. Yeas, 78 ; Nays, 109. Dr. Orton moved an amendment to the amendment to the effect that the tariff should be so re-arranged as to relieve Canadian farmers from the one-sided and unjust effects of the United States’ tariff. The debate was continued on the 22nd when Dr. Orton’s amendment was lost, 74 for, to 113 against. Sir John A. Macdonald’s amendment was then lost. Yeas, 70; Nays, 119; and Hon. Mr. Cartwright’s motion on the first resolution amending the tariff adopted, Yeas, 120; Nays, 69. On the further consideration of the tariff resolutions, on 3rd April, Mr. Wallace moved GOVEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— FOUETII SESSION, TIIIED PAELIAMENT. 505 an amendment that the duty on tea be made ad valorem instead of specific, which was defeated by 114 to 65, and the resolutions adopted without division. 5. — The matter of the Government printing in New Brunswick having been giving to the Thein.iepcndence Freeman iiewspaper, of which of Parliament. Hoii. Mr. Aiigliii, Speaker of the House, was Editor and jiroprietor, had been attracting the attention of the press for some time ; and, on the 7th April, Mr. Mackenzie Bowell brought the subject before the House by moving that the holding of the contract by the Speaker was a breach of the Independence of Parliament Act. Mr. Mackenzie complained of the factious disposition of the Opi^iosition ; and said that as soon as the matter had been brought under the notice of the Government the contract had been cancelled. Mr. Blake sug- gested that the matter should be referred to the Committee on Privileges and Elections. The debate was adjourned to the 9th. when Mr. Bo well’s motion was defeated. — Yeas 72; Nays 111. Subsequently, on a motion by Mr. Casey, the matter was referred to the Committee on Privileges and Elections. The Committee did not report until the last day of the session, and before the report could be read the House was summoned for prorogation, the Opposition pro- testing against this manifest desire to shield the Speaker. During recess Hon. Mr. Anglin resigned, and was re-elected. The question of infringement of the Independence of Parliament Act, which rendered members liable to a fine of $2,000 a day for illegally sitting and voting in the House became a very serious one during the session. Members on both sides of the House were charged with having contracts with the Government, and upwards of thirty were so charged. The matter became so serious that at last a Relief Bill indemnifying members from pecuniary liabilities for sitting and voting when they had been under the belief that they were legally entitled to do so, was passed. 6. — On the 20th of April, in Committee of Supply, on the item for $1,524,000 for the Pacific Railway, Hon. Mr. Mac- , . I 1 ■ j p n Pacific Riiilway. kenzie entered into very lull explanations of the proposed route, and the reasons for selecting it. The route from Fort William, on the Kaministiquia, was through a country much more easy of access than the Nepigon route. The spring opened earlier, and the work would be comparatively light. The country between Thunder Bay and Red River, except in the valley of the Kaministiquia, was generally of a rough character, though land would probably be available for settlement to a much greater extent than was commonly sup- posed. One hundred and sixteen miles from Lake Superior westward was under contract for $1,307,793 — without the rails. From Sel- kirk, on Red River, to Keewatin, on Winnipeg River, a distance of seventy-seven miles, was let. The total amount contracted for was $3,302,568. To this had to be added steel rails, at a* cost of $1,385,775; engineering, $342,750; rolling stock, $457 000 ; right of way, $65,000 ; and station buildings $50,000 ; — making the entire cost of 228J miles $5,603,003, or a little less than $25,000 per mile. The route through British Columbia would not be finally decided until after the summer’s survey of 1877. There was no doubt that the Peace River country was the finest part of the whole North-West; but further surveys through that and Pine River Pass would put back the railway two or three years. Mr. Roscoe strongly protested against any further delay in locating the line in British Columbia. Mr. DeCosmos urged the superiority of Bute Inlet as the terminus on the mainland, over Burrard Inlet, and pointed out many errors fallen into by the Premier with regard to the population, fertility, etc., of the route to the latter point. The item was agreed to, and also $100,000 for surveys. 7. — Amongst the other important subjects discussed was that of opening the proceedings of the House with prayer, which nation. Bills was introduced by Mr. John . . Macdonald (Toronto) and referred to a Com- mittee, whose recommendation that a form of prayer to be read by the Speaker be adopted 61 506 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OF THE was accepted. The question of granting to W. B. O’Donohue the same Amnesty which had been extended to Kiel and Lepine was brought up by Mr. Costigan on 12th April, and, after a long discussion the motion was negatived by 105 to 60. Parliament was prorogued on the 28th April, His Excellency giving assent to eighty-six Bills. Amongst the most important Acts past were, one relating to the Grovernment of the North-West Territories ; one relating to Ordinance and Admiralty lands ; one constitu- ting the Greological Survey a branch of the Department of the Interior ; one amending the Customs Act, 1867 ; one providing for the Inspection of petroleum ; one with reference to weights and measures ; one with reference to cutting and measuring timber ; and several Acts relating to harbors, piers, steamboat inspection, pilots &c. An Act against betting and pool selling was passed rendering persons offending liable to imprisonment for not more than a year, and a fine of not over $1,000. Acts were also passed against gambling in public conveyances and against gambling houses. An Act amending the Insolvency Act of 1875 ; and also an Act relating to Life Insurance Companies, and another wi^h reference to issuing letters patent were passed. CHAPTER LIII. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN. —PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1877. 1. Dominion Boaed of Teade. — 2. Fiees. — 3. Buening of St. John, N.B. — 4. Oeange Riots. Hackett shot. — 5. Maeine disas- TEES. — 6. The Fisheeies awaed. — 7. Othee EVENTS OF THE YEAE. 1. — The seventh annual meeting of the Do- minion Board of Trade was opened in the Dominion Board of ^^^ilway Committee Room, Otta- wa, on the 17 th January, the President presiding, and the usual number of delegates present. The session was shorter DOMINION OF CANADA. than usual, only lasting two days, and the num- ber of subjects discussed was somewhat limited. Amongst the most important matters discussed was a motion by Mr. Stairs that the Dominion Government be petitioned to re-arrange the duties on sugar so as to foster the refining interest. Mr. Patterson moved in amendment that the Government be recommended to adopt a National Policy, which was lost, twenty for, to twenty-one against. Major Walker moved an amendment to the effect that the Board was satisfied with the 17 J per cent, tariff, which was lost, nineteen for, to twenty-one against. Mr. Thomas White, jr., then moved “ That in the opinion of this Board the principle of Protection to the manufactures of this coun- try is of vital importance to its prosperity, and that in any revision of the tariff this principle should be embodied, especially in the case of such articles as the unfair and unequal compe- tition has pressed most heavily upon,” which was adopted by twenty-one to fourteen. Reso- lutions were also adopted recommending the establishment of a system of Government Life Insurance ; for the protection and breeding of fish ; for a system of sub-marine telegraph in the river and gulf of St. Lawrence ; and against the joint purse arrangement entered into be- tween the Direct Cable and Anglo-American Cable Companies, which, it was claimed, was a violation of the Charter granted the former Company. Mr. Adam Brown, of Hamilton, was elected President. 2. — The fires of 1877 were not unusually numerous or extensive — except the burning of St. John N. B., of which we speak elsewhere — but were un- usually disastrous with regard to the loss of life. On the night of the 8th March, a large five occurred in St. John N. B., by which damage to the extent of $280,000 was done, and five lives lost. Early on the morning of the 29th April, a fire broke out in the store of the Dominion Oil Cabinet Company, St. Urban Street, Montreal, and the building, which was a mere shell, was entirely destroyed. Loss $10,000. On account of the inflammable nature GOVEENMENT OF THE BAEL OF DUFFEEIN— PEINCTPAT; EVENTS OF 1877. 507 of the material and the dangerous neighborhood in which the fire occurred, the whole Fire Brigade was called out, and while they were at work in a small alley way known as Scotts’ Lane, the tall wall of the Cabinet Company’s building fell on a number of the Brigade and some citizens who were assisting them. Four firemen and five citizens were killed on the spot, and the Chief of the Brigade and seven other firemen injured, two of them so seriously that they died a few days after, and three others were laid up in hospital for some months. At another small fire in Montreal, on November 2nd, a man and a woman were suffocated. Hull had two large fires during the year, the first on the 1st Junfe where Eddy’s stable were desti’oyed and 43 fine horses burnt to death, involving a loss of 120,000 ; and the second on the 30th July, where several houses were destroyed and $60,000 damage done. Large bush fires raged during the year in Ontario, Nova Scotia and on the North Shore of Lake Superior and great damage was done. 3. — The one great fire of the year, however, before which all others api^ear as trifles, was Thp hnrnin,. nf ^he aliuost eiitlre destruction of JK-nT' St. John, N.B., on the 20th June, a calamity which was by far the most stu- pendous and complete which had occurred since the burning of Chicago, and by which a large and flourishing city was in a few hours almost wiped off the face of the earth. The fire spread over an extent of upwards of 200 acres, and 1,610 houses, including nearly all the churches and public buildings were burnt. Nearly half the people of the city were rendered homeless, and for awhile their sufferings were very great; but contributions of money, food and clothing poured in from every city, town and village in Canada, and from many places in the United States and England. The total loss by the fire was over $25,000,000, and nine or ten lives were sacrificed. About four months after the St. John fire, the town of Portland, N.B., was similarly destroyed, the number of houses burnt being 230, and the loss of pro- perty $300,000, which fell with particular hardship on the people, as they were mostly of the poorer classes and less able to bear the loss than the people of St. John. 4. — Unfortunately religious feeling ran very high in Montreal this year, and from being one of the most quiet and orderly orange Riots, cities for its size on this Contin- Tackett shot. ent, it became almost given over to lawlessness, on account of the constant quarrels between the Orangemen and the Irish Catholic Union. These quarrels led to frequent fights, and revolvers began to be freely used — especially towards the last part of the year. For many years it had been the custom of the few Orangemen in the city to talk of having a procession on the 12th of July, but they were either intimidated or persuaded not to attempt it, on account of the ill-feeling, and probably worse, which it would provoke. This year their was more talk about it than usual and excitement ran very high. It was thought uj) to the last minute that they would attempt to walk, and the streets and squares, especially Victoria Square, were crowded with gangs of roughs who were determined to prevent a procession. The Orangemen did not walk in procession, but they attended church and, unfortunately, some of them wore Orange lilies which excited the ire of the lawless crowd, and several young men and ladies were assaulted. One of these young men, L. K. Hackett was so assaulted in Victoria Square and tried to escape into a store, but the door was shut in his face, and almost at the same moment he was shot by some one in the crowd. This murder of Hackett caused the most intense excitement, not only in Montreal but throughout the Orange body in Ontario. It was decided to give Hackett a grand funeral, and delegates from a number of Orange Lodges in Ontario were sent down to Montreal on the 15th to attend the funeral. It was considered almost certain that there would be a riot, and all the volunteers were called out ; but, although there was an immense crowd and some rowdyism, no murder was committed this time. 5. — The marine disasters of the year were not 508 TUTTLE’S HISTOEY OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA. more numerous than usual, and the loss of life was considerably less. The Marine disasters. , , , n i • , whole number ot disasters to seagoing vessels in Canadian waters, or to Canadian vessels in other waters was 327, involving a loss of $2,019,670. The number of lives lost was 100, of which 26 were lost in Canadian waters and 74 in waters other than Canadian. Amongst the losses were the new barque Augustine, which left G-eorgetown, P. E. I., on the 13th of December, 1876, with a crew of eleven and a cargo of oats for Bristol, and never was heard of ; brigantine Ethel Bolton which sailed from St John N. B., for Canada, on the 5th of December, 1876, with a crew of eight, foundered at sea. On the Inland waters of the Dominion there were forty-two casualties, involving the loss of seventeen lives and pro];>erty to the value of $271,244. 6. — After the failure of Hon. Mr. Brown’s mission to Washington to endeavour to nego- The Fisheries ^ Eecipi’ocity Treaty on the ground of Canada giving up her claim to a money compensation for the Fisheries, under the 22nd Article of the Treaty of Washington, the Government at once took steps to have the Commission provided for in that Article meet and determine what compen- sation, if any, Canada was entitled to. The Commissioners appointed were Sir A. T. G-alt, on behalf of Great Britain, with Mr. Ford and Mr. Bergne as his Agents ; Hon. E. H. Kellog, on behalf of the United States, with Hon. Dwight Foster as Agent, and K. H. Dana, jr. as Counsel ; and His Excellency Maurice Delfosse, Belgian Minister to Washington. Messrs. Joseph Doutre, Q. C. ; S. R. Thompson, Q. C.; L. H. Davies, and R. L. Weatherbec acted as Counsel for Canada, and Hon. W. V. Whiteway, Q. C., for Newfoundland. The Commission met in Halifax in June, and the decision of the Commissioners was given on the 23rd November, when it was declared by two of the Commissioners that Canada should receive $5,500,000 as compen- sation for the use of the Fisheries for twelve years — six of which had expired. The Ame- rican Commissioner protested against the award on the ground that Canada already enjoyed greater privileges under the Treaty of Wash- ington than the United States, and was not 1 entitled to any remuneration at all. He also claimed that the Commissioners must be una- nimous in their decision to give the award any t effect — an opinion which was shared by a portion of the American press and by Con- gress. The American Government protested against the award and Congress rejected the first application to pay the amount, but finally thought better of the meanness of repudiating the debt — esiiecially as there was an unex- pended balance of over $5,000,000 out of the Gfeneva award in the Treasury — and the vote was passed. The money was paid over in London on the 18th November, 1878, by the American Minister, accompanied by a jorotest that the United States Avould not recognize the award as any criterion as to the value of the Fisheries. 7. — Amongst the other important events of the year may be mentioned the success of the Steamer Northern in navi- other events of gating the Lower St. Lawrence in the winter, and in keeping open communica- tion with Prince Edward Island with very little interruption. Serious labor riots occurred in Quebec, and there were small demonstrations of unemployed working-men in Montreal and Ottawa, but no serious disturbance occurred. Fortirnately for Canada we escaped the terrible railroad riots which occurred in Pittsburg and other American cities ; and although the mem- bers of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engin- eers in Canada sympathized with the American movement, and a general strike took place on the Canada Southern, and there was trouble on other roads, there was no rioting. The manag- ers showed a desire to treat the men fairly, and arbitration soon settled the matter amicably. Two railroad events of more than ordinary importance occurred during the year, the first being the arrival at Winnipeg, Manitoba, on the 19th October of the first locomotive for the Canada Pacific Railway ; and the second was the running of the first through train from (iOVEKXMBaSTT OP THE EAEL OF DUFFERrN— FIFTJI SESSION, TIIIEI) PAELIAMENT. 509 Montreal to Hull, over the Quebec, Montreal and Occidental Railway, (old Northern Coloni- zation) on the 3rd December, putting the capital within five hours of Montreal. Another sig’iii- ficant event was the first direct exportation of wheat from Manitoba to Europe, which took place on the 18th October. During the summer His Excellency took a trip to Manitoba and paid visits to the Mennonite, Icelandic and other settlements, and thus accomplished a task which no Governor-Greneral had before attempt- ed — that of visiting every Province in the Dominion. The year, on the whole, was not a prosperous one for Canada ; the crops were poor, the fisheries yielded fairly, but the lumber trade continued dull, and trade and commerce generally worse than in any preceding year. The only gleam of sunshine seemed to be in the strong Conservative reaction which had set in and wa^ daily gaining force, and from the success of which it was hoped that a new era of prosperity would be inaugurated. CHAPTER LIV. GOYEENMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN —FIFTH SESSION, THIEI) PARLIAMENT, 1818. 1. Opening of Parliament. Speech from THE Throne. — 2. The Budget. — 3. Debate ON THE Budget. — 4. The Dismissal of the Quebec Ministry by Lieut.-Governor Letellier. — 5. Debate on the Letellier Case. — 6. The twenty-two hours sitting. — 7. The case not settled. — 8. Proroga- tion. 1. — The third Parliament of the Dominion met for the last time on the 7th of February, but the Commons having no Parliament. Speech Speaker, Oil aCCOUllt of Hoil. from the Throne. _ , t , . , ■ • Mr. Anglin s resignation. Sir W. B. Richards, Deputy Governor, dismissed the Commons to elect a Speaker. Some discus- sion occurred on the return of the Commons to their Chamber as to the right of the Clerk of the House to read the returns of members elected, but he read them, and Hon. Mr. Mac- kenzie then moved the appointment of Hon. T. W. Anglin as Speaker. The nomination was opposed by Sir John A. Macdonald, on the ground that Mr. Anglin was not a member of the House, not having been introduced, accord- ing to the rules of the House, and some discus- sion ensued, after which the House divided, and Hon. Mr. Anglin was declared elected by a vote of 116 to 53. On the 8th, the Parliament was formally opened by His Excellency in person. In the Speech from the Throne, His Excellency expressed his pleasure on having been able to visit Manitoba ; congratulated the House on the settlement of the Fisheries ques- tion, and on the creditable display made by Canada at the exhibition in New South Wales; referred to the preparations which had been going on for some time for the representation of Canada at the Paris Exposition ; referred to the St John, N.B. fire, and the contribution of $20,000 by the Government for the relief of the sufferers ; spoke of a new treaty with the Indians, and to the settling of a body of Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull on Canadian soil to escape United States soldiers ; announced that the surveys for the Pacific Railway had been completed, and the Government would be able to locate the line ; and rejoiced at the borrntiful harvest and a slight improvement in the revenue. Of new legislation an Act was pro. mised relating to the keeping of the public accounts ; Acts with reference to the registra- tion of titles, enactment of a Homestead loan, and the promotion of railways in the North- West; a Temperance Act, and Acts relating to the Independence of Parliament, and for some changes in the Departments. In the Senate the Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne was moved on the eleventh by Hon. Mr. Thibaudeau seconded by Hon. Mr. Lewin, and after some discussion was adopted. In the Commons the Address was moved on the 11th by Mr. De St. George, and seconded by Mr. Charlton. The debate lasted five days, a large number of members speaking, and a vast variety of subjects, personal and otherwise, touched on, but no amendment was offered and 510 TUTTLE’S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. the Address was adopted without division. 2. — On the 22nd of February, Hon. Mr. Cart- wright, Finance Minister, made his Budget Speech. He commenced by re- The Budget. grettiiig that his prophecy of five years ago, while in Opposition, that the extra- vagance then being indulged in would lead to disastrous results to the country had proved only to true, and that the coirntry was still feeling the ill effects of that policy. He referred to the enormous shrinkage in the volume of trade, as showni by the Imports and Exports, ■which had taken place since 1873, the amount have been reduced from 1218,000,000 to $168,- 000,000, and, of course, the revenue had propor- tionately decreased. In this, however, he saw some signs of change, the revenue having very considerably increased for the seven months of 1877- 8 ; the excess over the same period last year being nearly $1,000,000. He admitted that this was largely attributable to the heavy importations to replace the immense destruction at St. John, but thought that would not account for the whole of it, and that a genuine reac- tion had set in. He referred to the loan of 1876, and qiroted some statistics with refer- ence to the placing of recent foreign loans in the English market, to show that the loan had been i-)laced on the very best possible terms. Turning to accounts for the last year he showed that the “ Ordinary Expenditure ” j very little exceeded the estimates, and was i $1,734,696 less than in 1875-6. Although the I expenditure had been thus kept down the j revenue, especially from Customs, had shrunk j so much that there was a deficit of $1,460,000 on the year’s transactions. He attributed this not only to the depression but to the bad harvest of 1876. With reference to the Estimates for 1878- 79, he thought that, with a tolerably good harvest, he could safely calculate on $13,750,000 i frO'in Customs, and a total of $23,850,00 from all sources. With regard to the position on .the 1st j July, 1878, he said that he found he would need $30,000,000 which would have to be provided for by fresh loans ; of this sum $13,500,000 was to meet maturing bonds ; $5,500,000 to com- plete the Welland and Lachine canals ; $6,000,000 for Pacific Kailway ; and $5,000,090 for miscel- laneous purposes. He entered at length into comparisons of the expenditures in 1872-73 and 1873-74 and the last fiscal year, to show that the great bulk of the increase had been incurred by his predecessors. He compared our taxation with that of the United States and other countries, and claimed that it was light in comparison. He admitted that Canada was “ mischievously affected ” by the policy of the Americans, but did not consider that any reason why we should imitate them ; he considered rather that it would be better to wait a little and see whether the financial position recovered itself, and not to increase taxes at present. He reviewed the stand taken by the Opposition on 'the question of the “National Policy” which he characterized as a plan “ to increase the collective wealth of the country by increasing the taxation, and that they can enrich the community collectively by taking money out of their pockets ” ; and held that “ it is the duty, and the sacred duty of the Grovernment to take only from the people what is necessary to the proper discharge of the public service ; and that taxation in any other mode is simply, in one shape or other, legalized robbery.” 3. — The Finance Minister was followed by Hon. Dr. Tupper who severely reviewed the statement of the Finance Minister and said that gentleman had proved himself equal to the task of establishing not one deficit but two, in the face of three and a half millions of additional taxation imposed on the people. He condemned the inactivity of the Grovernment in not proposing some means of averting the threatened disaster of another deficit, and injury to the credit of Canada. The Finance Minister had shown that there was a large deficit last year, and likely to be another in the current year, but he was content simply to drift along, and had nothing to propose. He went on at considerable length to defend the financial policy of the late Government, and to take exception to that of the present Administration, holding that GOVEEN'MENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEETN— FIFTH SESSION, TIIIED PAELIAMENT. 511 what the country needed in the present crisis was a National Policy, such as had been proposed by the leader of the Opposition last year ; and not a No Policy such as that of the Grovernment. He was followed by Hon. Mr. Cartwright, and the debate adjourned. The debate was continued on the ”26th, and on the 1st, 5th and 7th of March, on which latter day Sir John A. Macdonald moved in amendment “ That the Speaker do not now leave the chair, but that this House is of the opinion that the welfare of Canada requires the adoption of a National Policy, which, by a judicious readjust- ant of the Tariff, will benelit and foster the agricultural, the mining, the manufacturing and other interests of the Dominion ; that such a policy, will retain in Canada thousands of our fellow countrymen now obliged to expatriate themselves in search of the employ- ment denied them at home, will restore prosperity to our struggling industries, now so sadly depressed, will prevent Canada from being made a sacrifice market, will encourage and develope an active Inter-Provincial trade, and moving (as it ought to do) in the direction of a reciprocity of tariffs with our neighbors, so far as the varied interests of Canada may demand, will greatly tend to procure for this country, eventually, a reciprocity of trade.” The debate was continued on the 8th and 12th, when a division was taken and Sir John A. Macdonald’s amendment defeated, Yeas 77 ; Nays 114. 4. — The Local Legislature of Quebec, of which Mr. DeBoucherville was Premier, was in The dismissal of the sessioii at the Same time as the ^yteoverno? Dominion House, and the action Leteiiier. Lieutenaiit-Grovemor of that Province in suddenly dismissing his Mi- nisters gave rise to the longest and most animated debate which occurred during the session, and occasioned what was, probably, the most extraordinary scene ever enacted in the Parliament of Canada. Mr. DeBoucherville had a majority of about 20 in the Assembly, out of a house of 65, and the Legislative Council was about two-thirds Conservative — in fact the Local Grovernment was about as Conservative as it could be, and there did not seem any ju-oba- bility that it would be anything else for many years to come. So matters stood on the 13th December, 1876, when Lieutenant-Governor Caron died, and the Hon. Luc Leteiiier de St. Just, Minister of Agriculture in Hon. Mr. Mac- kenzie’s Cabinet, was appointed to succeed him. Mr. Leteiiier is a gentleman of good birth, ample fortune and unexceptionable social stand- ing in the Province ; but although he had been over a quarter of a century in public life, and was the leader of the Lower Canada Ptouges in the Senate from the Union when he was called to that body, to the formation of the Mackenzie Administration, still he could not be regarded as a popular man in his Province, and his appointment to the highest office in the Province by no means gave general satisfaction. With his Cabinet Mr. Leteiiier was far from being in accord ; they felt aggrieved that a Liberal should be appointed Lieutenant-Gov- ernor of so Conservative a Province as Quebec ; and he was too strong a partisan not to wish to do his party what he considered a good turn if opportunity offered — and oj)portunity was not long wanting. The DeBoucherville Government was in hnancial straits ; the North Shore and Northern Colonization Railways had drained the Treasury, and the cities which had agreed to help those roads with subsidies when they were private enterprizes, demurred about keep- ing their bargains now that the roads had been taken over by the Local Government. There was much difficulty between the Government and some of the Municipalities through which the two roads ran when Hon. Mr. DeBoucher- ville’s Ministry proposed its financial measures for 1878. These may be briefly stated as a vigor- ous prosecution of the defaulting Municipalities and the imposition of a Stamp tax. The latter Act was most unpopular in Montreal and Quebec, and excitement had already run pretty high when, on the third of March, it was sud- denly and unexpectedly flashed over the wires that Lieutenan-Governor Leteiiier had dismissed his Ministers. Mr. Leteiiier gave as his reasons 512 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA. for this Act, that his Ministers had not treated him with that respect which his office demanded ; that they had introduced measures in the House under his name not only without his consent, but in direct opposition to his wishes ; that they had issued Proclamations in his name without his sanction ; and that, he doubted whether they retained the confidence of the Province although they had a majority in the House. On dismissing Mr. DeBoucherville, Mr. Letellier sent for Mr. .Toly, the Leader of the Local Opposition and entrusted to him the task of forming a new Ministry, which office he accepted, and suc- ceeded in forming a Cabinet on the 9th. * Both the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council voted by large majorities that they had no confidence in the new Ministry and the Assembly refused to grant any Supxilies ; the Lieutenant-Grovernor thereupon, on 9th March, Xrrorogued the Houses, and, on the 23rd Parlia- ment was dissolved and writs issued for a G-eneral Election to take x)lace on the 1st May. Previous to j)rorogation both the Local Houses adopted Addresses to the Governor-General and Senate and Commons protesting vigorously against the action of the Lieutenant-Governor, and that officer and Hon. Mr. DeBoucherville both presented statements to His Excellency, so that there was soon no lack of documents in the case. 5. — The correspondence was laid on the table on the 26th March, and, on the 11th Ainll, on Deb.veonthe ^r. Cartwright moving Letelhcr case. HoUSC should again gO into Committee ol Supply. Sir John A. Mac- donald moved the following amendment, “ That Mr. Speaker do not now leave the chair, but that it be Resolved that the recent dismissal by Ihe Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec of his Ministers was, under the circumstances, unwise * The Ministry so formed is as follows: lion. II. O. Joly, Premier and Minister of Agriculture and Public Works. lion. F. C. S. Langelier, Commissioner of Crown Lands. Hon. Pierre Baohand, Treasurer. lion. F. (t. Marchand, Provincial Secretary and Registrar. Hon. H. Starnes, Speaker Legislative Council. Hon. I). Ross, Attorney General. Hon. A. Chauveau, Solicitor General. and subversive of the position accorded to the advisers of the Crown since t]ie concession of the princixile of Responsible Government to the British North American Colonies.” He argued that this was a constitutional question of the gravest importance and should not be considered in a party spirit ; it would establish a precedent, and it was of the utmost importance that it should not be a bad jirecedent. With regard to the competency of the House to deal with the question he said, “ The first question that arises upon that resolution is whether we have any concern with it in this House. I need scarcely discuss the question, I supjrose, and I hope, I believe, that the Lieutenant-Governors of the different Provinces stand now percisely in the same position with res^iect to the Governor- General and his Cabinet, as the G overnor-General stands with regard to the Queen and her Cabinet ; and, if that be admitted, then it must be held that the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada has a supervision of the acts of the Lieutenant- Governors.” He quoted several instances where the Imperial Parliament had discussed the conduct of the Colonial Governors, such as Governor Eyre, Sir Charles Darling, &c., and continued, “ My contention is, and I do not suppose it will be disi:)uted, that the same power that rested in the Imperial Parliament with I respect to Colonial Governors appointed by the direct command of Her Ma;jesty, exists with resjrect to the Dominion Parliament as far as regards Lieutenant-Governors a^rpointed by commission of the Governor-General.” He argued that there was a great difference between the legal right and the constitutional right of the Sovereign, and that what may be legally right may also be constitutionally wrong. He then proceeded to argue on the constitutional position of the Lieutenant-Governor towards his legal advisers — setting aside his legal right to dismiss any office-holder at his i:)leasure — and maintained that they held the same position towards the Lieutenant-Governor as the Premier of Canada did towards the Governor-General, or the Premier of England to the Queen. In England it was thoroughly established that as GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN— FIFTH SESSION, THIRD PARLIAMENT. 513 long- as the Ministry of the day had the confi- dence of the representatives of the people, they had the confidence of the Crown, and he hoped to see that principle maintained in this case. He jrroceeded to state that when Lieutenant- Governor Letellier entered upon office, he found his Ministers enjoying the full confidence of both the Assembly and Legislative Council, and strong in both Houses ; the business of the session had progressed to near its close, and the Ministry had been maintained by a majority of twenty, in a House of sixty-five, and the Lieu- tenant-Governor had taken upon himself to dismiss these Ministers, on the ground that their measures were unconstitutional. “Not one of these grounds was sufficient, not one of these grounds can hold water for a moment.” He quoted several instances of dismissals of Ministers by the Sovereign in England, to show that in each of these there was some reason for the course pursued, but in the present instance there was no reason. He entered at consider- able length into the position held by Ministers under Responsible Government, quoting nu- merous authorities, and holding that Lieutenant- Governor Letellier had acted unconstitutionally in arbitrarily dismissing his Ministers, and deserved the censure of the House. 6. — Hon. Mr. Mackenzie did not deny the right of the House to criticise the conduct of Lieuten- ant-Governors, but thought it The 22 hours sitting. • i i i i n n i was a right which should be very sparingly exercised. The resolution was very mild, and only said that the action of the Lieutenant-Governor was “ unwise,” but was the House to constitute itself a Court of Justice, and sit on Lieutenant-Governor Letellier ? He thought not. Cases may arise when it would be the duty of the authorities at Ottawa to interfere, but he did not think that the mere dismissal of one Ministry and the appointment of another was such a case. The position in Quebec was this ; Mr. Lettellier had dismissed his Ministers, and Mr. Joly had accepted the responsibility of forming a new Ministry ; in doing so he had assumed the responsibility for Mr. Letellier’s act, and had appealed to the country for approval. “ Now, suppose this House exercised its discretion, and accorded to the honorable gentlemen ojiposite more wisdom than to the Governor, and should condemn the action of the Governor, and that the electors of the Province of Quebec, on the 1st of May, should say that the Gov- ernor’s act was wise, in what position would the Federal Authorities and the Federal Parliament be in condemning the course which the people of the Province themselves had sanctioned and approved ? That is precisely the position which the unwisdom of the hon. gentleman opposite would have us rush into, and it is one which I, for one, will not take the responsibility of incurring any danger upon. I believe it is an unwarranted use of the powers of this House to attempt, under the circum- stances, to pass any vote of censure or of api)roval of either party.” The debate was con- tinued by Messrs. Masson, Laurier and Brooks, and adjourned on motion of Hon. Mr. Langevin. On the 12th the debate was resumed by Hon. Mr Langevin and continued up to recess. After recess Mr. Langevin spoke for some time and was followed by Messrs. Jette, Devlin and others until about midnight, when an adjournment of the debate w^as proposed, but objected to by Hon. Mr. Mackenzie who insisted that the debate must be concluded and a division taken. The Opposition resisted and began to talk against time. There was an object in this. The Oppo- sition were, to a great extent, fighting the battle of their Conservative friends in Quebec, which was then in all the fever and ferment of a General Election, and they w^anted, if possible to stave off" a vote until Monday, so that it may not be posted up on the Church doors on Sunday that the House of Commons had approved of the course of Mr. Letellier and Mr. Joly. As the Opposition could not get an adjournment until Monday, they determined to talk until Monday — and they certainly held out very well. All through the night member after member solemnly rose and talked for one, two, or three hours, according to his capacity and wind; while some of the supporters of the 62 514 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. Government kept np a playful accompaniment of cat-calls, creakings of desks, songs and a choice selection of indescribable noises of various sorts. As daylight began slowly and cautiously to peep in through the stained-glass windows, and the flaring gas-lights paled before it, a curious and motley scene was presented. Mr. Speaker held out well, and from time to time tried to quell the disorder, but without effect ; here and there hon. members were taking quiet naps, some ornamented with fools’ caps, and others with simply a paper thrown over them ; tired and worn-out pages crouched, half-sleeping, on the floor ; restless reporters fidgeted about the gallery and ventured wise prophecies as to how long the Opposition could hold out. The leader of the Opposition had retired after mar- shalling his forces, but the Premier stuck close to his desk and seemed more determined than ever to force a division as soon as the Opposition showed signs of weakening. But they showed no signs. Hour after hour the increasing stream of talk flowed on ; members strolled out in batches of twos and threes to get breakfast or other refreshments, and as the morning grew apace and it became known that the House was still in session, the galleries began to till up, and by mid-day were crowded. In the after- noon, Her Excellency and her daughter occu- pied seats on the right of the Speaker for a while, and seemed much amused at the singing and other “entertainments.” About four she rose to go, and then two loyal French Canadian supporters of the Government began to sing “ God Save the Queen,” and in an instant the whole House, including Mr. Speaker and the clerks, had risen to their feet, and not a few of the members joined in lustily in the singing. Her Excellency seemed much amused and pleased at the outburst, and waited until it was over before leaving the Chamber. About this time Sir John A. Macdonald, who had been absent since day-break, re-entered the House, and shortly after an agreement was made between himself and the Premier that the Speaker should leave the chair at six, and that the debate should then be closed, but a vote not taken until ten o’clock Monday night, so that some members who were absent may have time to return. This arrangement was carried out, and the House adjourned at six o’clock, after twenty-two hours’ continuous session. On the vote being taken on Monday night. Sir John A. Macdonald’s motion was defeated. — Yeas, 70; Nays, 112. 7. — In the Senate the resolution condemning the course of Hon. Mr. Letellier was adopted, and the two votes — that of the , . 1 , 1 , n The case not settled. Senate condemning, and that of the House neither condemning nor sustaining — went to the electors together. Contrary to all expectation Hon. Mr. Joly came back from the General Election with half of the House as his supporters, a wonderful gain in Quebec ; and on the re-assembling of the Local House Mr. Turcotte, of Three Kivers, who had been elected as a Conservative, elected himself Speaker — we say this advisedly, for there were thirty-two members pledged to support Mr. Joly, and thirty-two opposed to him, and as Mr. Turcotte voted for himself it was certainly his vote which elected him. With this scant majority of one in the Speaker’s chair, Mr. Joly managed to get through the session and pass the Estimates. The French Conservatives were furious, and after the result of the Dominion elections, on 17th September, it was thought that Mr. Letel- lier would be at once removed. But Sir John A. Macdonald, as leader of the Opposition, and Sir John A. Macdonald, as the responsible ad- viser of the Governor-General, are two different men ; while he was quite willing to advise Mr. Mackenzie to remove Mr. Letellier he declined to do so on his own responsibility, after he had succeeded to office, until Parliament had re- versed its decision of last year ; and even after the House had reversed that decision, and censured Mr. Letellier, although he obeyed the wish of the House and advised His Excellency to remove Mr. Letellier, he at the same time advised him to take the opinion of the Home Authorities before acting, as his action would form a very important precedent, and it was best to have the precedent thoroughly well GOVERNMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFERIN— PKIN(TPAL EVENTS OF 1878. 515 established. So the matter rests at the time of writing- (17th April, 1879.) 8. — The session was an xrnusnally long one, lasting until the 10th May, but comparatively little business was done, and Prorogation. been the last session before a Greneral Election, when every member feels bound to make several speeches for the beneht of his constituents, it is doubtful whether the real business of the session would have lasted much over six weeks. This being the last year of the Earl of Dufferin’s stay in Canada both Houses passed Addresses to him expressive of regret at his departure, and it is doubtful whether any similar Address to a Grovernor G-eneral was ever so heartily felt. His Excellency, in proroging Parliament, gave assent to twenty-two public and twenty-three private bills. Amongst the most important was a new Temperance Act introdirced in the Senate by Hon. R. W. Scott, the Act repeals portions of the Dunkin Act of 1864 and is a Permissive bill by which electoral divisions have the right to petition the Secretary of State to have a vote taken on the question of prohibiting the sale of liquor in that division, provided one- fourth of the electors qualified to vote for a member of Parliament sign the petition. Voting to be by ballot. A new Independence of Parliament Act was passed, which reduces the liability of members sitting and voting illegally in the House. Acts amending the Election Act ; providing for a new system of auditing the public accounts ; repealing the Customs duty on malt ; with reference to the use of bill stamps ; adulteration of food, &c. were passed. One of the most necessary Acts was that relating to crimes of violence, which was introduced by Hon. Mr. Blake, and which gives the Grovernor- in-Council power to Proclaim the Act in force in any district, after whmh all persons are forbidden, under heavy penalties, to carry fire- arms except soldiers, volunteers, peace officers &c. This Act was specially intended for Montreal, wffiere lawlessness had increased to an alarming extent ; and it was Proclaimed there shortly after its passage and has done much good. CHAPTER LV. GOVERNMENT OF THE EARL OF DUFFERIN —PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF J878. 1. Dominion Board of Trade. — 2. The 12th July Riots. — 3. The Elections. — 4. Depar- ture OF THE Earl of Dufferin. — 5. The Marquis of Lorne and H. R. H. Princess Louise. 1. — The eighth annual meeting of the Dominion Board of Trade was opened in the I City Hall, Ottawa, on the 15th of I January, the President, Adam Trade, i Brown Esq., presiding. After the adoption of j the annual report and the delivering of the ! President’s address, the first business was the adoption of a resolution in favor of amending the Stamp Act so that either the maker or endorser could cancel the stamp. Resolutions in favor of amending the Weights and Measures I Act, and recomending an uniform system of Customs appraisements and a reduction of the number of small ports of entry were also carried. Major Walker introduced a resolution in favor of Reciprocity with the United States, which was adopted. Considerable discussion took place on a resolution recommending that the inspection of butter and hides should be made compulsory, and it was finally adopted by 26 to 9. Mr. Mackenzie introduced a resolu- tion to the effect that while the Board was content with the seventeen and a half per cent, tariff, it was of opinion that in the event of any revision the interests of manufacturers should be considered ; which was adopted. A great deal of discussion took place on the subject of the sugar duties and the matter was referred to a Committee which reported in favor of advising the Grovernment to adopt counter- vailing duties, and to reduce low grades for refining, it being held that no successful business could be done with the West Indies unless the refining interest was protected. The report was adopted by 28 to 5. Much fault was found not only with the existing duty 510 TUTTLE’S IIISTOEY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. oil malt, but in the manner of collecting it, which was very troublesome, and a resolution that the mode of collecting this tax should be changed was adopted. Eesolutions regretting the injury done to the carrying trade by the Americans being allowed to use our canals while we could not use theirs ; and in favor of Halifax as a winter port were carried. A long discussion took place on the question of taxing coal and the motion that a tax should be imposed was lost by 14 for 17 against. Mr. H. Joseph, of Quebec was elected President for the ensuing year. 2. — The unhappy religious feuds in Montreal increased very much during the year, the The 12 th July Oraiigemeii and Catholic Union- ists both increasing considerably in numbers, and frequent rows being the result. As the 12th of July drew near, and the deter- mination of the Orangemen to assert their right to walk in procession became known, great fears arose of a possible conflict and great efforts were made to dissuade them from their purpose, but without avail. They claimed that they had a right to walk, and walk they would. Mayor Beaudry was applied to but declined to make any application for calling out the troops. Some Magistrates, however, applied for them and A. and B. Batteries were ordered out as well as some country regiments and all the city corps. On the 11th a legal opinion was given, at the request of Mayor Beaudry, by Messrs. S. Bethune, Q C., E. Carter, Q.C., J. W. Ritchie, Q.C., and E. Barnard, Q.C., as to the illegality of the Orange body, it being held that they came under the provisions of an old Act against secret societies which has passed at the time of the rebellion. The four Q. C’s agreed that it did, and, on the morning of 12th, Mayor Beaudry had the Orange Orand Master — David Grant — and some others arrested. They were afterwards tried but no case made against them, and it was agreed that a test case should be taken .to the Privy Council. The 12th was an anxious day in Montreal. The Orangemen had assembled in their Hall on St. James Street preparatory to forming in procession, and when the procession was abandoned on the arrest of the leaders, they found themselves beseiged by an immense crowd, and had to remain in their Hall all day, until towards evening when they were taken home in cabs by the police. There was much excitement but no riots. Several persons were shot during the year and the streets were most unsafe at night. The Proclamation of the Blake Act, however, and its enforcement checked the use of revolvers, and after it was understood that the legality or illegality of the Orange body would be a matter for the Courts to settle, the excitement subsided and Montreal once more became quiet. On the 9th and two following days in June there were quite extensive labor riots in Quebec, and the Military had to be called out and fired on the mob, killing and wounding several. 3. — The great event of the year was the General Election for the House of Commons, which took place on the 17th , T 1 , T • , 1 The Elections. September, and resulted in the triumphant endorsement of the “National Po- licy,” and the return of Sir John A. Macdonald to power, with a larger majority to back him than ever Mr. Mackenzie had in 1874. For the first time since Confederation there was a square issue before the people. Protection or Free Trade, and their pronouncement in favor of the former was far more emphatic than even the most sanguine had anticipated. The two most noteable defeats were Sir John A. Macdonald in Kingston, and Hon. Mr. Cartwright in Lennox. Sir John was at once elected for Vancoixver, B.C., and, after a little while Mr. Cartwright obtained a seat in Centre Huron. Hon. Edward Blake was defeated in South Bruce, and has not re-entered public life. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie re- signed shortly after the result was known, and Sir John A. Macdonald was called on to form a Cabinet, which he did with the following result : Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, P.C., K.C.B., M. P. British Columbia, Premier and Minister of the Interior. Hon. S. L. Tilley, C.B., M. P. New Brunswick, Minister of Finance. Hon. a. Campbell, Senator, Ontario, Receiver-General. Hon. H. L. Langevin, C.B., M. P. Quebec, Postmaster-General. Hon. J. C. Aikins, Senator, Ontario, Secretary of State. GOVERNMENT OF THE EAEL OF DUFFEEIN— PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF 1878. 517 Hon. Chas. Tuppeh, C.B., M. P. Nova Scotia, Minister of Public Works. Hon. J. H. Pope, M. P. Quebec, Minister of Agriculture Hon. John O’Connor, M. P. Ontario, President of the Council. Hon. James Macdonald, M. P. Nova Scoria, Minister of Justice. Hon. L. F. K. Masson, M. P. Quebec, Minister of Militia and Defence. Hon. J. C. Pope, M. P. Prince Edward Island, Minister of Mii- rine and Fisheries. Hon. Mackenzie Bowell, M. P. Ontario, Minister of Customs. Hon. L. F.G.Baby, M. P., Quebec, Minister of Inland Revenue. Hon. R. D. Wilmot, Senator, New Brunswick, Speaker of the Senate. 4. — Canada sustained the loss of one of her truest and best friends, and one whose eloquent Departure of the P^^ise of her had made her better Earl of Dufferin. known than she had eA"er been before, by the departure of the Earl of Dufferin, after having completed his term of six years as Groyernor-General. The British Gfovernment showed their appreciation of his services by offering to extend his term one year, but this he declined, and returning to England still greater confidence was shown in him by ajf- pointing him to the difficult and delicate position of Ambassador at St. Petersburg. Lord Dufferin took with him from Canada the hearty and honest regrets of a whole people who had learned to love, honor and respect him, and whose arood wishes for his future success were both deep and earnest. Never since the days of Guy Carleton has there been a Governor in Canada who has so thoroughly identified him- self with the people, and who has left so many pleasant memories behind him. Previous to his departure he paid a visit to the Eastern Townships and also paid a flying visit to Toronto to open the Provincial F air. He was presented with a large number of Addresses, conspicuous j amongst which was one from nearly all the Municipal Bodies of Ontario, which was pre- sented to him at Quebec a few days before his sailing from that port. 5. — It seemed at first as if there could be no consolation for the loss of our popular Governor- General, and people were just beginning to think “ there will Srn^and^il.R.H. Ti 1 • 1, 1 the Princess Louise. never be another like him, when it was announced that the Marquis of Lome had been offered and had accepted the position and that he would be accompanied by H.R.H. the Princess Louise. The announcement was received with joyous suiqjrise, and long before they would be here iireparations were being made for giving them a right royal reception. Princes we had had, and got somewhat used to, but a Princess never, and the people determined that the first Princess of the Royal blood to set her foot on this Western continent should be accorded a reception befitting her rank, and worthy of the loyal hearts which loved to honor her. Their Excellencies arrived at Halifax on Saturday 2-3rd November, when they were met by H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh who had arrived a few days previously in the Black Prince. The Royal party landed on Mon- day and were splendidly received. Never before had Halifax decked herself in more gala attire and never have her hospitable citizens extended a more hearty and cordial welcome to any of the many distinguished guests who have from time to time visited them than they did to “The young Lord of Lome and his bonnie Louise.” From Halifax to Montreal, and from Montreal to Ottawa “ all along the line ” the reception was most enthsiastic, and the capital fairly outdid itself in making its welcome wor- thy of the distinguished pair who came to take up their residence amongst us. Since their arrival here they have greatly endeared them- selves to the people, whose wish we know we do but echo in hoping that they may remain with us for many years. END OF VOLUME TWO. 1 » •n' ’4 r / / I Tl i t >s V 'I < .'I /•.■ /■ .." ( r T, s '"''-''■'KJ, M*. ' ji ■, . • « i - •!*/; .. f* \ **k.* W i TV ■/Mt-- * •. -'.Tl ■ v 1 ,1 ,1 i ) C(! ■ ♦ . 1 • • i /