OF THE UNIVLR.5 ITY Of ILLINOIS 3AZ.\ OyIs Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/someaccountofcitOOorri ------ SOME ACCOUNT OP THE CITIZENS OF LONDON AND THEIR RULERS, IXRO 3VC 1060 TO 1867;, AND A CALENDAR OF THE MAYORS AND SHERIFFS FROM 1189 TO 1867. BY B. B. ORBIDGE, F.G.S. “I pray you let us satisfy our eyes, With the memorials and things of fame That do renown this City.” — Shakspere. bonbon : EFFINGHAM WILSON, ROYAL EXCHANGE. 1867. Ten Shillings and Sixpence. 'a V 'N <7 727 Q/ 1 7 ^ This Book is Dedicated to THE RIGHT HONOURABLE WILLIAM FERNELEY ALLEN, Lord Mayor Elect, (Alderman of Cheap;) and TO DAVID HENRY STONE, Esq., Alderman, AND WILLIAM MAC ARTHUR, Esq., Sheriffs of London and Middlesex. i I Ob i b I CONTENTS PART I. A NARRATIVE OF CERTAIN PASSAGES BETWEEN KINGS AND LONDONERS. PAGE William the Conqueror’s Charter — The first Mayoralty — Institution of the Common Council — Division of the City into Ward3 1 William Rufus. — Henry I. — Stephen. — Henry II. — Richard I. — John. — T he Great Charter 3 Henry III. — His extortions — Establishment of House of Commons — Hubert de Burgh — Punishment of the Jews of London for an offence of the Jews of Norwich — Griffith, Prince of Wales — Walter Bukerel — 111 usage from the King 4 Edward I. — Geoffrey de Hartilepole — Sir William Wallace — John le Blound 10 Edward II. — Favour and persecution 12 Edward III. — Sir Andrew Aubery — The Black Prince — The King and the Pope — Alice Perrers 12 Richard II. — Sir William Walworth — John Northampton’s mode of reforming immoralities in women — Dismissal of the Mayor (John Hynde) and others 14 Henry IY. — Peasants not allowed to learn trades — Revolt of the Abbot of Westminster 16 Henry Y. — Battle of Agincourt — Quarrel in Church — Sir Richard Whittington 17 Henry YI. — Whittington’s executors rebuild Newgate — Tyburn water brought to Cheapside, and other works by John Wells’ executors — New Schools — Godfrey Fielding — Geoffrey Boleyn — Jack Cade ... ... ... 19 VI CONTENTS. PAGE Edward IY. — Twelve Aldermen knighted in the field — Alderman Coke — Havoc at Gidea Hall — Chief Justice Markham — Aldermen Plummer and Hayward — Mon- strous shoes — Sentence on corrupt Jurors — Alderman Hampton’s punishment for unchaste women — A benevo- lence — A pestilence — Alderman James and Sheriff Byfield — The King’s present to the Mayor 25 Richard III. — The King and the City — The Coronation ... 31 Henry YII. — Despotic power — Empson and Dudley — The Star Chamber — Alderman Capel — Sweating sickness — Death of the Mayor and others — The son of the Duke of Clarence beheaded — Sir William Stanley — Train Bands — 111 treatment of Alderman Knesworth and Haws, and Sheriffs Shoare and Grove — Aldermen William Browne and Aylemer — Second prosecution of Alderman Capel — The connection between the nobility and commonalty becomes closer 32 Henry YIII. — Alderman Fitzwilliam — Cardinal Wolsey — Richard Gresham — Hewster and Gibson — Alderman Read — Richard Rose boiled to death — Corporation attend the christening of a Princess — Cheapside 37 Edward YI. — Protector Somerset robs the Guildhall Library — Shakespeare autograph — Common Council take part against Somerset — The Corporation jointly bound with the King for payment of a debt 4 2 Mary. — T he Coronation — Wyatt’s rebellion — Alderman Sir Thomas White 45 Elizabeth. — H er popularity — Monopolies — Court of High Commission — The Spanish Invasion — Martial Law in the City— Edward Osborne 46 James I. — The Star Chamber — The attempt to prevent the increase of London — The Irish Society — Sir Hugh Middleton — Sir Peter Proby 53 Charles I. — Goldsmiths’ shops in Cheapside — Lord Ma- caulay’s estimate of Charles — Opposition to the King — Four Aldermen imprisoned for not disclosing the names of citizens who had money — The Star Chamber prosecutions— Resolutions of the House of Commons — CONTENTS. vii PAGE Fanaticism — Schedule of Grievances — Sinful to teach Latin because of Mars, Bacchus, and Apollo 58 The Commonwealth. — Pride’s purge — The Anglican Church — Cromwell respected— Charles II. welcomed 68 Charles II. — A faithless King — Louis XIY — Charles sells himself to France — The Test Act — Persecution of Papists, and Popish Plot — Bethel and Cornish — Time- serving Judges — Sir John Moore — Aldermen Pilkington and Ward — Seizure of the Charters — New Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriffs — Russell and Sydney — The Great Fire — Commission of Sewers 70 James II. — Alderman Cornish — -Trial of seven Bishops — Prince of Orange- — Parliament and Corporation en- courage the Prince, and are called to form a Parliament — Bill of Rights 80 William and Mary. — D inner at Guildhall — Aldermen and Commoners knighted, and others 84 Anne. — D inner at Guildhall — Three Aldermen knighted ... 85 George I. — Addresses — Several Aldermen knighted — Dinner at Guildhall — The Lord Mayor made a Baronet — Resolution of the House of Lords 86 George II. — The Royal Family at Guildhall — Street robbers — Election for Cheap Ward — Ministers ridicule the citizens — Sir George Champion — Addresses to the King — Aldermen and Sheriffs knighted 89 George III. — His popularity — The House of Commons — Aldermen Brass Crosby, Wilkes, and Oliver — The liberty of the press — G eorge IY. — William IY. — ... 95 Victoria. — L oyalty of the people — Exertions of the Cor- poration — The City of London School 102 PART II. A CALENDAR OF THE ALDERMEN OF CHEAP, FROM 1273 TO 1867. Stephen Aswry. — Simon de Paris — William Halden — Adam Stable — Richard Ailesbury — Richard Boselyn — imon Vlll CONTENTS. Wynchcombe — John Boseham — Nicholas Exton — Adam Bamme — William Standon — John Norman — William Tayleur — Thomas Hille — Edmund Shaw, alias Shaa — JohnBrowne, alias John de Werks — William Purchase — Bartholomew Read — John Wynger — Robert Johnson — William Butler — Christopher Askew, alias Ascough — Richard Gresham — Stephen Kyrton — Thomas Lodge — Thomas Ramsey — Martin Calthorp — William Thoro- good — John Dent — Stephen Soame — Sebastian Harvey — Edward Barkham — Humphrey Smith — Gilbert Harri- son — Thomas Soame — Mayo — Moyer — Thomas Allen — Thomas Soame (replaced) — Anthony Stanlake — John Mellish — John Jermyn — Silvester Dennis — Robert Clarkson — Thomas Harley — Henry Chitty — J ohn Morris — John Man — Dannet Foorth — Robert Clayton, alias Cleeton — William Humphreys — Robert Kendal Cater — Joseph Eyles — George Arnold — Samuel Fludyer — John Kirkman — William Crichton — John Boydell — Josiah Boydell — Samuel Goodbehere — Richard Rothwell — William Thompson — Richard Hartley Kennedy — William Ferneley Allen Ill PART III. THE CITY AND THE SENATE, WITH A FEW EXAMPLES. Alderman Canynge. — Ancestor of George Canning, Earl Canning, and Lord Stratford de RedclifFe 1.65 Alderman Loke. — Ancestor of John Locke and Lord Chancellor King, and the Earl of Lovelace 166 Robert Pakington, M.P., and Alderman Barnham. — Ancestors of Earl Stanhope and Sir J. S. Pakington ... 167 Alderman Sir Baptist Hicks. — Ancestor of the Earl of Gainsborough, the Hon. and Rev. Baptist Noel, Lord Byron, and others 171 Sir Josiah Child. — Ancestor of the Duke of Bedford, Earl Russell, the Duke of Beaufort, and others 174 CONTENTS. IX PAGE Aldeeman Sie John Baenaed. — Ancestor of Viscount Palmerston 178 Aldeeman Sie Geoffeey Boleyn. — Ancestor of Queen Elizabeth, Horatio Lord Nelson, and the Earl of Kimberley 181 Aldeeman Sie Thomas Leigh. — Ancestor of Lord Leigh, the Earl of Chatham, William Pitt, and Viscount Mel- bourne ... 182, 188 Aldeeman Bond. — Ancestor of the Dukes of Marlborough, Leeds, and Berwick 182 Aldeeman Sie Rowland Hill. — Ancestor of General Lord Hill, the Rev. Rowland Hill, and others 182, 183 Aldeeman Cowpee. — Ancestor of Lord Chancellor Cowper, Judge Cowper, William Cowper (the poet), and the present Earl Cowper 183 Aldeeman Sie Thomas Miefin, and Sie Ralph Waeeen. — Ancestors of Oliver Cromwell and John Hampden ... 184 APPENDIX TO PART III. PEDIGEEES. The descent of Lord Kenlis, from Alderman Thompson ... 185 Queen Elizabeth, Lord Nelson, and the Earl of Kemberly, from Alderman Boleyn 186 The Earl of Chatham and William Pitt, from Alderman Leigh 187 Viscount Melbourne and Earl Cowper, from Alderman Leigh, Alderman Bond, and Alderman Garway 188 John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, the Duke of Leeds, and the Duke of Berwick, from Alderman Leigh and Alderman Bond ... 189 Oliver Cromwell and John Hampden, from Alderman Mirfin and Alderman Warren 190 Lord Aveland, from Alderman Heathcote 191 Viscount Cranbourne and Lord Eustace Cecil, from Alderman Coke, Alderman Fitzwilliam, and Alderman Gascoigne 192 Lord Chancellor Bathurst, from Alderman Bathurst 193 Lord Chancellor Cowper, from Alderman Cowper 194 X CONTENTS. PAGE Lord Chancellor Bacon, from Alderman Coke, Alderman Fitz william, and Sheriff Hawes. The Marquis of Worcester, (author of the “ Century of Inventions,”) from Alderman Coke and Alderman Fitzwilliam 195 Field-Marshal Lord Raglan, from Sir Josiah Child and Alderman Sir Baptist Hicks 196 General the Marquis of Granby, from Sir Baptist Hicks ... 197 Admiral Lord Howe and the Marquis of Sligo, from Sir Baptist Hicks 198 Lord Byron (Childe Harold), from Sir Baptist Hicks 199 The Earl of Clarendon, the Right Hon. C. P. Yilliers and Bishop Yilliers, from Alderman Herne 200 General Lord Lake, from Alderman Ryther 201 Sir Robert Walpole, Horace Walpole, the Right Hon. S. H. Walpole, from Alderman Barkham 202 The Dukes of Hamilton and Newcastle, from Alderman Beckford 208 The Duke of Somerset, from Alderman Wall 204 The Marquis of Hertford, from Alderman Shorter 204 Mr. T. W. Bramston, from Alderman Bramston and Alderman Lock 205 Yiscount Palmerston, from Abraham Houblon, Alderman Barnard, and Common Councillor Mee 206 Lord Hotbam, from Alderman Barnard 206 PART IV. A Calendar of the Lord Mayors and Sheriffs of London 208 SUPPLEMENTARY.. Magna Charta. — The Bill of Rights — The Division of Farringdon Ward — The Aldermen and the Ballot — Gentle Pressure — Lawyers — Lord Bacon — When was the City the Home of the leading Citizens ? 259 PREFACE. “ The City of London is the cradle of all our great establishments, and of the civil and religious liberties of the land.” Henry Brougham. No official calendar of the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriffs of London has ever yet been made. Neither does there exist any official account of the Corporation of London with a suitable commentary. It is difficult to conceive why this should be. The citizens of London have surely a right to know ; and the entire people of England either have, or ought to have, an interest in knowing the important facts connected with the government of our great City. Moreover, the subject is replete with interest, and an honest historical narrative would materially enhance the services of the Corporation in public opinion. The book now presented has been compiled with the hope that it may be useful until the production of a much better one. The writer would rejoice if competent literary labourers were employed Xll PREFACE. to edit a calendar of the whole of the Aldermen of the respective Wards, of the rolls of Sheriffs, Re- corders, and other chief office bearers of the Cor- poration ; as w T ell as an authentic record of the eminent men who have been educated at the great public schools in this city, or who have been connected with it by birth or public service. He believes that such a book with suitable annotations would be of national importance. Indeed, a well-written history of the Corporation of London would be, in effect, a history of all ranks of Englishmen. That energetic men, living in a great commercial city, should by industry and enterprise acquire a store of wealth, is readily un- derstood. Neither can we be surprised if we learn that in troublous times, the aid of those who had the command of money was readily sought by princes whose safety was imperilled by costly w r ars — or whose wanton extravagance had beggared their resources. In no country where the horrors of war prevail is there much law recognised, beyond — “The good old rule, the simple plan That they may take who have the power, And they may keep, that can.” The history of the City signally illustrates this truth. For a more notable account of threatening, fawning, and pilfering, with the addition of a little occasional variety in the way of imprisonment and confiscation on the part of some of our rulers, is PREFACE. Xlll difficult to conceive. It may be said indeed that in times of peace, things were occasionally not much better. For it would appear that when certain kings wanted money, it was no unfrequent pastime to seize the charters of the City in order to extort a pecuniary consideration for returning them. Yet the inhabitants have continued to prosper. Year by year, for some seven hundred years, has the same story been told, and told with truth, of poor boys coming well-nigh friendless to London, and finding the streets paved with gold — in other words, by the exercise of industry, honesty, and intelligence, acquiring wealth and with it official and social position. Nor has the social position been ephe- meral. The oldest blood in England has mated with the energetic blood of commerce, and this union has given birth to a powerful nobility, and to some of the most able governors of a great empire that the world has any record of. Perhaps this cannot be more forcibly illustrated than by referring to a few of the men who have filled the high office of Prime Minister of England during little more than a hundred years, whose forefathers were engaged in trade. We find That Alderman Sir Edward Barkham had a de- scendant in Sir Bobert Walpole. That from a descendant of Alderman Leigh came the great Earl of Chatham, his son William Pitt, and the late Viscount Melbourne. X1Y PREFACE. That among the descendants of the elder brother of Alderman Canning was George Canning. That the daughter of Alderman Sir John Barnard (a great opponent of Walpole) was grandmother of Henry John, Viscount Palmerston. That from Sir Josiah Child (an energetic and self-made man), comes John, Earl Bussell. Indeed, a reference to the county histories and peerages will shew that there are probably few of the families in the peerage — or among the landed gentry — who are not more or less allied by marriage to citizens of London, Liverpool, Manchester, Bir- mingham, Norwich, Hull, Bristol, and other large commercial towns. The alliance between the nobility of birth and the nobility of industry has been cemented in countless instances to their joint profit, and unquestionably to the advantage of the general community. With these facts in view we cannot but ask whether in any of the great schools of England, whether in any one of the hundred grammar schools founded by citizens , including Rugby and Tunbridge — there exists anything like an accurate or sys- tematic teaching of the history of this City? How many schoolboys are there in London, or indeed in England, of high or low degree, who know anything about the wonderful example of the advantages of local self-government, as evidenced by the greatness of the City of London ? How many are there who PKEFACE. XY have acquired even a rudimentary noiion of the in- fluence of the Corporation of London in securing the liberties of Englishmen, and training a great middle class to familiarity with the discharge of public duties ? We are told by one of our great national poets that his hero, Peter Bell, daily traversed beautiful rural scenery without a feeling in common with it : — “ He roved among the vales and streams, In the green woods and hollow dell ; They were his dwellings night and day, But nature ne’er could find the way Into the heart of Peter Bell. “ In vain, through every changeful year, Did nature lead him as before : A primrose by the river’s brim, A yellow primrose was to him, And it was nothing more ! ” There are many Peter Bells in this metropolis ; men who have as little feeling for all that is in- teresting in town, as he had for the beauties of rural scenery. Men who see nothing to admire or respect in their surroundings or great historical antecedents, whose only care is self — who regard the Lord Chief Justice as a gentleman in a large wig and nothing more — who regard the Lord Mayor as a man who trounces pickpockets and 7iothing more , who neither care to look back upon the past, or forward to the future, or even to gather a particle of accurate in- formation as to the present. XY1 PREFACE. Moreover, our institutions are often unheeded be- cause they are not understood, often because men (whose ancestors have risen through them), anxious to forget their origin, prefer being hangers-on of the aristocracy, to holding their legitimate position as chiefs of the Corporation. The men who shirk a public duty are but too ready to decry the services of those who discharge it. Such was not the spirit of Richard Whittington, or Thomas Gresham, or Robert Clayton, or John Barnard. To their view it was an imperative duty to strive in their generation to be useful to their fellow citizens, and to leave the world better than they found it. But it must not be supposed that disparaging the abilities, and sneering at the social standing of those who take part in the proceedings of the civic parliament, is a novelty among tuft-hunters. We certainly have ample evidence that in every generation, from the time of Ben Jonson to the present day, a certain class of writers have uniformly introduced the citizens of London for the purposes of caricature and misrepresentation. “It is plain,” (says a learned writer in 1829,) “ from the dramas of James I. that the manners of the gentry were extremely gross and profligate; and it was equally the fashion among them to violate the decencies of private life in the City, as to deride the pretensions of the citizens. The frits took their PREFACE. XVII cue from the gentry, and not satisfied with exploding the claim of the inferior orders of tradesmen to the rank of gentlemen by mere virtue of the civic freedom, they were willing to degrade all indis- criminately, while all were the objects of the loosest insult.”* In the reign of Charles I. (as in all emergencies when energy and patriotism are required) the citizens were too important to ridicule. On the return of Charles II. the satire was re- newed, and “ the most disgusting profligacy, which passed as a joke in the reign of James I., was a fashionable amusement in the reign of Charles II.” It is remarkable that Lord Macaulay, in writing of the Corporation during the reign of this King, should have stepped out of his way like so many others to underrate his own contemporaries. The present writer, having a suspicion as to the accuracy of certain statements, wrote last year to the Town Clerk of London to ascertain whether Lord Macaulay had ever examined the City archives for the purpose of historical research ; he prints the answer (for the second time) in full, from which * Fancy the probability of one of the daughters of Sir Baptist Hicks (the ancestor of several of our nobility) being likely to address a noble suitor thus, after her father declares she has re- fused other offers: — ‘-'Body o’ truth, citizens! citizens! sweet Knight, as soon as we are married take me out of this miserable City!" Yet this is attributed to a young lady of the time, in a play by Davenant, of 1GB6 ! h XV111 PREFACE. his readers can draw their own conclusions — it is as follows : — “ Guildhall, London, E.G., “ July 26th, 1866. “ Dear Sir, “ In reference to your note of 21st instant, I beg to inform you that, upon enquiry, I find that Mr. Macaulay, though he had permission from the Court of Common Council for the purpose , did not inspect the hooks, charters, &c., of the Corporation in the custody of the Town Clerk. u Yours truly, “ F. Woodthorpe.” Minute of Common Council, July 12th, 1855. “ The Town Clerk laid before the Court a letter from the Eight Hon. Thomas Babington Macaulay, M.P., requesting permission to examine the records of the Corporation for historical purposes. ‘ ‘ Bead — “ Besolved unanimously — That the said request be complied with.’ ” It may be well at this place to refer specially to Macaulay’s sketch of the City in the first volume of his “ History of England.” He tells us in very beautiful language that “ the chiefs of the mer- cantile interest are no longer citizens.” Is this true ? Will the roll of the respective Livery Companies, or the register of Freertlen, confirm it ? PREFACE. XIX He goes on to say, that “ they avoid, they almost contemn, municipal honours and duties .* Those honours and duties are abandoned to men who seldom belong to 'princely commercial houses.” Now the truth is well put by a recent writer.} “ Nearly all the great merchants of the world have risen from the crowd by their own enterprise, and, beginning in small ways, have made places for themselves as successful traders and men of wealth and influence ; and their sons or grandsons have generally abandoned the commerce that has helped them to distinction, eager to mix with those of rank and title older than their own, and willing , if they can , to forget by what means they have been enabled to enter the aristocracy .” It may not be amiss, however, after Macaulay’s brilliant account of the Lord Mayors in the time of Charles II. , to quote the evidence of an eye-witness, and it is worthwhile to comp are the narrative of Pepyswith the imaginings of our modern historian in estimat- ing the usages of a past generation. Pepys writes : — “ 1663. To Guildhall. We went up and down to see the tables. Many were the tables, but none in the hall but the Mayor’s and Lords of the Privy Council that had napkins or knives, which was very strange.” Again, “ anon comes the Lord Mayor, who went up to the Lords’ and then to the other * Can anything justify men in “avoiding ” or “contemning ” duties? t “ English Merchants,” by Fox Bourne. XX PREFACE. tables to bid welcome, and so all to dinner, where ten dishes to a mess, but it was very unpleasing that we had no napkins, nor change of trenchers, and drank out of earthen pitchers and ivooden dishes ; ” and again, “ after I had dined, I and Creed rose and went up and down the house, and up to the ladies' room, and there stayed gazing upon them . But though there were many and fine, both young and old, yet I could not discern one handsome face there .” It is comforting to know that if, according to Macaulay, the Lord Mayor is not so grand a person in the streets as in the days of Charles II., we can console ourselves with the fact, that, unlike Pepys, he never dines at Guildhall without seeing among countesses and citizenesses “ both young and old,” a plenitude of pure and handsome faces. We have said that the wits of each succeeding generation have sought to ridicule the citizens, and we have partly shown the cause ; it is but right here to mention a fact that may have had its influence in estranging men of letters from the Corporation of London. It may not be generally known that Whittington largely assisted in forming a library at Guildhall, and that the bones of the good priests who acted as its custodians found a resting-place near at hand. Prior to the inven- tion of printing, individual members of the Corpora- tion had at least shown a reverence for learning, PREFACE. XXI nor does this appear to have abated until after the Reformation, when Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset* (the Protector) sent carts to Guildhall and took away the entire contents of the library, f The effect of this dishonesty was remarkable. For nearly 274 years from that day the Corporation do not appear to have purchased books. There was no scarcity of liberal men among them who founded grammar schools, and whose means contributed to encourage scholarship at Oxford and Cambridge, but they bought no more boohs for the City. Nor was this the only mischief. That connexion between scholars and the Corporation of London, which in the time of Whittington was a noticeable fact, became weakened, and it was not until the year 1824 that another library was founded at Guildhall — a library that has now assumed such important dimensions as to render it urgently requisite to have a suitable build- ing for its reception ; commensurate , it is to be hoped , with the wealth and importance of the first city in the empire. We sincerely wish that a better understanding may exist between the world of authorship and the City of London. J We would once again venture to * This Duke ordered his own brother, Lord Seymour of Sudeley, to be beheaded without trial. f See page 42. I Within the last few months the compilation of a volume from the more ancient City records, for historical purposes, has been en- trusted to Mr. H. T. Rilev, the learned translator of the Liber Albus. b 2 xxu PREFACE. remind those who have accepted literature as a pro- fession of the numerous public schools that have been founded by citizens of London, and of what has been done in our own day for the “ City of London School ” and kindred institutions. We read, indeed, in the January issue of the “ Quarterly Review,” that “ facile ill nature, the learned Huet assures us, is the prevalent charac- teristic of an intelligent public. According to that venerable authority, there is nothing which men in polite society enjoy more than unflattering representations of their fellow creatures. This, he asserts, is the main reason why Tacitus is so popular with scholars — displeasing likenesses of humanity being especially pleasant to the cultivators of humane letters.”* * Some reason to hold this opinion may perhaps he found in Lord Campbell’s “ Lives of the Chancellors and Chief Justices.” His lordship appears to have had a morbid desire to discover blots in the character of our most eminent lawyers, and to give currency to scandals that were probably groundless. “ Dead men tell no tales,” and cannot refute them ; but on one occasion Lord Campbell ventured to calumniate a man (out of his own profession) then living, and was ignominiously compelled to eat his own words. We cite the following from his “Life of Tenterden” : — “ Once he was complimented upon his rise under circumstances so extravagantly ludicrous that he joined in the general laughter. Sir Peter Laurie (the saddler ), when Lord Mayor, gave a dinner at the Mansion House to the Judges, and observed in impassioned accents : * See before you the examples of myself, the Chief Magistrate of the metropolis of this great empire, and the Chief Justice of England sitting on my right hand, both PREFACE. XX111 The writer confesses himself incredulous. He cannot believe that the spirit of detraction is more rife among the educated than the illiterate. Scholars and writers by profession are artists in language, and have mostly a keen sense of the humorous. The temptation to indulge in ridicule may be greater with them than with the generality of men, and they have greater facility for indulging it. But he cannot believe for a moment that they are more spiteful than other people. It often happens, indeed, that their portraits of the trading and pro- fessional classes are very unlike life. But the true artist rarely oversteps rational limits. Our immortal Mr. Pickwick is represented as a retired trader. An oddity assuredly, but a straightforward and honour- able man, full of kindly impulses. Not indeed a scholar, or belonging to a u princely commercial house,” but with the mind of a gentleman, and now in the highest offices in the State, and both sprung from the dregs of the people.’ ” As Sir Peter was not Lord Mayor until after the death of Lord Tenterden, this wonderful story does not require much contradiction. But it so happens that Alderman Laurie was living when Lord Campbell published his hook, and distinctly challenged his lordship to verify his statement, and, as a consequence, the learned author had to admit his inability so to do. (The correspondence appeared in the “ Times ”). We regret to see that in a recent meritorious and popular book Lord Campbell’s statement is repeated. It is clear that the author had read the “ Lives,” but not the apology in the newspapers. It would seem that Lord Campbell’s chief object was to sneer at one who began life in a humble position. At the time his Lordship wrote, Alderman Laurie was Chairman of the Union Bank of London. XX1Y PREFACE. with a liking for books. He is not described as indulging perpetually in turtle soup, although he has no objection to a good dinner. He is not repre- sented as talking of a “ wiolent vind,” or feeding himself with a knife, or as possessing either a coarse mind or repulsive manners. He, like the famous Baillie Nicol Jarvie, is a sketch of which we can all recognise the truthfulness ; devoid of ill- nature, and playfully but not unfairly represent- ing the shrewdness, benevolence, proneness to enterprise, and eccentricity, if you will, of the middle class of Englishmen. Others might perhaps do well to bear in mind the examples of Sir Walter Scott and Mr. Charles Dickens. The writer feels it necessary to explain that after making some progress in a short historical sketch of the Corporation of London, he had the good fortune to meet Mr. Norton, * the learned author of the “ Commentaries on the Charters of the City.” This gentleman most kindly permitted the contents of his “ Historical Account ” to be used in this book, a privilege that has been freely and gratefully accepted, as it was clearly better to quote from high authority than to compile from sources of less reputation. The First # After a long absence in India Mr. Norton has returned to England, and, since these pages were written, has very generously presented the copyright of his work to the Library Committee at Guildhall. PREFACE. XXV Part of this volume is, in the main, condensed from Mr. Norton’s “ Historical Account,” and Maitland’s “ London.” Part II. is an original compilation. Much of the information contained in it relative to Sir John Norman, Sir Edmund Shaw, Sir Thomas Lodge, and other Aldermen of Cheap, has never before obtained publicity. The foot notes on page 151 are at variance with the inference to be drawn from Lord Macaulay’s narrative as to the result of the offer of James II. to make William Kiffin an Aider- man of London. Parts III. and IV. form a far from exhaustive record of the numerous alliances between the Peerage and the People. These sections of the book have entailed considerable labour, and suffice to show that the citizens of London, representing the middle class in all parts of the kingdom, have assuredly exercised an influence of great national importance. It is a noticeable fact, that perhaps 85 per cent, of the men who have filled the office of Lord Mayor came to London from the provinces. Whittington-like, they made their way to the metro- polis, became opulent, and, in numerous instances, returned to their native counties to found schools and charitable institutions, to purchase estates, to diffuse the wealth they had acquired in business, and to amalgamate with the landed gentry. It is a fallacy to talk of a little slip of land XXY1 PREFACE. called the City representing those only who are commercially interested in it. It represents every County in England. It only remains to say, (quoting from a very able writer), that the privileges of “ A city on the banks of the Thames, founded by the Romans before the Christian era, and furnished by that ingenious people with the germs of municipal institutions — a city which wrung a chartered acknowledgment from the Norman Conqueror — which has withstood the wear and tear of 800 years, and is still young, growing vigorous and pros- perous ; transacting a commerce within its limits exceeding that of any city either in ancient or modern times — paying one-half the customs ’ duties of the kingdom , and employing more shipping than any other port, without a sign of decay or decadence ; possessed of a proud history, inspiriting traditions, and associations intimately interwoven with the biography of the great, the heroic, and the good of the past,” — are far too important to be lightly tampered with. The writer begs in conclusion to tender his acknowledgements to Mr. Woodtliorpe, the learned Town Clerk of London, for the loan of a volume, annotated by his father, (containing much informa- tion relative to former Aldermen), and for other courtesies. He has also the pleasure of mentioning his indebtedness to his friend Mr. Brewer, of the PREFACE. XXV11 City of London School, whose knowledge of the History of London has probably been rarely equalled by any officer of the Corporation. To Mr. George Russell French, who contributed the Pedigrees of Queen Elizabeth, Lord Nelson, Oliver Cromwell,* and Viscount Lake ; to Mr. W. H. Overall, of the Guildhall Library, and to Mr. H. C. Overall, of the Town Clerk’s Office, thanks are sincerely given for their kind assistance. 30, Bucklersbury, October , 1867. B. B. 0. * It is due to Mr. French to mention that the clerical error contained in the foot note to the Cromwell pedigree, (page 190,) is attributable to the writer. See Corrigenda. CORRIGENDA ET ERRATA. The reader is requested to correct with the pen the following errors : — Page 10 line 1 1 for blows, read to blows. „ 21 „ 18 & 21 for from, read for. „ 22 17 for Godfrey, read Geoffrey. „ 22 „ 18 for 1451, read 1457. „ 26 „ 21 for Mayoralties, read Mayoralty. „ 41 „ 14 for equal, read equally. „ 45 „ 18 for ewer, read cover. „ 50 „ 5 for Civil, read Civic. „ 65 „ 4 for no, read or. „ 87 „ 3 After the word magnificence, insert Addresses were voted. „ 93 „ 7 for matter, read matters. „ 115 last line but one , for reversed, read revived. „ 116 last line, for Dankerfield, read Donkenfield. „ 127 line 17 for Suffolk, read Shropshire. „ 130 last line but one , for Vitliers, read Winter. „ 131 line 18 for were buried his two wives, read was buried Iris first wife. „ 132 „ 2 for 2, read his second wife was. „ 137 „ U for lies, read lie. „ 152 „ 27 for Llanirliangel, read Llanviliangel. ,, 155 „ 9 Omit the word, in. „ 164 14 for Royal, read Honourable. „ 190 Foot Note, for daughter, read sister PART I. A NARRATIVE OF CERTAIN PASSAGES BETWEEN KINGS AND LONDONERS. When, after a rule of six hundred years, the Saxon government was overthrown by the Normans, the citizens of London were “ governed by their own magistrates, and amenable only to their own courts. ” They possessed “all the legal rights and privileges which in that age distinguished men of the first rank,” — those who held their land in their own right which entitled them to the appellation of Freemen when a large class were in servitude. To this state of liberty must be attributed the flourishing com- merce for which the City of London had, even at this period, become famous, and the opulence it seems in consequence to have acquired. William the Conqueror, desirous of conciliating so powerful a body, in concise but forcible language declared in his first charter to the citizens that they should be “ law worthy, as they were in King Edward’s days.” This celebrated charter, on a small slip of parchment, is shown among the B 2 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. archives at Guildhall as one of the most noteworthy documents in the keeping of the Corporation of London. We are told, on high authority, that to comprehend its meaning we must look to the estab- lishment of the Common Law of Alfred the Great. That he was “ the true founder of the municipal laws and privileges of London,” and that “ there is reason to believe that Magna Charta was founded on the ancient Saxon code ” of Alfred, and that “ The Mirror of Justices,” a book written in the reign of Edward II. by Horne (Chamberlain of London), was compiled from a copy of the ancient “ Hornbook.” The early charters were granted to the Londoners in the name of citizens or barons until the reign of Henry III., when they began to be addressed by the title of mayor and citizens, and in the reign of Edward III. by that of “ mayor, aldermen, and com- monalty,” or “ mayor, commonalty, and citizens.” The mayoralty was first given to the citizens by charter in the reign of King John. In the twentieth of Edward III. the Court of Common Council was constituted a legislative and representative body.*' Up to the time of Richard II., however, the members were called “ The Mayor’s Council,” as that officer summoned whom he pleased. In the earlier periods of our history it would seem * According to Mr. Norton, the Commons of England had no representatives in Parliament until 1264. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 3 that the citizens were summoned to folkmotes at Paul’s Cross by sound of bell. When the term wards was first used, they were called after the names of their respective aldermen, and it was not until the reign of Edward I. that their present district names were first applied. The aldermanries were at first saleable by their aider- men. Knighten-gild (afterwards Portsoken) Ward belonged to the Prior of the Holy Trinity, in Aldgate, who formed one of the body of Aldermen. During the reigns of William the Conqueror and William Eufus, the City of London was little molested, though the rest of the nation “ groaned under a cruel and rapacious government.” From that time forward, however, the citizens were often subjected by their rulers to wrong, and sometimes to cruel persecution. Henry I. made large professions to secure the alliance of the Londoners, as against his brother Robert, the rightful heir to the throne, and when his object was attained violated every promise. Stephen followed with equal plausibility, and with nearly equal faithlessness. During the reign of Henry II., the City made great progress under a firm and wise government. We are told that public schools were established for learned discussion, that the style of living among the people approached the luxurious, and that the architecture of the age evidenced no mean ability. b 2 4 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Richard I., to further the cause of the Crusades, imposed heavy taxes, and sold public offices that were readily made the means of extortion, and he declared that he would “ sell London itself if he could find a purchaser.” John gave no less than five charters to the City, and the right of electing the mayor. After much shuffling, he signed the Great Charter,* at St. Paul’s Church, the City having readily joined with the Barons for the deliverance of the people from feudal slavery ; but the King immediately prepared to violate his most solemn pledge, and was actively engaged in the project when death put an end to his reign. He had previously contrived to get a Bull from Rome, whereby the Barons and the City were excom- municated. Henry III. confirmed Magna Charta, but can- celled it eleven years afterwards, and forbade any schools of law to be kept in the City, where lectures had begun taking the clauses of the Great Charter as their Thesis. “ It would be a tedious and useless task to detail all the many exactions and oppressions endured by the nation under the government of this weak and infatuated monarch. They seem to have comprehended every class, and almost every in- * The liberties of the City are protected in it by a special clause. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 5 dividual capable of contributing to the royal necessities. 44 Being continually preyed upon by the exorbitant avarice of those around him, and cajoled into expensive wars and projects, he perpetually found himself loaded with debts and difficulties, from which he had no means of extricating himself but by extortion and every species of abuse of his prerogative. We may judge of the distress to which this miserable ruler was at times reduced, and at the same time of the opulence of the citizens, in spite of the continual extortions they were com- pelled to undergo, from the circumstance that he actually sold his plate and jewels to them. On enquiring where he could meet a purchaser, it was suggested to him the citizens of London. 4 On my word,’ indignantly said the King, with charac- teristic ignorance of a monarch’s true interests, 4 if the treasury of Augustus were brought to sale, the citizens are able to be the purchasers ; these clowns, who assume to themselves the name of Barons, abound in everything, while we are reduced to necessities.’ 44 Certainly, however, among very few of Henry’s subjects, who possessed the means of acquiring wealth, the citizens of London did not suffer the least. False charges were repeatedly made against them for the purpose of exacting money : exorbitant sums were demanded for purchasing the King’s 4 goodwill,’ and for the granting of charters, no less 6 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. than nine of which were, at various times, signed by the King ; though (except in a few trivial particulars) they are merely confirmatory of ancient rights and privileges which had been conferred and enjoyed before. Indeed, the very fact of these numerous confirmations clearly shows the want of all princi- ples of justice and regular government. On frivolous pretences, the liberties of the City were seized upon by the king’s ministers, and a custos appointed ; the citizens all the while protesting against any arbi- trary inquisitions upon the charges affected to be made against them, and demanding to be tried by jury and the laws and customs of the City. No oc- casion was suffered to pass by, however ridiculous, for soliciting presents ; and, if any refused, they did not fail to be reminded of the omission. In short, schemes of begging, borrowing, and pillaging, under the cloak of purveyance, were carried on with such unremitting zeal and assiduity, that the citizens, never cordially affected to Henry’s government, at last contracted such a thorough hatred of that monarch, and indignation at his measures, that they never ceased, throughout the troubles of his reign, to render the most active assistance to those barons who were leagued against him. “From the various fortunes of the barons’ wars the citizens derived very little advantage ; and when they were finally composed lost their liberties, as might be naturally expected. During the time they were in CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 7 the King’s hands, ample revenge was taken on the principal men concerned in the barons’ insurrections. Their houses were pillaged, and heavy fines set upon them, and the King finally demanded sixty thousand marks as an atonement of past offences, although he afterwards consented to take twenty thousand. The City, however, at length recovered its privileges, though four years elapsed before all its rights were completely restored. ‘ 4 Amidst the distractions of this unfortunate reign, the administration of the law seems to have been arbitrary and uncertain whenever the Crown was concerned ; though with respect to suits between private individuals, the proceedings in the adminis- tration of the general common law began to be methodized into some regularity. The barons’ wars will ever be memorable as the epoch of the first es- tablishment of the Commons’ House in Parliament ; for it was in consequence of the victory at Lewes that Leicester sent writs to all the counties and chief boroughs in England, summoning knights and burgesses to meet and legislate on the affairs of the nation. It was in the beginning also of Henry’s reign that the Saxon trial by ordeal was abolished.” * “In the year 1222, after a tumult at Westminster, Hubert de Burgh, the chief Justiciary, repaired to the City, attended by a strong guard, where he * Norton’s “ Commentaries,” pp. 94 — 98. 8 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. apprehended many of the principal rioters, and, in a most inhuman and arbitrary manner, caused the hands and the feet of most of them to be cut off. These citizens suffered without any manner of legal proceedings, or form of trial. Hubert thinking that he had not sufficiently punished the City, by those dreadful severities, degraded the Mayor and all the Magistrates, and set a custos over the City and obliged thirty persons of his own choosing to become security for the citizens’ good behaviour. This was the beginning of the intolerable government of King Henry III. Besides the punishments above men- tioned, Henry, before he would be reconciled to the citizens, obliged them to pay him many thousands of marks. “ In the year 1241, the Jews of Norwich were severely punished for circumcising a Christian child ; and those in London, though innocent, were for the same crime obliged to pay the King twenty thousand marks, or be condemned to perpetual im- prisonment. “ In the year 1248, the citizens were compelled to pay a most grievous ransom, called a tallage, great part thereof seems to have been raised by way of loan to the King, extorting from the helpless Londoners such sums as his officers thought proper to rate them at. “In the year 1244, Griffith, the eldest son of Leo- line, Prince of Wales, attempting his escape from the CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 9 top of the Tower of London, by trusting his very corpulent body to a rope made of hangings, sheets, and table cloths, fell and broke his neck in such a manner that his head and neck were driven between his shoulders into his breast. “ In 1244, King Henry extorted from the citizens fifteen hundred marks, on pretence of their having admitted into their city, Walker Bukerel, who had been banished for twenty years ; though the Londoners offered to prove that the King, by his letters patent, had pardoned Bukerel long before. But the King alleged that Bukerel had been par- doned during the minority, and, therefore, it was not obligatory. “In 1252, he caused the citizens of London, by proclamation, to be summoned to attend him at Westminster, and proposed to them the undertaking the Crusade, or the Holy War ; to which they showed no great inclination, for only three of the whole number undertook the same, viz., Richard de Gray, John de Gray, and J. Plexeto ; these the king lovingly embraced and kissed, calling them his brethren, but he opprobriously upbraided the rest of the citizens for a parcel of base, ignoble, mer- cenaries and scoundrels ; and, as a farther evidence of resentment, he compelled them to give him twenty marks in gold, and obliged them to shut all the shops in the City, and to go to the fair at West- minster, there to expose their persons and goods 10 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. to the inclemency of the weather in the dead of winter, and to pay fonrpence per day for the main- tenance of his white bear and its keeper, in the Tower of London. This, with other maltreatment, occasioned such heart-burnings and discontents in the City, as produced an aversion to the King. But the King sought further occasion for oppression, and having commanded certain of his domestics to in- terrupt the young citizens in their diversions at the Quin tin, where a peacock was appointed for the prize, and to provoke them blows by scurrilous and opprobrious language, his Majesty having got what he wanted, viz., a pretence to extort money from the citizens, compelled them to make satisfaction by the payment of one thousand marks ; and soon after, the Sheriffs were, by a Writ of Exchequer, commanded to distrain the citizens for the Queen’s gold. “About the same time, the Sheriffs received a precept from the Court to provide a muzzle, an iron chain, and a cord for the King’s white bear, and to build a stall and provide necessaries for the elephant and his keeper, in the Tower of London.” * This King’s whole reign was but a repetition of acts of the basest extortion and trumped-up charges against his subjects. Edward I. seized the government of the City, * Maitland’s “ London,” pp. 97, 85 — 87. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 11 and appointed a cnstos for twelve years. It was not until the twenty- sixth year of his reign that the City liberties were restored, a large fine being exacted for the concession. The City was never afterwards in this reign molested in its rights. “ In 1304, Geoffrey de Hartilepole, Alderman, was elected Recorder of this City, and took oath, and was appointed to wear his apparel as an Aider- man. “ In 1305, Sir William Wallace, a Scottish Knight, was brought a prisoner to London, and lodged in the house of William Delect, in Fenchurch Street ; from whence, on the 23rd August, he was conducted through the City by John Seagrave and Geoffrey , Knights, accompanied by the Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and a prodigious concourse of people, both of horse and foot, to Westminster, where being arrived in the Hall, he was, by way of derision, set upon a bench with a laurel upon his head, tried as one of the King’s enemies, con- demned for high treason against King Edward, and suffered a cruel and ignominious death in Smithfield, being there hanged, drawn, and quartered (whilst alive). His head was fixed upon a pole on London Bridge, and his quarters sent into Scotland to be placed over the gates of as many of the principal cities. And yet it must be granted that his objec- tion to the authority of the Court that tried him, 12 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. as not being a subject to Edward, and his plea of being no other than a prisoner of war taken in defence of the liberties of his country, whilst he commanded a party of the Scots against the English, was quite just. “ The last transaction between the Corporation and the Crown that we meet with in this reign was an agreement in the Exchequer, by John le Blound, the Mayor, and all the Aldermen of London, for themselves and the whole community of the City, to pay the King two thousand marks for the vintisme, or twentieth of the goods of the said community.” * In the reign of Edward II. the nation fell into disorder, and “ the City met with the most sudden changes of favour and persecution,” according to the moods of the monarch. EDWAKD III. 1826 to 1377. During this reign the country enjoyed a long period of tranquillity. Parliaments were frequently summoned, and taxes were for the most part fur- nished by regular Parliamentary grants. Amongst * Maitland, pp. 109, 110. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 13 other modes of raising supplies, the King com- manded that every citizen of London, possessed of tenements to the value of T40 per annum, should take the honour of knighthood. (He knew that this would be compromised by a fine.) During Edward’s long reign, no less than twenty confirmations of the great Charter were made, and the Lord Mayor was now constituted by charter one of the Judges of gaol delivery at Newgate. On one occasion, during the absence of the King, Andrew Aubery, the lord mayor, ordered two rioters to he beheaded, for which the King gave him an indemnity . The City records contain a letter from the Black Prince to the Corporation, informing them of his victory at the battle of Poictiers. 4 4 A difference subsisting between the King and the Pope, relating to the collation to benefices, Edward, by his writ to the Mayor of London, com- manded him to apprehend and imprison all persons whereon was found any of the Pope’s Bulls ; which precept was dated at Westminster, October 10th, 1857. 44 The King, in his old age, this same year (1374), fell in love with Alice Perrers, or Pierce ; who having soon got the ascendant, made him commit many things unbecoming his character ; and this female favourite having engrossed most of the 14 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. money which was raised for the service of the public, occasioned a general discontent. 5 ’* RICHARD II. 1377 to 1399. At the early part of this reign, the Londoners had no great cause to complain of any invasion of their rights and privileges. It is remarkable that one of the main articles which Wat Tyler and his associates insisted on was, that “ all people should be at liberty to buy and sell freely in all cities and boroughs , 55 which shews that some exclusive pri- vileges were notorious and unpopular. Indeed, when we consider the revolting character of the peculiar monopoly possessed by William Walworth, it would almost seem that public morality would have been better vindicated had the Mayor been slain at the same time as Wat Tyler. “ Walworth was succeeded by John Northampton, as Mayor of this City, £ who observing that lewd- ness and debauchery were connived at by the bishops and their subordinates, set about reforming the licentiousness and immoralities of the citizens, severely punishing those found guilty of fornication, by causing the women to be carried through the streets with their heads shaven, with pipes and * Maitland, pp. 129, 132. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 15 trumpets sounding before them.’ These proceedings of the Mayor drew upon him the hostility of the bishops and inferior clergy, for usurping their authority ” * At the latter ,part of his reign, Richard had recourse to gross expedients for extortion, and compelled many of the principal citizens to sign blank grants of money. “Richard II. was the last King who seized the liberties of the City into his own hands, for the well-known forfeiture in the time of Charles II. was grounded on corporate acts of the whole body of citizens. This was directly contrary to justice and to the charter of Edward III.”f “ The King discharged John Hynde, the Mayor, and appointed Baldwyn Radington custos in his stead. At the same time, Henry Vanner, or Varner, and John Shadworth, or Chadworth, Sheriffs, were likewise degraded, and in their stead were con- stituted Gilbert Maghefield and Thomas New- ington ; and William Venour, William Baret, William Brampton, William Olyver, William More, Thomas Wylford, John Fraunceys, John Lovneye, William Sheryngham, Adam Bamme, Henry Bamme, Adam Changeour, Thomas Vynent, Adam Karlyll, Drugo Barentyn, Gilbert Maghefeld, and Thomas Newington, by the King’s precept were appointed Aldermen, to be continued during the * Maitland, p. 142. + Norton. 16 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. royal pleasure. And as a further mortification to the City, the King not only withdrew himself and his nobility from it, but he likewise removed the Courts of Justice to York. However, upon the payment of the fine of three thousand marks, the City liberties were all restored, exclusive of the privilege of choosing its Mayor.” * . Kichard, by this severe usage, entirely lost the affections of the citizens ; and his impolitic conduct cost him his crown. HENKY IY. 1399 to 1412. During the reign of Henry IY. the citizens faithfully adhered to his interests, and the trade of the City became eminently prosperous. This King passed a law to deter the inferior classes from becoming apprentices, on the ground of the want of labourers in husbandry, through the peasants resorting to cities and boroughs to learn trades, by which course the nobility were impo- verished : the enactment forbids persons appren- ticing their children, who were not possessed of land to the extent of twenty shillings yearly.f * Maitland, p. 180. f This law was repealed in the reign of Henry VI. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 17 Henry was supremely indebted to the Londoners for assistance on several occasions. We are told on the revolt of the Abbot of Westminster, and others, that by the timely and potent assistance of the citizens, an end was put to this rebellion. HENRY Y. 1412 to 1422 . The reign of Henry Y. appears to have been one of almost uninterrupted harmony with the City of London. The Parliament revived the Bill brought into the House of Commons, in the late reign, for secu- larizing, or seizing upon the ecclesiastical bene- fices, but the Bishops found means of warding off the blow by persuading the King to reclaim the dominions in France, formerly subject to England, which had its desired effect. On the Lord Mayor’s- day, as Nicholas Wotton, Mayor, was riding to Westminster, he received news of the victory of Agincourt, and on his return to the City repaired to St. Paul’s, where Te Deum was sung. On the fol- lowing day, a procession of the Queen, Nobility, Clergy, Mayor, Aldermen and Corporation, pro- ceeded to Westminster, on foot , where they made a c 18 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. great oblation at the shrine of St. Edward. The King, among other expedients for raising money, pawned his jewels to the citizens of London for 10,000 marks, in order to proceed with the French war. A curious quarrel in Church, about precedence, between two angry women, occurred in this reign. The ladies Grange and Trussel, inflamed by an old grudge about precedence, quarrelled in a pew at St. Dunstan’s-in-the-East, and became so out- rageous that their husbands drew their swords, and in their quarrel murdered Petwardin, a fish- monger, and wounded several others. For this they were excommunicated, until submission and satisfaction were made to the Church, and the widow of the murdered man. Henry Y. appointed Alderman Sir Eichard Whit- tington chief supervisor for rebuilding the nave of Westminster Abbey. Two years later the King ordered, “ that there be no building up or pulling down in the City ” without Eichard Whittington’s advice.* # Sir Richard Whittington, mercer, Alderman of Broad Street Ward, and M.P. for the City of London, was a younger son of Sir William Whittington, of Pauntley, Gloucestershire. His mother was the widow of Sir Thomas Berkeley, Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1338. Whittington married Alice, the daughter of Sir Hugh Fitzwarren, of Torrington, a man of large landed property. He was a special favourite of King Henry IV. and King Henry V. He lent these monarchs large sums of money, and in 1400 was excused from attending the CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 19 HENRY YI. 1422 to 1460. Upon the demise of Henry V., his son, then hut eight months and odd days old, was ad- vanced to the throne by the name of Henry VI., under the guardianship of his uncles, the Dukes of Gloucester and Bedford ; and on the 14th of November was carried on his mother’s lap in an open chair, in great state, to the Parliament then sitting at Westminster, who recognised his accession to the Throne. The City this year petitioned the Kings council for leave to remove the prisoners out of Newgate, in order to rebuild that prison according to the will of Sir Richard Whittington ; and, accordingly, permis- sion was given to John Coventry, John Carpenter, John White, and William Grove, executors of Richard Whittington, to do it. Scottish wars. In the same year, he rebuilt the Church of St. Michael, Paternoster. Among other public spirited and bene- volent actions, we may mention his instituting Whittington’s College, the rebuilding Newgate, aiding St. Bartholomew’s, founding the Library of Grey Friars (where he gave £400 for books), building a Library at Guildhall, and paving and glazing the Hall itself. Whittington was a special antagonist of the brewers, whom he punished for selling dear ale. His residence was at Tower Royal. He was buried at College Hill. C 2 20 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. The King being crowned at Paris, on his return from France, was, on the 21st day of February, met on Blackheath by the Mayor of London, dressed in crimson velvet, with a large furred velvet hat, a girdle of gold about his middle, and a bawdrick of gold about his neck, waving down his back. He was followed by three horsemen on stately horses, clothed in scarlet bespangled with silver, and at- tended by the Aldermen in scarlet gowns, with san- guine hoods, and the citizens in white gowns and scarlet hoods, with the symbol belonging to each mystery richly embroidered upon their sleeves, and all on horseback, sumptuously accoutred ; whence they preceded his majesty to London, where he was received with the utmost pomp. Two days after the Mayor and Aldermen attended the King at Westminster, and presented him with a golden hamper, containing one thousand pounds in nobles. At this time, the Tyburn water was laid into the Standard, in Cheapside, at the expense of Sir John Wells, the late Lord Mayor. The minority of this monarch enabled the Par- liament to assume a much larger share of power. The load of debt contracted by the engaging in the wars with France (although these wars had been highly popular) was left to the King to discharge ; and, in consequence, his ministers were constrained to recur to many old abuses, particularly to the CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 21 arbitrary practice of purveyance, so that the affec- tions of the people became greatly estranged from the king. “ The Common Council granted one thousand marks towards erecting a new conduit near St. Paul’s Gate, at the upper end of Cheapside, and for the repairing of the others. About the same time the King, by his letters patent, empowered Thomas Knowles, John Chichley, &c., executors of John Weils, some time Mayor of London, to repair the highway leading from London to Westminster, before and near the Palace of the Savoy, which, for the space of five hundred feet, they substantially performed with stones and gravel.” * 44 The Common Council, with great concern, ob- serving the profanation of the Sabbath Day by vic- tuallers and petty artificers, made a severe law to be observed within the City and liberties, from pre- venting all persons from buying and selling any sort of goods, and even victuals, on that day, and also from restraining all mechanics from doing any manner of work on the said day. 4 4 Gross ignorance and want of learning had so far prevailed that, at this time, the ancient schools of public foundation were quite neglected and gone to decay : Wherefore, for the restoring of Learning, four Clergymen, Maistre William Lyechefeld, Parson of the Parish Chirche of All Hallowen the More, in * Maitland, p. 192. 22 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. London ; Maistre Gilbert, Parson of Seint Andrewe, Holbourne, in the suburbs of the said Citee ; Maistre John Cote, Parson of Seint Petre, in Cornhul, of London ; and John Neel, Maistre of the Hous or Hospital of Seint Thomas of Acres, and Parson of Colchirche, in London, petitioned the Parliament sitting in the twenty-fifth year of this King’s reign, that they and their successors might be allowed to set up schools in their four respective Churches, and appoint school masters in them, viz., in Great Al- hallows, St. Andrew’s, Holborn ; St. Peter’s, in Cornhill ; and St. Mary, Colechurch ; which petition was granted. “ Godfrey Fielding, Mayor of this City, ‘was so highly in favour with the King, that he appointed him one of his Privy Counsellors.’* “ Godfrey Boleyn,f Lord Mayor of London in 1451, left by his will a thousand pounds to the poor householders in this City, besides two thousand pounds to poor householders in Norfolk, and very handsome legacies to the Prisons, Hospitals, and Lazar Houses.” J In 1450 occurred the insurrection of Jack Cade. According to the learned Dean of Chichester § (Dr. Hook), Cade was an unknown Irishman. “ His * Ancestor of the Earl of Denbigh. t Great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth, elected Alderman of Castle Baynard ; afterwards migrated to Bassishaw. I Maitland, pp. 193, 195, 196. § Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 23 bearing was princely, and to a commanding figure he added a pregnant wit; he had served in the French wars, and was well qualified to act the part of a demagogue.’' There is strong suspicion that he was instigated by the Yorkist faction, and his cry was “ Parliamentary reform ! ” Dr. Hook observes that this shows the then rising importance of the Lower House of Parliament. At first it was supposed that the country magis- trates would put down the disturbance. But this proved beyond their power. Cade pretended to be “ Mortimer,” and marched upon the capital. He encamped on Blackheath, called himself Cap- tain of the Commons, and opened communication with the City. “ All business was transacted in an orderly manner. Passports were duly signed, and ‘ Thomas Coke, of London, draper, was constituted the Captain’s agent.’ Dr. Hook is of opinion that Cade was an able commander. It is certain that he retreated, and posted himself in a wood near Seven- oaks, and planted ambushes for the destruction of the royal army, and gained a complete victory over the royal forces under Sir Humphrey Stafford. 4 The Captain was now generally spoken of as Lord Mortimer, and regarded as a hero.’ 4 Under these circumstances, Archbishop Stafford was employed to perform his good offices.’ The time was critical, for Ayscough, Bishop of Salisbury (Jack Cade’s land- lord), had been dragged from the altar and murdered 24 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. by the Cade insurgents who had plundered his house. The Archbishop with the Duke of Buckingham went direct to the camp of the rebels, and found the Captain ‘ arrayed in the splendid armour of their kinsman, his brigandine set with gilt nails, his sabot and spurs.’ We are told that the Archbishop and Duke found that ‘ they had to do with a man of no ordinary powers.’ The chief would confer with the King alone.” When the rebels entered London they were at first well received. Cade, as Lord Mortimer, was handsomely entertained. In a few days all was changed. Cade robbed his entertainers, and his followers “got among the cellars of London.” The Londoners resisted, a battle was fought, and the rebel army was dispersed. Although the citizens successfully crushed the rebellion of Jack Cade, there was general discon- tent; and when the Duke of York developed his pretensions as a competitor for the throne his in- terests were warmly espoused in the City. It is no- ticeable, however, that during the contest the Duke compromised his claim with Henry by agreeing to allow the latter possession of the throne for life. The war, however, was soon resumed. Although the Duke was killed, his son immediately hastened to London, where he had power and influence enough to proclaim himself King as Edward IV. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 25 EDWARD IY. 1460 to 1483. The chiefs of the Yorkist faction had proceeded very warily in ascertaining public feeling, and lost no opportunity of bidding for popular favour by professing their cause to be identical with that of a suffering people. Decided support from the City of London may be said to have more than once conferred the crown, for when “ in the strange vicissitudes of the time, Edward was compelled rather to seek refuge in the City as an exile than as a leader of a for- midable party, the zeal of the citizens again ele- vated him to the situation of a conqueror.” The Lancastrians assailed the City in vain. The Londoners were twice subjected to furious assaults, once by Lord Scales, and again by the bastard Falconbridge, who with 17,000 men stormed the City in two places, but was repulsed by the citizens with little extraneous aid. Twelve Aldermen were, on this occasion, knighted in the field, viz., Sir John Stockton, Mayor ; Ralph Verney,* John Young, William Tayleur, Richard Lee, Matthew Phillips, George Ireland, William Stoker, William Hampton, Thomas Stutt- * Ancestor of several Peers. 26 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. broke, John Crosby, and Bartholomew James, also Thomas Urswick, Recorder. It should be added that Alderman Robert Basset, commanding officer at Aldgate, greatly distinguished himself, as did Alderman Sir Ralph Jocelyn, the late Mayor.* It would be agreeable to add that Edward evinced due gratitude to those who had rendered him such essential service. But although he granted several beneficial charters, and is said to have lived in ‘ ‘convenient familiarity” with the citizens, his seduction of the wife of Shore, and his bar- barous treatment of Alderman Sir Thomas Coke, K.B., afford, among others, two signal instances of his want of principle. Alderman Cooke, alias Coke,f and Alderman Fielding, were, in the early part of Edward’s reign, treated with marks of special confidence, and on the fifteenth of May, 1465, Alderman Coke was made a Knight of the Bath. We are further told of him that during his mayoralties, on a call of new Serjeants- at-Law, a great entertainment was given by them at Ely House, in Holborn, to which the Mayor and principal citizens were invited, who, on arrival, found that Baron Ruthven, the Lord High Treasurer, had assumed the most honourable seat # Ancestor of Earl Roden. f Ancestor of Lord Bacon, and of the present Marquis of Salisbury and Viscount Cranbourne. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 27 at table, in derogation of the dignity of the Lord Mayor ; whereupon the citizens withdrew, and on their return to the City, were entertained by the Mayor “in an elegant manner.” In 1465, this same Sir Thomas Coke, being a man of mark and of large possessions, was impeached of high treason, but admitted to bail, No sooner, however, had the King’s sister, Margaret, the friend of Coke, left England (on her marriage with Charles of Burgundy) than he was again arrested and sent to the Tower, his effects seized, and his wife com- mitted to the custodiy of the then Mayor . Sir Thomas was shortly afterwards tried at Guildhall and ac- quitted. But on his acquittal he was sent to the Bread Street Compter, and from thence to the King’s Bench, and there kept until he paid eight thousand pounds to the King , and eight hundred pounds to the Queen. His wife, on regaining possession of his house after acquittal, “found it in very evil plight, for the servants of Sir John Fagge and Lord Bivers had made havoc of what they listed. Also, at his place at Gidea Hall , Essex , they had destroyed the deer in his park, his conies, and fish, and spared not brass, pewter, bedding, nor all they could carry away ; for which never a penny was gotten back in recompense.” It appears also that Lord Bivers and the Duchess of Bedford, his wife, obtained the dismissal of 28 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Chief Justice Markham from his office for having determined that Coke was not guilty of treason.* Alderman Sir John Plummer, Alderman Hayward, and others, were also charged with treason and ac- quitted, but had their goods seized by the King and were fined 4000 marks. On the temporary restoration of Henry VI., Alderman Coke had his estates restored, and was appointed locum tenens to the Lord Mayor (Stockton), who shammed illness ; but on power being regained by Edward, Coke was captured after attempting flight. As we are told that Edward saw the policy of pardoning all who had been his opposers, it is to be hoped that Sir Thomas escaped further molestation. “Avery ridiculous fashion now prevailed in London of wearing shoes with toes turned up of a monstrous length. For preventing this, proclamation was made in the City, strictly enjoining, that, for the future, the beaks or toes of boots and shoes should not exceed two inches in length, upon pains of excommunication, (a punishment in terrorem then much in fashion), and forfeiture of twenty shillings for each offence ; to be divided between the King, Chamber of London, and Company of Cordwainers. “In the year 1468, divers of the London jury were tried and convicted before the Lord Mayor of perjury, for having taken bribes to favour a certain person # Was he the Thomas Cook, draper, through whom Cade gave orders to the citizens ? CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 29 whose cause was to be tried before them ; for which crime they were sentenced to ride from Newgate to Cornhill with paper mitres upon their heads, where having been exposed the usual time, they returned in the same manner. “In 1473, Sir William Hampton, Knight of the Bath, Lord Mayor of London, endeavoured to clear the City and liberties of disorderly and unchaste women ; for which purpose he gave them corporal punishment, and ordered them to be led through the chief streets and indecently exposed. “The King contrived a new method for supplying his necessities under the appellation of a Benevolence ; he caused lists secretly to be made of all the rich and most opulent subjects, whom he prevailed upon, either by entreaties or menaces, largely to contribute to it. On this occasion, he sent to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of London, whom he, in a very pathetic speech, exhorted to set a good example to others. The Mayor, in obedience to his Majesty’s request, gave thirty pounds; some of the Aldermen, twenty marks; and the least, ten pounds each. Then he sent for the principal Commoners of the City, to whom he addressed himself in the same manner; which had so good an effect that the major part gave him the sum of four pounds, eleven shillings, and fourpence each. “In the same year a very great pestilence raged in London, which (begun about the end of September 30 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. in the preceding year, and lasted to the beginning of November in this year) swept away an incredible number of people. During this calamity, Sir Bar- tholomew James, the Mayor, being at his devotion before St. Erkenwald’s shrine, in St. Paul’s Church, Robert Byfield, one of the Sheriffs, kneeled down hard by him, in like manner to perform his devotions, or in his honour, is not certain ; however, the Mayor highly resented this proceeding of the Sheriff, and with some warmth asked him how he could be guilty of such an indignity towards him ? The Sheriff, instead of acknowledging himself guilty of a crime, treated the Mayor ‘in a very opprobious manner,’ who complained to the Court of Aldermen ; which Court amerced the Sheriff in the sum of fifty pounds for his rude deportment, to be appropriated towards repairing the City conduits. “In the month of August, 1482, His Majesty, in great regard to William Herriot, (Draper,) Mayor, who by his great trade with foreign countries increased the royal customs very largely, sent two harts, six bucks, and a tun of wine, for the entertainment of the Lady Mayoress and the wives of the Aldermen and principal citizens, wherewith they sumptuously regaled them- selves in Drapers’ Hall.” * * Maitland, pp. 204, 205, 207, 208, 210. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 31 EICHAED III. 1483 to 1485. “ Eichard appears to have founded his chief hopes of success in his ambitious project on the concurrence of the citizens. Aware of the important effects of their allegiance during the reign of his brother, and of the influence acquired bv their united strength in a nation divided throughout by many contending interests, he judged that if his authority was once established in London he had little to fear or expect from opposition in any other quarter. Accordingly, he bent his at- tention to gain over the City to his interest ; and, mindful of that election which first seated his brother on the throne, he resolved, if possible, to have his own title recognised in a similar manner. The Lord Mayor summoned a general assembly of the citizens, at which the Duke of Buckingham, who is said to have possessed great oratorical powers, attended.” * At this meeting the Duke harangued the citizens at great length on the pretensions of Eichard ; and the assembly, ultimately, with more or less willingness, invited Eichard to assume the crown. The proposal met with ready acceptance. “ The citizens attended the Coronation, with the Lord Mayor as cupbearer, in great pomp ; and * Norton, p. 169. 32 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. their claim in this particular was formally allowed, and still remains on record. Richard showed a continual anxiety to conciliate all ranks of people to his government, and as soon as he deemed himself securely seated on the throne, passed in Parliament several popular laws.” * HENRY VII. 1485 to 1509. “ In the reign of Henry VII., &s well as in those of several of his successors, many arbitrary practices prevailed, evincing rather the despotic power than the controlling influence of the monarch. The laws, too, were occasionally strained to effect illegal and tyrannical objects ; and many royal prerogatives, totally incompatible with the supremacy of the law, were exercised, the assumption of which by Charles I. brought that ill-fated monarch in bolder times to the scaffold. “ The frequent rebellions which mark the progress of this King’s reign, gave many occasions for the irregular exercise of his authority. But, in most instances, Henry, whose ruling passion was the ac- cumulation of wealth, was satisfied with the exaction # Norton, p. 171. See also Calendar of Aldermen of Cheap, under the notice of Alderman Sir E. Shaw. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 88 of ruinous fines and forfeitures, which, while they strengthened his own power, at the same time de- pressed that of his enemies. The whole policy of Henry’s government seems to have been amassing treasure. “ On one occasion only, he ventured to levy a Be- nevolence of his own authority, to which the citizens of London were, as usual, obliged very largely to contribute; but he had the prudence to obtain from the first Parliament which met afterwards, a sanction to this measure. Sensible of the dangers and dis- orders attending a direct and general taxation of his subjects, Henry devised a safer mode of attaining his ends, by craftily framing new laws, which tended to multiply and facilitate the forfeiture of estates ; and by rigidly enforcing, and even perverting, those laws by which fines and forfeitures were incurred. For this purpose, he employed, as his ministers, the notorious Empson and Dudley, lawyers of great learning and experience, who devoted, throughout the whole of Henry’s reign, the most industrious sagacity in contriving specious methods of oppressing the people under the forms of law. They new-modelled the Star Chamber, and supplied it with jurisdiction to try offences without a jury, and with power almost unlimited over the persons and properties of subjects. “ Henry commenced his exactions from the citizens of London in the mild form of borrowing; but though supplies to a moderate extent — and more D 34 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. than sufficient to meet his very limited necessities — were cheerfully advanced, the King’s rapacity was not of such a quality as to he satisfied with such slender acquisitions. Under the pretext of having transgressed against an old penal statute, Alderman Capel was fined ,£2,700, and this case formed the precedent for the numerous extortions which followed. Five thousand pounds were paid by the Corporation for a confirmation of their Charter ; principally with regard to their rights to the forfeiture of all goods bought and sold within the City by strangers. The Charter, however, contained no new grant of any new privileges or franchises. Every effort seems to have been exerted by the citizens to conciliate the King’s favour, both by the lavish magnificence displayed by them in their attendance on his person, and in the reception of his family into the City, and also by their zealous alacrity in defending his inte- rests against the continual attacks of rebels. But these attentions and services had no effect on his cold and calculating temper ; and his reign finished, as it begun, by cruel impositions on the wealthier citizens, many of whom, and among the rest Alderman Capel, were liberated from prison at his death, where they were confined.” * On the 11th October following the accession of Henry to the throne, a violent disease, called the “ Sweating Sickness,” raged in the City, and carried # Norton, pp. 178 — 177. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 35 off many of the citizens, among whom were Sir Thomas Hille, Lord Mayor (Alderman of Cheap), and his successor in the mayoralty, Sir William Stocker, also one of the Sheriffs, and six Aldermen. At his accession, Henry seized upon the Earl of Warwick, son of the late Duke of Clarence, and ne- phew to Edward IV., and sent him to the Tower: it renders it hard to say whether Henry or Richard better deserves the name of murderer, when we read that in the year 1500 Warwick was beheaded at Tower Hill. It is noticeable that Sir William Stanley, who was beheaded for alleged participation in the con- spiracy for placing Perkin Warbeck on the throne, was, according to Sir Bernard Burke, the richest subject in the kingdom, having 40,000 marks, in ready money, and J£3,000 a-year, to which circum- stance, considering the rapacious disposition of Henry, may be attributed his destruction more than to his political principles.* If this imputation he just, Henry simply killed a wealthy subject to obtain his money. If, on the other hand, the charges against Stanley were well founded, it is evident that the man who, as regards wealth, had most to risk was convinced of the justice of Perkin Warbeck’s claims. If this impression were accurate, it is clear that Richard III. was at least not guilty of killing one of the two sons of Edward IV., and tha Henry was, in point of fact, his murderer. * Burke’s “ Peerage.” D 2 86 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. “ In the year 1498, many beautiful gardens at Finsbury were turned into a spacious field, for the use of the London Archers or Train Bands ; part of which is now walled in, and denominated the Artillery Ground. “ In 1507, Thomas Knesworth, who had been Mayor two years before, and Richard Shoare and Roger Grove, his Sheriffs, were accused for abuses committed in their offices ; for which they were dragged to the Marshalsea, and confined, without any legal process, till they redeemed themselves with a payment of fourteen hundred pounds. Also, Christopher Haws, an Alderman of London, was secured for some imaginary crime; but, being a timorous man, soon died of an excess of grief. “ About the end of April died the Lord Mayor, Sir William Browne, Mercer, and was succeeded by Sir Lawrence Aylemer ; who, in the year following, was imprisoned by Henry’s rapacious Ministers, in order to extort a sum of money for his liberty. “Yet, nevertheless, his rapacious and infamous Ministers, Empson and Dudley, continued their grievous extortions and oppressions of the people with the utmost vigour, by a second prosecution of Alderman Sir William Capel, * for a neglect in not discovering and prosecuting some false coiners, for which pretended crime he was amerced in two thousand pounds ; but, being a bold man, he would * Ancestor of the Earl of Essex. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 37 not submit to such vile and arbitrary proceedings, and, instead of paying the fine, highly reflected on those iniquitous Ministers, the authors of his troubles for which he was committed first to the Compter, and then to the Tower of London, where he continued a prisoner during the King’s life.” * The following passage from Macaulay may be read with profit in reference to the destruction of life among the highest families in the kingdom, through the wars of the Red and White Roses : — “After the wars of York and Lancaster, the links which connected the nobility and the commonalty became closer and more numerous than ever. The extent of the destruction which had fallen on the old aristocracy may be inferred from a single circum- stance. In the year 1451, Henry YI. summoned fifty- three temporal Lords to Parliament. The temporal Lords summoned by Henry VII. were only twenty- nine, and several had recently been elevated to the peerage.” f HENRY VIII. 1509 to 1546. Immediately after his accession, Henry VIII. gratified his subjects by committing Sir Richard Empson and Edward Dudley, Esq., to the Tower. * Maitland, pp. 219 — 222. + Macaulay, vol. i.,’p- 88. 38 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. These were minions of his father, who had drawn upon themselves the unmitigated hatred of the nation. They were beheaded on Tower Hill, on the 18th August, 1510, and many of their subordinates put in the pillory, and with papers on their heads forced to ride through the City with their faces to the horses’ tails. “ Alderman Sir William Fitzwilliam* was this year disfranchised because he refused to serve the office of Sheriff. He was Alderman of Bread Street Ward, and retired to Milton, in Northamptonshire. In the fall of the Cardinal Wolsey, his former master, he gave him kind entertainment at his house in the country ; for which deed, being called before the King and demanded how he durst entertain so great an enemy to the State ? his answer was, that he had not contemptuously done it, but only because he had been his master, and (partly) the means of his fortunes. The King was so well pleased with his answer that, saying himself had too few such servants, immediately knighted him, and after- wards made him a Privy Councillor. “ This worthy knight dying, gave iHOO to Poor Maids’ Marriages. His debts and debtors (over whose names he had written Amove Dei remitto ) he freely forgave. He gave to the Universities, <£40 ; to the poor, £30 ; to mend the highways betwixt Chigwell and Copersall, in Essex, £50; to mend # Ancestor of Earl Fitzwilliam. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 39 other highways about Thorney and Sawtry Chapel, and the Bridge, <£50 more ; and to the Merchant Taylors, his brethren, he gave his best stand- ing cup as a friendly remembrance of him for ever. “ He died Anno 1542. His will was proved on the sixteenth of February that year. “ When he died he was Knight of the Order of the Garter, Lord Keeper of the King’s Privy Seal, and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. “ King Henry being in great want of money for the prosecution of the war in France, Cardinal Wolsey, his Prime Minister, in a very illegal and arbitrary manner, issued out commissions in the King’s name for levying the sixth part of all the goods and chattels of the laity, and a fourth of those of the clergy, by which absolute and tyrannical pro- ceeding the whole kingdom was so much inflamed that the people in all parts were ready to break out in a general rebellion, which so greatly affected Henry that he openly disavowed those irregular pro- ceedings, and, by his letter to the Mayor and Citizens of London, declared that he would not exact any- thing of his people by compulsion, nor demand anything of them, but by way of benevolence, as had been practised by his predecessors ; but this soon discovered itself to be only an artifice to extort large sums under another name, for what the people refused to pay to the Cardinal’s commission 40 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. they now found themselves obliged to pay by way of benevolence. “The citizens of London being the first to be rated by this benevolence, the Cardinal sent for the Mayor and Aldermen and acquainted them in an ex- postulatory manner of his Majesty’s most gracious condescension in remitting the payment of the sixth of all their effects, and, in lieu thereof, had only appointed them to pay a certain benevolence, there- fore he desired them to return and make proper assessments in their several wards for raising the same. To which the Recorder answered, that by a statute of the first of Richard III. such benevolences were abolished.” * The Cardinal thereupon resolved to try the Mayor and Aldermen separately, to know what each were willing to contribute, and having begun with the Mayor, he excused himself from making any declara- tion in that affair till he had consulted the Common Council thereon, who, by their former deportment, the Cardinal had reason to believe they never would agree to ; he therefore desired the Mayor and Aider- men in their private capacities to give what they thought proper. However, before they complied with the Cardinal’s proposals, they communicated the same to the Common Council, who, instead of agreeing to it, in a great rage were for expelling Richard Gresham, John Hewster, and Richard * Maitland, pp. 228 — 227. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 41 Gibson, three of their members, for speaking in behalf of so great an imposition; yet, without coming to any resolution in that respect, they broke up in the greatest ferment. However, this stand occasioned the benevolence to be rejected in all parts of the kingdom. “ At the latter of Henry’s reign, when his autho- rity was more fully established, an Alderman of London, Eichard Eead, absolutely refused to comply with a similar demand ; but such was the power of prerogative assumed at this time, that for this dis- obedience to the King’s will the citizen was imme- diately enrolled as a foot soldier, and sent off to the Scottish wars. Another, who showed himself equal refractory, was cast into prison, and compelled to ransom himself by a heavy composition.” * “ Eichard Eose, cook to the Bishop of Eochester, according to his sentence, was boiled to death in Smithfield, in the year 1531, for poisoning sixteen persons with porridge. In 1536, the King sent for the Mayor and Aider- men at Westminster, where he returned them thanks for their good services both to him and his Queen ; and, as a greater mark of his gratitude and sincere affection to the City, invited the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and forty of the principal citizens to the christening of the Princess Elizabeth, his daughter, at Greenwich, whither at the time pre- * Norton, p. 192. 42 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. fixed, the Mayor, in his crimson velvet gown and collar of S.S., and the Aldermen in scarlet, with their collars and golden chains, repaired to the cele- bration of the said ceremony.”* “ There appears to have been but one commodious and regular street, which led through the heart of the City from Aldersgate to Ludgate; and the breadth of way throughout the course of Cheapside was much greater than that at the present day. This street, which was the scene of all processions and civic grandeur, was justly esteemed the most beautiful part of the City ; and much attention on the part of the civic authorities, as well as of the government, was bestowed to preserve its uniformity. It was chiefly occupied by goldsmiths’ shops, and care was taken to exclude all trades of a less splendid appearance.” f EDWAKD YI. 1546 to 1558. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, as Protector at the beginning of this reign, acquired almost supreme power, and amongst other abuses of it sent persons to the Guildhall Library, and robbed it of the entire contents. The pillage of this library, to * Maitland, pp. 230, 235. f Norton, pp. 189, 190. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 48 which Richard Whittington among others had liberally contributed, and which must have con- tained manuscripts of incalculable value, produced a singular result. From that time until the year 1824, although individual members of the Cor- poration founded public schools and university scholarships, it does not appear that as a Cor- poration the Guildhall possessed any collection of books. The fear of some similar exercise of arbitrary power seems to have deterred men from founding another library for many generations ; for the last forty years, however, the apprehension and the apathy it induced have been dissipated, and at this moment the contents of the Library of the Corporation certainly redound to its credit. Nor will the purchase of the Shakespeare autograph fail to be appreciated as an indication of the altered spirit of the Court of Common Council. “ The Lords associated with Somerset in the Administration were resolved to overthrow his ascendancy, which had become generally unpopular. Their first precaution was to coalesce with the City Magistrates, who, at their instance, called together a Court of Common Council, in which it was proposed to levy a force to be at the disposal of the Lords, through whose assistance, it was hoped, the Protector would be brought to account. This bold measure, though introduced by the Recorder,* was, * Robert Broke ? 44 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. nevertheless, with some hesitation, rejected; but the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, with the cordial sanction of the Court of Common Council, deputed one of the members to represent their complaints to the King. The Alderman executed his trust so emphatically in the presence of the Protector himself, that he was fain to yield to the powerful combination against him, and was soon after committed by his opponents to the Tower ; to which place he was conducted by the citizens in a manner savouring very much of triumph.” * “ Several of the City Corporations being pos- sessed of lands given by Papists to superstitious uses, they were now by Act of Parliament sup- pressed and appropriated to the King’s use, to the amount of one thousand pounds per annum, which were purchased by the several Companies of London at the dear rate of twenty years’ purchase ; and for the payment thereof some of the said Corporations, to their great loss, were obliged to dispose of other lands at fourteen and sixteen years’ purchase f (almost tantamount to making them purchase their own estates).” This ingenious device of robbing the Com- panies, shows pretty plainly the nature of some of the men who were our leaders at the Keforma- tion. Had the advice attributed to Cranmer of * Norton, p. 197. f Maitland, p. 241. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 45 appropriating the forfeited ecclesiastical property to the purposes of national education been followed, it is difficult to overestimate the public good that might have resulted — the grasping avarice of the King and his courtiers defeated this beneficent project. “ The King having borrowed a large sum of money of Anthony Fugger and Co., Bankers, in Antwerp, the Lord Mayor and citizens of London were jointly bound with His Majesty for the pay- ment thereof ; and Edward granted to Sir Andrew Judd, the Mayor, a Becognizance to indemnify him and the Commonalty of the City.”* MABY. 1553 to 1558. At the Coronation of Mary, the Mayor and twelve Aldermen officiated as butlers, and the Mayor, as usual, received a golden cup and ewer as his fee. “ In the progress of Wyatt’s rebellion, Queen Mary had great reason to apprehend the entire defection of the City. This occasioned her such alarm, that, on the news of Wyatt’s approach, she * Maitland, p. 247. 46 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. suddenly repaired to the Guildhall, where she was met by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and chief of the City Companies. She then addressed the citizens in a very conciliatory harangue, which had the good effect of preserving their allegiance ; on which, at this crisis, it appeared very evident that the stability of her throne altogether de- pended.” * The Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas White, Merchant Taylor, (a connexion of Sir Oliver Cromwell, of Hinchinbrook) in 1558, founded St. John’s College, Oxford ; erected schools at Bristol, Reading, and Higham Ferrers, and left extensive charities to benefit about twenty of the largest towns. ELIZABETH. 1558 to 1602. In allusion to the popularity of Queen Elizabeth, Mr. Mark Lemon has written: “ The church hells were rung on the anniversary of Elizabeth’s birth- day as late as the time of Charles II. — a compliment paid to no other sovereign.” It may be added that the number of inscriptions in the London churches to her memory is equally without example. * Norton, p. 198. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 47 In Cheap Ward alone we find there were — one placed in St. Pancras, Soper Lane ; one in St. Mildred, Poultry ; and one in St. Lawrence, Jewry. “ The unlimited authority which Henry VIII. had on so many important occasions exercised was fresh in the recollection of Elizabeth and of her submissive people ; and she possessed too haughty a nature to resign more of it than the circumstances of the times were calculated to wrest gradually from her hands. Throughout her reign she laboured to rule rather by prerogatives than by law : and was notoriously disinclined to Parliaments. “ The prerogatives which throughout this reign were most hostile to the just liberty of the subject may be shortly summed up. Elizabeth had con- tinual recourse to the jurisdiction of the Star Chamber — a jurisdiction altogether unlimited and undefined in its extent, its process, its mode of trial, and its judgments.* The Court of High Com- missions, established on her sole authority, for the trial of all offences in matters of religion, that is, all aberrations in faith from one arbitrary standard as well as many moral transgressions deemed of ecclesiastical cognizance, was an inquisition in its worst sense. It was discretionary in all its powers both of investigation and punishment. Martial law # Not without some resemblance to certain * Select ’ Committees, that have been heard of in the nineteenth century. 48 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. was frequently ordered to be put in force upon all offenders whom the Queen determined to consider as promoting disorders or mutiny in the govern- ment. But of all the privileges assumed by the Crown in this age, none were more prejudicial to the national interests, or more offensive to the body of the people, than the power of dispensing with, and even indirectly enacting, laws by royal proclama- tions, and that of granting exclusive monopolies to favourites and purchasers by royal patents. “ Under such a dynasty, it is apparent that the condition of the people must have depended alto- gether on the accidental qualities of the ruler ; and these it must be acknowledged were, in regard to Elizabeth, of a description eminently successful in promoting her own prosperity and that of her subjects. Frugal in the highest degree in her expenditure, both public and private, and cautiously abstaining from all unnecessary wars, she avoided that common stumbling-block to the authority of monarchs occasioned by burthensome taxation.* Sagacious in the choice of wise ministers, she maintained through their agency that just equili- brium between popular concession and coercive * It was a saying of Queen Elizabeth, that “ her purse was the pockets of her people : ” but on one occasion she sold many of her private demesnes, and even her crown jewels, to support a necessary war. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 49 severity, as to ensure the greatest deference to all her measures. By a sedulous attention to the ports and shipping, she may be said to have restored the naval glory of England; and by the promotion of commercial speculation (however ignorantly and imperfectly regulated) she diffused a vast increase of wealth and industry amongst her people. Her success in effectually humbling her powerful enemies, while it flattered the high spirit of the nation, at the same time preserved it from the degradation and disasters of foreign conquest. But above all, generous and intrepid in her dis- position, she ever manifested that personal con- fidence in the attachment of her people, with which it is a quality in human nature itself, under any circumstances, to be fascinated. It is to these peculiarities in the character of Elizabeth, and in that of the times rather than to the forms of government which prevailed, or the enjoyment of anything like constitutional liberty by the people, that we must attribute the universal popularity which attended this glorious reign — a popularity which, being faithfully handed down to posterity, has served to blind those who are not careful to distinguish between the qualities of the governor and those of the government itself. 4 4 No class of her subjects were more cordially attached to Elizabeth than the citizens of London. It was this attachment, perhaps, as well as reverence E 50 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. for her administration, which induced them cheer- fully to submit to several measures interfering not a little with their chartered rights. Indeed, it is not to be denied hut that some of the proceedings of the Civil authorities themselves were hardly to he justified in point of law, a consideration which might reasonably render them less inquisitive into those emanating from a higher source. “ On the first intelligence of the Spanish Invasion, she required a body of troops to be instantly raised, which demand was readily complied with by the Companies who sent 5,000 men into encampment. She subsequently raised 10,000 more troops by a letter to the Lord Mayor; upon which it was resolved, in Common Council, that the Aldermen should raise these soldiers by impressment in their respective wards. In the same way thirty- eight ships were supplied. Illegal and unconstitutional as these acts were, particularly with reference to the chartered privileges of the citizens, it must be confessed that the occasion furnished an excuse for the measures ; and, at all events, whatever blame may belong to them must be shared between the Queen and those who put her commands into execution. “ She issued a Commission empowering Sir Thomas Wilford, a provost marshal, to execute martial law instantly upon any person marked out as disorderly by any Justice of the Peace in London, CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 51 after examination, by hanging them on the gibbet nearest to their supposed offences. What, in these times, may perhaps excite the highest sur- prise is, that the Lord Mayor himself, not unad- visably it may be presumed, sent to the Lord Treasurer a letter, distinctly requesting the grant of this extraordinary commission, in pursuance of which no fewer than five persons were ex- ecuted.” * It is needless here to say that under Elizabeth our National Wealth was cherished and improved, and the spirit of commercial enterprise heartily encouraged. The story of the'rescue of his master’s daughter by Edward Osborne, afterwards Mayor, j- is thus told : — “ The Mayor at this time (1559), was that eminent Citizen and Clothworker, Sir William Hewet, the son of Edmund Hewet, of Wales, in Yorkshire. This knight was possessed of an estate, value JE6,000 per annum at his death, and was blessed with an issue of three sons and one daughter ; of which daughter we have the following tradition from the most noble family of the Duke of Leeds : — Sir William, her father, living at that time on London * Norton, pp. 201 — 204, 207. f Ancestor of the Duke of Leeds, and of S.G.O., of the Times , the incident is well illustrated in the Hall of the Clothworkers’ Company. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY. ' 52 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Bridge, it happened that the maid- servant as she was diverting the infant Miss on the edge of an open window, accidentally let her drop into the Thames, and, to all appearance, without hope of being saved : but a young gentleman, named Osborne, then apprentice to Sir William, the father, seeing the accident, immediately leaped into the river after her boldly and brought the child out safe, to the great joy of its parents and admiration of the spectators. This brave and friendly action so engaged the affections of Sir William, the infant’s father, that, when she was grown to woman’s estate, and asked in marriage by several persons of quality, especially by the Earl of Shrewsbury, the knight rejected all their advantageous proposals, and, with a deep sense of gratitude, betrothed his daughter, with a very great dowry, to her deliverer, and with this emphatic declaration, ‘ Osborne saved her and Osborne shall enjoy her ! ’ Part of the estate given with her in marriage was the estate of Sir Thomas Fanshaw, late of Barking, in Essex ; several other lands are enjoyed by the family of the Duke of Leeds, in the parishes of Harthil and Wales, in the county of York. This remarkable story is represented in a painting carefully pre- served in the family. Sir William was buried under a very magnificent tomb, between that of Dean Collet on the west, and that of Sir William Cockain, knight and baronet, on the east, and on CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 53 the north side of the south isle in St. Paul’s Cathedral.”* JAMES I. 1602 to 1625. “ That Janies conceived his own authority to be absolute and above the law may be gathered from all his public addresses. What tended, it may be presumed in no small degree, to prevent an actual breach with the monarch on this interesting topic, when the eyes of all his subjects were opened to the natural qualities of government, were his constant declarations, not ill supported by his conduct, that whatever notions he himself entertained of his own authority, his intentions, as well as his inclinations, were to govern according to the law of the land and the duly ascertained will of his subjects. 6 ‘It is to be remarked that the sect of Puritans which subsequently occasioned such convulsions in the government began to increase at this period ; they rendered themselves notorious at first by their intolerance of popery, and such is the effect of religious fanaticism on the human mind that this class of persons, who were at all times the most forward assertors of constitutional liberty, did not * Maitland, p. 254. 54 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. hesitate to call into aid the King’s most tyrannical powers, as exercised by the arbitrary Court of High Commissioners, towards the suppression of all differences of religious opinion. The jurisdiction of the Star Chamber was enforced with less scruple, and we hear of many persons being censured for their disobedience to the King’s ridiculous pro- clamations agaiffst the increase of the London suburbs. While such a prerogative as this pre- vailed, of establishing arbitrary courts and com- missions of enquiry, there is little cause for surprise that the citizens of London experienced such con- tinual difficulty in vindicating their chartered privileges in regard to exclusive jurisdiction within the City. “ The citizens were but once called upon by James to furnish their quota of soldiers towards a projected war; on which occasion they supplied only two thousand men ; and that it would seem, more out of goodwill than from anything like com- pulsion. In an attempt, however, to raise a Bene- volence, the citizens evinced a more refractory spirit. Twenty thousand pounds were demanded, but they refused to advance more than half that sum ; a plain indication of the knowledge they had acquired of their own rights in regard to taxation. One citizen, however, upon application refused to con- tribute anything ; but on it being intimated to him that the King might require his services to carry a CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 55 dispatch to Ireland, he deemed it an easier task to comply than to assert his own right against the claims of the monarch. “ King James conferred on the City of London those possessions in Ireland which became the occasion of founding what is called the Irish Society. It is foreign to the object of this work to detail the nature of these possessions, or to examine the functions of the Society in consequence of this grant. It will be sufficient to mention, that the province of Ulster having become depopulated, and for the most part forfeited to the Crown through frequent rebellions, it was judged expedient to colonize it with a body of Protestants. That pro- vince, comprising the city of Londonderry and the town of Colerain, was accordingly granted by charter to the Corporation, who immediately formed a committee (afterwards incorporated into the Irish Society), with power to raise a sum of money, and to take measures for the plantation of it. For this purpose, all the land was divided into thirteen lots ; the first containing the city and town, with the public fisheries, were reserved in the hands of the Society ; the other lots were dis- posed of, in conformity with the King’s charter of license, to the twelve Great Livery Companies in perpetuity. “A good understanding generally prevailed between the citizens and James, who took pleasure 56 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. in associating with them. He granted them three valuable charters, the substance and tenor of which sufficiently testified his good will to the Corporation and his anxiety to support its privileges.” * “ The King being informed of the dilatory pro- ceedings of the citizens of London in settling the province of Ulster, in Ireland, lately conferred upon them, and also upon the many scandalous practices and abuses in the prosecution of that undertaking ; he therefore commanded the Governor and Com- mittee of Direction in that affair to attend him at Greenwich, where he upbraided them with their neglect and careless management in the execution of so valuable and laudable a work. This repri- mand occasioned the calling of a Common Council at their return, wherein Henry Montague, one of the King’s Sergeants, laid home to the Lord Mayor and citizens their several faults and omissions in the prosecution of so beneficial an enterprise, and ac- quainted them, that it was his Majesty’s pleasure they should immediately send over a deputation from the Common Council to superintend the work of plantation for the more effectual carrying on of the same. “ The Common Council highly approving of this proposition, chose an Alderman and a Commoner for their deputies, to whom were added by the Gov- ernor and Committee of Direction three gentlemen of * Norton, pp. 261, 264 — 267. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 57 great knowledge and experience as assistants, who arriving in Ireland, carefully surveyed everything relating to the undertaking; and what was found amiss they rectified, and things defective immediately supplied : and having settled everything belonging to the colony upon the best foundation, they returned and reported their proceedings to the Common Council — which to their great honour were unani- mously approved of.” * At Michaelmas this year, 1613, Sir Hugh Mid- dleton completed that most useful and expensive scheme of supplying this City with sweet and whole- some water by means of the New River. “At this time (1615) the side of the streets of this City being paved with pebble stones, walking was thereby rendered very troublesome, wherefore the inhabitants of the principal streets set about paving their several doors with broad freestones. “ Soon after, Sir Peter Proby,f an Alderman of this City, and governor of the colony of Ulster, in Ireland, by a special commission from the King and City of London, repaired thither, attended by divers of the most eminent citizens for regulating certain affairs belonging to the plantation, taking along with him two rich Swords of State as a present from the City, to be carried before the Mayors of Londonderry and Colerain ; the former whereof being by the King * Maitland, p. 294. f Ancestor of Lord Carysfort. 58 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. some time before erected into a city, and the latter into a corporate town.” * CHARLES I. 1625 to 1648. “ At this time the City greatly abounded in riches and splendour, such as former ages were unacquainted with. Then it was beautiful to behold the glorious appearance of goldsmiths’ shops, in the south row of Cheapside, which in a continued course reached from the Old Change to Buckler sbury, exclusive of four shops only of other trades in all that space, which occasioned the Privy Council, on the eighteenth of November, to make the following order : — “ 6 Forasmuch as His Majesty hath received infor- mation of the unseemliness and deformity appearing in Cheapside, by reason that divers men of mean trades have shops amongst the goldsmiths, which disorder it is his Majesty’s express pleasure to be removed.’ f “It would be unjust to deny that Charles had some of the qualities of a good and even great prince. He wrote and spoke, not like his father, with the exactness of a professor, but after the fashion of intelligent and well-educated gentlemen. His * Maitland, p. 297. f Ibid., p. 301. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 59 taste in literature and art was excellent ; his manner dignified, though not gracious ; his domestic life without blemish. Faithlessness was the chief cause of his disasters, and is the chief stain upon his memory.” * It is difficult to believe that any conduct on the part of the King would have prevented a rupture with the Puritans, but certainly his ill-judged conduct towards the citizens perilled all. “ Unhappily for this monarch there flourished at this crisis in the House of Commons adversaries who possessed the most exalted capabilities. These men could not but perceive how dependent the King had become upon Parliament for these sup- plies, which the alteration of times and circum- stances required every year to be more liberal, while the resources of the prerogative had gradually dimi- nished. “ The House was induced to pause in the sub- missive course which had been usual in their grants. The commands of the King — nay, his representations and entreaties on this subject — were met with parsi- monious indifference. Remonstrances against griev- ances and arbitrary measures alone occupied their counsels. Parliament after Parliament was dissolved in disgust, while Charles in vain endeavoured, by the exercise of his prerogatives, to maintain an absolute independence, until, as he flattered himself, # Macaulay, p. 83. 60 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. he should collect more subservient members of his legislature. He still found himself doomed to confront the same steady opponents; and these gradually joined by more turbulent spirits. The list of grievances increased; remonstrances grew bolder. “ Charles applied to the citizens, in the first instance, for a loan of £100,000. They well knew the slender nature of the security offered for the repayment of it, and declined to provide so large a sum ; having no power, as they intimated, to enforce advances from individuals. The King did not hesitate to imprison twenty of the principal citizens for this refusal, and peremptorily obliged the City to provide twenty ships, although an abatement of the number was solicited in a very submissive manner. On a riot occurring in the City, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen were summoned before the King’s Council and threatened with a seizure of the charter : they were finally amerced in the sum of <£6000, and yet it has been doubted whether this was a pretence for extortion. Further warrants were issued for levying ship money : the citizens referred to their charter ; they petitioned for abatement ; they appealed to the courts of law, but all in vain; and they were ex- pressly told by one of the judges ‘ that there was one rule of law and another of government, which latter Was not to be controverted.’ Four Aldermen were imprisoned by the Privy Council for not disclosing CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 61 the names of citizens who had money, but who refused to advance it to the King. Prosecutions were carried on in the Star Chamber against the Corporation for pretended abuses in the management of the province of Ulster; the City was, after many invitations to compound, condemned to lose its pos- sessions, and fined <£50,000. This sentence was con- demned at the very first meeting of the next Parliament, as contrary to the fundamental rights of the people. No limits were set to proclamations, and they were enforced by scandalous sentences in the Star Chamber. Finally, as if to convince the citizens that the King designed nothing short of completing their degra- dation 'and slavery, he forbad their preparing any petition to him for the redress of grievances. “ There is no reason to believe that at the com- mencement of the civil troubles any party in the Corporation encouraged revolutionary views. “ Charles, in the fourteenth year of his reign, granted the citizens a most ample charter. It con- firmed all former privileges enjoyed under prior grants, and it confers several additional and impor- tant immunities. Parliamentary opposition, if at this crisis it may not with more propriety be termed faction, had already ran high, and was fast advanc- ing in a career of disloyalty, when, upon the King’s arrival in London, after a long absence in Scotland, he was received with a magnificence and universal cordiality, which could leave little doubt how per- 62 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. sonally dear he still continued to the citizens. The Recorder, in the name of the Corporation, pro- nounced an address full of fervent affection ; and Charles, in terms of much sensibility, expressed the contentment he felt in finding that the late tumults and disorders had only arisen from the meaner sort, and that the City had ever been loyal and affec- tionate to his person and government. The King, after dining in public with the Lord Mayor, embraced him on taking leave ; and desired him to attend with his brethren, the Aldermen, at Whitehall, the following day, that he might convince them of his determination to fulfil all the promises of protection in their civic rights, which he had promised in his public address to them. 44 Flattering as these indications were, they were of short duration. It is true that the King assented to many just and popular bills, by which the Courts of High Commission and Star Chamber were abo- lished, and the more oppressive exercises of his prerogatives denounced ; but the reluctance which he seemed to feel in sanctioning such measures, added continually to the strength and zeal of the republican party in the government ; while he gained but few to his side, and those slowly, from amongst the partisans of more moderate counsels. Meantime, the zealots in the House were unceasing in their efforts to attach the citizens to their cause.’' * * Norton, pp. 278, 279, 281—284. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 63 The following Resolutions were passed by the House of Commons, in defence of the City, in 1639. “ Resolved , That it is the opinion of this House that the Citizens of London were solicited and pressed to the undertaking of the plantation of Londonderry. “ Resolved , That the copy attested by Mr. Goad’s hand is a true copy of the sentence given in the Star Chamber against the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London, and of the new plantation of Ulster, in the Kingdom of Ireland. “ Resolved, That the order made in the Court of Star Chamber, dated the eighth of March, in the eighth of Charles, is unlawful both for the matter, persons, and time therein prefixed. “ Resolved, That this House is of opinion that the King was not deceived in the grant which he made unto the Society of Governors and Assistants of London, of the new plantation of Ulster, in the Kingdom of Ireland, in particular, nor in creating a new Corporation, called the Society of the Governors and Assistants of London, of the new plantation of Ulster, in the Kingdom of Ireland. “ Resolved, That this House is of opinion that the King did not, by that Patent, grant more land than was by him intended to be granted, nor was he therein deceived ; “ That it doth not appear by sufficient proof that the Citizens of London were tied to perform the 64 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. printed Articles, and, consequently, not bound to plant with English and Scots, nor restrained from planting with the natives ; “ That by the seven and twenty Articles, the City was to build two hundred Houses in Derry, and a hundred at Colerain, by the first day of November, 1611. Admitting that the Houses were not built, nor the Castle of Culmore repaired by the time prefixed ; yet this is no crime, nor cause for giving damages, in regard the City had not that Patent until the nine and twentieth March, 1618 ; “ That there is no proof that the Governor, &c., of the new plantation, or any of their Companies, did make any Lease unto any Popish Eecusant, nor of any decay of religion there by default of the planters ; “ That there is no proof of any default in the planters for not making a sufficient number of Free- holders, nor any articles that do tie them thereunto ; “ That there is no proof that the City of London or the Governor of the new plantations have felled any Trees in the Woods, called Glancankin and Kellytrough, contrary to their covenant ; “ That the not conveying of Glebe Lands to the several Incumbents of the several Parish Churches, in regard they did not enjoy the Lands, is no crime punishable, nor cause of seizure of their Lands ; “ That the breach of covenant (if any such were) is no sufficient cause to forfeit the Lands ; CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 65 4 4 That the breach of Covenant is no crime, but triable in ordinary Courts of Justice ; “ That the Court of Star Chamber, while it stood as a Court, had no power to examine Freehold, no Inheritance, nor had any power to examine or de- termine Breach of Covenant or Trust ; “ That the sentence upon these Corporations aggregate, no particular persons being guilty, it is against Law ; “ That in all the proofs of this cause there doth not appear matter sufficient to convince the City of London of any crime ; “ That, upon the whole matter, the sentence of the Star Chamber was unlawful and unjust ; “ That this Composition and Agreement made with the City upon these terms in the time of ex- tremity ought not to bind the City ; “ That the opinion of the House is, That they think fit that both the citizens of London and those of the new Plantation, and all under-tenants, and all those put out of possession by the sequestration, or King’s Commissioners, shall be restored to the same state that they were in before the sentence of the Star Chamber ; 4 ‘ That the citizens of London, and all they against whom the judgment is given in the Scire Facias, shall be discharged of that judgment.”* ‘ 6 Whoever examines into the nature of these civil # Maitland, p. 819. E 66 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. disputes, cannot fail to discover that in the pro- secutions of them, there was, as well in the City as throughout the country, as much theological as political acrimony. The progress of the Lutheran reformation having given birth to a variety of sects and opinions.” * Loud invectives were poured forth against popery and popish ceremonies, to which the primate was accused as more than addicted. Episcopalian govern- ment was next attacked, as supported by the same medium. Some members of the Presbyterian per- suasion arrived in London on a political mission from Scotland ; all the enthusiasm of the self-in- spired votaries of the Kirk was poured forth in the City, to the amazement and delight of their new auditors. The churches were left desolate; and happy was he who by timely exertion in obtaining a seat in the Scotch congregation was at length blest with the edification bestowed in a ranting sermon of three hours’ length. The reign of fanaticism began, and was characterized by the usual blindness and zeal which actuates religious faction. The City abounded in scliismatical congregations. With- out any standard of faith to which common alle- giance was attracted, every man not only followed, but was anxious to preach his own system. Some proposed a religious community of goods, others declaimed against tithes and lawyers ; some laboured * Norton, p. 285. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 67 to establish a dominion of saints, others expected the second coming of Jesus Christ to govern the world in person. All, however, were united in one feeling of hatred to episcopacy and church government ; and as Charles was not only religiously hut politically attached to the principles of the Church, he shared but too largely the prevalent detestation of them. In the Parliament held at Westminster, Novem- ber, 1640, a Schedule of Grievances was presented by Alderman Pennington, to the House of Commons, by fifteen thousand citizens. It is a very remark- able document, and curiously illustrative of the mode of thought of our Puritan forefathers. They denounced the Koman Catholics and the Church of England with intense bitterness ; and in the eighth and twelfth sections of the schedule attribute to prelacy, as follows : — 44 The swarming of lascivious, idle, and un- profitable Books and Pamphlets, Play Books and Ballads, as namely, 4 Ovid’s Fits of Love,’ 4 The Parliament of Women ’ (which came out at the dis- solving of the last Parliament), ‘Barn’s Poems,’ 4 Parker’s Ballads,’ in disgrace of religion, to the increase of all vice, and withdrawing the people from reading, studying, and hearing the Word of God, and other good books. 44 The multitude of monopolies and Patents draw- ing with them innumerable perjuries ; the large in- crease of Customs and Imposition upon Commodi- f 2 68 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. ties, the Ship Money, and many other great Burthens upon the Commonwealth, under which all groan.” * “ After the fashion of oppressed sects,” says Macaulay, “ the Puritans mistook their own vindic- tive feelings for emotions of piety ; and when they had worked themselves up into hating their enemies, imagined that they were only hating the enemies of heaven. It was a sin to hang garlands on a May- pole, to drink a friend’s health, to fly a hawk, to hunt a stag, to play at chess, to wear love -locks, to put starch into a ruff, to touch the virginals, to read the ‘ Fairy Queen.’ Some precisians had scruples about teaching the Latin language, because the names Mars, Bacchus, and Apollo occurred in it.” f THE COMMONWEALTH. 1648 to 1660. “ It is needless to specify the series of arts by which Cromwell had arrived at a complete command of a powerful and victorious army, or the manoeuvres by which he had lulled suspicions of that Parliament by whose support he had risen, and which he was at length able to overthrow. As soon as the House perceived the loss of their authority with the army, it made a fruitless effort to oppose those views of * Maitland, p. 335. t Macaulay, pp. 79 — 81. / CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 69 usurpation at which it then became notorious Cromwell aimed. The City sided openly with the Parliament. That assembly, however, could make but a feeble stand against the force to which the nation was about to fall a prey. It already abounded with many partizans of Cromwell, and on the arrival of that general in London, those who opposed his views were unceremoniously ejected by that clearance of the House of Commons by Colonel Pride, which commonly passed by the name of ‘Pride’s Purge.’ The House then became a mere tool in the hands of Cromwell and his generals. “ This was a state of things on which the citizens had never calculated, and they made no hesitation in breaking both with Cromwell and the newly-packed Parliament ; the former, however, by many artifices prevailed to some extent. At the trial of Charles several of the citizens were appointed as the King’s judges, and the usurper was by no means deficient in paying court to his ancient friends. Yet, although he succeeded apparently attaching the Cor- poration to his interests, he never truly secured their goodwill. Several of the Aldermen absolutely refused to proclaim a Commonwealth ; and during the many subsequent civil dissentions, the City juries, by their acquittal of public offenders, more than once taught * See Forster’s “Arrest of the Five Members,” for informa- tion in detail as to the part taken by the City, on behalf of Hampden, Pym, Hollis, Haslerig, and Strode. 70 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. the Protector on what a precarious foundation his interests rested.” * “ Under Cromwell the clergy of the fallen An- glican Church were suffered to celebrate their worship, on condition that they would abstain from preaching politics. The Jews were permitted to build a syna- gogue. “ Whilst Cromwell lived, he contrived to in- spire respect even among those who held him in aversion. j- “ At his death the citizens were early in defection from his son Richard. When Monk applied to the Common Council to join him in restoring King Charles II., nothing could exceed the universal joy with which his invitation was accepted, and Charles was received by the citizens with such abundant marks of cordial welcome that he wondered ‘ where his enemies were concealed, and why he had delayed so long in repairing to his friends. J CHARLES II. 1660 to 1685. Whatever differences of opinion may exist as to the character of Charles I., or Oliver Cromwell, there is no room for doubt as to that of Charles II. A more # Norton, p. 287. f Macaulay, p. 187. I Norton, p. 288. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 71 faithless sovereign, a more unscrupulous and unprin- cipled man, and a greater adept in vice, probably never existed. “ The merry Monarch ” understood one art, that of conciliating the mob ; and it has been said, on his behalf, that he was kind to his illegiti- mate children ! True ; he disgraced the peerage of England, and ensured his own lasting infamy by sending his sons, with ducal titles, among its members, and forcing his titled strumpets (some of the vilest women the world ever saw) among the peeresses of the realm. “ The first Parliament summoned by Charles con- tented themselves with not restoring any of the obnoxious royal prerogatives ; and it must be con- fessed that the King did not, in his early measures, evince any design of assuming them contrary to the inclination of his subjects, or of exerting any inde- pendent power of taxation. A Charter granted in the year 1663 to the City of London, which con- firmed in the most ample terms, by name and by recital, their preceding Charters, as well as their ancient privileges and customs, sufficiently exempli- fied his deference to popular rights.* “ Notwithstanding the untoward suspicions gene- rated by this backwardness in regard to supplies, it * This Charter, the 24th June, 1663, contains almost all the previous Charters, recited at large in the way of Inspeximus, and is usually referred to as the text of the City Charters. It does not, however, contain the whole of them. 72 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. is clear, from tlie conduct of Parliament, that in reality it intended neither to intrench on the just authority of the King nor to deprive him of any of his requisite and constitutional prerogatives. In all other respects every indication of loyalty, and even of subserviency, was manifested. Although the re- publican army was disbanded, a body of about one thousand horse and five thousand foot was suffered to he retained without reproach, and this was the first establishment of a regular standing army in the nation. Many Acts were passed calculated to crush the smallest seeds of rebellion ; all legislative power in the Houses alone was specifically renounced. “ Louis XIV. of France, a man bigoted to the catholic religion, of considerable talents and of un- bounded ambition, and commanding in men and money enormous resources — openly aimed at the dominion of Europe. Charles, through his assistance, hoped to establish an independent and absolute power over his own subjects in England, and of overturning for ever the faith of ninety-nine hundredths of his people. Actuated by these views, he secretly sold himself to the interests of France for a paltry animal pension ; and engaged by every measure in his power to promote her schemes of conquest ; and to prosecute her aggrandisement, although, at the sacrifice of every dictate of sound policy, of many engagements of honour, and even at the imminent risk of the eventual ruin of his kingdom. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 78 “ Parliament became altogether distrustful of his designs. Every proceeding which emanated from the Court party seemed fraught with popery. Popular hatred was directed with unremitting virulence to this point of dissension, and it became a complete mania. The King was obliged to annul the declaration of indulgence. The Test Act was passed, which closed the doors of all public offices against papists ; and it was soon after attempted to pass the Exclusion Bill, by which the succession of the Duke of York, who had the credit of governing the King, was to* he set aside. “Of all believers and propagators of the papist plot, none were so conspicuous as the citizens of London; and hence began a course of memorable proceedings in the City, which, though disgraceful to them in the beginning, carried more of injustice towards them in the end. The citizens were the least disposed to submit to the baneful policy of Charles; the effects of which, in the stagnation of trade and in the pressure of taxation, weighed most heavily upon them. “The favour shewn to catholics was particularly unpopular in a district where religious zeal had long been conspicuous, where the infatuation produced by the terror of the popish plot transported the citizens beyond all bounds. Many victims had already fallen before this bloody idol : the appetite of the people for sacrifices of this nature began to grow satiated. 74 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. “Two or three acquittals took place, to the great disappointment of the citizens, who attributed them solely to Court intrigues for the purpose of preventing the full detection of the mucli-dreaded plot. “ At this period the administration of justice in the Courts of Law was a disgrace to the age. It is impossible to peruse the State trials without indig- nation at the venality and party zeal of many of the judges, and of the pusillanimous bigotry of the juries. Much discretion was improvidently left in the hands of the Sheriffs in regard to their return of jurors ; and the courtiers had not been inattentive to the importance of having these officers firm in their interest. The Whig party among the citizens, not less alive to the same advantage, resolved to elect such persons for their Sheriffs as they could rely upon for their distaste to the Court, and their abhor- rence of the plot; in order that by their means juries might he secured thoroughly inoculated with the prevailing prejudices. Accordingly, two gentlemen, by name Slingsby Bethel and Henry Cornish, dis- tinguished for their zeal against catholics and the plot, were set up against two others of the Court interest ; and their election was carried by a large majority with great acclamations of triumph. The King evinced the utmost dissatisfaction, and the Sheriffs were not backward in manifesting their animosity against the Court. The following year two others of the same political character were elected CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 75 in spite of great efforts made against them ; and the King went so far as personally to declare to the citizens how unwelcome to him that election was. “ It was now plain that whatever confidence might be reposed in the time-serving activity of judges like Scroggs, North, and others, an insurmountable bar was placed against all further progress ‘in quelling the spirit, whether of liberty or faction, in the City, through the prostitution of legal forms. The Whig party had gained a complete though a dishonourable ascendancy, and Charles was determined in his turn to make another struggle to acquire judicial do- minion. “ The means adopted were as illegal as the end was disgraceful. The King resolved to trample on the ancient right of free election in the City, and to nominate a Sheriff devoted to his own will.” * He accomplished this in direct violation of Charter, and of usage, through the connivance of the Lord Mayor, Sir John Moore. “The effect of this triumph soon became apparent. Juries were found who gave a verdict with <£100, 000 damages against Alderman Pilkington, one of the late Sheriffs, for scandal against the Duke of York ; and convicted Sir Patience Ward, a late Lord Mayor, of perjury, for swearing that although he was present at the time of the alleged uttering of the scandal he did not hear it — who was sentenced to the pillory. * Norton, pp. 290, 291, 294, 295, 297—299, 301. 76 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. “ The Court party, however conscious that to ac- complish their purpose a fresh struggle was to be encountered every year, resolved to strike a blow that should at once obviate all future disturbance in their progress ; that should prostrate ’ Parliament altogether, and leave the lives and liberties of the subject entirely at the mercy of the Crown. Their project was to seize the Charters of all the corporate boroughs in England. Sawyer, the Attorney General, with a previous understanding in the proper legal quarters, intimated that he could undertake to prove a forfeiture of the City charters and liberties. A writ of quo warranto was authorised to be prosecuted, and Charles well knew that a victory over this strong- hold of liberty would be followed by the implicit surrender of all other Corporations, where the estab- lishment of the Court influence might be thought necessary. The pretence of forfeiture was ; first, an Act of Common Council, passed nine years previous, by virtue of which a new rate of tolls had been levied on persons using the public markets, which had been rebuilt after the great fire ; secondly, a petition pre- sented to the King two years before, in which it was alleged by the King’s prorogation of Parliament, public justice had been interrupted — and which petition the Court of Common Council had caused to he printed ! “ Whether the representatives of a Corporation, such as the Court of Common Council, could effect CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 77 a forfeiture of the right of their constituents (which would imply that they could, by an act of their own, defeat the trust reposed in them, and alter the essential constitution of the body at large), may be reasonably doubted ; and ample authorities may be referred to, showing that it cannot. But that a bye- law, if bad or doubtful, or a disrespectful address to the King, however reprehensible, could legally produce any such effect, is a position hardly requiring to be confuted, especially when it is known, that by one of the City Charters it is specially provided, that none of its liberties or franchises are to be forfeited by any abuse of them whatever. “ The Judges, however, who were partisans in the cause, and some of them thought, with good reason, to have been raised to the Bench for the express purpose, gave judgment against the City. This decision seems to have excited but one opinion, namely, that whether we consider the conduct or the object of this proceeding, it deserves to be de- nounced as one of the most scandalous acts of this reign. “ This violent act of power was followed, as was expected, by the surrender of the Charters of most of the Corporations in England, who could entertain but little hope of retaining their privileges after such an example. In London, all the obnoxious Aider- men were displaced, and others appointed in their room by commission. A new Lord Mayor and Be- 78 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. corder, and new Sheriffs, were appointed in the same manner, to act during pleasure. Secured against failure, the Court seemed now disposed to set no bounds to judicial iniquities. The juries selected were completely subservient. All who had evinced a spirit of opposition, and particularly the chief citizens engaged in the late elections, were con- victed of seditious or libellous offences; in most instances on extremely frivolous evidence, and heavily fined. Amongst these was Oates, the infamous suborner of the popish plot, who was sued for scandal against the Duke of York ; but the satisfaction that would naturally spring from his conviction is marred by the consideration of the vindictive nature of the verdict in reference to his offence. No proceeding, however, raised such general and lasting indignation as the trial and execution of Russell and Sydney. There is no doubt that these noble persons, with no dishonourable or selfish design, were participators to some extent, in a con- spiracy to alter the course of government, or at least to change the King’s scandalous measures. There is reason likewise to believe that some understanding existed between them and a much more guilty party, who had amongst themselves gone so far as to discuss the subject of assassination.* The general and just hatred of the Court measures, the illegal and tyran- * For a vivid sketcli of the Cavaliers and Puritans, refer to Macaulay’s England, vol. 1, pp. 159 — 165. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 79 nical modes adopted to procure a conviction not warranted by the evidence on the trial, the many virtues and great qualities of the individuals, and their popularity throughout the nation, have combined to sanctify their memory to posterity; and even to acquire for them, amongst many, the credit of martyrs to a good cause. Russell, in his dying words, attributes his destruction to the means used in packing his jury.”* The Great Fire of London occurred in the early part of this reign. “For settling all disputes which might arise on the subject of the new sites, a Commission was issued to the twelve judges, who in seven years completed their task with general satisfaction. )- The Court of Common Council were empowered by Acts of Par- liament to make the requisite regulations in laying out the streets and markets. The management of paving and cleansing the City was, by the same statutes, first entrusted to a Commission of citizens, denominated the Commissioners of Sewers. # Norton, pp. 804 — 808. f Their portraits, taken by command of the Corporation in gratitude for this important duty, still adorn the Law Courts at Guildhall. (See Library Catalogue.) I Norton, p. 311. 80 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. JAMES II. 1685 to 1688. “ Almost the first act of James was to wreak his vengeance on Alderman Cornish, who was, with Bethel, appointed Sheriff in opposition to the in- trigues of the Court, and who had shown himself a zealous supporter of the Exclusion Bill. The proceedings which marked the trial of Alderman Cornish were such as to shock the feelings of justice and humanity. He was suddenly thrown into prison, and after lying there a few days was apprised on Saturday , at noon, that an indictment for high treason was prepared against him, and that his trial would take place on the Mojiday. His children applied to the King for time to prepare his defence, and for a copy of the indictment (for the nature of the treason of which he was accused was perfectly unknown to the prisoner). It was urged that his witnesses were at a distance, and that he was therefore altogether incapacitated from proving his innocence. The crafty tyrant referred his petition to his venal judges, who rejected it. He was accordingly convicted on the Monday, and con- victed on the sole evidence of two pardoned traitors ; one of whom saved himself from prosecution for a second treason by the merit of this very accusation. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 81 He was executed within a week after his first imprisonment ; and a few days after, his innocence and the perjury of the Crown witnesses were made so abundantly clear, that James was constrained by a sense of shame to return his forfeited estates to his injured family. “ James lost no time in evincing that he was determined to overthrow the liberties of the people, and to govern altogether by force of prerogatives. His bigotry led him to apply these political maxims in a manner the most offensive which could be adopted to the sentiments of the nation ; almost all his measures being pointedly directed to introduce the Popish religion, if not to restore it to its ancient pre-eminence. He had before his first summons of a Parliament, levied by prerogative authority the duty of excise, which passed without complaint. He now levied forces at discretion and demanded, rather than requested, from Parliament supplies to maintain them. He dispensed with the operation of the Test Act, and, in defiance of the laws as well as the sentiments of the people, promoted several Catholics to public appointments. This last as- sumption of prerogative caused some discussion in the House, and a submissive address was presented against it. The King gave an imperious and violent answer, but finding he had still some spirit to con- tend against in that assembly, he first prorogued, afterwards dissolved it, and never called another. G 82 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, 4 ‘Freed from this ungrateful control, James gave full scope to his designs. He arrogated the 'right of dispensing with all statutes at discretion, and actually did dispense with many, among which were the penal statutes against Catholics. He issued compulsory directions with regard to preach- ing in churches. The Court of High Commis- sion was re-established, in which he tried and sus- pended those who disobeyed his mandates. He published a declaration of indulgence which he ordered to be read in all churches. Seven bish- ops presented a remonstrance against it, and their trial for this offence (called a libel) and acquittal, so famous in English history, served to detach the whole body of the people from the interests of James, and suggested the resolu- tion of expelling him from the throne by inviting the Prince of Orange to come over and head the nation. “No sooner was the King apprised of his danger, and of the landing of the Prince of Orange, than he sent for the Mayor and Aldermen, and informed them of his determination to restore the City Charter and privileges. His great legal adviser, Jeffrey 8 , accordingly came to Guildhall, and delivered the Charter , with two grants of restoration , to the Court of Aldermen. The King had hardly left London with an intention of encountering his opponents, when the Lords of Parliament assembled at Guild - CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 88 hall , and in the Court of Aldermen made a solemn declaration in favour of the Prince of Orange. This declaration was followed by an address from the Court of Commoji Council, in which they implored that Prince’s protection, and promised him a wel- come reception. James finding himself universally deserted, fled the kingdom, and the Prince of Orange shortly afterwards arrived in London ; when the Corporation waited upon him with an ardent address of congratulation delivered by the Recorder. “ The Prince issued a proclamation, desiring a convention composed of the House of Peers, and of all the members of the House of Commons, who had served during the reign of Charles II., together with the Lord Mayor , Aldermen , and a Committee of fifty of the Common Council, to meet as a Parliament for the purpose of settling the nation. From this convention proceeded the declaration that James had abdicated the throne. “ The nation having completely succeeded in emancipating itself from tyranny resolved to per- petuate, at this opportunity, that free form of government and those constitutional maxims which had so long and so passionately been sought, and which have since distinguished it above all the empires of the earth. This was accomplished by the memorable statute which passes under the name of the Bill of Rights. It was conceived that g 2 84 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. the security of the City of London, in all its rights and privileges, was an integral ingredient in the national welfare. With an intent, therefore, to secure for ever the prosperous existence of this great Corporation, it was declared by statute, that the judgment obtained upon the late quo warranto, and all proceedings thereupon, were illegal and arbitrary ; and it was enacted, not only that such judgment should he reversed, annulled, and made void, but that the Mayor, commonalty, and citizens should for ever thereafter remain a body corporate and politic, without any seizure or forejudger, or being thereof excluded or ousted, upon any pre- tence of forfeiture, or misdemeanour, whatsoever, theretofore or thereafter to be done, committed, or suffered.” * WILLIAM AND MARY. 1688 to 1702. In 1692, the Queen borrowed £200,000 of the City. In the same year, the King and Queen dined at Guildhall, when Sir John Wildman, Sir William Gore f , and Sir James Houblon, Aldermen ; and Sir Leonard Robinson, Chamberlain, were knighted ; as * Norton, pp. 312 — 316. t Ancestor of the Earl of Winterton, CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 85 also the following commoners, viz : — Sir Rowland Aynsworth, Sir William Seawen, Sir Josiah Child, and Sir John Foach. In 1697, the King knighted Sir Charles Dun- combe ; * Sir Jeffry Jeffreys, Sheriff; and Sir William Withers, Alderman. ANNE. 1702 to 1714. “ The Queen having been graciously pleased to accept an invitation from the Lord Mayor and Aldermen for honouring the City at dinner on the approaching Lord Mayor’s Day, Her Majesty, at- tended by the great Officers of State, and a numerous train of the nobility and gentry, repaired to the City, on which occasion the Orange and Red Regiments of the Train Bands lined the streets on both sides, from Temple Bar to Ludgate, and Her Majesty, preceded by the Artillery Company at the west end of St. Paul’s Church, was entertained by a speech by one of the workhouse children ; whence proceeding to the east end of the said church, she was diverted by an excellent speech from one of the bluecoat boys; and from thence advancing to * From the family of Alderman Duncombe are descended Lord Feversham, the Earl of Radnor, and the late Mr. T. S. Duncombe, M.P. for Finsbury. 86 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Cheapside, beheld the magnificent cavalcade from a balcony opposite Bow Church ; which being over, Her Majesty was, by the Sheriffs, conducted to Guildhall, where she was entertained in a most sumptuous and magnificent manner. And, to manifest her satisfaction in that respect, was graciously pleased to confer the honour of knight- hood upon Gilbert Heathcote,* Francis Dashwood,f James Eyton, and Richard Hoar, Esqrs. ; J after which she returned to her palace of St. James’s amidst the joyful acclamations of the people, and illuminations that vied with the sun in glory.” § GEORGE I. 1714 to 1727. Her Majesty, Queen Anne, being removed by death, the illustrious George Lewis, Elector of Hanover, was, on the 1st of August, proclaimed King of Great Britain, &c., in this City, with the usual solemnity, on which occasion the Kings-at- Arms were accompanied by the Lord Mayor, Aider- men, and a great number of the nobility. # Alderman of Walbrook and ancestor of Lord Aveland. f Ancestor of Lord le Despencer, (once Chancellor of the Ex- chequer), and the present Sir Edwin Dashwood, Bart., and Sir H. W. Dashwood, Bart. I From whom are descended Sir H. A. Hoare, Bart., Lady Dyke Acland, and Lady Lethbridge. § Maitland, p. 503. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 87 “ The King, soon after arriving in England, made his public entry with great pomp and mag- nificence. “ To which His Majesty was pleased to return this most gracious answer : — ‘ I take these ad- dresses very kindly. I have lately been made sensible of what consequence the City of London is, and therefore shall be sure to take all their privileges and interests into my particular pro- tection.’ And as an immediate mark of his royal favour was graciously pleased to confer the honour of knighthood on John Ward, Gerard Conyers, Thomas Scawen, Peter Delme,* Jos. Lawrence, and Robert Child, f Esquires. “ The King and their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales having graciously accepted an invitation from the City to dine at Guildhall on the approaching Lord Mayor’s Hay, at which time they repaired to the City, attended by a numerous train of the nobility, and amidst the joyful acclamations of the people, went to the usual place of standing opposite Bow Church, in Cheapside; where having beheld the pompous cavalcade pass, His Majesty and their Royal Highnesses were thence conducted by the Sheriffs to Guildhall, at the entrance whereof the Lord Mayor, kneeling, * This Alderman’s daughter married Lord Ravensworth. f Ancestor of the Earl of Westmorland, the Earl of Jersey, the Countess of Morley, the Countess of Bessborough, the Princess Esterhazy, Lady Wombwell, &c. 88 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. presented tlie City Sword to His Majesty, who, graciously returning the same, his Lordship carried it before the King to the Court Boom, and thence to the hustings, where His Majesty and their Royal Highnesses were sumptuously entertained ; and below, in the Hall, tables were provided for the Nobility, Foreign Ministers, the Judges, Ladies, and other persons of distinction. The Lord Mayor having the honour to present the first glass of wine to the King, His Majesty was graciously pleased to order a Patent to he passed for creating his Lordship a baronet of this kingdom, and likewise ordered one thousand pounds to be paid to the Sheriffs for the relief and discharge of poor im- prisoned debtors. “In the year 1711, two contests happened about the choice of Aldermen in the Wards of Broad Street and Langbourn, when the Lord Mayor, as usual, held the wardmotes, took the polls and scrutinies, and returned the persons (whom he apprehended to be duly elected) to the Court of Aldermen ; and no opposition or complaint appear- ing, Gerard Conyers and Peter Delme, Esquires, were admitted, and sworn according to the ancient usage and custom of the City. However, though the other candidates found themselves disappointed in their election, yet, depending upon their interests in the Common Council, resolved to make it a party cause; to which end, they applied to the said Court, CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 89 and obtained an order to commence suits in the Court of King’s Bench against the newly-elected Aldermen ; and for the management of which, not only appointed a committee of their own members, but likewise ordered cash out of the Chamber of London to prosecute the same : — “ This affair being complained of in the House of Lords, they appointed a Committee to examine into the charge the City had been at, upon this and other occasions since the year 1711, relating to the election of Aldermen and Common Councilmen, which the Committee reported to that House : — “ Resolved — By the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled, ‘ That it is the opinion of this House, that the Common Councils of London, having issued great sums of money out of the Chamber of London in maintaining several suits of law between citizen and citizen relating to con- troverted elections, have abused their trust, and been guilty of great partiality, and of a gross mis- management of the City treasure, and a violation of the freedom of elections in the City.’ ”* GEOBGE II. 1727 to 1760. “At a Court of Common Council, held at Guild- * Maitland, pp. 515, 517, 521, 522, 525. 90 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. hall on the 6th of October, 1727, it was unani- mously resolved to invite their Majesties, His Eoyal Highness the Duke, and the three eldest Princesses, to dinner at Guildhall, on the approaching Lord Mayor’s Day ; pursuant to which, the Lord Mayor elect, Sheriffs, and Eecorder, were ordered to attend their Majesties, to know their Eoyal pleasure; at the same time a Committee of four Aldermen and eight Commoners were appointed to attend His Majesty to desire leave to put up His Majesty’s and his royal Consort’s pictures in Guildhall ; upon both which accounts His Majesty being attended, he was graciously pleased to accept of the former and comply with the latter ; report whereof being made the next day in Common Council, a Committee of eight Aldermen and sixteen Commoners were ap- pointed to superintend the entertainment to be pro- vided for their Majesties. And the Sheriffs having invited the Duke and the Princesses, their Majesties, accompanied by the latter, and attended by the great Officers of State, with a numerous train of the nobility and all the Foreign Ministers, came into the City, and in a balcony, in Cheap side, the usual place of standing, beheld the pompous procession pass ; whereupon their Majesties were conducted to Guildhall, at the entrance whereof the Lord Mayor, kneeling, presented the City Sword to the King, who graciously returning the same, it was by his Lord- ship carried before their Majesties to the Council CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 91 Chamber, where the Recorder complimented His Majesty in the name of the citizens. “From the Council Chamber, their Majesties (preceded by the Lord Mayor, carrying the City Sword) and the Princesses went to the hustings, where they were most sumptuously entertained ; the Ladies of the Bedchamber having the honour to dine at the royal table, while other tables were provided below in the hall for the Nobility, Foreign ministers, Judges, Ladies, and other persons of distinction, together with tables for the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Councilmen. The illustrious company having seated themselves, and silence commanded, the Common Crier proclaimed, That His Majesty drank to the health of the Lord Mayor, and pros- perity to the City of London and the trade thereof, and that Her Majesty confirmed the same. Silence being again commanded, proclamation was made, That the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Councilmen drank health, long life, and a happy and prosperous reign to our Sovereign Lord King George. And silence being again commanded, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council- men drank health, long life, and happiness to our most gracious Queen Caroline, and all the Royal Family. “ After dinner, their Majesties, accompanied by the Princesses, were graciously pleased to return to the Council Chamber, and thence to the long gal- 92 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. lery, where they honoured the ball with their presence till eleven o’clock. On this occasion, His Majesty was graciously pleased to order the sum of one thousand pounds to be paid to the Sheriffs, for the relief and discharge of poor insolvent pri- soners. “ The streets of the City and those of West- minster having for a considerable time been grievously pestered with street robbers, their auda- city had got to such a height that they formed a design to rob the Queen, in St. Paul’s Churchyard, as she privately returned from supper in the City to the Palace of St. James’s, as confessed by one of the gang when under sentence of death. But those villians being busily employed in robbing Sir Gilbert Heathcote, an Alderman of London, on his return in his chariot from the House of Commons, Her Majesty luckily passed them in her coach without being attacked. “ On the 3rd of January came on an election for an Alderman for Cheap Ward, on the demise of Sir Robert Kendal Cater, when Sir Joseph Eyles, and Richard Hoare, Esq., were proposed ; and the interest of both these gentlemen was so equal among the electors, that, upon casting up the poll, the numbers stood thus — For Sir Joseph Eyles 137 ,, Richard Hoare, Esq 136 A scrutiny was demanded in favour of the latter, CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 93 but, on the 29th, Sir Joseph was declared Alderman of Cheap Ward, by a majority of nine, having gained eight upon the scrutiny. “ The Ministry highly resenting the opposition made by the Common Council of the City of London, it was contrived, by way of sneer, to take off the weight of their application in matter of national con- cern, to lessen them in the esteem of the members of both Houses, by representing them as an insignificant or contemptible body of tradesmen and mechanics, who could not be expected to be well-informed of, nor reason concerning, matters of State. For this end, 'printed lists of the Common Councilmen of this City, ivith the addition of their several trades and Companies, ivere dispersed in the avenues of both Houses of Parliament, and sent by the post to most parts of the nation, with the following lines printed in the front of the list : — “ ‘ So every carpenter and work master, that la- boureth night and day, and they that cut and grave seals, and are diligent to make great variety and give themselves to counterfeit imagery, and watch to finish a work ; all these trust to their hands, and every one is wise in his work ; without these cannot a City be inhabited ; and they shall not dwell where they will, nor go up and down ; they shall not be sought for in public counsel. — Ecclus. xxxviii. 27, 31—33.’”* * Maitland, pp. 541, 543, 591, 599. 94 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. “ On the other side, nothing was omitted by the citizens to show their abhorrence of the Ministers’ collusion with the Court of Spain, and being tho- roughly convinced that Sir George Champion, Knight, who was the Alderman next the chair, had yielded to the influence of the Prime Minister in that case, and, as member for Aylesbury, had voted for the convention, they, on the 29th of September, the day of the election, rejected him as a candidate for the office of Lord Mayor. “ In February, 1744, His Majesty having acquainted the Lord Mayor that he had received intelligence of the arrival of the Pretender’s son in France, and that his projected invasion of England would be supported by the King of France, the Corporation presented a loyal address. “ They were received very graciously, and all had the honour to kiss His Majesty’s hand ; and His Majesty was pleased to confer the honour of knight- hood on the Right Hon. Robert Westley, Esq., Lord Mayor ; Mr. Serjeant Simon Urlin, Recorder ; Mr. Alderman Daniel Lambert, Mr. Alderman Robert Willimott, Mr. Sheriff Robert Ladbroke, and Mr. Sheriff William Calvert. “ On the 5th of September, the Lord Mayor and the Court of Aldermen of the City of London waited on His Majesty to congratulate him on his safe return ; when Sir Simon Urling, Knight, the Recorder, made his compliments. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 95 “ They all had the honour to kiss His Majesty’s hand : after which, His Majesty was pleased to confer the honour of knighthood on the Right Hon. Henry Marshall, Esq., Lord Mayor; Samuel Pennant, Esq., Sheriff; and John Bosworth, Esq., Chamberlain. “ On the 31st of October, the Right Honourable Richard Hoare, Esq., Lord Mayor, the Aldermen, Sheriffs, &c., waited on His Majesty at St. James’s with their congratulatory address on the safe deli- very of Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales of a Prince, when his Lordship had the honour of Knighthood conferred upon him.”* GEORGE III. to VICTORIA. 1760 to 1837. Probably, with the exception of Queen Elizabeth, King George III. was more popular than any sovereign who had ruled in England since the Con- quest. During so long a reign, in times of great political excitement as at the period of Wilkes* Riots, or immediately before the first French Revolution, or when the Whig party were pitting the Prince of Wales (George IV.) against his father, there was undoubtedly an exceptional state of things; but, save in these instances, those who are * Maitland, pp. 633, 645. 96 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. old enough to remember their parents, and the con- temporaries of their parents, speak of the reign of George III. from the time of his death until many years afterwards, will know that his honesty of purpose and purity of conduct had won the sincere affections of his subjects. “ Before the time of George and Charlotte/' says a writer in ‘ Knight’s Pictorial History of England,’ “ the Court of St. James’s had much of the licen- tiousness of the Court of Versailles, without its polish ; during their time it became decent and correct. 4 4 Those who love and admire them least can scarcely deny that they contributed to a great and striking reformation of manners.” It has been said, on doubtful authority, that after the Wilhites attacked the carriage of Alderman and Sheriff Harley, and made a bonfire of the effigy of the Earl of Bute, the Corporation of London were severely reflected on ; and that it was even proposed to suspend the City Charters. — This is highly improbable, although public feeling was probably opposed to the Ministry of the day. A more unworthy hero than Wilkes could not well have been found ; but he was elected, and long continued, a London Alderman, and was actually made Chamberlain. He did not, however, we are told, as has been the custom in more modern times, resign his gown on obtaining the latter office. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 97 We have seen that the citizens rendered essential service to their country in assisting the barons to wring the Great Charter from King John. We know that it was to the patriotism of the Corpo- ration that Hampden, Pym, Hollis, Haselrigge, and Strode, were sheltered from the tyrannical measures instigated by the advisers of the unfortunate Charles ; but a service to England, scarcely less important, was rendered in the reign of George III., in repel- ling an arbitrary proceeding of the House of Commons. Shortly after the election of Brass Crosby to the Mayoralty in 1770, the Speaker of the House of Commons, on the complaint of Colonel Onslow, issued his warrant against the printers of the “ Middlesex Journal” and the “ Gazetteer” on a charge of having shown a contempt for the Orders of the House, as indicated in the following Resolution : — “That it is an indignity to, and a breach of the privilege of, the House for any person to presume to give in written or printed newspapers any account or minutes of the debates or other proceedings of this House, or of any Committee thereof.” The printers refusing to attend, a reward was offered for their apprehension ; but, on being brought before Alderman Wilkes and Oliver, they were dis- charged. Meantime Miller, the printer of the “ Evening Post,” similarly circumstanced, was taken into cus- H 98 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. tody by a message from the House, and the Sergeant- at-Arms came to the Mansion House to demand the bodies of the printer and publisher who had appealed to the Lord Mayor. His Lordship asked if any Magis- trate of the City had backed the warrant, and on the reply being in the negative, remarked that he was the guardian of his fellow citizens’ liberties, and that no power on earth should seize a citizen of London without authority from him or some other Magistrate of the franchise. He discharged Miller from cus- tody, and committed the messenger for assault and false imprisonment. The Sergeant-at-Arms bailed the messenger. These events being reported to the House on the 18th of March, it was ordered that Brass Crosby, Esq., Lord Mayor, do attend in his place,* which he did on the following day, and defended himself by arguing that he had taken a solemn oath to protect the rights of the citizens according to their laws and charters ; that these clearly stated that no warrants should be executed within the City but by its ministers, and had been confirmed by Act of Parliament in the reign of William and Mary ; he added, that if he had not committed the messenger, he believed he would have been liable to be called upon by the Court of King’s Bench for not executing his duty as a Magistrate. Alderman Wilkes was ordered to attend the House * He was Member for Honiton. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 99 the following day, which he refused, and the House did not think proper to proceed further with him. On the next day, Mr. Morgan, the Lord Mayor’s clerk, attended with the Book of Kecognizances, in compliance with the orders of the House. Lord North immediately moved that the mes- senger’s recognizance be erased out of the Lord Mayor’s hook. Lord Beauchamp seconded the motion. They then compelled the Lord Mayor’s clerk, whom they had in custody, to erase it.* Most of the Opposition left the House, declaring that effacing a record was among the heaviest charges that could be brought against a despotism. Junius (Letter XLIY.) wrote — “ By mere violence and with- out the shadow of right, they have expunged the record of a judicial proceeding . Nothing remained but to attribute to their own vote a power of stop- ping the whole distribution of criminal and civil justice.” On the 25th of March, the Lord Mayor and Aider- man Oliver attended in their places in the House of Commons. The Lord Mayor was further heard ; after which, Mr.Welbore Ellis moved, that the Lord Mayor had committed a breach of the privileges of the House, which was carried by 272 against 90. After a violent discussion, which was continued until half- past three in the morning, it was resolved to commit * A facsimile of the record faces the title page of this volume. H 2 100 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, Alderman Oliver to the Tower ; and two days after- wards it was resolved, “That Brass Crosby, the Lord Mayor, be committed to the Sergeant- at- Arms/’ The Lord Mayor immediately said, “Mr. Speaker, an honorable gentleman has talked of the lenity to be shown me, on account of my health, by being only committed to the custody of the Sergeant- at -Arms. I thank God, my health is better. I ask no favour from this House. I crave no mercy from the Treasury Bench. I am ready to go to my noble friend in the Tower. My conscience is clear. I have done my duty to the City, of which I am Chief Magistrate, and to my Country;” with other words to the same effect. After this, Mr. Welbore Ellis moved, “ That the Lord Mayor be committed to the Tower.” This was opposed by Mr. Pultney, and others, but carried by 202 against 39. The populace were indignant at these measures. Lord North lost his hat, and the Messrs. Fox had their clothes torn. The people obtained a rope, and wanted to hang the deputy Sergeant- at- Arms, who accompanied the Lord Mayor from the House of Commons, a measure which the latter had some difficulty in preventing. Intense excitement ensued. Lord Mansfield, and Chief Justice de Grey, before whom the prisoners were brought by writ of Habeas Corpus refused to interfere. On the 8th of May, the Session terminated, and CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 101 the Lord Mayor was released.* At night the City was illuminated, and there were great public rejoic- ings. The great end of the contest was obtained. From that day to the present , the House of Commons has Jiever again ventured to assail t he libei'ty of the Press , or to prevent the publication of the Parlia- mentary Debates. Brass Crosby was a native of Stockton. He was articled to a Solicitor, of Sunderland, and afterwards pursued that profession in the City. In 1758, he was elected of the Common Council for Tower Ward; in 1760, City Remembrancer ; in 1764, Sheriff; in 1765, Alderman of Bread Street; and in 1770, Lord Mayor. (See Memoir of Brass Crosby.) During the early part of the reign of George IV., the City, in the person of Alderman Matthew Wood, f was prominently opposed to the King ; afterwards the hostility appears to have subsided. The reign of William IV., in connection with the City, calls for no special notice here. * George III. is said to have been opposed to the interference with the liberty of the Press by the House of Commons, when they sent Alderman Brass Crosby to the Tower. It is not unlikely that the King may have opposed any attack on the privileges of his subjects, being jealous of interference with his own. f Father of Sir John Page Wood, Bart., Vice-Chancellor Page Wood, and the late Mr. Western Wood, M.P. for London. 102 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. VICTORIA, 1837. On the accession of her present Majesty, the whole population was enthusiastically loyal. All possible marks of dutiful affection were offered to the young Queen, and afterwards to her royal Consort. These have been uniformly exhibited towards their children by her Majesty’s loyal citizens. During the reign of Queen Victoria, vast sums of money have been expended in public improvements by the Corporation. Since the year 1782, we are told by the Chamberlain of London, no less than seven millions of money have been expended on public works, and the formation of streets within the City. In our own day we know that London Bridge, King William Street, Cannon Street, the Royal Exchange, Billingsgate Market, the Coal Exchange, the Metropolitan Cattle Market, the Holloway Prison, the Freeman’s Orphan School, and the City Lunatic Asylum have been built. We know also that the new Blackfriars Bridge, the Holborn Viaduct, and the Dead Meat Market, are in course of erection, and that the Corporation advanced a large sum towards the Underground Railway. But apart from the construction of streets and public buildings, we may refer with pleasure to the large sums voted for philanthropic and educational pur- CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 103 poses, and in recognition of public benefactors. We may refer also to the formation of an important Library, day by day more resorted to by the public, and to the eminent success of the City of London School, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Alderman Warren Stormes Hale,* to whom it is given, in the evening of life, to see the untiring efforts of very many years rewarded in the brilliant success that is evidenced by the following list Under her Majesty’s reign, Englishmen have reason to be proud of the National progress, and, with this progress, the efforts of the Corporation of London have honourably and thoroughly harmonized. Let us add, that, in a non-official capacity, the members of the Corporation may be found taking an active part in the management of many of our great National Charities, and that the Citizens of London are ever among the foremost in responding to any appeal for help (National or Local) that has a claim upon their sympathies. * Who has the merit of being the originator of this School, as well as of the Freeman’s Orphan School at Brixton. List of Pupils of the City of London School who have taken Degrees in the Universities ( to January, 1867 .^ [Those marked * are in Holy Orders.] 104 Fellow (late) Fellow (late) Fellow (late) Fellow (late) Honours. Fifth Wrangler Ninth Wrangler Twenty-sixth Wrangler Third in Honours in Ma- thematics 2nd class in Classics, 1st class in Mathematics Fifth Wrangler, 1st class in Classics ; 1st class in Moral Sci- ences, 1853. Seventh Wrangler First Junior Optime ; First in 2nd class in Natu- ral Sciences, 1853. [Sciences First in 1st class in Moral Gold Medal Degrees. 000005^0iM05 O N H N W N CD N CO J> M QO 05 CC lOiCOlO lOlO W >fi lO lO lO lO ifl OOQOQOOOOOOOOOOO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oo 00 m hhhhhhhh hhh hh hhh hhhhhh “ . . . 'o © K3 CO lO CO 00 00 00 00 <1 ^ .S 5 ® ° j§ ®£1 o. 2 h fee m '55 ^ .S §£ § r .§2-52 g.S.S.ScSS£ DQ Pq W ^ s i> N^OOHQOHOO 00 lO O'CO CC lO CC lO CO lO O oogoooooooooooooo 00 rl ejr IHHHi— I r I r I i— I r o . . . 43 CQ Q . ; . ; , . <| ™ ^ J"- <3 o a s ^ . g a s g 3 J ® ^ S d°^ft g-S § fcl S <§ i »< 8 pM ft olj . a 2 -§ 2^1 §1 ►» Pi O 14 l§sl co co co co co co co cq tp x oo xx tJI ^ T ? Tjl Tjl CD CO CO CO CD CO X X X X X X * ft I * ft o a ft ft S ft List of Pupils who have taken Degrees in the Universities — continued. 108 O ft ° -2 II b o ns g 5 g&g © t, >- ai ^ qq • P -r £ bC ft © bC O g Pb O ^ ft O O O rt ft ^ j 2 •a ft .a o o 02 ft 02 s "3 g — 1 Ill’S- ••"ft rft ■!>g.a 9 o M £ ^ a ^ ^02 Q h-I "ct . < gft^ i 8 2 ft 'i ^COHE .a ^ 5 ft^> o X 2 0 ft o o ® .2 1 W s bft rgO (5 fl a 'l -§3 ft .ft ft H ft ft GO 00 00 X <1 <3 ft ft X X X X <1 <1 ft ft <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 rg*g -§S^,§ giS 5 ^ g §.a| gpqn-3 rt"§ £gS § flO :: 5 9- CD j © a m H I] o * o"?| fail _S|a § a £ pi ira - Eh S3 o 13 aSw® 3 o«’ a a’ P I S S g -"5 a Sow 3«2 w H goo a « o ^s g “i -W ? II «kS ctjH O^ 5 4 a BS g-fs| Half ~ nw. -3 H a a&J I a ^ e‘ J 2 w £ W 5 o 3 « ^ n M r _,q ' d ; r^j P" © H , H CO P O O QO £3 « g O Ph w H Pi 0 «5^p -asef s£<2£ — ^ P — £Sa © o d Pn g,S (fi W Cu ^ M 1-4 «m O „ O pH o ^ i: is ^ 02 |S o ef +i Ph « -p§ g bg 2§ © « O ^ o w irough this union the gallant naval commander, Sir William Hoste, descended from Alderman Barkham. lam de Walpole was a Warden of the Goldsmiths’ Company, in 1349. In 1350 he died, during a greatplague. APPENDIX TO PART III, 203 s. THE DESCENT OF THE DUKES OF HAMILTON AND NEWCASTLE, FROM ALDERMAN BECKFORD, OF BILLINGSGATE WARD. ( From Burke's “ Peerage and other sources.) Alderman Becicford (twice Lord = Maria, granddaughter of the 6th Mayor Earl of Abercohn. Willtam Beckford, of Fouthill . = Lady Margaret Gordon, daughter I of the 4th Earl of Aboyme. Susanna EuPHEMiE(2nd daughter) = Alexander, 10th Duke of Hamilton, I K.G., F.R.S. William, llth=Princess Mary of Lady Susan Hamilton = Henry, 5th Duke. Baden, cousin j of the Emperor ! Napoleon III. Duke of Newcastle. William, 12th Duke of Hamilton, born, 1845. Henry, present, and 6th Duke of Newcastle. THE DESCENT OF THE DUKE OF SOMERSET, FROM ALDERMAN SIR WILLIAM WALL : AND OF THE MARQUIS OF HERTFORD, FROM ALDERMAN SHORTER. 204 APPENDIX TO PART III. T. © s' S3 o rZ PH £ P U g ei P II w , P M & § ^ C3 3 Ph^ £ GO eS g A ^ B a 1 c3 O sj d &J 0 o p © g AS rP cr 60 5Q | m g U “ ^ 5S £ W r 3 s P o 3^ 2) A k ® a a * Sr* Edward Adolphus, K.G.,=Jane Georgina, daughter | present Duke. I of Thomas Sheridan, Richard, 4th Marquis. APPENDIX TO PART III. 205 U. THE DESCENT OF T. W. BRAMSTON, ESQ., LATE M.P FOR ESSEX, FROM ALDERMAN BRAMSTON, ALDERMAN SIR WILLIAM LOCK, AND ALDERMAN ABDY. ( From Burke's “ Gentry”) Sir John Bramston, Lord Chief = Justice, 1635; lineally descended from Aid. Bramston, Sheriff of London, 1391. Bridget Mondeeord, grandchild (through his twentieth daughter) of Alderman Sir William Lock, ancestor of John Lock, the phi- losopher. Sir John Bramston, K.B., of = Alice Abdy, eldest daughter of Skreens, M.P. for Essex. I Alderman Anthony Abdy, of London. Anthony Bramston == Catherine Nutt. Thomas Bramston Elizabeth Berney. Thomas Berney Bramston, M.P. = Mary Gardiner. for Essex, 1779 to 1802. Thomas Gardiner Bramston, == Mary Ann Bland. M.P. for Essex. Thomas William Bramston, Esq., lately M.P. for Essex. THE DESCENT OF VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, AND GENERAL LORD HOTHAM, FROM ALDERMAN BARNARD. (From Burke's “ Peerage ,” and other sources.) 206 APPENDIX TO PART III. fig w w s, £0 • III g 2 O o S b : Mol ^§2 II s 8’1'S a u o ^ ® PQ r - H , 53S *8 "|S a I w W o £ P^ o • fl s o ^ o * In 1727, the Ministry of the day distributed, in the avenues of both Houses of Parliament, a satirical list of the members of the Court of Common Council, with the addition of their several trades (see page 93). The writer has not seen this document (probably no copy may now exist) ; but on referring to “ Chamberlain’s Present State,” for the year mentioned, we find that Lord Palmerston’s grandfather and great grandfather were among the citizens against whom the sneer was directed. PART IY. A CALENDAR OF THE FROM STRYPE, MAYORS AN STOW, AND TE Date. MAYORS. Company. ; ] 1189 Henry Fitz Alwin (!) Draper j 1190 The same (I 1191 The same j i 1192 The same 1 1193 The same „ I 1194 The same » | 1195 The same 1 1196 The same „ '] 1197 The same M 1198 The same „ ••• || 1199 The same „ ... ... il 1200 The same „ Il 1201 The same „ ‘ | 1202 The same )> H 1203 The same 1204 The same 1205 The same 1206 The same ” 1207 The same „ | 1208 The same >, I! 1209 The same >, i 1210 The same - 1 1211 The same ... ... - 1 1212 The same 1213 Roger Fitz Alwin Mercer • 1214 Serle le Mercer 1215 William Hardel ( 2 ) 1216 James Alderman, for part, & Solomon Basing, for part 1 Ancestor of the Earl of Abingdon. IV. SHERIFFS OF LONDON, FROM 1189 TO 1867. CORPORATION ARCHIVES AND OTHER SOURCES. Sheriffs. lenry de Cornhill. Richard Reynere. 'ohn Herlion. Roger Duke. Villi am Haverell. John Bucknote. Nicolas Duke. Peter Newlay. toger Duke. Roger Fitz Alwin. Villiam Fitz Isabel. William Fitz Arnold, tobert Besaunt. Joke de Josue. vlerard de Antiloche. Robert Durant, toger Blunt. Nicholas Ducket, lonstantine Fitz Arnold. Robert le Beau. Arnold Fitz Arnold. Richard Fitz Bartelmew. toger Dorset. James Alderman, or Bartilmew. Valter Fitz Alis. Simon de Aldermanbury. Borman Blondel. John de Ely. Valter Browne. William Chamberlain. ^homas Haverel. Hamond Brond. ohn Walgrave. Richard de Winchester, ohn Holy land. Edmund Fitz Gerard. • toger Winchester. William Hardel. *eter Duke. Thomas Neale. ’eter le Josue. William Blund. Ldam Whetley. Stephen le Grasse. 1 ohn Fitz Peter. John Garland, landolph Eyland. Constantine Josue. . tartin Fitz Alis. Peter Bate, olomon Basing. Hugh Basing. I ohn Travers. Andrew Newland. lenet Seinturer. William Bluntivers. 2 A witness to the signing of Magna Charta. P 210 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. Mayors. Company. 1217 Serle le Mercer (or Robert Serle, Mercer) Mercer 1 1218 The same „ 1 1219 The same 1220 The same * 1 1221 The same „ 1222 The same 1223 Richard Renger ( 3 ) 1224 The same 1225 The same 1226 The same 1227 Roger Duke 1228 The same 1229 The same 1230 The same 1231 Andrew Bokerel Pepperer 1232 The same ( 4 ) 3> . [ 1233 The same „ A 1234 The same „ § 1235 The same „ | 1236 The same „ I 1237 The same ; Richard Renger for part of the year „ il 1238 Richard Renger 1239 William Joyner ( 5 ) 1240 Gerard Bat 1241 Raymond Bongay 1242 The same 1243 Raphe Ashwy Pepperer 1244 Michael Tony 1245 John Gisors (6) Pepperer i 1246 The same „ j 1247 Peter Fitz Alwin 1248 Michael Tony 1249 Roger Fitz Roger 1250 John Gisors Pepperer , 1251 Adam Basing 1252 John Tolason Draper 1253 Richard Hardell „ ’J 1254 The same 1255 The same 1256 The same 1257 The same ,, *1 1258 The same „ I 1259 John Gisors Pepperer 1 1260 William Fitz Richard 1261 The same 1262 Thomas Fitz Richard (or Fitz Thomas) 1263 The same 3 Common Seal granted during his mayoralty. 4 Officiated as butler at the coronation of Queen Eleanor. Of Italian extraction. T family were known as Boccherilli. Died, 1237, during his mayoralty. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 211 Sheriffs. Thomas Bokerel. Ralph Holyland. John Yiel. John le Spicer. Richard Wimbledon. John Yiel. Richard Renger. John Yiel. Richard Renger. Thomas Lambart. William Joyner. The same. John Travers. Andrew Bokerel. The same. The same. Roger Duke. Martin Fitz William. The same. The same. Stephen Bokerel. Henry Cocham. The same. The same. William Winchester. Robert Fitz John. Richard Walter. John de Woborne. Michael of St. Helen. Walter de Enfield. Henry de Edmonton. Gerard Bat. Simon Fitz Mary. Roger Blunt. Raphe Ashwye. John Norman. Gerard Bat. Richard (or Robert) Hard ell. Henry Cobham. Jordan of Coventry. John Toloson. Gervais the Cordwainer. John Codras. John Wilhall. Raymond Bongay. Raphe Ashwye. John Gisors. Michael Tony. Thomas Duresme. John Yoyle (Yiel). John Fitz John. Raphe Ashwy. Hugh Blunt. Adam Basing. Raphe Foster. Nicolas Bat. Robert of Cornhill. Adam of Bewley. Simon Fitz Mary. Lawrence Frowicke. John Yoyle (or Yiel). Nicolas Bat. Nicholas Fitz Josue. Geffrey Winchester. Richard Hardell. John Tolason. Humfrey Bat. William Fitz Richard. Lawrence Frowicke. Nicolas Bat. William Durham. Thomas Wimborne. John Northampton. Richard Picard. Raphe Ashwy. Robert of Limon. Stephen Doo. Henry Walmond. Michael Bokerell. John the Minor. Richard Otwel. William Ashwy. Robert Cornhill. John Adrian. | John Adrian. Robert Cornhill. ; Adam Browning. Henry Coventrie. John Northampton. Richard Picard. John Tailor. Richard Walbrooke. Robert de Mountpiler. Osbert de Suffolk. j 5 Assisted in building the Grey Friars’ Church. 6 Lived at Gysors’, alias Gerard’s Hall. r 2 212 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, Date. Mayors. Company. 1264 Thomas Fitz Richard (or Fitz Thomas) 1265 The same 1266 William Fitz Kichard 1267 Alan de la Sonche, Warden . . . 1268 T. Wimborne, Warden. Sir Stephen Edward, Warden 1269 Hugh Fitz Otho, Warden , and Constable of the Tower 1270 John Adrian Vintner 1271 The same 1272 Sir Walter Harvey, Wrn'den. Sir Henry Frowick, for part that year Pepperer 1273 Sir Walter Harvey, Knight 1274 Henry Walleis 1275 Gregory Rokesley ( 7 ) 1276 The same 1277 The same 1278 The same ... 1279 The same 1280 The same 1281 The same 1282 Henry Walleis 1283 The same 1284 The same 1285 ^ Gregory Rokesley Warden Ralph de Sandwich 1286 The same 1287 The same 1288 The same 1289 Wardens Ralph de Sandwich, Ralph Barnavers, and Sir John Briton 1290 Warden Sir John Briton, Knight i 1291 Wardens Sir John Briton, Knight, Ralph de Sandwich 1292 Warden Ralph de Sandwich 1293 The same 1294 The same 1295 The same 1296 Warden Sir John Briton 1297 The same ::: ;;; j| 1298 Henry Walleis 1299 Elias Russel i 1300 The same 1301 Warden Sir John Blount [ 1302 The same 1303 The same .’. ; 1304 The same 1 1305 The same 1 1306 The same ; 1 1307 The same 1308 ' Nicholas Farindon ( 8 ) ! Goldsmith | 7 Chief Assay Master of the King’s Mints. The richest goldsmith of his day, and a great wool merchant. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 213 Sheriffs. Gregory Rokesley. Thomas de Detford. Edward Blund. Peter Auuger. John Hind. John Walraven. John Adrian. Lucas de Batencourt. Walter Harvey. William Duresme. Thomas Basing. Robert Comehill. Walter Potter. Philip Tailor. Gregory Rokesley. Henry Walleis. Richard Paris. John de Wodeley. John Horne. Walter Potter. Nicolas Winchester. Henry Coventry. Lucas Batencourte. Henry Frowicke. John Horne. Ralphe Blunt. Robert de Arar. Raphe de Fewre. John Adrian. Walter Langley. Robert Basing. William le Meyre. Thomas Fox. Ralph Delamere. William Farm don. Nicolas Winchester. W. le Meyre. Richard Chigwel. Raphe Blunt. Anketin de Batevil. Jordon Goodcheap. Martin Box. Stephen Cornehill. Robert Rokesley. Walter Blunt. John Wade. Thomas Crosse. Walter Hawteyne. William Hereford. Thomas Stanes. William Betaine. John of Canterbury. Fulke of St. Edmond. Salomon le Sotel. Thomas Romaine. William de Leyre. Raphe Blunt. Hamond Boxe. Henry Bole. Elias Russel. Robert Rokesley, junior. Martin Amersberry. Henry Boxe. Richard Glocester. John Dunstable. Adam de Halingbery. Thomas of Suffolk. Adam of Fulham. Richard Ref ham. Thomas Sely. John Armenter. Henry Fingene. Lucas de Havering. Richard Champnes. Robert Callor. Peter de Bosenho, Skinner. Hugh Pourte (Stock Fishmonger). Simon de Paris (Mercer). Wm. Combmartin. John de Burford. Roger Paris. John de Lincolne. William Cawson. Reginald de Thunderley. Geffrey at the Conduit. Simon Billet. Nicolas Pigot. Nigellus Drury. William Basing. James Botteler. ? _____ 8 Son of William, who bought the Aldermanry between Ludgate and Newgate, in 1281, for twenty marks. Was M.P. for London ; lived to a great age. His will is dated 1361, fifty-three years after his first mayoralty. He lived in Cheap. 214 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, Date. Mayors. Company. 1309 Thomas Romaine 1310 Richard Refham Mercer 1311 1312 Sir John Gisors The same Pepperer of Vintry W ard 1313 Nicolas Farindon Goldsmith 1314 Sir John Gisors Pepperer 1315 Stephen de Abingdon 1316 John Wingrave 1317 The same 1318 The same 1319 Hamo de Chigwell Pepperer 1320 1321 | Nicolas Farindon Robert de Kendale, Warden Hamo de Chigwell Goldsmith Pepperer 1322 Hamo de Chigwell ... 1323 Nicholas Farindon Goldsmith , 1324 Hamo de Chigwell Pepperer ; 1325 The same 1326 Richard Britaine (or Betaigne) . . . Goldsmith ! 1327 Hamo de Chigwell Pepperer 1328 J ohn Grantham 1329 Richard Swandland 1330 Sir John Pountney or Pultney ( 9 ) Draper ? 1331 The same 1332 John Preston 1333 Sir John Pultney ... 1334 Reginald at Conduit Vintner j 1335 Nicolas Wotton 1336 Sir John Pultney Draper / 1337 Henry Darcy 1338 The same 1339 Andrew Aubery Grocer ... « 1340 The same 1341 John of Oxenford, Vintner (died) : and Simon Francis Mercer 1342 Simon Francis ( 10 ) ^ ^1 1343 John Hammond 1344 The same 1345 Richard Leget 1346 Geffrey Wichingham 1347 Thomas Legge Skinner 1 1348 John Loufkin Stock Fishmonger ...11 1349 Walter Turke 1350 Richard Killingbury 1351 Andrew Aubery Grocer 1 1352 Adam Francis ( n ) Mercer 1353 The same 9 From Leicestershire. The ancestor of Pulteney, the great statesman (Earl of Bath) great public benefactor. He lived in Lawrence Pountney Lane. 10 A mercer in Old Jewry. He died, in 1360, possessed of twelve rich manors ir Middlesex. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, 215 Sheriffs. Roger le Palmer. James of St. Edmund. Simon Cooper. Peter Blakney. Simon Met wood. Richard Wilford. John Lambin. Adam Lutken. Robert Gurden. Hugh Garton. Stephen Abingdon. Hamond Chickwel or Chigwell. Hamond Goodchepe. William Bodleigh. William Caston. Raphe Balancer. Johp Prior. Wm. Furneis. John Pountney. John Dalling. Simon de Abingdon. John Preston. Reginald at Conduit. William Proudon. Richard Constantine. Richard of Hackney. John Grantham. Richard de Ely. Adam of Salisbury. John of Oxford. Benet of Fulham. John Cawson. Gilbert Mordon. John Causton (or Cotton). Richard Rothing. Roger Chanticlare. Henry Darcy. John Hawton (or Haughton). Simon Francis. Henry Combmartin. Richard Leget. William Gisors. Robert of Ely. Thomas Whorwode. John Mocking. Andrew Aubery. Nicolas Pike. John Husband. John Hamond. William Hansard. John Hingston (or Kingston). Walter Turke. Walter Mordon. Richard Upton. John Clarke. William Curtes. Walter Neale. Nicolas Crane. William de Pomfret. Hugh Marbeler. William Thorn ey. Roger Frosham. Adam Lucas. Bartholomew Moris. Richard de Barking. John de Rokesley. John Loufkin. Richard Killingbury. John Steward. John Aylesham. Geffrey Wichingham. Thomas Legge. Edmund Hemenhall. John of Glocester. John Croydon. William Clopton. Adam Brapson. Richard Besynstoke. Henry Picard. Simon Dolesby. Adam of Bury. Raphe of Lynne. John Not. William of Worcester. John Wroth. Gilbert of Staninesthorp. John Peche. John Stody. William Wilde. John Little. 11 Procured an Act of Parliament, “ That women known to be unchaste should wear no covering on their heads except it be coloured in stripes.” Ancestor of Montacute, Earl of Salisbury. Of Queenhithe Ward. 216 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. Mayors. Company. 1354 Thomas Legge ( 12 ) Skinner 1355 Simon Francis Mercer 1356 Henry Picard ( 13 ) Yintner 1357 Sir John Stody 1358 John Loufkin ( 14 ) Stock Fishmonger 1359 Simon Dolesby Grocer 1360 Sir John Wroth, or Worth ( 15 ) Fishmonger 1361 John Peche 1362 Stephen Cavendish ( 16 ) .< ... Draper 1363 John Not Grocer 1364 Adam of Bury Skinner 1365 £ John Loufkin Stock Fishmonger Adam of Bury Skinner 1366 John Loufkin Stock Fishmonger 1367 James Andrew Draper 1368 Simon Mordon Stock Fishmonger 1369 John Chichester Goldsmith 1370 John Barnes Mercer 1371 The same 1372 John Pyel 1373 Adam of Bury Skinner 1374 Sir William Walworth ( 16a ) Stock Fishmonger 1375 John Ward Grocer 1376 Adam Stable Mercer 1377 Sir Nicholas Brembre ( 17 ) Grocer 1378 Sir John Philpot ^ 18 ) 1379 John Hadley 1380 Sir William Walworth Stock Fishmonger 1381 John Northampton ( 20 ) Draper 1382 The same Skinner 1383 1384 Sir Nicholas Brembre The same Grocer 1385 The same ” 1386 Nicolas Exton Fishmonger 1387 The same 1388 Sir Nicolas Twyford ( 21 ) Goldsmith 1389 Sir William Yenour Grocer 1390 Adam Bamme ( 22 ) Goldsmith 1391 Sir John Hende Draper 1392 Sir William Stondon Grocer 12 Ancestor of the Earl of Dartmouth. He lent money to Edward. III. and married th daughter of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. He was beheaded in 1381 by th partisans of Wat Tyler. 13 Feasted Edward III., the King of France, the King of Scots, the King of Cyprus, th Prince of Wales, and others, and after kept his hall for all comers who were willing to pla at dice and hazard. 14 From Surrey (Sir William Walworth was his apprentice), M.P. for London, and great public benefactor. 15 M.P. for London. 16 Ancestor of the Dukes of Devonshire. 16a M.P. for London. Was appointed by Parlia CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 217 Sheriffs. William Notingham. Richard Smelt. Walter Foster. Thomas Brandon. Richard Notingham. Thomas Dolsel. Stephen Cavendish. Bartholomew Frostling. John Barnes. John Buris. Simon of Benington. John of Chichester. John Dennis. Walter Berny. William Holbeck. James Tame. John of St. Albans. James Andrew. Richard of Croydon. John Hiltoft. John de Mitford. Simon de Mordon. !John Bukylsworth. Thomas Ireland. John Ward. Thomas of Lee, or at the Lea. John Turngold. William Dykeman. Robert Girdeler. Adam Wymondham. John Fiel. Hugh Holdich. William Walworth. Robert Gayton. Adam Staple. Robert Hatfield. John Philpot. Nicholas Brembre. John Aubery. John Fished. Richard Lyons. William Woodhouse. John Hadley. William Newport. John Northampton. Robert Laund. Nicolas Twyford. Andrew Pikeman. John Boseham. Thomas Cornwallis. ( 19 ) John Helisdon. William Barrat. Walter Doget. William Knighthode. John Rote. John Hende. I Adam Bamme. John Sely. (Simon Winchcombe. John More. (Nicolas Exton. John Freshe. John Organ. John Churchman. William Stondon. William More. William Yenour (or Yinor). Hugh Falstalfe. Thomas Austen. Adam Carlchul. John Walcot. John Love. John Francis. Thomas Yivent. John Shadworth (or Chadworth). Henry Yamer. ! Gilbert Maghfield. Thomas Newington. ment, with Sir John Philpot, to be keeper of the subsidy granted to Richard II. He is ■reported to have killed Wat Tyler. Knighted for service in the field. Of Bridge Ward. 17 Knighted on the field. Beheaded in 1387. M.P. for London. Of Bread Street Ward. 18 From Kent. Called the “ Head, Heart, and Hand of the City.” A very remarkable and distinguished man. Knighted on the field. He lived in Philpot Lane. The greatest member of the Grocers’ Company. M.P. for London. Of Cornhill Ward. [ 19 Ancestor of Marquis Cornwallis, Governor General of India. | 20 See page 14. Of Cordwainer Ward. 21 Knighted on the field. Of Coleman Street Ward. 22 See page 112. 218 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, Date. Mayors. Company. 1393 Sir John Hadley Grocer 1394 Sir John Freshe Mercer 1395 Sir William More Yintner 1396 A. Bamme, Goldsmith (died) ; and Sir R. Whittington Mercer 1397 Sir Richard Whittington ( 24 ) 1398 Sir Drew Barentine ( 24a ) Goldsmith 1399 Sir Thomas Knoles ( 25 ) Grocer 1400 Sir John Francis Goldsmith 1401 Sir John Shad worth Mercer 1402 John V/alcot Draper 1403 Sir William Ascham ( 26 ) Fishmonger ... . 1404 Sir John Hende Draper 1405 Sir John Woodcocke Mercer 1406 Sir Richard Whittington }j 1407 Sir William Stondon ... Grocer .’ 1408 Sir Drew Barentine . Goldsmith 1409 Richard Marlow Ironmonger 1410 Sir Thomas Knowles Grocer ^ 1411 Sir Robert Chichley ( 27 ) 5j . 1412 Sir William Walderne Mercer 1413 Sir William Cromar ( 23 ) Draper ., 1414 Sir Thomas Falconer Mercer ? 1415 Sir Nicolas Wotton ( 29 ) Draper 4 1416 Sir Henry Barton Skinner 1417 Sir Richard Marlow Ironmonger ... .• 1418 Sir William Sevenoke ( 30 ) Grocer 1419 Sir Richard Whittington Mercer 1420 Sir William Cambridge Grocer .• 1421 Sir Robert Chichley 1422 Sir William Walderne ( 31 ) Mercer .: 1423 Sir William Cromar Draper j 1424 Sir John Michell ( 32 ) Stock Fishmonger 1425 John Coventry ( 33 ) Mercer * 1426 Sir John Rainewell ( 34 ) Stock Fishmonger 1427 Sir John Gedney ( 35 ) Draper ‘ 23 Ancestor of Chief Justice Bramston, and of T. W. Bramston, Esq., late M.P. for Esse: 24 From Pauntley, Gloucestershire. A man of great ability, benevolence, and tru patriotic feeling. A promoter of education, and the friend of the learned John Carpente: See page 18. Alderman of Broad Street Ward. The present Lord Lyttleton is descende from a Whittington of Pauntley. 24a The first Alder m. of Farringdon Within, after the division of Farringdon into two Ward) 25 The building of Guildhall commenced in his mayoralty in 1410. A public benefacto: Ancestor of the Earl of Banbury. Alderman of Dowgate. 26 M.P. for London. An apprentice of Walworth. 27 From Higham Ferrers. Brother of Archbishop Chichley. Gave the ground for th Church of St. Stephen’s, Walbrooke, and paid largely towards the erection. His will prc vided that 2,400 poor householders in the City should have a competent dinner on his birth day and 2d. each. Was a great benefactor to the parish of St. James, Garlick Hithe, to th Hospital of Higham Ferrers, to the Chapel of Hornchurch, Romford, and to the poor of hi blood in the parishes of Higham Ferrers and Suldrop. Ancestor of Yiscount Strangford. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 219 Sheriffs. iDrew Barentine. Richard Whittington. William Bramston. ( 23 ) Thomas Knoles. Roger Ellis. William Sevenoke. Thomas Wilford. William Parker. (John Woodcocke. William Ascham. John Wade. John Warner. William Walderne. William Hend. Tohn Wakel. William Ebot. William Yenor. John Fremingham. Richard Marlow. Robert Chichley. Thomas Falconer. Thomas Poole. William Louth. Stephen Spilman. lenry Barton. William Cromar. Yicolas Wofcton. Geffrey Brooke, lenry Pontfract. Henry Halton. Thomas Dueke. William Norton. Tohn Law. William Chichley. John Penn. Thomas Pike. Tohn Rainewell. William Cotton. Ralph Lovenham. William Sevenoke. John Sutton. John Michell. Tohn Michell. Thomas Allen. William Cambridge. Allen Everard. jRobert Whitington. John Coventry, i lenry Read. John Gedney. John Brian. Raphe Barton. John Parveis. Robert Whitington. John Butler. John Butler. John Wells. Richard Gosseline. William Weston. William Eastfield. Robert Tatersal. [Nicolas James. Thomas Walford (or Windford). jiimon Seman. John By water. William Milreth. John Brokle. Tohn Arnold. John Higham. lenry Frowick. Robert (or Roger) Oteley. 28 From Hertfordshire. M.P. for London. Ancestor of Sir James Cromar, of Tunstall, lent. Oldcastle’s Rebellion. I 29 Ancestor of Lord Wotton. A Londoner by birth. M.P. for the City. 30 From Sevenoaks. Founded the Grammar School at Sevenoaks. Also almshouses here. Alderman of Tower Ward. 31 From Walderne, Sussex. 32 From Suffolk. 33 From Coventry. Ancestor of the Earl of Coventry. An executor of Whittington. A lescendant of Sheriff Coventry, of London, 1260. He lived in Cheapside, and was buried jn Bow Church. A descendant was Chief Justice Common Pleas, 1606. Several descend- ants have been eminent statesmen. 34 A Londoner. A benefactor to the City. 35 From St. Ives, Cambs. M.P. for London. His name is variously written, Gedney, Gidney, Godney, and Sidney. He did penance for marrying a widow belonging to the Bhurch. The lady went through the same ordeal. (Was he a connection of the Penshurst i amily P) He lived in Threadneedle Street. 220 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. Mayors. Company. 1428 Sir Henry Barton ( 36 ) Skinner 1429 Sir William Eastfield ( 37 ) Mercer 1430 Sir Nicolas Wotton Draper _ 1431 Sir John Wells ( 38 ) Grocer 1432 Sir John Parveis ( 39 ) Fishmonger 1433 Sir John Brokle ( 40 ) Draper 1434 Sir Roger Oteley ( 41 ) Grocer 1435 Sir Henry Frowick ( 42 ) Mercer 1436 Sir John Michell Stock Fishmonger 1437 Sir William Eastfield Mercer 1438 Sir Stephen Browne ( 43 ) Grocer 1439 Robert Large ( 44 ) Mercer 1440 Sir John Paddesley ( 45 ) Goldsmith 1441 Robert Clopton ( 48 ) Draper 1442 John Hatherley ( 47 ) Ironmonger 1443 Thomas Catworth ( 48 ) Grocer , 1444 Sir Henry Frowick Mercer , 1445 Sir Simon Eyre ( 49 ) Draper : 1446 John Olney (™) Mercer | 1447. Sir John Gedney Draper 1448 Sir Stephen Browne Grocer t 1449 Sir Thomas Chalton ( 51 ) Mercer ? 1450 Nicholas Wyfold ( 62 ) (or Wilford) Grocer , 1451 Sir William Gregory ( 3 ) Skinner . 1452 Sir Godfrey Fielding (5 4 ) Mercer 1453 Sir John Norman ( 65 ) Draper 1454 Sir Stephen Foster ( 56 ) Fishmonger 1455 Sir William Marrow ( 57 ) Mercer (or Grocer) > 1456 Sir Thomas Canning ( 58 ) .., ... Grocer » 1467 Sir Godfrey Boleine ( 59 ) Mercer \ 1458 Sir Thomas Scot ( 60 ) Draper f . 1459 Sir William Hulin (6i) Fishmonger ... 1460 Sir Richard Lee ^ 62 ) Grocer j 36 p r om Mildenhall, Suffolk. 37 From Tickhill, Yorkshire, K.B. Lived in Aldermanbury. A great public benefact See Stow, vol. I., page 583. 38 From Norwich. 39 From Berkshire. 40 From Newport Pagnell. M.P. for London. 41 From Ufford, in Suffolk. 42 From Tottenham. 43 From Newcastle-on-Tyne. A public benefactor. Ancestor of Viscount Montagi M.P. for London. 44 A Londoner. A benefactor to the City. William Caxton was his apprentice. 45 From Bury St. Edmunds. 46 From Clopton, Cambridgeshire. 47 From Bristol. Conduits, a public granary, a comely cross in Cheap, &c., commenc in his mayoralty. 48 From Rushton, Northumberland. 49 From Brandon, Suffolk. He built the Leaden Hall as a granary for the City. "W Alderman of Walbrook. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 221 Sheriffs. 'homas Duffhouse (or Dafehouse). John Abbot. Filliam Russe. Raphe Holland. Falter Chertsey. Robert Large. ohn Aderley (or Hatherley). Stephen Browne. ohn Olney. John Paddesley. ’homas Chalton. John King. ’homas Bamewell. Simon Eyre. 'homas Catworth. Robert Clopton. ’homas Morsted. William Gregory. Villiam Hales. William Chapman. [ugh Dyker. Nicolas Yoo. ’hilip Malpas. Robert Marshall, ohn Sutton. William Welinhall. Filliam Combis (or Combes). Richard Rich. 'homas Beaumont. Richard Nordan. ricolas Wyfold. John Norman, tephen Foster. Hugh Wich. ohn Darby. Godfrey Fielding. Robert Horne. Godfrey Boleine. /illiam Abraham. Thomas Scot. Tilliam Catlow. William Marrow. /illiam Hulin. Thomas Canning, ohn Middleton. William Deare. [atthew Philip. Christopher Wharton, ichard Lee. Richard Alley. ohn Walden, or Waldron. Thomas Cooke. « ohn Field. William Taylor, ohn Young. Thomas Oldgrave. ohn Steward. Ralph Yerney. /illiam Edwards. Thomas Reyner. ’,alph Joceline. Richard Medham. john Plommer. John Stocker. ichard Fleming. John Lambarde (or Lambert). 50 From Coventry. 51 From Dunstable. The year of Cade’s rebellion. 52 From Hertley, Berkshire. 53 From Mildenhall, Suffolk. 54 From Lutterworth. Ancestor of the Earl of Denbigh. He lived in Milk Street. 55 From Banbury. See page 113. I 56 A Londoner. Alderman of Bread Street. 57 From Stepney, Middlesex. His daughter married an ancestor of Sir N. W. Throck- orton, Bart. 68 From Bristol. Master of the Grocers’ Company. M.P. for London. Ancestor of : eorge Canning, Earl Canning, and Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. Expelled the Corpora- ,on. See page 1G5. A great public benefactor. 59 From Salle, Norfolk. He was a mercer in the Old Jewry. Great-grandfather of fcueen Elizabeth. See pages 181, 186. Alderman of Castle Baynard. 60 From Dorney, Bucks. 61 From Fulham. 62 From Worcester. Knighted on the field. 222 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. Mayors. Company. 1461 Sir Hugh Wich ( 63 ) Mercer 1462 Sir Thomas Cooke ( 64 ) alias Coke... Draper 1463 Sir Matthew Philip ( 65 ) Goldsmith 1464 Sir Ralph Jocelin ( 66 ) Draper 1465 Sir Ralph Verney ( 67 ) Mercer 1466 Sir John Young ( 68 ) Grocer 1467 Sir Thomas Oldgrave ( 69 ) Skinner 1468 Sir William Taylor ( 70 ) Grocer 1469 Sir Richard Lee 1470 Sir John Stockton ( 71 ) Mercer 1471 Sir William Edwards ( 72 ) Grocer 1472 Sir William Hampton ( 73 ) Fishmonger 1473 Sir John Tate ( 74 ) Mercer 1474 Sir Robert Drope ( 75 ) Draper 1475 Sir Robert Basset ( 76 ) Salter 1 1476 Sir Ralph Joceline, Knight ofithe Bath Draper 1477 Sir Humphrey Heyford ( 77 ) Goldsmith ! 1478 Sir Richard Gardiner ( 78 ) Mercer < 1479 Sir Bartholomew James ( 79 ) Draper t 1480 Sir John Browne, alias John de Werks( 80 ) Mercer 1481 Sir William Heriot, or Harriot ( 81 ) Draper 1482 Sir Edmund Shaa, or Shaw ( 82 ) Goldsmith ^ 1483 Sir Robert Billesdon ( 83 ) Haberdasher ... , 1484 Sir Thomas Hill ( 84 ) Sir William Stocker, Draper ( 85 ) John Ward ( 86 ) Grocer 1485 Sir Hugh Brice ( 87 ) Goldsmith 1486 Sir Henry Colet ( 88 ) Mercer ’ 1487 Sir William Horne ( 89 ) Salter ! 1488 Sir Robert Tate ( 90 ) Mercer ... ... j 1489 Sir William White ( 91 ) ,.. Draper ; 1490 John Mathew ( 92 ) Mercer ! 63 From Cheshire. j 64 From Lavenham, Suffolk. Ancestor of Lord Bacon, Earl Fitzwilliam, the Marquis' Salisbury, Viscount Cranbourne, &c. His grandson, Sir Anthony Cooke, was tutor i Edward VI. 65 From Norwich. Knighted on the field. 66 From Sawbridgeworth. Knighted on the field. M.P. for London. Ancestor of Ea Roden. 67 A Londoner. Ancestor of Earl Verney. Knighted on the field. M.P. for London. 68 From Bristol. Knighted on the field. M.P. for London. 69 From Knntsford, Cheshire. 70 From Ecclestone, Staffordshire. Knighted on the field. 71 From Lincolnshire. Knighted on the field. 72 From Essex. 73 From Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire. Knighted on the field. 74 A Londoner. Ancestor of Sir P. P. Duncombe, Bart. 75 From Huntingdonshire. Lived at Cornhill. A public benefactor. His widow marrit Viscount Lisle. 76 From Billericay, Essex. See page 26. 77 From Essex. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 228 Sheriffs. George Ireland. John Locke. William Hampton. Bartholomew James. Robert Basset. Thomas Muschamp. John Tate. John Stone. Henry Weaver. William Constantine. John Browne. Henry Brice, John Stockton, John Darby. Thomas Stalbrooke. Humphrey Heyord. Simon Smith. William Heriot. Richard Gardiner. Robert Drope. Sir John Crosby. John Ward. John Allen. John Shelley. I John Browne. Thomas Bledlow. ! Sir William Stocker. Robert Billesdon. {Edmond Shaa, or Shaw. Thomas Hill. Hugh Brice. Robert Colwich. Richard Rawson. William Horne. Henry Colet. John Stocker. Robert Harding. Robert Bifield. Thomas Ilam. John Ward. Thomas Daniel. William Bacon. Robert Tate. William Wiking. Richard Chawry. William White. John Mathew. Thomas Newland. William Martin. Richard Chester. Thomas Britaine. Raphe Astrie. John Tate, the younger. John Swan, or Swans. John Percival. Hugh Clopton. John Fenkel. William Remington. William Isaac. Raphe Tilney. William Capell. John Brooke. [Henry Cote. Robert Revell. Hugh Pemberton. 78 From Suffolk. 79 A Londoner. Knighted on the field. so From Oakham, Rutlandshire. Ancestor of Lord Petre and Sir My lies Cave, Bartr His son, Sir 'William Browne, was Lord Mayor in 1513. 81 From Leicestershire. M.P. for London. See page 30. 82 From Cheshire. See page 116. 83 From Leicestershire. 84 From Kent. Died of sweating sickness. 85 From Bedfordshire. Knighted on the field. Died of sweating sickness. 86 From Yorkshire. 87 From Dublin. Keeper of the King’s Mint. 88 From Wendover. Father of Dean Colet, who founded St. Paul’s School. Aldeymau of Cornhill. , 89 From Cambridgeshire. Knighted on the field. His original name was Littlesbury, but Edward IV. called him Horn, from his ability on that instrument. | 90 From Coventry. 91 From Tickhill, Yorkshire. M.P. for London. 92 From Buckinghamshire. Of Bassishaw Ward. Stow says, “ He lived and died a bachelor, and never was bachelor Mayor before.” 224 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. Mayors. Company. 1491 Sir Hugh Clopton ( 93 ) Mercer 1492 1 Sir William Martin ( 94 ) Skinner 1493 Sir Raphe Astrie ( 95 ) Fishmonger 1494 Sir Richard Chawry ( 96 ) Salter 1495 Sir Henry Colet Mercer 1496 Sir John Tate, the younger ( 97 ) 1497 William Purchase ( 98 ) 1498 Sir John Percival (") Merchant Taylor 1499 Sir Nicholas Alwin ( 10 °) Mercer 1500 Sir William Remington ( 101 ) Fishmonger 1501 Sir John Shaa ( 103 ) Goldsmith 1502 Sir Bartholomew Rede ( 104 ) 1503 Sir William Capell ( 105 ) Draper 1504 Sir John Winger ( 106 ) Grocer 1505 Sir Thomas Knesworth ( lo7 ) Fishmonger 1506 Sir Richard Haddon ( 108 ) ... ., Mercer 1507 Sir William Browne ( 110 ) in part, Mercer; and Sir Lawrence Aylmer in part ( m ) Draper ^ 1508 Sir Stephen Jennings ( 112 ) Merchant Taylor 1509 Sir Thomas Bradbury ( 113 ), Mercer ; and Sir Wm. Capell Draper ' 1510 Sir Henry Kebble ( 114 ) Grocer 1511 Sir Roger Acheley ( 115 ) Draper i 1512 Sir William Copinger in part ( 116 ) ; and Sir Richard _ Haddon, Mercer, for the rest Fishmonger 1513 Sir William Browne, jun., died 3rd June ; Sir John Tate, for remainder ( 117 ) Mercers 1514 Sir George Monoux ( 118 ) Draper 1515 Sir William Butler ( 119 ) Grocer ; 1516 Sir John Rest ( 12 °) 1517 Sir Thomas Exmewe ( 121 ) Goldsmith 1 1518 Sir Thomas Mirfine ( 122 ) Skinner < 93 From Stratford-on-Avon, where he built the great stone bridge. 94 From Hertford. Of Cordwainer Ward. 95 From Hitchin. Knighted on the field. 9 ® From Westerham, Kent. Of Candlewick Ward. ! ' 7 From Coventry. Brother to the Mayor in 1488. Knighted on the field. Of Lan: bourn Ward. 98 From Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire. 99 A Londoner. Knighted on the field. Of Langbourn Ward. ]oo F roin Spalding. Of Bassishaw Ward. 101 From Boston. Of Billingsgate Ward. 102 His daughter married Alderman Fitzwilliam. See page 195. 103 From Essex. Knighted on the field, and made a Banneret. 304 From Cromer, Norfolk. See page 122. 105 From Stoke Nayland, Suffolk. Lived at Capel Court, Bartholomew Lane. Kniglitej on the field. Ancestor of the Marquis of Winchester and the Earl of Essex. Persecuted 1 Empson and Dudley. His descendants have married into the families of a large propo tion of the members of the peerage. Alderman of Walbrook. i°6 F rom Leicester. 107 From Cambridgeshire. Of Bishopsgate Ward. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 225 Sheriffs. Thomas Wood. William Browne. William Purchase. William Welbeck. Robert Fabian. John Winger. Nicholas Alwin. John Warner. Thomas Knesworth. Henry Somer. Sir John Shaa. Sir Richard Haddon. Bartholomew Rede. Thomas Window, or Windout. Thomas Bradbury. Stephen Jennings. James Wilford. Thomas Brond. John Hawes ( 102 ) William Steed. Laurence Aylmer. Henry Hede. Henry Keble. Nicolas Nives. Christopher Hawes. Robert Watts. Thomas Granger. Roger Acheley. William Browne. Richard Shoare. Roger Grove. William Copinger. Thomas Johnson. William Fitz William ( 1W *) William Butler. John Kyrkby. Thomas Exmewe. Richard Smith. George Monoux. John Doget. John Milborne. John Rest. Nicolas Shelton. Thomas Mirfine. Robert Alderness. Robert Fenrother. John Dawes. John Bruges. Roger Basford. James Yarford. John Mundy. Henry Warley. Richard Grey. William Bailey. Thomas Seymer. John Thurston. Thomas Baldrie. Raphe Simons. John Allen. James Spencer. 108 A Londoner. Knighted on the field. Of Bridge Ward. 109 From Northamptonshire. Alderman of Bread Street Ward. He built greater part of the Church of St. Andrew Undershaft. A Privy Councillor. See pages 38, 192. no Prom Oakham, Rutlandshire. Of Cripplegate Ward. Died in his mayoralty. 111 From Essex. Alderman of Bread Street. 112 From Wolverhampton, founder of the Grammar School there. Alderman of Castle 113 From Hertfordshire. Alderman of Aldersgate. Died in his mayoralty. [Baynard. 114 A Londoner. Gave the advowson of St. Stephen’s, Walbrook, to the Grocers’ Com- pany. He bequeathed 140 ploughs to husbandmen in Oxford and Warwick, and was a great public benefactor. Alderman of Farringdon Without. 115 From Shropshire. Alderman of Cornhill. A public benefactor. [in his mayoralty. ns From Suffolk. Alderman of Castle Baynard. Gave half his goods to the poor. Died 11 7 He built the Church of St. Anthony’s Hospital. Alderman of Langbourn. ns A Londoner. M.P. for the City. Alderman of Bassishaw. 119 From Bedfordshire. An ancestor of the Marquis of Ormonde. See page 123. 120 p r om Peterborough. Alderman of Dowgate. 121 From Flintshire. Alderman of Cripplegate. 122 From Ely. Great grandfather of Oliver Cromwell and John Hampden. Alderman if Bishopsgate. Q 226 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1519 Sir James Yaraford, or Yarford ( 123 ) Mercer 1 1520 Sir John Brydges, or Brugges ( 124 ) Draper 1 1521 Sir John Milborne ( 125 ) 1522 Sir John Mundy ( 126 ) Goldsmith 1 1523 Sir Thomas Baldrie ( 127 ) Mercer 1524 Sir William Bailey ( 128 ) Draper 1 1525 Sir John Allen ( 429 ) Mercer 1 1526 Sir Thomas Seymer ( 131 ) „ 1 1527 Sir James Spencer ( 132 ) Vintner 1 1528 Sir John Rudstone ( 133 ) Draper 1 1529 Sir Raphe Dodmer, or Dormer ( 134 ) Mercer 1 1530 Sir Thomas Pargitor ( 135 ) Salter 1531 Sir Nicholas Lambard, or Lambert ( 136 ) Grocer 1532 Sir Stephen Peacock ( 137 ) ... Haberdasher 1533 Sir Christopher Askew ( 138 ) Draper 1534 Sir John Champneis ( 139 ) Skinner 1 1535 Sir John Allen Mercer ’ 1 1536 Sir Raphe Warren ( 14 °) 1537 Sir Richard Gresham ( 141 ) 1538 Sir William Forman ( 142 ) Haberdasher 1539 Sir William Hollis ( 143 ) Mercer . 1540 Sir William Roche ( 144 ) Draper . f 1541 Sir Michael Dormer ( 145 ) Mercer t 1542 Sir John Coates ( 146 ) Salter 1543 Sir William Bowyer ( 147 ) for one part, and Sir Raphe Warren, Mercer, for rest Draper 1544 Sir William Laxton ( 148 ) Grocer .' 1545 Sir Martin Bowes ( 149 ) Goldsmith ! 123 From Kidwelly, Wales. Alderman of Candlewick. 124 From Gloucestershire. Ancestor of the Dukes of Chandos and Buckingham. Hi: daughter married the Marquis of Winchester. He lived in Crooked Lane, Fish Street Hill 125 From Long Melford, Suffolk. Alderman of Farringdon Without. A publi; benefactor. Appointed by Henry VIII. to seize and sell the goods of Scotchmen i. London. Entertained the King and the Emperor Charles V. on their visit to the City See Mr. Thomas Milbourn’s account in the transactions of the London Middlesex Archaeological Society. 126 From High Wycombe. Ancestor of the Mundys of Derbyshire, and the late M.P. fo: that county. Alderman of Bread Street. 127 From Stowmarket, Suffolk. His daughter married Lord Rich, ancestor of the Lord: Kensington, whose progenitor was Sheriff Rich (from another daughter Sir T. C. Style is descended). Alderman of Farringdon Within. 128 From Thaxted, Essex. Alderman of Farringdon Without. 129 From Thaxted, Essex. A Privy Councillor and City benefactor. Alderman o Vintry. 130 His daughter, Elizabeth, married Sir Christopher Hales, Master of the Rolls. 131 From Saffron Walden. An ancestor of the Duke of Somerset. Alderman o: Farringdon Without. 132 From Congleton. Alderman of Bridge Ward. 133 From Yorkshire. Alderman of Aldgate. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 227 John Wilkinson. Nicholas Patrick. . , Sir John Skevington. John Kyme. John Breton. Thomas Pargitor. John Rndstone. John Champneis. Michael English. Nicholas Jennings. Raphe Dodmer. William Roche. John Caunton ( 13 °) Christopher Askew. Stephen Peacock. Nicolas Lambert, or Lambard. John Hardy. William Hollis. Raphe Warren. John Long. Michael Dormer. Walter Champion. William Dauntsey. Richard Champion. Richard Gresham. Edward Altham. Richard Reynolds. Nicholas Pinchon. John Martin: John Priest. William Forman. Sir Thomas Kitson. Nicolas Leveson. William Denham. Humfrey Monmouth. John Coates. Robert Paget. William Bowyer. Sir John Gresham. Thomas Lewen. William Wilkinson. Nicolas Gibson. Thomas Farrer. Thomas Huntlow. William Luxton. Martin Bowes. Rowland Hill. Henry Suckley. Henry Hubberthorne. Henry Amcotes. John Tholouse. Richard Dobbes. John Wilford. Andrew Judde. George Barne. Raphe Alley. 1 34 From Pickering, Yorkshire. Alderman of Walbrook. Brewer, afterwards Mercer. Sent to prison until he consented to belong to one of the tvielve great Companies. 135 From Chipping Norton. Alderman of Bishopsgate. 136 From Wilton. Alderman of Broad Street. | 137 From Dublin. Alderman of Farringdon Without. 138 From Edmonton. Alderman of Cheap. 139 From Somerset. Alderman of Cordwainer. 140 From Essex. Grandfather to Oliver Cromwell and John Hampden. Alderman of ! Candlewick. 141 From Holt, Norfolk. Ancestor of the Marquis of Bath. Father of Sir Thomas Gresham. See page 125. 142 From Gainsborough. Alderman of Cripplegate. 143 Son of a London baker. Ancestor of the Earls of Clare, afterwards the ducal family of Newcastle. Alderman of Broad Street. 144 From Yorkshire. M.P. for London. Alderman of Bassishaw. 145 From Oxfordshire. Ancestor of Lord Dormer. Alderman of Aldersgate. 146 From Buckinghamshire. Alderman of Dowgate. 147 From Cambridgeshire. Ancestor of Sir George Bowyer, Bart. (?) Buried at St. Peter’s, Cornhill. Alderm?' p Aldgate. Died in his mayoralty, April 13th, 1541. 148 From Oundle. lerman of Lime Street. 149 From York. . *r London. A benefactor of the Goldsmiths’ Company ; his por- trait, by Holbein, is Idsmitbs’ Hall. Alderman of Langbourn. Q 2 228 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1546 Sir Henrv Hubberthorne ( 150 ) Merchant Taylor 1547 Sir John Gresham ( 151 ) Mercer 1548 Sir Henry Amcotes ( 152 ) Fishmonger 1549 Sir Rowland Hill ( 154 ) Mercer 1550 Sir Andrew Judde ( 155 ) Skinner 1551 Sir Richard Dobbes ( 157 ) 1552 Sir George Barne ( 158 ) Haberdasher 1553 Sir Thomas White ( 159 ) Merchant Taylor 1554 Sir John Lyon ( 16 °) ... Grocer 1555 Sir William Gerard, or Garrard ( 161 ) Haberdasher 1556 Sir Thomas Offley ( 162 ) Merchant Taylor 1557 Sir Thomas Curteis ( 163 ) Fishmonger 1558 Sir Thomas Lee, or Leigh ( 165 ) Mercer 1559 Sir William Hewet ( 166 ) Cloth worker 1560 Sir William Chester (i® 7 ) Draper .' 1561 Sir William Harper ( 168 ) Merchant Taylor ... ; 1562 Sir Thomas Lodge ( 169 ) Grocer . ; 1563 Sir John White ( 1 79 ) 99 X 1564 Sir Richard Mallory ( 171 ) Mercer 4 1565 Sir Richard Champion ( 173 ) Draper 1566 Sir Christopher Draper ( 174 ) Ironmonger 4 1567 Sir Roger Martin ( 175 ) Mercer i 1568 Sir Thomas Rowe ( 176 ) Merchant Taylor 1569 Sir Alexander Avenon ( 177 ) Ironmonger 1570 Sir Rowland Heyward ( 178 ) Clothworker ; 1571 Sir William Allen ( 179 ) Mercer j 15° From Lincolnshire. Alderman of Bread Street. 151 From Norfolk. Brother of Sir Richard, ancestor of the Duke of Buckingham and Lor(| Braybrooke. Alderman of Dowgate. Founded Grammar School at Holt. 152 From Lincolnshire. Alderman of Billingsgate. 153 See pages 166, 205. 154 From Hodnet, Shropshire. A very eminent man and public benefactor. He endowed a grammar school and built many bridges. His niece and heiress married Aldermab Leigh, and became the ancestor of many illustrious Englishmen. See pages 182, 183; Alderman of Walbrook. 155 From Tunbridge. Founder of Tunbridge Grammar School. Ancestor of Lord Teynham, Yiscount Strangford, Chief Baron Smythe, &c. Alderman of Farringdon Without. 166 Alderman of Bridge Ward. Ancestor of Lord Chancellor Cowper. See pages 183, 194. 157 From Yorkshire. Alderman of Tower Ward. Portrait at Christ’s Hospital. 158 A Londoner. Ancestor of Sir J. F. Rivers, Bart. Alderman of Portsoken. 159 From Rickmans worth. Founded St. John’s College, Oxford, &c. Married the widow of Alderman Warren, Cromwell’s ancestor. Alderman of Cornhill. 16 ° From Middlesex. Alderman of Queenhithe. 361 FromuSittingbourne. Alderman of Lime Street. 162 From Chester. Alderman of Aldgate. 163 From Enfield. Alderman of Farringdon Without. 164 Son of Sheriff Altham, 1531. His son was a Baron of the Exchequer, and had three daughters ; one married Annesley, first Earl of Anglesey, another the Earl of Barberry, and the third had three husbands, viz., Sir Francis Astley, Lord DL,by, and Sir Robert Bernard, Bart. (Seijeant-at-law.) CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 229 Sheriffs. Richard Jarveis. Thomas Curteis, Fishmonger. Thomas White, Merchant Taylor. Richard Chertsey. William Locke, Mercer ( 153 ) Sir John Ayleph, Barber-Surgeon, afterwards Grocer. Richard Turke. John Yorke. Augustine Hind. John Lyon. John Lamberd, Draper. John Cowper ( 156 ). William Gerard. John Maynard, Mercer. Thomas Offley, Merchant Taylor. William Hewet, Clothworker. David Woodruffe. William Chester, Draper. Thomas Leigh, Mercer. John Machil. William Harper, Merchant Taylor. John White, Grocer. Richard Mallory, Mercer. James Altham ( 164 ). John Halsey. Richard Champion, Draper. Thomas Lodge, Grocer. Roger Martin, Mercer. Christopher Draper, Ironmonger. Thomas Rowe, Merchant Taylor. Alexander Avenon, Ironmonger. Humfrey Baskerville, Mercer. > William Allen ( 172 ), Mercer. Richard Chamberlaine, Ironmonger. Edward Bankes. Rowland Heyward, Clothworker. Edward Jackman. Lionel Ducket, Mercer. John Rivers, Grocer. James Hawes, Clothworker. Richard Lambert (died). Ambrose Nicholas, Salter. John Langley, Goldsmith. Thomas Ramsey, Grocer. John Bond. John Oleph. Robert Harding, Salter (died). James Bacon. 1 Henry Beecher. William Dane. < Francis Bameham. William Boxe. : Henry Milles, Grocer. Joh n Branche, Draper. 165 From Shropshire. Ancestor of the Earl of Chatham, William Pitt, Viscount Melbourne, Viscountess Palmerston, John Duke of Marlborough, the Duke of Leeds, the Duke of Berwick, Lord Leigh, the present Earl of Shaftesbury, &c. His widow lived to a great age, having seen his children’s children to the fourth generation, she died in 1603. He died in 1571. Alderman of Broad Street. See pages 182, 183, 187, 189. 166 From Yorkshire. Ancestor of the Duke of Leeds. He lived on London Bridge. See pages 46, 189. Alderman of Vintry. The first Clothworker who became Mayor. 167 A Londoner. M.P. for the City. Alderman of Langbourn. 168 From Bedford. Founder of the Grammar School there. Alderman of Dowgate. 169 From Shropshire. See page 127. 170 From Farnham. Alderman of Cornhill. Presidentof Christ’s Hospital. M.P. for the City. 171 From Cambridgeshire. Alderman of Farringdon Without. He married a daughter of Robert Pakington, a mercer in Cheapside. Ancestor of the Right Hon. Sir J. S. Pakington. See page 167. 172 Alderman Bathurst. Ancestor of Lord Chancellor Bathurst. See page 193. 173 From Godaiming. Alderman of Tower Ward. 174 From Melton Mowbray. Alderman of Cordwainer. Had three sons-in-law Lord Mayors. 175 From Melford, Suffolk. Alderman of Broad Street. 176 A Londoner. Alderman of Bishopsgate. 177 From King’s Norton. Alderman of Cripplegate. i 478 From Shropshire. An ancestor of the Marquis of Bath. Alderman of Farringdon Without, and afterwards of Vintry. Died senior Alderman, 1593. * 179 From Hertfordshire. Alderman of Billingsgate. 280 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 Sir Lionel Ducket ( 180 ) . . . Sir John Rivers ( 181 ) Sir Janies Hawes ( 182 ) Sir Ambrose Nicholas ( 183 ) Sir John Langley ( 184 ) . . . Sir Thomas Ramsey ( 185 ) Sir Richard Pipe ( 186 ) Sir Nicholas Woodroffe ( 187 ) Sir John Branche ( 188 ) ... Sir James Harvey ( 189 ) . . . Sir Thomas Blanke ( 190 ).., Sir Edward Osborne ( 191 ) Sir Thomas Pullison ( 193 ) Sir Wolstane Dixie ( 194 ) ... Sir George Barne ( 195 ) ... Sir George Bond ( 196 ) Sir Martin Calthrop (* 97 ) for part, and Sir Richard Martin (Goldsmith) for the remainder Sir John Hart ( 198 ) Sir John Allot ( 199 ) for part, and Sir Rowland Hey- ward (Clothworker) for the rest Sir William Webbe ( 20 °) Sir William Rowe ( 201 ) Sir Cuthbert Buckle ( 292 ) for part, and Sir Richard Martin (Goldsmith) ( 203 ) for rest . . Sir John Spencer ( 204 ) Sir Stephen Slany ( 2 °5) Sir Thomas Skinner ( 298 ) for part, and Sir Henry Billingsley ( 207 ) for rest. . . . Sir Richard Saltonstall ( 208 ) ... Company. Mercer Grocer Clothworker Salter Goldsmith ... Grocer Draper Haberdasher Draper Ironmonger Haberdasher Clothworker Draper Skinner Haberdasher Draper Grocer Fishmonger Salter Ironmonger Yintner Clothworker Skinner Clothworker Haberdasher Skinner iso From Nottingham. Chief Executor of Sir Thomas Gresham. A very eminent' merchant. Ancestor of Sir G. F. Duckett, Bart. Alderman of Aldersgate. 181 From Penshurst, Kent. Ancestor of Sir G. F. Rivers, Baronet. Alderman ofWalbrook.! A Londoner. Alderman of Castle Baynard, afterwards of Comhill. 18 3 From Huntingdonshire. Ancestor of Lord Sherborne. Alderman of Bread Street. 184 From Lincolnshire. Alderman of Queenhithe. Buried at Guildhall Chapel. 185 From Edenbridge, Kent. See page 131. 186 From Wolverhampton. Alderman of Bishopsgate. 187 From Devonshire. Ancestor of Sir H. Y. Stonhouse, Baronet. Alderman of Dowgate. 188 From Suffolk. Alderman of Cripplegate. 189 From Staffordshire. Alderman of Coleman Street. 190 From a family of Guildford. Alderman of Cornhill. 194 From Ashford, Kent. Ancestor of the Duke of Leeds. The peerage contains many of his descendants. See pages 46, 189. Alderman of Candlewick. 192 From Norwich. Ancestor of the Earl of Romney. 193 From Footscray, Kent. Ancestor of Lord Skilmersdale and of Lord Stanley, now Secretary of State (son of the Earl of Derby) Alderman of Yintry. 194 From Huntingdonshire. A public benefactor. Ancestor of Sir Alexander Dixie, Baronet. He endowed a Grammar School at Market Bosworth. Assisted in building CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 231 Sheriffs. Richard Pipe, Draper. Nicholas Woodroffe, Haberdasher. James Harvey, Ironmonger. Thomas Pnllison, or Pulloccil, Draper. Thomas Blanke, Haberdasher. Anthony Gamage, Ironmonger. Edward Osborne, Clothworker. Wolstane Dixie, Skinner. William Kempton. George Barne, Haberdasher. Nicholas Backhouse. Francis Bowyer. George Bond, Haberdasher. Thomas Starkie, Skinner. Martin Calthrop, Draper. John Hart, Grocer. Raphe Woodcock. John Allot, Fishmonger. Richard Martin, Goldsmith. William Webbe, Salter. William Rowe, Ironmonger. John Haydon (dec.) Cuthbert Buckle, Vintner {succeeded) William Masham ( 192 ). John Spencer, Clothworker. Stephen Slany, Skinner. Henry Billingsley, Haberdasher. Anthony Radcliffe. Henry Parnell. Robert House. William Elkin. Thomas Skinner. John Catcher. Hugh Offley, Leatherseller. Richard Saltonstall, Skinner. Richard Gurney. Stephen Soame, Grocer. Nicholas Moseley, Clothworker. Robert Brooke. William Rider, Haberdasher. Benedict Barnham ( 201 ). John Gerard, or Garrard, Haberdasher. Robert Taylor. Paul Banning. Peter Haughton. Robert Lee, Merchant Taylor. Thomas Bennet, Mercer. Thomas Lowe, Haberdasher. Leonard Halliday, Merchant Taylor. John Watts, Clothworker. Richard Godard. Henry Rowe, Mercer. John More. Peterhouse College, Cambridgeshire. Married his master’s daughter, as did his colleague in the shrievalty, the ancestor of the Duke of Leeds. Alderman of Broad Street. 195 A Londoner. Alderman of Tower Ward. His father was Lord Mayor, 1552. 196 From Somersetshire. Ancestor of many eminent Englishmen. Buried in Mercers’ Chapel. See pages 182, 188. Alderman of Coleman Street. 197 A Londoner. Kinsman of Queen Elizabeth. See page 184. 198 From Yorkshire. Alderman of Farringdon Without. M.P. for the City. 199 From Lincolnshire. Alderman of Bread Street. 200 Erom Berkshire. Alderman of Cordwainer. Uncle to Archbishop Laud. 201 Father-in-law of Lord Bacon. See pages 167, 195. 202 From Westmoreland. Alderman of Bridge Ward, afterwards of Bassishaw. 203 From Saffron Walden. His daughter, Dorcas, married Sir Julius Caesar, Master of the Rolls. Master of the Mint. Alderman of Bread Street. President of Christ’s Hospital. 204 From Suffolk. Ancestor of the Marquis of Northampton. Alderman of Langbourn. 2°5 From Staffordshire. Alderman of Portsoken. President of Christ’s Hospital. 206 From Saffron Walden. Alderman of Cripplegate, of Bishopsgate in 1587. 207 From Kent. Was educated at Oxford. He founded three scholarships at Trinity College, Cambridge, and left money to Emmanuel College. He was the first translator of Euclid’s Elements into English. Alderman of Candlewick. M.P. for the City. 208 From Halifax. Alderman of Aldgate, afterwards of Tower. M.P. for the City. 232 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1598 Sir Stephen Soame ( 209 ) Grocer 1599 Sir Nicholas Moseley ( 211 ) Cloth worker 1600 1601 Sir William Rider ( 212 ) Sir John Gerard, or Garrard ( 213 ) Sir Robert Lee ( 214 ) Haberdasher 1602 Merchant Taylor 1603 Sir Thomas Bennet ( 215 ) ... Mercer 1604 Sir Thomas Lowe ( 216 ) Haberdasher 1605 Sir Leonard Halliday ( 217 ) Merchant Taylor 1606 Sir John Watts ( 218 ) Clothworker 1607 Sir Henry Rowe ( 22 °) Mercer 1608 Sir Humphrey Weld ( 221 ) Grocer 1609 Sir Thomas Cambell ( 222 ) Ironmonger 1610 Sir William Craven ( 223 ) Merchant Taylor 1611 Sir James Pemberton ( 224 ) Goldsmith 1612 Sir John Swinnerton ( 225 ) Merchant Taylor 1613 Sir Thomas Middleton ( 22fi ) Grocer 1614 1615 Sir Thomas Hayes ( 227 ) Sir J ohn J olles ( 238 ) Draper 1616 Sir John Leman ( 229 ) Fishmonger ... .! 1617 Sir George Bolles ( 23 °) Grocer 1618 Sir Sebastian Harvey ( 231 ) Ironmonger ... ,t 1619 Sir William Cockain ( 232 ) Skinner ? 209 From Suffolk. Alderman of Cheap. Senior Alderman in 1618. M.P. for the City; 210 Knighted by James I. Ancestor of Sir G. F. Hampson, Baronet. 211 From Lancashire. Ancestor of Sir Oswald Moseley, Baronet, the Earl of Buckinghan shire and the Earl of Stamford. Alderman of Aldersgate. Afterwards of Langboum. 212 From Staffordshire. Through his daughter Mary he was the ancestor of Viscoui Lake. His daughter Susan married Sir Thomas Caesar, Baron of the Exchequer. Is th Earl of Harrowby from this family ? Alderman of Cornhill. 213 From Kent. Alderman of Aldgate. Son of the Lord Mayor in 1555. 214 From Bridgnorth. Alderman of Dowgate. Being Lord Mayor when James I. w£ invited to come and take the crown of England, he subscribed in the first place before a the great Officers of State, and all the nobility, being said to be upon the death of tf king the prime person of England (Chamberlayne). 215 From Wallingford. From this Alderman’s family came the Earls of Tankerville an Arlington. One of the Aldermen, Bennet, married a sister of Sir William Herrick, th king’s jeweller (who was M.P. for Leicester, and paid a fine when elected Alderman), th father (?) of Herrick the poet. Mary Bennet married Chief Justice Croke, and thei daughter married Harbottle Grimston, Master of the Rolls and ancestor of the Earl c Y erulam. Elizabeth Bennet married Sir Thomas Lee, of Hartwell, ancestor of the Chit Justice. Rebecca Bennet married the celebrated Bulstrode Whitelocke. Isabella Benne married the first Duke of Grafton. Alderman of Bassishaw. 216 A Londoner. Alderman of Broad-street. M.P. for the City. 216 a Father of Dr. Jones, Archbishop of Dublin, Chancellor and Lord Justice of Irelanc temp. Elizabeth and James I. Ancestor of Yiscount Ranelagh. 217 From Gloucestershire. Alderman of Portsoken. His widow married Jlenry Montagu (Earl of Manchester) , Recorder and M.P. for London, who afterwards married a sister-in law of Alderman Barkham (Margaret Crouch). In his Mayoralty the Gunpowder Plo 1 occurred. 218 From Herts. Alderman of Tower Ward. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 233 Sheriffs. Edward Holmeden. Robert Hampson ( 21 °). Humphrey Weld, Grocer. Roger Clarke. Thomas Smith. Thomas Cambell, Ironmonger. William Craven, Merchant Taylor. Henry Anderson. Sir William Glover. James Pemberton, Goldsmith. John Swinnerton, Merchant Taylor. , Sir William Rumney. Sir Thomas Middleton, Grocer. Sir Thomas Hayes, Knight, Draper. Sir Roger Jones, Knight. ( 216a ) Sir Clement Scudamor, Knight. Sir John Jolles, Knight, Draper. William Walthal. John Leman, Fishmonger. .Geffrey Elwes, Merchant Taylor. Nicolas Style ( 219 ), Grocer. George Bolles, Grocer. Richard Farrington, Clothworker. Sebastian Harvey, Ironmonger. William Cockain, Skinner. Richard Piot. Francis Jones, Haberdasher. Edward Barkham, Draper. George Smithes. Edward Rotherham. Alexander Prescot. Thomas Bennet. Henry Jay. Peter Proby, Grocer. Martin Lumley, Draper. William Gore. John Gore, Merchant Taylor. Allen Cotton, Draper. Cuthbert Hacket, Draper. William Hollyday, Mercer. Robert Johnson, Goldsmith. Richard Herne. Hugh Hammersley, Haberdasher. Richard Deane, Skinner. James Cambell, Ironmonger. 219 Ancestor of Sir T. C. Style, Baronet, formerly M.P. for Scarborough. 220 A Londoner. Alderman of Cornhill. Son of the Lord Mayor, 1568. . 221 From Cheshire. Lived at Weld (Wild) Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields. An ancestor of Sir George Bowyer, Baronet. Alderman of Farringdon Within. President of Christ’s Hospital. i 222 From Norfolk. Alderman of Bread Street. His daughter married Sir Richard Tempest, Baronet. 223 A peasant boy from a Yorkshire village, who came to London by the carrier, and entered the service of a draper. He was father of Earl Craven, a distinguished soldier, who is said to have privately married the beautiful queen of Bohemia (sister of Charles I.) in her widowhood. The Alderman bequeathed his shop to his two partners. He was a woollendraper. Alderman of Lime Street Ward. President of Christ’s Hospital. 224 From Lancashire. Alderman of Bishopsgate. 225 F r om Oswestry, Shropshire. Alderman of Cripplegate. 226 From Denbigh. M.P. for London. Brother of Sir Hugh, who had a goldsmith’s 3hop in Basinghall Street, much frequented by Sir Walter Raleigh. He opened the New River during his brother’s mayoralty. Alderman of Queenhithe. M.P. for the City. 227 A Londoner, from whom Sir Henry Boothly, Baronet, was descended. His daughter Margaret married Peter, son of Sir John Egerton, an ancestor of Sir Philip Grey Egerton, Baronet. Alderman of Bishopsgate. 228 From Essex. A public benefactor. Alderman of Tower Ward. 229 From Norfolk. Alderman of Langbourn Ward. President of Christ’s Hospital. 23° From Leicestershire. Alderman of Walbrook. 231 A Staffordshire family. Alderman of Cheap. His father was Lord Mayor, 1581. 232 From Warwickshire. Alderman of Castle Baynard. His son was created Viscount lullen. A member of the same family was Lord Mayor in 1751. An ancestor of the Sari of Pomfret. First Governor of the Irish Society. 234 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1620 Sir Francis Jones ( 233 ) Haberdasher 1621 Sir Edward Barkham ( 234 ) Draper 1622 Sir Peter Proby ( 235 ) Grocer 1623 Sir Martin Lumley ( 236 ) ... Draper 1624 Sir John Gore ( 237 ) Merchant Taylor 1625 Sir Allen Cotton ( 239 ) Draper 1626 Sir Cuthbert Hacket ( 24 °) 1627 Sir Hugh Hammersley ( 241 ) Haberdasher 1628 Sir Richard Deane ( 242 ) Skinner 1629 Sir James Cambell ( 243 ) Ironmonger 1630 Sir Robert Ducie ( 244 ) Merchant Taylor 1631* Sir George Whitmore ( 246 ) Haberdasher 1632 Sir Nicholas Rainton ( 247 ) 1633 Sir Ralph Freeman ( 248 ) for part (died March 16th), and Sir Thomas Moulson ( 249 ) for remainder Clothworker 1634 Sir Robert Parkhurst ( 25 °) 1635 Sir Christopher Cletherow ( 251 ) Ironmonger ... 1636 Sir Edward Bromfield ( 252 ) Fishmonger ... j 1637 Sir Richard Fenn ( 253 ) Haberdasher . . . 1638 Sir Maurice Abbott ( 254 ) (255) Draper j 1639 Sir Henry Garway, alias Garraway ( 256 ) 1640 Sir William Acton ( 257 ) Knight and Baronet, discharged by the House of Commons, and Sir Edmund Wright ( 258 ), Grocer, substituted 233 Prom Shropshire. Alderman of Aldgate. 234 From Norfolk. Ancestor of Sir Robert Walpole, Horace Walpole, and the RigM j Hon. S. H. Walpole, late Home Secretary. Alderman of Cheap. See page r 136. 235 From Shropshire. Ancestor of Lord Craysfort. Alderman of Queenhithe. 236 A Londoner. Alderman of Yintry. President of Christ’s Hospital. 237 A Londoner. Served as Sheriff with his brother William in 1615. He was tic brother of Richard Gore, M.P. for London. Son of Alderman Gerard Gore, and grandse of John Gore, Alderman of Aldersgate. He married a daughter of Alderman Sir Thom; Cambell, and from him are descended the Earl of Winterton and Mr. Gore Langtoi M.P. for Somerset. From one of his brothers descend Mr. Ormsby Gore, M.P. ft Shropshire ; also the Earl of Arran and Sir St. George Gore, Baronet. His daughtt married Chief Baron Tinnom. Alderman of Walbrook. 238 Caused the Bible to be printed in Welch. 239 p r om Shropshire. Alderman of Dowgate, afterwards of Candlewick. 240 p r om Dartford. Alderman of Portsoken. 241 From Stafford. Alderman of Bishopsgati < ! President of Christ’s Hospital. Portrait at Haberdasher’s Hall. 242 Prom Dunmow, Essex. Alderman of Candlewick. 243 Prom Norfolk. Son of Sir Thomas Cambell, Lord Mayor in 1609. His sifter Sara • was married to Sir Richard Tempest, Baronet ; his sister Abigail to Alderman Abdy. Hi will abounds with bequests for charitable purposes. Alderman of Billingsgate. Presideu Vi of St. Thomas’ Hospital. Portrait there. 244 A Londoner. Ancestor of Earl Ducie. He is said to have lost £80,000 as a adherent of Charles the First. Alderman of Bassishaw. 245 An Alderman. Married Abigail, daughter of Sir Thomas Cambell. T1 ree baronei jj of his name have sprung from Alderman Abdy, including the present Sir William Abd ! and Sir Thomas Neville Abdy. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 235 Sheriffs. Iward Allen. Robert Ducie, Merchant Taylor. aorge Whitmore, Haberdasher. Nicolas Rainton, Haberdasher. >hn Hodges. Humfrey Hanford, Knight, alph Freeman, Clothworker. Thomas Moulson. Dwland Heylin ( 238 ). Robert Parkhurst, Clothworker. lomas Westray, or Westrow. Ellis Crispe (died). John Poole. Christopher Cletherow, Ironmonger. Iward Bromfield, Fishmonger. Richard Fenn, Haberdasher. aurice Abbott, Draper. Henry Garway, Draper. awland Backhouse, Mercer. Sir William Acton, Knight and Baronet. umfrey Smith. Edmund Wright, Grocer. rthur Abdy ( 245 ) . Robert Cambell. imuel Cranmer ( 246a ). Henry Pratt. ugh Perry. Henry Andrews. il. Harrison, Goldsmith. Richard Gurney, Clothworker. >hn Highlord, Skinner. John Cordall, Mercer, nomas Soame, Grocer ( 250a ). John Gayer, Fishmonger. 'illiam Abell, Vintner. Jacob (or James) Garrard, Salter, iiomas Atkin, Mercer. Edward Rudge. aac Pennington, Fishmonger. John Wollaston, Goldsmith, aomas Adams, Draper. John Warner, Grocer. >hn Towse, Grocer. Abraham Reynardson, Merchant Taylor. 246 From Shropshire. A well-known Royalist. He was the grandson of Alderman Viliam Bond. Ancestor of Mr. Whitmore, the present M.P. for Bridgenorth. Portrait at iaberdashers’ Hall. 246a Alderman of Cripplegate. The last male heir of the eldest of Archbishop Cranmer’ a ms. A great London brewer. His daughter married Sir Anthony Chester, Bart., and is son, Caesar Cranmer, was knighted by Charles II. 247 From Lincolnshire. Alderman of Aldgate. President of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. 248 From Northampton. Alderman of Cornhill Ward. His daughter married George, 249 From Cheshire. Alderman of Broad Street Ward. [Lord Sondes. 250 From Guildford. Alderman of Portsoken. 250a gig father was Lord Mayor, 1598. 251 A Londoner. Alderman of Billingsgate. Married Mary, daughter of Alderman Sir homas Cambell. President of Christ’s Hospital. His portrait there. 252 From Sussex. Alderman of Dowgate. His grandson created a Baronet. 20 3 From Gloucestershire. Alderman of Castlebaynard. 254 p r om Guildford. Brother of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of alisbury. Alderman of Coleman Street. The first person knighted by Charles I. [ 255 Alderman Sherrington. Ancestor of the Earl of Verulam. Held office about this time. [ 256 A Londoner. Ancestor of the Earl of Nasborough and of Viscount Melbourne. Son Sir William Garway, Chief Farmer of Customs (who had seventeen children, and died ghty-eight years old). He raised a company for Charles I., and was a staunch Royalist, .e protested, however, against the king’s illegal mode of taxation. He made the last ind a very eloquent) speech on the king’s behalf at Guildhall. Was sent to prison by le Puritans and died in confinement. 257 Expelled from office by Parliament for his loyalty. Alderman of Aldersgate. i 258 From Cheshire, where he endowed an almshouse. Alderman of Cordwainer. 236 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1641 Sir Richard Gurney ( 259 ) Knight and Baronet, dis- charged by Parliament 12th August, and sue- ceeded by Isaac Pennington ( 2 60 A ) , Fishmonger . . . Clothworker 1642 Sir Isaac Pennington Fishmonger 1643 Sir John Wollaston ( 261 ) Goldsmith 1644 Sir Thomas Atkin ( 262 ) Mercer 1645 Sir Thomas Adams, Knight and Baronet ( 263 ) Draper 1646 Sir John Gayer ( 264 ) Fishmonger 1647 Sir John Warner ( 265 ) Grocer r Sir Abraham Reynardson ( 26fi ) Merchant Taylor 1648 j Sir Thomas Andrews, elected 3rd April, 1649, for re- ( mainder of the year Leatherseller 1649 Sir Thomas Foot ( 267 ) Grocer 1650 Sir Thomas Andrews ( 268 ) (a second time) Fishmonger 1651 Sir John Kendrick ( 269 ) Grocer 1 1652 Sir John Fowke ( 27 °) Haberdasher 1653 Sir Thomas Yiner ( 271 ) Goldsmith 1654 Sir Christopher Packe ( 272 ) Draper ! 1655 Sir John Dethick ( 273 ) Mercer ; 1656 Sir Robert Tichborne ( 274 ) Skinner 1657 Sir Richard Chiverton ( 275 ) Skinner , 1658 Sir John Ireton ( 276 ) Clothworker ... ; 1659 Sir Thomas Alleyne, Knight and Baronet ( 277 ) Grocer , 1660 Sir Richard Browne, Baronet ( 278 ) Merchant Taylor 1661 Sir John Frederick ( 279 ) Grocer 1662 Sir John Robinson, Knight and Baronet ( 28 °) Clothworker 259 From Croydon. Apprentice of R. Coleby, a silk mercer in Cheapside, who left h his shop and £6,000. A great benefactor to the City, and a sturdy Royalist. He wl ejected from his mayoralty and sent to the Tower, where, after being kept a prisoner f seven years, he died, rather than pay a fine of £5,000. President of Christ’s Hospif Alderman of Bishopsgate. 26 ° From Langham, Rutland. An Alderman. M.P. for London, afterwards M.P. ■ Southwark. He was twice committed to the Tower, with the Lord Mayor and otl Aldermen, for refusing to publish an act for the abolishment of royalty. Ancestor of ^ J. H. Langham, Bart 26l)A A Londoner. One of the regicides. Died in the Tower. 261 From Staffordshire. President of Christ’s Hospital. 262 From King’s Lynn. An ancestor of Sir E. S. Gooch, Baronet. Sat at Trial Charles I. 263 Son of a Shropshire yeoman. Founded Arabic Lecture at Cambridge and a Gramm School at Wem. M.P. for London. Sent to the Tower for refusing to publish the A abolishing monarchy. 264 From Plymouth. Committed to the Tower with Aldermen Gurney, Adan Langham, and Bunce, as Royalists, September 25th, 1647. President of Christ’s Hospit 265 From Banbury. 266 From Plymouth. Committed to the Tower for his Royalist opinions, and Andrei substituted. Knighted by Charles II. when he dined at Guildhall, 5th July, 1660. 267 From Cambridgeshire. M.P. for London. Knighted by Cromwell. Two of 1 daughters married knights and two baronets. The Earl of Onslow and Sir Henry Onslo Baronet, are among his descendants. Displaced as an Alderman on the Restoration. 268 From Middlesex. One of Charles the First’s judges, but refused to act. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 237 jleorge Garret, Draper. George Clarke, Grocer. fohn Langkam, Grocer ( 26 °). Thomas Andrews, Leatherseller. ohn Fowke, Haberdasher. James Bance, Leatherseller. /illiam Gibbs, Goldsmith. Richard Chambers, Girdler. iohn Kendrick, Grocer. Thomas Foot, Grocer, homas Cullum, Grocer. Simon Edmonds, Haberdasher, amuel Avery, Merchant Taylor. John Bide, Brewer. ! 'homas Yiner, Goldsmith. Richard Browne, Woodmonger. [Dethick, Mercer, ejus loco. Christopher Packe, Draper. Rowland Wilson, Yintner, died in his Shrievalty. John Robert Titchborne, Skinner. Richard Chiverton, Skinner, ohn Ireton, Clothworker. Andrew Rycard, Draper. , tephen Eastwicke, Girdler. William Underwood, Grocer, ames Philips, Pewterer. Walter Biggs, Merchant Taylor. Idtnnnd Sleigh, Mercer. Thomas Alleyn, Grocer. William Thompson, Salter. John Frederick, Barber- Surgeon. 'empest Milner, Merchant Taylor. Nathanael Temse, Skinner. ohn Robinson, Clothworker. Thomas Chandler, Draper, who died September 2nd. Richard King succeeded him for the year. .nthony Bateman, Skinner. John Lawrence, Grocer. ’rancis Warner, Leatherseller. William Yincent, Grocer. William Love, Draper. Villiam Bolton, Merchant Taylor. William Peake, Clothworker. ’rancis Menhil, (or Maynell), Goldsmith. Samuel Starling, Brewer. ir Thomas Blud worth, Knight, Yintner. Sir William Turner, Knight, Merchant Taylor. i 269 From Chester. Married a relation of Evelyn, who calls him a fanatic Lord Mayor. 270 From Tewkesbury. President of Christ’s Hospital, i 271 From Gloucestershire. Portrait at Christ’s Hospital. \ 272 JVom Finchley. A zealous Parliamentarian. A member of Cromwell’s House of jords as Lord Packe. Deprived of his aldermanic gown at the Restoration . Ancestor of 1. W. Packe, Esq., M.P. for Leicestershire. Sir Dennis Pack, a distinguished general in he Peninsular war and at Waterloo, was a descendant of the Alderman’s younger son. 273 From Norfolk. Knighted by Cromwell. 274 From Kent. Knighted by Cromwell. Sat on the trial of Charles I., and signed the varrant for his execution. Convicted of high treason in 1660. 275 From Cornwall. The first of that county who became Lord Mayor. Knighted in .653 by Cromwell, and in 1663 by Charles II. : 276 From Nottinghamshire. Brother of General Ireton. 277 From Hatfield Peveril, Essex. See page 139. 278 From Berkshire. Alderman of Langbourn. 279 A Londoner. President of Christ’s Hospital, where he had been educated. Alderman >f Yintry, afterwards of Coleman-street. Lived in Frederick -place, Old Jewry. Ancestor >f Sir Richard Frederick, Baronet. ' 280 Son of Archdeacon Robinson, of Nottingham. A nephew of Archbishop Laud. Carried a daughter of Alderman Sir George Whitmore. Lieutenant of the Tower (see Pepys’ Diary.) Lady Robinson is called “proud and cunning,” and the alderman “ a dragging, buffi eh eaded fellow,” but this character was given to him after a debauch with r parliament men ” in the cellar. Ancestor of the Rev. Sir George S. Robinson, Baronet, llderman of Dowgate, afterwards of Cripplegate. Portrait at Cloth workers’ Hall. 238 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. 1663 3664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 MAYORS. Company. Sir Anthony Bateman ( 281 ) Skinner Sir John Lawrence ( 282 ) Grocer Sir Thomas Bludworth ( 283 ) ( 284 ) Vintner Sir William Bolton ( 285 ) Merchant Taylor Sir William Peake ( 286 ) Clothworker Sir William Turner ( 287 ) ( 288 ) Merchant Taylor Sir Samuel Starling ( 29 °) Draper Sir Richard Ford ( 292 ) Mercer ' Sir George Waterman ( 293 ) Skinner Sir Robert Hanson ( 294 ) Sir William Hooker ( 295 ) Grocer Sir Robert Yyner, Knight and Baronet ( 297 ) Goldsmith Sir Joseph Sheldon ( 298 ) Sir Thomas Davies ( 29y ) Draper Sir Francis Chaplin ( 30 °) Clothworker Sir James Edwards ( 302 ) Grocer Sir Robert Clayton ( 303 ) Draper < Sir Patience Ward ( 305 ) ( 30B ) Merchant Taylor ; Sir John Moore ( 307 ) Grocer Sir William Pritchard ( 309 ) Merchant Taylor Sir Henry Tulse ( 311 ) 1 Grocer j 281 His father was Chamberlain and M.P. for London. Alderman of Dowgate, afterwar of Cripplegate. 282 a Londoner. Distinguished for his heroic benevolence during the great pla°-u Alderman of Queenhithe. ass From Derbyshire. M.P. for Westminster (?). His daughter married Judge Jeffri< Ancestor of the Earl of Pomfret. Alderman of Dowgate, afterwards of Aldersgate. 284 Alderman Webb, ancestor of Sir Henry Oglander, Baronet (about this date). ? 285 Prom Cheshire. 286 From Lincolnshire. Ancestor of Sir J. C. R. Shaw, Baronet. Alderman of Billingsgai 287 From Yorkshire. Founder of a Grammar School, and a great public benefact*. Alderman of Farringdon Within, afterwards of Candlewick, then of Castle Baynai Portrait at Merchant Taylors’ Hall. 288 Alderman Rowland Winn, ancestor of Lord Headley (about this date). Alderm; Rowland Winn wasfrom Lincolnshire. Nephew of Sir Robert Barkley, one of the Judg of the King’s Bench. The Alderman’s brother George was made a baronet in Decembf 1660. He himself was living in 1666. Alderman Sir William Wale, ancestor of the Duke of Somerset (about 1600). 29° From Luton, Bedfordshire. Alderman of Wintry, afterwards of Portsoken. 291 Alderman of Cheap. A brewer. Ancestor of the present Duke of Manchester. H daughter married Francis, son of Oliver St. John, C. J.C.P.,from whom the duke is descende 292 From Oxford. Was M. A. of the University of Oxford. 293 Son of a vintner at the King’s Arms, Southwark. Aldermarr of Bridge Within. 294 From Newbury. His granddaughter married George Byng. One of his danghte married Sir Gilbert Wakering, and another Sir Robert Beville. Alderman of Bassfshai afterwards of Farringdon Without. 295 From Berkhampstead. Alderman of Walbrook, afterwards of Cornhill. 296 Ancestor of the Earls of Jersey, Clarendon, the Right Hon. C. P. Villiers, and Bp. Villier 297 From Gloucestershire. Said to have invited Charles II. to come into the house aga “ and finish the other bottle.” Alderman of Broad Street, afterwards of Langbourn. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, 239 Sheriffs. | sir Richard Ford, Mercer. Sir Richard Rives, Draper. George Waterman, Skinner. Charles Doe, Goldsmith, sir Robert Hanson, Grocer. Sir William Hooker, Grocer. sir Robert Yyner, Knight and Baronet, Goldsmith. Sir Joseph Sheldon, Tallowchandler. sir Dennis Gauden, Clothworker. Sir Thomas Davies, Stationer, iohn Forth, Brewer. Sir Francis Chaplin, Clothworker. !bhn Smith, Salter. James Edwards, Grocer. pannet Forth ( 291 ), Draper. Wm. Gomeldon, Skinner. Patience Ward, Merchant Taylor, hr Robert Clayton, Scrivener. Sir Jonathan Dawes, died April 18th, and John Moore, Grocer, was elected in his place. sir William Pritchard, Merchant Taylor. Sir James Smith, Draper. 3ir Henry Tulse, Grocer. Sir Robert Geffery, Ironmonger. sir Nathaniel Herne ( 29S ), Barber-Surgeon. John Lethieullier, Barber-Surgeon. Thomas Gold, Draper. John Shorter, Goldsmith. Tohn Peake, Mercer. Thomas Stampe, Draper. Yilliam Rawstorne, Grocer. Sir Thomas Beckford, Clothworker. diehard How, Woodmonger. John Chapman, Mercer. Jonathan Raymond ( 301 ), Brewer. Simon Lewis, Fishmonger, slingsby Bethell ( 304 ), Leatherseller. Henry Cornish, Haberdasher. Thomas Pilkington, Skinner. Samuel Shute, Dyer. Dudley North ( 308 ), Mercer. Peter Rich, Saddler. sir Peter Daniel ( 31 °), Haberdasher. Samuel Dashwood, Vintner. I 298 From Derbyshire. Alderman of Bishopsgate. Portrait at Drapers’ Hall. 299 A Londoner. Described by Pepys as “ the little fellow, the bookseller, my school- ellow, and now sheriff, which is a strange turn, methinks.” An excellent linguist. Alderman of Farringdon Without. , 300 From Bury St. Edmunds. Alderman of Yintry. 301 A brewer. Alderman of Bishopsgate. Ancestor of Sir John Chetwode, Baronet. 302 From Yorkshire. Alderman of Candlewick ; resigned October, 1688. 3°3 From Northamptonshire. See page 145. 1 304 Ancestor of Lord Westbury. (?) Sheriff with the unfortunate Henry Cornish during ;he Titus Oates’ prosecutions. 3°5 From Pontefract. Bitterly persecuted by James II. Alderman of Farringdon Within. Portrait at Merchant Taylors’ Hall. 306 Alderman Sir Hugh Parker, Baronet. An ancestor of the great Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, and of the present Sir William Parker, Baronet (about this date.) 307 From Leicestershire. Founded a Grammar School at Appleby. Alderman of Yalbrook. M.P. for the City. President of Christ’s Hospital, to which he was a great benefactor. Portrait there, and at Grocers’ Hall. 308 Brother of Lord Keeper North. An unscrupulous man, placed as sheriff by the court )arty to empanel partial juries. Celebrated for the splendour of his house. Macaulay illeges that “on the day of judicial butchery, carts loaded with the legs and arms of [uartered Whigs, were, to the great discomposure of his lady, driven to his house in Basinghall Street, for orders.” 309 From Surrey. Alderman of Broad Street. President of and benefactor to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. Portrait at Merchant Taylors’ Hall. 310 Alderman of Bridge Ward. His granddaughter married Yiscount Byng; and her lescendants into the families of the Earls of Cork and Bradford, the Duke of Bedford, the Jarquis of Bath, &c. 311 From Hampshire. Ancestor of the Earl of Onslow. Alderman of Bread Street. 240 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1684 Sir James Smith ( 312 ) Draper 1685 Sir Robert Geffery ( 313 ) Ironmonger 1686 Sir John Peake ( 314 ) Mercer 1687 £ Sir John Shorter ( 315 ), died 4th September, 1688 Sir John Eyles ( 316 ), appointed by the Crown Goldsmith 1688 £ Sir John Chapman ( 317 ), died 17th March, 1688-9 ... Mercer Sir Thomas Pilkington ( 318 ) Skinner 1689 The same 1690 The same 1691 Sir Thomas Stampe ( 319a ) Draper 1692 Sir John Fleet ( 32 °) Grocer 1693 Sir William Ashurst ( 321 ) Merchant Taylor 1694 Sir Thomas Lane ( 323 ) ... Mercer 1695 Sir John Houblon ( 324 ) Grocer 1696 Sir Edward Clarke ( 326 ) Mercer * 1697 Sir Humphry Edwin ( 327 ) Skinner 1698 Sir Francis Child ( 328 ) Goldsmith 1699 Sir Richard Levett ( 329 ) ( 33 °) Haberdasher ... < 1700 Sir Thomas Abney ( 331 ) Fishmonger ... , 1701 Sir William Gore ( 332 ) Mercer 1702 Sir Samuel Dashwood ( 333 ) Vintner i 312 From Essex. Alderman of Portsoken. 313 From Cornwall. Father of the City. Knighted by Charles II. Ancestor of Lo Headley. Alderman of Cordwainer. President of Bridewell and Bethlem. Portrait thei 314 From Lincolnshire. Alderman of Billingsgate. His daughter married Sir Jo! Shaw, Baronet, of Eltham. 315 From Middlesex. Grandfather of Horace Walpole. Killed by a fall from his hor on opening Bartholomew Fair. 316 From Wiltshire. Not a freeman. Alderman, but never sheriff. 317 From Bridgenorth. Alderman of Tower Ward. ( 318 Grandson of John Pilkington, of Oakham, Rutland. Thrice Lord Mayor. Persecute by James II. Alderman of Farringdon Without, subsequently of Vintry. Portrait s Skinners’ Hall. 319 Sir Thomas Papillon. Was Alderman of Portsoken Ward. Ancestor of G. Wai Hunt, Esq., M.P., Secretary to the Treasury. 319a From Reading. Alderman of Cripplegate. Senior Alderman, 1707. 320 From Buckinghamshire. Alderman of Langbourn Ward. Governor of the old Ea: India Company ; president of the Artillery Company and of Bridewell Hospital. Portra at Grocers’ Hall, also at Coopers’ Hall. 321 Son of Alderman Henry Ashurst, who was the son of Henry Ashurst of Lancashire A Chief Justice was a descendant. Alderman of Billingsgate. 322 In the “Little London Directory” of 1677 his name is given as “ one of the goldsmitt who keep running cashes ” at the Black Moor’s Head, Lombard-street. 323 A Londoner. Ancestor of Lord Folery. Alderman of Candlewick. 324 Brother of Sir James Houblon, and probably a brother of Abraham Houblon, th great grandfather of the late Viscount Palmerston, as Abraham, Isaac, and James appea as partners in Winchester Street in the “ Little Directory ” of 1677. M.P. for the Citj Alderman of Cornhill Ward. First Governor of the Bank of England, and a Lord of tli Admiralty. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 241 Sheriffs. William Gosling, Mercer. Peter Vandeput, Draper. Benjamin Thorowgood, Fishmonger. Thomas Kensey, Yintner. Thomas Rawlinson, Yintner. Thomas Fowles, Goldsmith. Sir Basil Firebrace. John Parsons, Brewer. Humphrey Edwin, Barber- Surgeon. Samuel Thompson. John Fleet, Cooper. Christopher Lethieullier, Dyer. John Houblon, Grocer. Edward Clarke, Mercer. Sir Francis Child, Goldsmith. William Ashurst, Merchant Taylor. Richard Levett, Haberdasher. Thomas Lane, Mercer. Thomas Cooke, Goldsmith. Thomas Abney, Fishmonger. William Hedges, Mercer. John Sweetapple ( 322 ), Goldsmith. William Cole, Fishmonger. Edward Wills (or Mills), Merchant Taylor. Owen Buckingham, Salter. John Wolfe ( 325 ) , Mercer. Samuel Blewitt, Skinner. Bartholomew Gracedieu, Yintner. James Collett, Fruiterer. Sir William Gore, Mercer. Sir Joseph Smart, Merchant Taylor. Charles Duncombe, Goldsmith. Jeffery Jefferies, Grocer. Robert Beachcroft, Clothworker. Henry Fumese, Draper. Sir Will Withers, Knight, Fishmonger. Sir Peter Floyer, Knight, Goldsmith. James Bate- man, Loriner, loco Floyer, defunct. Robert Bedingfield, Merchant Taylor. Sir Samuel Garrard, Baronet, Grocer. 325 An Alderman. Ancestor of Sir Cradock Hartopp, Baronet. 326 From Lincoln. Nephew to a Cheapside Mercer. Alderman of Bread Street. 327 From Hertford. Alderman of Cheap, afterwards of Tower Ward. 328 Ancestor of the Earl of Jersey and the Earl of Westmoreland. An apprentice of William Wheeler, who kept a goldsmith’s shop at the “ Mary gold,” in Fleet Street. The alderman married his master’s daughter, and, with Richard Blanchard, appears to have succeeded to his shop. Ultimately he was the first banker who dropped the goldsmith’s trade. M.P. for London. He had fifteen children. Two of his sons were Aldermen of Farringdon Without after him ; viz. : Sir Robert and Sir Francis. President of Christ’s Hospit al . B uried at Fulham . 329 From Ashwell, Rutland. Son of the Rev. J. Levett. Father of the City. Ancestor of Sir Edward Halse, Bart. 330 About this date the ancestor of Sir F. Rogers, Bart. (Alderman Yincent) was a member of the Court of Aldermen. 331 From Derbyshire. His brother, Sir Edward, was a Master in Chancery. Their mother was Judith Barr, daughter of a London merchant. Sir Thomas Abney, a Baron of Exchequer, was nephew. Alderman of Yintry Ward, afterwards of Bridge Without. One of the founders of the Bank of England. President of St. Thomas’s Hospital. 332 Son of W. Gore, Attorney at Sandy Chapel, Surrey. His eldest son married the daughter of the Earl of Northampton, May 22nd, 1709. Alderman of Coleman Street. One of the first Directors of the Bank of England. 333 From Somersetshire. Alderman of Aldgate. His father, Alderman Francis Dashwood, married a daughter of Alderman Sleigh, and was grandfather of Lord Le De Spencer, an ancestor of the present Sir E. H. Dashwood, Bart., Sir T. S. 'Seabright, Bart., &c. His uncle, Alderman Sir George Dashwood, Bart., was the progenitor of Sir H. W. Dashwood, Bart. A daughter of Alderman Sir Samuel Dashwood became the wife of the fifth Lord Brooke, and an ancestor of the present Earl of Warwick. R 242 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 | Sir John Parsons ( 334 ) Sir Owen Buckingham ( 335 ) Sir Thomas Rawlinson ( 336 ) Sir Robert Bedingfield ( 337 ) Sir William Withers ( 338 ) Sir Charles Duncombe ( 339 ) Sir Samuel Garrard, or Gerard, Baronet ( 34 °) Sir Gilbert Heathcote, Baronet ( 341 ) Sir Robert Beachcroft ( 342 ) Sir Richard Hoare ( 345 ) Sir Samuel Stanier ( 346 ) Sir William Humphreys, Knight and Baronet Sir Charles Peers ( 349 ) Sir James Bateman ( 35 °) Sir William Lewen, Knight ( 351 ) Sir John Ward, Knight ( 352 ) Sir George Thorold, Knight and Baronet ( 353 ) Sir John Fryer, Baronet ( 354 ) Sir William Stewart, Knight ( 355 ) Sir Gerard Conyers, Knight ( 356 ) Sir Peter Define, Knight ( 357 ) Sir George Merttins, Knight ( 358 ) Brewer Salter Vintner Merchant Taylor Fishmonger Goldsmith Grocer Vintner Clothworker Goldsmith Draper Ironmonger Salter Fishmonger Haberdasher Merchant Taylor Ironmonger Fishmonger Goldsmith Salter Fishmonger Skinner 334 A Londoner. Alderman of Bassishaw. M.P. for Reigate. 335 Son of an innkeeper at Colebrook. Alderman of Bishopsgate. President of Brid well and Bethlem. Portrait there. 336 From a Lancashire family. Alderman of Castle Baynard. 337 From Suffolk. Alderman of Dowgate. 338 A Londoner. Alderman of Farringdon Within. President of Bridewell and Bethle: Portrait there. M.P. for the City. 339 From Buckinghamshire. He was a goldsmith “ who kept running cashes ” at t‘ “ Grasshopper,” in Lombard Street. His niece, Ann, was the mother of the present Ei of Radnor. The daughter of his niece, Mary (who inherited his fortune), married Jol Duke of Argyle and Greenwich, and his nephew, Thomas, was the progenitor of f present Lord Faversham and the late T. S. Duncombe, Esq., M.P. for Finsbury. Aldt man of Bridge Within. 340 Was the son of Sir John Gerard, second son of Sir John Gerard, of Hertfordshii by his wife, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Alderman Sir Edward Barkham, and grands< of Sir John Gerard, Lord Mayor in 1601. He was, by his descent from Aldermi Barkham, related to Sir Robert Walpole. Three of this family have served as Lo Mayors in three queens’ reigns, viz. : Mary, Elizabeth, and Ann. He was President Bethlem and Bridewell Hospitals, and died Father of the City in 1725. Alderman Aldersgate. 341 From Chesterfield, Derbyshire. Ancestor of Lord Aveland, Viscount Dowr Father of the City. M.P. for London. A Director of the Bank. Alderman of W i brook. 342 From Derby. Alderman of Lime Street. 343 Sheriff, Sir Samuel Clarke, ancestor of Sir J. C. Jervoise, Bart. M.P. f, Hampshire. 344 About this date the daughter of Alderman Calder married the fourth Sir John Shell Bart. He was M.P. for London. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, 243 Sheriffs. •Sir Gilbert Heathcote, Vintner. Sir Joseph Woolfe, Mercer. Sir John Buckworth, Knight and Baronet, Fishmonger. Sir Wm. Humphreys, Ironmonger. Sir Charles Thorold, Ironmonger. Sir Samuel Stanier, Draper. Sir William Benson, Draper. Sir Ambrose Crawley, Draper. Benjamin Green, Brewer. Sir Charles Peers, Salter. Charles Hopton, Esq., Joiner. Richard Guy, Esq., Vintner. Sir Richard Hoare, Knight, Goldsmith. Thomas Dunk, Esq., Ironmonger. Sir George Thorold, Knight and Baronet, Ironmonger. Francis Eyles, Esq., Haberdasher. Sir John Cass, Carpenter. William Stewart, Esq., Barber- Surgeon. William Lewen, Esq., Haberdasher. Sir Samuel Clarke ( 343 ), Skinner. Francis Forbes, Esq., Haberdasher. Joshua Sharpe, Esq., Currier. Robert Breedon, Esq., Brewer. Sir Randolph Knipe, Knight, Barber- Surgeon. Sir John Ward, Knight, Merchant Taylor. Sir John Fryer, Baronet, Pewterer. Sir Gerard Conyers, Knight, Salter. Charles Cook, Esq., Mercer. Sir Peter Delme, Knight, Fishmonger. Sir Harcourt Masters, Knight, Haberdasher. -Sir John Bull, Knight, Barber- Surgeon. Sir Thomas Ambrose, Knight, Brewer. Sir John Eyles, Baronet, Haberdasher. Sir John Tash, Knight, Vintner. Sir George Caswall, Haberdasher. Sir Wm. Billers, Haberdasher. Sir George Merttins, Skinner. Sir Edward Becher, Draper. Humphry Parsons, Esq., Wax Chandler. Sir Fr. Child, Goldsmith. Sir R. Hopkins, Cutler. Sir Felix Feast, Brazier (died). Sir E. Bellamy, Fishmonger. Sir Robert Baylis, Grocer. Sir Joseph Eyles, Haberdasher. ' 345 Son of a farmer in Bucks. He kept the “ Golden Bottle” in Cheap side. President of I Christ’s Hospital. M.P. for London. Alderman of Bread Street. His son was Lord Mayor in 1746. Ancestor of Sir H, A. Hoare, Baronet. 346 Son of an Italian, in St. Mary’s Axe. Alderman of Aldgate. 347 About this time Alderman Crowley’s daughter married the tenth Lord, St, John, of Bletsor. The present Lord St. John is his descendant. 348 Of Welsh extraction. See page 151. 349 A Londoner. Alderman of Tower Ward. 350 Son of Joas Bateman, from Flanders. M.P. for Ilchester. Ancestor of Lord Bate- man. Alderman of Coleman Street Ward. Governor of the Bank and of the South Sea j Company. 351 From Dorset. Alderman of Castle Baynard. M.P. for Poole. 352 From Yorkshire. Alderman of Candlewick. His uncle was Lord Mayor, 1681. 353 From Lincolnshire. Ancestor of Sir T. H. Thorold, Bart. M.P. for Grantham, Alderman of Cordwainer. “ ’Twas on the day when Thorold, rich and grave, Like Caesar, triumphed both on land and wave,”' — Pope, i 354 Alderman of Queenhithe. i 355 Alderman of Cripplegate. President of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. 356 Second son of Mr. Sergeant Conyers. Buried at Walthamstow. Alderman of Broad Street, afterwards of Bridge Without. Director of the Bank. President of St. i Thomas’s Hospital. Portrait there. 357 Grandson of the Rev. Philip Delme (of the Walloon Congregation, Canterbury), 'j His daughter married Lord Ravensworth. His son was M.P. for Southampton. The i present Lord Southampton is one of his descendants. A grand-daughter of Alderman Delme married the Duke of Grafton, and the late Admiral Fitzroy, celebrated for his I meteorological knowledge, was his grandson. Alderman of Langbourn, 358 Alderman of Bridge Ward. President of Christ’s Hospital. R 2 244 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1725 Sir Francis Forbes, Knight ( 359 ) Haberdasher 1726 Sir John Eyles, Baronet ( 36 °) „ 1727 Sir Edward Becher, Knight ( 361 ) ... Draper 1728 Sir Robert Baylis, Knight ( 363 ) Grocer 1729 Sir Richard Brocas, Knight ( 364 ) „ 1730 Humphry Parsons, Esq. ( 365 ) Goldsmith 1731 Sir Francis Child, Knight ( 366 ) 1732 John Barber, Esq. ( 367 ) „ 1733 Sir William Billers, Knight ( 368 ) Haberdasher 1734 Sir Edward Bellamy, Knight ( 369 ) Fishmonger 1735 Sir John Williams, Knight ( 37 °) Mercer 1736 Sir John Thompson, Knight ( 371 ) Yintner 1737 Sir John Barnard, Knight ( 372 ) Grocer 1738 Micajah Perry, Esq. ( 373 ) Haberdasher 1739 Sir John Salter, Knight ( 374 ) Merchant Taylor 1740 £ 1741 £ Humphry Parsons, Esq. ( 375 ) Died 21st March... ... Grocer 1 Sir Daniel Lambert ( 376 ) Sir Robert Godschall, Knight. ( 377 ) Died 26th June George Heathcote, Esq. ( 378 ) Yintner ) ; Ironmonger 1 Salter ) 1742 Sir Robert Willimott ( 379 ) Cooper 1743 Sir Robert Westley, Knight ( 38 °) Merchant Taylor . .; 1744 Sir Henry Marshall, Knight ( 381 ) Draper 1745 Sir Richard Hoare, Knight ( 382 ) Goldsmith .' 1746 William Benn, Esq. ( 383 ) „ 1747 Sir Robert Ladbroke, Knight ( 384 ) Grocer 1748 Sir William Calvert, Knight ( 385 ) Brewer 359 President of Christ’s Hospital. His portrait there is said to be a good one, with i merry face. He was a benefactor to the Hospital. Alderman of Dowgate. 360 Son of Alderman Sir Francis Eyles, Bart. Sheriff, 1710. Father of the Citj and Governor of the Bank, and nephew of Sir John Eyles, Lord Mayor in 168$ M.P. for London. Alderman Sir Joseph Eyles, Sheriff in 1724, was probably a son c cousin. 361 Alderman of Bishopsgate. 362 Prom Derbyshire. Patented silk-throwing machine in 1719. Parliament vote him £14,000 when his patent expired, for the benefit of the invention. Ancestor of Si R. J. Clifbon, Bart. Alderman of Bassishaw. 363 Resigned on being appointed Commissioner of Customs. Alderman of Brea Street. 364 Alderman of Farringdon Within. 365 Alderman of Portsoken. M.P. for London. Lord Mayor again in 1740-1. 366 Alderman of Farringdon Without. His father was Lord Mayor, 1698. President c Christ’s Hospital. Portrait there. 367 A friend of Bolingbroke, Pope, and Swift, to each of whom he bequeathed monej A printer of great fame in his day. Alderman of Castle Baynard. 368 Alderman of Cordwainer. Director of the East India Company, and the South Se Company, and Fellow of the Royal Society. 369 Alderman of Billingsgate, afterwards of Bridge Without. President of St. Thomas 1 Hospital. 370 Alderman of Cripplegate. A Turkey Merchant. Lived in Norfolk Street, Strand. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, 245 Sheriffs. Sir Frs. Porten, Mercer. Sir Jeremiah. Murden, Merchant Taylor (died). Sir John Thompson, Sir John Lock, Mercer. Sir William Ogborne, Carpenter. [Yintner. Sir John Grosvenor, Cooper. Sir Thomas Lombe ( 362 ), Mercer. Sir Richard Brocas, Grocer. Richard Levett, Esq., Mercer. John Barber, Esq., Stationer. Sir John Williams, Mercer. John Fuller, Esq., Distiller. Sir Isaac Shard, Glover. Samuel Russell, Esq., Cook. Thomas Pindar, Esq., Salter. Robert Alsop, Esq., Haberdasher. Sir Henry Hankey, Haberdasher. Robert Westley, Esq., Merchant Taylor. Daniel Lambert, Esq., Cooper. Micajah Perry, Esq., Haberdasher. Sir John Salter, Merchant Taylor. Sir John Barnard, Grocer. Sir Robert Godschall, Ironmonger. Sir Wm. Rous, Salter. Benj. Rawlings, Esq., Apothecary. Sir George Champion, Cooper. Thos. Russell, Esq., Haberdasher (died). Sir Robert Kendal Cater, Fishmonger. Jas. Brooke, Esq., Stationer. W. Westbrook, Esq., Goldsmith. Geo. Heathcote, Esq., Salter. Sir John Lequesne, Grocer. Henry Marshall, Esq., Draper. Richard Hoare, Esq., Goldsmith. Robert Willimott, Esq., Cooper. Wm. Smith, Esq., Wax Chandler. Wm. Benn, Esq., Fletcher. Chas. Egleton, Esq., Salter. Sir Robert Ladbroke, Grocer. Sir Wm. Calvert, Brewer. Walter Bernard, Esq., Cloth worker. Sir Samuel Pennant, Ironmonger. John Blachford, Esq., Goldsmith. Francis Cokayne, Esq., Farrier. Thos. Winterbottom, Esq., Cloth worker. Robert Alsop, Esq., Ironmonger. Sir Crisp Gascoyne, Brewer. Edward Davies, Esq., Salter. Edward Ironside, Esq., Goldsmith. Thomas Rawlinson, Esq., Grocer. 371 Alderman of Candle wick ; afterwards of Bridge Without. 372 From Reading. Great grandfather of the late Lord Palmerston and of Lord Hotham. Mentioned by Pope in the same line with the “Man of Ross.” See pages 178, 206. M.P. for London. President of Christ’s Hospital. 373 Alderman of Aldgate. M.P. for London. The Mansion House begun in his Mayoralty. Portrait in Haberdashers’ Hall. 374 Alderman of Cornhill. Portrait at Merchant Taylors’ Hall. 375 M.P. for London. Alderman of Portsoken Ward. 376 M.P. for London. Alderman of Tower Ward. Died 1750, of the gaol distemper. 377 Alderman of Bishopsgate. M.P. for London. M.P. for London. Alderman of Walbrook. 3 79 M.P. for London. A I derm an of Lime Street. Declined to be translated to one of the twelve Companies. 380 Alderman of Queenhithe. 381 Alderman of Farringdon Within. 382 Alderman of Farringdon Without. Ancestor of Sir H. A. Hoare, Baronet. Grandson of Sir Richard Hoare, Lord Mayor, 1712-13. 383 Alderman of Aldersgate. 384 Alderman of Castle Baynard ; afterwards of Bridge Without. M.P. for London. President of Christ’s Hospital. Lived in Lombard Street. 85 From Hertfordshire. A brewer. Was M.P. for London. Alderman of Port- soken. The University of Cambridge conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. 246 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 174Q f Sir Samuel Pennant, Knight. ( 386 ) Died 20th May . . . Ironmonger 1 John Blachford, Esq. ( 387 ) Goldsmith ) 1750 Francis Cokayne, Esq. ( 388 ) Farrier 1751 £ Thomas Winterbottom, Esq. ( 389 ) Died 4th June ... Robert Alsop, Esq. ( 39 °) Clothworker 1 Ironmonger j 1752 Sir Crisp Gascoyne, Knight ( 391 ) Brewer 1753 £ Edward Ironside, Esq. ( 392 ) Died 27th Nov., 1753 ... Goldsmith ") Sir Thomas Rawlinson ( 393 ) Grocer j 1754 Sir Stephen Theodore Janssen, Bart. ( 394 ) Stationer 1755 Slingsby Bethell, Esq. ( 395 ) Fishmonger 1756 Marshe Dickinson, Esq. ( 396 ) Grocer 1757 Sir Charles Asgill, Baronet ( 397 ) Skinner 1758 Sir Richard Glyn, Knight and Baronet ( 398 ) Salter 1759 Sir Thomas Chitty, Knight ( 399 ) „ 1760 Sir Matthew Blakiston, Knight ( 40 °) ' Grocer .’ 1761 Sir Samuel Fludyer, Knight and Baronet ( 401 ) Clothworker 1762 William Beckford, Esq. ( 402 ) Ironmonger 1763 William Bridgen, Esq. ( 404 ) Cutler J 1764 Sir William Stephenson, Knight ( 405 ) Grocer J 1765 George Nelson, Esq. ( 406 ) „ 1766 Sir Robert Kite, Knight ( 407 ) Skinner 5 1767 Right Honorable Thomas Harley ( 408 ) Goldsmith j 1768 Samuel Turner, Esq. ( 409 ) Clothworker .* 386 Alderman of Bishopsgate. Fell a victim to tlie gaol distemper, with an Alderman, two Judges, and many other persons. 387 Alderman of Cripplegate. 388 Alderman of Cornhill. 389 Alderman of Billingsgate. 390 Alderman of Coleman Street, afterwards of Bridge Without. 391 Grandfather of the present Viscount Cranboprne. See page 192. Mr. Benjamiij Gascoyne was a Common Councilman for the same Ward (Vintry). The Alderman dis- tinguished himself by his humanity in tracing out the perjury of Elizabeth Canning. He was the first Lord Mayor who resided in the Mansion House. 392 Alderman of Cordwainer. 393 Alderman of Broad Street. 394 Alderman of Bread Street. M.P. for the City. From misfortunes in commerce he became bankrupt, resigned as Alderman, 1765, and was elected Chamberlain. In the following year, having paid all his debts, with interest, he resigned office and retired into private life. 395 Ancestor of Lord Westbury. (?) He lived at Ealing House, Middlesex. M.P. for London. Alderman of Walbrook. 396 Alderman of Queenhithe. Grandfather of the celebrated Admiral Sir Alexander Ball, who captured Malta, and great grandfather to the present Sir W. H. Ball, Baronet. 397 Alderman of Candlewick. 398 An oilman in Hatton Garden, who married Miss Carr, the daughter of Sir Robert . Carr, a silkman on Ludgate Hill. He ultimately became a banker. M.P. for Coventry. One of his sons married a relative of Alderman Watkin Lewes. He was father of Alderman Sir Richard Carr Glyn (Senior Alderman in 1829), grandfather of Sir G. L. Glyn, Baronet, Sir G. R. Glyn, Baronet, aud Mr. G. C. Glyn, M.P. for Kendal, and great grandfather of Mr. G. G. Glyn, M.P. for Shaftesbury. Alderman of Dowgate. President of Bridewell and Bethlem. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 247 W. Whitaker, Esq., Clothworker. Stephen Theodore Janssen, Esq., Stationer. William Alexander, Esq., Tallowchandler. Robert Scott, Esq., Cooper. Slingsby Bethell, Esq., Fishmonger. Marshe Dickinson, Esq., Grocer. Sir Charles Asgill, Skinner. Sir Richard Glyn, Salter. Sir Thomas Chitty, Salter. Sir Matthew Blakiston, Grocer. Sir Samuel Fludyer, Clothworker. Sir John Torriano, Merchant Taylor. William Beckford, Esq., Ironmonger. Ive Whitbread, Esq., Merchant Taylor. William Bridgen, Esq., Cutler. William Stephenson, Esq., Grocer. George Nelson, Esq., Grocer. Francis Gosling, Esq., Stationer. James Dandridge, Esq., Merchant Taylor. Alexander Masters, Esq., Draper. George Errington, Esq., Coach and Coach Harness Maker. Paul Vaillant, Esq., Stationer. Sir Robert Kite, Skinner. Sir William Hart, Goldsmith. Sir Nathaniel Nash, Merchant Taylor. Sir John Cartwright, Fishmonger. Sir Thomas Challenor, Barber. Sir Henry Bankes ( 403 ), Grocer. Hon. Thomas Harley, Goldsmith. R. Blunt, Esq., Distiller. S. Turner, Esq., Clothworker. Sir Thomas Harris, Apothecary. Brass Crosby, Esq., Musician. B. Kennett, Esq., Vintner. B.Charlewood, Esq., Apothecary. B.Trecothick, Esq., Clothworker. Sir Robert Darling, Clothworker. Sir James Esdaile, Cooper. Richard Peers, Esq., Clothworker. William Nash, Esq., Salter. Thomas Halifax, Esq., Goldsmith. John Shakespear, Esq., Broiderer. 399 Alderman of Tower Ward. 400 Ancestor of Sir Matthew Blakiston, Baronet. He was a grocer in Westminster, of ancient family. Alderman of Bishopsgate. 401 For an account of Alderman Fludyer see page 153. To this may be added that Sir Samuel and his brother Sir Thomas in the earlier part of their career served as Common Councillors — the former for Bassishaw Ward, the latter for Aldgate. See “ Chamberlain’s Present State ” for 1748. M.P. for Chippenham. 402 Twice Lord Mayor. Educated at Westminster. A patriotic and able man. The monument in Guildhall shows the regard in which he was held by his fellow-citizens. He was a native of Jamaica. On being elected M.P., both for London and Petersfield, he sat for London, and sent £400 to pave the streets of Petersfield. He married a grand- daughter of the Earl of Abercorn. The Duke of Hamilton and the Duke of Newcastle are descendants, through his son, the celebrated William Beckford of Fonthill. Alderman , of Billingsgate. 403 Ancestor of Earl Brownlow. Alderman of Cordwainer. 404 Alderman of Farringdon Within. 405 Alderman of Bridge Ward. 406 Alderman of Aldersgate. | 407 Portrait in Guildhall. Alderman of Lime Street. 408 A son of the Earl of Oxford. ,His father was the collector of the “ Harleian Mis* cellany,” his grandfather the celebrated minister of State. Alderman Harley is said to have married the daughter of his father’s steward, and with her fortune to have entered ’ into trade with a successful resiilt. M.P. for London, afterwards for the county of Hereford. Made a Privy Councillor. He is said to have impoverished himself by building a costly mansion. He was governor of the Irish Society. Ancestor of Lord Rodney. Alderman of Portsoken, afterwards of Bridge Without. 409 Alderman of Tower Ward. Resigned, 1775. 248 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1769 | William Beckford, Esq. Died 21st June, 1770 Barlow Trecothick, Esq. ( 410 )... Ironmonger ") Clothworker ) 1770 Brass Crosby, Esq. ( 4n ) Goldsmith 1771 William Nash, Esq. ( 412 ) Salter 1772 James Townsend, Esq. ( 413 ) ... Mercer 1773 Frederick Bull, Esq. ( 414 ) (415) Salter 1774 John Wilkes, Esq. ( 416 ) Joiner 1775 John Sawbridge, Esq. ( 418 ) Framework Knitter .. 1776 Sir Thomas Halifax, Knight ( 419 ) Goldsmith 1777 Sir James Esdaile, Knight ( 42 °) Cooper 1778 Samuel Plumbe, Esq. (^i) Goldsmith 1779 Brackley Kennett, Esq. ( 422 ) Yintner 1780 Sir Watkin Lewes, Knight ( m ) Joiner 1781 Sir William Plomer, Knight ( 424 ) Tiler and Bricklayer. . Mercer ‘ 1782 Nathaniel Newnham, Esq. ( 425 ) 1783 Robert Peckham, Esq. ( 426 ) Wheelwright 1784 Richard Clark, Esq. ( 427 ) Joiner 1785 Thomas Wright, Esq. ( 428 ) Stationer ... ... ..: 1786 Thomas Sainsbury, Esq. ( 429 ) Bowyer j 1787 John Burnell, Esq. ( 43 °) Glover 1788 William Gill, Esq. ( 43 i) ^ Stationer 1789 William Pickett, Esq. ( 432 ) Goldsmith j 1790 John Boydell, Esq. ( 433 ) Stationer 1791 Sir John Hopkins ( 434 ) Grocer 1792 Sir James Sanderson, Bart. ( 435 ) Draper 1793 Paul Le Mesurier, Esq. ( 436 ) Goldsmith 1794 Thomas Skinner, Esq. ( 437 ) Haberdasher " 410 M.P. for London. Alderman of Vintry Ward. Resigned, 1774. 411 Alderman of Bread Street. M.P. for Honiton. See page 97. 412 Alderman of Walbrook. 413 Alderman of Bishopsgate. Educated at Cambridge. \ 414 A leading Nonconformist. M.P. for London. He was a tea dealer in Leadenhal Street. A strong partisan of John Wilkes. Alderman of Queenhithe. 415 About this time Sir W. Rawlinson, ancestor of Sir G. Wombwell, Baronet wa Alderman of Dowgate. Elected, 1773. Resigned, 1777. 416 M.P. for Middlesex. Afterwards Chamberlain of London. The celebrated opponen of the ministry of the day. Alderman of Farringdon Without. 417 M.P. for London. Grandfather of the Rev. Sir Henry Williams Baker, Baronet Alderman of Cordwainer. 418 From a Kentish family. M.P. for London. Alderman of Langbourn. 419 A banker in Birchin Lane. Alderman of Aldersgate. 420 An accoutrement maker in Bunhill Row. Afterwards a banker. Alderman o Cripplegate. 421 Alderman of Castle Baynard. Resigned, 1782. 422 Alderman of Cornhill. 423 Of St. John’s College, Cambridge, and M.A. of that University. During hi; mayoralty the Lords of the Admiralty insisted on sending a press-gang into th( City. Alderman Lewes thereupon arrested the officers and committed them tc Newgate. M.P. for London. He practised in the Court of Chancery. Alderman o Lime Street. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS, 249 Sheriffs. James Townsend, Esq., Mercer. J. Sawbridge, Esq., Framework Knitter. William Baker, Esq., Weaver. Joseph Martin, Esq., Goldsmith. John Wilkes, Esq., Joiner. Frederick Bull, Esq., Salter. Richard Oliver, Esq., Draper. Watkin Lewes, Esq., Joiner. Stephen Sayre, Esq., Framework Knitter. William Lee, Esq., Haberdasher. William Plomer, Esq., Tiler and Bricklayer. John Hart, Esq., Skinner. George Hayley, Esq. ( 417 ), Amourer and Brazier. Nathaniel Newnham, Esq., Mercer. Samuel Plumbe, Esq., Goldsmith. Nathaniel Thomas, Esq., Wax Chandler. Robert Peckham, Esq., Wheelwright. Richard Clark, Esq., Joiner. John Burnell, Esq., Glover. Henry Kitchen, Esq., Currier. Thomas Wright, Esq., Stationer. Evan Pugh, Esq., Skinner. Thomas Sainsbury, Esq., Bowyer. William Crichton, Esq., Fishmonger. William Gill, Esq., Stationer. William Nicholson, Esq., Needlemaker. Sir Robert Taylor ( 426a ) , Mason. Benjamin Cole, Esq., Draper. Sir Barnard Turner, Musician. T. Skinner, Esq., Haberdasher. W Pickett, Esq., Goldsmith. John Hopkins, Esq., Grocer. John Bates, Esq., Yintner. John Boydell, Esq., Stationer. Sir James Sanderson, Draper. Brook Watson, Esq., Musician. Paul Le Mesurier, Esq., Goldsmith. Charles Higgins, Esq., Grocer. James Fenn, Esq., Skinner. Sir M. Bloxam, Stationer, i William Curtis, Esq., Draper. Sir B. Hammet, Haberdasher. William Newman, Esq., Currier. Thomas Baker, Esq., Blacksmith. G. M. Macaulay, Esq., Bowyer. Sir R. C. Glyn, Salter. J. W. Anderson, Esq., Glover. H. C. Combe, Esq., Fishmonger. A. Brander, Esq., Wheelwright. Sir B. Tebbs, Goldsmith (435a). P. Perchard, Esq., Goldsmith. C. Hamerton, Esq., Tiler and Bricklayer. Sir J. Earner, Salter. Sir R. Burnett, Brewer. 424 Alderman of Bassishaw. 425 M.P. for London. Alderman of Yintry. A sugar-baker, afterwards a banker. 426 Alderman of Coleman Street. ; 426a Founder of the Taylor Institute at Oxford. 427 M.P. for London. His portrait, by Lawrence, is in the Guildhall. Alderman of Broad Street. Resigned on being elected Chamberlain, 1798 j Treasurer of Bridewell, 1781 ; President of Christ’s Hospital, 1785. ! 428 Alderman of Candle wick. 429 Alderman of Billingsgate. 430 Alderman of Aldgate. 431 An eminent wholesale stationer, partner with Alderman Wright, whose sister he ; married. Treasurer of Christ’s Hospital. His country seat was at Wradesbury, near Staines. Alderman of Walbrook. 432 Alderman of Comhill. Projector of the improvements at Temple Bar and Snow Hill. 433 See page 157. Alderman of Cheap. Portrait at Guildhall and at Stationers’ Hall. 434 Alderman of Castle Baynard. A chemist in Paternoster Row. 435 Alderman of Bridge Ward. His wife died in his mayoralty. 435a Son-in-law of Alderman Burnell, Lord Mayor, 1787-8. 436 Son of the hereditary Governor of Alderney. A Director of the East India Com- pany. M.P. for Southwark. Lieutenant-Colonel of the Honourable Artillery Company. 1 Alderman of Dowgate. 437 Alderman of Queenhithe. An eminent auctioneer. Elected Mayor again, 1799, but declined to serve. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. Date. MAYORS. Company. 1795 Sir William Curtis, Baronet ( 438 1 Draper 1796 Sir Brook Watson, Baronet ( 439 ) ... Musician 1797 Sir John William Anderson, Baronet ( 44 °) Glover 1798 Sir Richard Carr Glyn, Knight and Baronet ( 441 ) falter 1799 Harvey Christian Combe, Esq. ( 442 ) Fishmonger t . .. 1800 Sir William Staines ( 443 ) Carpenter 1801 Sir John Earner, Knight ( 444 ) Salter 1802 Sir Charles Price, Baronet ( 445 ) Ironmonger 1803 Sir John Perring, Baronet ( 446 ) Cloth worker 1804 Peter Perchard, Esq. ( 447 ) Goldsmith 1805 Sir James Shaw, Baronet ( 448 ) Scrivener 1808 Sir William Leighton, Knight ( 449 ) (450) Wheelwright, after- wards Fishmonger. 1807 John Ansley, Esq. ( 451 ) Merchant Taylor 1808 Sir Charles Flower, Baronet ( 453 ) Framework Knitter . .' , 1809 Thomas Smith, Esq. ( 434 ) Leather Seller 1810 Joshua Jonathan Smith, Esq. ( 455 ) Ironmonger " 1811 Sir Claudius Stephen Hunter, Bart. ( 456 ) Merchant Taylor ..; 1812 George Scholey, Esq. ( 457 ) Distiller j 1813 Sir William Bomville ( 458 ) Stationer 1814 Samuel Birch, Esq. ( 459 ) Cook , 1815 Sir Matthew Wood, Baronet ( 46 °) Fishmonger ^ 1816 The same Draper ' 1817 Christopher Smith, Esq. ( 461 ) 438 M.P. for London. A banker in Lombard Street. Grandfather to the present Si: William Curtis, Baronet. Alderman of Tower Ward, afterwards of Bridge Without M.P. for London. 439 Was in the navy in his youth, and had his leg bitten off by a shark. Was Com missary- General to the Army in North America in 1782. M.P. for London. In 179 An Australian merchant. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 259 SUPPLEMENTARY. MAGNA CHARTA.— June 15th, a.d. 1215. “ And the City of London shall have all its ancient liberties, and its free customs, as well by land as by water. No Freeman shall be seized, or imprisoned, or dispossessed, or outlawed, or in any way destroyed ; nor will we condemn him. Nor will we com- mit him to prison except by the legal judgment of his peers, or by the laws of the land.” THE BILL OF RIGHTS.— a.d. 1690. “ Whereas a judgment was given in the Court of King’s Bench, in or about Trinity Term, in the 35th year of the reign of the late King Charles the Second, upon an information in the nature of a Quo Warranto , exhibited in the said Court against the Mayor, Commonalty, and Citizens of the City of London , that the liberty, privilege, and franchises of the said Mayor, Commonalty, and Citizens, being a body politick and corporate, should be seized into the King’s hands as forfeited ; and forasmuch as the said judgment, and the proceedings thereupon, is and were illegal and arbitrary ; and for that the restoring of the said Mayor and Com- monalty and Citizens to their ancient liberties, of which they had been deprived, tends very much to the peace and good settlement of this kingdom ; be it further declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the Mayor, and Commonalty, and Citizens of the City of London, shall, and may for evermore, remain, continue, and be, and prescribe to be, a Body Corporate and Politick, in re, facto et nomine , without any seizure or forejudger, or being thereof excluded or ousted, upon any pretence of forfeiture, or misdemeanour whatsoever, theretofore or thereafter to be done, committed, or suffered.” — Bill of Rights. 2(30 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. FARRINGDON WITHIN AND WITHOUT. In the year 1277, Thomas de Arden granted to Ralph le Feure all the Aldermanry within the City of London, and suburbs of the same between Ludgate and Newgate, and also without the said gates. But in 1893, in the Mayoralty of John Hardley, the said Ward, “ on account of the greatness thereof, was divided into twain,” and by Parliament ordered to have two Aldermen. Drew Barentine was the first Alderman of Farringdon Within. At a comparatively early period, and probably to prevent jobbing and corruption, it appears to have been designed that the wards should be small, the elections annual, and the representa- tives numerous. This plan has stood the test of many centuries with entire success. THE BALLOT USED BY THE COURT OF ALDERMEN AS A DELIBERATIVE ASSEMBLY. Repertory 7, fo. 56, 19 Sept., 1526, Anno 17 Hen. VIII.— “In all matters concerning the election of Aldermen, &c., which need to be written and tried by way of scrutiny, such matters shall be tried by the new gilt box , brought in by the Chamberlain, whereon is written these words, ‘ Yea,’ ‘ Nay.’ ” Repertory 8, fo. 268. 3rd Dec., 24 Hen. VIII. — “ In every matter of gravity the box shall be brought into Court, and by putting in of white or black 2 ?eas, the matter is to take effect or not.” It is clear by the foregoing dates that this mode of voting had a trial for some years. GENTLE PRESSURE. John Gedney was imprisoned in the time of Henry IV. for refusing to be an Alderman. He then consented. We might almost wish this kind of thing revived, for the benefit of some of our leading merchants. CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. 2G1 LAWYERS. The members of the legal profession have shown themselves as courageous in the City as in Westminster, as, for example, the Recorder in the reign of Henry VIII. ( see page 40) — the Recorder in the reign of Edward VI. ( see page 48) — Alderman Sir Robert Clayton, who braved the Court in the reign of Charles II. (Macaulay calls him a Merchant, but he was certainly a Scrivener) — Brass Crosby, who defied the House of Commons, and secured the free publication of the Parliamentary Debates (see page 99) — and Sir Wakin Lewes, who when the Admiralty sent a Press-gang into the City, arrested the Officers and com- mitted them to Newgate ( see page 247). And no reader of Foss’s “ Lives of the Judges ” will be surprised to find that (it is believed) there are, at this time, no less than four of Her Majesty’s Judges, whose fathers had seats in the Court of Common Council. LORD BACON. The following, from Stow, will show that Lord Bacon’s con- nexion with the Pakington family was not confined to the fact of his having married the step-daughter of Sir John Pakington. After giving the words inscribed on the monument to Alderman James Bacon, who died 1578, and was buried at St. Dunstan’s in the East, the old historian writes : — “ This gentleman was third son of Robert Bacon, of Drinkston, Suffolk, and younger brother of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper. His third wife was a daughter of Humphrey Pakington, of London, Gent., and widow of Edward Jackman, late Alderman.” In the Calendar it will be found that Alderman Jackman was Sheriff in 1564, and Alderman Bacon in 1568. It is observable that the Eastern Counties have furnished an unusually large proportion of London Aldermen. So also has Shropshire. WHEN WAS THE CITY THE HOME OF THE LEADING CITIZENS? The first Charter of Edward IV. recites that — “ It is well 262 CITIZENS AND THEIR RULERS. known and manifest, that those of the said City which are elected Aldermen have sustained great cost and pains, for the time they make their abode and residence in the same City , and for that cause oftentimes do leave their possessions and places in the country , that therefore, they, and every of them, may without fear of unquiet- ness or molestation, peaceably abide and tarry in such their houses and possessions when they shall return thither for comfort and recreation's sake.” Moreover, our “ County Histories,” and Lyson’s “Environs of London,” give ample evidence of the purchase of country houses by the wealthier class of Citizens during several successive centuries. How can we reconcile these facts with the modern assumption that the homes of the leading Citizens were within the City walls ? THE END. UNWIN BROTHERS. PRINTERS, BUC KLERSBURY, LONDON, E.C.