1^ 
 
 7 
 
 LIBRA niY 
 
 OF THL 
 
 U N I VERS ITY 
 
 Of ILLl NOIS 
 
 v.l
 
 The person charging thi«5 rv^o^ • i • 
 sponsible for ,>c / material is re- 
 
 , ■ "■«' university. 
 
 — O-1096
 
 THE 
 
 FOUNTAIN or ARETHUSA. 
 
 VOL. I.
 
 London : 
 
 Spottiswoodb and Sniw, 
 
 New-streel-Sq iKire.
 
 THE 
 
 FOUNTAIN OF AEETHUSA. 
 
 BY 
 
 ROBERT EYRES LANDOR, M.A. 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 " THE FAWN OF SERTORIUS," " THE IMMOUS FEAST," 
 
 TRAGEDIES, ETC, 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR 
 
 LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, 
 
 PATERNOSTER-ROW. 
 
 1848.
 
 12.1-Fc 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Some imaginary narratives must be written in 
 
 the names of those fictitious adventurers 
 
 whose fortunes they relate. When the author 
 
 adds his own name, he subscribes it to an 
 
 ^^ absurdity. I would leave my man of straw 
 
 -responsible for his autobiography, if this eva- 
 
 ^sion might be as well reconciled with honesty 
 
 as with prudence. But it is not just that the 
 
 buffets of criticism should be transferred from 
 
 him and me to any third person ; or that a 
 
 »i profitable error should be perpetuated. 
 
 Two years ago, I published — thus far 
 -anonymously — a fictitious history collected 
 from Plutarch's Lives, and called " The Fawn 
 of Sertorius." It was instantly supposed to 
 ^ have been ^vritten by my brother : and 
 several, even among his most discerning ac- 
 ^quaintances, might hardly be convinced that 
 ^the first page of it which he ever saw, was 
 ^already in print. This misapprehension seems 

 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 the more inexplicable as there could be no con- 
 fusion of names, and as the single passage 
 allusive to him must have disproved his inter- 
 ference, at least, if not his knowledge. 
 
 He endured so humiliating a misconception 
 with the good-humoured complacency which 
 he always feels where my projects are con- 
 cerned. It must not, however, be forgotten 
 that what I received as the most flattering of 
 compliments, he must have suffered as an 
 imputation — that the reader's interest is also 
 implicated — and that silence, a second time, 
 would operate disingenuously in one case, 
 fraudulently in the other. 
 
 There are few movements or qualities of the 
 mind more carelessly considered than those in 
 -which Avhat we call style originates — yet are 
 there few so curious, so patent to our investi- 
 gation, or so largely supplied mth materials 
 for analysis. We hear much of resemblances 
 from imitation ; and there can be no doubt 
 but that a man's language, as well as his 
 morals and his temper, may be corrected by 
 good examples, or vitiated by bad. But, 
 nevertheless, in all these three, the natural 
 tendency will survive. Every style, which is
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 not forcibly distorted, must be constitutional 
 — for style is the form of expression assumed 
 habitually by our thoughts, till it becomes 
 characteristic. 
 
 In the 5th volume of his Doctor, and the 
 165th chapter, Southey says that '^perhaps 
 there is no other instance of so strongly marked 
 an intellectual family likeness" — as between 
 my brother's mind and my own. The Laureat 
 must have meant only such a resemblance as 
 often exists between great things and little. 
 He would have been as incapable of mistaking 
 the one for the other, as a child for his father. 
 Southey did not ascribe this resemblance to 
 imitation. Yet neither he nor my brother 
 could have been aware that, in prose compo- 
 sition, I was the earliest of the two — that pre- 
 ferring a fictitious denomination, or none at 
 all, I wrote thirty years ago, as I write now. 
 In saying this, I ruin my best apology for 
 having written, at last, no better — but then I 
 free myself from the suspicion of an attempt 
 to pass, with such short and coarse skirts, as 
 if covered by a royal mantle.
 
 irf
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 BOOK T. 
 
 Idem ego, cum subii convexa foramina terra?, 
 Supposuique ferox imis mea terga cavernls, 
 Solicito Manes. 
 
 VOL. I.
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 BOOK L 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 That ancient method, exploded at present for no 
 wiser reason than because it is old and methodical, by 
 which the Author introduces his book as modestly as 
 he knows how, was ever dear to me. It satisfies the 
 inquisitive, propitiates the disdainful, prevents mis- 
 conceptions in the heedless, and establishes such 
 social and amicable communication between the par- 
 ties chiefly concerned, as may consist with self- 
 respect. An Author formerly was humble in his 
 opinions and deferential in his deportment : thus 
 approached, the Reader's honour, as well as his 
 humanity, required that he should be gentle, con- 
 siderate, benevolent, and forbearing. They began 
 their intercourse with a good-humoured presage that 
 both might be pleased in its prosecution. We now 
 look suspiciously, if not hostilely, at one another — 
 coldly and carelessly, if not captiously and contemp- 
 tuously. Too early for any worse provocation, we 
 are at least willing to quarrel. The Author cavils, 
 swaggers, bullies, gasconades ; the Header looks at 
 him superciliously, as if he would demand some ex- 
 planation of all this arrogance and insolence ; and 
 yet, perhaps, he refuses to hear it when he may. 
 
 In such a tone as may invite to reciprocal courtesy, 
 if there be good breeding with its ordinary charac- 
 
 B 2
 
 4 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 teristics on the other side, I will relate some few par- 
 ticulars of my family. And as part of that wisdom 
 which derives its honours from a humble mind, I would 
 at once acknowledge my Reader's superiority ; thus 
 anticipating disadvantageous comparisons, and de- 
 precating offence. Unlike himself, unlike all his 
 friends, rehitives, or associates, I am, by birth, no 
 more than a gentleman. Let this early and painful 
 admission fortify my title to credit w^hen other facts 
 shall be related by me ; for surely there are not 
 many which can appear so rare I The unfortunate 
 peculiarity which distinguishes me from almost every 
 other gentleman in England, agricultural or commer- 
 cial, is this very humiliating uniformity. There was 
 not one of my ancestors much more illustrious than 
 myself Some amends are made to me by the far 
 prouder genealogy of a hundred acquaintances, proved 
 through their armorial bearings and their own report. 
 ]\Iy Family was good, was old, was greater once, 
 was much respected, was opulent if not powerful, 
 
 — yet I stand solitary for want of pretensions as 
 much higher than these, as these are higher than the 
 truth. 
 
 An introductory account of my father's death, — 
 of my mother's marriage, — of my own pupilage under 
 Doctor Kalph, — of my uncle Richnrd's two sons, and 
 why they were removed from Smyrna to Corfu, — of 
 my uncle Richard's own ovcrsiglit and ini])n)vidonce, 
 
 — of my commercial acquisitions, expectations, and 
 disaj)p()intments, — will i^ccupy no more than a few 
 ])ages in this first book. I shall find room also for the 
 history of my return to England, of my reception in 
 Buckinghamshire and Derbyshire, with my esta-
 
 THE LUGWARDINES. 5 
 
 blishment at Hayfield near Castleton as a country 
 gentleman on my own estate. After having cleared 
 away preliminary obstructions to the knowledge 
 which will be more deliberately revealed as we 
 advance, I shall conduct my courteous, and as I hope 
 unincredulous, Eeader farther than any other living 
 man has ever been. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 I WAS born on the 14th day of February, 1781, at 
 Prince's Risborough, Bucks. My father, who is still 
 affectionately remembered there, had been ordained 
 to the curacy of Wendover in the same county. 
 Youngest among three brothers, he was a patient 
 and conscientious teacher in the twofold capacity of 
 schoolmaster and parish priest. His life was not 
 spared till he could graduate as Doctor in Divinity, 
 or his pupils must have been much more numerous 
 than they were, and the remuneration received from 
 each of them twice as great. 
 
 His eldest brother Antony, my godfather, resided 
 on a small family estate between Hayfield and Castle- 
 ton in Derbyshire. Not without some gratification 
 as an antiquary, I say a family estate, because the 
 Luo;wardines have retained it durinf]j almost four 
 centuries, and I retain it still. We came originally 
 from Lugwardine in Herefordshire; for I find that 
 the two earliest of my Derbyshire ancestors are so 
 
 B 3
 
 6 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKETIIUSA. 
 
 described in our title-deeds, their names being 
 Phllippus de Lugwardine and Robertus de Lugwar- 
 dine. In 1386 there was an Antonius de Lugwardine, 
 who lost his life while fighting for our just right to 
 the toll of Twyford Ferry between Breedon church 
 and Tewksbury bridge, against the high bailifTs 
 deputy, or, as some think, against the high bailiff 
 himself. Having thus presented Antony, the eldest 
 of these uncles, it remains to say that Richard, my 
 father's only other brother, had been established 
 during more than five and twenty years in the 
 Levant, as a merchant or a factor there. After the 
 cession of Corfu to England he removed both his 
 sons thither from Smyrna; but not, as Mr. Sylvester 
 supposes, either his main establishment or himself. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 My first great misfortune, the death of an indulgent 
 father, occurred when I was barely fifteen. The 
 year following deprived me of my mother also, though 
 iu a different way. She was then married to Giles 
 Cadwalladcr jNIillar, Esq., of Amcrsham, wliose five 
 sons and ciglit daughters, l)y two former wives, 
 required no family augmentation through me. 
 
 As the latter half of my poor Father's education 
 had been accomplished in Germany, he habituated his 
 pupils to speak the Latin language. But sensible 
 tliat, from this custom, there is as much danger of
 
 MR. AND MRS. MILLAR. 7 
 
 barbarism as advantage through facility, he exercised 
 us also in frequent and careful composition. His 
 own knowledge of Greek was, perhaps, rather exact 
 than extensive. I had become master of no more 
 than the New Testament to the Epistles, of Xenophon's 
 Mem., of Plato's Dialogues, Lucian, Herodotus, the 
 Iliad, and about half the Odyssey, when my instructor 
 was called away from me. 
 
 His illness had been sufficiently protracted to give 
 him leisure for such arrangements on my behalf, as 
 implied some forethought of those which his widow 
 might possibly contemplate on her own. He had 
 recommended me to the protection of his old Leipsic 
 fellow- student Doctor Ralph Drumcragenhaus ; and 
 a friendship far less sacred than theirs would have 
 secured, from one so affectionate and benevolent, the 
 guardianship which he proposed. Doctor Ralph's 
 tears, on my arrival in Germany, were scarcely less 
 parental, and his kisses were certainly not less profuse, 
 than those of my dear mother on our separation at 
 Amersham. But then his thoughts were occupied 
 about an old friend; hers, much more seasonably, 
 about a new husband ; and, unlike her, he had nobody 
 else to kiss. 
 
 B 4
 
 8 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 I HAVE never known a better man than Professor 
 Ralph. Even Germany has produced few scliolars 
 more profound or so unambitious. His studies were 
 chiefly directed to Greek and Latin literature; adding, 
 perhaps, not much more than such general knowledge 
 of Oriental theology as might be demanded, by his 
 profession, from a Protestant Divine. Classical and 
 philological erudition was to him the amusement of 
 life, if not its business. He eschewed all modern 
 hinguages as either loose, flaccid, effeminate, and 
 impure ; or else rough, uncouth, barbarous, and in- 
 expressive. Though heartily patriotic, never did he 
 converse in his own, but by necessity and with dislike. 
 Of Aristotle and Cicero he remembered many more 
 [)articulars, historical, traditional, and conjectural, 
 than of his younger brother Roger the Scrivener, or 
 Andrew the Apothecary, though living affectionately 
 with them in the same house. That house contained 
 apartments which he never entered, and to which he 
 could not have found his way ; but he had con- 
 structed, with extreme minuteness, a large cork model 
 of the Villa so elaborately, and, to most other readers 
 beside himself or Doctor Becker, so unintelli<iiblv 
 descril)ed by the younger Pliny. 
 
 Is it asked whether nothinix else beside Greek and 
 Latin was learnt by me from my illustrious friend? 
 Greek and Latin, with their moral, philosophical, 
 political, poetical, and historical revelations, are trea- 
 sures not quite so inconsiderable as they may appear. 
 In their pages is deposited the wisdom of the two
 
 ON EDUCATIOX. 9 
 
 wisest and greatest nations among mankind, still 
 maintaining an intellectual sovereignty beyond so 
 wide an abyss as seventeen centuries, and over so many 
 ruins as lie between. Yet through my own fault 
 alone was it, if I did not acquire other instruction 
 more profitable than even this from my venerable 
 guardian. His piety was neither lessened nor cor- 
 rupted by his learning. Unlike most of his con- 
 temporaries, he valued knowledge because it exercised 
 him in humility ; for by what other standard can we 
 ascertain our deficiencies ? The dread of relio:iou3 
 controversy, which when not unjust is almost always 
 uncharitable, slackened his diligence in theological 
 criticism. 
 
 I have never known a better man : I have never 
 known one so benevolent. Parents, whose children 
 are the most sensitive and have the greatest docility, 
 take heed to this ! Ye seek teachers for them at 
 home, or masters at the public schools — men of com- 
 petent erudition, of urbane habits, of unsullied morals, 
 of cultivated tastes — and ye do well. Yet some such 
 qualifications, at least, may be found by us every day 
 in conjunction with unchristianlike propensities and 
 contentious tempers. These last are not less teach- 
 able than Latin and Greek. It is easier to cross the 
 ass's bridge of dogmatism than of science. A man's 
 feelings and affections are as momentous to his hap- 
 piness as a first class. Our children's faces are like 
 mirrors, with this difference, that the evil tempers 
 which they reflect from other faces may remain, all 
 life long, both there and upon the heart. 
 
 The eyes of my little ones should look habitually at 
 
 no man's countenance which was not gracioue. Their 
 
 B 5
 
 10 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 ears should be familiar with no recriminations, no 
 splenetic retorts, no petulant and vexatious wrestlings 
 for a dishonourable victory in debate. They should 
 stand aloof from the feelings of malice, as well as from 
 its acts and arts. I would provide for their tuition, 
 as far as it might be possible, the social exterior of 
 their grandfather's friend ; in addition to his hopeful 
 piety, his easy yet uncorrupt manners, and his un- 
 obtrusive learning. From their mother's voice and 
 eyes they would acquire a love for music and a per- 
 ception of beauty. Their father's countenance should 
 shine as a dial-plate on which to reckon their hourly 
 progress in humanity and benevolence, but by some 
 other indication than its shade. Alas, that 1 must 
 so soon abandon these fanciful speculations I Poor 
 visionary babes, they never had a mother ! Their 
 father's countenance is exceedingly lion-like and au- 
 stere ! The last survivin^c of the Lu^-wardines remains 
 an unmarried man ! 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Men seldom appear so humane, or in a position so 
 advantageous to their humanity, as when they part. 
 How few friends are there who endure a i)rotracted 
 separation without some abatement of warmth — or 
 meet, by appointment, without some precautionary 
 anxieties — or continue tocrether lonoj without some 
 accidental discontents ; but none, in any degree
 
 TUE PARTING OF FRIENDS. ll 
 
 entitled to that character, ever part without much 
 regret ! Even the cheerful and social are not always 
 exempt from those momentary perturbations with 
 which selfishness chills the pulse, or controversy 
 overheats it. The needle will oscillate a little from 
 the just point of its aflPections ; and though its polarity 
 is never lost, it is seldom steady. Yet even the 
 petulant, the irritable, and the more generous of 
 the resentful, lose all unkindness as they pass away 
 from each other, — sighing at a consummation which, 
 perhaps, they may have mutually desired. The last 
 shake of the hand is sufficient to dissipate a hundred 
 grievances. There are then no reproaches which we 
 can recall beside those against ourselves. 
 
 My dismissal from the hospitable Professor sug- 
 gested these remarks, because among so many in- 
 timacies and associations contracted by me before the 
 middle of life, they leave him as the single exception. 
 In Doctor Ralph's case alone are they quite in- 
 applicable. We parted with many tears, but with 
 no repentant and ungrateful remembrances. He 
 w^ould have fulfilled a duty imposed by friendship 
 if it had not been consecrated by death. The 
 guardianship of seven happy, because industrious, 
 years was repaid on my part by love, gratitude, and 
 a faithful devotion to the same pursuits. 
 
 The loss of two sons by tlie small-pox had left my 
 uncle Richard, amidst his mercantile distractions in 
 the Levant, unassisted if not solitary. Perhaps it 
 was the first time, since his youngest brother's 
 decease, that our relationship had occurred to him. 
 But at present there is such a congruity in our 
 respective losses and misfortunes as was formerly 
 
 B 6
 
 12 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 discovered by Mr. Millar of Amersham and my dear 
 mother. Two negatives make an affirmative. Two 
 melancholy derelicts are the best materials for a 
 happy couple. My imcle had no heirs, and I had 
 no money : the sons deceased having made such a 
 vacuum between us as nature abhors. So now for 
 the orphan's sake, after his seven years' consignment 
 to Doctor Ralph, for my father's sake, and not 
 because such Ignorani; services as mine could benefit 
 himself, did he propose that I should supply their 
 place. To my mother and Mr. Millar this offer 
 sounded like the conditional promise of adoption ; 
 and as my uncle Kichard was supposed by us to be 
 rich beyond any arithmetical calculation, the whole 
 family might partake, not directly, but through me. 
 Their congratulatory letters, therefore, were affec- 
 tionate in the extreme. 
 
 And indeed it was a bcnio-nant thou2:ht at the 
 right time. All my uncle Ivichard's negotiations 
 were conducted in this manner. I cannot remember 
 a single purchase which he ever made because the 
 article was wanted by him. Jews, Turks, Greeks, 
 and Armenians were under infinite obligations to 
 their English customer for solicitude so much more 
 active on tlieir account than on his own. Nor were 
 they at all wanting in readiness to I'cturn his benefits 
 by similar consideration as often as they were able ; 
 even looking out for the opportunity. There is a 
 present as well as a promised blessing to the be- 
 nevolent. The most dependent of nephews became, 
 by degrees, the most assiduous and economical of 
 clerks. Zeal grows anxious through tenderness : the 
 alertness of industry is quickened by hope, and
 
 MY uncle's loss AND RESIGNxVTION. 13 
 
 invigorated by such contingencies as a large estate. 
 Every letter received by me from my mother had 
 just room enough in it for a postscript from Mr. 
 Millar, both reminding me that my uncle possessed 
 no other nephew, and that his sons were dead. 
 
 Pie received me at Smyrna, with the hospitality 
 of a mind not unable to occupy its energies about 
 commercial gains after such family losses. When 
 I would have cited the passages which I had collected 
 from Cicero, Seneca, and Epictetus, he chucked me 
 under my chin, pointing to a huge folio ledger. 
 Without their help or mine, my uncle knew how to 
 look for some compensation from his misfortunes, 
 making the most of them, in one sense, and the 
 least of them, in another. His two sons had lived 
 long enough to spend a vast deal of money. They 
 left memorials behind them with their creditors, 
 which greatly augmented his affliction at first, and 
 assuaged it afterwards. A careful parent's bereave- 
 ment may have occurred too late rather than too 
 soon ; if, through the small-pox's tardiness, his 
 childre.i could find leisure enough for the expenditure 
 of seven thousand Spanish dollars. But then instead 
 of seven thousands they might have obtained credit 
 for fourteen. "I submit!" said my uncle, '^I am 
 resigned ! There is no impiety or impatience in 
 feeling that, if such an affliction must have visited 
 me for my chastisement, I could have endured it 
 better two or three years ago." 
 
 The inferiority of my pretensions, as compared with 
 theirs, made some amends to him for the greater 
 distance of our relationship. On that ground I could 
 keep no Greek mistresses, and — as my uncle inti-
 
 14 TUE FOUNTAIN OF AREXnUSA. 
 
 mated neither indistinctly nor uufrequently — I was 
 dlsmissible when he pleased. As nephew I stood on 
 the far less stable footing which can be maintained 
 no longer than during our good behaviour, if so long. 
 Standing IS not the one word, nor \?> footbifj the other; 
 but hanging as the spider does, with a slender thread, 
 an active appetite, a doubtful expectancy, and from 
 an hazardous elevation. Let me confess, in justice 
 to my uncle, that he disavowed all promises. So 
 candid was he as to repeat, whenever some lucky 
 adventure, through my activity or intelligence, had 
 called forth his good humour — that he promised 
 nothing — that he disliked pledges — that he kept 
 himself free — that no one should reproach him or his 
 memory with disappointed hopes — but that he un- 
 derstood men's motives, and knew well when he was 
 well served — that there was a time for all thin<Ts — 
 especially a time for the recompence of those who 
 preferred his interests to their own gratifications. 
 Strange to say, every one of my uncle's plainest 
 warnings was read, like Canidia's incantations, the 
 wrong way upwards. 
 
 The care with which I melted and recoined older 
 Greek into the new currency — the alacrity with which 
 I accomplished his commissions, during almost thir- 
 teen years, on both continents and twenty islands — 
 travclllna: from Athens to Alexandria, from Constan- 
 tinople to Corfu, and from Smyrna to ]Malta — my 
 zeal and industry, providence and self-denial, merited 
 the confidence which was reposed in me, and — ;is I 
 thouQ:ht — somethiniv better stilL He had no other 
 nephew. 13ut it was not his forgetfulncss of which I 
 had the most reason to complain. As his heir-at-law.
 
 MY OWN LOSS AXD DISCONTENT. 15 
 
 I could have been reconciled to such neglect, even if 
 he had prepared no will at all. Dying rich, my uncle 
 Richard did prepare his will, in which he remembered, 
 with sufficient distinctness, everything else concerning 
 him, beside my duty. How was this? Did I then 
 indeed keep some Greek mistresses secretly, as his 
 sons had done? No — but my uncle Richard himself 
 did ; and by these means he had other sons. He 
 afflicted me through the posthumous discovery that 
 his morals had been no better than my foresight ; and 
 that, without any other nepotism than the Pope's, 
 there was no want of heirs. 
 
 CHAPTER yi. 
 
 Before we calculate ill-fortune by the arithmetic of 
 our mortifications, we should consider whether some 
 casual profit may not have accrued, in which neither 
 hope nor foresight were at all concerned. I lost 
 what I had — perhaps not unreasonably — expected, 
 the succession to my uncle's wealth. But then, twelve 
 or thirteen years spent in honourable industry and 
 the acquisition of valuable knowledge, were not 111 
 spent. My occupations had made me familiar with 
 countries the most interesting upon earth. With 
 scholarship not usually looked for in the votaries of 
 commerce, I had encountered individuals, some me- 
 morable through their slugularlties, others illustrious 
 through their genius. Had I been resident in
 
 16 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKETIIUSA. 
 
 England, I should have seen nothing of Lord Byron, 
 Lady Hester Stanhope, or Sir John Cam Ilobhouse 
 — thouirh all three were Enojlish. It is worth while 
 to pick up smaller memorials than these, during our 
 journey througli early life, as curiosities which we 
 may deposit in the cabinets of more stationary age, for 
 our friends' amusement, and possibly for our own use. 
 On my return to England, after an absence of 
 almost twenty years, my good mother received me 
 with the tenderest composure. She presented to me 
 three brothers and four sisters. The two youngest of 
 these, being my godchildren through the intervention 
 of proxies, were named Antony and Cadwallader 
 Antony. That two out of five, or six, or even 
 seven, should have been so dedicated, during an 
 absence which might have continued all life long, 
 was the highest honour ever yet conferred upon 
 me. Mr. Millar partly accounted for this unexpected 
 compliment, by adding to it several others, attesting 
 my good sense, my great opulence, and my strong 
 family attachments, now so rare. He demonstrated 
 " tliat, three times married himself, no single man 
 can adequately comprehend the amount of his unin- 
 cumbered felicity, till it be lost : that all happiness 
 in this world is little else than an escape from 
 something evil : that our first wives leave, with their 
 children, a necessity for the maternal tenderness of 
 our second wives — and they of our third — ''^Pig- 
 menting and perpetuating grief: that lost liberty, like 
 lost innocence, never mny be regained ; and that it 
 is still more certain to be followed by rej^entancc : 
 that our best, as well as our least troublesome children, 
 are our godchildren, answering . almost every good
 
 MR. MILLAK'S thoughts ON HAPPINESS. 17 
 
 purpose for which matrimony was ordained : that if 
 he is worse than an infidel who provides not for his 
 own household, worse than an apostate must he be 
 who forgets or disregards this more spiritual relation- 
 ship : that as Mr. Millar had ever been my father in 
 aftection, so were even his elder children my brothers 
 and sisters : and finally, that the Antonies had two 
 additional claims on my protection, being joined 
 w4th me both by natural and ecclesiastical consan- 
 guinity." 
 
 It would be ungrateful to repine against that des- 
 tiny which had made me amends for such an uncle 
 as uncle Richard, by a father-in-law thus earnestly 
 dissuasive through his own experience. Both of these 
 relatives were profuse in their commendations of my 
 prudence — both calculated very flatteringly on my 
 disinterested solicitude for their welfare. But my 
 uncle should have remembered, as a merchant and 
 also a moralist, the just claims of reciprocity. Mr. 
 Millar, on the other hand, seemed to have contracted 
 his three marriages chiefly as three warnings against 
 matrimony, for my admonition. 
 
 I repaid these truths, as well as I could, with 
 some others ; particularising certain events of which 
 Mr. Millar had not yet heard. I said that " my 
 uncle E-ichard's property was fallen into other hands : 
 that my uncle Kichard had been so far of Mr. 
 Millar's opinion as to provide amply for his own 
 household, in which nephews were not comprehended : 
 that returning no more to the Levant, whether 
 single or married, I should fix my residence, and 
 pursue my studies, at Ilayfield near Castleton in 
 Derbyshire." The intimation astonished my father-
 
 18 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 in-law, and the resolution enraged him. Two or 
 three of his sons by former mamages had been, not 
 only designed, but prepared and expensively qualified, 
 for junior partners in my establishment at Smyrna, 
 expecting uncle Richard's decease. Giles especially 
 had applied his mind to algebra with extraordinary 
 success. Without waiting the maturity of little 
 Antony and Cadwallader Antony, he was now ready 
 for the voyage. And so was James, whose proficiency 
 in book-keeping would make a spendthrift rich. 
 Arrangements thus abortive operating upon my poor 
 mother's spirits, could hardly be counteracted early 
 enough, by sal-volatile and burnt feathers, to save Mr. 
 Millar from a fourth wife. 
 
 Perhaps it happened that, as my removal from them 
 this time was only to so short a distance, Mr. and 
 Mrs. Millar expedited my departure. Certainly 
 their family was not small ; and, as they said, their 
 house was not large. It occurred to them that my 
 books and pictures, if left unpacked, would be ruined 
 by the mildew. So kindly considerate were they as 
 to suppress their curiosity, and to discountenance 
 any examination of these valuables till it could be 
 accomplished at Hayfield. My intended visit of six 
 weeks, after twenty years' absence, was reduced to 
 eight days and nine nights. Some of the curiosities 
 — a few pearls, cameos, and Venetian chains — were 
 left at Amersham, among my mother's daughters 
 and my mother's step-daughters. A promise was 
 given that Antony should inherit my laud, and Cad- 
 wallader Antony my money ; if, following Mr. jNIillar's 
 advice, and eschewing his example, I contrived to 
 die unmarried. In the mean time they were ad-
 
 ESTABLISHMENT IN DERBYSHIRE. 19 
 
 monished to emulate the learning of their god-father 
 and their father-in-law ; to love their books, to love 
 one another, and, as a foundation for the rest not yet 
 secured, to learn their catechism. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Commerce had done but little for me in the thirteen 
 years of my devotion to it. A few small adventures 
 hazarded successfully, without my uncle Kichard's 
 participation, were its only recompense. Never- 
 theless I did not return perplexed by the necessity 
 of choosing a new profession so late in life. By the 
 decease, in 1814, of Antony Lugwardine, my un- 
 married god-father and the eldest of my uncles, I 
 was already a landed proprietor. Some four or five 
 hundred acres, with my own accumulations of four 
 or five thousand pounds, a bachelor's abode, and 
 that ambiguous position in the world which is not 
 much lower than an esquire's, or higher than a 
 gentleman's, awaited my arrival. My travels, my 
 Greek, my familiarity with the usages of continental 
 society, all greatly less common at that time than at 
 present, inclined the uncertainty in my favour. No 
 one doubted, except Sir Christopher Crane, but that 
 I must be a gentleman. So rapid have been the 
 chanojes anions^ us since then, that we have now, for 
 one gentleman, seven esquires. As the concurrence 
 of my neighbours had conceded to me thus much.
 
 20 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 the modesty which evades lionour, or the wisdom 
 which deprecates envy, required no more, — I declined 
 a commission in the peace. 
 
 You may become a grand-jury man in your new 
 neighbourliood ; if properly introduced, you may 
 present yourself uninvited at the nearest great archery- 
 meeting ; you may interpose with modest authority 
 in your parish vestry, when the chair is vacant, 
 because the vicar is sick ; you may second, or even 
 propose, a vote of thanks at some friendly society, 
 lamenting that the honour had not fallen on one far 
 better qualified for its reception ; but beware lest you 
 should be suspected of aspiring to the Bench I It 
 stands on that debatable ground which the old petty- 
 session settlers secretly and silently, but scornfully, 
 defend against the new. The littleness of your 
 estate will be diminished ; questions will arise about 
 title-deeds, and whispers circulated insinuating a 
 second mortgage ; the major will doubt your Greek, 
 the agriculturalist your Latin. All my acquaintances 
 directed their notes to Antony Lugwardlnc, Esqre., 
 while the title was no more than honorary. After the 
 conunission had been rumoured as probable, all of 
 the justices considered that ]\Ir. Lugwardine would 
 be enough. I regained my dignity by losing and 
 renounoinjj: mv riMit to it. 
 
 There are few changes in life more pleasurable than 
 this. Pleasurable I say, speaking as a bachelor ; 
 not rapturous, as at the approach of marriage, or 
 ecstatic as at its arrival. The ajipropriate arrangement 
 of a new establislimcnt on a small scale, in vour own 
 country, after long absence — the mixed calculations 
 of competence and economy — a rural life not yet
 
 PLEASURES OF THE FIEST TWELVE MONTHS. 21 
 
 2;ro\vn wearisome — a social neio-hbourhood in which 
 there has been neither time for private, nor pro- 
 vocation to political, jealousies — a brief but salu- 
 tary ignorance of the distinction between Liberals and 
 Conservatives among those you meet — I maintain 
 that, to a mind in health, this period and this position 
 arc as pleasant as any other. You increase your 
 little library by a new bay-window, which commands 
 the village spire, and admits the morning sun. You 
 gain a dressing room and sufficient space for your 
 shower-bath, without encroaching too much either on 
 your housekeeper's patience or her china-closet. For- 
 tune throws into your hands the Delphin Classics, 
 Bayle's Dictionary, Cud worth's Intellectual System, 
 Stephen's Thesaurus, Bacon's, Hooker's, Taylor's 
 works, and the last Encyclopedia, all elegantly bound, 
 though at less than half price — with bronze busts 
 of Homer, Plato, Thucydides, and Aristophanes, all 
 unquestionably original. The vicar consults you 
 about the difference between concave and convex mul- 
 lions for his new chancel window. You can extend 
 your garden, cleanse your fish-pond, new- mound your 
 orchard, and fill up the gravel-pit, for five and thirty 
 I)ounds. By the sacrifice of little more than an un- 
 productive acre, you may carry, in extension, the old 
 filbert walk behind the hawthorns, as far as to the 
 stone-quarry. Your dove-cot is well stocked. For 
 the hog-mancd galloway, which cost no more than 
 eighteen guineas, you have been offered nineteen 
 pounds. The Baronet has regretted that you were 
 not nearer to him as a neiglibour ; and the ladies' 
 book-society, at the intervention of his maiden sister, 
 elects you its honorary member witli the perpetual
 
 22 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 secretaryship. For the first twelve months, this 
 succeeds as well as a seat in the House of Commons ; 
 if haply you have skill enough to extract honey 
 from small flowers, which are almost always the 
 sweetest. 
 
 CHAPTER yill. 
 
 My peace retained its plumage unruffled during 
 thrice twelve months, althou2;h there had been 
 thirteen public meetings, and a contested election. 
 Certain rumoured insinuations arisini^ from them, 
 to the effect that, if I pleased, I might notice certain 
 other insinuations, did, at last, stir a feather or two. 
 Major Coppercap is an intolerant politician. He 
 allows no neutrality : and he has supreme contempt 
 for the more timid and tardy partizans even of his 
 own creed. It w^as not because we differed in our 
 opinions, but in their extent, and in the manner of 
 maintaining them, that he felt offended. He should 
 say what he thought of me, and I might do as I 
 pleased. 
 
 Fortune has generally recompensed me in little 
 matters, for her apparent severity in the greater. 
 Considering that the greater concern us but now and 
 then ; and that the little occur, or may occur, almost 
 every other day, — a wise man, with power to take 
 his choice between them, mij]^ht well hesitate. You 
 miss a legacy, and you arc crossed in love ; but then
 
 I MIGHT DO AS I PLEASED. 23 
 
 your newspaper arrives punctually ; your canal shares 
 were sold at a premium the week before they fell ; 
 your housekeeper excels all others in making apple - 
 fritters ; and you have picked up an undoubted Cuyp, 
 well framed, for fifteen guineas. Consider that your 
 legacy might have sent you to the Court of Chancery, 
 and your success in love to Doctor's Commons. 
 A very learned and laborious commentator was, in 
 the latter part of life, not less devoutly thankful 
 for his many crosses in love, than for any other 
 mercy. 
 
 Perhaps there might have been so frequent a 
 recurrence of this very obliging permission to do as 
 I pleased, that I could not have done as I thought 
 prudent. Happily I was relieved from the perplexing 
 preference by some very fantastic rumours. It 
 seems that I had broken eleven empty bottles out 
 of twelve, at eighteen yards distance, with my 
 shortest duelling pistols, while Lord Byron never 
 could exceed nine ; nor Zitzo, Captain Leake's 
 Albanian, average seven. As they were my shortest 
 duelling pistols, there must have been others longer ; 
 and as the trial of skill was exhibited before Ibrahim 
 Pacha's two eldest sons, my superiority could be 
 well attested. A little occasional practice with these 
 very accurate instruments, on account of the echo in 
 my stone quarry, which was remarkably distinct, 
 strengthened the report. The major had good ears ; 
 and his road to the petty-sessions at Castleton ran 
 close above. The invitation was not withdrawn, 
 indeed, but it was not repeated. Lying like a 
 gauntlet dropped by chance, rather than thrown 
 down in defiance, it remained half way between him
 
 24 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 and me. Other consequences arose, in time, from 
 this very silly rumour, whicli I could neither escape 
 nor foresee. But, for the present, I was so far 
 satisfied with my privilege to do as I pleased, that I 
 did nothing more, and yet I did as much as was 
 prudent or becoming. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 My walk had been extended, as I have said, to a 
 stone quarry, the fruitful mother of our venerable 
 church, the vicarage, the bridge, the house and 
 cornmill down stream, my own residence, and almost 
 all the village. It had been guarded, during many 
 years, with the jealous reverence due to private 
 property whicli once was public. The alterations, 
 additions, and improvements of a new proprietor 
 made fresh demands on its resources. 
 
 iSly quarry men were by no means surprised at 
 reaching a small narrow cave in what had previously 
 appeared to them like solid rock — for the mountains 
 around are every where honeycoml)ed with such, as 
 well as with others incomparabl}- larger. They 
 mainly constitute what are called the wonders of the 
 Peak, l^eside the cavern at Castleton larger than 
 the area of Westminster Hall, and its river which 
 must be crossed almost as often as the Styx without 
 rcachino; its termination, there are mines both natural 
 and artificial — subterranean passages innumerable.
 
 MINING SEDUCTIONS. 25 
 
 and, though sufficiently ascertained, many of them In- 
 explorable. No doubt the whole region is burrowed 
 by nature, as thickly as the perforations in a rabbit- 
 warren, and the industrious cupidity of man has con- 
 tributed its share. The searcher for minerals, breaking 
 and blasting his way, is sometimes astonished at his own 
 success. If wonder might be a compensation for labour, 
 instead of lead, copper, fluor-spar, and blue-john, he 
 would be well repaid. Thus there had been no indica- 
 tion of that underground cataract which was found in 
 what we call the Speedwell level. After eleven years of 
 hammering into the mountain's heart, a river, a sub- 
 terranean Terni, was reached, which fell louder than 
 the explosions required for its discovery. Its marvels 
 shall not be depreciated by my too scrupulous love 
 of accuracy ; but the guides, and the guides' books, 
 must hold themselves responsible for such thundering 
 descriptions as, like the abyss they represent, man's 
 wit has neither fathomed nor illuminated. 
 
 But though the quarry-men, accustomed to real 
 wonders, look with scornful composure at such dimi- 
 nutive cavities as that situated behind my house, the 
 proprietor often entertains some more rational curi- 
 osity. There may be lead, or copper, or spar, who 
 knows? Abraham Green borrowed four hundred 
 pounds to purchase an estate which cost him no more 
 than seven hundred ; and thirty years after, he left 
 off business as Squire Green, High Sheriff for the 
 County ! 
 
 Mining is less sinful than rouge-et-noIr, not less 
 seductive, and often quite as ruinous. You find 
 certain indications, such as ever accompany the pre- 
 sence of valuable minerals, but often exist without 
 
 VOL. I. C
 
 26 THE rOUNTAlN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 them. Certain indications, therefore, have no cer- 
 tainty. Nay, you find tlie minerals themselves, only 
 just perceptible indeed, but running in the right 
 direction, and dipping at the most favourable angle. 
 "Wealth may be within sonic few yards of you — per- 
 haps, at this moment, standing on your own ground, 
 you are richer than Sir Robert Peel — a little courage 
 — a little more enterprise and perseverance — after 
 having spent your ready money and mortgnged your 
 estate, you will hardly stop short now — following 
 the indications only three or four months more, and 
 you may become High Sheriff yourself. 
 
 I was as modestly unambitious of this office as most 
 honorary Esquires profess to be ; still the continual 
 absence of all curiosity is stupid and brutish rather 
 than philosophical. My diminutive cavern might, at 
 least, afford me a cooler and shadier study for July 
 than that w^ith the new bay-window. At present 
 there is hardly room enough in the entrance for a 
 bench and a table. Or, by heightening the roof, T 
 miirht ixfiin a coverino* for mv bottle-rack, rabbit-hutch, 
 and chicken-pen. Such accommodations are worth 
 the cost of a little labour and a few candles. Behold, 
 it extends as I advance — it heightens, widens, deepens, 
 abounds in stalactites, glitters with spar. I must 
 consult the Barmastcr.
 
 BARTHOLOMEW HORNCASTLE. 27 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 A Barmaster is no insignificant person at the Peak, 
 invested Avitli no contemptible authority. Prince 
 among miners, his office implies skill in the appre- 
 ciation of minerals, judgment in the arbitration of 
 disputes, and integrity in apportioning the award 
 to every man's labours. In all these qualities my 
 friend Bartholomew Horncastle was pre-eminent. As 
 we shall travel in his company farther than you may 
 yet suppose, let me introduce him. You see a short, 
 compact, very well-looking person, rather full than 
 fat, with delicate skin, ruddy complexion, blue eyes, 
 flaxen hair, frame strongly built, limbs and features 
 symmetrically proportioned, numbering some thirty- 
 six or thirty-seven successful years, and drest in 
 the soberest costume of a second class Quaker. I 
 should have preferred the designation by which his 
 own estimable Society distinguishes itself, but for the 
 ambiguity connected with it, or any other title more 
 respectfully appropriate to my feelings and wishes. 
 The word Friend is too large and common for the 
 member of so small a community; and many persons 
 beside myself must have experienced similar perplexity 
 while seeking another. If necessity should constrain 
 me to use the same hereafter, it will be hazarded under 
 the protective caution of this parenthesis. 
 
 Prosperous, in appearance at least, is the whole 
 Society, and may it continue what it seems. But 
 Bartholomew was pre-eminently an esteemed and a 
 thriving man, even among the meritorious and the 
 
 c 2
 
 28 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. . 
 
 thrifty. However republican in theory, the Friends 
 have an unacknowledged, but a very efficient aristo- 
 cracy of wealth, education, and family alliance. By 
 no possibility could it have uoen otherwise. Mr. 
 Horncastlc w^as of plebeian origin, a novus homo 
 among the Peak patricians ; unlearned except in his 
 professional studies ; and as yet only on his way to 
 wealth. Nevertheless, if he know^s his place, he 
 knows his value also. As a man of business, he is 
 consulted, he is caressed, he is uncontradicted. 
 Nature has given to him a very ample share of her 
 chief favours ; Fortune is 2-iYln2: still more. Success 
 shines in his countenance, and there is a delighted 
 consciousness of desert in his firm step, erect carriage, 
 self-satisfied but benevolent smile, and confident 
 but by no means arrogant address. He hath spoken 
 at quarterly meetings with good acceptance ; he 
 hath shaken hands with the Bishop of Carlisle, his 
 hat upon his head, though the Bishop's was off; he 
 hath saved money, bought land, built a lime-kiln, a 
 brick-kiln, and a windmill at Tideswell Boui^h ; he 
 holds five shares in the Grand Junction Canal, and 
 hath speculated advantageously in tw^o or three New- 
 castle collieries. Beside his malt-house at home, and 
 his tanyard at Bakewcll, he hath more than a share, 
 — he hath an undivided property, in the heart of 
 Joanna A\'armington, the rich miller's only daughter, 
 down stream below my house. 
 
 Mr. Horncastlc was no new acquaintance ; we had 
 discovered one another before the cave. AVith few 
 men, even of his own persuasion, would he spend an 
 hour idly ; but I was one. Enduring my cigar, 
 though he himself smoked not, his scat in the new
 
 PLEASANTRY AND ITS GRADATIONS. 29 
 
 bay-window was always selected for its eastern 
 aspect and extensive prospect. On both sides there 
 were many novelties to communicate. Such is man's 
 freedom from selfishness, that, as far as wisdom may 
 be concerned, we are all better pleased to sow than 
 to reap. Where knowledge is the commodity, that 
 benediction is remembered which rewards such as 
 delight rather in giving much than in receiving even 
 a little. Bartholomew largely repaid my learned 
 importations from the Levant, with novelties much 
 more instructive and profitable relating to the Peak. 
 A Quaker's pleasantry and sociability, when he is 
 known, are almost always inversely proportionable 
 to his gravity, and the squares of its distance, before. 
 The cave, as a new centre of attraction, by drawing 
 us nearer to itself, diminished the space between 
 all three. Friend Antony Lugvvardine was con- 
 gratulated on his unborn pigs of lead, and slily 
 reminded of the parson's claim to tithe them. Bar- 
 tholomew Horncastle was complimented, in return, 
 with the proposal that there should be a partnership 
 between him and Antony ; that as the one possessed 
 the lead, the other should supply the skill for its 
 extraction ; that the profits should be shared equally 
 between them, but first the expenses. 
 
 c 3
 
 30 THE FOUMTAIX OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 A COARSER thread of seriousness was gradually 
 interwoven with this silken merriment, when the 
 cavern had been explored. There were manifest 
 indications of ore. The passage ran, at first, ho- 
 rizontally to the extent of, 2:»erhaps, twenty yards ; 
 then, slightly changing its direction, it descended 
 steeply, but not precipitously, as much as two 
 hundred. Unlike most of those small mines with 
 which our whole neighbourhood abounds, it was 
 seldom less tlian four or five feet high and wide. 
 The floor, though extremely uneven, proved, for the 
 most part, but little encumbered by the usual rocky 
 obstructions. This comparative readiness of access 
 was more than counterbalanced by the difficulty 
 with which its riches, when found, must be conveyed 
 to light and use, from such a depth. Should we 
 sink a shaft ? Could we level the floor ? At the 
 bottom of this long passage there was water ap- 
 parently stagnant : and beyond tlie water there 
 might be caverns larger, as well as more productive, 
 than the richest in Peru. 
 
 Many hours were spent by us in subterranean dis- 
 cussions and deliberations over candle and lantern. 
 Mr. Ilorncastle discouraged all superfluous notoriety ; 
 remindinix me that we were no lonc^cr children with 
 a newly discovered bird's nest. Jacob Blizzard, my 
 gardener, was our only associate, an incurious listener, 
 who smiled alternately at me as the dupe, and at 
 Bartholomew as the deceiver. Jacob was one of
 
 THE PARTXERSHir. 31 
 
 those philosophers whose wisdom consists in smiling 
 thus. Some theological antipathies contributed to 
 stimulate still farther his suspicions so injurious and 
 ill-applied ; for Jacob was a Wesleyan. Never- 
 theless, even his scepticism must have given way, 
 if he had been present, and had beheld the thick, 
 pure, and apparently inexhaustible vein of lead on 
 which Mr. Horncastle stumbled as he stooped down 
 to wash his hands. It ran widening, far beyond the 
 reach of our sight, almost level with the water's 
 surface. Perhaps, by sinking a little, they had 
 betrayed it. Drain the pool, and Joanna Warm- 
 mington would be, indeed, a fortunate bride ! The 
 barmaster was, at first, not quite so sure of her good 
 luck ; for, after having extended his lantern, securely 
 attached to a long staff, as far as the water would 
 permit him, he gradually drew its light back, and 
 close against the seductive ore ; then raising and 
 throwing the full effulgence on my face, "Friend 
 Lugwardine," said he, " there are no written con- 
 tracts between us ; thy word shall not bind thee ; 
 it may be retracted with my consent; but are we 
 partners in this venture or no ? " A similar illu- 
 mination of the Barmaster's countenance seemed 
 unnecessary to show how greatly was he agitated, 
 though between the question and the reply scarcely 
 one moment interposed ; for his lantern shook, and 
 his voice faltered. That conveyancer must be 
 greatly skilled in binding and breaking who could 
 have added legal securities more cautiously expressed 
 than the duplicate indentures which were signed, 
 sealed, and properly attested, next morning, ^et 
 was Mr. Horncastle his own lawyer. 
 
 c 4
 
 32 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Joanna Imd reason to feel jealous of such good for- 
 tune ; for during two or three days which continually 
 expanded her lover's hopes, he almost lived with me in 
 the mine. Jacob Blizzard, who had not been present 
 at our discovery of the lead vein, was employed, 
 without triumphing over his incredulity, in rendering 
 the floor somewhat more easy ; in cutting away the 
 lateral points and angles which were most obstructive ; 
 in heightening the roof, and sustaining such parts of 
 it with props and lintels as our labours had shaken. 
 Several weeks were consumed in this manner. Jacob, 
 having the least interest in our undertaking, did the 
 least work ; and even that share was purchased by an 
 increase of wages, after some ambiguous questionings, 
 not directly addressed to me, about the greatest fool 
 on one side, and the greatest rogue on the other. 
 
 If this lead-seam should run under my neighbour's 
 field, as well as my own, a good start would be a 
 judicious beginning in the race between us. Or, as 
 INIr. Horncastle suggested, there was a consideration 
 better still. " Peradventure Samuel Romell's pasture 
 might be purchased by thee. It needs to give no 
 other reason for the inquiry Avhcthcr he will sell, tlian 
 that there is almost always less trouble in milking 
 three cows than two. Say that both of these new 
 Alderncys are likely to become dry at the same time: 
 or that a score and a half of ewe sheep would freshen 
 the greensward. For more stock there must be more
 
 A BOAT LAUNCHED. 33 
 
 land. His farm has a heavy mortgage on it at five 
 per cent. Its marketable price is forty-two or forty- 
 three pounds an acre; but suppose he gets fifty pounds, 
 taking what we please, and which way. I could com- 
 mand a few hundreds for our joint adventure. If 
 nothing is said to him about me, forty-five will hardly 
 be refused. We are full eight score rods within our 
 own boundary ; yet that water may run farther than 
 we suppose." It did indeed ; but how should we 
 ascertain its extent or direction without helj), and 
 noise, and undesirable publicity ? In the meadow 
 below my house there was one of those narrow, 
 flat-bottomed, wall-sided vessels which fishermen call 
 punts, propelling them through flags and bull-rushes 
 with a pole. It served Jacob for the better disposition 
 of his eel lines, and me as a bridge between coppice 
 croft and cowslip mead. Of substantial oak plank, 
 and quite new, even among punts it was in size no 
 more than a terrier to a mastiff". There was little 
 difficulty in carting so small a boat to the cavern's 
 mouth. But althouo'li the obstructions were com- 
 paratively few, and the descent unusually direct, both 
 labour and patience w^ere required in transporting it 
 to the bottom. AYork as hard as we might, and 
 measure as accurately, twenty times did we stick 
 fast. Our props and lintels were to be removed still 
 oftener ; and seldom could we stand upright so long 
 as five minutes when there was any progress at all. 
 We prevailed at last ! We launched our little frigate 
 on the tranquil waters ; and, joyfully wiping the per- 
 spiration from our foreheads, we appointed the fol- 
 lowing morning for our voyage. 
 
 c 5
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA, 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 Idem ego, cum subii convexa foramina terrae, 
 Supposuique ferox imis mea terga cavernis, 
 Solicit© Manes. 
 
 c 6
 
 EXCUSES FOR THE EXTORTIONATE. 37 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Ayarice is the football of genius, against which 
 moralists of a graver temperament kick with all their 
 abhorrence — those of a gayer, with all their wdt. No 
 other appetite seems in its indulgence as shameless 
 — in its excess as extravagant — in its inveteracy 
 as incurable. No other passion grows as sturdily 
 or lasts as long. Love itself has hardly supplied so 
 many characters to the Drama. From its w^ardrobe 
 of rags, Tragedy, Comedy, and Farce have been 
 enabled to re-create for themselves characteristic gar- 
 ments, terrible, whimsical, and absurd. At its beg- 
 garly table of mouldy fragments, the novelist en- 
 tertains his guests with no unacceptable repast — 
 the satirist and the epigrammatist contributing their 
 condiments. Neither the Sieur de Montaigne's idle 
 industry, nor the melancholy Burton's merry erudi- 
 tion, has collected a twentieth part of its good things, 
 miserable as they may be esteemed. Yet all letters, 
 sacred and profane, treat it with the same contempt. 
 But we may doubt, at last, whether the eager 
 pursuit of gain is so unreasonable and inexplicable in 
 the miser, as in our kind-hearted next door neigh- 
 bour, — whether extortioners, with their twenty per 
 cent, interest, are half so paradoxical as our oldest 
 friends. To the money-lender gain is a trade, the 
 purpose and business of his life, familiarised by
 
 38 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 habit, stimulated by enterprise, encouraged by suc- 
 cess. But how strange does it appear that there 
 should be united so much avarice with so much 
 liberality, in you, sir, and in me ? that having a 
 sufficiency, and confessing that we have it, as soon 
 as some casual acquisition may present its chances, 
 we should wish for more ? that a new appetite should 
 be so easily created by accident, or a dormant one 
 awakened by opportunity ? If rapacity be a natural 
 instinct, it surely cannot be rendered unnatural by 
 its excess. It is the intoxication of the sober which 
 should surprise us. 
 
 I possessed, at Hayfield, everything adapted to my 
 habits, my inclinations, and my rank in life. What 
 is better still, I had sense enough to know that my 
 good fortune could gain nothing by change. Some 
 acquaintance with mankind had blunted the curiosity 
 with which youth carves out such large expectations 
 from the contingencies of the future. Without 
 children, or the wish for notoriety, I might safely 
 indulge my tastes. While this lead vein distends my 
 purse, it is ruinous to everything else — the quiet of 
 a residence so pleasant and ancient — the seclusion 
 of a traveller so distinguished for his Latin and Greek ! 
 Henceforth I must live amons; smeltinix-houses, 
 counting-houses, and public-houses. The view from 
 my new bay-window will be hillocks of dross. Yet, 
 on the other hand, who was ever so fortunate? 
 This vein is under our own control ; there can be 
 no seductive and hazardous probabilities ; we may 
 test its purity ; — its extent and abundance no man 
 living can calculate. Neither the ]\Iarquis of West- 
 minster nor the INIarquis of Anglcsea possesses so
 
 MATRIMONIAL PPwEPARATIONS. 39 
 
 rich a mine. I would not sell, even before a shilling 
 has been expended upon the adventure, so much 
 as one half of my own half for twenty thousand 
 pounds. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Though punctual at other times in the extreme, 
 my partner was some little behind his present ap- 
 pointment ; for, obediently to an engagement yet 
 earlier and pleasanter, he had already breakfasted 
 with Joanna. As it afterwards appeared, he had 
 prevailed on her father to appoint a day which is the 
 usual transition between hope and happiness. This 
 digression to the mill, where other influential parties 
 had assembled, accounted also for the holiday ex- 
 actness of Bartholomew's dress, so little consistent 
 with our present arrangements, or his customary 
 forethought. It was new and faultless, from his 
 shoes' sole to the nap upon his beaver. My own 
 habit was a strong plush shooting jacket and its 
 appropriate corduroy accompaniments. But every 
 amateur miner has a professional robe, which either 
 covers his ordinary garments, or, as he descends the 
 mine, is exchanged for them. 
 
 My friend's tax-cart conveyed, with himself, a full- 
 sized hair-trunk locked and corded. As he would 
 suffer no more time to be expended in questions and 
 explanations, the trunk was immediately carried off 
 between himself and Jacob Blizzard : while a small
 
 40 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 hamper fell to my share. Our other arms also were 
 loaded with torches in baskets and candles in boxes. 
 Among so many ^^reparations, some of the most es- 
 sential are sure to be forgotten. AVe were unbut- 
 toning our coats, and covering them with the mining- 
 frocks, when Jacob discovered that, after having 
 lighted our lanterns, he had left behind him both 
 flint and steel. He was despatched for them to the 
 house, carrying with him some domestic instruc- 
 tions which might be needed by my housekeeper. 
 
 His shadow had scarcely disappeared, when Mr. 
 Horncastle proposed that w^e should ourselves convey 
 the packages which lay before us to the place of 
 embarkation. Till Samuel Ivomell's pasture had 
 been secured, my partner felt a nervous dislike to the 
 presence of Jacob's eyes, uninquisitive as they were ; 
 and suggested that, on his return, he might be dis- 
 missed as an encumbrance in so small a boat. Our 
 road ran downward ; but it was impossible that we 
 could carry so many articles at once, in addition to 
 the lanterns. They were soon divided ; the smaller 
 parcels tied together ; aud as Jacob's haste, never 
 very impatient, was still fiirther slackened by some 
 lazy dislike to the proposed excursion, we had made 
 two descents, and were depositing our whole freight, 
 hair-trunk and all, midsliips in the punt — when a 
 low rattle, a loud crash, a long groan, a protracted 
 roar, a continuous earthquake-like commotion, filled 
 the cavern with dust and our hearts with terror! 
 Large fragments of rock bounded past us into the 
 pool. Our boat had been moored on one side, whence 
 it was easier to step aboard, and was thus sheltered 
 by some rocky projections; otherwise our lanterns
 
 MR. Millar's executorship. 41 
 
 and ourselves must have been extinguished in it. 
 There were fainter continuations of the same rumble 
 which told us what the dust concealed. The roof 
 had fallen in ! The whole passage from floor to 
 ceiling was filled with stone ! After having widened 
 and heightened our cavern, we had removed its 
 props to admit the boat. Without argument or 
 commentary, the truth at once became intelligible 
 to us ; the roof had yielded, and the steep declivity 
 of our passage had conducted these stones and rub- 
 bish from one end whence they slipped, to the other 
 end where we stood. We were stopped down with 
 a cork of rock full two hundred yards in length ! 
 
 As soon as the dust had ceased to suffocate us, we 
 raised our lanterns, and would have rushed forth. 
 Alas, the journey was short in that direction ! With- 
 out exchanging one word, we returned to our first 
 position by the boat, and sat down. A hundred 
 miners in a hundred months could not approach us. 
 Jacob Blizzard would conclude that we had been 
 overwhelmed while standing upon the ]Aace so lately 
 left by him, crushed beneath ten thousand tons at 
 least. It would be like searching for two butterflies 
 under a fallen pyramid. Mr. Millar, my father-in- 
 law, who on the little Antonies' behalf must officiate 
 as executor and trustee, was not silly enough to 
 waste his time for no better purpose than the 
 coroner's satisfaction. Exclusive of the two sur- 
 viving Antonies, he had fifteen other children to 
 think about. Buried I was already, without his in- 
 tervention, as effectually, and under as many stones, 
 as the oldest of the Pharaohs.
 
 42 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Hitherto not one word had passed between my 
 companion and myself during these simultaneous 
 conclusions. We turned round in the same silence 
 to our boat, and sat down. Of mine own appearance 
 there, I can know nothing : but assuredly Mr. Horn- 
 castle looked like a mouse newly detained in its 
 trap. He, an experienced miner, well knew that the 
 world with all its vanities was no lono-er dangerous 
 to him : and yet would he gladly have given you both 
 his coal-pit speculations, as well as his new share in 
 our unpromising partnership, for a dinner where 
 he had so lately breakfasted. He sat motionless as 
 well as speechless, looking at me. !My friend was a 
 brave man with a good conscience ; but, in such a 
 situation, the Duke of Wellington himself might 
 have felt uneasy. 
 
 At last some few sighs louder than the rest, arose 
 by degrees into high tenor notes long protracted and 
 sustained. The Friends dislike melody in all its variety 
 from an organ to a skylark — but this did us both 
 good ; the Barmaster's spirit was relieved by it, and 
 my tongue released. " We are lost ! ^tVe are buried 
 alive ! We nmst soon perish of hunger I " !Mr. Horn- 
 castle appeared to receive no great pleasure from such 
 acquiescence in his own conchisions, and hold his 
 peace. " We shall die miserably, where there is neither 
 friend to close our eyes nor grave to receive our car- 
 cases," said I, in the tone of frenzy and despair. Still
 
 L'NSEASOXABLE KETORT. 43 
 
 the Barmaster's hands remained as before upon his 
 stomach, and he refrained his lips. Demanding counsel 
 which I knew to be profitless, again I spake — 
 "What sayest thou, Mr. Horncastle?" Mr. Horn- 
 castle said nothing. His eyes were on my coun- 
 tenance, and, when I reiterated the same question in a 
 louder voice, there was only the same mournful wail 
 with an impatient movement of one foot. At last 
 my unhappy companion answered me thus : " I would 
 that thy quarry had been situated in the Levant, and 
 that thou hadst continued there to waste thy substance 
 and increase thy ill-repute, by shooting pistol-bullets 
 at empty bottles." Who could have expected this — 
 at such a time too ! It discovered plainly what had 
 been my friend's thoughts. He was sharing the 
 punishment of a reprobate I He was suffering thus 
 for having kept bad company of late ! No scruple 
 of the kind had ever been intimated by him in our 
 happier intercourse — nor was I at all aware that a 
 rumour so idle and extravagant could have reached his 
 ears. Enough for my purpose if it reached the ears 
 of Major Coppercap. I had reason for supposing that 
 Joanna's father disliked my intimacy with his future 
 relative, and that Joanna herself sometimes spoke of 
 me as " light and random." But there was a sturdi- 
 ness in my friend's temper which fortified it against 
 the too great domination of love. Now, his coun- 
 tenance is even more derisive than his words. Should 
 I reply ? It was a strange place for recrimination. 
 Though not much older, I had suffered more risks 
 than he — more disappointments — more losses — and 
 lived through greater hardships — excepting that I 
 had made no preparations for my wedding day.
 
 44 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUS.V. 
 
 With a voice sepulchral as our abode, I addressed 
 my fellow-captive thus : " It matters little, Bartlio- 
 lomew Horncastle, in what quarter of the earth our 
 prison may be situated, since we never shall escape 
 from it. Excepting for conscience' sake, it matters 
 as little now whether cither of us has been ensnared 
 by the lust of gain, rather than by his fellow's 
 example. Here we are ! Why exasperate those 
 christian feelings which alone can soften our calamity, 
 and thus render the present ruin guilty as well as 
 hopeless? Everything will be gone when we have 
 lost patience. 
 
 ' While yet we live, scarce one short hour perhaps, 
 Between us two let there be peace.' 
 
 Our modes of worship differ ; but forms are little 
 in comparison with our distress ; nor does it perhaps 
 signify much with what words or postures misery 
 shall cry for pity and forgiveness from such a depth. 
 Use thine own habits. I shall strive to obtain 
 strengfth throuo'h resio'nation, and kneel down for the 
 last time." 
 
 How the Friends may settle their respective claims 
 to wisdom among themselves, I cannot tell. Few 
 ever yet allowed an equality, either in grace or 
 understanding, to the professor of any other creed. 
 They have a haj)py, but not an arrogant, persuasion 
 of this pre-eminence. It is no more than defensive. 
 It renders them easy, cheerful, self-satisfied, but not 
 supercilious, in their intercourse with strangers. 
 More or less, such is the case with the best men of 
 all our smaller sects, when not exasperated by 
 polemics, or soured by proselytism. Each may be a
 
 COMiEEXCEMENT OF A VOYAGE. 45 
 
 faint star in his own firmament ; yet he glows brighter 
 than Hesperus if accidentally transferred to ours. 
 The Barmaster was kind, tender, placable, and be- 
 nevolent ; but, while dwelling among the Philistines, 
 never was he humble. Never did he forget that 
 he was the honoured member of a holier religion. 
 Through good fortune, I had struck the right chord. 
 His dignity was roused by having received such an 
 exhortation to patience, instead of having spoken first. 
 He assumed the confident attitude to which he was 
 accustomed, and stretching forth his right hand, laid 
 it gently upon mine. " Friend," said he, " I fear 
 death as little as thou dost, and have as little reason 
 to fear it, thouo;h no bottle-breaker." Let us not 
 call it pride ; but something with at least as strong a 
 similitude to that passion as Shetland ponies bear to 
 Barclay's dray stallions, will stick by us worms, 
 whether above ground or under ground, till the other 
 worms eat us. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 We were ill at ease, and for the first time little 
 satisfied with each other. Every place seemed pre- 
 ferable to the sultry station now occupied by us. 
 There was, indeed, but small choice. A whole moun- 
 tain of lead would have been passed unregarded by the 
 Barmaster in his present temper ; but we both desired 
 to ascertain the boundaries of our prison, though 
 hopeless to escape from it. Having embarked there-
 
 46 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 fore, we pushed the punt gently forward, without 
 once thinking of the purpose for which it had been 
 brought and freighted. The water proved barely 
 sufficient even for a vessel that required so little : 
 but it deepened gradually as we advanced, and the 
 cavern widened, diverging into so many branches and 
 recesses that w^e often supposed ourselves at its ter- 
 mination. There was no perceptible current ; never- 
 theless we still discovered the principal channel again, 
 winding in tTventy different directions under its low 
 and Irreo-ular roof. ]More than an hour must have 
 been spent in this labyrinth. At one of its almost 
 endless turnings, there was a sound which reached us, 
 and which communicated a momentary flush like hope 
 — so faint indeed that we dared not confess it or re- 
 tain it. The water was in motion, and ther6 must be a 
 vent for that at least. Its noise increased — the 
 hiss and splash of much more than an inconsiderable 
 rivulet which appeared to rush swiftly rather than 
 to fall far. Hark I It Is beyond this point — it is close 
 ahead and noisy enough now ! We see it fretting and 
 foaming by the dim lantern-lights, and — hold hard, — 
 we are in It ! 
 
 The still pool, the mazy and currcntlcss canal by 
 which we had advanced so ftir, was no more than 
 back-water laterally thrown off at the commencement 
 of these rapids. Now we are in the midstream, dancing 
 among the froth upon its surface, and hurried along 
 with the impetuosity of a mill-race. " Hold fiist, 
 Bartholomew ! take heed that our lights be not ex- 
 tinguished — kindle a torch, and lift it toward the roof 
 or assuredly we shall lose our heads ! " All our 
 strength and vigilance scarcely sufficed to keep one 
 end of the punt before the other. As I have shown. 
 
 I
 
 THE GEOLOGICAL PKOFESSORS. 47 
 
 it was strong and new, or its concussions against the 
 rocks must have done worse than they did in throwing 
 its passengers every moment upon their knees. Down 
 it rushed, thumping and reeling, first on this side and 
 then on that. Our heads were in less jeopardy than 
 before ; for this riotous and passionate torrent had 
 worn deeply into its channel during five or six thou- 
 sand years ; — or, as the geologists would calculate, 
 fifteen or sixteen millions. But there were eddies and 
 vortices enough to make us giddy. Each end of the 
 boat had its turn to precede the other, which signified 
 the less as they were both alike. Seated upon his 
 trunk one moment, and rising from his knees the next, 
 Mr. Horncastle would have maintained his taciturnity 
 perhaps, even if talking had been easy, or hearing 
 possible. It was consolatory to remember that the 
 Speedwell mine, with its roaring cataract, and, as the 
 Guides tell us, its unsearchable abyss, occupied a far 
 higher level. We w^ere already some thousand feet 
 below that danger : — nevertheless our river mi<2:ht be 
 the same. 
 
 There is no doubt that anyone of the geological Pro- 
 fessors would have given both his ears for a passage 
 with us : and yet, as far as the present exercise of 
 his science might be concerned, the price would have 
 proved too much. Here was no leisure for the selection 
 of specimens ; and, though we had one in our punt, 
 no stopping places for the hammer. A much better 
 geologist than myself might have learnt as little. He 
 must have possessed sharp eyes who could distinguish, 
 in such a tumult and by such a light, porphyry from 
 pudding-stone — syenite from chalcedony — quartz or 
 gneiss from grawacke of the third formation and mica
 
 48 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 slate. Some rocks were hurried by, which dazzled us 
 with the glitter of their crystals. We passed through 
 a long grotto, loftily arched, that reflected even such 
 feeble rays as those by which it was now illuminated 
 for the first time, with almost insufferable splendour. 
 Mr. Horncastle's countenance seemed to be on fire — 
 all the colours of the rainbow, and ten thousand more, 
 blazed every where around us — and we both gasped 
 for breath. Another minute consigned us to the dark- 
 ness against which our torches and lanterns contended 
 almost in vain, even for a few yards above or on either 
 side. Then awful and prodigious shapes presented 
 themselves, but so obscurely that, at last, they may 
 have been no worse than the suggestions of fancy 
 strongly inflamed. That cat-shaped head, with huge 
 round ears larger than either the wheels or the 
 tilt of a sta2:e wa2:2:on, and whiskers thicker than its 
 shafts — that snake-like back -bone longer than Oxford 
 street, which the waters had exposed knot by knot, 
 joint by joint — were they, indeed, remnants of or- 
 ganised life in the first formation, or the mere 
 mockeries of fantastic nature? Under those vast 
 caverns, which are discerned so fiir off by some sultry 
 and sullen glare arising from themselves, do we 
 behold fire without flame, not smoking but smoulder- 
 ing century after century ? If so, there wants but 
 the very probable misdirection of our stream toward 
 that furnace, and then the earthquake, the volcano, 
 the creation of a new island or two, the destruction 
 of twenty cities.
 
 INCANDESCENT ELEMENTS. 49 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 After many hours of labour, to preserve lives now 
 so valueless, our descent grew more easy. The water 
 still rushed onward with extreme velocity, but di- 
 minished tumult. Its channel deepened ; its flexures 
 were less abrupt. We swam as in a sluice where 
 strength was less needed than watchfulness. At 
 last we could sit down upon the thwarts, and direct 
 our vessel's head by striking first the one side and 
 then the other. The intolerable speed diminished — 
 the stream widened — we floated among vast blocks of 
 stone lying horizontally and detached from each other 
 by the water's friction. The roof was sometimes 
 supported by these huge piers, and at other times 
 was so high as to be no longer visible without better 
 lights. When our river had become a small lake, 
 these w^ere its islands. Securing our boat, Ave landed 
 upon one of them large enough and smooth enough 
 not only for a table but for a bed. Never yet did 
 travellers stand more in need of rest. 
 
 Professor Buckland places his mass of incandescent 
 elements somewhere about one hundred miles beneath 
 the earth's surface. We were not yet deeper than 
 seven or eight miles, but, according to his theory, we 
 must either have been roasted upon the rocks, or 
 boiled in the waters. The learned geologist, with 
 his habitual candour, and with the philosophical 
 respect for science which disdains no information if 
 it be experimentally true, will now retract this 
 opinion. The earth is shown by my discoveries to 
 
 VOL. I. D
 
 50 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 liave neither the heat nor the solidity which he 
 supposes. Its air, freshened by such a stream, Avas 
 warm, but not sultry : and I have never tasted water 
 so light or sweet. 
 
 How long this first part of our voyage may have 
 continued, I am unable to determine. Let us suppose 
 that our embarkation in the pool had commenced at 
 eleven o'clock a.m., and that we had reached the 
 torrent two hours after noon. Thirteen hours more, 
 at least, must have elapsed from the latter date, and 
 perhaps fourteen or fifteen. Mr. Horncastle's watch 
 had gone down at twenty minutes past two, and 
 mine had stopped before. 
 
 We needed refreshment and repose. My friend's 
 notions of justice, or his pride of wealth, or perhaps his 
 politic maintenance of a fair half in our partnership, 
 which would suffer no inequality either of profit or 
 cost, might have been thought almost too precise 
 even by the scrupulous. From the hour that our 
 disastrous speculation actually commenced, his vigi- 
 lance was excessive in the exact division of every 
 expense. That hair trunk of which I have spoken 
 was stored, not only for our abundant sustenance 
 during the short voyage originally contemplated by 
 us, but for the ample indemnification of my previous 
 outlay, as he called it, on his account. He calculated 
 that the present might be the first only of twenty 
 voyages; and his instalments were prospective. The 
 trunk, locked and corded, was carried to the cave so 
 hastily that I might know nothing of its contents. 
 Objections and remonstrances were to be anticii)ated. 
 ]My notions of hospitality at home must sufter no 
 offence, but the cave was his as well as mine.
 
 VICTUALS FOR THE VOYAGE. 51 
 
 In this chest he had contrived to deposit a pork 
 ham, a neat's tongue, a double-gloucester cheese 
 placed edgeways, three large loaves of brown bread, 
 and two stone bottles of French brandy ; thus 
 providing for future voyages and more accurate 
 investigations. My own forethought had been less 
 liberal ; but yet it extended to a long day, and to 
 Jacob Blizzard's necessities as well as our own. 
 Beside six bottles of strong beer and as many batch 
 cakes, there was a small beef-steak pie. Both parties 
 had provided candles and torches in still greater 
 abundance — Bartholomew as an equivalent for my 
 former expenditure — I, for the illumination of a 
 mine, the wealth of which would soon render economy 
 ridiculous. 
 
 With all these luxuries, we were far from happy. 
 I thought of my executor Giles Millar, Esq., Bar- 
 tholomew, of Joanna Warmington and his weddino* 
 day. The huge purple and almost transparent slab 
 of stone on which we rested, would have sold for 
 fifty thousand guineas, at the cavern's moutli. One 
 foot square of it would have made a lapidary rich. 
 We had passed many such, many green, crimson, 
 yellow, blue ; and our boat was moored between 
 too huge blocks veined and tinted like lapis-lazuli, 
 only more pure. The least of them was loftier than 
 an ordinary cottage. There is reason to suppose 
 that this entire region consists of similar substances. 
 If so, our lodging was worth more, could we there 
 have found purchasers, than the Vatican compre- 
 hending St. Peter's. We w^ere the most successful 
 of miners ! 
 
 There was no wind, but wherever there is runnirg 
 
 D 2 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
 
 52 THE rOUNTAIX of APwETHUSA. 
 
 water, there must be fresh air. We said little ; even 
 our appetite was moderated by grief and weariness. 
 My cares could extend no farther than to the 
 substitution of entire candles for the remnants within 
 our lanterns ; by his deep breathing Bartholomew 
 Horncastle soon discovered that he had escaped even 
 such as these. We lay side by side like the babes in 
 the wood, excepting that there was, at present, for 
 the assuagement of our sorrows, less of sympatliy 
 between us ; and, for the performance of our ob- 
 sequies, no robin-redbreasts. We had eaten, instead 
 of blackberries, beef-steak pie. But our murderers 
 were of our own selection — hired by our own 
 avarice — and conducted into these desolate re!]^ions 
 by ourselves. Slumber was not lightened by in- 
 nocence ; through the lust of gold, though we had 
 enough before, were we imprisoned in a dungeon so 
 deep below hope and help ! 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Men above ground are apt to forget that the changes 
 which measure time are all beautiful, and should be 
 considered by them as blessings continually repeated. 
 Change, regulated by the seasons and the shorter 
 vicissitudes of day and night, is to our visible world 
 as necessary as respiration to the animal body. It 
 is diversified uniformity, suggestive of hope, cor- 
 rective of memory, the measurer and controller of 
 life. Without change there could be little either of
 
 UNMEASURED TIME. 53 
 
 foretliought or desire, of expectation or Industry. 
 In a stationary condition, we men, as at present 
 constituted, should soon find our existence un- 
 endurable to us. Better travel in a repetition of 
 circles than in a straight line which never ends. No 
 one yet has dared to examine an Idea so terrible as an 
 eternity in wdiich every moment must be the same 
 as every other moment. Misery is represented as 
 changing its posture, though w^lthout rest. There is 
 some hope of some mitigation. The stone wdll remain, 
 next time, upon its hill top — the sieve will be filled 
 at last — the vulture will have gorged till it can 
 swallow no more, and then it will fly away. But the 
 same ! the everlastins: same ! the absolute and immu- 
 table now ! Who is there that dares think of this ? 
 
 Our watches had again been neglected, for it was 
 not bed-time where we had no bed, nor time where 
 there was no change. There seemed but this single 
 method by which I could conjecture its duration 
 when sleep forsook me. A lantern had been placed 
 so near, that I w^as awakened by the offensive effluvia 
 from its almost extinguished candle. As my eyes 
 opened, the flame was flickering and expiring in its 
 socket. The other lantern was cold as well as dark ! 
 
 • 
 
 One minute longer would have left us where no rays 
 of light had ever reached beside those which we carried 
 with us. We should have continued groping in our 
 roomy grave to lay hold on death ; and have deplored 
 the reversal of that usual and natural order which 
 appoints his place, not after, but before our burial. 
 
 The flint and steel had been entrusted to Jacob 
 Blizzard's care ; they were, no doubt, still in the 
 tinder-box, and the tinder-box in his pocket. So 
 
 D 3
 
 54 THE FOUNTAIN OF AIlETnUSA. 
 
 extreme was the urgency, that I dared not to wait even 
 till another candle could have been reached from the 
 distance of four or five yards ; but while with my 
 right hand I drew forth and kindled our partnership 
 conditions and stipulations, with my left I shook the 
 Barmaster, It was a startling transition, whether his 
 fancy had sported among the triumphs of a successful 
 speculation ; or again visited the mill-pool with its 
 green seat, its weeping willow, and its two swans, 
 while Joanna once more acknowledged her maiden 
 partiality! As if there were something especially 
 hateful in a place where so much hazard and terror 
 had been incurred, we hastened the expressions of our 
 thankfulness : then rememberins* that we were in a 
 wrong country for batch-cakes or double-gloucester 
 cheese, we collected our fragments and re-embarked. 
 The stream ran easily in all directions. We stopped 
 and landed, when we pleased, on some block or shelf, 
 generally at the expiration of about eight hours — but 
 it was agreed that never again, till the last rest of both, 
 should both recline at the same time. Our pillow was 
 Bartholomew's hair trunk ; and where there were no 
 rapids w^e could sleep by turns without stopping the 
 boat. Mr. Horncastle, subdued by grief, slumbered 
 perhaps rather more than his just share ; but he was 
 punctual when called, and vigilant on duty. A more 
 agreeable refreshment was in the stream itself, tc])id, 
 unsullied, and almost as transparent as the air. The 
 mininir frocks alone were sufficient for warmth, 
 sparing our more costly apparel till we should revisit 
 the daylight. ]My partner seemed as solicitous to 
 find clean and dry places in the boat for his new suit
 
 THE river's bank. 55 
 
 and costly beaver, as if the wedding-day were de- 
 ferred no longer than till next month. 
 
 Our repose was continually interrupted. The ca- 
 vern became often so low that we could pass under 
 its roof only by lying flat. At other times, the river 
 was so shallow that we were obliged to lighten our 
 bark, and to walk one before it and one behind. 
 There were rapids and cataracts so exceedingly pe- 
 rilous, that it was necessary to cast out the freight 
 and save the vessel. Estimating our river by the 
 fanciful gradations of social rank and nobility — im- 
 perial, royal, princely, ducal, and so forth — I should 
 say that it was less than a baronet among streams, 
 and greater than a knight — less than a bishop's 
 lady, and greater than a dean's. 
 
 CHAPTER yil. 
 
 Our provisions were economised during a space 
 which above may have comj^rehended seven or eight 
 days and nights, as the measure of our existence, as 
 well as its sustenance. Every crumb consumed was 
 a deduction from life. As the trunk grew lighter, 
 eternity drew nearer ; yet sorrow and terror were 
 seldom so powerful in us as to overrule that second 
 nature which is superinduced by habit. At our 
 resting places, the Barmaster again looked about him 
 for minerals. On one occasion, while he was thus 
 employed, I amused myself by scraping from the 
 
 D 4
 
 56 THE rOUNTAIX of ARETnUSA. 
 
 river's bed, shallow in that part, large quantities of 
 briglit yellow sand so heavy that it lowered the 
 punt. It was with some displeasure that Mr. Horn- 
 castle inquired whether I proposed to sink ? I told 
 hira that, as we were in partnership, his share alone 
 of the wealth collected by my industry might be 
 valued at twenty thousand pounds ; that the heavy 
 sand was gold waslied and sifted from all alloy ; and 
 that, if he would resume his usual good humour, I 
 would concede the whole. Bartholomew smiled and 
 sio'hed. He had other riches within his reach 
 which would have been sufficient to purchase the 
 Peak, comprehending Haddon and Chats worth. We 
 freighted our boat occasionally with stones, in size 
 between a large plum and a small orange, — brilliant 
 when broken as the purest diamond, and of colours 
 infinitely more varied. Only the earth's refuse can 
 have reached its surface. A cargo was often thrown 
 away, that we might descend some rapid unen- 
 cumbered, which, thirty or forty miles above, would 
 have been worth ten fleets of laden Indiamen. Here 
 we were more careful of our hats and coats. I had 
 acquired some skill in precious gems throu:2:h my 
 intercourse witli Armenian merchants, while residing 
 at Smyrna ; and I feel assured that the two pockets 
 of my shooting jacket were often greatly more valuable 
 than the two imperial crowns. 
 
 Terror cannot be permanent ; and even grief, in 
 healthy and energetic temperaments, has its reflux. 
 These riches did greater service to Mr. Ilorncastle 
 than to me. They awakened his curiosity, at least. 
 He was a miner from his cradle ; and he justly 
 concluded that where two men had once been, two
 
 PROGRESS CALCULATED. 57 
 
 hundred might follow them. His mind recovered 
 its energies, and was gradually occupied by schemes 
 which first amused and then engaged it. Perhaps 
 he might have mistaken a blessing on his enterprise 
 for a punishment on his indiscretion. He became 
 sometimes even mirthful at my expense. The only 
 real difficulty was to get home again. But as our 
 river must have some outlet, his anxieties might 
 terminate at the same time. Nothing tended to his 
 revival so greatly as the growth of conscious supe- 
 riority — he being a miner and man of science — I no 
 more than what the reader has been told. 
 
 Mr. Horncastle's learning was professional only. 
 His time had been more profitably emplo};ed than in 
 literature. So perfectly content was he with his 
 attainments, as to doubt whether any thing else 
 worth having could be attained. No man within 
 ten miles of Castleton was ever consulted more re- 
 verentially, or had secured for his opinions greater 
 weight. As a counsellor generous in the extreme, 
 he refused all equivalents. 
 
 '^ Thou hast travelled in foreign countries, An- 
 tony," said he ; "but they lie on a lower level than 
 the Peak. Mam Tor, measured not from its base 
 but from the sea, is said by many to be the loftiest 
 mountain in Great Britain, or perhaps any where 
 else. Wast ever so deep as this before ? During nine 
 days and nights, according to thy computation, but 
 ten by mine, we have gone with a stream seldom 
 gentle and never slow. Surely we may average 
 twenty hours upon the water out of every twenty- 
 four. Beckoning our rate at no more than five miles 
 in each hour, we make a hundred in the day and 
 
 D 5
 
 58 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 night. Supposing that in every twenty progressive 
 miles we may have sunk one perpendicular mile, we 
 thus make five miles in the hundred, and fifty miles 
 in the thousand. Should one perj)endicular mile to 
 twenty progressive seem a high calculation, it falls 
 short of the truth during sixteen or seventeen hours 
 at first, and thrice as many rapids since. Thou 
 mayst find thyself where thou hast been before, in 
 the Mediterranean or the Levant ? " " In the Me- 
 diterranean," I said ambiguously ; " but not where 
 I have been before." "AVhynot?" was the reply. 
 *' How low is Turkey, and how far off?" " There 
 is no land on this globe so low as our present level, 
 and no sea so deep. Even if we should emerge in 
 the Atlantic's bottom, which seems to be our fairest 
 probability, we must find ourselves not less than 
 fifty, or perhaps sixty miles lower than its surface, 
 issue where we may." " As we are partners, I will 
 spare thee my half of this fair probability, Antony 
 Lugwardine," said the angry Barmaster. " It is in 
 the Levant only, not the Atlantic, that rivers run 
 fifty or sixty miles deeper than the sea. Verily, you 
 Turkish merchants bring home with you thrice as 
 many lies as figs. Dost hold me for a fool?"
 
 BARTHOLOMEW S LEARNING. 59 
 
 CHAPTER yill. 
 
 Bartholomew's learning, as I said, was professional, 
 comprehending arithmetic to the highest branches, 
 but algebra only at its root. The schoolmaster had 
 not yet made us all alike. There were some things 
 even on earth with which my conscientious friend 
 was still unacquainted. He could neither believe 
 nor understand that countries should vary in ele- 
 vation scarcely four or five miles, although they were 
 situated at a distance from one another of four or 
 five thousand. No man saw clearer his own business 
 or his own interest ; but his knowledge in other par- 
 ticulars was such as might be expected from a pupil 
 who, all life long, had taught his teachers, and who 
 never heard otherwise than contemptuously what he 
 was unwilling to believe. Worse than all, he had 
 detected me, as he unjustly supposed, in some geo- 
 graphical errors, and he valued me accordingly. His 
 love and respect for me had been soured by misfor- 
 tune ; and our disastrous speculation appeared now 
 to have arisen from my blandishments, and solicita- 
 tions, and ungodly allurements ! The cavern was 
 mine ; but for me and my cupidity, he might at this 
 hour have been employed in erecting a new crane 
 over his malthouse door. I was little better than an 
 adventurer who had succeeded in blinding: and en- 
 snaring one three times wiser than myself; and should 
 he be credulous again ? 
 
 But Bartholomew continued not long unkind, even 
 
 D 6
 
 60 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 in his displeasure. I was sunk too deep beneath 
 the earth's surface to partake of its worst passions. 
 I either declined fresh controversies, or. after haviniic 
 been engaged in tlicm, gave way. I asked questions 
 that I might confess my ignorance ; and suggested 
 doubts that they might be dissipated by the Bar- 
 master. Conceding his superiority, I partly at least, 
 re-established his good humour. Nothing so surely 
 mitigates wrath as respect. It is the cheapest kind 
 of restitution^ if you have committed injustice : — 
 whether your dealings are with the wise or the fool- 
 ish, the man whom you detest, or who detests you, 
 ever be deferential ! 
 
 Mr. Horncastle knew that the earth is round, and 
 therefore he concluded that some parts of it must 
 be higher than the remainder. Clenching his fist, 
 and turning his fingers downward, he asked wliether, 
 supposing Mam Tor to be situated as its highest 
 knuckle, there was no fall from it east, west, north, 
 and south ? Whether the top of a round thing might 
 not be, and must not be, loftier than the bottom ? 
 Whether this water on which we swam could run so 
 fast towards a hi<2:her level ? And he concluded his 
 demonstration by adding that so much as this 
 amounted to might have been learnt from a pistol- 
 bullet. As I had no preference for an angry or a 
 hopeless companion, I hesitated awhile, then yielded, 
 and finally acquiesced. 
 
 On tlie fourteenth or fifteenth dav, our vovacre was 
 accelerated by a change in the region through wliich 
 we passed. We found the stream contracted to a 
 channel not more than six feet wide or hicrh, which 
 it had eaten out for itself through soft, white, soap-
 
 VEIN OF SILVER. 61 
 
 like and yet apparently metallic materials, not much 
 lighter than lead. Whether it were a new metal, 
 or, as I suspect, silver unhardened by compression 
 and exposure, I shall leave to the consideration of 
 metallurgists. But so steeply inclined was our de- 
 scent during eighty-five minutes, and, while confined 
 in this deep but narrow sluice, so easy and regular 
 were its curves, that our perpendicular progress can 
 hardly be estimated at less than four miles and a half. 
 No doubt the soft substance had been perforated, 
 while still softer, by the river — but how ? Let the 
 geologists, who can account for everything, deter- 
 mine this. If silver, it was a vein four miles thick. 
 At the bottom we found ourselves among other rocks 
 and rapids, and, on landing, my companion resumed, 
 still more authoritatively, his rights as a reasoner 
 and man of science. " This vein is silver," said he, 
 " or something better. If we get out soon it will 
 prove worth looking after." He began to think that 
 the adventure might, at last, become not less profit- 
 able than matrimony itself. He grew cheerful and 
 alert, assumed the elevation which belonged both to 
 his professional skill and his membership in a pros- 
 perous fraternity, laughed at an escape through the 
 Atlantic's bottom, and inquired whether at Smyrna 
 the air kept uppeniiost, or the water ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 By what name shall we call this river, Mr. Horn- 
 castle ? The first discoverers have always distin- 
 guished their mountains, headlands, capes, bays, 
 islands, rivers, as they thought best.
 
 62 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Then distinguish this ; for it was not my discovery. 
 But from what wouldst distinguish it ? We are not 
 likely to find any other river, nor anybody else to ask 
 its name of us. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 I now concur in your supposition that it may 
 issue in the Mediterranean ; and if so I would call 
 it the Arethusa. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Well then, do. But ^vhy the Arethusa? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Because a river of that name, which it has now 
 lost, did once run under ground, no one can tell how 
 far or which way at first, and, for all I know to the 
 contrary, it may still run. Like this, it was re- 
 markable for its purity and rapidity. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Dost say that it got to light again any where in 
 the Mediterranean ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 In two or three places, in Ithaca, in Sicily ; and 
 as these arc islands far away from each other, it must, 
 as I supposed, have run under the sea, perhaps by 
 the Peak.
 
 WHY SO CALLED. 63 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 There are two or three chances, then, tliat we 
 shall not be drowned at last. Let us hope that 
 this river may be the same. Howbeit, I would 
 fain see the vent while standing outside on the dry 
 ground. Once there, thou shalt call it what thou 
 wilt, for me. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Then I will call it '' the Fountain of Are- 
 
 THUSA." 
 
 Quae tibi causa viae, — cur sis, Arethusa, sacer fons ? 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Greatly do they err who suppose that suffering is 
 the cement of affection while it lasts. Our sym- 
 pathy for the sorrows of our friends is the most 
 tender when we have none of our own. It requires 
 ease and leisure. Pain exasperates, fear is selfish. 
 The remembrance of grief does, indeed, attract and 
 solder all who may have partaken in it, but seldom 
 till memory has grown calm. Mr. Horncastle's 
 triumphant superiority was not destined to last long. 
 If I were grieved at the decline of my friend's regard, 
 there was a still more perceptible diminution in the 
 weight of his hair-trunk, as well as in the number of 
 our candles, — and this grieved him. Not only were 
 my pie and batch cakes, my strong beer and flask of 
 sherry, but his ham, his loaves, his French brandy.
 
 64 THE FOUNTAIN OF AUETHUSA. 
 
 and two-thirds of his doublc-gloucester cheese irre- 
 vocable as departed friendship. It was with a 
 mournful smile, not destitute of kindness, that the 
 Barmaster asked me whether he should throw our last 
 empty bottles overboard, or whether I had any farther 
 use for them. 
 
 Men must be more than wise and good, according 
 to the ordinary measure of reason and virtue, before 
 they can estimate morality by truth simply, justice 
 abstractedly, or even religion irrespectively and un- 
 conditionally. Mr. Horncastle was wise and good ; 
 yet not one objection had been suggested by my 
 pistol practice to the partnership between us ; nor 
 did I suppose that he was acquainted with it. His 
 toleration had been far more liberal while above 
 ground. In this dungeon it was that he learnt to 
 challenge my veracity, triumph over my ignorance, 
 and smile disdainfully at my Christian principles ! 
 
 The approach of darkness alarmed us more than the 
 presence of famine. Whenever there was smooth 
 water and no apparent danger, we carried latterly 
 but one light. In the space of time equal with 
 two of those changes which are called days and 
 nights on the earth's surface, we should be without 
 food or candles. We might drink, though deprived 
 of any stronger beverage than the sparkling element 
 on which we floated ; but for the few crusts and 
 fragments that remained there could be no substi- 
 tutes. Let me here do justice to my conscientious 
 comi)anion, wliose scrupulous punctuality in provid- 
 ing an equivalent for our previous outlay has been 
 already recorded. In the division of what remained 
 to us, when there could be any diftorence, his
 
 THE ArATCH-PAPER. 65 
 
 allotment was always In my favour, and this, too, he 
 accomplished silently. Where praise or blame, 
 honour or dishonour, could never follow, he would 
 rather starve first than wrong one whom he no longer 
 valued. 
 
 There was scanty sustenance for two days only ; 
 and why should I recall the terrors and sufferings of 
 three! We were now almost stationary — our river 
 had ceased to run. The last candle, assisted by frag- 
 ments of my wicker basket, or slips of wood cut 
 from the boat's benches and the hair-trunk, imper- 
 fectly discovered stagnant water reflecting huge piers, 
 arches, recesses, and apparently interminable vistas 
 amono; the rocks. The River had become a Lake, in 
 which we lay becalmed. We glanced only for a 
 moment at each other's faces, and our prayers w^ere 
 silent. For a moment, only for a moment, hope 
 returned to us, when we experienced the new sen- 
 sation of cold. Were we approaching the light and 
 air ? Xo ! this change must have arisen from the eva- 
 poration of water now so widely diffused ; or else from 
 hunger, emptiness, exhaustion, chilled and almost 
 stagnant blood. We were starved in both ways. 
 
 There was no lono;er the same reason for ccono- 
 mising our apparel ; and therefore, throwing away the 
 minin52:-frocks which were wet and cold, we resumed 
 our clothes. Both were provided with little oil-skin 
 bags or pockets in which our watches might be secured 
 against such accidental immersions as had twenty 
 times occurred ; a precaution customary among miners. 
 
 Though often standing breast-high while we guided 
 our boat through difficult places, this security had 
 been sufficient. Mr. Horncastle now drew solemnly
 
 66 THE FOUNTAIN OF AEETHUSA. 
 
 forth his large silver Tomplon and Bangor, untwisted 
 the oilskin covering, and opened the case. He next 
 carefully and reverentially extracted what appeared 
 to be a watch-paper ; held it closer below the candle ; 
 and, as if scratching his chin, he furtively kissed it ; 
 then replacing it, he shut the case, twisted the enve- 
 lope, and returned it to his fob. How near do the 
 same feelino-s brino; to2:ether the extremities of human 
 opinion ! The good Barmaster would not have smiled, 
 but have scoffed, at a rosary or a relic. The watch- 
 paper, no doubt, had been Joanna's gift, elaborately 
 cut Avith her own scissors, and hallowed by some 
 tender verse, written with her own pen. My friend's 
 earthly thoughts were thus ended : he compressed his 
 hands more firmly upon his stomach, and resigned 
 himself to death. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The last crust had been consumed, how long I cannot 
 tell ; and we were looking at three inches of the last 
 candle. Our boat-hook could find no bottom to the 
 water, which was clear as ever. Some small motion 
 might be perceived still by measuring, as it were, the 
 huge pillars and buttresses of rock near which we 
 floated. It ceased awhile, then began again, and I 
 thought increased, but not progressively, or in any- 
 thing like a straight direction. AVe were faintly 
 carried first against one rock, and rlicn another.
 
 THOU FOOL ! 67 
 
 swimming idly in great curves. These were, by 
 decrees, narrowed to a smaller circle. As tlie circle 
 was contracted the speed w^as accelerated ; it assumed 
 more regularity ; it bectmie sufficient to awaken the 
 notice of my companion. We extended the remnant 
 of our light as far as we were able ; and thought that 
 we could perceive air bubbles circulating on the 
 surface — some in large orbs with great rapidity, 
 others revolving and collecting till they were lost 
 among froth, with yet greater. Lo, we are ourselves 
 caught and absorbed by the same vortex ! " This is a 
 whirlpool ! " said Bartholomew. " Farewell, then," I 
 replied ; and not by the Avater's contact, but by its 
 own decay, the light was extinguished. 
 
 As there remained scarcely five minutes for all my 
 thoughts, every moment seemed as if it could find 
 sufficient space to receive a new or revive an old one. 
 I saw my father in his church ^ — Doctor Ralph in his 
 study. The peaceful competence of my new abode 
 occurred to me, where there had been riches enough 
 for books, pictures, a bay-window, a hog-maned 
 galloway, and, if Charity had been some little more 
 alert, for the humbler wants of other people. What 
 had brought me hither? For what was it that I had 
 exchanged life or daylight ? O fool ! my uncle 
 Richard's love of money had been inherited by me, 
 rather than my poor father's patient diligence, or 
 Doctor Ralph's learned contentment ! O fool ! 
 during the last sixteen days, I might have taken un- 
 disputed possession of more gold, silver, and precious 
 stones, than are scattered over the whole world's sur- 
 face ! And now, like every other rich fool preparing 
 to make the same long stride between life and death.
 
 68 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETUUSA. 
 
 I ask what do they all profit me ? Our punt swnns 
 round and round with increased velocity and in dimi- 
 nished orbits. It seems to heave, to struggle, to 
 resist — it revolves on its own centre. Pitching for- 
 ward it throws us out, or sinks under us. There is 
 suffocation, and, at least, the beginning of death !
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 Idem ego, cum subii convexa foramina terrae^ 
 Supposuique ferox imis mea terga cavernis, 
 Solicito Manes.
 
 ACCOMPLISnED WISHES. 71 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 From among a hundred men Indiscriminately col- 
 lected, how many would feel more happy than at 
 present, if they could possess, not by their own 
 acquisition but as God's gift, all they had chiefly 
 wished ? If by some such sudden transfer as every 
 pious man prays for, we could become inheritors of 
 paradisiacal abundance, should we then rest better 
 content ? Of myself and companion I will say 
 nothing more here, than that the least wise and 
 by much the least virtuous or pious, was not the 
 least satisfied. Every religious man also prays that 
 he may experience such a change in heart and spirit 
 as will qualify him for the acquisition. But our 
 question supposes no such thing ; we must dispense 
 with the preparatory discipline ; we must go and take 
 it as we are. Should we long feel glad that our 
 ivory houses were ceiled with vermilion ? How 
 long, while eating and drinking at our discretion, 
 should we also be merry and joyful ? 
 
 Toil, which men would escape or abridge if they 
 were able, which they endure only because it may 
 terminate in repose, was the sentence upon those 
 offenders who had not yet begun to hope, to expect, 
 to apprehend, to provide against want, or to escape 
 from care. Toil is so far a blessins; to us as we now 
 are, that it secures us from a much greater curse 
 beiniT as we should be.
 
 72 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 We toil that we may gain ; and what do we un- 
 derstand by such gain as our toil produces ? Is it 
 only the possession of some tangible good ? Gain 
 comprehends, as its appurtenances, the virtues it 
 evokes ; for it is also a conquest obtained by dili- 
 gence, prudence, constancy, and enterprise : it is the 
 fulfilment of a wish, a victory over difficulties, a 
 triumph despite of pleasure which would distract, or 
 indolence which would discourage us. We are proud 
 of our acquisition ; for either great energy must have 
 secured it, or wise management, or at least com- 
 mendable and honourable self-denial. There has been 
 a race, and we have run well, — a battle, and .we 
 have fought valiantly. Meanwhile the exercise did 
 us good, quickening the pulse, promoting the di- 
 gestion, exhilarating the spirits, and satisfying the 
 conscience. 
 
 But then its excess ruins or disorders them all four. 
 We must not run or fight till our hearts ache, and 
 our heads are broken. It is a duty to labour, which, 
 like every other duty well fulfilled, becomes a happi- 
 ness. So I may eat, drink, and sleep for my re- 
 freshment ; but not as a glutton, a drunkard, or a 
 dormouse. 
 
 Well, then. Providence having reconciled our 
 duties and our temperaments, no other question 
 remains, than how uuich should we toil — to what 
 extent should we engage ourselves ? If this question 
 is the single one, it proves more jxn'plexing tlian 
 the Sphynx's riddle. We can all evade it or smother 
 it, but who shall answer it? The Itoir much must 
 be left to every man's conscience and discretion, 
 which will differ from every other man's, because
 
 ANOTHER WORLD. 73 
 
 his circumstances will also differ. But instead of 
 attempting a reply, let us suggest a consideration. 
 Just in proportion as we go beyond that wise ordi- 
 nance which proposes and rewards toil, as we ven- 
 ture on excess, as we run too eagerly, and fight or 
 wrestle too pertinaciously, do we become less qualified, 
 not by desert only, but disposition also, for the 
 paradisaical abundance which every pious man hopes 
 and asks. We estrange our tastes and habits from 
 the things we pray for, we render our characters 
 unsuitable to the future service, and our hearts 
 incapable of the promised reward. With our time 
 and affections thus preoccupied, that sabbatical rest, 
 in the regions and amidst the superfluities we 
 suppose, would be worse than solitary confinement in 
 Mr. Secretary Sir James Graham's new Penitentiary, 
 for at what time might we hope to get out ? 
 
 O, but we should have been changed, we should 
 have been renewed and purified in heart and spirit. 
 Meanwhile is it prudent to render the change as 
 great and difficult as we can — to engage all our 
 thoughts, habits, and affections against it as actively 
 as we can — to render our hearts as hard, and our 
 spirits as selfish ? Might we not more wisely have 
 made some preparations in advance for a new journey 
 by the right road ? Is it quite certain that we shall 
 be faced about against our will, and pushed forward 
 notwithstanding our repugnance ? I and my partner 
 have accomplished a pilgrimage so hastily that the 
 scallop shells were forgotten, and the palmer's staves 
 left behind us. We are now in another world ! It 
 will be seen hereafter whether our tastes and habits 
 are suitable to this new residence, or, if otherwise, 
 
 VOL. I. E
 
 74 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 what may have rendered us so restless in it. Hasty 
 as was our departure, and expeditious the transition, 
 millions after millions have commenced a still longer 
 passage not less unexpectedly, and performed it in 
 half the time. 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 Even where there are no wlilrlpools in the water, 
 the heaviest things must travel the fastest : and my 
 companion, as much the most substantial, took pre- 
 cedence. Notwithstanding the velocity with which 
 we descended through this narrow fontanel of per- 
 forated rock, round and round twenty fathoms deep, 
 I had once some feeble consciousness that light was 
 before me. There were also the sensations of a 
 momentary obstruction and explosion. Diving had 
 been among the accomplishments of my youth. I 
 knoAV not how far it may have profited me on this 
 occasion. Life, at the crisis of its extinction, was 
 rekindled by fresh air. Propelled far beyond the 
 vent through which I had issued, my feet could 
 reach the ground, but not rest upon it. Some 
 large aquatic plants sustained my arms, and chest, 
 and head. A few convulsive expectorations relieved 
 the lungs ; yet several minutes must have elapsed 
 before I could endure the licjht and look around me. 
 
 Alas, it is Mr. Horncastle's hat only which sticks 
 against those huge bell-shaped, purplc-tintod water-
 
 THE ARGONAUTIC FLEECE. 75 
 
 lilies ! Where is he ? A few yards below me down 
 stream, rather on the river's side than in its channel, I 
 beheld some dark brown thing which, at first, appeared 
 to be my friend's hair-trunk floating there, with one end 
 upwards. It was Bartholomew himself in that position. 
 The rapidity of the stream, or rather the velocity of 
 the fountain, had allowed him no time to sink in it, 
 and its shallowness no space. I know not by what 
 other impulses than hope and affection, such strength 
 was supplied to me, but in one moment my arms 
 embraced the senseless Barmaster, and in the next 
 he was upon the bank. While with its face down- 
 wards I still retained the motionless body across my 
 knees, it resembled the pendant flaccidity of a golden 
 fleece, always represented by our allegorical invitations 
 to hospitality as if the ram were in it. This posture, 
 however dangerous, facilitated the discharge of more 
 water than could have been contained in any beside 
 a vessel previously empty — and it saved my friend's 
 life ! Infinite was my happiness when he first opened 
 his dove-like eyes, as I deposited him in a reversed 
 position upon the softest herbage, and hastened to 
 secure his hat. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The pool or basin from which my friend's property 
 had been recovered was so exceedingly beautiful, that 
 neither the occasion's haste nor my own exhaustion 
 could render me insensible to it. So clear was the 
 
 £ 2
 
 76 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 sparkling element that, where there was no motion, 
 there appeared to be no water. Its purple-tinted 
 pavement of rock was unstained by slime or sedi- 
 ment. In some places, the little hills which guarded 
 or concealed it were clothed with moss green, yel- 
 low, russet, crimson — more soft than Cleopatra's 
 bridal-mantle, strewn with flowers more brilliant than 
 her coronet's jewels, and overhung with blossoms 
 more fragrant than her virgin sighs, or delicate than 
 her infant blushes. The pool's centre was violently 
 agitated. I have never seen elsewhere so much water 
 thrown up from a single jet. Deep as it was in 
 that central part, a column issued with sufficient force, 
 not only to agitate, but to raise the surface. Our 
 entire river must have escaped through tkis narrow 
 passage : and by such violent propulsion our lives 
 were saved ! The Barmaster who preceded me, and 
 who was of greater bulk, had sealed, or plugged up, 
 this energetic fountain during, perhaps, eight or ten 
 seconds : we were then exploded with augmented 
 velocity, like two pellets from a child's elder-gun, 
 by the weight behind us. 
 
 No doubt but that its momentum had driven him 
 into the shallow channel, through which our basin 
 discharges its superflux, and me among the water- 
 plants. Some small fragments of our old servants, 
 the boat and the hair-trunk, swam past me towards 
 the same outlet. Less compressible than their pro- 
 prietors, both were shattered into fifty pieces as the 
 punishment of ineffectual resistance. It was well 
 that, being lighter than ourselves in proportion to 
 their capacity, they had sunk slower — otherwise 
 they would have obstructed the funnel till, burst
 
 ITS WATERS DESCRIBED. 77 
 
 and shattered by so great a pressure, all four bodies 
 must have fared alike. 
 
 The water was too transparent for strong reflec- 
 tions, but I had never seen colours so bright, nor 
 forms so elegant, nor lights and shadows so tender 
 and pellucid, as those which were suspended over it. 
 Above and below, in the air and the water, they 
 trembled as the stars appear to do ; but, excepting 
 such stationary vibration, they remained as motion- 
 less. While turning round, I laid hold, rather by 
 accident than design, on the branch of a tree which 
 might assist me in my ascent from that fountain's 
 margin ; and received on my bare head ripe fruit, 
 rounder and larger, but fortunately not harder, nor 
 much heavier, than the largest fig. They were as 
 rich, as substantial, and as juicy, yet less luscious. 
 On no other occasion would I have desecrated Bar- 
 tholomew's beaver ; but now, for his own sake, I was 
 constrained to use it as a dish, and to present in it 
 an offering so opportune. He was far enough reco- 
 vered to receive both gifts with much silent com- 
 placency, although they were immediately separated 
 by him and laid apart. The exhalations from my 
 poor friend's broad cloth enveloped him in thick haze 
 like that of a new made melon-bed. His face was 
 seen through it as the moon's before rainy weather 
 surrounded by its halo. Great as was the evapora- 
 tion, we felt no fear of agues or catarrhs in so warm 
 an atmosphere. 
 
 Fruit is not the first thing wished for by an ex- 
 cited appetite carnivorously nursed — yet was this 
 fruit so fleshy, juicy, nutritious, and apparently 
 wholesome, that it provoked desire, while it appeased 
 
 E 3
 
 78 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKEXnUSA. 
 
 hiin«:er. We had eaten nothin<Tj in the last six and 
 thirty hours. I was pleased to see that my com- 
 panion, either through caution or lassitude, ate de- 
 liberately now, notwithstanding his long fast. He 
 seemed too drowsy from exhaustion for much de- 
 spatch. Our silent repast was not yet half finished, 
 when some broad, yellow, fan-shaped, succulent-look- 
 ing leaves that had fallen from the huge tree under 
 which we lay, attracted my attention. They resem- 
 bled in their leathery texture those of water plants 
 with extremely tenacious stalks. In shape, they 
 were more like some kinds of fern, being as ele- 
 gantly defined and almost as deeply serrated. The 
 weight surprised me ; but, on examining their under 
 side, I found that every fibre or ramification was 
 studded with round balls regularly strung together, 
 and decreasing in size from the common stem to their 
 respective extremities. In proportion with the ar- 
 tery to which they were attached, were they larger 
 or smaller — varying from a cherry to a pea. On 
 this single leaf there must have been many hundreds 
 standing as closely to each other, and as orderly, as 
 pearls in a lady's necklace. The colour and flavour 
 also varied with their size : toward the stalk they 
 were of a transparent brown — then straw colour — 
 and, when smallest, milk white faintly tinged with 
 pink. In taste and consistency they had some re- 
 semblance to a filbert; but were more oily, juicy, 
 aromatic, and, beyond all comparison, more delicious. 
 This one leaf would have been sufficient for mvself 
 and my companion, even if we had begun our repast 
 with nothing else. On the ground, there were many 
 hundreds of such — over head, countless thousands.
 
 EARLY RISING AT NOON. 79 
 
 I have seen orange and lemon trees in the Mediter- 
 ranean burdened and broken by then' fertility ; but 
 the ten largest of either kind would have grown 
 under the branches beneath which we sat. Barked 
 like a chestnut, it spread horizontally like a cedar : 
 evidently perennial, it retained its leaves till, through 
 the ripeness of their fruit, they had become too 
 heavy for the stalk. Surely there never was so grate- 
 ful a combination of flavours ! We had bread, meat, 
 fruit, the sweetest oils, and the most aromatic spices 
 in a single substance. Its effects were, at first, ex- 
 hilarating — afterwards, I think, narcotic. There 
 needed, indeed, no farther persuasion to sleep than 
 our fatigues; but we were overshadowed suddenly, 
 and almost at the same moment — our lips yet oc- 
 cupied by the flavour, and scarcely desisting from the 
 praises, of this new delicacy. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Every member of my friend's society is so far a gen- 
 tleman that he abhors a dirty shirt. It was Bartho- 
 lomew's first thought on waking ; at least it was his 
 first argument for early rising, on making me awake. 
 Early rising at noon ! Whether we had slept eight 
 and forty hours, or four and twenty, this only is 
 certain, that the sun stood precisely in the same place, 
 which was immediately overhead. Our watches had 
 been again neglected. Notwithstanding some stiff- 
 
 E 4
 
 80 THE FOUNTAIX OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 ness from the buffets and bruises of yesterday, we 
 wanted nothing for enjoyment besides cleaner linen. 
 The air was light, and warm, and deliciously fra- 
 grant ; the sun's rays could not reach us through 
 such a covering ; and our hospitable tree had well 
 sheltered us from some heavy rain also, which, every 
 where beyond its branches, still dripped audibly upon 
 the moss. This was the only sound. 
 
 One might have supposed that men who had lived 
 under ground so long with no better light than from 
 two candles, would have hailed the sun on their first 
 reappearance before it almost idolatrously. Our 
 tedious banishment from its rays may have been the 
 best reason why we did not. Neither of us had 
 once looked up, because our eyes, still weak, were 
 instinctively afraid to encounter its mid- day bright- 
 ness; and perhaps, as is usual, because we thought 
 much less of our benefactor's honour than of our own 
 ease. It was Mr. Horncastle who reminded me of 
 this ingratitude. I was collecting fruit, at some dis- 
 tance, for the use of both, while he, for the credit 
 of both, was washing our under-apparel. He ex- 
 claimed, " What ails the sun there, Antony ? It 
 looks ten times larger than with us in Derbyshire : 
 not, as there, like a red-hot shilling, but of many 
 more colours than the brii^htest rainbow." 
 
 Whether these vivid tints were in the luminary 
 itself, or in the atmosphere through which its rays 
 descended to us, they appeared, indeed, fairer than 
 his description, and accounted for the beauty and 
 variety every where around us. The iiowers had 
 many hues, beside their own, which I had not seen 
 even in precious stones : the leaves were more de-
 
 SUNSHINE. 81 
 
 licately shaped and variously coloured than flowers 
 are elsewhere : the mossy herbage assumed tints as 
 rich and as capricious as those on a peacock's neck : 
 the water was suffused with lights, crimson, purple, 
 green, violet, blending and changing like mother-of- 
 pearl. My scrupulous friend might have estimated 
 the sun's disk truly by still greater dimensions. It 
 shone rayless, and did, indeed, appear as if tempered 
 and magnified by the interposition of a rainbow. 
 That painful glare which renders the most glorious 
 of all visible objects unendurable, and, excepting at 
 morn and eve, invisible — " dark throuofh excess of 
 light," — was either veiled or absent. Our eyes, 
 weakened as they had been, might gaze undazzled. 
 
 Mine did, till they were recalled to earth by Mr. 
 Horncastle's industry in a new occupation. Even 
 that assumed some dignity from the stateliness of 
 the operator, as well as much grace and delicacy from 
 an atmosphere so luminous. Our linen, spread to 
 dry in this tinted sunshine, partook of the lustre ; and 
 looked like garments which Minerva herself had 
 dyed, as well as woven, for the marriage of Tele- 
 machus. I found my friend, otherwise dressed than 
 his shirt and hosen, fresh as Ganymede, active as 
 Mercury, bearded like Mars, but still complaining 
 that every limb was sore. I had collected fruit 
 enough for a fortnight's consumption or a second 
 voyage, and had added to those of yesterday many 
 other kinds. Among the rest, there were long, plum- 
 shaped, bladder-like vessels, large as the largest 
 orange, with transparent skins of surprising tough- 
 ness, each hanging separately from its own spray, 
 and containing nothing else than the purest juice. 
 
 £ 5
 
 82 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 From the same tree you might gather twenty kinds 
 of wine, as both the colour and the flavour varied 
 with the fruit's ripeness — unfcrmcnted wine, but 
 either richer or lighter as you pleased. And we soon 
 discovered that there were more than twenty kinds 
 of trees, all otherwise differing, which matured and 
 distilled their produce into these vegetable bottles 
 hanging thicker than apples in our autumnal orchards. 
 Unlike apples, they never fall — there is no pulp or 
 other substance, however fine — the same sun, which 
 slowly ripens, still more slowly exhales, or evaporates, 
 the viscous juices, and at last shrivels up the crimson 
 skins. Our only trouble was to break off the stalk, 
 and while pressing the fragrant vessel, apply it to 
 our lips. Whether my companion found in this de- 
 licious liquor some quality which produced the hap- 
 pier and more innocent effects of wine alone, I can- 
 not say : never had I seen him, at once, so jocular 
 and so dignified. It was an admirable compromise 
 between two repugnant powers, which no longer 
 neutralised each other; but met and sustained his 
 authority like confronting buttresses -with a tower 
 between them. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 " What, art pondering, Antony : and what grieves 
 thee?" asked the complacent Barmaster as I sat 
 down beside liim. " If we had issued from under-
 
 OPTICAL THEORY. 83 
 
 ground at the Atlantic's bottom fifty or sixty miles 
 deep, thou wouldst have found greater trouble in 
 carrying me ashore. There would have been more 
 fish, but less fruit. Instead of eating thus, per- 
 adventure we might have been eaten. It is good 
 to be contented where we are. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 And where is that ? 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 In a fertile and a pleasant place. It may be either 
 the East Indies or the West, — where we shall obtain 
 friends, credit, and, I hope, shipping for our return. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Thine is a comprehensive guess, Mr. Horncastle : 
 between its extremities there is almost half the world. 
 But why dost think so — preferring them to the 
 Levant ? 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Because they both abound in sweet fruits, in great 
 trees, in pleasant weather. Because the sun there is 
 found to be more directly overhead than with us at 
 home, in as much as they lie a great deal nearer to it. 
 Look up ! Dost not yet know, Antony, that when 
 we stand six or seven times closer to a thing, it must 
 needs seem six or seven times larger ? 
 
 E 6
 
 84 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 LUGAVARDINE. 
 
 If we are so much nearer to the sun, we must be 
 so much higher ? 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 To be sure we must. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Then how happens it that, since we left Derbyshire 
 sixteen or seventeen days ago, the river's water has 
 ever run upwards at such a rate ? Thou art reported 
 to be pre-eminently skilled in hydrostatics, Mr. Horn- 
 castle, and I would now remind thee of thine own 
 theory ten times explained as we came along." 
 
 Most theories have their difficulties, and my 
 friend's was embarrassed, not my friend. I may 
 have witnessed in him some doubt, some consciousness 
 perhaps of error, — but I never heard its retraction or 
 confession. When he had no better answer to give, 
 he asked a question. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 If the water ran down as much as five miles per- 
 pcndicularlj'^, in one day and night, or progressively 
 a hundred miles, reckoning by thy Turkish arith- 
 metic, how many miles has it run in sixteen days 
 and nights? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Our speed varied too greatly for any better calcu- 
 lation than a guess : but we are seventy or eighty
 
 THE ENGLISH FOR HADES. 85 
 
 miles nearer to the earth's centre now than we were 
 on this day fortnight. Hearken to me, Mr. Horn- 
 castle ! That sun never saw the Peak ! Those fruits 
 never grew upon the Earth's surface ! Bartholomew, 
 we are in Hell ! 
 
 This intimation, solemnly communicated, had a. 
 mischievous effect, not only on my friend's appetite 
 and dogmatism, but on his temper. He was enraged. 
 He looked stern, and almost terrible. The word 
 sounded profanely in his ears, and insultingly to his 
 understanding. Yet was there such sorrow visible 
 in my countenance as first mitigated, and then pleased, 
 him. It re-established his sviperiority. " Well, 
 Antony," said he, " supposing this the foulest part of 
 that ill place just mentioned by thee, it is no very 
 great matter whether we are there or not. Perad- 
 venture this may be a saving of the same journey at 
 some future time. Thou didst seem likely enough to 
 have gone farther and fared worse. For my part, I 
 still prefer it to the bottom of the Atlantic." And 
 then, mingling with his scorn and his composure some 
 becoming severity, he added, " Thou art beside 
 thyself, Antony Lugwardine ! I know not whether it 
 be through too much learning, or too little honesty, 
 but thou art mad I " 
 
 Perhaps there was still some misgiving, some recoil 
 of courage. Perhaps he was sorry that he had said, 
 " it is good to be contented where we are." Slowly 
 placing the fruit of which he had eaten upon the 
 ground, then turning both face and body directly 
 opposite to my own, he gazed steadfastly without a 
 word. If he did not repent, I did. Why disturb
 
 86 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 any good man's tranquillity or displace his self- 
 satisfaction with a premature tiTith ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Mr. Horncastle speaks but one language, and that 
 lano-uase has often but one word for two or three 
 meanings. It is not English, or I should have said 
 Hades instead of Hell. These bounties testify that 
 we are descended into no place of torment, at least 
 to him and me. Nor are we in a place of darkness 
 without hope. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 I hope that we have got out of one, and shall keep 
 out. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Nevertheless it is my supposition that we are where 
 no other human creature, till death conducted and 
 detained him there, has ever been — where no living 
 animal, rational or irrational, was ever known till now. 
 Bartholomew, hast seen even a reptile or an insect 
 since our sojourn here ? Hast seen a fish swimming 
 in the water, a bird flying in the firmament, a beast, 
 savage or domestic, walking upon the herbage? Hast 
 seen any thing that has life ? Hast heard a sheep 
 bleat, an ox low, a dog bark ? Has the lark cheered 
 thee, or the gnat stung thee ? Find me a butterfly 
 sporting among these flowers, a worm hidden beneath 
 this moss, a bee or a beetle brushing or expanding 
 his wings preparatory to flight, and I will promise
 
 ASTRONOMY WITHOUT ITS STARS. 87 
 
 thee a hundred pounds. Here is vegetable life more 
 prolific and beautiful than our own, yet altogether 
 different from it. Find me a daisy, a primrose, or 
 even one blade of grass. Neither are these here ; nor 
 is the spirit breathed through the nostrils of any 
 other sentient creature beside ourselves. In more than 
 fifteen hours, the shadows and the sunshine around 
 us have not varied so much as a hand's breadth." 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The earliest part of my discourse had made a very 
 perceptible impression on Mr. Horncastle. His 
 countenance grew less stern at every syllable. But 
 reasoners continually miss their object by shooting 
 rather beyond it than beside it, and arguing too much. 
 They overload their artillery till it bursts. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 And this which thou hast said of sun and shade is 
 not found to be the case in either of the Indies, is it? 
 Why so ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE, 
 
 Because, like us in England, they have day and 
 night, morning and evening, as, by the earth's revolu- 
 tions, they are turned towards the sun's light or else 
 from it.
 
 88 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 So much wc have learnt in Derbyshire, without 
 fToinir to the Levant. But is it the outside of the 
 earth only which turns round, and not the in ? Try 
 to accomplish this sort of motion with an apple or an 
 orange. Try with the next empty bottle before thy 
 pistol-bullet hath broken it. Antony, it is just the 
 contrary with thy pate, for truly the inside is turned 
 and not the out." 
 
 Mr. Horncastle would have gone almost as far as 
 to the ill place which I had so abruptly mentioned, 
 for such an opportunity against me. He smiled, 
 shook his head, returned to his repast, and for some 
 time would hear no more. Bartholomew found little 
 difficulty in accounting to himself for most of the 
 novelties which he beheld. In a new climate, he 
 might well look for fruits, flowers, mosses, and other 
 vegetables which were also new. Of these, he had 
 both read and heard. If he rather too literally con- 
 strued such poetical expressions, as "nearer to the 
 sun, and farther from the sun," still, allowing the 
 premises, he reasoned on just optical principles 
 about the very superior magnitude of that central 
 luminary. His error was not in the argument, but 
 the fact; and this he disbelieved. That silence around 
 us which nothing else disturbed beside the occasional 
 cracking of a seed-pod or the falling of some over-ripe 
 fruit — as well as the absence of all animal life even to 
 the smallest insect, rather pleased than surprised him. 
 He loved tranquillity, and had no taste for butterflies. 
 
 Two other difficulties were less explicable by the 
 novelty of a strange country ; first, his ascent in run-
 
 HOENCASTLES COSMOS. 89 
 
 ning water, and next, the no longer disputed immu- 
 tability of sun and shade. But then the use of science 
 is to overcome difficulties. My friend, if not an 
 astronomer, had much skill in mechanics. " Hast 
 ever considered the action of a coach wheel, Antony ? " 
 said he, after much meditation. " Its swiftness will 
 carry the gutter's water upwards and all round. 
 Suppose a coach wheel to represent, not the earth 
 but a section of the earth : as the wheel rises, so 
 will the water rise." 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 If we got, we could continue, very little nearer to 
 the sun by travelling in that manner. But, prithee, 
 lend me this coach wheel of thine for a few moments 
 and another purpose. Keeping the proportionable 
 size between our bodies and the earth; we must 
 suppose ourselves smaller than a mite's eye — smaller 
 than an atom's fragment, and to have crept inside this 
 wheel. Our feet walk upon the concave of its circle. 
 Looking up, we see another circle, or a smaller globe. 
 This is the wheel's heart, and it represents that 
 gorgeous sun. Whether the wheel turn round or 
 stand still, the same central object must continue di- 
 rect above our heads. Its position, with respect to us, 
 can never vary. Or now, dismissing the coach wheel, 
 take another similitude. A large light is hanging in 
 the middle of a lantern proportionably large. The 
 light is that sun — the lantern is this earth contain- 
 ing it. Either or both may turn round, but there 
 can be no darkness inside — no contraction or exten- 
 sion of shadows : there can be neither morninff nor 
 
 , v^K.i.y^ y^t^J-x ^y^ xiv^^mv.,. »x.vyx x^^^.j^ 
 
 evenmsr.
 
 90 THE FOUNT^VIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 MR. IIORNCASTLE. 
 
 Who told thee that the earth is hollow? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 I shall tell other people that it is. I shall cool the 
 professor's incandescent mass. I shall show that the 
 cortex of our habitable world may be justly likened 
 to an otherwise empty egg-shell with one glowworm 
 in its centre; and that it is, on an average, about 
 eighty or ninety miles thick. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Kather compare it to thine own pate, Antony, 
 which is thick enough, and has a maggot in the 
 middle of it. They who hear thee will ask in what 
 manner is that smaller orb, which we call the sun, 
 kept apart at its proper distance from this larger 
 circle, which we call the earth. They will say that 
 thou hast forgotten the spokes. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Mr. IIorncastle triumphed at the recovery of his 
 coach-wheel : but as soon as the cachinnation had 
 abated, I reminded him of Sir Isaac Newton and of 
 gravitation. Unfortunately, I related that pretty
 
 SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S PEAR. 91 
 
 tale — its supposed suggestion by a falling pear. Mr. 
 Horncastle, who treated the philosopher with much 
 patronising familiarity as an old acquaintance, calling 
 him Isaac, sometimes without his patronymic, and 
 always without his title — admired, as he said, at my 
 new similitude between a pear falling, because there 
 was nothing either to suspend it or support it, and 
 a sun or a world not falling for precisely the same 
 reason. 
 
 Still I hoped that he might secretly reverence 
 ancient science recommended by my learning. Old 
 names go half the distance toward conviction, when 
 our ignorance welcomes them and conducts them the 
 other half. I thus resumed — " Dost ask who told 
 me that the earth is hollow ? Homer told me so. 
 Virgil said the same thing, as he almost always did. 
 Dante is doubtful as an authority. Milton is ad- 
 verse. But where else did the Grecian and the Ro- 
 man sages place their Elysian Fields — their Hades — 
 their Hell — their receptacle for departed spirits ? Where 
 has the vulgar opinion of mankind always placed them? 
 Read what Ambrose says on the word infernum. It 
 is true that St. Cyprian, St. Basil, and St. Atha- 
 nasius thought differently. So, indeed, did St. Je- 
 rome, St. Augustine, and St. Gregory ; but all these 
 wrote of Christian spirits. If thou art curious and 
 would st learn more, let me refer thee to Pseudo 
 Victorin, and especially to Colomesius, where he 
 cites Theodoret. Neither Anaximander, who sup- 
 posed the earth to be cylindrical, nor Leucippus, 
 who represented it, more probably, by the figure of a 
 kettle or a kettle-drum, was much opposed to my 
 present theory, since these figures are both hollow.
 
 92 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 But the tambourine of Aristodemus, with its parch- 
 ment side downwards, as the deep surface on which 
 men live, and its broad circuhir rim upwards sup- 
 porting the firmament, as well as confining and re- 
 taining the ocean, is now disproved. 
 
 " Various astronomical calculations, most unques- 
 tionably correct, all show that the earth is spherical, 
 or as nearly so as is an orange. We also prove that 
 the circumference of this globe is 24,800 English miles, 
 and consequently its diameter is, in even numbers, 
 8,250. Allowing no more than about ninety miles 
 as the average thickness of its crust, the inner dia- 
 meter will measure 8,130. Thus we may now stand 
 3,700 miles from the beautiful luminary above our 
 heads, supposing it to hang by equal attraction in 
 the centre, and its dimensions to reach 800 miles, 
 calculated, I say, diametrically. A lamp which mea- 
 sures 2,400 miles in circumference, though a mere 
 spark as compared with the other sun outside, is a 
 noble lamp after all, 
 
 " There have been many opinions on this internal 
 part where we now are. Vie hear of heat, sixteen 
 million times ofreatcr than that in a Mass-house fur- 
 nace — of incandescent heat, just sixteen million times 
 greater than molten glass ; for men of science love 
 to be precise. Some have supposed the earth to be 
 a solid magnetic mass — others, a si)here of fire coated 
 with rock — a collection of water — a dark void — a 
 hollow and healthy habitation filled with rational 
 creatures. This last, in part, is also my opinion. 
 But I find no animal life which we did not brinsf 
 with us, and therefore incline to a yet older conjec- 
 ture, — that it may be the receptacle of departed
 
 A NEW COUNTRY EXPLORED. 93 
 
 spirits. As for this suiij it will remain for ever in its 
 present central position, if the attractive influence 
 around it be, as it must be, on all sides equal." 
 
 Learning, though it be more excellent than house 
 or land, was less esteemed by Mr. Horncastle. By 
 this display, I had so utterly ruined my credit with 
 him, that never again was it re-established on any safe 
 foundation ! He Avould not condescend either to 
 laugh or be angry. But, imitating my own solemnity 
 of utterance, he replied. " Thou art twice as power- 
 ful a philosopher as Anaximander, and a match for 
 the other two. Against a drum, a cylinder, and a 
 tambourine, thou hast an egg-shell still, and thou hast 
 had a pistol-bullet with an empty bottle. If we find 
 time to spare, thou shalt hatch thine eg'g down 
 here. Better leave the pistol and the bottle till we 
 get home again. But now, as it is dry, prithee put 
 on thy shirt." 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Our little valley was not so narrow, or so closely 
 overshadowed by trees, that we could see no more 
 of it than the stream which watered, and the banks 
 which shut it in. There were, on all sides, glades 
 and recesses, mossy knolls and rocky eminences. 
 Proposing to look about us, we walked up hill 
 through no difficult obstructions, for the tufts and 
 thickets, however numerous, were seldom large ; and
 
 94 THE FOUNTAIN OF AEETHUSA. 
 
 everywhere else, the trees were either clustered 
 together in masses without underwood, or dispersed 
 in open groves. Still it was impossible to see far, 
 for there were loftier elevations yet before us, larger 
 or closer trees in every direction. These last were, 
 indeed, often of surprising dimensions, and still more 
 surprising fertility, but not one kind known before, 
 or one branch without fruit. Greatly as the foliage 
 differed in shape, luxuriance, and variety from any 
 which we had seen elsewhere, its colours the most 
 engaged, and the longest delighted, us. The richest 
 of our autumnal hues bear not only no comparison, 
 but no resemblance to such translucent j^urples, 
 crimsons, yellows, greens. Turning whichever way 
 the ascent seemed most easy, our journey proved a 
 continual feast, almost too ample and luxurious for 
 ease and temperance. But how could we reject 
 varieties which solicited our curiosity as well as our 
 lips and nostrils. Every other unoccujiicd spot was 
 covered with what we must call moss, short, thick, 
 soft, and fragrant ; or with flowers more numerous 
 than our primroses, where they grow most abundantly 
 in unpastured crofts, or harebells in untrodden cop- 
 pices. So various and beautiful was this vegetable 
 tapestry, that hardly use or necessity could reconcile 
 us to its desecration by our feet. As the shade 
 and sunshine always occupy their respective limits, 
 every species flourishes in the situation to which 
 nature had best adapted it. 
 
 Still there was the same silence. O for a parrot's 
 scream, or a monkey's gibber ! I should have been 
 pleased if I could have seen a wasp, a toad, a snake, 
 or even a musquito. Distrusting the paradise in
 
 WONDER NOT THAT RICHES GROW IN HELL. 95 
 
 which we were, I sometimes looked around me with 
 the shuddering expectation that I might see di'eadful 
 forms, preternatural shadows, neither death nor his 
 victims, but another, and a yet more unintelligible, 
 vision of resuscitated life ! 
 
 After an ascent of two or three hours indolently 
 prosecuted, we rose above this profuse and gigantic 
 fertility, walking unencumbered by fallen leaves, 
 though still upon flowers. The soil was shallower, 
 not more naked ; the trees were smaller, not less 
 fruitful. Behold, at last, rising immediately above 
 us, a chain of hills divided into rocky points. Here, 
 indeed, the ascent was laborious, but we observed 
 intervals between these spires and pinnacles, far 
 short of their extreme altitude, and a boundless 
 prospect must be our reward. We pushed on, there- 
 fore, invigorated by lighter and cooler air, which 
 now, for the first time, seemed slightly agitated. 
 Passing between two rocks so slender and uniform 
 that they might have served for obelisks, we looked 
 down the other side. Some brief exclamations of 
 astonishment were soon silenced by our more thoughtful 
 admiration. A whole region lay before us of temples, 
 palaces, and — as they appeared — monumental 
 structures, equal to the pyramids in magnitude, and 
 far superior in stateliness ! 
 
 " Now I can tell thee, Antony, in what country 
 we are," said Mr. Horncastle, " provided that thou 
 canst begin by declaring what nation hath the noblest 
 city on the fairest site. I have seen Sheffield, New- 
 castle, and Wolverhampton — thou hast been at 
 London, and, according to thine own report, at Con- 
 stantinople. But this town surely must be larger
 
 96 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 than Nineveh, richer than P»abylon, more stately and 
 more populous than all seven put together. I 
 no longer repent mc of my journey." He spake less 
 than the truth ! The entire descent on this side of 
 the mountains was one gorgeous and as far as the 
 eyes could reach, interminable city, without a single 
 edifice unsuited to its grandeur. Never till now did 
 I suppose that any other structure would be seen by 
 me more graceful, and impressive, and majestic, than 
 the Parthenon. All these greatly surpassed in ele- 
 gance, as well as size, the fairest and the grandest 
 elsewhere. They stood detached from each other, 
 with groves between them. Althousfh their chief 
 fronts must have looked the other way, every side 
 seemed perfect both in symmetry and decoration. 
 We could see endless vistas of stately columns, and, 
 on the nearer cornices and pediments, scul2:)ture 
 which seemed to move. The high terraces, inter- 
 posing between one range and another, were planted 
 as gardens, and were filled with fountains, vases, 
 statues, and noble flights of steps. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 " What dost think now of this naughty place, 
 whether Iladcs, or something else ? " said my com- 
 panion. " Do folk there build great houses and plant 
 pleasant gardens ? Do they walk about by millions, 
 as thou maycst see these people do, among groves
 
 TERR AHUM DEA GENTIUMQUE. 97 
 
 and i^Illars, up steps and down, thick in some places 
 as pismires, and, compared with the buildings above 
 them, not much bigger ? Thy shell has got some 
 chickens in it, Antony." — Under porticos, among 
 theatres and amphitheatres, in gardens destitute 
 of limits to mark property or fences for its protec- 
 tion, there were indeed such swarms. The only 
 means of communication were like those in royal 
 palaces connecting their courts. All was free : we 
 could discover nothing designed to appropriate or 
 exclude. 
 
 I most admired the skill which found opportunities 
 for beauty and splendour in things hidden or despised 
 by us. Roofs, that in our domestic architecture are 
 almost always so unsightly, were here not only 
 ornamental but superb. Even the least conspicuous 
 edifices were either covered by domes sparkling 
 in the sunshine, and the domes covered by vitrified 
 substances reflecting that many-coloured light, or else, 
 where other forms had been preferred, bright metallic 
 plates were disposed as scales, and feathers, and the 
 foliage of such plants as might, from their magnitude, 
 be represented best. A still greater number of 
 buildings were quite flat, excepting that delicate 
 balustrades surmounted their parapets, and were 
 themselves crowned by vases, statues, or allegorical 
 representations suitable to the place. So rich in 
 colour were the inlaid slabs of these level terraces, 
 so gaily and brightly tessellated, that we might have 
 mistaken the marbles for Oriental tapestry, if their 
 smoothness and polish had been less lustrous than it 
 was. 
 
 At the city's feet there was a rapid and compara- 
 
 VOL. I. F
 
 98 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 tively narrow river, not much wider perhaps than 
 the Thames at Greenwich, and so curved that neither 
 end, if unobstructed, could have been seen by us. 
 Gilded barges, beaked galleys, vessels with two and 
 even three banks of oars, swarmed along both shores, 
 as well as in the mid-stream. That opposite shore 
 rose sometimes gradually, at other times abruptly, 
 from the w^ater's edge ; as if to display every variety 
 of form, and colour, and position in which a Nature 
 far more liberal than our own could best assemble 
 her rocks and waters, her barrenness and her fertility 
 — barren rocks, because too steep for vegetation ; 
 iminhabited waters, because the breath of life had 
 never blown upon them; fertility without stint or 
 toil, or possible exhaustion, or imaginary ownership. 
 Not one trace did we perceive of cultivation except 
 to ornament. We looked in vain for cattle which 
 might have pastured among the more open spaces; 
 no beast issued into sunshine from the woods, no 
 birds spotted the purple-tinted skies above our heads. 
 Smaller cities crowned the distant mountains : a 
 few temples or theatres ornamented with their glitter- 
 ing cupolas and lofty colonnades the more elevated 
 sites between ; but all these were far away. "We 
 might discern streams winding among the hills and 
 falling from the precipices ; mountains rising behind 
 mountains as far as the eye could extend to them in 
 an atmosphere so clear. Yet was it the light illu- 
 minating this glorious prospect which chiefly con- 
 stituted its sublimitv. 
 
 " Thou h.ast often bragged to me of Constantinople 
 — is it anvthins: like this?" said jNIr. llorncastle. 
 
 " As proportionably like it," I replied, " as was the
 
 THE FORUMv 99 
 
 last candle lighted in our cavern and the sun now 
 shining above our heads." 
 
 My companion, in his mining studies, had read of 
 Mexico, where, as he reminded me, there is a great 
 river or lake, as well as a thousand palaces. This 
 theory became, at once, his favourite, not only be- 
 cause I had preferred another, but also because it 
 accorded with a^ older one, maintaining that all the 
 largest and richest mines in the world have some 
 underground communication with the Peak. As is 
 well known, every ruined castle, abbey, and cloister 
 has its secret passages, now no longer used or dis- 
 coverable, running to every other ruined castle, 
 abbey, or cloister, however hostile were the inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Bartholomew's argument was cut short. We 
 could perceive a very great number of persons as- 
 cending the hill, and some crossing the water. Others 
 walked hastily along the terraces, the porticos, and 
 the gardens beneath them, all converging toward the 
 same point. This was a large level area situated 
 above the city, at no great distance from the spot 
 then occupied by us. Apparently, It had been gained 
 out of the mountain's bosom by builders and arclii- 
 tects selecting a quarry whence tlie marble mate- 
 rials for so many edifices might be conducted down- 
 ward to their destination. They had cut perpendi- 
 
 r 2
 
 100 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 cularly into the rock, and deeply as well as widely ; 
 but that nothing naked and unsightly might be per- 
 mitted among such harmony of colours and magni- 
 ficence of forms, they had ornamented the space thus 
 obtained by them, on its three sides, with colonnades 
 and porticos. From our still loftier position, we 
 could see no more than one side, or rather one end, of 
 this great forum. Multitudes scaled the steep ascent, 
 and mounted the broad steps which alone occupied 
 the fourth side, as if in this region and climate the 
 human body could suffer no fatigue. Our own pro- 
 gress uphill had been more light and vigorous than 
 seemed reconcilable with so much previous exhaus- 
 tion or recent indulgence, but these people must have 
 wincrs on their feet. 
 
 " Surely," said Mr. Horncastle, " it is a town in- 
 habited by none else beside women ; and if thy 
 learning, Antony, be as great as thy pretences are 
 that way, we may find its name without asking; 
 for such a nation is recorded by Joseph Addison in 
 his Spectator." No man felt less reverence for the 
 learning of other people than did Mr. Horncastle, or 
 attached a higher value to his own. As I had so 
 long seen the flowing garments of Oriental cities, my 
 conclusion was not thus hasty ; and yet the slender 
 figures, easy but stately movements, and scanty cloth- 
 ing, did i)artly countenance my friend's supposition. 
 " Between those two brazen pillars there is the 
 similitude of a great pulpit in your prayer-houses," 
 said he again. " Hark now ! How silent^ they all 
 are ! It is a pulpit, indeed, for lo, there is a woman 
 preaching from it ! " " If so, we must be fallen 
 among friends rather of thy persuasion than of mine,"
 
 HOC TIBI, EOMA, CAPUT. 101 
 
 — said I. " Let us try whether, without quitting 
 our vantage ground, we may not draw nearer to the 
 congregation." 
 
 Leaving our station, and keeping on the same side 
 of the mountain by which we had ascended, we walked 
 hastily some few hundred yards toward a wider gap 
 between two other tower-like rocks almost directly 
 above the crowd. For, on the city side, all these 
 detached crags were indeed hewn into architectural 
 forms, obelisks, columns, square and circular towers, 
 as their bulk suggested. Hence we could see only 
 that portion of the audience which was farthest from 
 us ; as the colonnade, with its portico immediately 
 beneath, concealed the rest ; but the orator, who stood 
 directly opposite, w^as still speaking. Bartholomew's 
 conjecture was disproved by innumerable chins with 
 beards. We could distinguish the leaves twisted 
 round venerable foreheads, flowers on others which 
 were more youthful, garments without sleeves, naked 
 hands, arms, legs, and necks. But every countenance 
 was raised toward the orator — a tall, slender, elderly, 
 priest-like, well-featured man, dressed in long white 
 robes bordered with purple. His voice had such sur- 
 prising clearness, and his articulation was so distinct, 
 that not a syllable fell short of us. 
 
 My attention was much distracted by Mr. Horn- 
 castle's hurried and reiterated inquiries as to the 
 subject of his discourse, and the language in which he 
 spoke. He spoke Latin, but some minutes had 
 elapsed, notwithstanding the emphatic sobriety of his 
 utterance, before I could gather what he said. 
 Having used that language almost daily from the 
 
 cradle with my father ; afterwards at Leipsic with Dr. 
 
 r 3
 
 102 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 Ralph ; and again, on various occasions, witli Italian 
 ecclesiastics in the iMediterranean, I had supposed that 
 its pronunciation, however various, must be intelligible 
 to me. This was a mistake, notwithstanding the 
 bell-like clearness of every word. Yet so charming 
 were the elegance, the stateliness, and the dignity — 
 so composed the action, and so graceful the utterance, 
 that even my companion listened with delight. By 
 degrees, the sense reached me, though still imperfectly. 
 I could hear appeals to custom which had grown not 
 less sacred than any other law, because approved by 
 wisdom. Something also was said of reverential 
 hospitality due to the wisest and the greatest among 
 mankind who approached, not as guests only, but as 
 ambassadors. Even after the orator's manner had 
 become more warm and emphatic as he advanced, 
 there was no abatement in the tranquil majesty of 
 his gestures, or the deliberate solemnity of his utter- 
 ance. The trees through which we had so lately 
 passed, were not more silent than they who heard him. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 " We are in Eome, Bartholomew !" I whispered. — 
 " In Rome ? Is it the Pope, then ? What would 
 he say? What would the man say?" ^Ir. Ilorn- 
 castle immediately assumed a look and attitude of 
 defiance, exalted his stature to the utmost height, 
 established his legs more firmly under him, pushed 
 his hat backward from his face, and fixed the knuckles
 
 OUR INTEODUCTION. 103 
 
 of each hand upon its corresponding hip. Whether 
 some small frao;ments which these enersfetic demon- 
 strations had detached from the rock, and which, by 
 rattling upon the portico beneath us, disturbed the 
 orator, must remain uncertain — or whether, as I 
 still rather suppose, he might have happened to raise 
 his eyes in some sublime attestation which called 
 upon heaven for its acquiescence, — but, being thus 
 raised, they became fixed and fascinated by Mr. 
 Horncastle, whose figure and demeanour were pre- 
 cisely defined against the sky behind them. A long 
 pause ensued ; then some eager attempts at continua- 
 tion ; but the mouth remained ineffectually open, 
 and no effort could withdraw the eyes. They were 
 speedily followed by a great many thousand more. 
 Every listener so situated that he could command 
 the elevation on which we were, gazed during one 
 moment in almost incredulous silence, and then 
 joined the universal exclamations of surprise. 
 
 It is plain that we must have appeared much 
 stranger men to them, than they to us. Mr. Horn- 
 castle had other advantasfcs over me beside those of 
 grace and wisdom. His garments were almost new, 
 and till the termination of our voyage, they had 
 suffered very little damage. A good hat, like a good 
 character, will endure more rubs and outrages, without 
 absolute perdition, than a bad one. The Barmaster's 
 beaver was of the finest quality, and hardly yet three 
 weeks old. During the last sixteen or seventeen 
 days, it had witnessed some painful vicissitudes of 
 fortune, if not uninjured, still unspoiled. Arethusa 
 was in possession of mine. 
 
 All that part of the concourse which had been 
 
 F 4
 
 104 THE FOUNTAIN OF AREXnUSA. 
 
 hitherto stationed under the portico nearest us, now 
 rushed to tlic opposite side. There were at least 
 eighty thousand faces elevated toward my friend and 
 me. We were soon required to descend by almost 
 as many voices : but Mr. Ilorncastle seemed resolute 
 that the great harlot, if she were such, should not 
 stare him out of countenance ; and certainly his pre- 
 sentation to her was extremely unceremonious. Some 
 fresh motion amonjx the multitude su^jjested that 
 otJier measures might be adopted to bring us down ; 
 and I soon saw the less precipitous points of our 
 position scaled by hundreds whose agility appeared, 
 as indeed it was, quite preternatural. There remained 
 no more time than for our mutual confession that 
 flight would be impossible, and resistance absurd. 
 We were surrounded by men not larger, nor appa- 
 rently stronger, than ourselves, with countenances 
 destitute of all other colour than such as we see on 
 polished iron become dim, and eyes like torches 
 faintly reflected from dark water. One of them laid 
 his hand hastily on mine, and then started back as if 
 he had grasped a viper. Nor had I less reason to do 
 the same — for thousrh there was little of either 
 weight or pressure, it occasioned a shock like that 
 from tlie torpedo, and left the scorclied impression of 
 every finger durable upon the skin. Amid the cla- 
 mour and importunity which assailed us from below, 
 there was no leisure for explanations on either side : 
 we were hurried on by a more practicable descent ; 
 supported, or rather suspended by our coats down it ; 
 pushed roughly through the crowd towards our elo- 
 quent discoverer ; and then driven up the steps even 
 into his rostrum, as the loftiest exposure for public 
 wonder.
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 Idem ego, cum subii convexa foramina terrae, 
 Supposuique ferox imis mea terga cavernis, 
 Solicito Manes. 
 
 r 5
 
 CHRISTIAN CHARACTERS, 107 
 
 BOOK lY. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 It is true that although my progress through Hfe has 
 been much diversified, I cannot hope to entertain the 
 reader with sentimental perplexities between love 
 and duty. He has proceeded so far in the h(§nest 
 companionship of Bartholomew Horncastle, whose 
 passion, listening heedfully to sober counsels, dis- 
 dained excess. It is my second disadvantage, that 
 we English are, at present, so much accustomed to 
 aristocratic society in our studies, if no where else. 
 We feel at ease and at home only among the great. 
 The first recommendation of even fictitious history, 
 is its resemblance to truth. Thus Sir Harry wins 
 five thousand guineas from his father's friend the 
 Colonel, while the Colonel is drunk. The Count runs 
 away with Julia de Pentonville one day before her 
 nuptials, or with the duchess of Islington one week 
 after them. Lord Frederick smiles playfully, but 
 disdainfully, wliile he shoots his schoolfellow Sey- 
 mour through the heart for questioning the rectitude 
 of his moral principles. 
 
 All these may be not only very probable, but as 
 the novelist loves thus to adumbrate current events 
 and his own experience, they may be very true. 
 Happily for him and us, he lives in a Christian com- 
 munity. 
 
 While I remain underground among the Gentile 
 
 F 6
 
 108 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETDUSA. 
 
 nations, I cannot find any such probabilities. In 
 their time, ethics had received very Httle patronage 
 or authority from religion. Not being Christians, 
 they cannot be represented as cheating the drunk, 
 debauching the innocent, eloping with the wanton, 
 or shooting the honest. 
 
 Let me fortify my credibility against the captious. 
 I must describe things under the earth's surface by 
 their resemblance to the things above it, as often as 
 there is any. An insidious objector will gain 
 nothing by his smiles at any supposed oversight, 
 except the consciousness of ill-nature. I will not 
 descend to humiliating altercation with him ; — let him 
 disprove a single page written in this history, if he 
 can. I shall continue to speak about gold and silver, 
 marble and porphyry, freedmen and slaves, yester- 
 day and to-day. If he think that my metals should 
 be essayed, let him carry them to the Mint : for the 
 comprehensive efficacy of my single law, if it should 
 appear insufficient in some cases, and inapplicable 
 in others, I refer him to the ex-lord chancellors 
 Brougham, Campbell, and Lyndhurst. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The late interruption in my narrative left me stand- 
 ing on one side of the astonished orator, and Bar- 
 tholomew Ilorncastle on the other, before eighty or 
 ninety thousand people at least. For some moments.
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 109 
 
 he appeared to be almost as ill at his ease as we 
 oui'selves were. He gazed alternately upon our 
 countenances and those of the multitudes beneath 
 him. " Whence come ye ? " said he at last. "From 
 England." " It is the name of your country, that I 
 demand — not of the city, but of the nation or the 
 province." " England is a nation," said I proudly ; 
 " she is the most powerful of nations. Her colonies 
 surround the earth; her fleets awe, her commerce 
 civilizes, her laws enlighten and control it." There 
 was a bewildered effort at recollection, and a mo- 
 ment's pause. I added, — " We also call this might- 
 iest of sovereignties, Britain and Great Britain." 
 " What ! an insular province added to Belgica by 
 Caius Julius Caesar some few years after my consul- 
 ship — an appendage to Gaul ? " — The crowd, 
 hitherto so attentive, was becoming impatient and 
 tumultuous ; while my former embarrassments with 
 our interpreter were not diminished by the intima- 
 tion that he had been the greatest in power and 
 dignity — the greatest, perhaps, in wisdom and elo- 
 quence of mankind, eighteen or nineteen hundred 
 years ago. In that vast concourse of human shapes 
 beneath me there was not one living creature — or 
 creature living as I lived ! A spectre is, at the best 
 of times, and on your own ground, rather to be 
 treated with honour than familiarity. You cannot 
 make him your associate without some reservations. 
 Even Montesinos, whom all good persons natural or 
 preternatural must respect, confesses a sort of porcu- 
 pinish motion over the whole scalp when making his 
 first bow to Sir Thomas More. Plere were eighty 
 thousand spirits, though somewhat more substantial
 
 110 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 than the martyred chancellor, and my sleeve touched 
 the elbow of him who had lived and died before the 
 Christian ^ra ! 
 
 Mr. Horncastle cared but little for these things ; 
 partly, like Gallio, because he did not understand 
 them. He remained steadfast in the maintenance of 
 his Christian liberty — confronting with undaunted 
 countenance, not that tyranny which had subdued 
 the world, but, as he supposed, the sorcery which 
 had beguiled it. Among eighty thousand heads, his 
 alone w^ore a hat ! Explanation was impossible in 
 such a whirlwind ; and every moment did my ears 
 and tongue become of less use to me. At last, the 
 orator besought attention with uplifted hands. 
 " These men," said he, " have never died I " He then 
 represented his present difficulties ; proposing, as the 
 readiest road to knowledge, that we should commu- 
 nicate our history, with his assistance, when lan- 
 guage, by farther use, had become on both sides more 
 intelligible. " Here are travellers who have reached 
 us by some other passage than through the gates of 
 death ! They come directly from that distant world 
 in which was spent the infancy of our existence ; but 
 their tongues are barbarous, and before their com- 
 munications can be understood, we must afford them 
 greater patience. Leave us and disperse." 
 
 The porticos, as I have shown, occupied only three 
 sides of this great forum : on the fourth side, that 
 being next the city, there was a continuous flight of 
 steps, ranging its entire length, and extending, by 
 easy gradations, to the marble terraces which lay 
 beneath it. Where one of the side porticos opened 
 at its extremity upon these steps, I could perceive
 
 THE REWARDS OF PATRIOTISM. Ill 
 
 many hundred men, and youths, and children, who 
 carried small musical instruments in their hands, and 
 upon their foreheads green chaplets all alike. A 
 slight prelude arrested the crowd as it began to 
 descend the steps, and instantly secured the same 
 universal silence. Some grave and venerable persons 
 moved separately downward — separately as respects 
 each other, but accompanied by a host of friends. 
 Twelve lictors with their laurelled fasces preceded 
 every one. As soon as they had disengaged themselves 
 from the multitude, such melody burst forth as made 
 me reel and shudder, communicating, for a moment, 
 sensations so awful, that I can hardly determine yet 
 whether they were nearest to pleasure agonised by 
 excess, or to pain dissolving into ecstasy. Bartho- 
 lomew gasped for breath, and laid hold for support 
 upon the brazen rail against which we stood. Nor 
 do I yet know if there were any peculiarity in the 
 medium which could account for such sounds — 
 whether our senses were quickened by the finer 
 atmosphere which conveyed them, or whether the 
 only diiference consisted in the voices and instru- 
 ments ; but the effect was, at first, even distressingly 
 sublime. Our new protector showed that he per- 
 ceived this emotion in us by saying, " It is Claudius 
 Marcellus who descends the steps with Scipio Nasica 
 on one side, and, I think, Paulus ^milius, at some 
 small distance, on the other. In this manner are the 
 benefactors of their country recompensed ; and thus 
 does immortality confer happiness."
 
 112 THE rorXTAlX OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 '* Whex you spoke of C. J. Cspsar," said I, " tou 
 
 reminded me. not of our conqueror — for excepting 
 through our own dirisions and contentions never 
 could we be c^'>nquered : — hut of our discorerer: is 
 he also in this assemblv ? " The orator seemed 
 
 • 
 
 pleased that I was not ignorant of such names, and 
 that I could understand so much, at least, respecting 
 those to whom they had belonged. He replied, 
 ** C. J. Caesar seldom willingly appe^irs where honour 
 is qualified by n- .tions. forbeaiing and respectful 
 as thev mav be : or where anv other head is on the 
 same level with his." '"* There can hardlv be so srood 
 a reason now for the absence of those that followed 
 him. His successor Octavius AufrusTus. and his 
 lieutenant Marcus Antonius. — are they here?" 
 **Did you look for either among our benefactors?" 
 said my instructor, and I thought, contemptuously. 
 
 The rostrum was still surrounded bv the immediate 
 friends and attendants of our unknown protector; 
 the multitude, no longer turbulent, parting reveren- 
 tially as he descended and walked between us. 
 Whether it were by accident or design, he ^ v-^^ed as 
 near as possible to that end of the portico whence 
 such songs arose so piercingly. There had been 
 flome short intermission of them : twice he stopped as 
 he approached : either on our account, and for a 
 kniger indulgence to our curiosity, or, as it rather 
 appeared, nil he might be himself the better recog- 
 nised among so great a crowd. Though no longer
 
 TXRUS PaT:&I-E DICEBIs ESeZ PaTUB- 113 
 
 unprepared, I suffered and trembled stfll more than 
 when stationed at a greater distance. The same 
 T<Mces were now raised in melodv, sweeter^ teoderer, 
 more reverential and affectionate: vet were thev 
 too powerfol for men whose hearts beat and blood 
 circulated. Soch titles as these still pursued him 
 longer than the rest : " TTie father of his country, the 
 nneorrupt among its pollutions, €ie wise, the just, the 
 eloquemt I War retains no other conquests here ! 
 Victory can demand no nobler triumphs / Wisdom 
 is never fruitiess ! Gemus r eceiv es still brighter crourms 
 as he treads the circles of immortality! Lo, now 
 virtue and glory are the same /" Words like these 
 were interwoven by mode and poetry with snch 
 other praises as mzrbt well have recompensed a life 
 less fortunate, <: . :li more craeL 
 
 "It is ^larcGs lu^ - Cicero, then !" I exclaimed. 
 '^By what means have yoa made yoor discovoy ?" 
 said he. *• He wa3 called the father of his conntry. 
 Hijs Treatise on > ^ _ : have anticipated my 
 
 questions, if it had not been lost- But is the love of 
 fame so durable? Do human pasgk>ns survive the 
 body in which they were generated, and the worid 
 they disturbed? Is there a desire of praise, an 
 appetite for its flatteries, beyond the grave? Can 
 immoitalB care about the ^mtastic distinctioiis of 
 some sixTv or seventy years, the mere morning 
 crepuscule of their existence?" Turning suddenly 
 about with something like gaiety, he replied, *• What ! 
 a new rhetorician am<mg us, a dedaimer, in good 
 latin too, from the »^ioo1b ? Atticus, we must 
 labour foi' the perfect education of so proniising a 
 so^iist, and tell C. Julius that, if his baibarians are
 
 114 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 now more frightfully clothed than when he first 
 discovered them in their paint and their wolfskins, 
 they have acquired his language. Britain, — did he 
 not leave it once, as worth too little for the cost of a 
 garrison ? You have lost my Treatise on Glory ; is 
 there any thing else which you have retained?" 
 " If you could have so much patience," said I, " you 
 should hear, from a barbarous tongue and an irregular 
 memory, the arguments, at least, of your philosophical 
 dialogues ; and Pomponius Atticus will find that I 
 am almost as familiar with the secrets of your coitc- 
 spondence as he himself once was." I saw, or fancied, 
 a slight tremor on the orator's cheek, as he and 
 Atticus exchanged glances, but both smiled. " AVe 
 may retain too much of such innnortality," said 
 Cicero : " I could rather have wished that some of 
 those secrets had remained such. But there is 
 consolation in rememberins; that a sacrifice was made 
 by us to Vulcan, whose best victims are the greatest 
 mysteries. As for the remainder, if they survive, 
 they will do us, perhaps, no greater harm than the 
 cock bequeathed by Socrates, which JEsculapiut 
 never got, has done to the philosopher. Excepting 
 the Treatise on Glory, did you say all my philo- 
 sophical works, and my epistles?" " M. T. Cicero 
 and his orations are known in regions bcvond the 
 flight of Ca3sar's Eagles, at least as familiarly as was 
 Demosthenes with his Philippics in Rome, when 
 Catilina fled trembling from the Senate-house, or 
 Clodius was slain by Milo." " And saying this, do 
 you ask me whether glory is worth socking in one 
 world, or retaining in the other ? It is the garland 
 of immortality ; and in this way only can you, who
 
 A WOKLD GOVERNED BY ONE LAW. 115 
 
 still live, distribute justice. If the fruit is small, it 
 hangs long and from many branches. Those sixty 
 or seventy years were given us to accumulate 
 knowledge and meditation for more than as many 
 thousands. That world was the school in which we 
 passed our infancy ; this, the dwelling place of our 
 eternal manhood. As our youth studied and profited 
 then, is it rewarded now. Even in your world, 
 justice uses the same scales, though her weights are 
 lighter." " He must yet be ignorant of the law by 
 which retribution is regulated here," said Atticus. 
 " What law?" I demanded eagerly. ^'Memory ever 
 occupied about the transactions of that life not yet 
 ended by yourself which can dismiss nothing from our 
 knowledge, and disguise nothing from our consciences.'''' 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 We now stand before the portals of a palace separated 
 from other imperial edifices, and towering high above 
 the trees, some of which are covered with blossoms, 
 others laden with fruit, but all unappropriated and 
 unenclosed. It is here that, for the first time, I see 
 infants sporting like bees or butterflies among the 
 flowers. The least of them are quite naked, their 
 voices sounding like the small silver bells which 
 stood on ebony tables or Chinese cabinets, at our 
 great-grandmother's elbows ; and their laughter re- 
 minding us of the chimes in chimney clocks. " These
 
 116 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 must recompense us for the want of birds, Mr Hurn- 
 castle," said I. " Here are creatures prettier tiian 
 lambs or kittens, and quite as innocent." Mr. Horn- 
 castle thouglit otherwise. He answered severely that 
 their mothers deserved puishment in the Bridewell for 
 suffering them to run about wild and naked. Nay, 
 it was probable that he looked upon our conductors 
 themselves as most effeminately and insufficiently 
 clothed. I told him that Cicero had been an augur, — 
 that augurs might still, on ordinary occasions, 
 wear such garments as characteristic of their pro- 
 fession ; and that, for all I knew to the contrary, he 
 was an augur still. " He seems to be a vain old 
 man, Antony, though a powerful preacher, could we 
 understand his doctrine : but what is an au2:ur ? " 
 " An augur is a soothsayer, a diviner, — something 
 between a priest and a prophet, who foretells future 
 events by the flight, the singing, and the feeding of 
 birds, as an aruspex does by the entrails of victims. 
 Augur Jovis interpres.''^ " I can tell thee a future 
 event, which is quite as sure as if I had learnt it in 
 his way, Antony Lugwardine — thou and I must soon 
 part company. Didst not say even now that they 
 have no birds and no beasts here?" This was 
 spoken as we entered with more anger than I had 
 ever witnessed, but once, in the ratlier too hasty 
 spirit of my conscientious friend ; and I felt grieved 
 that the magnificence with which we were met, was 
 almost unheeded among so much exasperation. The 
 vast portal opened into a proportionable atrium, the 
 atrium into a cavum-oedium, and beyond both, larger 
 than both, lay the peristylium with its fountain 
 surrounded by superb porticos and colonnades.
 
 Cicero's house. 117 
 
 Turning to the left, we passed through halls so long, 
 and wide, and lofty, that they rather distressed me 
 by a comparison with our own littleness. The floors 
 were tessellated, or rather inlaid with marbles of all 
 shades, and gems of all colours. The roofs were 
 divided into gilt compartments, and every compart- 
 ment contained a mosaic picture. In place of walls, 
 we could see nothing but columns, statues, vases, 
 and bas-reliefs, representing triumphal or sacrificial 
 processions. Laurelled rods and axes were introduced 
 every where, as arms and crests are in our own archi- 
 tecture. The pilasters which stood against the walls 
 to support their cornices, and the pillars also before 
 them on which rested the brazen ceiling-beams, 
 though all necessarily of the same shape and bulk, 
 differed in colour, substance, and character; some 
 being as transparent as alabaster, others lustrous as 
 adamant. Under the windows, which were at least 
 twenty feet high above our heads, there stood many 
 statues chiselled neither from metal nor marble but 
 from precious stones. Yet however admirable their 
 materials, or perfect their workmanship, their size 
 displeased me ; for it corresponded well with the 
 edifice, but not at all with the inhabitants. Unless 
 intended to be seen from some distant place, there is 
 as much ill-judgment in misrepresenting the ordinary 
 dimensions of a human body, as its form ; in making 
 the figure twice its natural height, as the arms and 
 legs twice their proportionable length. A palace 
 sufficient for the Titans was occupied by men no 
 larger than ourselves. I was, indeed, something 
 taller than any other person in the assembly. Mr. 
 Horncastle was very much bulkier, but we looked
 
 118 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 like little children in comparison with these statues 
 and bas-reliefs. 
 
 I have used such words in this description, as 
 seemed most appropriate to the substances described ; 
 but, at last, I am not sure that, scientifically speaking, 
 there was either gold, brass, marble, or any other 
 stone or metal known beneath the moon. The 
 workmanship was human and familiar, though in 
 size and perfection beyond belief. At the extremity 
 of a second apartment into which we were conducted, 
 a small fountain, surrounded by what looked like 
 ivory seats, hissed and showered its spray as high as 
 to the cornice. Liquid diamonds could hardly have 
 sparkled so brilliantly, or rubies, emeralds, and 
 sapphires, with colours so various, as the drops which 
 rose and fell among sunbeams always stationary. 
 
 It was with much difficulty ]Mr. Horncastle could 
 be prevailed on to sit down, that he might partake of 
 the fruits which were placed before us, — fruits still 
 more delicious than those we had eaten during our 
 journey, but never unaccompanied by that large fern- 
 shaped leaf studded along its fibres with round dry 
 knots. My friend was too much irritated for many 
 questions ; and in his present temper, any remark of 
 mine appeared like a falsehood. Pie would not believe 
 that Cicero was what he called " master of the house," 
 or what I called a nobleman. Cauglit as a spy on 
 the Babylonian impurities which he imputed to 
 Papal Home, he supposed himself to be in some high 
 court of justice waiting, before his accusers, for the 
 judge. " Ask that man what he has to say against 
 us. A pretty nobleman who has no stockings on 
 his legs ! Surely the Pope might afford to his augurs
 
 CASUISTICAL DISTINCTION. 119 
 
 and soothsayers some apparel more decent than these 
 gowns without petticoats. O fie I " 
 
 By degrees, the courteous manner in which our 
 host proposed his hospitalities moderated this con- 
 tempt. There was wine in golden vessels com- 
 pounded by the most scientific intermixture of the 
 fruits which I have described. " I thank thee, friend, 
 for thy good will, but I shall not eat of meat which 
 has been offered to these dumb idols," said the con- 
 scientious Barmaster. I reminded him that idols 
 were nothing in the world, and, if otherwise, that 
 these were not idols, — that fruit was not meat, — 
 that it was not offered at all to them, but to us, — 
 and that he had no just cause for objections and 
 scruples by which he might have offended the con- 
 science of a weaker brother. This made bad worse, 
 fortifying his suspicion that he could calculate on 
 little sympathy, amid the sufferings of martyrdom, 
 from so lukewarm a confederate ; for now Mr. 
 Horncastle would be a martyr. 
 
 Our hosts smiled on hearing that their fruit was 
 rejected because my friend had discovered them to 
 be worshippers of the Muses and under the patronage 
 of Minerva. " As he himself sacrifices to the Graces, 
 and is thus greatly favoured by them, why show so 
 much enmity against their sisters ? " said Cicero. 
 Bartholomew was unable to remember one word for- 
 bidding or discouraging the temperate use of wine. 
 And as water itself could scarcely be more innocent 
 than this wine, he drank freely again and again. 
 When there are two reasons for what we do, few 
 persons produce the best first, if at all. My friend 
 was thirsty — not three hours before, he had eaten
 
 120 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 till he could eat no longer ; and on the subject of 
 wine, no arguments from me had justified or recom- 
 mended its use. 
 
 I was liable to some depreciation in the estimate 
 of our hosts, who compared my curtailed shooting 
 jacket with Bartholomew's skirts, and who observed, 
 in the discussions between us, his very authoritative 
 air and magisterial delivery. They asked, first, 
 whether I was his slave, then his freedman, then his 
 interpreter ? They encouraged, and would have pro- 
 longed, the conversation between us. I had hoped 
 that, as my companion's superiority was again so ap- 
 parent, he might once more relax. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The impatience of curiosity again directed me to 
 Cicero. I asked whether his ignorance of the British 
 nations proceeded from indifference or from forget- 
 fulness ? Many eminent Romans had visited them, 
 some had described them, others had been born in 
 them. Had he learnt nothlno; of us from Ao^ricola,- 
 so near to his own time, or from Tacitus who, in his 
 life of Agricola, had so respectfully re})rescntcd us? 
 Atticus replied that it was impossible for them to 
 forget what they had once known ; that thoughts and 
 words, which had lain half life long asleep, were now 
 soundins: in their ears and movins; in their memories. 
 As for Agricola and Tacitus, though their names
 
 NEWS EIGHTEEN HUNDRED YEARS OLD. 121 
 
 were not new to tliem, they had heard nothing of 
 one as a colonist, or the other as a historian, 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 This great author begins with the death of Octa- 
 vius Ctesar; once more let me ask is Octavius Caesar 
 here ? 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 He is almost the latest traveller, of any eminence 
 among his countrymen, by whom we have been 
 visited. He left Rome in peace, the undisputed 
 mistress of every civilised nation. Since then we 
 have learnt little else, excepting that his successor in 
 the usurpation was called Tiberius Caesar, who has 
 not followed him. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 What, nothing known — nothing communicated 
 to you — in eighteen hundred years ! 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 Years are not counted in this world. Years are 
 constituted from months, and days from hours — both 
 from the periodical changes of nature, from the alter- 
 nation and succession of light and darkness. But 
 here time has no measure, or rather I should have 
 said eternity has no distinctions. Those eighteen 
 hundred years have been, to us, but as one day, and 
 that day a continual noon. Our sun never rises, 
 never declines: the world which it warms and 
 
 VOL. I. G
 
 122 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA 
 
 lightens, if your calculations are correct, was judged 
 to be sufficiently peopled eighteen hundred years 
 ago ; or else one great period of its destiny must have 
 been complete." 
 
 There was so much melancholy In the tone of these 
 last words, that I could hardly refrain from tears. 
 A day of eighteen centuries was almost incompre- 
 hensible. Ajrain the thou2;ht occurred, how larfje 
 a portion of our happiness in this world arises from 
 its vicissitudes ! The truth is become a maxim con- 
 tinually proposed and immediately assented to, but 
 who considers it? They are the changes of daily 
 life which stimulate hope, regulate business, propose 
 rest, and reward labour. Like our daily bread, they 
 must be looked for and prepared for. Time and 
 beauty are of little value unless marked. Our actions 
 must be numbered like our milestones, and stand as 
 they do at their appropriate sites, if we would rejoice 
 in our progress. Progress from what, and toward 
 what, where the journey has no end at last, and no 
 resting-places by the way? These thoughts per- 
 plexed me; but they were followed by another so 
 mysterious that I trembled to examine it. Eigh- 
 teen hundred years ago, and not long after the death 
 of Octavius Ca3sar, occurred that event whicli I for- 
 bear to particularise, but compared with which all 
 other incidents belonging to humanity arc light as 
 air! Yes, one great period of what Atticus might 
 well call the world's destiny was fulfilled ! Those 
 gates which had stood so wide for the reception of 
 unbclieviniz: nations durino; more than four thousand 
 years, must have been shut then ! Perhaps there 
 were to be henceforth new recompences, whether for
 
 A TRADITION VERIFIED. 123 
 
 the virtuous or the wicked, in other regions than these, 
 as the just result of a new law. In the universe of 
 many thousand worlds, was space enough for appro- 
 priate habitations. Perhaps the tradition was true that 
 all spiritual existences then underwent some mighty 
 change determining and regulating their futurity. I 
 remembered that sacred declaration which represented 
 the Gentiles as responsible to the law of nature, since 
 they lived under no better, their consciences bearing 
 witness, and their thoughts accusing them for its 
 transgression, or else excusing them for the imperfect 
 measure of its observance. Plain interpreters of 
 these words, were the communications now made to 
 me, the perpetuity of men's thoughts, and feelings, 
 and actions, through memory which can lose nothing 
 and dismiss nothing ! Memory operating upon con- 
 science is the distributor of happiness or misery 
 where we are, repealing all other lavrs, dispensing 
 with all other recompences, sufficient in her strength, 
 solitary in her despotism, impartial and relentless in 
 her decrees ! A great li^fht seemed to kindle before 
 me : but it was so holy that I gazed trembling. I 
 had spoken to these Romans of Home in its degene- 
 racy, but not yet in its decline : they had undesignedly 
 communicated to me a truth, of which they were 
 themselves ignorant, co-existing with the most sacred 
 article of my belief. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 You mentioned Octavius Caesar and his death, 
 almost eighteen hundred years ngo ? 
 
 G 2
 
 124 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 "VVe mentioned the man — the cowardly and trea- 
 cherous consentcr to the death of other people : but 
 the period when his own occurred was calculated by 
 yourself; we have no such measures. Unless there be 
 some corresponding standards in nature, as well as 
 some purposes for their use, those artificial contri- 
 vances by which time's duration may be marked and 
 divided, are soon thrown aside. You have duties to 
 discharge, engagements to remember, stipulations to 
 accomplish, — our existence runs along no such narrow 
 channel till the expanse of eternity shall have 
 absorbed it. There are no islands in its current, no 
 flexures in its passage, and no objects on its shores. 
 Who counts minutes where there are no hours, or 
 hours and days where there are neither weeks, nor 
 months, nor years, nor ages ? We have Octavius 
 Caesar here, as well as all other men, civilised or 
 barbarous, who preceded him. Tiberius Caesar is 
 not here, nor is any person here who lived after him 
 or as long as he. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 All men ? all people whatever ? all tribes, families, 
 and Ian2:ua2;cs ? 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 We are ignorant of any other exception among 
 mankind, beside the inhabitants from one small 
 country which w\as situated between Egypt and Asia 
 !MInor, the Mare Internum, and Arabia. Though 
 far greater once, when conquered by Pompeius
 
 THE JEWS EXCEPTED — WHY? 125 
 
 Magnus it occupied scarcely half even of this narrow 
 region. Kemarkable only for its alienation from 
 humanity and dislike to every other people, we know 
 but little about it. Its history is mysterious. Even 
 when subdued, it gave a contemptuous obedience 
 from which authority could extort no awe, and kind- 
 ness no sympathy. Curious inquirers among us have 
 ascertained that there are no Jews or Hebrews here. 
 We conclude that between the death of Octavius and 
 that of Tiberius, there must have occurred some great 
 change, either in the laws of nature or the govern- 
 ment of Providence, about which we may conjecture, 
 nothing more. Can you instruct us ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 I can — and with the greater likelihood of belief, be- 
 cause the truth has been already prepared for by your 
 own conjectures. Surely Atticus is not here a disputer 
 against Providence ! Some such mighty change as 
 you suppose did occur : a change by which all human 
 creatures are affected, though not one yet knows to 
 what extent. Give me leisure for the arrangement 
 of such words as may the least imperfectly explain 
 it. Have patience with me till to-morrow. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 To-morrow has a meaning which could hardly 
 have been forgotten in your eighteen centuries, even 
 if we might forget. Though unheard so long, that 
 sound vibrates in my bosom like the last strain heard 
 over the cooling ashes of a sister or a parent ! It is 
 painful to think that your to-morrow can never come. 
 
 G 3
 
 126 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA, 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 CICEPwO. 
 
 You must not forget that it was our curiosity which 
 made the first demand, and should be the first 
 satisfied — that eighty or ninety thousand partakers 
 in this novelty expect from me the fulfilment of a 
 promise. By observation, and at your leisure, you 
 will gain the knowledge you require. During almost 
 two thousand years, we have received intelligence of 
 the world to which our thoughts so continually revert, 
 from no earlier authority. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 But this eternal noon ! This never-ending day ! 
 This memory which never falters, this conscience 
 which never can repose ! Commisemte my amaze- 
 ment and impatience ! They have not been tamed 
 by the discipline of eighteen hundred years. My 
 heart beats still. I hope and doubt, I fear and 
 wonder. A little longer delay may prove useful 
 both to me and to you. In hearing your language, 
 I shall render my own intelligible. If there are no 
 days or hours, by what methods are your appoint- 
 ments re2:ulated ? How do friends ao-ree to meet — 
 for it is apparent from what I see, that friendship 
 also has its immortality. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Atticus spoke of time which may be divided, and 
 the divisions of which may be multiplied, thus calcu-
 
 THE SINGLE CHANGE. 127 
 
 latlng them either by their aggregate, or by a refer- 
 ence to some orderly sequence in the seasons, as 
 summer and winter, light and darkness. We are 
 not destitute of all natural changes sufficiently distinct 
 for such engagements and arrangements as your 
 question implies. Our's are imperfect and capricious, 
 but they save us from worse perplexity. At the end 
 of what might, perhaps, amount to eighteen, nineteen, 
 or twenty hours of your computation, the sun's disk 
 gradually appears larger, more variously coloured, 
 and consequently more obscure. The air is cooler, 
 and rain falls. Our single luminary, having drawn 
 the earth's moisture in imperceptible vapours nearer 
 to itself, scatters copiously what has been ex- 
 haled. Hence the profuse fertility which you have 
 seen, and the perpetual verdure. By this short but 
 abundant sprinkling, is the atmos^Jiere freshened and 
 purified. No one here ever saw a cloud, or heard 
 the wind, or felt excess either of heat or cold. This 
 single change is all we either have, or have had, since 
 our world began ; and though it never fails us long, it 
 occurs irregularly. 
 
 LUGAVARDINE. 
 
 Ts this decrease of light so perceptible, that the birds 
 retire to their perches, and the beasts to their beds ? 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 There are none. Birds, beasts,^ fishes, reptiles 
 live but once. In the countenances of vour fellow 
 men you behold the sum total of animal existence. 
 Nor do they sleep. Our bodies are not so gross as to 
 require repose — or so infirm as to suffer lassitude. 
 
 G 4
 
 128 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKETHUSA. 
 
 We eat and drink for their enjoyment and refresh- 
 ment, but less than a twentieth part of the food ne- 
 cessary to your own. Feeble as we are, unsubstantial 
 as we are, their functions can neither be destroyed, 
 nor impaired, nor disordered, nor contracted. We 
 have threefold your activity — and what we can do 
 at all we can perpetually do — but our power is of a 
 kind different from your strength. 
 
 I turned round to look at Mr. Horncastle, forgetful 
 that he had no other interpreter. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Though abstinent as our grasshoppers, a world 
 which can contain and nourish the successive genera- 
 tions of four thousand years, must needs be fertile. 
 And yet in our progress hither, we have observed 
 nothin2: like cultivation from human labour. How do 
 you find food and room for such countless millions ? 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Neither did you observe the smallest spot which 
 human labour could have rendered more productive 
 than it is. You saw no sandy deserts like those in 
 Africa ; no fens, and swamps, and sterile heaths, and 
 tempest-blasted mountains. Forests you may have 
 seen, but never will you find in them a single tree 
 which is unproductive. Their blossoms are more fair 
 and fragrant than your roses ; every bough is laden 
 either with flowers infinite in their variety, or with 
 fruits, the far larger half of which must fall and perish 
 unconsumed. It is under such shelter, among mossy 
 knolls and sparkling rivulets, not in cities like this, 
 that you will discover our population. Of a thousiind
 
 ROOM TO SPAKE. 129 
 
 men, scarcely one man has any other abode than the 
 trees which feed him. Our houses are less populous 
 than the country which, to your eyes, may have ap- 
 peared so solitary. It is on the other side of the 
 river, where there are so few buildings, that you must 
 look for the people. Remember that we require no 
 chambers for the retirement of sleep, or the prepa- 
 ration of food, or the confidential intercourse of do- 
 mestic life. Your world is encompassed by oceans, 
 your nations are divided by seas, and even your con- 
 tinents themselves, small as they may be, are still 
 farther contracted by the sands and marshes along 
 their shores. We have no larger expanse of water 
 than here and there a lake. Our own river is the 
 broadest within five hundred miles. Water there is 
 in abundance every where — trees every where — 
 hills, valleys, some few rocks for variety — but no seas, 
 no wildernesses, no meadows, and no pastures. Con- 
 sider how large a portion of the earth which has been 
 subdued and cultivated by yourselves, is appropriated 
 to the beasts which must live and feed upon its 
 herbage, before you can feed and live on them. 
 From the mountain on which you were standing when 
 first discovered by us, a region may be seen, at one 
 glance, far more populous than was the whole world's 
 surface when I left it. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 On our way hither we found only solitude. There 
 were no such swarms under the cover of those trees 
 which did, indeed, surprise us by their fertility. 
 
 G 5
 
 130 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 The small valley through which you approached 
 us was so tranquil, because it is devoted, as our houses 
 are, to the enjoyment and seclusion of those whom 
 the people most revere. AYe suppose — what your 
 appearance renders still more probable — that its 
 fountain has some mysterious connection with the 
 world above. It is therefore consecrated to the wise, 
 the illustrious, the beneficent. Perhaps you might 
 have found Cicero there, rather than in the forum, 
 if a greater and earlier novelty than even your advent 
 had left him, or his philosophical associates, the cus- 
 tomary leisure. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 By what name do you call those waters devoted, 
 as they are, to the refreshment of wisdom and 
 virtue ? 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 Ever studious to confer fresh honours on our chief 
 ornament — especially such as by their delicacy or 
 their simplicity are the most appropriate — we consti- 
 tute M. Tullius the arbiter of our vocabulary. Patron 
 and aven2:er of Sicilv, he remembers that sacred stream 
 there, which the poets have so much loved for its 
 purity, its sanctity, its flight into darkness from con- 
 tamination — and he calls this fountain by the same 
 name — The Fountain of Arethusa. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 The coincidence will appear incredible to people
 
 COINCIDENCE ACCOUNTED FOR. 131 
 
 who have never considered that the same delicacy of 
 taste, the same love of learning, and perhaps some 
 little correspondence in the same genius and elo- 
 quence, might suggest the same choice. It is the 
 name which I had myself selected ! 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 We shall become more reverentially grateful to it 
 for the fresh accession of wisdom and virtue which 
 our river has brought us. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Beside theatres, temples, baths, and other public 
 edifices, we see around us innumerable palaces of 
 more than regal magnificence ; but no habitations for 
 the poor. It is under the trees that they live ; and 
 are they content with such a distinction for ever as, 
 among us above, would not be tolerated during one 
 month or week? 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 Our poor — in what sense ? 
 
 lugw^ardine. 
 
 You have slaves, freedmen, lictors, musicians — 
 for such palaces as these you must have had builders. 
 Beside the architects, there were the painters, sculp- 
 
 G 6
 
 132 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 tors, and goldsmiths, — tradesmen to supply mate- 
 rials, workmen to arrange, labourers to collect, 
 artificers to superintend. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 All these we have had, and may still have ; but 
 not one of all is poorer than ourselves, or, as you 
 understand the word, less free. 
 
 How strange appears this forgetfulness to us who 
 cannot forget ! Let me remind you of the single law 
 which governs us and regulates our rewards. It is 
 impossible that we should cease to think of the ex- 
 istence not yet forfeited by yourself, or detach our 
 imaginations from its pursuits. On the everlasting 
 tables of conscience and memory, is engraven what- 
 ever we have done, or wished, or attempted, or 
 neglected to do. Our eyes must turn to the brazen 
 columns against which they hang; our feet cannot 
 be withdrawn farther from this forum and its 
 tribunal than your breath from its bosom. There is 
 no other chain for the slave. If he have ever loved 
 us, he will follow us, because he must think of us 
 and be 2:rateful to us. Unless some earlier master 
 have been loved more, he cannot detach himself 
 without violence to nature, rebellion against memory, 
 abortive attempts at an existence different from this. 
 For the same reason, he will fly from the cruel, as in 
 your world he would have fled. He remembers the 
 scourges of his tyrant, and abhors him as he then 
 abhorred. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 With us, no man may be made better or happier
 
 ALL RICH HERE. 133 
 
 by the intervention of another : no man can change 
 at all, or advance much, but through the purification 
 of his own will, by the suggestion of his own con- 
 science. The only learners are the wise already. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 But surely there must be foolish as well as wise — 
 poor as well as rich ? 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 Once more — poor in what sense? why do you sup- 
 pose so ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 These halls of such surpassing splendour would 
 have taught me thus much ; the columns, ceilings, 
 fountains, the seats we rest upon — the attendants 
 who surround us — nay, even the robes hanging from 
 your shoulders ; for scanty as they are, I perceive 
 that their materials are costly, and their texture 
 beautiful. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 Every conclusion, and the reason you have given 
 for it, is false. We have no servants in your sense 
 of the word — our houses and our garments cost us 
 nothing. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Do people toil without remuneration for the 
 benefit of others ; do they build as an amusement, 
 and weave through benevolence ? If so, as far as 
 brotherly love is concerned, you Gentiles are better 
 Christians than ourselves.
 
 134 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETUUSA. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 You forget again what you have so lately learnt. 
 Once more revert to that single law which chains us 
 back from tlie illusions of hope, the solicitations of 
 desire, the disclosures and surprises of novelty. We 
 expect nothing — we fear nothing. Our future is 
 only a reflected image of the past. For what may we 
 wait in a w^orld where there is nothing that can 
 change ? If happy, our happiness issues from no 
 new fountain which w^e discovered after death, but 
 from the rapid and turbulent streamlet which during 
 sixty or seventy years foamed along the rocky ob- 
 structions of your earth's channel. We still gaze 
 upon its depths and shallows, its pools and eddies. 
 The industrious love to prosecute those labours, as 
 you call them, which engaged us formerly. Aristotle 
 thinks and reasons wdth the practised sagacity of 
 more than two thousand years. Even in poetry, the 
 prototype of every thought is from the world above. 
 Not one verse is originally suggested by our own. 
 We have no casualties, no results ; and excepting in 
 continuation, neither love, joy, fear, hope, hate, nor 
 any other passion than remorse. Cicero superadds 
 the graces of eloquence to wisdom and argument. 
 But he is still the same Cicero as persuaded the 
 senate and controlled the people. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 But on what subject is it that he speaks ? 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 On Rome in her majesty — the laws so imperfectly 
 administered, the conquests so oppressively abused.
 
 THE FINE ARTS ALONE PROSECUTED. 135 
 
 His servants whom you see here have transferred 
 their residence from Tusculum without chano^inor 
 their habits or affections. His robes were woven by 
 Papiria Geta, or by some other noble matron, whose 
 chief pleasure still, as formerly, consists in beholding 
 such fabrics on such shoulders. How else could 
 zealous freedmen, and industrious ladies occupy the 
 leisure of some thousand years ? What mitigation 
 would there be in a tedious eternity, if architects, 
 painters, statuaries, and similar artists or artificers 
 were prohibited from the exercise of their former 
 skill ? J. Libo erected this palace in playful rivalry 
 with twenty other architects engaged about twenty 
 other edifices. He and his assistants laboured in its 
 decoration for their own honour. But when finished, 
 it belonged to the republic, and the Roman people 
 presented it to Cicero. You will see millions with- 
 out robes, or houses, or friends, or freedmen — for 
 they deserved none, and now desire none. Only those 
 benefactors of their countrv, who would feel discom- 
 fort from the intrusive love and gratitude always 
 watching to salute them unless thus secluded, require 
 a house. The vulgar collect no crowd, though they 
 make or increase one. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 But the inferior workmen, the labourer by the 
 day, how is he recompensed? Edifices like these 
 require many thousands of such; and unless they 
 alone have forgotten the world above, they will 
 refuse to sweat for nothing.
 
 136 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 How many strange words employed to prove a 
 bad memory ! Here are no days, and therefore no 
 labourers by the day. We never sweat, and in your 
 sense of the word^ never labour. Do you suppose 
 that Archimedes and Diophantus have done nothing, 
 since their arrival here, to supply the want of human 
 strength? It is probable that, short as your own 
 lives are, some among you may have applied mecha- 
 nical power to assist its deficiency. You may have 
 made alliance with the elements. Or fire, air, water, 
 may have become your slaves. And as to these 
 subordinate workmen, we have a great many millions 
 unemployed, whose torment is idleness. You hunt 
 wild beasts, contend with the disk, the spear, the 
 harpastum — you box, leap, fight, wrestle, run races, 
 drive chariots, and voluntarily undergo many similar 
 kinds of fatigue, rather than do nothing. There is 
 at least as much enjoyment in our not less profitable 
 pursuits, recommended by memory, and sometimes 
 enforced by the conditions of our existence. Hope, 
 indeed, is absent — reward is impossible — but here 
 every reasonable creature flics from the sad vacuity of 
 indolence which must never cease.
 
 HOW THE SINGLE LAW OPERATES. 137 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 What can be that other and stranger novelty which 
 anticipated our arrival, detaining the attention of 
 Cicero from his customary walks and philosophical 
 associates ? The little valley through which we 
 travelled to-day was un visited by yourselves because 
 of some extraordinary occurrence engaging his 
 presence in the forum, and assembling there such 
 multitudes? Men like my friend and myself have 
 not been seen by you during eighteen hundred 
 years. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 Nor were they ever either seen or imagined by us. 
 We should have wondered less, at any time, if we 
 had beheld a centaur with the Sagittarius on his 
 back. I said an earlier, not a stranger novelty — 
 greater in importance, not in rarity. You two will 
 always remain unrivalled. But the same imperious 
 memory, still driving or dragging us backward to 
 the existence terminated by death, collects us, re- 
 unites us, and restricts us still. We retain more 
 tenaciously than ever our national languages and 
 predilections. A Roman, if at a distance from 
 Rome, is always restless till he can return. An 
 Athenian is an impatient and discontented stranger 
 while remote from Athens. We have no territorial 
 limits either assigned or usurped ; but every nation 
 retains its name, and draws toward its own metro-
 
 138 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 polltan centre, constrained by memory. We unwill- 
 ingly concede intellectual priority to Greece. She 
 still rciffns the sovereijin arbitress in literature and 
 the arts. You will see nobler works created by her 
 genius than any here, and undisputed excellence, not 
 in magnitude, but in beauty. After long intervals, 
 regulated rather by conjecture than computation, 
 she now assembles, from the more enlightened regions 
 of mankind, such proficients in wusdom, science, 
 literature, eloquence, — the arts which have embel- 
 lished life and the virtues which have sanctified 
 humanity, as may meet without confusion. It is a 
 congress of poets, orators, historians, architects, 
 painters, statuaries, as well as philosophers. If you 
 can gain admission there, you will hear the songs of 
 Homer, and the discourses of Socrates, from their 
 own lips. So sparingly is this highest honour con- 
 ferred, that all the world's genius is represented by 
 no more than a hundred people. Egypt sends three ; 
 the whole continent of Asia, sixteen. Rome, thirty- 
 two. I go through permission as a spectator only, but 
 without Cicero the convention would be incomplete. 
 We are invited by embassies corresponding in dignity 
 with the people to whom they are sent. Rome, the 
 mistress of mankind, receives her summons from the 
 loftiest in rank and the largest in intellect, — from 
 Alexander the Macedonian, and Aristotle the Sta- 
 girite. They will arrive in what you would call a few 
 hoiu'S. The concourse of the forum which you saw, 
 was assembled by Cicero that we might prepare to 
 receive them with ajipropriate honour.
 
 3IR. HORNCASTLE's FAMILIARITY WITH JUNO. 139 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 It may be difficult to determine which of the two 
 novelties is the most important, but each enhances 
 sevenfold the value of the other. We will secure, 
 not only a reception for you, but an invitation. 
 Speak of the world which we have so long left. 
 Our curiosity is as fresh and as eager as it ever was. 
 Memory cannot be conquered by time. You shall 
 interpret for your master. Judging from the stern 
 and authoritative solemnity of his aspect, he has 
 much wisdom to dispense. He will converse, through 
 you, with Plato, Anacharsis, and Solon — but what 
 is he doing now ? Alas, is this death ! 
 
 It was death's image, a sound sleep. Bartholomew 
 had not spoken one word during more than an hour, 
 nor understood one. Laying his hat apart, folding 
 his hands upon his stomach, and then reclining his 
 drowsy head against the knees of an alabaster Juno 
 who sat upon her throne behind him without his 
 knowledge, he slept guileless as an infant, though 
 his nurse was an idol. Not less seemed the delight 
 than the astonishment at this exhibition of sleep so 
 long unseen but accurately remembered. It occurred 
 to our hosts that although they could require no such 
 rest, we might. "AYe never sleep," said Cicero, 
 "but should have considered that you do." Though 
 beds and bed-chambers were unknown, there was an 
 abundant choice of quiet apartments and soft cushions. 
 "We agreed that both parties should suspend their 
 curiosity till Cicero and Atticus had received the 
 embassy from Greece.
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 Idem ego, cum subii convexa foramina terrge, 
 Supposuique ferox imis mea terga cavernis, 
 Solicito Manes.
 
 OUR TREATMENT OF MEMORY. 143 
 
 BOOK Y. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 While breatliing the freshness of this outside air, 
 we may commonly divert the thoughts which we are 
 unable to drive away. Memory is treated by us 
 rather as a servant than a mistress — summoning her 
 when she is wanted ; dismissing her when there is 
 nothing else which we desire to learn ; conferring 
 with her, perhaps, now and then, in place of other or 
 better companions ; and permitting her gossip because 
 we are idly or childishly disposed. It is true that, 
 presuming upon such familiarity, she will too often 
 present herself uncalled — distracting us with ill- 
 timed intelligence while more pleasantly engaged. 
 Nay, there are instances in which this intrusive 
 domestic, taking advantage of some folly or excess 
 discreditable to her master, has disturbed his sleep, 
 interrupted his merriment, and even expostulated 
 with him before his friends. Clamorously impor- 
 tunate when no one else is present, and audaciously 
 vexatious at other times, she has abused a knowledge 
 of his secrets to render life unhappy. 
 
 But, for the most part, men contrive either to 
 manage her easily enough, or to stop their ears. 
 We enforce a sort of pouting subjection — impertinent 
 and impatient but not noisy — scornful and con- 
 tumacious but not quarrelsome. That disdainful or 
 melancholy countenance, as it is seen by most of us.
 
 144 THE FOUNTAIN OF AEETHUSA. 
 
 radiates with its good-humoured smiles when pre- 
 sented to some few. Not for me, but for two or 
 three of my fortunate acquaintances, she recalls 
 pleasant thoughts, charitable actions, and on the 
 whole a prosperous life. 
 
 Yet the human mind is not necessarily thus con- 
 stituted. Memory might have exercised an ever- 
 present tyranny which neither stubbornness could 
 resist, nor time mitigate. As the tormenting trans- 
 actions of yesterday appear to-day, they might have 
 been made to appear for ever — accompanied by the 
 same feelings, glowing with the same distinctness, 
 visible and audible in the same proximity. And, 
 perhaps, they will do so — for we cannot suppose 
 deirrees of for2:etfulness which are the effects of time, 
 when eternity has ended time. We cannot expect 
 that, while every thing else remains perpetually 
 unchanged, memory may decay. 
 
 How then if our present slave shall, hereafter, 
 become a mistress absolute and indefatigable in the 
 assertion of her supremacy — continually irritating 
 the terrified conscience by visions which we must 
 behold — recording and proclaiming accusations to 
 which Ave must attend ? Conscience, in this case, 
 would not be the witness, as we describe her — but, 
 bearing an iron scourge inexorably just, she would 
 both judge and punisli. AVith such an accuser as 
 memory, the Eumenidcs might be dismissed — for 
 there can be no other torment equal to her recla- 
 mations if incessantly renewed. The everlasting 
 trial comprehends an everlasting sentence — super- 
 adding shame and confusion to despair. Neither 
 can there be any recommitment to the cell — any
 
 THE SINGLE LAW. 145 
 
 escape into darkness — for the inquisition never ends, 
 the tribunal never is unoccupied, the accuser and the 
 culprit never are dismissed. 
 
 Their single law from whose world I came — with 
 memory for the witness, conscience for the judge, 
 and eternity for the award, contains no clauses, 
 requires no commentaries, is subject to no miscon- 
 struction ; but though more precise and compre- 
 hensive than the Pandects, it is comprised in four or 
 five words. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 I KNOW not of what material was that half trans- 
 parent, pearl-coloured basin, scalloped like a sea- 
 shell — laro-e enough for the carriao:e of Poseidon 
 accompanied by his bashful Amphitrite — sculptured 
 deeply with maritime monsters, Hippocampi, Dol- 
 phins, Tritons, and in addition to these. Nereides or 
 as we now call them Mermaids, revealing their 
 virgin beauty all human above the zone, and all 
 fish scales below it. So capacious was this shell, 
 that I could swim round and round at my ease ; 
 while its waters were so lucid that, supposing them 
 no more than knee deep, I stepped carelessly from 
 their margin overhead. 
 
 But I have not remained equally uncertain about 
 the texture of those cloaks or lacernae which lay at 
 hand when I awoke, as if inviting my selection. 
 
 VOL. I. H
 
 146 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKETHUSA. 
 
 Neitlicr linen, nor woollen, nor cotton, nor silk, tliey 
 arc fabricated from vegetable fibres finer than a 
 maiden's tresses, longer, softer, more close, more 
 even, but also more tough. They were drawn by 
 millions from the round stems of a spear-shaped water- 
 plant containing neither pulp nor sap, and wa^ing 
 with inexhaustible abundance above every shallow 
 stream, like our flags and bulrushes. By peeling 
 away their skins, these almost imperishable fibres are 
 extracted of such length and tenacity that they may 
 be woven singly at once, or after having been twisted 
 into a more substantial thread. It is computed that 
 three or four blades of such a rush contain clothing 
 sufficient for a full-grown person. Xo other materials 
 are ever looked for: the only difference is added 
 afterwards in their colour and texture. 
 
 Exchanging my jacket for a sober-tinted tunic, I 
 awoke Mr. Horncastle. When his eyes opened upon 
 such an apparition standing so near to him, he in- 
 stinctively prepared for battle, till appeased by my 
 voice. His dreams had accumulated the fagots of 
 martyrdom round half-charred stakes. Plonks and 
 friars were basting his naked shoulders from ladles 
 filled with dripping preparatory to the holocaust. 
 Monks and friars were dancing in hideous jubilee 
 round the intrepid Barmastcr, flourishing their lighted 
 torches above his head. For INIr. Ilorncastlo's fa- 
 vourite study at homo had been tlie oldest edition of 
 Fox's Martyrs, illustrated by the best authenticated 
 cuts. There were, at least, two hundred trumpets 
 blown by monks and friars with each a rosary hanging 
 from his girdle ; and every blast proclaimed that 
 Bartholomew Horncastle should die !
 
 fox's last martyr. 147 
 
 L05 by the very slightest change in their apparel, 
 — nay, by the very exactest conformity rather — 
 imagination had converted Cicero, Atticus, and their 
 attendants, Into such intolerant ecclesiastics. Under 
 similar robes, otherwise loose than that at the waist 
 they were compressed by a girdle, he saw the same 
 naked arms, legs, and necks as he had seen yesterday. 
 There w^ere foreheads so scantily supplied with hair, 
 that they might have been recently shaven : and not 
 one foot had any better covering than a sandal. 
 These cruel visions represented Cicero as the most 
 mischievously facetious of my poor friend's tormen- 
 tors — explaining hoAV it came to pass that such noble 
 mansions might be infested by such beggarly half- 
 clad sruests. 
 
 Rejecting the garments which had been so hospi- 
 tably placed at his disposal, he said, " Thou art the 
 more excusable in renouncing thy manhood, Antony, 
 as there was so little of it left or worth carins: for. 
 But before I dress like a harlot, I would fain rid me 
 of my beard. Thou hast gotten a rough chin over 
 that child's frock, and naked legs for want of petti- 
 coats. There has been smaller change in thy religion 
 than in thine apparel — it is only to Aholah from 
 Aholibah. As if the pope had neither monks nor 
 friars enough, though they swarm here as the frogs 
 did in Pharaoh's bedchambers, thou must needs lend 
 thy help to scoff and persecute. Tell thy brethren 
 that I loathe all such vermin." " As Avhich," said 
 I, " the monks or the friars ? and what is the dif- 
 ference between them?" "The same as between a 
 
 bullock and an ox. Thou art little better than a 
 
 H 2
 
 148 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 bull-calf yet, but they will soon turn thee into the 
 one beast or the other." 
 
 I had long learnt that every attempt to controvert 
 my friend's opinions on such subjects, only exas- 
 perated his temper and fortified his disbelief. Here, 
 as a controvertist, he was in his strong hold. My 
 present dress seemed to justify the suspicion that, as 
 I had already become a deserter from virility, I 
 should soon prove an apostate in faith. To what 
 other end was all that lono- discussion in the Latin 
 language with Cicero and Attlcus — not last night, 
 but before our sleep ? Desisting, therefore, from any 
 new controversy, and allowing him to suppose that 
 he was in pontifical Rome, in the halls of the Vatican, 
 in the very jaws of the Inquisition, and between the 
 teeth of its ministers, — I obsequiously smoothed away 
 some small wrinkles from his coat skirts. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The good Barmaster, when dressed, having no other 
 interpreter than myself, was content to follow me 
 through these gorgeous halls and courts, first, upon 
 the terraces outside, and, descending thence, into the 
 unappropriated gardens beyond. I was told in passing 
 that Cicero, after having conducted his Grecian 
 guests to the forum, would speedily return with them. 
 The most courteous of shades, a frecdman named 
 Sosthenes, oftcred himself as our protector. We saw
 
 OTHER PERSECUTORS. 149 
 
 women, seated under the trees, many of middle age, 
 many of ages still farther advanced; young girls laugh- 
 ing, jesting, reciting, reposing ; some forming proces- 
 sions as worshippers or supplicants ; others hand in 
 hand contracting or expanding large choral circles to 
 the cadence of their own graceful steps, and the 
 melody of their own concordant voices. Whatever 
 they did, seemed more scientifically perfect than in 
 the best regulated theatre among us, for it was the 
 result of practice unintermitted during two thousand 
 years. Sosthenes told me that, on similar occasions, 
 no female ever entered the forum; but even yet I 
 can hardly account for such estrangement from each 
 other between the sexes as was at all times apparent. 
 Without any formal separation, neither in their idle- 
 ness nor their amusements had they much intercourse. 
 Wherever the eye could penetrate these shady 
 recesses, it found only an endless festival ; as if a 
 whole nation of females kept holiday. Children, in 
 yet greater numbers, were chasing and pelting one 
 another with flowers like large rosebuds half expanded. 
 It seemed that, by the matrons and virgins, we 
 were not unexpected. But these laughing little 
 persecutors suspended their civil war, and turned all 
 their artillery against my friend. I passed less noticed 
 in a dress with which they were familiar. Paler 
 than lilies themselves, they clapped their hands in 
 delighted admiration of Bartholomew's complexion. 
 He was soon half suffocated with fragrance. They 
 triumphed in lodging their blossoms ui)on his hat, 
 and filling with them the satchel- like capacity of his 
 coat pockets. All good men, and many men who 
 are not good, love children. Bartholomew, beside 
 
 H 3
 
 loO THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 his habitual benevolence, was constitutionally gay and 
 affectionate. Sosthenes, at last, contrived to dismiss 
 these little descendants from lulus, proposing for 
 their search some new object. Kids chasing one 
 another along cowslip banks were less capricious. 
 
 If we excited some astonishment and curiosity 
 amonjy their mothers and elder sisters also, even my 
 friend must have admired the modest or the dignified 
 reserve with which such emotions were suppressed. 
 In their demeanour they could hardly have been 
 surpassed by the blameless sisterhood of his own 
 society. Not with less bashfulness did the younger 
 part repel our gaze, or with less loftiness and state- 
 liness the older. But here were often seen dejected 
 looks impatient of all observation however reverential. 
 We could hear, in passing, such words as these — 
 " Behold the men who have never died ! " Then after 
 a moment spent in hesitating curiosity, the whisperers 
 walked away from us like forest hinds, shy but not 
 terrified. Robes there were, indeed, much more 
 classically succinct than could have been approved 
 by Mr. Horncastle's female friends at the Peak. But 
 in Derbyshire the wind is colder, the sun hotter, the 
 air damper — and never yet has one day shone upon 
 Castleton so indulgently tempered to the sensations, 
 so balmy, so fragrant, and so soothing. Even our 
 grosser cuticles imbibed this delicious atmosphere like 
 the nutriment of peace. Clothes intercepted the 
 breath from flowers redolent witli immortality. 
 
 The skirts belonging to Joanna's amber-coloured 
 Cfown of silk would have furnished cjarmcnts liere for 
 a large family. But however short, or tliln, or 
 scanty, never was the maiden stola immodestly
 
 THE SEXES. 151 
 
 arranged. Sosthenes must have divlnecl my tlioughts, 
 for he spoke thus unquestioned : " The sexes here 
 retain their distinctions in form, in habit, in senti- 
 ment, -nd in instinctive attachment to their pre- 
 exist ent pursuits, because memory ever exhibits the 
 past before their eyes fresh and near as your yester- 
 day. But all those passions are extinct which begin 
 not, and reside not, in the mind. We desire, and 
 dislike, and contemn, — we love the innocent, hate the 
 cruel, despise the impure, because such emotions are 
 not sexual, but reasonable, reflective, conscientious. 
 Sexual love perished, like the grosser body whence it 
 originated, and has not re\^ved with its shadowy 
 and spiritualised successor. Sons and mothers, bro- 
 thers and sisters, retain the same affectionate inter- 
 course as in the world above ; but memory, always 
 inexorable, interposes with her disgust, disconcerts 
 with her bashfulness, repels with her shame, propor- 
 tionably as the more animal passions have been 
 intense. For our clothing, there is little other 
 occasion than its conformity with the customs and 
 proprieties which we cannot forget. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 But all these children prove to me that, however 
 sublimated may be the same relationship at present, 
 there are sexual intimacies and affections still. 
 
 u 4
 
 152 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKETHUSA. 
 
 SOSTIIENES. 
 
 You forget the impossibility of such unions here 
 as constitute your own chief happiness. They are 
 designed to beo-in that state which death ends. The 
 youngest of these children will soon reach its nine- 
 teenth century. The much larger half of them are 
 older than myself; and yet I saw Caius Marius 
 triumph in his second consulship. Do you suppose 
 that life can be generated by its antithesis, and 
 originate this second time in death? We must have 
 encountered a much greater number of all ages here, 
 but for the approaching rain. They are collected 
 under the porticos and the thicker trees. 
 
 " If it rains," said I, forgetfully, "these naked little 
 creatures will catch their deaths !" 
 
 SOSTHENES. 
 
 The worst that they can suffer is some sensation 
 not quite usual from a cooler element. They caught 
 their deaths, for the most part, two thousand years 
 asjo. 
 
 CD 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 But have they grown neither larger nor wiser 
 since ? 
 
 SOSTHENES. 
 
 Here is no growth, no decay, no change. Even 
 in intellect, there can never be any other increase 
 than by the accumulation of knowledge and the pro- 
 ficiency of experience. AVc are wiser than we were, 
 only because we have had more time to learn. The 
 vessel remains the same though it is better filled.
 
 ETERNAL CHILDHOOD. 153 
 
 Time may ripen tlie crude austerity of its contents, 
 but time has no power by which chiy can be trans- 
 muted into copper, or copper into gold. When we 
 awoke from our last sleep, it was with amazement 
 at the dream of death just ended, — at our lightness, 
 feebleness, nakedness, — at the place in which w^e w^ere, 
 and the regardless multitudes by whom we were 
 surrounded, — at organs so active yet apparently 
 so inefficient, and members as impotent for the in- 
 fliction of injury, as impassive to its endurance, — 
 but above all, at memory ever occupied about the 
 things which had been, till then, negligently lost, or 
 imperiously dismissed by us. The young, the old, 
 the millions between both, resume that personal and 
 distinctive 2:)resence in which they died — excepting 
 its decrepitude, its imbecility, or its accidental 
 distortion and curtailment. You will see here no 
 marks of casualty and deformity. We are what 
 nature first meant us to be till some misadventure 
 interposed. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 These children seem to be the most happy ? 
 
 SOSTHENES, 
 
 Memory docs not irritate their consciences with 
 her everlasting chains, and hold before eyes which 
 cannot close the crimes they might have committed, 
 or the duties they loould, perhaps, have imperfectly 
 and negligently discharged. They still love — they 
 may remember, perhaps, that they have been loved. 
 Here is no regret, no remorse. If they feel no 
 pleasure from expectation, they endure no anguish 
 
 H 5
 
 154 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 from repentance. Among those who yet live, hope 
 is happier than fruition, only because you men have 
 not yet ascertained its limits, counted its gifts, or 
 found time to question and discredit its promises. 
 Children are equally ignorant whether there may 
 not be something else and greater beyond the hap- 
 piness which is now enjoyed by them — and thus 
 have they little feet for the substantiality of the 
 present, and half-fledged pinions for the unexplored 
 and unimagined contingencies of the future. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 A FEW large drops of rain admonished us that we 
 must return. There was almost as near an approach 
 to our twilight, as with us when the sun is eclipsed, 
 while that far more beautiful luminary above our 
 heads glowed dimly through purple haze surrounded 
 by its halo. " It is our only change," said Sosthenes, 
 " and as such we rejoice in it. Too irregular for 
 the more exact admeasurement of time, its duration 
 may be calculated at a long hour, and its recurrence 
 is seldom so distant as your day and night. As we 
 have no tempests here, without such periodical 
 refresliment and i)urlfication, the air must have 
 become unwholesome." 
 
 Mr. Ilorncastlc paused for breath. The temples 
 and palaces around us would have suspended mine, 
 even if the exercise had not. * Pointing at the
 
 THE FAWN OF SERTORIUS. 155 
 
 warriors, horses, tropliies, military and religious pro- 
 cessions sculptured on the entablature of that before 
 us, I observed to our guide that, although its pro- 
 portions were so vast, every ornament was finished 
 and polished like our small models carved in ivory. 
 "Climate does no injury to the architect's materials 
 here," said Sosthenes; " almost equally with ourselves 
 are they imperishable. This palace was dedicated by 
 the people to Justice and Repentance. Its inhabitant 
 is now recognised as great, far beyond the proportions 
 of his abode." Before any additional explanation 
 could be received from him, Sosthenes was interrupted 
 by ten or twelve veiled females, who ascended the 
 steps and entered the portico so hastily that we 
 stood either unseen, as they passed, or unregarded. 
 Such speed was an escape from the rain. Unlike 
 all of the same sex yet noticed by us, their ample 
 robes descended to their feet. We saw now the 
 matronly stola with its abundant folds. They stopped 
 between those two central columns which showed 
 the brazen doors directly opposite, that they might 
 present, as I mistakenly supposed, some idolatrous 
 oblation to the image of a beast. For we saw an 
 altar there bearing the similitude of three heads 
 rising from one neck. On the altar, whiter than 
 last night's frozen snows, whether silver, or marble, 
 or some other substance more lustrous than either, 
 for it was luminously white, stood a Fawn. Part of 
 these supposed worshippers twisted, as a coronet round 
 the graceful head, some fresh flowers to replace the 
 faded, the rest deposited wreaths and garlands before 
 its feet. " These are among the noblest of their 
 country," said Sosthenes as they passed from sight 
 
 u 6
 
 156 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 beyond the portals — "and they are reverenced by 
 us as the most virtuous. The eldest is Rhoea, mother 
 of Sertorius, whose habitation stands before you. 
 So marvellous were his victories in defence of liberty 
 over two proconsular armies, that they could be 
 accounted for only by supposing divine protection 
 and preternatural guidance. All Spain believed 
 that a Fawn was the messenger to him from Destiny, 
 till, by her own sovereign decrees, both perished at 
 the same time. Part of his immortality passes away 
 among those Spanish Princes whom he so long 
 defended ; and he is now with Orcilis at a city which 
 they call Osca, as we call this city Pome. It was 
 almost instinctively that I conducted you hither : 
 my feet will stray towards these portals and this 
 Fawn ! Others honour Sertorius, I love him ! 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Tell me why, Sosthenes ? 
 
 SOSTHENES. 
 
 Because his affections were stronoier than his am- 
 bition, and he loved his mother better than glory. 
 The loss of empire to which he aspired, afflicted him 
 less than her death. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Yet, though there is no constraint, you prefer 
 Cicero ? You give ages after ages to a master with- 
 out authority ? 
 
 SOSTHENES. 
 
 This may explain my reverence for Sertorius. Pe- 
 flect upon our single law. The service to Cicero is
 
 THE SLAVES RELEASED. 157 
 
 imposed by necessity, because it is necessary that I 
 should for ever remember his benefits, and retain my 
 gratitude. I, too, loved my mother. Her miseries 
 seemed the greater since they were inflicted by a 
 mistress nourished at her own breast. The daily 
 stripes which she endured were discovered by Cicero 
 through my tears. He purchased her liberty, and 
 bestowed mine, though I had asked for neither. 
 
 LLTGWARDINE. 
 
 Such happiness as his deserves to be daily indulged 
 and for ever progressive. This law is sublime in its 
 justice ; but how terrible must be its severity ! 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 As we approached what I must henceforth call our 
 home, we saw multitudes leaving its gates in all 
 directions, and dispersing hastily to other shelter. 
 The rain now fell in such large drops that they shook 
 the slender branches, splashed upon the marble pave- 
 ment, and made me wish for my discarded shooting- 
 jacket, or Bartholomew's broader skirts. Cicero and 
 his guests had been conducted so far by statesmen, 
 conquerors, sages, and orators, whose names are still 
 echoing in every civilised region on this side of the 
 earth. Passing each other so speedily and unex- 
 pectedly, no more than a moment was granted to 
 those mighty shadows and ourselves for mutual
 
 158 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 wonder. Many were preceded by the ensigns of 
 their magistracy, and accompanied by a crowd of 
 friends. Sosthenes whispered to me the names of 
 Q. Calpm-nlus Piso, L. Aurelius Orestes, P. Rupilius, 
 Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Q. Cajcilius Metellus, 
 A. Posthumius Albinus, L. Manlius Torquatus, 
 C. Junius Norbanus, Cn. Octavius, and Cn. Pom- 
 peius Magnus. On our arrival out of breath, Sos- 
 thenes was informed that we had been inquired for. 
 He therefore conducted us at once, through the same 
 halls, to the same seats as we had rested upon yester- 
 day, for so must I henceforth distinguish the time 
 which had immediately preceded sleep. 
 
 By misadventure, everything conspired to pre- 
 cipitate Mr. Horncastle still deeper in the profundity 
 of his delusions. The eager crowd, the hasty sum- 
 mons, the anxiety and irresolution visible in my 
 countenance, were preparatory to the sentence of 
 death ! It happened, too, that Sosthenes walked on 
 one side of him and I on the other, as we approached 
 the ausrust assemblaQ;e which, in his belief, must con- 
 stitute his judges or his accusers. Beside several 
 noble spectators in addition to Cicero and Atticus, 
 there was a little, slender, elderly, vivacious, in- 
 quisitive looking man, whose garments, in shape, did 
 reseml)le those which are still worn by some men- 
 dicant friars, with this great difference, that they 
 were of the finest texture, and scrupulously clean. 
 A fourth person sat negligently upon the fountain's 
 basin, in the prime of manhood, active and vigorous 
 rather than robust, with clearer comi)lcxion, more 
 elegantly proportioned limbs, and a countenance 
 nearer to beauty than we had yet seen. On this
 
 THE AMBASSADORS. 159 
 
 account, perhaps, he was more scantily clothed than 
 his companions. A short violet-coloured cloak co- 
 vered his purple tunic still shorter, leaving the neck, 
 the arms, the legs, and often much more than the 
 knees, quite bare. There were light sandals fastened 
 above his ankles; and round his brow, but almost 
 hidden by the hair, a slender coronet of golden leaves. 
 " You see," said Cicero, as he rose to meet us, 
 " the two greatest men of an age and country more 
 fertile than any other in glory both martial and 
 intellectual. Your world even yet must resound 
 with such mighty names as Alexander King of Ma- 
 cedonia, and Aristoteles son of Nichomachus." The 
 orator was followed by Aristoteles with an eagerness 
 surprising in so wise a man. Any spectator, igno- 
 rant of their names, would have pronounced that, if 
 one only were a philosopher, Mr. Horncastle must 
 be he. My friend advanced with gravity so resolute 
 in its stateliness and composure, that the other sage 
 wondered at him. " We may partake in your good 
 fortune, Cicero," said the Stagyrite, " before the 
 novelty is worn away. Can they speak Greek ? How 
 came they hither ? Is it true that they have escaped 
 death ? The colour of this man's face, is it natural ? 
 For what purpose does he overshadow his head with 
 a canopy like this, if not to cover a fraud ? He is 
 painted red : he is apparelled like a comedian : there 
 is some Roman Aristophanes among you who would 
 affright Alexander, and surprise me." With as little 
 ceremony as could have been shown on the first ap- 
 pearance of a giraffe or a chimpanzee, one hand re- 
 moved Mr. Horncastle's beaver, the other rubbed his 
 cheek. No sober man within seven miles of Castle-
 
 1()0 THE FOUNTAIN OF AliETIIUSA. 
 
 ton would have ventured on such an inquisition ; 
 and I felt almost equally alarmed for the philo- 
 sopher's ears, and for my friend's philosophy. Well 
 for both, they were repelled from each other by the 
 same anti])athctical electricity — perhaps a physical 
 repugnance between life and death — as that through 
 which 1 had myself so lately suifercd. Bartholomew 
 snatched back his hat with extreme displeasure, re- 
 placing it more resolutely than before. Strange to 
 say that, from so slight an incident, the antipathetical 
 repugnance between them never ceased ! This out- 
 rage confirmed my friend's belief that he was not in 
 a court of justice, but in tlie Pope's palace : it was 
 persecution. A livid mark discoloured the cheek ; 
 while Aristotle, carrying his too curious fingers to- 
 ward a stronger light, shook them and breathed upon 
 them, as if he had inadvertently grasped a hot chest- 
 nut. Alexander laughed, reminding his old pre- 
 ceptor that " if pain resides not in the body alone, 
 nor in the mind alone, it could hardly exist in the 
 mere shadowy residue of both belonging properly to 
 neither." 
 
 These events, so rapidly succeeding one another, 
 partly overcame the awe excited in me by such a 
 presence. Here were assembled three as great men 
 as I had ever seen together, excepting once when 
 Lords Brougham, Lyndhurst, and Campbell sat side 
 by side upon the woolsack. It was expedient that 
 I should appease ]\Ir. Ilorncastle if possible, least 
 some fresh misunderstandin<>' mmht intiame the first. 
 But he would make no milder reply to my remon- 
 strances than that I "might dwell at ease even
 
 I STL'MBLE OX THE THliESHOLD. 161 
 
 where Satan's seat is, holding the doctrine of Balaam 
 who taught Balak to cast a stumbling-block before 
 the Children of IsraeL" 
 
 CHAPTEPv VIL 
 
 " UxLESS we mav succeed in rekindlini? the same 
 Straw which blazed so brightly, but which was so 
 soon extinguished," said Cicero, " Alexander should 
 have come earlier to profit by a declamation against 
 fame. This stranger speaks some Latin, and has read 
 our best books," ^'He has also read some of the 
 best in a better language," said I, speaking Greek as 
 he did. " Beside such as have been left us by Aris- 
 totle and Plato, yoiu* oldest poets and wisest historians, 
 he can compare the orations of Cicero against Anto- 
 nius with those of Demosthenes against Philip." 
 Here was one of those blundering prostrations whence 
 vanity picks up a rod for its own chastisement. I 
 discovered it on the brow of Alexander in time to 
 continue thus : " And he has learnt that even such 
 eloquence is unable to obscure the glory of great 
 actions. Philip is yet classed among the wisest of 
 kings ; Alexander stands, not among but above the 
 mightiest of conquerors." 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 And what of Aristotle ?
 
 162 THE FOUNTAIN OF APwETHUSA. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Between two and three thousand years, Aristotle 
 has been the brightest intellectual luminary of man- 
 kind : if his radiance is at length eclipsed by an Eng- 
 lishman, it is not extinguished. Every day are his 
 words and opinions on a thousand lips. Only from 
 things rare and precious do men stoop to gather small 
 relics. We have not forgotten the beauty of his hair, 
 the elegance of his apparel, or the amorous ardour 
 and devotion of his love. I shall confirm his fame, in 
 these smaller particulars also, among my countrymen, 
 if ever I return to them. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 I am not so covetous of fame as to seek it anions; 
 the satyrs. Judging by the whiteness of your own 
 skin, which is not painted, and the profuse solidity 
 of your master's apparel, these countrymen must 
 dwell in a cold climate ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 We are Englishmen, from Derbyshire. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 The Derbiccs have their habitations north-east of 
 the Amazons, and south-west of Hyrcania. Hero- 
 dotus erroneously writes Algiloj for Augihv, which 
 you call English ? 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 These men are the citizens of a country as far 
 >vest from Greece as the Augilie and Derbiccs arc
 
 ENGLAND. 163 
 
 far east. Their island was discovered amidst waves 
 and tempests which never rest, almost beyond the 
 confines of humanity, by C. J. Cassar, whose conquest 
 he once relinquished as not worth keeping. 
 
 LUGWAEDINE. 
 
 It is now mistress of oceans to which your ^gean, 
 Euxine, Caspian, and Hadriatic, are no larger in 
 comparison than fish-ponds are to them. Its colo- 
 nies surround the world and occupy no small part of 
 it. Its language extends farther than any other 
 ever yet spoken by the human tongue. Much more 
 of India than was approached, or known, or even 
 supposed to exist, by Alexander, is, not its tributary, 
 but its servant. A tenth part of its army may be 
 sufficient at any time, to occupy or subvert Home ; 
 while another tenth could over-run the whole of 
 Greece from Macedonia to the Malean promontory. 
 During the last twenty years, England has rescued 
 Spain, Egypt, and Syria from their invaders. 
 Sicily she has garrisoned and protected. Greece she 
 has transferred from barbarous masters to the go- 
 vernment of her own inhabitants. 
 
 This was said calmly, with the confidence of 
 truth, in very passable Greek. Cicero looked angry, 
 Atticus disdainful, Alexander started so suddenly 
 from his seat, that I felt as ill at case as he did. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Your studies must have been deeper in the Philip- 
 pics of Demosthenes than in my Ethics, for you have 
 learnt to lie both impudently and fluently.
 
 164 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 LUGWAKDINE. 
 
 Are eighteen hundred years insufficient for the 
 ruin of those sovereignties which grew so fast, and, 
 by your own account, must decay so early? Does 
 Apollo forget his own oracles? Atticus can tell 
 you how much of this subversion had been accom- 
 plished between your time and his. Cicero, whose 
 government was over Grecian cities and provinces 
 in Asia, may still farther tell you — by whom. 
 Surely Alexander is the last man but one, in either 
 world, who should wonder at the changes of empire. 
 The last is Darius." 
 
 As our discussion, at this time, had become more 
 serious than I could have wished, it happened 
 fortunately, perhaps, that Mr. Horncastle disengaged 
 his watch from its oil-skin coverinG;. He miQ;ht liave 
 felt some curiosity about breakfast or dinner, or the 
 probable length of time permitted him to live. No 
 such novelty could escape the inquisitive glance of 
 Aristotle, who stretched out his hand demanding 
 what it w\as. Even wise and good men are not 
 always sufficiently guarded against hasty impressions ; 
 and my companion, judging from the philosopher's 
 dress and carriage that he was a monk, a friar, by 
 which words he signified a beggar, a persecutor; or 
 remembering the experiment on his cheek, something 
 worse if possible than either, now concluded that his 
 poverty was well matched by his impudence. Slowly 
 replacing his watch, he desired me to say that all 
 hours were of equal consequence while one like him 
 could escape the tread-mill and the beadle.
 
 MODERN INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES. 165 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 I LESSENED the philosopher's mortification by pro- 
 ducing my own watch and explaining its mechanism. 
 I pointed out the extreme precision with which time 
 was thus measured. At least seventeen or eis^hteen 
 hours must have elapsed since the two watches had 
 been compared, and their variation was not so much 
 as half a minute. " Here is a proof of ingenuity," 
 said I, " unsurpassed by your sand-glasses and 
 water-clocks." It was so appreciated, but without 
 the slightest surprise. A little mortified by this in- 
 difference, I said, " As knowledge must always accu- 
 mulate, wisdom must always be progressive. I cannot 
 help wondering, therefore, that among the wisest of 
 human beings, though far from stationary after death, 
 their advancement should appear so slow. We have 
 watches and clocks, steamboats and air-balloons ; we 
 can extract light from the atmosphere, and illuminate 
 •our houses with the wind ; we know how to render 
 thunderbolts innoxious, to weigh and measure the 
 stars, to pierce through the regions of infinity. Amid 
 storms and darkness we traverse the ocean, calculating 
 our progress, ascertaining our direction, certain of 
 our port. Yet, mortal as we are, science, however 
 industrious, must be limited to sixty or seventy years ; 
 one-half of which is spent either in learning the 
 elements, or fore:ettin2: the results — in childhood and 
 old age. Even while life is ablest, much is lost by 
 the imperfection of memory. Before we can become 
 wise, we are dismissed. What we leave to our
 
 166 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 children, is like liquor half- spilt by its transfusion 
 into smaller vessels, and much weakened. You are 
 limited to no time, entangled by no anxieties, and 
 memory must store for future reproduction whatever 
 it has received." 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 But w^hat other reason have you for supposing 
 that our movements are so slow, except the rapidity 
 of your own in a contrary direction ? AYhy should 
 we contrive w^atches for the measurement of time 
 which is without changes ? Of what use would be 
 these steamboats and air-balloons to us ? As there 
 is no darkness here and no thunder, our houses re- 
 quire no burnt Avind for their illumination and 
 tempest- controllers for their safety. The stars and 
 regions of infinity are on your side the globe, and 
 you may, perhaps, have invented optical instruments 
 to assist the sight in exploring them. But we possess 
 no more than one lamp, the position of which never 
 varies ; without seas, w^e can require little skill in 
 ascertaining our progress, or calculating our direction 
 on them. Consider that distant ports, and midnight 
 tempests are unknown here. But still your con- 
 clusions are nearer to the truth than your reasons for 
 them : our progress is slower than your own. They 
 wdio want nothins^ will seldom srain or do much. 
 Unprofitable learning loses its curiosity. When there 
 is no change, there will be but feeble and careless 
 observation. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Yet art rejoices in her own labours, because the 
 energetic mind requires exercise ; and such works
 
 ANCIENT BIOGRAPHY. 16? 
 
 are the reflections of its thoughts, its capabilities, and 
 its virtues. Poets, painters, statuaries, architects, 
 musicians, are constrained by a stronger necessity in 
 this world than in yours, for they are under the 
 habits and impulses of some thousand years. Such 
 also is the thirst of knowled2:e in some few men — in 
 Aristotle himself. There are examples where truth 
 and wisdom require a stimulant from no baser passion. 
 All knowledge is not from curiosity, nor is the best 
 ever. Except for the sake of comparison and specu- 
 lation, we care nothing about the things by which 
 we were once so much excited, as kingdoms and their 
 limits, governments and their systems. Even you 
 living men think but seldom on your cradles and 
 your nurseries after they have been forsaken. On 
 this wide plain wliich we call Eternity, speculation 
 becomes fastidious, if not inactive. Such machines 
 as these watches excite no more than a passing 
 question on your account : to us cork-boats with 
 feather masts, set afloat by little children, are as 
 valuable and almost as wonderful. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 How strange must have appeared, at first, this 
 superflux of leisure to him who once seized upon 
 every moment so avariciously ; who grudged even 
 the smallest expenditure which nature requires for 
 sleep ; who impatiently threw life itself away, because 
 his curiosity could not be otherwise appeased ! I refer 
 to Aristotle. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 What ! have these silly tales, of which Atticus 
 brought me the last report, have they descended to
 
 168 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 you ? The ball and the basin ! as if a living man's 
 thoughts were the clearer through his want of sleep ? 
 The tide and the suicide ! a philosophical solution of 
 the problem which must have ended me first? If we 
 could sublimate from history such stagnant absurdities 
 as these, how small a deposit would be the residue of 
 truth ! Perhaps you may also have been told that 
 my piety expended itself in sacrifices to my wife ? It 
 was much more passionate and devout before she had 
 become such. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Each state had, no doubt, its happiest phases. 
 She now rewards you, and will eternally reward you, 
 for so much eagerness in the pursuit, and tenderness 
 in the possession. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 I am not immodest enough to demand any such 
 recompence. An everlasting wife would be as much 
 beyond my desires as my deserts. We have been 
 divorced by death. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 I CONSIDERED this a favourable opportunity for the 
 removal of Mr. Horncastle's prejudices against the 
 Philosopher ; and, therefore, I told him that he who 
 spoke last had justified himself from some false ac- 
 cusations as a worshipper of his own wife. " His
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE AND ARISTOTLE, 161) 
 
 wife!" said Bartholomew; "why, who in the workl 
 ever thought of worshipping his wife ? A stock or 
 a stone were better than one's wife !" So much ex- 
 citement awakened curiosity. I told my hearers 
 that my companion was in love, but far short of 
 idolatry ; that he was preparing for the palms of 
 martyrdom rather than bend his knee even to his own 
 God ; that he apprehended such a test to be near at 
 hand; and that, however great his reverence for 
 Alexander himself, he would take Jupiter Ammon 
 by the horns. I was commissioned to assure him 
 that they allowed the most perfect freedom of con- 
 science ; that they themselves were the worshippers 
 of neither graven nor molten images ; and that, as 
 living men were the only rarities, they would study 
 to keep him alive. ]\Ir. Horncastle anticipated me. 
 His eyes had been almost necessarily directed from 
 the position Avhich he occupied to the much more 
 than naked legs of Alexander, who evidently cared 
 for no man's thoughts, but accustomed to the bath 
 and the pala3stra, wore his violet-coloured robes 
 rather as emblems of his dignity than coverings of 
 his nakedness. Bartholomew, on the contrary, did 
 not believe that any civilised creature would have his 
 legs and feet uncovered but through the want of 
 shoes and stockings. Still greater was his offence at 
 some other deficiencies. He was, how^ever, less dis- 
 pleased by the Macedonian countenance than with any 
 present there beside, mistaking its openness and com- 
 posure for sobriety. Above all, he felt a secret wish 
 to mortify, once more, that insolent and inquisitive 
 mendicant, through whose audacity his cheek still 
 tingled. He considered neither of them much better 
 
 VOL. I. I
 
 170 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 than a sturdy beggar, but only the Stagyrlte had 
 asked for liIs watch. Havino: liemmed twice or thrice 
 to draw the greater attention, he rose deliberately 
 and majestically in the midst, tlien extracting from 
 his large leathern purse half a crown, and holding it 
 out somewhat too ostentatiously, he addressed the 
 son of Olympias as follows, requiring my interpreta- 
 tion : — "Young man, thou hast but little modesty, 
 as is seen by thy disrespect ; yet hast thou asked 
 nothing. Thy companion might find better employ- 
 ment than the countenance of idleness throuMi his 
 own example. Lay my trifle by thee till thou canst 
 earn thrice as much, and then purchase thee a pair 
 like these. Go, get thee gone." ^Ir. Horncastle con- 
 cluded, like another great orator, by loudly slapping 
 his own thigh. 
 
 I did not beo^in to breathe a2:ain till the half crown 
 had been accepted. " It is his tribute," said Cicero. 
 " His instinct or discernment has found out the lion," 
 said Atticus. " He has done wisely in selecting a 
 specimen of some art with which we are fimiiliar," 
 said Aristotle. "A time-measurer is not adapted 
 to competition or comparison here ; but by this gift 
 we shall see what progress has been made in coining 
 money." It also taught me the just value of their 
 conclusions, when travellers bring home from distant 
 and barbarous nations so much knowledge about re- 
 ligious belief and moral proficiency, without a single 
 syllable having been understood on cither side. 
 
 I favoured and combined all these three conjec- 
 tures in my interpretation. It was tribute bearing 
 the image and superscription of his own sovereign 
 presented to a still greater king. Queen Victoria
 
 ON PRINTING. 171 
 
 will forgive me this injury to lier grandfatlier George 
 the Third. Cicero and Atticus were pleased at the 
 acknowledgment of our old subjection to Home in 
 retaining its language on our coin. Thus all parties 
 were satisfied, and all by mistake. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 ^* These letters are stamped upon the silver," said I : 
 " have you learnt here to print upon paper ? I see 
 that you have not. We can multiply what we have 
 written by more copies in twelve hours than twelve 
 times twelve transcribers can complete for you in 
 twelve months. Our libraries are as well furnished 
 as that of Alexandria, at a less cost than the parch- 
 ment and the vellum there. In the western pro- 
 vince, discovered and rejected by C. J. Cajsar, many 
 thousand persons under the condition of a Roman 
 knight possess more books than did Cicero during his 
 consulship, or Caesar while he was dictator. For less 
 than a sestertium I might purchase all that both had 
 written, if none were lost. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 This accounts for our continuance among you. 
 We are cheap, it seems. Neither the Alexandrian 
 library, nor any other, has ever contained so many 
 as a thousand books worth reading. Have you, in 
 all these ages, been able to discover w^hich are and 
 
 I 2
 
 172 THE FOUNTAIX OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 which arc not? There is some art by which im- 
 pressions may be multiplied and the fatigue of copyists 
 abridjred. A valuable art to those whose time is 
 so short ; for it circulates knowledge and equalizes 
 civilisation. Your superiority will be confessed if 
 you have also added to it that other art ; and can 
 teach us how we may distinguish my thousand be- 
 fore it has been read from your million. But of 
 what use would be this stamping or printing to us ? 
 AYhy should we economise small fragments of ex- 
 istence where no expenditure can consume the whole ? 
 AVhy multiply books, or the copies of books, where 
 we have nothing new to learn, and nothing old which 
 we can forget? On what subjects are all these volumes? 
 history, policy, the progress of science, the secrets 
 of nature ? What ! in a universe like this, where 
 nothing can change, where, excepting such gradual 
 procession of wisdom as arises from thought, nothing 
 can either increase or diminish ? 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 The orators speak, the poets sing, and the people 
 remember, 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Perhaps you may have discovered methods by 
 which motion is accelerated. The traveller hurries 
 over a hundred leagues, as if on wings, in less time, 
 and with less fatigue, than he could formerly accom- 
 plish ten. He is, by the same liaste, frugalising his 
 sixty or seventy years ; he is making the most of his 
 existence ; he must soon end his journeys in death.
 
 MR. nOKNCASTLE CONVINCED. 173 
 
 But such is not the case with us, who have travelled 
 so far, and are dead already." 
 
 Bartholomew was a^ain become restless. It seemed 
 high time that I should provide against some fresh 
 and more dangerous misunderstanding. Turning, 
 therefore, to my friend, I begged that he would 
 resume his seat ; and while every eye watched our 
 conference, I thus addressed him : — " Mr. Horncastle, 
 let me appeal to our former intercourse, whether 
 there has existed so much levity on my part, as that 
 I should be suspected now of indulging childish and 
 mischievous deceptions. Are we here in a suitable 
 condition for disbelief on one side, and trickery or 
 treachery on the other ? Should we begin among 
 strangers to baffle and perplex, to deceive and dis- 
 trust ? Have I hitherto forgotten the respect due to 
 good sense and unblemished integrity ? If not, 
 believe what I tell you so far, at least, as may con- 
 sist with the testimony of your own eyes and ears. 
 You perceive that the language of these men is un- 
 derstood by me. I know their history, I am familiar 
 with their actions and characters ; it is impossible that 
 I should be deceived. The wealth of Europe could 
 not build a hall like this. If sufficient purchasers 
 might be found, the single column against which you 
 lean would discharge our national debt. We are 
 neither in papal Rome, nor American Mexico. We 
 are not upon the earth's surface. What resemblance 
 is there between our sun and the lamp which lights 
 us, or our heavens and the purple canopy above your 
 head ? The youngest of these men is between eigh- 
 teen and nineteen hundred years old. Two thousand 
 two hundred years ago the oldest of them was con- 
 
 I 3
 
 17-1: THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETUUSA. 
 
 sidered the wisest teacher by the wisest people among 
 mankind. To Alexander thou hast given half a crown!" 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 To Alexander the coppersmith? If so, I am 
 sorry for it ! 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Cicero, the most virtuous and eloquent of the 
 Komans, thou hast called a vain old man. Aristotle, 
 the arbiter of Grecian literature, and the oracle 
 during fifteen centuries of even Christian argument, 
 tliou hast reproached with idleness and threatened 
 with the tread-mill. He with short skirts and 
 naked legs conquered one half of mankind, and 
 received submission from the other half. It is 
 Alexander the Great ! " 
 
 Both in the " History of Josephus," and Miss 
 Joanna's "Elegant Extracts," had Mr. Horncastle 
 read many particulars of Alexander the Great. He 
 could, at last, plainly see the grey iron-like colouring 
 of death even in a face so noble. All the eyes 
 which gazed upon him were like stars reflected from 
 dark water. The dream was gone I Neither the 
 East Indies nor the West, neither Eome nor Mexico, 
 could be supposed to possess twenty such columns, 
 each sixty or seventy feet high, without a blemish, 
 of clearer lustre than the diamond, and more deli- 
 cately tinted than the opal. My friend awoke ! 
 He sat confronting four mighty spectres visible in 
 the body, who could more reasonably complain of 
 his intrusion than he of their disrespect. The world 
 of shadows had become real if not substantial, and
 
 THE MANES CONFRONTED. 175 
 
 he had treated with contemptuous severity the 
 greatest in their generations among mankind. 
 
 His present situation required a stout heart and 
 pure conscience. But Bartholomew Horncastle was 
 not disposed to deprecate by cowardice or mitigate 
 by subserviency. He still confronted them, and 
 bravely too. True it was that he ever held even the 
 thouofht of a ofhost in abhorrence, tremblins* while 
 he disbelieved. Nevertheless, his hat remained upon 
 his head, his body erect upon his seat, and the fingers 
 of his clasped hands were interwoven upon his 
 stomach. As he eyed those with whom he had to 
 do, there was a stern doubt expressed whether they 
 or he should move first. 
 
 Nor did they gaze with much less animation, 
 perceiving that something strange had been com- 
 municated by my speech. At last, with a violent 
 effort, but without averting his eyes, Mr. Horncastle 
 broke through this long silence. "Alexander the 
 Great was not a Christian, Antony — wdiat are the 
 other three ?" " In this world," said I, " there must 
 be at least five hundred thousand millions of human 
 creatures, and, beside ourselves, not one Christian. 
 These are the generations of mankind that lived and 
 died before the Christian era." 
 
 I 4
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 Idem ego, cum siibii convexa foramina terrae, 
 Supposuique ferox imis mea terga cavernis, 
 Solicito Manes. 
 
 I 5
 
 WHAT AUTHORITY BETTER THAN MINE. 179 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 I MAY be told that Alexander and Cicero are here 
 represented by me differently from the accounts 
 which we have received of them. Received of them 
 through whom ? Arrian, Plutarch, Sallust, Quintus 
 Curtlus, Conyers Middleton ? To be sure they are. 
 Arrian and Quintus Curtius gained their knowledge 
 of Alexander much in the same way as some dispu- 
 tatious critics gained theirs of good manners, by 
 hearsay only and tradition. Sallust, writing of 
 Cicero, was an unfriendly, Middleton, an unfaithful 
 authority. Treating this last with some of his own 
 scepticism, learned writers have doubted whether he 
 were the author of his own book. If the book were 
 not his, to what Avill amount his authority ? If the 
 book were his, will its authority be any the better or 
 weightier on that account ? Let Doctor Bentley 
 answer this question through Doctor Monk. 
 
 But allowing our current notions to have been 
 correct, must we suppose that no changes would 
 have occurred during so many centuries ; that time 
 has neither mitigated the ferocious, controlled the 
 inquisitive, nor humbled the vain ? that men who 
 were once quicker than others in learning what was 
 right and wise, must have remained steady and sta- 
 tionary ever since? Why, Sir, between their time 
 
 I 6
 
 180 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 and ours, new nations have become old, and old 
 rotten. Parthia, the rival of Rome, has disappeared. 
 Rome has descended from the seven hills. Scythia 
 has srown refined, and Greece barbarous. Remember 
 the lapse of time, and the light of example. If 
 represented by me now as they were represented to 
 3'Ou formerly, well might such doubts arise. I was 
 sufficiently satisfied on finding that their characters 
 had not been altered to an extent which would have 
 destroyed their identity. It was through the resin 
 and saltpetre of memory, the antiputrescent pickle 
 of their single law, that they have retained it. Cicero 
 uses fewer words than formerly, and those few ill- 
 remembered greatly suffer from my translation of 
 them. Alexander carries his head as high as in 
 Susa, but still not quite upright. 
 
 Another objection is so much graver, that it should 
 be replied to without levity. I may be asked — 
 " If the largest capacities are the best adapted to the 
 reception of great truths, and the acutest intellects 
 are the quickest in their discernment, why not 
 open before them at once that knowledge in which 
 all reasonable and responsible creatures are interested 
 the most ? Why hesitate to withdraw the veil, 
 and to make the disclosure which chiefly concerns 
 them ? Are you afraid lest the examination should 
 be commenced with too little reserve, or prosecuted 
 with too much subtilty, or conducted to a result 
 foreign from your wishes ? Do you dread the 
 questions it would suggest, and the objections it 
 might awaken ? Are you so distrustful of your own 
 faith, that, lingering about its morals, you dare not 
 announce its pretensions, or propound its evidences?
 
 SACRED TRUTHS POSTPONED. 181 
 
 Is it then reserved for the ignorant, the credulous, 
 or the predisposed?" 
 
 I apprehend nothing else except my want of ability 
 for an enterprise so arduous. Far better qualified 
 expounders than myself might well recoil from its 
 difficulties. It is not to be attempted by the most 
 capable without preparation, or thought of wantonly 
 and unadvisedly by any man. "\Ve show no distrust 
 of the truth itself, if we consider that all are not 
 alike qualified to proclaim it. Because it is true ; 
 because such truth is sacred ; because no indecency 
 can be so offensive as its profanation, do I forbear at 
 present. The largest capacities are, indeed, the best 
 able to receive it ; but they are not always the best 
 disposed. Pride, jealousy, the love of argument, the 
 disdain of guidance, rivet on a panoply against truth 
 more eagerly assumed by the strong than by the 
 feeble. Moral truth is open to us all ; but His mis- 
 sion from whom it came was first disclosed to the 
 meek and docile. It must still be hidden from the 
 wise, the learned, and the argumentative, unless 
 better recommended than by such lips as mine. 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 I COULD no longer evade or delay the history which 
 had been promised by me ; as three, at least, of those 
 requiring it were unaccustomed to disobedience. 
 But there were perplexities, for the disentanglement
 
 182 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 of which I felt still very ill prepared. My good 
 father's priestly office at Princes' Risborough, and 
 my tender mother's second marriage with Mr. ^Millar 
 of Amersham were, when rendered into Greek, clas- 
 sical enough. I might expatiate on his love of learn- 
 ing, and hers of progeny. Doctor Ralph, too, wanted 
 neither philosophical language for admission into the 
 portico, nor a suitable cloak. His attainments were 
 not greatly different from those of my hearers ; while 
 they could seldom have seen there garments more 
 ragged, or as threadbare. Uncle Richard and Uncle 
 Richard's sons had prototypes near and numerous 
 enough, both Greek and Latin. But with what 
 words should I describe my residence in the Peak ? 
 How speak of its pleasures and improvements ? — 
 the genuine Cuyp purchased, by mere good fortune, 
 with fifteen pounds, or the hog-maned Galloway with 
 eighteen guineas and a half; of the rock-blasting, 
 the book society, and the new bay window ? By 
 what paraphrase could I have rendered intelligible 
 my position in society there ; the modesty with which 
 I had declined a seat upon the bench ; or the silly, 
 yet seasonable report, through which ^Nlajor Copper- 
 cap had learned that even my shortest duelling-pis- 
 tols carried their balls so accurately. It is as difficult 
 to explain customs of which he who listens has gained 
 no })revious experience, as to argue logically and 
 convincingly on premises neither admitted nor un- 
 derstood. 
 
 I commenced, therefore, in the cavern. It had 
 been found, I said, while hollowing the rock for 
 building materials. Like most other narrow and 
 obscure things, it stimulated curiosity. I wished to
 
 TALKING IN GREEK. 1S3 
 
 exjjlore recesses not yet trodden by a human foot, 
 or, indeed, by any other. My companion, who had 
 dwelt much longer in the same country, and pos- 
 sessed far more accurate knowledge of its mysteries, 
 gave to me his guidance. 
 
 Even here, I was met and baffled by similar em- 
 barrassments. In what language should I have ex- 
 plained the stipulations of our partnership ; the en- 
 terprises of modern commerce, its stamps, its endorse- 
 ments, its acceptances, its guarantees? Greek is 
 about as good and abundant among us at present, as 
 Italian was fifty years ago. But let those who are 
 the most expert in its dialects teach me an equivalent 
 for the Miller^s only Daughter, the Quaker's quar- 
 terly meeting, or the Barmaster's new corduroys. I 
 ask, first, the Keverend, and if he fail, the Right 
 Beverend Doctor Bloomfield, what is the best Attic 
 substitute for fluor-spar, blue-john, or double-glou- 
 cester cheese ? 
 
 Permitted to w^ait till I could more sufficiently 
 explain such changes as had remodelled government 
 and religion, science and literature, during twenty 
 centuries, I found perplexity enough in extricating 
 myself from the cavern. I therefore suppressed the 
 technicalities of our partnership, and represented 
 Bartholomew as a philosophical associate. Without 
 particularising the different articles on which we had 
 so long subsisted, I accounted shortly for our pre- 
 cautionary abundance both of food and light. They 
 were provided, I said, for future researches, for ad- 
 ditional attendants, for the illumination of our mine, 
 for the triumphant celebration of our success.
 
 184 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 All beyond these social and artificial embarrass- 
 ments was intellijxible enou";li. I used a lanj]^uaore 
 hardly less fertile than our own in the broader cha- 
 racteristics of nature, and the simpler usages of life. 
 Atticus often substituted some more ajopropriate 
 word ; not interrupting or impeding the narrative, 
 but proving how thoroughly it was understood. As 
 soon as I had described that indiscretion which, by 
 removing our props and lintels from the cavern's 
 roof, prepared them for the catastrophe, all who 
 heard me sympathised in it. Certainly we have not 
 advanced much in some essential qualities of good- 
 breedino: since the Christian era. Here "was no 
 jostling and anticipating, in defiance of the Apostolic 
 exhortation that we should be " swift to hear, and 
 slow to speak." I was not hurried by that impatience 
 ill-concealed which has so often distressed me since 
 my return to Hayfield. Even Aristotle, though he 
 listened with unappeasable curiosity, interposed no 
 oftener than was necessary to solve doubts, explain 
 diflSculties, and rectify mistakes. Cicero and Atticus 
 studied Avhat they considered as the first tendency 
 toward civilisation in Caius Julius Ca?sar's barba- 
 rians. Alexander watched me more rcgardfully than 
 the rest, though he said nothing. The conversational 
 differences between INIr. Ilorncastle's science and my 
 own learning were the least intelligible ; but then 
 these judicious hearers considered that the mellowness 
 of age was wanting to the Greek employed by me.
 
 PATIEXCE OF THE PHILOSOPHERS. 185 
 
 When I would have apologised for some tardiness or 
 circumlocution, they reminded me that the novelties 
 which they heard were the first in eighteen or nine- 
 teen hundred years. " So long," said they, " accord- 
 ing to your own computation, has our patience been 
 exempt from such fatigues, and, perhaps, never again 
 may it be disturbed by them. Your intelligence 
 from the state to which all our thouo:hts are still 
 directed, is the earliest we have received. Give us 
 thrice as much, if it be true. There is leisure enough 
 in eternity. We have no engagements for to-morrow. 
 Expatiate as largely as you think proper in that dark 
 passage : if it extends from your world to ours, its 
 stream and fountain will be re- visited by us hence- 
 forth with still more reverential curiosity." 
 
 Fresh questions protracted the narrative, recalling 
 and recapitulating every particular. I thought my- 
 self rising in the estimation of such hearers. As my 
 value increased and was better appreciated, I gave 
 some additional elevation to my pretensions, assuming 
 an attitude less dependent, and a tone less deferential. 
 Flattering was it to observe the assembly before me, 
 while, like little children, its oldest members nibbled 
 at the corners of those sugared cakes which I bestowed 
 upon their curiosity, unable to forbear, and unwilling 
 to consume them. 
 
 When I had spoken of the Fountain through which 
 we issued, it was agreed that, perhaps, many other 
 such streamlets may perforate the earth's crust. Un- 
 perplexed by geology and its professors, ignorant of 
 theories which generate incandescent heat just sixteen 
 million times hotter than a glass-house furnace, they 
 kept their opinions temperate enough. Aristotle
 
 186 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKETHUSA. 
 
 accounted for some such slender threads of water, 
 penetrating the earth's pores, and bursting inwardly 
 through jets and fountains, by their own weight 
 tending to a centre. " There is also," said he, " the 
 incumbency of that external ocean pressed upon by 
 the moon. Such springs seem necessary to indemnify 
 us for the continual waste, imperceptible as it may 
 be, which must result from an alternate evaporation 
 in air, and condensation in rain." 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Many of Aristotle's most confident conjectures in 
 physics are unconfirmed even still. Though the 
 Nile has been carefully explored by us, we have not 
 yet found his Nation of Pigmies. There is some 
 little inconsistency between the moon's pressure and 
 our present notions of an attractive tendency to the 
 sun. But I see that the universal principle, by which 
 all nature's mechanism is bound together, escapes 
 not his sagacity. If so, he will consider that water, 
 and those who float upon it, never can return by the 
 way they came. 
 
 One of my countrymen has given new laws to 
 speculative thought, which all civilised nations recog- 
 nise as the surest. Another has verified the existence 
 of that mysterious agency by which the material 
 universe is sustained. I shall be able to speak about 
 men, who once breathed in the same climate, and 
 were removed only by some few generations from the 
 same time with myself, great as the greatest here. 
 But then we do not forget that they started from the 
 vantage ground which Aristotle had prepared for 
 them. It was he, chiefly, who laid the foundations, 
 who collected the materials, and who drew the plan.
 
 POLITENESS OF THE PHILOSOPHERS. 187 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 As we have ascended the two or three first steps 
 approaching to this new temple of truth and wisdom, 
 let us wait here in the vestibule till other worship- 
 pers are assembled. Meanwhile, practise your tongue 
 in Greek; and reserve the loftier revelations of which 
 you fell us for that concourse from many nations 
 whither we shall soon precede you. Alexander and 
 I must prepare to return from our embassy here. 
 Other emissaries are employed elsewhere in trying 
 to assemble, from every nation, the most illustrious 
 of its citizens. You will accompany your protectors ; 
 you will relate the changes, and describe the revo- 
 lutions of eighteen hundred years ; in a hall no 
 larger than this, you will behold the greatest of 
 mankind. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 I have, in its perfection, though on a smaller scale, 
 that fortune already. The concourse to which you 
 invite me can comprehend nothing higher. En- 
 couraged by the benevolence so condescendingly ex- 
 tended to me, I will approach this glorious assemblage 
 of earth's nobility. I will tell Homer and ^schylus 
 that England, an insular province conquered by Caius 
 Julius Csesar rather through curiosity than ambition, 
 has surpassed the first in sublimity, and the last in 
 everything else beside sublimity. We have had, at 
 least, one poet superior to either, two equal to either ; 
 a mathematician and astronomer who, if desert may 
 be estimated by its fruits and science by its dis- 
 coveries, stands high above rivalry ; and, as I said, in
 
 188 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKETHUSA. 
 
 the phIlosoi:>hlcal government and application of 
 thought, Aristotle's single successor. Setting these 
 aside for a moment from our remembrance, we should 
 still rank, without them, as loftily as any other nation 
 during fifteen hundred years, excepting Italy alone. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 What novelties do you bring us, not in religious 
 belief, for that argument is postponed, but in the 
 duties exacted by it ? Reserve for Athens your 
 speculations on the Deity ; at present we would learn 
 something of yourselves. Under what laws do you 
 live — not under whose ? We will accept your 
 morals as your history. Fresh knowledge may have 
 been stricken out from the collision of wisdom and 
 wantonness — perhaps, also, of accident and self- 
 conceit. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Can any flame burn permanently which is kindled 
 by such sparks ? 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Moral truth can be cleansed, freshened, strniohten- 
 ed, simplified, and disencumbered of its incrustations. 
 You may have rendered it more systematic since our 
 time, have thrown upon it stronger lights, have given
 
 THE TWO METHODS OF TEACHING TRUTH. 189 
 
 to its movements greater energy, and to its authority 
 wider influence. Truth itself is immutable. It can 
 be subject to no caprices. But you do not alter your 
 features when you wash your fjice, though you may 
 improve your complexion. What was once just or 
 unjust, good or evil, must always continue such ; for 
 if it change, it becomes something else. In our time, 
 the roots, and, generally, the trunks, were distinct 
 enough, but the branches were intermingled. It is 
 not for different laws that we inquire. Let us know 
 whether the old are better regulated, better defined, 
 written in plainer characters, and hung high for the 
 public reference on more legible tables. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Yet, in separating these intermingled branches, 
 your own Ethics are elaborately minute. There is 
 no want of definition and technicality, if by classify- 
 ing such ramifications you could have secured us 
 against mistakes. But though all human actions 
 are carefully and skilfully fenced within the en- 
 closure of the same high pales, he who ventures to 
 hunt for o:ame there must beware, or he will entann-le 
 more than his skirts. Our holiest teachers w^ere 
 t»ccupied, not in refining with the learned, but in 
 simplifying for the ignorant. It was their chief 
 care to make truth visible and accessible. For this 
 purpose, they have marked out broad roads through 
 the intricacies of a wilderness not less fertile in briars 
 than in palm trees. They have levelled tlie rough 
 places, straightened the crooked, widened the narrow, 
 and illuminated the obscure. Lettinj]^ in the ll2:ht 
 and air of heaven, they have traversed those once
 
 190 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 shady, and rocky, and miry regions, turning neither 
 to the right hand, nor to the left. In following 
 them, it is impossible that we should mistake the 
 path, unless so besotted by self-conceit as to look 
 about us for a better. We have, indeed, many 
 among us who prefer the twilight and the starlight, 
 not so much because their own eyes are weak, as 
 because the eyes of other people might pursue their 
 wanderings too vigilantly. With us, those alone 
 ever doubt much about the truth, who ■would evade 
 its restrictions, disarm its severities, or escape its 
 contempt. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Then it must have been disclosed to you by some 
 authority higher than reason, and by means more 
 imperative than argument. For whatever may be 
 the certainty of truth wdien found; or, however 
 diligently and sagaciously may those two inquisitors 
 eno-ao^e themselves in its investioration, both are 
 fallible. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. ' 
 
 The same Divinity which first gave us the power 
 of discerning truth if pointed out, has directed us in 
 our progress toward it. Our religion has disclosures 
 to propose which will require the whole capacity of 
 such minds even as yours for their apprehension. A 
 much thi'ough reverence as inability, do I recede from 
 them at present. I gladly accept the time which 
 you offer me for preparation. Perhaps, even after it 
 has passed away, I shall fail in making my meaning 
 understood : for the majesty of the subject reminds
 
 REVELATION. 191 
 
 me that I approached it at my peril. You will 
 consider that, to me, it is no philosophical disquisition 
 which, as far as my own wishes and interests are 
 concerned, may signify little whether true or false ; 
 it is the single security of all I hope. 
 
 CICEPwO. 
 
 Did you say that it was taught by some revelation 
 from God ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Yes ; and so plainly are we taught, that even our 
 children, wdiile little and simple, are in no danger of 
 mistakes. The things revealed relating to Him may 
 exercise capacities like yours — the duties demanded 
 from ourselves are broad and obvious. Nay, it is by 
 becoming, in heart and spirit, like little children, 
 that w^e understand them the best. Such of Aris- 
 totle's Ethics as are not virtually comprehended in 
 our two first commandments, must be discredited or 
 superseded by them. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 What are those commandments ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 To love and reverence our Creator through grati- 
 tude : 
 
 To love and benefit our fellow-creatures through 
 charity. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Are we to understand that they came — not from 
 the illumination which Divine wisdom may shed on
 
 192 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 many cllfFcrent Intellects by a process as natural as any 
 other ; but immediately and imperiously like human 
 laws from a human legislator ? Were they given 
 from Him, or in His name, without the interposition 
 of any other medium, than may have been necessary 
 to render their tone distinct and their lanG-uajie in- 
 tellisjible ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 It would be difficult to imaoine a different kind of 
 communication equally express. Xature was silenced 
 and suspended. A mightier utterance subdued her 
 voice, reversed her operations, overruled her power. 
 But already am I standing on the threshold of those 
 mysteries from which it was agreed that we should 
 forbear. If you require me to explain the method, I 
 must speak of the authority that appointed it. Let 
 me rest here. We believe ourselves to live under the 
 government of Wisdom ever vigilant for our welfare 
 while we trust it and obey it. Many truths have 
 we in common with yourselves. The newer lessons 
 that have been taught us were not intended to confute 
 or set aside the old if good ; but to simplify their in- 
 tricacies, to harmonise their incongruities, and by a 
 greater than any human recommendation, to elevate 
 them above dispute. You too may have seen before 
 you a just and gracious Creator with sufficient dis- 
 tinctness to apprehend the kind of obedience which 
 will please him best — and have thought how irrecon- 
 cilcable is this holiness on his part with this ol)duracy 
 on ours. Cicero, citing Socrates and Plato, has left 
 me little to say of God's goodness, of man's respon- 
 sibility, of equitable recompences earned by us in
 
 THE OLDEST QUESTION THE HARDEST. 193 
 
 one world and distributed in the other. But I appeal 
 to four witnesses who once stood highest above the 
 earth, on a pinnacle whence might be contemplated 
 all its grandeur, its wisdom, and its refinement. With 
 an interval of three long centuries, you have known 
 many among the greatest and the wisest next your- 
 selves. What were the moral qualities of the millions 
 around you and beneath you ? Even in that august 
 assemblv to which I am invited, shall I behold ten 
 men who had been such as a holy Deity could have 
 approved ? Were those ten humble before him, 
 grateful, pious, temperate, inoffensive in practice, 
 benevolent in thought ? Were they what they 
 believed He wished them and designed them to be ? 
 If the best were only virtuous in comparison with the 
 remainder, could any have been called good? Such 
 purity has no where existed as might satisfy the 
 divine holiness. Yet the human spirit is eternal — 
 you suggested the probability, at least, that it might 
 be responsible. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 We can anticipate your next question. Did wis- 
 dom, unrestricted in its goodness and providence, 
 produce or permit tempers which are evil, passions 
 which are mischievous, habits which are impure ? 
 VOL. I. K
 
 194 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 LUGWAKDINE. 
 
 Then answer it. 
 
 AP.ISTOTLE. 
 
 Plavinof come so far to entertain us with novelties 
 like these, you must be reminded that we are the 
 learners at present. You seem much better ac- 
 quainted with our opinions than we can be with 
 yours — therefore equahse this difference. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Your philosophy rides along that old and narrow 
 bridge of many arches, with human frailty at one end, 
 and God's ordinances at the other. By turns, each 
 is your antagonist and your ally — for as they cannot 
 meet, they cannot be reconciled. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 We speak of human nature, not as it was designed 
 to be, but as it now is. We say that, without im- 
 perfection, there can be no trial — without trial, no 
 merit — without merit, no reward. As I travel un- 
 safely in this direction, I will turn back. Let us 
 leave speculations, and refer to facts. I say that the 
 Creator lias conuuunicated with his creatures — has 
 taught what will please or displease him — has given 
 them a conditional remission of past offence — has 
 offered to tlicm reconciliation if they will obey, and 
 greater happiness through repentance than if they 
 never had transgressed. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Are you sure of this ? What is your guarantee ?
 
 WHAT IS A CHEISTIAN. 195 
 
 LUGWAKDINE. 
 
 His word so attested. They who believe less than 
 this are not Christians. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 What is a Christian ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 He is a philosopher without the pride of knowledge 
 or the insolence of magnanimity. He is neither 
 abject nor arrogant — obsequious through complai- 
 sance, nor unsocial through independence. For his 
 first studies are his own deficiencies ; and he is the 
 best pleased when he can discover greater merit in 
 other men. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 No man was ever better pleased with the perception 
 of his own inferiority, or as you express it — ^the dis- 
 covery, in another person, of greater merit, 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Yet thousands among us have looked only, in their 
 companions, for the best qualities, and in themselves, 
 for the worst. If the discovery were painful or dis- 
 tasteful, there was proportionably so much more 
 virtue in the search. A Christian's business is to 
 overcome this repugnance arising from selfishness. I 
 speak rather of what he should be — of what he strives 
 and wishes to be — than of what he is. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Well, what else should this Christian desire to 
 be? 
 
 K 2
 
 196 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Forbearing toward the guilty, forgiving toward 
 the Injurious, compassionate and affectionate toward 
 the unhappy. He lives in the expectation of death, 
 not that he may fortify himself against lesser mis- 
 chances with the Stoic ; or that he may escape trouble 
 and anguish with the Epicurean ; or that, with the 
 Peripatetics and Academicians old and new, he may 
 end his uncertainties in oblivion, leaving their solu- 
 tion where it was : — but that, through death, he may 
 live more happily and virtuously again. It is to 
 please God that he becomes chaste, temperate, inof- 
 fensive, and useful. He neither defies nor despises 
 the ill opinion of other people, but he endures their 
 provocations without resentment, and pardons their 
 injustice w^ithout complaint. He thinks himself a 
 Christian only while he can forgive. Patience is the 
 defiensive armour of his warfare against the "World ; 
 good wishes and kind offices are his darts and arrows. 
 His religion requires of him that he should be gracious 
 as w^ell as just, courteous as well as tolerant. There 
 are proposed to him the rewards of peace — but it is 
 for his ]Master's honour that he becomes patient and 
 orentle, contented and resi":ned. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 Did the founder of this school give to it his own 
 
 name .'' 
 
 LUGWARDINE 
 
 He gave it his name and, with sucli perfection as 
 is unattainable by his disciples, his example.
 
 THE DISCRETION OF CONSCIENCE. 197 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Adding rewards which, you say, will endure for 
 ever. Are you of this school ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Speculatively I am, as a neophyte, entertaining 
 no doubts respecting the excellence of its doctrines, 
 the truth of its authority, or the accomplishment of 
 its promises ; but rather hoping and aspiring than 
 possessing or expecting. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 Are these laws and revelations so clear that none 
 who hear them can misunderstand them ? The obe- 
 dience which they require will vary in punctuality 
 with your tempers and capacities. But are you all 
 comprehended in the same school ? Have you no 
 systems and societies in opposition to one another? 
 
 LUGW^ARDINE. 
 
 We all bear the same name as a patronymic, jDre- 
 fixing such titles to it as may be necessary for dis- 
 tinction. We concur as to the rules of life, varying 
 our moral theory, not so much in the obligation as 
 in the degree. There is greater and less strictness, 
 yet the duty remains the same. Let me confess 
 that between the extremities of indulgence and 
 severity, our margin is so ample as sometimes to 
 impair the obligation by interfering with its simpli- 
 city. This implies, in the laws themselves, neither 
 imperfection nor insufficiency. For while appealing 
 only to conscience, they could hardly have been ren- 
 
 K -i
 
 198 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 dered more precise. If tlieir definitions had left 
 us nothing short of absolute obedience in every 
 particular, they could ha\e proposed but one reward. 
 Authority so imperious must have rendered every 
 man either a subject or a rebel. There could have 
 been no de^Tces of merit even amonix the meritorious. 
 The legislator's spirit and intention are too plain for 
 mistake ; but beyond our compliance with these, 
 we walk as conscience directs us, and therefore in 
 paths w^idely divided. Much liberty is given in the 
 manner of its performance, because this great master 
 accepts from none a reluctant service. In propor- 
 tion as men love him, obey him, and imitate him, do 
 they please him. 
 
 CHAPTER YL 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Let me detain you and turn you back for a moment, 
 to appease the curiosity excited by one remark. 
 You tell us that the ancient method of investicfatinG: 
 truth has been superseded by some other, — that phi- 
 losophy has assumed a dIfFercnt position and a more 
 domestic character. In what do your novelties con- 
 sist ? 
 
 lugwardine. 
 
 The much larger half of those interminable ques- 
 tions once so eagerly discussed ; the chief, almost 
 the only questions from an age earlier than Socrates
 
 OUR PHILOSOniY CURTAILED. 199 
 
 to another later than Cicero ; questions still inces- 
 santly and abortively renewed by you, can have no 
 place among us. Two thirds of your philosophy are 
 settled and silenced now. Before it is possible to 
 revive such discussions, we must cease to be Chris- 
 tians. Knowledge, which you so eagerly strove to 
 discover and to lay hold of, lias been largely showered 
 dow^n upon us for our daily use. The torch so skil- 
 fully prepared, so perseveringly rekindled, and so 
 repeatedly blown out, is superseded by the daylight. 
 We require no dialectics to convince us that the sun 
 is risen. The divine nature, and providence, and 
 will, the connexion between God and man, the soul's 
 immortality progressive in knowledge, holiness, and 
 happiness, the distinction between virtue and vice, 
 and the future recompences to be expected by them, — 
 all these truths are no longer hunted out by syllo- 
 gistic argument, but are communicated by a reve- 
 lation from the Deity himself. They constitute what 
 we call our faith. This faith may be rejected, but 
 not by Christians, and it is of Christians only that 
 we speak. 
 
 Thus, too, the contingencies of life. We never 
 dispute on such questions as the chief good, the best 
 wisdom, the safest choice, because they have been 
 made known to us. If we have not yet learnt by 
 what method sorrow may be disarmed, or pain de- 
 spised, or death defied, it is because they should not 
 be so treated. Every Christian is taught the same 
 lesson from the same lips. If those lips had spoken 
 as plainly to you, your philosophy would have had 
 very little to discuss. What would have availed the 
 swiftness of Penelope's shuttle, or the sharpness of 
 
 k4
 
 200 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 her needle, if there had been neither thread nor 
 Aveb ? The same question will apply to Aristotle's 
 Lo2:lc and Cicero's Rhetoric. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 IIow much has been accomplished by your own ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 It seems strange that intellects the purest, the 
 subtilest, and the best disciplined should have wasted 
 their energy in the prosecution of subjects that, with- 
 out some divine guidance, never could be determined, 
 ■ — subjects unapproachable by the multitude ; inap- 
 prehensible by all ; and inscrutable, even in their ele- 
 ments, excepting by the learned. Yet, to Plato, 
 this chase of phantoms was chiefly recommended by 
 its futility. Disdaining the use of philosophy for 
 vulgar purposes, he withlield it from every other. 
 A philosopher's business was to teach philosophers ; 
 and them only in such things as could be of no 
 farther service. How were your people to be made 
 wiser? If fifty Athenian citizens could have learnt 
 to despise pain, to smile at grief, to make themselves 
 contemptuously jocular with death, what would have 
 become of all the rest ? 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Plato never would have succeeded In tcaohinfi even 
 one so much as this, though he himself were 
 reckoned among the fifty. Go on. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 But he furnished his philosophy with wings fea- 
 thered from the rainbow. Sendiu"' her hisjh above
 
 BY NARROWER PATHS GREATER DISCOVERIES. 201 
 
 the skies, he forbade that she should return to earth, 
 otherwise than for our admiration. He averted all 
 application of philosophical thought from the busi- 
 ness, the enjoyment, or even the decoration of life. 
 How wonderful that geometry, astronomy, and the 
 science of numbers, should have been prohibited by 
 him, unless so sublimated and attenuated as to ac- 
 complish nothing! Under his imperious authority 
 Archytas, in his own time, and Archimedes, at a 
 later, were half ashamed of mechanical prodigies 
 which astonished the world. None of you denounced 
 this tyranny. Even Aristotle rather evaded than 
 defied it. Philosophy, abstract, speculative, celes- 
 tial, inapprehensible, was the cloud-shaped Juno of 
 your unfruitful embraces. 
 
 Our philosophy, leaving the spirit of man to reli- 
 gion, leaving futurity to faith, leaving virtue and 
 vice, good and evil, to a tribunal far higher and holier 
 than her own, is occupied chiefly about the business 
 of life ; things visible, tangible, and appreciable. Yet 
 is she not so servilely and sordidly engaged by them as 
 to refuse the loftiest speculations in physics however 
 abstruse. Paths apparently barren have repeatedly 
 conducted her to a region wealthy beyond her dreams. 
 Every mariner has a patron in that instructor, who 
 measured the planets and taught him their regularity ; 
 who averted the thunderbolt from his masts ; who 
 supplied him w^th an index oracular in the darkness 
 and the tempest ; wdio so accurately calculated for him 
 time, and distance, and progress. Every man may 
 be the happier through some invention, lessening the 
 remoteness of his friends ; or else applicable to his 
 health, his food, his clothing, his habitation, and his 
 
 K 5
 
 202 THE FOU>^TAIN OF AKETHUSA. 
 
 fuel. When age overtakes him, he can ])urchase, at 
 the smallest cost, brighter eyes, quicker cars, and 
 sounder teeth. Cicero justly distinguished between 
 you who have done witli time, and us who can do 
 nothing witliout it, and have hardly a minute to 
 spare. We maintain, that in rendering men easier 
 and liappier, they become less selfish, less perverse, 
 less unsocial, less unjust. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 You said that the great philosopher to whose 
 sagacity you are indebted for all these things, first 
 discovered some easier and surer method by which 
 truth mio'ht be ascertained. What method is this ? 
 
 o 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 We consider that he is chiefly entitled to our 
 gratitude for having subverted your own method. 
 Freeing us from Aristotle's tyranny, he taught us to 
 discard those syllogistical subtilties which determine 
 nothing except that nothing can be determined. 
 There is no real novelty in the system that has 
 superseded it. You have referred to it yourself. 
 ]Say, you have explained its principles and recom- 
 mended its uses. It was you who first showed us 
 that, in physics, no new truth could be ascertained 
 without it. Almost all knowledge, except such as 
 no human intelligence could connnunicate, came to 
 us either from you or through you. But since tlic 
 world had inhabitants, every man has employed this 
 method more or less. We call it inductive, which 
 signifies little else than the patient observation of 
 results repeatedly occurring, till we can trace them
 
 MR. nORNCASTLE's SCHOOL. 203 
 
 to their causes. The peasant who, fifty days in 
 succession, has observed that a fire always fills his 
 cabin with smoke if the door be shut, and that he is 
 always freed from smoke if the door be open, becomes, 
 so far, an inductive philosopher as to have ascertained 
 the existence of a draft or current between them. 
 In popular language, if one thing should invariably 
 follow from another thing, and never from a third 
 thing, there must be some relationship demonstrating 
 cause and effect. But why does Aristotle laugh ? 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 At this specimen of a definition in popular language. 
 You have not learnt much, either of good or ill, 
 from my Syllogisms : Plato will have the opportunity 
 to defend himself. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Leayixg the Dialectics old and new, return to this 
 Christian Faith. Of what school is your companion 
 there ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 He belongs to a sect much more scrupulous than 
 my own. We agree in our reverence for the same 
 divine teacher, and, with some exceptions, in our 
 obedience to the things he taught. As long as there 
 
 K 6
 
 20i THE FOUNTAIN OF AllETHUSA. 
 
 is no excess, I allow myself greater latitude, where 
 it may be justified by the changes of time. He 
 sometimes stops short even when permitted by the 
 injunctions, or invited by the example of his teacher. 
 He will not do so much as his Master did, and as he 
 is recommended to do. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Not what his Master recommended him to do, and 
 did himself? 
 
 LUGWARUINE. 
 
 No ; his Master taught him Avhat words should be 
 used in i:)rayer, and what attitudes. His Master 
 knelt, he sang a hymn, he appointed the observance, 
 with especial solemnity, of two great duties which 
 my companion respectfully declines. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 How so ? Has he a school of his own ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 No ; he only supposes himself to be a better inter- 
 preter of his Master's instructions than were they 
 who heard them. There is nothins; so dear to him 
 as his Christian liberty, which cannot be maintained 
 unless he shall resist the customs and opinions of his 
 countrymen, the sacred oracles from which alone his 
 religion is collected, and the concurrent testimony of 
 eighteen hundred years. Meanwhile he equals the 
 best of us in the purity of his momls, and he surpasses 
 us all in the love of i)eace. He will not fight, and 
 he will not suffer any one else to fight.
 
 PACIFIC PATPtlOTISM. 205 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 How if his country should be invaded by an 
 enemy ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 He will tell his countrymen that they should not 
 have provoked this enemy ; that they are always in 
 the wrong, passively if not aggressively; that however 
 rich, or prosperous, or honourable, no man would have 
 envied them, no man would have harmed them ; that 
 he will not fight on their side ; that he will do his 
 utmost to discourage every one else ; and that if a 
 single drachma be required as his contribution for 
 the public defence, they shall go without it, or take it 
 by force. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Is he content that his wife, his children, his 
 friends, his property, should all be swept away in 
 the universal ruin, by some aggressor who calculates 
 on his pusillanimity ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Far otherwise ; he most aifectionately loves them 
 all. He knows that there are less scrupulous people 
 of other sects who will fight though he do not ; that 
 in fighting for themselves, they must also fight for 
 him ; that while he saves his principles, they will 
 save his wife, his children, his friends, his property, 
 giving him, at the same time, fresh proofs of that 
 impiety and depravity by which he has been defended 
 so well. His warfare is carried on by attorney ; but 
 neither, while it lasts, will he pay the expenses, nor 
 acknowledge any one as his proxy, when it is over.
 
 206 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 What sort of patriotism is this ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 The pacific sort. 
 
 CICEEO. 
 
 Is it through pusillanimity or selfishness that the 
 first duties of a citizen are thus disclaimed by him ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Such composure of deportment has been acquired 
 by him through early discipline, that ignorant 
 observers might ascribe his peacefulness to timidity. 
 Yet in passive courage he is not inferior to Alexander 
 himself. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 I have never known any man who was. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Mr. Horncastle also is constitutionally irascible ; 
 and he might, perhaps, under less vigilant self-restraint, 
 have become resentful as well as hasty. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 His self-restraint hardly interposed in time to 
 save Aristotle's teeth. I have never thought m^'self 
 so likely to witness a battle since my departure from 
 Babylon. It is from the enemies of his country 
 alone that he will run away ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 It is true that he usually takes sides against its 
 friends ; but amid the greatest dangers I have always
 
 PASSIVE COURAGE. 207 
 
 known him above the dejection or trepidation of fear. 
 There are no offences which can perpetuate a malig- 
 nant feeling in him, and it must be more than an 
 ordinary provocation which could enflame one. Re- 
 vile him because you have wronged him, persecute 
 him because he has so sparingly retorted your con- 
 tempt ; and without waiting for reparation through 
 repentance, he will forgive. You may lose his 
 esteem, but you cannot so far drive away his patience 
 as to make him your enemy. By ill-usage you may 
 forfeit his companionship, but you cannot teach him 
 to harm you or hate you. As soon as his indignation 
 has cooled, he will repay your scorn with a civility, 
 or should the opportunity occur, your injustice by a 
 benefit. Cato was less inflexible to the solicitations 
 of pleasure, many a stoic, many a warrior, to the 
 apprehensions of violence. Not for the maintenance 
 of honour through the pride of consistency, would 
 my companion encounter death, a pompous tragedian 
 where the whole world was the theatre ; — but, if 
 conscience required from him the sacrifice, where 
 there was neither commendation nor pity. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Tlien is he the noblest of stoics, secure from 
 accident in his own completeness, self-sustained 
 above the weaknesses of humanity, yet without the 
 stoic's contempt for them. How much have I 
 mistaken him ! 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 You mistake him still. He is no stoic at all ; he 
 has neither arrogance nor selfishness. Let me refer
 
 208 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 you to the principles of our religion ; and that future 
 misconceptions may be obviated, let me once more 
 distinguish between ourselves as we really are, and 
 our Christian obligations as we acknowledge them to 
 be. Even my friend comes somewhat short of their 
 perfection. The second of those great principles 
 requires brotherly-love, kindness, gentleness, patience 
 under provocations, a candid and courteous demea- 
 nour. Almost every philosophical argument as an 
 incentive to virtue would be thought by him and me 
 dangerous, or criminal, or both. Haughty aspirations 
 are not permitted us, because we are Christians. But 
 instead of them, we have learnt to love generously, 
 each regardino; the other as better than himself. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 You have also learnt to dispense with the incum- 
 brance of modesty when speaking about either. 
 Cicero may have been too lavish in his commendations. 
 When you placed this toothless cynic under the 
 superintendency of so powerful and vigilant a master 
 you took away the dignity of his freewill. It seems 
 that, even from him too, he does hang back as far as 
 he dares. Surely, your religion cannot forbid you to 
 defend your country if endangered — it cannot have 
 taught you anytliing so absurd as that the malignant 
 passions of other countries, tlieir pride, their ambition, 
 their jealousy, will always leave it exempt from danger. 
 This sect establishes its title to honour by controverting 
 the very first of human obligations both social and 
 natural; thwarting and, where other interference is 
 impossible, reprehending more patriotic citizens. But 
 still it is pre-eminently moral and religious, so moral
 
 THOUGH SELFISH NOT BASE. 209 
 
 as to reprobate those brave men through whose valour 
 it is defended, thriving and fattening under their 
 guardianship, multiplying its wives, its children, its 
 friends, and above all its money, but refusing a single 
 drachma to the public safety ! As for the religious 
 half, by your account, the Christian has no other 
 choice than submission or rebellion. Standing be- 
 tween rewards and punishments both infinite, he is 
 not the less selfish and slavish because the scourge 
 will be suspended till another day. All life long are 
 his eyes upon the recompence of good or ill, which 
 will be determined when life is gone. If it is enough 
 for wisdom that he would prefer pleasure to pain, 
 and joy to sorrow, then were the dogs of Lacedaemon 
 and the asses of Bceotia as wise as Plato. 
 
 LUGWAKBINE. 
 
 Wiser than the greatest part of us men who, with 
 the same option, determine differently. But Cicero 
 better understands the meanlnor of what I said. To 
 neither of you have I sufficiently made known how 
 awful is that authority. You cannot magnify it 
 enough. Yet do thousands defy it, and millions dis- 
 regard it. Yes, we have, indeed, both of the motives 
 supposed by you ; and many other scarcely less impe- 
 rious. Hope and fear are addressed to human pru- 
 dence first ; and the most direct appeal is heard by 
 that selfishness of which no Christian feels ashamed. 
 But we deny that the hope continues to be base, or 
 the fear to be slavish. Standing as porters before 
 the gates of life, they beckon some passers-by, and 
 caution others. After having been conducted by 
 them within, we are made ready for our IN taster's
 
 210 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 presence with the robes of love — gratitude commits 
 its censer to our hands — our sweetest incense and 
 holiest oblation are the joy and alacrity which delight 
 in pleasing him. Surely I need not say that there 
 may be filial hope and fear. Through what motives 
 did children in your lifetime become dutiful ? Be- 
 cause they may have expected the inheritance, were 
 their affections base, and their ministrations selfish ? 
 So far otherwise, even the slave is ennobled by his 
 master's royalty. However humbly we may enter 
 this temple dedicated to peace and love, we at once 
 obtain our manumission there ; for, till they shall have 
 dispersed again, the worshippers are all equal, all 
 welcome, and from every other servitude all free. 
 
 AKISTOTLE. 
 
 It seems that either your thought or your language 
 is insufficient for this sentimental piety which employs 
 so many illustrations to so little purpose. Its two 
 chief laws, or commandments as you call them, re- 
 quire from you nearly the same feeling though the 
 objects differ ? 
 
 LUGWAIIDINE. 
 
 Only the Christian may understand what this feeling 
 signifies, because he only has been taught through 
 what obligations it became due. 'We cannot think 
 habitually on its highest object, without some emotions 
 of the same kind for the thinsxs which he himself 
 loves. There is need of resolute and contumacious 
 obduracy, if we would remain ungrateful toward him, 
 and unafFectionate toward his children. This is im- 
 piety.
 
 CnPwISTIAX OBLIGATIONS. 211 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Consistently with this love, the same rules incul- 
 cate forbearance, forgiveness, benevolence — what 
 else ? Did you not also speak of temperance, con- 
 tentment, and purity ? 
 
 LUGWAEDINE. 
 
 By purity we mean exemption from lust, gluttony, 
 drunkenness, with their spiritual parallels, Avrath, 
 avarice, and pride. Before even the name of Christian 
 can be conferred upon us, the pomps and vanities 
 which w^ould disgrace it are renounced. At our 
 initiation, we proclaim a grateful obedience to one 
 only Master. Content with what he provides, we 
 must not covet, nor envy, nor distrust, nor repine. 
 In attestation of that providential care which is so 
 much more vigilant than our own, he himself refers 
 us to the birds unfed, and the flowers untended, 
 except by him. To feel anxiety for the morrow ; to 
 lay up treasures for another generation which may 
 perish before our own ; to live on the mastication of 
 that bitter root which poisons our tempers, fevers our 
 brains, and breeds scorpions in our bosoms, is impiety 
 run mad. The Christian is required to share his 
 bread with the hungry. However ungrateful, every 
 man, if he be distressed, is entitled to our compassion. 
 We have another word which comprehends the whole 
 spirit of our morality. Like an angel's garment, 
 charity is more radiant than every thing else, except- 
 ing the celestial body which it clothes and ornaments, 
 and that body is our religion.
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 t 
 
 Idem ego, cum subii convexa foramina terrse, 
 Supposuique ferox imis mea terga cavernis, 
 Solicit© Majjes.
 
 A PERPLEXING PATTERN. 215 
 
 BOOK YII. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Mr. Horncastle was useful to me at Hayfield, pre- 
 cious to me in the cavern, and, notwithstanding some 
 petulance and waywardness through disappointment, 
 instructive to me everywhere. I am still profited by 
 his exemplification of a principle not sufficiently 
 understood. He accompanies me, like an astrono- 
 mer's orrery, to illustrate what I teach, unseduced 
 by fashion, unperverted by learning, and free from 
 guile, yet irreconcileably inconsistent with his own 
 belief. I can hold him up in opposition to all the 
 jangling of science true or false ; and, unless it be 
 illuminated by a light brighter and holier than its 
 own, to all the subtilties of philosophy old or new. 
 He is at hand, should I be challenged for an instance 
 of uncompromising self-reliance, equal to that en- 
 joyed by Horace's round man. There is, I think, 
 neither in Roman nor in Grecian literature, any 
 thing else quite of the same kind. Yet let me 
 confess that some embarrassments are often occasioned 
 by so sturdy a temper. My friend proves not alto- 
 gether exempt from prejudice, nor his prejudice from 
 offence. 
 
 On earth, we see no more than the shadow cast 
 from that august tribunal where justice never varies 
 the equilibrium of her balances through favour, nor 
 lowers her sword's point to compassion. Xo living
 
 216 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 creature perfectly appreciates any other living crea- 
 ture. It is a mistake to suppose that fools enjoy this 
 privilege because their sounding-line is not entangled 
 by its length, and they have sympathy for a plummet. 
 Yet, had it been difficult to find two wiser men than 
 Aristotle and Mr. Horncastle, or two -who were so 
 widely estranged, with so little reason for their 
 antipathies. The Stagyrite removed his seat twice, 
 and then altered his position both times ; first, that 
 he might watch my friend from a greater distance, and 
 afterwards, that he might not see him at all. The 
 conjectures of an observer who has, perhaps, never 
 been surpassed by any other man in acuteness, were 
 baffled by INIr. Horncastle's disdainful placidity. 
 
 In representing my friend to these philosophers as 
 the example of Christian excellence, there was some 
 indiscretion. I should have spared to proclaim, so 
 loudly and ostentatiously, my good fortune in the 
 possession of him. Though socially, morally, re- 
 ligiously conscientious, much difficulty sometimes 
 arose in attempting to reconcile his habits and his 
 principles, the incessant activity of his pursuits with 
 the tranquil sobriety of his professions. In this lower 
 world there is nothing to disturb his meditations: he 
 enjoys the sabbatical repose which should have been 
 esteemed by him as his happiest attainment. Here 
 is peace, such as all wise men profess to hope for, anr! 
 as his own religious peculiarities more especially 
 require ; yet is he 111 at case, yet is his heart flut- 
 tering among his coal-pits. Habit cats so deeply 
 into man's humanity, that instead of constituting no 
 more than his second nature, it expels the first, 
 usurping the sovereignty. Our minds may turn their
 
 THE TWO HOUSES. 217 
 
 eyes so long in the same direction, tliat never again 
 can we look quite straight. Thoughts, passions, 
 affections, are domesticated by custom till, like barn- 
 door fowl, they will always eat their meat from the 
 same platter, and sleep upon the same roost. 
 
 Thus there stand as its principal ornaments upon 
 this earth's surface, two great houses which are sup- 
 posed, by the inhabitants of them, so greatly to sur- 
 pass all other places in felicity, that heaven itself is 
 either forgotten or disregarded. They are called the 
 House of Commons and the House of Lords. Hardly 
 any sacrifice, any humiliation, any cost, is considered 
 too much for the purchase of a right to sit down in 
 either. If so, how should even a saint thus canonised 
 ever find himself quite as well pleased any where 
 else? What will he do where there are no divisions, 
 no debates, no disregarded petitions; where, though 
 there be viinisters enough, there can be no opposition ? 
 Let me hope that the moral appended to this argu- 
 ment was legible at a distance. We certainly get 
 farther from nature, and probably from happiness, 
 by our riches, our refinements, our industry — do 
 we get nearer to heaven ? 
 
 VOL. I.
 
 218 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Deter^iined that no man should discover his 
 thou!xhts, Mr. Horncastle's thoiiorhts were far from 
 complimentary. He felt discontent at having become 
 a subject for our speculations. He sat apart with 
 much scornful dislike to his critics, whose great names 
 operated feebly upon an imagination preoccupied as 
 was his, and whose familiarity with death provoked 
 abhorrence as w^ell as terror. Yet so tolerant was 
 he of Sosthenes as almost to forget that he had been 
 buried. Fruits and wine deserved the patronising 
 nod with which they were accepted from so deferen- 
 tial a minister. It seemed to me that Bartholomew 
 eat and drank thus freely, for the purpose of showing 
 his independence, and that he wanted not my aid. 
 Once, at least, he affected to w^hisper remarks or in- 
 quiries into the inapprehensive car of that pious 
 freedman. He would make n)e jealous — he would 
 accept attentions and obligations, in preference, from 
 any other quarter. 
 
 And, indeed, I did feel like one who finding himself 
 among more aristocratic associates, neglects his school- 
 fellow in a frieze coat. There was that sort of self- 
 reproach which is not much less uneasy liccause it is 
 undeserved. To have made my friend a i)artaker in 
 these discussions, was impossible : to have declined 
 them because of his inabilitv, would have been absurd. 
 And yet his patient silence rebuked me. The
 
 SOME DOUBTS STILL. -219 
 
 sagacious and sententious Barmaster, so authoritative 
 in the upper world, sat here without tongue or ears, 
 a mere painter's lay-figure dressed out for our 
 criticism ! 
 
 Bartholomew's endurance of ill-manners controlled 
 its disdain by some additional composure in his 
 gestures, meekness in his countenance, and suavity in 
 his voice. He did not otherwise resent our apparent 
 disrespect than by asking me, w^itli whispers delibe- 
 rately articulated and elaborately bland, "If we should 
 all know him again in any other place ? Whetlier 
 we had learnt our Greek and Latin from the baboons, 
 or the baboons their language from us ? Whether, 
 among twenty or thirty kettle-coloured people, any 
 could tell us by what names the town and country 
 were called in which they lived? Whether their 
 learning and philosophy had discovered as much as 
 that ? " 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 They confirm my first supposition, Mr. Horncastle. 
 There is no other English word into which I can 
 translate their Greek than the word I forbear from 
 repeating because it has given offence. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 If I had foreknown that I was going thither, I 
 should hardly have expected to find, nor could I 
 have taken with me, any much worse company. But 
 the place itself is so much pleasanter than my expect- 
 ations, that I have some doubts still. 
 
 L 2
 
 220 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Is this your only reason for doubting ? 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Xo — there are two other reasons, and both better. 
 The first is that thy testimony passes current with 
 me like a Sheffield shilling nailed upon the cheese- 
 monger's counter. I look upon it as a warning not 
 to trust. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 What is the second ? 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 It would have been nothinnj wonderful if these old 
 Heathen had gotten down here or even lower still — 
 and that thou shouldst have followed them. But what 
 have I to do in this place ? Be its name Greek or 
 English, what business have I here ? I never wor- 
 shipped either a graven image or a molten image, 
 stock or stone, my own wife or any other person's 
 wife. Whose ass have I taken — or whom have I 
 defrauded? Bartholomew Horncastle could always 
 pay his way. Sm'ely, there must have been a mis- 
 take ! 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 We are all sinners, Mr. Horncastle — even the 
 best of us, more or less. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Ay, more or less ! AVhat other odds are there 
 between a king and a cobbler ? But we are not all
 
 SELF-EXAMINATION. 221 
 
 puppies of the same litter, Antony Liigwardine ; nor 
 birds of the same feather ; nor onions of the same 
 string ; though by ill chance we two may have been 
 partners in the same venture. Is it likely that I 
 should have been shut up in this place because I 
 pulled Stephen Smith's ears till his nose bled, for 
 ringing my store pigs too hard upon the quick? 
 That is the worst burden upon my conscience, save 
 one ; but I have repented both. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 This seems just retribution, as far as the nose- 
 bleeding : but wrath must have proceeded to extremi- 
 ties when it reached the ears. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 If they had been thine own ears, Antony, I should 
 have repented less. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 What else has given occasion for repentance ? 
 Was that also done in haste ? 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 I had no such excuse. It was at leisure, that I 
 gave my companionship to a breaker of bottles, per- 
 adventure thirteen in the dozen. Now, prithee, leave 
 me awhile. Beijin ajjain with Aristotle. Come 
 hither, young man, whcit dost call this purple-coloured 
 liquor in thine own language ? 
 
 L 3
 
 222 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 Unlike his words, the manner and countenance of 
 my friend expressed as much gentleness as might 
 have been looked for by spectatoi^ thus instructed 
 in Christian love : they were perplexingly placid. 
 Sweetly repulsed, I tried to conceal my mortification 
 by resuming the debate. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Permit me to say how much gratified I feel by 
 that change, even in your language, which must 
 otherwise have given pain. Cicero wrote a treatise 
 on the " Nature of the Gods." He speaks now, as 
 we do, of the divine nature, of laws given by the 
 divine authority. That crowd of deities is dispersed 
 for which the capitol, two thousand years ago, could 
 hardly have afforded sufficient standing room. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 They are still stationary among the poets ; at least 
 the better looking part of them. If those whom 
 policy assembled as scarecrows had remained with 
 us till now, our small progress in wisdom might 
 well have appeared to you still smaller. The neces- 
 sity for compliance with popular superstition, de- 
 manded by law and usage when my treatise was written, 
 exists not here. For those who ever worship at all.
 
 IDOLS ABOLISHED. 223 
 
 there Is, in this worlJ, One Deity, and no more than 
 one. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 I see temples, altars, images, vestal processions, 
 and choral dances. In my walk to-day, I saw crowns 
 and garlands laid before a beast ! 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 They must have been emblems of love or gratitude, 
 old reminiscences of some service or affection, the 
 devotional ornaments which death sanctifies, although 
 no other feelings can be gratified by them than our 
 own. You saw no sacrifices even of fruits or flowers, 
 and of beasts or birds there are none to slay. The 
 genii, good and bad, were left behind us at Porta 
 Libitina. In all your researches here, you will not 
 discover a single sepulchre. As for temples, altars, 
 images, they, like the choral dances and vestal pro- 
 cessions, have ceased to be religious. Belonging to 
 art and memory, they are required by cultivated 
 tastes and ancient recollections. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 Consider our single law ; and that we perpetually 
 recur to the thoughts which could not die with us. 
 Their illusions are remembered that they may be 
 despised, their impurities that they may be forsaken. 
 More reasonably might you have suspected that we 
 retain no religion of any kind. For as there can be 
 no possibility of change, nothing to hope, to dread, 
 
 T. 4
 
 224: THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 to expect, to begin again, — religion must, at least, 
 want your selfishness. But memory may now con- 
 strain many, even among us Epicureans, to feel 
 grateful and reverential. AYe may be repentant too 
 that we ever had been ungrateful and irreverent. 
 Perpetuity in error is not with us, as it is with you, a 
 matter of choice. All beside, all who have ever felt 
 the necessity for religious awe, still feel it. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 I would learn why. 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 If the emotion were virtuous, whatever we have 
 once felt we must still feel in proportion to its sanc- 
 tity and intensity. The brighter the object the 
 stronirer and fairer the reflexion. Good thoushts, 
 wishes, aifections have followed us from your world, 
 as riches honestly earned, and which will perpetually 
 increase. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 In this direction the tide must continue to run 
 higher and faster for ever as it approaches the in- 
 finity it can never reach ; but how dark, and deeji, 
 and terrible must be that opposite current if its con- 
 ditions are the same ! 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 jSIilllons are floating upon it. That lialf of them 
 is not the larjjjcst which once disclaimed, with
 
 THE TWO CURRENTS OF ETERNITY. 225 
 
 Atticus, all religious belief; but the other half by 
 whom it was used as an instrument against reason, 
 decency, and God's holiness. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Had the worship of our old deities been permitted 
 here, we must have brought with us their represent- 
 atives, if not themselves. This world's Egypt has 
 not so much in it as a single beetle : she possesses 
 neither crocodile nor baboon. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 No other information could have made me more 
 happy ! 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Why ? Do you propose that you and your friend 
 should become candidates for the vacant shrines ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 I learn to hope a greater change as still possible 
 than that of death. You may be advancing towards 
 the same centre with ourselves, though more slowly 
 and by larger orbits. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Why should such a hope have made you so happy ? 
 Of what value is it to you ? 
 
 L 5
 
 226 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 LUG WARD I NE. 
 
 As you forget nothing, I need not remind you 
 that Christians are required to cultivate such cha- 
 rities. Aristotle is so sceptical that perhaps he may 
 be unconvinced of his own infallibility. Three 
 hundred years ago he was coupled with the Pope ; 
 and because Peter Ramus intimated some suspicion 
 that one or both of them might make mistakes, 
 Peter's dead body was thrown into the street at Paris 
 from his chamber windows 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Who is the Pope ? 
 
 LUGWARDIXE. 
 
 He is our greatest authority at present, as Aris- 
 totle was, conjointly Avith him, till three hundred 
 years ago. The Pope is the Pontifex jNIaxImus. He 
 resides in Rome ; his seat is on the Seven Hills. He 
 claims a spiritual dominion over all the world ; but 
 with some restriction, for he may not marry. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 This shows his inferiority to me in power, for I 
 might marry. Perhaps I should have shown my 
 equality to him in wisdom, if possessing the hio-hcr 
 privilege, I had declined to exercise it. Alexander 
 contributes nothing to our discussion ; yet in this, as 
 in every other difficulty, my first wish is that I may 
 learn what he thinks.
 
 Aristotle's partnership. 227 
 
 alexander. 
 
 I think that both of these men may have been 
 fugitive slaves, or else criminals pursued by justice. 
 From evasions and contradictions so impudent, one 
 certainty is sufficiently ascertained — they must have 
 been educated in fraud. It is probable that they have 
 cut the throats of their masters or their parents, and 
 have fled hither from punishment. 
 
 L 6
 
 228 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Sitting as the central figure in this illustrious 
 assemblage, every sentence which I had uttered 
 increased my dignity, elevated my self-esteem, and 
 by rendering my lips the dispensers of truth and 
 wisdom, placed me on a level, as I thought, with 
 those who heard me. But this sunshine w^as suddenly 
 intercepted by such a thunder-storm, as made me 
 wish for the humblest shelter. The Macedonian king 
 confounded me by his abruptness, and terrified me by 
 his severity. Darkened with the shadow of death was 
 that gloomy and tempestuous countenance hitherto so 
 serene. The spectators who had siu'rounded us, 
 reeled backward as if afraid of its lightnings ; and 
 while other persons beside Atticus and Trebonius 
 started from their couches, Cicero looked aghast ! 
 Even Mr. Horncastle's attention was so much excited 
 by a voice which uttered no syllable he could under- 
 stand, that he spilled his wine. AYe all looked as if 
 the dreadful image before us, once more assuming a 
 disdainful sovereignty over the destinies of mankind, 
 had extended its empire into another world. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 What is it that I have said ? By what inadvertence 
 have I oflPendcd ? Slaves or murderers ! never has 
 human blood stained either my own hands or my 
 friend's. Before the warmth and cflfulgence of the
 
 RICH ENOUGH. 22 9 
 
 Christian faith slavery has disappeared. The nation 
 from which I came contains not a single slave. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 If neither slaves nor criminals, what else are you ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 The question embarrasses me, because it is im- 
 possible to find corresponding ranks in ages and 
 countries so far apart. I must use the language both 
 of contrasts and parallels. By birth a gentleman ; 
 in dignity, what we call a grand jury-man ; the 
 popular voice, anticipating the lord lieutenant's se- 
 lection, and creating me a justice of the peace, I 
 can remember no Greek correspondences sufficiently 
 near. My profession is not warlike ; but supposing 
 that we could adjust some such equality between 
 soldiers and civilians by the intervention of birth, or 
 education, or money, I might have commanded, at 
 the Granicus, two or three hundred men. My state, 
 if a Macedonian, would have been inferior, neither 
 in opulence nor antiquity, to some of your smaller 
 provincial nobles there. Unmarried, and in all Avays 
 unincumbered, I am so far rich that I possess more 
 than I need. Could half of my acres be planted 
 with fig trees or olive trees, I might, perhaps, estimate 
 their yearly produce at seven silver talents. The 
 house inherited from my ancestors is adorned with 
 books, busts, pictures, brazen lamps, china vases, a 
 marble slab, and a japan cabinet. There is at 
 Hayfield sufficient room for all the smaller luxuries 
 and elegancies of life.
 
 230 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIILSA. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 Of what estate is your companion ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 He is advancing by longer strides to much greater 
 opulence. Every year he acquires five times more 
 than he can spend. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 By what means ? Is he a pirate ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 He possesses shares in a copper-mine, a slate-mine, 
 the grand junction-canal, the Grafton to Maperly 
 turnpike road, and two Newcastle collieries. Of his 
 own, at Bakewell Rough, he has a lime-kiln, a brick- 
 kiln, and a tile-kiln. A new crane, the wynch to 
 which is Mr. Horncastle's own patent invention, 
 remains — till he shall return — uncrccted before his 
 malt-house door. The habitation whither he will 
 remove as soon as its lease shall have expired, was 
 purchased by him last year, with all those roomy 
 offices and appurtenances including a tan-yard. It 
 is understood that the marriage portion of his af- 
 fianced bride, at her father's death, will be the 
 Hay field -Bridge corn-mill below my house. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 Stop ! Stop ! Archippus, one of the Absynthi, had 
 galleys armed for plunder on the Propontis and at
 
 AN ANCIENT MAN OF BUSINESS. 231 
 
 Samotlirace. He sacked Cissa in the Chersonesus, 
 burnt down Percote and Terceia in Asia, and sold the 
 inhabitants of Tiristasis for slaves, all at the same 
 time. Like your friend, he could conduct a great 
 many enterprises differing from each other much 
 more widely than did these. He buried his father, 
 killed his brother, married an additional wife, gave 
 two great feasts, surprised two small cities, and was 
 hanged by my orders, within four days and five 
 nights. 
 
 LUGWAKDINE. 
 
 You mistake our position. We are neither pirates 
 nor murderers, neither slaves nor fugitives ; but so 
 far opulent that, though neither of us has children, 
 we both lay by some money every year ; I a little only 
 for unforeseen occasions and casual indulgences ; my 
 companion not less than ten times as mucli for 
 stationary investment, or the augmentation of his 
 capital in trade. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 When you returned so frequently and eagerly to 
 the cavern, and transported a boat to the bottom 
 of it with so much labour, what was youp pui-pose ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 We found a lead-seam running above the water's 
 level, and, perhaps, also below it farther than we 
 could have followed without the boat.
 
 232 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKETnUSA. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 For what purpose did you require this lead ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 If we could have drained the pool with a steam- 
 engine, or have sunk a shaft for the application of 
 Roger Barnacle's endless chain, we might have 
 acquired incomparably more wealth than the value of 
 all our present possessions when put together, ample 
 as they are. I have known speculations so fortunate 
 that they astonished the adventurers themselves, and 
 drove other persons, who either missed them or 
 repined at them, half mad. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 Yet once more : for what purpose did you require 
 so much wealth ? The boat was needed for the lead, 
 the lead for the money, and the money for what ? 
 You taught us, just now, that Christians have no 
 pleasure in provoking envy. Why should they drive 
 one another half mad ?
 
 THE TWO MASTERS. 233 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Let us assist your memory, since it appears to 
 hesitate. The teacher of whom you spoke as your 
 example in holiness, was he opulent or covetous? 
 Did he try to accumulate five times as much as he 
 could spend ? 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 If he referred you to the birds and the flowers in 
 attestation of that providential watchfulness which 
 best understands your wants, why otherwise should 
 you pant for riches than through disbelief? If 
 Christians must neither envy nor covet, distrust nor 
 repine, what right to that name have you ? 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 You proclaimed your subjection to a single Master: 
 and on assuming his name, the vanities of life were 
 renounced by you, pride, avarice, luxury, ambition ? 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Our memory never fails ; we are echoes only of 
 your own language. To feel anxiety for the morrow, 
 to lay up treasures for another generation, to 
 masticate that hard and bitter root which poisons
 
 234 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 your tempers, fevers your brains, and engenders 
 scorpions in your bosoms, is impiety run mad. A 
 Christian's temperance is for the sake of Him who 
 loved you so much, and pitied you so tenderly. Xo 
 other obligation can be comparable with this. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 This benefactor made broad and straiorht roads 
 leading directly to truth. His intention cannot be 
 mistaken. It is only in the extent of their obedience 
 that Christians may disagree. You all walk to the 
 same point, though not precisely by the same paths ? 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 In accumulating five times as much as you can 
 want at present, is there is no excess, — or as you may 
 want in future, no distrust ? What answer do you 
 give us ? Why such reserve, if those alone ever 
 hesitate about the truth w^lio would evade its 
 contempt, or disarm its severities ? 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Since the Creator lias revealed to you the dis- 
 tinction between rl<>ht and wrono*, and — irivins: a 
 conditional remission of past oftcnce — has offered to 
 be reconciled if you will love him and obey him, 
 surely you cannot covet, you cannot accumulate, you 
 cannot prefer land, or money, or anything else, to 
 his approbation ?
 
 MY SAMPLE SIFTED. 235 
 
 ATTICUS. 
 
 You say that the same Divinity which first bestowed 
 upon you the power of discerning truth, is assistant 
 in your progress toward it. Yet you have hidden 
 yourselves in these caverns from the happiness which 
 he proposes. Nay, there are punishments as well 
 as rewards. No such option was proposed to us. 
 The Christian cannot stand neutral between two 
 repugnant authorities, as we might have done ; he 
 must determine which shall be preferred. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 Did this road lead you through the earth's crust ? 
 Did this Master teach you to stop, on entering it, 
 that you might search for lead-seams? Possessing 
 more wealth than enough before ; a sufficiency for 
 the smaller luxuries and elegances of life ; laying up 
 some surplus every year, you for accidental occasions 
 and indulgences, your companion ten times as much 
 for the augmentation of his capital in trade ; did 
 you renounce the daylight, bury yourselves among 
 caverns, and incur the indignation of that holy and 
 beneficent Master by breaking his laws and deriding 
 his example ? Speak.
 
 236 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Pelted by such a hail-storm of scornful questions 
 in my own words, I needed time for consideration. 
 Satisfactory answers to them ; answers so convincing 
 as that there can be no second reply, are less abundant 
 still, with greater leisure for their recollection, than 
 many men may think. How we can contrive to do 
 as we please with an easy conscience, serve two 
 masters so different with equal fidelity, read laws 
 plainly written and a hundred times repeated, 
 dutifully misinterpreting every word, let the learned 
 tell us. It happened that, when Aristotle extended 
 his forefinger toward INIr. Horncastle, I had nothing 
 to say. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Here is a philosopher so punctilious in his con- 
 scientiousness, that he will not do even so much as 
 he is recommended to do, and as his iMaster did. It 
 is his misfortune to want what Christians commonly 
 consider as the first among their pleasures ; for never 
 can he discover greater merit than his own in 
 another man ! Self-sustained above the weaknesses 
 of luunanity, what induced him to enter this 
 cavern ? AVhy should he too partake so largely in 
 copper-mines, lead-mines, and coal-mines ? Speak 
 the truth. If through friendship or curiosity he 
 may have been a guide to you, what sodality was it 
 that conducted him among the Newcastle colUeries ?
 
 ECHOES OF MY OAYN WORDS. 237 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 Must we wait till this tangled skein is, at last, 
 unravelled ? 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 There are threads of gold in it brighter than a 
 sunbeam. He has dispersed abroad truth and wisdom, 
 without discerning how rare they are. His thievish 
 hands have snatched out from some royal treasury 
 the richest of its caskets, scattering around him 
 pearls and rubies with vulgar profusion. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 They must not be appropriated by us till we have 
 learnt from whom they were stolen. When his 
 shoulders are uncovered, we may also determine 
 whether — as there are no slaves — there are also no 
 scourges in the country from which he came. Bring 
 thongs and whips. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 He is hardly yet awake to the extent of his contra- 
 dictions. You have told us, Antonius Lugvardinus, 
 that either a Christian cannot hoard, cannot covet, 
 cannot envy or repine, or that he cannot remain a 
 Christian. Either this holy Master must be followed, 
 or he must be forsaken. His mission is with authority. 
 The voice of nature became silent in his presence ; 
 the Deity still speaks through his lips. He proposes 
 an eternity of happiness ; but he permits no double 
 or equivocal service ; you must obey, or refuse to 
 obey?
 
 238 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Believing the possibility of hatred against one so 
 good, we may easily believe that his enemies should 
 defy him; but that his disciples should so far despise 
 him as to retain their riches undiminished till their 
 deaths — to covet and accumulate all life long, while 
 other disciples remain unclothed and unfed — have 
 you audacity enough for the re2:)etition of fables like 
 these ?
 
 A CONFESSOR. 239 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Several of the attendants left the hall, as I supposed, 
 to introduce their tortures. Of the countenances 
 which still continue to gaze upon me, some were 
 fierce, others scornful. I was about to become a 
 confessor for the truth's sake, without applause, or 
 reverence, or pitj, or even much self- approbation ! 
 Not one syllable had I uttered which was false, and 
 behold, I must be flayed alive ! Mr. Horncastle, 
 who could otherwise have testified to my innocence, 
 spoke no Greek. I appealed, nevertheless, to his 
 commiseration, relating as intelligibly as was con- 
 sistent with such an agony of fear, the threatened 
 disgrace. 
 
 LUGWARDINE, 
 
 I shall suffer these cruel indignities for having 
 spoken as a Christian ! This is indeed shocking ! 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 On our first coming hither, when I thought that 
 peradventure they might begin with me more roughly 
 still, for not speaking at all, nobody felt very much 
 shocked but myself. We are shocked one at a time, 
 Antony, and it is thy turn now. 
 
 LUGW^ARDINE. 
 
 I have done nothing, and said nothing, but what 
 is good.
 
 240 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 It is better to suffer for well-doing than for evil- 
 doing. If when we be buffeted for our faults we 
 shall take it patiently, there is no great merit. I 
 would have thee rejoice that thou art counted worthy 
 to endure shame, since it has been so long overdue. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 "VYhat ! suffer for speaking in commendation of our 
 common faith? 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Prithee let alone my share of it. If the rod do, 
 indeed, brush away this old habit of lying, I shall 
 count the correction late, but not altogether out of 
 season. Accept thankfully the chastisement, which 
 dealeth with thee as with a son. — Hebrews xii. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 But I have not lied, Mr. Horncastle. 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Remember that wheel without spokes, the egg- 
 shell and glowworm inside, the tambourine's broad 
 rim sustaining the sky. Bethink thee of the Atlan- 
 tic's bottom, as well as of thine own. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 The character which I gave these men of Mr. 
 Horncastle was good.
 
 MY FRIEND BETTER PLEASED. 241 
 MR. nORNCASTLE. 
 
 Let them keep it, then. Much good may it do 
 them ! I shall not bargain for it back again, by 
 paying in the same coin on thy account, otherwise 
 I might lie myself. Capital punishments have no 
 sufficient warrant, according to my thinking, yet, 
 differing from many esteemed friends, I hold with tlie 
 stocks, the whipping-post, the tread-mill, and now that 
 folks' ears are spared to them, also with the pillory. 
 But I will forbear to witness this shame, sitting by ; 
 least they should look for my intercession, and leave 
 the work only half done. Young man, come lilther 
 with me. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Will Bartholomew Horncastle desert me thus, 
 without speaking so much as one word on my 
 behalf? 
 
 MR. HORNCASTLE. 
 
 Not so. Interpret for me this proverb of the wise 
 man, rendering it into Greek : — " Chasten the 
 transgressor while there is yet hope of him ; and let 
 not thy soul spare for his crying." 
 
 As Mr. Horncastle left the apartment, followed 
 by Sosthenes, he nodded approvingly to Alexander, 
 with a gracious smile. That elastic and elated step, 
 which usually served as the measure of his approbation, 
 drove me half mad. Since our departure fi-om 
 Hayfield, never had I seen him so well pleased. 
 
 VOL. I. M
 
 242 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 During my terror and humiliation, it did not occur 
 to me that, in this unsubstantial world, there could 
 be neither thongs nor scourges ready made. Intense 
 was the gratitude which I felt for the clemency of 
 Cicero when he interposed on my behalf. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 I must respect the duties of hospitality. These 
 men came hither as guests, invited and conducted by 
 myself. Perhaps we may gather more knowledge 
 from their prudence thus warned, than from their 
 integrity. Antonius, we cannot tolerate falsehood 
 which begins by imputing stupidity so humiliating 
 to ourselves as the hearers of it. The account you 
 give us of this sect, supposes such changes to have 
 occurred in human creatures as are irreconcileable 
 with their humanity. You tell us of a religion 
 revealed by the Deity himself, which is without 
 authority even over those who believe in it — of men 
 who profess it faithfully only that they may disobey 
 it habitually and contumaciously — of an example 
 practically used to render the observer unlike itself — 
 of precepts enforced by hopes and fears, rewards and 
 punishments, carefully studied for your avoidance, as 
 Chalda^an incantations arc read backwards. You 
 point out, not the crowds of impious and desperate 
 men who, in all ages and countries, are much alike,
 
 CHRISTIAN LATITUDE. 243 
 
 but such as you consider prudent, pious, virtuous, 
 conscientious ; while you tell us that they too accu- 
 mulate riches, disregarding their teacher's example 
 as daringly as the rest, though he have authority from 
 God. All this is incredible. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 After threats so terrible, I am still insufficiently 
 recovered for such an answer as may reconcile truth 
 and prudence. But it seems unjust, as well as cruel, 
 that memories so exact should reproduce only the half 
 of what was said. I spoke of myself as a neophyte 
 — an aspirant — in this holy faith. I said that the 
 religion described by me, was rather such as it should 
 be, than as it is. I even intimated that my com- 
 panion himself takes some large liberties in the main- 
 tenance of his privileges as a Christian. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Large liberties with a divine teacher ! The main- 
 tenance of Christian privileges against the Christian 
 religion ! You told us that before a Christian could 
 question his Master's authority, he must have ceased 
 to be a Christian. You talked of love, gratitude, 
 awe. Cicero reminds you that they are the disciples 
 only of whom we speak — the instructed and initiated 
 in this teacher's wisdom and virtue. Come then, say 
 that you have lied, and we will forbear from threats. 
 Confess your deceptions and contradictions. There 
 can be no such men ? You have told us that, regard- 
 less of a divine commandment plainly and repeatedly 
 
 M 2
 
 244 THE FOL^^TAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 proclaimed, the grave, tlic prudent, even the pious 
 among you, save their gold, collect more than they 
 use, more than they need for their friends and chil- 
 dren — that they live, and even die, rich ! Confess 
 that you have lied ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 At the hazard of worse punishment than your dis- 
 belief, I will answer that I have not lied. Grave 
 men, temperate men, even otherwise pious men, do 
 pass their lives in the acquisition of more gold than 
 they want, or propose to spend, or think needful 
 for their children. We may doubt whether any 
 other people are so eager in its pursuit. With us 
 temperance and piety stand before the threshold of 
 fortune to introduce her votaries. A Christian's first 
 business is to take care of his estate, if he possess one: 
 « rare, indeed, appears that gratitude which considers 
 our Master's honour so near or pressing even as the 
 second. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 All this is the jingling equivocation of a bastard 
 losic. He uses the word Christian in three or four 
 different senses to perplex us with enigmas. Every 
 age has had its buffoons who made mirth by assuming 
 a designation that they might jest about it and dis- 
 grace it. Pretended Stoics in their purple garments 
 have fed luxuriously from dishes of silver. Beans 
 have been eaten by pretended Pythagoreans witli 
 their roasted kid, not through appetite, but in deri- 
 sion. Pretended Christians accumulate money, pur-
 
 QUITE IN EARNEST. 245 
 
 chase houses and estates, sink shafts, erect cranes, 
 speculate in lead mines and canals — but then, as the 
 other comedians are not philosophers, so these are 
 not Christians. We ourselves may have indulged in 
 some such contemptuous levity. Our religion was 
 not revealed to us from heaven. We argued and 
 conjectured with no greater anxiety as to the result 
 than concerned our reputation for wisdom ; since no 
 greater responsibility was at stake. We expected 
 not to be happy or miserable, proportionably as we 
 were risht or wrons*. There was no claimant, human 
 or divine, for our obedience — and no master suffi- 
 ciently authoritative for its acceptance, if it had been 
 proposed. But you are pledged and dedicated. You 
 have eternity before you — ruin on one hand, peace 
 and happiness on the other ; and do you say that 
 these money-gathering Christians can be Christians 
 in earnest? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Quite in earnest ! Never so much in earnest as 
 when they are so employed. A prosperous adven- 
 ture, an advantageous purchase, an unexpected be- 
 quest, are serious and joyful considerations for the 
 rich and the old. Here is no jesting either in them 
 or me. Of all men they are the most grave, the most 
 wise, and we esteem them the most fortunate. At 
 fifty, sixty, or seventy years old, they are still occu- 
 pied by their investments — joining house to house, 
 and field to field, their eyes still sparkle at a profit- 
 able barojain. 
 
 M 3
 
 246 THE FOUNTAIN OF AUETHUSA. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 You speak of misers^ usurers, extortioners ? 
 
 LUG WAR DINE. 
 
 I speak of Christians. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Then every day of their lives must they system- 
 atically disobey their Master, divine as he is ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Yet never do they name him^, or approach him, 
 otherwise than with respect. It is hoped that as long 
 as they are reverential in their deportment, they 
 may shut their eai^s to what he says. I too am in 
 earnest. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 Audacious and iri^claimable liar !
 
 QUITE IMPOSSIBLE. 247 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Among the audience, now broken into little groups, 
 my speech provoked a discussion so eagerly whispered 
 and gesticulated, that again I felt uneasy. I could 
 hear such words as, "Impossible, contradictory, false — 
 — behold, the knave is discountenanced and forsaken 
 by his companion." There were also conflicting ques- 
 tions and opinions. *^ May he not mean something 
 else ? Has he not the air of sincerity ? With what 
 intention should he deceive us ? Why dishonour his 
 fellow citizens and discredit his religion?" — It was 
 a second time that, through the candour and sagacity 
 of Cicero, I escaped. 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 Let us allow only so much as can be claimed for 
 him by the novelty of his position here, the insuffi- 
 ciency of his language, the changes in thinking, feel- 
 ing, and speaking which may have arisen during two 
 thousand years — and then his system, as well as 
 himself, will appear, perhaps, less confused. I agree 
 in the impossibility that any moral scheme should 
 exist as a religion, after the wisest of its disciples had 
 so far discredited its authority. By this man's ac- 
 count, their customs are in impious opposition to their 
 belief. They receive laws from God — confessing 
 and proclaiming that they were, indeed, given by 
 
 M 4
 
 248 THE FOUNTAIX OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 him — which Christians all life long deliberately and 
 contumaciously disregard. Their impiety is not the 
 result of passion or temptation — it is predetermined 
 and systematic. They make pledges which they 
 never even propose to fulfil. We are not told that 
 a Christian is ashamed to be rich, or that other 
 Christians are ashamed of his fellowship. This is 
 impossible ! For why should tliey not have released 
 themselves from a chain which only impedes their 
 movements, by renouncing a Master so irreconcileable 
 with their tempers? If we suppose the truth of 
 what he says, every day must that Master's holy and 
 compassionate image meet them f\ice to face. Su- 
 perfluous gold would stick to their fingers as if hot 
 from the furnace, only till it might be dropped or 
 shaken off. — But behold, he looks faint! Our hos- 
 pitality has been less liberal than our threats. I 
 promise exemption from the punishment even of 
 distrust, if after having refreshed his strength from 
 the wine-vessels at his elbow, he will tell us the 
 truth. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 I am 2:rateful for the interval which vou allow to 
 me. My spirit is tired and bewildered by a presence 
 so august as this — and my companion wanders, as if 
 deaf and dumb, where, in his ignorance, he may give 
 offence. It will be repose enough if I can allay this 
 part of my disquietude, by finding him and bringing 
 him back.
 
 SUPREMACY OF TRUTH. 249 
 
 CICERO. 
 
 The benevolence of some one from among those 
 who stand behind us — perhaps of Acilius — may- 
 give to you the protection and guidance necessarily 
 neglected by myself. But consider before whom 
 you will reappear; and that, whether among the 
 living or the dead, every thing is overruled by the 
 supremacy of truth. 
 
 M 5
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF AHETHUSA. 
 
 BOOK VIII. 
 
 ^ Idem ego, cum subii convexa foramina terra:, 
 Supposuique ferox imis mea terga cavernis, 
 Solicito Manes. 
 
 M 6
 
 GREAT NAMES. 253 
 
 BOOK yiii. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The reverence due to great names bewilders all 
 common sense, or rather all sense of common justice, 
 even in the wise. We are indignant that Milton 
 should have received no better recompence from King 
 Charles the Second, for his happy concurrence in 
 taking away the head of King Charles the First, than 
 permission to live unmolested and to die in peace. 
 
 Shakspeare was concerned only in killing Sir 
 Thomas Lucy's deer, instead of his father. Sir 
 Thomas could have known no more of Shakspeare 
 than that he was a mischievous neighbour associated 
 with disorderly companions. There is not one gen- 
 tleman in Great Britain who would scruple to protect 
 his bucks and does, or even his pheasants and par- 
 tridges, with still greater severity. Our gaols are 
 crowded with much more modest offenders. But 
 because Shakspeare, several years afterwards, became 
 greater than any other man in the same province. 
 Sir Thomas Lucy has been pelted ever since with 
 the sharp pebbles of the witty and the rotten eggs 
 of the stupid. His fault was that he did not foresee.
 
 254 THE FOUNTAIN OF AKETIIUSA. 
 
 what Shakspcarc himself, at the same time, could 
 not have imagined. 
 
 Sir Francis Bacon's contempt for the studies of 
 Cambridge, is told us approvingly and exultlngly ; 
 his disapprobation of Aristotle's philosophy ; and, 
 with some mitlfratlon, of Aristotle himself. We shall 
 search to no purpose in the intellectual history of 
 mankind, for any other three names greater than 
 these. Let us pronounce them with awe I But at 
 what age did Sir Francis Bacon declare his contempt 
 for the studies of Cambridge, and his disapprobation 
 of the Aristotelian philosophy ? He was either fifteen 
 or in his fifteenth year. 
 
 All America north and south, all Spain, Portugal, 
 Italy, Holland, and England, contend which shall 
 honour most admiringly those two mighty adven- 
 turers, Christopher Columbus and Amcricus Vespu- 
 tius ; for all six countries have had some share, either 
 in the enterprises themselves, or in the profits arising 
 from them. There is a scramble among us which 
 shall pick out from our dictionaries the finest words 
 to write them in imperishable letters over their golden 
 images. And who would refuse either a lofty niche 
 or a glorious inscription ? Let our epigraphs declare 
 the courage and constancy of these illustrious men, 
 their wisdom, their piety, their forbearance, their 
 endurance. Surely these be good gifts. But when 
 we babble about them as the greatest bcncfiictors of 
 mankind, what is the truth? At the lowest compu- 
 tation, from twelve to fifteen millions of innocent 
 people were exterminated by themselves and their 
 successors, — peo2)lc remarkable for honesty, docility,
 
 THE BENEFACTORS OF MANKIND. 255 
 
 and true civilisation, who nevertheless ignorantly 
 supposed that they had the best right to their own 
 country. Because they were perplexed by such an 
 illustration of the Christian faith, their throats were 
 cut, if they would not be converted, to punish dis- 
 belief, and, if they had been converted, to prevent 
 apostacy. Groans issuing from beneath its surface 
 have made their native land tremble durinsr these 
 three hundred years : for as often as death struck off 
 his fetters from one slave, avarice replaced them on 
 another. It was in vain that such tyranny destroyed 
 its own empire by creating a wilderness. Commerce 
 introduced for the blood which was spilled the flesh 
 which was stolen. Three hundred years have been 
 spent in extracting gold and silver by all those crimes 
 which God abhors, and in reducing their conquerors 
 from the wealthiest and most powerful people in 
 Europe to the poorest and most helpless. 
 
 His intentions having been beneficent, I impute 
 no blame to Columbus : perhaps we should excuse 
 the necessity by which every historian and biographer, 
 in compliance with the public taste, has written so 
 wickedly about him. If the discovery had not been 
 made by Columbus, it would have been made, and 
 probably with the same result. Yet he has founded 
 the empire of cruelty over one half of that great con- 
 tinent, of fraud and avarice over the other. He has 
 given the opportunity to greater crimes, and to the 
 infliction of more extensive misery with fewer bene- 
 fits, than had ever dis<>;raced mankind before. Luckily 
 for us Christians, neither the American red men, nor
 
 256 THE FOUNTAIN OF AliETHUSA. 
 
 the African black men have, as far as we are aware, 
 any historians. 
 
 Will these remarks be ascribed to my jealousy ? 
 Of whom can I be jealous ? Columbus discovered 
 one quarter only of the earth's surface, I the whole 
 inside, which having: neither seas nor deserts must 
 be more than tenfold in extent, more than a hundred- 
 fold in population and fertility, in wisdom, learning, 
 science, virtue, glory, opulence, disdaining all com- 
 parison. Can it also be said that the discovery 
 would have been made by some one else, if not by 
 me?
 
 SEAMEN PKOMPT. 2,57 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 By good fortune, or Cicero's hospitable care for me, 
 I was entrusted to the protection of Acilius, whose 
 frankness and kindness had shown their alacrity more 
 than once in my defence. He proposed to accompany 
 me while pursuing the footsteps of my ungracious 
 associate ; and with the promptitude usual in men 
 who, whatever their age or country, have lived much 
 upon the sea, he carried me away. This young 
 patrician had commanded eighteen or twenty triremes 
 against some Messenian pirates in the Hadriatic, 
 where he perished, though fighting victoriously. 
 
 It was my guide's suggestion, whispered in the ear 
 of Sosthenes while following Bartholomew from the 
 hall, which had recommended this route. For the 
 Barmaster's devotion to mechanical science had been 
 learnt by them through my narrative. Sosthenes 
 was not incurious on such subjects because, as the 
 architect of aqueducts and fountains, he had studied 
 hydrostatics ; Acilius, because art and science prose- 
 cuted their larger operations by the river's side. They 
 wished to ascertain whether my friend had brought 
 with . him any applicable novelties as proofs of his 
 proficiency. 
 
 Mr. Horncastle's desertion in my distress, though 
 not treacherous, was unkind. Yet forgetting those 
 wishes for my correction through such humiliating 
 discipline, I considered that his want of an inter-
 
 258 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 preter must increase with his eagerness to teach and 
 his impatience in learning. 
 
 So hastily was I led by Acilius toward the river, 
 down broad steps bordered by their balustrades ; along 
 spacious terraces peopled by their statues ; among 
 marble river-irods reclinino; beside their vases never 
 empty ; and fountain Na'ides so airily sculptured as to 
 laugh playfully and almost audibly while they sprink- 
 led us with their spray, that I found no sufficient 
 opportunity for any closer observation. Life and 
 death had their representatives perplexingly inter- 
 mixed. This stationary part of them seemed almost 
 as vivacious as the moving multitudes every where 
 around. Even where the assemblage was the greatest, 
 only such suppressed mutterings reached me as we 
 hear in king's courts while justice is administered, or 
 some recent calamity has awed the city. I felt as if 
 suddenly become deaf. There were no cries, no ac- 
 clamations, no disputes. 
 
 Sinixle fiirures wandered about to whom not a word 
 was spoken. Companionless in a crowd, they repelled 
 the notice which it was sometimes impossible to escape. 
 Those by whom they were encountered, looked at 
 them only that they might not observe them, dis- 
 tinguished them only to ascertain their presence or 
 their approach, that they might not encounter their 
 eyes or engage their thoughts. Yet it appeared as 
 if such criminals could better endure the abhorrence 
 which they provoked than solitude. The misery 
 visible in their countenances had its own separate 
 characteristic of shame, or anger, or malice, or pride, 
 and always the common brand-mark, still deeper.
 
 COMPANIONLESS IN A CROWD. 259 
 
 of despair. The hypocritical affectation of serenity 
 or of benevolence, by which our worst passions 
 in this upper world are often disguised, and some- 
 times even suspended or mitigated, would be useless 
 here. Memory during two thousand years has been 
 busy in freshening and deepening the terrible in- 
 scription of malice, vengeance, cruelty, falsehood, 
 and lust. According to the tempers of those who 
 exhibited them, a momentary glance supplicated or 
 defied pity, invited or resented observation. Yet the 
 least ungentle could endure neither for a moment. 
 Some as we passed by them so quickly, turned 
 round like wounded and disabled snakes, the more 
 fiercely because they were impotent. 
 
 Even the gratification of their curiosity soon added 
 new torments to the ferocious, and still greater 
 dejection to the unhappy. Hardly pausing to look 
 on a man who had not yet died, they turned away 
 their faces proudly, scornfully, furiously, mournfully, 
 bashfully, each as his disposition might be, but all 
 hoj)elessly. Of one such who grinned at me, and 
 as I thought defied me, Acilius whispered that his 
 name was Lentulus Sura. To my inquiry whether 
 I might also expect a meeting with Catiline, 
 Cethegus, or Sulla, he replied that no two of them 
 would be seen at the same time, for, that still more 
 impatiently than the virtuous and the happy, did 
 they abhor each other. While yet speaking, a shriek 
 interrupted his last words, ringing so piercingly, so 
 contagiously expressive of terror, in its shrillness so 
 unnaturally discordant with the drowsy muttering 
 everywhere else, that I ceased awhile to breathe.
 
 260 THE FOUNT AIX OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 It was answered by hoarser yells of abhorrence, and 
 imprecations hardly less loud. 
 
 Almost close before us, were seen a male and 
 female, both young, but rushing in contrary directions 
 from each other's presence, and vainly trying to con- 
 ceal themselves among the crowd, which, dreading 
 their contact, still recoiled. Such an area was left, 
 at first, as I had once witnessed in Valentia, where 
 the half-murdered adultress fled blecdino; one wav, 
 and the ill-avenged or ill-satisfied husband, the other. 
 
 We were told that Publius Clodius, while trying 
 to make a passage for himself among the multitude — 
 all eyes being intent on so strange a spectacle as 
 myself — was found by her at the side of his sister 
 Clodia, Metellus Celer's repudiated Vv^ife. " If the 
 cause of those cries and curses is yet unknown to 
 you," said Acilius, " be content with ignorance. Xo 
 hatred is, in this world, so fierce, no abhorrence so 
 intense, as that which was generated in yours by 
 the accursed familiarities of guilty love." 
 
 Extricating ourselves from this concourse, before 
 terror and disgust had given way to curiosity, we 
 saw Aurelia Orestilla, the wife for whose reception 
 Catiline had made room by the murder of his only 
 son. She sat alone upon the lip of a large basin 
 brimfull with sparkling water. So mournful and 
 desjmiring was the sigh which sounded in my ears as 
 we hurried by her, that I trembled and looked back. 
 " If this is indeed water," said she, " pity me and 
 taste it for me, that I may drink. Ah, no ! who 
 shall pity the cruel ? Curse me, then, and begone ! " 
 "That sigh afflicts me! terrifi s me!" I exclaimed,
 
 AURELIA ORESTILLA. 2G1 
 
 " it has taken away my strength !" " The repetition 
 of it must be for ever," said Acilius. " She wanders 
 from fountain to fountain, but dares not drink. To 
 her eyes the colour is blood, to her lips and nostrils 
 the taste and the smell are blood. Blood red is the 
 reflection of herself, .though she is still so fair." 
 " There are crimes, then, for the punishment of which 
 vour universal law is not enough ? " " Unless our 
 imaginations had created them while yet alive, and 
 we had brought them with us, to no other are 
 we subject here. This fearful abuse of the senses 
 began before death, memory perpetuates the illusion ; 
 she died through thirst because she feared or abhorred 
 to drink."
 
 262 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 At the river's side there was no noisy, but some 
 playful contention which boat's crew should best 
 recommend itself to our use. Acilius might again 
 have commanded a fleet, though it must this time 
 have been manned by shadows. While occupied in 
 selecting such a vessel as would float my weight 
 where the water was shallowest, many stately galleys 
 shot by us right and left, which he had no leisure to 
 observe. One, sparkling as if both its fabric and its 
 reflection were of inextinguishable fire ; propelled 
 by an unusual number of oars which rose and fell to 
 a hair's breadth ; and under its purple awning, 
 freighted with passengers whose loose robes, covered 
 crimson tunics, touched at the steps above which I 
 stood. Even the wonder that my presence had 
 excited was forgotten, as soon as the aquiline 
 features and bald forehead of a slender and active, 
 but elderly man, could be distinguished. I might 
 have known by the respectful trepidation of his 
 companions that he was much more than their equal 
 noble as they were, while he stepped on shore and 
 ascended these steps. Acilius liimself started as 
 soon as his attention Avasdiscntjacrcd from other cares, 
 and hastened forward to salute him. " I am told 
 that we shall find Alexander in the house of Cicero?" 
 said the stranger. " You will find both Alexander 
 and Aristotle there ; and if your patience or conve-
 
 THE GREATEST OF MANES. 263 
 
 nience can wait till I return, two other guests more 
 wonderful than either." " Than Alexander or 
 Aristotle? What new world has one of these 
 guests found to conquer, and the other to enlighten ? " 
 " They are stray subjects from that which was once 
 your own world, and from the province in it which 
 alone no one has disputed with you. Behold, this 
 is the eldest of them!" Partly hidden by the re- 
 verential concourse around me, and in a dress 
 common to the place, I had remained till then unob- 
 served. So urgent was the haste of these new visiters, 
 that they found no leisure for curiosity, even 
 after my exemption from death had been declared. 
 But their leader stopped, and returned some few 
 paces nearer to me. In no other countenance have 
 I ever seen wonder so reluctantly yielding its dis- 
 belief. It was only the countenance, for after a 
 moment's hesitation, he passed on, saying, " We 
 have already lost so much time, that I cannot Avait ; 
 but if it is the promise of Acilius which tells me so, 
 I shall see this livinor man aofain." 
 
 Our boat was ready, a vessel so light and long 
 that it appeared only to rest on the water's surface, 
 with its eight rowers and Acilius, till my far greater 
 weight w^as added. The boatmen turned their faces 
 the way they went, and stood upright like Venetian 
 gondoliers. Till then I had found no time to ask 
 who it was that might claim me as a subject. 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 Caius Julius Caisar.
 
 266 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 endows it — or otherwise it must liavebeen bom from 
 adultery, and bred as an impostor. 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 After Marius, Sylla, Catiline, Clodius, and Pom- 
 peius had been competitors for this sovereignty, 
 nothino; remained of the republic beside its forms. 
 There was no other question for the people tlian from 
 which master they could receive the largest wages. 
 Cassar knew himself to be the mildest as well as the 
 stronfjest. As for the first million slauGfhtered, and 
 the second million enslaved by him — do you believe 
 that these barbarians would have rested satisfied 
 in their own country, or with each other's posses- 
 sions ? By any gentler restraint than war and con- 
 quest, could they have been kept on their side the 
 Alps? All nations, and all factions among mankind 
 partook of the same impatience. The poorer struggled 
 to sain somethino; — the richer to s^ain more. Whe- 
 ther civilised or uncivilised, like drunkards who have 
 quarrelled at a festival, we were all furiously engaged 
 in grasping at each other's throats, and plucking off 
 each other's chaplets. Ca3sar would have restored 
 order. The lion would liave awed the wolves and 
 frightened the foxes : yet it is anotlier question whe- 
 ther he should have done this. 
 
 In the whole of this lower world, there is neither 
 shield nor spear. I have never yet seen a single 
 purse except for the silver coin which your painted 
 companion l)rought with him. It seems that there 
 is no other article with whicli a Christian cannot
 
 THE christian's contemplatiox. 267 
 
 more easily dispense. By your account, his life is 
 employed in making it capacious, and keeping it 
 secure. His sixty or seventy years are passed in its 
 daily contemplation — joyful or sorrowful as it grows 
 fuller or emptier — and he prepares for an eternity 
 where there are no purses, by devoting it to the cor- 
 ruption of his heirs. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Ihis is retaliation only: our covetousness is con- 
 trasted with your ambition — but they are both sel- 
 fish, and so far both base. 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 Well ; and you might have added that it is more 
 criminal to rob other people than to save our own. 
 
 N 2
 
 266 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIU!=A. 
 
 endows it — or otherwise it must have been bom from 
 adultery, and bred as an impostor. 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 After Marius, Sylla, Catiline, Clodius, and Pom- 
 peius had been competitors for this sovereignty, 
 nothing remained of the republic beside its forms. 
 There was no other question for the people than from 
 which master they could receive the largest wages. 
 Ca3sar knew himself to be the mildest as well as the 
 stronjxest. As for the first million slauGfhtered, and 
 the second million enslaved by him — do vou believe 
 that these barbarians would have rested satisfied 
 in their own country, or with each other's posses- 
 sions? By any gentler restraint than war and con- 
 quest, could they have been kept on their side the 
 Alps ? All nations, and all factions among mankind 
 partook of the same impatience. The poorer struggled 
 to Grain somethinfv — the richer to orain more. AVhe- 
 ther civilised or uncivilised, like drunkards who have 
 quarrelled at a festival, we were all furiously engaged 
 in grasping at each other's throats, and plucking off 
 each other's chaplets. Ca3sar would have restored 
 order. The lion would have awed the wolves and 
 frightened the foxes : yet it is another question whe- 
 ther he should have done this. 
 
 In the whole of this lower world, there is neither 
 shield nor spear. I have never yet seen a single 
 purse except for the silver coin which your painted 
 companion In'ought with him. It seems that there 
 is no other article with wliicli a Christian cannot
 
 THE christian's CONTEMPLATION. 267 
 
 more easily dispense. By your account, his life is 
 employed in making it capacious, and keeping it 
 secure. His sixty or seventy years are passed in its 
 daily contemplation — joyful or sorrowful as it grows 
 fuller or emptier — and lie prepares for an eternity 
 where there are no purses, by devoting it to the cor- 
 ruption of his heirs. 
 
 LUGAVARDINE. 
 
 This is retaliation only : our covetousness is con- 
 trasted with your ambition — but they are both sel- 
 fish, and so far both base. 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 Well ; and you might have added that it is more 
 criminal to rob other people than to save our own. 
 
 N 2
 
 268 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Our customs are so inveterate that I cannot yet dis- 
 entangle my thoughts from the supposed necessity of 
 gold and silver. Do these eight rowers expect no 
 other recompense than the pleasure of serving and 
 obliging you ? 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 AVhat other could they receive ? They are unable 
 to forget me, or to think as affectionately on any one 
 else. Some good offices are remembered on both 
 sides — all eight died for me and with me. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 By what power do bodies so light propel their 
 oars ? How is matter operated upon by that whicli 
 seems so unsubstantial ? 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 How can your mind, your spirit, your will, move 
 and govern as it docs your hand, your foot, your 
 tongue ? How are you able to strike one member of 
 your body against another, or against any thing else? 
 
 In this case also spirit operates upon matter. To 
 set in motion the club of Hercules or the spear of 
 Achilles, there was nothing stronger than the will.
 
 SPIRIT OPERATING UPON MATTER. 269 
 
 If you tell me that their hands raised their weapons, 
 by what power was it that they raised their hands ? 
 All the difference between us and you is, that we 
 shades go more directly to our work. My question 
 is not proposed captiously or evasively. When you 
 have considered it and replied to it, I can more in- 
 telligibly answer yours." 
 
 We were skimming the stream with a velocity 
 like that of swallows before rain along fields which 
 have been newly mown. I would gladly have 
 slackened this speed that I might gaze upon the 
 grandeur around me and above me. Still more 
 magnificent than before appeared those lofty porticos, 
 those endless colonnades, those airy domes reflecting 
 a thousand other colours beside their own, and stand- 
 ing in the sky, not behind, but upon their pillars two 
 or three stories high. I saw temples, each of which 
 would have comprehended the whole ancient capitol 
 under its roof, and amj^hitheatres surpassing the 
 Colosseum, in the same proportion as the Colosseum 
 surpasses the Temple of Peace. We hurried by the 
 cornices and pediments of public baths, and of halls 
 for ])ublic assemblies, deeply sculptured with gigantic 
 figures. It seemed as if their artists had felt some 
 pleasure, distinct from the exercise of skill, in repre- 
 senting arms, chariots, horses, and whatever else 
 could be suggested by memory alone, — the proto- 
 types possessing no place here. Hardly any two 
 buildings displayed more than such a necessary re- 
 semblance as was required by the common purpose 
 proposed. The just taste with which edifices so infi- 
 nitely varied were kept from disagreeable contrasts, 
 
 N 3
 
 270 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 and made always to harmonise, surprised me most. 
 Though tlieir architects had receded by preference 
 to the earliest and simplest styles wherever bulk and 
 unity might suit their object — on other occasions, 
 they built with arches tier above tier, and with 
 columns order above order, as if scalinc: with them 
 the skies. 
 
 A few minutes only were sufficient to exchange 
 all this splendour for such solitude as pleased me 
 even better. By an easy flexure, the river ran half 
 round some elevated land covered with the shadiest 
 trees, and then lost its way among an infinity of 
 small verdant Islands. Even they who were long 
 familiar with this labyrinth, could hardly have deter- 
 mined Avhat was the water's breadth, or where its 
 shores. Leaving the mid-stream, we floated over 
 pools and shallows which a2:)peared, in some parts, to 
 have been paved with chrysolites and amethysts, in 
 other parts, to have been filled with flowers like our 
 parterres. So pellucid were the waters, so rich the 
 refracted lights, so brightly or tenderly coloured even 
 the sands and stones. 
 
 Three or four trees were suflBcient to overshadow 
 the smallest of these islands : on others there was 
 room enough for sunny banks and cavernous recesses. 
 Some were steep, rocky, inaccessible without steps, 
 and as high as they were wide or long. Their forms 
 varied as mucli as their dimensions ; but not a single 
 spot ever wanted the kind of harmony which charms 
 us most. The rocks were coated with mosses — tlie 
 mosses were interspersed with flowers. Blossoms 
 filled the air with their fragrance, while tlieir images
 
 ISLES OF THE INNOCENT. 271 
 
 brightened and animated the watery shadows over 
 which they hung. On almost every islet, 1 observed 
 at least one diminutive cupola shaped like a wine-cup 
 reversed, or a silver bell with its lip downward. In 
 many instances, the forms and colours of these Lilipu- 
 tian domes resembled flowers^ and then nothing could 
 exceed the elegance with which they were tinted, 
 shaded, and sometimes variegated. This illusion was 
 recommended by another ; for over the whole watery 
 region were diffused a thousand different odours 
 fresher than from the lime-tree's blossom. Each 
 cupola rested on its square base — and each front of 
 this base may have measured, perhaps, twenty feet. 
 Onlv at the four ano-les was there room enouo'h for a 
 
 ^ CD CJ 
 
 statue or an urn. Placed on rocky points almost 
 overhanging the water, we could easily perceive the 
 delicacy of their sculpture. When thus elevated, 
 they had always marble steps descending from them 
 to the lake ; and almost always such a diminutive 
 boat as medallists will remember on Phenician coins, 
 curved like the new moon. 
 
 Keclining upon the herbage above, were a few 
 females, often alone, some in small groups. Acilius 
 informed me that I beheld the habitations of those 
 noble women on whom the republic had conferred 
 extraordinary honours because they had been virtuous, 
 patriotic, learned, or distinguished by some domestic 
 excellence. " We have already left behind us the 
 mothers of Coriolanus and Sertorius : that larger 
 island on the left has room enough for six or seven 
 vestals," said he. " Like their fathers and brothers, 
 such 2:)rivilcges are enjoyed by them as a security 
 
 K 4
 
 272 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 against intrusion only ; since no accommodation can 
 be required in this world, for food, shelter, or rest." 
 
 Seeing that my curiosity was so much excited, 
 Acilius suddenly steered his boat aslant from its 
 former direction ; and the rowers soon stopped it 
 under a steep crag of no great elevation, on which 
 three or four females were seated watching our ap- 
 proach. Telling me to remain there till jiis return, 
 he landed, ascended the steps, and I could observe 
 that, courteous as was his reception, at least propor- 
 tionably reverential was his address. No doubt, he 
 proposed to present something prodigious, a man who 
 had never died ! Beckoning me from the boat, and 
 meeting me before I had quite reached to the highest 
 step, he whispered that these were among the most 
 illustrious ladies of their countrv. I saw there one 
 matron whose ample garments and stately deportment 
 would have discovered her nobility, if it had not 
 been announced. After a few words of no uncere- 
 monious astonishment, she exclaimed, " I must 
 conduct you to my daughter. " 
 
 When near enough to see more critically the little 
 habitation which stood alone on this fairest of islands, 
 I found that both base and cupola, however unlike 
 in colour, were ftibricated from the same materials, 
 either glass half opaque, or porcelain half transparent. 
 Of the square below, every front was encrusted with 
 bas-reliefs as highly finished as if chased in silver. 
 Yet Acilius said that, like the dome, they were cast, 
 each of its present dimensions, in moulds and from 
 furnaces which we should soon see. There was onlv 
 one small door and no window ; but, on entering, I
 
 LITTLE PALACE. 273 
 
 found that sufficient light could penetrate the dia- 
 phanous substance of which its entire fabric was made, 
 thousrh not less than five or six inches thick. Most 
 Romans preferred the dimness of a seclusion like this 
 to transparent glass and extensive prospects. The 
 genii seemed to have expanded some bell- shaped 
 blossom till it was large enough for the imprisonment 
 of two or three fairies. 
 
 N
 
 274 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 My distracted attention conld hardly ascertain in 
 what manner was this most elegant of habitations 
 furnished. There needed no carpets on the tessellated 
 floor, no hangings on the transparent walls, no pic- 
 tures, statues, cabinets, or lamps. I saw little else 
 than two or three diminutive tables and couches, 
 with some small musical instruments, and still smaller 
 instruments for female w^ork. But, as we entered, 
 the song ceased and the work dropped uj>on the 
 pavement. Of three females, two were clothed with 
 the same simplicity : there was nothing in their forms 
 or faces which, at such a time, I should have looked 
 at twice. But the third appeared of that age which 
 is most graceful, before childhood has quite passed 
 away. Hardly a woman yet, I had never seen 
 beauty either so perfect, or of the same kind. It 
 might have been heightened by colour, for neither 
 marble nor alabaster was more delicately transparent, 
 Init by any change in the character the charm would 
 have been diminished. In such a presence, the grosser 
 passions must have lost their sensuality and become 
 devout. There was more than the defensive inno- 
 cence which is protected from licentious thoughts by 
 its own purity, and on which vice gazes till it has 
 grown reverential. Beauty like this makes converts 
 to virtue ; not sternly overawing the immodest, but 
 sweetly propitiating the attectionate. Love would
 
 ANTISTIA. 275 
 
 have learnt to worship, less through fear than pity ; 
 less through hope, or admiration, or gratitude than 
 tenderness. 
 
 She started as we entered, and seemed afraid. 
 There was a perplexed attempt at recollection, a 
 bewildered look of inquiry — such as in this world I 
 had not witnessed even once before. Her eyes were 
 filled with tears ; they appeared to ask for protection 
 from her mother, and, as if mocked by abortive efforts 
 of memory, for information from her companions. 
 Then, seeing that we felt distressed by her un- 
 easiness, she w^ould have smiled away our anxiety, 
 her own agitation, her mother's alarm. The attempt, 
 though repeated, was in vain. At last, stooping her 
 face amidst the slender fingers of both hands, she sat 
 down, muttering rather to herself than to us ; " Xever 
 died ! Why should he not have died ? Then, perhaps, 
 neither may I be dead — I cannot remember !" To 
 Acilius, who said that there was another such man, 
 she replied ; " How my father died I know, and why 
 my mother died — but nothing else — nor let any 
 one tell me." While that gentle countenance w-as 
 thus hidden, the elder matron permitted us to depart 
 
 N 6
 
 276 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER YI. 
 
 Our visit was so hastily proposed and despatched, 
 that there had been no time for other information 
 than from tliose few words whispered to me as I 
 ascended the steps. While I was reseating myself 
 beside Acilius at the boat's stern, I exclaimed, that 
 in neither world had I seen beauty which it would 
 be so difficult to forget. If there have been features 
 equal in delicacy, and a form not less graceful, never 
 surely could they have combined with them such 
 consummate sweetness, gentleness, and purity. I 
 shall think long and painfully of that timid and 
 bewildered gaze, of those eyes which wandered so 
 piteously as if to escape their tears, of that sorrowful 
 smile which would have disclaimed or excused what 
 they could not conceal. Her words were unin- 
 telligible, but I hear them still ; — " Why my father 
 died I know, and how my mother died — but nothing 
 else — nor let any one tell me." 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 If other forgetfulness were possible by me, yet 
 such a death could not be forgotten. That tempest 
 extends its shadow from your world to ours ; and 
 even in the broad daylight of eternity, it is not 
 dispersed. Yes ; sometimes for a moment she is 
 bewildered still !
 
 HISTORY OF ANTISTIA. 277 
 
 LUGTVARDINE. 
 
 A virgin of her age can have had no sufficient 
 space for much unhappiness ? 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 Are you so ignorant of such distinctions as not to 
 have perceived that her robes and her mother's robes 
 are ahke — and that both are clothed as matrons ? 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Her mother has, among other characteristics less 
 obvious to my inexperience, a matron's age and 
 dignity. But this child 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 Was the greatest of the two, the highest in power, 
 in wealth, in authority, in expectation, in the public 
 esteem. She might soon have been greater in such 
 distinctions, not only than her mother, but than any 
 other woman. With no better right, some who 
 succeeded to her place were such indeed. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 You called the mother Octavia, but I have seen 
 only one of her parents — she referred to both? 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 You have seen them both, though the other may 
 not have been observed by you. During the narra-
 
 278 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 live which you gave us In the house of Cicero, her 
 father stood awhile at my side — and when it was 
 afterwards discussed, he occupied a seat on the same 
 couch between Atticus and Trebonius. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Then his robe was striped with purple down the 
 front and near the si'o^md ? I should be unorrateful 
 if I could forget either your intei*position in my 
 favour or his. A patrician no doubt — but of what 
 official rank was he ? 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 At his death, he held the proctorship of the city. 
 His name was Antistius — his daughter's name An- 
 tistia. But young as she was, he had transferred tiie 
 protection of her to another. She must be considered 
 — so short was their union — as the bride, rather 
 than the wife, of Cneius Pompeius. 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Of Pompeius the Great ? 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 "Greatly fortunate — great till it had become 
 necessary to encounter two opponents still greater ; 
 and fortunate against the first of them ; yet if, at 
 Pharsalia, he had conquered Csesar, many of his con- 
 temporaries would have remembered that, in Spain, 
 he was ten times beaten or baffied by Scrtorius. 
 There must, however, have been something great
 
 HISTORY OF ANTISTIA. 279 
 
 even for an imaginary resemblance to the Mace- 
 donian Alexander. No other Eoman has ever since 
 risen so rapidly either in civil or military rank, or in 
 the estimation of his fellow citizens. I served under 
 him ; and as a maxim applicable to other cases also, 
 you should never disregard the opinion of those who 
 lived at the same time with illustrious men ; who 
 were skilled in the same pursuits ; who must have 
 communicated daily with eye-witnesses both hostile 
 and impartial ; and who themselves stood near 
 enough for observation. Unless you have become 
 more modest in criticism than we were, history must 
 still suffer, not less from presumption than from 
 ignorance. Associated with the best generals in the 
 most martial age, Pompeius maintained the superi- 
 ority of his reputation during thirty years. While 
 yet a boy, he levied and commanded armies on the 
 side of Sylla. His victories were gained as often by 
 skill and foresight, as by valour and good fortune. 
 After defeat, after death, after the ruin of his party, 
 he can hardly have been considered as less than one 
 among tlie great. 
 
 " Popular caprice had never shown itself so con- 
 tradictory in any other instance ; for the people 
 hated his father from whose rapacity they had suf- 
 fered ; and as a partisan of Sylla, he himself must 
 have been considered by them unfriendly to their 
 pretensions. Still they gave and forgave everything 
 to Pompeius. Perhaps their dislike of Sylla found 
 some assuagement in deducting as much as they were 
 able from his honours, and in conferring them upon 
 his lieutenant. Sylla had sufficient wisdom to
 
 280 THE rOUNTxilN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 render their malignity profitable, by employing, 
 without apparent discontent, so popular an agent. 
 As dictator, he sanctioned the irregularity with 
 which honours and offices were accumulated on this 
 new favourite earlier than in any other instance. 
 Large armies were placed under his command, and 
 difficult enterprises intrusted to his vigilance. 
 
 " We may cast our conjectures beyond their object, 
 when we suppose that politicians can be influenced 
 by nothing lower than their policy. Sylla foresaw, 
 no doubt, that if Pompeius succeeded in what he 
 undertook, the chief profit would accrue to his own 
 supremacy, as our common master — and that if he 
 should fail, an ambitious rival must disappear. But 
 the dictator was not exempt from those casual and 
 vulgar influences which operate on other men. It 
 was, and perhaps is, the common error of historians 
 to elevate low or obscure motives till they could 
 ransfc them on the same level with their heroes and 
 statesmen in dignity, in generosity, or in wisdom. 
 Some among them have been much more anxious to 
 preserve such consistency and uniformity of cha- 
 racter, than were the poets. The ])oets, as better 
 philosophers, knew that only in little men has there 
 been any such thing. Homer represents Nestor as 
 so iTfii'rulous about former danmn-s that he overlooks 
 the urgency of present ruin. Xay Jupiter himself 
 falls fast asleep in the lap of Juno."
 
 HISTORY OF ANTISTIA. 281 
 
 CHAPTER VIL 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Of wliat kind were those influences which inter- 
 fered with SvUca's policy ? 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 " It was difficult to see Pompeius without some such 
 partiality as infected the populace. Not yet quite 
 three and twenty years old, he had fought several 
 battles successfully; had commanded against expe- 
 rienced generals and veteran legions, so as to acquire 
 the affectionate attachment, as well as the reverential 
 confidence of his own. There appeared in him all 
 those qualities which, balancing and regulating excess, 
 correct the crude disproportions of each other. Grave, 
 unobtrusive, silent among the talkative, eloquent 
 among the thoughtful, his courage, his audacity, his 
 prowess in martial exercises, his reputation for much 
 more than ordinary strength and skill, were sobered 
 by the quiet dignity of his address, the conscious but 
 inoffensive majesty of his deportment, and, in his 
 countenance, such beauty as painters might have 
 ascribed to Jupiter when Jupiter was a youth. So 
 natural seemed his superiority, that there was less 
 effort in asserting than in concealing it. The moist 
 lubricity of his eyes appeared almost bashful. A 
 thousand tongues attested every day that modesty
 
 282 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 like his must be incompatible with pride, for that 
 when he sj^oke lie blushed. 
 
 " In other indulgencies he was abstemious but not 
 ascetic ; in love some occasional excesses were freely 
 permitted to him among our unrestricted habits, as 
 consistent with temperance, though irreconcileable 
 with chastity. Beside Flora, so memorable for her 
 beauty and licentiousness, other women also would 
 submit themselves to no future attachment after even 
 a casual association with Pompeius. 
 
 " During Sylla's absence, and while both consuls 
 were at the head of armies, Antistius, as prajtor, 
 exercised the chief magistracy in Home. He was 
 considered rather too zealous about the interests of 
 his future son-in-law for perfect justice. lie gave 
 Pompeius his support in pursuit of civil honour:! 
 leading to military power still higher, and excluding 
 candidates with earlier pretensions. lie gave him 
 also his only child, of whom I need say nothing more 
 now, than that you saw this flower after its bloom 
 had been breathed upon by misery, and trampled 
 upon by death. Even while memory might decay, 
 no one could see it and forget it. Pompeius inflamed 
 still greater envy in our sex, than Antistia did in 
 hers. 
 
 " The enchantment of this dream was overshadowed 
 some few days only after their nuptials, by a calamity 
 which should have rendered faith more sacred and 
 love more tender. Pompeius gained the ofliice for 
 which he had contended, but not without provoking 
 jealousies and resentments among his competitors 
 proportionable to the irregularity of his pretensions.
 
 HISTORY OF ANTISTIA. 283 
 
 In the forum his life was threatened by their par- 
 tisans ; and on the steps of the senate-house, where 
 such dangers appeared to be least probable, it was 
 assailed. Antistius could not otherwise shield from 
 their swords the bosom of his son-in-law, than by 
 the interposition of his own. Missing their blows 
 at Pompeius, they murdered the praetor. In gar- 
 ments which were still wet with her father's blood, 
 Pompeius returned to his young bride unhappy now 
 for the first time."
 
 284 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETIIUSA. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 *' A FEW days only could be afforded for consola- 
 tion. His new office, the critical urgency of civil 
 war, and, above all, the letters of Sylla, required that 
 he should depart for Cisalpine Gaul. He had to 
 contend with three armies there, one of which was 
 commanded by no less an opponent than the Consul 
 Scipio. Victory again preceded his eagles. By 
 almost every messenger did Antistia hear the report 
 of additional success. One hostile and defeated army 
 deserted its own commanders to rann;e its lecrions 
 under his ensigns, the other two retreated and dis- 
 jiersed. Sylla himself, who had advanced hastily to 
 the support of Pompcius wliile pressed upon and 
 endangered, arrived witli no other advantage from 
 such expedition, than the privilege to congratulate 
 him first on his good fortune, and to salute him as 
 Imperator. All Home proclaimed its astonishment 
 that the Dictator should have conferred a title, for 
 which he had been contending so eagerly with the 
 Scipios and the INIarii, on one not yet old enough 
 to take his seat in the senate-house. 
 
 " By the side of Sylla, a lloman knight will return 
 with the Dictator's fasces before him ! If triumphs 
 might be permitted to a conqueror in civil warfare, 
 Pompcius would triumph ! Still more happy is the 
 young bride that, as triumphs or ovations could add 
 nothing to his glorv, his advent will not be retarded
 
 HISTORY OF ANTISTIA. 285 
 
 by them. Leaving no enemy in the field, and this 
 time it was impossible that he should find any rival 
 in the city, the hero returns to her ! The crowds of 
 her father's friends, of her husband's friends, of pa- 
 tricians, generals, statesmen, — all who had hurried to 
 her day by day with their congratulations, foretelling 
 a far more happy and durable dictatorship than that 
 now enjoyed by Sylla, are gone forth to meet him. 
 
 " He enters the gates, — he accompanies Sylla to the 
 capitol, — he visits the dictator's house ; soon will he 
 escape from the Senate and its congratulations, that he 
 may approach his own. Such happiness is not quite 
 exempt from the pain of impatience through its excess. 
 But he is arrived at last ! They must be his attend- 
 ants who are now left by him in the vestibule, his 
 feet which ascend the steps, Avhich tread the atrium, 
 which stop before the door ! Behold, it is not Pom- 
 peius who presents himself, — it is the city Prjecon, the 
 officer to whose care such commissions are intrusted 
 by the laws ! He reads the customary form — in the 
 legal and customary words he demands the keys — he 
 will restore the dowry — he pronounces a divorce ! 
 The marriage contract is produced and cancelled, 
 and torn before her eyes. She must depart the 
 house ; instant preparations must be made in it for 
 another bride. It is the daughter of Sylla's wife who 
 will confinn the alliance between these two con- 
 querors, so that the sovereignty of Rome may devolve 
 as an inheritance on the younger. 
 
 " Those who were present have said that Octavia 
 looked no more than once in her daughter's face. 
 Her husband had been murdered in the defence and
 
 286 THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA. 
 
 in the room of Pompelus ; by Pompcius had her child 
 been married, and repudiated, and disgraced. She 
 looked but once, and that silently. From the humi- 
 liation of shame, she escaped by a courageous, but in 
 its hasty forgetfulness of Antistia, a cruel death. 
 Antistia was the first to enter her mother's chamber, 
 and to find a dagger where now alone, in all the 
 world, she could have looked for comfort. She 
 never spoke either rationally or intelligibly again. 
 Madness saved her from the worst part of such mise- 
 ries, till death ended them. But even still there is 
 more than a momentary consciousness, in that bewil- 
 dered look, of some such dream. Memory, in its 
 distinctness, can approach no nearer to the truth, 
 because memory has no standing-place among the 
 ruins of thought. Antistia's funeral-pile had been 
 kindled beyond the Porta Pra^nestina, before those 
 new garlands which were suspended at the doors and 
 in the halls of Pompcius began to fade. " 
 
 LUGWARDINE. 
 
 Is there no worse hell than this for such cruelties? 
 
 ACILIUS. 
 
 " Our single law is ill understood by you, or it 
 would be cruel to wish that there should be one. 
 Terrible is it in its silence, its comprehensiveness, its 
 obduracy ! Never can these crimes be forgotten. 
 They He heavily upon the inflamed and jaded con- 
 science, chafin2: its rawness, not ni<2:ht and dav, for 
 these seem to have an interval ; not year after year.
 
 HISTORY OF ANTISTIA. 287 
 
 for tnese seem to terminate fincl to begin again ; but 
 durino; our cbansfeless and eternal noio. , 
 
 " There were more cruelties in connexion with 
 these which produced the same blossoms a^nd blasted 
 them in the same manner. Emelia, the daughter of 
 Sylla's wife, a reluctant victim to tyranny and ambi- 
 tion, was at that time pregnant by another marriage. 
 Dragged away from the husband whom she loved, to 
 this bloody house and unnatural alliance, she died in 
 child-birth, thus cancelling the accursed confederacy, 
 and rendering abortive two great crimes. Sylla 
 soon found that his safest policy was to smile at the 
 insolence and endure the ingratitude of Pompeius 
 the Great." 
 
 END OF VOL. I.
 
 London : 
 
 Spottiswoode and Shaw, 
 
 New-street- Square.
 
 n-. 
 
 m 
 
 NEW WORKS 
 
 In miscellaneous and GENERAL LITERATURE, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Messrs. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS, 
 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. 
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX. 
 
 AGRICULTURE &. RURAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 Pag-es 
 
 - 6 
 
 - 10 
 
 - 10 
 
 - 1-2 
 
 - 16 
 
 - 19 
 18 
 
 Bayldon on Valuing Rents, etc. 
 
 Crocker's Land Surveying: ... 
 
 Davy's Agricultural Chemistry 
 
 Fresenius' ,, ,, • • 
 
 Jolinson's Farmer's Encyclopedia - 
 
 Loudon's Encyclop;edia'of Agriculture - 
 
 ,, Self-Instruction for Fanners, etc 
 
 ,, (Mrs.) I-iady'sCountry Companion 18 
 
 Low's Breedsof the Domesticated Animals 20 
 
 ,, Eleujents of Agriculture - • "0 
 
 ,, On Landed Property - - - 19 
 
 ,, On tlie Domesticated Animals - 19 
 
 Parnell on Roads - - - - - 24 
 
 Stc-.vart on Transfer of Landed Property 29 
 
 Thomson on Fattening: Cattle, etc. - 30 
 
 Topham's Agricultural Chemistry - 31 
 
 ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Ball on the Manufacture of Tea 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 
 Budge's Miner's Guide . - . - 
 Cartoons (The Prize) . . - - 
 Cresy's Encycl. of Civil Kngineerinij 
 D'Agincoiirt's History of Art - - - 
 Dresden Gallery _ . - - - 
 Eastlakc on Oil Paintinsf _ - _ 
 
 Evans's Sugar Planter's Manual - 
 Gwilt's Encyclop.cdia of Architecture _ • 
 Havdon's Lectures on Painting & Design 
 Holland's Manufactures in Metal 
 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art 
 Loudon's Rural Architecture - - - 
 Moselcy's Engineering and Architecture 
 Parnell on Roads - . - - - 
 Porter's Manufacture of Silk . . - 
 ,, ,, Porcelain & Glass 
 
 Keid (Dr.) on Warming and Ventilating 
 Steam Engine (The) , by the Artisan Club 
 lire's Dictionary of Arts, etc. 
 Wood on Railroads ----- 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Andersen'* (H. C.) Autobiography 
 Bell's Lives of the British Poets 
 Dunham's Early Writers of Britain 
 
 ,, Lives of the British Dramatists 
 
 Forst r's Statesmen of the Commonwealth 
 
 ,, Life of Jebb . . - . 
 Gleig's British Military Commanders 
 Grant (Mrs.) Memoir and Correspondence 
 Haydon's .Autobiography and Journali • 
 James's Life of the Black Prince 
 
 ,, Eminent Foreign Statesmen 
 Kinderslcy's Dc Bayard . - - . 
 Liil's (M.) Life of Dost Mohammed - 
 Leslie's Life of (.'(instable - _ . 
 
 Mackintosh's Life of Sir T. More 
 Maunder's Biographical Treasury 
 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 )3 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 2.5 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 12 
 13 
 15 
 17 
 16 
 23 
 18 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 Pages 
 
 Rowton's British Poetesses - - - 2i> 
 
 Russell's Bedford Correspondence - 6 
 
 Schopenhauer's Youthful Life - - 27 
 
 Shelley's Literary Men of Italy, etc. - 17 
 
 ,, Eminent French Writers - 17 
 
 Southey's Lives of the British Admirals - 17 
 
 Life of Wesley - - - - 29 
 
 Taylor's Loyola . . - - - 30 
 
 Townsend's Twelve eminent Judges - 31 
 
 Waterton's Autobiography *aud Essays - 32 
 
 BOOKS OF GENERAL UTILITY. 
 
 Acton's (Eliza) Cookery Book - - 5 
 
 Black's Treatise on Brewing - - - 6 
 
 Cabinet Lawyer (The) - - - - 8 
 
 Collegian's Guide . - • - - 8 
 
 Donovan's Domestic Economy - - 17 
 
 Foster's Handbook of Literature - - 12 
 
 Hints on Etiquette . - - • - 13 
 Hudson's K.xecutor's (iuide - - -la 
 
 ,, On Making Wills - - 15 
 Hume's .-Vccount of Learned Societies, etc. 15 
 
 Loudon's Self Instruction - - - 18 
 
 ,, (.Mrs.) Amateur Gardener - 13 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge - - 22 
 
 ,, Scicntificand LiteraryTreasury 22 
 
 Treasury of History - - 22 
 
 Biographical Treasury • - 22 
 
 Natural History - - « 22 
 
 Park'Js's Domestic Duties - - - 24 
 
 Pocket and the Stud - - - - 25 
 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading - 25 
 
 Reader's Time Tables - - - - 25 
 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 
 
 Riddle's Eng.-Lat. and Lat.-Eng. Diet. - 2f> 
 
 Robinson's Art of Curing, Pickling, etc. 2G 
 
 „ Art of Making British Wines, 26 
 
 Rowton's Debater ----- 26 
 
 Short Whist 27 
 
 Suitor's Instructor (The) . - - 29 
 
 Thomson's Mauaifcment of Sick Room - 3il 
 
 ,, Interest Tables ... ;ji) 
 
 Webster's Encycl. of Domestic Economy .'12 
 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar . - . • 32 
 
 >> 
 
 Roscoe's Lives of Eminent British Lawyers 17 
 
 BOTANY AND GARDENING. 
 
 Abercrombie's Practical Gardener 
 ,, and Main's Gardener 
 
 Ball on the Cultivation of Tea 
 
 Callcott's Scripture Herbal ... 
 
 Conversations on Botany . . - 
 
 Evans's Sugar Planter's Manual 
 
 Henslow's liotany - - - - - 
 
 Hoare On the Grape Vine on Open Walls 
 ,, On the Roots of Vines . . - 
 
 Hooker's British Flora . . . - 
 ,, Guide to Kew Gardenii 
 
 Lindley's Theory of Horticulture 
 
 ,, Orchard and Kitchen Garden - 
 ,, Introduction to Botany - 
 ,, Synopsis of British Flora - 
 
 Loudon's Hortus Britannicus • 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 IS 
 
 IS 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 =M 
 
 »f.- 
 
 London: PriuteJ by M. Mason, Ivy lAne, Tuteraobter Ro\r-
 
 HC: 
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX 
 
 
 PaKCs 
 Loudon's Hortus Lignosns Londinensis - 19 
 „ Encyclopidiaof Trees & Shrubs 
 ,, GHrdciiiug 
 
 ,, Plants 
 
 ,, Suburban Gardener 
 ,, Sclf-lnslruttion for Gardeners 
 , (Mr.) Amateur Gardener - 
 Repton's Landscape Gardening-, etc. 
 Uivers's Rose Amateur's Guide 
 Rogers's Vegetable Cultivator - • - 
 Smith's Introduction to Botany 
 
 „ Knijlish Flora . . - - 
 ,, Compendium of English Flora 
 
 I 'J 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 18 
 18 
 25 
 
 sr. 
 
 28 
 23 
 28 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Blair's Chronological Tables - 
 Bosanquet's Chronolo^- of Ezra, etc. 
 Bunsen's Ancient Eijypt 
 Nicf)las's Chronoloijv of History 
 Riddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology - 
 
 / 
 
 - 7 
 
 - 17 
 
 - 26 
 
 COMMERCE AND MERCANTILE 
 
 AFFAIRS. 
 
 Banficld and Weld's Statistics - - fi 
 
 Baylis's Arithmetic of Annuities • - 6 
 
 M'CuUoch's Dictionary of Commerce - 20 
 
 Reader's Time Tables - - - - 25 
 
 Steel's Shipmaster's Assistant - - - 29 
 
 Synionris' Merchant Seamen's Laws - 29 
 
 Thomson's Tables of Interest - - - 30 
 
 Walford's Customs' Laws - - - 31 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND ATLASES. 
 
 Butler's Ancient and Modern Geography 
 ,, Atlas of Modern Geography 
 ,, ,, Ancient Geography 
 
 ,, ,, General Geourapliy 
 
 r)e Str/.elecki's New South Wales - 
 Krman's Travels through Siberia • 
 Forster's Historical Geography of Arabia 
 Hall's Large General Atlas . - - 
 M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary 
 Mitchell's Australiau Expedition - 
 Murray's Encyclopiedia of Geography 
 Parrot's Ascent of Mount Ararat - 
 Schomburgk's Barbados, and Map - 
 
 HISTORY AND CRITICISM. 
 
 Bell's History of Russia - - - - 
 
 Black Pri:ice ------ 
 
 Blair's Chron. and Historical Tables 
 Bloomfield's Translation of Thucydidcs - 
 
 ,, Edition of Thucydidcs 
 Bunsen's Ancient Egypt _ _ ■ 
 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul - 
 Cool'ey's Maritime and Inland Discovery 
 Crowe's History of France - . . 
 
 Coulton on J unius's Letters . - - 
 Dc Sismondi's Fall of the Roman Empire 
 
 ,, Italian Republics 
 
 Dunham's History of Spain and Portugal 
 ,, Europe in the Middle .\irrs 
 ,, History of the (ierman Empire 
 
 ,, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway 
 
 ,, History nf Poland . - • 
 Dunlop's History of Fiction 
 Eastlnke's History of Oil Painting 
 Eccleston's English Antiquities 
 Foster's European Literature - - - 
 Fergus's United States of America 
 Gibuon's Roman Empire - • - - 
 (irant (Mrs.) Memoir and Corcspondence 
 Grattnn's History of Netherlands 
 (Jriinblot's William III. and Louis XIV. 
 Halsted's Life of Richard 111. 
 Harrisnn On the English Language 
 Hay don's Lectures on Pain tin gaud Design 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 1- 
 
 l- 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 l.S 
 
 13 
 
 Pagci 
 Historical Charades - - - - 13 
 Historical Pictures of the Middle Agei - 13 
 JefTrey'i ^'Lord) ContribatioDf - - 16 
 Keightley's Outlines of History - - 17 
 Laing's Kingi of Norway - - - 16 
 Lempritre's Classical Dictionary - -18 
 Macaulay's Essays - . . - 20 
 ,, History of Er gland - - 20 
 Mackintosh's History of England - - 17 
 ,, Miscellaneous Works - 20 
 M'CuUoch's Dictionary, Historical, Geo- 
 graphical, and Stati.stical - - 20 
 Maunder's Treasurv of History - - 23 
 Milner's Church History - - - 22 
 Moore's History of Ireland - - •17 
 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - - 23 
 Nicolas's Chronology of History - - 17 
 Passages from Modern History - - 28 
 Rauke's History of the Reformation - 26 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 2a 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 2f\ 
 Rome, History of - - - - - 17 
 Rowton's British Poetesses - - - 26 
 Russell's Bedford Correspondence - 6 
 Scott's History of Scotland - - - 17 
 Siiinett's By\r'a>s of History - - - 2S 
 Southey's Doctor, etc. - - - - 29 
 Stebbing's History of the Christian Church 17 
 ,, Ctmrch History - - - 17 
 Switzerland, Historr of - - - - 17 
 Sydney Smith's Works *■ - - M 
 Taylor's Loyola ----- 3() 
 Thirhi-aH's 'History of Greece • - - 30 
 Tooke's Histories of Prices - - "30 
 Turner's Historr of Enjfland • - - 31 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - - - 32 
 
 JUVENILE BOOKS. 
 
 Amy Herbert -.-... S 
 Callcott's Home among Strangers - - S 
 Gertrude --..... jj 
 Gower's Scientific Phenomena - - 1:^ 
 Historical Charades ----- 13 
 Howitt's Boy's Country Book - 
 
 „ Children's Year 
 Laneton Parsonai^e - - - _ . 
 Mackintosh's Life of Sir T. More - 
 Marcet's Conversations — 
 
 On Chemistry - - . . . 
 
 On Natural Philosophy 
 
 On Political Economy 
 
 On Vegetable Phjsiology - 
 
 On Land and Water . - - . 
 Marryafs Mastermnn Ready 
 
 ,, Privatecr's-Man 
 
 ,, Settlers in Canada 
 
 ,, Mission; or. Scenes in Africa 
 Passages from Modern History 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading 
 Twelve Years Ago - - - , . 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Bull's Hints to Mothers 
 
 ,, Management of Children 
 Coplaml's Dictionarv of Medirine - 
 Elliotson's Human Physiology 
 Holland's Medical Notes - - . 
 Lane's Water Cure at Malvern 
 Latham On Diseases of the Heart • 
 PerciraOn Food and Diet 
 Saiidby On Mesmerism - . - 
 Thomson On Food . - - - 
 
 14 
 14 
 13 
 20 
 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 31 
 21 
 
 ni 
 
 21 
 2S 
 25 
 31 
 
 t 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 U 
 
 14 
 
 ir. 
 
 18 
 34 
 26 
 30 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Blcssington's Fugitive Faucics 
 C'arey's Past, Present, and Future 
 Cartoons (The Prixc) 
 Cocks's Borileaux, its Wines, etc. 
 Collegian's Guide - . - 
 
 3SC
 
 Hf: 
 
 •m 
 
 TO Messrs. LONGMAN and Co.'s CATALOGUE. 
 
 Pages 
 
 Colton's Lacon . - - " ' 9 
 
 Coultoii On Authorship of Junius - - 9 
 
 De Jaenisch On Chess Openintfs - - 10 
 
 De la Graviferes Last Naval War - - 10 
 
 Ue Morg-an On Probabilities - ' ~ If. 
 
 Dc Strzelccki's New South Wales - - 10 
 
 Dresden Gallery - - - - ' }l 
 
 Outilop's History of Fiction - - " ii 
 
 Field Oil Prison Discipline - - ' \\ 
 
 Gardiner's Sights in Italy - - ' }^ 
 
 Gower's Scientific Phenomena - - 1"^ 
 
 Graham's English - - - - " , 
 
 Grant's I.ctturs from the Mountains - l'" 
 
 Hobbes's (Thos.) complete Works - 14 
 
 Hooker's Kew Guide - - - - 14 
 
 Hewitt's Rural Life of England - - 15 
 
 „ Visits to Remarkable Places - 14 
 
 „ Student Life of Germany - 15 
 ,, Rural and Social Life of Germany 15 
 ,, Colonisation and Christianity - 15 
 
 Hume's Account of Learned Societies - 15 
 
 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 16 
 
 Lane's Life at the Water Cure - - 16 
 Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion IS 
 Macaulav's Critical and Historical Essays 20 
 Mackintosh's 'Sir J.) Miscellaneous Works 20 
 
 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs - 21 
 
 Necker DeSaussure's on Education - 24 
 
 Plunkett On the Navy - - - - 25 
 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading - 25 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 
 
 Richter's l^evaiia - ■ - - - 26 
 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 26 
 
 Roget's Economic Chess-board - - 26 
 Rowton's Debater ----- 26 
 
 Sandy's Mesmerism - - - - - 26 
 
 Sandford's Parochialla - - - - 26 
 
 Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck - 27 
 
 Southey's Common-Place Book - - 29 
 
 „ Doctor, etc. - - - - 29 
 
 Suitor's Instructor (The) - - - 29 
 
 Summerly's Sea and Railway - - - 29 
 
 Sydney Smith's Works - - • - 28 
 
 Thomson on Food of Animals, etc. - - 30 
 
 Walker's Chess Studies - - - - 31 
 
 Wiiloughby's (Lady) Diary - - - 32 
 
 Zumpt's Latin Gramiuar - • • - 32 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY IN GENERAL. 
 
 Callow's Popular Conchology . . - S 
 
 Doubleday's Butterflies and Moths - 10 
 
 Gray and Mitchell's Ornithology - - 12 
 
 ,, „ Accipitres - - 12 
 
 Kirbv and Spence's Entomology - - 16 
 
 Lee's Taxidermy 18 
 
 ,, Elements of Natural History - - IS 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Natural History 22 
 
 Stephens' British Beetles - - - 29 
 
 Swainson on the Study of Natural History 17 
 
 f. Animals - • - - 17 
 
 ,, Quadrupeds - - - - 17 
 
 „ Birds 17 
 
 ,, Animals in Menageries - 17 
 
 Fish, Amphibia, and Reptiles 17 
 
 Insects - - - - 17 
 
 Malacology - • - - 17 
 
 ,, Habits and Instincts - - 17 
 
 ,, Taxidermy - - - - 17 
 
 Turton's Shells oi the British Islands - 31 
 
 Walerton's Essays on Natural History - 32 
 
 Westwood's Classi6catiou of Insects - 32 
 
 NOVELS AND WORKS OF FICTION. 
 
 Callcott's Home among Strangers - - 8 
 
 Dunlop's History of Fictiou - - - 11 
 
 Hull's Midsummer Eve - • - 13 
 
 Ladv Wiiloughby's Diary - - - 32 
 
 Matfamc De Slalguct - • - - 21 
 
 »» 
 
 Pages 
 
 Marryat's Masterman Ready - - - 21 
 
 „ Privateer's-Man - - - 21 
 
 „ Settlers in Canada - - - 21 
 
 ,, Mission; or. Scenes in Africa - 21 
 
 Pericles, a Tale of Athens - - - 24 
 
 Southey's Doctor, etc. - • - - 29 
 
 Twelve Years Ago ----- 31 
 
 ONE VOLUME ENCYCLOP/EDIAS 
 AND DICTIONARIES. 
 
 Blfiine'a, of Rural Sports - - - - 6 
 
 Brande's, of Science, Literature, aud Art 7 
 
 Copbind's, of Medicine - - - - 9 
 
 Cresy's, of Civil Engineering - - - 9 
 
 Gwilt's, of Architecture . - - - 13 
 
 Johnson's Farmer ----- 16 
 
 Loudon'sjof Trees and Shrubs - - 19 
 
 ,, ofGardeiiing - - - - 19 
 
 ,, of Airriculture - - - -19 
 
 ,, of Plants _ - ... 19 
 
 ,, of Rural Architecture - - 19 
 
 M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary - 20 
 
 ,, Dictionaiy of Commerce - 20 
 
 Murray's Encyclopwdia of Geography - 24 
 
 Urc's Arts, Manufactures, and Mines - 31 
 
 Webster's Domestic Economy - - 32 
 
 POETRY AND THE DRAMA. 
 
 Aikiu's (Dr.) British Poets - - - 27 
 
 Chalenor's Walter Gray - - - - 8 
 
 Collier's Roxburghe Ballads - - - 9 
 
 Costello's Persi;in Rose (Jarden - - 9 
 
 Flowers and their Kindred Thoughts - 1 1 
 
 Goldsmith's Poems, illustrated - - 12 
 
 Gray's Elegy, illuminated - - - 12 
 
 Howitt's (Nlary) Ballads . _ . 14 
 
 L. E. L.'s Poetical Works - - - 16 
 
 Linwood's Antliologia Oxoniensis • - 18 
 
 Macaulav's Lays of Ancient Rome - - 20 
 
 Mackay's Eni-lish Lukes - - - - 20 
 
 Montgomery's Poetical Works - - 23 
 
 Moore's Irish Melodies - - - - 2.S 
 
 ,, Lalla Rookh - - - . 23 
 
 ,, Poelical Works - - - - 23 
 
 Moral of Flowers ----- 23 
 
 Poets' Pleasaunce . - - - - 25 
 
 Rowton's British Poetesses - - - 26 
 
 Shakspcarc, by Bowdlcr - - - 27 
 
 Sophocles, by Linwood - - - - 28 
 
 Southey's Poetical Works - - - 29 
 
 ,, British Poets - - - - 27 
 
 Spirit of the Woods - - - - 29 
 
 Thomson's Seasons, illustrated - - 30 
 
 ,, with Notes, by Dr, A. T. Thomson 30 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 Banfield and Weld's Statistics - - 6 
 
 M'CuUoch's Geographical, Statistical, and 
 
 I Historical Dictionary • - - 20 
 
 I M'CuUoch's Dictionary of Commerce - 20 
 
 „ Literature of Polit. Economy 21 
 
 ,, On Succession to Property - 21 
 
 „ On Taxation and Funding - 21 
 
 ,, Statistics of the British Empire 20 
 
 Marcet's Conversations on Polit. Economy 21 
 
 Syuionds' Merchant Seamen's Law - 29 
 
 Tooke's Histories of Prices - - - 30 
 
 Twiss's (.iir.) View of Political Economy 31 
 
 ,, Schleswig-Holsteiu Question 31 
 
 RELIGIOUS AND MORAL 
 WORKS, ETC. 
 
 Amy Herbert, edited by Rev. W. Sewell 5 
 Barrett's Old Tcst;imciit Criticisms - - C 
 
 ^^z 
 ^t" 
 
 m
 
 SK: 
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX. 
 
 n 
 
 Bloonificld'* Greek TeiitRmcnt 
 
 ,, College hikJ Scliool ditto - 
 
 ,, Lexicon to (ireck Testament 
 
 Bunsen's Church of the Future 
 
 Burder's Oripntnl Custom* 
 
 Uuriis's Cliristiaii Philosophy - - - 
 ., Christian Frai{merit» - - - 
 
 Callcott's Scripture Herbal . - - 
 
 Closiiiif Scene --".*"' 
 Conybuare and Howson's St. Paul - 
 C^ooper's Sermons _ . - - - 
 Cofiiierel's Christianity - - - - 
 Dale's Domestic Liturgy ... 
 
 Dilxlin's Sunday Library . . - - 
 Discipline _..-•. 
 
 Knglishman's Hebrew Concordance 
 
 ,, Greek Concordance 
 
 Forster's Historical Geography of Arabia 
 
 ,, Life of Uishop JebU - 
 From Oxford to Home - . - - 
 Gertrude, edited by the Rev. W. Sewell • 
 Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week 
 Home's Introduction to the Scriptures - 
 
 ,, Compendium of ditto 
 Jameson's Sacred and I^egendary Art 
 Jebb's Correspondence with Knox - 
 ,, Translation of the Psalms - 
 Kip's Christmas in Rome - - - . 
 Knox's (.Alexander) Remains - . . 
 Lancton Parsonage - - - - - 
 Letters to my Unknown Friends 
 Maitland's Church iu the Catacombs 
 Margaret Percival . . . • . 
 Milner's Church History - • - - 
 IMiraclcs of Onr Saviour _ . . 
 
 Moore on the Power of the Soul 
 ,, on the Use of the Body 
 ,. on Man and his Motives 
 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - 
 Parables of Our Lord . _ . . 
 Parkes's Domestic Duties . . . 
 
 Pitman's Sermons on the Psalms 
 Ranke's Reformation - . _ - 
 Renaud's Matutina _ . . - 
 
 Rest in the Church - - - - - 
 Riddle's Letters from a Godfather - 
 Sandford On Female ImproTcmeiit - 
 
 ,, On Woman - . . . 
 
 ,, 's Parochialia . • • - 
 Sermon on the Mount (The) - - - 
 Shunanimile (The Good) - - - - 
 Sinclair's Journey of Life _ _ - 
 
 ,, Husiness of Life - . - 
 Sketches (The) . . _ . . 
 
 Smith's (G.) PerilousTimes - - - 
 ,, Religion of Ancient Britain 
 
 „ Sacred Ann:ils . . - 
 
 „ (J.) St. Paul's Shipwreck - 
 Soames's Latin Church _ . - . 
 Southey's Life of Wesley . - . 
 
 Stebbing's Christian (Miurch - • . 
 ,, Ueformation . - - . 
 
 Stephen's Church of Scotland 
 Sydney Smith's Sermons 
 Tate's History of St. Paul 
 Tayler's (Rct. C. B.) Margaret 
 
 ,, •( Lady Mary 
 
 Taylor's (Jeremy,) Works 
 
 ., (Isaac) Loyola 
 Tomline's Introduction to the Bible 
 Turner's Sacred History 
 Twelve Years Ago - - - - ■ 
 Walker's Klementa Liturgies - 
 WnrHlaw On Socio inn Controversy 
 Wilhcrforce's View of Christianity 
 Willoughby's (Lady) Disry 
 Wilson's Lands of the Bible - - 
 Wisdom of Jolinson's Rambler, etc. 
 Woodward's Sermons niid Kssnys - 
 ,, Sequel to Sbunammite 
 
 Pages 
 7 
 
 RURAL SPORTS. 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 a 
 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 lU 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 Ifi 
 
 16 
 
 IG 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 2.5 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 82 
 
 33 
 
 Pag 
 
 Blaine's Dictionary of Sports . - - 6 
 
 F.pheraera on .Angling - - - • H 
 
 Hawbuck Grange - - - * - 13 
 
 Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen - 13 
 
 Jones's Xorway Salmon Fisher - - 16 
 Loudon's (.Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion IH 
 
 PocUet aiirl the Stud . . - - 2.S 
 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk . - - 29 
 
 THE SCIENCES IN GENERAL, 
 AND MATHEMATICS, 
 
 Baker'* Hallway Eiiirincering . . - 
 Bakewell's Introduction to Ueclogy 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 
 Brewster's Optics . - - - - 
 Conversations on Mineralogy 
 Dela BccheontheGeology olCornwall.etc 
 Donovan's Chemistry . - - - 
 Farey on the Sieam Pingine - ' . " 
 F'osbroke on the Arts of the Ancients - 
 Gower's Scientific Phenomena 
 Herschel'i Natural Philosophy 
 
 ,, Astronomy . - . - 
 
 Holland's Manufactures in Metal - 
 Humboldt's Cosmos . - - - 
 
 Hunt's Researches on Light . . • 
 Kater and Lardiier's Mechanics 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopjcdia 
 
 ,, Hydrostatics and Pneumatics • 
 ,, and Walker's Klectiicity 
 ,, Arithmetic - - - - 
 
 ,, (Jeometry . _ - - 
 
 ,, Treatise on Heat . - - 
 Low's Chemistry . . _ . . 
 Marcel's Conversations on the Sciences 
 Matteucci On Physical Phenomena - 
 Memoirs of the Geological Survey - 
 Moseley's Practical Mechanics 
 
 ,, Kngineering and Architecture 
 Owen's Lectures Ou Comparative Anatomy 
 Peschel's Physics . . . - - 
 Phillips's Pala:ozoicFossilsof Cornwall, etc 
 ,, Mineralogy, by Prof. Miller 
 ,, Treatise on Geology - 
 Portlock's Geology of Londonderry 
 Powell's Natural Philosophy - 
 Ritchie (Robert) on Railways 
 Topham's Agricultural Chemistry - 
 
 TRAVELS. 
 
 Allan's Mediterranean - _ - 
 Borrcr's Campaign in Algeria - - - 
 CostoUo's (Miss) North Wales 
 Coulter's California, etc. - - ■ 
 
 ,, Pacific _ . - - - 
 Da Strzelecki's New South Wales - 
 Dunlop's Central America - - - 
 Erman'sTravels through Siberia - 
 Gardiner's Sights in Italy - - - 
 Harris's Highlands of ^tthiopia 
 Jones's Norway Guide . • - - 
 Kip's Holydnysiii Rome ■ _ . 
 
 Laing's Tourin Sweden _ . . 
 
 Mackay's Knglish Lakes 
 Marrvnt's Borneo - - _ - - 
 Mitcfiell's F^xpcdition into Australia 
 Parrot's .\sccnt of Mount Ararat » 
 Schomburgk's Barbados - - • 
 
 Schopenhauer's Pictures of TniTcl - •« 
 Seaward's Narrative of his Shipw^reck - 
 TischcndorfTs Travels in the East - 
 Von Orlich's Travels in India 
 Wilson's Travels iu the Holy Land 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 
 
 Miles On lIi.- Horse's Foot - - - 
 Pocket and the .stud . - - . 
 
 Stable Talk and Table Tfrfk ... 
 Thomson on Fattening Cattle 
 Winter On the Horse .... 
 
 5 
 5 
 7 
 17 
 9 
 10 
 17 
 11 
 17 
 12 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 15 
 15 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 19 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 .24 
 25 
 17 
 2.5 
 17 
 26 
 31 
 
 - 5 
 7 
 
 - 9 
 9 
 
 - 9 
 
 - 10 
 
 - 10 
 
 - U 
 
 - 12 
 
 - 13 
 
 - 16 
 
 - 16 
 
 - 16 
 2it 
 
 - 21 
 
 - »'V'» 
 
 - 24 
 
 27 
 27 
 .7 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 
 25 
 29 
 30 
 32 
 
 IKS' 
 
 ^
 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Messrs. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. 
 
 ACTON (MISS).— MODERN COOKERY, 
 
 In all its Branches, reduced to a System of Easy Practice. For the use of Private Fainilies. 
 In a Series of Practical Receipts, all of which have been strictly tested, and are given with 
 the most minute exactness. By P:iiza Acton. New Edition, to which are added, Directions 
 for Carvinif. Foolscap 3vo. with Plates and Woodcuts, 7s. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 " The whole of Miss Actoti^s recipes ' with a few trijiing exceptions, which are tcrupulously 
 specijied, are conjined to such as may be perjectlu depended on, from having been proved 
 beneath our own roof, and under our own personal inspection.' H'e add, moreover, that the 
 recipes are all reasonable, and nevr in any instance extravagant. They do nut bid us 
 sncrijice ten pounds of excellent meat, that ve may get a couple of quarts of sravy from it; 
 nor do they deal with butter and eggs as if they cost nothing. Miss Acton's book is a good 
 book in every way ; there is right-mindedness in every page of it, as well at thorough know- 
 ledge and experience of the subjects she handles." — Jledical Gazette. 
 
 ABERCROMBIE.— ABERCRONlBiE'S PRACTICAL GARDENER, AND 
 
 IMPROVED SYSTEM OF MODERN HORTICULTURE, alphabetically arranged. Nov.- 
 Edition, with an Introductory Treatise onVegetable Physiologj'; and Plates by W.Salisbury. 
 12mo. 6«. boards. 
 
 ABERCROMBIE AND MAIN.— THE PRACTICAL GARDENER'S COIVI- 
 
 PANION; Or, Horticultural Calendar: to which is added, the Garden-Seed and I'lant 
 Estimate. Edited, from a MS.cf J.Abercrombie,by J.Maiu. New Edition. 32mo.i!«.Ci^. sewed. 
 
 ALLAN (J. H.)— A PICTORIAL TOUR IN THE MEDITERRANEAN; 
 
 Comprising iMalta, Dalmatia, Turkey, Asia Minor, Grecian Archipelago, Egypt, Nubia, 
 Greece, Sicily, Italy, and Spain. .I.H.Allan. New Edition. Imperial 4to. with upwards of 
 40 lithographed Drawings, and /O Wood EagruvingSj '61, '6s. cloth. 
 
 AMY HERBERT. 
 
 By a Lady. Edited by the Rev. William Sewell,B.D. of Excter College, Oxford. New 
 Edition. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. 9(. cloth. 
 
 ANDERSEN.— THE TRUE STORY OF MY LIFE; 
 
 A Sketch. By Hang Christian .Xndersen, author of "The Shoes of Fortune," "The 
 Nightingale," " O. T.," " Only a, Fiddler," "The Improvisatorc," etc. Translated by Mary 
 HoVilt. Fcp. Svo. aj. cloth. 
 
 ARTISAN CLUB (THE).- A TREATISE ON THE STEAM-ENGINE. 
 
 In its application to Mines, Mills, Sleani Navigation, and Railways. By the Artisan Club. 
 Edited by John Bourne, C.E. New Edition. 4to. with 30 Steel Plates, etc., and about 
 350 Wood Engravings, '27«. cloth. 
 
 BAKER.-RAILWAY ENGINEERING; 
 
 Containing the most approved Methods of laying Out Railway Curves, and of setting out the 
 Cuttings, Embankments, and Tunnels of Railways: with aGencral and two Auxiliary Tables, 
 for the Calculation of Earthworks of Railways, Canals, etc. Also, the Investigation of the 
 Formula for the Superelevation of the exterior Rail in Curves. By T. Baker, Surveyor and 
 Civil Engineer. Svo. 5«. cloth. 
 
 BAKEWELL.— AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY. 
 
 Intended to convey Practical Knowledge of the Science, and comprising the most important 
 recent Discoveries. By Robert Bakcwell. Fifth Edition, Svo. with Plates and Woodcuts, 
 21*. cloth.
 
 6 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 BALL.-AN ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE 
 
 OF TEA IN CHINA: derived from Personal Observation diirinv; an Official Residence in 
 that Conntry of upwar^ls of Twentv Years ; and illustrated liy the best Authorities, Cbineie 
 as well as Eunipeaii. With some Uemarks on the Kxperimcnts now making for the Intro- 
 duction of the Culture of the Tea Tree in other part* of the World. By S. Bmll, Esq. late 
 Inspector uf Teas to the East India Company in Chins. Sro. with Platei and WooocnU, 
 14«. cloth. 
 
 BANFIELD AND WELD.— THE STATISTICAL COMPANION; 
 
 Exhibiting the most interestiii;f Facts in Moral and Intellectual, Vital, Kcnnoroical, and 
 Political Statistics, at home and abroad. Compiled from Oilicial and other authentic Sjourcci, 
 by T. C. Banlield, Statistical Clerk to the Council of Kducation ; and C. R. Weld, AMlsUnt 
 Secretary to the Hoval Society. Foolscap 8vo. bs. cloth. 
 
 BARRETT.— A SYNOPSIS OF CRITICISMS 
 
 Upon those Passaufes of the Old Testament in which Modern Commentator* haTC differed 
 from the Authorized Version: together with an Explanation of various Diffitultiet in the 
 Hebrew and English Te.xts. By the Rev. Richard A. F. Barrett, M.A. Fellow of King's 
 College, Cambridge. Vols. I. and II. ijvo. 2S«. each cloth; or in 4 Half-vuls. 144. each. 
 Also, Half-vol. V. H«. 
 
 BAYLDON.-THE ART OF VALUING'RENTS AND TILLAGES, 
 
 And the Tenant's Right of F'ntcring and Quitting Farms, explained by several Specimens of 
 Valuations; and Remarks on the Cultivation pursued on Soils in different Situations. 
 Adapted to the Use of Landlords, Land-.-\geuts, Appraisers, Farmers, and Tenants. By 
 J. S. Bayldon. New Edition, corrected and revised by John Donaldson. 8vo. 10<. 6d. doth. 
 
 BAYLIS.— THE ARITHMETIC OF ANNUITIES AND LIFE ASSURANCE; 
 
 Or, Compound Interest simiilihed. Explaining the Value uf Annuities, certain or contingent 
 on One or Two Lives, and the Values of Assurances in Single and .Annual Payments ; and 
 comprehending Leases, Puusious, Freeholds, and Reversionary Sams, etc. By Edward 
 Baylis. 8vo. S«. cloth. 
 
 BEDFORD CORRF.SrONDENCE.— CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN, 
 
 FOURTH DUKE OF BEDFORD, selected from the Originals at Woburu Abbey, {IJ-i^-JV], 
 With Introductions by Lord John Russell. 3 vols. 8vo. 4b(. cloth. 
 
 •,* rol.I. (1742-48), 18*.; fol. II. (1749-60), I'l.; T'oUIII. (1761-70), 15*. 
 
 BLACK PRINCE.— A RECORD OF THE BLACK PRINCE; 
 
 Being some of the most striking Passages of his Life— in thf H'urdi of his Chroniclers, 
 selected more cspecinlly from the records of his contemporary Froissart, in the cjuaint and 
 spirited translation made by Lord Berncrs for KingHtiir>- VI 11. Post bvo., printed in bi.-.ck 
 letter, embellished with lUumiuated Borders and Miniatures, and bound in imitative 
 carving. [/n the preu. 
 
 BLACK.— A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BREWING. 
 
 Based on Chemical and Economical Prituiples: with Formulie for Public Brewers, and 
 Instructions for Private F'amilies. By Willi.im Black. Third Edition, revised and cor- 
 rected, with considerable Additions. 8vo. 10*. 6<i. cloth.— Also, 
 
 SUPPLEMENT, of REMARKS on BAVARIAN BEER, etc. Svo. 2«. 6rf. sewed. 
 BLAINE.-AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF RURAL SPORTS; 
 
 Or, a complete Account, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of HiintincT, Shooting-, Fisning, 
 Racing, and other Field Sports and Athletic Amusements of the present day. By Dclabcre 
 P. Blaine, Es(|., author of "Canine Pathology," etc. With nearly (A*) F'ngravings on 
 Wood, by R. Branston, from Drawings by Alkeu, T. Landsecr, Dickcs, etc. Svo. 6Ut. doth. 
 
 BLAIR'S CHRONOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL TABLES, 
 
 F'rom the Creation to the present Time : with Additions and Corrections from the moat authen- 
 tic Writers ; including the Computation of St. Paul, as connecting the Period from the 
 Kxode to the Temple. Under the revision of Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., Principal Librarian of 
 the British Museum. Imperial 8vo. 31;. 6tf. half-bound morocco. 
 
 BLESSINGTON.— FUGITIVE FANCIES. 
 
 By the Countess of Blcssington. Fcap. 8vo. [In thrpretl, 
 
 BLOOMFIELD.— THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 
 
 By Thui ydides. A New Keccnsinn of the Text, with a carefully amended Punctuation ; and 
 copious Notes, Critical, Philological, and Explanatory, almost entirely original, but partly 
 selected and iirranged from the best Expositors : accompanied with lull indexes. Illus- 
 trated by Maps and Plans. By the Rev. S.T. Bloom6eld, D.D. F.S.A. 2vols. Svo. 3$«. cloth. 
 
 D!6 =: 

 
 %^= 
 
 -^2 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD.—THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 
 
 By Tliucydides. Traiisl»te<l iiiio Enirlish, and accompanied with very copions Notes, 
 Philological and Explanatory, Historical and Geographical. By the Re v. S. T. Bloomfield, 
 D.U. F.S.A. 3 vols. Svo. with Maps and Plates, 2^. oj. boards. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD.— THE GREEK TESTAMENT : 
 
 With copious English Notes, Critical, Philoloi^ical, and Explanatory. Formed for the use 
 of advanced Students of Divinity and Candidates for Holy Orders. By the Key. S. T. 
 Bloomfield, D.U. V.H.A. New Edition. 2 vols. Svo. with a Map of Palestine, 4U«. cloth. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD. —THE CREEK TESTAMENT FOR COLLEGES AND 
 
 SCHOOLS; with shorter English Notes, Critical, Philological, and Explanatory. By the 
 Rev. S. T. Bloomfield, U.D. New Edition, eularged, with a New Map and an Index, 
 Foolscap Svo. 10s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD.— GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON TO THE NEW 
 
 TESTA^IENT: especially adapted to the use of Colleges, and the Hi<;hcr Classes in Public 
 Schools; but also intended as a convenient Manual for Biblical Students in general. By 
 Dr. Bloomfield. New Edition, improved. Foolscap Svo. lUs. 6(/. cloth. 
 
 BORRER.— NARRATIVE OF A CAMPAIGN WITH A FRENCH COLUMN, 
 
 under Marechal Bugeaud, directed against the K-ibiles of .\lgeria : together with an Account 
 of the Adventures of M. Suchet in search of the Camp of the Emir Abd-el-Kader. By 
 Dawson Borrer, K.R.G.S. Membrc Correspondant de la Societe Oricuiale a, Paris, author of 
 ♦'A Journey from Naples to Jerusalem." Post Svo. \_Nearly ready . 
 
 BOS ANQL'ET.— CHRONOLOGY OF THE TIMES OF DANIEL, EZRA, 
 
 AND NEHEMIAH, considered with the view of correcting an Error of Tliirty-thrce Years 
 in the received Chronology between the Capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar and the 
 Birth of Christ. Leading to an Explanation of the Prophecy ol the Seventy Weeks, the 
 Recovery of the lost Era of the Jubilee, and the Rectification of several important Dates iu 
 Scripture Chronology. By J. Whatman Bosanquet, Esq. Part I . Svo. Ss.&d. cloth, 
 
 BRANDE.— A DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE, AND ART; 
 
 Comprising the History, Description, and Scientific Principles of every Branch of Human 
 Knowledge ; with the Derivation and Definition of all the Terms in general use. Edited by 
 W.T. Brande,F.R.S.L.and E.; assisted by Dr. J. Cauvin. Svo. with VVoodcuts, 3/. cloth. 
 
 BUDGE (J.)— THE PRACTICAL MINER'S GUIDE. 
 
 Comprising a Set of Trigonometrical Tables adrii)ted to all the purposes of Oblique or 
 Diagonal, Vertical, Horizontal, and Traverse Dialling; with their application to the Dial, 
 Exercise of Drifts, Lodes, Slides, Levelling, Inaccessible Distances, Heights, etc. By 
 J. Budge. New Edition, eularged. Svo. with Portrait, 12f. cloth, 
 
 BULL.— HINTS TO MOTHERS, 
 
 For the Management of Health during the Period of Pregnancy and in the Lying-in Room ; 
 with an Exposure of Popular Errors in connexion with those subjects. ByThomasBull,M.D. 
 New Edition, revised and considerably enlarged. Foolscap Svo. 7s. cloth. 
 
 BULL.— THE MATERNAL MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN, 
 
 In HEALTH and DISEASE. By Thomas Bull, M.I). Physieiin Accoucheur to the Finsbury 
 Midwifery Institution, etc. New Edition, revised and enlarged. Foolscap Svo. is. cloth. 
 
 BUNSEN.— THE CONSTITUTION OF THE CHURCH OF THE FUTURE, 
 
 A practical Explanation of the Correspondence with the Right Hon. William Gladstone, 
 on the German Church, Episcopacy, and Jerusalem. With a Preface, Notes, and the com- 
 plete Correspondence. By the Chevalier C. C. J. Bunsen, Ph.D., D.C.L. Translated under 
 the superintendence of and with additions by the Author. Post Svo. 9s. Gtf. cloth. 
 
 BUNSEN.— EGYPT'S PLACE IN UNIVERSAL HISTORY: 
 
 An Historical Investigation, in Five Books. By C. C. J. Bunsen, D. Ph. and D.C.I>. Trans- 
 lated from the German, by C. H. Cottrell, Ksq. M.A. Vol. 1. containing the First Book, or 
 Sources and Primeval Facts of Egyptian History: with an Egyptian Grammar and Dictionary, 
 and a complete List of Hieroirlyphical Signs; an Appendix of .Authorities, embracing the 
 completeTcxt of Manetlio and Eratosthenes, yEgyptiaca from Pliny, Strabo, etc. ; and Plates 
 representing the Egyptian Divinities. Svo. with numerous Illustrations, 2S«. cloth. 
 
 BURDER.-ORIENTAL CUSTOMS, 
 
 Applied to rtie Illustration of the Sacred Scriptures. 
 Edition, with Additions. Foolscap Svo. Si. ^d. clotli. 
 
 By Dr. Samuel Border. New 
 
 ^- 

 
 8 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 BURNS.— THE PRINCIPLES OF CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY; 
 
 Containiii^r the DoclrincH, Duties, Admonitions, and Conti>lation> of the Christian Reli^on. 
 Bj John Burns, M.U.F.R.S. 6th Kdition. FooUcapSTo. 6«. W. cloth. 
 
 BURNS.— CHRISTIAN FRAGMENTS; 
 
 Or. Ileniarks on the Nature, Precept!, and Comfortf of Religion. By Jobn Bnmi, M.D. 
 F.U.S. Foolscap 8vo. o*. cloth. 
 
 BUTLER.— A SKETCH OF MODERN AND ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 By Snmuel Butler, D.U., Iste Lord Bishop of Liclifield and CoTentry; and formerly Hcnd 
 Master of Shrewsbury School. New Kdition, revised by the .Xuthor'a Sou. bro. its. boards. 
 
 BUTLER.-AN ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Consisting of Twenty-three coloured Mnps, from a New Set of Platet ; with an Index of 
 nil the Names of Places, refcrrinij to the Latitudes and Lon);itudes. By the late Ur. Butler, 
 Bishop of Lich6eld. New Kdition, corrected. 8to. 12«. hall-bound. 
 
 BUTLER.-AN ATLAS OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Consisting of Twenty-three coloured Maps: with an Index of all the Namea of Pl«c.?f , 
 rcferrinir to the Latitudes and Lon(,'itudes. By the late Dr. Butler, Bishop of Lichfield. 
 New Edition, corrected. 8vo. 12». half-bound. 
 
 BUTLER.— A GENERAL ATLAS OF MODERN AND ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Consisting of Fortv-five coloured Maps, and copii uvl ndiccs i 
 Longitudes. By the late L)r. Butler, lii.shop of Lichfield. N 
 new and corrected set of I'latcs. 4to. 2-ij. half-bund. 
 
 pii uvl ndiccs referring to the Latitudes and 
 . ! I .- 1,1 ■^•qyi Jidition, from an eutirely 
 
 CABINET LAWYER (THE). 
 
 A Popular Digest of tlie Laws of Fngland, Civil and Criminal ; with s Dictionary of Law 
 Terms, Maxims, Statutes, and Judicial Antiqiiitics ; Correct Tables of Assessed Taxes, Stamp 
 Duties, Kxcisc Licences, and Post-Horse Duties; Post-Ofhcc Regulations, and Prison 
 Discipline. Fourteenth Kdition, enlarged, and corrected throughout, with the Legal 
 Decisions and Statutes to Michaelmas Term, 10 and 11 Victoria. Fcap. 8to. lOi.Sd. doth. 
 
 CALLCOTT.-HOME AMONG STRANGERS: 
 
 A Tale. By Maria Hutchins Callcott. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo. 9l. clolh. 
 
 CALLCOTT.-A SCRIPTURE HERBAL: 
 
 With upwards of 120 VVood Engravings. By Lady Callcott. Square crown 8to. I/. 5<. cloth. 
 
 CAREY.— THE PAST, THE PRESENT, AND THE FUTURE. 
 
 By 11. C. Carey, author of " The Principles of Political Ecouomy," etc. Svo. 10«. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 CARTOONS.-THE PRIZE CARTOONS EXHIBITED IN WESTMINSTER- 
 
 HALI<, Published under the Sam tion and PatronagL- cif Hor Mnjesty's Cumnii.-oioaers on 
 the Fine .Arts. Eleven lary;e folio Engravings, in a neat Portfolio, 51. 5«.: Proofs before 
 letters, 8/. St. 
 
 CATLOW.-POPULAR CONCHOLOGY; 
 
 Or, the Shell Cabinet arranged : being an Intrnduction to the modern System ofConcholofrr; 
 with a sketuh of t!ie Natural HistiTV of the Animals, an account of the F"ormation of the 
 Shells, and aconiplete Descriptive i.ist of the Fdmilies and Geucra. By .\t,'nes Catlow. 
 F'oolseap Svo. with 312 Woodcuts, 10s. C<f. cloth. 
 
 CHALENOR.— WALTER GRAY, 
 
 A Ballad, and other I'oems. By .Mary Chalenor. Sd Edition, nith Additloni, including the 
 Author's Poetical Remains. Fcap. 8vo.6s. cloth. 
 
 THE CLOSING SCENE; 
 
 Or, ("litistianitv and ln:idelity contrasted in the Last Hours of Remarkable Persons. By the 
 Author of "The Bishop's Daughter," "Self-Sacrifice," "The Life-Book of a Labourer," 
 etc. I'cap.Svo. 6». cloth. 
 
 COnKS (C.)— BORDEAUX, ITS WINES, AND THE CLARET COUNTRY. 
 
 By C. Cocks, B.L., Professor of the Living Languages in the Royal Colleges of F'rancc ; 
 Translator of the Works uf Michelet, Miguel, and Uuinct. Post Svo. 8f. (td. c^oth. 
 
 COLLEGIAN'S GUIDE (THE); 
 
 Or, Ueeollectioiis of College Days; setting forth the Advantages and Temptations of • 
 University Education. By the Rev. James Pycroft, M.A. Post Svo. lOi. 6</. cloth. 
 
 tm — — ^ — ■ -*te
 
 COLLIER (J. PAYNE.)-A BOOK OF ROXBURCHE BALLADS- 
 
 Edited by John Payne Collier, Esq. Fcap. 4to. with Woodcuts, 21». boards ; morocco, 33». 
 
 COLTON— LACON; OR, MANY THIIViGS IN FEW WORDS. 
 
 By tiieBev.C.C. Colton. New Edition. 8to.12». cloth. 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON BOTANY, 
 
 New Edition, improved. Foolscap Svo.with 22 Plates, 7*. 6rf. cloth; with coloured Plates, ]2». 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON MINERALOGY. 
 
 With Plates, engraved by Mr. and Mrs. Lowry, from Original Drawings. Third Edition, 
 enlarged. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. l-U. cloth. 
 
 CONYBEARE AND HOWSON.— THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF ST. PAUL; 
 
 comprising a complete Biography of the Apostle, and a Paraphrastic Translation of his 
 Epistles inserted in Chronological order. Edited by the Rev. W.J. Convbeare, M.A. late 
 Fellow of Trinity College. Cambridge; and the Rev. J . S. Howson, M.A. Principal of the 
 Collegiate Institution, Liverpool. 4to. richly illustrated by Maps, Views, Engravings of 
 Coins, etc. [/n the press. 
 
 COOPER (THE REV. E.)— PRACTICAL AND FAMILIAR SERMONS, 
 
 Designed for Parochial and Domestic Instruction. By the Ucv. Edward Cooper. New Edi- 
 tions. 7 vols. 12mo. 1/. ISs. boards. 
 
 COOPER (THE REV. E.)-SERMONS, 
 
 Chiefly designed toelucidate soraeof the leading Doctrines of the Gospel. By the Rev. Edward 
 Cooper. New Edition. 2 vols. 12mo. 10*. boards. 
 
 COPLAND.— A DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE; 
 
 Comprising General Pathology, tlse Nature and Treatment of Diseases, Morbid Structures, 
 and the Disorders especially incidental to Climates, to Sex, and to the different Epochs of 
 Life, with numerous approved Formulae of the Medicines recommended. ByJames Copland, 
 M.D., etc.etc. Vols. I. and II., Svo. 3i. cloth ; and Parts X. to XIII. 4». 6d. each. 
 
 COQUEREL.— CHRISTIANITY; 
 
 Its perfect adaptation to the Mental, Moral, and Spiritual Nature of Man. By Athanase 
 Coquerel, one of the Pastors of the French Protestant Church in Paris. Translated by the 
 Rev. D.Davison, M.A. With an Introductory Notice of the .State of the Protestant Church 
 of France, written by the Author for the English Edition. Post Svo. I2». cloth. 
 
 COSTELLO (MISS).— THE ROSE GARDEN OF PERSIA. 
 
 A Series of Translations from the Persian Poets. By Louisa Stuart Costello, author 
 of ''Specimens of the Early Poetry of France," etc. Long Svo. with 12 Illuminated 
 Titles, and Borders printed in Colours, 18s. boards; or 31*. 6rf. morocco. 
 
 COSTELLO (MISS)— FALLS, LAKES, AND MOUNTAINS OF NORTH 
 
 WALKS; being a Pictorial Tour through the most interesting parts of the Country. By 
 LouisaStuart Costello, author of "The Rose Garden of Persia," etc. Profusely illustrated 
 with Views, from Original Sketches by D. H. M'Kewan, engraved ou wood, aud litho- 
 graphed, by T. and E. Gilks. Square Sw). with Map, 14s. cloth. 
 
 COULTER.— ADVENTURES ON THE WESTERN COAST OF SOUTH 
 
 AMERICA AND IN THE INTF.RIOR OF CALIIOKNIA. Including a Narrative of Inci- 
 dents at the Kingsmill Islands, New Ireland, New Britain, New Guinea, and other Islands 
 in tlie Pacific Ocean. With an .Account of the Natural Productions, and the Manners aiid 
 Custonis, in Peace and War, of the various Savage Tribes visited. By John Coulter, M.D. 
 author of "Adventures in the Pacific." 2 vols, post Svo. ICs. cloth. 
 
 COULTER.— ADVENTURES IN THE PACIFIC; 
 
 With Observations on the Natural Productions, Manners and CustomR of the Natives of the 
 various Islands ; Remarks on the Missionaries, British aud other Residents, etc. By John 
 Coulter, M.D. Post Svo. 7s. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 COULTON— AN INQUIRY INTO THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE LETTERS 
 
 OF JUNIUS. By David TrevenaCoulton. 4to. [In November. 
 
 CRESY (E.)-AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, HISTORICAL, 
 
 THKORETICAL, and PRACTICAL. By Edward Cresy, F.S.A. C.E. Illustrated by upwards 
 of Three Thousand Engravings on Wood, explanatory of the Principles, Machinery, and Con- 
 structions which come under the Direction of the Civil Engineer. One large Volume 
 Svo. upwards of 1 ,600 pages, 3/. 13». 6J. cloth . 
 
 at — '^
 
 m : 
 
 10 ^'E^v WORKS and new editions 
 
 CROCKER'S ELEMENTS OF LAND SURVEYING. 
 
 Fifth Edition, corrected throughout, and coiisiderablr improTed and modernised, br 
 T. G. Built. Land Surveyor, Bristol. To which are added, TABLKS OK SIX-KIGURfc 
 LOGARITHMS, etc., superintended by Richard Farley, of the Nautical Almanac £*tabU*b- 
 mcnt. Post Sto. 12«. cloth. 
 
 D'AGINCOURT.— THE HISTORY OF ART, 
 
 13y its Monuments, from its Decline in the Fourth Centnry to its Restoration in the Six- 
 teenth. Translated from the French of Seroux D'.Ajfincourt, by Ovien Jones, architect. 
 M'ith 3,3.35 Subjects, en^aved on 328 Plates. Vol. I. Architecture, 73 plates; »ol. II. 
 Sculpture, 51 plates; vol. HI. Painting, 2U4 plates. 3 vols, royal folio, 5/. 5«. sewed. 
 
 DALE (THE REV. THOMAS). — THE DOMESTIC LITURGY AND 
 
 FAMILY CHAPLAIN, in Two Parts: the First Part bcin^' Church Services adapted for 
 Domestic Use, with Prayers for every Day of the Week, selected exclusively from the Book 
 of Common Prayer. Part II. comprisini^ an appropriate Sermon for every Sunday in the 
 Year. By the Rev. Thomas Dale, M.A. Vicar of St. Pancras. Poit 4to. 21«. cloth: or, 
 bound by Hayday,31». 6d. calf lettered ; 50». morocco. 
 
 DAVY (SIR HUMPHRY).-ELEIVIENTS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY 
 
 in a Course of Lectures. By Sir Humphry Davy. With Notes by Dr. John Davy. 
 
 New Edition. Svo.with lU Plates, 15(. cloth. 
 
 DEJAENISCHAND WALKER.-DE JAENISCH'S CHESS PRECEPTOR: 
 
 A New Analysis of the Opcninirs of Gaines. By C. F. De Jacnisch, of St. Petersburgh. 
 Translated from the French, with copious Notes, by G. Wallier, author of "Chess Studies,'' 
 and various other Works on the Game of Chess. 8vo. 15t. cloth. 
 
 DE LA BECHE.— REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF CORNWALL, DEVON, 
 
 AND WEST SO.MEIISKT. I5y Henry T. Dels Ueclic, F.R.S.etc, Director ..f the Ordnance 
 Geological Survey. Published by Order of the Lords Commissioners of H. M. Treasory. 
 Svo.with Maps, Woodcuts, and 121arge Plates, l-lf. cloth. 
 
 DE LAGRAVIERE.-SKETCHES OF THE LAST NAVAL WAR. 
 
 Translated from the French of Captain E. Jiiricn dc laGraviere, with an Introduction, and 
 Explanatory Notes. By the Hon. Captain Pliinkctt.R. N., author of" The Past and Future 
 of the British Navy." 2 vols, post Svo. with Plans, IS*, cloth. 
 
 DE STRZELECKI (P. E.)— PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF NEW SOUTH 
 
 WALKS AND VAN DIEMAN'S LAND. Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections, 
 and Diagrams, and Figures of the Organic Remains. By P. £. De Strzelecki. 8to. with 
 coloured Map and numerous Plates, 24«. cloth. 
 
 DIBDIN (THE REV. T. F.)-THE SUNDAY LIBRARY: 
 
 Containing nearly <lne hundred Sermons by eminent Divines. With Notes, etc. by the 
 Rev. T. F. Dibdin, D.D. 6 vols, foolscap 8vo. with 6 Portraits, 30*. cloth ; neatly half-b'ouud 
 in morocco, with gilt edges, '21. 12«. 6d. 
 
 DISCIPLINE. 
 
 By the Author of *' Letters to my Unknown Frictids," "Twelve Yean Ago," and •' Some 
 Passages from Modern History.'' ISmo. 2«. cloth. 
 
 DOUBLEDAY AND HEWITSON'S BUTTERFLIES.— THE GENERA OF 
 
 D1URN.\L LEPIDOPTERA ; comprisine their Generic Characters-a Notice of the Habits 
 and Transformations — and a Catalogue of the Species of each Genus. By Edward Douhlc- 
 day, Esq. F.L.S.etc, Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum. Im- 
 perial 4to. uniform with Gray and Mitchell's Ornithologi.-; illustrated with Jo coloured Plates, 
 by W. C. Hewitson, Esq. Author of "British Oologj-.'* 
 
 •»• Publishing; in Muiithli/ Parts, hs. each; eachPart consisting of tvo coloured Plates, vith 
 acciimpanying Letter-press- To be completed in not exceeding 40 Parts, 23 of tskieh are 
 now ready. 
 
 DRESDEN GALLERY.— THE MOST CELEBRATED PICTURES OF THE 
 
 ROYAL GALLEIIY at DRESDEN, drawn on Stone, from the Originals, .by Franx 
 Ilanfstaengel : with Descriptive ami Biogr.iphical Notices, in French and German. Nos. I. 
 to LI I., imperial folio, each containing 3 Plates with accompanying Letter-presi, price 
 20«. to Subscribers; to Non-subscribers, 30(. Single Plates, 12i. each. 
 
 »•» To be completed in 8 morr numbers, prici" 20>. rnrh, to SHhuertbers; A'o». LI. t» LX. 
 C(jiitaining foc/» 4 Plates and Letterpress. 
 
 DUNLOP.— TRAVELS IN CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 With H Journal of nearly Three Years' Residence in the Countrr. To which are added, a 
 Sketch of the History of the Republic, and au Account of its Climate, Productions, Com- 
 merce, etc. By Robert Glasgow Dunlop, Esq. Post 8vo. with Map, 10*. M. cloth.
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. L0NGMiV2^' AND Co. 1 1 
 
 DUNLOP (JOHN).— THE HISTORY OF FICTION: 
 
 Being a Critical Account of the most celebrated Prose Works of Fiction, from the earliest 
 Greek Romances to the Novels of the Present Age. By John Dunlop. New Edition com- 
 plete in One Volume. Medium Svo. los. cloth. 
 
 EASTLAKE.— MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY OF OIL PAINTING. 
 
 By Charles Lock Eastlake, Esq. R.A. F.H.S. F.S.A. Secretary to the Royal Commission for 
 Promoting the Fine Arts iu counexiou with the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament, etc. 
 Svu. 16f. cloth. 
 
 ECCLESTON( JAMES) .—AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Intended as a Companion to the History of England. By James Eccleston, B.A. Head 
 Master of Suttou Coldfield Grammar School. Svo. with numerous Engravings on Wood, 
 21«. cloth. 
 
 ELLIOTSON.— HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: 
 
 With which is incorporated much of the ElementaryPart of the"InstitutionesPhysiolog5caj'* 
 of J. F. Blumeubach, Professor in the University of Gottingcn. By John Elliotson, M.D. 
 Cautab. F.R.S. Fifth Edition, 8to. with numerous Woodcuts, 22. 2«. cloth. 
 
 THE ENGLISHMAN'S GREEK CONCORDANCE OF THE NEW TESTA- 
 
 MENT; being an attempt at a Verbal Connexion between the Greek and the K.nglish 
 Texts ; including a Concordance to the Proper Names, with Indexes, Greek-English 
 and English-Greek. 2d Edition, carefully revised, with a new Index, Greek and English. 
 Royal Svo. 42s. 
 
 THE ENGLISHMAN'S HEBREW AND CHALDEE CONCORDANCE OF 
 
 THE OLD TESTAMENT; being an attempt at a Verbal Connexion between the Original 
 and the English Translations: with Indexes, a List of the Proper Names and their occur- 
 rences, etc. etc. 2 vols, royal Svo. '61. 13s. 6d. cloth; large paper, 42. l-is.Gd. 
 
 EPHEMERA.— A HAND-BOOK OF ANGLING; 
 
 Teaching Fly Fishing, Trolling, Bottom Fishing, and Salmon Fishine. With the Natural 
 History of Kiver Fish, and the best Modes ot Catching- them. By Ephemera ( of Bell's 
 Life in London), New Edition. Foolscap Svo. with Wood Engravings, 9s. cloth. 
 
 ERMAN.— TRAVELS IN SIBERIA: 
 
 Including Excursions Northwards, down the Obi, to the Polar Circle, and Southwards, 
 to the Chinese Frontier. ByAdolph Erman. Translated by W. U. Cooley, Esq. author of 
 "The History of Maritime and Inland Discovery;" translator and editor of JJr. Parrot's 
 •'Journey to Ararat," etc. 2 vols. Svo. with Map, 31». 6d. cloth. 
 
 EVANS.— THE SUGAR PLANTER'S MANUAL; 
 
 Being a Treatise on the Art of obtaining Sugar from the Sugar Cane. ByW. J. Evans, M.D. 
 Svo. 9». cloth. 
 
 FAREY.— TREATISE ON THE STEAM-ENGINE, 
 
 Historical, Practical, and Descriptive. By John Farey, Engineer. 4to. illustrated, by 
 numerous Woodcuts, and 25 Copper-plates, 5/. os. in boards. 
 
 FIELD.— PRISON DISCIPLINE; 
 
 And the Advantages of the Separate System of Imprisonment: with a detailed Account of 
 the Discipline now pursued in the New County Gaol at Reading. By the Rev. J. Field, M.A. 
 Chaplain. New Edition. 2 vols. Svo. 20s. cloth. 
 
 FLOWERS AND THEIR KINDRED THOUGHTS; 
 
 A Series of Stanzas— On Hope, Innocence, Modesty, Childhood, Humility, Joy, Love, 
 Constancy, Fascination, Timidity, Fine Taste, Thoughts, Recollection, and Friendship. By 
 Mary Anne Bacon. Illustrated by the Snowdrop, Primrose, Violet, Harebell and Pimpernel, 
 Lily of the Valley, Hawthorn, Rose, Honeysuckle, Carnation, Convolvulus, Fuchsia, Pansy, 
 Forget-me-not, and Holly ; designed and printed in Colours by Owen Jones. Imperial Svo. 
 31«. 6d. elegantly bound. 
 
 FORSTER (REV. C.)-THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ARABIA: 
 
 Or, the Patriarchal Evidences of Revealed Religion. A Memoir, with Illiistrntive Maps and 
 an Appendix, containing Translations, with an Alphabet and Glossary of the Haniyarilic 
 Inscriptions recentiv discovered in Hadramairt. By the Rev. Charles Forstcr, b.D., Rector of 
 Stisted, Essex ; author of " Mahometanisra Unveiled." 2 vols. Svo. 3U«. cloth. 
 
 FORSTER (REV. C.)— THE LIFE OF JOHN JEBB, D.D. F.R.S. 
 
 Late Bishopof Limerick. With a Selection from his Letters. liytbc Rev. Charles Forster, B.D. , 
 Rector of Stisted, Essex, and one of the Six Preachers in the Cathedral of Christ, Canterbury, 
 formerly Domestic Chaplain to the Bishop. New Edition. Svo. with Portrait, etc. 16*. cloth. 
 
 tM
 
 ^, — 
 
 12 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 FOSTER.— THE HAND-BOOK OF EUROPEAN LITERATURE. 
 
 Dy Mrs. Foster. Foolscap 8to. [In thepreu. 
 
 FRESENIUS.— A MANUAL OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 
 
 By Dr. C. II. Fresfiiius, Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philoiophy, VVieibidcn ; late 
 Assistant in the Laboratory of Gie&sen. Translated from the Geruiau. [In the pres$. 
 
 FROM OXFORD TO ROME : AND, HOW IT FARED WITH SOME WHO 
 L.\T1;LY made TIIK JOUHNKY. By a Companion Trayeller. New EditioD, rcTiied and 
 corrected. Fcp. 8to. with P'rontiupiece, 6«. cloth, 
 
 GARDINER.— SIGHTS IN ITALY: 
 
 With some Accomit of the Present State of Music and the Sister Arts in that Conntiy . By 
 William Gardiner, author of "Sacred Melodies," etc.; Member of the Academy of St. 
 Cecilia, Rome ; and of the Class of Fine Arts of the Institut Historique of France. Sto. witk 
 engraved Music, Ids- cloth. 
 
 GERTRUDE, 
 
 A Tale, liy the author of "Amy Herbert." Edited by the Rer. William Sewell, B.D., of 
 K.\eter College, Oxford. New Edition. 2 vols, foolscap Sto. 9«, cloth. 
 
 GIBBON.-HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN 
 
 EMPIRE. A new Edition, in One Volume; with an Account of the .Author's Life and 
 Writings, by Alexander Chalmers, Esq. F.A.S. Svo. with Portrait, Ibi. cloth. 
 
 *,* An Edition in 8 volt. 8fo. 60f. boards. 
 
 GOLDSMITH-THE POETICAL WORKS OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH, 
 
 Illustrated by Wood Engraving's, from Pcsigns by Members of the Etching Club. Edited 
 by Bolton Corney, Esq. Square crown 8vo., uniform with ** Thomson's Seasons," 2l«. 
 cloth ; or 36«. bound in morocco, by Ilayday, 
 
 GOWER.— THE SCIENTIFIC PHENOMENA OF DOMESTIC LIFE FAMILIARLY 
 EXPL.-VINF.U. Hy Charles Foote Gower. New Edition. Foolscap Svo. with Engravings 
 on Wood, 04. cloth. 
 
 GR.^HAM.-ENCLISH; OR, THE ART OF COMPOSITION 
 
 explained in a Series of Instructions and Examples. By G. F. Graham. NevEditioni te- 
 vised and improved. Foolscap Svo. 6«. cloth. 
 
 GRANT (MRS.)-LETTERS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Being the Correspondence with her Friends, between the years 177^ and 1903. By Mrs. 
 Grant, of Laggan. Cth Edition. Edited, with Notes and Additions, by her Sou, J. P. Grant, 
 Esq. 2 vols, post Svo. 21». cloth. 
 
 GRANT (MR?., OF LAGGAN).— MEMOIR AND CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 of the late Mrs. Grant, of Laggan, author of " Letters from the Mountains," etc. Edited 
 by her Son, J. P. Grant, Esq. New Edition. 3 vols, post Svo. Portrait, 1/. Hi. 6if. cloth. 
 
 GRAY (THOMAS). -GRAY'S ELEGY, 
 
 Written in a Country Churchyard. Illuminated in the Missal style. By Owen Jones, 
 Architect. Imp. 8vo.31$.6d. elegantly bound. 
 
 GRAY AND MITCHELL'S ORNITHOLOGY.— THE GENERA OF BIRDS; 
 
 • Comprising their Generic Characters, a Notice of the Habits of each Genus, and an exten- 
 sive List of Species, referred to their several Genera. By George Robert Gray, .\cad.lmp. 
 Georg. Florcnt. Soc. Corrcsp. Senior Assistant of the Zooloi;ical Department, British 
 Museum : aiid author of the " List of the (icnera of Birds,'' etc. Imperial 4to. illustrated 
 with 300 Plates, by Uavid William Mitchell, B.A. 
 
 •»* In coiirff of publication iti Moiithlv Parti, \(U.^d. each; each Part con listing of Four 
 CdloHrcd Plntet and Three plain .with Lettcr-preti. The Work ititl mot erctedM UoHthlp 
 Parts, oftchich 4S have appeared. 
 
 Order I.~Accipitrcs has been completed, and may be bad separately. Imperial StO. with 15 
 coloured and \2 plain Plates, 'Zl. 8«. boards. 
 
 GRIMBLOT (P.)-LETTERS OF WILLIAM III. AND LOUIS XIV. AND OF 
 
 THEIR MINISTERS. Illustrating the Domestic and Foreign Policy of England during 
 the period which followed the Revolution of 168S. Extracted from the Archives of France 
 and England, and from Family Papers. Edited by P. Grimblot. 2 vols. Svo. 50*. cloth. 
 
 *^* Amongst other important and interesting subjects, this stork contains the tchole of 
 the diplomatic correspondence relative to the Spanish succestlon, etc. (1697—1702). 
 
 2ra ~— ^-^— ■ — " ^m
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSKS. LONGMAN ANB CO. 13 
 
 GWILT.^AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF ARCHITECTURE; 
 
 Historical, Theoretical, and PrHCtical. By Joseph Gwilt, Esq., F.S.A. Illustrated with 
 upwards of 1,000 EngraTinjjs oa Wood, from Ucsigus by J.S. Uwilt. Sto.2^ l'2s. Gd. cloth. 
 
 HALL.~IVllDSUtVIIVIER EVE: 
 
 A Fairy Tale of Love. By Mrs. S. C. Hall. Square crovfn 8to. with nearly 300 Wood 
 F.ngravings, 21*. cloth, gilt edges. 
 
 *,* The lUitntrations from Deiigm by D.MricUte, C.StanJieldf T. Crencick, K. M. Ward, 
 A. Elmore, W. E. Frost, J. N.Paton, F. Goodall, T. Landseer, B. H. ffehtiert, R. Huskisson, 
 F. /K. Topham, K. Meaduas, F. W. Fairholt, J. Franklin, J. H. Jleir, F. tV. Hulme, J. 
 Lecurifux, and T. R, Macquoid; engraved by Green, Dalziel, Baitin, Linton, etc. 
 
 HALL'S (SIDNEY) GENERAL LARGE LIBRARY ATLAS OF FIFTY- 
 
 THUEK M.-\PS (size 20 in. by "fi in.), with the Uirisioiis and Boundaries carefully coloured ; 
 and an Alphabetical Inde.x of all the Names contained in the Maps, with their Latitude 
 and Longitude. An entirely New Edition, corrected throughout from the best and most 
 recent Authorities; with all the Railways laid down, and many of the Maps re-drawn and 
 re-engraved. 
 
 *»* Publithing in Monthly Parts, of which 11 have appeared. To he completed 
 
 in 14 Parts, price Cs. each. 
 
 HALSTED.— LIFE AND TIMES OF RICHARD THE THIRD, 
 
 as Duke of Gloucester and King: of England : in which all the Charges against him are care- 
 fully investitrated and compared with the Statements of contemporary .Authorities. By 
 Caroline A. Halsted. 2 vols. Svo. with Portrait and other Illustrations, iV. 10». cloth. 
 
 HARRIS.— THE HIGHLANDS OF /ETHIOPIA; 
 
 Being the Account of Eighteen Months' Residence of a British Embassy to the Christian 
 Court of Shoa. By Major Sir \V.^C. Harris, author of ' » Wild Sports in Southern Africa," 
 etc. New Edition. 3 vols. Svo. with Map and Illustrations, 2^. 2s. cloth. 
 
 HARRISON.— ON THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND PRESENT STRUCTURE 
 
 OK THE ENGLISH L.\NGUAGE. By the Rev. M. Harrison, M,A., late Fellow of Queen's 
 College, Oxford. Post Svo. [In the prets. 
 
 HAWBUCK GRANGE; 
 
 Or, the Sporting Adventures of Thomae Scott, Esq. By the Author of '* Handley Cross ; or 
 the Spa Hunt," "Jorrochs' Jaunts and Jollities," etc. Svo. with eight Illustrations, by 
 Phiz, 12*. cloth. ' 
 
 HAWKER.-INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG SPORTSMEN 
 
 In all that relates to Guns and Shootint;. By Lieut. Col. P. Hawker. Uth edition, corrected, 
 enlarged, and improved, with Eighty-five Plates and Woodcuts, by Adlard and Brauston, 
 from Drawings by C. Varley, Dicks, etc. Svo. 21*. cloth. 
 
 HAYDON.-THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND JOURNALS OF THE LATE 
 B. R. HAYDON, Historical Painter. ' ^ [In preparation, 
 
 HAYDON (B. R.)— LECTURES ON PAINTING AND DESIGN, 
 
 Delivered at the I^ondon Institution, the Royal Institution, Albermorle Street, to the 
 University of Oxford, etc. By B. R. Ilaydon, Historical Painter. 2 vols. Svo. with Pro- 
 traits of the Author and Sir David Wilkie, and numerous other Illustrations, 24s. cloth. 
 
 HINTS ON ETIQUETTE AND THE USAGES OF SOCIETY: 
 
 With a Glance at Bad Habits. By A>'ft'Wf. "Manners make the Man.'' NewEdition, 
 revised (with additions) by a Lady of Rank. Foolscap Svo. 2«.6<f. cloth. 
 
 HISTORICAL CHARADES, 
 
 By the Author of ♦' Letters from Madras." Foolscap Svo. 5>. cloth. 
 
 HISTORICAL PICTURES OF THE MIDDLE ACES, 
 
 In Black and White. Made on the upot, from Records in the Archires of Switzerland. By a 
 Wandering Artist. 2 vols, post Svo. 18». cloth. 
 
 HOARE.— A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF A NEW METHOD OF 
 
 PLANTING AND MANAGING THE HOOTS OF GKAPK VINES. Bv Clement Hoare, 
 authorof "A Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on Open Walls." 12mo. oj.cl. 
 
 •^ ' .*^
 
 Bif: 
 
 14 
 
 =5t? 
 
 Ni:W AVORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 IIOARE— A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE 
 GRAPE VINE ON Ol'EN WALLS. By Clement Hoarc. New Edition. 8to. 7*. W. cloth. 
 
 HOBBES.— THE COMPLETE V/ORKS OF THOMAS HOBBES, 
 
 Of Malmcibury ; DOW first collected, and edited by Sir William Molcs^ortb, Bart. 16 to 
 8vo. 8/. cloth. 
 •»• Separately, the Engli$h fVorkt, in 11 voh. 51. 10*.; the Latin IForkt, in 5 vols. 2/. 10* 
 
 HOLLAND.— MEDICAL NOTES AND REFLECTIONS. 
 
 By Henry HollaiKl,M.D. F.R.S. etc. Fellow of the Royal Collc^'e of Physicians, Phynician 
 Extraordinary to the Cjuecn, and Physiciuniu Ordinary to His RoyalHigbnets PrinceAlbert. 
 New Edition. 8to. ISf.clotb. 
 
 HOOK (DR. W. F.)-THE LAST DAYS OF OUR LORD'S MINISTRY; 
 
 A Course of Lectures on the principal Events of Passion Week. By Walter Fanjnbar Hood, 
 D.U., Vicar of Leeds, Prebendar)- of Lincoln, and Chaplain iu Ordinary to the Quceu. New 
 Edition. Foolscap 8to. 64. cloth. 
 
 HOOKER.— KEW GARDENS ; 
 
 Or a Pojiular Guide to the Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew. By Sir William Jackson Hookpr, 
 K.H. U.C.L. F.R.A. & L.S. ctc.ctc. Pirector. New Edition. ISmo. with uumerons Wood 
 
 Engravings, Gi'. sewed. 
 
 HOOKER.— THE BRITISH FLORA. 
 
 Coniprisine the Phsenoiramous or Flowering Plants, »nd theFems. By Sir WilHiim Jackson 
 Hooker, K.H. LL.U. F.R.A. and L.S. etc. etc. etc. New Edition, with Additions and 
 Corrections; and 17.3 Figures, illustrative of the Umbelliferous Plants, the Composite 
 Plants, the Grasses, and the Ferns. Vol.1. Sto., with 1:2 Plates, 1 -it. plain ; with the Piatci 
 coloured , 24*. cloth. 
 
 Vol. II. in Two Parts, comprisin|!r the Cryptocramia and the Fungal, completing the British 
 Flora, and forming Vol. V., Parts 1 and 2, of Smith's English Flora, 24«. boards. 
 
 HORNE (THE REV. T. II.) -AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CRITICAL 
 
 STUDY ANU KNOWLEDGE OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURKS. Dy the Rev. Thomas 
 Hartwell Home, B.D. of St. John's College, Cambridge. New Edition, revised and corrected, 
 d vols. 8vo. with Maps and Fac-similes, il. 3«. cloth; or il. bouud in calf by Hayday. 
 
 HORNE (THE REV. T. II.)-A COMPENDIOUS INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 STUDY OF THE BIBLE. By the Rev. Thomas Hartwell Home, B.D. of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. Being an Analysis of his " Introiluction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of 
 the Holy Scriptures." New Edition. 12mo. with Maps and EugraviU);s, 95. boartU. 
 
 IIOWITT, (MARY).-BALLADS AND OTHER POEMS. 
 
 By Mary Howitt. Square crown Svo. with a Portrait from a Picture by Miss Gillies, 
 beautifully engraved by W. H. Egleton, 1S«. cloth ; morocco, 36f. (bound bg liaydajfj, 
 
 HOWITT.— THE CHILDREN'S YEAR. 
 
 By Mary Howitt. Witli Four Illustrations, cng^ravcd by John Absolon, from Original 
 Designs by .\nna Mary Howitt. Square )6mo. h$. cloth. 
 
 IIOWITT.— THE BOY'S COUNTRY BOOK: 
 
 Being thercal Life of a Covintry Boy, written by Himself; exhibiting all the Amusements, 
 Pleasures, and Pursuits of Children in the Country. Edited hy William Howitt, author of 
 ** The Rural Life of England," etc. New Edition. 'Fop. 8to. with 40 Woodcuts, 6i. cloth. 
 
 IIOWITT.— VISITS TO REMARKABLE PLACES; 
 
 Old Halls, Battlc-Ficlds, and Scenes illustrative of Striking Passages in F.nglish History and 
 Poetry. By William Howitt. New Edition. Medium 8vo. with 40IlTustrations, 21«. cloth. 
 
 SECOND SERIES, chiefly in the Counties of DURHAM and NORTHUMBERLAND, with a 
 Stroll along tlie HORDEll. Medium Svo. with upwards of 40 highly-finished Woodcuts, from 
 Drawings made on the spot, 'JU. cloth. 
 
 3^= 

 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 15 
 
 HOWITT.— THE RURAL LIFE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 By William Howitt. New Edition, correi'ted and revised. Medium 8vo. with Enq;ravincs on 
 Wood by Bewick and Williams, uniform witli " Visits to Remarkable Places," 2ij. clotli. 
 
 HOWITT.— THE RURAL AND DOMESTIC LIFE OF GERMANY: 
 
 With Characteristic Sketches of its chief Cities and Scenery. Collected in a General Tour, 
 and during: a Residence in that Country in the Years 1840-42. By William Howitt, autlior 
 of "The Rural Life of England," etc. Medium Svo., with above 50 IlIustratioas,2l«. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT.— THE STUDENT-LIFE OF GERMANY. 
 
 From the Unpublished MS. of Dr. Cornelius. By William Howitt, Svo, with 24 Wood 
 Engravinjj^s, and / Steel Plates, 21«. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT.-COLONISATION AND CHRISTIANITY: 
 
 A Popular History of the Treatment of the Natives, in all their Colonies, by the Europeaus, 
 By William Howitt. Post Svo. lOj.Crf. cloth. 
 
 HUDSON.— PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING WILLS 
 
 In conformity with the LaT, and particularly with reference to the Act 7 AVm.lV. and 1 Vict, 
 c. 26. To which is added, a clear Kxposition of the Law relatinsf to the Distribution of Per- 
 sonal Estate in the case of Intestacy , with two Forms of Wills, and muchuscfu^ Information, 
 etc. By J. C. Hudson, Esq. New Editiou, corrected. Fcap.8vo.2*.6d. cloth. 
 
 HUDSON.-THE EXECUTOR'S GUIDE. 
 
 By J. C. Hudson, Esq., of the Legacy Dutv Office, London: author of "Plain Directions 
 for Making Wills," and " The Parent's HHiid-Book." NewEditiou. Foolscap Svo. 5a. cloth. 
 
 •»* Tht above two works may be had in One volume, price /«. cloth. 
 
 HUMBOLDT (BARON). - COSMOS : 
 
 A Sketch of a Pliysical Description of the Universe. Translated, with the Author's sanction 
 and co-operation, under the superintendence of Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Sabine, F.R.S. 
 For. Sec. U.S. NewEditiou. Vols. I. and II. post Svo. 12*. each, cloth. 
 
 " Je vons autorife. Monsieur., de vous lervir en tnute occasion de la declaration, que la 
 belle traduction dn Colonel Sabine, enriche de rectijicatiuns et de notes tris-precieutes, et 
 qui ont toute mon approbation, eat la seule par laquelle j'ni vivement desir6 voir introduit 
 mon ouvrage dam la litthature de voire pays." — Baron Humboldt to Mr. Murray. 
 
 HUME.— THE LEARNED SOCIETIES AND PRINTING CLUBS OF THE 
 
 UNITED KINGDOM ; being- an Account of their respective Oriy;in, History, Objects, and 
 Constitution: full details respectinif Membersliip, Fees, their puhlished Works and Trans- 
 actions, Notices of tlieir Periods and Places of Meetiuj;, etc. With a g^eneral Introduction, 
 and a Classified Index. Compiled from Official Documents, by the Uev. A. Hume, LL.D., 
 F.S.A. Post Svo. Si.Cd. cloth. 
 
 HUNT.-RESEARCHES ON LIGHT: 
 
 An Examination of all the Phenomena connected with the Chemical and Molecular Changes 
 produced by the Inlluencc of the Solar Rays ; embraciiiu' all the known PhotOffraphic Pro- 
 cesses, and new Discoveries in the Art. By Robert Hunt, Keeper of Mininy; Records, 
 Museum of Economic Geology. Svo. with Plate and Woodcuts, lUj.Crf. cloth. 
 
 JAMES.-A HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE, 
 
 and of various Events connected therewith, which occurred during the Reign of P'dward III. 
 King of England. By G. P. R.James, Esq. New Edition. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. withMap, I5«. 
 
 JAMESON.— SACRED AND LEGENDARY ART. 
 
 By Mrs. Jameson. 2 vols, square crown 8vo., illustrated by numerous Woodcuts, with a 
 a few Etchings by the Author. [yearly ready. 
 
 Vol. I. contains Legends of the Angels and Archangels, the Evangelists, the Apostles, the 
 Doctors of the Church, and Mary Magdalene. 
 
 Vol. II. contains Legends of the Patron Saints, the Virgin Patronesses, the Groi-k and Latin 
 Martyrs, the Bishops and Confcbsors, the Hermits, and the Warrior Saints of Christendom. 
 
 JEBB (BISHOP) AND KNOX (ALEXANDER). -THIRTY YEARS' COR- 
 RESPONDENCE between John Jebb, D.D. F.R.S. , Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert, Aghndoc, 
 and Alexander Knox, Esq. M.R.I. A. Edited by the Rev. Charles Forster, B.D. Rector of 
 Stisted, formerly Domestic Chaplain to Bishop Jebb. New Edition. 2 vols. Svo. 28«. cloth.
 
 ne ^ 
 
 16 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 JEBB.-A LITERAL TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK OF PSALMS; 
 
 Intended to illustrnte their Poetical and Mornl Strncturc. To which are added, Diiierta- 
 tions on the word "Selah,"aiid on the Authorship, Order, TitUsi, and Poetical Features 
 of the P»almi. By the Iler. John Jebb, A.M., Rector of Peterstow. 2 roll. 8to. 31i. cloth. 
 
 JEFFREY (LORD).-CONTRIBUTIONSTOTHE EDINBURGH REVIEW. 
 
 By Francis Jeffrey, now one of the Judge* in the Court of Semionin Scotland. New Edit. 
 Svols.Svo. 42i. cloth. 
 
 JOHNSON.— THE WISDOM OF THE RAMBLER, ADVENTURER, AND 
 
 lULKR. Cousisting of ilO of the best Essays. By Samuel Johnson, LL.D. loolscap 8to. 
 7j. cloth. 
 
 JOIINSON.-THE FARMER'S ENCYCLOP/EDIA, 
 
 And DICTIOXAKYof RURAL AFFAIRS: embracing all the recent DIscoTeries in Agri- 
 cultural Chemistry; adapted to the comprehension of unscientific Readers. By Cothberl 
 W.Johnson, Ksq'., F.R.S. Barrister-at-Law, Editor of the "Farmers' Almanack," etc. 
 8vo. with Wood Engravings, if. 10*. cloth. 
 
 JONES'S GUIDE TO NORWAY, AND SALMON-FISHER'S POCKET 
 
 CO.MPANIOX; founded on Eiptrieiice collected in the Country. Edited by Frederic 
 Tolfrcy, Esn., aullior of "The Sportsman in France,'' and "The Sportsman in Canada." 
 Foolscap Svo.'with Frontispiece and Vignette Title, and Knerarings of the proper Flics, 
 beautifully coloured, in exact imitation of the originals, 155. cloth. 
 
 KINDERRLEY.— THE VERY JOYOUS, PLEASANT, AND REFRESHING 
 
 HISTOUY of the Feats. Exploits, Triumphs, and Achierements of the Good Knight, without 
 Fear and without Reproach, tlie gentle Lord Ue Bayard. Set forth in English by Edward 
 Cockburn Kiiidersley, Esq. Snuare post 8vo. with Ornamental Headings, and Frontis- 
 piece by E. H. Wehnert, Ot. Cd. cloth. 
 
 KIP.-THE CHRISTMAS HOLYDAYS IN ROME. 
 
 By the Rev. W. Ingraham Kip, M.A. Edited by the Rev. W. Scwell, B.D. Fellow and 
 Tutor of Exeter College, Oxford. Foolscap Svo. 5». cloth. 
 
 KIRBY AND SPENCE.— AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY; 
 
 Or, Elements of the Natural History of Insects: comprising .in account of ii"-- --1 
 useful Inserts, of their .Metamorphoses, Food, Strataircms. Habitations, Socictii - -, 
 
 Noises, Hybernation, I.istinct, etc. Bv W. Kirbv, M.A. F.R.S. .S; L.S. Rector t; .i; 
 
 and W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S. & L.S. New Edition, enlarged. 2 vols. Sto.31«. 6<(. clotli. 
 
 KNOX (ALEXANDER). — REMAINS OF ALEXANDER KNOX, ESQ. 
 
 Of Dublin, M.R.I.A. ; containing Essays, chiefly explanatory, of Christian Doctrine; and 
 Confidential Letters, with Private Papers, illustrative of the Writer's Character, Sentiments, 
 and Life. New Edition. 4 vols. Svo. 2/. 8*. cloth. 
 
 LAING.— THE CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY, 
 
 From the Earliest Period of the History of tlic Northern Sea Kings to the Middle of the 
 'i'welfth Century : conimonlv called tlie Heimskringla. Translated from the Icelandic of 
 Snorro Sturlcsou, with Notes, and a Preliminary Discourse, by Samuel Laing,£sq. 3 vols. 
 Svo. 3C(. cloth. 
 
 LAING.— A TOUR IN SWEDEN 
 
 1 n 1S.38 ; comprisini; Observations on. the Moral, Political,and Economical State of the Swedish 
 Nation. By Samuel Laing, Esq. Svo. V2t. cloth. 
 
 LANE (R. I.)-LIFE AT THE WATER CURE: 
 
 Or, a Month at Malvern. A Diary of Facts and Fancies. To which is added the Sequel. 
 By Richard J. Lane, .A.R.A.. Lithographer in Ordinary to Her Majesty and His Royal High- 
 ness Prince .Albert. Post 8to. witli many Illustrations, Ht. clotU. 
 
 L. E. L.— THE POETICAL WORKS OF LETITIA ELIZABETH LANDON. 
 
 New Edition. 4 vols, foolscap Svo. with Illustrations by Howard, etc. 28*. cloth ; or bound 
 in morocco, with gilt edges, '21. 4s. 
 
 The following Works separately: — 
 The IMPROVIS.\TRICE - - int. 6rf. i The GOLDEN VIOLET - - - 10*. 6<f. 
 The VENETIAN BRACELET - 10*. 6<f. I The TROUBADOUR .... 10*. M. 
 
 =S«E
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 17 
 
 LARDNER'S CABINET CYCLOP/EDIA; 
 
 .IVJJl'^ JCJJ.*- o wr-n-ii-—" — • r 
 
 Beine a Series of Original Works on History, Biography, Natural Philosophy, Natural 
 History Literature, the Sciences, Arts, and Manufactures. By Bishop Thirhvall, Sir James 
 Mackiiitosh Sir John Herschel, Sir Walter Scott,Thomas Moore, Robert Southey, and other 
 Eminent Writers. Conducted and edited by Dr. Lardner, 
 
 The Series complete in One Hundred and Thirty-three Volumes, 39/. 18* 
 separately, 65. per volume. ^. „ . 
 
 " J' r The Sertet comprises :— 
 
 The Works 
 
 3 vols. 18«. 
 3 vols. 18«. 
 
 1 vol. 6». 
 
 1 vol. 6». 
 
 2 vols. 12«. 
 1 vol. 6». 
 
 1. Bell's History of Tlussia . 3 vols. 18». 
 
 2. Bell's Lives of British Poets 2 vols. 12». 
 
 3. Brewster's Treatise on Optics 1vol. 6». 
 
 4. Cooley's History of Maritime 
 
 and Inland Discovery 
 
 5. Crowe's History of France . 
 
 6. De Morgan's Treatise on Pro- 
 
 babilities . . . • 
 
 7. De Sismondi's History of the 
 
 Italian Republics 
 
 8. De Sismondi's Fall of the 
 
 Roman Empire . 
 
 9. Donovan'sTreatise on Chem- 
 
 istry 
 
 10. Donovan's Domestic Economy, 2 vols. 12». 
 
 11. Dunham's History of Spain 
 
 and Portugal . • . 5 vols. 30». 
 
 12. Dunham's History of Den- 
 
 mark, Sweden, and Nor- 
 
 way 3 vols. 18*. 
 
 13. Dunham's History of Poland 1 vol. 6». 
 
 14. Dunham's History of the 
 
 Ciermanic Empire 
 
 15. Dunham's History of Europe 
 
 during the Middle Ages . 
 
 16. Dunham's Lives of British 
 
 Dramatists . 
 
 17. Dunham's Lives of Early 
 
 Writers of Great Britain . 
 
 18. Fergus's History of the 
 
 United States 
 
 19. Fosbroke's Grecian and Ro- 
 
 man Antiquities 
 
 20. Forster's Lives of the States- 
 
 men of the Commonwealth 
 
 21. Forster, Mackintosh, and 
 
 Courtenay's Lives of 
 British Statesmen 
 
 22. Gleg's Lives of Military Com- 
 
 manders .... 
 
 23. Grattan's History of the 
 
 Netherlands . 
 
 24. Henslow's Treatise on 
 
 Botany .... 
 
 25. Herschel's Treatise on As- 
 
 trononiy .... 
 
 26. Herschel's Preliminary Dis- 
 
 course on the Study of 
 Natural I'hilosophy . . 
 
 27. History of Rome . 
 
 23. History of Switzerland . 
 
 29. Holland's Treatise on the 
 
 Manufactures iu Metal 
 
 30. James's Lives of Foreign 
 
 Statesmen .... 
 
 31. Kater and Lardnei's Treatise 
 
 on Mechanics . 
 
 3 vols. ISs. 
 
 4 vols. 24*. 
 2 vols. 12«. 
 
 1 vol. 6». 
 
 2 vols. 12*. 
 
 2 vols. 12s. 
 
 5 vols. 30». 
 
 7 vols. 424. 
 
 3 vols. 18«. 
 1 vol. 6*. 
 
 1vol. 
 1vol. 
 
 6s. 
 6». 
 
 1 vol. 6». 
 
 2 vols. 12». 
 1 vol. 6s, 
 
 3 vols. 18«. 
 5 vols. 30i. 
 1 vol.^ 6#. 
 
 6«. 
 
 6>. 
 
 6s. 
 6s. 
 
 1 vol. 6*. 
 
 2 vols. 12s. 
 
 3 vols. 18». 
 
 4 vols. 24*. 
 
 1 vol. 6*. 
 
 2 vols. 12*. 
 
 32. Kcightley's Outlines of His- 
 
 tory 1 vol 
 
 33. Lardner's Treatise on Arith- 
 
 metic Ivol 
 
 34. Lardner's Treat, on Geometry 1 vol 
 
 35. Lardner's Treatise on Heat . 1 vol 
 
 36. Lardner's Treatise on Hydro- 
 
 statics and Pneumatics 
 
 37. Lardner and Walker's Elec- 
 
 tricity and Magnetism 
 
 33. Mackintosh, Wallace, and 
 
 Bell's History of England, 10 vols. 60* 
 
 39. Montgomery and Shelley's 
 
 Lives of Italian, Spanish, 
 and Portuguese Authors . 
 
 40. Moore's History of Ireland . 
 
 41. Nicolas's Chronology of 
 
 History .... 
 
 42. Phillips's Treat, on Geology 
 
 43. Powell's History of Natural 
 
 Philosophy . • » 
 
 44. Porter's Treatise on the 
 
 Manufacture of Silk . 
 
 45. Porter's Treatise on the 
 
 Manufacture of Porcelain 
 and Glass .... 
 
 46. Roscoe's Lives of British 
 
 Lawyers .... 
 
 47. Scott's History of Scotland . 
 
 48. Shelley's Lives of French 
 
 Authors .... 
 
 49. Shuckard and Swainson's 
 
 Treatise on Insects . 
 
 50. Souther's Lives of British 
 
 Admirals .... 
 
 51. Stebbing's History of the 
 
 Church . . . • 
 
 52. Stebbing's History of the 
 
 Reformation 
 
 53. Swainson's Preliminary Dis- 
 
 course on Natural History, 1 vol 
 54 Swainson's Natural History: 
 and Classification of 
 Animals 
 
 55. Swainson's Habits and In 
 stincts of Animals 
 
 6*. 
 6j. 
 
 6». 
 6«. 
 
 56. Swainson's Quadrupeds 
 
 57. Swainson's Birds . 
 
 58. Swainson's Fish, Reptiles 
 
 etc 
 
 Swainson's Shells and Shell 
 
 fish .... 
 Swainson's Animals in Me 
 nageries 
 , Swainson's Taxidermy and 
 Bibliography 
 
 1vol. 
 1vol. 
 
 1vol. 
 
 1vol. 
 
 2 vols. 12*. 
 
 2 vols. 12*. 
 
 1 vol. 6». 
 S vols. 30*. 
 
 2 vols. 12*. 
 2 vols. 12*. 
 
 C*. 
 
 1 vol. 6*. 
 
 1 vol. 6*. 
 
 1 vol. f)». 
 
 2 vols. 12*. 
 
 2 vols. 12*. 
 1 vol. 6*. 
 1 vol. 6*. 
 
 59. 
 60, 
 61. 
 62. Thirlwall's History of Greece 8 vols. 4S* 
 
 1 vol. 6*. 
 
 afi- 
 
 -M
 
 18 NEW WOKKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 LANETON PARSONAGE: 
 
 A Tale for Children, on the practical tise of a portion of the Church CatecliUm. Bribe 
 author of '« Amy Herhert." and "Gertrude." Kdtted by the Rer. W. Sewell, B.D. New 
 Edition. Parts I. and II. fcap.Svo. 5f. each, cloth. 
 
 LATHAM.-ON DISEASES OF THE HEART. 
 
 Lectures on Subjcctn roiinectcd with Clinical Medicine ; comprising Diseases of the Heart. 
 By P. M. Latham, M.D. Physician Extraordinary to the Queen ; and late Physician to St. 
 Bartholomew's Hospital. New Edition. 2 vols. l^mo. Ifit. cloth. 
 
 LEE.— TAXIDERMY; 
 
 Or. the Art of Collecting, Preparing, and Mountinc^Ohjects of Natural History. For the use 
 of Museums and Travellers. Bv Mrs. K.Lee. New Edition, improved ; with an account of a 
 Visit to Walton Hall, and Mr. Waterton's Method of Preserving Animals. Fcap. Svo.with 
 Woodcuts, 7s. 
 
 LEE.-ELEMENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 For the Use of Schools and Younij Persons: comprising the Principles of Classification, 
 interspersed with amusiiit; and instructive Accounts of the most remarkmble Animals. By 
 Mrs. R. Lee. 12mo. with -55 Woodcuts, /(. 6rf. bound. 
 
 LEMPRIERE.— A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY; 
 
 Containing a copious Account of all the Proper Names mentioned in Ancient .Authors ; with 
 the Value of Coins, Weights, and Measures, used amongst the GrceliS and Romans; and a 
 Chronological Table. By T. Lcmprifere, D.U. New Edition, corrected. 8vo. 95. clutb. 
 
 LESLIE (C.R.)— MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE OF JOHN CONSTABLE, ESQ. 
 
 R.A. Composed chiefly of his Letters. By C. R. Leslie, R.A. Second Edition, with further 
 Extracts from his Correspondence. Small -410. with two Portraits fone from a new Sketch, 
 by Mr. Leslie,) and a plate of " Spring," engraved by Lucas, 21*. cloth. 
 
 LETTERS TO MY UNKNOWN FRIENDS. 
 By a Lady. New Edition. Foolscap Svo. C«. Grf. cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY.— AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
 
 By Prof. J.Lindley.Ph.D. F.R.S.L.S. etc. New Edition, with Corrections aud considerable 
 Additions. Svo. with Six Plates aud numerous Woodcuts, I8«. cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY.— A SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH FLORA, 
 
 Arranged according to the Natural Orders, by Professor John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R.S.,etc. 
 New Edition, with numerous Additions and Improvements. 12mo. iO«. 6tf. cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY.— THE THEORY OF HORTICULTURE; 
 
 Or, an Attempt to Exiilaiii the Principal Openitions of Gardening upon Physiological Prin- 
 ciples. By John Lindley, Ph.D. F.R.S. Svo. with Illustrations on Wood, 12«. doth. 
 
 LINDLEY.— GUIDE TO THE ORCHARD AND KITCHEN GARDEN; 
 
 Or, an Account of the most valuable Kruits and Vci;etaliles rultivated in Great Britain; with 
 Kalendars of the Worl« required in the Orchard and Kitclien Garden during every Mouth in 
 the Year. By George Lindley, CM. H.S. Edited by Professor Lindley. Svo. 164. boards. 
 
 LINWOOD (W.)— ANTHOLOGIA OXONIENSIS; 
 
 Sive, Florilcgium e lusibus poeticis diversorum Oxoniensium Grircls ct Latinis decerptnm. 
 Curuntc Gulielmo Liuwood, M.A. iEdis Christi Alunimo. Svo. 14*. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON (MRS.)— THE AMATEUR GARDENER'S CALENDAR; 
 
 Being a Monthly Guide, as to what should he avoided as well as what should be done in a 
 Garden in each ^lonth : with plain Rules hou to do wliat is requisite ; Direnions for laying 
 ont and planting Kitchen and FlowcrGardcns, Pleasure Grounds, and Shrubberies: and a 
 short account, iii each Month, of the Quadrupids, Birds. an<l Insects, then most injurious to 
 Gardens. By Mrs. Loudon. IGmo. with numerous Wood Engravings, 7». 6rf. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON (MRS.)-THE LADY'S COUNTRY COMPANION; 
 
 Or, How to Knjov a Country Lite Rationally. Bv Mrs. Loinlon, author of "Gardening for 
 Ladies, "etc. New Edition. Foolscap 8vo., with Plate and Woodcuts, 7*. 6^- cloth. 
 
 LOUDON (J. C.)— SELF- INSTRUCTION FOR YOUNG GARDENERS, 
 
 Foresters, BailiH's, Land Stewards, and Farmers; in Aritlimetic, Book-keeping, Geo- 
 metry, Mensuration, Practic.il Triv:onoraetr>, Mechanics, I.and-Surveying, Levelling, 
 Planning and Mappina:. Architectural Drawing, and Isometrlcal Projection and Perspective : 
 with Ex.imples shewing thoir applications to Horticultural and Agricultural Purposes. 
 By the late J. C. London, F.L.S. H.S. etc. With a Portrait of Mr. Loudon, aud a Memoir 
 by Mrs. Loudon. Svo. with Wood Engravings, 7*. 6<i. cloth. 
 
 n
 
 ^6— 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSES. LOXGMAX AND Co. 
 
 19 
 
 LOUDON.— AN ENCYCLOPyCDIA OF TREES AND SHRUBS; 
 
 Beingr the " Arboretum et Kruticctura Britaiiniciim" abridged : containing the Hardy Trees 
 and Shrubs of Great Britain, Native and Foreign, scientifically and popularly described : 
 with their Propagation, Culture, and Uses in the Arts. By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S. etc. Svcwith 
 upwards of 2,000 Engravings on Wood, 2/. lOj. cloth. 
 
 A New Edition of the Original Work, in 8 vols. Svo. with above 400 octavo Plates of Trees, 
 and upwards of 2,000 Woodcuts, lOt. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON.— AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF GARDENING; 
 
 Presenting in one systematic view, the History and Present Stdte of Gardening in all Coun- 
 tries, and its Theory and Practice iu Great Britain: with the Management of the Kitchen 
 Garden, the Flower Garden, Laying-out Grounds, etc. By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S. etc. A new 
 Edition. Svo.with nearly 1,000 Engravings ou Wood, 2/. 10*. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON.— AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF AGRICULTURE ; 
 
 Comprising the Theory and Practice of the Valuation, Transfer, Laying-out, Improvement, 
 and Management of Landed Property, and of the cultivation and economy of the Animal and 
 Vegetable Productions of Agriculture, including all the latest improvements. By J. C. 
 Loudon, F.L.G.Z. and H.S. etc. Fifth Edition. Svo. with upwards of 1,100 Engravings on 
 Wood, by Branston, 2/. lOj. cloth. — The Supplement, se/)aro<e/y, 5*. sewed. 
 
 LOUDON.— AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF PLANTS; 
 
 Including all the Pl;ints which are now found in, or have been introduced in to, Great Britain ; 
 giving their Natural History, accompanied by such Descriptions, Engraved Figures, and 
 Elementary Details, as may enable a beginner, who is a mere English reader, to discover the 
 name of every Plant which he may find in flower, and acquire all the information respecting 
 it which is useful and interesting. By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S., etc. The Specific Characters 
 by an Eminent Botanist ; the Drawings by .T. D. C. Sowerby, F.L.S. A new Edition, with a 
 new Supplement and a new Index. Svo. with nearly 10,000 Wood Engravings, 73*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON.— AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF COTTAGE, FARM, AND VILLA 
 AllCHITECTURE and FURNITURE. Containing Designs for Cottages, Villas, Farm 
 Houses, F'armeries, Country Inns, Public Houses, Parochial Schools, etc. ; with the requisite 
 Fittinw'S-up, Fixtures, and Furniture, and appropriate Offices, Gardens, and Garden Scenerj': 
 each Design accompanied by Analytical and Critical Remarks. By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S. 
 etc. New Edition, Edited by Mrs. Loudon. Svo. with more thau2,000 Engravings on Wood, 
 63«. cloth. — The Supplement, «e/)ara<e/y, Svo. 7». Orf. sewed. 
 
 LOUDON.— HORTUS BRITANNICUS: 
 
 A Catalogue of all the Plants indigenous to or introduced into Britain. New Kdition, 
 with a Supplement, prepared, under the direction of J. C.Loudon, by W. H. Baxter, and 
 revised by George Don, F.L.S. Svo. 31«.6i. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON.— THE SUBURBAN GARDENER AND VILLA COMPANION: 
 
 Comprising the Choice of a Villa or Suburban Residence, or of a Situation on which to form 
 one; the Arrangement and Furnishing of the House; and the Laying-out, Planting, and 
 general Management of the Garden ancl Ground ; the whole adapted for Grounds from one 
 perch to fifty acres and upwards in extent; intended for the instruction of those who know 
 little of Gardening or Rural Affairs, and more particularly for the use of Ladies. ByJ.C. 
 Loudon, F'.L.S., etc. Svo. with above 300 Wood Engravings, 20s. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON.— HORTUS LIGNOSUS LONDINENSIS; 
 
 Or, a Catalogue of all the Ligneous Plants cultivated in the neighbourhood of London. To 
 which are added their usual Prices in Nurseries. By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S. etc. Svo. 7<- Gd- 
 
 LOW.-ON LANDED PROPERTY, AND THE ECONOMY OF ESTATES; 
 
 Comprehending the Relations between Landlord and Tenant, and the Principles and Forms 
 of Leases; of Farm Buildings, Enclosures, Drains, Embankments, Roads, and other Rural 
 \Vorks, Minerals, and Woods. By David Low, Esq. F.R.S.E. etc., author of "Elements 
 of Practical Agriculture," etc. Svo. with numerous Wood Engravings, 21». cloth. 
 
 LOW.— AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE OF THE SIMPLE BODIES OF 
 
 CHEMISTRY. By D. Low, F.R.S.E. Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh ; 
 author of " Elements of Practical Agriculture," " A Treatise on Landed Property and the 
 Economy of Estates," " A Treatise on the Breeds of the British Domesticiited .Animals," 
 "The Breeds of the Domesticated Animals of Great Britain Illustrated and Described." 
 2d Edition, enlarged aod improved. Svo. U*. cloth. 
 
 LOW.-ON THE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS OF GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 Comprehending the Natural and Economical History of the Si'ecies and Breeds; Illustrations 
 of the Properties of E.xternnl Form ; and Observations on the Principles and Practice of 
 Breeding. By David I^ow, Esq., F.R.S.E., Professor of Agriculture in the University of 
 Edinburgh, etc.; author of "Elements of Practical Agriculture," etc. Svo. with Engravings 
 onWoo(l,2a5. cloth. 
 
 Sil= 
 
 -KC
 
 ^:- 
 
 20 
 
 ■■w. 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 LOW.— THE BREEDS OF THE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS OF GREAT 
 
 BRIl'AIN ilcscrilicd. By Dnvid I^ow, Ksq. K.R.S.K.. Proresitorof Atrricnlturein the Unirer- 
 Kity of Kdinburtrli, etc. Tlie Plates fmm ilrawint:* tiy W. N'iclioUon, R.S.A., redurcd 
 from « .Series of Oil Paintint;s, executed for the -Avrriculturnl Muscom of the Unireriitv of 
 Edinlmrifh, l)y \V. Sliicls, rt.S.A. 2 voU. (itUn qusrt'o, with oG PUte* of AnimaU, beautifully 
 coloured after N nturc , IC/. 16(. half-bound in morocco. 
 
 Or in four separate portions, a» follow: — 
 
 The OX. 1 Vol. With 22 Plates, price 6/. 
 
 Ifij.firf. half-bound morocco. 
 The SHKKP. 1 Vol. With 21 Plates, price 
 
 fif. lfi>.6(/. half-bound morocco. 
 
 The HORSE. 1 Vol. With 8 Plates, price 
 
 3f. hilf-bound morocco. 
 The HOG. 1 Vol. With 5 PUtes,price 2/. 2l. 
 
 half bound morocco- 
 
 LOW.— ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE: 
 
 Comprehendinc the Cultivation of Plants, the Husbandry of the Domestic Animals, and the 
 Kconomy of the Karm. By David Low, Ksq. K.R.S.E., Professor of Aitricultnre in the Uni- 
 versity of P'dinburgh. New Edition. Svo. with an entirely new set of above :2U0 Wood- 
 cuts, 21<. cloth. 
 
 MACAUL.\Y.-CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS CONTRIBUTED TO 
 THE KDIXBURGH RKVIKW. By the Right Hon. Thomas Babington Macaulay, M.P. 
 
 New Edition. 3 vols. Svo. 36». cloth. 
 
 MACAUL.\Y.-THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 From the Accession of James II. By Thomas Babiii^toii Macaulay. Vols. T. and 1 1. 8ro. 
 
 [In the pren. 
 
 MAC \ULAY.— LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. 
 
 With " Ivry" and "The Armada."' By the Ui)jht Honorable Thomas Babington Macaulay, 
 M.P. New Edition. 16mo.4f. G<2. cloth; morocco, IHi. 6(/. (iy i/a^<f<iy). 
 
 MACAULAY.— MR. MACAULAY'S L6>YS OF ANCIENT ROME. 
 
 A New Edition. With numerous Illustrations, Original an'l from thf Antique, drawn on 
 Wood by (ieort'C Scharf, jun. ; and engraved by Samuel Williams. Fcp. 4to. 21«. boards; 
 morocco, 42*. (bound by Hay day). 
 
 MACK.\Y(CHARLES).-THE SCENERY AND POETRY OF THE ENGLISH 
 
 LAKES: a Summer Ramble. Bv Charles Mackay, E-q. LL.U. author of " Lcl'c i.ds of the 
 Isles," "The Salamuiiilrinc," "Tlie Thames and its Tributaries," etc. Svo. with beautii'ul 
 Wood Engravings from Original Sketches, I4«. cloth. 
 
 MACKINTOSH ;SITl J AMES).— THE LIFE OF SIR THOMAS MORE. 
 
 Hy the Bight Hon. Sir .lames Mackintosh. Reprinted from the Cabinet Cyclopedia. 
 Foolscap Svo. with Portrait, on. cloth; or bound in vellum, Ss. 
 
 MACKINTOSH'S (SIR JAMES) MISCELLANEOUS WORKS; 
 
 Including his Contributions to The EDINBURGH REVIEW. Edited by Robert Jamei 
 Mackintosh, Esq. 3 vols. Svo. 42j. cloth. 
 
 M'CULLOCH.— A DICTIONARY. GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND 
 
 HI.STORICAL, of the various Countries, Places, and Principal .N'atural Objects in the World. 
 By J.R. M'CuUoch, Esq. A new Edition. 2 vols. Svo. with Six large .Maps, 4/. cloth. 
 
 •,» The new Articln arr printfri srporitrly ni a Supplrtnrnt to t/ir farmer Edition. They 
 comprise afnllnccnunt of the present ilate of the United Kingdomf the Oregon Tetritory, 
 etc, 8i'o. 0*. tewed. 
 
 M'CULLOCII.— A DICTIONARY, PRACTICAL. THEORETICAL. AND 
 
 HISTORICAL, OF COM.MEIU:K, AND COM.MEIUIAL NAVIGATION. By J. R. 
 M'CuUoch, Esq. A New Edition, c<irrected, enlarged, and improved. Svo. with Maps and 
 Plans, 5Ui. cloth; or 55(. strongly half-bound in runsia. 
 
 A SUPPLEMENT to the Editiunt puhlithed in 1S44 and 1S46 may bt had separately, 
 price 4i, Cd. leucd, 
 
 M'CULLOni.— A TREATISE ON THE SUCCESSION TO PROPERTY 
 
 VAC \N T BY DE.ATH : including Inquiries into the Inllucncc of Primogeniture, Entails, 
 the Law of rompulsory Partition, Foundations, etc. over the Public Interests. By J. K. 
 M'CuUoch, Esq. Svo. 6j. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 M'CULLOCH (J. R.)-AN ACCOUNT, DESCRIPTIVE, AND STATISTICAL, 
 
 of the BRITISH EMPIRE; cxhibitingits Extent, IMivsirnl Capacities. Population, Industrr, 
 and Civil and Religious Institutions. BvJ. R. M'CuUoch, Esq. 3d Edition, corrected, 
 enlarged, and greatly improved. 2 thick vols. Svo. 42*. cloth. 
 
 m-- 
 
 ■ M
 
 m. 
 
 -m 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 21 
 
 M'CULLOCH.— THE LITERATURE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY; 
 
 Beinif a Classilied Catalogue of tlie principal Works in the iliffereut departments of Political 
 Economy, interspersed with Historical, Critical, and Uiographical Notices. By J. K, 
 M'Culloch, Ksq. 3vo. 14j. cloth. 
 
 M'CULLOCH.— A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL 
 INKLUKNCE OK TAXATION AN U THE FUNDING SYSTEM. By J. U. M'Culloch, 
 Esq. 8to. 10». cloth. 
 
 MADAME DE MALCUET: 
 
 A Talc of 1820. 3 vols, post Svo. 31». 6rf. boards. 
 
 •' One of the )i>n)t faacinatinff production! of the present dny. The stnru h well told; and 
 the incidents are nil grouped tugether with the i/iiU of n painter and the hand of n master. 
 Few tcurks of Action have appeared at ant/ time, and fewer xtill in more recent days, which 
 will bear any comparison with this, in all the essential attributes of a good novel-" 
 
 Observer. 
 
 MAITLAND (DR. CHARLES).— THE CHURCH IN THE CATACOMBS: 
 
 A Description of the Primitive Church of liome, illustrated by its Sepulchral Remains. 
 Bv Charles Maitland, JM.D. New Edition, revised. Svo. with numerous Engravings on Wood. 
 1-ii. cloth. 
 
 MARCET.— CONVERSATIONS ON CHEMISTRY; 
 
 In which the Elements of that Science are familiarly Explained andlllustratcd by Experi" 
 mcuts. By Mrs. Marcet. New Edition, corrected. 2 vols, foolscap 8vo. 14*. doth. 
 
 MARCET.— CONVERSATIONS ON NATURAL PHILOSOPHY; 
 
 In which the Klenients of that Science are familiarly explained, and adapted to the compre- 
 hension of Youn^ Persons. By Mrs. Marcet. New Edition, enlarged and corrected. Fcap. 
 Svo. with 23 Plates, \0s. Cd. cloth. 
 
 MARCET.-CONVERSATIONS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY; 
 
 In which the Elements of that Science are familiarly explained. By Mrs. Marcet. New 
 Edition, revised and enlarged. Foolscap S\o.7s,6d. cloth. 
 
 MARCET.-CONVERSATIONS ON VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY; 
 
 Comprehending the Elements of Botany, with tlieir application to Agriculture. 
 Marcet. New Edition. Foolscap Svo. with Four Plates, 9». cloth. 
 
 By Mrs. 
 
 MARCET.-CONVERSATIONS ON LAND AND WATER. 
 
 By Mrs. Marcet. New Edition revised and corrected. Foolscap Svo. with coloured Map 
 shewing the comparative Altitude of Mountains, os. Hd. cloth. 
 
 MARGARET PERCIVAL. 
 
 By the Author of «' Amy Herbert." Edited by the Rev. W. Sewell, B.D., Fellow andTutor 
 of Exeter College, Oxford. New Edition. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. 12<. cloth. 
 
 MARRYAT.— BORNEO AND THE EAST INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 
 
 By Francis S. Marryat, late Midshipman of H.M.S. Samarang, Surveying Vessel, With 
 many Drawings of Costume and Scenery, from Original Sketches made on the spot by Mr. 
 Marryat. Imperial Svo. with numerous Lithographic Plates and Wood Engravings, 'Ms.6d. 
 cloth. 
 
 MARRYAT (CAPT.)-MASTERMAN READY; 
 
 Or, the Wreck of the Pacific. Written for Young People. By Captain Marryat, O.B. author 
 of "Peter Simple," etc. 3 vols, f cap. Svo. with numerous Engraving; son Wood, 22».6rf. cloth. 
 
 MARRYAT.— THE PRIVATEER'S- MAN ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. 
 By Captain F. Marryat, C.B. author of "Peter Simple," "Masterman Heady," etc. 2 vols. 
 fcap.Svo. 12». cloth. 
 
 MARRYAT.— THE MISSION; 
 
 Or, Scenes in Africa. Written for Young People. By Captain Marryat. C.B., author of 
 •• Peter Simple," "Masterman Ready," etc. 2 vols. fcap. Svo. 12j. cloth. 
 
 MARRYAT.— THE SETTLERS IN CANADA. 
 
 Written for Young People. By Captain Marryat, C.R. author of "Peter Simple," 
 " Masterman Ready,'' etc. New Edition. Fcap. Svo. with two Illustrations, 7». Od. cloth. 
 
 MATTEUCCI.- LECTURES ON THE PHYSICAL PHCENOMENA OF 
 
 LIVING BEINGS. By Signor Carlo Matteucci, Profes-sor of the University of Pisa. 
 Translated under the superintendence of J. Pcrcira, M.U. F.H.S. Vice-President of the 
 Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. 12mo. Di. cloth. 
 
 m-
 
 22 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 MAUNDER.— THE TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE, 
 
 And LIBRARY of REFERKN'CE : a popular Compciidium of UniTersal Knowledifc. Bt 
 Samuel Maiinricr. New Kditioii, rcviked tbrougbuut and enlarged. Fooltcap tSro. lUi. 
 cloth ; bound in roan, \'2». 
 
 *, •The principal contenti of the prrtent neu and thornughly rerited edition of "The Trea- 
 inri/of Kvowledgr," me— a new rind enlarged Englith Dictionary, vith a Grammar, Verbal 
 Diitinctlonn, and ETerciiet; anew Univertal Gazetteer ; a compendiotu Clniticnl Dictionary; 
 an Analvnin of llistort/ and Chronology; a Dictionary of Lata Termi ; a nem Hgnopiis of the 
 Britith Peerage ; and variout useful tabular Addenda. 
 
 MAUNDER.— THE SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY TREASURY: 
 
 A New and Popular Encyclopaedia of Science and tbe Belles Lettres ; inclndin^all Branches 
 of Science, and every Subject connected with Literature and Art. The whole «Titten in • 
 familiar style, adapted to the comprehension of Jill persons desirous of acqnirin]^ information 
 on the subjects comprised in tbe work, and also adapted for a Manual of convenient Refer- 
 ence to the more instructed. By Samuel Maunder. New Edition. Fcap.8TO.10«.clothi bound 
 in roan, 12«. 
 
 MAUNDER.-THE BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY: 
 
 Consistine of Memoirs, Sketches, and brief Notices cf above 12,000 Eminent Persons of all 
 Aifes and i^ations, from the Earliest Period of History; formini; a new and complete Dic- 
 tionary of Universal Biography. By Samuel Maunder. New Edition, revised throaghont; 
 with a copious Supplement. Foolscap Svo. 10*. cloth ; bound in roan, 12f. 
 
 MAUNDER.— THE TREASURY OF HISTORY; 
 
 Comprising a General Introductory Outline of L^niversal Historr, Ancient and Modem, and 
 a Series of separate Histories of every principal Nation that exists ; developinif l)--'- ''■ ■. 
 Progress, and Present Condition, the Moral and Social Character of their r 
 
 Inhabitants, their Religion, Manners, andCustoms, etc. etc. By ^aJnucl Maunder. >, . ;. 
 
 Fcap.SvQ. 10*. cloth; bound in roan, 12«. 
 
 MAUNDER.-THE TREASURY OF NATURAL HISTORY; 
 
 Or, a Popular Dictionary of Animated Nature: in which Zooloiricr.l Characteristics that 
 distinguish the different Classes, Genera, and Species arcconibined witli avariety of interest- 
 ini; Information illustrative of the Hahits, Instincts, and General Economy of the Animal 
 Kingdom. Towhich are added, aSyllabusof Practical Taxidermy, anf! aGlossarial. Appendix. 
 Embellished with Nine Hundred Engravings on Wood, from Drawings made expressly for 
 this Work. By Samuel Maunder. Fcp. Svo. with UUO Woodcuts, 10<. cloth; bound in 
 roan, l°2t. 
 
 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 And of the Museum of Kconnmic Geology in London. Published by order of the Lords 
 Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury. Vol. I. Roval 8vo. with Woodcuts and 9 Plates, 
 (seven coloured") , CI*, cloth ;' and Vol. 11. in two tliick Parts, with G3 Plates (three coloured) 
 and numerous Woodcuts, 42j. cloth, or, separately, 21i. each Part. 
 
 MILES fW.}— THE HORSE'S FOOT, 
 
 And How to Keep it Sound. By William Miles, Esq. New Edition, with an Appendix on 
 Shoeing in (Jeneral, and Hunters in Particular. Imperial Svo. with Engravings, 9(. cloth. — 
 The Appendix separately, price 2*. 6d. 
 
 *,* Four casts or models of Shoes may be had, displaying the different hind* of Shoein;:, 
 price Zs. each; or lOt. Crf. the set.—Ao. I. Shod for (ienrrnl rurpotet.—So. 2. Shod for 
 Hunting.— No. 3. Shod uith Leather. —No- 4. J'oot prepared for Shoeing. 
 
 MILNER (REV. J. AND I.) — THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF 
 
 CHRIST. By the Rev. Joseph Milner, .A.M. With Additions and Cnrrr ' , the late 
 
 Rev. Isaac Milncr, D.D. F.R.S. A New Edition, revised, with additional ^ the RcT. 
 
 Thomas Grantham, B.D., Chaplain to the Bishop of Kildarc. 4 vols. Svo. ..... ^.. ..i. 
 
 MIRACLES OF OUR SAVIOUR. 
 
 With rich ami .appropriate norcicr"! of Original Pcsiini, • series of Illuminated Fignres of the 
 Apostles from tbe Old Masters, six Illuminated Miniatures, and other Embellishments. Br 
 the llliimiiialor of the "Parables." Sr|Uftre fcap. Svo. in massive Carved covers, 21j. ; or 
 bound in morocco, in the missal style, 30*. 
 
 MITCHELL.— JOURNAL OF AN EXPEDITION INTO THE INTERIOR OF 
 
 TROPIC.M, AUSTR.AM.A, in Search of a Route from Sydney to the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 By Lieut. -Colonel SirT. L. Mitihell, Knt. D.C.L. Surveyor-General of New South Wales, 
 and late elective Member of the LtgisUtive Council o( that Colony. Svo. with Maps, Views, 
 and Engravings of Ubjccts of Natural History, 21«. cloth.
 
 MOHAN LAL.-LIFE OF THE AMIR DOST MOHAMMED KHAN OF 
 
 KABUL: with his Political Procecdinsrs towards the Enirlish, Russian, and Persian Govern- 
 ments, including the Victory and Disasters ot the Britisn Army in Affghanistau. By Molian 
 Lai, Ksa., Kni.ght of the Persian Order of the Lion and Sun; lately attached to the Mission 
 in Kabul. 2 vols. 8vo. with numerous Portraits, '60s. cloth, 
 
 MONTGOMERY'S (JAMES) POETICAL WORKS. 
 
 New and only complete Edition. With some additional Poems, and Autobiographical 
 Prefaces. Collected and edited by Mr. Montgomery. 4vols. foolscap 8vo. with Portrait, and 
 seven other Plates, '20». cloth ; bound in morocco, II. 16«. 
 
 MOORE'S POETICAL WORKS; 
 
 Containing the Author's recent Introduction and Notes. Complete in one volume, uniform 
 with Lord Byron's Poems. Medium Svo. with Portrait and Vignette, 1/. Is. cloth; or 42s. 
 bound in morocco, by Hayday. 
 
 •»• Also, an Edition in 10 vols, foolscap Svo. with Portrait, and 19 Plates, 2M0«. cloth; 
 moroccoj 4/. 10«. 
 
 MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH. AN ORIENTAL ROMANCE. 
 
 New Edition. Medium Svo. illustrated with 13 fine Engravings, 21». cloth; morocco, 35s.; 
 with India Proof Plates, 42». cloth. 
 
 MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH. AN ORIENTAL ROMANCE. 
 
 New Edition, Foolscap Svo. with 4 Plates, by VVestall, 10». 6d. cloth; or 14». botind in 
 morocco. 
 
 MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. 
 
 Illustrated by D. Maclise, R.A. Imp. Svo. with 161 Designs, engraved on Steel, 3?. 3». 
 boards; or 4/. 14s. 6d. bound in morrocco, by Hayday. Proof Impressions (only 200 copies 
 printed, of which a few remain), 6/. 6s. boards. 
 
 •»• India Proofs be/ore letters of the 161 Designs, on Quarter Colomhier, in Portfolio 
 (only 25 copies printed, of which a few remains, 31/. 10s. 
 
 India Proofs before letters of the 51 lare:e Designs, on Quarter Colombier, in Portfolio 
 (only 2o copies printed, of which a few remain), 18/. 18». 
 
 MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. 
 
 New Edition. Fcap. Svo. with Vignette Title, 10«. cloth ; bound in morocco, 13«. 6(f. 
 
 MOORE.— THE POWER OF THE SOUL OVER THE BODY, 
 
 Considered in relation to Health and Morals. Bv George Moore, M.P. Member of the 
 Royal College of Physicians, London, etc. New Edition. Post Svo. 7s.6rf. cloth. 
 
 MOORE.— THE USE OF THE BODY IN RELATION TO THE MIND. 
 
 By George Moore, M.D. Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London, etc. New 
 Edition. Post Svo. 9s. cloth. 
 
 MOORE.— MAN AND HIS MOTIVES. 
 
 By George Moore, M.D. Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London, etc.; author 
 of " The Power of the Soul over the Body," and " The Use of the Body in relation to the 
 Mind." Post Svo. 8*. cloth. 
 
 MORAL OF FLOWERS (THE). 
 
 New Edition. Royal Svo. with 24 beautifully coloured Engravings, \l. IDs. half-bound. 
 
 MOSELEY.— ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRACTICAL MECHANICS. 
 
 By the Rev. H. Moseley, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in King's 
 College, Loudon ; author of " The Mechanical Principles of Engineering and Architec- 
 ture.'* New Edition. Fcap. Svo. with \Voodcuts,Ss. cloth. 
 
 MOSELEY.— THE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING AND 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. By the Rev. H. Moseley, M.A. F.R.S., Profcssorof Natur»l Philosophy 
 and Astronomy in King's Colleice, London; and author of " lllustrutioug of Practical 
 Mecbauics,''etc. Svo. with Woodcntsand Diagrams, 1/.4J. cloth. 
 
 MOSHEIM'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, 
 
 Ancient and Modern. Translated, with copious Notes, by James Murdock, D.D. New 
 Edition, revised, and continued, by the Rev. Henry Soamcs, M.A. 4 vols. Svo. 48s. cloth.
 
 24 NEW WOKKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 MURRAY.— AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF GEOGRAPHY; 
 
 coinprisiiifi: a complete Description of the Karth: exhibitiiii; its Relation to the HeaTcnly 
 Bodies, its Physical Structure, the Natural History of each Couiitrj-, and the Iwiaslrr, Com- 
 merce, Politiial Institutions, and Civil and Social State of all Nations. Br Ha)(h Morray, 
 K.R.S.E. New Kdition. 8vo. with 82 Maps, and apwardt of 1,000 otker Woo<l En- 
 (p-avings, 3/. cloth. 
 
 NECKER DE SAUSSURE.— PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION ; 
 
 Or, Considerations on the Course of Life. Tr.inslated and Abridged from the French of 
 Madame Necker De Saussure, by Miss Holland. 3 vols, foolscap 8vo. 19l. 6tf. cloth. 
 
 •,• Separately— vols. 1. and II. 12(.; vol. III. 7f.6</. 
 
 OWEN. — LECTURES ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSI- 
 
 OLOGYOFTHE INVERTEBRATF. ANIMALS, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons 
 in 1S43. By Richard Owen, K.R.S. Hunterian Professor to the College. From Notes taken 
 by William' White Cooper, M.R.C.S. and revised by Professor Owen. With Glossajy and 
 Index. 8vo. with nearly 140 Woodcuts, 14». cloth. 
 
 OWEN.— LECTURES ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY of the VERTEBRATE ANIMALS, delivered at the Royal Colleee of 
 Surgeons in 1844 and 1S46. By Richard Owen, F.R.S. Hunterian Professor to the College. 
 In 2 vols. Vol.1. 8vo. with numerous Woodcuts, 14«. cloth. 
 
 PARABLES OF OUR LORD. 
 
 Richly Illuminated with appropriate Borders, printed in Colours, and in Black and Gold ; 
 with a Design from one of ttfe early (Jermnn engravers. Square foolscip 8vo., uniform in 
 size with the "Sermon on ihe Mount,'' 2U., in a massive carved binding; morocco, 30f., 
 bound by Hayday. 
 
 PARKES.— DOMESTIC DUTIES ; 
 
 Or, Instructions to Younf; Married Ladies on the Management of their Households and the 
 RegulHtiou of their Conduct in the various Relations and Duties of Married Life. By Mn. 
 W. Parkes. New Edition. Foolscap Svo. 9i. cloth. 
 
 PARNELL.—A TREATISE ON ROADS, 
 
 Wherein the Principles on which Roads should be made are explained and illustrated by the 
 Plans, SpeciBcations, and Contracts, made use of by Thomas Telford, Esq., ou the Holy- 
 head Road. By the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Paruell, Bart. Nctv Edition, enlarge 1. Svo. with 
 Nine Plates, 2\i. cloth. 
 
 PARROT.-THE ASCENT OF MOUNT ARARAT. 
 
 By Dr. Friedrich Parrot, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Dorpst, 
 Russian Imperial Councillor of State, etc. Translated and Edited by W. D. fcooley, Ksq. 
 author of the " History of Maritime and Inland Discovery," etc. 8vo. with a Map by Arrow- 
 smith, and Woodcuts, 14$. cloth. 
 
 PEREIRA.— A TREATISE ON FOOD AND DIET: 
 
 With Observations on the Dictctical Regimen suited for Disordered States of the Digestive 
 Organs; and an Account of tlic Dietaries of some of the principal Metropolitan and other 
 KstahlishmeHts for Puupers, Lunatics, Criminals, Children, the Sick, etc. By Jon. Pereira, 
 M.D. F.R.S. , author of "Elements of Materia Medica." Svo. 16f . cloth. 
 
 PERICLES: 
 
 A Tale of Athens in the S3d Olympiad. By the Author of "A Brief Sketch of Greek Philo- 
 sophy." 2 vols, post Svo. 18*. cloth. 
 
 PESCHEL (C. F.)— ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS, 
 
 By C. F. Peschel, Principal of the Roval Military College, Dresden, etc. etc. Translated 
 flora the German, with Notes, by E. \Vcst. 3 vols. fcap.Svo. with Woodcuts, 21 j. cloth. 
 
 r Part I. The Physics of Ponderable Bodies. Fcap. 8to. "». 6rf. cloth. 
 Separately.' Part II. Imponderable Bodies (Light, Heat, Mairnctism, Electricity, 
 I. and Electro-Dynamics) . 2 vols. (cap. Svo. 13«. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 PIIILLIPS.-FIGURES & DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PAL>tOZ01C FOSSILS OF 
 CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SO.MKRSET; observed iu the course of the Ordnance 
 (ieological Surrey of that District. Bv John Phillips, F.R.S. K.G.S. etc. Published by 
 Order of the U^rHs Commissioners of H. M. Treasury. Svo. with 60 Plates, comprising 
 rery numerous Figures, 9«. cloth.
 
 m- 
 
 vC% 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. 
 
 25 
 
 PHILLIPS.— AN ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION TO MINERALOGY; 
 
 Comprising: a Notice of the Characters, Properties, and Chemical Constitution of Minerals: 
 with Accounts of the Places and Circumstances in which they are found. By William 
 Pliillips, F.L.S. M.G.S.etc. A New Edition, c"irrected, enlargjed, and improved, by W. H. 
 Miller, M.A. F.U S. Professor of Mineralogy in the Unirersity of Cambridge. 8vo. with 
 numerous Wood Engraving.s. [/n thu preis. 
 
 PITMAN (THE REV. J. R.)-SERMONS 
 
 On the principal Subjects comprised in the Book of Psalms, abridged from Eminent Divines 
 of the Established Church. By the Rev. J. U. Pitman, A.M. Domestic Chaplain to Her 
 Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent. 8vo. 14s, cloth. 
 
 PLUNKETT.— THE PAST AND FUTURE OF THE BRITISH NAVY. 
 
 By Captain the Hon. E. Plunkett, R.N. 2d Edition, corrected and enlarged; with Notes, 
 and New luformatiau communicated by several Officers of Distinction. Post 8vo. 8t, 6rf. 
 cloth. 
 
 THE POCKET AND THE STUD; 
 
 Or, How to procure and keep Horses, with some regard to obtaining the Animal required, 
 and to keepiiii; him without emptying the Pocket. Being the result of many years' experience 
 of" Harry Hieover." Foolscap 8vo. with a Portrait of "One of the Stud," from a Sketch 
 by " Harry Hieover." {Nearly ready. 
 
 POETS' PLEASAUNCE (THE); 
 
 Or, Garden of all Sorts of Pleasant Flowers, which our Pleasant Poets have in Past Time 
 (for Pastime) Planted. By Eden Warwick. Square crown 8vo. with Twenty-nine Orna- 
 mental Borders composed of Flowers and Insects, engraved on Wood, 30s. boards; or45t. 
 bound in morocco, by Hayday. 
 
 PORTLOCK. - REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY OF 
 
 LONDONDERRY, and of Parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh, examined and described under 
 the Authority of the Master-General and Board of Ordnance. By J. E. Portlock, F.R.S.etc. 
 8vo. with 48 Plates, 24«. cloth. 
 
 PYCROFT.— A COURSE OF ENGLISH READING; 
 
 Adapted to every Taste and Capacity. With Anecdotes of Men of Genius. By the Rev. 
 James Pycroft, B. A., author of " Greek Grammar Practice," and "Latin Grammar Practice ;" 
 Editor of •' Virgil, with Marginal References." Foolscap 8vo. 6». 6rf. cloth. 
 
 RANKE (PROFESSOR).— RANKE'S HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Translated by Sarah Austin, translator of Rauke's ' ' History of the Popes 
 
 REFORMATION. 
 
 Vols. Land II. 
 
 8vo. 30*.; Vol. III. 18». cloth. 
 
 READER (THOMAS).— TIME TABLES. 
 
 On a New and Simplified Plan; to facilitate the Operation of Discounting Bills, and the 
 Calculation of Interest on Banking and Current Accounts, etc. : shewing, without calirula- 
 tioii, the Number of Days from every Day in the Year to any other Day, for any Period not 
 exceeding 3G5 Days. By Thomas Reader. Post 8vo. 14*. cloth, or 17». calf lettered. 
 
 REID (DR.)-ILLUSTRATiONS OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF 
 
 VENTILATION : with Remarks on Warming, Exclusive Lighting, and the Communication 
 of Sound. By D. B. Reid, M.D. F.R.S.E. etc. 8vo. with lingraviugs on Wood, 16j. cloth. 
 
 RENAUD.— MATUTINA : 
 
 Morning Readings, chiefly Practical, selected and original. Adapted to the use of the 
 Younger Members of the Church of England. By the Rev. George Rcnaud, M.A. late 
 Fellow of C. C. C. Oxford. Fcap. 8vo. 5*. cloth, 
 
 REPTON.— THE LANDSCAPE GARDENING & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 
 
 of the late Humphrey Kepton, Esq.; being his entire Works on these subjects. A New 
 Edition, with an Historical and Scientific Introduction, a systematic Analysis, a Biographical 
 Notice, Notes, and a copious Alphabetical Index. By J. C. Loudon, F.L.S., etc. Svo. with 
 a Portrait and upwards of 250 Engravings, 30j. cloth ; with coloured Plates, 3/. 6«. cloth. 
 
 REST IN THE CHURCH. 
 
 By the Author of " From Oxford to Rome : and. How it Fared with Some who Utely made 
 the Journey." New Edition. Fcap. Svo.Ct. 6<f. cloth. 
 
 RICH.— AN ILLUSTRATED COMPANION TO THE LATIN DICTIONARY; 
 
 Being a Dictionary of all the Words respecting Visible Objects connected with the Arts, 
 Science, and Everyday Life of the Ancients Illustrated bvaboutTwo Thousand Engravings 
 on Wood, from the Antique. By Anthony Rich, jun. B.A. late of Caius College , Cambridge ; 
 and one of the contributors to Dr. Smith's " Dictionary of Greek and Romau Antiquities." 
 Post 8vo. with 2,000 Woodcuts, 18*. cloth. 
 
 w- 
 
 -w.
 
 m — 
 
 26 SEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 mCHTER.— LEVANA ; OR, THE DOCTRINE OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Translated from the Gcrnian of Jean Paul Fr. Richtcr. Post bvo. His. 6d. cloth. 
 
 RIDDLE.-A COMPLETE ENCLISH-LATIN AND LATIN-ENCUSH DIC- 
 TIONARY, from the best sources, chicrty Germaa. By the Rev. J. K. Riddle, M.A. New 
 Edition. 8vo. 31*. 6rf. cloth. 
 *,* Separately— The English-Latin Dictionar3r,10«.6rf.; the Latin-English Dictionary, 21<. 
 
 RIDDLE.— A DIAMOND LATIN-ENCUSH DICTIONARY. 
 
 A Guide to the Meaniin;,!Quality, and right Accentuation of Latin Claisical Woria. By 
 the Rev. J. E. Riddle, M. A. New Edition. Royal 32mo.4i. bound. 
 
 RIDDLE.-LETTERS FROM AN ABSENT GODFATHER: 
 
 Or, aCompendium of Reliijious InBtruction for Young Persons. By the Rev. J. E. Riddle, 
 M.A. Foolscap Svo.6». cloth. 
 
 RIDDLE.— ECCLESIASTICAL CHRONOLOGY; 
 
 Or, Annals of the Christian Church, from its Foundation to the present Time. Containing a 
 View of General Church History, and the Course of Secular Events ; the Limits o4 the Church 
 and its Relations to the State ; Controversies ; Sects and Parties ; Rites, Institutions, and 
 Discipline ; Ecclesiastical Writers, etc. By the Rev. J. E. Riddle, M.A. Svo. lot. cloth. 
 
 RITCHIE (ROBERT.)— RAILWAYS: THEIR RISE AND PROGRESS, AND 
 
 CONSTRUCTION, with Remarks on Railway -Occidents, and Proposals tor their Preven- 
 tion. By Robert Ritchie, Esq., F. R. S., S. A., Civil Engineer, Associate of the InstilntiDU 
 of Civil Engineers, etc. Fcnp. 8vo. with Woodcuts and Diagrams, 9». cloth. 
 
 RIVERS.— THE ROSE AMATEUR'S GUIDE: 
 
 Containing ample Descriptions of »11 the fine leading varieties of Roses, rcernlarly classed in 
 their respective Families; their History and Mode of Culture. By T. Rivers, J un. Fourth 
 Edition, corrected and improved. Foolscap Svo. 6#. cloth. 
 
 ROBINSON.-THE WHOLE ART OF MAKING BRITISH WINES, CORDIALS, 
 AND LIQUEURS, IN THE GRE.^TEST PERFECTION; AS ALSO STRONG AND 
 CORDIAL WATERS. To -.vhich is added, a Collection of Valuable Recipes for Brewing 
 Fine and Strong Ales, and Miscellaneous .Vrticles connected with the Practice. By James 
 Robinson. Fcap. Svo. 6». cloth. 
 
 ROBINSON (JAMES).-THE WHOLE ART OF CURING, PICKLING, 
 
 and SMOKING ISIE.AT and FIbH, both in the British and Foreign Modes. With many 
 useful Miscellaneous Recipes, and full Directions for the Construction of an Economical 
 Drying-Chimney and Apparatus, on an entirely new Plan. By James Robinson, Eighteen 
 Years a Practical Curcr. Fcap. Svo. 4j. 6d. cloth. 
 
 ROGERS.— THE VEGETABLE CULTIVATOR; 
 
 Containing a plain and accurate Description of all the different Species of Culinary Vegetables, 
 with the most approved Method of Cultivating them by Natural and .Artificial Means, and the 
 best Modes of Cooking them. By John Rogers, author of "The Fruit Cultivator." New 
 Edition. Foolscap Svo. Ts. cloth. 
 
 ROGET.— THE ECONOMIC CHESS-BOARD; 
 
 Being a Chess-Board, provided with a complete set of Chess-Men, for playing Gaines in 
 carriages, or out of doors, and for folding up, and carrying in the pocket, without dis- 
 turbing the Game. Invented by P. M. Roget, M.D. and registered according to Act of 
 Parliament. New Edition. In a' neat fcap. Svo. case, price 2f . lid. 
 
 ROWTON.— THE FEMALE POETS OF GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 Chronologically arranged: with copious ^elcctions, and Critical Remarks. By Frederic 
 Rowton, author of " The Debater," etc. Square crown Svo. 1-U. cloth. 
 
 ROWTON (F.)-THE DEBATER; 
 
 Being a Scries of complete Debates, Outlines of ncbstes, and Questions for Discussion. 
 With ample references to the best sources of informnlion upon ench particular topic. By 
 Frederic Rowton, Lecturer on Genenil Literature. Foolscap Svo. 6/. cloth. 
 
 SANDBY.— MESMERISM AND ITS OPPONENTS. 
 
 By George Saiidbv, M.A. Vii ar of Klixtoii, Suffolk. Second Edition, considerably enlarged ; 
 with an iiitroductory Chapter on the Hostility of Scientific and Medical Mcu to Mesmerism. 
 IGmo. 5«. cloth ; or iu two Parts, 2*. each, sewed. 
 
 SANDFORD (REV. J0nN).-PAROCHIALIA, 
 
 or Church, School, and Parish. Bv the Rev. John Sandford, B.D. Virar of Dunchnrch, 
 Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Worrcster, Hon. Canon of Woreester, and Rural Dean. 
 Svo. with numerous Woodcuts, 16«. cloth.
 
 PUBLISHED BT MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO, 27 
 
 SANDFORD.-WOMAN IN HER SOCIAL AND DOMESTIC CHARACTER. 
 
 By Mrs. John Sandford. 6th Edition. Foolscap 8vo.6«. cloth. 
 
 SANDFORD.— FEMALE IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 By Mrs. John Sandford. New Edition. Foolscap 3to.7'- cloth. 
 
 SCHOMBURGK.— THE HISTORY OF BARBADOS:" 
 
 Comprising a Geographiial and Statistical Uescription of the Island; a Sketch of the 
 Historical Events since the Settlement; and an Account of its Geology and Natural Pro- 
 ductions. By Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, Ph.D. K.U.E. etc. Royal 8vo. with Charts Views, 
 »nd Engravings, 31«.6</. cloth. 
 
 SCHOMBURGK.— A TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE ISLAND OF BAR- 
 BADOS, based upon Mayo's Original Survey in 1721, and corrected to the year 1846. By 
 Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, Ph.D. K.R.E. Engraved by Arrowsmitb, on 2 large sheets, 
 21i. coloured. 
 
 SCHOPENHAUER.— YOUTHFUL LIFE AND PICTURES OF TRAVEL : 
 
 Being the Autobiography of Madame Schopenhauer. Translated from the German, 2 vols, 
 foolscap Svo. 12j. boards. 
 
 SEAWARD.— SIR EDWARD SEAWARD'S NARRATIVE OF HIS SHIPWRECK, 
 
 and consequent Discovery of certain Islands in tlie Caribbean Sea: with a Detail of many 
 extraordinary and highly interesting Events in his Life, from 1/33 to 17-19, as written in his 
 own Diary. Edited by Miss Jane Porter. New Edition. 2 vols, post Svo. 21». cloth. 
 
 SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS : 
 
 From Chaucer to Withers. With Biographical Sketches, by R.Southey, LL.D. Medium 
 Svo. 30*. cloth i or, with gilt edges, 31«. 6d. 
 
 SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS: 
 
 From Ben Jonsou to Coleridge. With Biographical and Critical Prefaces by Dr. Aikin. 
 A New Edition, with additional Selections, from more recent Poets, by Lucy Aikin. Medium 
 Svo. 18*. cloth, 
 
 *,* The peculiar feature of these tteo teorksis, that the Poenti included are printed entire 
 without mutilation or abridgment. 
 
 THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT. 
 
 Intended as a Birthday-Present, or Gift-Book for all Seasons. Printed '.n Gold and Colours, 
 in the Missal Style ; with Ornamental Borders by Owen Jones, Architect, and an Illuminated 
 Frontispiece by W. Boxall, Esq. A new edition. Foolscap 4to. in a rich brocaded silk cover, 
 21«.; or bound in morocco, by Hayday, 25(. 
 
 SHAKSPEARE, BY BOWDLER. 
 
 THE FAMILY SHAKSPEARE , in which nothing is added to the Original Text ; butthose 
 Words and Expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud. By T. 
 Bowdler, Esq. F.Il.S. New Edition. Svo. with 36 Illustrations after Smirke, etc., 21«. 
 cloth : or, without Illustrations, 8 vols. Svo. 4/. 144. dd. boards. 
 
 SHORT WHIST: 
 
 Its Rise, Progress, and Laws ; with the recent Decisions of the Clubs, and Observations to 
 make any one a Whist Player. Containing also the Laws of Piquet, Cassino, Ecarte, Cribbage, 
 Backgammon. By Major A • * • * • New Edition. To which are added. Precepts forTyros. 
 By Mrs. B • • • • * Foolscap Svo. 3*. cloth, gilt edges, 
 
 THE GOOD SHUNAMMITE. 
 
 From the Scriptures— 2 Kings, chap, IV, 8 to 37. With Six Original Designs by A. Klein, 
 and an Ornamental Border to each page, in the Missal style, bv L. Gruner. Printed in 
 Colours and Gold. Square fi-ap. Svo. uniform in size with " Miracles of our Lord," 21*. in 
 massive carved covers ; or 3U(. bound in morocco, in the Missal style. 
 
 SINCLAIR.— THE BUSINESS OF LIFE. 
 
 By Catherine Sinclair, author of "The Journey of Life," *' Jane Bonverle," "Modern 
 Accomplishments," " Modern Society," etc. 2 vols. fcap. Svo, 10*. cloth. 
 
 " The hook, without bring of a directly devotional character, or belonging to the clasi of 
 light readinir, combiuet several of Ike best f/ualilies of both, and makes general literaturi- 
 and entertaining anecdote serve as handmaids to religitnis instruction. We have seen many 
 pompous treatises containing not half the talent or a tithe nf the knowledge compreited into 
 these unpretending little oo/ume«."— Britannia,
 
 ri- 
 
 28 
 
 NEW WOEKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 SINCLAIR.— THE JOURNEY OF LIFE. 
 
 By Catherine Sim lair, author of " The Business of Life," «' Modem Society," "Jane 
 Bouverie," etc. New Edition, correcteJ and enlarged. Fcap. 8to. hi. cloth. 
 
 SINNETT.— BY-WAYS OF HISTORY, FROM THE TWELFTH TO THE 
 SIXTEENTH CKNTURY. By Mrs. Percy Sinnett. 2 toIs. pott 8to. ISi. cloth. 
 
 THE sketches; 
 
 ThreeTftles. By the Authors of "Amy Hcrhert," "The King's Messengers," and" HAwk- 
 stone." New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. with six Plates, Sf. cloth. 
 
 SMITH.-SACRED ANIMALS: 
 
 Or, Researches into the History and Religion of Mankind, from the Creation of the World 
 to the Death of Isaac : deduced from the Writings of Moses .Mid other Inspired Authors, 
 copiously illustrated and confirmed by the ancient Rerords, Traditions, and Mytholosry of 
 the Heathen World. By George Smith, F.S.A. etc. author of "The Religion of Aacieat 
 Britain," etc. Crown 8vo. 10». cloth. 
 
 SMITH (GEORGE),— THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT BRITAIN HISTORICALLY 
 
 CONSIDERED: Or, a Succinct Account of the several Religious Systems which hare 
 obtained in this Island from the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest: including an 
 Investigation into the Early Progress of Error in the Christian Church, the Introduction of 
 the Gospel into Britain, and the State of Religioti in England till Popery had gained the 
 Ascendancy. By George Smith, F.A.S. New Edition. 8to. 7*.6tf. cloth. 
 
 SMITH (GEORGE).— PERILOUS TIMES: 
 
 Or, the Agressions of Anti-Christian Error on Scriptural Christianity: considered in refer- 
 ence to tlie Dangers and Duties of Protestants. By George Smith, F.A.S. Member of the 
 Royal Asiatic Society, and of the Royal Society of Literature. Foolscap 8vo. 6j. cloth. 
 
 SMITH (JAMES).— THE VOYAGE AND SHIPWRECK OF SAINT PAUL: 
 
 with Dissertations on the Sources of the Writings of St. Luke, and the Ships and Navigation 
 of the Antients. By James Smith, Esq. of Jordauhill, F.R.S. etc. 8vo. with illustrative 
 Views, Charts, and Woodcuts, 14«. cloth. 
 
 SMITH.— AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 
 
 Bv Sir J. E. Smith, late President of the Linnican Society. Jtli Edition, corrected ; in which 
 the object of Smith's " Grammar of Botany" is combined with that of the " Introduction." 
 By Sir William Jackson Hooker, K.H. LL.D. etc. 8vo. with 3C Steel Plates, 16«. cloth; 
 with coloured Plates, 2/. 12*. C<f. cloth. 
 
 SMITH—COMPENDIUM OF THE ENGLISH FLORA. 
 
 By Sir J. E. Smith. New Edition, with Additions and Corrections. By Sir W.J. Hooker. 
 
 l2mo. 7». Crf- cloth. 
 
 THE SAME IN LATIN. New Edition. 12mo. 7i.6d. 
 
 SMITH.— THE ENGLISH FLORA. 
 
 By Sir James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. , late President of the Linnaean Society, etc. 
 6 vols.Svo.S/. 12«. boards. 
 
 SMITH (SYDNEY).— SERMONS PREACHED AT ST. PAUL'S CATHE- 
 DRAL, the Foundling Hospital, and several Churches in London; together with others 
 addressed to a Country Congregation. By the late Rev. Sydney Smith, Canon Residentiary 
 of St. Paul's Cathedral. 8vo. 12». cloth. 
 
 SMITH.— THE WORKS OF THE REV. SYDNEY SMITH. 
 New Edition, with Additions. 3 vols. 8vo. with Portrait, 36i. cloth. 
 
 SOAMES.— THE LATIN CHURCH DURING ANGLO-SAXON TIMES. 
 
 By the Rev. Henry Soames, M.A., Editor of " Mosheim's Institutes of Ecclesiastical 
 History." 8ro. 14*. cloth. 
 
 SOME PASSAGES FROM MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 By the Author of "Letters to My Unknown Friends," and "Twelve Year go." Foolscap 
 8vo.6«.6rf. cloth. 
 
 SOPHOCLES, BY UNWOOD. 
 
 SOPHOCLIS TRAGCEDI/K SUPERSTITES. Rccensuit, ct brefi adnotationc inttruxit 
 Gulielmus Linwood, A.M. itdis Christi apud Oxonicnscs Alumnus. Svo. 16*. cloth. 
 
 )Ki- 
 
 -mi
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 29 
 
 SOUTHRY (ROBERT).— THE LATE MR. SOUTHEY'S COMMON- 
 PLACE BOOK; comprisiiiif his Readmits and Collections iu History, Biographv, Manners 
 and Literature, Voyages and IVavels, etc. etc. [/» the prett. 
 
 SOUTHEY (ROBERT).— THE DOCTOR, ETC. 
 
 By the late Robert Southey. A New Eilition, complete in One Volume. Edited by the 
 Author's Son-in-La\v, the Rev. John Wood Warter. Square crown 8to., with Portrait, 
 Vignette Title-page, and Bust of the Author, 21*. cloth. 
 
 SOUTHEY.— THE LIFE OF WESLEY, 
 
 And Rise and Progress of Methodism. By Robert Southey, Esq. LL.D. New Edition, with 
 Notes by the late Samuel Taylor Colerid'ire, Esq., and Remarks on the Life and Character 
 of John Wesky, by the late Alexander Knox, Esq. Edited by the Rev. Charles Cuthbert 
 Southey, A.M. Curate of Cockermouth. 2 vols. 8vo. with two' Portraits, 1/. &f. cloth. 
 
 SOUTHEY'S (ROBERT) COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS: 
 
 Containing allthe Author's last Introductions and Notes. Complete in One Volume, 2-Jjt. (id., 
 with Portrait and Vignette, uniform with Byron's and Moore's Poetical Works. Medium 8vo. 
 21s. cloth; or42j. bound in morocco, by Haydny. 
 
 Also, an Edition in 10 vols, foolscap 8vo. with Portrait and 19 Plates, 21. Via.; morocco, 4/. 10*. 
 
 SPIRIT OF THE WOODS (THE). 
 
 By the Author of "The Moral of F'lowers.'' New Edition. Koyal 8vo. with 23 beautifully 
 coloured Engravings of the Forest Trees ot Great Britain, 1/. llj. 6(/. cloth. 
 
 STABLE TALK AND TABLE TALK; OR, SPECTACLES FOR YOUNG 
 SPORTSMEN. By Harry Hieover. 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait, 24». cloth. 
 
 STEEL'S SHIPMASTER'S ASSISTANT. 
 
 Compiled for the use of Merchants, Owners and Masters of Ships, Officers of Customs, and 
 all Persons connected with Shipping or Commerce ; containin^j the Law and Local Regula- 
 tions affecting the Ownership, Charge, and Management of Ships and their Cargoes ; 
 together with Notices of other Matters, and all necessary Information for Mariners. New 
 Edition, rewritten throughout. Edited by Grab;im Willmore, Esq. M.A. Barrister-at-Law ; 
 George Clements, of the Customs, London, and William Tate, author of "The Modern 
 Cambist." 8vo.28». cloth; or 29*. bound. 
 
 STEPHEN.— THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, 
 
 From the Reformation to the Present Time. By Thomas Stephen, author of •« The Book of 
 the Constitution," " Spirit of the Church of Rome," etc. 4 vols, Svo. with 24 highly-huished 
 Portraits, engraved on Steel, 32*. cloth. 
 
 STEPHENS.— A MANUAL OF BRITISH COLEOPTERA ; 
 
 Or, BEETLES : containing a Description of all the Species of Beetles hitherto ascertained to 
 ii.liabit Great Britain and Ireland, etc. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S. Posthvo. 14*. cloth. 
 
 STEWART.— THE MEANS OF FACiUTATINC THE TRANSFER OF LAND: 
 In Three Lectures. Bj James Stewart, Esq., of Lincoln's lun. Barrister. 8vo. 5«. cloth. 
 
 THE SUITOR'S INSTRUCTOR IN THE PRACTICE OF THE COUNTY 
 
 COURTS: containing all the Information necessary for Conducting or Defending a Suit ; 
 the Fees pavable on each Step ; Definitions of the Legal Terms used in the Proceedings ; an 
 Abstract of the Act of Parliament; the Rules of Practice, etc. etc. Also a District Direc 
 tory, giving the Names of all the Streets (and the number ot Houses in each Street) which 
 forn\ the Boundaries of the Metropolitan Districts; made from an actual Perambulation 
 around each : and a List of the Country Districts. By a County Court Assistant Clerk, 
 12md. 4». 6d. cloth. 
 
 SUMMERLY.— THE SEA AND THE RAILWAY : 
 
 Their new Relations set forth in a Jaiint along tlie Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire 
 Railway to Grimsby Docks, by Felix Summerly. With Woodcuts by C. W. Cope, A.R.A. ; 
 D. Cox, juu. ; T. Creswick, A.R.A. ; and R. Redgrave, A.R.A. {Nearly ready. 
 
 SYMONDS.— THE LAW RELATING TO MERCHANT SEAMEN, 
 
 Arranged chiefly for the use of Masters and Officers in the Merdiant Service. With an 
 Appendix, containing the Act 7 & 8 Vic. c. 112; the Regulations under which Lascars may 
 be employed ; and some forms of Proceedings before Magistrates. By E. W. Symouds, Esq. 
 Chief Clerk of the Thames Police Court. Third Edition. 12mo. S«. cloth. 
 
 TATE —THE CONTINUOUS HISTORY OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF 
 
 ST. PAUL, on the basis of tlie Acts j with Intercalary Matter of Sacred Narrative, supplied 
 from the Epistles, and elucidated in occasional Dissertations: with the Hora? Paulina; of 
 Dr. Paley, in a more correct edition, subjoined. By James Tale, M.A. Svo. Map, 13f . cloth. 
 
 m =^^
 
 ^K» 
 
 30 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 TAYLER (REV. CHARLES B.)-MARCARET; 
 
 Or the Pearl. By the Rer. Cliarlen B. Tayler, M.A. Rectorof St. Peter'f, Cheiter, antlior 
 of '" Lady Mary ; or. Not of the World ;"'etc. NewEdition. Foolscap 8»o. 6f. cloth. 
 
 TAYLER (REV. CHARLES B.)-LADY MARY; OR, NOT OF THE WORLD. 
 
 By the Rev. Charles B. Tayler, Rector of St. Peter's, Chester ; author of "Margaret, or the 
 - • .. ■ New Edition. Foolscap 8to. with a Frontispiece engraved by J. AbtoloD, 
 
 [/it the Autumn. 
 
 Pearl," etc. 
 6».6rf. cloth. 
 
 TAYLOR.— LOYOLA AND JESUITISM. 
 
 By Isaac Taylor. Post 8vo. 
 
 TAYLOR (JEREMY).— BISHOP JEREMY TAYLOR'S ENTIRE WORKS: 
 
 With the Life of Bishop Heber. Revised and corrected by the Rer. Charles Pape Eden, 
 Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. Vol.11, (the first in the order of publication) contains the 
 Life of Christ ; Vol. III. the HoW Livinjf and Dying ; Vol. IV. a Coarse of bermons for all 
 the Sundays of the Year. Svo. 10». 6rf. each, cloth. 
 
 •,* To be completed in Ten Volumei, price 10». 6rf. each. Vol. V. containing the 
 Episcopacy, etc. it nearly ready. 
 
 THIRLW^ALL.— THE HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 By the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of St. David's. A new Edition, revised ; with Notes. 
 Vols. I. to IV. demy Svo. with Maps, 12«. each cloth. To be completed in 8 volnmes. 
 
 [Vol. V. it nearly ready. 
 
 •»• Alto, an Edition in 8 volt.fcap. Svo. with Vignette Titlet, 21.8*. cloth. 
 THOMSON'S SEASONS. 
 
 Edited, with Notes, Philosophical, Classical, Historical, and Biographical, by AnthonyTodd 
 Thomson, M.D. F.L.S., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and of Forensic 
 Medicine, in University College, London, etc. Fcap. 8vo. 7«. Cd. cloth. 
 
 THOMSON'S SEASONS. ^ .. 
 
 Edited by Bolton Cornev, Esq. Illustrated with Seventy-seven Designs drawn on wood by 
 the Members of the Etching Club. Engraved by Thompson and other eminent Engravers. 
 Square crown 8vo. uniform with "Goldsmith's Poems," 21». cloth; bound in morocco, by 
 Hayday, 3C«. 
 
 THOMSON.— EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON THE FOOD OF ANI^^ALS, 
 
 AND THE F.ATTENING OF CATTLE: with Remarks on the Food of Man. By Robert 
 Dundas Thomson, M.D. of the University of Glasgow. Fcap. Svo. d«. cloth. 
 " The quettion of the origin of the fat of animalt appeari to be completely retolved by 
 thete beautiful and elaborate ejperimentt.^ —Baron Liebig. 
 
 THOMSON 'JOHN).— TABLES OF INTEREST, 
 
 At Three, Four, Four-and-a-half, and Five per Cent., from One Pound to Ten Thousand, 
 and from One to Three Hundred and Sixty-five Days, in a regular progression of Single 
 Days; with Interest at all the above Rates, from One to Twelve Months, and from One to 
 Ten Years. Also, Tables shewing the Exchange on Bills, etc. etc. etc. By John Thomson, 
 Accountant. New Edition. 12mo. 8». bound. 
 
 THOMSON.-THE DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT OF THE SICK ROOM, 
 
 Necessary, in Aid of Medical Treatment, for the Cure of Diseases. By Anthony Todd 
 Thomson, M.D. F.L.S. etc. New Edition. Post Svo. 10*. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 TISCHENDORFF.— TRAVELS IN THE EAST. 
 
 BvConstantineTischendorff. Editor of the " Codex EphnimiRescriptus, " Codex Fndenco- 
 Aiigustanus," etc. Translated from the German by \V. E. Shuckard. 16mo. W. M. cloth. 
 
 TOMLINE (BISHOP).— AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE: 
 
 Being the First Volume of the Elements of Christian Theology ; containinc Proofs of the 
 Authenticity and Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures ; a Summary of the History of the Jews ; 
 an Account'of the Jewish Sects ; and a brief Statement of the Contents of the several Books 
 of the OldTesumeut. By the late George Tomlinc, D.D.F.R.S. New Edition. FooUc^Sto. 
 hi. 6d. cloth. 
 
 TOOKE.— THE HISTORY OF PRICES; „ . o 
 
 With reference to the Causes of their principal Variations, from 1,92 to the Present Time. 
 Preceded by a Sketch of the Hislorv of the Corn Trade iu the last Two Centuries, By 
 7'homas Tooke, Esq. F.R.S. 3 vols. Svo. 2f. Si. cloth. 
 
 TOOKE.-THE HISTORY OF PRICES, , . 
 
 And of the State of the Circulation, from 1S39 to 1847. Jnclnsivc: with a Gcncnil Review 
 of the Currency Question, and Remarks on the Operation of the Act T and S Vict. c. 3.' : 
 heinir a continuation nf "The History of Prices from 179'2 to 1333." By Thomas Tooke, Esq. 
 F'.R.S. Svo. IS*, cloth. 
 
 lU^
 
 TOPHAM.-CHEMISTRY MADE EASY, 
 
 For the Use of Agrriculturists. By John Topham, A.M. Rector of St. Andrew St. Mary 
 Witton, and St. Nicholas, Droitwich. New Editiou. 16mo.2«. sewed. ' 
 
 TOWNSEND (CHARLES).— THE LIVES OF TWELVE EMINENT JUDGES 
 
 OF THE LAST AND OF THF. TRESENT CENTURY. By W. Charles Townsend, Esq. 
 A.M. Recorder of Macclesfield, author of ♦'Memoirs of the House of Commons," 2 vols' 
 8vo. 28*. cloth, 
 
 TURNER.— THE SACRED HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 Attempted to be Philosophically tonsidered, in a Series of Letters to a Son. By Sharon 
 Turner, F,S.A. and R.A.S.L. Eighth Edition, edited by the Rev. Sydney Turner. 3 vols, 
 post 8vo. 31<. 6d. cloth , 
 
 TURNER,— THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 From the Earliest Period to the Death of Elizabeth. By SharonTurner,Esq,F,A,S. R.A.S.L. 
 New Editions, 12 vols. 8vo. 8/. 3s. cloth ; or, separately — 
 
 THE HISTORY of the ANGLO-SAXONS. 3 vols. 8vo. 21. 5i. 
 
 THE HISTORY of ENGLAND during the MIDDLE AGES, 5 vols,8vo, 3/. 
 
 THE HISTORY of the REIGN of HENRY VIII. 2 vols, Svo. 26». 
 
 THE REIGNS of EDWARD VI,, MARY, and ELIZABETH. 2TOls.8ro,32j. 
 
 TURTON'S CDR.) MANUAL OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF 
 
 THE BRITISH ISLANDS. A new Edition, thoroughly revised, with Additions. By John 
 Edward Gray. Post Svo. with Woodcuts, and 12 coloured Plates, 15*. cloth. 
 
 TWELVE YEARS AGO : 
 
 A Tale. By the Author of " Letters to My Unknown Friends." Foolscap Svo. 6*. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 TWISS,— ON THE RELATIONS OF THE DUCHIES OF SCHLESWIC AND 
 
 HOLSTEIN" TO THE CROWN OF DENMARK AND THE GERMANIC CONFEDERA- 
 TION, and on the Treaty-Engagements of the Great European Powers in reference thereto. 
 By Travers Twiss, D.C.L. F.R.S., Fellow of University College, Oxford,, and Advocate in 
 Doctors Commons. Svo. 6«. 6<f. cloth. 
 
 TWISS.— VIEW OF THE PROGRESS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN 
 
 EUROPE SINCE THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY; being a Course of Lectures delivered 
 before the University of Oxford, in Michaelmas Term 1846, and Leut Term 1847. By 
 Travers Twiss, D.C.L. F.R.S. Professor of Political Economy, and Fellow of University 
 College, Oxford. Svo. 10». Grf. cloth. 
 
 URE.— DICTIONARY OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND MINES: 
 
 Containiijg a clear Exposition of their Principles and Practice. By Andrew Ure, M.D. 
 F.R.S. M.G.S.M.A.S.Lond.; M.Acad. N.S. Philad.; S.Ph.Soc.N. Germ.Hanov.; Mullii, 
 etc. etc. 3d Edition, corrected. Svo. with 1,24U Woodcuts, oO». cloth. 
 
 By the same Author, 
 
 SUPPLEMENT OF RECENT IMPROVEMENTS. 2d Edition. Svo. 14». cloth. 
 
 VON ORLICH (CAPT.)-TRAVELS IN INDIA, 
 
 And the adjacent Countries, in 1842 and 1843. By Capt. Leopold Von Orlich. Translated 
 from the German bv H. Evans Lloyd, Esq. 2 vols. Svo. with coloured Frontispieces, and 
 numerous illustrations on Wood, 25f. cloth. 
 
 WALFORD (J. E.)— THE LAWS OF THE CUSTOMS, 
 
 Compiled by Direction of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, and pub- 
 lished under the Sanction of the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Customs; witli Notes and 
 a General Index. Edited by J. G. Walford, Esq. Solicitor for the Customs. Printed for lltr 
 Majesty's Stationery Office, and published by Authority, Svo. 10». 6rf. cloth. 
 
 WALKER.-ELEMENTA LITURCICA ; 
 
 Or, the Churchman's Primer, for the Scholastic Study of the Book of Common Prayer. By 
 G. A. Walker, A.M., of Christ College, Cambridge, New Editiou, entirely icarranged and 
 considerably enlarged, Fcap. Svo. 4i. 6rf. cloth, 
 
 WALKER (GEO.)-CHESS STUDIES : 
 
 Comprising 1,000 Games actually Played during the last Half Century ; presenting a unique 
 Collection of Classical ami Brilliant Specimens of Cliess Skill in every stage of the Game, 
 and forming an Encyclopedia of Reference. By George Walker. Svo. lUs.6(f. lewed.
 
 sc- 
 
 'K 
 
 32 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. 
 
 WAKDLAW.-DISCOURSES ON THE PRINCIPAL POINTS OF THE SOCINIAN 
 
 CONTKOVERSY— the Unity oKiod.aiid tlie Trinity of Persons in the Godhead — the Supreme 
 Divinity of Jesus Chriot—tlic Doetrine of the Atonement,— the Christian Character, etc. 
 By Ralph Wardlaw.D.U. New Edition. 8vo. 15*. cloth. 
 
 WATERTON.-ESSAYS ON NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 Chiefly Ornithology. By Charles Wnterton, Esq., author of "Wandcrinex in South 
 America." With an Autobiography of the Author, and a View of Walton Hall. New Edition. 
 Foolscap 8vo.8». cloth. 
 
 SECOND SP'RIES. With Continuation of Mr. Waterton'n Autobiographj. New Edition. 
 Fcap. 8to. with Vignette by T. Creswick, A.R.A. 6*.6rf. cloth. 
 
 WEBSTER.— AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY ; 
 
 Comprising snch subjects as are most inimcdiatcly connected with Housekeeping;; as, 
 The Construction of Domestic Edifices, with the Modes of Warminif, VentilatinL', and 
 Kiuhtine them— A Description of the various Articles of Furniture, with the Nature of their 
 Materials— Duties of Servants, etc. etc. By Thomas Webster, F.G.S., etc. etc. : assisted 
 by the late Mrs. Parkes. New Edition. 8vo. with nearly 1,000 Woodcuts, 50*. cloth. 
 
 WESTWOOD (J.O.)-AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MODERN CLASSIFI- 
 
 C\TION OF INSECTS; founded on the Natural Habits and comparative Organisation of 
 the difTerent Families. By J. O.Westwood, F. L. S. etc. 2 vols. 8%-o. with numerous 
 Illustrations, 21. "is. cloth. 
 
 WILBERFORCE (W.) — A PRACTICAL VIEW OF THE PREVAILING 
 RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS OF PROFESSED CHRISTIANS, in the Higher and Middle 
 Classes in this Couiitrv, contrasted with Real Christianity. By William Wilberforce, Esq. 
 M.P. for the County of York. New Editions. 8vo. 8*. borirds. 12mo. 4». 6rf. cloth. 
 
 WILSON.-THE LANDS OF THE BIBLE VISITED AND DESCRIBED, 
 
 In an Extensive Journey undertaken with special reference to the Promotion of Biblical 
 Research and the Advancement of the Cause of Philanthropy. By John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S. 
 Honorary President of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, etc. 2to1s.8to. 
 with Maps and numerous Illustrations, 1/. 16*. cloth. 
 
 WILLOUGIIBY (LADY)-SO MUCH OF THE DIARY OF LADY WIL- 
 
 I OL'GHBY as relates to her Domestic History, and to the Eventful Period of the 
 reiuMi of King Charles the First (103.5 to 1648). Produced in the style of the period to which 
 "The Diary refers. New Edition. Square foolscap 8vo. 8*. boards; or ISi. bound 
 in morocco {by Hayday). 
 
 WILLOUGHBY (LADY).— SOME FURTHER PORTIONS OF THE DIARY 
 
 OF L\DY WILLOUGHBY, which do relate to her Domestic Historv, and to the Stirring 
 Events of the latter years of the reiirn of King Charles the First, the Protectorate, and the 
 Restoration (1648 to 1663). New Edition. Square foolscap 8vo. Si. boards, morocco, 18i. 
 {bound by Uayday). 
 
 WINTER (J. W.)— THE HORSE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: 
 
 Or Susrirestions on his Natural and General Historv, Varieties, Conformation. Paces, Age, 
 .Soumlncss, Stabling. Condition, Training, and Shoeing. With a Digest of Veterinary 
 Practice. By James W. Winter, M.R.C.V.S.L. 8vo. lOj. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 WOOD -A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON RAILROADS, 
 
 And interior Communication in General; containing numerous Expenracnts on the Powers 
 of the Improved Locomotive Engines, and Tables of the comparative Cost of Conveyance 
 on Canals, Railways, and Turnpike Roads. By Nicholas Wood, Memb. Inst. Civ, Eng. etc. 
 3d Edition. 8vo. with Plates and Woodcuts, 31<t. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 WOODWARD.-ESSAYS AND SERMONS. 
 
 By the Rev. Henry Woodward, M.A., formcrlv of Corpus Christi College. Oxford, Rector of 
 Fethard, in the Diocese of Cashel. New Edition. 2 vols. fcap. Svo. 14*. cloth. 
 
 WOODWARD.— A SEQUEL TO THE SHUNAMMITE: 
 
 Bfiiig a Series of Reflections on 2 Kings iv. 17-35. Bv the Rev. Henry Woodward, M.A., 
 Rector of Fethard. in the Diocese of Cashel, and formerly of Corpus Christi Cr 'lege, Oxford. 
 Fcap. Svo. 65. cloth. 
 
 ZUMPT (PROF.)— A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Bv C. G. Znmpt, Ph. D. Professor in the University, and Member of the Royal AcademT of 
 Berlin. Translated from the '.Ith Edition of the original, and adapted to the use of English 
 Students, by Leonbard Schmitz. Ph. D., Rector o( the Hich School of Edinburgh; wUh 
 
 numerous Additioub and Corrections by the Author. New Edition 
 
 8vo. 14*. cloth. 
 [,-/«S^Hif 31,1343. 
 
 iK- 
 
 -» 
 
 London: Printed by M. Mason, Ivy Lane, raternofter Row.