f ACCENT. 121. Words ending in acal and ical hare the accent on the ante- penultimate syllable ; as, heliacal, alphabet' ical, j anal' ical, geo- graphical, poet' ical, &c. In words of this termination, the vowels in the accented syllables, if followed by a consonant, are short, ex- cept v, which is long ; as, cu'bical, mu' steal, scorbu'lical. 122. Words ending in ic generally have the accent on the penulti- mate syllable ; as, algebra' ic, metallic, epidem'ic, scientific, harmon'- ie, par alyl' ic. If a consonant immediately precedes the i, the vowels in the accented syllable are short, except the vowel it, which is long, if it is followed by a single consonant; as, client' bic, scorbu'tic, sulpha' - ric, telly' ric, &c. But i£ u is followed by two consonants, it is some- times shoit; 'As* fit s' tic, rus'tic; and sometimes long ; as, ru'bric, lu!- bric. . The following words, which are exceptions to this rule, have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable : ar'scnic (as a noun), arith- metic, bishopric, catholic, choleric, ephem'eric, hcr'eiic, lu’natic, politic, rhetoric, and tur'meric. The following words, climacteric, empiric, phlegmatic, plethoric, splenetic, according to •some ortlio- epists, are conformed to the rule, and, according to others, they are exceptions to it. (See these words in the Dictionary.) 123. Words of three or more syllables, ending in cal, have their accent on the antepenultimate syllable; as. bo' real, corpo'real, incor- ‘ — po'real, cu'neal, empyr'eal, cthe'real, funereal homage' neal , lietero- f - ge'neal, lac' teal, lin'eal, or' deal ; except hymene'ol, which has the penultimate accent. r rl 124. Of words ending in can, the following, being conformed to the English analogy, have the accent on the antepenultimate sylla- ble : cerbe'rean, cern'lean, hyperbo'rean, Ilercu'lean, marYno'reau, vied i terra' man, subterra' nean, Tartarean ; but the following are pro- nounced by the principal orthoepists, in accordance with the best usage, with the accent on the penultimate : adamante' an, antipodet- an, Atlanta' an, colosse'an, empyrdan, Epicure' an, Europe' an, htjmc- ne'an, pygme'an. With regard to European, Walker remarks as follows : “ This word, according to the analogy of our own language, ought certainly to have the accent on the second syllable ; and this is the pronunciation which unlettered speakers constantly adopt ; but the learned, ashamed of the analogies of their own tongue, always place the accent on the third syllable, because Europeans has the penultimate long, and is therefore accented in Latin. Epicurean has the accent on the same syllable, by the same rule ; while herculean and cerulean submit to English analogy, and have their accent on the second syllable, because their penultimate in Latin is short.” 125. Words ending in hide, efy, ify, ety, ity, graphy, logy, loquy, athy, metry, tomy, mefer, gonal, jluous, fluent, and porous, have their accent on the antepenultimate ; as, fortitude, rar'efy, diversify, variety, liberality, geog'raphy, geology, soliloquy, sym'pathy, gcom'etry, anatomy, baront eter, diag'onal, superfluous, affluent, omp'arous. 126. Words of three or more syllables, ending in idons, inons, erous, and orous, have the accent on the antepenultimate ; as, sed'u- lous, volu'minous, vociferous, earnin' orous ; except cano'rous and sono'rous, which have the accent on the penultimate. 127. Words of three or more syllables, ending in alive, have the ' accent on the antepenultimate, or on the preceding syllable ; as, rel'- - alive, appellative, commit' nicative, spec' illative. The only exceptions are crea'tioe, colla'tive, dila'tive. 128. Words ending in tive, preceded by a consonant, have the accent on the penultimate; as, attract tive, invec'tive, presump't&ve; except adjective and substantive. 129. There is a class of adjectives ending in ose, as, acrlosc, adi- pose, anhclose, operose, &c., with respect to which there is much di- versity among orthoepists in relation to placing the principal accent. Walker says, “ From the decided prevalence of the accent on last syllable of these words, we may easily guess at the analogy pronunciation, and, with very little hesitation, determine that the a cent ought to be placed on the last syllable of them all.” Smart however, and some other respectable orthoepists, place the primary accent of a great part of this class of words on the first, or antepe- nultimate syllable. But, with respect to most of these words the primary and secondary accents are so nearly equal, that it is of little importance whether the primary accent is placed on the last or on the first, or antepenultimate syllable; that is, whether the follow- ing words are noted thus, dd-i-posd, dn-he-lose,' bp-e-rosd ; or thus, ad'i-pose, an'he-lose, op'c-rose. A few of these words are errone; ously pronounced by some orthoepists with the accent on the penul- timate syllable ; as, a-ce'tose. ' 130. There is a class of words ending in or, which, when used, in law language, in connection with their correlative terms, have the ac- cent on the last syllable. The following words, with their correla- tives, are of this class : — Appellor Assignor Bargainor Consignor Devisor- Donor appellee assignee bargainee consignee devisee donee Grantor Guarantor Legator Mortgageor Obligor Recognizor grantee guarantee legatee mortgagee obligee recognizee Some of these words, when not used in immediate connection with the correlative word, do not have the accent on the last syllable ; as, ! devisor, do'nor. The reference of one word to another, in a sentence, sometimes changes the usual seat of the accent. Thus we say, To give and for' give; we compare probability and plan sibil ity. “He must in' crease, but I must del crease.” Poets sometimes take the liberty to place the accent on a syllable on which it is not placed by common usage. Last tile bright consummate flower Spirits oclo'rous breathes. Milton. Our nation reads the written word, That book of life, that sure record'. Watts. 131. The following words form a class of botanical terms encline J o in phyllous (from cpMor, a leaf), which are of recent introduction into the language ; ahd in most of the pronouncing dictionaries they are not to be found. Adenophyllous Anthophyllous Aphyllous Caryophyllous Coleophyllous Decaphyllous Diphyllous Endecaphyllous Endophyllous Epiphyllous Exophyllous Gantophyllous Hcptaphyllous Heterophyllous Hexaphyllous Hypophyllous Macrophyllous Microphyllous Monophyllous Myriophyllous Pcntaphyllous Polyphyllous Quadriphyllous Rhizophyllous Tetraphyllous Triphyllous With respect to placing the accent, it is evident that all these words should be conformed to one rule ; and that they should all have the accent either on the penultimate or the antepenultimate syllable. But with respect to the pronunciation of such of them as are found in the dictionaries, there is a great want of uniformity and consistency. With respect to words thus formed, and derived from the Greek, analogy would seem to require the accent to be placed on the penul- timate syllable : but there is a strong tendency in English pronuncia- tion to throw the accent farther hack ; and this tendency has pre- vailed, with those lexicographers who have given the pronuncia- tion of any of these words, in the proportion of about two to one. Walker has not given any one of these words in liis Pronouncing XXI PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. I Dictionary; but he has inserted quadripTnjllous, in his Rhyming D/ctionary, with the accent on the antepenultimate; thus, quadriph'- y/lous. Smart, who is the most eminent orthoepist whose authority /an be made use of in relation to any number of these words, has given the pronunciation of thirteen of them, placing the accent on the penul- timate syllable of seven, and on the antepenultimate syllable of six ; so that his authority is completely neutralized. The following table exhibits the number of these words found in several of the recent dictionaries. The first column exhibits the number of words found in each dictionary; the second, the number having the antepenultimate accent; and the third, the num- ber having the penultimate accent. JVo. Words. Antcp. Pen. JVo. Words. Antep. Pen. Knowles, 9 9 0 Maunder, n 10 1 Smart, 13 6 7 Boag, 10 8 2 Craig, 16 9 7 Clarke, 14 6 8 Ogilvie, 12 6 6 Webster, 10 9 1 ORTHOEPY AND ORTHOEPISTS. 132. The pronunciation of the English language, like that of all living languages, is in a great measure arbitrary. It is exposed to the caprices of fashion and taste. It is liable to change from one age to another ; and it varies, more or less, not only in the different and distantly separated countries in which it is spoken, but also in the different divisions and districts of the same country. No two speak- ers or orthoepists, though inhabitants of the same place, would be likely to agree in the pronunciation of all its words. The standard of pronunciation is not the authority of any dictionary, or of any orthoepist; but it is the present usage of literary and well-bred society. 133. The question may be asked, Where is this standard to be sought, or this. usage to be ascertained P To this it may be answered, that London is the great metropolis of English literature, and that it has an incomparably greater influence than any other city in giving law, in relation to style and pronunciation, to the many millions who write and sjieak the language. The English orthoepists naturally refer to the usage of the best society in London as their principal standard ; but the usage of good society in that city is not uniform, and no two orthoepists would perfectly agree with each other in attempting to exhibit it. 134. It may be further asked, How far is it proper for the people of the United States to be guided, in their pronunciation, by the usage of London P To this it may be answered, that it is advisable K- for American writers and speakers to conform substantially to the best models, wherever they may be found ; and so long as London holds its rank as the great metropolis of the literature of the English language, so long it must have a predominant influence with respect to writing and speaking it. If the influence of the usage of London were discarded, where should we seek for a usage that would be gen- erally acknowledged as entitled to higher authority ? There is no one city in the United States which holds a corresponding rank as a centre of intelligence and fashion, — no one which is the central and undisputed metropolis of Anglo-American literature, as London is of English literature. Pronunciation in the United States is, indeed, now substantially conformed to the usage of London. The works of some of the English orthoepists, who have regarded the usage of London as their standard, have been as generally circulated and used in this country, as they have been in England ; and there is, undoubt- edly, a more general conformity to London usage in pronunciation throughout the United States, than there is throughout Great Britain. 135. Although it is not to be questioned, that, with respect to the many millions who speak the English language, the usage of London is entitled to far more weight than that of any other city, yet this is not the only thing to be observed. The usage of the best society in the place or district in which one resides is not to be disregarded. If our pronunciation is agreeable to the analogy of the language, and conformed to the practice of the best society with which we have intercourse, we may have no sufficient reason to change it, though it should deviate, more or less, from the existing usage of London. A proper pronunciation is, indeed, a desirable accomplishment, and is indicative of a correct taste and a good education ; still it ought to be remembered, that, in speech as in manners, he who is the most precise is often the least pleasing, and that rusticity is more excusa- ble than affectation. 136. “For pronunciation,” says Dr. Johnson, “the best general rule is to consider those as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written words.” There are many words of which the pronunciation in England is, at present, better conformed to the spell- ing than it was formerly ; and the principle of conformity of the man- ner of writing to that of speaking the language has been carried somewhat farther in the United States than in England. This is a principle which seems worthy of being encouraged, rather than checked. With respect to the want of conformity of the pronuncia- tion of words to their orthography, Smart says, “ Fortunately, the number of these anomalies is daily decreasing, so that many words, which, in Walker’s Dictionary, are marked as haring a customary irregular pronunciation, appear in this with their regular sounds, and yet with usage in their favor.” 137. Much ingenuity and labor have been employed by various orthoepists in their efforts to settle the pronunciation of the language ; and different systems of notation for designating the sounds of the let- ters have been adopted. But it has been found difficult to form such a system as will correctly represent all the various sounds of the let- ters, and not be liable to mistake ; and if such a system were formed, it would be a difficult and delicate matter to make a correct applica- tion of it to all cases. The language, as it respects pronunciation, has many irregularities, which cannot be subjected to any general rules ; and with regard to the pronunciation of particular words, the instances are numerous in relation to which there is a disagreement among the best orthoepists. 138. In the preparation of this work, PRONUNCIATION has been made a special object, and has received particular attention. A prom- inent feature in the plan consists in the exhibition of authorities respecting words of various, doubtful, or disputed pronunciation ; and this work is so constructed as to exhibit, with respect to all this class of words, for which a pronouncing dictionary is chiefly wanted, the modes in which they are pronounced by all the most eminent English orthoepists. The number of primitive words respecting which the authorities are presented amounts to upwards of two thousand ; and, in addition to these, the process here pursued also determines the pro- nunciation of a large number of derivatives. As the pronunciation of these words is regulated by usage, and as there is a great diversity, with regard to them, both' among good speakers and professed ortho- epists, the exhibition of the different authorities seems to be the most satisfactory method of treating them. ORTHOEPY AND ORTHOEPISTS. \N 139. The following table exhibits the manner in which the pronun- ciation of a number of words is represented by Sheridan, Walker, J ones, Jameson, Knowles, and Smart, together with the mode adopted in this work. These several orthoepists have each his own peculiar system of notation ; but as their different methods of marking the letters can- Sheridan. Walker. A-bll'i-ty a-bil'e-te a-bll'y-ty a-bll'e-te Av'er-age av'er-aj av' e-raj e av'ur-Idje De-lib'er-ate, v. de-lib' er-at de-lib' e-rate de-llb' er-ate De-lib'er-ate, a. de-lib' er-at de-llb' e-ret de-lib'er-ate Ed'u-cate ed'yu-kat ed'u-kate ed'ju-kate Feat'ure fet'yur fe'tshiir fe'tshure Im-pet'u-ous im-pet'yu-us Im-pet'tu-us im-petsh'u-u£ In'ter-est, v. In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ter-est, n. in'ter-est In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ti-mate, v. in' t e-mat In'ty-mate In'te-mate In'ti-mate, a. In'te-mat In'ty-met In'te-mat Mod'er-ate, v. mod' er-at mod'der-ate mod'der-ate Mod'er-ate, a. mod' er-at mod'der-et mod'der.-at Nat'u-ral nat'yu-ral nat'tshur-el nat'tshu-ral Nat'ure nat'yur na'tshur na'tshure O-be'di-ent o-be'de-ent o-be'dzhSnt o-be'je-ent Virt'u-ous virt'yu-us ver'tshu-us ver'tshu-us 140. In relation to all the words here exhibited, these orthoepists agree with respect to two of the most important points in the pro- nunciation of words, namely, the syllable on which the accent is to be placed, and the quantity of the vowel in the accented syllable. Though, with regard to the modes of representing the pronunciation of most of these words, there is a considerable diversity, yet it is doubt- less true that the pronunciation intended to 'be expressed differs, in reality, much less than it would seem to do ; and that, in numerous instances, these orthoepists agreed much better in their practice than in their mode of indicating it. 141. There is an obvious difference in the quantity and in the stress of voice with which the last syllable of the words deliberate and moderate are pronounced, when verbs and when adjectives. All these orthoepists mark the a long in the last syllable of these words when used as verbs ; Jameson and Smart also mark it long when they are adjectives ; Walker shortens the a in the adjective moder- ate ; Sheridan changes the a in both of the words, when adjectives, into short e. But there seems to be no advantage in changing the letter in such cases. It is but slightly pronounced, and has not the distinct sound of either short e, or short or long a ; and, with respect to most of the instances in which the vowels in this Dictionary have a dot placed under them, they are so slightly pronounced, that to mark them with a distinct sound, either long or short, would tend rather to mislead than to assist in pronouncing them. If the syllables on which the primary and secondary accents fall, are correctly pro- nounced, the comparatively indistinct syllables will naturally be pro- nounced right. 142. With respect to words variously pronounced, Walker says, “ The only method of knowing the extent of custom, in these cases, seems to be an inspection of those dictionaries which professedly treat of pronunciation. We have now so many works of this kind, that the general current of custom, with respect to the sound of words, may be collected from them with almost as much certainty as the general sense of words from Johnson. An exhibition of the opinions of orthoepists about the sound of words always appeared to me a very rational method of determining what is called custom. This method I have adopted.” The method thus countenanced by Walker has been carried out in this Dictionary much more thoroughly than he had the means of doing it, inasmuch as the greater part of XXJ11 V not be here exhibited without much inconvenience, and without causing great confusion to the reader, their respective modes of the respelling of the words are presented ; and instead of their marks on the vowels, those employed in this work are substituted, indicating, in all cases, the sounds of the letters as given by them. Jones. Jameson. Knowles. Smart. a-bll'y-ty a-bil'c-te a-bll'It-e a-bll'e-te av'er-edzh av'er-aje av'er-ej av'er-aje de-lib'er-ate de-lib'er-ate de-llb' er-at' de-llb' er-ate de-lib' er-et de-lib'er-ate de-llb' er-at' de-llb' er-ate ed'u-kate ed'u-kate cd'u-kat' ed'u-kate fe'tshure fete'yer fet'yur fet'ch’oor Im-petsh'u-us Im-pet'u-us Im-pet'u-us Im-pet'u-us In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ter-est In'ty-mate In'te-mate In'tlm-at' In'te-mat In'ty-met In'te-mate In'tlm-et In'te-mat mod'der-ate mod'der-ate mbd'er-at' mod'er-at mod'der-et mod'der-ate mod'er-et mod' er-at nat'tshu-rul nat'u-ral nat'yur-al nat'ch’oo-ral na'tshur nate'yur nat'yur ma'ch’oor o-be'dy-ent o-be'de-ent o-bed'yent o-be'de-ent ver'tshu-us vlr'tu-us ver'tu-us ver'ch’oo-us the works which are made use of, as the principal authorities, have been published since his time. With respect to many of these vari- ously pronounced words, it is difficult to decide what method is to be preferred ; and it is not to be supposed that the mode for which the compiler has indicated a preference will, in all cases, be esteemed the best ; but when it is not, the mode which the reader may deem preferable will be found included within the brackets, and supported by its proper authority. 143. Two modes of pronouncing a word are, in many instances, given, besides the forms included within the brackets ; and alterna- tives of this sort would have been presented in other cases, if different modes had not been cited from respectable authorities. The com- piler has not intended, in any case, to give his own sanction to a form which is not supported either by usage, the authority of ortho- epists, or analogy. He has, however, in some instances, in defer- ence to the weight of authorities, given the preference to a mode, which, in the exercise of his own judgment, independent of the au- thorities, he would not have preferred ; for it would be unreasonable for him to make a conformity to his own taste, or to the result of his own limited observation, a law to those who may differ from him, and yet perhaps agree with the more common usage. But, though it has not been his design to make innovations, or to encourage pro- vincial or American peculiarities, yet he has not always given the preference to the mode of pronunciation which is supported by the greatest weight of authorities cited ; and, where orthoepists are divided, he has generally been inclined to countenance that mode which is most conformable to analogy or to orthography. 144. In giving the authorities for pronunciation in this Dictionary, neither the respelling nor the notation of the orthoepists cited has generally been exhibited, as it was necessary to reduce them all to one system. Their precise difference is not always presented with exactness ; yet the cases of failure are not important. The different editions of the authors used as authorities differ in various instances ; and it is sometimes impossible to ascertain whether the intention of the writer has not been frustrated by an error of the press. 145. The English authorities mostJreauently cited in this volume are Sheridan, Walker, Terry, Jones, Enfield, Fulton and Knight, Jane UiM-**' l & ;tiv XXIV PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. son, Knowles, Smart, Reid, Craig, and Wright, all of whom are authors of Pronouncing Dictionaries. In addition to these, various other English lexicographers and orthoepists are frequently brought forward, as Bailey, Johnson, Kenrick, Ash, Barclay, Entick, Scott, Ogilvie, Boag, Clarke, Nares, and several others, besides the distinguished American lexicographer, Dr. Webster. The edition of Webster’s Dictionary made use of is that of 1841, which is the latest that was published during the life of the author. 146. The different English orthoepists, who are made use of as authorities, are entitled to very different degrees of respect. There is no one of them who has obtained a higher and more widely extended reputation than Walker; and no one appears to have bestowed longer and more patient attention in studying the analogies of the language, and in ascertaining the best usage. But there has been considerable change since his time ; and some who have suc- ceeded him have corrected some of his mistakes, and made improve- ments on his system ; and they may, in many cases, be considered better guides as to the present usage than Walker. 147 . Of the successors of Walker, Mr. Smart appears to have given the most careful and discriminating attention to the subject; and he may therefore be regarded as the best single authority for present usage. ORTHOGRAPHY REMARKS ON ORTHOGRAPHY. Before the invention of the art of printing, little attention was paid to the mode of spelling words either in the Anglo-Saxon or the English language ; and the orthography of most of the words being wholly unsettled, every writer, having no guide but his own ear, was at liberty to follow his own fancy or judgment. In the writings of the Anglo-Saxons and the early English authors, almost all the words are spelt in more than one way ; and for a long time subsequent to the invention of the art of printing, the orthography of the English language remained in a very unsettled state. As an illus- tration of this unsettled state nearly a century after this invention, it may be mentioned that in the translation of the New Testament by Tyndale, who was distinguished for talents and learning, the pronoun it is spelt in no less than eight different ways, as follows : it, iit, yt, ytt, hit, liitt, hyt, Tiytt ; and in some cases four or five of these different modes are to be found in the same chapter. The orthography of the language has been undergoing continual changes from the time of its first formation to the present day, although for a century or upwards it may be regarded as having assumed a comparatively settled form. If we look into books printed in the reign of Queen Anne, we meet with many words having an orthography different from that which is now in use. If we carry our observation back as far as the reign of Queen Elizabeth, we find the difference in orthography greatly increased ; and when, in our retrospective examination, we reach the age of Chaucer and Wickliffe, we find many words, which, though they are words now actually in use, are so disguised in their orthographical form, and are of so odd and uncouth an appearance, that they can hardly be recognized. The early productions of English literature which are still much read, such as the works of Bacon, Hooker, Shakespeare, and the com- mon version of the Bible, appear now in an orthography very different from that in which they were at first printed. The first four verses of the thirty-second chapter of Deuteronomy, in the first edition of the common version of the Bible, printed in 1611, stand thus: “ Giue eare, 0 yee heauens, and I will speake ; and heare, O earth, the words of my mouth. My doctrine shall drop as the raine ; my speach shall distill as the deaw, as the smal raine vpon the tender herbe, and as sh.owres vpon the grasse. Because I wil publish the Name of the Lord ; ascribe yee greatnesse vnto our God. He is the rocke, his worke is perfect : for all his wayes are Iudgement : A God of trueth, and without iniquity, iust and right is he.” In these few fines, which may be taken as a specimen of the whole, there are twenty-seven instances in which the words appear in an orthography different from that in which they are now printed. It is not uncommon to find the same word spelt in more ways than one on the same page, as is often the case with works even of the most distinguished writers, printed in the early ages of English literature. It is incumbent on a lexicographer, in adjusting the orthography of the language, to have regard to etymology, analogy, and the best usage of his time ; and if we examine the early English dictionaries, we shall find that the orthography is conformed to the general usage of the age in which they were published. This unsettled state of orthography has been regarded as a reproach to the language. It is an evil, however, which is unavoidable, and to which living languages generally are more or less subject. It has arisen from the want of d some fixed standard, not varying like usage ; but such a standard it is in vain to seek. Some ingenious men have attempted to introduce a uniformity, and establish an invariable standard ; but these attempts have been attended with little success. Dr. Johnson says, in the Preface to his Dictionary, “In adjusting the orthography , which has been to this time unsettled and fortuitous, I found it necessary to distinguish those irregularities that are inherent in our tongue, and perhaps coeval with it, from others which the igno- rance or negligence of later writers has produced. Every language has its anomalies, which, though inconvenient, and in themselves once unnecessary, must be tolerated among the imperfections of human things, and which required only to be registered, that they may not be increased, and ascertained, that they may not be confounded ; but every language has likewise its improprieties and absurdities, which it is the duty of the lexicographer to correct and proscribe.” The Dictionary of Johnson was first published in 1755, a little more than one hundred years since ; and in reference to it, Mr. Nares, in his “Elements of Orthoepy,” published in 1784, remarks, “The English Dictionary appeared ; and, as the weight of truth and reason is irresistible, its authority has nearly fixed the external form of our language ; and from its decisions few appeals have yet been made.” It will be readily admitted, that no other work ever had so great an influence on the English language as this ; yet it is not possible that the work of any man, or any body of men, should so fix the external form of the language as to put a stop to further alterations. Johnson justly says, “ No dictionary of a living language ever can be perfect, since, while it is hastening to publication, some words are budding, and some are falling away.” And he also remarks, “ The orthography which I recommend is still controvertible.” It is undoubtedly true, that there never was so great an influx of new words into the English language during any century, from the time of its first formation to the time of the first publication of Johnson’s Dictionary, as there has been during the century that has elapsed since that event. Various other changes have taken place in the language. Some words then obsolete have been revived, some then in use have now become obso- lete, and many have changed their orthography. In adjusting the orthography of this Dictionary, much care has been taken ; in doing it, attention has been paid to etymology, analogy, and usage ; and in cases in which good usage is divided, etymology and analogy have been consulted in deciding disputable points. But no innovation has been made with respect to those cases hi which usage is invariable and settled. Two of the most noted diversities, with regard to orthograph found in the two classes of words ending in ic or ick, and in or or our ; as, music, public, or musick, publick ; favor, honor, or favour, honour . Johnson, in accordance with the general, though not invari- able, usage of his age, wrote these words with the k or the u. The use of the k in the former of these two classes of words was laid aside by many writers before the time of Johnson ; and it is omitted in Martin’s Dictionary, the first edition of which was published in 1740. Martin says, in his Preface, “ In this respect [orthography] our diction- aries most certainly want reformation ; for they all retain the old way of writing technical words with the redundant final k after c, as logick, rhetor ick, musick, &c., which later writers have justly discarded, and (xxv) XXVI ORTHOGRAPHY. more neatly write logic, rhetoric, music, See. ; and accordingly they here stand in that form in this Dictionary.” In a review of Johnson’s Dictionary given in the “ Monthly Redew,” in 1755, the tear in which the work was published, it is said, “ Among these alterations [in orthography] may be reckoned the restoration of the k to many words from which modem writers have generally banished it ; particularly in the terms of science, such as conic, elliptic, optic, sudorific, and many more of that sort ; to all which Mr. Johnson adds a final k.” — And Dr. Ash, in the Preface to his Dictionary, published in 1775, says, “The final k, after c, in words derived from the learned languages, though carefully retained by Johnson and other writers, has been omitted, in conformity with modern custom and the originals.” In the class of words referred to, the k is still retained in the re- cent editions of Johnson’s Dictionary; also in the Dictionaries of Sheridan, Walker, Jameson, Richardson (his larger Dictionary), and some others ; but in most of the English dictionaries which have been published since the first publication of that of Johnson, it is omitted; and "Walker, although he retains it in his Dictionary, condemns the use of it, and observes, that “ the omission of it is too general to be counteracted even by the authority of Johnson.” The general usage is now so strongly in favor of its omission, that there is no longer any good reason for retaining it in the dictionaries. It is, however, retained in monosyllables ; as, stick, brick, lock, Sec. ; and in some dissyllables ; as, hillock, hemlock, Sec. The verbs to frolic, to mimic, to physic, to traffic, and to bivouac, are written without the final k in the present tense ; but on assuming another syllable, in forming the past tense and participles, the k must be used in order to keep the c hard ; as, trafficked, trafficking. The question with respect to the insertion or the omission of the letter u in such words as favor, honor, or favour, honour, — is attended with much more difficulty. Most of the words of this class are originally from the Latin, and are regarded as coming into the English through the French, having the termination, in that language, of cur ; as, fa- veur, lionneur ; and this is the reason assigned by Johnson for retaining the u. But he is far from being consistent in applying the principle ; for, with respect to the class of words which have the termination or in Latin, and eur in French, he gives many of them with the u, and many of them without it. The following words are found in Johnson’s Dictionary with the u in the last syllable : — ambassadour emperour interiour saviour anteriour endeavour labour splendour arbour errour misbehaviour successour ardour favour misdemeanour succour armour fervour neighbour superiour behaviour flavour odour tabour candour fulgour oratour tenour clamour govemour ostentatour terrour clangour harbour parlour tremour cognisour honour possessour tumour colour horrour rancour valour demeanour humour rigour vapour dishonour inferiour rumour vigour dolour intercessour savour warriour The following words are found in Johnson’s Dictionary without the u in the last syllable : — actor doctor languor professor antecessor editor lentor protector assessor elector lictor rector auditor equator liquor sculptor author executor manor sectator captor expositor mediator sector censor exterior mirror senator collector factor motor senior conductor gladiator pastor stupor confessor inquisitor posterior * tailor creditor inspector preceptor torpor director junior predecessor tutor The same principle will apply to the orthography of the last syllable of most of the words in the two lists ; and the inconsistency will be obvious by merely comparing the words anteriour and interiour (in the former list), which are written by Johnson with the u, with posterior and exterior (in the latter), which are written without it. In some of the recent abridgments of Johnson’s Dictionary, the u is omitted in a part of the words in which he inserted it. Some of the English dictionaries which have been published since the first publi- cation of Johnson’s, scrupulously follow him in retaining the u ; yet they do not insert it in the words in which he omitted it. Several of the English dictionaries omit it in all these words, except most of the dissyllables in the former of the preceding lists, and the following words, which are not derived from the Latin ; behaviour, demeanour, endeavour, enamour, and the derivatives of the words from the Latin, as disfavor, favorable, honorable, Sec. If we turn from the dictionaries to inquire what is the general usage of those who write the language, we shall find it in a very unsettled state. In the United States, it is the prevailing, though not the universal usage, to omit the u in all words of this class; but “in England,” says Mr. Smart (1836), “ such is not the practice of the day, although some years ago there was a great tendency towards it. The following, indeed, are inclined to the Latin termination, and some of them so decidedly, that to write them with our would incur the opinion of great singularity, if not of fault : error, emperor, governor, warrior, superior, horror, tremor, dolor, tumor, tenor, clangor, fidgor, savor.” To these he might have added a number of others with equal propriety ; yet in England it is the prevailing practice to retain the u in most of the dissyllables in the former of the two lists, and also in such of the other words as are not derived from the Latin. A very few writers have retained the u in the above enumerated words tvhich are not of Latin origin, and omitted it in all the others. The eye is offended at seeing a word spelt in a manner to which it is unaccustomed ; and the eyes of most readers would now be offended at seeing emperor, inferior, orator, possessor, successor, and error written with the u; and those of many are offended by seeing favor, honor, and especially savior written without it. It is difficult to fix the limit for a partial omission ; and the rule which entirely excludes the u from this class of words, and which is in accordance with the prevailing usage in the United States, if not the most unexceptionable, is the most convenient. RULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxvn RULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 1. Verbs of one syllable, endingf with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel (as plan), and verbs of two or more syllables, ending in the same manner, and having the accent on the last syllable (as regret), double the final consonant of the verb on assuming an additional syllable ; as, plan, planned ; regret, regretted ; — but if a diphthong precedes the last consonant (as in join), or the accent is not on the last syllable (as in suffer), the consonant is not doubled; as, join, joined; suffer, suffered. There is an exception to the last clause of the preceding rule, with respect to most of the verbs ending in the letter l, which, on assuming an additional syllable, are allowed, by general usage, to double the l, though the accent is not on the last syllable ; as, travel, travelling, travelled, traveller ; libel, libelling, libelled, libeller, libellous. But the derivatives of parallel are written without doubling the final l ; as, paralleled, unparalleled. — The nouns petal, peril, novel, and viol, on assuming an additional syllable, do not double the l ; as, pctalous, perilous, novelist, violist. The following list comprises the verbs ending in l, which, though they have not the accent on the last syllable, yet commonly double the final l : — apparel dishevel handsel model rival bevel drivel hatchel panel rowel bowel duel imperil parcel shovel cancel embowel jewel pencil shrivel carol enamel kennel peril snivel cavil empanel label pistol tassel channel equal level pommel trammel chisel gambol libel quarrel travel counsel gravel marshal ravel tunnel cudgel grovel marvel revel unravel The derivatives of these verbs are spelt, in the Dictionaries of Perry and Webster, wilh a single l ; and this mode is also more or less favored by the lexicographers Ash and Walker; and although it better accords with the analogy of the language, yet the prevailing usage is to double the l. 2. Some words, having a secondary accent on the last syllable, double the last letter on assuming an additional syllable. The verb to kidnap always doubles the p on assuming an additional syllable ; as, kidnap, kidnapped, kidnapping, kidnapper ; — also the following words; compromit, compr omitted ; carburet, carburetted ; sulphuret, sulphuretted ; — also various compound words ; as, \alf-wit, half- witted; liare-lip, hare-lipped, &c. 3. The verb to bias commonly doubles the s on assuming an additional syllable ; as, biassing, biassed, biasser ; as also the verb to worship, in like manner, commonly doubles the p ; as, ivorship, worshipping, worshipped, worshipper. 4. There is some diversity in usage with respect to several other verbs ending in p, which, although the accent is not on the last sylla- ble, are sometimes allowed to double the last consonant, when another syllable is added. But the more correct and regular mode is to write them without doubling the final consonant ; as, gallop, galloping. — The derivatives of a few words ending in t are sometimes erroneously written with the t doubled ; as, benefited, instead of benefited ; com- batted, instead of combated. 5. Most of the words in the English language which end in ise, and almost all which end in ize, are verbs ; and with regard to a number of these verbs there is a diversity in the English dictionaries, as well as in common usage, in relation to this termination, the same verbs sometimes ending in ize and sometimes in ise. With regard to this termination, the following rule is generally, though not invari- ably, observed : — Verbs derived from Greek verbs ending in t£ w, and others formed after the same analogy, have the termination ize ; as, agonize, characterize; — but words derived from the French prendre, have the termination ise ; as, apprise, surprise, enterprise. The following list comprises most of the English verbs generally written with the termination ise : — which are advise compromise emprise misprise advertise demise enfranchise premise affranchise despise enterprise revise apprise devise exercise supervise chastise disfranchise exorcise surmise circumcise comprise disguise divertise franchise merchandise surjjrise In relation to the following words, catechise or catechize, criticise or criticize, patronise or patronize, recognise or recognize, the diction- aries and usage are divided, though the most of the dictionaries give the termination ise to these verbs. — There are other words with regard to which there is a want of uniformity in usage ; as, civilize, disseize, epitomize, patronize, &c. 6. There are a few verbs which are derived from nouns ending in th hard or sharp, as in thin, and which have e added to th, making the sound of th soft or vocal, as in this. Such are the following : from bath, bathe ; from breath, breathe ; from cloth, clothe ; from loath, loathe; from sheath, sheathe; from sooth, soothe ; from swath, swathe ; from wreath, wreathe and inwreatlie ; but the following verbs are commonly written without a final e, viz., to beqiieath, to mouth , and to smooth. — See Soothe. 7 . V erbs ending in ie change the ie into y, on adding ing ; as, die, dying ; lie, lying ; tie, tying ; vie, vying. 8. Verbs ending with a single e omit the e when ing is added; as, place, placing ; relate, relating. The following words are exceptions : dye (to color), dyeing ; hoe, hoeing ; shoe, shoeing : — and when ing is added to the verbs singe, swinge, and tinge, the e is properly retained, as, singeing, swingeing, and tingeing, in order to distinguish these participles from singing, swinging, and tinging. 9. All verbs ending in y, preceded by a consonant, retain the y on adding ing; as, spy, spying; deny, denying; — but when ed is added, the y is changed into i; as, spy, spied ; deny, denied; and when s is added, y is changed into ie ; as, spy, spies ; deny, denies. 10. Verbs ending in y preceded by another vowel, on adding i j, ed, or s, do not change y into i ; as, delay, delaying, delayed, delays. The following words are exceptions : lay, laid ; pay, paid ; say, said ; stay, stayed or staid. 11 . The greater part of verbal nouns end in er, as from advertise, advertiser ; but many of them end in or, as from imitate, imitator ; from instruct, instructor ; and some are seen in both forms, as visitor, visiter. — The verbal nouns from beg and lie are irregularly formed beggar and liar. From peddle the regular verbal noun would be peddler ; but the noun is commonly written pedler, and sometimes pedlar. — See Pedler. 12. There is a class of words, ending in tre, as centre, metre, &c., ORTHOGRAPHY. xxviii which are by some written center, meter, & c. ; but the former mode is supported by the prevailing usage. 13. There is a numerous class of English adjectives ending in able or ible, amounting to nearly a thousand, more than three fourths of which end in able. — A part of these adjectives are derived from Latin adjectives ending in abilis or ibilis ; a few of them are adopted from the French; and many of them are of English growth; and these are chiefly derived from verbs, as from allow, allowable, from move, movable , sometimes from nouns, as from action, actionable, from peace, peaceable. 14. With respect to the orthography of these adjectives which are of English origin, it is difficult to give any general ride ; and in some cases it is difficult to determine whether they should end in able or ible ; and in a few cases usage is more or less variable ; as, addible or addable, conversable or conversible, referrible or referable. 15. Latin adjectives ending in abilis are derived from Latin verbs of the first conjugation; as, mut abilis, from muto, mutare; and from adjectives with this termination in Latin, are formed Engbsh adjectives ending in able; as, mutable. — Latin adjectivesending in ibilis are derived from verbs of the second, third, or fourth conjugation; as, docibilis, from doceo, docere ; legibilis, from lego, legere ; audibil'is from audio, aadire ; and from adjectives with this termination in Latin, are formed English adjectives ending in ible ; as, docible, legible, audible. 16. Derivative adjectives ending in able are written without an e before a ; as blamable, movable, not blameable, moveable ; except those of which the primitive word ends in ce or ge ; in such the e is retained to soften the preceding consonant ; as, peaceable, changeable. 17. Compound words, formed by prefixing a word or a syllable to a monosyllable ending in all, commonly retain the double l ; as, appall, befall, bethrall, downfall, forestall, fuzzball, headstall, install, inthrall, laystall, miscall, overfall, recall, saveall, thumbstall, ivater- fall, windfall ; but some of these words are very often, if not more commonly, seen with a single l ; as, appal, befal, bethral, inthral, & c. — Withal, therewithal, and wherewithal end with a single l. 18. A class of other compound words commonly retain the final double l which is found in the simple words ; as, bridewell, downhill, uphill, molehill, watermill, windmill, handmill. — With respect to foretel, enrol, and unrol, or foretell, enroll, and unroll, the authorities and usage are divided. 19. Nouns of the singular number ending in ey form their plural by adding s only to the singular ; as, attorney, attorneys ; money, moneys ; valley, valleys. These plurals are often erroneously written attornies , monies, and vallies. 20. Nouns ending in o, preceded by another vowel, form their plural by the addition of s ; as, cameo, cameos ; folio, folios ; but if the final o is preceded by a consonant, the plural is commonly formed by adding es ; as, cargo, cargoes. The following nouns, however, canto, cento, grotto, junto, portico, rotundo, salvo, solo, tyro, duo- decimo, octavo, quarto, and some others, commonly have their plural formed by the addition of s only to the singular ; as, canto, cantos. Yet, with respect to the plural of some of these words, usage is not uniform; as the plural of quarto, for example, is sometimes seen written quartos, and sometimes quartoes. 21. There is a class of words which have, in their derivation, a twofold origin, from the Latin and French languages, and are indiffer- ently written with the first syllable en or in, the former being derived from the French, and the latter from the Latin. With respect to some of these, it is difficult to determine which form is best supported by usage ; as, for example, inquire or enquire, insure or ensure. A few of this class of words are found in the following Vocabulary, and others are noticed in the Dictionary. 22. There is a small class of words ending raped, or pede (L. pes, foot) ; as, biped, centiped, milleped, multiped, palmiped, plumipcd, quadruped, soliped, and a few others. Of these words, biped and quadruped are always written without the final e, but with respect to the others, the dictionaries and usage are divided ; and although it has heretofore been the more common mode to write most of these words with a final e, yet there seems to be no good reason why they should not all be conformed to the same rule. — See Milleped, and Soliped. 23. There is a class of chemical terms many of which signify that which contains the essence of the kind, as an extract, and which are variously written with the termination ine or in ; as, asparagine, chlorine, olivine, or asparagin, chlorin, olivin; but the prevailing usage, with respect to most of these words, favors the use of the final e ; as, asparagine, chlorine ; but tannin is written without a final e. 24. The following words are generally written without an e after g; abridgment, acknowledgment, and judgment ; though many write them with it, — abridgement, acknowledgement, and judgement, — as Johnson and other lexicographers spell lodgement. — See Judg- ment. 25. In some cases, words are so variously affected by etymology, analogy, and general usage, that it is difficult to determine what orthography is best supported ; as, for example, connection or con- nexion, despatch or dispatch, hinderance or hindrance, jail or gaol, preterite or preterit, recognizance or recognisance, shew or show, sceptic or skeptic, thrasli or thresh, and various others. VOCABULARY OF WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. The following Vocabulary contains only a few of the words which belong to the several classes referred to in the preceding remarks ; but, with the exception of these classes, it comprises nearly all the English words with regard to which a diversity of orthography is now often met with. The orthography in the left-hand column is deemed to be well authorized, and in most cases preferable ; but with respect to the authority of that in the right-hand column, there is a great diversity. In some cases it is nearly or quite as well authorized as that on the left hand, and in some it has but a very feeble support. Both orthogra]ihies of some of the words are right, the words being differ- ently spelt when used in different senses ; as, draught or draft, forte or fort, subtle or subtile, abetter or abettor, canvass or canvas, caliber or calibre, caster or castor, controller or comptroller, &c. WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. xxix 1 Aara Abatis Abbey Abetter, and Abnormal Abreuvoir Ab idgment Accessary, and Accountant Acetimeter Ache Achieve Acknowledgment Acronycal | Addible Adipocere Adjudgment Admittible Adopter Adscititious Adulteress Advertise Advoutry Advowee Advowson Adze JEdile ; see ./Enigma ; see ASolic ; see AEolipile ; see Aerie /Esthetic /Esthetics /Etiology ; see Atf'eetor A fleer Affiliate Affiliation Afraid Aghast Agriculturist Aide-de-camp Aisle, church, Ajutage Alchemical Alchemist Alchemy Alcoran Alexipharmic Alkahest Alkali Allege Allocution Alloy Almacantar Almanac Almonry Alnager Alum Amassment Ambassador Ambergris Ambs-ace Amercement Amiability Amice Amortise Anademe Ananas Anapest Anapestic Anbury Ancestral Ancient Ancientry Andiron Anemone Angiography Angiology Angiotomy Ankle Annotto, Arnotto Antechamber Antelope Antiemetic Apostasy Aposteme Apothegm Appall Appalment Awm Abbatis Abby Abettor Anormal Abbreuvoir Abridgement Accessory Accomptant Acetometer Ake Atchieve Acknowledgement Acronychal Acronical Add able Adipocire Adjudgement Admittable Adapter Ascititious Adultress Advertize Avoutry Avowee Advowzen Adz, Addice Edile Enigma Eolic Eolipile Ayry, Eyry Esthetic Esthetics Etiology Attecter Affear, AfFere Adfiliate Adflliation Aft'raid Agast Agriculturalist Aid-de-camp Isle Adjutage Alchymical Alehymist Alehymy- Alkoran Alexipharmac Alcahest Alcali Alledge Adlocution Allay Almucantar Almanack Almry, Ambry Alnagar, Aulnager Allum Amasment Embassador Ambergrise Ames-ace Amerciament Amability Amess Amortize Anadem Anana Anapaest Anapaestic Ambury Ancestrel Antient Anchentry Handiron Anemony Angeiography Angeiology Angeiotomy Ancle Annotta, Arnotta Antichamber Antilope Antemetic Apostacy Apostume Apophthegm Appal Appalement Ananave 5 Appanage Apanage ^ Appenage Appraise Apprize Appraisement Apprizement Appraiser Apprizer Apprise Apprize Appurtenance Appertenance Apricot Apricock Arbitrament Arbitrement Archaeological < Archeological ? Archaiological Archaeology i Archeology ( Archaiology Archduchess Archil Argol Arquebuse Arrack Artisan Arvel Asbestos, or Ascendency, or Archdutchess Orchil Argal < Arquebus ^ Harquebuse Arack Artizan Arvil Asbestus Ascendancy Ascendent, or Ascendant Askance Askaunce Askant Askaunt Askew Askue Assafoctida Asafoctida Assize Assise Assizer Assiser Assuage Asswage Athenaeum Atheneum Auger Augre Aught Ought Autocracy Autocrasy Avoirdupois Averdupois Awkward Aukward Awn Ane Axe Ax B. Baccalaureate Baccalaureat Bachelor Batchelor Bade, from bid Bad Balance Ballance Baldrick Bawdrick Balk Baulk, Bauk Ballister Balister Baluster Banister Bandanna Bandana Bandoleer Bandolier Bandore Pandore Bandrol Bannerol Banian Bannian, Banyan Banns Bans Barbacan Barbican Barbecue Barbacue Barberry Berberry Bark Barque Barouche Barouch Baryta Baryte Barytone Baritone Basin Bason Bass, Mus. Base Bass-viol Base-viol Bastinado Bastinade Bateau Batteau Battledoor Battledore Bawble Bauble Bazaar Bazar Beadle Beadel Beaver Bever Befall Befal Behoove Behove Bellflower Belflower Belligerent Belligerant Bellman Belman Bellmetal Belmetal Bellwether Bel wether Benumb Benum Bequeath Bequeathe Bergamot Burgamot Bergander Birgander Berth, in ship Birth Bestrew Bestrow Betel Betle Bevel Bevil Bezant Byzant Biassed Biased Biestings ( Beastings ^ Beestings Bigoted Bigotted Bilge Bulge Billiards Balliards Billingsgate Bilingsgate Binnacle Binacle, Bittacle Bistre Bister Bivouac Biovac Bizantine Byzantine Blanch Blench Blende, {Min.) Blend Blithely Blithly Blitheness Blithness Blithesome Blithsome Blomary Bloomary Blouse, Blowze Blowse Bodice Boddice Boil, a tumor Bile Bolt Boult Bombard Bumbard Bombast Bumbast Bombazette Bombazet Bombazine < Bombasin ( Bombasine Borage Burrage Bourgeois Burgcois Bourn Borne Bourse Burse Bouse Boose Bousy Boosy, Boozy Bowlder Boulder Bowsprit Boltsprit Brakeman Breakman Bramin ) t Bracliman Brahmin £ ? Brahman Brawl Broil Brazen Brasen Brazier Brasier Brazil Brasil Brier Briar Brokerage Brokage, Brocage Bronze Bronz Brooch Broach, Broche Brunette Brunet Bryony Briony Buccaneer Buccanier Buffalo Buffaloe Buhrstone Burrstone Bulimy Boulimy Bumblebee Humblebee Bunn Bun Bunyon Bunion Burden Burthen Burdensome Burthensome Burganet Burgonet Burin Burine Burlesque Burlesk Burr Bur Buzz Buz By, n. Bye Cabob c. Kabob Cacique Caesura Cag, or Calcareous Cazique Cesura, Cesure Keg Calcarious Caldron Cauldron Calendar Kalendar Calends Kalends Caliber, or Calibre Calipers Callipers Caliph Calif, Kaliph Calk Caulk Calligraphy Caligraphy Calotte Callot Caloyer Kaloyer Caltrop Calthrop Calyx Calix Cameo Camaieu Camlet Camblet, Camelet Camomile Chamomile Camphor Camphire Canal, Cannel Candle, Kennel Cannoneer Cannonier Canoe Canoa f Cantiliver Cantilever < Cantaliver C Cantelirer Canvas, and Canvass Capriole Cabriole Car Carr Carabine Carbine Carabineer Carbineer Carat Caract, Carrat Caravansary j Caravansera Caravanserai Caravel Carvel Caraway Carraway Carcass Carcase Carle Carl Carnelian ^ Carnelion Cornelian Carolytic Carolitic Cartel Chartel Cartridge Cartrage Cassada, Cassava Casava, Cassavi Cassimere Kerseymere Cassowary Cassiowary Caste, class Cast Castellan Castellain Caster, Castor Castlery Castelry Castrel Coistrel, Kestrel Catchpoll Catchpole Catchup Catsup. Ketchup Catechise Catechize Catherine j Catharine Katharine Cauliflower Colliflower Causeway, or Causey' Cavazion Cavation Caviare Caviar, Cavier Caw Kaw Cayman Caiman Cedilla Cerilla Ceiling Cieling Celt Kelt Celtic Ke'tic Centiped Centipede Cess Sess Chalcedony Calcedony Chaldron Chalder Chalice Calice Chameleon Camcleon Chamois Shamois Champaign Champain Champerty Champarty Chant Chaunt Chap Chop Chaps Chops Char, or Charo, Chore Chase Chace Chastely Chastly Chasteness Chastness Check, or Cheque Checker Chequer Cheer Chear Chemical Chymical Chemist Chymist Chemistry j Chymistry > Chimistry Chestnut Chesnut Chiliahedron Chiliaedron Chillness Chilness Chimb Chine Chintz Chints Chloride Chlorid Choir Quire Choke Choak Choose Chuse Chorister Quirister Chyle Chile Chylifactive Chilifactive Cider Cigar Cyder, Sider Segar ( Cimiter Cimeter Scymitar Cymetar ! Scymetar I Scimitar F Simitar Cion ; see Scion Cipher Cypher Clam, v. Clamm Clarinet Clarionet Cleat Cleet Clew Clue Clinch Clench Cloak Cloke Clodpoll Clodpole ClofF, or Clough Clothe Cloathe Clothes Cloaths Cluck Clock Clyster Glister, Glyster Cobbler Coblcr Cocoa Cacao Coddle Codie Cmliac Celiac WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. Coif Quoif Coiffure Quoiffure Coke Coak Colander Cullender Colic Cholic College Colliery Colter Colledge Coalery Coulter, Culter Cumfrey Comfrey Comraandery Commandry Commissariat Commissariate Compatible Competible Complete Compleat Concordat Coneordate Confectionery Confectionary Confidant, n. Confident Congealable Congelable Connection Connexion Connective Connexive Consecrator Consecrater Contemporary Cotemporary Contra-dance Country-dance Contributory Contributary Control ( Controul ( Comptrol Controllable Controulable Controller Comptroller Conversable Conversible Cony Coney Cony-burrow Coney-borough Coomb, 4 bushs. Comb Copier Copyer Coping $ Copping ( Caping Copse Coppice Coquette, n. Coquet Coranach 5 Coronach f Coranich Corbel Corbeil Cordovan Cord wain Corpse Corse Correlative Corelative Cosey Cosy, Cozey Cot Cott Cotillon Cotilion Counsellor, and Councillor Courant Corant, Couranto Courtesan Courtezan Courtesy Curtesy Covin Covine Covinous Covenous Cozen Cosen Cozenage Cosenage Craunch Cranch Crawfish Crayfish Creak, v. Creek Crier Cryer Croslet Crosslet Crowd Croud Crowfoot Crow’s-foot Cruet Crewet Crumb Crum Crusade Croisade Cruse, cruet Cruise Crystal Chrystal Cucurbit Cucurbite Cue Queue Cuerpo Querpo Cuish Cuisse Cuneiform Cuniform Cupel Cuppel, Coppcl Curb Kerb Curb-stone Kerb-stone Curtain Courtine Cutlass Cutlas Cyclopaedia Cyclopedia Cyst Cist Cysted Cisted Czar Tzar, Tsdr D. Dactyl Dactyle Daily Dayly Daisied Dazied Damaskeen, v. Damaskin Damson Damascene Dandruff' Dandriff Danegelt Dangelt Daub Dawb Dawdle Daudle Dearn Dem Debarkation Debarcation Debonair Debonnair Decoy Duckoy Decrepit Decrepid Defence Defense Defier Defyer Deflection Deflexion Deflour Deflower Delft Delf, Delph Delphine Delphin Deltoid Deltoide Demain ) Demesne j Demean Demarcation Demarkation Democrat Democrate Denizen Denison Dependant, n. Dependence Dependent Dependance Dependent, a. Dependant Deposit Deposite Desert, n. Desart Desolater Desolator Despatch, or Dispatch Dessert, n. Desert Detecter Detector Detorsion Detortion Detractor Detracter Develop Develope Development Developement Devest, or Divest Dexterous Dextrous Diadrom Diadrome Diaeresis Dieresis Diarrhoea Diarrhea Dike, or Dyke Dime Disme Diocese Diocess Disburden Disburthen Discount Discompt Disfranchise Diffranchise Disfranchisement Diffranchisement Dishabille Deshabille Disinthrall < Disenthrall Disinthral Disk, or Disc Dispatch, or Despatch Disseize Disseise Disseizin Disseisin Disseizor Disseisor Dissolvable Dissolvible Distention Distension Distil Distill Distrainor Distrainer Diversely Diversly Divest, or Docket Devest Doquet Doctress Doctoress Dodecahedron Dodecaedron Doggerel Doggrel Domicile Domicil Doomsday-book Domesday -book Dory, Dorec Dorey Dote Doat Doubloon Doublon Dowry Dowery Downfall Downfal Drachm, or Dram Dragoman j Drogoman Druggerman Draught, or Draft Dreadnaught Dreadnought Driblet Dribblet Drier Dryer Drought Drouth Dryly Drily Dryness Driness Duchess Dutchess Duchy Dutchy Dulness Dullness Dungeon Donjon Dunghill Dunghil Duress Duresse Dye, color Die Dyeing, coloring Dying n J Eavesdropper E. Evesdropper Eccentric Excentric Echelon Echellon Economics Economics Ecstasy Ecstacy, Extasy Ecstatic Extatic Ecumenical (Ecumenical Edile -Edile Eke Eek Embalm Imbalm Embank, or Imbank Embankment Imbankment Embargo Imbargo Embark Imbark Embarkation Embarcation Embase Imbase Embassy Ambassy Embed, or Embedded, or Imbed Imbedded Embezzle Imbezzle Embezzlement Imbezzlement Emblazon Imblazon Embody Imbody Embolden Imbolden Emborder Imborder Embosk Imbosk Embosom, or • Imbosom Emboss Imboss Embowel Imbowel Embower Imbower Embrasure Embrazure Empale Impale f Empannel Empanel, or < Impanel C Impannel Empoison Impoison Empoverish, or Impoverish Empower Impower Empress Emperess Encage, or Encenia Incage Encaenia Enchant Inchant Enchase Inchase Encircle Incircle Enclose, or Inclose Enclosure Inclosure Encroach Incroach Encumber Incumber Encumbrance Incumbrance Encyclopaedia Encyclopedia Endamage Indamage Endear Indear Endict ; see Indict Endite ; see Indite Endorse ; see Indorse Endow Indow Endue, or Indue Enfeeble Infeeble Enfeoff Infeoff Enfranchise Infranchise Engender Ingender Engorge Ingorge Engrain Ingrain Enhance Inhance Enigma ^Enigma Enjoin In join Enlard Inlard Enlarge Inlarge Enlighten Inlighten Enlist Inlist Enlumine Inlumine Enquire, or Enquiry, or Inquire Inquiry Enroll Enrol, Inrol Enrolment Inrolment Enshrine Inshrine Ensnare, or Insnare Ensure, or Insure Entail Intail Entangle Intangle Enterprise Enterprize Enthrone Inthrone Enthymeme Enthymem Entice Intice Entire Intire Entirety Entierty Entitle Intitle, Intitule Entomb Intomb Entrance, v. Intrance Entrap Intrap Entreat Intreat Envelop, v. Envelope Envelopment Envelopcment Eolipile iEolipile Epaulet Epaulette Epigraph Epigraphe Equerry E query Equiangular Equangular Equivoke Equivoque Era .Era Eremite Heremite Escalade Scalade Eschalot Shallot, Shalote Escritoire ( Escritoir l Scrutoire Escutcheon Scutcheon Estafette Estafet Esthetics, or -Esthetics Estoppel Estopple, Estopel Etiology -Etiology Exactor Exacter Expense Expence Exsanguious Exanguious Exsect Exect Exsiccate Exiccate Exsiccation Exiccation Exsiccative Exiccative Exsuccous Exuceous Extrinsical Extrinsecal Exudation Exsudation Exude Exsude Eyry -Erie F. Faeces Feces Fagot Faggot Fairy Faery Fakir Faquir, Faqueer Falchion Faulchion Falcon Faulcon Fantasy Phantasy Farther, or Further Farthest, or Furthest F arthingale Fardingale Fattener Fatner Fearnaught Fearnought Fecal Faecal Felly Felloe Felon Fell on Felspar Feldspar Ferrule, or Ferule Feud Feod | Feudal Feodal Feudality F eodality j Feudatory Feodatory : Feuillemorte Fueillemorte [ Fie Fy Filanders Felanders Filbert Filberd Filigrane Filigree C Filligrane < Filagree (_ Filligree ! Fillibeg Filibeg, Philibeg Filly Filley Finery, a forge Finary j Firman ( Firmaun l Phirman | Fizgig Fishgig Flageolet Flagelet 1 Fleam Phleme, Flern ' Flier Flyer Flotage Floatage Flotsam Floatsam Flour, meal Flower Fleur-de-lis Flower-de-luce Flugelman ( Flugleman ( Fugclman Fluke Flook, Flowk Fluoride Fluorid Foetus Fetus Forestall Forestal Foretell Foretel F orray F oray Forte, strong side Fort Fosse Foss Foundery, or Foundry Franc, coin Frank Frenetic Phrenetic Frenzy Phrensy Frieze Frize Frigate Frigat Frit Fritt Frizzle Frizle F ro wzy Frouzy Frumentaeeous Frumentaeious Frumenty ( Furmenty ( Furmety Frustum Frustrum Fuel F e wel Fulfil Fulfill Fulfilment Fulfillment Fulness Fullness Furlough Furlow Further, or Farther WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. xxxi Furthest, or Farthest Fusee F usil Fusileer Fusilier Fuze, or Fuse * G. Gabardine Gaberdine Galiot Galliot Gallipot Galipot Galoche Goloche Gamut Gammut Gangue, in ore Gang Gantlet Gantelope Gaol, or Jail Garish Gairish Garreteer Gauge, or Gauger Garretteer Gage Gager Gault Galt, Golt Gauntlet, glove Gantlet Gayety Gaiety Gayly Gaily Gazelle Gazel Gear Geer Gelatine Gelatin Geliy ; see Jelly Genet Girinet, Jennet Gerfalcon t Gyrfalcon, ( Jerfakon Germ Germe Ghastly Gastly Ghibelline Gibelline Ghyll, ravine Gill Gibberish Geberisli Gibe Gybe, Jibe Giglot Giglet Gimlet Gimblet Gimmal Jymold Gingle ; see Jingle Girasole Girasol Girth, or Girt Glair Glaire Glave Glaive Glazier Glasier Glcde Glead Gloar Glour Gloze Glose Glue Glew Gluey Gluy, Glewy Gnarled Knarled Gneiss Gneis Good-by Good-bye Gore Goar Gourmand, or Gormand Gormandize Gourmandize Governante Governant Graft Graff Grandam Granam Granddaughter Grandaughter Granite Granit Grasshopper Grashopper Gray, or Grey Greeze, a step C Greece < Grice C Grise Grenade Granade Grenadier Granadier Greyhound Grayhound Griffin, Griffon Gryphon Grizzled Grisled Grocer Grosser Grogram ( Grogoram } Grogran Grotesque Grotesk Groundsill Groundsel Group Groupe Guarantee, or Guaranty Guild, or Gild Guilder, or Gilder' Guillotine Guillotin Gulf Gulph Gunwale Gunnel Gurnet Gournet Gypsy Gypsey, Gipsey Gyre Gire Gyve Give H. Haggard Hagard Haggess Haggis Ha-ha Haw-haw Hake Haick Halberd Halbert Halo, healthy Hail Halibut Holibut Halyards Halliards Halloo Hollo, Holloa Hame, or Haum Handicraftsman Handcraftsman Handiwork Handywork Hards Hurds Harebell Hairbell Harebrained Hairbrained Harem Haram Harrier Harier Harslet Haslet Hatchel, Hackle Hetchel, Heckle Haul, to dray Hale Haurn Halm, Hawra Haunch Hanch Ilaust, cough Ho’ast Hautboy Hoboy Havoc Havock Hawser Halser Hazel Hazle Headache Headach Hearse Hcrse Heartache Heartach Height Hight Heighten Highten Heinous Hainous Hemistich Hemistiek Hemorrhoids Emeroids Heptamerede Heptameride Herpetology Erpetology Hexahedron Hexaedron Hibernate Hybernate Hibernation Hybernation Hiccough, or Hickup Hinderance, or Hindrance Hip, v. Hyp Hip, n. Hep Hippocras Hippocrass Hodge-podge Hotch-potch lloiden Hoyden Holiday, or Holyday Hollo, Halloo Holloa, Hollow Holster Holdster Hominy - Hornony Hommony Homonyme, or Homonym Hone Hoane Honeyed Honied Hoop, or Whoop Hooping-cough, or Whooping-cough Hoot Whoot Horde Hord Horehound Hoarhound Hornblende Hornblend Hostler Ostler Household Houshold Housewife Huswife Howlet Houlet Hub Hob Hurrah Hurra Hydrangea Hydrangia Hypothenuse Hypotenuse r Icicle 1. Isicle Illness Ilness Imbank ; see Embank Imbitter Embitter Imbody, or Embody Imborder Emborder Imbosom Embosom Imbound Embound Imbox Embox Imbrue Embrue Impair Empair Impanel Empanel Imparlance Emparlance Impassion Empassion Implead Emplead Imposthume Impostume Impoverish, or Empoverish Incage Encage Incase Encase In clasp Enclasp Incloister Encloister Inclose, or Enclose Inclosure, or Enclosure Incondensable Incondensible Increase Encrease Incrust Encrust Indefeasible Indefeisible Indelible Indeleble Indict Endict Indictment Endictment Indite Endite Inditer Enditer Indocile ' Indocil Indorsable Endorsable Indorse Endorse Indorsement Endorsement Indorser Endorser Indue, or Endue Inferrible Inferable Inflection Inflexion Infold Enfold Infoliate Enfoliate Ingraft Ingraft', Engraft Ingraftment Engraftment Ingrain Engrain Ingulf Engulf Innuendo Inuendo Inquire, or Enquire Inquirer, or Enquirer Inquiry, or Enquiry Insnare, or Ensnare Install, or Instal Instalment Installment Instil Instill Instructor Instructer Insurance Ensurance Insure Ensure Insurer Ensurer Intenable, or Intenible Interlace Enterlace Interplead Enterplead Interpleader Enterpleader Inthrall Inthral, Enthrall Intrinsical Intrinsecal Intrust Entrust Intwine Entwine Inure Enure Inurement Enurement Invalid, n. Invalide Inveigle Enveigle Inventor In venter Inwheel Enwheel Inwrap, or Enwrap Inwreathe Enwreath Isle lie J. Jackal Jackall Jacobin Jacobine Jag Jn errr w c no Jagghery Jagary Jail, or Gaol Jailer, or Gaoler Jalap Jalop Jamb, n. Jam, Jaum Janizary Janissary Janty Jaunty Jasmine Jessamine Jaunt Jant Jelly Geliy Jenneting < Geniting ( Juneating Jettee, Jetty Jetta, Jutty Jewellery, or Jewelry Jiffy Giffy Jingle Gingle Jointress Jointuress Jole, or Jowl Jonquille Jonquil Judgment Judgement Julep Julap Junket, or Juneate Just, n. Joust Justle, or Jostle K. Kale Kail, Cail Kamsin Khamsin Kayle Keel Keelhaul Keelhale Keelson Kelson Keg, or Kerseymere, or Cag Cassimere Khan Kan, Kann Knapsack Snapsaclt Knarled, or Gnarled Knell Knel L. Lackey Laquey Lacquer Lacker Lair La re Lambdoidal Lamdoidal Lance Launce Landscape Landskip Landsman Landman Lantern Lanthorn Lanyard Laniard Launch Lanch Laundress Landress Laureate Laureat Lavender Lavendar Lea, a plain Leach, or Lee, Ley, Lay Leech, Letch Leaven Leven Ledger Leger Lettuce Lettice License Licence Lickerish Liquorish Licorice Liquorice Lief Lieve, Leef Lilac Lilaeh Lily Lilly Linguiform Lingueform Liniment, and Linament Lintstock Linstock Litharge Litherage Llama, animal Lama Loadstar Lodestar Loadstone Lodestone Loath, a. Loth Loathe, v. Lothe Lode, a vein Load Lodgement Lodgment Lower Lour Luff Loof Luke Leuke Lustring, or Lutestring Lye, from ashes Lie, Ley M. Maggoty Maggotty Maim, or Mayhem, Maihem Maize Maladministra- Maiz tion, or Malecontent Maladministration Malcontent Malefeasance Malfeasance Malepractice Malpractice Maltreat Maletreat Malkin Maukin Mall Maul Malanders Mallenders Mameluke Mamaluke Mandarin Mandarine Mandatary Mandatory Mandrel, and Mandril Manifestable Manifestible Manikin Mannikin Manoeuvre Maneuver Mantle, or Mantel Mark Marc Marque, license Mark Marquee Markee Marquis, or Marquess Marshal \ Marshall > Mareschal Marten, or Martin Martingale Martingal Mask Masoue Maslin, Meslin Mastlin, Mislin Mastic Mastich Matins Mattins Mattress Matress, Mattrass Meagre Meager Mediaeval Medieval Meliorate, or Ameliorate Menagerie Menagery Merchandise Merchandize Mere, a pool Mcer Metre, and Meter Mew Meaw Mewl Meawl Mileage Milage Milleped Millepede xxxii WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. Millrea Millree, Millreis Miscall Miscal Misle, Mizzle Mistle Misspell Mispell Misspend Mispend Misy Missy Mistletoe Misletoe Misseltoe Mitre Miter Mizzen Mizen Moccason Moccasin Moggason Mocha-stone Mocho-stone Modillion Modillon Molasses Melasses Molosses Moneyed Monied Mongrel Mungrel Monodrame Monodram Mood, or Mode Moresque Moresk Morion Murrion Mortgageor Mortgagor Mosque Mosk 'Moscheto Moschetto Mosquetoe Mosquetto Mosquito Musquito Muscheto Muschetto Musketo Musqueto Musquetoe Musquitto Mould Mold Moult Molt Mulch Mulsh Mullin Mullein Multiped Multipede Mummery Mommery Murder Murther Murderous Murtherous Murky Mirky Murrhine Myrrhine Muscle, and Mussel Musket Musquet Mustache Moustache Myth Mythe N. Nankeen N ankin Naught Nought Negotiate Negociate Net, a., clear Neat Nib Neb Nobless Noblesse Nombles Numbles Novitiate Noviciate Nozle Nozzle, Nosle Nuisance Nusance 0. Oblique Oblike Octahedron Octaedron (Economics ; see Economics (Ecumenical Ecumenical Offence Offense Offuscate Obfuscate Olio Oglio Omer Homer Opaque Opake Orach Orache Orison Oraison Osier Ozier Osmazome Ozmazome Osprey Ospray Ottar Otto Outrageous Outragious Oxidate Oxydate Oxidation Oxydation Oxide Oxyde, Oxyd Oxidize Oxydize Oyes Oyez P. Pacha Pasha, Bashaw Packet Paquet Painim Paynim Palanquin Palankeen Purblind Poreblind Palette Pallet Purlin Purline Palmiped Palmipede Purr Pur Pandore, or Bandore Purslain Purslane Panel Pannel Pursy Pussy Pansy Paney Putrefy Putrify Pantagraph ) Pentagraph Pygmean Pigmean Pantograph $ Pygmy Pigmy Pappoose Papoos, Papoose Pyx Pix Parallelopiped Parallelepiped Paralyze Paralyse Parcenary Parcenery o Parol, a. Parole Paroquet Parrakeet Parral Parrel Quarantine ( Quarantain Parsnip Parsnep l Carentane Partisan Partizan Quartet Quartett Patin Patine Qnatercousin Catercousin Patrol Patroll, Patrole Quay, a mole Key Paver Pavier, Pavior Quinsy ( Quinsey Pawl Paul < Quinzy Pedler Peddler, Pedlar Quintain C Squinancy Pedlery Peddlery Quintin Peep Piep Quintal Rental, Kentle Penance Pennance Quitter Quittor Penniless Pennyless Quoit Coit Pentahedral Pentaedral Pentahedron Pentaedron Pentile Pantile R. Peony Piony Perch Pearch Persimmon Persimon Raccoon Racoon, Rackoon Persistence Persistance Raillery Rallery Pewit Pewet Ransom Ransome Phantasm Fantasm Rarefy Rarify Phantom F antom Raspberry Rasberry Phenomenon Phsenomenon Ratafia Ratifia, Ratafee Phial, or Vial Rattan Ratan Philibeg ; see Fillibeg Raven, prey Ravin Philter Philtre Raze Rase Phlegm Flegm Razure Rasure Phoenix Phenix Real, coin Rial, Ryal Phthisic Tisic Rear Rere Picked, or Piked Rearmouse Reremouse Picket, and Piquet Rearward Rereward Picturesque Picturesk Recall Recal Pie Pye Recognizable Recognisable Piebald Pyebald Recognizance Recognisance Pimento Pimenta Recognize, or Recognise Pincers Pinchers Recognizee Recognisee Placard Placart Recognizor Recognisor Plain, and Plane Recompense Recompence Plane-sailing Plain-sailing Reconnoitre Reconnoiter Plaster Plaister Redoubt Redout Plat, or Plot Redoubtable Redoutable Plethora Plethory Reenforcement Reinforcement Pleurisy Plurisy Referable ) Referible Pliers Plyers Referrible j Plough Plow Reflection Reflexion Ploughman Plowman Reflective Reflexive Ploughshare Plowshare Reglet Itiglet Plumber Plummer Reindeer ( Raindeer Plumiped Plumipede ( Ranedeer Pluviameter Pluviometer Reinstall, or Reinstal Poise Poize Relic Relique Poltroon Poltron Renard, or Reynard Polyanthus Polyanthos Rennet, or Runnet Polyhedral Polyedral Replier Rcplyer Polyhedron Polyedron Rcposit Reposite Pomade Pommade Resin, or Rosin Pommel Pummel Resistance Resistence Pontoon, and Ponton Respite Respit Pony Poney Restiff, or Restive Porpoise Porpus, Porpess Restiffness ( Restifness Portray Pourtray t Restiveness Portress Porteress Retch, to vomit Reach Postilion Postillion Reverie, or Reversible Revery Potato Potatoe Reversable Pottage Potage Rhomb, and Rhumb Practise, v. Practice f Riband Praemunire Premunire Ribbon J Riban Premise Premiss I Ribband Pretence Pretense [ Ribin Preterite, or Preterit Rider Ryder Pretor Praetor Rinse Rince Prison-base Prison-bars Risk Risque Probate Probat Riveted Rivetted Profane Prophane Robb in Robin Protector Protecter Rodomontade Rhodomontade Prothonotaryship Prothonotariship Roquelaure Roquelo Prunello Prunella Route, course Rout Pumpkin ( Pompion ( Pumpion Rummage Runnet, or Romage Rennet Puny, and Puisne Rye Rie Pupillary Pupilary Sabianism, or Sag, or Saic Sainfoin Salic Saltcellar Sandarach Sandiver Sanitary Sarcenet Sat Satchel Satinet Savin Saviour, or Scalade Scallop Scath Scenery Sceptic Sceptical Scepticism Schist Schistose Scholium Schorl Sciagraphy, or Sciomachy, or Scion Scirrhosity Scirrhous Scirrhus Scissors Sconce Scotfree Scow Screen Scrofula Scymitar ; see Scythe Seamstress Sear Searce Secretaryship Seethe Seignior Seine, a net Seizin Sellenders Selvage Sentinel Sentry Sequin Sergeant, or Sergeantry, or Sess, or Sesspool, or Sevennight Shad Shard Shark, or Shawm Sheathe, v. Sheer, pure Sheik Shemitic, or Sherbet Sherry Shorling Show Showbread Shrillness Shroud Shuttlecock Shyly Shyness Sienite Silicious, or Sill Sillabub Simar Siphon Siren Sirloin, or Sirocco s. Sabaism Swag Saik Saintfoin Salique Saltseller Sandarac Sandever Sanatory Sarsenet Sate Sachel Satinett Snvine, Sabine Savior Escalade, Scalado Scollop Scathe Scenary Skeptic Skeptical Skepticism Shist Shistose Scholion Shorl Sciography Sciamachy Cion Skirrhosity Skirrhous ( Schirrhus ( Skirrhus f Cissors < Cizars C Scissars Skonce Shotfree Skow Skreen Scrophula Cimeter Sithe, Sythe ( Sempstress ( Semstress Sere Sarse Secretariship Seeth Signior, Signor Sein, Seen Seisin Sellanders Selvedge Centinel Sentery, Centry f Cecchin < Chequin C Zechin Serjeant Serjeantry Cess Cesspool Sennight Chad Sherd Shirk Shalm Sheath Shear Sheikh, Sheick Semitic Scherbet Sherris Shoreling Shew Shewbread Shrilness Shrowd Shittlecoclc Shily Shiness Syenite Siliceous Cill Syllabub Chimere, Cymar Syphon Syren Surloin Scirocco WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. xxxiii Sirup Sit, to incubate Site Sizar Size, glue Skate Skein Skeptic ; see Skilful Skulk Skull Slabber Slake, to quench Sleight, n. Sley, a reed Sluice Slyly Slyness Smallness Smirk Smooth, v. Soap Socage Socle Solan Solder, or Soldier Soliped Solitaire Solvable Somerset ) ( Summerset $ ^ Sonneteer Soothe, v. Sorrel Souse Spa Spicknel Spinach Spinel Splice Sponge Spongy Spright Sprightful Spunk Spurt, or Stable Staddle Stanch Stationery, n. Steadfast Steelyard Sterile Stillness Stockade Strait, n. Strap, or Strengthener Strew Stupefy Sty Style Subtile, thin Subtle, slg Subtract Subtraction Suit Suitor Sulky, n. Sulphuretted Syrup, Sirop Set Scite Sizer Cize, Cise Scate Skain Sceptic Skillful Sculk Scull Slobber Slack Slight Slay, Slaie Sluce, Sluse Slily Sliness Smalness Smerk Smoothe Sope Soccage Sokle, Zocle Soland, Solund Soder Souldier Solipede Solitair Solvible Somersault Summersault Sonnetteer Sooth Sorel Sowse Spaw Spignel Spinage Spinelle, Spinell Splise Spunge Spungy Sprite Spriteful Sponk Spirt Stabile Stadle Staunch Stationary Stedfast Stillyard Steril Stilness Stoccade Streight Strop Strengthner Straw, Strow Stupify Stye Stile Subtle Subtile Substract Substruction Suite Suiter Sulkey Sulphureted Sumach Sumac, Shumac Suretyship Suretiship Surloin, or Sirloin Surname Sirname Surprise Surprize Surreptitious Subreptitious Survivor Surviver Survivorship Survivorship Swag, or Sag Swale Sweale Sward Sord Swath, n. Swarth Sweepstakes Sweepstake Swipple Swiple Swop, or Swap Sicamore Sycamore Sycamine Sylvan- Silvan Synonyme, or Synonym Syphilis Siphilis Systematize Systemize r. Tabard Taberd Taft’ety Taffeta, Taffata Taffrail Taii'erel Taillage Tallage Talc, a stone Talk, Talck Tallness Talness Talmud Thalmud Tambour Tambor Tambarin Tambourine < \ Tambourin Tamborin Tarpauling Tarpawling Tarpaulin Tartan Tartane Tassel Tossel Tawny Tawney Tease Teaze Teazle, Teasel Tassel, Tazel Tenable Tenible Terrier Tarrier Tether Tedder Tetrastich Tetrastick Theodolite Theodolet Thraldom Thralldom Thrash, or Thresh Threshold Threshhold Throe, a pang Throw Thyine, wood Thyme Thine Thime Ticking, or Ticken Tidbit Titbit Tie Tye Tier, a row Tire Tierce Terce Tiger Tyger Tincal Tinkal Tint Teint Tiny Tyny Tippler Tipler Tithe Tythe Toilet Toilette Toll, to allure Tole Tollbooth Tolbooth Ton, or Tun Tonnage Tunnage Tormentor Tormenter Touchy, or Techy Tourmaline Tourmalin Trance Transe Tranquillity Tranquility Tranquillize Tranquilizc Transferable Transferrible Transferrence Transference Treadle Treddle Treenail Trenail, Trunnel Trellis Trellice Trentals Trigintals Trestle Tressel, Trussel Trevet, or Trivet, Trevit Trousers Trowsers Truckle-bed, or Trundle-bed Tumbrel, and Tumbril Turkey Turky Turkois 5 Turquois ( Turquoise T urnip Turnep Turnsole Turnsol Tutenag t Tutanag ( Tutenague Twecdle Twiddle, Twidle Twibil Twibill Tyrnbal Timbal Tyro Tiro u. Umbles Humbles Unbias Unbiass Unbiassed Unbiased Unbigoted Unbigotted Unroll Unrol Until Untill Y. Vaivode Vales, money Valise Vantbrace Vat, a vessel V audevil Vavasor Veil, cover Vender, or Veneer W aiwode Vails Vallise Vanbrass Fat Vaudeville i Vavasour ^ Valvasor Vail Vendor Fineer Venomous Venemous Verdigris 5 Verdigrise ( Verdigrease Vermilion 5 Vermillion ( Virmilion Vermin V ermine Verst Berst, Werst Vertebre, or V ertebra Vervain Vervane Vial, or Phial Vice, a screw Vise Vicious Vitious Villain, and Villein, Villan Villanous Villainous Villany Villainy Visitatorial Visitorial Visitor Visiter Visor Vitiate Vizier Volcano Vizor Viciatc Vizir, Visier Vulcano w. Wagon, or Waif Waive, to defer Wale Walrus Warranter, and War-whoop Waul Wear, v. Wear, n. Wcasand Welsh Whang Whelk Whippletree Whippoorwill Whiskey Whitleather Whoop Whooping-cough Widgeon Wilful Windlass Wintry Wiry Witch-elm With, n. Withal Wizard Woe Woful Wondrous Woodbine Woodchuck Woollen Wreathe, v. Wreck Wriggle Waggon Waift Wave Weal Walruss Warrantor W ar-hoop Wawl Ware Weir, Wier Wesand, Wezand Welch Wang Welk Whiffletree Whippowill Whisky Whiteleather Hoop Hooping-cough Wigeon Willful Windlace Windlas Wintery Wicry Weech-elm Withe Withall Wizzard, Wisard Wo Woeful Wonderous Woodbind Woodchuk Woolen Wreath Wrack Riggle Y. Yawl Yaul Yearn Yern Yeast Yest Yelk, or Yolk Yerk Yark Yew Eugh Z. Zaffre Zechin ; see Zinc Zymology Zaffir Zaffar Zaffer Sequin Zink Zumology e ENGLISH GRAMMAR In tills Dictionary care has been taken to give all the irregular grammatical forms of words. All the verbs of the language which are often met with, whether regular or irregular, are conjugated; the plural forms of irregular nouns are exhibited ; and occasional obser- vations are made in relation to the grammatical construction and use of words. It is not deemed expedient to give here any general system or outline of grammar ; but the design is merely to furnish, on various topics of practical grammar, some notices and remarks, which could not properly be introduced into the body of the Dictionary and which may facilitate the use of the work. The parts of speech in the English language are commonly reckoned nine, or, if the participle is considered a distinct part of speech, ten ; namely, the Article, Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, and Inteijection. — The parts of speech which are not declinable, viz., the article, adverb, conj miction, preposition, and inteijection are called particles. THE ARTICLE. The article is a word prefixed to nouns to point them out, or to limit their signification. The articles are a, or an, and the ; as, a book, an apple, the man. — For the use of the articles, see A, An, and The, in the Dictionary. THE NOUN. A noun, or substantive, is the name of any thing that exists, or of which we have any idea. Proper nouns are the names of individuals, whether persons or things ; as, Alexander, America, London. Com- mon nouns are the names of genera or classes. English common nouns are the appellatives or substantives of the English language, or are such as are contained in dictionaries of the language. English nouns are mostly formed by affixing to the radical parts of words the terminations an, ance, ant, ar, ard, art, ary, eer, ent, er, ier, ist, ive, or, ster, ate, ee, ite, acy, age, ancy, ence, ency, head, hood, ion, ity, ism, ment, mony, ness, on, ry, ship, t, th, tude, ty, ure, y, dom, cide, cle, el, il, et, in, ine, kin, let, ling, ock, ule. Nouns have three cases, nominative, possessive, and objective; three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter; and two numbers, singular and plural. The plural number is generally formed by adding s to the singular ; as book, books ; dove, doves. But if the singular ends in s, ss, sh, cli soft, or x, the plural is formed by the addition of es ; as, rebus, rebuses ; mass, masses ; lash, lashes ; church, churches ; fox, foxes. If the singular ends in ch hard, the plural is formed by adding s only ; as, monarch, monarchs. If the singular ends in o, preceded by another vowel, the plural is formed by the addition of s ; as, folio, folios ; cameo, cameos ; bamboo, bamboos ; embryo, embryos ; but if the final o is preceded by a consonant, the plural is commonly formed by adding es ; as, cargo, cargoes ; hero, heroes. The following nouns, however, canto, cento, grotto, junto, portico, rotundo, salvo, solo, tyro, and some others derived from foreign languages, and hardly Anglicized, as albino, domino, Ac., commonly have their plural formed by the addition of s only to the singular ; as, canto, cantos. But there are some respecting which usage is not uniform ; as, duodecimo, octavo, quarto, Ac. There is a class of norms, forming the names of various arts and sciences, which have a plural termination in ics, but have no singular termination ; as, ethics, mathematics, mechanics, metaphysics, mne- monics, politics, Ac. All nouns of this class are generally considered by grammarians as properly plural ; though w'e sometimes see them, or some of them, joined to verbs m the singular number by respectable writers. (See Mathematics.) Nouns of the singular number ending in y preceded by a consonant, form their plurals by changing y into ies ; as, lady, ladies ; body, bodies ; but those ending in y preceded by a vowel, form their plurals regularly, by the addition of s only to the singular ; as, valley, val- leys ; attorney, attorneys, &c. These plurals are sometimes errone- ously written vallies, attornies, &c. There is a class of nouns ending in f or fe, viz., beef calf, elf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, wife, wolf, which form their plurals by changing f, or fe, into ves ; as, beeves, calves, Ac. The word wharf, according to the prevailing American usage, is conformed to this class, having for its 'plural wharves; though, according to English usage, the plural is wharfs. — Staff commonly has staves in the plural ; but other nouns ending in ff, and also in /, except those above enumerated, form their plurals regularly, by adding s to the singular; as, muff, muffs; proof, proofs, Ac. There is a considerable number ot words derived from the Greek and Latin languages, which are often used in English, and are more or less Anglicized, and of which the Greek and Latin plurals are sometimes used, and sometimes plurals formed according to the analogy of the English language. Of this class are encomium, mem- orandum, medium, radius, dogma, of which the Latin plurals are encomia, memoranda, media, radii, dogmata ; the English, encomi- ums, memorandums, mediums, radiuses, dogmas. The two plurals are generally given, in this Dictionary, under such Words as admit the use of both. There are some words which have the plural form, but which are used in both the singular and the plural number, or respecting the number of which there is a want of agreement among grammarians. Of this class are alms, bellows, gallows, means, news, and pains. (See these words in the Dictionary.) ( xxxiv ) THE NOUN, THE PRONOUN, THE ADJECTIVE, THE VERB. XXXV Nouns formed by the addition ef ful (from the adjective full) to another word, as mouthful, spoonful, are regarded as indivisible com- pounds, and form their plurals in a regular manner by the addition of s; as, mouthfuls, spoonfuls. But some compound nouns, which have the parts of which they are compounded connected by hyphens, have the plural termination affixed to the first part ; as, aide-de-camp, aides-de-camp ; cousin-german, cousins- german ; court-martial, courts-martial ; father-in-law, fathers-in-law. THE PRONOUN. The different kinds of pronouns are specified in the notice of the word Pronoun, in the Dictionary, where they are also severally enumerated and noticed, tionary.) (See Pronoun, and Mine, in the Dic- THE ADJECTIVE. An adjective is a word added to a noun to express its quality, or limit its meaning ; as, a good man ; a green field ; three ap- ples. A great part of the adjectives of the English language are formed by affixing to the radical parts of words the terminations ac, al, an, ar, ary, en, ic, ical, id, He, ine, ory, ate, ful, ose , ous, some, y, ish, like, ly, ive, able, ible, uble, less. Most adjectives have two variations from the simple or positive form of the word, called degrees of comparison, namely, the com- parative and superlative. In words of one syllable the comparative is commonly formed by adding r or er to the positive ; as, wise, wiser ; soft, softer ; and the superlative, by adding st or est ; as, wise, icisest ; soft, softest. Adjectives of more than one syllable are commonly compared by prefixing more and most to the positive ; as, useful, more useful, most useful. — The termination ish, annexed to the positive, denotes a diminution of the quality ; as, black, blackish. Several adjectives form their degrees of comparison in an irregular manner. These are good, bad, little, many, much, near, late, and old. (See these words in the Dictionary.) THE A verb is a part of speech which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer ; or it is a word by means of which something is affirmed respecting some person or tiling ; as, I am ; you hear ; he is instructed. The person or tiling respecting which any thing is affirmed, is called the subject. A verb in the infinitive mode is not connected with any subject, and no affirmation can be made by it. Verbs are divided into active or transitive, and neuter or intransitive. In this Dictionary, as well as in most other modern English diction- aries, verbs to which v. a. is annexed are active, or transitive, verbs ; and those to which v. n. is annexed are neuter, or intransitive, verbs. An active, or transitive, verb expresses an action passing from an agent or actor to some object acted upon ; and it requires the addition of an object to complete the sense ; as, “ The master teaches the pupil" or “ The master teaches him” Here pupil and him denote objects acted upon, and are in the objective case, governed by the active or transitive verb teach. A neuter, or intransitive, verb expresses being or state of being ; and it does not require the addition of an object to complete the sense; as, “He is;” “The sun shines.” — There is a class of verbs which are generally ranked among neuter verbs, and which denote action confined to the subject, without any object acted upon ; as, “ I run ; ” “ He walks.” These are, by some grammarians, styled active-intransitive verbs, in distinction from active-transitive verbs. A passive verb is formed by associating the perfect participle of an active verb with some tense of the verb to be; and it implies an object acted upon, and an agent, by which it is acted upon ; as, “ Caxsar was slain by Brutus ” A regular verb is one which forms its imperfect tense and perfect VERB. participle by adding d or ed to the present ; as, love, loved ; call, called. An irregular verb is one which does not form its imperfect tense and perfect participle by adding d or ed to the present ; as, present write, imperfect wrote, perfect participle written. All the verbs of the English language, which are often used, w'hether regular or irregular, are carefully conjugated, where they severally occur, in this Dictionary. It is, therefore, not deemed necessary to insert here a table of irregular verbs. Auxiliary verbs, called also helping verbs, are those by means of which English verbs are principally conjugated. They are do, be, have, must, may, can, shall, will, with their inflections. Might, could, should, and would, which are regarded as the imperfect ox- past tenses of may, can, shall, and will, commonly imply past time ; yet they are sometimes used in the conditional present and future tenses. Many vei’bs are formed by affixing, to the radical parts of words, ate, en,fy, ish, ise, ize. THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS. The conjugation of a verb is the regular combination and an-ange- ment of its several numbers, persons, moods, and tenses. Grammarians differ much with respect to the number of voices, moods, and tenses in the English language. According to some grammarians there is but one voice, the active, two moods, the in- dicative and the infinitive, and two tenses, the present and past or preterite ; according to others, there are tw-o voices, the active and passive, four moods, and six tenses; as in the following conjugations. XXXVI ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The auxiliary and the active verb To Have is conjugated in the following manner : — TO HAVE. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1st Person, I have. 1. We have. 2d Person, Thou hast. 2. Ye or you have. 3d Person, He, she, or it, hath 3. They have. or has. IMPERFECT TENSE Singular. 1. I had. 2. Thou hadst. 3. He, &c. had. Plural. 1. We had. 2. Ye or you had. 3. They had. p E Singular. 1. I have had. 2. Thou hast had. 3. He has had. FECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We have had. 2. Ye or you have had. 3. They have had. PE u PE R Singular. 1. I had had. 2. Thou hadst had. 3. He had had. FIRST FI Singular. 1. I shall or will have. 2. Thou shalt or wilt have. 3. He shall or will have. •ECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We had had. 2. Ye or you had had. 3. They had had. HIKE TENSE. Plural. 1. AVe shall or will have. 2. Ye or you shall or will have. 3. They shall or will have. SECOND Singular. 1. I shall have had. 2. Thou wilt have had. 3. He will have had. FUTURE TENSE. Plural. 1. We shall have had. 2. Ye or you will have had. 3. They will have had. IMPEKFEC; Singular. 1. 1 might, could, would, or should have. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have. 3. He might, could, would, or should have. PERFECT Singular. 1. I may or can have had. 2. Thou mayst or canst have had. 3. He may or can have had. PLUPERFEC Singular. 1. I might, could, would, or should have had. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have had. 3. He might, could, would, or should have had. P T E N 3 E . Plural. 1. AYe might, could, would, or should have. 2. Ye or you might, could, would, or should have. 3. They might, could, would, or should have. TENSE. Plural. 1. AVe may or can have had. 2. Ye or you may or can have had. 3. They may or can have had. T TENSE. Plural. 1. AVe might, could, would, or should have had. 2. Ye or you might, could, would, or should have had. 3. They might, could, would, or should have had. Subjunctive Mood . PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. If I have. 1. If we have. 2. If thou have. 2. If ye or you have. 3. If he have. 3. If they have. It is very common to vary the terminations of verbs in the subjunc- tive mood in the same manner as in the indicative ; as, “ If thou hast, if lie has,” instead of “If thou have, if he have.” — “If thou lovest, if he loves ; ” instead of “ If thou love, if he love.” So also, “ If I am, if thou art, if he is ; if we are,” &c., “If I was, if thou toast, if he was ; ” instead of “ If I be,” &c. The remaining tenses of the subjunctive mood are, in general, similar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mood. Infinitive Mood. Imperative Mood. Present, To have. Perfect, To have had. Singular. 1. Let me have. 2. Have thou, or do thou have. 3. Let him have. Plural. 1. Let us have. 2. Have ye, or do ye or you have. 3. Let them have. Participles. Present or Active, Having. Perfect or Passive, Had. Compound Perfect, Having had. Potential Mood. Mayst and mightst were formerly, and they are still by some, written mayest and mightest. The second persons singular couldst, shouldst, and wouldst, were formerly written couldest, shoiddest, and wouldest. Though might, could, shoidd, and would are preterite and past tenses, they are frequently employed to denote the present time. Their use to denote both past and present time may be illustrated as follows : — He should have done this yesterday ; and he might or he could have done it, if he would. — He should do it, and he might or he could do it to-day, if he would. May, though of the present tense, is also sometimes used to denote the future; as, He may come, and probably will come, to-morrow. PRESENT TENSE. The auxiliary and the neuter verb To Be is conjugated as follows: — TO BE. Indicative Mood. Singular. 1. I am. 2. Thou art. 3. He, she, or it is. PRESENT TENSE. Plural. 1. AVe are. 2. Ye or you are. 3. They are. Singular. 1. I was. 2. Thou wast. 3. He was. IMPERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We were. 2. Ye or you were. 3. They were. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. 1. I may or can have. 2. Thou mayst or canst have. 3. He may or can have. Plural. 1. We may or can have. 2. Ye or you may or can have. 3. They may or can have. Singular. 1. I have been. 2. Thou hast been. 3. He hath or has been. Plural. 1. AVe have been. 2. Ye or you have been. 3. They have been. CONJUGATION OF VERBS. xxxvn PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. I had been. Thou hadst been. He had been. Plural. 1. We had been. 2. Ye or you had been. 3. They had been. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall or will be. Thou shalt or wilt be. He shall or will be. Plural. 1. We shall or will be. 2. Ye or you shall or will be. 3. They shall or will be. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall have been. Thou wilt have been. He will have been. Plural. 1. We shall have been. 2. Ye or you will have been. 3. They will have been. Imperative Mood. Singular. Let me be. Be thou, or do thou be. Let him be. Plural. 1. Let us be. 2. Be ye or you, or do ye or you be. 3. Let them be. Potential Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I may or can be. Thou mayst or canst be. He may or can be. Plural. 1. We may or can be. 2. Ye or you may or can be. 3. They may or can be. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. I might, could, would, or should 1. We might, could, would, or be. should be. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, would, or or shouldst be. should be. He might, could, would, or 3. They might, could, would, or should be. should be. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. ' Plural. I may or can have been. 1. We may or can have been. Thou mayst or canst have been. 2. Ye or you may or can have been. He may or can have been. 3. They may or can have been. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. I might, could, would, or should 1. We might, could, would, or should have been. have been. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, would, or or shouldst have been. should have been. He might, could, would, or should 3. They might, could, would, or have been. should have been. Subjunctive Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. 1. If I be. 2. If thou be. 3. If he be. Singular. 1. If I were. 2. If thou wert. 3. If he were. Plural. 1. If we be. 2. If ye or you be. 3. If they be. IMPERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. If we were. 2. If ye or you were. 3. If they were. The remaining tenses of this mood are, in general, similar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mood. Infinitive Mood. Present, To be. Perfect, To have been. Participles. Present, Being. Perfect, Been. Compound Perfect, Having been. CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS. ACTIVE. A regular active verb is conjugated in the following manner : • TO LOVE. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. I love. Thou lovest. He, she, or it loves or loveth. Plural. 1. We love. 2. Ye or you love. 3. They love. Singular. I loved. Thou lovedst. He loved. Singular. I have loved. Thou hast loved. He hath or has loved. IMPERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We loved. 2. Ye or you loved. 3. They loved. PERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We have loved. 2. Ye or you have loved. 3. They have loved. Singular. I had loved. Thou hadst loved. He had loved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We had loved. 2. Ye or you had loved. 3. They had loved. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural. I shall or will love. 1. We shall or will love. Thou shalt or wilt love. 2. Ye or you shall or will love. He shall or will love. 3. They shall or will love. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Singular. I shall have loved. Thou wilt have loved. He will have loved. Plural. 1. We shall have loved. 2. Ye or you will have loved. 3. They will have loved. Imperative Mood. Singular. Let me love. Love thou, or do thou love. Let him love. Plural. 1. Let us love. 2. Love ye or you, or do ye love. 3. Let them love. Potential Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I may or can love. 1. We may or can love. 2. Thou mayst or canst love. 2. Ye or you may or can love. 3. He may or can love. 3, They may or can love. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I might, could, would, or should 1. We might, could, would, or love. should love. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, would, or shouldst love. or should love. 3. He might, could, would, or should 3. They might, could, would, or ■ love. should love. ENGLISH GRAMMAR. / XXXV111 PERFECT TE NSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I may or can have loved. 1. AVe may or can have loved. 2. Thou mayst or canst have loved. 2. Ye or you may or can have loved. 3. He may or can have loved. 3. They may or can have loved. PI. UPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I might, could, would, or should 1. We might, could, would, or should have loved. have loved. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, would, or or shouldst have loved. should have loved. 3. He might, could, would, or should 3. They might, could, would, or have loved. should have loved. Subjunctive Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. 1. If I love. 2. If thou love. 3. If he love. Plural. 1. If we love. 2. If ye or you love. 3. If they love. The remaining tenses of this mood are, in general, similar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mood. Injinitive Mood. Present, To love. Perfect, To have loved. Participles. Present, Loving. Perfect, Loved. Compound Perfect, Having loved. PASSIVE. Verbs passive are called regular when they form their perfect participle by the addition of d or ed to the verb, ; as, from the verb to love is formed the passive, I am loved, I was loved, I shall be loved, &c. A passive verb is conjugated by adding the perfect participle to the auxiliary verb to be, through all its changes of number, person, mood, and tense, in the following manner : — TO BE LOVED. Indicative Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. 1. I am loved. 2. Thou art loved. 3. He is loved. Singular. 1. I was loved. 2. Thou wast loved. 3. He was loved. Plural. 1. We are loved. 2. Ye or you are loved. 3. They are loved. IMPERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. We were loved. 2. Ye or you were loved. 3. They were loved. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. 1. I have been loved. 2. Thou hast been loved. 3. He has or hath been loved. Plural. 1. AVe have been loved. 2. Ye or you have been loved. 3. They have been loved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. 1. I had been loved. 2. Thou hadst been loved. 3. He had been loved. Plural. 1. We had been loved. 2. Ye or you had been loved. 3 They had been loved. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I shall or will be loved. 1. We shall or will be loved. 2. Thou shalt or wilt be loved. 2. Ye or you shall or will be loved. 3. He shall or will be loved. 3. They shall or will be loved. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I shall have been loved. 1. AVe shall have been loved. 2. Thou wilt have been loved. 2. Ye or you will have been loved. 3. He will have been loved. 3. They will have been loved. Imperative Mood. Singular. Plural. 1. Let me be loved. 1. Let us be loved. 2. Be thou loved, or do thou be 2. Be ye or you loved, or do ye be loved. loved. 3. Let him be loved. 3. Let them be loved. Potential Mood. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I may or can be loved. 1. AVe may or can be loved. 2. Thou mayst or canst be loved. 2. Ye or you may or can be loved. 3. He may or can be loved. 3. They may or can be loved. IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I might, could, would, or should 1. AVe might, could, would, or should be loved. be loved. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, would, or shouldst be loved. or should be loved. 3. He might, could, would, or should 3. They might, could, would, or be loved. should be loved. PERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I may or can have been loved. 1. AVe may or can have been loved. 2. Thou mayst or canst have been 2. Ye or you may or can have been loved. loved. 3. He may or can have been loved. 3. They may or can have been loved. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. I might, could, would, or should 1. AVe might, could, would, or should have been loved. have been loved. 2. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, would, or or shouldst have been loved. should have been loved. 3. He might, could, would, or should 3. They might, could, would, or have been loved. . should have been loved. Subjunctive Mood. PRE SENT TENSE. Singular. 1. If I be loved. 2. If thou be loved. 3. If he be loved. Plural. 1. If we be loved. 2. If ye or you be loved. 3. If they be loved. IMPERFECT TENSE. Plural. 1. If we were loved. 2. If ye or you were loved. 3. If they were loved. Singular. 1. If I were loved. 2. If thou wert loved. 3. If he were loved. The remaining tenses of this mood are, in general, similar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mood. Injinitive Mood. Present, To be loved. Perfect, To have been loved. Participles. Present, Being loved. Perfect, Been loved. Compound Perfect, Having been loved. THE PARTICIPLE.— THE INTERJECTION. xxxix THE PARTICIPLE. The 'participle is, by some grammarians, considered as a distinct part of speech, and by others it is regarded only as a form of the verb. It is derived from the verb, and partakes of the signification and properties of the verb. It is an adjective form of the verb, and, like an adjective, belongs to a noun ; and it signifies doing, being, or suffering, without affirming any thing. It becomes a noun by pre- fixing to it the definite article the. — There are three participles : the present, ending in ing, as moving ; the perfect, past, or passive, ending (if the verb is regular) in ed, as moved ; and the compound perfect, as having moved. The participle in ing, though properly and generally active, is some- times used in a passive sense ; as, “ Forty and six years was this temple in building.” Johnu. 20. — “While the ark was a preparing. 1 Peter iii. 20. — “ The nation had cried out loudly against the crime while it was committing.” Bolingbroke. — “ My Lives are reprinting.” Johnson. — Dr. Johnson, in the Grammar prefixed to his Dictionary, remarks, with respect to this use of the present participle, “ There is a manner of using the active participle which gives it a passive signifi- cation ; as, ‘ The Grammar is now printing ; ’ ‘ The brass is forging.' This, in my opinion, is a vicious expression, probably corrupted from a phrase more pure, but now somewhat obsolete : ‘ The book is a printing ; ’ ‘ The brass is a forging ; ’ a being properly at, and printing and forging verbal nouns, signifying action, according to the analogy of this language.” Although Johnson thus censured this use of the participle in ing, yet he afterwards made use of it himself in the instance above cited. Within a few years, as a substitute for both of the above forms, a neologism has been introduced, by which the present passii > - arli- ciple is substituted, in such cases as the above, for the participle in ing ; and in the above examples, instead of “ in building,” “ a pre- paring,” “ ivas committing,” and “ are reprinting,” the modern- innovators would say, “ in being built,” “ being prepared,” “ was being committed,” “ are being reprinted.” This new form has been used by some respectable writers, as in the following instances : “For those who are being educated in our seminaries.” 11. Southey. — “It was being uttered.” Coleridge. — “The foundation was being laid.” Brit. Critic. — The Eclectic Review remarks, “That a need of this phrase, or an equivalent one, is felt, is sufficiently proved by the extent to which it is used by educated persons and respectable writers.” This phrase, styled by Abp. Whately “ uncouth English,” has been censured by various grammarians and critics. — “ It [zervppivog] signifies properly, though in uncouth English, one who is being beaten.” Abp. Whately. — “ The bridge is being built, and other phrases of the like kind, have pained the eye.” D. Booth. — “The phrase ‘ is being built,’ and others of similar kind, have been, for a few years back, insinuating themselves into our language ; still they are not English.” M. Harrison’s Rise, Progress, and Present Structure of the English Language. — “ ‘ The house is being built.’ — This mode of expression is becoming quite common. It is liable, however, to several important objections. It appears formal and pedantic. — It has not, so far as I know, the support of any respecta- ble grammarian. — The easy and natural expression is, ‘The house is building.’” Prof. J. W. Gibbs. THE ADVERB. An adverb is a word added to a verb, an adjective, and sometimes to another adverb, to express some quality or circumstance respecting it ; as, “ He writes well “A truly excellent scholar j ” “ He speaks very correctly.” A great many adverbs are formed from adjectives by the addition of ly, or by changing e to y ; as, wise, wisely ; noble, nobly. THE CONJUNCTION. The conjunction is a part of speech, or a particle, which connects words and sentences together; consisting principally of two sorts, copulative and disjunctive; but there are other divisions given by many grammarians, as adversative, causal, illative, See. THE INTERJECTION. An interjection is a word used to express some affection or emotion of the mind. xl ENGLISH GRAMMAR. THE PREPOSITION. Prepositions show the relations between words, and are generally plac' I before nouns and pronouns in the objective case. There are many nouns, adjectives, verbs, and participles, which are followed by their appropriate prepositions ; and there are instances in which it is a matter of some difficulty to determine what preposition is most suitable to be used. A LIST OF WORDS WITH THE PROPER PREPOSITION ANNEXED. A. Abandoned to. Abate of. Abhorrence of. Abhorrent to, from. Abide in, at, with, by. Abominable to. Abound in, with. Abridge of from. Absent from. Abstain from. Abstinen ce from. Abut on, upon. Accede to. Acceptable to. Access to. Accessory to. Accommodate to, with. Accompanied by, with. Accord, v. n. with ; v. a. to. Accordance with. According to. Account of for, to. Accountable to a person \for a thing. Accuse of, by. Acquaint with. Acquaintance with. Acquiesce in. Acquit of. Adapted to. Add to. Address to. Adequate to. Adhere to. Adjacent to. Adjourn to, at, for. Adjudge to. Adjust to. Admonish of by, against. Admission (access) to ; (en- trance) into. Admit of. Advantage over, of. Advise of, to. Advocate for. Affection for. Affinity to, with, between. Agree with a person ; to things proposed ; upon things or conditions. Agreeable to. Aim at. Alienate from. Allude to. Alteration in. Ambitious of, to. Amenable to. Analogous to. Analogy to, between. Angry with a person ; at a thing. Annex to. Animadvert on, upon. Answer for, to. Antecedent to. Antipathy to, against. Anxious about. Apologize for. Apology for. Appeal to. Appertain to. Applicable to. Apply to. Apprehensive of Appropriate to. Approve of. Argue with, against. Array with, in. Arrive at. Ask of a person ; for or after a person or thing. Aspire to. Assent to. Assimilate to. Associate with. Assure of. Astonished at. Aton o for. Attached to. Attain to. Attend to. Attentive to. Averse to, from. Aversion to, from. B. Ballot for. Banish, from. Bare of. Bargain for. Bear up, upon, with . Beguile of. Believe in, on. Belong to. Bereave of. Bestow on, upon. Betray to a person; into a thing. Betroth to. Bigoted to. Bind to, in, up, upon. Blame for. Blush at. Boast of. Border on, upon. Brag of. c. Call on, upon, at, for ; — on a person ; at a house. Capable of. Cure for, to. Careful of, for. Careless of, about. Carp at. Catch at, up. Caution againit. j Certify of Change for, with. Charge on or against a per- son ; with a thing. Clear of. Coalesce with. Coincide with. Commune with. Commit to. Communicate to, with. Compare to, in respect to quality ; with, by way of illustration. Compelled to. Compliance with. Comply with. Composed of. Concede to. Conceive of. Concerned at, for. Concur with, in, on, to. Condemn to. Condescend to. Conduce to. Confer on, upon. Confide in. Conform to. Conformable to. Conformity to. Congenial to, with. Congratulate on, upon. Connect with. Conscious of. Consecrate to. Consent to. Consign to. Consist of, in, with. Consistent with. Consonant to. Consult with. Contend with, against. Contest with. Contiguous to. Contrast with. Contrary to. Conversant in, with, about. Convert to, into. Convict of Convince of. Copy from, after. Correspond to, with. Correspondence to, with. Correspondent to. Covenant with, for. Cure of. D. Dash against, upon. Deal in, by, with. Debar of, from. Decide on, upon. Defend against, from. Deficiency of. Deficient in. Defraud of Demand of. Denounce against a person ; on a thing. Depend on, upon. Dependent on, upon. Deprive of. DerogateyVom. Derogation from, to. Derogatory to. DescendedyVom. Deserving of. Desirous of Desist from. Despair of. Despoil of. Destined to. Destitute of. Detach from. Detract from. Deviate from. Devolve on, upon. Devote to. Dictate to. Die of a disease ; by the sword or famine ; for another. Differ with a person in opin- ion ; from a person or thing in some quality. Different from. Difficulty' in. Diminish from. Diminution of Disabledybom. Disagree with, to. Disagreeable to. Disappointed of a thing not obtained; in a thing ob- tained. Disapprove of. Discourage from. Discouragement to. ])isengaged,/)'o»t. Disgusted at, with. Dislike to. Dismission from. Disparagement to. Dispense with. Dispose of, to, for. Dispossess of. Dispute with. Disqualify for, from. Dissatisfied with. Dissent from. Distinct from. Distinguish from, between. Distrustful of. Divested of. Divide betiveen two ; among many. Dote on. Doubt of, about. Dwell in, at, on. Eager in, for, after. Embark in, for. Embellished icitli. Emerge from. Employ in, on, upon, about. Emulous of. Enamoured of. Encounter with. Encouragement to. Encroach on, upon. Endeared to. Endeavor after. Endowed with. Endued with. Engage in, with, for. | Enjoin on, upon. ' Enter on, upon, into. Entrance on, upon, into. Envious of, at. Equal to, loith. Equivalent to. Espouse to. Estimated at. Estranged from. I Exception from, to, against. j Excluded from. Exclusive of. Expelled/rom. Expert in, at. Exposed to. Expressive of. F. Fall under, on, upon, from. Familiar to, with. Fawn on, upon. Fearful of. Feed on, upon. Fight with, against, for . Filled with. Fond of. Fondness ybr. Foreign to, from. Founded on or upon a basis ; in truth. Free from. Friendly to. Frightened at. Frown at, upon. Fruitful in, of. Full of. Furnished with. G. Give to. Glad of, at. Glance at, upon. Glow with. Grapple with. Grateful to a person ; for a favor. Greedy of, after. Grieve at, for. Guard against. Guilty of. II. Hanker after. Happen to, on. Healed of. Hinder from. Hiss at. Hold in, of, on. I. Ignorant of. Immersion in. Impatient at, for, of. Impenetrable by, to. Impervious to. Impose on, upon. Inaccessible to. Incapable of. Incentive to. Incorporate into, with. Inconsistent with. Inculcate on, upon. Independent of, on. Indifferent to. Indulge with, in. Indulgent to. Influence over, with, on. Inform of, about, concerning. Initiate into, in. Initiation into. Inquire of, after, for, about. Inroad into. Insensible to, of. Inseparable from. Insinuate into. Insist on, upon. Inspection into, over. Instruct in. Insult over. Intent on, upon. Interfere with. Intermeddle with. Intervene between. Intimate with. Introduce into, in. Intrude on, upon, into. Inured to. THE PREPOSITION. xli Invested with. Irritated against or by a per- son ; at or by a thing. J. Jealous of. Jeer at. Join ivith, to. K. Knock at, on. Known to. L. Laden with. Land at. Laugh at. Lean on, upon , against. Level with. Liberal to, of. Liken to. Live in, at, with, on, upon. Loaded with. Long for, after. Lord over. M. Made of. Marry to, with. Meddle with. Mediate between. Meditate on, upon. Meet, v., with. Militate against. Mingle with. Minister to. Mistrustful of. Mix with. N. Necessary to, for. Need of. Neglectful of. Negotiate with. 0 . Obedient to. Object to, against. Observant of. Observation of. Obtrude on, upon. Obvious to. Offend against. Offensive to. Offer to. Operate on. Opposite to. Overwhelmed with, by. P. Parcel out. Parley ivith. Part from, with. Partake of. Partial to. Partiality to, for. Participate in, of. Patient with, of, under. P ay for. Peculiar to. Penetrate into. Persevere in. Pertain to. Pitch upon, on. Play on, upon, with. Pleasant to. Pleased with. Plunge into. Possessed of. Pounce on, upon. Pour on, upon, into. Tray for, with. Predisposed to. Prefer to, before, above. Preferable to. Preference to, over, above, before. Prefix fo. Prejudice against. Prejudicial to. Prepare for. Preserve from. Preside over. Press on, upon. Presume on, upon. Pretend to. f Prevail on, upon, with (to persuade), over, against (to overcome). Prevent from. Previous to. Prey on, upon. Prior to. Productive of. Profit by. Profitable to. Prone to. Pronoun c er against a person ; on a thing. Propose to. Protect others from, our- selves against. Protest against. Proud of. Provide with, for, against. Purge of, from. Pursuance of. Pursuant to. Q. Quarrel with. Quarter on, upon. Questioned on, upon, by. R. Rail at. Reckon on, upon, with. Recline on, upon. Reconcile to, with. Recover from. Reduce to, under. Refer to. Reflect on, upon. Refrain from. Regard for, to. Rejoice at, in. Relate to. Release from. Relieve from. Relish for, of. Rely on, upon. Remain in, at. Remark on, upon. Remit to. Remonstrate with a person ; against a thing. Remove from. Repent of. Repine at. Replete with. Repose on, upon. Repugnant to. Rescue from. Resemblance to, .between. Resolve on, upon. Rest in, at, on, upon. Restore to. Restrain from, of. Retire from, to. Return to. Rich in. Rid of. Rob of. Rove about, over. Rub against. Rule over. Rush against, on, upon. s. Sated with. Satiate with. Saturate with. Save from. Seek for, after, to. Seize on, upon. Send to, for. Sensible of. Sick of. Significant of. Similar to. Sink into, in, beneath. Sit on, upon, in. Skilful in, at. Smile at, on, upon. Snap at. Snatch at. Sneer at. Solicitous about, for. Sorry for. Stay in, at, with. Stick to, by. Strip of. Strive with, against, for. Subject to. Submissive to. Submit to. Substitute for. Subtract from. Suitable to, for. Surprised at. Suspected of, by. Swerve from. Sympathize with. ' T. * Taste of a thing possessed ; for a thing desired or rel- ished. Tax with, for. Tend to, towards. Thankful for. Think on, upon, of, about. Thirst after, for. Touch at, on, upon. Transmit to. Triumph over. Troublesome to. True to. Trust in, to. u. Unison with. Unite with, to. Useful for, to. V. Value on, upon. Versed in. Vest in a person, with a thing. V oid of. w. Wait on, upon, for, at. Want of. Weary of. Weep at, for. Witness of. Worthy of. Y. Yearn towards, for. Yield to. Yoke with. z. Zealous for. ORIGIN, FORMATION, AND ETYMOLOGY O F THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. In the formation of the English language, most of the languages here enumerated have contributed more or less ; yet the English has been formed mainly from the Anglo-Saxon ; and the contributions to it next in importance to those from the Anglo-Saxon are derived from the Latin, through the Norman French. The family of Indo-Germanic or Indo-European languages may be considered as comprising six branches, two belonging to Asia, and four to Europe. 1. The Indian branch, comprising the Sanscrit and its derivative dialects. 2. The Medo-Persic, or Arian branch, at the head of which stands the Zend, or Old Persian. 3. The Graeco-Latin branch, comprising the Greek, Modem Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Norman French, and French. 4. The Teutonic branch, with the Gothic at its head, comprising the different Germanic dialects, the Anglo-Saxon, English, Friesic, Flemish or Belgic, Dutch, German ; — the Scandinavian dialects, Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. 5. The Slavonic or Slavic, comprising the Lithuanian, Russian, Polish, &c. 6. The Celtic, comprising the Welsh, Cornish, Armorican, Gaelic or Highland Scotch, Dish or Erse, and the Manks. The translation of the four Gospels (the Codex Argenteus ) by Ulphilas into the Gothic or Moeso-Gothic language, about A. D. 360, is regarded as the earliest specimen now in existence of any Teutonic, German, or Gothic dialect, and it preceded any known Anglo-Saxon MS. by about four hundred or five hundred years. THE LORD’S PRAYER IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES. The version of the Lord’s Prayer [Matt, vi.] is here exhibited in all the languages which have contributed, in any considerable degree, to the formation of the English language. GREEK. From the text of Tischendorf, seventh edition, Leipsic, 1859, 8vo. TIuTf o r ( .ufalr 6 in roig oiiounoZg, (xyiaaOrgo) to bro.uu aov iWhibt r] Buaikela aov yevydi\Tb) to Gifojgb aov &g In ovgard > y.al ini yyc; t6v uqtov t bn imovaion dog ygZv ay/UEQov v.ul dqtsg iyuZv id dcpe ikr^guiu fyuwn, big xul ii/UEig dcyryxagev TOlg bcpedltaig few- xal lUrj elaeniyxrjg f[urig elg neiqaagbn , dlld qvaui ij/rug (mb tov nonr/Qov. The following is added in the “ Textus Receptus ” : bit aov iaun ^ fiaadela xul ^ dvnagig xul y db^a elg Tobg alibnug. ‘ Agi\n. MODERN GREEK, OR ROMAIC. From the version of Maximus Kalliupolites, as published in Lon- don, 1824, 12mo. (First printed in 1638.) ’SI nuiiqu gag onov elaai elg t oiig obqanovg- tig uyiaadr^ to ovogd aov. "Ac eldr) f) ftaodela aov tig yinr/ to 6eh]gd aov, xuOoig elg tov obQunon, et'Ci xul elg t^v y^n. To i yogi gag to xudygeginon dbg gag to ar^geqon. Kul avy/UQ/jai gag tu xqiy gag, xudwg xul igeZg avyxwqovgen t ovg %QEb)q>eil.iTag gag. Kul gryn gag cpiqrfi elg neiQaagbn • Celia ilevdigwoi gag (mo t on nonyqon- bn idixrj aov elnai y fiaadela, xal i j bvnagig xal y do£a eig TOvg alibnug. ’ Agr\n. LATIN. From the version made by St. Jerome in the latter part of the fourth century, — the “Vulgate,” — as edited by Tischendorf in his “ Novum Testamentum Triglottum,” Leipsic, 1854. Pater noster qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum, adveniat regnum tuum, fiat voluntas tua sicut in caelo et in terra, panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris, et ne inducas nos hi temptationem, sed libera nos a malo. ITALIAN. From the version of Giovanni Diodati, original edition, Geneva, 1607, 4to. Padre nostro, che sei ne’ cieli, sia santificato il tuo nome. II tuo regno venga, la tua volonta sia fatta, sicome in cielo, cosi anche in terra. Dacci hoggi il nostro pane- cotidiano. E rimettici i nostri debiti, sicome noi anchora gli rimettiamo a’ nostri debitor:. E non indurci in teritatione, ma liberaci dal Maligno : percioche tuo e il regno, e la potenza, e la gloria, in sempitemo. Amen. (xlii) ORIGIN, FORMATION, AND ETYMOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. xliii SPANISH. From the version of the Bible by Father Phelipe Scio de San Miguel, original edition, Valencia, 1790-1793, 10 vols. folio. Padre nuestro, que estas en los Cielos : santificado sea el tu nombre. Venga el tu Reyno : hasrase tu voluntad, como en el Cielo asi tambien en la tierra. Danos hoy nuestro pan sobresubstancial. Y perdonanos nuestras deudas, asi como nosotros perdonamos a nuestros deudores. Y no nos dexes caer en la tentacion : mas libranos de mal. Amen. PORTUGUESE. From the translation of Antonio Pereira de Figueiredo, 1781— 1783, as published by the British and Foreign Bible Society, London, 1855, 8vo. Padre nosso que estas nos Ceos : santificado seja o teu nome Venha a nos o teu Reino. Seja feita a tua vontade, assim na terra, como no Ceo. 0 pao nosso, que he sobre toda a substancia, nos da hoje. E perdoa-nos as nossas dividas, assim como nos tambem perdoa- mos aos nossos devedores : E nao nos deixes cahir em tentaqao. Mas livra nos do mal. Amen. FRENCH. From the Geneva version of 1588, as revised by David Martin, original edition, Amsterdam, 1707, fol. Notre Pere qui es aux cieux, ton Nom soit sanctifie. Ton Regne vienne. Ta volonte soit faite en la terre comine au ciel. Donne nous aujourd’hui notre pain quotidien. Et nous quitte nos dettes, comme nous quittons aussi les dettes a nos debiteurs. Et ne nous indui point en tentation, mais delivre nous du Malin. Car a toi est le regne, & la puissance, & la gloire a jamais. Amen. OLD FRENCH. (Twelfth century.) As given by Adelung, Mithridates, II. 590, 591. Sire Pere, qui es es Ciaux, Sanctifier soit li tuens Nons ; Avigne li tuens Regnes ; Soit faite ta Volante, si comme ele est faite el Ciel, si soit ele faite en Terre ; Nostre Pam de chascun Jor nos done hui; Et pardone nos nos Meffais, si come nos pardonnons a cos qui meffait nos ont ; Sire ne soffre, que nos soions temptd par mauvesse Temptacion ; Mes Sir delivre nos dc Mal. WELSH. From the edition of the Welsh Bible published by the British and Foreign Bible Society, London, 1837, 8vo. ; being essentially Bishop Parry’s version, first printed in 1620. Ein Tad, yr hwn wyt yn y nefoedd, sancteiddier dy Enw. Deled dy deyrnas. Gwneler dy ewyllys, megis yn y nef, felly ar y ddaear hefyd. Dyro i ni heddyw ein bara beunyddiol. A maddeu i ni ein dyledion, fel y maddcuwn ninnau i’n dyledwyr. Ac nac anvain ni i brofedigaeth ; eithr gwared ni rhag drwg. Canys eiddot ti yw y deymas, a’r nerth, a’r gogoniant, yn oes oesoedd. Amen. GAELIC. From the version of the New Testament by the Rev. James Stuart, as published by the Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge, Edinburgh, 1813, 12mo. (First printed in 1767.) Ar n-Athair a ta air neamh, Gu naomhaichear t’ainm. Thigeadh do rioghachd. Deanar do thoil air an talamh, mar a nithear air neamh. Tabhair dhuinn an diugh ar n-aran laitheil. Agus maith dhuinn ar fiacha, amhuil mar a mhaitheas sinne d’ar luchd-fiach. Agus na leig am buaireadh sinn, ach saor sinn o ole : Oh is leatsa an rioghachd, agus an cumhqchd, agus a’ ghloir, gu siorruidh. Amen. IRISH. From the version of Uilliam O. Domhnuill, or William Daniel, as published by the British and Foreign Bible Society, London, 1817, 8 vo. (First printed in 1602.) Ar Nathan- ata ar neamh, Naomhthar hainm. Tigheadh do rioghachd. Deuntar do thoil ar an thalamh, mar do nithear ar neamh. Ar naran laethamhail tabhair dhuinn a niu. Agus maith dhuinn ar bhfiacha, mar mhaithnn'dne dar bhfei- thcamhnuibh fein. Agus na leig sinn a ccathughadh, aclid saor inn o ole : Oir is leachd fein an rioghachd, agus an chiimhachd, agus an ghloir, go siorruighe. Amen. GOTHIC. (Fourth century.) % From the edition of Ulfilas by Gabelentz and Loebe, Leipsic, 1836-1846, 4to. Atta unsar thu in himinam. Veihnai liamo thein. Qimai thiudinassus theins. Vairthai vilja theins sve in himina jail ana airthai. Hlaif unsarana thana sinteinan gif uns himma daga. Jah aflet uns thatei skulans sijaima svasve jah veis afletam thaim skulam unsaraim, Jah ni briggais uns in fraistubnjai. Ak lausei uns af thamma ubihn. Unte theina ist thiudangardi jah mahts jah vulthus in aivins. Amen. xliv ORIGIN, FORMATION, AND ETYMOLOGY ICELANDIC. From the Icelandic Bible printed at Copenhagen in 1813, after the edition of 1747, for the British and Foreign Bible Society. Fader vor thu sern ert a himnum, helgest tliitt nafn. Tilkome thitt rike. Verde thinn -vile so a jdrdu sem a himne. Gef thu oss i dag vort daglegt braud. Og fyrergef oss vorar skullder, so sem ver fyrergefum vorum skulldunautum. Og mnleid oss eige i freistne, helldur frelsa thu oss fra illu. Thviad thitt er riked, og mattur og dyrd um allder allda. Amen. DANISH. From the Danish Bible published by the British and Foreign Bible Society, London, 1855, 8vo. Vor Fader, du som er i Himlene! Helliget vorde dit Nava ; Komme dit Rige ; Skee din Villie, som i Himmelen, saa og paa Jorden ; Giv os i Dag vort daglige Br^d; Og forlad os vor Skyld, saa som vi forlade vore Skyldnere ; Og leed os ikke ind i Fristelse, men frie os fra det Onde ; Tlii dit er Riget, og Kraften, og Herligheden i Evighed, Amen. SAVEDISH. From the Swedish Bible printed in Stockholm, 1850, 8vo., for the British and Foreign Bible Society. Fader var, som list i himlom, helgadt varde ditt Namn. Tilkomme ditt rike : Ske din vilje, sasorn i himmelen, sa ock pa jordene. Gif oss i dag vart daghga brod : Och forlat oss vara skulder, sasom ock vi forlate dem oss skyl- dige aro. Och inled oss icke i frestelse ; utan frals oss ifran ondo. * Ty riket'ar ditt, och magten, och hiirligheten, i evighet: Amen. FRIESIC. # From Bon. Vulcanius “ De Literis et Lingua Getarum,” Leiden, 1597, p. 98. Ws haita dw derstu biste yne hymil, Dyn name wird heiligt. Dyn ryk to komme. Dyn wille moet schoen, opt yrtryck as yne hymil. Ws deilix broe jow ws jwed. In veriou ws ws schylden, as wy vejae ws schyldnirs. In lied ws naet in versieking, din fry ws vin it qweed. Din dyn is it ryck, de macht, in de heerliekheyt yn yewicheyt. So moet et wese. FLEMISH. From the edition of, the New Testament printed at Brussels in 1838, as given by Auer in his “ Vater Unser,” 2 e Abtheilung, Vienna, 1847. Onzen Vader, die in den hemel zyt : Geheyligt zy uwen naem. Dat uw ryk aenkome. Dat uwen wil geschiede, op der aerde als in den hemel. Geeft ons heden ons dagelyks broodt. En vergeeft ons onze schulden, gelyk wy vergeven aen onze schuldenaeren. Ende en leydt ons niet in bekoringe : Maer verlost ons van den quaeden. Amen. DUTCH. From the version made by authority of the Synod of Dort, (first printed in 1637,) as published by the British and Foreign Bible Society, London, 1856, 8vo. Onze Vader, die in de hemelen zijt! uw naam worde geheiligd. Uw Ivoningrijk kome. Uw wil geschiede, gelijk in den hemel, alzoo ook op de aarde. Geef ons heden ons dagelijksch brood. En vergeef ons onze schulden, gelijk ook wij vergeven onzen schuldenaren. En leid ons niet in verzoeking, maar verlos ons van den boozen. AVant uw is het koningrijk, en de kracht, en de heerlijkheid, in de eeuwigheid, Amen. GERMAN. From Luther’s version, as edited by Tischendorf in his “ Novum Testamentum Triglottum,” Leipsic, 1854. The orthography is modernized. Luther’s translation of the New Testament was first published, anonymously, in 1522. Unser Vater in dem Himmel. Dein Name werde geheiliget. Dein Reich komme. Dein Wille geschehe auf Erden wie im Himmel. Unser tiiglich Brot gib uns heute. Und vergib uns unsere Schulden, wie wir unsern Schuldigern vergeben. Und fiihre uns nicht in Versuchung, sondern erlose uns von dem Uebel. Denn dein ist das Reich und die Ivraft und die Herrlichkeit in Ewigkeit, Amen. ANGLO-SAXON. From Thorpe’s edition of the Anglo-Saxon Gospels, London, 1842, 12mo. Feeder ure, thu the eart on heofenum, Si thin nama gehalgod. To-becume thin rice. Geweorthe thin willa on eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Ume deeghwamlican hlaf syle us to-deeg. And forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgifath urum gyltendum. And ne geMede thu us on costnimge, ac alys us of yfle : Sothlice. OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. xlv WICKLIFFE. (About 1380.) From the edition of the Rev. J. Forshall and Sir F. Madden, Oxford, 1850, 4to. Oure fadir that a’-, iJt u ent , hahvid be thi name ; thi kyngdom cum me to ; be thi wille don as in heuen and in earthe ; gif to vs this day oure breed ouer other substaunce ; and forgeue to vs oure dettis, as we forgeue to oure dettours ; and leede vs nat in to temptacioun, but delyuere vs fro yuel. Amen. TYNDALE’S VERSION. His revised edition of 1534, as printed in “ The English Hexapla,” London, 1841, 4to. O oure father which arte in heven, halowed be thy name. Let thy kyngdome come. Thy wyll be fulfilled, as well in crth, as it ys in heven. Geve vs this daye our dayly breedc. And forgeve vs oure treaspases, even as we forgeve oure trespacers. And leade vs not into temptaeion : but delyver vs from evell. For thyne is the kjugedome and the power, and the glorye for ever. Amen. KING JAMES’S VERSION. From a copy of the first edition of 1611. Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy Name. Thy kingdome come. Thy will be done, in earth, as it is in heauen. Give vs this day our dayly bread. And forgiue vs our debts, as we forgiue our debters. And leade vs not into temptation, bvt deliuer vs from euill : For thine is the kingdome, and the power, and the glory, for euer, Amen. The earliest authentic event recorded in the history of Britain was the landing of Julius Csesar on the eastern shore, fifty-five years before the Christian era. The country was then inhabited by the Britons, a Celtic race, who continued to hold possession of it till the middle of the fifth century. Of their language, styled the Celtic, or, with reference to Britain, the British, few traces now exist in England, except in geographical names, as those of some towns, mountains, rivers, lakes, &e. ; but the remains of it are to be found in the Gaelic of the Scottish Highlands, in the Welsh, the Erse or Irish, and the Manks language, in the Isle of Man. About the middle of the fifth century, the Saxons from Lower Germany invaded the island ; and, before many years elapsed, they established their authority over the most of that part of it which is now called England ; and the Britons were driven into Wales. From a leading branch of the Saxons, called Angles, the country received its name of England, and the new language was denominated from them the Anglo-Saxon ; often also called simply the Saxon. At the time of their invasion, the Saxons were an illiterate people ; but they afterwards cultivated learning to some extent; their language was spoken nearly in its purity till the Norman conquest, and among their principal writers were Gildas, Ccedmon, vElfric, Bede, and King Alfred. — vElfric was the author of an Anglo-Saxon and Latin vocabulary, the first writer of a bilingual dictionary, ancient or mod- ern, whose name has been preserved. The Anglo-Saxon dynasty, after having continued about six hundred years, was terminated, in 1066, by the invasion of William, Duke of ’ ' eommonly called the Conqueror. The Norman-French now Oeeuri ■ • ' re of the court and the upper classes, and continued to be so W . . ’' Q « while the Anglo-Saxon, (or the Semi-Saxon,) continued to be .1 ’• common people or peasantry; and in the course of time, these tv, - 1 me blended into one, forming the basis of the present English. lv end of the second century after the Conquest, may be dated the be- ginning of the English language, which at length triumphed over the Norman-French, and was gradually improved till the accession of Queen Elizabeth to the throne, during whose reign the language may be regarded as having assumed substantially its present form, as ex- hibited in the works of Sidney, Spenser, Hooker, Shakespeare, Ra- leigh, and Bacon. But the writings of several of the reformers previ- ous to the reign of Elizabeth, as Tyndale (the translator of the New Testament), Cranmer, Latimer, &c., attracted much attention. The works of Sir Thomas More, as Ben Jonson tells us, “ were considered as models of pure and elegant style ; ” and according to Mr. Hallam, his “ History of Richard III. is the first example of good English language ; pure and perspicuous, well chosen, without vulgarisms or pedantry.” The following statement respecting the changes which took place in the language spoken by the inhabitants of England is given by Mr. Craik. — The first century after the conquest, during the reigns of William I., William II., Henry I., and Stephen, may be called the infancy of English ; the second century, during the reigns of Henry II., Richard I., John, and Henry III., the childhood ; the third century, during the reigns of Edward I., Edward II., and Edward III., the boyhood ; and from that period (1377) to the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth (1558), the youth ; — then commenced the manhood. Mr. Hippisley, in his “ Chapters on Early English Literature,” says : “ Although neither the origin nor subsequent progress of English can be assigned to any specified dates, yet, for the sake of perspicuity, we may (as in the case of general history) establish arbitrary and conventional divisions. Thus we say, generally speaking, that about 1150 may be dated the decline of pure Saxon; about 1250 the commencement of English ; and that the century between these two dates was occupied by a kind of Semi-Saxon language.” After the Norman conquest, the Saxon laws were continued in force, and were translated into Norman-French. “ The proceedings,” as stated by Blackstone (Commentaries, Book III. chap. 21), “were all written, as indeed all public proceedings were, in Norman or law French, and even the arguments of the counsel and the decisions of the court were in the same barbarous dialect. This continued till the reign of Edward III., who, having employed his arms successfully in subduing the crown of France, thought it unbecoming the dignity ol the victors to use any longer the language of a vanquished country. By a statute, therefore, passed in the 36th year of his reign [1362], it was enacted, that, for the future, all pleas should be pleaded, shown, defended, answered, debated, and judged, in the English tongue, but be entered and enrolled in Latin.” This is the date of the tri- umph of the English language over the French in the English courts of law. “ The Saxon power,” Dr. Bosworth remarks, “ ceased when William the Conqueror ascended the throne, but not the language ; for Anglo- Saxon, after rejecting or changing many of its inflections, continued to be spoken by the old inhabitants till the time of Henry III., A. D. 1258. What was written after this period has generally so great / xlvi ORIGIN, FORMATION, AND ETYMOLOGY * a resemblance to our present language, that it may evidently be called English.” In the fourteenth century flourished Sir John Mandeville [ob. 1372], the traveller, whose Travels, which appeared in 1356, formed the first English work in prose ; John Wicldiffe, the reformer [ob. 1384], who, with the aid of some of his followers, translated the Bible into English, though the whole translation, including both Testaments, was not printed till 1850; and Geoffrey Chaucer [ob. 1400], the great early English poet, author of many works in poetry and prose, (the most celebrated of which are the “ Canterbury Tales,”) who exerted a greater influence on the early state V>f the language than any other writer, and who introduced many words from the French. “ But though [Edinburgh Review, vol. cxii.] the importations from the French are large, relative to the like element of such writers as Mandeville and Wickliffe, they are not such as defraud his works of the praise of Spenser’s celebrated eulogy, that in them is to be found ‘ the well of English undefiled.’ ” But the times, long after the age of Chaucer, continued barbarous, and, till after the invention of printing and the revival of learning, few writers of any distinction appeared to cultivate and improve the language, or to enrich it with valuable works. — In 1471, the art ol printing was introduced into England by William Caxton, who was one of the most considerable writers in the language between the time of Chaucer and the Reformation. SPECIMENS OF EARLY ENGLISH. A Proclamation of Henry III. to the people of Huntingdonshire, A. D. 1258. “It currently passes for the earliest specimen of Eng- lish.” — Latham. “ Henry, thurg Godes fultome, King on Engleneloande, lhoaurd on Yrloand, l)uke on Normand, on Acquitain, Eorl on Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise holde, ilscrde & ilewerde on Iluntingdonschiere. “ That witen ge well alle, thoet we willen & unnen thact ure raedes- men alle other, the moare del of hcom, thact beoth iehosen thurg us and thurg thact loandes-folk on ure Kuneriche, habbith idon, and schullen don, in the worthnes of God, and ure threowthe, for the freme of the loaude, thurg the besigte of than toforen iseide racdes- men, beo stedfaest and ilestinde in alle thinge abutan acnde, and we heaten alle ure treowe, in the treowthe thact heo us ogen, thet heo stede-feslliche healden & weren to healden & to swerien the isetnesses thet beon makede and beo to maluen, thurg than toforen iseide raedesmen, other thurg the moare del of heom alswo, alse hit is before iseide. And thet aehcother helpe thet for to done bitham ilche other, aganes alle men in alle thet heo ogt for to done, and to foangen. And noan ne of mine loande, ne of egetewhere, thurg this besigte, muge beon ilet other iwersed on oniewise. And gif oni ether onie cumen her ongenes, we willen & heaten, thact alle ure treowe heom healden deadlichistan And for thact we willen thact this beo staedfast and lestinde, we senden gew this writ open, iseined with ure seel, to halden amanges gew ine hord. Witnes us-selvcn aet Lundacn, thaene egetetenthe day on the monthe of Octobr, in the two and fowertigthe geare of ure crunning.” A literal translation of this Proclamation, taken from Henry’s His- tory of Great Britain, vol. viii. “ Henry, through God’s support, king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy, of Acquitain, earl of Anjou, sends greeting, to all his subjects, learned and unlearned, of Huntington-shire. — This know ye well all, that we will and grant, what our counsellors all or the more part of them that be chosen through us and through the land-folk of our kingdom, have done, and shall do, to the honor of God, and our allegiance, for the good of tire land, through the de- termination of those before said counsellors, be steadfast and perma- nent in all things without end, and we enjoin all our lieges, by the allegiance that they owe us, that they steadfastly hold and swear to hold and to maintain the ordinances that be made and be to be made, through the before said counsellors, or through the more part of them also, as it is before said. And that each other help that for to do by them each other, against all men, in all that they ought for to do, and to promote. And none either of my hum, nor of elsewhere, through this business, may be impeded or damaged in any way. Aid if any man or any woman cometh against them, we will and enjoin that all our lieges hold them deadly foes. And for that we will that this be steadfast and lasting, we send you this writ open, sealed with our seal, to keep amongst you in store. Witness ourself at London, the eighteenth day of the month of October, in the two-and-fortieth year of our crowning.” An extract from Sir John Mandeville’s Travels. “ And I John Maundevylle knyghte aboveseyd, (alle thoughe I be unworthi,) that departed from oure contrees and passed the see, the zeer of grace 1322, that have passed manye londes and manye yles and contrees, and cerched manye fulle straunge places, and haue ben in manye a fulle gode honourable companye, and at many a fane dede of armes, (alle be it that I elide none myself, for myn unable insuffisance,) now I am comen hom (mawgree my self) to reste : for gowtes, artetykes, that me distreynen, tho diffynen the ende of my labour, azenst my wille (God knowethe.) And thus takyngc solace of my wrecched reste, recordynge the tyme passed, I have fulfilled theise thinges and putte hem wryten in this boke, as it wolde come into my mynde, the zeer of grace 1356 in the 34 zeere that I departede from oure contrees. Wherefore I preye to alle the rederes and hereres of this boke, zif it plese hem, that thei wolde preyen to God for me : and I schalle preye for hem. And alle tho that seyn for me a Pater noster, with an Ave Maria, that God forzeve me my synnes, I make hem partneres and graunte hem part of alle the gode pilgrimages, and of alle the gode dedes that I have don, zif ony be to his plesance : and noghte only of tho, but of alle that evere I schalle do unto my lyfes ende. And I beseclie Almyghty God, fro whom alle godenesse and grace cometh fro, that he vouchesaf, of his excellent mercy and habundant grace, to fulle fille hire soules with inspiracioun of the Holy Gost, in makynge defence of alle hire gostly enemyes here in erthe, to hire salvacioun, bothe of body and soule ; to worschipe and thank ynge of him, that is three and on, withouten begynnynge and withouten endynge ; that is withouten qualitee, good, and withouten quantytee, gret ; that in alle places is present, and alle thinges con- tenynynge ; the whiche that no goodnesse may amende, ne non evelle empeyre ; that in perfeyte trynytee lyvethe and regnethe God, be alle worldes and be all tymes. Amen, Amen, Amen.” An extract from Caxton’s translation of the renowned apologue of the Middle Age, entitled “The Hystorye of Iteynart the Foxe.” Caxton says, “ I have not added, ne mynusshed, but have followed as nyghe as I can, my copye, whyche was in Dutche [German], and by me William Caxton translated into this rude and symple Englyssh, in thabbey of Westmestre (1481).” “ How the Lyon, kynge of alle bestis, sent out his mandementis that alle beestis sholde come to his feest and court. “ It was about the tyme of Penthecoste or Whytsontyde, that the wodes comynly be lusty and gladsom, and the trees clad with levys and blossome, and the ground with herbes and flowris swete-smclliyng, and also the fowles and byrdes syngen melodyously in theyr armourye, that the Lyon, the noble kynge of all beestis wolde in the holy dayes of thys feest holde an open court at Stade, whyche he dyde to know over alle his land, and commanded by his strayte commyssyons and maundements that every beest shold come thyder, in such wyse that alle the beestis grete and smale cam to the courte, sauf Reynard the Foxe, for he knew'e hymself fawty and gylty in many thynges agenst OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. xlvii many beestis that thyder sholde comen, that he durste not aventure to go thyder whan the kynge of alle beestis had assembled alle his court, ther was none of them alle but that he had complayned sore of Reynart the Foxe.” The Saxon or Anglo-Saxon language, which is a branch of the Teutonic, the language of the Teutones, a people who inhabited a large part of Central Europe, while the Celts overspread the west, is the parent language of the English. Some of the other north Euro- pean languages, of the great Teutonic or Gotho-Teutonic family, which have contributed to enrich the English tongue, are the Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic, of the Scandinavian branch, and the German and Dutch, of the Germanic branch. The south Euro- pean languages, which have furnished the largest contributions, are the Greek, Latin, and French ; especially the Latin, through the medium of the French or Norman-French ; also the Italian, the Spanish, and various other languages, have afforded more or less. “Suppose,” says Dr. Trench (“English Past and Present”), “the English language to be divided into a hundred parts ; of these, to make a rough distribution, sixty would be Saxon, thirty would be Latin (including of course the Latin which has come to us through the French), five would be Greek; we should then have assigned ninety-five parts, leaving the other five, perhaps too large a residue, to be divided among all the other languages front which we have adopted isolated words.” The Anglo-Saxon is the language to which the English owes its general form and structure, all the particles on which its syntax depends, all its pronouns and conjunctions, nearly all its prepositions, most of its monosyllables, and, indeed, all the words that are most frequently repeated on the same page. “ The Anglo-Saxon,” says Dr. Trench, “ is not so much one element of the English language, as the foundation of it, — the basis. All its joints, its whole articu- lation, its sinews and its ligaments, the great body of articles, pro- nouns, conj mictions, prepositions, numerals, auxiliary verbs, all smaller words which serve to knit together and bind the larger into sentences, — these, not to speak of the grammatical structure of the language, are exclusively Saxon. The Latin language may contribute its tale of bricks, yea, of goodly and polished hewn stones, to the spiritual building; but the mortar, with all that holds and binds these together, and constitutes them into a house, is Saxon throughout.” The predominance of Anglo-Saxon will readily be seen by analyzing a passage in any common English writer. Of the sixty-six words which are comprised in the authorized English version of the Lord’s prayer, there are only five that are not Anglo-Saxon. Mr. Sharon Turner, in his “History of the Anglo-Saxons,” has adduced from popular English writers sixteen extracts, in which he has discrimi- nated, by Italics, the words which are Anglo-Saxon from those of foreign origin. Two of his extracts are here quoted, and also' the results of the comparisons of all of them are given. The words which are not Anglo-Saxon are in Italics in the following extracts : — “And they made ready the present against Joseph came at noon; for they heard that they should eat bread there. And when Joseph came home, they brought him the present which was in their hand into the house, and bowed themselves to him to the earth. And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your father well, the old man of whom ye spake P Is he yet alive P And they answered, Thy servant our father is in good health, he is yet alive. And they bowed down their heads, and made obeisance. And he lift up his eyes, and saw Iris brother Benjamin, his mother’s son, and said, Is this your younger brother, of whom ye spake unto me ? And he said, God be gracious unto thee, my son.” — Gen. xliii. 25-29. “ Of genius, that power which constitutes a poet ; that quality without which judgment is cold and knowledge is inert ; that energy \ which collects, combines, amplifies, and animates ; the superiority must, with some hesitation, be allowed to Dryden. It is not to be inferred, that of this poetical vigor Pope had only a little, because Dryden had more ; for every other writer since Milton must give place to Pope ; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has brighter paragraphs, he has not better poems." — Johnson. In the following table, the figures in the left-hand column show the whole number of words, exclusive of proper names, in the above two, and also in the fourteen other, extracts or passages from popular English writers ; and those in the right-hand column, the number of words in each which are not Saxon : — Genesis, . Wot ds. .128 N at Sacon. . 6 John xi. 32-36, 74 . 2 Spenser, . . 72 . 14 Shakespeare, 83 . 13 Milton, . 89 . 16 Cowley, 77 . 10 Thomson, . 78 . 14 Addison, 79 . 15 Locke, . 94 . 20 Pope, . 83 . 27 Young, . 96 . 21 Swift, . 90 . 10 Robertson, .113 . 34 Hume, . 101 . 37 Gibbon, 79 . 32 Johnson, 81 . 21 Total, 1427 291 Of the total number of words, exclusive of proper names, in these sixteen passages, the proportion not Saxon is about one fifth. It is to be observed, that, in this computation, every repetition of a word is counted. In the verses quoted from Genesis, the word and, for example, is repeated, and therefore counted, twelve times. — In a longer passage from Shakespeare than the one refei-red to in the table, giving Wolsey’s soliloquy on the favor of princes, beginning with “ So farewell to the little good you bear me,” found in the play of Henry VIII., there are, in twenty-three hues, containing one hundred and ninety-six words, only fourteen words not Anglo-Saxon, only about seven in a hundred. In the first chapter of the common version of St. John’s Gospel, there are one thousand and three words, of which, excepting fifty- three proper names, there are only fifty-five that are not Anglo-Saxon. In this chapter the particle the occurs sixty-eight times; and, sixty- one times ; of, thirty-nine times ; that, nineteen times ; unto, fifteen times ; to, thirteen times. Of the thi - ee personal pronouns, I, thou, and he, including their oblique forms, those of the first person occur thirty-three times ; those of the second, thirty times ; those of the third, eighty times. The verb to be, in its different inflections, occurs forty-six times. All these words, of so frequent occurrence, are Anglo-Saxon. There is, perhaps, no book in the English language in which Anglo-Saxon words more abound than in the common version of the Bible. Works which treat of the common affairs of life have the greatest proportion of such w r ords, and scientific works, the least. “ If we look not merely at the number of the words which the Anglo-Saxon has contributed to the English, but to the kinds of words, as well as to the share it has had in its formation and develop- ment, -we shall at once see that there is no comparison between the importance of this, and that of any other element. English grammar is almost exclusively occupied with what is of Anglo-Saxon origin. Our chief peculiarities of structure and of idiom are essentially Anglo- xlviii ORIGIN, FORMATION, AND ETYMOLOGY Saxon ; while almost all the forms and classes of words, which it is the peculiar office of grammar to investigate, are derived from that language. And though these peculiarities of structure may occupy little space, and these words be very few compared with those to be found in Johnson’s Dictionary, they enter most vitally into the consti- tution of the language, and bear a most important part in shaping and determining its character. Thus, what few inflections we have, are all Anglo-Saxon. The English genitive, the general modes of forming the plural of nouns, and the terminations by which we express the comparative and superlative of adjectives, er and est ; the in- flections of the pronouns ; of the tenses, persons, and participles of the verbs, whether regular or irregular ; and the most frequent termi- nation of our adverbs (?//), are all Anglo-Saxon. The nouns, too, derived from Latin and Greek, receive the Anglo-Saxon terminations of the genitive and the plural ; while the preterites .and participles of verbs derived from the same sources, take Anglo-Saxon inflections. As to the parts of speech, those which occur most frequently, and are individually of most importance, are almost wholly Anglo-Saxon. Such are our articles and definitives generally ; as, an, the, this, that, these, those, many, few, some, one, none ; the adjectives whose comparatives and superlatives are irregularly formed, and which are, in every lan- guage, among the most ancient, comprehensive in meaning, and ex- tensively used ; the separate words more and most, by which we as often express the forms of comparison as by distinct terminations ; all our pronouns, personal, possessive, and interrogative ; nearly every one of our so-called irregular verbs, including all the auxiliaries, have, he, shall, will, may, can, must, by which we express the force of the principal varieties of mood and tense ; all the adverbs most frequently employed, and the prepositions and conjunctions almost without exception The English language consists of about 38,000 words. This includes, of course, not only radical words, but all derivatives, except the preterites and participles of verbs ; to which must be added some few terms, which, though set down in the diction- aries, are either obsolete, or have never ceased to be considered for- eign. Of these about 23,000, or nearly five-eighths, are of Anglo- Saxon origin In Bosworth’s Anglo-Saxon Lexicon, there are from 25,000 to 28,000 words, counting, of course, com- pound words as well as roots. Supposing one fifth of these obsolete, there would remain nearly the numbers already stated.” — Henry Rogers. “ The peculiar structure of the English language is far from having been investigated, as yet, with that degree of attention and accuracy that it deserves. Among other things, we do not find that any gram- marian has been at the pains to take a full comparative view of its two great component parts ; by which we mean, on the one hand, those words that are derived from the Saxon, Danish, and other northern languages, and, on the other hand, those from the Greek, Latin, French, and other idioms of the south of Europe. These two sets of vocables are so dissimilar from each other, that they appear, at first view, incapable of being amalgamated together, so as to form an harmonious whole; yet who is there that can read, feel, and understand, and does not admire the sublime harmony which Milton, Dryden, Pope, Shakespeare, Bolingbroke, and the other immortal poets and prose writers of Great Britain, have produced out of those discordant elements? To analyze, therefore, those elements, from which have resulted such inconceivable effects, is well worth the trouble of the grammarian and philologer; and the interesting dis- coveries to which such an inquiry will lead, will amply repay their learned labors. — As far as we have been able to judge from a super- ficial investigation of the subject, we are apt to believe that the English words of northern derivation are to those derived from the ancient, as well as the modern languages of Southern Europe, in the proportion of something more than three, but not quite as much as four, to one. As the southern words are, in general, polysyllabic, and make a conspicuous figure wherever they occur, many are apt to think their number greater than on examination it really appears to be.” — P. S. Duponceau. The number of words belonging to the English language has never been accurately ascertained, and it is difficult to ascertain it with exactness ; for it is difficult to form and apply the rules for computing the number. The number which is stated in the preceding extract from Mr. Rogers, is thirty-eight thousand, which is considerably less than the number found in Johnson’s Dictionary, as it was left by him. Of the great number of words w'hich have been in- troduced into the language, in the various sciences, since the first publication of Johnson’s Dictionary, very few are of Anglo-Saxon origin. By adopting so restricted a mode of computing the number of English words, as to exclude all compound and obsolete words, and all words introduced by the arts and sciences within the past century, and thus to reduce the number to 38,000, the proportion of Anglo-Saxon words would probably not be far from that above stated ; that is, five eighths. The computation of Mr. Duponceau of the proportion between the two classes of English words, those of northern and those of southern derivation, must have been formed, not by analyzing the vocabulary of an English dictionary, but by examining the words as they occur on the pages of English books ; and, as Anglo-Saxon words are much more frequently repeated than those of a different origin, there may be no material inconsistency between his computation and that of Mr. Rogers. The following are the principal Anglo-Saxon prefixes, namely, a, he, ern, for, fore, mis, out, over, un, and under ; as, ahead, befriend, embody, /brbid, fore bode, misdeed, outdo, overact, wnbind, wnlike, undergo. Some of the common Anglo-Saxon terminations are the following, namely, er, ful, hood, less, ly, ness, ship ; as writer, mindful, child- liood, helpfrs.s, just/y, goodness, partnership. The contributions of the Latin language to the English are next, in importance and amount, to those of the Anglo-Saxon ; and these contributions came chiefly through the medium of the French, or Norman-French, in consequence of the Norman conquest. These contributions, which appear much less, in proportion, on a page of an English book than in a dictionary of the language, are great and important, and they enter extensively into the etymology of the lan- guage. The Latin has served not only to refine and polish the English, but to enrich its vocabulary with many necessary and indispensable words. It has furnished duplicates or synonym es of many words, applied to common and familiar objects, which add much to variety and harmony of expression. Many common things, not necessarily offensive in themselves, appear more gross when expressed in common Anglo-Saxon words than in words derived from the Latin. It has furnished a large portion of the ab- stract and general terms, especially in the departments of theology, moral and political philosophy, and all the moral sciences ; also a great part of the terms used in polite literature, and the language of polite life. A great part of the military terms in English come directly from the French. The number of Greek and Latin derivatives, which, within the last fifty years, have been introduced into the lan- guage, in consequence of the extension of the sciences of chemistry, mineralogy, geology, botany, and conchology, has been very great. These words, which greatly increase the vocabulary of a complete dictionary of the language, are found chiefly in works of science, and do not enter into the dialect of common life, of poetry, eloquence, or historical composition. A single Greek or Latin word, in some cases, forms the root of numerous English words. — For instance, from the Latin verb muto, to change, are derived the following English words : commute, com- mutahle, commutability , commutation, commutative, commutatively, immutable, immutably, immutableness, immutability, immute, im- mutate, immutation, intermutation, intransmutable, mutable, mutable- ness, mutability, mutation, mutiny, mutineer, mutinous, mutinously, OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: xlix mutinousness, permute, permuter, permutation, transmute, trans- muter, transmutable, transmutably, transmutability, transmuted, transmuting, transmutation. Some Latin words have much more numerous English derivatives ; as the verb pono , to place, is re- garded as the root of about two hundred and fifty English words ; the verb plico, to fold, about two hundred ; duco, to lead, and fero, to bear, each upwards of one hundred. — The Greek word ypdcpw, to write, to describe, forms the root of more than a hundred and fifty English words, and Uyog, reason, word, discourse, the root of more than two hundred. The following are Latin prefixes : a, ah, abs, from ; as, avert, abjure, abstract ; — ad, a, ac, afi, ag, at, an, ap, ar, as, at, to; as, adduce, accede, affix, &c. ; — ante, before ; as, antecedent ; — circum, about; as, circumjacent ; — con, co, cog, col, com, cor, together, with; as, conform, coeval, collect, See. ; — contra, against; as, contradict; — de, down, from ; as, deface, degrade ; — dis, asunder; as, disarm ; — e, ex, out of; as, eject., exclude ; — extra, beyond; as, extrajudicial ; — in, ig, tl, im, ir (when prefixed to a verb), in ; as indue ; (when prefixed to an adjective), not ; as, invisible ; — inter, between ; as, intermix ; — intro, within ; as, introduce ; — ob, oc, of, op, for, in the way of; as, o&ject, occur ; — per, through ; as, pervade ; — post, after ; as, postscript ; — pre, before ; as, precede ; — preter, beyond ; as, preternatural ; — pro, for, forward; as, proconsul ; — re, back, again ; as, ?'eturn, rebuild ; — retro, backward ; as, retrospect ; — se, 9 aside ; as, secede ; — sine, without ; as, sine cure ; — sub, sue, sif, sug, sup, sms, under, after ; as, sw&dean, suffice, suggest, supplant, suspect ; — super, above ; as, swperabound, supernatural ; — trails, beyond ; as, transcend ; — ultra, beyond ; as, tdtramarine. The following terminations are derived from the Latin or French : able, ible, cle, He, ial, al, ian, an, ant, ent, fy, lar, ity, or, ous, tion, tire, tude, ture. To the Greek the English language is indebted for most of the terms in physical science, and, indeed, for a great part of the terms employed in all the arts and sciences. The following are Greek prefixes : a (a), without ; as, acephalous ; — amphi (u/iqt), about, on both sides ; as, amphitheatre ; — ana (drd), through, again ; as, anabaptist ; — anti frit), against ; as, aniichristian ; — apa (dn6), from; as, apostate ; — cata (xard), down, from side to side ; as, cataract ; — dia (Sid), through ; as, ctiagonal ; — en (ir), in ; as, endemic ; — epi (ini), upon ; as, epidemic ; — lnjper (Snip), above; as, liypercritic •, — hypo (Sn6), under; as, hypocrite ; — meta (fieri), beyond; as, metaphysics ; — para, (mtpd), by the side of, near; as, paragraph ; — peri (nr pi), about; as, peri- meter; — pro (a 06), before ; as, prologue ; — syn, sy, syl, sym (avr), together, with; as, synonymous, sytlogism, symmetry. The following terminations are from the Greek : ic and ical, from the Greek txng and Latin icus ; logy, from loyog ; graphy, from yndcfo) ; ize, from t'l co. ARCHAISMS, PROVINCIALISMS, AND AMERICANISMS. The English language, from the time of its first formation, has been subject to continual changes. Old words have been, from time to time, falling away, and new ones have been formed and brought into use. A large part of the words found in the early productions of English literature, such as those of Peter Langtoft, Robert of Gloucester, Robert Langland, (the reputed author of “ Piers Plouh- man,”) Gower, Chaucer, Wickliffe, and Mandeville, are now obsolete ; and in order to understand these works, further assistance is neces- sary than is afforded by modern dictionaries and grammars. Very few of the English writers who preceded the reign of Elizabeth, are now much read ; and most of the obsolete words which their works contain may properly be consigned to glossaries accompanying the works, or to dictionaries of archaic words. Several of these early productions have been, published with glossaries attached to them, as the Chronicles of Peter Langtoft and Robert of Gloucester, by Hearne ; and the works of Chaucer, by Tyrwhitt. Glossaries have also been appended to Spenser, Shake- speare, and Milton. Some works of a more general nature, relating to obsolete or archaic and provincial words, have, not long since, appeared ; as Nares’s “ Glossary or Collection of Words, Phrases, &c., found in Shakespeare and his Contemporaries,” Toone’s “ Glos- sary and Etymological Dictionary of Obsolete and Uncommon Words,” Holloway’s “ General Dictionary of Provincialisms,” Halli- well’s “ Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,” and Wright’s “ Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English.” The first edition of Halliwell’s Dictionary, which was published in 1846, contains no less than 51,027 words, and yet it is far from being complete. Jamie- son’s “ Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language ” also con- tains numerous archaic, as well as provincial, words. The publication of Boucher’s “ Glossary of Archaic and Provincial Words ” (designed to be a large work in 4to.) was commenced in 1832 ; but only two numbers of it have appeared. Numerous other glossaries relating to the different counties and districts of England have been published, the most of which will be found mentioned on page lix. “ From the writings of Sir Thomas Browne, Jeremy Taylor, Donne, and about a score more of our authors of that period, might probably be col- lected two thousand or three thousand words, which have since become obsolete.” Ed. llev. cxii. p. 325. The early bilingual dictionaries, such as English and Latin, and English and French, contain many obsolete words ; and this is the fact with respect to many of the English dictionaries, as those of Bailey, Johnson, Ash, Richardson, and others. Johnson says, he “ fixed Sidney’s work [Sir Philip Sidney, who died in 1586] for the boundary, beyond which he made few excursions.” Johnson’s Dictionary, however, as he left it, contains many obsolete words, a considerable portion of which were taken from Bailey’s Dictionary, though of such words he did not take near all that are found in Bailey. Of the words added by Mr. Todd, a much larger proportion are obsolete than of those admitted by Johnson ; and of Todd’s additional words, particularly in his second edition, there are many which are of merely local or provincial use, and some of them are unworthy of being inserted in a general dictionary of the language. A dictionary of the English language, in order to be complete, must contain all the words, whether obsolete or not, found in books which are much read, such, for example, as the common version of the Scriptures, and the works of Shakespeare and of Milton ; though there are many words in these works which are now obsolete, and many which, though not obsolete, are used in an obsolete sense, that needs explanation. William Caxton, who first introduced printing into England, in his Preface to a Translation of Virgil’s EEneid, printed in 1490, speaking of the innovations then made in the English language, and the differences of the language in the different parts of the kingdom, says, “ When I had advised me in this sayd booke, I delybered and concluded to translate it into Englyshe, and forthwyth I toke a pen and ynk, and wrote a leaf or tweyne, which I ouersawe agayn to cor- recte it ; and when I saw the fayr and straunge termes therein, I doubted that it slioldc please some gentylmen which had late blamed me, saying, that in my translacyons I had over curyous termes, which coude not be understande of comyn people, and desired me to use olde and homely termes in my translacyons, and fayn wolde I satis- fye every man ; and so to do, toke an olde boke and redde therein, and certaynly the Englisshe was so rude and brood, that I coude not wele understande it. And also my Lord Abbot of Westmynster ded do shewe to me late certain evydenccs wryton in old Englisshe, for to reduce it into our Englisshe now usid ; and certaynly it was wreton in such wyse, that it was more lyke Dutche than Englisshe. I coude not reduce ne bryne it to be understonden. And certaynly our language now used varyeth ferre from that which was used and spoken when I was born. For we Englissh men ben borne under the domy- nacyon of the mone, which is never stedfaste, but ever waverynge, wex- yng one season, and waneth and discreaseth another season ; and that comyne Englisshe that is spoken in one shyre varyeth from another, insomuche, that in my dayes happened, that certain merchauntes were in a shipp in Tamyse, for to have sailed over the see into Zelande, and for lacke of wynde they taryed atte Forland, and went to lande for to refreshe them ; and one of them, named Sheffelde, a mercer, came into an hows, and axed for mete, and specyally he axed for egges , and the goode wyf answerde, that she coude speke no Frenshe. And the marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no Frenshe, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode him not. And then at laste another sayd, that he wolde have eyren ; then the goode wyf sayd, that she understode him well. Loo what sholde a man in thyse days now wryte, egges or eyren ? Certaynly it is hard to playse every man, by cause of dyversyte and chaunge of langage ; for in these days every man, that is in ony reputacyon in his countre, will utter his communicacyon and matters in such manners and termes, that fewe men shall understonde them ; and som honest and grete clerkes have been wyth me, and desired me to wryte the moste curyous termes that I coude find. And thus between playn, rude, and curious, I stand abashed. But in my judgmente, the comyn termes that be dayli used, ben lighter to be understonde than the olde auncyent Englisshe.” England still abounds in provincialisms and local dialects ; and in ( 1 ) ARCHAISMS, PROVINCIALISMS, AND AMERICANISMS. li some districts of the country, the peculiarities of the language are so great, that the speech of the common people can be but imperfectly understood by those who are unacquainted with them peculiar dialect. These peculiarities, or archaisms, are of great antiquity, and, as stated by Forby, “ are all, in substance, remnants and derivatives of the language of past ages, which were, at some time or other, in common use, though in long process of time they have become only locally used and understood.” Of the local dialects, one of the most noted is the Craven Dialect, which is spoken in the deanery of Craven, a district of upwards of thirty miles in length and nearly as many in breadth, situated in the northern part of the west-riding of the comity of York. Mr. Carr, the author of the “ Craven Dialect and Glossary,” maintains that it was “ the language of crowned heads, of the court, and of the most eminent English historians, divines, and poets, of former ages.” These provincialisms now form, to a great extent, the colloquial language of the lower classes ; and many of them are found in the early productions of English literature ; but in books of modern origin, they are seen chiefly in glossaries. The Edinburgh Review (vol. lxxix. 1844) contains the following statement : — “ The number of provincial words that have hitherto been arrested by local glossaries, stand as follows : — Shropshire, 1,993 Essex, . . 589 Devonshire and Cornwall, 878 Wiltshire, . . . . . 592 Devonshire, (North,) . . 1,146 Hallamshire, . . . . 1,568 Exmoor, 370 Craven, .... . . 6,169 Herefordshire, .... 822 North Country, . . . . 3,750 Lancashire, 1,932 Cheshire, .... . . 903 Suffolk, 2,400 Metropolitan, (Grose & Norfolk, 2,500 Pegge,) . . . . . 3,500 Somersetshire, . . . . 1,204 Sussex, 371 Total, . . 30,687 “ Admitting that several of the foregoing are synonymous, superfluous, or common to each county, there are, nevertheless, many of them which, although alike orthographically, are vastly dissimilar in signification. Making these allowances, they amount to a little more than 20,000 ; or, according to the number of English counties hitherto illustrated, at the average ratio of 1,478 to a county. Calculating the twenty-six unpublished in the same ratio, they will furnish 38,428 additional provincialisms, forming, in the aggregate, 59,000 words in the colloquial tongue of the lower classes, which can, ,br the chief part, produce proofs of legitimate origin ; about the same number, in short, of authorized words that are admitted into Todd’s edition of Johnson’s Dictionary. Besides these and the private compilations made by individuals, in the course of their miscellaneous reading, there are some very copious early English Vocabularies lying- in manuscript in the cathedral libraries of Durham, Winchester, and Canterbury, in the British Museum, lung’s College, and other de- positories, deserving collection ; as well as rare lexicographical vol- umes, which issued from the press in the infancy of typography.” A considerable number of these provincialisms are to be found in Ash’s English Dictionary, and also among the additions of Mr. Todd to Johnson’s Dictionary. But, as they are not found in the classical or in the popular literature of England, and are rarely seen in print, except in the glossaries in which they have been collected, they have little claim to a place in a general dictionary of the lan- guage. Were education universally diffused throughout the country, and the children accustomed to use the same or similar elementary books of instruction, most of these provincialisms would soon be disused and forgotten. The English language as it is spoken and written in the United States, differs somewhat from the language as written and spoken in any part of England ; and it differs also, more or less, in the different States ; but there is nothing here at all to be compared with the local dialects of England. The greater uniformity of lan- guage which exists in this country, is to be attributed to the frequent removals of the inhabitants from one place to another, their free intercourse with each other, and to the fact that elementary education is much more generally diffused among the middle and lower classes here, than in England. The Americans have formed their language more from books, and less from oral speech, than the English ; and they are more in the habit of having recourse to a dictionary for instruction respecting the pronunciation and use of words. Although it is not to be denied that in respectable American writers there are to be found some innovations or some deviations from what is regarded, in England, as good usage with respect to lan- guage, they are not chargeable with all the innovations of which they have been accused. Mr. Boucher, in the Introduction to his Glossary, written in 1800, says, “ The United States of America, too proud, as it would seem, to acknowledge themselves indebted to this country for then - existence, their power, or then- language, denying and re- volting against the two first, are also making all the haste they conveniently can to rid themselves of the last. With little or no dialect, they are peculiarly addicted to innovation ; but such as need not excite our envy, whether we regard their elegance, or their pro- priety I here set down a few Americanisms, collected from some of their recent publications, merely to justify what is asserted respecting their passion for innovating, and at the same time to show how very poorly they are qualified to set up for re- formers of language ‘ Who has dared to advocate the interests of,’ &c. Morse's Sermon at Charlestown, in 1798. — ‘ De- moralizing principles.’ Morse. — ‘ If, as a nation, we progress in impiety, demoralization,’ &c. Morse. — ‘ A man who has risen through all the grades of office to the highest,’ &c. Morse. — ‘ Mons. Chevalier de Luzern memorialized Congress, last year.’ Political Pamphlet printed at Philadelphia, in 1798. — ‘ .... made Dr. Franklin the alone minister.’ Pamphlet printed at Boston. — ‘ It is too deep, too hazardous a game, and too inimical for a friend to play.’ Id. — ‘ Virginia has produced some of the most influential men.’ Morse's Geography. — ‘ Repentance and reformation are a mean of averting the displeasure and punishment of the Almighty Governor of the world.’ Abercrombie's Sermon at Philadelphia." With respect to the words in Italics, in the passages here cited, if all of them are not now in established good use in England, they have all been used by respectable English writers. With respect to the two words, alone and mean, which are used in an improper man- ner, it may be remarked that the word mean has been often used in the same manner by respectable English writers ; and that it would probably be as difficult to find, in an American as in an .English writer, another instance in which alone is used in the same manner as in the pamphlet cited. The settlement of this country was commenced, upwards of two centuries ago, chiefly by emigrations from different parts of Great Britain. The emigrants brought with them not only the common language of the country in the state in which it then existed, but also more or less of the local peculiarities ; and in this way some of the English provincialisms have been widely diffused in the United States, and have been regarded as of American origin. The changes in the language, which have taken place within the last two centuries, have not been precisely the same on the two sides of the Atlantic ; yet the difference is less than might reasonably have been expected ; and it is doubtless a fact, that, among the great mass of the people throughout England, the deviations from what is there deemed the correct standard of speaking and writing the language, are much greater than among the mass of the people of the United States. lii ARCHAISMS, PROVINCIALISMS, AND AMERICANISMS. The Americans have derived some words from the Indians, and they have formed some new ones ; to some old ones they have affixed new significations ; they have retained some which have become obsolete hi England ; some English provincialisms they have brought into common use ; and there are many neologisms, consisting in part of new words, and in part of old words with new significations, in use both in England and in the United States, with regard to which it is difficult to determine in which country they originated. A great part of the differences with respect to the language of the educated classes in the United States and in England, grow out of the different institutions and the different circumstances and employments of the people of the two countries. There is a con- siderable number of words which owe their origin to American insti- tutions, social relations, and occupations, and which are properly used by Americans, but which Englishmen have no occasion to employ, except in speaking of American a flairs. On the other hand, there is quite as large a number of words which relate to the civil and religious institutions and social relations of Great Britain, and which are never used in the United States, except with reference to that country. Such differences as these have a legitimate origin, and may be regarded as proper, and not as corruptions of the lan- guage. But there are many neologisms, or new words, some of American, and some of recent English origin, which are entitled to little countenance. A considerable number of such have been noticed in this Dictionary ; but many have been passed by as plants suffered to remain and die in their native soil, being regarded as not worth transplanting. Among the words ‘which owe their origin or peculiar use to American institutions, are the following : congress, congressional, president, presidential, senate, senatorial, gubmiatorial, state, territory, town, general court, general assembly, selectmen, message, & c. The words executive and judiciary are often used in the United States as nouns, but not often in England. The words electioneer and electioneering, which are much used here, are also used, in some degree, in England though the more common terms used there, in the same sense, are canvass and canvassing, which are rarely used in this manner in the United States. The word caucus is of undis- puted American origin. Among the American ecclesiastical terms may be noted association, associational, consociation, consociational, result, approbate, &c. Among the terms relating to the political and civil institutions of England, rarely used in this country, except with reference to England, may be enumerated the following : parliament, parlia- mentary, prorogue, prorogation, Jmstings, exchequer, postman, tub- man , sergeant-at-law, assize, excise, bailiff, lords, commons, peerage, baronetage, knightage, & c. ; among the ecclesiastical terms, establish- ment, conformity, non-conformity, dissenters, dean, deanery, arch- deacon, archdeaconry, prebend, prebendary, canon, canonry, vicar, vicarage, curate, curacy, dignity, dignified, benefice, beneficed, advowson, commendam, donative, preferment, impropriation, im- propriator, &c. Among the many neologisms which may claim the undisputed honor of English origin, are constituency, borough-monger, squirarchy, shopocracy , conservatism, radicalism, liberalism, chart- ism, Anglicanism, high-churchism, dissenterism, voluntaryism, & c. I here is a difference between the two countries in relation to the terms employed to designate their respective literary institutions, and also with respect to the technical terms used hi their universities and colleges. The following English university terms, for example, are not at all used here in the same sense : act, wrangler, optime, bursar, commoner, sizar, pensioner, servitor, batteller, foundationer ; and the following American terms do not appear to be used in the same sense in England, namely, commencement, senior, junior, sophomore, freshman, sahdatory, beneficiary. Some words, more or less in use, are regarded as of Indian origin; as, calumet, chocolate, hackmatack, hominy, hommock, maize, moose, musquash, moccason, mush, pappoose, pecan, pemmican, potato, poicwow, quahaug, raccoon, sachem, sagamore, samp, succo- tash, squash, squaw, terrapin, tobacco, tomato, tomahawk, wampum, wigwam, Yankee. Of the English provincialisms which are often used in the United States, may be enumerated, to wilt, to slump,' to rile or to roil, stumpy, slosh, slush, sloshy, slushy, rily or roily, spunk, spunky, spry, squirm, squiggle, quackle, shote, &c. There is a considerable number of words the propriety of which has been disputed, but which are now often used both in the United States and in England. Such are the following : to advocate, to base, to demoralize, to derange, to expatriate, to jeopardize, to locate, to obligate, to test, to veto, prayerful, prayerless, profanity, unwell, & c. The following words, which are more or less used in the United States, are little used in England : to approbate, to belittle, to clapboard, to eventuate, to loan ; sundown, boatable, freshet, sled, sleigh, clapboard, shingle, prairie, snag, sawyer, vendue, sparse, bookstore, bindery or bookbindery, lot, as a building lot, a house lot, a wood lot. The following words have senses affixed to them in the United States different from the senses in which they are commonly used in England : baggage, balance, clever, cob, corn, creek, fall, lumber, merchant, quite, spell, stage, store ; also the verbs to improve, to notify, to girdle, to guess, &c. There are some words which both English and American recent writers have used in a new sense ; as, to realize, to solemnize, to transpire ; obnoxious, temper, &c. Many of the neologisms which have been stigmatized as American innovations or corruptions, have been sanctioned by the use of English authors. The adjective lengthy, and the verb to progress, with the accent on the last syllable, are reputed to be of American origin ; but, though they may probably have originated here, yet they seem to have been adopted in England ; and comparatively higher authorities may be adduced in support of their use from English, than from American, writers. (See the words Lengthy, Progress, Clever, &c., in the Dictionary.) HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY Lexicography is a branch of literature which appears to have been but little cultivated in ancient times. It is doubtful whether the ancient Greeks and Romans ever wrote what would be properly called dictionaries of their respective languages. No such works written by them are now extant ; nor is there positive evidence that any such ever existed. The terms lexicon and dictionarium were not in use during the classic period of the Greek and Roman lan- guages; but they are of comparatively modern introduction. Varro, who died 27 B. C., wrote a work entitled “Be Lingua Latinu ,” which consisted of twenty-four books, of which only six, and these much mutilated, are now extant. One of the books contained a sort oi glossary of Latin terms. Apollonius of Alexandria, commonly sup- posed to have lived in the time of Augustus, though some suppose him to have been much later, wrote a sort of glossary to Ilomer. “ The oldest extant Greek lexicographer,” says the Penny Cyclo- ptrdia, “is Apollonius the Sophist, a contemporary of Augustus. His work, entitled siting ‘Ogi/oixul, or ‘Homeric Words,’ though much interpolated, is very useful. All the other original Greek lexi- cons and glossaries we have, such as the ‘ Onomasticon ’ (or Collection of Synonymes) of Julius Pollux, the lexicons of Suidas, Ilarpocra- tion, and Ilesychius, and the 1 Etgmologicon Magnum ,’ sometimes attributed to Marcus Musurus, although of the authors of some of them the exact age is disputed, were undoubtedly compiled subse- quent, and most of them probably long subsequent, to the commence- ment of the Christian era. It is supposed, indeed, that they were founded upon older compilations of the same kind ; but of the form of those lost works we know nothing. It may be reasonably doubted if either the Greeks or Romans were in the habit of making use of dictionaries in studying a foreign language or dialect, as has been the general practice in modern times.” The following is a brief notice of a few of the earliest lexicograph- ical works that are now extant. — Julius Pollux, a native of Naucra- tis, in Egypt, and a teacher of rhetoric at Athens, in the early part of the third century of the Christian era, was the author of the “ Onomasticon,” a Greek Vocabulary, divided into ten books. It contains a vast variety of synonymous words and phrases, arranged under general heads, but not alphabetically, and it partakes more of the nature of an encyclopaedia than of a dictionary. The first edition of it was printed at Venice in 1502. Ilesychius of Alexandria, by some stated to have lived as early as the third, and by others not before the fifth or sixth century, was the author of a Greek lexicon or glossary, consisting of short explanations of uncommon Greek words and technical terms. The first edition of it was printed at Venice in 1513. Valerius Ilarpocration, a Greek rhetorician of Alexandria, wrote a work entitled “ Lexicon Decern Oratovum” (“Lexicon to the Ten Orators”), which contains an account of many of the persons and facts mentioned in the orations of the ten principal orators of Athens. “We have,” says the Penny Cyclopaedia, “no particulars of his life, nor of the time in which he lived.” Mr. Watt styles him “an Alex- andrian rhetorician of the fourth century,” and entitles his work “ Lexicon in decern llhetores.” It was first printed at Venice in 1503. Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, who died in 891, was the au- thor of the eaiv Svvayory^, a Greek glossary or lexicon, an edition of which, edited by Hermann, was published at Leipsic in 1808 ; and another, edited by Porson, was published in London in 1822. Suidas, whose age and country are not ascertained, but who is supposed to have lived between 900 and 1025 A. I)., was the author of a Greek Lexicon, styled by some an “ Historical and Geographical Dictionary,” also an “ Encyclopaedia. ” It comprises the names of men and places, as well as the words which properly belong to a dictionary. The first edition was printed at Milan in 1499. John Balbus, or Balbi, or John of Genoa, (being a Genoese,) who died in 1298, was the author of the “ Catholicon,” a Latin dictionary containing between seven hundred and eight hundred pages folio ; first printed at Mentz, in 1460, by Gutenberg. “ Although this work,” says Watt, “contains many errors, it has the singularity of being the first Latin dictionary after the destruction of the language.” Johannes Crestonus (Placentinus), a native of Piacenza, was the author of the “ Lexicon Orceco-Latinum,” the first Greek and Latin dictionary extant. The first edition, supposed to have been printed at Milan, is without date. The earliest edition, with a date, was printed at Vicenza in 1483. Calepin, or Calepino, a native of Calepio, near Bergamo, in Italy, who died in 1510, was the author of the “ Dictionarium ,” a Latin dictionary, one of the earliest works of the kind, first printed at Reggio in 1502. It went through many editions, and received such additions as made it almost a new work. Facciolati, assisted by his pupil Egidio Forcellini, prepared and published a new edition in 1731. “ It was,” as is stated by the Penny Cyclopaedia, “ in the course of his joint labors with Facciolati, that Forcellini conceived the plan of a totally new Latin dictionary, which, after more than thirty years’ assiduous application, he brought to light under the title of ‘ Totius Latinitatis Lexicon ,’ four volumes folio, Padua, 1771. This work has superseded all other Latin dictionaries.” An enlarged edition of this work, edited by James Bailey, was published in London in 1828; and it also formed the principal basis of the “ Lexicon of the Latin Language,” edited by F. P. Leverett, and first published at Boston in 1836. — “ Cornucopia ,” “ Dreviloquus Vocabularius,” and “ Gem- ma Vocabulorum atque Medulla,” are titles of other early lexico- graphical works on the Latin language. The earliest lexicographical labors in England were performed near the end of the fifteenth century; and their object was to facilitate the study of the Latin language. The title of the earliest work of the kind published in that country, as given in Dr. Dibdin’s “ Typographi- cal Antiquities,” was as follows : “ Promptorius Pueromm. Promp- torium Parvulorvm, sive Clericorum. Medidla Grammatice.” It was first printed by Richard Pynson, in 1499, in folio. Editions of it were printed by Wynkyn dc Worde, in 1510, 1512, 1516, and 1528. “ Richard Fraunces, a preaching or black friar,” as is stated by Wil- liam Herbert, the typographical antiquary, “ was the author of this first English and Latin dictionary, in which are many old English words nowhere else explained.” “This book,” says Dr. Dibclin, “is printed in double columns ; the English before the Latin ; the nouns first, under each letter of the alphabet, the verbs, adverbs, &c., after them ; both nouns and verbs are declined very particularly. The work was intended, as the commencement of the account of the third edition of it specifies, as a companion to the ‘ Ortus Vocabulorum ,’ in Latin and English.” In 1500 (the next year after the first publication of the work above noticed) was printed by Wynkyn de Worde the first edition of the work bearing the following title, as stated in Dr. Dibdin’s “ Typo- (liii) liv HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY. graphical Antiquities : ” — “ Ortus Vocabulorum : alphabetico ordine fere omnia quce in Catholico breviloquo Cornucopia Gemma Vo- cabulorum atque Medulla Grammatices ponuntur cum perpulcris Additoribus Ascens, et vernacidce Linguae Anglicance expositionem continens.” This is the first edition of the first Latin and English dictionary, — “a work,” says Dibdin, “ of considerable importance to grammatical antiquaries, and the parent production of our popular Latin and English Dictionary by Ainsworth.” Subsequent editions were printed in 1508, 1509, 1514, 1516, and 1518. The next lexicographical work, and the first entitled a dictionary, ( dictionarium ,) that was published in England, was the “ Dictio- narium ” (Latin and English) of Sir Thomas Elyot, who was a dis- tinguished scholar in the reign of Henry VHI., a friend of Sir Thomas More, and the author of various works. It was first published in 1538 ; and the dates of other editions which appeared before the author’s death, in 1546, are as follows : 1541, 1542, and 1545. The title of the edition of 1542, as given by Ames, is “ Bibliotheca Eliotce, Eliotis Librarie.” It was dedicated to Henry VIII. ; and the following is an extract from the dedication : “ To the moste excellent prince, and our moste redoubted souerayne lorde Kinge Henry the VIII., Supreme head in erthe immediately vnder Christo, of the Churche of Englande. . . . About a yere passed, J be- ganne a Dictionarie, declaring latine by englishe. But whyles J was printyng, and vneth the half deale performed, your hyghnes being informed therof, by the reportes of gentyll maister Antony Denny, for his wysedome and diligence worthily callyd by your hyghnesse into your priuie chamber, and of AVyllyam Tildisley, keper of your gracis lybrarie, and after mooste specially by the recommendation of the most honourable lorde Crumwell, lorde priuie seale, &c., eonceyucd of my labours a good expectation, and declaryng your moste noble and beneuolent nature, in fauouryng them that wyll be well occupied, your hyghnesse, in the presence of diuers of your noble men, com- mcndynge myne enterprise, affirmed, that if J wolde ernestely trauayle therin, your highnes, as well with excellent counsaile, as with suche bokes as your grace had, and J lacked, wolde therm ayde me. AVherfore incontinent J caused the printer to cesse, and beginninge at the letter M, where J lefle, J passed forth to the last letter with a more diligent study. And that done, J eftesones returned to my fyrst letter, and with a semblable diligence performed the remnant ; — and under your gracious governance, your hignesse being myn onely mayster, — hauyng fynished for this tyme this symple Dictionarie, wherin, J dare affirme, may be found a thousand mo latine wordes, than were together in any one Dictionarie publyshed in this royalme at the tyme when J fyrste began to write this commentarie, which is almost two yeres passed. — Gyuynge to your maiestie mooste hartye thankes, as to the chiefe author thereof, by whose gracious meanes menne, beinge studious, may vnderstande better the latine tunge in syxe monethes, than they mought haue doone afore, in thre yeres, withoute perfyte instructours, whyche are not many, and suche as be, are not easy to come by : the cause J nede not reherse, sens J ones declared it in my booke called the ‘ Gouemour,’ which about VIII yeres passed J dydde dedicate vnto your hyghnesse.” “ This is a work,” says Dr. Dibdin, “ of considerable ability, and deservedly held in high estimation, as one of the earliest and best attempts in the promotion of lexicographical literature.” After the death of Sir Thomas Elyot, his Dictionary was corrected and enlarged repeatedly by Thomas Cooper, “ Schole maister of Maudlens in Ox- forde,” afterwards bishop of Lincoln; and in the edition of 1563, the title was changed to “ Thesaurus utriusque Lingua; Latince et Bri- lannicce ; ” Cooper having, according to Anthony Wood, “ augmented and enriched it with 33,000 words and phrases.” After the appearance of some smaller Latin and English diction- aries, the “ Alvearie, or Triple Dictionarie, in English, Latin, and French,” by John Baret, a scholar of Cambridge, was published in 1573; and to the second edition, published in 1580, he added the Greek, and entitled it the “ Alvearie, or Quadruple Dictionaiie.” In his address “ To the Reader,” he gives a singular account of the man- ner in which the “ Alvearie ” was formed, from which the following extract is given : — “ About eyghteene yeares agone, hauing pupils at Cambridge stu- dious of the Latin tongue, I vsed them often to write epistles and themes togither, and daily to translate some peece of English into Latin, for the more speedy and easie attaining of the same. And after we had a little begunne, perceyuing what great trouble it was to come running to mee for euery word they missed, (knowing then of no other Dictionarie to helpe vs, but Sir Thomas Eliots Librarie, which was come out a little before,) I appoynted them certaine leaues of the same booke euery day, to write the English before y e Latin, and likewise to gather a number of fine phrases out of Cicero, Ter- ence, Caesar, Liuie, &c., and to set them under seuerall Tytles, for the more ready finding them againe at their neede. Thus within a yeare or two they had gathered togither a great volume, which (for the apt similitude betweene the good scholers and diligent Bees in gathering their wax and hony into their Hiue) I called then their Aluearie, both for a memoriall by whom it was made, and also by this name to incourage other to the like diligence, for that they should not see their worthy prayse for the same vnworthily drowned in obliuion. Not long after, diuers of our friendes borrowing this our worke which we had thus contriued and wrought onely for our owne priuate vse, often and many wayes mooued mee to put it in print for the common profit of others, and the publike propagation of the Latin tongue ; or else to suffer them to get it printed at then - proper costes and charges. But I both vnwilling, and halfe ashamed to haue our rude notes come abrode vnder the viewe of so many learned eyes, &c. . . . at length comming to London, . . . there came vnto mee a printer shewing mee Hulaets Dictionarie (which before I neuer sawe) and tolde me he intended to print it out of hand, augmented with our notes also if I woulde. But this bargaine went not forward with him for diuers causes. . . . Now therefore (gentle Reader) looke not to finde in this booke, euery thing whatsoeuer thou wouldest seeke for, as though all thinges were here so perfect that nothing lacked, or were possible to be added hereunto. But if thou mayst onely here finde the most wordes that thou needest, or at the least so many as no other such Dictionarie yet extant or made hath the like : take then, I saye, in good part this our simple Aluearie in the meane time, and giue God the praise that first moued mee to set my pupils on worke there- about, and so mercifully also hath strengthened vs (thus as it is) at length to atchieue and finish the same.” The Latin and English Dictionary of Dr. John Rider (an Oxford scholar, and afterwards bishop of Killaloe) was published in 1589. His additions, as he states, “ amount to 4,000 words more than any one dictionarie now extant affords ; ” and, in his Preface, he says, “No one dictionarie, as yet extant, hath the English before the Latine, with a full index of all such Latine words as are in any common diction- arie.” Rider’s Dictionary was subsequently enlarged, first by Francis Holyoke, and afterwards by his son Thomas Holyoke. The Latin and English dictionaries of Gouldman, Coles, and Littleton, which appeared within a few years of each other, passed through various editions, — that of Coles, as many as eighteen; but they were all superseded by the Latin and English Dictionary of Robert Ainsworth, which was first published in 1736, in one volume 4to. The second edition, edited by Patrick, appeared in 1746, in two volumes 4to. In 1752, it was published in two volumes folio ; in 1773, “ a new edition with great additions and amendments,” by Dr. Thomas Morell, appeared; and an improved edition, edited by Dr. Carey, was pub- lished, in 1816, in one volume 4to. “ There have been,” as stated by Lowndes, “ abridgments of this work by Young, Thomas, Morell, and Jamieson.” Of the early English lexicographers, the object of whose labors was to facilitate the study of foreign modern languages, may be men- HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY. lv tioned Percivale, the author of a “ Spanish and English Dictionary,” Cotgrave, author of a “ French and English Dictionary,” (with the English part by Sherwood,) and also Minsheu, author of the “ Guide into the Tongues,” first published in 1617, in eleven languages, — the English, British or Welsh, Low Dutch, High Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. A new edition was published in 1627, in nine languages, but with a considerable increase in the number of radical words. “In this,” says Sir John Hawkins, “ the author undertakes to give the etymologies or derivations of the greater part of the words therein contained ; but, as they amount, at the most, to no more than 14,173, the work must be deemed not sufficiently copious.” The object of the first lexicographical labors in England was to facilitate the study of the Latin language, afterwards that of the Greek, and also of foreign modern languages ; and it was in these bilingual dictionaries, such as Latin and English, and French and English, that the common English words were first collected. The early dictionaries, which were designed for mere English readers, were very limited and meagre productions, then - chief object being to ex- plain what were styled the “ hard rvords ” of the language. Two of the earliest of these works were those of Bullokar -and Cockeram. The former, the “ English Expositor,” by Dr. John Bullokar, was first published in 1616. It passed through many editions ; and the title of the edition printed at Cambridge, in England, hi 1688, is as fol- lows : “ An English Expositour, or Compleat Dictionary ; teaching the Interpretation of the hardest Words and most useful Terms of Art used in our Language ; first set forth by J. B., Dr. of Physick, and now the eighth time revised, corrected, and very much augmented.” It is a little volume, 18mo., and contains only 5,080 words. The English Dictionary of Blount, often written Blunt, was a larger work than any other of the kind that preceded it ; and it was soon followed by a still more considerable one, that of Edward Phil- lips, the nephew and pupil of Milton. The title of Phillips’s dictionary is “The New World of English Words, or a General Dictionary, con- taining the Interpretations of such hard Words as are derived from other Languages, whether Hebrew, Arabick, Syriack, Greek, Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, British, Dutch, Saxon, &c., their Etymologies and perfect Definitions.” Sir John Hawkins says of this work, “ ‘ The New World of Words,’ which, as it is much more copious than that of Blount, and contains a great quantity of matter, must be looked on as the basis of English lexicography.” Though Phillips is entitled to the credit of having advanced the progress of English lexicography, yet his “World” is hardly deserving of being regarded as its “basis.” The first edition is a small folio, of only three hundred pages, con- taining only about 13,000 words. Of these words, a large proportion are such as do not properly belong to a dictionary of the English language, but rather to an encyclopaedia, consisting of geographical and other proper names ; and it contains but few words of genuine English growth ; but the subsequent editions of the work were very much enlarged. Phillips gives a list of the names of thirty-four “ learned gentlemen and artists who contributed their assistance.” He quotes from another author the following remark : “ A dictionary for the English tongue would require an encyclopedic of knowledge, and the concurrence of many learned heads.” “ Such an encyclopedy,” he says, “ I present the reader with ; . . . a volume which the so many years’ industry of myself and others hath brought to such perfection.” In the pub- fisher’s advertisement of the work, it is thus characterized : “ The so long expected work, The New World of English Words, or a General Dictionary, containing the terms, etymologies, definitions, and perfect interpretations of the proper significations of hard English words throughout the arts and sciences, liberal or mechanic, as also other subjects that are useful, or appertain to the language of our nation ; to which is added the signification of proper names, mythology and poetical fictions, historical relations, geographical descriptions of the countries and cities of the world, especially of these three nations, wherein then- chiefest antiquities, battles, and other most memorable passages, are mentioned : a work very necessary for strangers, as well as our own countrymen, — for all persons that would rightly under- stand what they discourse, write, or read.” After the death of the author, the sixth edition, edited by John Kersey, was published in 1706, “revised, corrected, and improved, with the addition of near 20,000 words from the best authors.” Phillips’s Dictionary was followed by those of Coles and Kersey, which, though they were printed in a much smaller form, contained many more of the common words of the language. Dr. Watts, in his “Art of Heading and Writing English,” published in 1720, thus notices the work of Kersey : “ The best dictionary that I know for this purpose [spelling] is entitled ‘ A New English Dictionary,’ &c., by J. K. The second edition, 1713, in small octavo.” After Kersey’s, and soon after 1720, appeared the celebrated Dictionary of Nathan Bailey, which was the first English dictionary in which an attempt was made to give a complete collection of the words of the language. Mr. Watt, in his “ Bibliotheca Britannica,” thus notices this work : “ Bailey’s English Dictionary, printed in 1728, (fourth edition,) was long the only one in use, and still continues a favorite with many readers. It was afterwards enlarged into two volumes 8vo., and some years after printed in folio, with additions in the mathematical part by G. Gordon, in the botanical by Philip Miller, and in the etymological by T. Lediard ; the whole revised [1764] by Dr. Joseph Nicol Scott, a physician. The octavo [24th edition] was revised by Dr. Harwood, 1782.” A part of the long title of the first volume of the edition of 1728 is as follows : “ An Universal Etymological English Dictionary ; com- prehending the Derivations of the Generality of Words in the English Tongue, either Ancient or Modern, from the Ancient British, Saxon, Danish, Norman and Modern French, Teutonic, Dutch, Span- ish, Italian ; as also from the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Languages, each in their proper Characters ; and also a clear Explication of all difficult W ords derived from any of the aforesaid Languages ; . . . containing many thousand Words more than either Harris, Phillips, Kersey, or any English Dictionary before extant.” The second vol- ume was first published in 1727, as a supplement to the first; and it consists of two parts : — “I. An Additional Collection of some Thousands of Words not in the former Volume. II. An Ortho- graphical Dictionary, showing both the Orthography and Orthoepia of the English Tongue.” In his Preface to the first volume, Bailey says, “As for the ety- mological part, or those words from foreign languages, whence the English words were derived, I think I am the first who has attempted it in English, except what Mr. Blunt has done in his ‘ Glossography,’ which is but a very small part, and those of a Latin derivation chiefly, besides a small , extract of Dr. Skinner’s ‘ Etymologicon.’ ” In Iris Introduction to the second volume, he remarks, “ I have placed an accent over that syllable on which a particular stress or force of sound is to be laid by the voice in pronouncing.” This appears to be the first instance in which any such aid to pronunciation was furnished in an English dictionary. The parts of speech were not noted in tliis nor in any previous English dictionary. This lexicographer, who was a schoolmaster at Stepney, was the author of several other works, among which were the “ Didionarium Domesticum, or a Household Dictionary,” and “ An Introduction to the English Tongue ; ” and he was the editor of several classical au- thors for the use of schools. He died, as it is stated in the “ Gentle- man’s Magazine,” in 174^. The following remarks are extracted from the Encyclopaedia Perthensis : “ It is somewhat surprising that, though this work [Bailey’s Dictionary] is universally known, haring gone through at least twenty-six editions since the first edition, dedicated in Latin to Frederick Prince of 'Wales, and Iris royal sisters, (his majesty’s [George III.] father and aunts,) was published, yet no ac- lvi HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY. count whatever has hitherto been given of the learned and laborious author, who excelled Dr. Johnson himself, in industry at least, by introducing a far greater number of words, in his small work of one volume 8vo., than the doctor has inserted in both his volumes folio. We have searched in vain for an account of this learned lexicogra- pher.” — In reference to the above comparison of the number of words found in the dictionaries of Bailey and Johnson, it may be remarked, that Johnson omitted many words that are in Bailey’s Dictionary, because they were not in use ; but he inserted many not found in it. He speaks of “ the deficiencies of dictionaries,” with re- spect to the number of words, and says, he “ has much augmented the vocabulary.” Dvche’s Dictionary, a work in one volume 8vo., “ originally begun by the Rev. Thomas Dyche, and finished by William Pardon,” has had an extensive circulation in England. The seventh edition was published in 1752, and the sixteenth in 1777. This statement seems hardly consistent with the remark of Watt, above quoted, that Bailey’s Dictionary “ was long the only one in use.” Benjamin Martin, an ingenious man, and the author of several publications on scientific and philosophical subjects, published a dictionary of considerable merit. The first edition was printed in 1749; the second, in 1754. In 1747, Dr. Johnson published a “Plan for a Dictionary of the English Language,” addressed to the Earl of Chesterfield ; and soon afterwards he made a contract with some eminent London book- sellers for performing the labor of preparing the work, for the sum of £1,575. The following account of liis method of proceeding is given by Sir John Hawkins : “ He had, for the purpose of carrying on this arduous work, and being near the printers employed in it, taken a handsome house in Gough Square, and fitted up a room in it with desks and other accommodations for amanuenses, whom, to the num- ber of five or six, he kept constantly under his eye. An interleaved copy of Bailey’s Dictionary in folio, he made the repository of the several articles, and these he collected by incessant reading the best authors in our language, in the practice whereof his method was to score with a black-lead pencil the words by him selected, and give them over to his assistants to insert in their places. The books he used for this purpose were what he had in his own collection, a copi- ous but a miserably ragged one, and all such as he could borrow ; which latter, if ever they came back to those that lent them, were so defaced as to be scarce worth owning ; and yet some of his friends were glad to receive and entertain them as curiosities.” Johnson, who is styled, by Dr. A. B. Evans, “ the great captain of English lexicography,” completed his task, after seven years’ arduous labor, in 1755 ; and it is justly regarded as one of the greatest liter- ary achievements ever performed by any man within the same space of time. In a notice of the work in the “ Gentleman’s Magazine ” for April, 1755, just after its publication, the following language is used : “ Let not any one attempt to withhold the honor which is due to him who alone has effected, in seven years, what the joint labor of forty academicians could not produce in a neighboring nation in less than half a century.” The publication of this Dictionary formed a greater era in the history of the language than that of any other work. No other dictionary has had so much influence in fixing the external form of the language, and ascertaining and settling the meaning and proper use of words. Johnson was the first to introduce into English lexi- cography the method of illustrating the different significations of words by examples from the best writers ; and his Dictionary, from the time of its first publication, has been, far more than any other, regarded as a standard for the language. It has formed sub- stantially the basis of many smaller works, and, as Walker remarks, it “ has been deemed lawful plunder by every subsequent lexi- cographer.” The next year after the publication of his Dictionary, Johnson pre- pared the octavo abridgment; and he revised the large work for the edition of 1773, without, however, making great additions or alter- ations. Supplements to it, by Mason, Seager, and Jodrell, have been published in a separate form. In 1814, an edition of Johnson’s Dictionary, with numerous cor- rections, and with the addition of about 14,000 words, by the Rev. Henry John Todd, was published; and, in 1827, there was a second edition, with the addition of about one thousand more words, by Mr. Todd. The words added by Mr. Todd, in his first edition, were, in great part, if not chiefly, derived from the English writers of the 17th century ; and a considerable part of them are obsolete ; and of those added in his second edition, a large proportion are provincial or local words, some of them hardly worthy of a place in a dictionary of the English language. The merits of Johnson’s Dictionary have been by some exaggerated, and by others underrated. But though many defects have been pointed out, yet no one of his countrymen has yet produced a work that has superseded it. It would be unreasonable to expect, from the labor of seven j ears, a work for which “ a whole life would be insuf- ficient.” If it had been perfectly adapted to the language at the time of its first publication, it would be very defective now. Many changes have taken place in the language within the last century, and there has been a vast influx of new words from the various departments of the arts and sciences. In relation to these matters this Dictionary was not designed to treat largely ; and the scientific terms which it contains generally need to be defined anew, and a great many new' ones need to be added ; but in these departments Mr. Todd made few improvements or additions. The “Penny Cyclopeedia” speaks of the work as follows: “John- son’s Dictionary has been accounted the standard work of its class since its appearance in 1755 ; but, although it was a great achievement for an individual, and its definitions, in particular, afford remarkable evidence of its author’s ingenuity and command of expression, it is, in many respects, as far as possible from being what a dictionary should be. Its etymological part (as Horne Tooke has long ago shown) is little better than so much rubbish ; and it is characterized throughout by a total want of method and philosophical views. Some valuable matter has been added by the Rev. Mr. Todd ; but the philosophical character of the work has received no inqn'ovement in his hands.” “ I have,” says Sir John Stoddard, “ spoken freely of the errors and defects in Johnson’s Dictionary ; but it must be remembered that the English language could never boast, until his time, of a collection of its words accompanied with authorities for different significations, by our best writers. His work was one of immense labor ; and we cannot but lament that during great part of the time which he devoted to it, he was in fact writing, from day to day, for bread.” Of Johnson’s Dictionary Lord Brougham says, “ He conferred upon English literature the important benefit of the first even toler- able good dictionary of the language, and one, the general merit of which may be inferred from the fact, that after the lapse of nearly a century filled with the monuments of literary labor incalculably multiplied in all directions, no similar work has superseded it. . . . The dictionary, with all its faults, still keeps its ground, and has no successor that could supplant it. This is owing to the admirable plan of giving passages from the writers cited as authorities for each word ; and this part of the design is well executed. Hence the book becomes almost as entertaining to read, as useful to consult. The more difficult task of definition has been less happily performed, but far better than the etymological part, which neither shows pro- found knowledge, nor makes a successful application of it. The compiler appears to have satisfied himself with one or two authori- ties, and neither to have chosen them well, nor consulted them with discrimination.” HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY. lvii Of this work Lord Macaulay says, “ It was indeed the first diction- ary that could be read with pleasure. The definitions show so much acuteness of thought and command of language, and the passages quoted from poets, divines, and philosophers are so skilfully selected, that a leisure hour may always be agreeably spent in turning over the pages. The faults of the book resolve themselves, for the most part, into one great fault. Johnson was a wretched etymologist. He knew little or nothing of any Teutonic language except English, which indeed, as he wrote it, was scarcely a Teutonic language ; and thus he was absolutely at the mercy of Junius and Skinner.” Since the first publication of Johnson’s Dictionary, many other English dictionaries, of various degrees of merit, have appeared in England, the titles, dates, and names of the authors of which may be seen in the following Catalogue ; but they cannot, all of them, be here particularly noticed. The most considerable of these works is Dr. Richardson’s “ New Dictionary of the English Language,” pub- lished in 1838. This is an elaborate work, in which much greater attention was paid to etymology than had been bestowed by Johnson or any other English lexicographer. The author himself says of his work, “ As an Etymological Dictionary, 1 may affirm, that my own is the first that has been attempted in the English language since the publication of the works of Junius and Skinner, and that it is the only one which professes to combine with etymology an exact expla- nation of meaning, and a copious deduction of usages.” The Quarterly Review says of this work, “ It is an admirable addition to our lexicography, supplying a great desideratum, as ex- hibiting the biography of each word, its birth, parentage, and edu- cation, the changes that have befallen it, the company it has kept, and the connections it has formed, by a rich series of quotations, all in chronological order.” Dean Trench says of it, “ It is the only English dictionary in which etymology assumes the dignity of a science.” This dictionary indicates an extensive and laborious research into the early and almost forgotten productions of English literature ; and it is highly valuable and interesting to one who is desirous of studying the history of the language. In 1828, the first edition of the “American Dictionary of the English Language,” by Noah Webster, LL. D. was published, — a work of great labor and learning, comprising a much more full vo- cabulary than Johnson’s Dictionary, and containing many and great improvements with respect both to the etymology and definitions of words. This dictionary has been much enlarged and greatly improved in succeeding editions, by the Rev. Chauncey A. Goodrich, D. D., and it has received numerous and high commendations, and has met with great success. ENGLISH ORTHOEPISTS. But little attention was bestowed upon orthoepy, by English lexi- cographers, till after the first publication of Johnson’s Dictionary. Since that time, many dictionaries have been published in which the pronunciation of the language has been made the principal object. One of the first works of this sort was the Dictionary of Dr. Kenrick, in a large quarto volume, published in 1772. This was followed, in 1775, by Perry’s “Royal Standard English Dictionary,” a small work, which had an extensive circulation, both in Great Britain and in the United States. “ The Synonymous, Etymological, and Pronouncing English Dictionary,” a much larger work, by the same author, in royal octavo, was published in 1805. — This latter is the work of Perry which is referred to by the abbreviation P. in this Dictionary. Li 1780, Thomas Sheridan, a native of Ireland, who had been an actor of some note upon the stage, and was a distinguished lecturer on elocution in London, at Oxford, Cambridge, and elsewhere, pub- lished his “ Complete Dictionary of the English Language, both with Regard to Sound and Meaning, one main Object of which is to establish a plain and permanent Standard of Pronunciation.” This work commanded much more attention, as a pronouncing dictionary, than any other of the kind that preceded it. In 1784, the Rev. Robert Nares, afterwards archdeacon of Stafford, and one of the first editors of the “ British Critic,” published the “ Elements of Orthoepy, containing a Distinct View of the Whole Analogy of the English Language, so far as it relates to Pronunciation, Accent, and Quantity.” Tins is a judicious and valuable work, though not in the form of a dictionary. In 1791 appeared the first edition of the celebrated Dictionary of John Walker, entitled “ A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Ex- positor of the English Language ; in which not only the Meaning of every Word is clearly explained, and the Sound of every Syllable distinctly shown, but where Words are subject to different Pronunci- ations, the Authorities of our best Pronouncing Dictionaries are fully exhibited, the Reasons for each are at large displayed, and the pref- erable Pronunciation is pointed out ; — to which are prefixed Princi- h pies of English Pronunciation.” The author had previously published a valuable work, entitled “ A Rhyming Dictionary ; in which the whole Language is arranged according to its Terminations.” And he afterwards, in 1798, published his “ Ivey to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Names.” Li the preparation of his Dictionary, Walker made pronunciation his leading object ; and for this it is chiefly valued. His design was, as he expresses it, “ principally to give a kind of history of pronunci- ation, and to register its present state.” His Dictionary has been very extensively circulated both in Great Britain and the United States. “ The settlement of the pronunciation of the English language upon analogical principles, and according to the best usage,” as stated by the Penny Cyclopaedia, “ was certainly attempted by Walker more systematically than by any preceding writer. — It [his Dictionary] has been eminently successful, having gone through between twenty and thirty editions, and having superseded all other previous works of the same nature.” Walker was long a distinguished teacher of elocution in London, was a careful observer, and favorably situated to become acquainted with the best usage. No other Englishman, probably, ever gave a longer, more laborious, and thorough attention to the subject of orthoepy than he, and no other ever obtained so high and widely extended a reputation as an orthoepist.* In modern English literature, Walker holds a similar rank, as an orthoepist, to that of Johnson as a lexicographer. Then- labors have been, in sev- eral dictionaries, blended together ; and their names are, in a manner, * Walker’s employment, as a teacher of elocution, was among the higher classes and best educated people of England. The following testimony to his merit, from the eminent statesman and orator Edmund Burke, is found in “Prior’s Life of Burke.” “ One of the persons who particularly solicited Mr. Burke’s exertions on this occasion was Mr. or (as he was commonly termed) Elocution Walker, author of the ‘ Pronouncing Dictionary,’ and other works of merit, and who had given lessons in the art to young Burke. . . . Mr. Burke, one day, in the vicinity of the House of Commons, introduced him to a nobleman, accidentally passing, with the following characteristic exordium : ‘ Here, my Lord Berkcloy, is Mr. Walker, whom not to know, by name at least, would argue a want of knowledge of the harmonics, cadences, and proprieties of our language.’ ” lviii HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY. proverbially associated with each other, as being each the first in his respective department, — Johnson for the authority and signification of words, and Walker for then - pronunciation. Since the first appearance of Walker’s Dictionary, various other pronouncing dictionaries have been published in England, the majority of them smaller works, designed especially for the use of schools. In pronunciation, fashion is changeable, as well as in other things ; and though Walker may be esteemed the best guide for ascertaining what was the pronunciation of the language at the beginning of the present century, yet a considerable change has taken place since Ins time, and on this account, some of the more recent orthoepists may, in some cases at least, be looked upon as better guides, in relation to present usage, than Walker. Of the dictionaries which have been published in London since the first appearance of Walker’s, the one which evinces much the most investigation of the subject of orthoepy, is that of Mr. B. H. Smart, entitled “ A New Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language, adapted to the present State of Literature and Science,” published in 1836. The same work, reduced in size, entitled “ Smart’s Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language epit- omized,” was published in 1840. To the title of this Dictionary is prefixed “ Walker remodelled ; ” though it is more of an original work than most English dictionaries ; and the author has introduced, as he states, “ some twenty thousand words not found in Walker.” “ With changes,” he remarks, “ that extended to every part of the Dictionary, it is plain that the altered work was mine, not Walker’s. The title ‘Walker Remodelled,’ which the proprietors chose to give it, had, in fact, no other foundation than the original purpose for which they had engaged me.” The following remarks are extracted from Mr. Smart’s Preface : “Walker’s Dictionary, in reality a transcript of Johnson’s, with the addition of the current pronunciation affixed to each word, and the omission of the etymologies and authorities, supplied for many years all that was demande’d in a dictionary of its kind. But the fifty or sixty years which helve elapsed since its first publication have pro- duced changes in science, in opinions, in habits of thought, greater, perhaps, than any similar space of time in any past age has witnessed ; changes that have materially affected our language, and rendered all dictionaries in some degree obsolete, that fairly reflected its extent and application only forty years ago. The proprietors of Walker’s Dictionary, finding it would slide entirely out of use unless it were adapted to the present day, engaged me, as a teacher of elocution, known in London since Walker’s decease, to make the necessary changes. They believed that they imposed no greater task upon me than the insertion of new words, and the revision throughout of Walker’s pronunciation ; but I soon found, that, with any chance of success, much greater innovations must be attempted. . . . Dis- posed, on general points, to think entirely with my predecessor, I have not had any very extensive occasion for differing from him in particulars ; but some occasions have occurred, as might be expected, from the distance between his day and mine. In short, I pretend to reflect the oral usage of English, such as it is at present, among the sensible and well-educated in the British metropolis. ... I am a Londoner, have lived nearly all my fife in London, and have been able to observe the usage of all classes. As a teacher of the English language and literature, I have been admitted into some of the first families of the kingdom ; as one partial to books, I have come much into contact with bookish men ; while, as a public reader and lecturer, I have been obliged to fashion my own pronunciation to the taste of the day. Thus prepared, I may not unwarrantably believe that my opinion may have some value with those who seek the opinion of another to regulate their pronunciation.” — See p. xx. A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES The first part of the following Catalogue comprises not only dic- tionaries of English words, or of the English language, but also many bilingual dictionaries ; that is, dictionaries containing a vocabulary not only of the English, but also of some other languages, ancient or mod- ern, as English and Latin, English and French, &c., — dictionaries which were written for the purpose of facilitating the study of ancient languages and of foreign modern languages. All the earlier lexicograph- ical labors in England were spent on works of this sort. No attempt has been made to exhibit here a complete list of these bilingual dictiona- ries, except in the earlier part of the period embraced in the Catalogue. Within a century past, a great many dictionaries have been pub- lished in England, and a considerable number also in the United States, for the purpose of facilitating the study of several ancient, and of numerous modern, languages. A few of these, that are particular- ly connected with English iiterature, are included in the following Catalogue ; but the most of them are entirely omitted. There are many points relating to English lexicography that are not easily ascertained. Many of the dictionaries have had then- titles changed from those which were given them in the first edition ; many of them have been much altered by the labor of subsequent editors ; with respect to some, it is not easy to ascertain the date of the first edition ; and some have undoubtedly been published which have passed into oblivion, and are now entirely unknown. It is not easy to form an unexceptionable classification of dictiona- ries ; and there are some respecting which it is difficult to determine to what class they most properly belong. The fist of the dictionaries of the various arts and sciences, contained in the following Catalogue, is not complete. The object has been to insert all the most important ones ; though there are, doubtless, some that are omitted more im- portant than some that are inserted. Dictionaries of facts, comprising biography, geography, history, mythology, &c., also most of the glos- saries to individual authors, are intentionally omitted. I.— ENGLISH DICTIONARIES OF WORDS. Date. Author. Title. 1499. Richard Fraunces. > . . Promptorium Parvulorum, sive Clerico- Friar Galfridus. > rum Lexicon. Anglo-Latinum Prin- ceps. 1500. (Anonymous.) Ortus Vocabulorum. 1530. John Palsgrave L’Eclaircissement de La Langue Fran- caise. 1538. Sir Thomas Elyot. . . . Dictionarium, (Latin and English.) 1542. do. do. . . . Bibliotheca Eliotis Librarie. (Third edi- tion.) 1547. William Salesbury. . . Dictionarie Englishe and Welshe. 1552. Richard IIuloet Abecedarium Anglico-Latinum pro Ty- runculis. 1552. John Yeron Dictionariolum Puerorum. 1559. John Witiials A Little Dictionarie for Children, (Latin and English.) 1562. Henry Sutton The Brefe Dyxcyonnry. 1563. Thomas Cooper Thesaurus Linguae Romance et Britan- nicae cum Dictionario Historieo et Po- etico. (Elyot’s Dictionarium or Bibli- otheca, enlarged.) 1568. John Withals A Shorte Dictionarie for Yonge Begin- ners. (A new edition.) 1570. (Anonymous.) Dictionarie, French and English. 1572. John Higgins Huloet’s Dictionarie newelye correct- ed, amended, set in Order, and en- larged. 1572. Lewis Evans A Shorte Dictionarie, most profitable for Yonge Beginners. 1573. John Baret An Alvearie, or Triple Dictionarie, in English, Latin, and French. 1580. William Bullokar. . . . Booke at Large for the Amendment of Orthographic for English Speech. 1583. Richard Hutton Lexicon Latino-Grieco-Anglicum. 1584. Rodolph Waddington. . Dictionarie in Latine and English, new- ly corrected and enlarged. (Yeron 's Dictionariolum, enlarged.) 1588. Thomas Thomas Dictionarium Latino-Anglicanum. Date. Author. Title. 1589. John Rider Dictionarie in Latine and English. 1592. Richard Percivale. . . Dictionarie in Spanish and English. 1593. Claudius Hollybard. . . Dictionarie, French and English. 1598. John Florio A Worlde of Wordes; a most copious Dictionarie of the Italian and English Tongues. 1599. John Minsheu Percivale’s Dictionarie in Spanish and English, enlarged and amplified. 1606. Francis Holyoke Rider’s Latin and English Dictionary, corrected and augmented. 1611. Randle Cotgrave A Dictionarie of the French and Eng- lish Tongues. 1616. John But.lokar An English Expositour of Hard Words. 1617. John Minsheu Guide into the Tongues : — English, British or Welsh, Low Dutch, High Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish, Por- tuguese, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. 1632. Henry Cockeram An English Dictionarie, or an Inter- - preter of Hard Words. 1632. Robert Sherwood. ... A Dictionarie, English and French. (Annexed to Cotgrave’s French and English Dictionary.) 1655. William Walker The Taste of English and Latin Phrase- ology, or a Dictionary of English and Latin Idioms. 1656. Thomas Blount Glossographia, or Dictionary interpret- ing the Hard Words now used in our refined English Tongue. 1658. Edward Phillips The New World of English Words, or a General Dictionary, containing the Interpretations of such Hard Words as are derived from other Languages. 1660. James Howell '. Lexicon Tetraglotton, an English- French-Italian-Spanish Dictionary. 1662. Christopher Wase. . . . Dictionarium Minus, a Compendious Dictionary, English-Latin and Latin- English. 1664. Francis Gouldman. ... A Latin and English, and English and Latin Dictionary. (lix) lx A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES. Date. Author. Titlb. 1673. James Howell. ....... Cotgrave’s French and English Diction- ary, revised. 1677. Thomas Holyoke An English and Latin, and Latin and English Dictionary. (Francis Hol- yoke’s Rider’s Dictionary, enlarged.) 1677. Elisha Coles An English and Latin, and Latin and English Dictionary. 1677. do. do An English Dictionary, explaining the difficult Terms that are used in Divin- ity, Husbandry, Physick, Philosophy, Law, Navigation, Mathematics, and other Arts and Sciences. 1677. Guy Miege A New Dictionary, French and English; with another, English and French. 1678. Francis Gouldman. ... A Latin and English, and English and Latin Dictionary. (Fourth edition, with many thousand words added by Dr. Scattergood.) 1678. Adam Littleton A Latin and English, and English and Latin Dictionary. 1688. Guy Miege French and English, and English and French Dictionary. 1691. William Sewel A Dutch and English Dictionary. 1699. Abel Boyer Royal Dictionary ; French and English, and English and French. 1701. J. Jones Practical Phonography, or the New Art of rightly Spelling and Writing Words by the Sound thereof. 1704. Edward Cocker English Dictionary. 1707. (Anonymous.) Glossographia Anglicana Nova, or a Dic- tionary interpreting such Hard Words, of whatever Language, as are at pres- ent used in the English Tongue. 1708. John Kersey’ A General English Dictionary, compre- hending a Brief but Emphatical and Clear Explication of all Sorts of Diffi- cult Words, that derive their Origin from other Ancient and Modern Lan- guages. 172-. Nathan Bailey - An Universal Etymological English Dic- tionary, comprehending the Deriva- tions of the Generality of Words in the English Tongue, either Ancient or Modern. (Soon after 1720.) 1724. J. Hawkins Cocker’s [Edward] English Dictionary, Enlarged and Altered. 1731. Philip Miller Gardner’s Dictionary. 1735. B. N. Defoe A Compleat English Dictionary, con- taining the True Meaning of all the Words in the English Language. 1736. Robert Ainsworth. ... An English and Latin Dictionary. 1737. (Anonymous.) A New English Dictionary, containing a large and almost complete Collection of English Words. 1749. Benjamin Martin A New Universal English Dictionary. 1752. Thomas Dy'Che and ) . . A New General English Dictionary, pe- William Pardon. > culiarly calculated for the Use and Improvement of such as are unac- quainted with the Learned Languages. (Seventh edition.) 1755. Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language, in which the Words are deduced from their Originals, and illustrated in their different Significations by Examples from the best Writers. 1756. do. do. The Dictionary of the English Lan- guage, abridged. 1757. James Buchanan A New English Dictionary. 1759. J. Peyton A New Vocabulary, or Grammar of the True Pronunciation of the English Language, in the Form of a Dic- tionary. 1760. Joseph Baretti A Dictionary of the English and Italian Languages. Date. Author. Title. 1761. Daniel Fenning The Royal English Dictionary, or Treas- ury of the English Language. 1764. Joseph Nicol Scott. . . Bailey’s Dictionary, Enlarged and Re- vised. (Folio edition.) 1764. Daniel Faruo The Royal British Grammar and Vocab- ulary, being an entire Digestion of the English Language into its proper Parts of Speech. 1764. William Johnston. . . . A Pronouncing and Spelling Dictionary. 1764. John Entick A Spelling Dictionary of the English Language. 1765. J ames Elphinston. . . . The Principles of the English Language digested. 1766. William Rider New Universal English Dictionary. 1771- J. Seally - The London Spelling Dictionary. 1772. Frederick Barlow. . . . The Complete English Dictionary. 1773. William Kenrick. ... A New Dictionary of the English Lan- guage. 1774. James Barclay - A Complete and Universal English Dic- tionary. 1775. John Ash The New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language. 1775. William Perry - The Royal Standard English Dictionary. 1775. John Walker A Rhyming Dictionary. 1778. Joseph Baretti A Dictionary of the English and Span- ish Languages. 1779. (Anonymous.) A Pocket Dictionary, or Complete Ex- pository. 1780. Thomas Sheridan A Complete Dictionary of the English Language, both with Regard to Sound and Meaning, one Main Object of which is to establish a Plain and Per- manent Standard of Pronunciation. 1782. Edward IIaryvood. . . . Bailey’s Dictionary, Enlarged and Cor- rected. (Twenty-fourth edition, 8vo.) 1784. Robert Nares Elements of Orthoepy, containing a Distinct View of the Whole Analogy of the English Language. 1784. William Fry - A New Vocabulary of the most Difficult Words of the English Language. 1790. George Picard A Grammatical Dictionary. 1791. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, and Expositor of the English Language. 1796. (Anonymous.) A Dictionary of the English Language, both with Regard to Sound and Mean- ing. 1797. William Scott A Spelling, Pronouncing, and Explana- tory Dictionary of the English Lan- guage. (A new and improved edi- tion.) 1798. Stephen Jones A General Pronouncing and Explana- tory Dictionary of the English Lan- guage. 1801. George Mason A Supplement to Johnson’s English Dictionary. 1802. George Fulton and ) . . A General Pronouncing and Explana- G. Knight. > tory Dictionary of the English Lan- guage. 1805. William Perry The Synonymous, Etymological, and Pronouncing English Dictionary. 1806. Thomas Browne The Union Dictionary, containing all that is truly useful in the Dictionaries of Johnson, Sheridan, and Walker. (Second edition.) 1806. Benjamin Dawson, ... A Philological and Synonymical Dic- tionary of the English Language. (Only from A to Adornment.) 1807. William Enfield A General Pronouncing Dictionary. 1809. W. F. Mylius A School Dictionary of the English Lan- guage. (Second edition.) 1810. B. II. Smart A Practical Grammar of English Pro- nunciation. 1811. Nicholas Salmon Sheridan’s Dictionary, corrected and im- proved. A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES. lxi Date. AuTnon. Title. 1818. Henry John Todd. . . . Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language, with Numerous Correc- tions, and with the Addition of Several Thousand Words. 1819. John Seager A Supplement to Johnson’s Dictionary. 1820. Richard P. Jodrell. . . Philology on the English Language. (Supplement to Johnson’s Diction- ary.) 1820 (about). Christopher l .. A New Pronouncing English Diction- Earnsiiaw. ) ary. 1820. Alexander Chalmers. . Johnson’s Dictionary, as corrected and enlarged by Todd, abridged. 1821. George Fulton Johnson’s Dictionary in Miniature. 1826. Alfred Howard Walker’s Dictionary, arranged for the Use of Schools. 1826. Tiiomas Rees Todd’s Johnson’s Dictionary in Minia- ture. 1827. R. S. Jameson A Dictionary of the English Language, by Johnson and Walker, with the Pronunciation greatly simplified, on an entire new Plan. 1830. JonN Davis Walker’s Critical Pronouncing Diction- ary, Corrected and Enlarged. 1830. Samuel Maunder A New and Enlarged Dictionary of the English Language. 1833. David Booth An Analytical Dictionary of the English Language. 1835. James Knowles A Pronouncing and Explanatory Dic- tionary of the English Language. 1836. B. H. Smart A New Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language, (“ Walker Remodelled.”) 1836. (Anonymous.) A New and Enlarged Dictionary of the English Language. 1837. Charles Richardson. . . A New Dictionary of the English Lan- guage. (Two vols., 4to.) 1839. do. do. . . A New Dictionary of the English Lan- guage, abridged from the Quarto Edi- tion. (New edition, 1856.) 1840. B. H. Smart Smart’s Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language, epitomized. 1844. Alexander Reid A Dictionary of the English Language. 1847. Robert Sullivan A Dictionary of the English Language. 1848. John Boag The Imperial Lexicon of the English Language. 1849. John Craig A New, Universal, Etymological, Tech- nological, and Pronouncing Diction- ary of the English Language. 1850. John Ogilvie The Imperial Dictionary, English, Tech- nological, and Scientific. 1855. Thomas Wright Universal Pronouncing Dictionary and General Expositor of the English Language. 1855. Hyde Clarke A New and Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language. 1856. Charles Richardson. . . Supplement to a New Dictionary of the English Language. n. — AMERICAN DICTIONARIES OF TIIE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 1798 (about). Johnson and i , ^ . Elliot 4 • • A School Dictionary. 1806. Noah Webster A Compendious Dictionary of the Eng- lish Language. 1807. do. do. A Dictionary of the English Language, for the Use of Common Schools. 1813. An American Gentle- ) . . A New Critical Pronouncing Dictionary man. ) , of the English Language. 1816. John Pickering A Vocabulary of Words and Phrases which have been supposed to be pecu- liar to the United States. 1825. Richard Wiggins The New York Expositor. Date. Author. Title. 1S27. J. E. Worcester Johnson’s English Dictionary, as im- proved by Todd and abridged by Chal- mers, with Walker’s Pronouncing Dictionary combined. 1827. Lyman Cobb An Abridgment of Walker’s Dictionary. 1828. William Grimshaw. . . Etymological Dictionary. 1828. Noah Webster An American Dictionary of the English Language. 1829. do. do An American Dictionary of the English Language, abridged from the Quarto Edition. 1829. do. do A Dictionary of the English Language, for the Use of Primary Schools and the Counting-House. 1829. William Grimshaw. . . The Ladies’ Lexicon and Parlour Com- panion. do. do. The Gentleman’s Lexicon. 1829. William W. Turner. . . The School Dictionary. 1830. J. E. Worcester A Comprehensive Pronouncing and Ex- planatory Dictionary of the English Language. 1834. Noah Webster A Dictionary for Primary Schools. 1835. J. E. Worcester An Elementary Dictionary for Common Schools. 1845. Noah Webster A Dictionary of the English Language, abridged from the American Diction- ary. — University edition. 1845. William Bowles An Explanatory and Phonographic Pro- nouncing Dictionary of the English Language. 1846. do. do. .... A Phonographic Pronouncing Diction- ary. — Abridgment. 1846. J. E. Worcester A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language. 1848. John R. Bartlett Dictionary of Americanisms. 1850. William Grimshaw. . . A Primary Pronouncing Dictionary. 1850. J. E. Worcester Primary Dictionary. 1851. (B. II. Hall.) A Collection of College Words and Cus- toms. 1855. J. E. Worcester A Pronouncing, Explanatory, and Sy- nonymous Dictionary of the English Language. 1855. Dan S. Smalley The American Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language. 1856. Chauncey A. Goodrich. A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the English Language, abridged from Webster’s American Dictionary. 1859. Alexander H. Laidlaw. An American Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language. 1859. Alfred L. Elwyn. . . . Glossary of Supposed Americanisms. 1860. (Anonymous.) A New Pocket Dictionary. in.— ENGLISH GLOSSARIES. 1674. John Ray A Collection of English Words not gen- erally used. 1725. (Anonymous.) A Dictionary of the Terms of the Cant- ing Crew. 1771. (Anonymous.) Exmoor Scolding and Exmoor Court- ship, with a Glossary. 1787. Francis Grose A Glossary of Provincial and Local Words. 1793. (John Collier.) A View of the Lancashire Dialect, [with a Glossary.] 1796. Francis Grose A Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, or of Buckish Slang, &c. 1805. R. Anderson Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect, with a Glossary. 1808. R. Polwhele A Cornish English Vocabulary. 1811. Robert Willan A Glossary of Words used in the West Riding of Yorkshire. 1814. Samuel Pegge Anecdotes of the English Language, with a Supplement to F. Grose’s Glossary. lxii A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES. Date. Author. Title. 1816. White Kennett (Bp.). . A Glossary to explain the Original, the Acceptation, and the Obsoleteness of Words and Phrases. 1820. Roger Wilbraham. ... A Glossary of Words used in Cheshire. 1822. Robert Nares A Glossary of Words and Phrases found in the Works of Shukspeare and his Contemporaries. 1823. Jon Bee. (John Badcock.) Dictionary of the Turf, the Ring, the Chase, the Pit, &c. 1823. Edward Moor Suffolk Words and Phrases. 1821. James Maxder Derbyshire Miner’s Glossary. 1825. John T. Brockett A Glossary of North Country Words. 1825. James Jennings A Glossary of Words used in Somerset- shire, &c. 1828. (AVilliam Carr.) The Dialect of Craven, with a Copious Glossary. (Two volumes.) 1829. Joseph Hunter The Hallamshire Glossary. 1S30. John Forby The Vocabulary of East Anglia, Nor- folk and Suffolk. (Two volumes.) 1832. William Toone A Glossary and Etymological Dictionary of Obsolete and Uncommon Words. 1833. Jonathan Boucher. ... A Glossary of Archaic and Provincial Words, edited by Joseph Hunter and Joseph Stevenson. (Two numbers published.) 1837. James F. Palmer A Glossary of Devonshire Words. 1839. Abel Bywater The Sheffield Dialect. 1839. William Holloway. . . A General Dictionary of Provincial- isms. 1839. Charles Clark A Glossary of Words peculiar to Es- sex. 1839. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of Provincial Words used in Herefordshire. 1839. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of the Yorkshire Dialect. 1839. John Phillips A Glossary of the Devonshire Dialect. 1839. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of the Westmoreland and , Cumberland Dialects. 1842. John Y. Akerman. ... A Glossary of Provincial Words in Use in Wiltshire. 1846. James O. Halliwell. . . A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words. (Two volumes, 8vo.) 1846. John T. Brockett A Glossary of North Country Words. (Third edition, two volumes.) 1848. Arthur B. Evans Leicestershire Words. 1849. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of Words used in Teesdale, Durham. 1851. Thomas Sternberg. . . . The Dialect and Folk-lore of Northamp- tonshire. 1851. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of Cumberland Provincial Words. 1851. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of Dorsetshire Provincial Words. 1851. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of Gloucestershire Provincial Words. 1852. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of Berkshire Provincial Words. 1853. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of the Provincialisms of Sussex. 1854. Anne E. Baker A Glossary of Northamptonshire Words. 1855. (Anonymous.) A Glossary of Yorkshire Words and Phrases. 1856. R. Garnett A Glossary of Words used in Warwick- shire. 1857. Thomas Wright A Volume of Vocabularies [Anglo- Saxon and Early English] from the Tenth Century to the Fifteenth. 1857. do. do A Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English. 1857. ( Ducange Anglicus) The Vulgar Tongue. Two Glossa- ries of Slang and Flash Words and Phrases. 1859. A London Antiquary . ... A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words. IV. — DICTIONARIES AND GLOSSARIES OF THE SCOTTISH DIALECT. Date. Author. Title. 1782. John Sinclair Observations on the Scottish Dialect. 1787. James Beattie Scotticisms arranged in Alphabetical Order. 1799. Hugh Mitchell Scotticisms and Vulgar Anglicisms. 1808. John Jamieson An Etymological Dictionary of the Scot- tish Language. (Two volumes.) 1818. do. do An Etymological Dictionary of the Scot- tish Language, abridged. 1825. do. do Supplement to the Etymological Dic- tionary of the Scottish Language. (Two volumes.) 1858. Clcishbotham the Younger. A Handbook of the Scottish Language. V. — ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES. 1671. Stephen Skinner Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae. 1703-5. George Hickes Linguarum Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus Grammatico-criticus ct Archaeologicus. 1734. Jacob Serenius Dictionarium Anglo-Sueth.-Lat. in quo Voces Anglicanae quotquot Gothis de- bentur ad Origines suas revocantur. 1737. John G. Wachter. . . . Glossarium Germanicum, continens Origines et Antiquitates totius Lin- guae Germanicae. 1743. Francis Junius Etymologicon Anglicanum. 1769. John Ihre Glossarium Suio-Gothicum. 1779. Robert Kelham A Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language. 1783. George Wm. Lemon. . . English Etymology, or A Derivative Dictionary. 1786. John Horne Tooke. . . . Diversions of Purley. 1800-25. Walter Whiter. . . Etymologicon Universale, or Universal Etymological Dictionary. 1826. John Thomson Etymons of English Words. 1833. Heinrich Meidinger. . . Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Goth- isch-Teutonischen Mundarten. 1834. John Oswald An Etymological Dictionary of the Eng- lish Language. 1834. Robert Sullivan A Dictionary of Derivations. 1838. J. Rowbotham A New Derivative and Etymological Dictionary. 1847. H. Fox Talbot English Etymologies. 1850. Auguste Jal Glossaire Nautique, Repertoire Poly- glotte des Termes de Marine, ancicns et modernes. 1851. Lorenz Diefenbach. . . Lexicon Comparativum Linguarum In- do-Germanicarum. 1853. Wm. Pulleyn The Etymological Compendium. 1853. Frederick Diez Etymologisches Worterbuch der Ro- manischen Sprachen. VI. — SAXON AND ANGLO-SAXON DICTIONARIES. 1659. William Somner Dictionarium Saxonico-Latir.o-Angli- cum. 1701. Thomas Benson Vocabularium Anglo-Saxonicum. 1772. Edward Lye Dictionarium Saxonico- et Gothico-La- tinum. 1838. J. Bosworth A Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Lan- guage. A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES. Ixiii VII. —ENGLISH SYNONYMES. Date. Author. Title. 1794. John Trusler The Distinction between Words es- teemed Synonymous in the English Language. 1794. Hester Lynch Piozzi. . British Synonymy, or An Attempt to regulate the Choice of Words in Fa- miliar Conversation. 1813. William Taylor English Synonyms Discriminated. 1816. George Crabb English Synonymes Explained. 1842. Wm. Carpenter A Comprehensive Dictionary of English Synonymes. (Third edition.) 1845. John Platts A Dictionary of English Synonymes. 1846. B. F. Graham English Synonymes. 1852. Abp. Whately ) A Selection of English Synonyms. (Sec- (Edited by.) $ ond edition.) 1852. Peter M. Roget Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases Classified and Arranged. 1854. D. L. Mackenzie A Practical Dictionary of English Syn- onyms. 1855. Thomas Fenby A Copious Dictionary of English Syno- nymes. On the Study of Words. English Past and Present. A Select Glossary of English Words used formerly in Senses different from their Present. VIII.— THEOLOGICAL AND BIBLICAL DICTIONARIES. 1622. Thomas Wilson A Complete Christian Dictionary. 1732. Samuel D’Oyly and £ . . Calmet’s Dictionary of the Bible, trans- John Colson. ) lated from the French. 1769. John Brown A Dictionary of the Bible. 1779. Alexander Macbean. . Dictionary of the Bible. 1784. Peter Oliver Scripture Lexicon. 1801. Charles Taylor A New Edition of Calmet, with Frag- ments. 1802. Charles Buck A Theological Dictionary. 1815. John Robinson A Theological, Biblical, and Ecclesias- tical Dictionary. 1816. William Jones The Biblical Cyclopsedia, or Dictionary of the Holy Scriptures. 1830. Howard Malcom A Dictionary of Important Names and Terms found in the Holy Scriptures. 183-. (Frederick A. Packard.) The Union Bible Dictionary. 1831. R. Watson Biblical and Theological Dictionary. 1832. Edward Robinson. . . . Taylor’s Edition of Calmet, revised, with Additions. 1833. do. do A Dictionary of the Holy Bible. 1841. Walter F. Hook Church Dictionary. 1843. Wm. Goodhugh and ) . . The Pictorial Dictionary of the Holy Wm. C. Taylor. ) Bible. 1844. John Kitto A Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature. 1846. Robert Eden Churchman’s Theological Dictionary. (Second edition.) 1849. John Eadie Biblical Cyclopaedia. 1849. J. R. Beard The People’s Dictionary of the Bible. 1851. John Kitto A Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature for the People. — Abridgment. 1852. J. Farrar Biblical and Theological Dictionary. 1851. Richard C. Trench. . . 1854. do. do. . . 1859. do. do. . . Date. Author. Title. 1729. Giles Jacob A New Law Dictionary. 1764. Timothy Cunningham. . A New and Complete Law Dictionary. 1792. Richard Burn A New Law Dictionary. 1810. Thomas E. Tomlins. . . The Law Dictionary. 1829. James Whishaw A New Law Dictionary. 1843. John Bouvier A Law Dictionary, adapted to the Con- stitution and Laws of the United States, and of the several States. 1850. Alexander Burrill. . . A Law Dictionary and Glossary. X. — MILITARY AND MARINE DICTIONARIES. 1769. William Falconer. ... A Marine Dictionary. (A new edition, by Dr. William Burney, 1815.) 1802. Charles James A New and Enlarged Military Diction- ary. 1810. William Duane A Military Dictionary. 1841. R. H. Dana, Jr Dictionary of Sea Terms. 1844. E. S. N. Campbell. ... A Dictionary of Military Science. (A new edition.) 1852. Robert Burn Naval and Military Technical Dictionary. 1853. J. H. Stocqueler Military Encyclopredia. 1855. J. S. B Glossary of Military Terms. XI. — MEDICAL DICTIONARIES. 1719. John Quincy Lexicon Physico-Medicum, a New Med- ical Dictionary. 1745. Robert James A Medicinal Dictionary, including Phys- ic, Surgery, Anatomy, Chemistry, Bot- any, &c. 1749. John Barrow A New Medicinal Dictionary. 1759. Thomas Wallace The Farrier’s and Horseman’s Com- plete Dictionary. 1796. James Hunter A Complete Dictionary of Farriery and Horsemanship. 1798. Robert Hooper A Compendious Medical Dictionary. 1803. Thomas Boardman. ... A Dictionary of the Veterinary Art. 1806. John J. Watt An Encyclopa:dia of Surgery, Medicine, Midwifery, Physiology, Pathology, Anatomy, Chemistry, &c. 1809. Bartholomew Parr. . . The London Medical Dictionary. 1818. Samuel Cooper Dictionary of Practical Surgery. 1833. Robley Dunglison. ... A Dictionary of Medical Science and Literature. 1833-58. James Copland Medical Dictionary. (Fourvols.) 1835. Forbes, Tweedie, ) A Cyclopiedia of Practical Medicine, and Connolly. > William B. Costello. > _ (Commenced 1841.) ( The Cyclopedia of Practical Surgery. 1844. Richard D. Hoblyn. . . A Dictionary of the Terms used in Med- icine and the Collateral Sciences. . A Pentaglot Dictionary of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Practical Med- icine, Surgery, &c. . Medical Dictionary. . A New Medical Dictionary. 1845. Shirley Palmer. 1854. R. D. Hoblyn. . 1855. D. P. Gardner. IX. — LAW DICTIONARIES. 1607. John Cowell A Law Dictionary, or the Interpreter of Words and Terms used in either Com- mon or Statute Laws. 1671. Thomas Blount A Law Dictionary and Glossary of Ob- scure Words and Terms in Ancient Law, Records, &c. XII. — DICTIONARIES OF CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, &c. 1795. Wm. Nicholson A Dictionary of Practical and Theoret- ical Chemistry. 1807. A. & C. R. Aiken A Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineral- ogy- 1820. Andrew Ure A Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineral- ogy- 1824. A Practical Chemist. ... A Dictionary of Chemical and Philo- sophical Apparatus. lxiv A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES Date. Author. 1826. W. C. Ottley James Mitchell. . . . 1839. George Roberts. . . 1S54. Robert D. Thomson. Title. A Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineral- ogy- A Dictionary of Chemistry and Geology. An Etymological and Explanatory Dic- tionary of Geology. Cyclopaedia of Chemistry. Date. Author. 1843. William Waterston. . , 1844. Thomas Webster 1844. Cutiibert W. Johnson. . 1844. Joseph Gwilt 1848. Samuel Maunder 1850. John Weale, Xm. — DICTIONARIES OF TIIE VARIOUS ARTS AND SCIENCES. 1705. (Anonymous.) The Gentleman’s Dictionary. — In three Parts. — I. Horsemanship. II. The Military Art. III. Navigation. 1731. Philip Miller The Gardener’s and Botanist’s Diction- ary. 1736. Nathan Bailey Dictionarium Domesticum, or a House- hold Dictionary. 1736. (Anonymous.) Dictionarium Polygraphicum, or the whole Body of Arts. 1744. (Anonymous.) Builder’s Dictionary, or Gentleman’s and Architect’s Companion. 1756. Richard Rolt A New Dictionary of Commerce. 1764. Malachy Postlethwayt. Dictionary of Trade and Commerce. 1778. Mawe & Abercrombie. A Dictionary of Gardening and Botany. 1795-6. Charles Hutton. ... A Mathematical and Philosophical Dic- tionary. 1810. Thomas Mortimer. ... A General Dictionary of Commerce, Trade, and Manufactures. 1811-12. Peter Nicholson. . . An Architectural Dictionary. 1814. Peter Barlow A New Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary. 1815. Charles Hutton A Philosophical and Mathematical Dic- tionary. 1816-20. Thomas Green A Universal Herbal, or Botanical, Med- ical, and Agricultural Dictionary. 1822. John C. Loudon Encyclopedia of Gardening. 1823. George Crabb Universal Technological Dictionary. 1823. James Mitchell A Dictionary of the Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 1825. James Elmes A General and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Fine Arts. 1825. Walter Hamilton. ... A Concise Dictionary of Terms used in the Arts and Sciences. 1825. J. F. Danneley An Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Music. 1826. John C. Loudon Encyclopaedia of Agriculture. 1829. Alexander Jamieson. . Dictionary of Mechanical Science, Arts, Manufactures, and Miscellaneous Knowledge. 1832. J. R. McCulloch A Dictionary of Commerce. 1833. Thomas Valentine. ... A Dictionary of the Terms of Music. (Third edition.) 1836. John C. Loudon Encyclopaedia of Plants. 1838. do. do. Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture. 1838. John Britton A Dictionary of the Architecture and Archaeology of the Middle Ages. 1838. William Grier The Mechanic’s Pocket Dictionary. (Third edition.) 1839. Andrew Ure A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. 1840. Samuel Maunder Scientific and Literary Treasury. 1840. J. S. Henslow A Dictionary of Botanical Terms. 1840. William Humble Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy. 1841. Edward Scudamore. . . A Dictionary of Terms in Use in the Arts and Sciences. 1842. G. Francis The Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, and Manufactures. 1842. Wm. Brande A Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. 1842. Gibbons Merle The Domestic Dictionary and House- keeper’s Manual. 1842. John C. Loudon Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs. 1852. do. do. 1852. J. Russell Hind 1854. F. W. Fairholt 1854. John W. Moore 1854. Charles Tomlinson. . . 1855. Charles Davies. ) . . . . Wm. G. Peck. ) 1856. J. W. Griffith. ) Arthur Henfrey. ) ' 1857. William Fleming. . . . 1857. J. P. Niciiol 1858. J. Smith Homans. > J. Smith Homans, Jr. ( ' 1858. William Baird 1858. P. L. Simmonds XIV. — ENCYCLOPAEDIAS OF ARTS 1710. John Harris 1728. Ephraim Chambers. . . 1745. Dennis de Coetlogon. . 1751-4. John Barrow 1763- 4. A Society of Gentlemen. 1764- 5. Croker, Williams, > . and Clark. J 1771. William Smellie 1795-1801. 1797-1829. Begun by John t . . Wilkes. ) 1802. A. F. M. Willich. . . . 1802-19. Abraham Rees. 1807. Alexander Aitchison. . 1807-8. George Gregory. . . . 1809. William Nicholson. . . 1809-14. Wm. M. Johnson ) . and Thomas Exley. 5 Title. A Cyclopaedia of Commerce. An Encyclopedia of Domestic Economy. The Farmer’s Encyclopedia and Dic- tionary of Rural Affairs. An Encyclopedia of Architecture. Treasury of Natural History, or Popular Dictionary of Animated Nature. Rudimentary Dictionary of Terms used in Architecture, Engineering, Fine Arts, Mining, etc. A Dictionary of Machines, Mechanics, . Engine-work, and Engineering. An Astronomical Vocabulary. Dictionary of Terms of Art. Complete Encyclopedia of Music. Cyclopedia of Useful Arts. Mathematical Dictionary, and Cyclope- dia of Mathematical Science. The Micrographic Dictionary. Vocabulary of Philosophy. A Cyclopedia of the Physical Sciences. A Cyclopedia of Commerce. A Cyclopedia of the Natural Sciences. A Dictionary of Trade Products, Com- mercial, Manufacturing, and T echnical Terms. AND GENERAL DICTIONARIES AND SCIENCES. Lexicon Technicum, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. (Two vols., folio.) A Cyclopedia, or General Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. (Two vols., folio. — Sixth edition, 1778, four vols., folio.) An Universal History of the Arts and Sciences, and a Comprehensive Illus- tration of all Sciences and all Arts. (Two vols., folio.) A New Universal Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences. (Two vols., folio.) A New and Complete Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences. (Four vols., 8vo.) A Complete Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences. (Three vols., folio.) Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature. (Three vols., 4to.) The English Encyclopaedia, or a Dic- tionary of Arts and Sciences. (Ten vols., 4to.) , Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Lit- erature. (Twenty-four vols., 4to.) The Domestic Encyclopaedia, or a Dic- tionary of Facts and Useful Knowl- edge. (Four vols., 8vo.) The Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature. (Forty-five vols., 4to.) Encyclopaedia Perthensis, or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge. (Twenty- three vols., large royal 8vo.) A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. (Two vols., 4to.) The British Encyclopaedia. (Six vols., 8vo.) The Imperial Encyclopaedia. (Four vols., 4to.) A CATALOGUE OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES. lxv Date. author. Title. 1810. James Millar Encyclopaedia Britannica. (Fourth edi- tion, twenty vols., 4to.) 1810-30. Sir David Brewster. The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. (Eigh- teen vols., 4to.) 1813. John M. Good, O. Greg- > Pantalogia, with a General Dictionary of ory, and N. Bosworth. 5 Arts, Sciences, and Words. (Twelve vols., royal 8vo.) 1815-24. Macvey Napier. . . . Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. (Six vols., 4to.) 1816. James Millar Encyclopaedia Edinensis, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature. (Six vols., 4to.) . Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, or Univer- sal Dictionary of Knowledge, on a New Plan. (Twenty-nine vols., 4to.) 1826-34. Thomas Curtis The London Encyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature, and Practical Mechanics. (Twenty- two vols., royal 8vo.) 1829-33. Francis Lieber, E. Encyclopaedia Americana, or a Popular Wigglesworth, and > Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences, Thos. G. Bradford. J on the Basis of the Seventh Edition of 1818-44. Edward Smedley, 1 Hugh James Rose, I and Henry John 1 Rose. J Date. Aothok. Title. the German “ Conversations-Lexi- con.” (Thirteen vols., 8vo.) 1833-43. George Long The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society of Useful Knowledge. (Twenty-seven vols., large royal 8vo.) 1835-38. C. F. Partington. . . The British Cyclopaedia of the Arts, Sciences, Geography, Natural History, and Biography. (Ten vols., 8vo.) 1842. Macvey Napier. ..... Encyclopaedia Britannica. (Seventh edi- tion, twenty-one vols., 4tp.) 1852. J. G. Heck, (Am. Editor, ) } The Iconographic Encyclopaedia of Se;- Spencer F. Baird. ) ence, Literature, and Arf. (Six vols.) 1853. .... National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowl- edge. (Twelve vols., 8vp.) 1853- 59. Thomas Stewart ) . . Encyclopaedia Britannica, (Eighth edi- Traille. j tion. Vol. I. — XVII. A — Plato.) 1854- 59. Charles Knight. . . The English Cyclopaedia. A New Dic- tionary of Universal Knowledge. Ge- ography, four vols. ; Natural History, four vols. ; Biography, six vols. ; Sci- ences and Arts, to be completed in six vols., imperial 8vo. 1857-59. George Ripley and ) New American Cyclopaedia. (Vols. I. — Charle* A. Dana. $ VII. A — Fperos ) A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC WORKS USED IN THE PREPARATION OE THIS DICTIONARY. This list contains the titles of such Scientific works as are not mentioned in the preceding Catalogue of English Dictionaries. Dats. Authob. Title. 1816. Parker Cleaveland. . . An Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology. Boston. 1819-59. American Journal of Science and Arts. New Haven. 1820. C. J. Temminck Manuel d’Ornithologie. Paris. 1822. John Farrar An Elementary Treatise on the Appli- cations of Trigonometry. Boston. 1822. Samuel Parxes The Chemical Catechism. London. 1823. Henry J. Brooke. A Familiar Introduction to Crystallog- raphy. London. 1824. Jacob Bigelow Florula Bostoniensis. Boston. 1825. H. M. Ducrotay De > . . Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchyli- Blainville. J ologie. Paris. 1826-59. The Edinburgh New Philosophical J our- nal. Edinburgh. 1827. Edward Griffith ) . . . The Animal Kingdom, &c., by Cuvier, and others. > with additional descriptions, &c. Rr.n- don. 1827. John Farrar An Elementary Treatise on Astronomy. Boston. 1828. James Wood The Elements of Optics. Cambridge, Eng. 1829. William Henry ihe Elements of Experimental Chem- istry. London. 1829. J. B. Fischer Synopsis Mammalium. Stuttgart. 1829. M. Le Baron Cuvier. . . Le Regne Animal. Paris. 1829. Library of Useful Knowledge. (Natural Philosophy.) London. 1830. Soc. for the Diffusion ) Geometry, Plane, Solid, and Spherical. of Useful Knowl. ) London. 1830. William T. Brande. . . A Manual of Chemistry. London. 1831. Humphrey Lloyd A Treatise on Light and Vision. London. 1831. Henry Kater and ) Dionysius Lardner. > 1831. Sir David Brewster. 1832. Dionysius Lardner. . A Treatise on Mechanics. Boston. A Treatise on Optics. London. A Treatise on Hydrostatics and Pneu- matics. Boston. 1832-59. The London and Edinburgh and [since 1840] Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. London. 1833. Baden Powell A Short Elementary Treatise on Exper- imental and Mathematical Optics. Ox- ford. 1835. J. J. Berzelius Traite de Chimie. Paris. 1835. Leonard Jenyns A Manual of British Vertebrate Ani- mals. Cambridge, Eng. 1835. Edward Turner Elements of Chemistry. (Reprinted from the London edition.) Philadel- phia. 1835. J. S. Henslow The Principles of Descriptive and Phys- iological Botany. London. 1835. David Brewster A Treatise on Optics. London. 1835-7. William Swainson. . Lardner’s Cabinet Cyclopaedia, (Quad- rupeds and Birds.) London. 1836. J. B. P. A. de Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. Paris. 1836. William Yarrell A History of the British Fishes. London. Date. Authob. Title. 1836. Hermann Burmeister. . A Manual of Entomology, translated by W. E. Shuckard. London. 1837. Thomas Bell A History of British Quadrupeds, in- cluding the Cetacea. London. 1837. William Buckland. . . . Geology and Mineralogy. Philadelphia. 1837. William Phillips An Elementary Introduction to Min- eralogy, augmented by Robert Allan. London. 1839. Thomas Bell . A History of British Reptiles. London. 1839. J. O. Westwood An Introduction to the Modern Classifi- cation of Insects. London. 1839. J. Frederic Daniell. . . An Introduction to the Study of Chemi- cal Philosophy. London. 1839. John Lindley An Introduction to Botany. London. 1839. Robert Hamilton The Natural History of the Amphibious Carnivora, including the Walrus and Seals; also of the Herbivorous Ceta- cea, &c. Edinburgh. 1839-55. Michael Faraday. . Experimental Researches in Electricity. London. 1840. Thomas Nuttall A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and of Canada. Boston. 1840. Dionysius Lardner. ... A Treatise on Geometry, and its Appli- cation to the Arts. London. 1840. Robert Hare A Compendium of the Course of Chem- ical Instruction in the Medical De- partment of the University of Penn- sylvania. Philadelphia. 1841. A. A. Gould Report on the Invertebrate Animals of Massachusetts. Cambridge, U. S. 1841. Edward Forbes A History of British Star-fishes and other Animals of the Class Echino- dermata. London. 1842. Thomas Graham Elements of Chemistry. London. 1842. J. J. Audubon The Birds of America. New York. 1842. Robert Kane Elements of Chemistry. London. 1842. Justus Liebig Chemistry in its Application to Agricul- ture and Physiolpgy, with Notes and Appendix by John W. Webster. Bos- ton. 1842. do. do Animal Chemistry, or Organic Chem- istry in its Application to Physiology and Pathology, with Notes and Ap- pendix by John W. Webster. Boston. 1842-1846. Louis Agassiz. . . . Nomenclator Zoologicus. Soleure. 1843. Joseph Y. Watson. ... A Compendium of British Mining, with Statistical Notices of the Principal Mines in Cornwall. London. (Printed for private circulation.) 1843. Wm. Yarrell A History of the British Birds. London. 1844. John W. Draper A Treatise on the Forces which produce the Organization of Plants. New York. 1844. Edward A. Parnell. . . Applied Chemistry in Manufactures, Arts, and Domestic Economy. London. 1845. Thomas Young A Course of Lectures on Natural Phi- losophy and the Mechanical Arts. London. (lxvi) SCIENTIFIC WORKS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS DICTIONARY. lxvii Date. Author. Title. 1845. L. F. Kaemtz A Complete Course of Meteorology, translated by C. V. Walker. London. 1845. John F. Daniell Elements of Meteorology. London. 1845-6. C. F. Peschel Elements of Physics, translated by E. West. London. 1846. D. Humphreys Storer. . A Synopsis of the Fishes of North America. Cambridge, U. S. 1846. J. J. Audubon and ? ... The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North John Bachman. > America. New York. 1846. George B. Emerson. . . A Report on the Trees and Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts. Boston. 1846. Richard Owen A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds. London. 1846. G. R. Waterhouse A Natural History of the Mammalia. London. 1847. Jacob Bigelow The Useful Arts considered in Connec- tion with the Applications of Science. New York. 1847. John Lindley The Vegetable Kingdom. London. 1847. Jacob Bigelow Elements of Technology. Boston. 1848. J. Muller Principles of Physics and Meteorology. Philadelphia. 1848. Leopold Gmelin Hand-Book of Chemistry, translated by Henry Watts. London. 1848. Sir W. Snow Harris. . . Rudimentary Electricity. London. 1848. Alex. K. Johnston. . . . The Physical Atlas. A Series of Maps and Notes illustrating the Geograph- ical Distribution of Natural Phenom- ena. London. 1850. William Baird The Natural History of the British En- tomostraca. London. 1851. S. P. Woodward A Manual of the Mollusca, or a Rudi- mentary Treatise on Recent and Fos- sil Shells. London. 1851. Sir H. T. de la Beche. . The Geological Observer. London. 1851. Charles Darwin Geological Observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and on South Amer- ica. London. 1851. G. F. Richardson An Introduction to Geology and its As- sociate Sciences, Mineralogy, Fossil Botany and Conchology, and Palaeon- tology. London. 1851. Sir Charles Lyell. . . A Manual of Elementary Geology. Lon- don. 1851-3. Dionysius Lardner. . Hand-Book of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy. London. 1852. Thaddeus W. Harris. . A Treatise on some of the Insects of New England which are injurious to Vegetation. Boston. 1852. Charles U. Shepard. . . A Treatise on Mineralogy. New Haven. 1853. F. J. Pictet Traite de Paleontologie. Paris. 1853. Edward Forbes and ). . A History of British Mollusca and their Sylvanus Hanley. ) Shells. London. 1853. Thomas Bell A History of British Stalk-eyed Crus- tacea. London. 1853. Michael Faraday. . . . Lectures on the Non-Metallic Elements. London. 1853. Asa Gray The Botanical Text Book. New York. 1853. Thomas C. Archer. . . . Popular Economic Botany. London. 1853. M. Pouillet Elements de Physique Experimentale et de Meteorologie. Paris. 1853. Sir J. F. W. Herschel. . Outlines of Astronomy. Philadelphia. 1853. Sir Charles Lyell. . . . Principles of Geology. Boston. 1853. E. S. Winslow The Foreign and Domestic Commercial Calculator. Boston. Date. Author. Title. 1854. James D. Dana A System of Mineralogy. New York. 1854. Jonathan Pereira. . . . Lectures on Polarized Light. Edited by Rev. Baden Powell. London. 1855. M. Milne Edwards. . . . Cours Elementaire d’Histoire Naturelle, (Zoologie.) Paris. 1855. Richard Owen Lectures on Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Ani- mals. London. 1855. Thomas Rymer Jones. . General Outline of the Organization of the Animal Kingdom, and Manual of Comparative Anatomy. London. 1855. T. F. Hardwich A Manual of Photographic Chemistry. London. 1855. John H. Balfour A Manual of Botany. London and Glas- gow. 1855. Luther S. Cushing. . . . Rules of Proceeding and Debate in De- liberative Assemblies. Boston. 1855. John Brocklesby Elements of Astronomy. New York. 1855. James F. Johnston. . . . The Chemistry of Common Life. New York. 1855-7. William A. Miller. . Elements of Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical. London. 1856. John Johnston A Manual of Chemistry. Philadelphia. 1856. David T. Ansted Elementary Course of Geology, Mineral- ogy, and Physical Geography. London. 1856. M. V. Regnault Elements of Chemistry, translated by T. F. Betton. Edited by James C. Booth and William L. Faber. Phila- delphia. 1856. W. H. C. Bartlett Elements of Natural Philosophy. New York. 1856. John Wilson A Treatise on English Punctuation. Boston. 1856. William Gregory. ... A Hand-Book of Organic Chemistry. London. 1857. Louis Agassiz Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Boston. 1857. William Youatt The History, Treatment, and Diseases of the Horse. Philadelphia. 1857. Asa Gray Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. New York. 1857. James Eaton A Treatise on Arithmetic. Boston. 1857. Asa Gray' First Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Physiology. New York. 1858. M. F. Billet Traite d’Optique Physique. Paris. 1858. George B. Wood, i ■ ■ • The Dispensatory of the United States Franklin Backe. ) of America. Philadelphia. 1858. J. Van Der Hoeven. . . Hand-Book of ZoOl:gy, translated by Rev. Win. Clarke. Cambridge, Eng. 1858. Thomas Sutton A Dictionary of Photography. London. 1858. Sir John Stoddart. . . . Glossology, or the Historical Relations of Languages. London and Glasgow. 1858. Thomas Graham Elements of Inorganic Chemistry, in- cluding the Applications of the Science in the Arts. Philadelphia. 1858. Spencer F. Baird Catalogue of North American Birds, j chiefly in the Museum of the Smith- sonian Institute. Washington. 1858. Benjamin Greenleaf. . . The National Arithmetic. Boston. 1859. James D. Dana Synopsis of the Report on Zoophytes of the United States Exploring Expedi- tion round the World. New Haven. 1859. Henry W. Herbert. . . Hints to Horse-Keepers. A Complete Manual for Horse-Keepers. New York. 1859. Sir Wm. Hamilton. . . . Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic. Boston. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY. ETYMOLOGY. Arab, stands for Arabic. Arm Armoric. A. S Anglo-Saxon. Belg Belgic or Flemish. Bret Breton. Brit British. Celt Celtic. Chal. . .' Chaldee, Chaldaic. Corn Cornish. Dan Danish. Dut Dutch. Eng English, England. Eth Ethiopic. Fin Finnish, Finland. FI Flemish or Belgic. Fr French. Frs Friesic, Frisian. Gael Gaelic. Ger German. Goth Gothic. Gr Greek. Heb Hebrew. Hind Hindoo, Hindostanee. Hun Hungarian. Icel Icelandic. Ir Irish or Erse. It Italian. L Latin. Low L Low Latin. M. Goth Moeso- Gothic. Norm. Fr Norman or Old French. Norse Norse or Old Danish. Norw . Norwegian or Danish. Old Fr Old or Norman-French. Per Persian. Pol Polish. Port Portuguese. Rus Russian. Sansc Sanscrit. Sax Saxon. Scot Scottish, Scotland. Slav Slavonic. Sp Spanish. Su. Goth Suio- Gothic or Norse. Sw Swedish. Syr. . ' Syriac, Syrian. Turk Turkish. W Welsh. ARTS AND SCIENCES. Agric. stands for . Agriculture. Alg Algebra. Anat Anatomy. Ant Antiquities. Arch Architecture. Arith Arithmetic. Arts Sf Sci Arts and Sciences. Astrol Astrology. Astron Astronomy. Bib Biblical Matters. Bot Botany. Carp Carpentry. Chem Chemistry. Chron Chronology. Com Commerce. Conch Conchology. Eccl Ecclesiastical Matters. Eccl. Hist Ecclesiastical History. Elec Electricity. Ent Entomology. Fort Fortification. Geog Geography. Geol Geology. Gram Grammar. Her . Heraldry. Herp . Herpetology. Hist . History. Hort. stands for Horticulture. Hgd Hydrostatics. Ich Ichthyology. Law (not abbreviated.) Lit Literature. Logic (not abbreviated.) Man Manege or Horsemanship. Math Mathematics. Meek. Mechanics. Med. Medicine. Met. Metaphysics. Meteor Meteorology. Mil Military Affairs. Min Mineralogy. Mus Music. Myth Mythology. Nat. Hist Natural History. Nat. Phil. .... Natural Philosophy. Naut Nautical or Marine Affairs. Opt Optics. Ornith Ornithology. Paint Painting. Pal Paleontology. Persp Perspective. Phren Phrenology. Phys Physiology. Pros Prosody. Rhet Rhetoric. Sculp Sculpture. Surg Surgery. Theol Theology. ZoOl Zoology. AUTHORITIES. ( Such as are abbreviated , and not commonly found in Tables of Abbreviations.) fi fj') / ) § Fl $ stan< ^ s f° r Beaumont and Fletcher. Brit. Crit British Critic. Ch. Ex Christian Examiner. Ch. Ob Christian Observer. Ec. Rev Eclectic Review. Ed. Rev Edinburgh Review. Ency Encyclopaedia. Eng. Cyc English Cyclopaedia. Farm. Ency. . . Farmer’s Encyclopaedia. For. Qu. Rev. . . Foreign Quarterly Review. Gent. Mag. . . . Gentleman’s Magazine. Glos Glossary. Mil. Ency Military Encyclopaedia. Mir. for Mag. . . Mirror for Magistrates. Month. Rev. . . . Monthly Review, (London.) N. A. Rev. . . . North American Review. N. B. Rev. . . . North British Review. P. Cyc Penny Cyclopaedia. P. Mag Penny Magazine. Phil. Mag. . . . Philosophical Magazine. Phil. Trans. . . . Philosophical Transactions. Pol. Diet Political Dictionary. Qu. Rev. (Land.) Quarterly Review. Shah Shakespeare. Trans Translation. w v ( Webster’s Encyclopaedia of •ncy. . j j) omes ti c Economy. West. Rev. . . . Westminster Review. It e * The preceding list contains the names only of such authorities for the use and meaning of words as are com- monly abbreviated in this Dictionary, being but a small part of the whole number cited. With respect to lexi- cographers, as Cotgrave, Bailey , Johnson. Richardson. Brandt , &c., and the most distinguished authors in litera- ture and science, as Chaucer , Bacon, Spenser , Hooker , Milton , Browne (Sir T.), Locke. Dry den. Pope , Swift. Ad- dison , Blackstone , Franklin , Cowper, Paley , Blair , Camp- bell , Whately. Trench , &c., only the surname is commonly given, without any title. With respect to the authorities for pronunciation, the initial letters of .the names of the most eminent orthoepists are given, as in the following list. PRONUNCIATION. S. . stands for . Sheridan. W. Walker. P Perry. J. Jones. E Enfield. F. Fulton and Knight. Ja Jameson. K. Knowles. Sm Smart. R Reid. C Craig. 0 Ogilvie. B Boag. Cl. Clarke. Wr Wright. Wb Webster. GRAMMAR, &c. a. . stands for . Adjective. ad. Adverb. comp Comparative. conj. Conjunction. dim Diminutive. f. Feminine. jig Figurative. 1 Imperfect or Preterite Tense. id The same. i. e That is. imp Imperative. interj. Interjection. m Masculine. mod Modern. n Noun. nom Nominative. Obs Obsolete. p Participle. p.a . Participial Adjective. pi Plural. pp Participles. prep Preposition. pret Preterite. priv Privative. pron Pronoun. R Rarely used. sing Singular. sup Superlative. Syn Synonymes. v. a Verb Active. v. n Verb Neuter. U. S. United States. SIGNS. Parallel lines [ || ] are prefixed to two or more words that come under the same prin- ciple of pronunciation. IPiP A dagger [+] is prefixed to words or meanings of words, that are obsolete or anti- quated. The figures occasionally annexed to the pronouncing words, refer to paragraphs in the “ Principles of Pronunciation." ISP Words printed in Italics, in the Vo- cabulary, (as Calculus and NaXveti,') are words which belong to foreign languages, and are not properly Anglicized. HEP’’’ The two parts of such compound words as are not properly written as simple words, are separated by a lengthened hyphen; as, Felhw-commoner. The two parts of such words are commonly and properly separated, when written or printed, by a hyphen. The double accent mark, when used in pronunciation, denotes that the aspirated sound of the succeeding consonant is thrown back on the preceding syllable ; thus, peti"tion (petish'on.) (lxviii) XN&'isA A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. A ’ 1 ABANDON pronounced a as a letter, but 3 as a word, i 1. The first letter of the alphabet, and a vowel. It has various sounds, of which the three principal are, the long, as in fate, the short, as in fat, and the broad, as in fall. — See Key to the Sounds of the Vowels, and Principles of Pronunciation, No. 4. 2. [A. S. an, one.] The indefinite article, set before nouns in the singular number, and sig- nifying one, any, some ; as, “a man,” “a tree ” : — each, every; as, “two dollars a day,” “ten cents a bunch.” — It is also put before collective nouns, as, “ a multitude,” “ a dozen,” “ a thou- sand” ; and it is used in connection with plural nouns when they are preceded by the adjective few and the phrase great many, as, “ a few men,” “ a great many men ” ; but in these cases it implies one whole number, or an aggregate of few or many. — Before words beginning with a vowel or a vowel sound, it retains n after it for the sake of euphony, as, “an ox,” “an hour” ; this having been the original form of the indef- inite article. — See An. “Any, an, a, one, seem all to be nearly equivalent words, and derived from one origin ; I mean from ane, the name of unity. Hence a, or an, and any are fre- quently synonymous ; ‘ a considerate man would have acted differently ’; that is, any considerate man.” Dr. Crombie. “In the generality of grammars the definite article the and the indefinite article an are the very first parts of speech that are considered. In no language, in its oldest stage, is there ever a word giving, in its primary sense, the ideas of a and the.” Latham. 3. A contraction for at, on, or in, before par- ticiples or participial nouns. “ Long a com- ing.” Bacon. They go a begging to a bankrupt’s door. Dryden. 4. f A barbarous corruption for he. Stand here by me. Master Robert Shallow ; I will make the king do you grace : I will leer upon him as u comes by. Shah. 5. f A barbarous corruption for have. I had not thought my body could a yielded. Beaum. FI. KiF In composition the prefixed syllable a, in words from the Anglo-Saxon, is derived, in some cases, from a preposition ; as, aboard , ablaze, arow, adays, aloft, for- merly written on board, on blaze, on row, on days, on loft. In other cases, according to Lye, “it was ori- ginally merely an initial augment, altering nothing in the sense of the word ” ; and hence, in some words from that language, it is sometimes retained and some- times dropped, as, abidan or bidan, to abide or hide, abrecan, to break ; and, when retained in some, it seems to add an intensive effect, as, awake, arise, in Milton’s line, Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen. In many words to which it is prefixed, it has a pecu- liar significance not easily defined, as, afresh, aloud, anew ; and in some cases of colloquial usage it seems to be expletive, and may have originated in a careless pronunciation, as, aweary, acold, used by Shakspeare: “ I ’gin to be aweary of the sun ” ; “ Poor Tom ’s acold.” In words of Greek origin, a is a prefix of privative or negative meaning; as in achromatic, from a, not, or without, and xpd>ya, color, i. e. without color. AAM (km), n. [Dut. aam.~\ {Com.) A Dutch liquid measure, varying in different cities : — at Am- sterdam, it is nearly equal to 41 English wine gallons ; at Antwerp, to 36J ; at Hamburg, to 38]; and at Frankfort, to 39 gallons. McCulloch. AA-RON'IC, (3-ron'jk), ) a% Relating to AA-RON'I-CAL (a-ron'e-kal), ) Aaron, the Jew- ish high priest, or to the priesthood, of which Aaron was the head. AB — A prefix to words of Latin origin, as in ab- solve, from absolvo {ab and solvo, to loosen). It is a Latin preposition, and signifies from. It becomes abs before words beginning with c, q, or t ; as, abs-tain, from abstineo {abs and teneo, to hold). At the beginning of the names of English places, it generally shows that they have some rela- tion to an abbey or abbot ; as, Abingdon. Gibson. AB,n. [Heb. DiR, verdure.] The fifth month of the ancient Hebrew sacred year, but the eleventh of the civil year, or, in intercalary years, the twelfth. P. Cite. Ab'A-CA, n. A sort of hemp or flax which grows in the Philippine Islands. Herbert. AB-A-CIS' CUS, n. [L., from Gr. dim. of a(Sa{, a slab.] 1. {Arch.) A small square stone in a tessel- lated pavement. Britton. 2. An abacus. Gwilt. Ab'A-CIST, n. One who casts accounts with an abacus, [r.] Todd. A-BAck', ad. [A. S. on bate, on the back, behind.] 1. Backwards. They drew aback, ns half with shame confound. Spenser. [Still used in the north of England. Brockett.] 2. {Naut.) Noting the situation of the sails when pressed against the masts by the force of the wind. Taken all aback, i. e. by surprise or unawares. t AB'ACK, n. [L. abacus ; Fr. abaque.\ An aba- cus. B. Jonson. f Ab'A-c 6 t, n. The cap of state, wrought into a figure of two crowns, once used by English kings. Brande. A-BAC ' TOR, n. [L., from abigo, abactus, to drive away.] '{Law.) One who steals cattle in herds, in distinction from the thief who steals one or two. Crabb. A-BAC' U-LTJS, n. [L., dim. of abacus .] An aba- ciscus. AB'A-cCs, n. ; pi. ab'a-c1. [L., from Gr. £/?<<{, a slab, or from Phoenician abak, sand, strewn upon a surface for writing.] 1. A sideboard ; a table placed against the wall, serving as a cupboard or buffet. 2. An ancient Roman game played on a board. 3. An instrument employed to facilitate ar- ithmetical calculations, being a parallelogram, divided by parallel wires, on which perfo- rated beads, or little ivory balls, were strung as counters, or by bars on which the counters were slid along in grooves ; the counters on the lower wire or bar representing units, those on the next above tens, and so on, increasing by multiples of 10. The left side of the cut repre- sents the number 153,968. Brande. 4. A table strewed with dust, on which math' ematicians were in the practice of drawing their diagrams. 5. {Arch.) The upper part, or crowning mem- ber, of the capital of a column, upon which the architrave is laid. 6. A rectangular slab of marble, stone, porcelain, &c., used for coating the walls of rooms in panels, or over the whole sur- face. Fairholt. Abacus harmonicas, the structure and dispo- sition of the keys of a musical instrument. Crabb. f A- BAD 'DON, n. [Heb. ynix, destruction.] 1. An evil angel. The angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name ApoUyon. Rev. ix. 11. 2. The bottomless pit itself ; hell. In all her gates Abaddon rues Thy bold attempt. Milton. A-bAfT' (11), prep. [A. S. a and ceftan, behind.] {Naut.) Denoting towards the stern or hinder part of a vessel ; behind ; as, “ Abaft the main- mast ” ; — often contracted into aft, in which case it becomes an adverb. A thing is abaft the foremast when it is be- tween the foremast and the stern ; and a distant object is abaft the beam, when it is situated in an arc of the horizon embraced between the direction of the ship’s beams, or of a horizontal line perpendicular to the keel, and the point to which the ship’s stern is directed. AB'A-GUJV,n. [Eth., stately abbot.] An Ethio- pian fowl, remarkable for its beauty, and for a sort of horn on its head. Crabb. f A-BAI'SANCE, n. [Fr. abaisscr, to let down, bow down.] Obeisance. Skinner. AB-Al'IEN-ATE (ab-al'yen-at), v. a. [L. abalieno ; ab, from, and alienus, belonging to another.] [i. ABALIENATED J pp. ABA LIEN A TING, ABAL- IENATED.] 1. fTo estrange. Abp. Sandys. 2. {Civil Law?) To transfer the title of prop- erty from one to another ; to alienate. AB-AL-IEN-A'TION (jb-al-yen-a'slmn), n. [L. ab- alienatio .] {Civil Law.) Act of transferring the title of property from one to another ; aliena- tion. [r.] Bailey. fA-BAND', e. a. 1. To abandon. And Vortiger enforced the kingdom to ahand. Spenser. 2. To banish. “The enemies to ahand .” Mir. for Mag. A-BAN'DON, v. a. [Menage derives this word from L. ab, from, and bandum, a flag, i. e. to Corinthian. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, {, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, IIER; MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9, £, g, soft; C, fi, 5, g, hard; § as z; ? as gz; — THIS, this. ABANDON 2 ABBACY desert one’s flag. Pasquier and Johnson give Fr. a, to, ban, an edict, banishment, or pro- scription, and donner, to give. It. abbandonare ; Sp. abandonar; Fr. abandonner .] \i. aban- doned ; pp. ABANDONING, ABANDONED.] 1. t To give up freely and without reserve ; — in a good sense. He that loveth God will do diligence to please God by his works, and abandon himself with all his might well for to do. Chaucer. 2. fTo drive away; to banish. “ Abandon fear.” Milton. But a Vespasian and Titus, &c., abandoned them out of their dominions. Bp. Hall. 3. To give up ; to surrender ; — followed by to. If she be so abandoned to her sorrow As it is spoke, she never will admit me. Shak. So abandoned to sottish credulity. South. 4. To give up ; to cast off ; to surrender : — in an ill sense ; as, “To abandon religion.” Watts. 5. To desert; to leave; to quit; to forsake; to relinquish ; to surrender ; to forego ; to re- nounce ; to resign ; to abdicate. 6. {Law.) To relinquish to insurers, in case of a partial loss by perils of the sea, whatever may be saved, with a view to claim the full amount of the insurance as if a total loss had occurred. Burrill. t Abandon over , to give up. Dryden. Syn. — Bad parents abandon their children; men abandon the unfortunate objects of their guilty pas- sions ; men are abandoned by their friends ; they aban- don themselves to unlawful pleasures. — A mariner abandon s his vessel. and cargo in a storm ; we aban- don our houses and property to an invading army ; we desert a post or station; leave the country; forsake companions ; relinquish claims ; quit business ; resign an office ; renounce a profession, or the world ; abdicate a throne ; surrender a town ; surrender what we have in trust ; abandon a measure or an enterprise ; forego a claim or a pleasure ; banish offenders. — See Abdi- cate. f A-BAN'DON, ?i. 1. A forsaker. A friar, an abandon of the world. Sir E. Sandys. 2. A relinquishment. These heavy exactions have occasioned an abandon of all mines but what are of the richer sort. Ld. Kamcs. A-BAN'DONED (a-ban'dund), p. a. 1. Given up ; forsaken; relinquished; deserted; — sometimes followed by of ; as, “ Abandoned of his velvet friends.” Shak. 2. Corrupted in a high degree ; sinning with- out restraint ; profligate ; reprobate ; very vi- cious. Where our abandoned youth she sees, Shipwrecked in luxury and lost in ease. Prior. Syn. — Abandoned, profligate, and reprobate are terms applied to a character that has become extreme- ly vicious. An abandoned person is one who has re- nounced all restraint, is governed by his passions, and naturally becomes profligate in his habits, and so reprobate as to be beyond hope of recovery. A-BAN-DON-EE', n. (Law.) One to whom some- thing is abandoned. Price. A-BAN'DON-ER, n. One who abandons or for- sakes. A-BAN'DON-ING, n. Act of leaving or forsaking; desertion. Bp. Hall. A-BAN'DON-MENT, n. [Fr. abandonnement.] 1. Act of abandoning ; dereliction ; relin- quishment; desertion. “ A universal abandon- ment of all posts.” Burke. 2. (Law.) The act of relinquishing to insur- ers, in case of partial loss by perils of the sea, all that may be saved, with a view to recover the total amount insured. Burrill. f A-BAN'DUM, n. (Law.) Any thing sequestered or confiscated. Cowell. AB'A-NET, or AB'NIJT, n. [Heb. D338, a belt.] 1. A girdle worn by Jewish priests. Crabb. 2. (Surg.) A girdle-like bandage. Hooper. fAB-AN-NA'TION, > n . [Low AB-AN-Nr'TION (ah-fm-nlsh'mi, 94), ) L. aban- natio ; ab, from, and annus, a year.] ( Old Law.) A banishment for one or two years for man- slaughter. Bailey. AB-AP-tIs'TA, or AB-A P- T/S ' TO.V, n. [Gr. a priv. and Hunrl^oi, to dip in water.] (Surg.) The perforating part of a trephine, being a saw with a circular edge, made of a conical shape, so as not to dip into the brain. Iioblyn. fA-BAllE', v. a. [A. S. abarian, to make bare.] To make bare, uncover, or disclose. Bailey. — See Bare. AB-AR-tIc-U-LA'TION, n. [L. abarticulatio ; ab, from, and articulus, a joint.] (Anat.) A spe- cies of articulation of the bones, admitting of a manifest motion ; diarthrosis. Dunglison. A-bAs', n. A weight used in Persia for pearls, equal to grains. Crabb. A-BASE', a. [Low L. abasso, from basis, or Gr. Boot;, the base or lower part ; It. abbassare ; Sp. abaxar ; Fr. abaisser.\ [i. abased ; pp. abas- ing, ABASED.] 1. To cast down ; to depress ; to lower, [r.] And will she yet cibase her eyes on me? Shak. 2. To bring low; to humble; to degrade; to disgrace ; to debase. Whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased. Matt, xxiii. 12. Syn. — The proud should be abased, the lofty hum- bled ; the unworthy become degraded ; the vicious dis- grace and debase themselves by their follies and vices. A-BASED' (a-bast'), a. 1. Lowered; humbled; degraded. 2. (Her.) Used of the wings of eagles when their tops or angles are turned downwards to- wards the point of the shield ; or when the wings are shut. The pale or the chevron is abased when its point terminates below the centre of the shield. A-BASE'MENT, n. Act of abasing, or bringing low ; depression ; humiliation ; degradation ; debasement. Syn. — Abasement is the passage downwards ; base- ness tile state of being low. An act of humiliation or self -abasement; depression of spirits; degradation in rank ; debasement of the character, or of coin. A-BASH', v. a. [Fr . csbahir, to affrighten. Bai- ley. — “Perhaps from abaisser, Fr.” Johnson. — Richardson says, “The past tense and past part, of abase was anciently written abaisit, abayschid ; whence the word abash appears to be formed.” — Probably from Old Fr. esbahir. The following is from Cotgrave : “ Esbahir, to be astonished, esbahi, abashed.” Chaucer has abaived in the sense of abashed .] [i. abashed ; pp. abashing, abashed.] To put to confu- sion ; to make ashamed ; to confuse ; to con- found. Nor could the gods, abashed , sustain their sovereign’s look. Braden. Abashed at what they saw and heard. Swift. Syn. — Abash expresses more than confound, and confound more than confuse. Shame abashes ; any sud- den or unaccountable tiling confounds ; while basliful- ness and a variety of emotions may tend to confuse. Let the haughty be abashed ; the ignorant, the supersti- tious, and the wicked are often confounded ; the mod- est, the diffident, and the weak are frequently confused. A-BAsh'MIJNT, n. State of being abashed; con- fusion. Ellis. A-BAS'ING, n. The act of bringing low. Bacon. A-bAs'SI, n. A Persian silver coin, equal to 10 pence, or 20 cents. Ency. Met. A-BAt'A-BLE, a. (Law.) That may be abated; as, “ An abatable nuisance, or writ.” Dane. AB-A-TA-MEJT'TUM, n. [L.] (Old Law.) An entry by interposition of a mediating friend or agent. Tomlins. A-BATE', v. a. [A. S. beatan, to beat ; It. abba- tere ; Sp. abatin', Fr. abattre, to beat down.] [*. ABATED ; pp. ABATING, ABATED.] 1. To beat down ; to cast down ; to lower. For misery doth bravest minds abate. Spenser. 2. To diminish ; to lessen ; to remit ; as, “ To abate a demand, or a tax ” : — to moderate ; to assuage ; as, “ To abate zeal, or pain.” The innocence of the intention abates nothing of the mis- chief of the example. B. Ball. 3. (Latv.) To destroy ; to remove; as, “To abate a nuisance ” : — to defeat ; to overthrow ; to put an end to; to quash; as, “To abate a writ : ” — to get possession of a freehold to the prejudice of the lawful heir. BSP Bate is another form of the same word. Alxite thy speed and I will bate of mine. Dryden. A-BATE', v. n. 1. To grow less ; to dimmish ; to decrease ; to lessen ; to subside. When winter’s rage abates. Dryden. 2. (Law.) To be defeated, frustrated, or over- thrown ; as, “ The appeal abateth by covin,” i. e. the accusation is defeated by deceit; or, “The writ abates,” i. e. is rendered null. 3. (Man.) To leap or bound with regularity; — said of a horse, in performing curvets, when he brings down or abates his motions, putting both his hind legs to the ground at once, and ob- serving the same exactness successively. Crabb. Syn. — Abate respects the vigor of action ; the storm abates-, pain, ardor, anger, and passion abate: a tiling grows less, diminishes, or decreases in size or quantity ; numbers, days, or stores decrease ; tumults and com- motions subside. — See Qualify. A-BAt'ELLE-MEJVT (a-bit'el-ment), n. [Fr.] A consular edict forbidding those merchants to carry on any trade, who disavow their bargains or refuse to pay their debts. A-BATE'MENT, n. 1. Act of abating; diminu- tion ; decrease. Swift. 2. (Com.) Discount or allowance in price ; deduction or sum withdrawn, as from an ac- count. 3. (Law.) The act of intruding upon a free- hold vacant by the death of its former owner, and not yet taken up by the lawful heirs : — overthrow or defeat, as of a writ : — removal of a nuisance. Plea of abatement, a plea that the suit of the plaintiff may cease for the time being. Burrill. 4. (Her.) A mark of disgrace annexed to a coat of arms on account of something dishon- orable in the bearer. Dr. Spencer. Syn. — See Allowance. A-BAt'ER, n. 1. One who abates. 2. A thing that abates, [r.] Abaters of acrimony or sharpness are expressed oils of ripe vegetables, ... as of almonds, &c. Arbuthnot. AB'A-TIS (ab'a-tis 07' ab-?-te') [ab'a-tis, Ja. K. Wb. ; a-bat-tf', Sm.l, n. [Fr., from abattre, to beat down, to fell.] (Mil.) An intrenchment formed by trees felled and laid together length- wise, with the branches pointing outwards, to prevent the approach of an enemy, while the trunks serve as a breastwork to the defendants. Ency. Brit. A-BA'TIS, n. [Low L., a, from, batus, a measure ; Heb. D3-] (Ant.) An officer of the stables, who had the care of measuring out the proven- der ; an avenor. Todd. AB'A-T!§ED (ab'?-tlzd), p. a. Provided with an abatis. Qu. Rev. AB-At-JOUR' (ab-a-zhor'), n. [Fr., from abattre, to throw down, and jour, day, or light.] (Arch.) A skylight, or any sloping aperture for the ad- mission of light to a room. Britton. A-BA'TOR, n. (Law.) One who abates : — one who, having no right of entry, gets possession of a freehold to the prejudice of the lawful heir or devisee, after the death of the possessor, and before the heir or devisee enters. Burrill. AB-AT-TOIR' (ab-a-twor'), n. [Fr., from abattre, to knock down.] A large public slaughter- house for cattle. P. Cyc. f AB'A-TUDE, n. (Law.) Any thing diminished. Bailey. + AB'A-TURE, n. Spires of grass trodden down by a stag in passing. Bailey. + A-bA WED', a. Abashed. — See Abash. Chaucer. ABB, n. [A. S. «£>.] A term used by clothiers for the yarn of a weaver’s warp. They say also abb- wool in the same sense. Ency. Brit. Ab 'BA, n. [Heb. 2!* ; Chaldee, K2N-] A Syriac word, which signifies literally father, and fig- uratively a superior. Ayltffe. Yc have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba , Father. Bom. vm. 15. Writers of the middle ages gave the name of Abba to the superior of a monastery, usually called Abbot. AB'BA-CY, n. [Low L. abbatia .] The office, dig- nity, rights, or possessions of an abbot. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, !, 6, U, Y, short; A, 5, 1, O, U, Y, obscure ; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ABBATIAL ABECEDARIAN rt o AB-BA'TIAL (ab-ba'shal), a. [Low L. abbatialis ; Fr. abbatial .] Relating to an abbey. “ Abba- tial government.” Sir F. Eden. AB-BAT'I-CAL, a. Relating to an abbey, [it.] AB' BlS {French, ab-ba'; Anglicized, ab’be), n. [Fr.] 1. A French term for the superior of an ab- bey ; an abbot. 2. An ecclesiastical title in France for an ec- clesiastic who has no assigned duty ; an unem- ployed secular priest. Hume. BSP This anomalous class of persons seems to have arisen from the great number of abbeys, the revenues of which were allowed to be bestowed upon laymen, upon condition of their taking orders within a year ; but this was frequently evaded. The abbes occupied a very conspicuous place in French society, and dis- charged a variety of functions. In many families they had charge of the household. Some acted as private tutors. Others were professors in the university ; and a great many employed themselves as men of letters ; in which capacity their labors have given to the title of abbe an honorable celebrity. Brande. Ab'BIJSS, n. [L. abbatissa ; It. badessa ; Sp. aba- desa; Fr. abbesse.) The governess or supe- rior of an abbey or convent of nuns, or of a nunnery ; possessing generally the same dig- nity and authority as an abbot, except that she . cannot exercise the spiritual functions apper- taining to the priesthood. The abbess shuts the gate upon us. Shak. AB'BIJY (ab'be), n. [Low L. abbatia ; It. badia; Sp. abadia ; Fr. abbaye.] pi. Xb'buys. 1. A religious community, or monastery, un- der the superintendence of an abbot or abbess ; — a priory ; a monastery ; a convent ; a cloister. 2. A house adjoining or near a monastery or convent, for the residence of the abbot or supe- rior. Brande. 3. A church attached to a convent. Brande. 4. A name applied to a duchy or earldom in the early times of the French monarchy ; the dukes and counts calling themselves abbots, though in all respects secular persons, in con- sequence of the possessions of certain abbeys having been conferred upon them by the crown. Ency. Syn. Sbbey, priory, monastery, cloister, convent, friary, and nunnery are all used to denote religious houses, common in Catholic countries. Abbey has been used to denote a religious house of the highest rank. Priories were formerly regarded as subordinate to ab- beys ; but latterly there is generally little or no differ- ence, except that the former are under the direction of a prior, and the latter of an abbot. The proper idea of a cloister is seclusion, and it may include devotees of either sex. Monastery denotes solitude, and is com- monly appropriated to monks. A convent, of which the leading idea is community, is the residence of monks or nuns. A friary is a house for friars, and a nunnery for nuns or female devotees. Ab'BIJY— LAND, n. (Laic.) An estate in ancient tenure annexed to an abbey. Blackstone. AB'BFIY— LUB'BER, n. A slothful loiterer in a religious house, under pretence of holy retire- ment and austerity. This is no Father Dominic, no huge, over-grown abbey- lubber. Dryden. AB'BOT, n. [Syr. abba, a father. — L. abbas, abba- tis ; It. abbate ; Sp. abad ; Fr. abbe.) 1. The chief governor, father, or superior of an abbey, convent, or monastery of monks, or male persons living under peculiar religious vows. Hook. 2. A title of bishops whose sees were for- merly abbeys ; and also of French dukes and counts upon whom the possessions of abbeys had been conferred. 3. A title borne formerly by the civil author- ities in some places, especially among the Gen- oese, whose chief magistrate used to be called abbot of the people. Ab'BOT-SHIP, n. The state or office of an abbot. ABBREUVOIR, n. [Fr.] See Abreuvoir. AB-BRE'VI-ATE [ab-bre'vj-at, W.J. F.Ja. K. Sm. C . ; fib-bre'vyat, S. E . ; ab-brev'e-at, P.], V. a. [L. abbrevio, abbreviatus ; ab, from, and brevis, short ; It. abbreviare ; Sp. abreviar.) \i. ab- breviated ; pp. ABBREVIATING, ABBREVI- atedJ 1. To shorten by contraction of parts ; to contract words or sentences in writing, print- ing, or discourse. It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by cut- ting off. Bacon. The only invention of late years, which hath contributed towards politeness in discourse, is that of abbreviating , or re- ducing words of many syllables into one. Swift. 2. To curtail ; to cut short ; to abridge. The length of their days before the flood, which were abbre- viated after. Browne. 3. (Math.) To reduce fractions to the lowest terms. Brande. f AB-BRE'VI-ATE, n. An abridgment ; an epitome. This true abbreviate of all his works. Brevint. AB-BRE'VI-ATE, a. (Bot.) Having one part short in relation to another. Loudon. AB-BRE-VI-A'TION, n. 1. Act of abbreviating; contraction ; curtailment. This book, as graver authors say, was called Liber Doinus Dei, and, by abbreviation , Domesday Book. Sir IVm. Temple. 2. One or more of the letters of a word, standing for the whole ; as, N. for North, Gen. for General. 3. (Math.) Reduction of fractions to the lowest terms. Brande. 4. (Mus.) One dash or more, through the stem of a minim or a crotchet, or under a Q semibreve, by which such note is converted 1 into as many quavers, semiquavers, and demisemiquavers as it is equal to in time, Moore. AB-BRE'VI-A-TOR [jb-bre've-a-tor, Ja. K. Sm. IKS. ; ab-bre-ve-a'tpr, IK. J. F. ; ab-brev-ya'tor, S . ; jb-brev'e-a-tor, F.\, n. [Fr. abbreviateur.] 1. One who abbreviates or abridges. “ The abbreviators of Dio Cassius.” West. 2. One of a college of seventy-two persons in the chancery of Rome, whose business it is to draw up the pope’s briefs, and to reduce pe- titions, when granted by him, into proper form for being converted into bulls. AB-BRE'VI-A-TO-RV, a. That abbreviates or shortens. Todd. AB-BRE' VI-A-TURE, n. 1. A mark used for shortening ; an abbreviation. The band of Providence writes often by abbreviatures, hi- eroglyphics, or short characters. Browne. 2. A compendium or abridgment. This is an excellent abbreviature of the whole dutv of a Christian. Bp. Taylor. ABB— WOOL (-wul), n. (Among clothiers.) Warp. A, B, C (a-be-se), n. The first three letters of the alphabet, as designating the whole ; the al- phabet. ABC book, a little elementary book by which read- ing is taught. Then comes answer Like an A B C book. Sheik. AB'DAL§, n. pi. [Perhaps from Ar. abdallah, servant of God. Ency. Brit.) A class of re- ligious fanatics or monks among the Persians, corresponding to dervises among the Turks. AB- OF.- LA’ PI, n. (Bot.) An Egyptian plant like a melon. Crabb. AB'DiJ-RITE, n. An inhabitant of Abdera, a maritime town of Thrace ; — applied especially to Democritus, the philosopher. AB'D^ST, n. Mahometan rite of ablution before prayer. Pitt. Ab'DI-cANT, n. One who abdicates. Smart. Ab'DI-cAnT, a. Abdicating; renouncing; — used with of. “Monks abclicant of their or- ders.” Whitlock. AB'DI-cATE, v. a. [L. abdico, abdicatus, to re- nounce ; Sp. abdicar; Fr. abdiquer.) [i. ab- dicated ; pp. abdicating, abdicated.] 1. To renounce, relinquish, or abandon, as an office, station, or dignity,- so as to forfeit all right to it ; as, “ To abdicate a throne.” 2. To resign ; to give up ; to surrender. He ought to lay down his commission, and to abdicate that power he hath, rather than to suffer it forced to a willing in- justice. Bp. Hall. 3. To deprive of right, as when a father dis- cards or disclaims a son. Ency. Brit. Scaliger would needs turn down Homer, and abdicate him, after the possession of three thousand years. Dn/den. Syn. — At the English revolution of 1688, the Par- liament declared that King Janies had abdicated the throne, rather than deserted it, because the latter might imply that lie had not forfeited his right to return. See Lord Somers’s speech on that occasion. — See Abandon. AB'DI-CATE, v. n. To relinquish or abandon an office, station, or dignity ; to resign ; to give up a right. lie cannot abdicate for his children, otherwise than by his own consent in form to a bill from the two houses. Su'i/'t. AB-DI-CA'TION, n. [L. abdication] Act of abdi- cating ; renunciation of an office or dignity by its holder ; the voluntary renunciation of su- preme power ; — resignation. The consequences drawn from these facts (namelv, that they amounted to an abdication of the government ; which indica- tion did not affect only the person of the king himself, but also of all his heirs, and rendered the throne absolutely and com- pletely vacant) it belonged to our ancestors to determine. lilac/, stone. AB'DI-CA-TIVE [ab'de-ka-tjv, IK. J. F. Ja. Sm.; sib-dlk'si-tlv, S. E. P.], a. Causing or implying an abdication, [r.] Bailey. + AB'DI-TlVE, a. [L. abdo, abditus, to hide.] That has the power of hiding. Bailey. AB'DJ-TO-RY, n. [L. abditorium.) (Laic.) A place to hide goods in. Cowell. AB-DO'M^N (108) [fib-do'nien, S. W. J. E. F. J(i. K. Sm . ; ab-do'nien or ab'do-men, P. ; ab'do-men or ab-do'nien, IK 6 .], n. [L., from abdo, to hide, to conceal.] pi. L. ab-dQm’ i-na ; Eng. ab- do'men?. 1. (Anat.) The lower venter or belly, being below the diaphragm and above the pelvis, and containing the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, &e. Dunghson. 2. (Ent.) In insects it forms the third, in arachnidans the second, in both cases the hind- ermost of the sections into which the body is externally divided. Brande. AB-DOM'I-NAL, a. Relating to the abdomen. Abdominal or inguinal ring, ( Ann! .) a tendinous ring in the groin, being the aperture of the inguinal canal. Dunglison. AB-DOM'I-NAL, n. ; pi. ab d6m'i-nal§. (Ich.) One of an order of fishes which have the ventral fins under the abdomen, behind the pectorals. Brande. AB-DOM-IN-OS'CO-PY, n. [L. abdomen, and Gr. nKoniw, to see, to examine.] (Med.) An exam- ination of the abdomen with a view to detect disease ; gastroscopy. Scudamore. AB-D-slzll'uii, IF.,/. F. Ja. K. Sm. C . ; jb-slsb'un, S. P.], n. [L. ab- scissio .] 1. Act of cutting off. Wiseman. 2. State of being cut off. Broicne. I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in marking ss in this word, and 1 think witii the best usage on my side. Though double ss is almost always pro- nounced sharp and hissing, yet when a sharp s pre- cedes, it seems more agreeable to the ear to pronounce the succeeding s flat. Thus, though the termination ition is always sharp, yet because the sin transition is necessarily sharp, the t goes into the flat sound, as if written transizhion, which see.” tValkcr. These remarks relating to the pronunciation of double ss in abscission are applicable also to file double s in scission and rescission, and also in file word scis- sors. AB-SOOND', v. n. [L ..abscondo, to hide away.] fi. ABSCONDED ; pp. ABSCONDING, ABSCONDED.] To absent one’s self privately ; to withdraw ; to secrete one’s self ; to hide ; to steal away. “ The marmot absconds all winter.” Ray. fAB-SCOND', v. a. To conceal. “Nothing is absconded from us. Bentley. f AB-SCOND'JJNCE, n. Concealment. Phillips. AB-SCOND'ER, n. One who absconds. AB’S^NCE, n. [L. absentia ; absum, to be away ; Fr. absence .] 1. The state of being absent, opposed to pres- ence ; as, “ During my absence.” 2. Carelessness ; inattention. “ The little absences of mankind.” 1 Addison. 3. Want ; as, “ In the absence of proof.” 4. (Laic.) Non-appearance. Burrill. AB'SIJNT, a. [L. absens ; Fr. absent.] 1. Not present. “Absent from her sight.” Shak. 2. Careless ; inattentive ; abstracted in mind. Addison. Syn. — A mail is literally absent when lie is not present ; lie is figuratively absent, inattentive in mind, or abstracted, when his mind is occupied with some subject not connected with the company present. A B-SENT', v. a. [i. absented; pp. absenting, absented.] 1. To withdraw; to forbear to come into presence ; “ If any member absents himself.” Addison. 2. To make absent, [it.] Go — for thy stay, not free, absents thee more. Milton. f AB’Sf,NT,n. One who is not present. Bp. Morton. f AB-S$N-TA'N E-Ops, a. [Low L. absentaneus .] Habitually absenting one’s self. Bailey. AB-SJfN-TA'TlON, n. An absenting one’s self. Your absentation from the House had my entire concur- rence. Wakefield. AB-S^N-TEE’, n. One absent from his station or country : — a landed proprietor who resides at a distance from his estate; — a term applied generally by way of reproach to Irish landlords. A great part of estates in Ireland arc owned by absentees. Child. AB-SEN-TEE'1$M, n. The state of an absentee; the act or habit of residing at a distance from one’s real estate. Qu. Rev. AB-SENT'ER, n. One who absents himself from his place. Thurlow. f AB-SENT'M^NT, n. A remaining absent from. Barrow. AB-SIN'THI- AN, a. Of the nature of wormwood. “ Absinthian bitterness.” Randolph. AB-sIn'THT-AT-ED, p. a. Impregnated with wormwood. Bailey. AB-SIN'TH[NE, n. ( Chem .) A peculiar bitter principle extracted from wormwood. Brande. AB-SIJY- Till ' TFf, n. [L.] (Med.) Wine im- pregnated with wormwood. Dunglison. AB-sLy'THI- um ( ali-sin ’the-uin), n. [L., from Gr. aipirtiioi ; a priv., and j!ION (st-bu'zhun), n. Ill use or usage. Strype. A-BU'SIVE, a. 1. Practising abuse; as, “An abusive author.” 2. Containing abuse ; reproachful; reviling; scurrilous ; opprobrious ; rude. “ Throwing out scurrilous, abusive terms.” South. 3. f Deceptive. “ An abusive treaty.” Bacon. Syn. — See Offensive, Reproachful. A-BU'SIVE-LY, ad. In an abusive manner ; re- proachfully. ‘ Boyle. A-BU'SIVE-NESS, n. Quality of being abusive. “ To rave in his barbarous abusiveness.” Milton. A-BUT', v. n. [Er. aboutir ; a, to, and bout, end.] [l. ABUTTED ; pp. ABUTTING, ABUTTED.] To be at the end or border ; to end at ; to border upon ; to meet, or to be opposite, and near meeting ; — used with upon or against. Shak. k/) ‘ Johnson pronounces this word obsolete ; but it is still in use, particularly as a technical word, both in law and in architecture. A-BU'TI-LON, n. [Arab.; name of a plant analo- gous to marsh-mallows.] ( Bot .) A genus of plants ; Indian mallow. Loudon. A-BUT'MENT, n. (Arch.) That which receives the end of, or gives support to, or borders upon, any thing : — a mass of masonry, earth, or tim- ber at the end of a bridge : — the solid part of a pier from which an arch, less than a semicircle, springs ; a fixed point from which resistance or reaction is obtained. — See Alien. A-BUT'TAL, n. (Law.) The butting or boun- dary of land at the end ; a headland. Cowell. A-BUT'TER, n. He who or that which abuts, or borders on ; as, “ A street repaired by the ab ut- ters.” f Ab'VO-LATE, v. a. [L. ab, from, and volo, to fly.] To fly from. Ash. f A-BY' (a- bl'), v. a. [Perhaps from A. S. abigan, to abide, to wait.] To endure ; to pay for ; to suffer for. Shak. f A-BY', v. n. 1. To remain ; to abide. Spenser. 2. To pay dearly. “ He dearly shall aby.” Spenser. f A-BY§M' (j-btznT), n. [Old Fr. abysme.] Abyss. “ The dark backward and abysm of time.” Shak. A-BY^'MAL, a. Belonging to an abyss ; bottom- less. “ An abysmal cliff.” II. Smith. A-BYSS' (a-bis'), 11. ; pi. A-BYSS'E§. [Gr. a(3unoo(, bottomless ; a priv. and (ibooo;, depth ; L. abys- sus.] 1. A depth without bottom ; a great depth ; a deep pit ; a gulf ; an immeasurable space. Who shall tempt with wandering feet The dark, unbottomed, infinite abyss ? Milton. Thy throne is darkness in the abyss of Light. Dryden. 2. Hell ; the bottomless pit. Roscommon. 3. (Her.) The centre of an escutcheon. Buchanan. Syn. — See Gulf. f A-BYSS'AL, a. Relating to, or like, an abyss. Wm. Law. AB-yS-SlN'l-AN, ii. A native or inhabitant of Abyssinia. P. Cyc. AB-YS-SIN'I-AN, a. (Geog.) Relating to Abys- sinia. P. Cyc. Ac, AK, or ARE. Initial syllables in the names of places, from the Saxon ac, an oak ; as, Acton, Oaktown. Gibson. AC-A-CA'LIS, n. [Gr. & KaKakisJ] (Bot.) A shrub bearing a flower and fruit like those of a tama- risk. Crabb. A-CA'CI-A (fi-ka'she-a, 66), 11 . [L. ; Gr. ana/da, from aKrj, a point.] pi. L. a-ca 'ci-je ; Eng. a-ca'ci-ak. 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the pulse family, including the catechu and gum-arabic trees : — the name is popularly applied to other genera, as, false acacia, the common locust-tree, llobinia pscudacacia ; — rose-acacia, a handsome shrub, Robinia hispida. Loudon. 2. (Med.) A drug ; being the juice of the unripe fruit of the Mimosa nilotica solidified by evaporation, and used as an astringent medi- cine : — the juice of unripe sloes prepared in a similar manner, and for the same purpose. 3. (Ant.) A roll or bag seen on medals in the hands of several emperors and consuls of the lower empire, the purpose of which has not been discovered. P. Cyc. A-cA'CIAN (66), ii. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Acacius, the founder of an ancient Christian sect. Ency. A-CA'CI-O (a-ka'she-o), n. A heavy, durable wood, similar to red mahogany, but darker ; much es- teemed in ship-building. Weale. f Ac'A-CY, n. [Gr. i iKtiKia ; a priv. and Kants, bad.] freedom from malice. Ash. f Ac'A-DEME, 11 . 1. The Anglicized form of Academus, the name of the original owner of the grove near Athens, where Plato held his school, called after him Academia, the Academy. See there the olive grove of Academe , Plato’s retirement. Milton. 2. An academy. Nor hath fair Europe, her vast bounds throughout, An academe of note I found not out. Howell. See Academy. t Ac-A-DE'MI-AL, a. Academical. Johnson. AC-A-DE'MI-AN, n. A scholar or member of an academy, [it.] Marston. AC-A-DEM'JC, ii. 1. An academical or Platonic philosopher. Milton. 2. A student of a university or academy. “A young academic.” Watts. AC-A-DEM H , ) Belonging to the doc- AC-A-DEM'I-CAL, ) trines of Plato, or to an academy or university. 11 Academic groves.” Pope. “ That academical inscription.” Smith on Old Age. AC-A-DEM'NCALS, n. pi. The dress peculiar to officers and students in a college or university. The Etonian. AC-A-DEM 'I-CAL-Ly, ad. In an academical manner. A-CAD-IJ-Ml''CIAN (j-kad-e-mlsh'sin), at. A mem- ber of an academy ; a man of science or litera- ture. “ The French academicians." Swinburne. f A-CAD'f.-Ml-SM, n. The academical philosophy. “ The great principle of academism.” Baxter. t A-CAD'E-MfST, n. A member of an academy ; an academical philosopher ; an academic. Baxter. A-CAD'JJ-MY [a-kad'e-me, P. J. F. E. Ja. K. Sm. C. Wb.; a-kad'e-me or ak'a-dent-e, S. W.], 11 . [Gr. axairipia, a name derived from Academus, the original owner of a garden or grove in the suburbs of Athens, which afterwards came into the possession of the public by the bequest of Cimon, and was the favorite resort of the lovers of philosophy and meditation, particularly of Plato and his followers ; L. academia ; It. acca- demia\ Sp. academia ; Fr. academic.} 1. A gymnasium near ancient Athens, where Plato tauglit-philosophy ; Plato’s school of phi- losophy. South. 2. A society of learned men associated for the advancement of the arts and sciences ; as, “ The American Academy of Arts and Sciences.” 3. A place of instruction or school appropri- ated to students in the fine arts, or in some particular art or science ; as, “ An Academy of Painting,” “A Military Academy.” 4. A college ; a university. Of our two academies [i. e. universities] I named. Donne. In tliis sense it is not now often used. 5. A seminary of learning, or school, holding a rank between a university or college and a common school; — first applied in England by the nonconformists to their collegiate schools, and now in common use in the United States. Academy figure, (Paint.) a drawing usually made with black and white chalk on tinted paper after a living model. Syn. — See School. “ Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word was an- ciently and properly accented on the first syllable, though now frequently on the second. That it was accented on the first syllable till within these few years is pretty generally remembered ; and if Shak- spearedid not, by poetical license, violate the accentu- ation of his time, it was certainly pronounced so two centuries ago, as appears by Dr. Johnson’s quotation of him. ‘ Our court shall be a little academy. Still and contemplative in living arts.’ But the accentuation of this word formerly, on the first syllable, is so generally acknowledged, as not to stand in need of poetic authority.” Walker. — The now re- ceived reading of Shakspeare in the above passage is academe ; but Holland, his conteni|>orary, has, “ And Vctus now, who holds thy house, fair academy liight ; ” and Cowley, in a later age, “ lie that only talked with him might find A little academy in his mind." A-CA'DI-A-LlTE, n. [Acadia, the Indian name of Nova Scotia, and Gr. XtOo;, a stone. P. Cyc.] (Min.) A silicious mineral found in Nova Sco- tia ; red chabasite. C. T. Jackson. Alger. AC'A-.JOU,n. [Fr.] (Bot.) Mahogany. — Aca- jou, or acajaiba, is also the West Indian name of the cashew-tree. AC-A-LF. ' PIIJE, n. pi. [L. ; Gr. aKnXi'ifn, a nettle.] (ZoOl.) A class of zoophytes; sea-nettles; acalephans. — Sec Acalephan. P. Cyc. MIEN, SIR, MOVE; NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — C, , to stop, to end.] (Pros.) A verse which has the complete number of sylla- bles, without defect or excess. Beck. A-CAT-A-LEC'TIC, a. (Pros.) Not halting short ; not defective in number ; complete ; as, “ An acatalectic verse.” A-CAT-A-LEP SI-A,) Ut [Gr. (Iieirri/iiy L ; a priv. A-CAT'A-LEP-SY, > and KuTaXap&drtn, to com- prehend.] (Med.) Uncertainty in the diagno- sis or prognosis of disease. Dunglison. A-CAT-A-LEP'TIC, a. (Med.) Not discoverable ; uncertain. f A-CA'TIJR, n. [Perhaps Fr. acheter, to buy.] A provider of provisions ; a caterer. Chaucer. AC-A-THAR ' SI-A, n. [Gr. a priv. and taBaipoi, to cleanse, or purge.] 1. (Med.) Omission of purgatives. Dunglison. 2. (Surg.) Filth from a wound ; impurity. Craig. AC'A-THAR-SY, n. (Med.) Same as Acathar- sia. Buchanan. f A-CATES', n. pi. Victuals; viands; cates. See Cates. Spenser. AC-AU-LES'CljjNT, a. [Gr. a priv. and tavXot, a stem.] (Bot.) Stemless; — used of plants which have the stem very short, or else subterranean, and therefore apparently none. Gray. A-CAU'LINE, ) [Gr. „ p r ; v . an d K avX6;, a Ac-Au-LOSE', > stem.] (Bot.) Having no stalk A-C AU'LOUS 1 or stem > stemless. Ash. AC-CEDE', v. n. [L. accedo ; ad, to, and ccdo, to go, to yield ; Fr. acceder.] [i. acceded; pp. acceding, acceded.] To come to; to come over ; to assent ; to become a party to : as, “ To accede to a request, to a treaty.” Syn. — See Comply. AC-CF.L-F.-rAn' DO, a. [It.] (Mus.) Hasten- ing ; faster and faster. Dwight. AC-CEL'JJK-AtE, v. a. [L. accelero, acceleratus, to hasten; It. accelerare ; Fr. acceUrer.] [i. accelerated ; pp. accelerating, acceler- ated.] To cause to move faster ; to expedite ; to hasten. “ To accelerate his .journey.” Hall. Syn. — See Hasten. AC-CEL'ER-AT-ED, p. a. Hastened. Accelerated motion, (Mech.) motion in which the ve- locity of a moving body is continually increased by force acting niton it. Grier. AC-CEL'ER-AT-INGj p. a. Causing acceleration ; hastening. AC-CEL-ER-A'TION, n. Act of accelerating; an increase of the velocity of bodies in motion ; a hastening. AC-CEL'ER-A-Tl VE, a. Tending to accelerate ; increasing motion or velocity. Newton. AC-CEL'f.R-A-TOR, n. [L. accelero, to hasten.] (Anat.) A muscle which contracts to acceler- ate the passage of urine. ‘ Quincy. AC-CEL'ER-A-TO-RY, a. Accelerating; acceler- ' ative. ‘ Craig. Perch. t AC-CENDl, v. a. [L. accendo.] "To kindle. “De- votion sufficiently accendcd.” Decay of Piety. AC-CEA'-DI-BlL'j-TY, n. Inflammability. Ed. Bev. AC-CEN'IM-BLE, a. That may be inflamed. Smart. f AC-CEN'SION, n. A kindling. Locke. ACCENT (114), jj. [L. accentus ; ad, to, and cano, to sing ; It. accento ; Sp. acento ; Fr. accent.] 1. The modulation of the voice in speaking, or the manner of speaking ; as, “ The Scotch accent." Your accent is something finer than you could purchase in so removed a dwelling. S/tak. 2. Language ; words. [Poetical.] How many ages hence Shall tills our lofty scene be acted o’er. In states unborn, and accents yet unknown ! Shak. 3. A stress of voice on a certain syllable of a word, that it may be better heard than the rest, as in the second syllable of the word confess' . HSP A great part of the words in the English lan- guage of Three or more syllables have two accents ; f he greater is called the primary accent , and the less the secondary accent. Thus, in the word ap"pel-la r tion , the third syllable has the primary, and the first sylla- ble the secondary, accent. The only perceptible difference among our syllables arises from some of them being uttered with that stronger percussion of voice which we call accent. Jilair. 4. A mark on a syllable to direct the modula- tion of the voice: — the mark ['], noting the accent or stress of voice, as in e' veil, called the acute accent; — the mark ['], called the grave accent, used generally to indicate the falling of the voice; — the mark [*] or ['], called the circumflex, denoting an undulation of voice. 5. (Math.) A mark ['] over a letter to indi- cate that it has a value or a meaning different from that of the same letter used without the ac- cent : — a mark [ ' ] over a number noting a min- ute of a degree, or, doubled ["], a second. 6 . (Mus.) Emphasis given to notes in partic- ular parts of a bar. Moore. Syn. — See Emphasis. AC-CENT' (114), v. a. [i. accented; pp. ac- centing, accented.] To pronounce, utter, or mark with accent ; as, “ To accent a syllable.” AC-CENT'pi), p. a. Pronounced with the ac- cent ; marked with the accent. AC-CENT'OR, n. 1. (Mus.) One who sings the highest part in a trio. Crabb. 2. (Ornith.) A genus of birds; the hedge- chanter. Gray. AC-CEJV-TO-RI' JYJE, n. pi. Ornith.) A sub-family of entirostral birds of the order Passeres and family Luscinidce ; accentors. Gray. Enicocichla ludoviciana. || AC-CENT'U-AL, a. Relating to accent. II AC-CENT'V-ATE (ak-sent’yu-at), l'. a. [i. AC- CENTUATED ; pp. ACCENTUATING, ACCENTUAT- ED.] To pronounce or to mark with the accent ; to accent. || AC-CENT-lj-A'TION, n. The act of uttering or of marking the accent. Lowth. AC-CEPT', v. a. [L. accipio, acceptus ; ad, to, and capio, to take ; It. accettare ; Sp. aceptar ; Fr. accepter.] [t. accepted ; pp. accepting, ACCEPTED.] 1. To receive favorably or kindly. Sweet prince, accept their suit. Shak. 2. To admit ; to agree to ; as, “ To accept an excuse or a proposal”; “To accept an amend- ment.” 3. To take as offered ; as, “ To accept an appointment or an office.” 4. To estimate ; to regard ; to value accord- ing to desert ; to receive as worthy. For if there be first n willing mind, it is accented according to that a man hath, and not according to that he hath not. 2 Cor. viu. 12. 5. To respect partially. Tie will surely reprove you if ye do secretly accept persons. Job xiii. 10. 6. (Com.) To acknowledge by one’s signature the sum named in an order, draft, or bill of ex- change, as due, and to promise the payment of it. Kg- Accept is used in some of its senses with of. “ Accept of my hearty wishes.” Addison. “ Perad- venture he will accept of me.” Gen. xxxii. 20. A, E, I, 6 , U, Yj long ; A, E, I, 0, U, Y, short; A, JJ, I, O, U, Y, obscure ; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ACCEPTABILITY 11 ACCI PITER AC-CEPT-A-BIL'i-TV, n. Quality of being ac- ceptable ; acceptableness. Bp. Taylor. II AC-CEPT'A-BLE [ak-sep'ta-bl, P. Ja. K. Sm. Cl. Wb. Johnson, Ash, Dyche, Barclay ; ak'sep- tj-bl, S. W. J. E. F. C.], a. Sure to be accepted or well received ; welcome ; grateful ; pleasing. A sacrifice acceptable , well-pleasing to God. Phil. iv. 18. This woman, whom thou mad’st to be my help. So fit, so acceptable, so divine. Jlilton. “ Within these twenty years, this word lias shifted its accent from the second to the first syllable. There are now few polite speakers who do not pro- nounce it acceptable ; and it is much to be regret- ted that this pronunciation is become so general. ” Walker. — Such was the fact, as stated by Walker, near the end of the last century ; and it conformed to the usage of the poets, e. g. of Jonson, and of Milton. But the accent of the words acceptable and commenda- ble has, in a great measure, been shifted back again from the first to the second syllable ; and they are so accented by several of the latest English ortlioe- pists. — See Commendable. || AC-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of be- ing acceptable. Grew . || AC-CEPT'A-BLY, ad. In an acceptable man- ner ; in a manner to please or gratify. AC-CEPT'ANCE, n. 1. Act of accepting; re- ception with favor or approbation. Such with him Finds no acceptance , nor cun find. , Milton. 2. f Acceptation ; meaning. An assertion, under the common acceptance of it, not only false, but odious. South. 3. {Com.) The writing of one’s name on a bill of exchange : — the bill itself when thus ac- cepted. 4. (Laic.) A tacit agreement, or acceptance of a contract by implication ; as, if a husband and wife, holding land in right of the wife, jointly make a lease reserving rent, and, after the death of the husband, the wife accepts or receives the rent, by this act the lease is con- firmed and she is bound by it. Crabb. Syn. Acceptance is the act of accepting ; accepta- tion, tile state of being accepted. The acceptance of a gift or favor ; the acceptation or meaning of a word or phrase. AC-CEPT'ANT, n. [L. accepto, to receive; Fr. accei>tant.] One who accepts ; an accepter. Spectator. Ac-CEP-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of accepting ; recep- tion ; acceptance ; regard. "What is new finds better acceptation. Denham. 2. The received meaning of a word or phrase. My words, in common acceptation , Could never give this provocation. Gray. Syn. — See Acceptance. AC-CEPT'pR, n. One who accepts. Chillingworth. AC-CEP-TI-LA'TION, n. [L. acceptilatio ; ac- ceptum, a receipt, and^/mt, latus, to bear.] 1. (Civil Laic.) The verbal acquittance of a debt by a creditor without payment. Cotyrave. 2. (Thcol.) The acceptance of a thing as an equivalent, although it is not equal to that in place of which it is received. Bibliotheca Sacra. t AC-CEP'TION, n. Acceptation. Hammond. t AC-CEP'TIVE, a. Ready to accept. B. Jonson. AC-CEPT'OR, n. (Law.) One who accepts an order, a draft, or bill of exchange. Bouvier. AC-CEP'TR^SS, n. A female who accepts, [r.] S. Oliver. t AC-CERSE', v. a. [L. accerso .] To call ; to call together ; to summon, as an army. Hall. AC-CESS', or AC'CESS [ak-ses', W. P. J. F. Sm . ; ak'ses, S. E. K . ; ak'ses or ak-ses 1 , Ja.], n. [L. accessus, from accedo, to go to, to yield to ; Fr. acc-S.) 1. A way of approach ; an external passage ; a corridor. The access of the town was only by a neck ofland. Bacon. 2. The means of approach ; liberty to ap- proach ; admission. Forthrough him we both have an access by one Spirit nnto the Father. Jiph. ii. 18. 3. Increase ; addition. I, from the influence of thy looks, receive Access in every virtue. Milton. 4. A sudden attack of disease ; a fit. Relapses make diseases More desperate than their first accesses. JLudibras. Syn. — See Admittance. JSjf" With respect to the pronunciation of this word there is a difference among the orthoepists as well as in usage. Smart says, “ It sometimes lias the accent on tlie first syllable.” Walker remarks as fallows : — “ This word is sometimes heard witii the accent on the first syllable. ‘ Hail, water-gruel, healing power, Of easy access to the poor ! ’ But lliis pronunciation ought to he avoided, as contrary to analogy and the general usage of the language.” || Ac'CES-SA-RI-LY, ad. In the manner of an accessary. || AC'C^S-SA-RI-NESS, n. The state of being accessary. Decay of Piety. II Ac'cps-SA-RY [ak'ses-sj-re, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; jk-ses'sa-re, Ash], a. 1. Contributing to a crime ; assisting ; acces- sory. “ Accessary to rebellion.” Clarendon. 2. That is added ; additional ; accessory. “ Things that are accessary hereunto.” Hooker. || AC'C^S-SA-RY, n. [L. accedo, accessus-, Low L. accessorius .] (Law.) One who is not the chief actor in an offence, nor present at its performance, but is concerned therein, either before or after its performance ; an accomplice ; an abettor. Bouvier. Syn. — See Abettor. An accessary before the fact (Laic) is one who, being absent when the crime was committed, yet counselled or commanded another to commit it. An accessary after the fact is one who harbors, con- ceals, or assists the offender. — See Accessor y. figy This word is chiefly used in legal forms ; hut its orthography is quite unsettled. This will appear evi- dent both from examining the dictionaries and from observing common usage. With respect to the diction- aries which were published before that of Johnson, the orthography found in those of Baret, Bullokar, Cot- grave, Phillips, &c., is accessary ; in those of Coles, Kersey, Bailey, Dyclie, and Martin, both accessary and accessory ; and all t lie principal dictionaries of t lie English language published since that of Johnson, give botli forms. — Johnson says of accessary, — “A corrup- tion of the word accessory, hut now more commonly used than the proper word ” ; and Smart says, “ Ac- cessory claims a slight etymological preference, but is less usual.” As to the Law Dictionaries, the orthography of those of Whishaw, Burn, Bouvier, and Burrill, is accessary ; those of Cowell, Blount, Cunningham, Tomlins, and Bell, give both forms. The orthography found in Blackstone’s Commentaries and Erskine’s Institutes is accessory, that of Dane’s Abridgment and the Penny Cyclopaedia, accessary. Braude gives accessory as the orthography of the word when a legal term, and acces- sary or accessory when used in the arts. AC-CES-S1-BI L'I-TY, n. The quality of being accessible. I. Taylor. AC-CES'SLBLE, a. That may be approached ; approachable ; easy of access. Addison. AC-CES'SI-BLY, ad. So as to be accessible. Clarke. AC-CES'SION (ak-sesh'un), n. [L. accessio .] 1. Increase by something acquired ; addition ; enlargement ; augmentation. Clarendon. 2. Act of coming to; arrival; as, “The king’s accession to the throne.” 3. (Med.) The beginning of a paroxysm, or a fit of an intermitting fever. " Crabb. 4. (Law.) A kind of title by which a person acquires property in a thing in consequence of its growing out of, or being combined with, an- other thing : — in international law, the act by which one power enters into engagements origi- nally contracted between other powers. Burrill. Bouvier. Syn. — See Increase. AC-CES'SION-AL (jk-sesh'un-jl), a. Additional. AC-CESS'IVE, a. Additional. Hopkins. AC-C^S-SO'RI-AL, a. Belonging to an accessory. || AC'CIJS-SO-RI-LY, ad. In the manner of an accessory. || AC'CpS-SO-RI-NESS, n. The state of being accessory. Smart. II Ac'cps-So-RY [Sk'ses-so-re, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. C'. ; ak-ses'so-re, Ash] , a. 1. Contributing to a crime ; accessary. Clarendon. 2. Joined to another thing ; additional. Hooker. See Accessary. || AC'CJgS-SO-KY, n. [Low L. accessorius.] 1. That which advances or promotes a design ; an accompaniment. Gayton. 2. (Law.) One who is guilty of a crime, not principally, but by participation ; an accom- plice ; an abettor ; accessary. 3. (Paint.) An object in a picture not abso- lutely necessary to the figure. Fairholt. See Accessary. AC-CIA-CA-TU' RA (At-cliii-kf-tu ' ra), n. [It., a squeezing .] (Mus.) A grace note, one semi- tone below that to which it is prefixed, being, as it were, squeezed in. Braude. AC'CF-DENCE, n. [L. accidentia, accidents, pi. of accidens.] A corruption of accidents, being the name applied to a little book containing the accidents or first rudiments of grammar. I pray you, ask him some questions in his accidence. Shak. Ac'ci-DENT, n. [L. accido, accidens, to happen to ; ad, to, and cado, to fall.] 1. An event proceeding from an unknown cause, or happening without the design of the agent ; an unforeseen event ; incident ; casualty ; chance. “ Some unlooked accident." Shak. 2. A property or quality of any being that is not essential to it. “ But the body’s accident." Davies. 3. pi. (Gram.) The properties and inflections of the parts of speech. Holder. Syn. — Accident excludes the idea of design, and event excludes tile idea of chance. Accident refers to what has happened ; chance to what may happen. An event is more important than an incident. Whatever happens, whether by chance or design, may he calicd an incident. A casualty is an unwelcome accident ; and, when used as a law term, it often suggests the idea of those accidents by which an injury has been sustained, or for which a coroner may he invoked. — See Circumstance. AC-CI-DEN'TAL, n. I. A property non-essential. Pearson. Conceive, os much ns you can, of the essentials of any subject, before you consider its accidentals. Locke. 2. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, iq ) k f ti) not in the signature of a piece, but v ’ ’ ’ occurring accidentally before a note. Dwight. 3. (Paint.) A chance effect produced by rays of light falling on certain objects. Fairholt. AC-CI-DEN'TAL, a. 1. Having the quality of an accident ; happening by accident ; happening unexpectedly ; not designed or planned ; casual ; fortuitous; as, “An accidental occurrence.” 2. Non-essential ; incident. “Circumstances accidental to the tragedy.” Rymer. Accidental colors, (Opt.) those colors which depend upon the reactions of t lie eye, in contradistinction to those which belong to light itself. Accidental lights, (Paint.) secondary lights; eflects of light other than ordinary daylight. Fairholt. Accidental point, ( Pcrsp .) that point in the hori- zontal line where the projections of two lines parallel to each other meet the perspective plane. Ency. Brit. Syil. — Accidental and fortuitous are opposed to what is designed, planned, or foreseen ; incidental, to wliat is premeditated or intended ; casual , to what is constant and regular ; contingent, to what is definite and fixed. An accidental circumstance ; fortuitous oc- currence ; incidental observation ; casual remark ; con- tingent expenses. — See Circumstantial, Occa- sional. AC-C1-DEN'TAL-I$M, n. (Paint.) The effects produced accidentally by rays of light. Ruskin. See Accidental. AC-CI-DEN-TAL'I-TY, n. The quality of being accidental ; accidentalness, [it.] Coleridge. AC-CI-DEN'TAL-LY, ad. In an accidental man- ner ; casually. AC-CI-DEN'TAL-NESS, n. Quality of being acci- dental. Bailey. AC-CI-DfiN'TA-RY, a. Accidental. Holland. f AC-CI-DEN'TI-A-RY (ak-se-den'she-a-ie), a. Be- longing to accidents or accidence. Bp. Morton. f AC-CIP'I-ENT, n. [L . accipio.] A receiver. Bailey. AC-CIP' 1-TF.R, n. ; pi. a c-ctp' r-TRii.s. [L., from ad, to, and capio, to seize.] MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE; Q, Braude. 2. (Pros.) Deprived of its first syllable, as a line of poetry. Brande. ACE'PolNT, n. A card or a side of a die which has only one point or spot. Clarke. A'CF.R, n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of trees; the maple. P. Cyc. A.6yos, a discourse.] (Zoiil.) The science of radiated animals. R. Park. AC-TT-N OM'E-TKR, n. [Gr. Aktiv, Aktivos , a ray, and ytTpov, a measure.] (Opt.) An instrument for measuring the intensity of heat in the sun’s rays. Ilerschel. Ac'TI-NOTE, n. [Gr. Aktiv , Aktivos, a ray.] {Min.) A radiated mineral ; a species of horn- blende ; ray-stone ; actinolite. Dana. AG'TION (ak'slmn), n. [L. actio ; It. azione ; Sp. accion ; Fr. action. ] 1. State of acting, as opposed to rest ; activity. It is necessary to that perfection of which our present state is capable, that the mind and body should both be kept in action. Humbler. 2. An act ; a deed. fiod never accepts a good inclination instead of a good action. South. My actions are as noble as my thoughts. iShak. 3. Agency ; operation ; influence ; motion ; movement ; function ; as, “The action of light, heat, &c.” Hu has laid clown rules conformable to which natural bodies are governed in their actions upon one another. Cheyne. 4. A battle ; an engagement. But he in heat of action Is more vindicative than jealous love. Shak. 5. The series of events in a poem or fictitious composition. This action should have three qualifications : first, it should be one action ; secondly, it should be an entire action : and thirdly, it should be a great action. Addison. 6. Gesture ; gesticulation ; accommodation of the countenance, voice, and gesture to the matter spoken. Suit the action to the word, the word to the action. Shak. 7. {Com.) A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock company; — a French use* of the word. Brande. 8. {Law.) A legal process or suit. Real action, an action for the recovery of real prop- erty, as lands, tenements, or rents. — Personal action, an action of contract or of tort, that is, for tile recovery of personal property, or to obtain satisfaction for inju- ries received. — Mired action, an action which partakes of the nature of both real and personal actions, being brought for the recovery of real estate and also lor per- sonal damages. — Action upon the case, an action for redress of wrongs not specially provided for by law, as distinguished from an action upon the statute, which is brought against a person for breach of some partic- ular law. — Civil action, action for the recovery of property. — Criminal action, a prosecution for a crime. — A chose [ Fr., t/ung] in action is a right claimed but not recovered. Burrill. 9. (Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude, posture, or expression of the figures represented ; — the principal event which forms the subject of a picture or bas-relief. Fairholt. Syn. — See Act, Case, Gesture. AC’TION-A-BLE, a. (Law.) That admits an ac- tion. “ No man’s face is actionable.” Collier. Ac'TION-A-BLY, ad. In a manner subject to a process of law. AC'TION-A-RY, ) n , (Com.) One who has a share Ac'TION-IsT, ) in actions or stocks of a joint- stock company in France. Smart. t AC'TION-TAK'ING, a. Litigious. Shak. AC'TION— THREAT'EN-ER, n. One accustomed to threaten actions at law. Ilarmar. t Ac-TI-TA'TION, n. [L. actito, to perform of- ten.] Frequent action. Bailey. f Ac-TI-VATE, v. a. To make active. Bacon. Ac'TIVE (dk'tjv), it. [L . activus ; It. attivo ; Sp. activo ; Fr. act if.] 1. That acts, opposed to passive, or idle ; en- gaged in action ; actually employed ; busy ; diligent ; as, “ To he active in business.” 2. Alert ; brisk ; nimble ; agile ; quick. “ Ac- tive sinews.” Drydcn. 3. Requiring or implying action. Each in their several active spheres assigned. Milton. 4. (Gram.) Noting that kind of verb which expresses action passing from an agent or actor to some object ; transitive. Active capital, money, or property readily converted into money. Active commerce, commerce which a nation carries on in its own ships. Syn. — Active is opposed to quiescent, or being at rest. Active in business or the pursuit of some object ; busy, habitually employed; brisk at play; agile or nimble in the use of one’s limbs ; quick in movement. — See Diligent. Ac'TIVE-LY, ad. In an active manner ; busily. AO'TIVE-NESS, 11 . Quality of being active. AC-TlV'I-TY, n. State or quality of being ac- tive ; the virtue or faculty of acting ; nimble- ncss ; agility. “ Doing is activity.” Shak. Syn. — See Quickness. fACT'Lyss, a. Without spirit ; insipid. A poor, young, acticss, indigested thing. Southcrnc. ACT OF FAITH. See Auto de Fe. AC'TON, ii. [Fr. hoqueton.] A leathern jacket or tunic worn under a coat of mail. — See IIacqueton. ACT'OR, n. 1. One who acts ; a doer. Young men may be learners while men in age are actors. Bacon. 2. A stage-player. Drydcn. 3. (Law.) The party who institutes or prose- cutes an action ; a plaintilf. Burrill. Ac'TRJJSS, n. A female actor. Addison. ACT'U-AL (akt'yii-al, 10, 24), a. [L. actualis.] 1. Really acting; really in act; real; cer- tain ; effective ; positive ; not merely in specu- lation or pretence. For he that but conceives a crime in thought, Contracts the danger of an actual fault. Dryden. 2. Present; existing; nowin being; as, “The actual government of France.” 3. f That implies or requires action. In this slumbery agitation, besides her walking and other actual performances, what, at any time, have you heard her say ? Shak. Syn. — See Real. || ACT-U-Al'I-TY, n. The state of being actual. “Actuality of these spiritual qualities.” Cheyne. || ACT'D-AL-IZE, v. a. To make actual. Coleridge. II ACTTJ-AL-LY (akt'yu-al-le, 10, 21), ad. Posi- tively ; in act ; really ; in fact. IIow insensibly old age steals on, and how often it is octu- allt/ arrived before we suspect it! Cowjier. || ACT'U-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being actual. || Act'U- A-R y (10, 24), n. [L. actuarius, one who keeps accounts.] 1. ( Civil Law.) A register or clerk of a court or society. Burrill. 2. The managing officer of an insurance com- pany or corporation;, one skilled in the doc- trine of life annuities atid insurance, and com- petent to give advice upon cases of annuities, reversions, &c. Brande. || f AcT'IJ-ATE (10, 24), a. Put into action. South. II ACT'D-ATE (akt'yu-at, 10), V. a. [i. ACTUATED ; pp. actuating, actuated.] To put into ac- tion ; to incite to action ; to make active ; to im- pel ; to induce ; to move ; to influence. It is observed by Cicero, that men of the greatest and the most shining parts are most actuated by ambition. Addison. || ACT-U-A'TION, n. Operation, [r.] Pearson. || f ACT-y-OSE', a. That has strong powers of action. Bailey. || t ACT-U-OS'J-TY, n. Power of action. II. More. || AC'D-ATEj i’. a. [L. acuo.] To sharpen. “ In- flame and acuate the blood.” [r.] Harvey. || f Ac'U-ATE, a. Sharpened ; pointed. Ashmole. || + AC-U-I''TION (94), n. (Med.) The sharpening of medicines to increase their effect, as by the addition of a mineral acid to a vegetable acid. Crabb. t A-CO'I-TY (fi-ku'e-te), n. Sharpness. Perkins. A-CU'LIJ- ATE, a. [L. aculeatus ; aculcus, a sting.] 1. (Bot.) Being furnished with acu- lei or prickles ; armed with prickles, as the rose and brier. Gray. 2. fOf stinging force; severe; — applied to language. “ If they [words] be aculeate.” Bacon. A-CU'LIJ-ATE, n. (Ent.) A hvmenop- terous insect, having a sting. Brande. A-CIJ'L^-ATE, v. a. To form to a point. Month. Rev. A-CO'LJJ-AT-PD, a. Formed with points; hav- ing prickly points ; aculeate. Pennant. A-CU'LIJ-OUS, a. (Bot.) Having points or prickles ; aculeate. Browne. A-CU' LF.-US,n. [L.] pi. a-cu’le-i. (Bot. & Zo.l.) A prickle. Brande. A-CU'MEN (108), n. [L. acumen, a sharp point ; acuo, to sharpen.] The faculty of nice dis- crimination ; quickness of perception ; acute- ness ; sharpness of intellect ; discernment. A, E, I, O, U, Y', long ; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, J?, I, 9, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ACUMINATE 19 ADDER’S-TONGUE The word was much affected by the learned Aristarchus in common conversation, to signify genius or natural acumen. Pope. A-CU'MI-NATE, v. n. To rise like a cone. Milton. A-CU'MI-NATE, v. a. To sharpen. Cockcram. A-CU'MI-NATE, a. ( Bot .) Tapering to a point ; acuminated. Loudon. A-CU'MT-NAT-pD, p. a. Sharp-pointed; sharp ; acuminate. Browne. A-CU-MI-NA'TION, n. The act of sharp- ening ; a sharp point. Pearson. A-CU'MI-NOUS, a. [Gr. Ski;, a point ; L. acumen, a sharp point.] Sharp-pointed ; acumi- nate. Craig. AC-U-PUNCT-U-RA'TrON (-yu-, 10), n. [Gr. Suck , ; L. acus, a needle, and punctura, a puncture ; pungo, to prick.] {Med.) A puncture with a fine, sharp point ; acupuncture. Smart. AC-U-PUNCT'URE (-yu-, 10), n. [L. acus, a needle, and punctura, a puncture.] {Med.) A method of bleeding by many small punctures, by the insertion of ne'edles into the skin or flesh ; — much used by the Chinese and Japan- ese. Dunglison. AC-UT-AN'GU-LAR (-yut-, 10), a. {Bot.) Having acute angles. Loudon. A-CUTE' (si-kut'), a. [L. acutus.] 1. Sharp; ending in a point ; pointed; as, “An acute angle.” 2. Sharp-witted; discriminating; ingenious; penetrating; keen; shrewd; discerning; sub- tle. “ The acute and ingenious author.” Locke. 3. Quick ; able to distinguish rapidly and with precision ; as, “ An acute eye or ear.” 4. High and shrill in sound; — opposed to grave or low ; as, “ An acute tone.” Acute disease, (Med.) any disease which terminates in a short time ; opposed to chronic. — icutc accent [ ' ], that which raises or sharpens tire voice; opposed to grace [ ' ]. — Acute angle , any angle less than a right angle. — Acute-angled triangle, a triangle of which all the three angles are acute. Syn. — Acute is applied to both material and intel- lectual subjects. An acute or keen understanding or argument ; an acute or sharp pain ; an acute or subtle disputant ; an acute or sharp point ; a keen edge ; an acute , not chronic, disease. — See Keen, Sagacity, Subtle. A-CUTE', v. a. To make the accent acute. Walker. A-CUTE'LY, ad. Sharply ; ingeniously ; keenly. “ I cannot answer thee acutely.” Shalt. A-CUTE'NfSS, n. 1. Quality of being acute ; sharpness; — applied to things. Locke. 2. Quickness of the intellect ; penetration ; ingenuity ; sagacity. M. Colbert was a man of great acuteness. Adam Smith. Syn. — See Sagacity. fA-CU-TI-A 'TOR (j-ku-she-a'tor), n. [Low L.] A sharpener of an instrument. Crabb. t Ay-Y-ROL'O-yy, n. [Gr. dieupos, without au- thority, and ?.6yo;, speech.] Careless or im- proper diction. Crabb. AD—, a prefix of Latin origin, signifying to. The d is often changed for the letter that begins the word to which it is prefixed ; as, ac-cede, af-fix, ag-gress, al-literation. t AD-ACT', v. a. [L. adiyo, ad actus.) To drive ; to compel. “ Vouchsafing to adact them.” Fotherby. A-DAC'TYLE, a. [Gr. a priv. and IoktvI.oc, a fin- ger.] _ (Zosl.) Applied to a locomotive extrem- ity without digits or fingers. Brande. A D'AtjJE (Sd'rij), n. [L. adayium, a proverb; It. oet will adapt the very sounds, as well as words to the tilings le treats of. Pope. Syn. — See Appropriate, Fit. A-DAPT- A-BtL'I-Ty, n. Capability of adaptation ; fitness ; adhptableness ; suitableness. Todd. A-DAPT'A-BLE, a. That may be adapted. Todd. A-DApT'A-BLE-NESS, n. Adaptability; fitness. AD-AP-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of adapting, [n.] “ Adaptation or cement of one to the other.” Browne. 2. State of being fitted ; suitableness ; har- mony ; fitness. “ Exquisite adaptation.” Boyle. A-D.\PT'pD, p. a. Having adaptation or fitness ; suitable ; as, “ Adapted to the purpose.” A-DAPT'IJD-NESS, n. State of being adapted. A-DAPT'ER, n. 1. One who adapts. 2. {Chem.) A glass tube, open at both ends, used to connect a retort with its receiver, when the neck of the former is too short; — called also adopter. Francis. A-DAP'TION, n. Act of fitting ; adaptation. [r.] “ Wise contrivances and prudent adap- tions.” Cheyne. A-DAP'TIVE, a. Tending to adapt. Coleridge. A-DAp'T! VE-NESS, 7i. Suitableness. Ec. Rev. t A-dApt'LY, ad. In a suitable manner. Prior. + A-DAPT'NpSS, il. Quality of being adapted. “ Some notes are to display the adaptness of the sound to the sense.” Bp. Newton. Ad-AP-TO'RI-AL, a. Tending to fit. [it.] Mudie. A' DAR, n. [Ileb. "I— 5L] The twelfth month of the Jewish sacred year, and the sixth month of the civil year, including part of February and March. Calmet. AD AR-BIT' RI- UM, [L.] At will or discretion. A-DAR'MF., 71. [Sp.] A small Spanish weight, the sixteenth part of an ounce troy. Neuman. AD' A-TA1S, 71. A fine Bengal muslin. Crabb. f A-DAUNT', v. a . — See Daunt. Skcllo7i. f A-DAW', v. a. To daunt; to subject. Spenser. f A-dAw', v. n. To be daunted. Spenser. f A-DAVV', v. a. To awake. Chaucer. A-DAVV'LiJT, n. {Law.) An East Indian word, denoting a court of justice. Hamilton. A-DAY§' (a-daz'), ad. [A. S. on, in, and da-y, day.] On days ; every day. Spenser. In use in composition. — Yoto-a-ilnys, i. e. at the present time, of late-; as, “ Men noie-a-duys pretend.” AD CAP-TAJY' DUM, [L.] In order to attract or captivate, i. e. by something specious. f AD-C6R'P0-RATE, v. a. To incorporate; to accorporate. Baileij. Add (ad), v. a. [L. addo, to put to.] [i. added ; pp. ADDING, ADDED.] 1. To join; to subjoin; to annex ; to give in addition. And, to arid greater honors to his age Than man could give him, he died fearing God. Shak. 2. To combine or unite, as numbers, so as to form one sum or aggregate. Whatsoever positive ideas a man has in his mind of any quantity, lie can repeat it, and add it to the former, as easily as he can add together the ideas of two days or two years. Locke. Syn. — Tilings or numbers are added by having the parts put together so as to form a whole. Two things are joined by being attached to each other ; united by being formed into one ; they coalesce by being mingled together. Quantities are added ; houses are joined ; an afterthought is subjoined ; people united ; parties coa- lesce ; property is increased ; territory annexed ; income or salary augmented. ADD, v. n. To increase ; to augment ; — followed by to or unto. My father made your yoke heavy, and I will add to your yoke. 1 Kings xii. 14. And these unseasoned hours perforce must add Unto your sickness. Shak. AD' DA, 7i. {Zool.) A species of lizard, about six inches long, celebrated in the East for its pre- tended efficacy in the cure of leprosy and other cutaneous diseases. P. Cyc. AD'DA-BLE, a. — See Addibee. Cocker. AD' DAX, n. [Ar. addas.) {Zoijl.) A species of antelope found in Africa. P. Cyc. AD-DE^'I-MATE, v. a. [L. ad, to, and decimus, tenth.] To take or ascertain tithes ; to deci- mate. [r.] Bailey. f AD-DEEM', v. a. [A. S. deiiian, to judge.] To award ; to sentence. Daniel. AD-DEN” DUM, 7i. [L.] ad-den' da. Some- thing to be added ; an addition ; an appendix. Ad'DF.R, n. [Goth, nadrs, a serpent ; A. S. at- ter, poison ; nceddre, utter, or attr, a snake.] 1. {Heip.) A venomous reptile or serpent ; a viper. Bell. 2. {Ich.) The fifteen-spined stickleback, a species of marine fish on the English coast ; commonly called the great sea-adder. Ogilvie. Ad'DT-R-FLY, n. A species of fly; the dragon- fly. Scott. Ad'DER- £> I> hard; ^ as z; If as gz. — THIS, this. ADDER’S-TVORT 20 ADHERENCE of ferns, so called because its leaf puts forth a spike in the shape of an adder’s tongue ; Ophioglossum. Loudon. AD'DIJR’.S— WORT (&d'durz-wUrt), n. An herb; snake-weed ; Polygonum bistorta. Loudon. AD-DI-RlL'l-TY, n. Possibility of being added. “ This endless addition or addibilitg.” Locke. Ad'DI-BLE, a. That may be added. Locke. AD'DICE, n. [A. S. adesa, or adese.] A cutting iron tool; — now written adze. — See Adze. t AD-D1CT' (?d-dikt'), a. Addicted. Shah. AD-DICT', v. a. [L. addico, addictus.] [*. ad- dicted ; pp. ADDICTING, ADDICTED.] To give up one’s self to ; to devote ; to apply ; to ha- bituate ; to accustom ; — commonly used in a bad sense ; as, “ He addicted himself to vice.” if;y- It was formerly sometimes used in a good sense. They addicted themselves to the ministry of the saints. 1 Cor. xvi. 15. Syn. — Addict is commonly used in an ill sense ; devote and dedicate commonly ill a good sense ; apply in ;m indifferent sense. Men addict themselves to vicious liabits ; devote themselves to science; dedicate them- selves to religion; and apply themselves to business. AD-DICT'ED, p. a. Accustomed; devoted to; habituated ; abandoned to. AD-DlCT 'ED- NESS, n. The state of being ad- dicted. “ Addictedness to Pythagoric whim- seys.” Bogle. AD-DIC'TION, n. [L. addictio.) Habit ; addict- edness ; state of being devoted. Shak. Since his addiction was to courses vain; His companies unlettered, rude, and shallow ; His hours tilled up with riots, banquets, sports. Shale. AD-DIT'A-MENT [ad-dlt'a-ment, IF. P. F. Ja. K. Sm.; ad'e-tj-ment, S. J. /'!.], n. [L. addi- tamcntum.~\ An addition ; something added, [it.] Bacon. AD-DP'TION (jd-dlsh'un, 94), n. [L. additio.] 1. The act of adding one thing to another. This endless addition of numbers is that which gives us the clearest idea of infinity. Locke. 2. The thing added ; accession ; increase ; augmentation. Some such resemblances, methinks, I find Of our last evening’s talk, in this thy dream, But with addition strange ! Milton. 3. ( Arith .) That branch of arithmetic which treats of the processes of adding numbers. 4. (Law.) The title given to a man’s name, or any description that may serve to distinguish him, besides his Christian and surname ; as, “ John Lee, Esquire, Merchant, London.” Only retain The name, and all the addition to a king. Shak. 5. (Mus.) A dot marked on the right side of a note, denoting that its length is to be increased by one half. Moore. Syn. — See Increase. AD-Dl"TION-AL (jd-dlsh'un-jd), a. That is added. AD-Dl"TION-AL, n. Something added. “Addi- tionals to the ancient civil law.” [u.] Bacon. AD-DP'TION-AL-LY (ad-d!sli’un-?l-le), ad. In addition. “ Originally or additionally.” Clerk. + AD-DI"TION-A-RY, a. Additional. “What is necessary and what is additionary.” Herbert. AD-DI-TI''TIOL'S, a. [L. atltlo, to add.] Added without authority. Ash. AD’Dl-TIVE, a. That is to be added ; in contra- distinction to subtractive. “Additive quanti- ties.” Brande. AD'DI-TO-RY, a. That adds; adding. “The additory fiction.” [it.] Arbuthnot. AD'DLE (ad'dl), a. [A. S. aidlian, to be sick or weak ; AY. had!, rotten.] Barren ; unfruitful ; — originally applied to such eggs as produce noth- ing. Thus far the poet ; but his brains grow addle. Dryden. AD'DLE (ad'dl), v.a. [t. ADDLED ; pp. ADDLING, addled.] To make addle ; to corrupt. “ [Eggs] that are addled swim.” Browne. AD'DLE, (ad'dl), v. n. 1. To grow. Tusser. 2. To earn by labor. [Still used in the north of England.] Brockett. AD'DLE, n. The dry lees of wine, [n.] Ash. AD'DLE— IlEAD'ED (ad'dt-hed'ed), ) a. Havingad- AD'DLE— PAT'ED (ad'dl-pat'ed), ) die brains. Poor slaves in metre dull and addle-paled. Dryden. AdD'LINCSJ, n. pi. Earnings; wages for labor. [Local, England.] Brockett. f AD-DOOM', v. a. — See Doom. Spenser. AD-DdRSE', v. a. [L. ad, to, and dorsum, the back.] (Her.) To place back to back. Todd. AD-DRESS', v.a. [Fr. adresser. — See Dress. 1 [*. ADDRESSED ; pp. ADDRESSING, ADDRESSED.] 1. To prepare for ; to get ready. It lifted up its head, and did address Itself to motion, like as it would speak. Shak. They ended parle, and both addressed for fight. Milton. 2. To make application to ; to directa dis- course to ; to accost ; to salute ; to speak or apply to another by words. Are not your orders to address the Senate ? Addison. 3. To court, woo, or solicit, as a lover. 4. To superscribe or direct, as a letter. Syn. — To address is a more formal act than to ac- cost. Address the ruler or government, or persons generally ; accost a stranger or a person unexpectedly met with ; salute a friend ; direct a letter. AD-DRESS', 7i. [Fr. aclresse.] 1. A verbal or writ- ten application ; a petition. Most of the persons to whom these addresses are made are not wise and skilful judges. Watts, 2. A discourse, written or spoken ; a speech ; an oration ; as, “ An inaugural address.” 3. Manner of addressing another ; as, “ A man of pleasing address.” 4. Courtship ; — used in this sense only in the plural ; as, “To pay one’s addresses.” 5. Skilful management ; dexterity. Swift. 6. Direction or superscription of a letter,' or the summary of particulars respecting the name and residence of the person addressed. Syn. — See Ability, Air, Direction. AD-DRESS'ER, n. One who addresses. Burke. f AD-DRESS'FUL, a. Skilful. Mallet. AD-DUCE', v.a. [L.adduco; It. addurre.] [i. ADDUCED ; pp. ADDUCING, ADDUCED.] To bring forward ; to offer ; to advance ; to urge ; to allege ; to assign ; to cite ; to quote. Celsus adduces neither oral nor written testimony mrainst Christ's miracles. Cumberland. Syn. — See Advance, Allege. AD-d0'CENT, a. (Anat.) Drawing; — a word applied to such muscles as draw together the parts of the body to which they are attached. — See Adductor. AD-DU'CER, n. One who adduces. Coleridge. AD-DIJ'CI-BLE, a. That may be brought foi- ward; as, “ Adducible arguments.” AD-DUC'TION, n. [L. adductio .] 1. The act of adducing, or bringing forward. “Adduction and juxtaposition of parallels.” Wart on. 2. (Anat.) The action of the adducent mus- cles. Dunglison. AD-DUC'TIVE, a. That adduces. Taylor. AD-DUC'TOR, n. (Anat.) A muscle that draws forward, or brings parts of the body together; — opposed to abductor. Dunglison. fAD-DULCE', v. a. [L. dulcis .] To sweeten. “ Addulce all matters betweeh [them].” Bacon. A' DEB, n. (Com.) An Egyptian weight, less than a pound. Crabb. A-DEC'A-TIST, n. [Gr. a priv. and StKardw, to decimate.] (Eccl.) One who is not decimated, or who is against paying tithes, [r.] Crabb. AD-E-LAN- tA’ DO [Sd-e-lan-til'do, Ja. K . ; ad-e- lan’-ta'do, Stfi.] n. [Sp.] A governor of a prov- ince in Spain. . B. Jonson. f Ad'E-LING, n. [A. S. ee del, illustrious, and the affix ing, denoting son of, descendant of. Bos- icorth .] A word of honor among the Angles, appertaining to the king’s children. Cowell. Ad'E-LITE, n. A sort of Spanish conjurer, or fortune-teller. Ed. Ency. A-DEL'O-PUD, n. [Gr. a priv., byl.og, manifest, and ttovg, a foot.] (Zoiil.) An animal whose feet are not apparent. Ogilvie. A-DEMP'TION, n. [L. adimo, ademptus, to take away.] (Law.) Act of taking away, as a leg- acy. fVhishaw. Ad-E-JyAl ' ni-J], n. [Gr. afn'/v, a gland, and a'/.yog, pain.] (Med.) Pain in the glands. Dunglison. A-DEN'|-FORM, a. [Gr. abyv, a gland, and L. forma.] Gland-like in form. Ogilvie. AD-E-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. nSyv, an acorn, a gland, and ypntpu>, to describe.] (Anat.) A trea- tise on the glands. Dunglison. Ad'E-NOID, a. [Gr. nby v, a gland, and ilbog, form.] Resembling a gland. Buchanan. AD-E-NO-LOG'!-CAL, a. Relating to the glands. AI)-E-N6l'0-GY, n. [Gr. abtjr, a gland, and 16- yog, a discourse.] (Anat.) A treatise on the glands. Dunglison. a-den-o-piiyl'loi s, or Ad-e-noph'yl-lous (131), a. (Bot.) Having leaves bearing, or studded with, glands. Cray. Ad-E-Nose (129), ) a Relating to a gland; Ad'E-NOUS, ) shaped like a gland. Smart. AD-E-NOT'O-MY, n. [Gr. alijv, a gland, and ropy, a cutting.] (Anat.) A dissection of the glands. A'DEPS, n. [L.] Animal oil or fat. Farm. Ency. A-DEPT', n. [L. adipiscor, adeptus, to obtain ; Fr. adepte .] One who is completely versed in any art. “ Easy to all true adepts.” Pope. A-DEPT', a. Completely skilled or versed ; dex- terous. “ Such adept philosophers.” Boyle. fA-DEP'TION, n. Attainment ; acquisition. “Adoption of a crown by arms and title.” Bacon. Ad'E-HUA-CY, n. Sufficiency; state of being adequate. Smart. f Ad'E-Q-UATE, v. n. [L. adtrquo, adaquatus, to make equal.] To resemble exactly. She ford. Ad'E-HUATE, a. [L. adwqnatus.] Equal to ; proportionate ; correspondent to ; sufficient. Those arc adequate ideas which perfectly represent their archetypes or objects. Watts. Ad'E-CHJATE-LY, ad. In an adequate manner ; with justness of representation; with exactness of proportion. South. Ad'E-CUTATE-NESS, n. The quality of being adequate; exactness of proportion. f Ad-E-HUA'TION, n. Adequateness. “ A just proportion and. adequation.” Bp. Barlow. f AD-ES-POT'JC, a. [Gr. a priv. and ha-nory g, a despot.] Not absolute ; not despotic. Bailey. AD-ES-SE-NA'RI-AN§, n. pi. [L. adsum, adessc, to be present.] (Eccl. Hist.) An ancient sect of Christians, who held the real presence of Christ’s body in the Eucharist. Buck. Ad E-llJ\r'DEM, [L.] To the same ; i. e. to the same degree (gradum). Persons who have received a degree in any other university may be admitted ad eundem. Laws of the Univ. in Cambridge , Mass . AD-fIL'I-AT-ED, p. a. [L. ad, to, and Jilius, a son.] Affiliated. See Affiliate. AD-FlL-!-A'TION, n. See Affiliation. Ad fI'JVEM, [L.] To, or at, the end. AD-IJERE', v.n. [L. adhareo ; ad, to, and lne- ' reo, to stick to.] [i. adhered ; pp. adher- ing, ADHERED.] 1. To stick to, as wax to the finger ; to be closely united ; to remain firmly fixed, as paint to wood. 2. To be attached or devoted to ; to be true to. Two men there are not living To whom he more adheres. Shak. Singularity is laudable when it adheres to the dictates of conscience, morality, and honor. Boyle. 3. f To concur, as favorable opportunities. Every thing adheres together. ShaJ:. Nor time, nor place, Did then adhei'c. Shak. AD-HE'RENCE, n. 1. State or quality of adher- ing ; tenacity ; fixedness. 2. Adhesion ; attachment ; constancy ; fidel- ity. The firm adherence of the Jews to their religion is no less remarkable than their dispersion. Addison. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, ¥, short; A» 5) !> 9, V. Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; ADIIERENCY ADJUST 3. (Paint.) The effect of those parts of a picture which, wanting relief, appear to adhere to the canvas or surface. Fairholt. Syn. — See Adhesion. AD-IIE'RpN-CY, n. Steady attachment; adhe- rence. “ Adherencies and admirations of mens’ persons.” Bp. Taylor. AD-HE'R]JNT, a. 1. Sticking to ; united with. Close to the cliff’ with both his hands he clung, And stuck adherent, and suspended hung. Pojie. 2. (Bot.) Growing to ; adhering. Henslow. AD-HE'RpNT, n. 1. One who adheres; one at- tached to a party or a cause ; a disciple ; a fol- lower. “ Subjects and adherents." Raleigh. 2. f Any thing outwardly belonging to a per- son. His humor, his carriage, and his extrinsic adherents. Gov. of the Tongue. Syn. — See Follower. AD-HE'RENT-Ly, ad. In an adherent manner. AD-IIER'IJR, 7i. One who adheres. Swift. AD-HE'SION (jd-he'zlmn), n. [L. adluesio .] 1. The act or state of adhering or sticking : — the force with which different bodies adhere to each other. “ More or less firm adhesion of the parts, as hard or soft.” Locke. 2. f Attachment ; adherence. “ Obstinate ad- hesion to false rules of belief.” Whitlock. Syn. — adhesion and adherence are both derived from the verb adhere, — the one expressing the natural or material sense, the other the moral. Adherence to prin- ciple or party ; adhesion of contiguous parts of vege- table matter or bodies ; cohesion of the particles of homogeneous bodies to each other so as to resist sep- aration. AD-IIE'SIVE, a. Tending to adhere; sticking; tenacious. Hooper. Adhesive inflammation, ( Med .) inflammation which terminates by an adhesion of inflamed surfaces. AD-IIE'SJVE-LY, ad. In an adhesive manner. AD-IIE’SIVE-NESS, n. 1. Viscosity. Todd. 2. ( Phren .) A propensity to form attach- ments, or to live together in society. Combe. AD-HlB'IT, v. a. [L. adhibeo.] To apply; to use. “ Salt was adhibited." [it.] Forbes. f Ad-HI-BI''TION, n. Application. Whitaker. AD HOM ' I-JVF..M, [L., To the man. \ (Logic.) Ap- plied to an argument drawn from the acknowl- edged principles or practices of the person to whom it is addressed. Watts. f Ad-IIOR-TA'TION, n. [L. adhortatio .] Ex- hortation. “ The sweet adhortations, the high and assured promises.” Peacham. AD-HOR'TA-TO-RY, a. Hortatory. Abp. Potter. AD-I-AK'TUM, 11 . [L., from Gr. abtauTo;, dry.] (Bot.) A genus of thin-leaved ferns ; the pret- tiest of all the ferns ; maidenhair. Loudon. f AD-I-APH'O-RA-CY, «. Indifference. Todd. f AD-I-APH'O-RIST, n. A moderate Lutheran; one who is moderate or neutral. Crabb. t AD-I-APH'O-ROUS, a. [Gr. d<5«5?-opo 5 .] 1. Neutral; indifferent. Bp. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Doing neither good nor harm. •f AD-I-APH'O-RY, n. [Gr. abiaipopiai] Neutral- ity ; indifference. Bailey. A-DIEU' (a-du') ad. [Fr. a Lieu, to God; It. addio ; Sp. 6. Dios.] An expression of kind wishes at parting ; farewell ; good-by, i. e. God be with you. “Adieu, my turtle-dove.” Chaucer. A-DIEU', n. A farewell ; act of taking leave. Where thou art gone. Adieus and farewells are a sound unknown. Coivper. Syn. — See Farewell. AD IN-FT-JVI ' TUM, [L.] (Math.) To infinity; without end. AD IN-QUI-REN'DUM, [L., for inquiring .] (Laic.) A judicial writ, commanding inquiry to be made. Whishaw. AD 7JY' TER-IM, [L.] For the interim, or mean- while ; as, “ To act ad interim.” A-DIP'IC, a. [L. adeps, adipis, fatness.] (Chem.) 21 Noting an acid obtained from oleic acid by ap- plying nitric acid. Ogilvie. AD-I-PO^’E-RATE, V. a. [i. ADIPOCF.RATED ; pp. adipocerating, ADirocEitATED.] To convert into adipocere. Smart. AD-J-PO^-E-RA'TION, ii. (Chem.) The act of changing into or forming adipocere. Craig. Ad'I-PO-CERE', n. [L. adeps, fat, and cera, wax ; Fr. adipoch-e. ] (Chem.) An oily or waxy sub- stance, formed from the decomposition of the soft parts of animal bodies, in moist situations or under water. Brande. Ad-I-P09’5-R0US, a. Relating to adipocere. AD-I-PO-CIRE' , n. [Fr.] — See Adipocere. AD-I-POSE' (129), a. [L. adeps, soft fat.] Fat; fatty ; consisting of fat. P. Cyc. Adipose membrane, the tissue which encloses the fat in animal bodies. Adipose cells, bags containing fat. fAD'I-POUS, a. Fat; adipose. Bailey. A-DIP'SI-A, ) Hm [Gr. a priv. and bn pa, thirst.] AD'IP-SY, ) (Med.) A species of disease; the absence of thirst. Dunglison. Ad’IT [ad'it, S. W. J. F. Ja. Sm.j a'djt, P. A'.], n. [L. adeo, aditus, to approach ; ad, to, and eo, to go.] (Mining.) The horizontal shaft of a mine opened for the purpose of ventilating, watering, or draining. Weale. f A-Di''TION (ad-Ish'un), n. [L. adeo, aditus, to approach.] Act of going to. Bailey. AD-JA'CpNCE, i State of being adjacent ; AD-JA'CEN-CY, j contiguity ; as, “ The adjacency of the canal, the wood, or the sea.” AD-JA'CIJNT, a. [L. adjacens.] Lying near or close ; adjoining ; contiguous ; neighboring ; bordering upon ; as, “ An adjacent field.” Syn. — VVliat is adjacent may be separated by the intervention of some other object ; what is adjoining must touch in some part ; and what is contiguous must touch on one side. An adjacent village ; a neighboring village. Lands may be adjacent to a house or town ; fields adjoining each other; houses or rooms contigu- ous to each other. AD-JA'CpNT, n. That which lies next to another. “No adjacent, no equal, no co-rival.” Locke. AD-JECT', v. a. [L. adjido, adjectus. ] To add to. “ Adjected to Pembrokeshire.” Shetford. AD-JEC'TION, ii. Act of adjecting; addition. “ The adjection of eternity.” Pearson. AD-J)JC-Tl"TIOlJS, a. Added. Maundrell. Ad'JEC-TIV-AL, a. Belonging to an adjective, or like an adjective. Prof. Latham. The manifest tendency of the language is, as it has long been, to rid itself of these [ brazen , oaten, oaken , birchen , &e.j, and to satisfy itself with an adjectival use of the substantive in their stead. Trench. Ad'JEC-TIVE (5d jek-tlv), n. (Gram.) A word or part of speech added, or fit to be added, to a noun or substantive, to express its quality or some circumstance respecting it; as, “A good man.” Adjective colors, colors which require to be fixed by some base or mordant. Syn. — See Epithet. Ad'JEC-TIVE, v. a. [L. ad, to, and jacio,jactus, to throw.] [i. ADJECTIVED ; pp. ADJECTIVING, ad.tectived.] To change or form into an ad- jective. Bosworth. In English, instead of adjectiving our own nouns, we have borrowed, in immense numbers, adjcclived signs from other languages, without borrowing the vnadjectirea signs of these ideas ; because our authors found they had occasion for the former, but not for the latter. Horne Tooke. AD'JEC-TIvED (Sd'jek-tTvd.), p. a. Formed into an adjective. Bosworth. Ad'JEC-TIVE-LY, ad. In the manner of an ad- jective. “ Eitlier substantively or adjectively, it matters not.” Knatchbiill. AD-JOIN', v. a. [L. adjungo, to unite ; It. aqgiun- gere ; Sp. ajuntar ; Fr. adjoindre. ] [?. ad- joined ; pp. adjoining, adjoined.] To join to ; to unite to ; to place in contact with. Among the pleasant villages and farms Adjoined. Milton. AD-JOIN', ik n. To be contiguous to. “One man’s field adjoins to another’s.” Blackstone. f AD-JOIN'ANT, a. Contiguous to. CareilK AD-JOIN'INO, p. a. Close to; near to; con- tiguous. “ The adjoining fane.” Dryden. AD-JOURN' (ad-jurn'), v. a. [Fr. ajourner ; «, to, and jour, day; It. aggiornare. ] [i. ad- journed; pp. adjourning, adjourned.] To put olf to another day ; to defer to some future time ; to postpone ; to prorogue. The rjueen being absent, ’t is a needful fitness That we adjourn this court to further day. Slink. Tt-ff* This verb lias sometimes a neuter signification ; as, “ The Senate adjourned at two o’clock ; ” “ Con- gress will adjourn on tile 4th of March.” Syn. — Congress, a legislature, or a court, &c., is adjourned ; Parliament is prorogued ; a matter of busi- ness is postponed or deferred. — See Prorogue. AD-JOURN'M^NT, n. Act of adjourning; post- ponement ; a putting off till another day, or time ; delay ; procrastination. An adjournment is no more than a continuance of the ses- sion from one day to another. Blackstone. AD-JUD£E', v, a. [L. adjudico ; Fr. adjuger.] [i. ADJUDGED; pp. ADJUDGING, ADJUDGED.] 1 . To give or award by the decision of a judge or umpire. B3’ the success of which [dispute in the schools] victory is adjudged to the opponent or defendant. Locke. 2. To settle ; to determine ; to decree by judicial sentence; as, “To adjudge a case in court.” 3. To condemn; to sentence. Thou art adjudged to the death. Shah. 4. To judge; to deem. lie adjudged him unworthy of his friendship. Knollcs. AD-JUDG'IMp.NT, n. Adjudication, [r.] Temple. AD-JU'DI-CATE, v. a. [L. adjudico, adjudicatusi] \i. adjudicated ; pp. adjudicating ; adjudi- cated.] To sentence; to adjudge. Bailey. AD-JU'DI-CATE, v. n. To pass judgment; as, “ To adjudicate upon a cause.” AD-JU-DI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act of adjudging ; sen- tence ; decision. Clarendon. 2. (Scottish Law.) A process for attaching heritable or real property. Burrill. AD-JU'DNCA-TOR, n. One who adjudicates or passes sentence. Ec. Rev. t A d'JU-gATE, v. a. To yoke to; to join to another by a yoke. Bailey. t Ad'JU-MENT, n. [L . adjumentum.] Help; sup- port ; aid ; assistance. Waterhouse. Ad'JUNCT, n. [L. adjungo, adjunctus . ] 1. A thing joined to another ; an addition ; something added. “ An adjunct, not a pro- priety, of happiness.” Dryden. Learning is but an adjunct to ourself. Shak. 2. A person joined to another : “ An adjunct of singular experience.” I Votton. 3. (Gram.) An expression added, to extend, explain, or modify something. Ad'JUNCT, a. United with ; adjoined. Shak. AD-JUNC'TION, n. [L. adjuilctio .] 1. Act of adjoining or coupling together. 2. The thing adjoined ; addition. AD-JUNC'TIVE, ii. 1. He that joins. 2. That which is joined. AD-JUNC’TIVE, a. Tending to join. Todd. AD-JUNC'TJVE-LY, ad. In an adjunctive man- ner ; in connection with ; adjunctly. AD-JUNCT'LY, ad. Consequently ; in connection with ; in an adjunctive manner. Ad-JU-RA'TION, n. Act of adjuring or charging another solemnly by word or oath : — the form of oath proposed to another. Our Saviour, when the high-priest adjured him by the liv- ing God, made no scruple of replying upon that adjuration. Clarke. AD-JURE' (ad-jur'), v. a. [L. adjuro ; ad, to, and juro, to swear.] [i. adjured; pp. adjuring, adjured.] To entreat, as if the person ad- dressed were bound to comply under the sanc- tion of an oath ; to charge solemnly or earnestly. I adjure thee, by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ. Matt. xxvi. G3. AD-JUR'BR, ii. One who exacts an oath, or en- treats another, as if on oath. Cotgrave. AD-JUST', v. a. [It. aggiustarc ; Sp. ajustar ; F r. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , , including pheasant’s-eye (Adonis autumnalis). Gray. f A-DOOR.ji' (a-(lorz'), ad. At the door. “When you come out adoors.” Beau. § FI. A-DOPT', v. a. [L. adopto ; It. adottare ; Sp. adoptar ; Fr. adopter.] \i. adopted; pp. adopting, adopted.] 1. To receive and treat as a son or daughter one who is the child of another ; to affiliate. May not a king adopt an heir ? Shak. 2. To take, select, or assume as one’s own. I have adopted the Roman sentiment, that it is more hon- orable to save a citizen than to kill an enemy. Johnson. A-DOPT'p.D, p. a. 1. Taken as one’s own soil or daughter ; affiliated. 2. Selected or assumed as one’s own. A-DOPT'F.D-LY, ad. By means of adoption. Shale. A-DOPT'ER, n. 1. One who adopts. 2. (Chem.) A vessel with two necks placed between a retort and a receiver, serving to in- crease the length of the former; — used in dis- tillation. — Written also adapter. Henry. A-DoP'TION, n. [L. adoptio.] 1. Act of adopting. 2. State of being adopted ; affiliation. Shak. A-DOP'TIOUS, a. Adoptive. “ Pretty, fond, adop- tions Christendoms ” ; i. c. christenings. Shak. A-DOP'TIVE, a. [L. adopt ivus.] 1. That adopts. “ Adoptive father.” Ayliffe. 2. That is adopted. “ Adoptive son.” Bacon. A 'DOR, n. [L.] (Bot.) A name for spelt. Crabb. A-DOR-A-BIL'I-TY, n. Quality of being adorable ; adorablencss. [it.] Coleridye. A-DOR'A-BLE, a. That is to be adored; worthy of adoration; divine. “The adorable Author of Christianity.”' Cheyne. A-DOR'A-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of being adora- ble; worthiness of divine honors. A-DOR'A-BLY, ad. In a manner worthy of ad- oration or worship. AD-C-KA'TroN, n. Act of adoring ; worship paid to God, or homage to man. Hooker. A-DORE'., v. a. [L. adoro ; ad, to, and oro, to pray ; It. adorare ; Sp. adorar ; Fr. adorer.] [f. adoued ; pp. adoring, adohed.] To wor- ship with external homage ; to reverence ; to venerate ; to revere ; to honor ; to love intensely. The people appear adoring their prince, and their prince adoring God. Tutler. Syn. — Pile Supreme Being ought always to bo adored, and reverenced, and worshipped, at stated times. To revere and venerate are applied to human beings. A great and good man should he reverenced while liv- ing, and las memory revered after his death. f A-DORE'MgNT, n. Adoration. Broivnc. A-DOR'yR, n. One who adores ; a worshipper. A-DOR'ING-LY, ad. In a reverential manner. A-DORN', v. a. [L. adorno ; It. adornare ; Sp. adornar ; Fr. adorner.] [i. adorned; pp. adorning, adorned.] To dress with orna- ments ; to decorate ; to ornament ; to embellish ; to beautify ; to bedeck ; to array. I John saw the holy city prepared as a bride adonied for her husband. Jiev. xxi. 2. Syn. Adorned or bedecked with jewels ; decorated with flowers; embellished and beautified with orna- ments; arrayed in splendid dress. — Adorned with virtues ; embellished by arts. f A-DORN', n. Ornament. Spenser. t A-DORN', a. Adorned. “ Made so adorn.” Milton. A-DORN'ING, n. Ornament. 1 Pet. iii. 3. f A-DORN'MENT, n. Embellishment. Raleigh. AD-OS-CU-LA'TION, n. [L. adosculatio.] (Bot.) The joining or inserting of one part of a plant into another ; anastomosis ; inoscula- tion. Grew. A-DoWN' (?-diiun'), ad. [A. S. adim, down.] Down ; on the ground. “ Thrice did she sink adoicn.” Spenser. A-DoWN' (a-dofin'), prep. Down ; towards the ground. “ Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair.” Dryden. AD QUOD DAM'JYUM? [L., To what damage ?] (Law.) A writ to inquire whether a grant will be attended with injury to any one. Tomlins. AD'RA-GANT, n. Gum tragacanth. Brande. t A-DREAD' (ii-dred'), ad. [A. S. adred .] In a state of fear. Sidneg. AD REF-E-RE M" DUM, [L.] To be further con- sidered. Scudamore. A-DRIFT', ad. [A. S. adrifan, to drive.] Floating at random, as a vessel. Milton. AD-RO-GA'TION, n. (Civil Law.) A form of adopting a child among the Romans ; the adop- tion, at an assembly of the people, of a person already free from the natural parents. Bouvicr. A-DROIT', a. [Fr., from L. ad, to, and directus , direct, straight.] Dexterous ; active ; expert. “The most adroit cavalry in Europe.” Evelyn. Syn. — See Cle ve r. A-DRolT'LV, ad. In an adroit manner ; dexter- ously. “ To carve adroitly.” Chesterfield. A-DROIT'NESS, n. Dexterity; activity; readi- ness ; expertne^;. “ In the skill and adroit- ness of the artist.” Bp. Home. A-DRY' (a-drl'), a. [A. S. adrigan, to dry up.] Athirst; thirsty. “Doth a man that is adry desire to drink in gold ; ” Burton. AD-SCI-TI''TIOlTS (ad-se-tTsh'us), a. [L. adscisco, adscitus, or ascitus, to associate.] Taken to complete something ; supplemental; additional. This fourth epistle on happiness may be thought to he cid- scititious, and out of its proper plucc> JDr. Wartoiu AD-SCI-TI "TIOUS-LY, ad. In an adscititious manner; by way of’supplement. Watson. AD'SCRIPT, n. [L. ad, to, and scriptus, enrolled ; scribo, to write.] One who is held to service in some particular place. Ugilvie. MlEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — y, 0, g, g, soft; Id, G, g, g, hard; ^ as z; 2C as gz. — THIS, this. ADSCRIPTUS GLEByE 24 ADVANTAGEOUS Ad-SCRIP'TUS GLE'BJE, [L.] Attached to the soil ; a serf. AD-STRlC'TlON, n. [L. adstringo , adstrictus, to bind.] 1. Act of binding together to cause contrac- tion. 2. {Med.) Constipation. Dunglison. AD-U-LA' RI-A, n. (Min.) [From Mount Adula in Switzerland.] An ornamental stone ; the moonstone ; a variety of felspar. P. Cgc. Ad'U-LAtE, v. a. To show feigned devotion to ; to flatter ; to compliment, [k.] Carpenter. AD-U-LA'TION [ad-du-la'shttn, S. J. Ja. ; ad-jii-la'- slmn, IF.; kd-yu-la'shun, E.],n. [L .adulatio; It.' adulazione ; Sp. adulacion ; Fr. adulation .] Excessive praise ; flattery ; extravagant com- pliment. “Titles blown from adulation.” Shale. Flattery corrupts both the receiver and the giver ; and ad- ulation is not of more service to the people than to kings. Burke. Syn. — Courtiers practise adulation ; lovers are ad- dicted to flattery; fashionable people indulge them- selves in compliments. adulation may be fulsome; flattery gross ; compliments, though not incompatible with sincerity, may be unmeaning. f Ad'IT-lA-TOR, n. A flatterer. Bailey. AD'U-LA-TO-RY, a. Implying adulation; flat- tering; full of compliments. “ Adulatory verses.” Mason . f AD'lI-LA-TRgSS, n. She that flatters. Iluloct. A-DULT', a. [L. adultus; It. & Sp. adulto ; Fr. adulte .] Grown up ; arrived at manhood ; ma- ture ; as, “An adult person.” “Adult age.” Adult school, a school for training adults. A-DULT', n. 1. A person grown up, of age. Sharp. 2. ( Common Laic.) One of full age. Burrill. 3. (Civil Law.) A boy who has attained the age of fourteen, or a girl of twelve, years. Burrill. A-DULT'ED, p. a. Completely grown. Howell. )- A-DUL'TpR, v. n. To commit adultery ; to adulterate. B. Jonson. A-DUL'TER-ANT, n. That which adulterates. A-dCtL'TIJR-ATE, v. 1 1 . [L. adultero, adulteratus ; ad, to, and alter, another ; It. adultcrare ; Sp. adulterar; Fr. adulterer .] [i. adulterated; pp. ADULTERATING, ADULTERATED.] To Com- mit adultery. Shak. A-DUL'TER-ATE, v. a. To corrupt by some for- eign mixture, or by intermixing what is less valuable ; to pollute. The present war has adulterated our tongue with strange words. Spectator. A-DUL'TIJR-ATE, a. 1. Tainted with adultery. “ That adulterate beast.” Shak. 2. Debased by foreign mixture ; corrupted. “ Adulterate copper.” Swift. A-DUL'TyR-ATE-LY, ad. In an adulterate or corrupt manner. A-DUL'TER-ATE-NESS, n. The quality or the state of being adulterate or counterfeit. A-DUL-TpR-A'TION, n. 1. Act of adulterating; contamination. Bacon. 2. State of being adulterated. Felton. A-DUL'TJJR-FR, n. A person guilty of adul- tery. Dryden. A-DUL'TiJR-ESS, n. A woman who commits adultery. By the famed adulteress brought. Dryden. II A-DOl'T^R-INE [a-dul'ter-In, S. IF. J. Ja. Sm. ; a-dul'ter-In, P. A'.], n. [L. aclulterimts, spuri- ous.] (Canon Late.) A child born of an adul- teress ; spurious offspring. Johnson. || A-DUL'TER-INE, a. Of an adulterous inter- course ; spurious ; adulterous. Bp. Hall. f A-DUL'TpR-IZE, v. 7i. To commit adultery. “ Gave open suspicion of adulterizing .” Milton. A-D&L'T)JR-OUS, a. [L. adulter.) 1. Guilty of, or tainted by, adultery. “ The adulterous An- tony.” Shak. 2. Spurious ; corrupt. “ Adulterous and for- eign mixtures.” Coventry. A-DUL'TER-OUS-LY, ad. In an adulterous man- ner ; with the guilt of adultery. A-DUL'TE-RY, n. [L. ailulterium ; It. & Sp. adulterio ; Fr. adultere .] 1. (Law.) Criminal intercourse between a married person and one of the opposite sex, whether married or single ; violation of the marriage bed. ■ Burrill. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Act of introducing into a bishopric during the rightful bishop’s life. Buck. 3. f Adulteration ; corruption. “All the adulteries of art.” B. Jonson. A-DULT'NJJSS, n. State of being adult, [r.1 Bailey. AD-UM'BRANT, a. Giving a slight resemblance ; shadowing out faintly. Johnson. AD-UM'BRATE, v. a. [L. adumbro, adumbratus ; ad, to, and umbra, a shadow.] [i. adumbrat- ed ; pp. adumbrating, adumbrated.] To shadow out, or represent faintly. Heaven is adumbrated by all positive excellences. Decay of Piety. AD-UM-BRA'TION, n. 1. A faint sketch; a shadowing form. Our knowledge is at best a most confused adumbration. Glanvill. 2. (Her.) The shadow of a figure painted of a color darker than the field. Johnson. f Ad-U-NA'TION, n. [L. aduno, to make one.] State of being united. Cranmer. A-DUN'CI-TY, n. Crookedness. Arbuthnot. A-DUN'COUS (st-dung'kus), a. [L. aduncus.] Crooked ; hooked ; bending inwards. Durham. f A-DUNQ.UE', a. Crooked; aduncous. Bacon. f A-DURE', v. n. [L. aduro, to burn up.] To burn up. “ Heat which doth mellow, not aclure.” Bacon. A-DUST', a. [L. aduro, adustus.) (Med.) Burnt up ; scorched ; parched, [r.] Quincy. A-DUST'JjiD, a. Burnt ; dried with fire. Milton. f A-DUST’ I- BLE, a. That may be burnt up. Bailey. A-DUS'TION (a-dust'yun), n. 1. Act of burning up, scorching, or drying. Burton. 2. (Surg.) Cauterization. Dunglison. Ad VA-LO' RF.M, [L., to the value.) (Com.) An ad valorem duty is one that is levied according to the value of the goods. Brande. AD-vANCE', v. a. [It. avvanzare ; Sp. avanzar; Fr. avancer .] [t. advanced ; pp. advancing, ADVANCED.] 1. To bring or move forward. Advance our waving colors on the walls. Shak. 2. To raise to preferment; to promote to a higher office ; to aggrandize. Those that are advanced by degrees are less envied than those that arc advanced suddenly. Bacon. 3. To improve; to encourage the growth or progress of ; to forward. What laws more proper to advance the nature of man than these precepts of Christianity i Tillotson. 4. To heighten the value of; to dignify; to give lustre to. As the calling dignifies the man, so the man much more advances his calling. South. 5. To allege ; to adduce ; to propose ; to bring into notice. I dare not advance my opinion against the judgment of so great an author. Dryden. 6. To pay beforehand ; to furnish on credit ; as, “To advance money on a contract, or at the outset of an enterprise in expectation of work to be done or of reimbursement at a future time.” 7. To increase ; as, “ To advance the price of goods.” Syn. — ddennee a doctrine; adduce an argument; allege a circumstance; assign a reason. — See Al- lege, Promote. AD-VANCE', v. n. To move or go forward; to proceed ; to make progress ; to make improve- ment. They who would advance in knowledge should not take words for real entities, till they can form clear and distinct ideas of those entities. Locke. Syn. — To advance is to go towards some point ; to ■proceed is to go onward in a certain course. As you advance in life, proceed in wisdom. AD-vANCE', n. 1. Act of advancing or coming forward ; progress ; approach. So like the sun’s advance your titles show. Waller. 2. Progression ; improvement. Mr. Newton has demonstrated several new propositions which are so many new truths, and are further advances in mathematical knowledge. Locke. 3. A tender of kindness or love ; an offer or proposition. The advance of kindness which I made was feigned. Dryden. 4. (Com.) Increase of price : — anticipation of a claim; — money paid before it is due, or by way of accommodation in expectation of reim- bursement. One who has paid more money or furnished more goods to another, than the latter is entitled to, is said to be in advance to him. To go in advance, to go before. Syn. — See Progress. ad-vAnce', a. Being in front; advanced; as, “Advance guard,” for “Advanced guard. ”CVn64. Advance money, money paid in advance. AD-VANCED' (jd-v&nst'), p. a. Promoted; come forward ; having made progress ; proceeded far ; being in front. Advanced guard, a detachment of troops which pre- cedes the main body ; van-guard. AD-vANCE'MENT, n. 1. Aetof advancing; prog- ress ; proficiency. Swift. 2. Preferment ; promotion. “ My advance- ment to the throne.” Shak. 3. Improvement. “ The advancement of learning.” Browne. 4. (Late.) A payment or appropriation of money, or a settlement of real estate, made by a parent to or for a child, in advance, or in anticipation of the distributive share to which such child would be entitled after his death : — money paid in advance. Burrill. Syn. — Adrancement in learning, in a profession; improvement of the mind ; proficiency in music ; rapid progress ; regular progression ; promotion to an office ; preferment to a living or benefice. — See PROGRESS. AD-VAN'CER, n. 1. One who advances. Bacon. 2. A branch of a stag’s horn. Ogilvie. AD-VAn'CJNG, p. a. Going forward ; making progress ; as, “ Advancing armies ” ; “Advanc- ing years.” AD-vAn'CIVE, a. Tending to advance, [r.] Smart. AD-vAn'TA^E, n. [Fr. avantage .] 1. Superi- ority ; as, “ To have the advantage of or over another.” 2. Favorable opportunity, condition, state, circumstance, or situation. Advantage is a better soldier than rashness. Shak. True wit is nature to advantage dressed. What oil was thought, but ne’er so well expressed. Pope. 3. Gain ; profit ; benefit ; utility ; good. Dying so, death is to him advantage. Shak. 4. Overplus ; interest. There is a sold counts thee her creditor. And with advantage means to pay thy love. Shak. Syn. — Advantage relates to situation; profit and gam to trade. A situation has its advantages ; trade its profits. The support of friends is an advantage ; good health is an inestimable benefit; a good iiook is of great util- ity, and of service to readers generally. Some persons have great advantages, but derive little good or benefit from them. — See Account, Avail, Benefit, Good, Utility. AD-VAN'TA£E, V. a. [i. ADVANTAGED ; pp. AD- VANTAGING, ADVANTAGED.] To benefit ; to profit. “ Hurts or advantages the body.” Locke. What advantageth it me, if the dead rise not ? 1 Cor. xv. 32. f AD-VAn'TA£E-A-BLE, a. Profitable. Sir J. Hayward. AD-VAn'TAGED (jd-v&n’tajd), p. a. Possessed of advantages. “ Advantaged tempers.” Glanvill. AD-VAn'TAGE-GROUND, n. Ground that gives superiority, and opportunities of annoyance or resistance. Clarendon. AD-VAN-TA'GEOUS (ad-van-ta'jns), a. [Fr. avan- tageux.] Affording advantages ; beneficial ; profitable ; useful. TTere perhaps Some advantageous act may be achieved. Milton. Syn. — Advantageous situation ; beneficial to health ; profitable trade ; useful employment. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, I, O, IT, y t obscure ; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ADVANTAGEOUSLY 25 ADVISE AD-VAN-TA'. Ogilvie. A-E'RI-AL, a. [Gr. aijp, air ; L. ai’r, atrius.] 1. Belonging to the air ; partaking of the na- ture of air. “ Aerial vapors.” Milton. 2. Inhabiting the air. Aerial animals may be subdivided into birds and flies. Locke. 3. Heard or seen in the air. Cherubic songs by night fiom neighboring hills Aerial music send. Milton. Here subterranean works and cities see, There towns aerial on the waving tree. Pope. 4. High; lofty. “ Aerial spires.” Phillips . Aerial figures , (Paint.) figures by which painters seek to represent the fabled inhabitants of the air, — dreams, demons, genii, &c. Aerial perspective, that branch of perspective which treats of the colors of objects as affected by distance or by the interposition of mists, clouds, &c. Fairholt. A-E'RI-AN§, n. pi. (Eccl. Hist.) A small sect of Christians of the fourth century, founded by AOrius. Hook. AE'RIE (e're or a'e-re) [e're, IV. Ja. K. Sm. C. ; a'e-re, J. F. Wb. ; a're, S.], n. [A. S. cry ; Ger. ey , an egg. In old English authors cyy is written ey, and thus eyery or egg cry.) A nest or brood of hawks or other birds of prey ; eyry. Your aerie buildeth in our aerie's nest. Shak. A, E, I, 6, V, Y, long; A, E, l, 6, U, Y, short; A, 1J, 1, O, U, y, obscure; F.ARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; AERIFICATION 27 AFFECTED A-5-RI-FI-CA'TION, ii. [L. afr, air, and facio, to make.] 1. The act of passing from a solid or liquid state into air or gas. Buchanan. 2. The process of being filled with air ; the act of uniting air with something. Buchanan. A'B-RI-FORM [a'e-re-forin, .7. ; ar'e-fdrin, Ja. K. Sm.), a. [L. air, air, suii forma, form.] Hav- ing the form of air ; resembling air ; gaseous. “An aeriform fluid or gas.” Adams. A'JJ-Rl-FY, v. a. [L. aer, air, and facio, to make.] To fill, or combine, with air. Craig. A'E-RO-DY-NAM'ICS, n. pi. [Gr. , air, and ibvapig, power.] The science which treats of the motion of the air, and of the mechanical effects of the air in motion. Brande. A-E-ROG'RA-PHY [a-e-rog'ra-fe, J. C. ; ar-og'ra-fe, Ja. K. Sm.], n. [Gr. d>ip, air, and ypnipio, to de- scribe.] A description of the air or atmosphere, its nature, properties, &c. ; aerology. A'E-RO-LiTE, n. [Gr. at'/o, air, and i.idog, a stone.] A meteoric stone, or mineral mass, falling from the atmosphere. Brande. A'E-RO-LITH, n. An aerolite. De Quincy. A-E-RO-LIT'IC, a. Relating to aerolites. A-]5-RO-L(>t? !C, ) a. Relating to aerology. A-E-RO-LOS. IF. J. E. F. Sill. K. ; ?-gan', Ja.), ad. [A. S. ongean, ongen, or agen .] 1. Once more ; another time. Question was asked of Demosthenes, What was the chief part of an orator. He answered, Action. What next? Ac- tion. What next again? Action. Bacon. 2. Back. “ Bring us word again.” Deut. Again and again , with frequent repetition. This is not to be obtained by one or two hasty readings ; it must be repeated attain and again. Locke. A-GAINST' (ft-genst') [a-gensf, >S. IF. J. E. F. K. Sm . ; j-ganst', Ja.], prep. [A. S. ongean, against, opposite.] 1. In opposition to. His hand will be against every man, and every man’s hand against him. Gen. xvi. 12. 2. In contradiction to ; as, “Against rea- son ” ; “ Against conscience.” 3. In a contrary direction to ; as, “ Against wind and tide.” 4. Opposite to. Against the Tiber’s mouth, but far away. Dryden. 5. In provision for ; in expectation of. Against the promised time provides with care. Dryden. t A-GAIN'WARD (a-gen'ward), ad. Hitherward; again this way. “ Turn againward.” Gower. fAG'A-LAX-Y (ag'a-lak-se), n. [Gr. a priv. and yala, milk.] (Med.) Absence of milk. Bailey. AG'AL-LOL’H, or A-GAL' LO-CHUM, n. [Gr. iiyrt/./.o^or ; dylud.cyai, to exult, because it seems to exult in exhaling its odors.] (Med.) Aloes wood ; a resinous and aromatic wood of the East Indies ; Excacaria ayal/ucha. Dunglison. A-GAL' MA, n. [Gr. ayalya, an image.] (Law.) The impression or image of any thing on a seal ; a sculptured ornament. Tomlins. A-G AL-M AT'O-LITE, n. [Gr. ayai.ya, an image, and i.iOos, a stone.] (Min.) A kind of clay- slate ; bildstein ; figure-stone. Dana. A'GAL— WOOD (-wud), n. The kind of wood sup- posed by many to be the almug wood of Scrip- ture; — usually corrupted to eagle wood. Ogilvie. AG ’ A-MA, n. [Gr. ayuytat, to wonder at.] (Zoiil.) A genus of reptiles belonging to the order of saurians. P. Cyc. AG'A-MI,n. (Ornith.) A species of pheasant or crane, sometimes called the gold-breasted trumpeter. P. Cyc. Ag'A-MIST, n. [Gr. a priv. and yayos, marriage.] A person unmarried, [r.] Coles. AG'A-MOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and yoyos, marriage.] (Bot.) Having no visible flowers or sexual or- gans ; cryptogamic. Brande. AG'A-PJE, n. pi. [L. ; Gr. hyfntrt, love.] Love- feasts, or feasts of charity, common among the primitive Christians, and celebrated in connec- tion with the Lord’s supper, but not as a neces- sary part of it. Hook. AG-A-PAJV' THUS, n. [Gr. aytturj, love, and avQos, a blossom.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; the Af- rican-lily. Loudon. A-GAPE' [?-g’4p', W. J. F. ; j-gap', P. Ja. .Sm.], ad. [A. S. geyppan, to open.] Staring with open mouth; gazing eagerly. — See Gape. Milton. Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape. Milton. AG'A-PHiTE, n. [Gr. iya-eros, delightful.] (Min.) The turquoise stone. Phillips. Ag'A-RIC, n. [L. agaricum ; Gr. nynpuah.] A, E, I, 6, II, Y, long; A, E, !, 6, U, Y, short; A, E, !, 9, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; AGARICUS AGGRESSION 1. (Bot.) A genus of fungi comprehending many hundred species ; a mushroom. Brande. 2. (Med-) A drug used in physic and in dye- ing ; touchwood ; Boletus igniarius. Dunglison. Agaric mineral, (Mm.) a very soft, mealy variety of the carbonate of lime. Brande. A-GAR'I-cBs, n. [L. agaricum .] (Bot.) The ge- neric name of mushrooms ; agaric. P. Cyc. A-GAsT', a. [A. S. gast, a ghost ; gescan, to see, or egesa, horror. Johnson says, “ Not improbably derived from agaze .”] Struck with terror ; — commonly spelt aghast. — See Aghast. Milton. A-GATE', ad. [a and gate.] On the way ; a-go- ing. [Local, Eng.] “ Set him agate.” Brewer. AG'ATE. n. [L. achates, so called from the name of a river- in Sicily, where it was first found ; It. & Sp. agata; Fr. agate.] 1. (Min.) A silicious, ornamental stone, va- riegated in color, used in jewelry and for some purposes in the arts ; sometimes called Scotch pebble. It is a variety of chalcedony. Dana. 2. A printing type smaller than minion, as in the following line ; In shape no bigger than an agate, stone. Shale. A G 'A- THIS, n. [Gr. aynOie. a clew.] (Bot.) The dammar, or kawrie, or cowdie pine. P. Cyc. AG'A-TIZE, V. a. [i. AOATIZED ; pp. AG ATIZING, agatized.] To petrify into agate. Peck. AG'A-TIZEP, p. a. Converted into agate ; re- sembling agate. Agatized wood, a species of hornstone formed by petrifaction. AG'A-TY (ag'j-te), a. Of the nature of agate. “ An agaty flint.” IVoodward. A-GA' VF., n. [Gr. ayavo c, admirable; Fr. agave.] (Bot.) A genus of American plants ; the great American aloe, or century plant. Gray. f A-gAze', v. a. [A. S. gescan, to see.] To strike with amazement. Spienser. f A-GAZED' (?-gazd'), p. a. Struck with amaze- ment. “ The whole army stood agazed.” Shah. A^E (aj), n. [Goth, airs ; Old Ger. aa, long du- ration ; A. S. ece, everlasting. — Fr. age-, L. (tram.] 1. A period of time spoken of as the whole or a part of the duration of any thing ; as, “ The age of man ; the ages of the world ; the golden age.” One man in his time plays many parts, His life being seven ages. Shak. 2. A succession or generation of men. Happy ancl innocent were the ages of our forefathers, who ate herbs and parched corn. Bp. Taylor. 3. The time in which any institution has flourished, or any class of men lived. But the age of chivalry is gone: that of sophisters, econo- mists, and calculators has succeeded. Burke. 4. The numeral term which a life or existence has attained; as, “ His age is twenty years.” Of twenty years of age he was, I guess. Chaucer. 5. A hundred years ; a century ; as, “ This age of the Christian era.” 6. Old age ; decline of life. You see how full of change his age is. Shak. Age should fly concourse, cover in retreat Defects of judgment, and the will subdue ; Walk thoughtful on the silent, solemn shore Of that vast ocean it must sail so soon. Young. 7. Maturity ; years of discretion. He is of age ; ask him. John ix. 21. 8. (Law.) The period at which individuals are qualified to undertake certain duties and of- fices. A male at fourteen years is said to be arrived at years of discretion, and may consent to marriage, and choose a guardian, &c. A fe- male at twelve is arrived at years of discretion or maturity, and may consent to marriage ; at fourteen, she is arrived at years of legal discre- tion, and may choose a guardian. At twenty- one, both males and females are of full age, and at their own disposal. Bouvier. Syn. — See Time. A'QQD (a'jed), a. 1. Old; elderly; stricken in years. Hooker. 2. Having lived any time ; old by a certain time ; as, “ Aged three years.” Syn. — See Elderly, Old. 31 t A'GED-LY, acl. person. After the manner of an aged lluloet. AOE-HON'ORED (aj-on'i count of age. Ag-E-LA-I’NJE, n. pi. [Gr. ayihi, a herd, a flock.] ( Ornitli .) Troop-birds ; a sub- family of birds, of the order Passercs, and family Sturnidce. Gray. fA-GEN', ad. Again.— •d), a. Honored on ac- Potter. Agelaius phoeniccus. See Again. Dryden. A'GEN-CY, n. [L. ago, agens, to act.] 1. The state of acting or being in action ; ac- tion ; instrumentality. “The agency of Provi- dence in the natural world.” Woodward. Our responsibility must be in proportion to our free agen- cy ; we can no more know the limits of the one than we can those of the other. W. Dauby. 2. Office or business of an agent or factor ; as, “ An agency for the sale of goods.” Syn. — See Office. f A'GF.ND, n. [L. agendum, to be done.] An agendum. “ Our worship, our credents, our agends.” Wilcock. A-qiEM' DUM,n. [L ., to be done.] pi. a-p&n'da. Something to be done in reference to the service of the church ; a ritual or liturgy : — pi. a mem- orandum-book. Brande. A'GENT, a. [See Agency - .] That acts; acting. “Force of the imagination upon the body agent.” Bacon. A'GENT, n. 1. An actor ; one having the faculty of action ; as, “ Man is a free agent." 2. One who is authorized to act for another ; a substitute; a deputy; a factor; as, “The agent of a corporation.” 3. That which has the power of operating or producing effects ; as, “ Light and heat are the chief agents in the processes of nature.” 4. (Gram.) The subject of a verb. Syn. — See Representative. A'GENT-SHtP, n. The office of an agent. “Pun- ishment due for your agentship." Beau. v, a contest, and a governor.] A master of revels. Blount. f A-GONE' (rt-gon'), ad. Ago ; past. B. Jonson. My master left me, because three (lays agonr I fell sick. 1 Saw. xxx. 13. A-GON'JC, a. [Gr. a priv. and ym-ia, an angle.] Noting two lines on the earth’s surface, xvhere the magnetic meridian coincides with the geo- graphical. Ogilvie. Ag'0-N!§M, n. [Gr. ayumoya.'] Contention for a prize, [r.] Bailey. AG'O-NIST, n. [Gr. dyurunv/s, a combatant.] 1. A contender for prizes, [it.] Bailey. 2. (Church Hist.) A name given by Donates to such of his disciples as he sent to public places to propagate his doctrines. Buck. t AG-O-NIs'TARGH, n. [Gr. iyumorf/s, a comba- tant, and ap%6 s, a governor.] One who took the charge, in ancient times, of exercising comba- tants. Crabb. AG- O-JVIS ' TE§, n. [Gr.] A prize-fighter; an agonist ; one that contends at public games for a prize. “ Samson Agonistcs.” Milton. AG-0-N1S'TIC, ) a- Relating to prize-fight- AG-O-NIS'TJ-CAL, Sing. Blackwall. AG-9-NIs'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In an agonistical manner. AG-O-NIS’TICS, n. pi. The art or theory of prize- fighting. Qu. Rev. AG'O-NIZE, V. a. [Gr. ayenvifa, to contend for a prize.] [*. agonized; pp. agonizing, ago- nized.] To afflict with agony. “It agonizes his mind perpetually.” Feltham. Ag'O-NIZE, v. n. To feel agony ; to suffer pain. To smart and agonize at every pore.” Pope. AG-O-NlZ'ING-LY, ad. With great agony. f AG'O-NO-TIIETE, n. [Gr. ayiovoOtrijc.) A pres- ident at public games. Bailey. f AG-O-NO-THET'tC, a. Presiding at public games ; giving prizes at games. Bailey. AG'O-NY, n-. [Gr. aytovia, a struggle.] 1. Struggle under severe pain, as in the pangs of death. “ Dying agonies.” lhtme. 2. Violent pains of body or mind ; anguish. That death were better than such agony As grief and fury unto me did bring. Spenser. 3. (Eccl.) The severe suffering or conflict of our Saviour in the garden. This very prayer of Christ obtained angels to be sent to him os comforters in his agony. Hooker. Syn. — See Pain. j- A-GOOD' (j-gud'), ad. [a and good.) In ear- nest ; not fictitiously. “ Weep agood.” Shak. AG'0-RA,n. [Gr. ayopa, market-place.] An as- sembly ; a market-place ; a forum. Craig. A-GOU'TJ (a-go'te), n. (Zoijl.) A genus of rodent animals, abundant in South America, of the size of a rabbit, but more like the squirrel in appearance, with the exception of the tail, which is most commonly a mere naked stump, or x’ery short, as in the species called acouchy. Fng.Cyc. f- A-GRACE', v. a. — See Aggrace. Spenser. f A-GRAM'MA-TISTj n. [Gr. a priv. and ypiippa, a letter.] An illiterate man. Bailey. A-GRA'RI-AN, a. [L. agrarius, relating to land ; ager, a field.] Relating to fields or lands ; agrestic ; — applied to the distribution of lands. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, 5, 1, O, D, Y, obscure; F.-VRE, FAR, I-’AST, FALL ; HEIR, 1IER; AGRARIAN AIGRET Agrarian law, a Roman law for the distribution of the public lands among plebeians soldiers, or all the citizens. A-GRA'RI-AN, n. An advocate of agrarian prin- ciples or laws. Qu. Rev. A-GRA'RI-AN-I^M, n. pies of agrarians. The doctrine and princi- Sir J. Mackintosh. A-GRA'RI-AN-IZE, v. a. To distribute among the people, as lands. Ch. Ob. A-GREE', v. n. [It. aggradire ; Fr. agreer, to concur, from a gre, at will, at concord.] [i. AGREED ; pp. AGREEING, AGREED.] 1. To think or act in unison ; to be in concord. If two of you shall agree on earth. Matt, xviii. 19. 2. To grant; to admit; — with to ; as, “To agree to a statement or a proposition.” 3. To concur in the same opinion. Milton is a noble genius, and the world agrees to confess it. Watts. 4. To settle terms, or a price, by stipulation. Agree with thine adversary quickly. Matt. v. 25. Didst not thou agree with me for a penny? Matt. xx. 13. 5. To be consistent; to harmonize. Their witness agreed not together. Mark xiv. 56. Thou art a Galilean, and thy speech agreeth thereto. Mark xiv. 70. 6. To suit with; to be accommodated to; to tally ; to match. No man putteth a piece of a new garment upon an old ; the piece that was taken out of the new agreeth not with the old. Luke v. 36. 7- To be adapted to one’s constitution, or beneficial to one’s health ; as, “ This kind of food agrees with me.” A-GREE , ) ac i _ [L, gratus, pleasing ; It. a gra- A-GRE', ) do ; Fr. a and gre. Diez.) In good part ; kindly. Chaucer. t A-GREE', r. a. To reconcile. Spenser. A-GREE-A-BIL'I-TY, pleased. Willingness to be Chaucer. All fortune is blissful to a man by the agreeahUitg or by the egality of him that suffereth it. Chaucer. A-GREE'A-BLE, a. [Fr. agreable . ] 1. Suitable to ; consistent with ; accordant ; concordant ; conformable. “ A thing agreeable and grateful to the nature of man.” Bacon. 2. Pleasing ; pleasant ; charming ; grateful ; delightful; welcome; as, “An agreeable pros- pect ” ; “ Agreeable intercourse.” Syn. — Agreeable to reason ; suitable to circum- stances ; conformable to custom ; consistent conduct. Agreeable conversation ; a pleasant companion ; a pleasing address ; charming music ; grateful food or drink; & delightful scene. A gift is acceptable to a poor man; harmonious sounds are grateful to a mu- sical ear ; good tidings are always welcome. A-GREE'A-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of being agree- able. “ Agreeableness to the palate.” Locke. A-GREE' A-BLY, ad. In accordance with ; pleas- ingly. “Advantageously and agreeably." Sivift. A-GREED', p. a. Settled by consent. Locke. A-GREE'ING-LY, ad. In conformity to. Sheldon. A-GREE’ING-NESS, n. Consistence; suitable- ness. [r.] Johnson. A-GREE'MENT, n. [Fr. agrement. ] 1. Concord ; harmony ; unison. What agreement hath the temple of God with idols? 2 Cor. iv. 16. 2. Resemblance ; similarity. Expansion and duration have this further agreement , that their parts are not separable one from another. Locke. 3. Stipulation ; compact ; bargain ; contract ; covenant ; as, “ He did not comply with the agreement." 4. (Law.) A mutual contract between two or more parties; — an instrument showing what has been agreed upon. Burrill. 5. (Fine Arts.) A union or concord of all parts of a design. Fairholt. Syn. — Agreement by promise ; express stipulation ; contract in writing; covenant by deed; compact by common consent ; bargain for goods. — See Assent. + A-GRES'Tl-AL(a-grest'ye-al), a. Agrestic. Sloan. A-GRES TIC, ) [L. agrestis, rustic ; ager, A-GRES'TI-CAL, ) a field.] Belonging to the country or to fields ; rude ; rustic. “ A bar- barous and agrestic behavior.” Gregory. j" A-GRiC-O-LA'TION, n. [L. agricolatio.] Cul- ture of the ground. Bailey. A-GRlC'O-LlST, n. An agriculturist; a husband- man. “ The young agricolist.” Dodsley. A-GRlC'O-LOUS, a. [L. ager, a field, and colo, to cultivate.] Agricultural. Sidney Smith. Ag'RI-CULT-OR, n. A farmer. Farm. Ency. AG-RI-C<'y-RAL, a. Relating to agriculture. “ The agricultural systems of political econ- omy.” ' Smith. AG-RI-CULT'U-RAL-IST, — See Agricultu- rist. [r.] Thacher. AG'RI-CULT-URE (ag're-kult-yur), n. [L. agri- cultura ; ager, a field, and cultura, cultivation.] The art or science of cultivating the earth ; tillage ; husbandry. Browne. AG-RI-CULT'U-Rl§M, n. The science of agri- culture. [r.] Todd. AG-RJ-CULT'U-RIST, n. One versed in agricult- ure ; a farmer ; a husbandman. Todd. Syn. — See Farmer. AG'RI-MO-NY, n. [L. agrimonia.) (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs; Agrimonia : — a name es- pecially applied to Agrimonia eupatoria. Gray. t A-GRl§E', v. n. [A. S. agrisan, to fear greatly.] To shiver for fear, or pity ; to shudder. Chaucer. t A-GRI§E', v. a. To affright; to disfigure. “ Eyes that should be sore agrised.” Spenser. A' GROM, n. (Med.) A disease of the tongue in India. Crabb. AG-RO-NOM IC, la. Relating to agronomy ; AG-RO-NOM'I-CAL, ) agricultural. Ed. Rev. A-GRON'O-MY, n. [Gr. aypdg, a field, and vdpog, a rule; Fr. agronomies) Theory of agricul- ture. Brands. AG-RO-STEM'MA , n. [Gr. aypog, a field, and arlppn, a garland.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; corn-cockle or rose-campion. Loudon. A-GROS' TIS, n. [Gr. ayptnoTig.'] (Bot.) A genus of grasses ; bent-grass. Loudon. AG-ROS-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. aypojartg, and yprf oj, living; A. S. a’izon, or alzoon.] (Bot.) A genus of fleshy-leaved plants. Loudon. A-JAR', ad. [A. S. acyrran, to turn.] Half or partly open ; — applied to a door. AJ'U-GA, n. (Bot.) A genus of labiate plants; bugle. Loudon. AJ'U-TAyE, n. [Fr.] A short tube used in hy- draulics to regulate the size and form of the stream of water discharged ; the spout of a jet d’eau. Young. A-KAN'TI-CONE, n. (Min.) A term sometimes applied to the mineral epidote. Cleaveland. AKE, t i.n. To feel pain. — See Ache. Shah. A-KIM'BO, a. [See Kimbo.] Arched; crooked. — The arms are a-kimbo when the hands are on the hips, and the elbows turned outwards. Arbuthnot. A-KlN', a. 1. Related or allied to by blood ; kin ; kindred. “Those that be nothing akin to- gether.’’ — See Kin. Vices. 2. Partaking of the same properties ; allied by nature. “ Questions akin to it.” Watts. AL— . 1. The Arabic article, equivalent to the, and retained at the beginning of many words de- rived from that language ; as, al-coran, al-cove, al-chemy, al-embic, al-manac. 2. A Saxon prefix to some words, signifying noble [pthel], or ancient \cald). Gibson. 3. A form of the Latin prefix ad, to, when it precedes l, as in al-legc, al-lude, al-literation, al-legation, &e. A LA, n. ; pi. a' las. [L., a wing.] 1. (Bot.) The side or lateral petal of a papil- ionaceous corolla. Iloblyn. 2. (Ornith. & Ent.) The wings of birds and insects. Brande. AL'A-BAS-TER, n. [Gr. alrifiaerpov.] 1. A white stone used for ornamental purposes. It is of two kinds ; one of which is a carbonate of lime, the other a sulphate of lime or gypsum ; and to this, the term is now generally applied. P. Cyc. 2. A box or vase for holding perfumes and ointments ; so called because originally made of alabaster. Weale. AL'A-bAs-TIJR, a. Made of alabaster. Addison. AL-A-BAs'TRI-AN, a. Relating to or like ala- baster. [r.] Maunder. AL-jI-BAS' TRUM, n. ; pi. AL-A-EAS' TRA. [Low L. ; Gr. dlajaerpov, or akapaarpo; ; L. alabaster.] 1. An alabaster vase for perfumes. Ash. 2. (Bot.) The cup or bud of a rose ; a flower- bud. Craig. A-LACK' (a-lak'), interj. [“This word seems only the corruption of alas.” Johnson .] Alas ; — noting sorrow. Shah. A-LACK' A-DA Y, interj. Alas the day; — noting sorrow or melancholy. + A-LAC'RI-OUS, a. [L . alacer, brisk.] Lively. “ It were well if we were a little more alac- rious." Hammond. t A-LAC'R!-OUS-Ly, ad. Cheerfully. Epaminondas alacriously expired, in confidence that he left behind him a perpetual memory of the victories he had achieved for his country. Gov. of the Tongue. f A-LAC'RI-OUS-N]JSS, n. Briskness; liveliness. “ Some life, some alacriousness.” Hammond. A-LAC'RI-TY , n. [L. alacritas ; It. alacrita ; Sp. alegria ; Fr. allegresse.] Cheerfulness; spright- liness ; liveliness ; gayety ; readiness. “ I have not that alacrity of spirit.” Shak. Syn. — Alacrity designates mental activity; alert- ness, bodily activity. A-LAd'IN-IST, n. A free-thinker among the Mahometans. Crabb. A LA FRAN^AISE (i-l’i-fr’An-saz'). [Fr.] After the French fashion or manner. AL'^-LITE, n. [ Ala in Piedmont, and Gr. lido;, a stone.] (Min.) A variety of augite, called also diopside. Dana. A- LA- Mt' RE (a-Ia-me'ra), [al-a-iiier', Ja. I Vb.\ 51-j-ml'ra, it.], n. The lowest note but one in three septenaries of the gamut or scale of mu- sic. Grayton. AL-A-MOVE' , ad. & a. [Fr.] 1. Fashionably or fashionable ; in the fashion. Arbuthnot. 2. (Cookery.) Applied to meat dressed in a peculiar manner ; as, “ Alamode beef.” AL-A-MODE', n. A thin, silk stuff. Whitlock. A LA MORT, a. [Fr., to death.] Depressed; melancholy. — See All-a-mort. Ogilrie. A-LAND', ad. At or on land; on dry ground. And in mid ocean left them moored aland. Dryden. A L' AN GLAIVE (a-lang-laz'). [Fr.] After the English fashion or manner. A-LAN'TINE, n. An amylaceous substance ex- tracted from the root of the Angelica arclian- gelica or garden angelica. Brande. A'LAR, a. Relating to, or having, wings. Craig. A-LARM', n. [It. all’ armi, to arms ; Fr. alarme.] 1. A signal by which soldiers are summoned to take arms. When the angry trumpet sounds alarm. Shah. 2. A cry or other notice of dapger ; as, “An alarm of fire.” 3. A sudden terror ; a sense of danger ; con- sternation ; fright ; apprehension ; as, “ To excite alarm.” 4. A tumult or disturbance ; that which causes terror, fear, or apprehension. O solitude! where are the charms That sages have seen in thy face? Better dwell in the midst of alarms Than reign in this horrible place. Cowper. 5. A mechanical contrivance for rousing per- sons from sleep, or for arresting attention. Syn. — Harm arises from announced or impending danger; apprehension from that which is expected. A cry of alarm ; a spectacle of terror-, a sudden fright-, an overwhelming consternation. Apprehension of dan- ger makes us uneasy ; alarm affects the feelings, terror the understanding, fright the senses; consternation seizes the whole mind and benumbs the faculties. A-LARM', v. a. [Fr. alarmer.] \i. alarmed ; ’ pp. ALARMING, ALARMED.] 1. To call to arms, or summon to action on a sudden emergency. — See Alarum, v. 2. To impress with a sense of danger ; to surprise with fear ; to terrify ; as, “ The ap- proach of the enemy greatly alarmed the in- habitants.” A-LARM'— BELL, n. A bell that is rung to give alarm. “ The alarm-bell rings.” Dryden. A-LARM'— CLOCK, n. A clock made to sound an alarm, or to strike, at any given time. A-LARM'— GUN, n. A gun fired to give notice of an enemy, or as a signal of alarm. Williams. A-LARM'ING, p. a. Causing alarm; terrifying. A-LARM'ING-LY, ad. In an alarming manner. A-LARM'IST, n. One who is timidly prone to excite alarm. [Modern.] Todd. A-LARM'— POST, n. A post or place appointed for a regiment or body of men to appear at in case of an alarm. Campbell. A-LARM'— WATCH (a-liirni ’ wbch) , n. A watch that strikes the hour at any given time. Herbert. A-LA'RUM bi-la 'rum, P. Ja. ; a-lar'um, F. Sm. ; a-la'rum, K.],n. Same as Alarm. — See Alarm. “ What new alarum is this same ? ” Shak. A-LA'RUM, v. a. [Corrupted from alarm. John- son.] Same as Alarm. Alarumed by his sentinel the wolf. Shak. \ AL'A-RV, a. [L. alaris ; ala, a wing.] Of the nature of wings. Craig. A-lAs', interj. [L. ai, denoting grief, and lassus, weary ; It. ahi, lasso ; Fr. betas ; A. S. eala, or heal.] Noting lamentation, pity, or concern. A-lAS' THE DAY, interj. Ah, unhappy day. Shak. A-LAS' T Up WHILE, interj. Ah, unhappy time. For pale and wan he was (at as the while!) Spenser. t A-LATE', ad. Lately ; not long since ; of late. Where chilling frost aktfe did nip, There flasheth now a tire. Greene. A'LATE, a. [L. alatus, furnished with wings.] (Bot. & Anat.) Bordered by a leafy or membra- neous expansion. Brande. A lAt’F.-RE, [L., from the side.] — The cardinal legates a latere were the pope’s assistants and counsellors in ordinary. Hamilton. Al-A- TER ' NUS, n. [L. ala, a wing, and terni, three.] (Bot.) A species of Rhamnus, or buck- thorn ; Rhamnus Alaternus. Loudon. AL-AU-DI'NrE, n. pi. (Or- nith.) A sub-family of birds of the order Passe- res and family Fringilli- dee ; larks. Gray. ALB, n. [L. albus, white.] Along white linen vest- Alauda arvensis. ment or tunic worn by Catholic priests. It differs from the surplice in fitting more close to the body and being tied with a girdle. Brande. Al' BA, [L.] A white sacerdotal vest worn by Catholic priests ; an alb. 1 Whishaw. AL'BA-CORE, n. A large species of fish of the niackerel family, which is common’ in the Med- iterranean, and’ sometimes taken on the south- ern coast of England ; the bonito. Ogilvie. AL-BA'NI-AN, n. A native of Albania. P. Cyc. AL-bA'NI-AN, a. (Geog.) Relating to Albania. AL'BA-TROSS, n. (Or- nith.) A genus of large web-footed, aquatic birds, allied to the gulls. The common albatross is often met with in the Southern Ocean. P. Cyc. f AL-BE', or Al-BEE', ad. [Contracted from albeit.] Although ; albeit ; notwithstanding. Spenser. AL-BE'IT, ad. Although; notwithstanding. Albeit unused to the melting mood. Shah. AL-BES'CpNT, a. [L. albcsco, albescens, to grow white.] Becoming white or whitish. Smart. AL'BI-CORE, n. — See Albacoke. t AL-BI-FI-CA'TION, n. [L. albus, white, and facio, to make.] Act of making white. Chaucer. Al-BI-(JEJV' SE$, n.pl. [L.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of Christians that first appeared in the twelfth century ; — so called from Albi, in Upper Langue- doc, France, or, more probably, from Albigesium, the Latin name by which Narbonnese Gaul was known at that time. Brande. AL'BIN, n. [L. albus, white.] (Min.) A white variety of apophylite. Dana. AL-BI'NlSjiM, or AI/BIN-I^M [al-bl'nlzm, Brande ; al-blu'Izui, O . ; Sl'bjn-Izm, C.], n. The state of an albino ; a state in which the skin is white, the hair flaxen, and the iris of the eye pink. AL-Bf'NO, or AL-BI'NO, n. : pi. al-bI'no$ or al-bI'nos. [Port. A Sp., from L. albus, white.] A person of a preternatural whiteness of the skin and hair, and peculiar redness of the pupil of the eye, which is so weak as not to be able to bear the light of day. The Portuguese first ap- plied the term to the white negroes whom they found on the coast of Africa ; but it is now used to designate persons who exhibit similar char- acteristics, of whatever race or country. P. Cyc. AL-BI'NO-I^M, n. The state of an albino. Ogilcie. AL'BITE, n. (Min.) A mineral composed of sili- ca, alumina, and soda. Dana. MIEN, ElR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — Cl, G, 9 , g, soft; tC, G, £, g, hard; § as 7 .; JC as gz. — THIS, this. ALBORA 36 ALE Al'BO-RA, n. (Med.) A kind of itch or compli- cated leprosy. Dunglison. Al'BO-RAK, n. [Ar.] The white mule on which Mahomet is said to have journeyed from the temple of Jerusalem to Heaven. Craig. AL-BU-(^iJY' F.-A, n. (Med.) X. A strong fibrous membrane enveloping the testicles. Dunglison. 2. The white membrane of the eye. Craig. AL-Bl'-tJIN'p-oCrs, a. [L. albugo, whiteness, a white spot.] Resembling the white of an egg or the white of the eye ; — a term applied to textures which are perfectly white. Dunglison. t AL-BU'9!N-OUS, a. Albugineous. Browne. J1L-BU' GO, n.; pi. AL-Iti’ pt-N e$. [L., white- ness, a white spot.] (Med.) A white speck in the eye ; a disease in the eye, by which the cor- nea contracts a whiteness ; leucoma. Dunglison. AL'BUM, n. ; pi. ai/bi/m?. [L., a list or register, from albus, white.] A blank book for the in- sertion of autographs, short literary composi- tions, &c., as mementos of the writers. Wottoil. AL-BU'Mg- AN, a. Relating to an album. C. Lamb. AL-BU'MF.Ar, n. [L.] 1. A peculiar thick, glairy substance found in its purest form in the white of an egg, and existing also in the serum of the blood, in the muscles, bones, &c., of animals. 2. (Bot.) A supply of nourishing matter in many seeds (as in wheat, &c.) external to the embryo or germ. Gray. AL-BU'MpN-IZE, V. a. [*. ALBUMBNIZBD ; pp. albumenizind, albumenized.] To impreg- nate with albumen, as paper. Hall. AL-BU-MI-NOSE' (129), a. Same as Albumi- nous. Smith. AL-BU'MI-NOUS, a. Relating to, or containing, albumen ; resembling albumen. P. Cyc. Al burn, n. [L. alburnus, a white fish.] (Ich.) A small fish ; the bleak, or blay ; white bait. AL-BUR'NOUS, a. Relating to alburnum. Loudon. AL-BUR' ALUM, n. [L. albus, white.] (Bot.) The softer and whiter part of wood, next to the inner bark of trees ; the sap-wood. P. Cyc. Al’CA, n. (Orniith.) A genus of birds of the order Anseres, having a large and singularly formed bill, wings very short, and the feet placed so far back that, when sitting, ’ hese birds as- sume an erect attitude. — See Alcin.e. Eng. Cyc. AL-CADE', n. [Sp. alcalde .] See Alcaid and Alcalde. Ency. Al'CA-HEST, n. [Ar.] See Alkahest. Quincy. AL-CA'JC, n. (Pros.) A kind of verse used by the poet Alcaeus, consisting of two dactyls and two trochees. “ A copy of alcaics.” Warton. AL-CA'IC, a. Relating to Alcaeus or his verse. And take the Alcaic lute. Or thine own Horace, or Anacreon’s lyre. B. Jonson. AL-CAID', n. [Sp. alcaydc, or alcaide, Ar. al, the, and kada, to govern.] 1. A governor of a castle or fort. 2. A keeper of a jail ; a jailer. AL-CAl ' DE, n. [Sp., from the Arabic kadi, a judge.] A Spanish magistrate ; a judge or justice of the peace. .Velasquez. Al-C A-LI M' y-TyR, n. See Alkalimeter. A L- cAat ' ALA , n. A plant. — See Henna. Al-CAR-rA' ZA, n. [Sp.] A species of porous pottery ; a large earthen vessel for cooling water. IV. Encyc. Al-CE-DIAF'Z-DJE, n. pi. (Ornith.) A family of birds of the order Passeres, containing the sub-families Bucconince, llalcyonince, Mcedi- ninL-I-ZA'TION, n. 1. The act of con- verting into alcohol. Smart. 2. The act of reducing to powder. Johnson. AL'CO-HOL-iZE [ai'ko-ho-llz, IF P. F. Ja. K. Sm . ; al-ko'ho-liz, N. JJ], v. a. 1. To convert into alcohol ; to rectify spirits, or remove their watery quality. Smart. 2. f To reduce to powder. Johnson. AL-C0-H6L'ME-TER, n. \ alcohol , and Gr. yi- rpov, a measure.] An instrument to ascertain the quantity of alcohol in wines and other spir- ituous liquors. Ure. Written also alcoholometer, alcohometrr, alcoholim- et.cr, and alcoometer. AL-CO-HOL-MET'RI-CAL, a. Relating to the al- coholmeter. Ure. AL'CO-RAn [al'ko-vKn, S. IF. P. J. F. E. Ja. Sm. It. ; ?l-k5'r?n, K. — “ Orientalists, in general, pronounce this word ai-ko-rin'.” Sm.~\, n. [Ar. al, the, and koran, reading ; karae, to read.] The Mahometan Bible, or the book written and left by Mahomet, and containing the doctrines and precepts of his religion. Dryden. AL-CO-rAN'JC, a. Relating to the Alcoran, or to Mahometanism. Jameson. Al-CO-RAN'ISH, a. Relating to the Alcoran. “ Some Alcoranish doctors.” Sir T. Herbert. Al-CO-rAn'IST, n. One who adheres strictly to the letter of the Alcoran. Crabb. AL-COVE' [sd-kov', S. IF. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. R. C.; al'kov, I Vb.], ii. [Sp. alcoba, from Ar. alcobba, a vaulted apartment.] 1. A recess in a chamber, or place for a bed. 2. A recess for books in a library. Smart. 3. An arbor in a garden or pleasure ground. “ Clifden’s proud alcove.’’ Pope. 4. A niche for a seat or a statue. Fairholt. Al'CY-ON, n. (Eat.) A species of insect. Kirby. Al'CY-ON, n. See Halcyon. Brande. Al-CY-O-ATA ' RI-A, n. pi. (Zoill.) The higher of the two orders of polypi, the individuals of which have eight tentacles. Agassiz. Al-CY-ON'|C, a. Relating to the alcyonium. AL-CY-ON'I-EQRM, a. Having the form of an alcyonium. P. Cyc. Al'CY-O-NIte, n. (Min.) A fruit-like, spongi- form flint fossil, found in chalk formations ; a fossil zoophyte. Brande. Al-CY-O ' ATI-UM, n. [L.] A genus of polypes forming the type of the order Alcyonaria. Brande. AL-DEB’A-RAN [fil-deb'a-ran, P. Cyc.', al-de-ba- ran', Maunder-, ald'e-ba-ran, O. ; al-do-ba'ran, Wb. Crabb, B.], n. (Astron.) A large, bright star in the constellation of Taurus, called also the Bull’s Eye. Iierschell. AL'DIJ-HYDE, n. [ alcohol , L. de, from, and hydrogen ; i. e. alcohol from which hydrogen has been taken.] (Chem.) A pungent, volatile liquid, obtained by the oxidation of alcohol, or by distilling alcohol with peroxide of manga- nese and sulphuric acid. Brande. AL-DJJ-HYD'fC, a. Noting an acid prepared from aldehyde. Hoblyn. AL'DER, n. [L. alnus\ Fr. aulne, or atme.] A genus of plants chiefly found in damp situa- tions ; the alnus of botanists. Brande. f AL-DER-LIEF'JJST, a. sup. [Ger. aller-liebst , best-beloved ; 1). aller-liefst .] Most beloved. “ Mine aldcr-liefest sovereign.” Shak. AL'D^R-MAn, n. ; pi. al'der-mEn. [A. S. eald- erman ; (elder, older, and man, man.] 1. f A senator or governor. Cowell. 2. A magistrate or member of a town or city corporation, next in order to the mayor. AL-D^R-MAN'ICj a. Relating to or becoming an alderman. Ed. Rev. f AL-D^R-MAN'I-TY, n. The character of alder- men ; the body of aldermen. “ Fight dry the battles of thy aldermanity.” Underwoods. AL'DER- MAN-LIKE, a. Like an alderman. “ With an alderman-like pace.” Shelton. AL'DpR-MAN-LY, a. Like an alderman. Swift. AL'DJJR-MAN-RY, n. The office or quality of an alderman. Ed. Rev. AL'Df.RN, a. Made of alder. “Then aldern boats first ploughed the Ocean.” May. Al'dTnE, a. (Bibliography.) Noting editions of books which proceeded from the press of Aldus Manutius of Venice, in the sixteenth century ; known by the sign of the anchor and the dolphin. Recently applied to elegant edi- tions of English works. Dibdin. Ale, n. [A. S. ealc, eala, or (doth, ale, from aelan, to kindle, to inflame.] A fermented malt liquor; a liquor obtained by fermentation of an infusion of pale malted barley, combined with an infusion of hops. Ure. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, JJ, I, O, U, Y, obscure ; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HfilR, HER; ALEAK 37 ALIDADE A-LEAK', ad. In a leaking state. Hale. (. Naut .) A vessel is said to spring aleak , when a leak in any part of her commences. Falconer. Al'B-A-TO-RY, a. [L. alca, a game of hazard, any thing uncertain.] ( Civil law.) Noting a contract of which the effects depend on an un- certain event. Bouvier. AlE'-BENCH, n. A bench in or at an ale-house. ALE'BER-Uy, n. A beverage made by boiling ale with spice and sugar, and sops of bread. “ Ale- berries , caudles, possets.” Beaumont. ALE'— BREW-^R (al'bru-er), n. One who brews ale. “ Disliked by our ale-brewers." Mortimer. ALE'-CON-NpR (al'kon-ner), n. An officer, in England, whose business it is to inspect the measures of public houses. Act of Pari. ALE'COST, n. [eile, and Gr. kooto;, L. costum, an aromatic shrub.] A plant put into ale ; eostmary ; Balsamita vulgaris. Loudon. A-LEC-TO-ROM'A-EHY, n. [Gr. alUruip, a cock, and paxp, a battle.] ’Cock-fighting. Ogilvie. A-LEC'TO-RO-MAN-CY, n. Same as AleCTUY- OMANCY. A-LEC'TRURES, n. pi. ( Ornith .) A name given to a sub-family of birds ; alectrurinee. Gray. A-LF.C- TR XJ-RI ' NJE, n. pi. [Ornith.) A sub-family of dentirostral birds, of the order Passeres, and family Muscicapidte ; alectrures. Gray. Fluvicola climacura. A-LEC-TRY-OM' A-EIl Y, n. [Gr. ai.cKrpv ah, a cock, and paxc, a battle.] Cock-fighting. [ 11 .] Bailey. A-LEC'TRY-O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. hleKrpvtov, a cock, and pavrda, prophecy.] Divination by a cock ; attempting to foretell by a cock. Bailey. Ale'— DRA-PER, n. A keeper of an ale-house; a seller of malt liquor.. Bailey. A-LEE', ad. (Naut.) Noting the position of the helm when pushed down to the lee-side of the vessel. Mar. Diet. ALE'— FED, a. Nourished with ale. Stafford. f AL'IJ-GAR, n. [ale, and eager, in the sense of sharp; or Fr. aigre, sour.] Sour ale; a kind of acid made of ale. Bailey. f A-LEG'B-AUNCE, n. Alleviation. Chaucer. + AL'E-GER>«. [L . alacrisf] Cheerful. Bacon. f A-LEGGE', v. a. [Fr. alleger. ] To lessen; to assuage. “Alegge this bitter blast.” Spenser. t A-LEG'GP'AUNCE, n. Alleviation. Spenser. all’ erta, to stand upon one’s guard, to be watch- ful, erta (L. erecta, sc. via) meaning the steep ascent of a hill ; Fr . alerted) 1. Being on guard, or on the lookout ; watch- ful ; vigilant. “ He was always alert and at- tentive to the claims of friendship.” Graves. 2. Nimble ; prompt ; lively ; brisk ; smart. “ I saw an alert young fellow.” Addison. On the alert, on one’s guard ; on the lookout. • A-LERT'NESS, n. The quality of being alert; sprightliness ; briskness. Addison. Syn. — See Alackity. ALE —POLE, i w . a pole or post set up for a ALE'-POST, $ sign before an ale-house. “ The ale-pole doth but signify that there is good ale in the house.” Frith. ALE'— SlL-VER, n. A tribute anciently paid to the lord mayor of London by the sellers of ale. ALE'— STAKE, n. A stake set up as a sign before an ale-house ; an ale-pole. Chaucer. Ale'-TAsT-JEK, n. An officer who inspects ale or beer. Cowell. AL-EU'RO-mAN-CY (sd-yfi'ro-man-se), n. [Gr. al.evpov, flour, and pan-da, prophecy.] Divina- tion by means of flour. Craig. A-LEU'TI-AN, ) a _ [R us . aleut, a bald rock.] A-LEU'TIC, ) ( Geog .) Noting certain islands in the Pacific Ocean. ALE'— vAt, n. A tub in which ale is fermented. f A-LEW' (ei-Io'), n. A shout ; loud call ; halloo. “ Lament with loud alew.” Spenser. ALE'-WASHED (al'wosht), a. Steeped in ale. “ Foaming bottles and ale-washed wits.” Shah. ALE'WIFE, n. ; pi. ale'wIve$. 1. A woman that keeps an ale-house. Swift. 2. ( Ich .) An American fish of the herring kind, smaller than a shad. Storer. AL-EY-An'DER§ (ai-eg-zin'derz), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Smyrnium, now generally superseded by celery. Loudon. AL-?Y-AN'D5R’§-FOOT, n. The name of an herb ; alexanders. Johnson. AL-BX-An'DRI-AN, a. Belonging to Alexander or Alexandria. P. Cyc. AL-EJC-An'DRINE, n. A kind of verse, borrowed from the French, and consisting of twelve sylla- bles, first used in a poem called the Alexandriacl. A needless Alexandrine ends the song, That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along. Pope. AL-BY-An'DRINE, a. Relating to the Alexan- drine verse. War ton. AL GA-RoT, ? j;. [Named from Vittorio Alga- AL'GA-ROTH, ) rotti, a Veronese physician.] (Med.) An insoluble oxychloride of antimony ; — formerly used in medicine. Miller. t Al'gAte, or AL'gAtes, ad. [A. S. algeats.] Altogether ; every way ; always. Spenser. AL'GA-TRAnE, n. [Fr. algatrane .] ( Chem .) A sort of pitch or bitumen. Crabb. AL-GA-ZEL', n. [Ar.] ( Zoiil .) A beautiful spe- cies of antelope ; the gazelle. P. Cyc. AL'GB'BRA, n. [It. Sp., from Ar. al, the, and geber, philosopher, according to some ; from gefr, parchment, according to others. Menage suggests algiabarat , the restitution of things broken ; Gilchrist, al, the, andjn/u-, consolida- tion.] A kind of universal arithmetic ; that branch of mathematics in which the operations are performed by means of letters and other symbols ; the science which establishes the rules of arithmetic and the properties and re- lations of numbers by general reasoning. Al-GB-BRA'IC, ) Relating to algebra; AL-GB'BILVI-CAL, ) as, “Algebraic symbols.” Algebraic curve, a curve sucli that the relation be- tween tire coordinates of any of its points can he ex- pressed by the signs and terms of algebra. Davies. AL-GB-BRA'I-CAL-LY, ad. By means of algebra. Al'GB-BRA-IST, n. One who is versed in algebra. Al'GB-NEB, n. (Astron.) One of the principal stars in the constellation Pegasus. Iiind. AL-GB-RINE', n. A native of Algiers. Murray. Al-GB-RINE', a. (Geog.) Belonging to Algiers. fAL'GID, a. [L. algidus, cold.] Cold. Coles. f AL-GId'I-TY, n. Chillness; cold. Coles. f AL-GIF'IC, a. That produces cold. Bailey. Al'GOL, n. (Astron.) A fixed star in the con- stellation Perseus, remarkable for periodical changes in brightness. Herschel. AL-GOL'O-Gy, n. [L. alga, seaweed, and Gr. )■ oyos, a discourse.] (Bot.) A treatise on the algae or seaweeds. Landsborough. Al ’ GOR, n. [L.] Extreme cold ; chill. Bailey. Al'GO-RAb, n. (Astron.) The chief star in the constellation Corvus. Hind. t Al'GO-RI§M, n. [Ar.] Same as Algorithm. “ Algorism stones,” i. e. counters. Sir T. More. AL'GO-RlTHM, n. [Ar.] The art of computing by numeral figures ; arithmetic ; algebra ; — the art of computing in any particular way. Davies. f AL-GOSE', a. Extremely cold ; chill. Bailey. ALE'HOOF, n. A plant, so called from its use in making ale before the use of hops ; a species of ground ivy ; Glechoma hederacea. Temple. ALE'— HOUSE, n. A house where ale and beer are sold. Shah. Syn. — See Tavern. f ALE'— KNIGHT (al'nTt), n. A pot-companion. “ The old ale-knights of England.” Camden. AL-B-MAN'NIC, a. Belonging to the Alemanni, an ancient people of Germany. Bosworth. AL-B-MAN'NIC, n. The language of the Ale- manni, or ancient Germans. Bosivorth. A-LEM'BIC, n. [Ar. al, the, and ambeeq, R corrupted from Gr. op/? if, a cup or ves- sel.] (Chem.) A chemical vessel, of va- rious forms, used in distillation ; an ob- / || solete form of still. Brande. viz A-LEM'BROTH, n. A term applied by the old chemists to a poisonous salt, which they called the salt of wisdom, composed of ammonia, mu- riatic acid, and the oxide of mercury. Brande. ALE'— MEA^-URE (al'mezh-ur), n. A liquid meas- ure for ale. Ash. t A-LENGTFI', ad. At full length. Chaucer. Al.' F.-PIS, n. [Gr. a priv. and i.t-i(, a scale.] (Ich.) A genus of fishes, with broad bodies and small heads, and nearly scaleless. Craig. A-LERT', a. [It. all’ erta, in the phrase stare AL-BY-AN'DRITE, }l , (Min.) A species of chrvs- oberyl. Phillips. A-LEX-I-PHAR'MA-CAL, a. Counteracting poi- son ; alexipharmic. Dean Pierce. A-LEX-I-PHAR'MIC, n. (Mccl.) An antidote against poison ; — written also, with more pro- priety, alexipharmac. Bryant. A-LEX-I-PHAR'MIC, a. [Gr. to ward off, and (ptippaKov, a poison.] Antidotal; counteract- ing poison. Dunglison. A-LEX-I-TER IC, ) a . [Low L. alexiterium, A-LEX-I-TER'I-CAL, \ from Gr. ai.c^rjT/ipiou ; al.t^ui, to ward off.] That drives away or counteracts infection or poison. Johnson. A-LEX-I-TER'ICS, n. pi. (Mccl.) Preservatives against infection or poison. Brande. Al'FBT, n. [A. S. alan, to burn, and feet, vat.] A caldron of boiling water, into which an ac- cused person plunged his arm, by way of ordeal, to show his guilt or innocence. Tomlins. Al.' GA, n. ; pi. a l’ PA-:. [L ., seaweed.'] (Bot.) An order of cryptogamous plants, comprising seaweeds, lavers, and the floating scum-like substances of ditches and rivers. Loudon. Al-GA-RO ' BA, n. [Ar. al, the, and garoba, bean-tree.] (Bot.) A tree bearing pods contain- ing a sweetish pulp, supposed by some to have been the wild honey on which St. John fed in the wilderness ; Ceratonia siliqua. Loudon. AL'GOljS, a. [L. alga, seatveed.] Abounding in seaweed, [it.] Ash. AL'GUA-ZIL (al'ga-zel) [al c-l-zel, Ja. Sm. ; al'gfi- ztl, E. ; al-gwa'zjl or al-ga-zEl', A'.], n. [Sp. alguacil, a constable.] An inferior officer of justice ; a sort of bailiff or constable. Smollett. AL-IIEN'NA, n. A plant; Lawsonia. — See Henna. Ogilvie. AL-I-A'CEOUS (al-e-a'slms, 66), a. [L. alivm, or altium, garlic.] — See Alliaceous. Francis. A ' LI-As (a'le-as), ad. A Latin word, signifying otherwise ; as, “ Sirnson, alias Smith, alias Baker.” A 'LI-As, n. 1. An assumed name; another name. An author was forced to assume every week new aliases and new disguises. Macaulay. 2. (Law.) A second or further writ issued after a first writ of capias. Whishaw. Al.'I-Bi, n. [L., elsewhere.] (Law.) The pica of a person, who, to prove himself innocent of an offence or crime, alleges that he was else- where, or at another place, at the time when the act was committed. Burrill. f AL'I-BLE, a. [L. alibilis ; alo, to nourish.] Nu- tritive ; nourishing. Bailey. AL'I-DADE,n. [Ar.] The index. or ruler that moves about the centre of an astrolabe or quad- rant, carrying the sights. Brande. MIEN, SIR; MdVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. •?> 9> I) soft; 1 0, tS, £, |, hard; § as z; Y as S z - — THIS, this. ALIEN 38 ALKE RAILS AL'IgN (al'yen), a. [L. alius, another ; alienus, that pertains to another.] 1. Foreign ; not native. Inglorious shelter in an alien land. Phillips. 2. Estranged ; differing in nature or tendency. They encouraged principles alien from our religion and government. Swift. AL'IEN (al'yen), n. 1. A foreigner, as distin- guished from a natural-born citizen ; not a den- izen or native ; a stranger. Hooker. 2. (Laic.) A foreigner who is a resident or Subject ; or one born in a foreign country, and never naturalized. Cowell. Syn. — See Stranger. AL'IFLX (al'yen), V. a. [i. ALIENED ; pp. ALIEN- ING, aliened.] To make any thing the prop- erty of another ; to alienate, [n.] Hale. AL-HJN-A-bIl'I-TY, n. (Law.) State of being alienable ; capacity of being alienated. Burke. AL'IEX-A-BLE (al'yen-j-bl), a. Capable of being alienated. “ Land is alienable.’’ Dennis. AL'IIJN-A^E, n. (Law.) The condition or state of an alien. Lawes. AlTEN-ATE (al'yen-at) [al'yen-at, S. W. J. F. Ja. K. Sm . ; al'e-en-at, P. Kenrick ], V. a. [L. alieno, alienatus, to make another’s ; alienus, another’s; It. alienare ; Sp. alienar; Fr. aliener.) [i. alienated ; pp. alienating, ALIENATED.] 1. To transfer property to another. The countries of the Turks were once Ckristinn, . . . though now they utterly alienated. Bacon. 2. To change from friendliness to aversion ; to estrange. Any thing that is apt to disturb the world, and to alienate the affections of men from one unothcr, ... is either ex- pressly, or by clear consequence and deduction, forbidden in the New Testament. Tillotson. AL'ipN-ATE (al'yen-at), a. Withdrawn ; alien- ated. “ Wholly alienate from truth.” Swift. AL'I pX-ATE (al'yen-at), n. An alien; a foreigner. “ He is an alienate.” Stapleton. A I. - 1 E X- A ' T I O \ (al-yen-a'shun), n. [L .alicnatio; It. alienazione ; Fr. alienation.) 1. (Laic.) Act of transferring property, par- ticularly real property ; transfer. Swift. 2. State of being alienated. “ The estate was wasted during its alienation.” Johnson. 3. Estrangement; change of affection. Bacon. Alienation of mind, mental derangement ; insanity. Hooker. Syn. — See Disagreement, Insanity. A l.'I pX-A-TOR (al'yen-a-tor), n. One who alien- ates or transfers property. Warton. AL-IENE' (al-yen'), v. a. (Laic.) To convey prop- erty to another ; to alienate. Blackstonc. AL-IpX-EE' (sl-yen-s'), «. (Law.) One to whom a transfer of property is made. Blackstone. AL'IEN-ISJM, n. The state of being an alien ; alienage, [it.] Kent. AL-IEX-OR' (al-yen-or'), n. (Law.) One who transfers property to another. Blackstone. t A-LIFE', ad. On my life. Shak. f A-LIF'ER-OUS, a. [L. ala, a wing, and fero, to bear.] Having wings. Bailey. AL'I-FORM, a. [L. ala, a wing, and forma, form.] Having the form of wings, [it.] Owen. f A-LIG'pR-OIIS, a. [L. aliger ; ala, a wing, and gero, to bear.] Having wings. Bailey. A-LIGHT' (Hit'), a. Lighted; lit, “The lamps were alight.” Dickens. A-LIGIIT' (Hit'), v. n. [A. S. alihtan, to come down.] [i. alighted ; pp. alighting, alight- ed ; alit, Byron.) 1. To stop or rest after descending. Like a lark, melodious in her mounting, and continuing her song till she alights. Jjryden. Should a spirit alight upon the earth, what would his no- tions of us be? Addison. 2. To come upon the feet in descending from a carriage, or from the back of a horse or other animal ; to dismount. The sure traveller. Though he alights sometimes, still goeth on. Herbert. 3. To fall upon. But storms of stones from the proud temple’s height Pour down, and on our battered helms alight. Dryden. A-LIGN' (Hln'), v. a. [Fr. aligner .] To adjust by a line ; to form in line, as troops. Vose. A-LiGNE'MIJNT (a-lln'ment), n. [Fr . alignement.) (Mil.) The position of a body of men in a straight line. Glos. of Mil. Terms. A-LIKE', ad. & a. [ a and like.) With resem- blance; without difference. All seasons, and their change, all please alike. Milton. In birth, in acts, in arms, alike the rest. Fairfax. Syn. — See Equal. A-LlKE'— MIND'jpD, a. Like-minded. Bp. Hall. Al'I-MENT, n. [L. alimentum, food; alo, to nourish.] Nourishment; nutrition; food; nu- triment ; things necessary for the support of life. Arbuthnot. AL-I-MENT'AL, a. That nourishes. Milton. AL-I-MENT'AL-LY, ad. So as to serve for nour- ishment or sustenance. Browne. AL-I-MENT'A-RI-NESS, n. Quality of being ali- mentary or nourishing. Bailey. AL-I-MENT'A-RY, a. 1. Pertaining to aliment. “ The alimentary duct.” Arbuthnot. 2. Nourishing. “Of alimentary roots, some are pulpy and very nutritious.” Arbuthnot. Alimentary canal, a tube or cavity in an animal body, into which nutriment is taken to be digested, and by which it is conveyed through the body. AL-I-MIJN-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of nourishing. 2. State of being nourished. Bacon. Al-I-MEN'TIVE-NESS, n. (Phren.) The organ of appetite for food and drink. Combe. Al-I-MO'NI-OUS, a. That nourishes. Harvey. AL'l-MO-Ny, n. [L. alimonia, maintenance.] (Law.) An allowance to which a married wo- man is entitled, upon a legal separation from •'her husband, when she is not charged with adultery or an elopement. Burrill. A'LI-OTH, n. (Astron.) A star in the constella- tion Ursa Major, or Great Bear. — See Al- lioth. Hind. AL'I-PED, a. [L. ala, a wing, and pes, pedis, a foot.] Wing-footed ; swift of foot. Ash. Al'I-PED, n. An animal whose toes are con- nected by a membrane, serving for a wing, as the bat. Craig. AL'I-CIUANT (al'e-kwant) [al'e-kw&nt, S. P. J. F. Ja. Sm. C . ; Sl'e-kwont, IV. A'.], a. [L. ali- quantus, somewhat.] (Arith.) Aliquant parts of a quantity are such as are not contained in that quantity an exact number of times ; as, 3 is an aliquant part of 10, thrice 3 being 9, four times 3 making 12. Eaton. Davies. AL'I-GUJOT (al'e-kwot), a. [L. aliquot, some.] (Arith.) Aliquot parts of any number are such as will exactly divide it without any remainder ; as 3 is an aliquot part of 12. Eaton. Davies. AL-!-SAN'D1JR, it. A plant used as a salad and potherb ; — written also alexanders. IF. Encyc. Al'ISII, a. Resembling ale. Mortimer. Al'I-TRUNK, n. [L. ala, a wing, and truncus, body.] (Ent.) The segment of the trunk of an insect, to which the wings are attached. Braude. f AL'1 -TUREj n. [L. alitura, a nourishing.] Nour- ishment. Bailey. A- LIVE', a. [a and live ; formerly on live. “ For prouder woman is there none oh lire.” Chaucer.) 1. Having life ; living ; not dead. Why, then, he is alive. Nay, he is dead. Shak. 2. Showing all the signs of life ; having the senses in full activity ; sensitive. Though tremblingly alive to nature's laws, Yet ever firm to honor’s sacred cause. Falconer. 3. In existence ; in force ; active. There is scarce truth enough alive to make societies se- cure. Shak. 4. Lively ; cheerful ; joyous, as in the phrase “All alive.” 5. In the world, or of all in the world ; by way of emphasis. The Earl of Northumberland was the proudest man alive . Clarendon. A-LlZ'A-RINE, n. [alizari, the commercial name of madder in the Levant.] A peculiar coloring principle obtained from madder. Brandc. Al'KA-HEST, n. [Ar.] The pretended universal solvent or menstruum of the ancient alchemists. AL-KA-HES'TIC, a. Belonging to alkahest. Ash. Al-KA-LES'CJEN-CY, n. A tendency to become alkaline. Brande. AL-KA-LES'CIJNT, a. Tending to become alka- line ; beginning to be alkaline. Arbuthnot. AL'KA-LI, or AL'KA-L! [si'ka-le, S. IF. P. J. E. F. Sm.-, Sl'kHl, Ja. K. Wb.), n.-,pl. Xl'ka- lie$. [Ar. al, the, and kali, a plant, from the ashes of which soda was originally obtained.] (Chem.) The name applied to a class of bodies which have the common characteristics of be- ing caustic to the taste, of forming neutral compounds or salts with acids, and of changing vegetable blue to green, and yellow to brown. The alkalies are of three kinds : — 1. Ammonia, a gaseous body, composed of hydrogen and nitrogen, and formed by the de- composition of animal substances. Being very easily evaporated when dissolved in water, it was formerly called volatile alkali. 2. Potash and soda, long known as the fixed alkalies, lime, magnesia, strontia, baryta, called the alkaline earths, and lithia, all compounds of certain metals and oxygen, and none of them susceptible of decomposition by heat alone. 3. Morphia, quinia, aconita, digitalia, &c., obtained from plants, and hence called vegeta- ble alkalies, or alkaloids, consisting of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon, all decomposed at high temperatures, giving rise to new prod- ucts. lire. AL-KAL'I-FI-A-BLE, a. [ alkali , and L. fio, to become.] That may be alkalified. Qu. Jour. AL-KAl'I-FY, v. a. [ alkali , and L. facio, to make.] [i. alkalified ; pp. alkalifying, alkalified.] (Chem.) To change to alkali ; to alkalize. Smart. AL-KA-LIG'E-NOUS, a. [alkali, and Gr. ycvvbm, to produce.] Generating alkali. Smart. AL-KA-Ll Jl'B-TpR, n. [alkali, and Gr. nlrpov, a measure.] (Chem.) An instrument for ascer- taining the strength of alkalies. Hamilton. AL-KAL-I-MET'RIC, I a. Relating to alka- AL-KAL-I-MET'RI-CAL, ) limetry. Vre. AL-KA-LIM'E-TRY, n. The art of measuring the strength of alkalies. Vre. AL'KA-LInE, or AL'KA-LINE [al'ka-lm, IF. J. E.P.Sm.; al'ka-lln, S. P. Ja. K.), a. Having the qualities of alkali. Alkaline earths, lime, magnesia, baryta, strontia. AL-KA-LIN'J-TY, n. The distinctive quality or nature of an alkali. P. Cyc. AL-KA'LT-OUS, a. Having the quality of an al- kali. “An acid and alkalious nature.” Kinnier. f AL-KAL'I-ZATE, v. a. To make bodies alka- line. Johnson. f AL-KAL'I-ZATE, a. Impregnated with alkali. “ Other alkalizate salts.” Boyle. f AL-KAL-I-ZA'TION, n. Impregnation with al- kali. [r.'] ’ Johnson. AL'KA-LIZE, v. a. To impregnate with alkali ; to make alkaline ; to alkalify. Ogilvie. AL'KA-LOID, n. [alkali, and Gr. c'tos, form.] (Chem.) A substance analogous to an alkaline base, of vegetable origin, and generally possessed of great medicinal activity ; any vegetable prin- ciple which has alkaline properties. — See Al- kali. Brande. AL'KA-LOID, a. Relating to, or containing, alkali. AL'KA-NET, n. A red coloring matter procured from the root of the Anchusa tinctoria ; — used for coloring unctuous preparations. Parnell. AL-KAR'SINE, n. (Chem.) A compound of car- bon, hydrogen, oxygen, and arsenic. Brande. AL-KE-KEN ' (?J, n. (Bot.) A species of Physalis or winter-cherry. Loudon. AL-KER'ME$,n. [Arab.] A confection, of which the scarlet-colored kermes berries form the chief ingredient. Alkcrmes comforts the inner parts. Burton . A, E, I, 6, 0, y, long; A, E, !, O, U, Y, short; A, E, I, O, IT, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; ALKORAN 39 ALLEMANNIC AL'KO-RAN, n. See Alcoran. ALL, a. [Gr. a Partaking of, or like, an AL-LE-GOR'I-CAL, S allegory; typical; figurative. “Allegoric precepts.” Milton. “ An allegorical sense.” Bentley. AL-LIJ-GOR'I-CAL-LY, ad. After an allegorical manner. “ Understood allegorically.” Pope. AL-LE-GOR'I-CAL-NESS, n. The quality of being allegorical ; figurativeness. Bailey. AL'Lly-GO-R[ST, n. One who teaches or describes in an allegorical manner. The pencil of Spenser is as powerful as that of Rubens, his brother allegorist. Warton. Al'LG-CO-RIZE, v. a. \i. allegorized; pp. al- legorizing, allegorized.] To treat allegor- ically ; to turn into allegory. Raleigh. AL'LF]-GO-RiZE, v. n. To make use of allegory. “ Pie alleyorizeth upon the sacrifices.” Fv/ke. AL'LG GO-RlZ-pR, n. An allegorist. Coventry. AL'LE-GO-RY, n. [Gr. aU.yyopla ; d /. / 0 1 , another, and iiyopiLiu, to speak.] A figurative represen- tation, in which the words, signs, or forms sig- nify something beyond their literal and obvious meaning; a symbolical writing or representa- tion ; the expression of an abstract idea by means of an image ; a fable ; a type. Which tilings are an allegory. Gal. iv. 24. A fable spun out to a great length becomes an allegory. Whately. Syn. — See Myth, Parable. AI.-LF-GRET' TO, a. [It., dim. of allegro.'] (Mas.) Denoting a time quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. Crabb. AL-LE’GRO [al-le'gro, S. IV. J. E. F. K. Sm.; al- la'ero, Ja.], a. [It. ; L. alacer, brisk, gay.] (Mas.) Denoting a sprightly movement. Tile word properly means pay, or merry, as in tile title of tlie poem of Milton, “ L’Xllegro.” ALL— EL'O-aUENT, a. Most eloquent. rope. AL-LF-LU'JAH, (al-le-Ifi'y?h), inter] . & n. [Hcb. rT' 1 ” t lb]bn, Praise ye Jehovah.] 1. Praise the I.ord ! And, after these things, T heard a great voice of much, peo- ple in heaven, saying, Allclvjah. Red. xix. 1. 2. A song of praise ; as, “ Loud allelujahs.” Most commonly written hallelujah. AL-LF.-MANDF. ’ [Sl-e-mand', Ja. Sm. ; al-e-tnind', A'.], n. [Fr.] (Mas.) A German national dance, formerly of a moderate movement in 2—1 or 4-4 measure. Warner. Al-LP-MAN'NIC, a. See Ai.emannic. P.Cyc. For fools are stubborn in their way, As coins are hardened by the allay. Hudihras. AL-LAY'JjiR, n. One that allays. Harvey. | MiEN, SIR; MdVE, NOR, s6n ; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — (j, (}, g, soft; C, G, c, g, hard; § as i ; S. as gz. — THIS, this. ALL-EMBRACING 40 ALLONGE ALL-UM-BRAQ'JNG, a. Embracing all things. Of this unbounded, all-embracing song. Crash aw. AlL-END'ING, a. That ends all things. Shale. ALL— UN-LIGHT' EN-ING, a . Enlightening all things. “ All-enlightening rays.” C. Cotton. ALL— UN-RA hood, har ing long ends, and hang- ing down the front of the dress; — worn by the clergy, from the thirteenth to the fifteenth cen- turies, for warmth when officiating in church during cold weather. Fairholt. AL'MUDE, n. A Portuguese wine measure, of which twenty-six make a pipe. Buchanan. AL'MUG— TREE, n. A tree of an unknown kind, mentioned in Scripture ; — supposed by some to be the same as shittim wood ; by others, sandal wood ; by Calmet, an “ oily, gummy wood, par- ticularly the tree which produces gum arable.” And the king made of the almug-trees pillars for the house of the Lord. 1 Kings x. 12. AL'NApE, n. [Fr. aulnage, or aunage.] Ell- measure ; measure by the ell. Blount. Al'NA-GER, n. A measurer by the ell ; an Eng- lish officer who used to inspect the assize of woollen cloth ; — written also alnagar and aul- nager. Blount. f AL'NIGHT (ai'nlt), n. [ all and night.'] A great cake of wax, with a wick to burn a long time. Al'OE, n . ; pi. Xl'oe§. [Ar. alloeh ; Gr. bl.irj ; L. aloe-, Fr. alois.] 1. A genus of evergreen and fleshy plants of several species. Loudon. 2. pi. (Med.) A resinous substance or drug formed from the juice of several species of the plant. Dunglison. HGF The plural of this word in Latin, XL 'o-e$, is of three syllables. “ This word (aloes] is divided into three syllables by Mr. Sheridan, and put into two by Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, Mr. Scott, and W. John- ston. This latter is, in my opinion, preferable. My reason is, that though this plural word is perfectly Latin, and in that language is pronounced in three syllables, yet, as we have the singular, aloe, in two syllables, we ought to form the plural according to our own analogy, and pronounce it in two syllables likewise.” Walker. Al'OE§— WOOD (-wild), n. The aromatic wood agalloch. Dunglison. AL-O-ET jC, Relating to, obtained from, AL-O-ET'l-CAL, > or consisting of aloes. Quincy. Al-O-ET'ics, n. pi. (Med.) Medicines consist- ing chiefly of aloes. Dunglison. A-LOFT', ad. [a for on, and A. S. lyft, the air.] 1. On high ; above. 2. (Naut.) Above the deck. Dana. A-LO'GI-AN§, n. pi. [Gr. a priv. and Xoyo;, word.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of Christians of the second century, who denied that Christ was the Logos, and who therefore rejected the Gos- pel of John. Buck. AL-O-GOT'RO-PIIY, n. [Gr. aloyo;, unfit or with- out proportion, and rpotpij, nourishment.] (Med.) A disproportionate nutrition in different parts of the body. Bailey. f Al'0--tKos, a fox, and ojpa, a tail.] (Bot.) A ge- nus of grasses of the foxtail kind. Loudon. AL'O-PE-CY, n. [Gr. aX.unzucia ; aXunrtj^, a fox.] (Med.) The fox-evil or scurf, a disease which causes the hair to fall off. Bailey. Al'OR-ING, n. (Fort.) The horizontal foot and water path protected by the parapet; — applied also to any passage or gangway. Ogilvie. A-LOUD', ad. Loudly ; with great noise. Break forth into singing, and cry aloud. Isa. liv. 1. A-LOW' (ai-lo'), ad. In a low place ; not aloft. And now alow , and now aloft they fly. Dryden. ALP, n. [Perhaps from L. albus ; Gr. aX.ipds, white.] Any lofty mountain ; that which is mountainous and high, like the Alps. O’er many a frozen, many a fiery Alp. Milton • Pygmies are pygmies still, though perched on Alps. Young. AL-PAC'A ,n. 1. (Zoul.) A South American, quadruped of the camel family ; a species of llama ; paco. 2. A thin stuff or cloth made of the wool of the alpaca and silk. AL PHA, n. [Gr.] The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to our A ; — therefore used to signify the Alpaca, first. I am Alpha and Omega, the first and tile last. Rev. i. XL AL'PHA-BET, n. [Gr. aXipa, alpha, and tlgra, beta, the first and the second letters of the Greek al- phabet.] The series of letters belonging to any written language. AL'PHA-BET, v. a. To range in the order of the alphabet. Smart. AL-PII A-BIJ-TA'RI-AN, n. One who is learning the alphabet ; an ABC scholar. Sancroft. AL-PHA-BET'JC, AL-PHA-BET'I-CAL, a. Relating to, or in the order of, the alphabet. AL-PHA-BET'l-CAL-LY,,atf. In an alphabetical order. Holder. AL-PHE'NIC, n. [Ar., tender .] (Med.) White barley sugar ; sugar candy. Hooper. AL'PHjpST, n. (Ich.) A small fish. Ogilvie. AL-PHIT'O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. aXi[urov, barley, and pavrtia, prophecy.] Divination by means of barley-meal. Ogilvie. AL-PHON'SIN, n. ( Surg .) A surgical instru- ment used for extracting balls from wounds ; — so called from its inventor, Alphonso Ferri, a surgeon of Naples. Brande. AL-PHON'SINE, a. Relating to Alphonso, king of Leon, or his astronomical tables. Ed. Ency. AL' PHOS, v. [Gr. ; L. albus, white.] (Med.) The white leprosy. Dunglison. AL'I’I-A, i The seed of the foxtail grass, Al'PIST, j used for feeding birds. Buchanan. AL'PI-OENE, a. [L. Alpcs, the Alps, and gigno, to produce.] Growing upon the Alps. Craig. AL'PINE, n. A kind of strawberry. Mawe. AL'PJNE, or AL'PlNE, [al'pin, W. P. Sm. ; al'pin, E. Ja. A'.], a. [L. Alpinus.) Belonging to, or resembling, the Alps, or mountains ; high. AL'aUEER, n. A Portuguese measure of about two gallons; — called also cantar. Buchanan. AL' QUI-FOU (al'ke-fo), or Ar' QCI-FOU, n. (Min.) A sort of mineral lead ore. Crabb. AL-READ'Y (SU-red'de), ad. 1. Even now; before the time expected. He that believeth not is condemned already. John iii. 18. 2. Before the present time ; before some past time. Is there any thing whereof it may be said, See, this is new? It hath been already of old time, which was before us. Eccl. i. 10. f ALS, ad. Also ; likewise. Spenser. AL-SA'CIAN (?l-sa'sh?n), a. (Gcog.) Relatingto Alsace. Ency. AL SEGNO (al-saii'yo), n. [It., to the sign or mark.] (Mus.) A notice to the performer that he must recommence. Brande. AL'SINE, n. [Gr. aXtro;, a shady place.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; duckweed. Loudon. AL'SO, ad. [A. S. ailszva.] In the same man- ner ; likewise ; too ; in addition. And this commandment hove we from him, that he who loveth God love his brother also. 1 John iv. 21. AL'SO, conj. Noting addition or conjunction ; likewise ; and. ’ Crombie. Th r also is vanity. Fed. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, Rt'LE ; r, 9 , g, soft; J0, G, £, g, hard; § as z; X as gz. — THIS, this. ALT 44 ALUMINA ALT, a. & n. [L. altus, high.] (Mus.) High ; a term applied to the high notes of the scale. — See Alto. Brands. AL-TA'IC, or AL-TA'IAN (-y?n), a. (Geog.) Re- lating to the Altai mountains in Asia. Ency. AL'TAR, n. [L. altars, or altarium ; Old Fr. aulter ; Fr. autel.\ 1. Among the Jews and heathen nations, an erection on which offerings were laid or burned for sacrifice. Noah builded an altar to the Lord. Gen. viii. 20. As I passed by and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this inscription: To the unknown God. Acts xvii. 23. 2. The communion table in modern churches. It [the communion table] was placed at the east end, railed in, and-denominated the altar. Hume. Al'TAR-A.6yos, a discourse.]" Ambiguous talk. Bailey. f AM-BiL'O-QUOUS (?m-hil'o-kwus), a. Using ambiguous expressions. Bailey. t AM-BIL'O-QUY, n. [L. ambo, both, and loquor, to speak.] Use of doubtful expressions. Bailey. Am'BIT, n. [L. ambitus .] Compass or circuit; circumference. “ Measuring by the ambit, it is long or round about a foot. Grew. AM-BI"TION (jm-blsli'un), n. [L. ambitio, from ambio, to go around ; referring to the going about of candidates for the purpose of canvass- ing for posts of honor ; It. ambizione ; Sp. am- bition ; Fr. ambition .] 1. +The act of going about to obtain any office, or other object. I, on the other side. Used no ambition to commend my deeds. Milton. 2. Eager desire of power, honor, fame, or of any thing that confers distinction ; emulation. Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself. Shak. 3. Strong desire to obtain any object ; aspi- ration. I had a very early ambition to recommend myself to your lordship’s patronage. Addison. AM-Bl"TION, v. a. To seek eagerly, [r.] Clarke. AM-Bi''TION-LESS, a. Without ambition. Pollok. AM-BI"TIOUS (tun-bisli'us), a. [L. ambit iosus ; It. ambizioso ; Sp. ambicioso ; Fr . ainbitieux.\ 1. Possessed of, or actuated by, ambition ; de- sirous of superiority ; emulous ; aspiring ; eager ; — followed by of before a noun. “ Trajan, a prince ambitious of glory.” Arbuthnot. 2. Indicating ambition; as, “An ambitious style ” ; “ Ambitious ornament.” AM-Bl"TIOt;S-LY (am-bi'sh us-lc), ad. In an am- bitious manner. Dryden. AM-BF'TIOt-S-NESS, n. The quality of being ambitious. Bale. f AM'BI-TC'Dii, ii. Compass; circuit. Bailey. Am'BI-TUS, ii. [L.] 1. The extreme edge of any thing ; circuit ; circumference. Brande. 2. (Arch.) A space round a building. Weak. 3. (Bot.) The border of a leaf. Brande. 4. (Conch.) The outline of shells of bivalves. 5. (Roman Politics.) The act of canvassing for offices and honors. Brande. Am'BLE (am'bl), v. n. [L. ambulo, to walk; It. ambulare ; Sp .ambular-, Fr .ambler.] [/.am- bled ; pp. AMBLING, AMBLED.] 1. To move upon an amble ; to pace. “ Sure to amble when the world is upon the hardest trot.” Dryden. 2. To move easily, or at an easy pace. Your wit ambles well ; it goes easily. Shak. Am'BLE (am'bl), n. A movement in which a horse moves both his legs on one side at the same time ; pacing. “ A fine easy amble.” B. Jonson. AM'BLIJR, ii. One that ambles. An ambler is proper for a lady's saddle. Hoicell. AM'BLING, n. The motion of a horse that am- bles. Brande. AM'BLING, p. a. Moving with an amble. Smart. AM'BLING-LY, ad. With an ambling movement. Am'BLY-GON, n. [Gr. apfllv;, blunt, and yoivia, an angle.] An obtuse-angled triangle. Bailey. AM-BLYG'O-NAL, a. Relating to an amblvgon ; having one obtuse angle. Davies. AM-BLYG'ON-lTE, n. (Min.) A crystallized mineral, consisting of phosphate of alumina and lithia ; — ’So named in allusion to the obtuse angles of its prism. Phillips. AM-BLY-O PI-A, i [Gr. apples, dull, an wij, AM'BLY-O-PY, \ the eye.] Dulness of sight; incipient amaurosis. Dunglison. Am' BO, ) n _ [Gr. apfiioi.] A reading-desk, or Am'BOJY, j pulpit; any raised platform. Britton. The principal use of this ambo was to read the Scriptures to the people. Sir G. Uliceler . A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, £, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, 5, J, O, U, y, obscure; F.A1R, fAr, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; AMBON 47 AMENTIA AM 'BON, n. [Gr. appmv, the-edge of a dish which rises above the centre.] (Anat.) The fibro- cartilaginous margin of a socket in which the head of a bone is lodged. Dunglison. AM-BOY-NESE n. sing. & pi. (Geoff.) A native or natives of Amboyna. Ency. AM-BRF.-A ' DA, n. [From amber .] A kind of factitious amber made in Europe for the Atri- can market. Offline. Am'BRE-ATE, n. ( Chcm .) A salt formed of ambreic acid and a base. Buchanan. AM-BRE'IC, a. ( Chem .) Noting an acid made by digesting ambreine in nitric acid. Gregory. AM'BRU-INE, it. (Chem.) The fatty matter of ambergris, convertible by nitric acid into am- breic acid. Gregory. AM-BROfl-A (am-bro'zhe-a, 93) [am-bro'zhe-a, IF. P. J. F. ja. Sm. ; am-bro'sha, S. ; am-brozh'ya, K. ; am-bro'zha, IF 6 .], n. [L. ; Gr. lip/Jpoola, from apfSooros, immortal.] 1. (Myth.) The food of the gods, the use of which conferred immortality. 2. Any thing pleasing to the smell or the taste. 3. ( Bot .) A genus of weedy plants. Loudon. t AM-BRO'§[-AC (-z)ie-), a. Ambrosial. B. Jonson. AM-BItO'i-51-AL (fun-bro'zhe-jl, 93), a. Relating to or partaking of ambrosia ; fragrant ; delicious. AM-BRO'§I-AN (ain-bro'zhe-an), a. 1. Relating to or partaking of ambrosia; ambrosial. Dryden. 2. Pertaining to St. Ambrose ; as, “ The Am- brosian ritual ” ; “ The Ambrosian chant.” A.M'BRO-SlN, n. An old Milanese coin bearing the figure of St. Ambrose on horseback. Oyilvie. Am'BRO-TYPE, n. [Gr. afiPporo;, immortal, and rfciros, an impression.] A photographic picture on a film of collodion coating a glass plate, the lights of which are formed by a bright surface of reduced silver, and the shadows by a black background showing through the transparent portions of the plate. Sutton. Harwich. Am'BRY (am'bre), n. 1. [Fr. aum'nerie.] A place where the almoner lives, or alms are dis- tributed. — See Almonry. Johnson. 2. [Old Fr. am brey. Kelham .] A place where utensils for house-keeping are kept ; a pantry. AMBiS— ACE' (amz-as') [amz-as', IF. J. F. Ja. R . ; amz'as', S.; ainz'as, P. Sm.; imz'as, A.], it. [Old Fr. ambes, both, and Eng. ace.] A double ace ; two aces thrown up by dice at once. Shak. Am'BU-lAnce, n. [Fr., from L. ambulo, to walk.] A moving hospital attached to an army for the purpose of rendering immediate assistance to sick or wounded soldiers ; first introduced by the French surgeons during the wars of Na- poleon. P. Cyc. Am'BU-lANT, a. Moving from place to place. A knight dormant, ambulant, combatant. Gayton, f Am'BU-LATE, v.n. [L. ambulo, to walk.] To move about. Boucher. AM-BU-lA'TION, n. [L. ambulatio.] A walk ; act of walking, [r.] Browne. t Am'BU-lA-TIVE, a. Walking. Sherwood. Am'BU-lA-TOR, n. 1. One who walks about. 2 . (Ent.) The walking-stick. Smart. 3. ( Ornith.) A walking bird. Smart. 4. (Surveying.) An instrument for measur- ing distances ; perambulator. Ogilvie. AM'BU-LA-TO-RY, a. 1. Having the power of walking or of locomotion. The gradient or ambulator y are such as require some basis to uphold them in their motions. Wilkins. 2. Formed for walking, — applied to the feet of certain birds with three toes be-'ore and one behind. Brande. 3. Going from place to place ; movable. Multitudes, hearing of his miraculous power to cure all diseases by the word of his mouth, or the touch of his hand . . . came with their ambidatonj hospital of sick. Bp. Taylor. 4. Happening in the course of a walk or journey. . Th® princess of whom his majesty had an ambutatori/ view _ ,n h,s travels. IVotton. Am'BU-LA-TO-RY, n. A cloister, gallery, or al- ley for walking in ; a place attached to' a large building, and enclosed by a colonnade, or by an arcade, as a place of exercise. Warton. AM'BU-RY, ii. [A. S. ampre .] (Farriery.) A bloody wart on a horse’s body ; anbury. Johnson. AM-BUS-CADE', n. [It. imboscata ; Sp. emboscada ; Fr. embuscadc, a lying in wait for by going into a thicket. — See Ambush.] 1. A private station in which men lie to sur- prise others ; a snare laid for an enemy ; an am- bush. Dryden. 2. A body of troops in ambush. Campbell. Am-BUS-CADE', v. a. To lie in wait for. Smart. f AM-BUS-CA'DQ, n. An ambuscade. Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades, Of healths five fathoms deep. Shak. f AM-BUS-CA'DOED (am-bus-ka'dod), a. Privately posted. Sir 2’. Herbert. Am'BUSH, n. [Fr. embuche, from en, in, and bois, a wood, or bushes.] 1. A post where soldiers or assassins are con- cealed in order to fall unexpectedly upon an enemy ; an ambuscade. Bold in close ambush, base in open field. Dryden. 2. The act of surprising by lying in wait. Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege, Or ambush from the deep. Milton. 3. The state of being posted privately in or- der to surprise ; as, ‘‘To lie in ambush.” Am'BUSH, V. a. [l. AMBUSHED ; pp. AMBUSHING, ambushed.] To place in ambush. “Having 'ambushed a thousand horse.” Sir T. Herbert. AM'BUSH, v. n. To lie insidiously hidden. Pope. Am'BUSHED (am'bfisht), p. a. Placed in ambush. “ Bands of ambushed men.” Dryden. f Am'BUSII-MENT, n. Ambush; surprise. In ambushment of his hoped prey. Spenser. t AM-BUST', a. [L. ambustus.] Burnt. Bailey. AM-BUS'TION (jm-hust'yun), n. [L. ambustio .] (Med.) A burn or scald. Cockeram. Am-B-BE'AN, a. [Gr. apofaios, alternate.] An- swering alternately. — See Amcebean. A-MEER ', or A-MIR ', it. [Ar.] A nobleman ; same as Emir. Hamilton. AM'BL, n. [Fr. email.] Same as Enamel. Boyle. Am'JJL-CORN, n. A species of corn used for making starch. Smart. || A-MEL'IO-RA-BLE, a. That may be ameliorated, or made better. New Ann. Reg. || A-MEL'IO-RATE (a-mel'yo-rat) [a-mc le-o-rat , P. J. Ja. ; a-mel'yo-rat, Sm.], V. a. [Low L. amelioror, amelioratus ; Fr. ameliorer.] [i. AMELIORATED ; pp. AMELIORATING, AMELIO- RATED.] To improve ; to make better ; to mel- iorate. “ Their lot being so much ameliorated.” — See Meliorate. Swinburne. II A-MEL-IO-RA'TION (a-mel-yoWahdrun), n. Act of ameliorating ; improvement. “ Robbers and murderers themselves are in a course of amel- ioration.” Burke. Syn. — See Improvement. || A-MEL'IO-RA-TOR (a-mel'yo-ra-tur), n. One who ameliorates. Ed. Rev. | f Am'ELLED (am 'eld), a. [See Amel.] Enam- elled. “ Inchase in amellcd gold.” Chapman. A'MEN', [a-men', S. P. J. E. Ja. K. R. ; a'men', IF F. Sm . ; a'men', C. In singing it is com- monly pronounced a'men'], ad. [Hcb. ]?2SU] So be it/; verily ; a term used in devotions, mean- ing, at the end of a prayer, So be it ; at the end of a creed, So it is. One cried. God bless us ! and, Amen ! the other. But wherefore could not I pronounce Amen ? I had most need ot blessing, and amen Stuck in my throat. . Shak. jB®=“This is the only word in the language'that has necessarily two consecutive accents.” Walker . — A number of compound words are to be excepted ; as, back-slide , strono-hold , way-lay , &c. A'MEN', n. The term itself, as signifying He who is faithful and true. “ These things saith the Amen.” Rev. iii. 14. A-ME-NA-BIL'I-TY, n. The state of being amena- ble ; amenableness. Coleridge. A-ME'NA-BLE, a. [Fr. amener, to bring to or into ; referring to an order to bring a person into court, i. e. making him liable to be brought to account.] 1. Liable to be called to account; liable to punishment ; responsible ; accountable. The sovereign of this country is not amenable to any form of trial known to the laws. Junius. 2. f (Laic.) [Fr. amadnable, from main , the hand.] Tractable or manageable ; applied in the old books to a woman that is governable by her husband. Cowell. A-ME'NA-BLE-NESS, n. State of being amenable ; amenability. ,/. Pye Smith. f Am'B-NA^E, v. a. [Fr. amener, to bring.] To direct or manage by force. Spenser. + AM'E-NANCE, or AM'E-NAUNCE, n. [Fr. amener, to bring.] Conduct ; behavior ; mien. “ Arms and warlike amenance.” Spenser. A-MEND', v. a. [L. cmendo ; e, from or out of, and menda, a spot or stain ; It. ammendare ; Sp. emendar ; Fr. amender.] (i. amended ; pp. amending, amended.] To reform ; to remove errors from ; to correct ; to make better ; to rectify ; to improve ; to emend. Do thou amend thy face, and I’ll amend my life. Shak. Syn. — To amend, correct, rectify , emend, and re- form imply the lessening of evil ; to improve and bet- ter, the increase of good. To reform implies hotli t lie lessening of evil and the increase of good. Amend wiiat is wrong ; correct what is erroneous ; rectify mistakes; emend the' writings of an author; improve inventions ; mend garments ; reform the life ; better the condition. — See Recall, Redress. A-MEND', v. n. To grow better; to improve ; to mend. The affliction of my mind amends. Shak. A-MJEND'A-BLE, a. Capable of amendment ; rep- arable. Sherwood. A-MEND'A-TO-RY, a. That tends to make bet- ter ; that amends or corrects. Hale. AMEJVDE (a-m&nd 1 ) [a-mond', P . ; d-mongd', Sm . ; il-mlnd', A'.], n. [Fr.] A fine, by which rec- ompense is made for the fault or injury com- mitted ; amends. Smart. Amende honorable, (Law.) a penalty imposed by way of disgrace ; a species of infamous punishment for- merly inflicted on criminals guilty of an offence against public decency or morality ; a compulsory and public confession of an offence, with a begging of pardon. It is now also applied to reparation, or an apology, made for injurious language or treatment. A-MEND'BR, n. One who amends. Barret. f A-MEND'FUL, «. Full of improvement. “Your amendful hand.” Beau. § FI. A-MEND'ING, n. The act of correcting or of making better. Bp. Taylor. A-MEND'MENT, n. 1. Improvement ; change for the better. “ Defects in the understand- ing capable of amendment.” Locke. 2. (Law.) A correction of an error in any process, pleading, or proceeding at law or in equity. Burrill. 3. An alteration in the draught of a bill or other document while passing through the stages of legislation. Syn. — See Correction, Reformation. A-MEND^' (a-mendz'), n. sing. & pi., and used with a singular or plural verb. [Corrupted from Fr. amende .] A supply of a loss or defect; recompense ; compensation. If our souls be immortal, this makes abundant amend S for the frailties of life and the sufferings of this state. Tillotson. A large amends hv fortune’s hand is made, And the lost Punic blood is well repaid. Bowe. Syn. — See Compensation. A-MEN'I-TY [j-men'e-te, S. TF P. J. E. F. Ja. R. C.\, n. [L. amoenitas; Fr. amenite.] Pleas- antness; agreeableness of situation, place, or manners. Babylon was a seat of amenity and pleasure. Browne. A MEN'SA ET THO'RO, [L.] (Law.) From bed and board : — a separation or divorce which does not absolutely dissolve the marriage. Burrill. Am'ENT, n. Same as Amentum. Hensloio. AM-BN-TA'CEOUS (am-en-ta'slms), a. [L. amen- tatus, furnished with a strap.] (Bot.) Having amenta or catkins. Brande. A-MEN'TI-A (a-men'she-a, 94), n. [L. ; n priv. and mens, mentis, mind.] (Med.) Mental im- becility ; fatuity. Dunglison. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — £, 9 , g, soft; P, 6 , £, g, hard; § as 7 . ; If as gz. — THIS, this. AMENTUM 48 AMNIOS A-MEJV' TUM, n . ; pi. a-men’ta. [L .,athong.\ {Dot.) A' kind of inflorescence, i. e. a scaly sort of spike, as of the bircli, the alder, the willow, the poplar, &c. ; a catkin ; an ament. Drancle. f A-MEN'TY, n. [Fr. amentie.) Mad- ness. Todd. f A-MEN'U§E, v. a. [Fr. amenuiser.] To lessen ; to dimmish. Chaucer. A-MERCE', v. a. [Low L. amercio, from merces, reward, or goods given for a remission of pun- ishment; Old Fr. amercier.) (i. amerced ; pp. amercing, amerced.] To punish with a pe- cuniary penalty or fine ; to fine ; to mulct. “ Amerced with penance due.” Spenser. — Al- so followed by in and of before the fine. They shall amerce him in a hundred shekels of silver. Deut. xxii. 10. Millions of spirits for his fault amerced Of heaven. Milton. A-MERCE' A-BLE, a. Liable to amercement. Hale. A-MERCE'MIJNT, n. 1. (Law.) A pecuniary pun- ishment, penalty, or fine, imposed on an offender, at the discretion of the judge or court. Cowell. 2. f Loss by way of punishment. Milton. A-MER'CpR, n. One who amerces. Johnson. A-MER'CI-A-MENT (a-mer'she-a-ment), n. (Laic.) A penalty or fine. — See Amercement. Selden. A-MER'I-CAN, n. (Geog.) A native of America ; — especially a native of the United States. Columbus found the American so girt With feathered cincture. Milton. A-MER'I-CAN, a. (Geog.) Relating to America, or to the United States. A-MER'!-CAN-I§M, n. A word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to America, or to the United States. What has been said in respect of much of our provincial English — namely, that it is old English, rather than bad English — may be affirmed, no doubt, with equal right in re- spect of many so called American isms. Trench . A-MER'l-CAN-IZE, v. a. To render American ; to naturalize -in America. Jackson. AMES— ACE' (amz-as'j, n. Two aces on the dice. — See Ambs-Ace. Dryden. AM'IJSS, n. A priest’s vestment ; amice. Bailey. A-MET-A-BO' LI-A, n. pi. [L.] (Ent.) A sub- class of insects which do not undergo any met- amorphosis, as fleas, lice, &c. Brande. A-MET-A-BO 'LI- AN, n. [Gr. a priv. and ptru(lo- l.ij, change.] (Ent.) An insect that does not undergo any metamorphosis. Kirby. f AM-E-THOD'I-CAL, a. Out of method ; in dis- order ; irregular. Bailey. f A-METH'O-DIST, n. [Gr. aptOobos, without plan.] An irregular physician ; a quack. Whitlock. A M ' F.-Til VST, n. [Gr. ap tOimros, a remedy against drunkenness, from a priv. and pedtw, to be in- toxicated with wine, from the supposition that wine drunk out of an amethystine cup would not intoxicate.] 1. (Min.) A clear, purple or bluish- violet va- riety of quartz crystal. The color is supposed to be due to a small quantity of the oxide of manganese. Dana. Oriental amethyst , a rare variety of corundum ; vio- let sapphire. Dana. 2. (Her.) Purple in a nobleman’s coat of arms. Johnson. Am-F-TIIYS'TINE, a. Resembling an amethyst. AM-HAR'IC, n. [ Amhara , a division of Abys- sinia.] The language of Abyssinia. P. Cyc. AM’J-A, n. (Ich.) A genus of reptilian fishes, found in the rivers of the United States ; the scaly catfish. Agassiz. A-MI-A-BI L'I-TY, n. Quality of being amiable; loveliness ; amiableness. Bp. Taylor. K3C Amiability, from the adjective amiable, is now much more in use than amability, derived from the Latin amabilitas. A 'MI- A-BLE, a. [L. amabilis, from amo, to love ; Old Fr. amiable-, Fr. aimable.) Worthy to be loved; lovely; charming; delightful; pleasing. There is nothin" more amiahle in nature than the charac- ter of a truly good man. Clarke. lie had a most amiable countenance, which carried in it something of magnanimity and majesty, mixed with sweet- ness. Mem. of Hutch inson. Syn. — Moral qualities are called amiable-, physi- cal good may be called lovely. An amiable disposi- tion ; an amiable woman ; a lovely figure ; a lovely child ; a charming voice ; a delightful scene ; pleasing manners. — See Friendly. A'MI-A-BLE-NESS, n. Loveliness. Burton. A'MI-A-BLY, ad. 1. In an amiable manner. “ More amiably fair.” Thomson. 2. Pleasingly. “The palaces rise so amia- bly.” Sir T. Herbert. Am’I-ANTII, n. [Gr. apiavTOi ; L. amiantus .] (Min.) Earth-flax. — See Amianthus. Phillips. AM-i-An'THI-FORM, a. Resembling amianth ; amianthoid. Phillips. AM-I-AN'THJN-ITE, n. (Min.) A sort of miner- al, occurring in tufts, flexible and elastic, re- sembling amianthus, but stilfer. Phillips. AM-I-AN'THoId, a. Like amianth. Phillips. AM-I-AN'THoID, n. [Gr. apiavros, amianth, and ethos, form.) (Min.) A mineral. Phillips. AM-1-AN'THFS, n. [Gr. apiavros, undefiled; u priv. and piaivw, to stain ; L. amiantus .] (Min.) Earth-flax, or mountain-flax ; a fibrous mineral substance resembling flax ; the flaxen variety of asbestos, so named because it can be purified by fire without injury. Brande. AM-I-CA-bIl'I-TY, n. Quality of being amica- ble or friendly ; 'amiableness. Ash. Am'I-CA-BLE, a. Friendly; peaceable. “They live in an amicable manner.” Johnson. Syn. — Friendly, which is from the Anglo-Saxon, is a stronger term than amicable, which is from the Latin. Amicable relations, terms, dealings ; friendly intercourse, advice ; amicable with those between whom and us there has been no discordance; friendly with those for whom we entertain positive feelings of friendship ; a peaceable citizen ; a kind neighbor ; an obliging friend or person See Friendly. AM'I-CA-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being amicable ; friendliness ; good will. Bp. Taylor. AM'I-CA-BLY, ad. In an amicable manner. “ Sects live so amicably together.” Phillips. A-Ml'CAL, a. [L. amicus, a friend.] Friendly; amicable, [r.] Watson. Am'JCE [am'js, S. W. P. J. K. Sm. R. ; am-mis , Ja.), n. [L. amicio, amictus, to clothe ; Fr. amict .] An oblong square of fine linen, worn under the alb by Catholic priests; — written also ammis and amess. Milton. A-M}' CUS CU RI-JE, n. [L.] (Law.) A friend of the court ; — a stander-by or member of the bar who informs the judge, when doubtful or mistaken in matter of law. Tomlins. A-M ID , ) p re p_ [A. S. amiddan, in the mid- A-MIDST', ) die.] In the midst or middle of ; sur- rounded by ; mingled with ; among. And all amid them stood the tree of life. Milton. And sees on high, amidst the encircling groves. Beattie. AM'IDE, n. (ammonia.) (Chem.) A compound containing a base composed of one atom of nitrogen and two atoms of hydrogen. Brande. Am'I-DINE, n. [Fr. amidon, starch.] The solu- ble part of starch. Brande. A-MlD'O-QEN, n. [Eng. amide, and Gr. yev- vdu, to produce.] (Chem.) A combination of one atom of nitrogen and two atoms of hydro- gen, forming the base of the compounds called amides. Miller. A-M1D'SHIPS, ad. ( Naut .) In the middle of a ship ; between the stem and the stern ; mid- ships. ‘ Falconer. Am'J-LOT, ii. (Ich.) A white fish, found in the lakes of Mexico. Ogilvie. A-MISS 1 , ad. [A. S. missian, to err.] Wrong; faultily ; improperly ; criminally. Hooker. f A-MISS', n. A fault ; culpability. Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss. Shah. A-MISS', a. Wrong; faulty; improper. Dryden. f A-MIS'SION (a-mish'un), n. [L. amissio.) Loss. “ Amission of their church-membership.” More. fA-MIT', v. a. [L. amitto .] To lose. Browne. AM'I-TY, n. [Fr. amitii-.) Friendship ; con- cord ;’ good will. Addison. Am'MA, n. [Heb. CSt, mother.] 1. An abbess, or spiritual mother. Ogilvie. 2. [Gr. dppa, a knot.] (Surg.) A truss; — written also hamma. Dunglison. AM MAN, ) [Ger. amtmann.) 1. (Sicitzer- AM'MANT, ) land.) A judge in civil cases. 2. (Prance.) A notary public. Buchanan. Am'MID, n. (Chem.) Same as Amide. Ogilvie. AM-MID'O-QEN, n. Same as Amidogen. f Am'MI-RAL, n. Admiral. — See Admiral. His spear, to equal which the tallest pine llewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast Of some great ammiral, were but a wand. Jlilton. AM'MITE, n. [Gr. afj/jog, sand.] (Min.) Roe-stone ; oolite ; — written also hammite. Buchanan. AM'MO-jEHRYSE, n. [Gr. appos, sand, and ^p- l, on both sides, and hiyos, a discourse.] Amphibology' ; ambiguity ; discourse of uncertain meaning. Bailey. AM- PHIM'A- CER, n. [Gr. ay(pi, on both sides, and yuitpos, long.] ( Rhet .) A poetic foot of three syllables, a short one in the middle, and the others long. Crabb. AM-PIHP'NEUSTS, n. pi. [Gr. dyfl, on both sides, and nvtui, to breathe.] (Zoiil.) A term applied by Merrem to the perennibranchiate sal- amanders. Brande. AM'PHI-POD, n. [Gr. iyipi, on both sides, and non;, noli 6s, a foot.] (Zoiil.) One of La- treille’s third order of crusta- ceans, characterized by sub- caudal natatory feet coexist- ing with sessile eyes ; the sand-hopper. Cuvier. Sand-hopper. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — O, Q, <;, g, soft; £, G, c, g, hard; § as z ; % as gz. — THIS, this. AMPPIIPODA 50 AMYGDALOID AM-PHIP'O-DA, n. pi. ( Zoiil .) An order of crus- taceans. — See Amfhifod. Cuvier. AM-l’fllP'O-DOUS, a. Belonging to the amphip- oda. P. Cyc. AM-PHfP'RO-STYLE, n. [Gr. a p phitheatre. Warton. AM-PHI-THe-AT'RI-CAL-LY, ad. In an amphi- theatrieal form. Observer. JIM- PHI- TRi ' TE [am-fe-tri'te, Brande , Cl. ; am'- fe-trlte, K. I Vh. B. O. Cl \ , n. [Gr. 'Apipirpiry, the wife of Neptune ; — used also for the sea.] 1. (Zoiil.) A genus of tubicular anellides having short golden-colored bristles, arranged like a crown in one or two rows on the anterior part of the head. Brande. 2. (Astron.) An asteroid discovered by Marth in 1854. Lovering. AM-PHIT'RO-PAL, ) a _ [Gr. Ap. n. To speak largely in many words. To amplify too much would make much more. Slink. Am'PLI-TIJDE, n. [L. amplitudo ; amplus, large.] 1. State of being ample ; extent ; largeness. “ Amplitude of the world.” Bacon. With mqre than human gifts from heaven adorned, Perfections absolute, graces divine, And amjAitude of mind to greatest deeds. Milton. 2. (Astron.) The angular distance of a celes- tial body from the east point when it rises, or from the west point when it sets. Ilerschel. 3. (Gun.) The range of a gun, or the hori- zontal line subtending the arc in which a shot or other projectile moves when thrown from a gun. Campbell. Magnetical amplitude, the angular distance of a heavenly body, at the time it rises or sets, from the east or west points of the horizon as indicated by the compass. AM'PLY, ad. Largely ; liberally. Milton. Am'PUL, n. [L. ampulla .] A small vessel for containing consecrated oil, or wine and water for the eucharistic service ; also for holding the oil used by the ancients for anointing the body after bathing. Fairholt. AM- Pill.’ LA, n. [L ., a bottle.) 1. A vessel used by the Romans, having a narrow neck, so that a liquid could be dropped from it ; a jug; an ampul. Fairholt. 2. (Anat.) A dilatation at one end of the semi-circular canals of the ear. Dunglison. 3. (Chem.) A big-bellied vessel. Buchanan. 4. (Bot.) A bladder-shaped bag. Henslow. AM-PUL-LA'CEOUS (-slms), a. Shaped like a bot- tle or bladder. Kirby. AM- PUL-LA ' RI-A,n. (Conch.) A genus of fresh- water mollusks, having a spiral, globular, uni- valve shell ; the apple-snail. Woodward. Am'PU-tATE, v. a. [L. amputo, amputatus ; It. amputarc; Sp. amputar ; Fr. amputer.) [i. AMPUTATED ; pp. AMPUTATING, AMPUTATED.] 1. (Surg.) To cut off, as a limb. 2. To cut off, in a general sense. Cockcram. AM-PU-TA'TION, n. (Surg.) The operation of cutting off a limb, or part of a limb, or a pro- jecting part of the body. Dunglison. A-MUCK', or A-MOCK', n. [Perhaps from ah- mack, mad. Brown's Zillah Dictionary.'] An East India term for slaughter. To run amuck, to run frantic about the streets, at- tacking every person who conies in the way. Ency. Satire ’s my weapon ; but I ’m too discreet To run amuck and tilt at nil I meet. Pope. Am'U-LET, n. [L. amuletum, from amolior, to avert, i. e. danger or disease; Fr. amulette .] Something worn about the person, and sup- posed to have the effect of protecting the wearer against disease or other evil, and of securing good fortune ; a charm. Browne. t AM-U-LET'IC, a. Belonging to an amulet. Ash. f A-MUR-COS'J-TY, n. [Gr. apdpyri;, lees ; L. amur- ca .] The quality of lees or mother. Bailey. A-MUR'COUS, a. Full of dregs or lees, [r.] Ash. A-MU§'A-BLE, a. Capable of being amused, or entertained. Sir J. Mackintosh. A-MU§E' (j-muz '),v. a. [It. musarc, to stand idle; Fr. muser, to loiter, amuser, to divert. Sullivan suggests from L. musa, muse, i. e. to entertain with the Muses.] [ i. amused ; pp. AMUSING, AMUSED.] 1 . fTo absorb or engage in meditation. Solemn objects to amuse the pensive part of the soul. South. 2. To entertain with tranquillity ; to divert ; to beguile ; as, “ It is easy to amuse children.” 3. To keep in expectation by flattery or plausible pretences ; to delude. Bishop Henry amused her with dubious answers, and kept her in suspense for some days. Swift. Syn. — To amuse is to entertain by drawing the attention to, and to divert is to entertain by drawing the attention from, our present occupation. That amuses which relieves idleness; that diverts which supplies a new and pleasing object of attention after serious or severe occupation. Trifles that amuse chil- dren will sometimes divert their older companions. To be beguiled is the effect or consequence of being amused ; it is that by which we are made to forget what might otherwise give us uneasiness. Travellers beguile the tedium of a journey by lively conversa- tion. Entertained by an interesting discourse, book, or whatever is agreeable ; diverted by whatever draws the attention to a pleasing object; beguiled whenever the mind is so agreeably occupied as to lose'sight of what would otherwise be taken into account. f A-AIU§E', v*n. To muse, or meditate. Lee. A-MUSE'M?NT, n. 1. f Profound meditation. “ I fell into a deep amusement .” Fleetwood. 2. That which amuses ; entertainment ; di- version ; sport ; recreation ; pastime ; relaxa- tion. “ An amusement for idle people.” Temple. Syn. — Amusement in reading or gardening; en- tertainment at the theatre or a’concert ; diversion at a jubilee, or at the sight of odd and fantastic tricks ; sports in the chase, fishing,. and the like ; recreation or relaxation after labor, in games, from company, music, &c. ; pastime for the unemployed. — See Play. A-MU§'ER (a-muz'er), n. One who amuses. A-MU§'ING, p. a. Affording amusement; enter- taining ; diverting ; pleasing. A-MU§'ING-LY, ad. In an amusing manner. A-MU'SIVE, a. That has the power of amusing. To me ’t is given to wake the amusivc reed, And soothe with song the solitary hours. Whitehead. A-MU'SIVE-LY, ad. In an amusive manner. “A south-easterly wind succeeded . . . murmuring amusively among the pines.” Chandler. A-MYG'DA-LATE, a. [Gr. aplybaly, an almond ; L. amygdala .] Relating to, or made of, al- monds. Johnson. A-MYG'DA-I.ATE, n. (Med.) An emulsion of al- monds. Crabb. AM-YG-DAL'IC, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid ob- tained from the bitter almond. Miller. A-MYG'DA-LINE, n. (Chem.) A crystalline prin- ciple contained in the bitter almond. Brande. A-MYG'DA-LINE [?-inig'da-]In, W. P. K. Sm .; 51 -mig'da-lln, fif. Ja.], a. Relating to almonds ; resembling almonds. Johnson. A-MVG'DA-LlTE, n. (Bot.) A plant of the spurge kind, having the leaf of the almond-tree. Crabb. A-MYG'DA-LOID, n. [Gr. aplyhahy, an almond, ' and ttios, form.] (Min.) A variety of the trap A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, J, 6, U, Y, short; A, p, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; AMY GDALOIDAL 51 ANAGRAMMATIST AN-A-CAmP'TIC, a. [Gr. avaKouTtro, to bend back.] Reflecting, or reflected, [r.] “ An anacamptic hill ” ; “ An anacamptic sound.” Johnson. AN- A-CAMP'TI-C AL-LY, ad. By reflection, as sounds produced anacamptically. Hutton. AN-A-CAMP'TICS, n. pi. 1. The science of the reflection of sound, especially echoes. Francis. 2. The science of reflected light; a branch of optics, otherwise called catoptrics. Crabb. AN-A-CAR'DTC, a. ( Chem .) Noting an acid found in the fruit of the Anacardium occidentale, or cashew-nut. Brande. AN- A- CAR ' DI-UM, h. [L., from Gr. ava, up, and saphia, the heart.] (Bot.) The cashew-nut tree ; — so named from the heart-shaped nut situated on the pulpy receptacle. Loudon. AN-A-CjI-THAR' SIS, n. [Gr., from and, upwards, and naOaipu), to purge.] (Med.) A purgation of the lungs by expectoration. Crabb. AN-A-CA-THAR'TIC, a. Purging upwards. Smart. (Med.) Medicine that Quincy. An- A- CE PH-A-LJE ' O- SIS [an-a-sef-g-le'o-sls, Ja Sm. Ash ; an-a-sef-a-le-o'sis, K. Johnson, Crabb), n. [Gr. <5i'a/a0a/u(Wis ; ai d, again, and Ktipu- Ludio, to bring under heads, to sum up.] (Rhet.) A summing up of the heads of a dis- course ; recapitulation. Smith on Old Age. AN-A-PH O-RET, ? [Gr. avu^biprirlj; ; ava^uptui, AN-Aj0H'O-RITE, > to retire, to withdraw.] An anchoret; a retired or solitary monk; an an chorite. [r.] Donne. f AN-A-jEHO-RET'I-CAL, a. Relating to a her mit, or anchorite. Bp. Taylor. AN-A-jGHRON'IC, ) a. Containing a_n anach- $ ro ' AN-A-CA-THAR'TIC, n. works upward. AN-A-CHRONT-CAL, ronism. [r.] Coleridge. AN-ACH'RO-NI^M, n. [Gr. aid, up, against, and Xpdvos, time.] An error in computing time, or in chronology, made by placing an event earlier or later than it really happened. The famous anachronism [of Virgil] in making ^Eneas and Dido contemporaries. Drydcn. AN-ACH-RO-NIS'TIC, }a. Containing an an- AN-A€H-RO-nIs'TI-CAL, 1 aehronism. War ton. AN-A-CLAs'TIC, a. [Gr. dvaD.aaro;, reflected ; avaKhiw, to bend back.] 1. Noting apparent curves seen at the bottom of a vessel of water, caused by the refraction of light. Francis. 2. Noting a kind of funnel-shaped vial, made of very thin glass, and with a very large bottom, which may be made alternately convex or con- cave by applying the mouth to the orifice and blowing in the breath, or sucking out the air ; the transition from one form to the other being accompanied by a very loud noise. Francis. An-A-CLAs'TICS, n. pi. The science of refracted light ; the old name for dioptrics. Francis. AN-A-QCE-NO' SIS, n. [Gr. avaKoivuiois, from avd- koivow, to impart.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the speaker applies to his opponent for his opinion upon the point in debate. Walker. AN-A-CQ-LU'THIC, a. Wanting sequence. Lane. AN-A-CO-L U ' TIION, n. [Gr. dvardkovdov, from a priv. and aKo'/.ovOtw, to follow.] (Rhet.) The want of sequence in a sentence, when one mem- ber does not grammatically correspond with another. " Brande. An-A-c 6 n'DA, n. (Herp.) A large snake of trop- ical America ; a species of boa. Baird. A-NAC-RJg-ON'TIC, n. A little poem or ode in praise of love and wine ; — so called from the Greek poet Anacreon. Brande. A-NAC-RE- 6 n'TIC, a. Relating to the poems or versification of Anacreon ; amatory. Gent. Mag. AN'A-DEM, n. [Gr. avttbrjpa, a wreath.] A crown of flowers ; a wreath ; a garland ; a band or fil- let worn on the head. Drayton. verse or a clause, of the last word in the one preceding ; as, “ He retained his virtue amidst all his misfortunes, — misfortunes which only his virtue brought upon him.” Johnson. AN'A-DR 6 m, n. A fish that leaves the sea and ascends rivers. Oyilvie. A-NAd'RO-MOUS, a. [Gr. avd, upwards, and bpdpos, course.] Relating to the classes of fish that pass, at certain seasons, from the sea into rivers. Ash. AN-JES-THE fl-A , n. [Gr. avmaOijata ; '°f ■ Simpson. AN'A-GLYPH (an'a-gllf), n. [Gr. avd, up, and yiiitpoi, to carve.] An ornament effected by sculpture ; chasing, or embossing. AN-A-GLYril'IC, n. [Gr. avaylltpui, to carve in relief.] (Sculp.) Chased or embossed work on metal, or any thing worked in relief. Brande. AN-A-GIA PH IC, ) 0 ' Relating to, or illus- AN-A-GLYPH'I-CAL, i trating by, anaglyphs ; op- posed to diaglyphic. Britton. AN-A-GLYP'TIC, a. Relating to the art of carv- ing, chasing, engraving, or embossing plate. AN-A-GLYP-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. a idylvirro;, wrought in relief ; diaylidui, to carve, and ypa-

, to double, to fold.] (Rhet.) Redu- plication ; a repetition, at the beginning of a AN-A-GRAM'MA-TIsT, n. A maker of ana- grams. “ An ingenious anagrammatist, late turned minister.” Gamage. MIEN , SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — £, 9 , £, soft; (3, 6 , c, g, hard; § as z; $ as gz. — THIS, this. ANAGRAMMATIZE 52 ANASARCA AN-A-G RAM'MA-TlZE, v. a. & n. To form into anagrams ; — to make anagrams. Aff'A-GRAPil, »i. [Gr. a v.rypmpfi, a register.] An inventory ; a commentary, [it.] Crabb. An' 4-GROS,n. A Spanish dry measure. Ogilvie. A'NAL, a. [L. anus, the fundament'.] (Nat. Hist.) Relating to, or placed near, the anus, funda- ment, or vent. Brande. A-NAL'CIME, n. [Gr. avnhcif, weak, in allusion to its weak electric power.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of alumina and soda. Dana. AN-4- EEC' TA, n. ; pi. am-a-eec' tje. [L., from Gr. avuHyj ),' to gather, to collect.] A servant in a Roman house whose duty it was to col- lect the scraps after a meal. Brande. AN-4-LECT4, n. pi. [L.] 1. f Fragments or crumbs gathered up after a meal ; refuse. 2. Collections of extracts from different au- thors ; selections ; analects. Crabb. AN-A-LEC'TIC, a. Collected together; relating to "collections; containing selections. Hall. AN'A-LECTS, n. pi. [L. analecta.) Things gath- ered together ; — usually applied to collections or fragments of authors ; select pieces. Smart. A.\~- .1- L EM ' AM ,71. [L. ; Gr. d«Ui;p/ia ; amlapfia- vui, to take up.] 1. ( Astron .) The projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being sup- posed to be at an infinite distance. Brande. 2. An instrument of brass or wood on which the projection is made. Brande. 3. A tabular mark, usually in the shape of a figure 8, on an artificial terrestrial globe, to notify the sun’s declination on any day in the year. Francis. AJY-4-LEP ' Si-4, ti. (Med.) See Analefsis and Analepsy. Dunglison. AN-A-LEP' SIS, n. [Gr . avdhr^ts ; aval.ayjidvti), to recover.] 1. (Med.) Recovery of strength. Dunglison. 2. A kind of epilepsy ; analepsy. Dunglison. An'A-LEP-SY, n. (Med.) A species of epileptic attack ; analepsis. Brande. AN-A-LEP'TIC, a. [Gr. aval.r/ttriKis.] (Med.) Comforting ; restorative. Dunglison. AN-A-LEP'TjC, n. (Med.) A restorative or in- vigorating medicine or diet. P. Cye. f A-NAL'O-GAL, a. Analogous; having rela- tion. “ Analogal motions in animals.” Hale. AN-A-L6(/,ii< 7 is, offshoot.] (Zoiil.) A vertebral process rising just above the transverse process, and projecting more or less backwards. It is well developed in the hare and most rodents. Bra/ide. fAN'ARCH, 71. [Gr. a priv. and ap^y, govern- ment.] An author of confusion ; anarchist. “ The a7iarch old.” Milton. A-NAR’CHIC, i a _ Without rule, govern- A-NAR'CHI-CAL, \ ment, or order. Howell. AN'AR-£Hl§M, n. Anarchy. Sir E. Dering. AN'AR-CHiST, 71. An author or promoter of an- archy, confusion, or disorder. Tooke. AN'AR-jCHY, n. [Gr. avapyia ; a priv. and opx , U government.] Want of government; a state of society, or a condition of things, unregulated by any principle of government, law, or order ; confusion ; disorder. Arbitrary power is but the first natural step from anarchy, or the savage life. Mr {ft. Where eldest Night And Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold Eternal anarchy. Milton. 4-nAr 'RHI-eilAS, 71. (Ich.) A Linntean genus of spiny-finned, osseous fishes ; the wolf-fish or sea-wolf. Brande. A-NAR'THROOs, a. [Gr. a priv. and apOpov, a joint.] (Ent.) Without limbs ; applied to worms, leeches, &c. Agassiz. A’N4S, n. [L.] (Ornith.) A genus of anserine birds ; the duck. ^ a7'rel. An-A-SAR'CA, n. [Gr. dra, through, and oip(, aapKii;, flesh".] (Med.) A dropsy of the whole body ; a general dropsy. Quinnj. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, O, U, Y, short; A, !, O, U, Yi obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; 1IEIR, HER; ANASARCOUS 53 ANCHOR-STOCK AN-A-SAR'COUS, a. Relating to, or partaking of, the nature of" anasarca. W isenian. AN-AS-TAL'TIC, a. [Gr. am, upwards, and ard/.TiK6s, contracting.] (Med.) Astringent ; styptic ; binding. Ogilvie. AN-AS-TAT'IC, a. [Gr. aiianipi, to raise up.] Raising up ; — applied to a kind of printing. Anastatic printing is a process by which any design, made on paper with prepared ink, is transferred from the paper to a metal plate, which, on being exposed to an acid, is eaten away in the parts not covered by the lines of the design, while these lines are left raised, or in relief, and are capable of giving, when inked, any number of copies. Notes Sf Queries. A-NAS'TO-MOSJE, V. 11 . [Gr. avaaropdijj, to furnish with a mouth.] [f. anas- tomosed ; pp. ANASTOMOSING, ANASTOMOSED.] (Bot. & Ancit.) To unite, as vessels or branches, with one another ; to communicate by anastomosis ; to inosculate. P. Cyc. A-NAS-TO-MO'SIS, n. ; pi. a-nXs-to-mo ' se$. [Gr.] (Bot. & Anat.) A junction of parts by inosculation, as of vessels by their mouths. By means of anastomosis, if the course of a fluid be ar- rested in one vessel, it can proceed along others. Dunglison. A-NAS-TO-MOT'IC, a. [Gr. avaaropoiTiKo;, caus- " ing to open like a mouth.] Aperient ; open- ing. Dunglison. A-NAS-TO-MOT'IC, n. (Med.) An aperient med- • icine. " ’ . Dunglison. A-NAS' TRO-PIJF., n. [Gr. dnaorpoi/iii ; avaarylipui, to overturn, to invert.] (Pros.) A species of inversion, or departure from the usual order of succession in words. Walker. AN'A-TASE, n. [Gr. amrams, extension.] (Min.) A mineral composed of pure titanic acid ; — so named in allusion to the length of its crystals, and called also octahedrite. Dana. A-NATH'JE-MA, n. ; pi. a-nAth'e-ma?. [Gr. amdepa,' any thing devoted to evil, accursed ; aid, up, and ridppi, to put; — said of any thing hung up, as devoted, consecrated ; and used chiefly in a bad sense, as devoted to destruction.] 1. A curse pronounced by ecclesiastical au- thority ; excommunication ; malediction ; curse. Her bare anathemas fall like so many hruta fulmina [inef- fectual thunderbolts] upon the schismatical. booth. 2. A person or thing anathematized. Anathema signifies persons or things devoted to destruc- tion and extermination. The Jewish nation were an anath- ema destined to destruction. St. Paul, to express his affection to them, says he could wish, to save them from it, to become an anathema, and be destroyed himself. . Locke. Syn. — See Malediction. A-NATH-E-MAT'I-CAL, a. Relating to an anath- ema ; having the nature of an anathema. Johnson. A-NATH-p-MAT'I-CAL-LY, ad. In an anathe- matical manner. A-NATH'IJ-MA-TI^M, n. Act of anathematizing ; anathematization. Bp. Taylor. A-NATH-E-MAT-I-ZA'TION, n. Act of anathe- matizing ; an extreme cursing. Cotgrave. A-NATH'E-MA-TIZE [rt-nath'e-inMIz, S. W. J. F. Ja. Ii. Sm. R. Wb. ; hii-;i-tlicnr'a-tlz, P. John- son ], v. a. [Gr. dvaQtparifa ; It . anatemizzarc \ Sp. anatematizar ; Fr. anathematise)-.) \i. ANATHEMATIZED ; pp. ANATHEMATIZING, anathematized.] To visit with an anathe- ma ; to pronounce accursed ; to excommunicate. They were therefore to be anathematized and banished out of the church. Hammond. A-NATH'JJ-MA-TIZ-ER, n. One who anathema- tizes. “ The censorious anathematizer, that breathes out woes and damnations.” Hammond. AN'A-THEME, n. A curse; — anathema angli- cized. [it.] — See Anathema. Sheldon. A-NAT' I--DJE, n. pi. (Ornith.) A family of birds of the order Anseres, containing the sub-fami- lies Phcenicopterince, Plectropterinm, Anseri- nat, Cygnince, Anatiiue, Fuligulinee, Erismatu- rince, and Mergiiue ; ducks. Gray. A-NAT 'l-FER,n. (Conch.) The barnacle. Craig. AN-A-TIF']JR-OUS, a. [L. anas, a duck, and fero, to bear.] Producing ducks. Browne. AN-A-TI'NJE, 1l.pl. (Ornith.) A sub- family of birds, of the order Anseres, and family Anati- dar, river ducks. Gray. A-NAT'O-CIfjM, n. [Gr. aim- Anas boschus. roKiopd s ; L. anatocismus .] Interest upon inter- est ; compound interest, [r.] Johnson. AN-A-TOM'IC, ( ffl . Relating to anatomy or AN-A-TOM'I-CAL, * dissection. Watts. AN-A-TOM'I-CAL-LY, ad. In an anatomical manner ; according to anatomy. Browne. A-NAT'O-MIST, n. [It. fractuous : — a sinu- ous depression. Dunglison. AN-FRACT'U-OUS, a. Having sinuosities ; wind- ing; anfractuose. “ The anfractuous passages of the brain.” Smith on Old Age. t AN-FRACT'URE, n. A mazy winding. Bailey. + AN-GAR-I-A'TION, n. [L. angario, to exact service of.] Impressment. Bp. Hall. AN-S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. B.), n. [Gr. ayyel.os, a messenger ; L. an- gelus; It. angelo ; Sp. angel ; Port, an jo. — Ger. eng el ; A. S. angel, or angel. — Fr. ange.) 1. f A messenger. But best, the dear good angel of the spring, The nightingale. B. Jonson. 2. A spiritual being employed by God in hu- man affairs ; an inhabitant of heaven ; a good spirit. An angel touched Elijah, and said, Arise. 1 Kings xix. 5. 3. An evil spirit ; as, “ Angels of darkness.” They had a king over them, which is the angel of the bot- tomless pit, whose name is . . . Abaddon. Rev. ix. 11. 4. f An ancient English gold coin, equal to about ten shillings, stamped with the figure of an angel, in memory, as some assert, of the saying of Pope Gregory, that the pagan Angli, or English, were so beautiful, that if they were Christians they would be angeli, or angels. Ere our coming, see thou shake the bogs Of hoarding abbots; imprisoned angels Set at liberty. Shak. /ISfThis word is pronounced an’ gel by all the English orthoepists. In this country, it is by some pronounced an’ gel ; and I)r. Webster, in the early editions of his Spelling Book, and in his “ Compen- dious Dictionary,” pronounced the#vords ancient and angel, an’ cient and an’ gel. In the first edition of his large Dictionary (1828), he pronounces them an’cient and an’ gel ; yet lie says, “ usually pronounced an’- cient and an’gel, but most anomalously.” In his second edition, however, (1811) he pronounces them Bn' cient and an' gel, without remark. AN'tyEL (an'jel), a. Belonging to angels; re- sembling angels ; angelical. Subjected to his service angel wings. Milton. AN'IJrJL— BED, n. A bed without posts. Crabb. AN'yujL-ET, n. An English gold coin equal to half an angel. — See Angelot. P. Cgc. AN'^fL-FISH, n. (Ich.) A voracious fish, of the shark tribe, — so named from its wing-like Angel-fish, fins ; monk-fish ; squatina angelus. Cuvier. AN-*?EL 1C, a. Relating to, or partaking of, the nature of angels ; like an angel ; angelical. Here, happy creature, fair angelic Eve. Milton. My fancy formed thee of angelic kind. Some emanation of the all-beauteous mind. Pope. AN-pEL'I-CA, n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of um- belliferous plants ; — so named from their agree- able smell and medicinal qualities. Loudon. AN-pEL'I-CAL, a. Belonging to, or partaking of, the nature of angels ; angelic. Betwixt the angelical and human kind. Milton. AN-yiEL'I-CAL-LY, ad. In an angelical manner. AN-yiEL'I-CAL-NESS, n. Resemblance to an- gels ; excellence more than human. Johnson. An'^JJL-ITES, n. pi. ( Eccl . Hist.) A sect of ancient heretics, in the fifth century, who held that the persons of the Trinity are not the same ; — so called from Angelium, a place in Alexan- dria, where they held their first meetings. Buck. AN'plJL— LIKE, a. Resembling an angel. Shak. AN-IylJL-OL'O-^Y, n. [Gr. ayytlos, an angel, and Hdyos, a discourse.] The doctrine respecting an- gels, or a treatise concerning angels. Ogilvie. AN', to stran- gle, to suffocate.] ( Med.) A disease or inflam- mation in the throat ; a quinsy. Crabb. AX- G i 'XA PEC'TO-R/S, n. [L., stricture or spasm of the chest.) (Med.) A dangerous dis- ease, usually connected with ossification or other morbid affection of the heart ; — charac- terized by a sudden attack of severe pain in the lower part of the chest. P. Cgc. AN-(?!-0-CAR'P01jS, a. [Gr. ayytiov, a vessel, and Kapitif, fruit.] (Bot.) Noting fruit seated in en- velopes not forming part of the calyx. Lindley. AN-gi-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. Ayytiov, a vessel, and ypatliGi, to describe.] (Med.) A description of the vessels in the human body. Dunglison. AN-^I-OL'O-CY, il. [Gr. ayytiov, a vessel, and loyos, a discourse.] (Med.) A description of the vessels of the human body. Dunglison. AN-^I-O-MON-O-SPER'MOUS, a. [Gr. Ayytiov, a vessel, giivos, single, and otrtppa, seed.] (Bot.) Having but a single seed in the pod. Johnson. An'CI-O-SPERM, n. [Gr. Ayytiov, a vessel, and in rippii, a seed.] (Bot.) A plant which has its seed enclosed in a pericarp. Ogilvie. AN-(?I-0-SPER'MOUS, a. (Bot.) Having the seed enclosed in a pericarp. Lee. AN-(yI-US'PO-ROUS, a . [Gr. Ayytiov, a vessel, and airopa, a seed.] (Bot.) Having spores en- closed in a hollow shell, or bag, as some of the fungi. Brande. AN-^rl-OT'O-MY, it. [Gr. Ayytiov, a vessel, and rcpvw, to cut.] The dissection of the vessels of the human body. Dunglison. AN'GLE (ang'gl, 82), n. [Gr. AyitUr), any thing bent; L. angulus ; Fr. angle.) 1. ( Geom .) The difference of direction of two lines meeting in, or tending to, a point, or of two lines, in different planes, not parallel to each other. Pierce. 2. A point where two lines meet ; a corner. 3. [A. S. angel, a hook.] An apparatus for taking fish, consisting of a rod, a line, and a hook, or of a line and hook. The patient fisher takes his silent stand, Intent, his angle trembling in his hand. Pope. Acute angle , an angle less than 90 degrees ; as, A B D. — Contiguous angles , angles which have their ver- A tex and one side in common ; as, ADD and A B F. — Adjacent an- gles , angles which have one side in D common, and their other sides in the prolongation of the same straight line ; as, A B I) and A B E. — An- gle of incidence , the angle made by a ray of light fall- ing upon a surface, with a line perpendicular to that surface at the point of incidence; as, the angle made by A B with B F. — Angle of reflection , the angle made by a ray of light reflected from a sur- face, with a line perpendicular to that surface at the point of reflection ; as, the angle made by B C with B F. — Curvilinear angle , an angle formed by curved lines. — Exterior angle, the angle lying between any side of a polygon and the prolongation of an adjacent one. — Interior angle, an angle lying between two ad- jacent sides of a polygon and within it. — Mixed angle, an angle formed of one curved line and one straight one. — Ob- lique angle, an angle cither more or less than 90 degrees. — Obtuse angle, an an- gle greater than 90 degrees; as, E A B. — Plane angle, an angle formed by two straight lines lying in the same plane, or meeting in, or tending to, a point. — Rectilinear angle, an angle formed by straight lines. — Right, angle, an angle of 90 degrees, as B AC. — Solid angle, an angle formed by three or more planes passing through the same point. — Spheri- cal angle, an angle formed by arcs of two great circles of a sphere, as ABC. — Visual angle, an angle whose vertex is at the eye or point of sight. Syn. — See Corner. AN'GLE (ang'gl), v. n. [A. S. angel, a hook ; Ger. angeln, to angle.] [i. angled ; pp. an- GLING, ANGLED.] 1. To fish with a rod and hook. The ladies, angling in the crystal lake. Feast on the waters with the prey they take. Waller. 2. To try to get hy artifice, as in catching fish ; — followed by for. Shak. AN'GLE (ang'gl), v. a. To entice; to try to gain. lie angled the people’s hearts. Sidney. AN'GLED (ang'gld), p. a. Having angles. AN'GLE— ME'TJJR, n. [Eng. angle, and Gr. glrpov, a measure.] An instrument used by geologists to measure the dip of strata, the angle of joint planes, &c. Brande. AN'GLIJR, n. 1. One who fishes with an angle. 2. (Ich.) The fishing-frog. Eng. Cgc. AN'GLE— ROD, n. A stick to which the line and hook are hung. Addison. AN'GLE.s (ang'glz), n. pi. [L. Angli.) (Geog.) An ancient people of Germany ; the name from which the word English is derived. Temple. AN'GLJJ-SlTE, n. (Min.) A sulphate of lead ; — so called from Anglesea. Dana. AN'GLI-CAN, a. English ; noting the established church of England ; as, “ The Anglican church.” AN'GLI-CAN, n. A member of the church of England. “ The old persecutors . . . whether Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists.” Burke. AN'GLJ-CAN-iSM, n. The principles of, or ad- herence to, the established church of England ; — partiality to England. Ec. Rev. AX'GLI-CE, ad. [L.] In the English language or manner; as, “St. jEgidius, Anglice Giles.” AN-GLltt'I-FY (tm-glls'e-fi), v. a. To make Eng- lish ; to anglicize, [it.] Month. Mag. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — £, £, 9, g, soft; jK, G, c, g, hard; § as z ; if as gz. — THIS, this. ANGLICISM 56 ANIMALISM AN'GLI-Cl§M, n. An English idiom or phrase; a peculiarity of the English language. Milton. If Addison’s language had been less idiomatical, it would have lost something of its genuine Anglicism. Johnson. AN'GLT-CiZE, V. a. [t. ANGLICIZED ; pp. ANGLI- CIZING, anglicized.] To give an English form to ; to introduce into the English "lan- guage. “ Greek words anglicized.” Warton. AN'GLING (82), n. The art of fishing with a rod. He that reads Plutarch shall find that angling was not con- temptible in the days of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra. Walton. AN'GLO— A-MER'I-CAN, a. Pertaining to the de- scendants of Englishmen in America. AN'GLO— A-MER'I-CAN, 11 . A descendant from English ancestors, born in America. AN'GLO— DA'NISH, a. Relating to the English Danes. “ Anglo-Danish coins.” T Votton. AN'GLO— NOR'MAN, n. An English Norman. “ Charters forged by Anglo-Normans.” Wotton. AN'GLO— SAX'ON, n. 1. An English Saxon. 2. The language of the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxon is the mother tongue of the present Eng- lish. Latham. AN'GLO— SAX'ON, a. Relating to the Anglo- Saxons. “ In the vocabulary of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers.” Trench. AN’GLO— SAX'ON-IijM, n. A word or idiom of the Anglo-Saxon language. Latham. AN'GO-BER, n. A kind of pear. Johnson. AN'GOR (ang’gor, 82), n. [L. angor . ] (Med.) Intense bodily pain ; anguish. llarvey. AN'GRI-LY (ang'gre-le), ad. In an angry man- ner; wrathfully. Shah. An’GRY (ang'gre, 82), a. [See Anger.] 1. Excited by anger ; feeling wrath, ire, or resentment ; irritated ; provoked ; exasperated. Be not hasty in thy spirit to be angry; Ecclcs. vii. 9. 2. Indicating anger. “ An angry counte- nance, a backbiting tongue.” Prov. xxv. 23. So frowned he once, when, in angry parle, lie smote the sledded Polacks on the ice. Shak. 3. (Med.) Inflamed ; painful. “ Serum, being accompanied by the thinner parts of the blood, grows red and angry.” Wiseman. Syn. Angry feelings will be often indulged by one who has a passionate or choleric disposition ; a hasty or irascible temper. Irritated by petty annoy- ances ; provoked by impudence ; exasperated by re- peated injury. ANG-SA'NA, or ANG-SA'VA, n. ( Bot .) An East- Indian tree from which issues a liquor of a gummy consistence, used in medicine. Crabb. AJV-GU/L'LA, n. [L.] (Ich.) The eel. Brande. AN-GUI L'LI-FORM (an-gwll'le-fcjrm), a. [L. an- guilla, an eel, and forma, form.] (Ich.) Eel- shaped ; pertaining to the tribe of eels. Brande. AN-GUIN'E-AL, a. [L. anguis, a snake.] Re- sembling, or pertaining to, a serpent. Ogilvie. AN'GUlstl (ing'gvvish, 82), n. j^L. ango, to stran- gle. — Ger. $ Dut. angst. — Fr. ahgoisse. See Anger.] Acute suffering of mind or body ; extreme pain or sorrow ; agony. Deaths of such ... anguish, that only the manner of dy- ing was the punishment, death itself the deliverance. South. Anguish of mind has driven thousands to suicide; anguish of body, none. Colton. Syn. — See Pain. f AN'GUISH (dng'gwlsh), v. a. To afflict with anguish. “ But we be not anguished.” Wicliffe. f AN'GUlSHED (Sng'gwTsht), p. a. Seized with an- guish. “ Thine anguished soul.” Bp. Hall. AN'GIi-LAR (82), a. 1. Having angles or cor- ners. “ Angular figures.” Browne. 2. Consisting of an angle. “ The angular point.” Newton. 3. Measured by an angle ; as, “ Angular mo- tion ” ; “ Angular distance.” Angular motion, the motion of a body moving circularly, as in the arc A B, measured by the angle A O B. AN-GU-LAR'I-TY, n. The quality of being angular. Sir T. More. AN’GU-LAR-LY, ad. With angles or corners. AN'GL-LAR-NESS, n. Quality of being angular. An'GU-LATE, a. (Bot.) Having angles; of an angular shape. Ogilvie. tAN'GL-L/VT-pD, a. Formed with angles. “An- gulated figures.” Woodward. a AN'GU-LO-DEN'TATE, a. (Bot.) Angu- M/jk/ larly toothed, or angular and toothed ; UmS, applied to leaves. Loudon. )WMp AN-GL-LOM'E-TER, 11 . [Gr. d yKvh), any thing bent, and perpov, a measure.] An instrument for measuring external angles. Francis. f An-GU-JLOS'I-TY, n. [L. anguloms, full of corners.] Angularity ; cornered form. Bailey. f An'GU-LOUS, a. Hooked ; angular. Glanville. t AN-GUST', a. [L. angitstus.) Narrow; strait; straitened ; contracted. Burton. AN-GUS'TATE, a. Diminishing in breadth ; nar- rowed ; attenuated. Brande. f AN-GLS-TA TION, ii. Act of making narrow ; state of being narrowed. Wiseman. AN-GUS'TNCLAVE, n. [L. angustus, narrow, and clavus, a stripe of purple on the tunic.] A robe worn by ancient Roman knights. Knowles. AN-GUS-TI-FO'LI-ATE, TT • , • • a. (Bot.) Having leaves AN-G IS-TI-FO' I.I-OUS, ) of small breadth, com- pared to their length. Henslow. t AN-hAng', v. a. To hang. Chaucer. AN-HAR-MON'IC, ? a. ( Geom.) Noting a kind AN-HAR-MON'I-CAL, ) of double ratio. Brande. AN-HU-LA'TION, n. [L. anhelo, to pant.] Act of panting ; difficulty of breathing. Cockeram. f An-HIJ-LOSE' (129), a. Out of breath. Bailey. An’HY-DRIte, n. (Min.) An anhydrous sul- phate of lime. Brande. AN-HY'DROUS [an-lil'drus, Sm. C. B. ; Sn'he-drus, Brande ], a. [Gr. u priv. and Mwp, water.] Destitute of water. Brande. A'NI, n. (Ornith.) A bird of the sub-family Cro- tophagince. — See Crotophagina;. Gray. f AN'j-ENT-lJD, a. [Fr. aniantir.) I. Frustrated; brought to nothing. Piers Plouhman. 2. (Law.) Made null ; abrogated. Bouvier. f An-I-EN'TISSED, p. a. [Old Fr. anienter .] Re- duced to nothing ; annihilated. * Chaucer. t A-NlGHT' (a-nlt'), ad. In the night. Chaucer. A-NlGIITS' (?-nIts'), ad. In the night. Shak. AN'IL, n. One of the plants yielding indigo; West-Indian indigo; Indigo) era anil. Loudon. AN'ILE [an'il, Sm. Maunder ; a'nll. A'.], a. [L .anilis; anus, an old woman.] Weak or doting from age ; like an old woman. JK. Scott. AN'iLE-NESS, n. [L. anilitas.] Anility. Bailey. A-NlL'l-TY, n. State of being an old woman ; dotage. “ Marks of anility.” Sterne. f AN'I-MA-BLE, a. That may have life put into it, or receive animation. Bailey. f AN-I-MAD-VER'SALj n. That which has the power of perceiving ; a percipient. That lively inward animadversali it is the soul itself; for I cannot conceive the body doth animadvert. Sir T. More. AN-I-MAD-VER'SION, n. [L. animadversio.] 1. f Power of perceiving; perception. “The soul hath animadversion and sense.” Glanville. They were wise enough to consider what a sanction it would give their performances to fall under the animadver- sion of such a pen. Examiner. 2. Act of animadverting ; censure ; reproof ; severe criticism ; stricture. Syn. — Animadversion includes censure and re- proof ; criticism implies scrutiny and judgment, whether for or against; stricture, some examination mingled with censure. Merited, unjust, or ill-natured censures', personal animadversions ; literary criticisms', strictures on public measures. t A n-I-MAD-VER'SIVE, a. Able to perceive; perceptive ; percipient. Glanville. f AN-i-MAD-VER'SIVE-N£SS, n. Power of ani- madverting, or making judgment. Bailey. AN-I-MAD-VERT', v. n. [L. animadverto ; animus, mind, ad, to, and verto, to turn.] [i. animad- verted ; pp. ANIMADVERTING, ANIMADVERT- ED.] 1. To turn the mind to with an intent to no- tice ; to perceive. “ I cannot conceive the body doth animadvert.” Sir T. More. 2. To remark upon ; to censure. I wish, sir, you would do us the favor to animadvert fre- quently upon the false taste the town is in with relation to the plays as well as operas. Steele. AN-I-MAD-VERT'yR, n. One who animadverts. An’I-MAL, n. [L. animal-, animo, to fill with air, breath, or life ; anima, breath, life ; It. ani- mate ; Sp. t. (Zoiil.) The sea- anemone or sea-nettle ; the common name of several species of animals belonging to the genus Actinia. They are of a soft, gelatinous tex- ture, and when their tentacles are expanded they appear like full-blown flowers, with many petals. — See Actinia. Brande. An'I-MAL-ISH, a. Resembling an animal ; brut- ish ; beastly, [r.] Cudworth. An'I-MAL-ISM, it. 1. Animal nature ; sensuality. 2. A physiological theory, which supposes A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, o, U, Y, short; A, 5, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ANIMALITY 57 ANNOTATE that the embryo is wholly formed from the sper- matic communication of the male. Roget. AN-I-MAl'I-TY, n. Animal existence or nature. “The parts .’. . serving to animality.” Smith. AN-I-MAL-I-ZA'TION, n. [Fr. dramatisation.'] 1. Act of annualizing ; act of endowing with the properties of an animal. 2. Conversion to animal matter, as in the process of digestion. AN'I-MAL-IZE, v. a. 1. To give animal nature or life to’; to endow with the properties of an animal. Warburton. 2. To convert into animal matter, as in the process of digestion. AN'i-MAL-mAg'NET-I^M, n. See Magnetism. f AN'I-MAL-N£SS, n. The quality of an animal; animality. Bailey. AN'I-MATE, v. a. [L. animo, animatus ; It. ani- mare ; Sp. animar ; Fr. animer.] [t. animat- ed ; pp. ANIMATING, ANIMATED.] 1. To give life to ; to make alive ; to quicken. But none, ah, none can animate the lyre, And the mute strings with vocal souls inspire. Drydcn. 2. To encourage; to inspirit; to inspire; to enliven; to exhilarate ; to cheer; as, “To be animated with new hope.” 3. To stimulate ; to incite. Wherever we are formed by nature to any active purpose, the passion which animates us to it is attended with delight, or a pleasure of some kind. Burke. Syn. — To animate and inspire i niply the communi- cation of the vital or mental spark ; to nilincn, cheer, and exhilarate imply actions on the mind or body. Animated with life, sense, thought ; inspired with knowledge, courage; — enliven the mind; cheer the heart ; exhilarate the spirit ; — encouraged by the pros- pect of benefit ; incited by desire. — See Excite. An'I-MATE, a. Alive; having animal life. “The spirit of things animate.” Bacon. An'I-MAT-ED, p. a. 1. Lively ; vigorous ; having animal life. “ Animated nature.” Goldsmith. 2. (Paint. & Sculp.) Appearing as if en- dowed with life. Fairholt. f AN'I-MATE-NESS, n. The state of being ani- mated or endowed with life. Bailey. An'I-MAT-ING, p. a. Giving life; quickening ; enlivening; cheering; as, “Animating strums.” AN-I-MA'TION, n. 1. Act of animating. 2. State of being animated ; vivacity ; life ; spirit ; liveliness ; ardor ; vigor. . The love of God ought continually to predominate in the mind, and give to every act of duty grace and animation. Beattie. Syn. — He spoke with animation, or with life ; Ins vivacity renders him a pleasing companion ; he per- forms every tiling witll spirit ; be lias great liveliness of disposition, ardor of feeling, and exhibits great vigor inaction. — See Cheerfulness. AN'I-MA-TIVE, a. Having the power of giving life, or of animating. Johnson. An' 5 -MA-TOR, n. He who, or that which, gives life. AN'I-Mf, n. [Fr. animi ; Sp. anime.\ A trans- parent and brittle resin, of a pale-brown, yellow color, which exudes from the courbaril or locust- tree of South America, somewhat resembling copal ; — called also gum-anime. Ure. AM' I-ME, a. [Fr.] (Her.) Denoting a color of the eyes of an animal different from that of the animal. Crahh. An'I-MINE, n. An oily fluid extracted from ani- mal oils by distillation, and odorous like harts- horn. Francis. A.\ [-MISM, n. [Gr. avepo ;, wind; L. anima , breath, life.] The doctrine of the anima mun- di, as held by Stahl ; the doctrine that all the phenomena of animal economy are produced by the agency of the soul, or by a vital principle, dis- tinct from the substance of the body. Fleming. AN'i-MIST, n. One who holds to animism, or re- fers all phenomena of the animal economy to the soul. Dunglison. AM'I-MO F.T COR 'PO-RE, [L.] (Law.) By the mind and by the body ; by the intention and by the physical act. Burrill. AM'I-MO FU-RAM'DI, [L.] (Law.) With the in- tention of stealing. Burrill. fAN-I-MOSE' (129), a. [L. animosus ; Fr. ani- meux .] Full of spirit ; resolute. Bailey. f AN-I-MOSE'NBSS, n. Spirit; vehemence. Ash. AN-I-MOs'I-TY, n. [L. animositas ; It. animosi- td ; Sp. anitnosidad ; Fr. animosite.] Passion- ate enmity ; vehement hatred ; malignity. How apt nature is, even in those who profess an eminence in holiness, to raise and maintain animosities against those whose calling or person they pretend to find cause to dis- like I Bp. Hull. Syn. — Fierce and vindictive animosity, deep, bit- ter, or malignant enmity ; deadly hatred. Animosity is more apt to betray itself than enmity, which may lie concealed in tile heart ; hatred is sure to ensue wiien men of malignant tempers come in collision. Malig- nity characterizes tile wishes, purposes, or designs which excite the feeling of hatred. — See ENMITY. AM'I-MUS, n. ; pi. An’ t-Ml. [L.] Mind ; inten- tion ; purpose. Qu. Rev. AN'I-ON [an'e-on, Brande, Cl.-, a-nl'on, Sot.], n. [Gr. and, upwards, and icon, going.] (Chem.) The element or part of an electrolyte which passes to the anode, as oxygen in the electroly- sis of water ; — opposed to cation. Faraday. AN'ISE, n. [Gr. avioov ; L. anisutn.] A plant, the seeds of which arc medicinal ; Pimpinella anisum. Loudon. AN'ISE-SEED, 71 . The seed of the anise; — an extract from it used as a cordial, or employed as a medicine against flatulence. Smart. AM-I-^ETTE' , n. [Fr.] A liqueur made by dis- tilling anise, fennel, and coriander seed with brandy, and sweetening the product. Brande. AN'KpR (ang'ker, 82), n. [Dut. ancker.) A Dutch liquid measure, holding about ten gallons, Eng- lish wine measure. — See Anchor. McCulloch. t AN'Kf.R, a. Ahermit. — See Anchor. Chaucer. AN'KIJR-ITE, n. (Min.) A carbonate of lime, magnesia, iron, and manganese. Dana. AN'KLE (ang'kl, 82), n. [A. S. ancle ; Ger. enkel ; Swed. ankel.] The joint between the leg and the foot. AN'KLE— BONE, n. The bone of the ankle ; the astragalus. Peacham. AN'KLED (ang'kld), a. Relating to, or having, ankles. “ Well ankled.” Beau. acting in opposition ; opposing ; opposite. Their valors are not yet so combatant, Or truly antagonistic , as to fight. B. Jonson. AN-TAG-O-NIS'TIC, n. [Gr. avri, against, and aywpicri'is, a combatant.] (Anat.) A muscle op- posed to another muscle in its action. Brande. AN-TAG'O-NIZE, v. a. & n. [See Antagonist.) To contend against, [r.] Ash- fi AN-TAG'O-Ny, 11 . [Gr. iirraywuia ; avri, against, and ayuivla, a struggle.] Opposition. “Antag- ony . . . between Christ and Belial.” Milton. AN-TAL't-IIC, a. [Gr. avri, against, and a/.yog, MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — Q, £, 9 , g, soft; J0, G, c, g, hard; § as z; y as gz. — THIS, this. ANTALGIC GO ANTERIORITY pain ; Fr. antalgique . ] (Med.) That relieves or assuages pain ; anodyne. Johnson. AN-TAL', to bend back.] (R/iet.) 1. A figure by which that which is spoken in one sense is turned to another or contrary sense; as, “In thy youth learn some craft, that in old age thou mayst get thy living without craft.” Johnson. 2. The repetition, after a long parenthesis, of the word or phrase which preceded it. AaTT-AAT-A-GO ' GR, n. [Gr. avri, against, and au- aywyi'i, a’ leading up.] (Iihet.) Recrimination; an answer to a charge by a counter-charge. ANT-APH-RO-Di"§!-AC (93), n. [Gr. dvr/, against, and aippoSiaiaKdi, belonging to venery.] (Med.) A medicine to quell amorous desires. Brande. ANT-APH-RO-DIT'IC, n. Same as Antaphro- disiac. Dunglison. ANT-AP-O-PLEC'TIC, a. [Gr. avri, against, and apoplexy ; nu6, from, and jrL; (66), n. pi. [Gr. avri, opposite, and olkIo), to dwell ; L. antccci.] (Gcog.) The inhabitants of the earth who live on the same semicircle of the same meridian, but equally distant from the equator, the one part north and the other south ; antoeci. Hutton. An-TE-CUR’ SOR, n. [L.] One who runs before ; a precursor ; a harbinger. Bailey. AN'TE-DATE, v. a. [L. ante, before, and Eng. date.] [i. antedated ; pp. antedating, ante- dated.] 1. To date earlier than the real time ; to date beforehand, as a note or other document. By reading, a man does, as it were, antedate his life, and make himself contemporary with the ages past. Collier. 2. To give by anticipation ; to anticipate. Our joys below it can improve, And antedate the bliss above. Tope. AN'TE-DATE, n. Anticipation. Donne. AN-TB-DI-LU'Vr-AN, a. [L. ante, before, and diluvium, the deluge.] Existing before the deluge, or flood. Woodward. AN-TJy-DI-LU'Vf-AN, n. One who lived before the deluge, or flood. Bentley. f AN'TE-FACT, n. The representation of a fact before it occurs. Proceed, of some Divines (1641.) AW TF.-FIX-JE, n. pi. [L. ante, before, and fixus, fixed.] (Arch.) Ornaments above the eaves of a temple, to hide the ends of the joint tiles : — also heads of lions, &e., for water- spouts below the eaves. Gwilt. AN'Tp-LOPE, n. [Gr. dvOoc, a flower or ornament, and uij/, the eye, in allusion to its beautiful eyes ; corrupted, according to Cuvier, from antliolops .] (ZoOl.) A genus of ruminating an- imals, belonging to the hollow-horned family, resembling the deer and the goat ; the gazelle ; — written also antilope. Brande. A N - T E - LU ' C A N , a. [L. antelucanus ; ante, before, and lux, light.] Before daylight. “ Antelucan devotion.” Bp. Hall. AN-TB-M?-R!d'I-AN, a. [L. ante, before, and meridies, midday.] Before noon. ANT-p-MET'IC, a. [Gr. avri, against, and ipiiu, to vomit.] — See Antiemetic. Johnson. An-TE-MUN'DANE, a. [L. ante, before, and rnundus, the world.] Before the creation of the world. “ Great antemundane Father ! ” Young. AN-Tp-MU'RAL, n. [L. ante, before, and mums, a wall.] (Fort.) An outwork. Ogilvie. AN'TE-Nl-CENE', a. Anterior to the council of Nice. Jortin. AJV-TEN'JVA, n . ; pi. an-ten’ naz. [L ., a sail- yard.] (Zool.) A sort of horn or horn-like pro- cess, or movable, tubular organ, on the head of certain insects and crustaceous animals ; a tentacle ; a feeler. Brande. AN-TBN-NlF'ER-OtJS, a. [L. antenna, a sail- yard, andybro,to bear.] Having antennae. Kirby. AN-TEN'NI-FORM, a. [L. antenna and forma, form.] Having the form of antennae. Craig. AN-TB-NUM'BBR, n. A number preceding an- other. Bacon. AN-TJS-NUP'TIAL, a. [L. ante, before, and nup- tialis, pertaining to a wedding.] Before mar- riage. Reid. AN-TE-PAG'MF.NT, n. [L. antepagmentum ; ante, before, and pango, to fix.] (Arch.) An orna- mented jamb of a door. Francis. AN-TE-PAS'eHAL, a. [L. ante, before, and pascha (from Heb. HOS, a sparing), the Passover.] Before Easter. “The antepaschal fast.” Nelson. AN'TE-PAsT, n. [L. ante, before, and pastus, a feeding.] A foretaste ; anticipation. A N - T E - P 1J - N U L T ' , n. [L. antcpenultima ; ante, before, pene, almost, and ultimus, the last.] (Pros.) The last syllable but two. Walker. Ajv- TE-PF.-A ilL' TI-MA, n. [L.] (Pros.) Same as Antepenult. Brande. AN-TE-PE-NUL'TI-MATE, a. (Pros.) Relating to the last syllable but two. Walker. AN-TE-Pg-NUL'TI-MATE, n. Same as Antepe- nult. Walker. ANT-EP-I-LEP'TIC, a. [Gr. avri, against, and epilepsy.] Good against epilepsy. f AN'TB-PONE, v. a. [L. antepono.] To set one thing before another ; to prefer. Coles. AN'Tg-PORT, n. [L. ante, before, and porta, a door.] An outer port, gate, or door. Ogilvie. AN-TU-PO-§I"TION, n. 1. An anterior position. 2. (Gram.) The placing of a word before another, which, by common rule, ought to precede. AN-TE-PRB-DIC'A-MENT, n. [L. antepredica- mentum .] (Logic.) An introduction to the cate- gories ; a question requiring discussion before entering on the main subject. Johnson. AN-TE'RT-OR, a. [L. anterior-, ante, before.] Going before ; preceding ; fore ; former ; prior in point of time ; — opposed to posterior. Syn. — See Antecedent. AN-TE-RI-OR'I-TY, n. State of being anterior ; priority ; precedence. Pope. A, E, !, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, B, Y, short; A, if, !, O, IT, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; ANTERIORLY 61 ANTI-ARMINIAN AN-TE'RI-OR-LY, ad. In an anterior manner. AN'TJJ-ROOM, n. [L. ante, before, and Eng. room.) A room leading to a principal apart- ment. Shak. AN'TE.f (Sn'tez), n. pi. [L.] (Arch.) Square pillars on each side of the doors of temples, &c. — See Anta. Johnson. AN'TE-STAT-IjRE (24), n. (Fort.) A small in- trenchment or work, made of palisades, or of sacks filled with earth. Crabb. AN-T$-ST6M'A£H (an-te-stum'ak), n. A cavity which leads into the stomach. Ray. f AN-TE-TEM'PLE, n. In ancient churches, the part now called the nave. Christian Antiquities. f AN'TJJ-VERT, v. a. [L . anteverto.] To pre- vent ; to avert ; to forestall. Bp. Hall. ANT-IIE 'LI-ON, n. ; pi. ant-he'lt-a. [Gr. am', opposite, and the sun.] (Optics.) Lumi- nous colored rings, or glories, observed round the shadow of the spectator’s own head, pro- jected on a surface covered with dew, or on a dense cloud or fog-bank. Brande. ANTTfp-LlX, n. [Gr. dvr/, before, and ch(, a spiral.] (Anat.) An eminence on the cartilage of the ear, in front of the helix. Dunglison. ANT-IIpL-MlN'TIC, a. [Gr. hvri, against, and V-yivs, a worm.] That kills worms. Arbuthnot. ANT-HEL-WIN'TIC, n. (Med.) A medicine to destroy worms. Dunglison. AN'TIipM, n. [Gr. dm, in return, and !i//vo?, a song, i. e. sung in alternate parts.] (Mus.) A composition set to verses from the Psalms, or other portions of Scripture or the Liturgy, and employed in public worship ; a divine song or hymn. This species of music was first introduced as a part of the service of the English church in the beginning of the reign of Queen Eliza- beth. Buck. There let the pealing organ blow To the full-voiced quire below. In service high and anthems clear. Milton. Where, through the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault, The pealing anthem swells the note of praise. Gray. AJV ' THE- MI S, n. [L. ; Gr. avdo;, a flower.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; camomile. Loudon. An'THJJM-WI^E, ad. In the manner of singing anthems. “ By catches, anthem-wise.” Bacon. AN'TIIIJR, n. [Gr. avOripi 5t, flowery, blooming.] (Bot.) The case or part of the flower containing pollen ; the essential portion of the stamen or male part of a flower. P. Cyc. AN'TH(;R-AL, a. (Bot.) Relating to anthers. AN'TIUJR-DiJST, n. The pollen of flowers. Lyett. AN-THIJ-RlF'IJR-oCrs, a. [Eng. anther, and L. fero, to bear.] (Bot.) Bearing anthers, or the male parts of flowers. Loudon. An'THE-ROID, a. [Eng. anther, and Gr. tV>o;, form.] (Bot.) Resembling an anther. Brande. AN- THE 'S/S, n. [Gr. dvBrjiris, a blossom.] (Bot.) The period when flowers expand. Brande. AN-THES-TF.' RI-ON, n. [Gr. ,ivOcoTiip«ii>.] The eighth month of the Attic year, answering to the end of February and beginning of March ; — probably so named from the anthesteria, or festival in honor of Bacchus, which was cele- brated at Athens in that month. Liddell § Scott. ANT— HILL, n. A hillock formed by ants. Ray. AnT-HIL'LOCK, n. Same as Ant-hill. Addison. AN-THO'B[-AN, n. [Gr. dvbo ;, a flower, and (Iniui, to live.] (Ent.) A beetle that feeds on blos- soms. Kirby. AN-THO-CAR'POUS, a. [Gr. avBoc, a blossom, and. Kafnrdi, fruit.] (Bot.) A term applied to fruits formed of masses of flowers adherfhg to each other, as the pine-apple. Ogilvie. AN-THO' DI-UM, n. [Gr. avdiibr/s, like flowers; arSo;, a flower, and Bloc, form.] (Bot.) A flower-head consisting of an aggregation of florets, surrounded by a common invoiucrum, as that of the daisy or the thistle. Lindley. AN-THO-l6w, to describe.] (Gcog.) A description of the different races or families of men, their distribution, physical characteristics, and ac- tually existing circumstances ; — distinguished from ethnography, which examines their origin and affinities. Brande. AN-THROP'O-LITE, 71 . [Gr. aidpuuroj, man, and BOos, a stone.] (Pal.) A petrifaction of the human body, or of parts of it, like that found in limestone rock at Guadaloupe. Ogilvie. AN-THROP-O-LOfjJ'I-CAL, a. Relating to an- thropology. Month. Rev. AN-THRO-POL'O-^rlST, 71 . One versed in anthro- pology. Knoivles. AN-THRO-POL'O-GY, 71 . [Gr. ai/dponros, man, and l.dyos, a discourse.] 1. (Anat.) The doctrine of the structure of the human body ; anatomy. Dunglis07i. 2. A discourse on man, the human race, or human nature ; the science which treats of the physical and intellectual properties of man ; human physiology. o P. Cyc. 3. (Thcol.) That mode of expression in the Scriptures, by which human parts and passions are ascribed to God. Ogilvie. AN-THRO-POM'AN-CY, 71 . [Gr. nvOpuxos, man, and pnvTda, prophecy.] Divination by the in- spection of a human body. Dunglison. AN-THRO-POM'P-TRY, 71 . [Gr. avOpui-o;, man, and plrpov, a measure.] The measurement of the human body. Dunglison. AN-THRO-PO-MOR'PHI§M, n. [Gr. nvBpwt ro ? , man, and popitip, form.] The representation of the Dei- ty under the human form ; the doctrine that the Deity exists in human form. P. Cyc. AN-THRO-PO-MOR'PHIST, n. One who believes that God has a human form ; an anthropomor- phite. P. Cyc. AN-TIIRO-PO-MOR'PIlfTE, n. [Gr. ai0pui:6pop- 005, of human form.] One who believes that God has a human form. More. AN-THRO-PO-MdR'PHfTE, a. Relating to an- thropomorphism. Glanville. AN-THRO-PO-MOR-PHIT'JC, ) a _ Belonging AN-THRO-PQ-MOR-PHIT'I-CAL, 1 to anthropo- morphism. [it.] Mil/nan. AN-THR0-P0-M6R'PHIT-1§M, n. The belief that God exists in human form. Wordsworth. AN-THRO-PO-MOR'PHOUS, a. Resembling the human form. Lyell. AN-TtlRO-POP'A-THLjiM, n. Same as Anthro- popatiiy. Ec. Rev. AN-THRO-P6p'A-THY, n. [Gr. dvBpwiroi, man, and Trritfos, suffering.] The act of ascribing hu- man passions to the Supreme Being. Bp. Hall. AN- THRO-POPH 'A- (fl, 7i.pl. [Gr. arBpuiem, man, and 0dyw, to eat.] Man-eaters ; cannibals. The cannibals that each other eat, The anthrojiophagi. Shak. AN-THRO-PO-PHA^'I-CAL, a. Relating to can- nibalism. [u.] Williams. f AN-THRO-POPH-A-$IN'!-AN, n. A cannibal. [A ludicrous word.] “ He’ll speak like an an- tliropopliaghiian.” Shak. AN-THRO-p6pH'A-GOUS, a. Feeding on human flesh. Knowles. AN-TIIR0-P0PII'A-9Y, n. Cannibalism. Browne. AN-TI1R0-P6s'0-PHY, n. [Gr. avdpioiros, man, and ao0/a, wisdom.] The knowledge of the nature of man. Johnson. AN-THRO-PUT'O-MY, 71. [Gr. avOponro 5, man, and Topi'i, a cutting.] (A7iat.) The dissection of the human body ; anatomy. Dunglison. AN’ THUS, 71 . [L., the bunting.) (Or nit. h.) A ge- nus of birds ; the pipit. Yarrell. ANT-11 YP-NOT'IC, a. [Gr. dvr/, against, and v 7 tvos, sleep.] Counteracting sleep. Dmglison. ANT-HYP-n6T'IC, 71 . (Med.) A remedy for sleep- iness or stupor. Dunglison. ANT-HYP-O-CHON'DRI-Ac, a. [Gr. dvr/, against, and Irro^oubpiuKos, affected in the {ur o^dvdpwv, the part of the body between the false ribs and the navel.] Good against hypochondria. Dunglison. ANT-lfV-POPII' O-RA, 71 . [Gr. dv0orro0opd ; dvr/, against, and imoijiopu, an objection.] (Rhet.) A figure whereby the objections of an adversary are brought forward in order to be answered. ANT-11 YS-TER'IC, a. [Gr. dvr/, against, and icrtpn, the womb.] Good against hysterics. Dunglison. AN’TI, [Gr. dvr/.] A Greek preposition, much used in composition, and signifying opposed to, contrary to, or hi place of-, as, ‘‘Antimonarchi- cal, opposed to monarchy.” AN'TI-AB-O-LF'TION-IsT, 71. One opposed to the principles of those who advocate the aboli- tion of slavery. AN-TI-Ac'ID, 7i. [Gr. dvr/, against, and Eng. acid.) An alkaline absorbent ; a medicine to remove acidity ; antacid. A7'buthnot. AN-T!-APH-RO-DI”f?!-AC, ) Same as Ant _ AN-TI-APII-RO-DI-^I'A-CAL. ) APHRODISIAC. AN-TI-AP-0-PLEC'T(C, a. Same as Antapo- PLECTIC. AN-TI-A-POS'TLE, n. [Gr. dvr/, against, and a7roar6hoi, a messenger ; uroorl/./.u), to send away.] One contrary to the apostles. Potter. An'TJ-Ar, 71 . A Javanese poison, the milky juice of the upas-tree. Brande. AN-TI'A-RInE, 71 . A poisonous principle con- tained in the milky juice of the Antiaris toxica- ria, a large forest tree of Java, commonly called the upas-tree. Brande. AN-Tl-A ’ RIS, 71 . (Bot.) The upas-tree. Loudon. AN-TI-AR-MInTAN (5n-te-ar-inln'y.jn), 71. [Gr. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON ; BULL, BUR, rClE. — y, kiwoos, a burning fever ; Kaiu>, to burn.] (Med.) Good against fever; antifebrile ; febrifugal. Dunglison. AN-TI-CAU-SOT'IC, n. (Med.) A remedy against inflammatory fever. Dunglison. AN'TI-CHAM-BER, n. [Fr. antichambre .] — See Antechamber, which is the true orthography. AN'TI-GHRIST, n. An enemy to Christianity. Littlechildren.it is the last time; and as ye have heard that antichrist shall come, even now are there many anti- christs; whereby we know that it is the last time. 1 John ii. 18. He is antichrist that denieth the Father and the Son. 1 John ii. 22. AN-TI-GHR!sTTAN (an-te-krlst'yrtn), a. Opposed to Christianity.' South. AN-TI-GHRfSTTAN, n. An enemy to, or opposer of, Christianity'. Rogers. AN-TI-GHRIstTAN-ISM, n. Opposition to Chris- tianity. ' ' Decay of Piety. AN-TI-GIIRIsT-!-An'!-TY (5n-te-kfist-ye-&n'e-te), n. Contrariety to Christianity. Trapp. AN-TI-GJIRISTTAN-IZE, v. a. To make anti- christian. More. AN-TI-GHRON'1-CAL, a. [Gr. avri, against, and Xpovttais, relating to time.] Deviating frobn the proper order of time ; falsely dated. Ogilvie. AN-TlCH'RQ-NIijM (an-tik'ro-nizm), n. [Gr. avri, against, and %p6vos, time.] Deviation from the right order of time ; anachronism. Selelen. AA-TICH' THOA, ii. [Gr. avri^Quiv', avri, against, and %6wv, the earth.] (Geog.) An opposite or counter land ; land of the antipodes. Smart. AN-TI^'I-pAnT, a. That anticipates ; anticipa- tive. “ Anticipant of hell.” Southey. AN-TIi^'1-PATE, v. a. [L. anticipo, anticipatus ; ante, before, and capio, to take; It. antic ipare ; Sp. anticipar; Fr. anticiper .] [i. anticipated ; pp. ANTICIPATING, ANTICIPATED.] 1. To take up beforehand; as, “To antici- pate a portion of a discourse.” 2. To go before so as to preclude another ; to get the start of. God hath taken care to anticipate and prevent every man, to draw him early into his church. Hammond. Time, thou anticipaVst my dread exploits ; The flighty purpose never is o’ertook, Unless the deed go with it. Shak. 3. To enjoy, possess, or suffer, in expecta- tion ; to foretaste. I would not anticipate the relish of anv happiness, nor feel the weight of any misery, before it actually arrives. Addison. f AN-TI(j;'I-PATE-LY, ad. By anticipation. “lie did anticipately promise to Peter.” Barrow. AN-TI^-I-PA'TION, n. 1. Act of anticipating. So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery. Shak. 2. That which is anticipated. This payment was called an anticipation , which is to say, a thing taken, or a thing coming, before his time or senson. Hall. 3. Immature opinion. Many men give themselves up to the first anticipations of their minds ; . . . they are often as fond of their first con- ceptions as of their first-born. Locke. 4. Foretaste; antepast. We shall taste it [future happiness] by way of anticipation and forethought. Atterbury. 5. (Mas.) The introduction into a chord of one or more of the component notes of the chord which follows. Dwight. AN-TlC^'l-PA-TI VE, a. That anticipates ; giving anticipation, [r.] Coleridge. AN-TI^'I-PA-TOR, il. One who anticipates. AN-TI(^'I-PA-TO-RY, a. That anticipates. More. AN-TI-CLI'mAX, n. [Gr. avri, against, and Khipai, a ladder or staircase.] (Rhet.) A sinking in thought, as in a sentence of which the last part expresses something lower than the first ; — op- posed to climax : for example, Die and endow a college or a cat. Pope. AN-TI-CEI'NAL, a. [Gr. avri, against, and K/.ivto, to incline.] (Geol.) Noting an axis or imagi- nary line where strata dip in opposite direc- tions. Brande. An'TIC-LY, ad. In an antic manner. Shak. An'TIC— MASK, n. Same as Antimask. One request is, we may be admitted, if not for a mask, for an antic-mask. Ji. Jonson. An'TIC-NESS, n. The state or quality of being antic. “ A port of humorous anticness." Ford. AN-TI-OON-STI-TU'TION-AL, a. Unconstitu- tional. “Anticonstitutional dependency ... on the crown.” Bolingbrokc. AN-TI-CON-STI-TU'TION-AL-IsT, n. One who is hostile to the constitution. • Knowles. AN-TI-CON-TA'^ION-IST, n. An opposer of the doctrine of contagion. Knowles. AN-TI-CON-TA'(?IOyS, a. (Med.) Good against contagious diseases ; antipestilential. Knowles. AN-TI-CON-VUL'SIVE, a. (Med.) Good against convulsions. Flayer. An'TI-COR, n. [Gr. avri, against, and L. cor, the heart.] (Farriery.) A preternatural swelling, of a round figure, on a horse’s breast, opposite to his heart ; a sort of quinsy. Farm. Eney. AN-TI-C0§-METTC, a. [Gr. hurt', against, and Koapos, ornament.] Destructive of beauty. “I would have him apply his anticosmetic wash to the painted face.” Lyttleton. An I I-COURT (Sn'te-kort), a. [Gr. Avri, against, and Eng. court.] Opposed to the court. “ The anticourt party courted him.” Reresby. AN-TI-COURT'HJR (&n-te-kort'yer), ii. One who opposes the court. Johnson. AN-Tl'COl'S, a. [L. anticus, fore, in front.] (Bot.) 1. Noting the part of the blossom next the bract, as the keel of the pea. Gray. 2. Noting anthers whose line of dehiscence is intrors-e, or towards the pistil. Lindleg. An-TI-CR5-A'TOR, ii. A creator of something which amounts to nothing. Milton. AN-TI-DAc'TYL, ii. [Gr. avri, opposite to, and laurv/.oz, a dactyl.] (Pros.) A metrical foot consisting of three syllables, the first two short and the last long; a dactyl reversed. Craig. AN-TI-DEM-O-CRAT'IC, ) Opposing de- AN-TI-DEM-O-CRAT'I-CAL, 1 mocracy, or a gov- ernment by the people." Ogilvie. A .V- 7 V- D K $ ' A I J) , n. [Gr. ai r/, instead of, and fitopa, a band.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, of which the bark is used for making ropes, and the leaves are regarded as an antidote to the bite of serpents. Loudon. An'TI-DO-TAL, a. (Med.) Having the quality of an antidote ; acting as a counterpoison. Browne. AN'TI-DO-TAL-LY, ad. By way of antidote. “ Antidotally destroying.” Browne. AN'TI-DO-TA-RY, a. Same as Antidotal, [r.] An'TI-DO-TA-RY, n. A treatise on antidotes. “ Guianerius iii his antidotary." Burton. t AN'TI-DOTE, v. a. To furnish with preserva- tives ; to preserve by antidotes. More. AN'TI-DOTE, il. [Gr. uvrilorog, given in return, or as a remedy ; avri, against, and fiifuap i, to give.] A medicine that counteracts poison ; a remedy or preservative against sickness. My bane and antidote arc both before me. Addison. One poison may be an antidote to another. Hume. AN-Tj-DOT'I-CAL, a. (Med.) Useful as an anti- dote or remedy ; antidotal. Knowles. An-T!-DYS-EN-TER'IC, a. (Med.) Good against dysentery, or bloody flux. Dunglison. AN-TI-DYS-JJN-TER'IC, n. (Med.) A remedy for dysentery, or bloody flux. Dunglison. AN-TI-DY§'U-RlC, a. (Med.) Good against dysury. AN-TI-E-MET'IC, a. That checks vomiting. Ash. AN-TI-E-MET'IC, ii. (Med.) A remedy for vom- iting; antemetic. Hooper. AN-TI-EN-NE-A-HE'DRAL, a. [Gr. a vri, opposite, into, nine, and tlpa, a seat.] (Min.) Noting crystals with nine faces on two opposite parts. AN'TIIJNT, a. See Ancient. AN-TI-IJN-THU-SI-As'TIC, a. Opposed to enthu- siasm. “Antienthusiastic poet.” Shaftesbury. AN-TI-EPH-T-AL'TIC, 11. [Gr. avri, against, and iipial.rrii, the nightmare.] (Mecl.) A remedy for nightmare. Dunglison. AN-TI-EP-I-LEP'TIC, a. Antepileptic. Hooper. AN-TI-EP-I-LEP'TICj ii. An antepileptic. AN-Tr-JJ-PlS'CO-PAL, a. Adverse or opposed to episcopacy. “ Antiepiscopal writers.” Hickes. AN-TI-E-VAN-^EL'I-CAL, a. Not evangelical. AN'TI-FACE (an'te-fas), n. [Gr. avri, against, and Eng .face.] An opposite face. B. Jonson. AN-TJ-FA-nAt'IC, n. An enemy to fanatics ; one opposed to fanaticism. Milton. AN-TI-FEB'RILE, [an-te-feb'ril, W. J. F. Ja. Sin . ; hn-to-fG'linl, S.; an-te-fe'brjl, P. A’.], a. Good against fevers ; febrifugal. Floycr. AN-TI-FED'JSR-AL, a. Hostile to federalism, or the principles of the Federalists. Adams. An-TI-FED'JJR-AL-I§M, 11 . The principles of Antifederalists. Jefferson. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6. U, Y. short; A, E, J, O, U, Y> obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, F.\LL ; HEIR, HER; ANTIFEDERALIST 63 ANTIPHONY AN-TI-FED'JJR-AL-IST, n. One of a political party, in the United States, that opposed the adoption of the Constitution. Marshall. AN-TI-FLAT'TJGR-ING, a. Opposite to flatter- ing. “Satire is a kind of antiflattering glass; . . . shows us nothing but deformities.” Delany. AN-TI-FLAT'U-LENT, a. {Med.) Counteracting flatulence. Barton. AN-TI-GA-LAC'TIC, a. [Or. am, against, and ■yet). it , yd).t,KT 0 <, milk.] {Med.) Preventing the secretion of milk. Dunglison. AN-TI-GAL'LI-CAN, a. [Gr. dv ri, against, and L. Gallia, Gaul' or France.] Hostile toFrance or the French. Smollett. AN-TTg'O-RItE, n. A mineral composed chiefly of silica, magnesia, and protoxide of iron. Dana. AiVTI-GRAPH, n. [Gr avri, against, and ypatjnn, to write.] A copy ; a transcript. Clarke. AN-TI-GUG'GLIJR, n. • [Gr. avri, against, and Eng. guggle .] A siphon to admit air above a liquid flowing from an inverted bottle, and thereby to prevent agitation. XJre. AN-TI-HEC'TIC, a. {Med.) Good against hectic fever. Dunglison. AN-TI-HY-DRO-PHOB'IC, n. {Med.) A remedy for hydrophobia. Dunglison. AN-TI-HY-DROP'IC, n. [Gr. avri, against, and IlSpun)., dropsy.] {Med.) A remedy for dropsy. An-TT-HYP-NOT'IC, a. Same as Anthypnotic. AN-TI-HYP-O-jGHON'DRI-AC, a. {Med.) Same as Ant hypochondriac. Ogilvie. AJY-Tl-HY-POPH' O-RA, n. Same as Antiiy- pop’iiora. ’ Knowles. AN-TI-HYS-TER'JC, n. Same as Anthysteric. AN-TMC-TER'IC, n. [Gr. avri, against, and iic re- pot, jaundice.] {Mccl.) A remedy for the jaun- dice. Dunglison. AN-TI-LItH'IC, n. [Gr. avri, against, and /.Wo;, a stone.] {Med.) A remedy for calculus or stone in the bladder. Dunglison. AN-TI-LITH-O-TRIP'TIST, ii. One opposed to lithotripty. Med. Jour. AN-TI-l6g'A-RITHM, 11 . 1. The arithmetical complement of a logarithm ; — in this sense now little used. 2. A number corresponding to any given logarithm. Thus 100 is the antilogarithm of 2 in the common system, 2 being the logarithm of 100. Davies. f AN-TIL'O-^Y, il. [Gr. ivnl.oyia ; avri, against, and i.lyw, to speak.] A contradiction between any words. Bailcg. AN-TI-LOI'MIC, n. [Gr. avri, against, and ).oip6;, pestilence.] {Med.) A remedy used in the pre- vention and cure of the plague. Brande. An'TI-LOPE, n. See Antelope. f AN-TlL'O-auIST, n. [Gr. avn', against, and L. loquor, to speak.] A contradictor. Bailey. f AN-TIL'O-CtUY, n. 1. A preface ; a proem ; — properly written anteloquy. Boucher. 2. A stage-player’s cue. Cockeram. f AN-TI-MA-GiS'TRr-CAL, a. [Gr. a vn', against, and L. inagister, a master.] Against magis- trates. “ Antimagistrical assertions.” South. f AN-TI-MA-NI'A-CAL, a. {Med.) Good against mania. “Antimaniacal virtues.” Battle. AN'TI-MAsk, n. A ridiculous interlude dividing the parts of the more serious mask ; antic- mask. Nares. Let antimasks not be long ; they have been commonly of fools, satyrs, baboons, wild men, antics , beasts, &c. Bacon. AN-TI-MA'SON, n . One opposed to the order of freemasons ; one hostile to masonry or free- masonry. J. Q. Adams. AN-TJ-MA-SON'ICj a. Hostile to the order of freemasons or to freemasonry. Stevens. AN-TI-MA'SON-RY, ii. Opposition to the system of freemasonry. Ward. AN-TJ-MAT-RI-MO'NI-AL, a. Hostile to matri- mony ; opposed to marriage. Garrick. AN-TI-MEL-AN-jCHOL'JC, ii. {Med.) A remedy for melancholy. Dunglison. AJV- TI-ME- TAB 1 0-LF., n. [Gr. avri, against, and ficTafto/.rj, a change.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which things are changed contrari- wise ; as, “ A poem is a speaking picture ; a picture a mute poem.” Crabb. AN-TlM'E-T£R, n. [Gr. avri, opposite, and pirpov, a measure.] An optical instrument for accu- rately measuring angles. Davies. AN-TI-MET'RI-CAL, a. Contrary to the rules of metre ; violating prosody. Ogilvie. AN-TI-MIN-IS-TE'RI-AL, a. Opposing the min- istry, or executive government. Gray. AN-TI-MIN-IS-TE'RI-AL-IST, n. One who is op- posed to the ministry. Ash. AN-1 I-MO-NARUH I-AL, 1 a _ Contrary or hos- AN-TI-MO-NAR;eH'!C, 1 tile to monarchy. AN-TI-MO-NArUH'I-CAL, ) Addison. AN-TI-MO-NARCH'I-CAE-NESS, n. Opposition to monarchical government. Ogilvie. AN-TI-MON'ARjGH-IST, n. An enemy to mon- archy. Life of A. Wood. AN-TI-MO'NI-AL, a. {Med.) Relating to or made of antimony ; containing antimony. Grew. AN-TI-MO'NI-AL, n. {Med.) A medicine con- taining antimony Smart. AN-TJ-MO'NI-ATE, n. { Chimi.) A salt composed of antimonic acid and a base. Smart. AN-TI-MON'IC, ^ ) a. {Chem.) Noting acids An-TI-MO'NI-OUS, j composed of antimony and oxygen. Turner. AN'TI-MO-NlTE, n. {Chem.) A salt composed of antimonious acid and a base. Crabb. AN-TI-MON-p-PHYL'LlTE, or AN-TI-MO-NOPH'- YL-L1TE, n. [Eng. antimony, Gr. ipb'/Aov, a leaf, and ).i 0 o;, a stone.] {Min.) A grayish-white mineral containing oxide of antimony. Dana. AN'TJ-MO-NY, ii. [Gr. avri, against, and /uSvot, alone ; so named from being seldom found alone.] {Min.) A brittle metal of a silvery white color, with a tinge of blue, a lamellar texture, and crystalline fracture. Ure. Crude antimony, the ore or sulphuret of antimony. AN-TI-MOR'AL-IST, n. An enemy to morality. “ A sect of antimoralists.” Warburton. AN-TI-M0-§A'I-CAL, a. Opposing the authority of the books of Moses. Bosivell. AN-TI-MU'§I-CAL, a. Opposed to music. Ogilvie. AN-TI-N13-PHRIT'IC, a. [Gr. avri, against, and vappins, a disease of the kidneys.] Good against inflammation of the kidneys. Dunglison. AN-TI-NE-PHR!t'!C, ii. A remedy for inflamma- tion of the kidneys. Dunglison. AN-TI-NO'MI-AN, 11. [Gr. avri, against, and vip o;, a law.] {Eccl. Hist.) One of the sect who denied the obligation of the observance of the moral law, under the Christian dispensation. South. AN-TJ-NO'MI-AN, a. Relating to the Antino- mians. “ Aiitinoinian heretics.” Bp. Hall. AN-TI-NO'MI-AN-I^M, ii. The tenets of the An- tinomians. Bp. Hall. f AN-TI-NO'MIST, n. One who disregards the law; an Antinomian. Bp. Sanderson. AN'TI-NO-MY, or AN-TIN'O-MY [an'te-no-me, S. P. Sm. C.; an-iin'o-ino, W. J. F. Ja.\ ?ii- te'no-me, K.], 11. [Gr. avri, against, and vdpos, law.] A contradiction between two laws, or two articles of the same law. Baker. AN-TI-O'jGHI-AN, a. 1. Pertaining to Antiochus, the founder of a sect of philosophers contem- porary with Cicero. Ogilvie. 2. Noting a mode of computing time, from the date of the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Antioch ; as, “ The Antiochian epoch.” Ogilvie. ilovrnXyta, the toothache.] {Med.) A remedy for the toothache. Dunglison. AN-TI-P^E-DO-BAP'TIST, n. [Gr. avri, against, and Eng. paedobaptist .) One who objects to the baptism of infants ; a Baptist. Buck. An-TI-pA'PAL, a. Opposing the pope or pa- pacy. “ That antipapal schism.” Milton. AN-T|-PA-pIS'TI-CAL, a. Opposing the papacy ; antipapal. “Antipapistical poets.” Jortin. AN-TI-PAR'AL-LEL, a. Running in a contrary direction on a parallel line. “ Our remedy an- tiparallel to their disease.” Hammond. AN-TI-PAR'AL-LEL^, ii. pi. {Geom.) Straight lines which make equal angles with two given straight lines, but in a contrary order. Davies. AN-TI-PAR-A-LYT'IC, {Med.) Good AN-TI-PAR-A-LYT'I-CAL, 5 against paralysis. AN-TI-PA-THET'IC, Having an antipa- AN-TI-PA-THET'I-CAL, ) thy or contrariety. “The soil is fat, luxurious, and antipathetical to all venomous creatures.” Howell. AN-TI-PATH'IC, a. [Gr. avri, against, and ml Oos, feeling.] {Med.) Relating to antipathy ; op- posite ; unlike ; adverse. Dunglison. AN-TIP'A-THIsT, n. That which has antipathy. Sole positive of night 1 Antipathist of light! Coleridge. f AN-TIP'A-THOUS, a. Adverse; having a natu- ral contrariety. As if she saw something antipathous Unto her virtuous life. Beau. 8f FI. AN-TIP'A-THY, n. [Gr. avri, against, and nados, feeling.] A natural aversion ; a natural contra- riety or opposition to any thing ; repugnance ; aversion ; — opposed to sympathy. No contraries hold more antipathy Than I and sueh a knave. Shak. A man may have an antipathy to particular smells or tastes, a turkey-cock or bull to the color red, a horse to the smell of raw flesh. Locke. Syn. — See Repugnance. AN-TI-PA-TRI-OT'JC, a. Opposed to patriotic. AN-TI-PER-IS-TAl'TJC, a. Opposed to peristaltic. AN- TI-PE-RIS 1 TA-SIS, 11. [Gr. dvrnripitrraai; ; avri, opposite, and mptariuris, circumstance, state.] 1. The opposition of a contrary quality, by which the quality it opposes becomes height- ened or gains strength. The antiperistasis of age More inflamed his amorous rage. Cowley. 2. {Rhet.) A figure by which one grants what an adversary says, but denies his inference. AN-TI-PER-IS-TAT'IC, a. Relating to antiperis- tasis. Ash. AN-TI-PES-TI-LEN’TIAL, a. {Med.) Good against pestilence. “Antipestilential unguents. "Harvey. AN'TI-PHLO-IJUS'TIAN, n. [Gr. avri, against, and p.oyurrt;, burnt. — See Phlogiston.] One opposed to the theory of phlogiston. Ogilvie. AN-TI-PHLO-^iS'TIC, a. {Med.) Counteracting or allaying inflammation. Fordyce. AN-TI-PHLO-- tikHs, burning.] {Med. ) Good for curing burns. AN-TI-CHJA'RI-AN, a. [L. antiquarms.] 1. Relating to antiquity or to antiquities. 2. Noting a kind of drawing paper. AN-TI-auA'RI-AN, n. One devoted, or partial, to antiquity ; an antiquary. I shall distinguish such as I esteem to be hinderers of ref- ormation into three sorts : antiquarians , for so I had rather call them than antiquaries (whose labors are useful and lau- dable) ; second, libertines ; third, politicians. Milton. And what the painter’s graphic art, Or antiquarians searches keen. Of calm amusement could impart. Scott. Antiquary and antiquarian are now both in good use as substantives. The latter, which is used as a substantive by Milton, Warburton, and many more recent authors of reputation, is designated by Todd as “improper.” AN-TI-GUA'RI-AN-I^M, n. Love of antiquities. “I have the seeds of antiquarianism in me.” Ilurd. AN'TI-QUA-RY, 7i. [L. antiquarius.] One versed in a knowledge of antiquity, or in the minute facts relating to antiquity ; an antiquarian. With sharpened sight pale antiquaries pore, — The inscription value, but the rust adore. Pope. f AN'TI-ClUA-RY, a. Ancient; antiquarian. Instructed by the antiquary times. Shak. An'TI-CUJATE, V. a. [L. ailtiquo, antiquatus .] [t. ANTIQUATED ; }i/7. ANTIQUATING, ANTIQUAT- ED.] To make obsolete ; to abrogate. Hale. AN'TI-aUAT-?D, p. a. Grown old ; grown out of fashion; out of use; as, “Antiquated customs.” Syn. —See Ancient, Old. AN'TI-OUAT-JJD-NESS, 7i. The state of being antiquated or obsolete. Jolmsoti. f AN'TI-QUATE-NESS, 71. The state of being antiquated ; antiquatedness. Life of Mede. AN-TI-OUA'TION, 7i. State of being antiquated. Which must no change nor antiquation know. Beaumont. AN-TiaUE' (jn-tek', 17), a. [L. atitiquus; It. an- tico ; Sp. antiguo ; Fr. antique.'] 1. Ancient ; old ; not modern. That old and antique song we heard last night. Shak. 2. Of genuine antiquity. “ The seals . . . which we know to be antique.” Hrydcti. 3. Made to imitate what is ancient ; having the appearance of antiquity, as, “ An a7itique style.” 4. f Antic; odd; fantastic. “Our giddy- headed a7itique youth.” JDotine. Syn. — See Ancient, Old. AN-TIQUE' (an-tek'), n. Any thing very old ; an ancient rarity ; a piece of ancient art. Swift. lie had an abundant collection of ancient statues, not to mention numberless other antiques, which stood neglected in a lumber-room. Melmoth. AN-TIQUE'LY, ad. In an antique manner. AN-TiaUE'NpSS (an-tek'nes), 71. Quality of be- ing antique or ancient. We may discover something venerable in the antimiencss of the work. Addison. AN'Tl-QUlST, 71. An antiquary. [In disparage- ment.] “ Such poor antiquists.” Pinkerton. AN-Tla'UI-Ty (?n-tlk'we-te), n. [L. antiquitas ; It. antichita ; Sp. antiguedad ; Fr. antiquite.] 1. Old times ; ages long since past. Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero, the greatest philosopher, the most impartial historian, and the most consummate statesman, of all antiquity. Addison. 2. The people of old times ; the ancients. That such pillars were raised by Seth, all antiquity has avowed. Raleigh. 3. pi. Things relating to man in a social state in past times ; relics of old times ; as, “ Grecian and Roman antiquities.” 4. Ancientness; great age. “This ring is valuable for its antiquity." Johnson. 5. Old age. [In a ludicrous sense.] la not your voice broken? your wind short? your chin double? your wit single? and every part about you blasted with antiquity ? Shak. AN-TI-REV-O-LU'TION-A-RY, a. Adverse or opposed to revolutions. Burke. AN-TI-REV-O-LU'TION-Ist, n. One opposed to change in the form of government. Guthrie. AN-TI-SAB-BA-TA'RJ-AN, n. One who opposes the Sabbath. Pagit. AN-TI-SAQ-F.R-DO'TAL, a. Hostile to priests. “ The charge of . . . sacerdotal craft, . . . laid by antisacerdotal pride or resentment.” Waterland. AN-Tl"SCIAN§ (66), 7i.pl. {Geog.) Same as An- tiscii. Brande. AN-TJ" SCI-i (jn-tlsh'e-l), n. [L., from Gr. ivri, opposite, and too, a shadow.] (Geog.) The peo- ple who live on different sides of the equator, and whose shadows at noon are cast in oppo- site directions. Brande. AA-T I-SCOR-BU TIL, ? [Gr. ivri, against, AN-TI-SCOR- BU'TI-CAL, ) and modern L. scor- butus, the scurvy.] (Med.) Good against the scurvy. “ Antiscorbutical plants.” Arbuthnot. AN-TI-SCOR-bO'TIC, n. (Med.) A medicine good against the scurvy. Arbutlmot. f An'TI-SCRIPT, 7i. [Gr. avri, against, and L. scribo, scriptiis, to write.] A writing in op- position to another writing. Hacket. AN-TI-SCrIP'TIJ-RAL, a. Opposed to the prin- ciples of the Scriptures. AN-TI-SCRIP'TU-RIiJM, 71. Opposition to the Scriptures, [r.] Boyle. AN-TI-SCRlP'TU-RlST, 7i. One who denies rev- elation ; one who opposes the truth of the Scriptures. “By atheists and antiseripturists alleged to overthrow . . . the Scripture.” Boyle. AN-T I-SEP TIC, ? [Gr. avri, against, and AN-TI-SEP'TI-CAL, ) atjrw, to putrefy.] (Med.) Counteracting putrefaction. Battle. AN-TI-SEP'TIC, n. (Med.) A substance which prevents or checks putrefaction. Fordyce. An-TJ-SLA'VE-RY, 7t. Hostility to slavery. AN-TI-SLA'VU-RY, a. Opposed to slavery ; as, “ Antislavery doctrines.” An-TI-SO'CIAL (66), a. Hostile or averse to civil society. Ch. Ob. AN-TIS' PJi-SIS, 77. [Gr. avri, opposite, and oaa'w, to draw out.] (Med.) The turning of the-course of the humors while in motion. Hooper. AN-TI-SPA§-M6d'IC, a. (Med.) Good against spasms or cramps. Dunglison. AN-TI-SPA^-MOD'IC, 71. (Med.) A medicine that alleviates or cures spasms. jDutiglisoti. AN'TI-SPAST, ) n. [Gr. am, against, and An- TI-SpAS ' TUS, ) airaw, to draw out or forth.] (Pros.) A tetrasyllable foot composed of an iambus and a trochee. Ogilvie. AN-TI-SPAs'TJC, a. [Gr. am, opposite, and an a- otik6s, pulling.] 1. (Med.) Causing a revulsion of humors. 2. (Med.) Counteracting spasms or cramps ; antispasmodic. Ogilvie. AN-TI-SPAs'TJC, 7i. (Med.) A remedy which causes the revulsion of fluids or humors. AN-TI-SPLEN'B-TiC [an-te-splen'e-tlk, S. W. J. Ja. K. ; an-te-sple-net'jk, P. C. Wb .], a. (Med.) Efficacious in diseases of the spleen. JN-TIS’ T-ft-SIS, 77. [Gr. imVrairq ; am, opposite, and araais, a standing or placing.] (Rhet.) The justification of an action by showing the expe- diency of having done it. Crabb. jiN-TIS' TFf, 71.; pi. AN-Tls'Tt-TEtf. [L., a pres- ident.] The chief priest or prelate. Milt077. rfJY-TIS'TRE-PHON, 71. [Gr. avriorptipopai, to turn back.1 (Rhet.) An argument which may be retorted. Milton. JJN-TIS'TRO-PIIE, 71. [L., from Gr. avriarpoiPy ; ivri, opposite, and arpiipw, to turn.] 1. The stanza opposed to the strophe. It was customary on some occasions to dance round the altars whilst they sang the sacred hymns, which consisted of three stanzas or parts; the first of which, called strophe, was sung in turning from cast to west ; the other, named antis- trophe, in returning from west to east; then thev stood be- fore the altar, and sang the epode, which wus the last part of the song. Potter. 2. (Rhet.) An alternate conversion of the same words in different sentences ; as, “Tour servant, sir. — Sir, your servant.” Crabb. AN-TI-STR6PH'IC, a. Relating to antistrophe. AN-TI-STRU-MAT'IC, a. [Gr. am, against, and L. struma, a scrofulous tumor.] (Med.) Good against the scrofula. Wiseman. AN-TI-STRtJ'MOUS, a. (Med.) Good against scrofula ; antistrumatic. Ogilvie. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, J0, J, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; ANTIS YNODALIAN 65 APATHETICAL AN-TI-SYN-O-DA'LI-AN, n. [Gr. ivrl, against, and aivohoi, an assembly.] One opposed to syn- odals. N. E. Elders. AN-TGSYPH-I-LJT'IC, a. [Gr. avri, against, and syphilis, the venereal disease.] {Med.) Good for curing syphilis. Dunglison. AN-TI-SYPH-I-LIT'IC, n. {Med.) A remedy for syphilis. Dunglison. AN-TI-THE'I§M, n. [Gr. avri, against, and dsds, God.] Opposition to theism or the belief of a God ; atheism. Chalmers. AN-TI-THE'IST, n. An opponent of theism ; an atheist. Chalmers. AN-TI-THE-IS'TI-CAL, a. Opposing the belief of a God ; atheistical. Ogilvie. AN-TI-THJJ-Is'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In an atheistic manner ; atheistically. Ogilvie. AN-TITH'IJ-SlS, n. ; pi. an-tItii'e-se?. [Gr. av- Tldems, opposition ; avri, against, and r [Ur; fit, to put.] (Rhet.) A figure by which contraries are opposed to contraries ; opposition in words or sentiments ; contrast ; — as in these lines : Though gentle, yet not dull; Strong, without rage: without o’erflowing, full. Denham. I see a chief who leads my chosen sons, All armed with points, antitheses , and puns. Pope. AN-TI-THET'IC, 1. Relating to, or con- An-TI-THET'I-CAL, gaining, antithesis; placed in contrast. “ Parallel antithetical expres- sions.” Mason. 2. Given to antithesis ; addicted to antithesis. Tacitus, who is one of the most antithetical , is . . . one of the least periodic, of all the Latin writers. Whately. AN-TI-THET'I-CAL-LYj ad. By means of an- tithesis ; in an antithetic manner. Byron. AN-TITH' E-TON, n. ; pi. AN-TITH ’ E-TA. [Gr. dvriOtrov ; avri, against, and rid lyi, to put.] {Rhet.) Counterposition ; antithesis. AM-TIT' RA-O £rs, n. [Gr. avri, opposite, and L. tragus. — See Tragus.] (Anat.) The process of the external ear, opposite to the tragus, and behind the ear-passage. Brande. An-TJ-TRIN-I-TA'RI-AN, a. {Theol.) Opposing the doctrine of the trinity. An-TI-TRIN-I-TA'RI-AN, n. {Theol.) An opposer of the doctrine of the trinity. Swift. AN-T{-TRIN-I-TA'R!-AN-i§M, n. {Theol.) The doctrine which denies a trinity of persons in the Godhead ; the denial of a triune God. Conder. AN-TlT'RO-PAL, ? a . [Gr. avri, opposite, and AN-TIT'RO-POUS, ) rpt'a-w, to turn.] {Bot.) Not- ing the position of the embryo when it lies reversed with respect to the seed, its cotyle- dons being turned towards the hilum. Henslow. An'TI-TYPE, n. [Gr. ivTirv nos, copied after a type or model.] {Theol.) That which is pre- figured or represented by the type, and there- fore stands correlative with it ; — thus, the paschal lamb was a type, to which our Saviour, the Lamb of God, was the antitype. Bp. Taylor. AN-TI-TYP'I-CAL, a. Relating to an antitype ; corresponding to the type. Parkkurst. t AN-TJ-TY'POyS, a. Antitypical. Cudivorth. AN-TI-VAC'CI-NIST, n. [Gr. ivri, against, and L. vaccina, the cow-pox.] {Med.) One who op- poses vaccination. Ed. Rev. An-TI-VA-RI'O-LOUS, a. [Gr. avri, against, and Eng. variolous .] (Med.) Opposing or coun- teracting the small-pox. Ogilvie. A.V-TI- VF.-.Yi] ' re-AL, a. (Med.) Good against the venereal disease ; antisyphilitic. Dunglison. f An'TI-WIT, n. An enemy to wit. Wycherly. ANT'LER, n. [Old Fr. entoillier; Fr . andouiller.] A first branch of a stag’s horn ; any branch of a stag’s horn. A well-grown stag, whose antlers rise High o'er his front. Dryden. ANT'LERED (ant'lerd), a. Having antlers. A fowlwith spangled plumes, a brinded steer, sometimes a crested mare, or antlered deer. Vernon. AnT'LIke, a. Resembling the habits of ants ; industrious ; provident. Ogilvie. AN-TCE ' Cl (em-te'sl), n. pi. [L., from Gr. aV- roocoi] Same as Antecians. Brande. An-TO-JVO-MA fl-A (an-to-no-ma'zhe-a), n. [L., from Gr. dvroroyaaia ; avri, instead of, and oroya, a name.] (Rhet.) A form of speech in which some general term is put in place of a proper name; as, “The Stagyrite,” for Aristotle; — or in which a proper name is put in place of a com- mon noun ; as, “ a Cicero,” for an orator ; “ a Nero,” for a tyrant ; “ a Cromwell,” for a usur- per ; “ a Solomon,” for a wise man. Brande. AN-TO-NO-MAs'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In the manner of the figure antonomasia. Ogilvie. f AN'TRE (Sn'ter), n. [L. antrum, & cave; Fr. autre. \ A cave ; a den. Brande. Antres vast, and deserts idle, Rough quarries, rocks, hills whose heacls touch heaven. Shale. AN-TRIM'O-LITE, n. [Antrim, in Ireland, near the Giant’s Causeway, and Gr. >.[ 60 s, a stone.] (Mm.) A variety of mesotype, occurring in white fibrous stalactites, about as large as the finger, in cavities of amygdaloid. Dana. A-MU'BIS, n. (Myth.) A deity of the Egyptians, represented by a human figure with the head of a dog. Brande. A 'JVUS, n. [L.] (Anat.) The excrementary ori- fice of the alimentary canal. Dunglison. AN'VIL, n. [A. S. anfilt, an anvil.] The iron block on which iron and other metals are laid to be hammered. I saw a smith stand, with his hammer, thus, The whilst his iron did on his anvil cool. Shale. Quick on the anvil lay the burning bar. Jago. To be on the anvil , to be in a state of formation or preparation. AN'VIL, v. a. To fashion on the anvil. Lre you hear it, with all care put on The surest armor, anvilled in the shop Of passive fortitude. Beau. Sf FI. ANJC-I'E-TY (jng-zl'e-te), n. [L. anxietas ; anc/o, to vex, to trouble ; It. ansieta ; Sp. ansia ; Fr. anxiete.] Trouble of mind about some future event; continual uneasiness ; perplexity; men- tal distress ; concern ; painful solicitude. To be happy is not only to be freed from the pains and diseases of the body, but from anxiety and vexation of spirit. Tillotson . Syn. — See Care . ANX'IOUS (angk'slms, 82), a. [L. anxius . ] 1. Full of anxiety ; suffering from suspense or uncertainty ; concerned about the future ; solicitous ; unquiet ; uneasy. Anxious , and trembling for the birth of fate. Pope. 2. Attended with solicitude or uneasiness. God hath bid dwell tar otf all anxious cares. Milton. Syn. — See Care. ANX'IOUS-LY (hngk'shus-le), ad. In an anxious manner ; solicitously ; unquietly ; uneasily. Anx'IOUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of be- ing anxious ; anxiety. Spectator. AN'Y (en'e), a. [A. S. cenig, any.] 1. A single one of many, whoever or what- ever it may be. And he sent him away to his house, saying, Neither go into the town, nor tell it to any in the town. Mark viii. 26. There is no one book extant in any language, or in any country, which can in any degree be compared with it [the Bible] for antiquity, for authority, for the importance, the dignity, the variety, and the curiosity of the matter it con- tains. Porteus. 2. Some, however few or many, or of what- ever kind ; an indefinite number or quantity. And Saul . . . went unto the high priest, and desired of him letters ... to the synagogues, that if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem. Acts ix. 1,2. If there be any virtue, if there be any praise. Phil. iv. 8. BSP This word was formerly written as it is pro- nounced, eny. “ If ye have eny thing against eny man.” Mark xi. 25. Tyndale^s Translation. “ If ye have aught against eny man.” Cranmcr. teef* “ Any, an, a, one, seem all to be nearly equiv- alent words, and derived from one origin ; I mean from ane, the name of unity. Hence a or an and any are frequently synonymous. ‘A considerate man would have acted differently’; that is, ‘any consid- erate mail.’ ” Crombie. It is used in composition ; as, anywhere, & c. ANY (en'e), ad. At all ; in any degree ; some- what ; as, “ Any better.” Atterbury. ANY-HOW (Sn'e-hou), ad. In any manner ; in any way ; in any case. Nelson. ANY-VVHERE (en'e-hwir), ad. In any place. “ Begun anywhere below.” Locke. f ANY-VVIIITHER (en’e-hwltli-er), ad. To any place. “Inveigle — men any whither.” Barrow. ANY-WI§E (en'e-wlz), ad. In any manner. “ How can he be anywise rich ? ” Barrow. A-O'NI-AN, a. Relating to Aonia, a part of Boeo- tia, and to a fountain near Mount Helicon in Aonia, sacred to the Muses. Pope. A'O-RIST, n. [Gr. adptorof, indeterminate ; a priv. and to determine.] (Gram.) An indefi- nite tense in the Greek grammar. Valpy. A'O-RIST, a. (Gram.) Indefinite with respect to time ; aoristic. Valpy. A-O-RIS TIC, 1 a (Gram.) Relating to the A-O-RlS'TI-CAL, ) aorist ; indefinite. Harris. A-OR'TA, n. [Gr. dopn/, the great artery ; dttpoi, to lift, to raise up. Liddell A Scoff.] (Anat.) The great artery or vessel which arises from the upper and back part of the left ventricle of the heart. It is the common trunk of the arteries of the body. Dunglison. T AL, i a% Relating to the aorta, or great A-OR'TIC, ) arterial trunk. Bell. A-PACE', ad. [« and pace.] With quick pace ; quickly ; speedily ; hastily. Milton. Now spurs the Iated traveller apace. Shak. Ap ’A-GO-gE, n. [Gr. ditayoiyy, a leading away; an6, from, and ayui, to lead.] (Logic.) The same as reductio ad absurdum ; a demonstration which does not prove the thing directly, but shows the impossibility or absurdity of denying it. Berkeley. AP-A-GO^'I-CAL, a. Proving a thing indirectly, by showing the absurdity of denying it. Beattie. I demand a reason why any other anagoqical demonstra- tion, or demonstration ad absurdum , sliould be admitted in geometry rather than this. Berkeley. A-PA^'Y-NOUS, a. [Gr. ana!;, once, and ywt'/, a female.] (Bot.) Applied to plants that fructify once and then perish ; monocarpous. Brande. f A-PAID', a. Satisfied ; appayed. Chaucer. He was apaid with the choice. Bp. Hall. AP-A-LA'CHI-AN, a. — Same as Appalachian. AP'A-NALL, BUR, RlJLE. 9 — 9, £> soft; C, G, g, |, hard; f) as z; 3C as gz. — THIS, this. APATHIST APOCALYPT 66 AP'A-THlST, n. One without feeling. Todd. AP-A-THIS'TJ-CAL, a. Indifferent; unfeeling; apathctical. “ Apathistical disposition. 1 ' Seward. AP'A-THY, n - [Or. a priv. and 7 u!0o;, feeling.] Want of feeling ; insensibility; indifference. Of good anil evil much they argued then, Passion and apathy , and glory and shame. Milton. In this sullen apathy neither true wisdom nor true happi- ness can be found. Hume. \ As the passions are the springs of most of our actions, a state of apathy has come to signify a sort of moral inertia, the absence of all activity or energy. According to the sto- ics, apathy meant the extinction of the passions by the ascen- dency of reason. Fleming. Syn. — See Indifference. AP'A-TITE, n. [Gr. aiuiTau, to deceive.] (A/m.) A mineral composed of phosphate of lime and fluoride of calcium. Chloride of calcium some- times replaces part of the fluoride. Dana. Ape, n. [A. S. npa ; Swed. apa ; Icel. ape ; Ger. affe. — W. epa.] 1. ( Zoil .) A name applied to those species of the Simiee which are destitute of a tail; — a genus of quadrumanous mammals closely ap- proaching to the human species in anatomical structure, and including orang-outangs, chim- panzees, and gibbons. Braude. 1 will be more newfangled than an ape. more giddy in my ‘ desires than a monkey. Shak. 2. A servile imitator. Mv lady’s ape , that imitated all her fashions ; falling as she did, and running the same course of folly. A'abbes. APE, v. a. [i. aped ; pp. aping, aped.] To imi- tate servilely or ambitiously, like an ape ; to mimic. “ Aping the foreigners.” Dryden. A-PEAK', ad. 1. In a posture to pierce ; formed with a point. Johnson. 2. (Naut.) Perpendicular. “ An anchor is said to be apeak, when the cable to which it is attached is drawn so tight as to bring the bow of the vessel perpendicularly over it.” “ The yards are apeak when they are topped by con- trary lifts.” Dana. t A-PEIRE' (?-peer'). — See Appaiii. Chaucer. A- PEL' LOTS, a. [Gr. a priv. and L .pellis, skin.] Destitute of skin. Brande. AP'pN-NlNE, a. [Gr. ’Airfuirof.] (Geog.) Relating to a range of mountains running through Italy. Ap'EN-NINE§, n. pi. {Geog.) A range of moun- tains extending through Italy. The rugged Apennines, that roll Far through Italian bounds their wavy tops. Thomson. AP'EP-SY [ap'ep-se, IV. K. C. ; j-pep'se, Sen . 1 17; . ] , n. [Gr. anr r iti ; a priv. and rir.rio, to digest.] (Med.) Want of digestion. Quincy. AP'JJR, n. One that apes; an imitator. Johnson. A-PE'RI-ENT, a. [L. aperio , aperiens, to open.] (Med.) Gently opening; laxative. Bacon. A-l’E'RI-ENT, n. (Med.) A gently purgative medicine ; a laxative. Dunglison. A-PER'I-TI VE, a. (Med.) Aperient. Harvey. t A-PERT', a. [L. aperio, apertas, to open.] Open. “ Apert confessions.” Fotherby. t A-PER'TION, n. Act of opening ; an opening. “ Either by ruption or apertion.” Wiseman. + A-PERT'LY, ad. Openly. Bale. t A-PERT'NJgSS, n. Openness. Holder. AP'ER-TUfiE [fip'er-ture, ,S. P. J. F. Ja. K. Sm. R. C.\ ap'er-chur, IE.], n. [L. aperio, apertas, to open.] 1. f The act of opening. Holder. 2. An opening ; a hole ; a passage. “ An aperture of an inch.” Newton. A'PFFRY, n. The act of apiifg; affected imita- tion. “ The apery of a country.” Fcltham. A-P£T’A-LOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and ittraXov, a leaf.] (Bot.) Noting a flower having no co- rolla. Gray. A ' PF.X (a’peks), n. ; pi. L. ap' i-CF.y, Eng. a'pex-ejj. The summit or highest point of any thing, as of a cone, spire, mountain, &c. ; the top. — See Apices. A-PHJER! F.-SIS [a-ler'e-sTs, IV. P. J. Ja . ; a- fG' re- sts, S. K. Sm.], n. [L. ; Gr. afalptats ; d;nS, from, aifitw, to take away.] 1. (Gram.) The taking away of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word. Johnson. 2. (Sury.) An operation by which any part of the body is removed. Dunglison. A-PIIAN'JP-SIte, n. [Gr. aipnves, uncertain.] (Min.) An arseniate of copper; — so named from the difficulty of recognizing it by its crys- tals. Dana. APH-A-JVIP ' TE-RA, n.pl. [Gr. atpavrH, not mani- fest, and nripov, a wing.] (Ent.) An order of apterous insects, of which the common flea may be regarded as the type. Brande. Aph-A-NIp'TE-ROUS, a. (Ent.) Relating to the aphaniptera. Brande. APH'A-NITE, n. [Gr. oufxu'i'is, unseen, hidden ; n priv. and ipairo/iai, to appear.] (Min.) Compact hornblende rock. Dana. A- PHF. 'LI-ON, n. ; pi. a-phe' li-a. [Gr. anti, away from, and i)hos, the sun.] (Astron.) The point of a planet’s orbit that is farthest from the sun, and opposite to the perihelion. Herschel. A-PHER'p-SIS, n. Same as Appleresis. f A-PHE ' TA, n. (Astrol.) The name of the planet imagined to be the giver or disposer of life in a nativity. Bailey. + A-PHET'I-CAL, a. Relating to the apheta. A-PHI D'I-AN, n. (Ent.) One of a genus of mi- nute hemipterous insects, injurious to vegeta- tion, commonly called plant-lice ; Aphis. Harris. APII-l-DlV'O-ROUS, a. [aphis, and L. voro, to devour.] (Ent.) Devouring aphides. APII-I-LAN'THRO-PY, n. [Gr. a priv. t/nXIut, to love, and dvOfiumo;, man.] Want ef love to man- kind ; want of benevolence. Johnson. A ' PHIS, n. ; pi. apii' r-nk.f. (Ent.) The plant- louse ; the puceron ; the vine-fretter. Brande. APH-LO-pIS'T[C, a. [Gr. a priv. and , to burn.] Without flame. Brande. APH O-NOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and tpuu/j, voice.] Destitute of voice. Roget. APH'O-NY (sfo-ne), n. [Gr. aipuvta, speechless- ness.J (Med.) A loss of voice. Quincy. APH'O-Rl^M, n. [Gr. atpoptopi; ; &, to define.] A principle or precept expressed in few words ; a maxim ; an adage ; a proverb. The first and most ancient inquirers into truth were wont to throw their knowledge into aphorisms, or short, scattered, unmethodical sentences. Bacon. The word parable is sometimes used in Scripture in a large and general sense, and applied to short, sententious sayings, maxims, or aphorisms. Porteus. Exclusively of the abstract sciences, the largest and wor- thiest portion of our knowledge consists of aphorisms, and the greatest and best of men is but an aphorism. Coleridge. The first aphorism of Hippocrates is, “Life is short, and the art is long; the occasion fleeting; experience fallacious, and the judgment difficult. Thcv physician must not only he prepared to do what is right himself, but also to make the patient, the attendants, and externals co-operate.” Fleming. Syn. — See Axiom. ApH-O-RI^-MAT'JC, a. Relating to, or contain- ing, aphorisms ; aphorismic. Gregory. f Aph'0-rI§-M$R, n. A dealer in aphorisms. “ All the tribe of aphorismers.” Milton. APH-0-RI§'MIC, a. Relating to aphorisms ; aphoristic ; aphorismatic. Coleridge. APH'O-RIst, n. A WTiter of aphorisms. Nelson. APH-O-RIS TIC, ) a Relating to aphorisms ; ApH-O-RIS'TI-CAL, ) aphorismic. Month. Rev. ApH-O-RIS'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In the form or man- ner of an aphorism. “ As Hippocrates like- wise doth aphoristically tell us.” Harvey. Aph'RITE, n. [Gr. a a _ apex, a A-PlC'U-LAT-ED, $ point.] (Bot.) Ab- ruptly short-pointed ; sharp. Loudon. A-PIC ' U-LUS, n. [L. dim. of apex, a point.] (Bot.) A small point formed by the projection of the midrib be- yond the leaf. Loudon. A-PIECE' (a-pes'), ad. [a and piece.] 1. To the part or share of each. One copy of this paper may serve a dozen of you, which will be less than a farthing apiece. Swift. 2. For one, or each by itself ; as, “ How much are these worth apiece ? ” f A-PIE'CpS (a-pes'ez), ad. In pieces. I’ll be first cut apieces. Beau. V FI. A'PI-lNE, n. [L. apium, parsley, from apis, a bee; so named on account of the fondness of bees for it.] A gelatinous substance obtained from parsley. Brande. A 'PIS, n. [L.] (Ent.) A Linnsean genus of in- sects ; the bee. Brande. A'PISH, a. Having the qualities of an ape ; imi- tative ; foppish ; affected ; trifling. Duck with French nods and apish courtesy. Shak. A'PISH-LY, ad. In an apish manner. Milton. A'PISH-NESS, n. Mimicry ; foppery. Congreve. A-PiT'PAT, ad. [Reduplication of pat, to imi- tate quick motion, from Fr. battre, to beat.] With quick palpitation ; pitapat. Congreve. A'PI-UM, n. [L., parsley . ] (Bot.) A genus of umbelliferous plants ; parsley. Loudon. AP-LA-NAt'IC, a. [Gr. a priv. and -tXavt), a wan- dering.] (Opt.) Noting reflectors, lenses, and combinations of them, capable of deviating light without spherical aberration. Bartlett. A-PLOME', n. [Gr. fat l., jo;, simple.] (Min.) A variety of crystallized garnet. Brande. A-PLOT'O-MY, n. [L. aplotomia, from Gr. asUo;, simple, and repvm, to cut.] (Med.) A simple incision. Dunglison. A-PL&S' TRE (fi-plus’tre), n. [L., from Gr. aD-a- otov.] An ornament of wood on the highest part of the poop of ancient ships. Fairholt. A-POC'A-LYPSE, n. [Gr. droKui.vdi; ; nn OKaXiittroi, ' to reveal.] 1. Disclosure ; revelation. Revelation or . . . apocali/pse of all state arcana. Sivi/t. 2. The Revelation to St. John. O for that warning voice, which he. who saw The Apocalypse, heard cry in heaven aloud. Milton. A-POC'A-LYPT, n. The author of the Apocalypse, or “Revelation of St. John.” [r.] Coleridge. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6 , U, Y, short; A, ?, J, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; APOCALYPTIC 67 APOPLEXY A-POC-A-LYP'TJC, ) a. Relating to the Apoc- A-POC-A-LYP'TI-CAL, $ alypse or Revelation. t A-POC-A-LYP'TIC, n. An apocalyptical writer. “ The divine apocalyptic.” Liy/itfoot. A-POC-A-LYP'TJ-CAL-LY, ad. In such a manner as to reveal something secret. Johnson. AP-O-CAR'POUS, a. [Gr. uxcJ, from, and engird;, fruit.] ( Bot.) ) Having carpels distinct from each other, or free from cohesion. Hensloxo. A-POC'O-PATE, V. a. [Gr. diroedirrio, to cut off.] ( Gram .) To cut off or omit the last letter or syllable of a word. Smart. A-POC' O-PE, n. [Gr. droxoTi;.] (Gram.) The ab- scission, cutting off, or omission of the last letter or syllable of a word. Johnson. AP-O-CRUS'TIC, a. [Gr. awoKpovariKd;, able to drive off; a noKpouio, to beat oft', to drive back.] (Med.) Repelling ; astringent. Dunglison. AP-O-CRUS'TIC, n. (Med.) Astringent medicine; a repellent. Dunglison. A-POC'RY-PHA, n. pi. [L., from Gr. an dupm/ws, hidden ; dnoegoirTw, to hide.] Literally, things hidden or concealed : — the books or writings, of which the authors are unknown, appended to the Old Testament. We hold not the Apocrypha for sacred, as we do the Holy Scripture, but for human compositions. Hooker. flgp This word is properly plural, though sometimes used as singular. “ The Apocrypha arc a series of books not admitted into the canon of Scripture.” Scholey’s Bible. — '-' The Apocrypha is not a canonical hook.” Richardson's Dictionary. A-POC'Ry-PHAL, a. 1. Relating to the Apocry- pha. “ The apocryphal writers.” Addison. 2. Not canonical; of doubtful authority. “ Jerome, who saith that all writings not canon- ical are apocryphal.” Hooker. applied also to that point in the apparent orbits of the sun and planets at which they were at the greatest distance from the earth. It is op- posed to perigee. Hind. A-PO(f-I-A-TU'RA, n. [It.] (Mas.) Properly Appoggiatura, which see. Mason. AP'O-GRAPH, n. [Gr. dnoygaipov.'] A copy ; — op- posed to autograph. Todd. A-POG'RA-PHAL, a. Relating to a copy. “ Apog - raphal pieces.” Lee. AP'O-LEP-SY, n. [Gr. am iX.y\f,i;, a stopping ; air oXoyjtWw, to arrest.] (Med.) A retention or suppression of any natural evacuation. Hooper. A-POL-LI-NA RI-AN, ^ n _ One 0 f sec t 0 f A-POL-LI-NA'RIST, ) Apollinaris of Laodicea, who denied that our Saviour had a human soul. Hook. A-POL'LO— BEL'VE-DERE, n. A beautiful statue of Apollo, found, towards the end of the fif- teenth century, among the ruins of the ancient Antium. It was purchased by Pope Julius II., who placed it in the Belvedere of the Vatican, whence it takes its name. P. Cyc. A-POL'LY-ON, n. [Gr. diroXXbtov ; droXXbii), to de- stroy.] Same as Abaddon. In the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, ... in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. Rev. ix. 11. A-POL-O-pET IC, ) a . [(J r , cnToXoyrjTtKdsi] Re- A-POL-O-GET'I-CAL, ) lating to, or containing, apology ; said in defence or excuse. Milton. A-POL-O-^JET'I-CAL-LY, ad. In the way of de- fence or apology. Johnson. A-P()L-0-, to boil.] (Med.) A decoction. Wiseman. Squirts read Garth till apozems grow cold. Gay. AP-O-ZEM'I-CAL, a. Like a decoction. “ Wine . . . adhibited in an apozemical form.” Whitaker. fAP-PAlR', v. a. [A. S. apeeran, to pervert.] To make worse, or less ; to injure ; to impair. “Gentlewomen, which fear neither sun nor wind for appairing their beauty.” Sir T. Elyot. fAP-PAlR', v. n. To grow worse. “All that liveth appaireth fast.” Morality of Every Man. AP-PA-LA'CHT-AN, a. (Geog.) Denoting a chain of mountains in the United States, called also the Alleghany mountains. P. Cyc. AP-PALL', v. a. [L. palleo, to be or look pale ; Fr. appalir, to make pale.] [i. appalled ; pp. appalling, appalled.] To frighten; to ter- rify ; to dismay; — written also appal. Does neither rage inflame, nor fear appall. Nor the black tear of death that saddens all? Pope. f AP-PALL', V. n. To be dismayed. Spenser. AP-PALL'ING-LY, ad. In a manner to appall. f AP-PAL'M^NT, n. Impression of fear; terror. “Discouragement and appalment." Bacon. AP'PA-NAQE, n. [Low L. appanagium ; pants, bread.] (Law.) Lands, &c., set apart by princes for the maintenance of their younger children. — See Apanage. Swift. AP-PAn'A-^IST, n. [Fr. apanagiste .] A prince to whom an appanage is granted. Ogilvie. f AP-PAR'AILE, v. a. [Fr. appareiller.] To pre- pare. “ Would her wedding opparaile.” Chaucer. f Ap'PA-RATE, n. Apparatus. “ Such apparate and order for public sacrifices.” Sheldon. Ap-PA-RA'TUS, n. ; pi. ap-pa-ra'tvs or ap-pa- ra'tvs-e?. [L. apparo, to prepare.] 1. A collection, or combination of means for A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short ; A, 5, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; APPAREL APPEND the accomplishment of some purpose. “ This goodly apparatus of the universe. Hale. 2. A complete set of utensils or instruments for performing any operation or business ; as, “ Chemical apparatus ” ; “ Surgical apparatus.” 3. ( Phys .) A series or system of organs con- cerned in any function of the animal economy ; as, “The digestive apparatus" ; “Locomotive apparatus ” ; “ Vocal apparatus.” HSf Murray, Smart, and some other grammarians, regard apparatus as both singular and plural ; but the regular plural form is sometimes used ; as, “ Critical apparatuses .” P. Cyc. AP-pAr'IJL, n. [L. apparo, to prepare; Fr. ap- ' pareil, preparation, provision, dress.] 1. Dress ; clothes ; clothing ; attire ; array ; vesture ; raiment ; external habiliments. For the apparel oft proclaims the man. Shak. 2. pi. Embroidered ornaments attached to ecclesiastical vestments. Fairholt. Syn. — Common apparel ; elegant dress ; suitable clothes or clothing-, gay attire-, military array. Ves- ture and raiment are used on serious subjects ; cloth- . ing, clothes, apparel, and dress, on common occasions. AP-PAR'EL, V. a. [l. APPARELLED ; pp. APPAR- ELLING, APPARELLED.] 1. To dress ; to clothe ; to robe ; to attire. With such robes were the king's daughters apparelled . 2 Sam. xiii. 18. 2. To deck ; to adorn ; to embellish. She did a/niarel her apparel, and with the preciousness of her body made it most sumptuous. Sidney. 3. f To fit out ; to furnish ; to equip. “ Ships well manned and apparelled .” Hay tear d. f AP-pAr'ENCE, n. [Fr.] Appearance. Chaucer . f AP-pAr'EN-CV, n . Appearance. Gower. AP-pAr'ENT, a. [L. appareo , apparens y to ap- pear ; Fr. apparent . ] 1. Plainly or easily seen ; visible ; open. “ This open and apparent shame.” Shak . 2. Not real ; seeming ; as, “ The apparent size of the moon.” 3. Obvious; manifest; indubitable; evident. Hooker. Heir apparent , the immediate and indubitable heir to the crown, in distinction from the heir presumptive. Apparent time , ( Astron .) true time, or the time or hour as indicated by the sun’s passage over the me- ridian ; — opposed to mean time , which is that which would be indicated by the sun if its orbit coincided with the plane of the earth’s rotation and its angular velocity were uniform . — Apparent motion , {Opt.) seeming motion of a body arising from some other cause than its actual motion . — Apparent magnitude , {Opt.) the angle under which any line appears at the eye, or the angle made by lines drawn from its ex- tremities to the eye. Apparent or sensible horizon , a plane passing through the place of the observer at right angles to a vertical line, and bounded by the celestial sphere ; — opposed to rational horizon, which passes through the centre of the earth. Hutton. Syn. — The apparent size of the visible stars in a clear night ; obvious tendency ; manifest contradic- tion ; plain fact ; indubitable evidence ; seeming truth ; open sessions of a court or legislature ; certain knowl- edge.— See Clear, Evident. f AP-pAr'ENT, n. Same^is Heir Apparent. I’ll draw it [my sword] as apparent to the crown. Shak. AP-PAr'ENT-LY, ad. 1. Evidently ; obviously. “ If he . . . scorn me so apparently .” Shak. 2. Seemingly ; in show ; in semblance. “ The horizon . . . the line apparently separating the earth and sky.” Brocklesby. AP-pAr'ENT-NESS, n. The state or quality of being apparent. Sherzvood. AP-PA-RF'TION (ap-p^-rish'un), n. [L. apparitio.] 1. Appearance ; visibility. When suddenly stood at my head a dream, Whose inward apjiantion gently moved My fancy. Hilton. 2. The thing appearing ; a visible object. The heavenly bands Down from a sky of jasper lighted now In Paradise, and in a hill made halt; A glorious apparition. Hilton. 3. A preternatural appearance ; a visible spirit ; a ghost ; a spectre ; a phantom. Tender minds should not receive early impressions of gob- lins, spectres, and apparitions. Locke. 4. (Astron.) The reappearance of a luminary after being hid below the horizon or behind 69 another body passing over it ; — opposed to oc- cultation. Circle of perpetual apparition, ( Astron .) the circle within which the stars never set. Herschel. Syn. — Apparition to the senses ; vision of the im- agination; a pale ghost-, a frightful spectre-, an airy phantom . AP-pAr'I-TOR, n. [L. apparo, to prepare ; Fr. appariteur.\ {Law.) Formerly, an officer of any court of judicature; — now, the messenger of an ecclesiastical court. Ayliffe. j- AP-PAY', v. a. [Old Fr. appayer, to pacify.] To satisfy. “ Well appaid she was.” Sidney. f AP-PEACH', v. a. [Old Fr. apescher .] To ac- cuse ; to impeach ; to inform against. Spenser. f AP-PEACII'JJR, n. An accuser. Sherwood. t AP-PEACH'MENT, n. Impeachment. Wotton. AP-PEAL', v. n. [L. appcllo, to address, to apply to ; It. appellare ; Sp. apelar ; Fr. appeler.] [i. appealed ; pp. appealing, appealed.] 1. {Law.) To transfer a cause from one to an- other ; to refer to another as judge, or umpire. I was constrained to appeal unto Ciesar. Acts xxviii. 19. 2. To refer to another as witness. Whether this, that the soul always thinks, be a self-evident proposition, I appeal to mankind. Locke. f AP-PEAL', v. a. 1. To charge with a crime. “ I appeal you of murder.” B. Jonson. 2. To pronounce ; to utter. Their prayers to appeal , With great devotion, and with little zeal. Spenser. AP-PEAL', n. 1. (Laiv.) A removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior court or jurisdic- tion for the purpose of reexamination: — an accusation, or criminal prosecution instituted by a person who has been injured by some heinous offence : — a proceeding by which one charged with crime confesses his guilt, and ac- cuses his acccomplices in order to obtain his own pardon. Burrill. 2. A reference to another as a witness ; as, “To make appeal to another for the truth of an assertion.” 3. A request; a petition ; an entreaty. ■Whenever yet was your appeal denied? Shak. 4. Resort ; recourse. An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us. F. Henry. AP-PEAL'A-BLE, a. Subject to an appeal ; that may he appealed. Ilotcell. fAP-PEAL'ANT (ap-pel'ant), n. Appealer; ap- pellant. “ Lords appealants.” Shak. AP-PEAL'^R, n. 1. One who appeals. 2. f An accuser ; an appeacher. Fox. AP-PEAR', v. n. [L. appareo, to appear ; It. ap- parire-, Sp. apareeer ; Fr. apparoir .] [/. ap- peared ; pp. appearing, appeared.] 1. To he in sight ; to be visible. And when you saw his chariot but apjiear , Have you not made a universal shout? Shak. 2. To become visible, as a spirit. There appeared to them Moses and Elias. Hatt. xxvii. 3. In that night did God appear unto Solomon. 2 Chron. i. 7. 3. To come before another to give account, or receive judgment ; to stand in the presence of some superior. When shall I come and appear before God? Ps. xlii. 2. We must all appear before the judgment-seat of Christ. 2 Cor. v. 10. 4. To he open or manifest to observation. Let thy work appear unto thy servants. Ps. ex. 16. 5. To be clear by proof or evidence; to be plain, or evident. It doth not yet appear what we shall be. 1 John iii. 2. 6. To seem ; to look. Ye . . . outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity. Matt . xxiii. 27, 28. Syn. — See Seem. f AP-PEAR', n. Appearance. Fletcher. AP-PEAR'ANCE, n. 1. The act of appearing. “ They were surprised at the sudden appear- ance of the enemy.” Johnson. 2. That which is seen ; a phenomenon ; as, “ The appearance of the clouds betokens rain.” 3. Semblance ; show. The hypocrite would not put on the appearance of virtue, if it was not the most proper means to guin love. Addison. Appearances to save, his only care: So things seem right, no mutter what they are. Churchill. 4. Personal presence ; mien ; air. Wisdom enters the last, and so captivates with her appear- ance, that he gives himself up to her. Addison, 5. Apparition ; supernatural visibility. When I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, . . . behold, there stood before me as the appearance of a man. Dan. viii. 15. 6. f Probability ; seeming ; likelihood. There is that which hath no appearance. Bacon. Syn. — See Air. AP-PEAR' gR, n. One who appears. Browne. AP-PEAR'ING, n. The act of appearing. “The history of their appearings.” Spenser. AP-PEAR'ING-LY, ad. Seemingly; apparently. A flourishing branch shall grow out of his appearinglu sere and sapless root. Bp. Hull. AP-PEA§'A-BLE, a. That may be appeased ; that may be reconciled, or propitiated. Udal. AP-PEA$'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being easily appeased ; reconcilableness. Johnson. AP-PEA§E', v. a. [L. ad, to, and pax, peace ; Fr. appaiscr.] \i. appeased ; pp. appeasing, ap- peased.] To calm ; to quiet ; to pacify ; to allay ; to assuage ; to reconcile ; to still ; to soothe ; to compose ; as, “ To appease the pas- sions.” “ The civil wars were appeased.” Davies. Syn. — Appease wrath; calm the feelings; quiet or pacify the child ; allay heat or hunger ; assuage grief ; reconcile enemies ; still commotion ; soothe care ; compose tlie mind. — See Allay, Satisfy. AP-PEA^E'MfNT, n. Act of appeasing. “For its appeasement and mitigation.” Cudworth. AP-PEA§'£R, n. One who appeases or pacifies. AP-PEA§'IVE, a. That mitigates or appeases; having the power to appease. Sherwood. AP-PEL'LAN-CY, n. [L. appello, to address.] Appeal ; capability of appeal, [r.] Todd. AP-PEL'LANT, a. Relating to an appeal; ap- pealing. Const, and Canons Eccl. AP-PEL'LANT, n. {Late.) One who appeals ; a person or party by whom an appeal is made : — opposed to respondent or appellee. Burrill. AP-PEL'LATE, a. {Law.) Relating to appeals; having cognizance of appeals. “ Appellate ju- risdiction.” Blackstone. “ The judges, neither the original nor the appellate.” Burke. Ap-PEL-lA'TION, n. 1. f An appeal. B. Jonson. 2. The name by which any thing is called ; a specific or distinctive name ; a title. Broivne. Syn. — See Name. AP-PEL'LA-TIVE, a. {Gram.) Common: — ap- plied to name, and opposed to proper. Bp. Bull. AP-PEL'LA-TIVE, n. 1. A common name, or noun, as opposed to a proper one. Watts. 2. A significant name; an appellation; a title. “An appellative of scorn.” Bp. Taylor. AP-PEL'LA-TI VE-LY, ad. In the manner of nouns appellative. “ Rendered appellatively Fuller. AP-PEL'LA-TI V E-NESS, n. State or quality of being appellative. Fuller. AP-PEL'LA-TO-RY, a. That contains an appeal. “ An appellatory libel.” Ayliffe. AP-PJJL-LEE' [ap-el-e', S. W. P. Ja. Sm . ; ?p- pei'e, A'.], n. (Law.) The party against whom an appeal has been made: — opposed to the appellant, and more usually termed the re- spondent. Burrill. AP-PEL'LOR, or AP-PEL-LOR' [ap-pel'lor, Ja. K. Sm. ; ap-pel-liir', Wb.), n. (Law.) One who makes an appeal ; an appellant. Whishaw. fir When appellor and appellee are used in opposi- tion to each other, they are both commonly accented on the last syllable. AP'PpN-A^E, n. (Law.) A child’s part or por- tion. — See Appanage. Tomlins. AP-PEND', v. a. [L. appendo, to hang or attach to; It .appendere-, Fr . appendre.] [/.append- ed ; pp. APPENDING, APPENDED.] 1. To hang or attach to, as an inscription to a column, or a seal to a record. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RlJLE. — ({, n. [L., royal water.) (Chem.) Nitro-muriatic acid ; a mixture of nitric and muriatic acids, fitted to dissolve gold. Urc. A-auA'RI-AN, re. [L. aqua, water.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect who consecrated water in the eucharist instead of wine. Buck. A-QUA ' RI-UM, re. [L. aqua, water.] 1. (Ilort.) A pond, cistern, or place in a garden, formed for cultivating aquatic plants. Brande. 2. A tank with glass sides, for containing and showing aquatic animals and plants, and their modes of living ; a vivarium. Gosse. A-QuA ' RI- US (a-kwa're-us), re. [L.] (Astron.) The Water-bearer, the eleventh sign in the zodiac. Hind. A-QUAt'IC, a. [L. aquaticus ; Fr. aquatique.) 1. Inhabiting water ; as, “ Aquatic animals.” 2. Growing in water ; as, “ Aquatic plants.” A-QUAt'IC, re. (Bot.) A plant which grotvs in the water. Henslow. A-QUAt'I-CAL, a. Same as Aquatic. Evelyn. t Aa'UA-TILE, a. Inhabiting the water ; aquat- ic. “ The aquatile or water frog.” Browne. A QUA-TINT, ) [L. aqua , water, and It. || A’QUA-tLn-'TA, )tinta, tint.] A kind of en- graving resembling India-ink drawings. P. Cyc. || A QUA-TOF-fA 'NA, re. [L. aqua, water, and Toff ana.) A poisonous fluid invented about 1659, by a woman of Palermo, named Toffana, who was instrumental in causing the death of six hundred persons by the use of it; — subse- quently found to be a solution of arsenic. P.Cyc. || A ' Q UA~ VI ' TJE, , re. [L., water of life.) Bran- dy, or spirit of wine. “ Aqua-vita; bottle.” Shak. Aa'up-DUCT [ak'we-dukt, W. J. F. Ja. Sm. R . ; a'kwe-dukt, S. P. K.), n. [L. aqumductus ; aqua, water, and ductus, a duct or canal.] 1. A conduit, or artificial channel, for convey- ing water from one place to another ; — especial- ly applied to structures erected for the purpose of supplying large cities with water. Modern Rome is abundantly supplied with water by three of the ancient cupieducts , whicn have undergone repairs and restorations. P. Cyc. 2. (Anat.) A canal in certain parts of the body. “ Aqueduct of the cochlea.” Dunglison. t A-QUE'I-TY, re. [L. aqua, water.] Wateriness ; aqueousness. [Used ludicrously.] B. Jonson. A'QUIS-OUS (a'kwe-us), a. Containing water; watery; aquose ; as, “ An aqueous solution.” Aqueous humor, (Anat.) the fluid which fills the in- terior and posterior chambers of the eye. — Aqueous rocks, ( Geol.) rocks formed under water, and charac- terized either by stratification or by fossils, or by both; sedimentary rocks. dqueous soil, (Auric.) soil naturally abounding in water. A'aUB-OUS-NESS, re. Quality of being aqueous ; wateriness ; aquosity. Johnson. Ad'UI-FORM (ak'we-), a. [L. aqua, water, and /bV- ma, form.] Having the form of water. Kirby. AQUILA (ak'we-la), re.; pi. aquilas. [L.] 1. (Ornith.) A genus of accipitrine or rapto- rial birds ; the eagle. Brande. 2. A constellation immediately above Capri- cornus and Aquarius. Crabb. AQ-UI-LE 'QUA (Ak'we-), re. [L. aquilegus, wa- ter-drawing ; aqua, water, and lego, to gather — A corruption of aquilina, Linnreus.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, commonly called columbines, belonging to the crow-foot tribe. Eng. Cyc. AQ-UI-LI ' NJE, n. pi. (Or- nith.) A sub-family of birds of the order Ac- cipitres, and family Fal- conidte ; eagles. Gray. Aa'Ul-LiNE (ak'we-lln or ak'we-lln) [ak'we-lln, S. J. F. Ja . ; iik'ue-iin, W. Haliasetus albicilfa. WIEN, SIR ;^m 6 vE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RpLE ; q, . [L. aratio.] Ploughing; tillage. Lands are said to be in a state of oration when they are under tillage. Brande. f AR'A-TO-RY, a. [L. aro, to plough.] Relating to ploughing, or to tillage. Bailey. A-RAU-CA' RI-A, 7i. (Bot.) A genus of gigantic firs, confined to a few species inhabiting the southern hemisphere. Loudon. AR BA-LEST, \ [Contracted from arcubalist ; AR'BA-LET, > Fr. arbalcste.] A crossbow. — AR'BA-LiST ) Arcubalist. Camden. AR'BA-LIST-IJR, n. A crossbow-man. Speed. Ar'BI-TJJR, n. [L. ; It. arbitro ; Sp. arbitrador ; Fr. arbitre .] 1. {Laic.) One appointed to decide a point in dispute ; an arbitrator ; an umpire ; a ref- eree ; a judge with discretionary power. Burrill. 2. One who directs or controls. His majesty seems to be generally allowed for the sole ar- biter of the affairs of Christendom. Temjile. Syn. Arbiters, arbitrators, umpires, and referees decide according to their best judgment, on principles of equity, after a full hearing of the cases referred to them ; judges must decide as the law prescribes. — • See Judge. AR'BI-TpR, v. a. To judge; to arbitrate. Huloet. AR'BI-TRA-BLE (hr bp-tra-bl), a. 1. Arbitrary ; depending upon the will. “ Such arbitrable proportion.” Spelman. 2. Determinable. Bp. Hall. Ar'BI-TRAGE, 7i. Arbitration, [r.] R. Cobde7i. AR'BI-TRAL, a. Relating to arbitration. Craig. AR-BIT'RA-MENT, 7i. 1. Will ; determination ; decision ; choice. Stand fast ; to stand or fall Free in thine own arbitrament it lies. Milton. 2. {Late.) Award of arbitrators. Burrill. peff- This word is written arbitrament and arbitre- ment. Johnson favors arbitrament ; but arbitrament is better authorized, and Smart says, “ Arbitrament is the more English form.” AR'BI-TRA-RI-LY, ad. In an arbitrary manner. AR’BI-TRA-Rl-NESS, n. Quality of being arbi- trary ; despoticalness ; tyranny. Temple. t AR-BI-TRA'RI-OOS, a. Arbitrary; despotic. “ Devices of arbitrarious superstition.” More. + Ar-BI-TRA'RI-OUS-LY, ad. According to mere will and pleasure ; arbitrarily. Glanville. AR'Bt-TRA-RY, a. [L. arbitrarius ; arbiter, a judge.] 1. Bound by no law; irresponsible; abso- lute ; despotic ; as, “ An arbitrary monarch.” 2. Depending on no rule ; determined only by the will ; voluntary. “ Arbitrary calcula- tions, and such as vary at pleasure.” Broxcne. Indifferent things arc left arbitrary to us. Bp. Hall. Syn. — See Absolute. AR'BI-TRAte, v. a. [L. arbitror, to judge ; It. or- bit rare ; Sp. arbitrar ; Fr. arbitrer.] \i. ARBI- TRATED ; pp. ARBITRATING, ARBITRATED.] To decide or determine as an arbiter. ’Tis not the trial of a woman’s war The bitter clamor of two eager tongues, Cun arbitrate this cause betwixt us. Shak, Yet where an equal poise of hope and fear Does arbitrate the event, my nature is, That I incline to hope rather than fear, And gladly banish squint suspicion. Milton. AR'BI-TRAte, v. 7i. To decide as an arbitrator or umpire; to give judgment; as, “We have been chosen to ai'bitrate between them.” AR-BJ-TRA'TION, 71. 1. Act of arbitrating. 2. {Laic.) The investigation and determina- tion of a cause or matter in controversy by an unofficial person, or by persons mutually Vhosen by the contending parties. 'Burrill. AR-BI-TRA'TION-BOND, n. (Laic.) A solemn obligation to submit to an award. Blackstone. AR'Br-TRA-TOR. n. [L. arbitror, to judge.] 1. An umpire ; an arbiter ; a judge. The end crowns all; And that old common arbitrator , Time, Will one day end it. Shak. 2. A ruler ; a sovereign ; a governor. Though heaven be shut, And heaven’s high Arbitrator sit secure. Milton. 3. {Law.) A disinterested person, to whose judgment or decision matters in dispute are submitted by the consent of parties. Burrill. Syn. — See Arbiter, Judge. AR'BI-TRA-TRfX, n. A female judge or arbiter; arbitress. Sherwood. AR-BIT'UIjl-MENT, n. 1. Decision ; determina- tion. “ Even to a mortal arbitrement.” Shak. 2. (Law.) Award; decision of arbitrators. — See Arbitrament. AR'BJ-TRESS, 7i. A female arbiter ; arbitratrix. Fell Discord, arbitress of such debate. Cowper, AR'BI-TRY, 7i. [L. arbitrium .] Free will. Chaucer. AR’BOR, n. [L. arbor-, Fr. ax-bre, a tree.] 1. A place covered with branches of trees, leaves, or vines, so as to be shady ; a bower. For noonday’s heat are closer arbors made, And for fresh evening air the open glade. Dnjdcn. 2. (Mech.) The principal spindle or axis which communicates motion to the other parts of a machine. Brande. f AR'BO-RA-RY, a. [L. arbor arius.) Belonging to a tree ; arboreous. Bailey. f AR'BO-RA-TOR, n. [L. ; Fr. arborateur .] A planter or pruner of trees. Evelyn. AR ’BOR-Di-A 'NJE, 7i. [L., tree of silver, that metal having been called Diana by the old chem- ists.] The arborescent crystallization that takes place when quicksilver is put into a solution of nitrate of silver ; silver precipitated by mer- cury from its solution in nitric acid. Brande. AR'BORED (ar'burd), a. Furnished with an ar- bor. Pollok. AR-BO'Rp-OUS, a. I. Belonging to, or growing on, trees. “An ax-boreous excrescence.” Browne. 2. Like a tree. “A grain of mustard be- comes arboreous.” Browne. AR-BO-RES'C^NT, a. [L. ax-boresco, ax-boreseexis, to grow into a tree.] Resembling a tree ; grow- ing like a tree ; having a tendency to take the form of a tree ; dendritic. Evelyn. AR’BO-RET, 7i. [L. ax-bor.] A small tree or shrub. “ Ai'borets and flowers.” Milton. AR-BO-RE ' TUM, n.\ pi. L. ar-bo-rb’ta-, Eng. ar-bq-re'tvm?. [L.] (Hox-t.) A plantation of trees or shrubs. Loudon. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, O, £j, Y, short; A, ?, J, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ARBORICAL f AR-BOR'I-CAL, a. Relating to trees. Howell. AR-BOR-I-CULT'U-RAL, a. Belonging or relating to arboriculture. Loudon. AR-BOR-I-CULT'URE, n. [L. arbor, a tree, and cultura, a cultivating.] The art of cultivating trees and shrubs. Brande. AR-BOR-I-CULT'U-RlST, n. One who practises aborieulture. Loudon. AR-BOR'I-FORM, a. [L .arbor, a tree, and for- ma, form.] Having the form of a tree. Ogilvie. AR'BOR-IST, n. One who makes trees his study. “ Our cunning arborists.” Evelyn. AR-BOR-I-ZA'TION, n. The appearance or figure of a tree or plant in minerals. Ogilvie. AR'BOR-OUS, a. Of the nature of an arbor ; formed by trees. But first from under shady, arborous roof Lowly they bowed adoring. Milton. JiR 'BOR—SA-TUR ’XI, n. [L., tree of Saturn.] The arborescent crystallization that takes place when metallic zinc is suspended in a solution of a salt of lead. Horsford. AR'BOR— VINE, n. A species of bind-weed Ar' BOR-Vl' TJE, n. [L., tree of life.] 1. ( Bot .) An evergreen tree ; Thuja. Loudon. 2. ( Anat .) The name given to an arbores- cent appearance observed on cutting the cere- bellum longitudinally. Dunglison. AR'BUS-s f chief, and L. trabs, a beam ; Sp. arqui- trabe\ Fr .architrave.] (Arch.) The lowest of three principal members of the entablature of an order, being the chief beam employed, and resting immediately on the columns. Brande. Doric pillars overlaid With golden architrave. Milton. Architrave cornice, ail entablature consisting of an architrave and corniceonly, without the interposition of a frieze. Architrave doors, those which have an architrave on the jambs and over the door. Weale. AR-CHI'VAL, a. Relating to archives, registers, or records. Gent. May. AR'CIUVE, n.; pi. ar'jEhive$ [dr'kivz, S. IK. F. Ja. K. Sm. R . ; ar'kevz, J. ; dr'chevz or ar'- kevz, P.]. [Gr. ap X tiov, a government-house ; <1 p X 'i, sovereignty ; L. archivum ; It. archivio ; Sp. archivo ; Fr. archives.] 1. The repositories of the public records of a state or community ; — the place where ancient writings or records are kept. It may be found in the same archive , where the famous original compact ... is reposited. Warburton. They carried the fire to the archives , wishing to destroy the documents of creditors. Trans, of Josephus. 2. Public records ; — ancient writings or rec- ords. “ Archive or register.” Holland. I shall now look a little into the Mosaic archives, to observe what they furnislx us with upon this subject. Woodward. Syn. — See Records. AR'CHI-VIST, n. A keeper of archives, regis- ters, or records. Rees’s Cyc. AR'CIII-VOLT, n. [It. archivolto, from L. arcus, a Ir and volwtus, turned.] (Arch.) The or- namented band of mouldings round the vous- soirs or arch stones of an arch, terminating horizontally upon the imposts. Brande. ARCH'LIKE, a. Built like an arch. Young. ARCH'LUTE, n. (Mus.) A theorbo, or large lute, the base strings of which are doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison ; used by the Italians for the base parts. P. Cyc. ARCH'LY, ad. [See Arch.] In an arch manner ; shrewdly ; jocosely ; wittily. Thyer. ARCH-MA- Q> V> Y> obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ARIANIZE 79 ARMADILLO A'RI-AN-IZE, v. n. To admit, or conform to, the tenets of Arianism. “ The downfall of the Arianizing Vandals.” Worthington. A'RI- AN-IZE, v. a. To render conformable to Arianism. Ch. Ob. AR'ID, a. [L. aridus ; It. $ Sp. arido ; Fr. aride.] Dry ; dried up ; parched with heat. His hardened fingers deck the gaudy spring; Without him summer were an arid waste. Thomson. ar '1-DAS, n. A kind of East India taffeta. Ash. A-RlD'I-TY, n. [L. ariditas ; It. aridita; Sp. ari- dez ; Fr. aridite.) 1. Want of moisture ; dryness. Arbidlinot. 2. (Med.) The diseased state of an organ or part for want of moisture, particularly of the skin and tongue : — the lanuginous appearance of the hair in some diseases. Dunglison. 3. Insensibility; want of unction or tender- ness. “ Aridities and dejections.” Norris. A'RI-E$,n. [L.] 1. ( Astron .) The Ram, a con- stellation; one of the signs of the zodiac. It is the first of the twelve signs which the sun enters at the vernal equinox, on the 21st of March. The commencement of this sign, called the first point of Aries, is the origin from which the right ascensions of the heavenly bodies are reckoned upon the equator, and their longi- tudes upon the ecliptic. Hind. 2. The battering-ram of the ancients. Brande. f AR'J-f -TATE [Sr'e-e-tat, S. P. K. Sm. Ash; ?-rl'e-tat, W. Johnson ], v. n. [L. aricto.] To push or butt like a ram. Bailey. f AR-I-E-TA'TION, n. [L. arictatio.] 1. Act of butting or pushing as a ram. Johnson. 2. Act of using the battering-ram. Bacon. 3. Any act of striking or impinging. “ Tu- multuary motions and arietations.” Glgnville. AR-I-ET' TA, n. [It.] ( Mus .) A short air, or song. A-RlGHT' (ft-rlt 1 ), ad. Rightly; without error. “ Understand my purposes aright.” Shak. AR IL, I ,j. (Bot.) A process of the A-RIL' LUS, > placenta, or seed-stalk form- ing an accessory coating or appendage of some seeds, as the mace of the nutmeg. Loudon. AR'IL-LATE, > a ( Bot .) Relating to, or formed AR'IL-LAT-^D, ) like, an aril. London. AR-I-O-LA'TION, n. [L. ariolatio, or hariola- tio.~\ Soothsaying; vaticination; prophecy; foretelling. — See Hariolation. Browne. Ar'I-OSE (129), a. [It. arioso ; aria, an air.] Char- acterized by melody, as distinguished from har- mony ; as, “Ariose beauty of Handel.’ Ogilvie. AR-I-O'SO, a. [It.] (Mus.) In the manner of an air, contradistinguished from recitative. P.Cyc. A-RI§E', v. n. [Goth, reisan ; A. S. arisan ; Du. ryzen ; Ger. reisen ; Dan. reise ; Sw. resa.] [i. AROSE ; pp. ARISING, ARISEN.] 1. To mount upward ; to ascend. No grateful dews descend from evening skies. Nor morning odors from the flowers arise. Pope. 2. To come into view from below the horizon, as the sun or moon ; to rise. As I point my sword the sun arises. Shak. 3. To get up from sleep, from any state of rest, or from a reclining posture. Aidse ye, and depart, for this is not your rest. Micah ii. 10. 4. To revive from death. The graves were opened, and many bodies of the saints which slept arose. Matt, xxvii. 52. 5. To start into action ; to be excited. When he had so said, there arose a dissension. Acts xxiii. 7. 6. To spring; to proceed; to issue; to flow; to emanate. emanates from the sun. — A person rises or arises from a scat ; a bird rises into the air, mounts aloft, and as- cends out of sight. A-RIS'TA, n. [L.] (Bot.) The beard or awn of grasses or of corn. Eng. Cyc. AR'IS-TARjCH, n: [Gr.’ApiVrnp^ot, a distinguished critic of Alexandria.] A severe critic. Knowles. AK-lS-TAR'jEHJ-AN, a. Severely critical ; like the ancient critic Aristarchus. Ogilvie. f Ar'IS-TAR-CHY, n. [Gr. aptoros, best, and a PX >i, government.] A body of severe critics. The ground on which I would build his chief praise, to some of the aristarchy and sour censurers of these days, re- quires first an apology. Harrington. A-IUS'TATE, a. [L. arista, the awn.] (Bot.) Bearded, as the glumes of barley. Loudon. AR-JS-TOC'RA-CY, n. [Gr. apioroKparla, the gov- ernment of the best ; apioros, best, and Kpareui, to rule ; It. aristocrazia ; Fr .aristocratic.'] 1. A form of government which places the supreme power in the nobles or principal per- sons of a state. This island was governed rather after the manner of an aristocracy , — that is, by certain great nobles and potent men, — than under the command of any one as an absolute mon- arch. Speed. 2. The principal persons of a state or of a town ; the nobility ; the gentry. Syn. — See Republic. A-RIS'TO-CRAT, or AR'IS-TO-CRAT [&r-js-to- krdt', W. P. ; ar'is-to-krat, Ja. Sm. R. ; ar'js-to- kr&t or a-rls tn-krat, K . ; a-ris'to-krat, C. Wb. Sullivan ], n. [Fr. aristocrate.\ 1. One who supports or favors aristocracy. What his friends call aristocrats and despots. Burke. 2. A haughty or overbearing person. AR-IS-TO-CRAT'IC, ? a . y. Relating to, or AR-IS-TO-CRAT'I-CAL, > partaking of, aristoc- racy. “ May be changed . . . into an aristocrat- ical form of government.” Ayliff'e. “ Aris- tocratic both in wealth and strength.” Glover. 2. Overbearing; haughty; — now most com- monly used in this ill sense. AR-IS-TO-CRAT'I-CAL-LY, ad. In an aristo- cratical manner. Hammond. Ar-is-to-crat'i-cal-ness, n. state of being aristocratical. The quality or Johnson. AR-IS-T6 c'RA-TIZE, v. a. To render aristo- cratic. [r.] Qu. Rev. f Ar-IS-TOC'RA-TY, n. Same as Aristocracy. Pure forms of commonwealths, monarchies, aristocraties , democracies, are most famous in contemplation ; but in practice they are temperate and usually mixed. Burton. A-RIS-TO-LO'CHI-A, n. [Gr. apioros, best, and lo- X e ‘ a , childbirth.] (Bot.) A genus of plants in- cluding the Virginia snake-root ; — so called because the different varieties were supposed to aid parturition ; birthwort. Loudon. AR-1S-T6e'0-UY, n. [Gr. aptorov, luncheon, and 1.6-yos, a discourse.] The art of preparing din- ners. [Cant.] Smart. Ar-IS-TO-PHAn'IC, a. Relating to Aristopha- nes, the Athenian comic poet. Beck. AR-IS-TO-TE'LI-AN, a. Relating to Aristotle, the celebrated Grecian philosopher. “ The Ar- istotelian hypothesis.” Reid. AR-IS-TO-TE'LI-AN, n. A follower of Aris- totle ; a peripatetic philosopher. Sandys. AR-JS-TO-TE'LI-AN-I^M, n. The doctrine or philosophy of Aristotle. Coleridge. Ar-JS-TO-TEL'IC, a. Relating to Aristotle or his philosophy ; Aristotelian. Warton. I know not what mischief may arise hereafter from the example of such an innovation. Dryden. 7. To appear ; to come into being ; to enter upon active life. There arose another generation after them, which knew not the Lord. Judges ii. 10. See Rise. Syn. — To arise, rise, spring, issue, and emanate, all express the idea of one object or tiling coming out of another, but differ in the manner or circum- stances of tlte action. Mist arises or rises from the earth, or out of tile sea ; water rises or springs out of the earth ; blood issues from a wound ; light A-RITH'MAN-CY [a-rlth'man-se, S. TV. Ja.; &r'- jth-inSn-se, I Vi.], n. [Gr. ipiQpds, number, and pavrtla, prophecy.] Divination by numbers ; foretelling by numbers. Bailey. A-RITH'ME-TlC, n. [Gr. apiOpprcKf), belonging to numbers ; apiOpd t, number ; It. composed of five equivalents of oxygen and one of arsenic. Graham. AR-SEN'I-CAtE, v. a. (Chem.) To combine with arsenic acid. Smart. AR-SE'NI-OUS, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid con- taining less oxygen than arsenic acid. Graham. AR’Sp-NITE, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of arsenious acid with a base. Kane. AR-Sp-NI'U-RET, n. A combination of arsenic with a metallic or other base. Kane. ARSE'SMART, n. A species of polygonum ; knot- grass. Coles. AR 'SIS, n. [Gr. apatq, a raising ; at pa, to raise.] 1. (Mus.) The raising of the hand, as applied to the beating of time, the falling of the hand in the beats being called thesis. Crabb. 2. (Pros.) The rising inflection of the, voice, the falling inflection being called thesis ; that point in a measure where tne ictus is put. AR'SON [ar'sun, Ja. K. Sm.-, iir'sn, Wb.], n. [L. ardco, arsum, to burn ; Old Fr. arson.] (Law.) The act of voluntarily and maliciously burning the house of another. Blackstone. ART, n. [L. ars, artis; It. <5, Sp. arte-, Fr. art.] 1. The power of doing something not taught by nature ; as, “ To walk is natural ; to dance is an art.” The application of knowledge or science to effect a desired purpose ; practical skill as directed by theory or science ; a trade ; an employment. The object of science is knowledge; the objects of art arc works. In art , truth is the means to an end; in science, it is the only end. Hence the practical arts are not to be classed among the sciences. W he well. Of all those arts in which the wise excel, Nature’s chief masterpiece is writing well. Sheffield. 2. Skill ; address ; adroitness ; contrivance. Nothing is better founded than the famous aphorism of rhetoricians, that the perfection of art consists in concealin'; art. Campbell. 3. Cunning; astuteness; craftiness; strata- gem ; deceit ; duplicity ; artfulness ; artifice. iiSf* The ancients divided the arts into the liberal arts, which were seven in number, — viz. grammar, logic or dialectics, rhetoric, music, arithmetic, geom- etry, and astronomy, — and the servile arts, which comprised the mechanical arts, and were practised by slaves. The moderns divide the arts into the fine arts — us poetry, music, architecture, painting, sculp- ture, &c. — and the useful or mechanical arts. Those arts in which the hands are more concerned than tile mind are called trades. Art and part, ( Scottish Law.) a term denoting an ac- cessory before and after tiie fact. Art expresses the instigation or advice given towards the commission A, E, f, 6, 0, Y, long ; A, £, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, £, I, O, lj, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; ART 83 ARTIFICIALITY of a crime ; and part, the assistance given to the crim- inal in committing it. The origin of the phrase is disputed ; some considering that it is only a technical application of the English words art and part ; others, that it is an abbreviation of the Latin artifez et par- ticeps (contriver and partaker). Burrill. Syn. irt, cunning, and stratagem are sometimes lawfully used in self-defence ; but deceit and duplicity are the marks of a base mind. ART, 2d per. sing, present tense of the verb to be. f ARTE (art), V. a. [L. arto, to narrow ] To nar- row; to constrain. “ Love arted me.” Chaucer. AR-TF.-MJ " §I-A, n. [Gr. aprepioia ; L . artemisia.] {Bui.) A genus of plants, including southern- wood and mugwort ; wormwood. Loudon. AR-TE'RI-AC, n. [Gr. aprripiaKa.] {Med.) A med- icine for diseases of the windpipe. Dunglison. AR-TE'RI-AL, a. 1. Belonging to an artery. “ The sides of the arterial tube.” Arbuthnot. 2. Contained in an artery ; as, “ Arterial blood, . . . red blood.” Dunglison. Arterial navigation, navigation by means of inland streams or of artificial watercourses. AR-TE-RI-AL-I-ZA'TION, n. The transforma- tion of the venous blood and chyle into arterial blood by respiration. Dunglison. AR-TE'RI-AL-IZE, V. a. \i. ARTERIALIZED ; pp. ARTERIAL IZING, ARTERIALIZED.] To endue with the properties of arterial blood. “To arterialize the venous blood.” Dunglison. AR-TE-RJ-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. aprypia, an artery, and ypiiipoi, to describe.] {Anat.) A descrip- tion of the arteries. Dunglison. AR-TE-RLOL'O-^Y, n. [Gr. iprypia, an artery, and >.6yos, a discourse.] A treatise or discourse on the arteries. Dunglison. AR-TE-RI-OT'O-MY, n. [Gr. aprypia, artery, and ro/n';, a cutting.] The opening of an artery ; let- ting blood from an artery. Dunglison. AR'T^-RY, n. [Gr. aprypia, from ay p, air, and rypcm, to preserve ; — this name in Greek having been applied also to the windpipe; L., It., (S; Sp. arteria ; Fr. artere.] One of the cylin- drical tubes, or ramifications of the aorta, which convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Dunglison. AR-TE'^IAN— WELL (ar-te'zhfin-wel), n. [Fr. Artesicn, of Artois, in France, where this kind of well was first made.] A perpendicular per- foration or boring into the ground, deep enough to reach a subterranean body of water, of which the sources are higher than the place where the perforation is made, and so force up to the surface a constant stream of water. P. Cyc. ART'FUL, a. 1. Made with art or skill. Our psalms with artf ul terms inscribed. Milton. 2. Executed with skill ; performed with art. Thyrsis? whose artful strains have oft delayed The huddling brook to hear his madrigal. Milton. 3. Practised in art ; skilful ; dexterous. “ Though he were too artful a writer.” Dryden. 4. Cunning; crafty; as, “ An artful rogue.” Syn. — An artful contriver ; a cunning manager ; a skilful practitioner; a crafty politician. — See Cun- ning, Subtle. ART'FUL- LY, ad. With art; skilfully: — cun- ningly ; craftily. “Artfully contrived.” Dryden. ART'FUL-NESS, n. Practical skill. “ That ex- pects artfulness from childhood, and constancy from youth.” B. Jonson. AR-THRIT IC, ) a apdpirtKds, belonging AR-THRlT'l-CAL, 5 to the joints; apOpov, a joint.] 1. Relating or pertaining to joints. Though some want articulations , yet have they arthritical analogies. Browne. 2. Relating to the arthritis or gout ; gouty. “ Late experiment in arthritical pains.” Wotton. AR-TIIRI ' TIS [ar-thrl'tjs, Ja. ; ar-thrlt'js, P. ; Irth'rj-tls, AsK],n. [Gr. apQpins -apdpov, a joint.] {Med.) The gout. Dunglison. AR-THRO ' DI-A, n. [Gr. apdpov, a joint, and ciSos, form.] (Anat.) A species of articulation ; a movable joint formed by the head of a bone fitting in a shallow socket, so that motion may be free in all directions. Dunglison. AR-THRO'Dl-AL, ) a _ Pertaining to arthrodia, AR-THROD'IC, j or to that kind of joint called ball-and-socket joint. Ogilvie. AR-THRO-DYN' I-A, n. [Gr. apdpov, a joint, and dluvy, pain.] Pain in the joints. Dunglison. AR-THRO-DYN'IC, a. {Med.) Relating to pain in the joints. Brande. AR-THROL'O-tJfY, n. [Gr. apdpov, a joint, and Xdyos, a discourse.] A description of the joints; a treatise upon the joints. Dunglison. AR'TIC, a. See Arctic. Wyatt. Browne. Dryden. AR'TI-CHOKE, n. [Gr. aprvriKpc, fit for season- ing ; Ar. kharciof ; It. carciofo ; Sp. alcachofa ; Fr. artichaut ; Dut. artisjok ; Ger. artischoke . ] A plant like the thistle, but having large, scaly heads, like the cone of the pine-tree, — cultivat- ed in the south of Europe for the sake of what is called its bottom, or the fleshy, sweet recep- tacle of its flowers; Cynara scolymus. Brande. Jerusalem artichoke, an American plant which bears a tuber like a potato, — deriving its name, not from the Holy City, but from a corruption of the Italian word girasole, a sunflower ; Helianthus tuberosus. Brande. AR'TI-CLE (ar'te-kl), re. [L. artieulus, dim. of artus, a joint; It. articolo ; Sp. artieulo; Fr. article.] 1. A single clause in any writing or docu- ment ; a particular item of several that make up an account ; a portion of a complex whole. If thy offences were upon record. There shouldst thou nnd one heinous article. Shak. The articles of our faith will be so many articles of accusa- tion. Tillotson. 2. A term of a bargain ; a stipulation ; as, “Articles of partnership.” I embrace these conditions; let us have articles between us. Shak. 3. A substance ; a commodity ; as, “ An arti- cle of food ” ; “ An article of commerce.” 4. f Precise point of time. “ An infirm build- ing just in the article of falling.” Wollaston. 5. {Gram.) A part of speech, as a, an, the, used to limit the signification of nouns, and therefore never occurring unconnected with a noun expressed or understood. From this necessity of general terms follows immediately the necessity of the article ; whose business it is to reduce that generality, and upon occasion to enable us to employ general terms for particulars. Tooke. 6 . (j Lit.) A complete portion of any literary work which treats of various topics separately ; as, “ An article in a newspaper, or review.” Articles of faith, points of religious doctrine; as, “The thirty-nine articles of the English Church.”- — Articles of war, {Eng. Law.) laws for the government and discipline of the army: — {Am. Law.) laws for tire government of the army and navy of tile United States. Burrill. Syn. — Articles of indenture, of agreement ; terms of peace, of settlement; express stipulations ; condi- tions of sale. AR'TI-CLE, v. a. [i. articled ; pp. articling, ARTICLED.] 1 . To draw up or set forth in articles. “ Fol- lies were articled against him.” Bp. Taylor. 2. To bind by articles of agreement, as an apprentice or pupil. Smart. 3. To charge with crime by articles. “ He shall be articled against.” Stat. 33 Geo. III. AR'TI-CLE, v. re. To stipulate ; to bargain. Lady Kent articled with Sir Edward Herbert. Selden. AR'TI-CLED, a. Bound by articles to render services in return for instruction, as apprentices and pupils. “ Miss Sharp was an articled pupil.” Thackeray. AR-TlC'U-LAR, a. [L. articularis .] Relating to the articulations or joints. “ The superior articular arteries.” Dunglison. AR-TIC'U-LAR-LY, ad. Articulately. Huloet. AR-TJC-U-LA ' TA, n. pi. [L. articulatus, jointed; artieulus, a joint.] {Zodl.) A division of the animal kingdom including animals whose bodies are composed of joints or rings. — See An- imal. Agassiz- AR-TIC'lT-LATE, a. [L. artieulus, a small joint.] 1. Having articulations or joints ; articulated ; jointed ; as, “ Articulate animals.” 2. f Drawn out in separate items or articles. Henry’s instructions were extreme curious and articulate. Bacon. 3. Distinctly uttered and marked by inflec- tion and accent, like human speech. Created mute to all articulate sounds. Milton. AR-TIC'li-LATE, re. (Zoul.) One of the Arficu- lata. Agassiz. AR-TlC'U-LATE, v. a. [t. articulated ; pp. articulating, articulated.] 1 . To utter articulately, or with distinct or distinguishable sounds ; to form into distinct words and syllables ; to speak as a man ; to pronounce; as, “To articulate well what is spoken.” 2 . fTo specify in articles. These things, indeed, you have articulated. Shak. 3. fTo joint. “ The scapula is articulated to the humerus.” Smith on Old Age. AR-Tlc'U-LATE, V. re. 1. To speak distinctly; as, “ He does not articulate as he ought.” 2. j-To make terms; to treat. AR-TIC'y-LAT-yD, p. a. 1. Uttered distinctly. 2. {Zodl.) Having articulations ; composed of movable pieces fitted into each other, as the joints of the skeletons of insects and crusta- ceous animals. Brande. 3. {Bot.) Jointed. » Gray. AR-TIC'U-LATE-LY, ad. In an articulate man- ner ; with distinctness of sound. “ Articulately pronounced.” Sir T. Elyot. AR-TIC'y-LATE-NESS, re. Quality of being artic- ulate. Ash. AR-TIC-U-LA'TION, re. 1. Act of articulating or of speaking as a man ; the forming of syllables by the organs of speech ; distinct utterance. Articulation requlreth a mediocrity of sound. Bacon. 2. An appulse or close contact of two of the organs of speech, represented by a consonant. 3. {Anat.) The connection of the bones of a skeleton by joints. Brande. Articulations are . . . divided into diarthroses, or movable articulations , and synarthroses, or immovable. Dunglison. 4. {Bot.) A knot or joint in a plant, as in the cane, &c. ; a separable portion of a plant, or the place where a separation takes place. Gray. AR'TI-FICE, re. [L. artificium ; ars, art, and fa- do, to make ; It. <5, Sp. artificio ; Fr. artifice.] 1. f Skill in contriving ; art. The sun: . . . considerations . . . such as illustrate the artifice of its Maker. Browne. 2. f A skilfully contrived work. The material universe, which is the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist. Cudworth. 3. Wicked contrivance ; a crafty device ; a trick ; fraud ; cunning ; deceit ; duplicity ; strat- agem ; finesse. “ Artifices of ignorance, . . . cloaks and coverings.” South. Syn. — Artifice to deceive; a childish trick-, gross fraud ; low cunning-, shameless duplicity or deceit ; adroit finesse ; vile imposition ; stratagem of war. AR-TIF'I-CER, re. [L. artifex.] One by whom any tHing is made ; a skilful person ; a superior mechanic ; a manufacturer ; an artist. “ In the practices of artificers, and the manufactures of several kinds.” Locke. AR-TI-Fl"CIAL (ar-te-flsh'al), a. 1. Made by art ; not natural ; contrived with skill. Thus covered with an artificial night, Sleep did his office. Dnjden. 2. Fictitious ; feigned ; not genuine. Why, I can smile, and murder while I smile, And wet my cheeks with artificial tears. Shak. 3. f Skilled in stratagem ; artful ; cunning. The jealousies which artificial men would be able to in- sinuate into his majesty. Life of Clarendon. Artificial arguments , ( Rhet .) arguments invented by the orator, in distinction from laws, authorities, ci- tations, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments. Johnson. Artificial lines , lines marked on a sector or scale, and so contrived as to represent logarithmic sines and tangents. By these lines and the line of numbers, questions in trigonometry and navigation may be solved with tolerable exactness. Chambers. Artificial members , logarithms. Johnson. AR-TI-FI"CIAL (ir-te-fish'al), n. The production of art. [r.] “ All the artificials.” Sir W. Petty. AR-TI-FI-CI-AL'I-TY (ar-te-fisli-e-al'e-te), n. The quality or state of being artificial ; appearance of art.; artificialness. “Trees in hedges par- take of their artificiality.” Shenstone. MiEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, s 6 n ; BULL, BUR, RULE; £, £, 9 , g, soft; €, G, £, g, hard; § as z; £ as gz. — THIS, this. ARTIFICI ALIZE 84 ASCENDANT AR-T!-FI''CIAL-IZE, v. a. To render artificial, [li.]’ ' Month. Rev. AR-T!-F[ "CIAL-LY (itr-te-fish'?l-le), ad. In an artificial manner’; with art or skill. Sidney. AR-T|-Fl"CIAL-NESS (Hr-te-fish'jl-nSs), n. The quality of being artificial. Bailey. f AR-Tl-FI"CIOUS, a. Made by art ; not natural ; artificial. Johnson. f AR'TI-LIZE, v. a. To make to appear as if formed by art ; to give the appearance of art to. Savs Montaigne. I would naturalize art, instead of ' arti- lizing nature. Jsolingbroke. AR-TIL'LER-IST, n. One who manages artillery ; one skilled in gunnery. Byron. AR-TlL'LF.R-Y, n. [L. ars, artis, art (as engine from inyenium.) Diez. Old Fr. artiller, to de- fend bv art ; Low L. artillaria ; It. artiglieria ; Sp. artilleria ; Fr. arttll'erie .] 1. Weapons of war ; missiles used in war- fare ; applied particularly to missive weapons. Jonathan gave his artillery unto the lad. 1 Sam. xx. 40. His heart unworthy is, shootress divine, Of thine artillery to feel the might. Fairfax. 2. Gunnery ; large ordnance, as cannon, howitzers, mortars, rockets, and engines of war of all kinds, with their carriages, ammuni- tion, and apparatus. Brande. 3. The troops appointed for the management of artillery. Glos. of Mil. Terms. Flying artillery, those pieces of ordnance which, by means of horses, can be carried with great rapidity from place to place. — Park of artillery , a place in a camp, or in the rear of an army, in which the artillery is placed.— Train of artillery, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages and ready for service. AR'T!-§Ai\, or AR-TI-^AN' [dr'tc-zan, P. J. K. Sm. R. C. IVb. ; ar-te-zan', S. IV. P. ,/((.], n. [L. ars ; It. artiyiano ; Sp. artesano ; Fr. ar- tisan .] 1. f The professor of an art ; an artist. Best and happiest artisan. Best of painters. Guardian. 2. One who practises a mechanic art ; a me- chanic ; a handicraftsman. Addison. AR'TIST, n. [It. d, n. [L a reed.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses ; reed. Loudon. A-RU'RA, n. [Gr. apoupa, arable land; apdw, to plough ; L. arura.] 1. A Grecian measure of land. 2. (Latv.) One day’s work at the plough. [Sometimes wrongly written arrura.] Burrill. A-R&S'PEX, n. ; pi. a-rus' pr-CEtf. [L. ; hira, an intestine, and specio, to look at.] A diviner by the entrails of victims ; a soothsayer. The public notaries and arusjjex wait. Dnjden. A-RUS'P|CE (st-rus'pjs), n. [L. aruspex, aruspicisi] A soothsayer, [it.] Bp. Story. A-RUS'Pj-cy (a-rus'pe-se), n. [L. aruspiciumi] Divination by inspecting the entrails of vic- tims. “ Old aruspicy and augury.” Butler. AR'Vf.L, n. [W. arwyl.\ A funeral. — Arrel- bread, or arvel-supper, bread or supper given at a funeral. [North of England.] Brockett. AR-VIC'O-LA, n. [L. arvum, a field, and colo, to inhabit.] (Zotil.) A genus of rodent animals of the family of the rat and mouse. Brande. AR'VIL, or AR'VAL, n. A funeral. — See Arvel. A-RYT'y-NOlD, a. [Gr. apbrawa, a ladle, and ruios, form.] (Anat.) Funnel-shaped; — applied to cartilages of the larynx. Dunylison. AS, n. [L. as, copper or brass.] 1. The Roman pound, consisting of twelve equal parts or ounces. Blackstone. 2. An ancient Roman coin, which originally weighed one pound, but was subsequently re- duced by various degrees to half an ounce.’ Its value was a little more than three farthings of English money. Brande. 3. Any integral sum; — frequently applied in civil law to inheritances. Burrill. (az), ad. and conj. [Ger. als.\ 1. In the manner that. I live as I did; I think as I did; I love you as I did. Swift. 2. fThat, in a consequential sense. lie had such a dexterous proclivity, as his teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness. Wotton. 3. Like ; of the same kind with ; in the same manner with ; for example. A simple idea is one uniform idea, as sweet, hitter. Watts. 4. In the state or character of. That law which concemoth men as men. Hooker. 5. AVhile; at the same time that. And whistled as he went for want of thought. Dnjden. 6. Because ; since. But. as tlie wind was favorable, I had an opportunity of surveying this amazing scene for above an hour and a half together. tip- Berkeley. tar As sometimes takes the place of a relative pronoun, and is equivalent to who or which ; as, “ Help such as need help.” “Provide such tilings as are needed.” The propriety of classing such with ad- jectives.and as with relative pronouns, will be appar- ent when it is considered that their representatives in Latin and Greek are talis, qualis, and toios, ulo;, re- spectively. As if, in the manner that it would be if. By the old writers as is sometimes used for as if. “ It lifted up its head, . . .like as it would speak.” Shak. - . ale to, as for, witii respect to. — As well as, equally with. As though, as if. As it were, a qualifying phrase used to soften expressions which might other- wise seem harsh. As yet, up to the present time. — So — as, as— as, suck — os, terms implying compari- son, or reciprocal senses in different clauses of a sen- tence. AS-A-FCET'I-DA (as-a-fet'e-d?), n. A fetid gum resin. — See Assafcetida. AS-A-RA-BAC' CA, n. [L. asarum, wild spike- nard, and bacca, a berry.] (Bot.) A perennial plant found in mountainous woods ; Asarum Europaum. Loudon. As'A-RINE, n. (Chem.) A crvstallizable sub- stance, resembling camphor, extracted from the roots of the Asarum Europa-um. Brande. AS’A-RDm, n. [L., from Gr. aVnnor.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; the Asarabacca. Loudon. AS-BES'TIC, a. Relating to, or containing, asbes- tos ; asbestine ; asbestous. P. Cyc. AS-BES'T]-FORM,a. Formed like asbestos. Dana. AS-BES'TINE, a. Relating to asbestos. Feltham. AS-BES'TOID, n. [Gr. aafEaro;, and cllo;, form.] (Min.) A mineral resembling asbestos. Humble. AS-BES'TOS, or AS-BES'Tl’S, n. [Gr. dsp\ Ger .espe, the asp-tree.] A species of poplar, the leaves of which always tremble ; Populus tremula ; — sometimes called the asp. Loudon. And variable ns the shade By the light, quivering aspen made. Sir W. Scott. AS'PIJN, a. 1. Belonging to the aspen. “Trem- ble like aspen leaves.” Shak. Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay. 2. Resembling aspen ; trembling. “ Poor aspen wretch.” Donne. AS' PF.R, n. A small Turkish coin, equal to about three farthings (about 1<[ cents.) Beau. § FI. fAs'PIJR, a. [L.] Rough; aspre. “All base notes . . . have an asper sound.” Bacon. f As'PER-ATE, v. a. [L. aspero.] To roughen. “ The level surface of clear water being by agi- tation asperated.” Boyle. f AS-P£R-A'TION, n. [L. asperatio .] Act of making rough ; roughness. Bailey. \ASPERGEOIRE (as-perzh-wtir'), n. [Old Fr. from asper ger, to sprinkle.] The brush with which holy water is sprinkled ; aspergillum. Warton. As-PIJR-GIL'LI-FORM, a. (Bot.) Shaped like an aspergillum or brush, as the stigmas of many grasses. Gray. AS-PER-QIL ' LUM, n. [Low L., from aspergo, to sprinkle.] 1. The brush with which holy water is sprin- kled in Roman Catholic ceremonies. 2. (Zo/il.) A genus of bivalve mollusks, the calcareous sheath of which is dilated or club- shaped at the lower end and perforated with many small holes, and hence it is sometimes called the watering-pot shell. Brande. AS-PIJR-I-FO'LI-ATE, ) a [L. asper, rough, and AS-PIJR-I-FO'LI-OUS, ( folium, a leaf.] " (Bot.) Having rough leaves. Crabb. AS-PER'I-TY, n. [L. asperitas, roughness ; as- per, rough ; Fr. aspdrite.] 1. Unevenness or roughness of surface. “ The pores and asperities of bodies.” Boyle. 2. Harshness of sound. Those dissonances and asperities which adhered to our diction. Warton. 3. Acrimony ; tartness ; sharpness. “ The asperity of tartarous salts.” Bp. Berkeley. 4. Roughness or sourness of temper ; mo- roseness ; crabbedness. Avoid all unseemliness and asperity of carriage. Rogers. Syn. — See Acrimony. A-SPER'MOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and aatpua, a seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seed. Brande. f AS-P£R-NA'TION, n. [L. aspernatio.] Disdain- ing ; neglect ; disregard. Bailey. f AS'PpR-OUS (Sis'per-us), a. [L. asper.] Rough. “ Craggy and asperous ascent.” Ricaut. AS-PERSE', v. a. [L. aspergo, aspersus ; ad, to, A, E, I, O, II, Y, long; A, E, I, O, U, Y, short; A, £, (, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ASPERSER ASSAULT 87 and spargo, to scatter or sprinkle.1 [ i . as- persed ; pp. ASPERSING, ASPERSED.] 1. f To scatter or sprinkle over. “ Had power to asperse upon me.” Heywood. 2. To bespatter with censure ; to cast reproach upon ; to vilify ; to slander ; to calumniate ; to detract ; to traduce ; to defame ; to revile. “ Op- portunity to asperse the king.” Clarendon. Syn. — Men asperse their neighbors by insinua- tions ; defame or vilify by advancing charges to injure their character ; slander , by propagating evil reports of them to others ; calumniate or defame , by spreading injurious reports of their own invention ; detract , by undervaluing the motives of their good deeds ; revile, by treating them, however worthy, with contumely. — See Slander. AS-PERS'ER, n. One who asperses. AS-PER'SION, n. [L. aspersio, a sprinkling.] 1. A sprinkling, as of water. No sweet aspersions shall the heavens let fall. Shah. 2. Calumny ; detraction ; defamation ; re- proach ; slander ; censure. The same aspersions of the king, and the same grounds of a rebellion. Dryden. 3. ( Eccles .) The sprinkling with water in the sacrament of baptism. Behold an immersion, not an aspersion. dip. Taylor. Syn. — See Slander. AS-PER'SI VE, a. [L. aspergo, aspersus, to sprin- kle.] Tending to asperse ; aspersory ; defama- tory ; calumnious ; slanderous. AS-PER'SI VE-LY, ad. By way of aspersion. Many envious and injurious detractions, which the igno- rant may aspersively cast thereon. Sir F. Drake Revived. AS-PER'SO-RY, a. Aspersive. [r.] Ogilvie. AS-PHALT', n. Native bitumen, or mineral pitch. ' — See Asphaltum. Weale. AS-PHAL'TIC, a. Pertaining to, or containing, asphaltum. “ With asphaltic slime . . . the gathered beach they fastened.” Milton. AS-PHAL'TUM, n. [Modern L., from Gr. aafaX- ' roc, a priv. and aef i6D.ui, to slip ; — from its use as a cement in ancient building.] (Min.) Com- pact native bitumen, or mineral pitch. It is black or dark brown, very fusible and inflam- mable, and consists of bituminous oil, hydrogen gas, and charcoal. It is found upon the surface and shores of the Lacus Asphaltites, or Dead Sea, and in large quantities in Trinidad and Barbadoes. The anciehts used it in making cements and in the art of embalming. It is now extensively used for pavements and for covering roofs. Brande. AS-PHAL'TUS, n. Asphaltum ; bitumen. Many a row Of starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed With naphtha and asphalt us, yielded light. AS'PHO-DEL, n. [Gr. am/itSehos ; L. asphodclus. (Bot.) A genus of plants. Yellow meads of asphodel. Pope. Flowers were the couch, Pansies, and violets, and asphodel. And hyacinth; earth’s freshest, softest lap. Milton. AS-PHYX I- A, > n _ [Gr. deipv(ia, intermission of AS-PHYX'Y, $ the pulse; a priv. and £w, to beat.] (Med.) Suspension of circulation, or syncope ; — applied now more generally to sus- pended animation, produced by the non-con- version of the venous blood of the lungs into arterial blood, through interrupted or defective respiration. Dunglison. As'PIC, n. 1. A serpent. — See Asp. Addison. 2. Name of a piece of ordnance. Johnson. II AS-PfR'ANT, or AS'PI-RANT [as-plr'ant, K. Sm. R. C. Todd, Wb. ; as'pe-rant or js-plr'ant, Jo . ] , n. [L. aspirans, aspiring ; Fr. aspirant .] An aspirer ; an ambitious candidate. “ Young as- pirant to the name and honors of an English senator.” Hurd. || AS-PlR'ANT, a. Aspiring ; ambitious. Southey. AS'PI-RATE, v. a. [Gr. ao-Kaipui, to pant ; L . aspi- ro, aspiratus, to breathe.] [i. aspirated ; pp. aspirating, aspirated.] To pronounce or mark with the aspirate, or rough breathing ; as, “We aspirate the words horse, house, hand.” AS'PI-RATE, v. n. To be pronounced with a rough breathing. “ Our W and H aspirate.” Dryden. AS'PI-RATE, a. Pronounced with the aspirate, or rough breathing. Holder. AS'PI-RATE, n. 1. A mark to denote an aspi- rated pronunciation, or a rough breathing. The feeble Eolic, which often rejects its aspirate. Pope. 2. A letter to whose articulation the force of a rough breathing is given. As'PI-RAT-ED, p. a. Pronounced with the aspi- rate ; roughened ; aspirate. Wilkins. AS-PI-RA'TION, n. [L. aspiratiof] 1. Act of aspiring ; a breathing after ; ardent wish or longing. A soul inspired with the warmest aspirations after celestial beatitudes keeps its powers attentive. Watts. 2. The pronunciation of a letter with an as- pirate, or rough breathing. If is only a guttural aspiration. Holder. AS PIRE', v. n. [L. aspiro, to breathe ; It. aspi- rare; Sp . aspirar ; Fr .aspirer.] [f. aspired ; pp. aspiring, aspired.] 1. To desire with eagerness ; to seek ambi- tiously ; to long ; — usually with to. Till then a helpless, hopeless, homely swain, I sought not freedom nor aspired to gain. Dryden. 2. To ascend ; to rise ; to soar ; to tower. My free soul aspiring to the height Of nature and unclouded fields of light. Dryden. Syn. — See Aim. f AS-PIRE', v. a. To aspire to ; to try to reach. That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds. Shak. f AS-PIRE 'ME NT, n. Act of aspiring. By which aspirement she her wings displays. Brewer. AS-PlR'ER, n. One who aspires. Milton. AS-PIR'ING, n. 1. Desire of something great. “ Aspirings of the worldling.” Hammond. 2. f A rising; an elevation. “ Fastidious in pyramidical aspirings.” Sir T. Herbert. AS-PlR'lNG, a. Attempting to rise ; ambitious. “ The most aspiring philosopher.” Goldsmith. AS-PlR'ING-LY, ad. In an aspiring manner. AS-PlR'ING-NESS, n. Eager desire of greatness ; state of being ambitious. Ogilvie. AS-PI.E 'JYI-UM, n. [Gr. aairh/vos ; a priv. and (jiri.r/v, spleen ; L. asplenum .] (Bot.) A genus of ferns, formerly thought to be a remedy for the spleen ; spleen wort. Gray. AS-POR-TA'TION, n. [L. asportatio ; abs, from, and porto, to carry.] (Laic.) A felonious car- rying away or removal of goods. Blackstone. t AS'PRE, a. [Fr.] Rough; bitter. And in her aspre plaint, thus she said. Chaucer. fAs'PRE-LY, ad. Roughly. “ Assaulted them so asprely.” Sir T. Elyot. f AS'PRE-NESS, n. Roughness; bitterness. “The aspreness of his estate.” Chaucer. A-SQUINT' (a-skwlnt'), ad. [A. S. ascunian, to shun ;. Dut. schitins .] 1. Obliquely ; askance. “ Who . . . look asquint or shut their eyes.” Swift. 2. Not with due attention ; slightly. “ T asquint at our own aims.” Ass, n . ; pi. Sss'es. [L. asinus ; It. asino ; Sp. asno ; Fr. chief) 1. (Zool.) The common name of animals of the family Equi- dee and genus Asinus, distin- guished by long ears, an upright mane, a tufted tail, a streak along the back and across the shoulders, and by a peculiarly harsh bray. The domestic ass (Asinus vulgaris) is remarkably patient, hardy, and sure-footed. Baird. 2. A stupid fellow ; a dolt. Shak. As-SA-FCET'I-DA (Hs-a-fet'e-da), re. [L. laser, the juice of the plant laserpitium, and fastidus, fetid, from its smell.] A gum resin obtained from the roots of the Ferula assafoetida, from which, on incision, it exudes in the form of a milky juice, which, when dried by exposure to the sun, acquires a mottled appearance and pink color. It is used in medicine as a stimu- lant, anti-spasmodic, and anthelmintic. Its taste is bitter and sub-acrid, and by the Asiatics it is used regularly as a condiment. Brande. AS-SA'I (as-si'e). [It. assai, very.] (Mus.) De- noting increase, as allegro, quick ; allegro as- sai, very quick ; — adagio, slow ; adagio assai, very slow. Crabb. AS-SAlL', v. a. [L. assilio, to leap upon; It. assalire ; Sp. asalir ; Fr. assaillir . ] [i. as- sailed ; pp . assailing, assailed.] 1. To fall upon with violence ; to attack in a hostile manner ; to assault. "With greedy force he ’gan the fort to assail. Spenser. 2. To attack with argument, criticism, or rid- icule ; to censure. All books he reads, and all he reads assails. Pope. AS-SAlL'A-BLE, a. That may be assailed. There ’s comfort yet, they are assailable. Shak. AS-SAIL'ANT, n. One who assails; an aggres- sor. “ The obstinacy of the assailants.” Shak. Syn.— See Aggressor. AS-SAlL'ANT, a. Attacking ; invading. Milton. AS-SAIE'EIt, n. One who assails or attacks ; an assailant. “ Pursued our assailers.” Sidney. AS-SAIL'MENT, n. Attack ; assault, [u.] His most frequent assailmcnt was the headache. Johnson. AS-SAM-ESE', n. sing. & pi. ( Geog .) A native, or natives, of Assam. Earnshaw. f AS-SART', re. [Low L. assarto, (of uncertain etymology,) to pull up by the roots.] (Eng. Law.) An offence committed in the forest, by plucking up those trees by the roots, which are thickets or coverts of the forest. Cowell. f AS-SART', v. a. (Law.) To commit an assart ; to grub up. “ Power to assart his land.” Ashmole. AS-SAS'SIN, re. [It. assassino ; Sp. ascsino ; Fr. assassin. From the name of a military and religious order formed in Persia in the eleventh century, probably so called from their immoderate use of hashish, an opiate made of hemp leaves, or from Hassan ben Sabah, the founder of the order. P. Cyc . ] One who kills, or attempts to kill, by violence and treachery or secret assault ; an assassinator. Here hired assassins for their gain invade, And treacherous poisoners urge their fatal trade. Creech. f AS-SAS'SJN, v. a. To murder ; to assassinate. With him that assassins his parents. Stilliugfleet. t AS-SAS'SI-NA-CY, re. Assassination. “This spiritual assassinacy.” Hammond. f AS-SAS'SI-NATE, re. 1. An assassin. “Seize him for one of the assassinates.” Dryden. 2. The crime of an assassin ; murder. “As- sassinates and popular insurrections.” Pope. AS-SAS'SI-NATE, v. a. [It. assassinare ; Sp. asesinar ; Fr. assassiner .] [i. assassinated ; pp . assassinating, assassinated.] 1. To kill by surprise, by secret assault, or by lying in wait. Dryden. 2. To beset ; to assail ; to waylay, [n.] Such usage as your honorable lords Afford me, assassinated and betrayed. Milton. Syn. — See Kill. AS-SAS'SI-NATE, v. re. To murder by secret assault. “ Thieves assassinate.” Sandys. AS-SAS-SI-NA'TION, re. Act of assassinating ; secret murder ; murder by violence. Shak. AS-sAS'SI-NA-TOR, w. One who assassinates ; an assassin. “ Some heinous offenders, as . . . the assassinators of kings.” Bates. f AS-SAS'SI-NOUS, a. Murderous. Milton. t AS-SA'TION, re. [L. asso, to roast ; Fr. assa- tion . ] The act of roasting. Browne. AS-SAULT', re. [L. assilio, assultns, to leap upon ; It. assalto ; Sp. asalto ; Fr. assaut . ] I. Hostile onset, violence, or invasion ; attack, as opposed to defence. Able to resist Satan’s assaults , and quench his fiery darts. Milton. i. Hall. MiEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — <[’, a _ Relatin"- ASTH-MAT'I-CAL (?st-mat'e-k?l), ) to, or afflicted with, asthma. Boyle. ASTH-MAT'JC (stst-mat'jk), to. One affected with asthma. Dunglison. ASTH-MAT'I-CAL-LY, ad. In an asthmatieal manner ; with asthma. Richardson. A-STIG'MA-TLSM, to. [Gr. a priv. and arlypa, a spot.] ( Optics.) A defect in the eye, which con- sists in its refracting the rays of light differ- ently in different planes. Brande. f as-tIp'U-lAte, v. to. [L. astipulor .] To agree to. “ All, but an hateful Epicurus, have astipulated to this truth.” Bp. Hall. f AS-TIP-U-lA'TION, to. Agreement. “Consent and astipulation.” Bp. Hall. A-STIR', a. [A. S. astirian, to move.] Stirring; active ; in motion. Dickens. + AS-TONE', v. a. [A. S. stunian, to stun.] To terrify ; to astonish. Chaucer. AS-TON'I-BD, p. a. Struck with amazement or terror ; astonished. Adam, soon ns he heard The fatal trespass done by Eve, amazed, Astonied stood, and blank. Milton. f AS-TON'I-IJD-NESS, to. State of being aston- ished. “Astoniedness or dulness.” Barret. AS-TON'ISH, v. a. [L. attono, to thunder at, to stun ; A. S. stunian, to stun ; Old Fr. astonneri] [i. ASTONISHED ; pp. ASTONISHING, ASTON- ISHED.] To amaze; to impress with wonder or terror ; to surprise ; to stupefy ; to confound. It is the part of men to fear and tremble, When the most mighty gods by tokens send Such dreadful heralds* to astonish us. Shak. Syn. — See Amaze. AS-TON'lSH-pD-LY, ad. In astonishment. “As- tonishedly waited.” Bp. Hall. AS-TON'ISH-ING, p. a. Tending to astonish; amazing ; as, “ An astonishing spectacle.” AS-TON'ISH-ING- LY, ad. In a surprising man- ner. “Land astonishingly fruitful.” Swinburne. AS-TON'ISH-ING-NESS, to. Quality to excite astonishment. Todd. AS-TON'ISII-MENT, to. State of being aston- ished; extreme surprise; amazement; confu- sion of mind through fear or wonder. Sidney. Astonishment is that state of the soul in which all its mo- tions are suspended, with some degree of horror. Burke . Syn. — See Wonder. fAS-TON'Y, it. a. To terrify ; to astonish. “Her astonying looks.” Spenser. f AS-TON'Y-ING, to. Astonishment ; terror. “As- tonying of heart.” Geneva Bible. AS-TOUND', v.a. [A. S. astundian; Old Fr. es- tonner .] [*. astounded ; pp. astounding, as- tounded.] To strike with terror ; to astonish. These thoughts may startle well, but not astound, The virtuous mind, that ever walks attended By a strong-siding champion, Conscience. Milton. t AS-TOUND', v. ra. To strike terror. The lightnings flash a larger curve, and more The noise astounds. Thomson. AS-TOUND'ING, p. a. Causing terror. “A menacing and astounding face.” B. Jonson. AS-TOUND 'MpNT, to. The act of astounding, or striking with terror, [r.] C. Lamb. A-STRAd'DLE, ad. [A. S. stredan, to spread.] With one leg on each side ; astride. Bailey. AS-TRJE 'A, n. [L.] 1. The goddess of justice, daughter of Jupiter and Themis. She is rep- resented as a virgin, with a sword in one hand and a pair of scales in the other. 2. {Astron.) The sign Virgo : — one of the minor planets or asteroids, discovered in 1845, by the Prussian astronomer Ilencke. Hind. 3. (Zool.) A genus of reef-building corals, the calcareous skeleton of which is characterized by star-shaped lamellate cells crowded upon the surface. Brande. cmki D AS'TRA-GAL, TO. [Gr. a- orp/iyakos, ankle-bone.] {Arch.) A small moulding whose profile is semi- circular, serving as an ornament at the tops and bottoms of columns. Weale. AS-TRAG ' A- J. US, TO. [L., from Gr. aarpayako;.) 1. (Anat.) The ankie-bone, sling-bone, or first bone of the foot, situated at the upper and middle part of the tarsus, where it is articu- lated with the tibia. Dunglison. 2. {Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants, of which two or more species afford the gum tra- gacanth of commerce ; milk-vetch. Loudon. AS'TRAL, a. [Gr. aari'/p, a star.] Relating to the stars; starry. “ Astral forms.” Dryden. Astral lamp, a large, standing parlor lamp, of which the oil is contained in a horizontal ring, and con- veyed to the burner in the centre by two or more connecting tubes. fAS-TRAUGHT', a. Aghast; distraught. Goldyng. A-STRAY' (a-stra'), ad. [A. S. astreeged, strayed ; streegan, to stray.] Out of the right way. That knew not whether right he went or else astray. Spenser. AS-TRICT', v. a. [L. astringo, astrictus, to draw closely ; ad, to, and stringo, to bind.] 1. To confine ; to astringe. “ The course of water astricted . . . will . . . burst out.” Hall. 2. {Med.) To contract, [r.] “Solid parts . . . relaxed or astricted.” Arbuthnot. 3. {Scottish Law.) To restrict the tenure of land by obliging the possessor to carry his grain to be ground at a particular mill. Burrill. fi AS-TRICT', a. Brought into a small compass. “An epitaph is a superscription, or an astrict, pithy diagram.” Weever. AS-TRlC’TION, to. 1. Restraint ; restriction. Any divine astriction more than what is subordinate to the good of either party. Milton. 2. {Med.) A contraction ; — particularly ap- plied to the action of astringent substances on the animal economy. Dunglison. f AS-TRIC'TIVE, a. Binding ; astringent ; styptic. “Bloodstone, ... of nature astrictive." Bullokar. fi AS-TRIC'TO-RY, a. Astringent. Bailey. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, S6N ; BULL, I!UR, RULE. — 9 , S. K. Ash], n. ; pi. as'ymp-totes. [Gr. a priv. cbv, with, and tri-aru, to fall.] (Geom.) A line which continually approaches a curved line, without ever meeting it. Davies. AS-YMP-TO P'JC, ? a. Relating to asymptotes; AS-YMP-TOT'I-CAL, ) approaching, hut never meeting. Barrow. A-SYN' DF.-TON, n. ; pi. a-syn [ df.-ta. [Gr. dobvderov, unconnected; a priv. and ovvbtui, to bind together.] (Rhet.) The omission of con- junctions in a sentence; as, “ Veni, Yidi, Vici,” (I came, I saw, I conquered.) At, prep. [L. ad, to, at ; Goth, at ; A. S. at.] This word primarily denotes nearness, pres- ence, or direction towards. 1. Near ; present ; in ; as, “ At your house ” ; “At home ” ; “At church ” ; “ At school.” 2. Coexistent or coincident with ; as, “ At the same time.” 3. In the state of ; as, “ At best ” ; “ At the worst”; “At peace”; “At war”; “ At rest.” 4. Engaged in ; a 7 ;, “At work ”; “At play.” 5. Furnished with ; supplied with. And make him, naked, foil a man at arms. S/iaJc. 6. To the burden of; to the charge of; as, “ At the trouble ” ; “At the expense.” 7. In consequence • of; in compliance with ; as, “ It was done at his request.” 8. In the power of ; obedient to ; under; as, “ At your command ” ; “ At your service.” 9. From. The worst authors deserve something at our hands. Pope. 10. Towards ; as, “ To aim at a mark.” At all, in any manner ; in any degree. — It first, in the first place. — At last, in tile last place. HI once, all together ; in the same instant. — To he at, to at- tack. “Guards, up and at them 1 ” Wellington. AT'A-BAL, n. [Sp., a kettle-drum.] A kind of tabor used by the Moors. Dryden. A-TAc'A-MlTE, n. (Min.) A compound of chlo- ride of copper, oxide of copper, and water ; — originally found in Atacama, a province in the northern part of Chili. Dana. AT-A-GHAN' , n. A Turkish short sword or long dagger ; — called also yataghan. Clarke. A-TAKE', v. a. To overtake. Chaucer. AT-A-LAN'TA, n. (Astron.) An asteroid discov- ered by Goldschmidt in 1855. Am. Naut. Alman. f AT- A- R AX' I- A, ) I^( Jr. drnpnfin.] Equanim- f AT'A-RAX-Y, ) ity ; tranquillity. Glanvill. A-TAUNT', a. (Naut.) High or tall; taunt; — commonly applied to a vessel’s masts. Dana. All-a-taunt-o, {Naut.) said of a vessel when she has all her light and tall masts and spars aloft. Dana. A-tAx'IC, a. [Gr. a priv. and ra(is, arrange- ment.] (Med.) Irregular; characterized by great irregularity. Clarke. Ataxic fever, {Med.) a name given by Pinel to ty- phoid fever when malignant. Ogilvie. f At'AX-Y, n. [Gr. am|ia.] Disorder. “ Infi- nite ataxy and confusion.” Hallywell. AT'CHF., n. A small Turkish coin, of the value of two thirds of a farthing. Crabb. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, 0, Y, short; A, ?, J, O, U, Y, obscure ; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; ATE 93 ATOM ATE (at or et) [at, S. F. Ja. K. R. C . ; at or et, W . ; et, Sm.], i. from eat. — See Eat. Itgp“At.e . . . frequently, ami perhaps more correct- ly, pronounced £t.” Walker. “A, in ate, many, anti any, has been shortened into e.” Smart. A'TE, n. [Gr. "Ary, goddess of mischief; draw, to hurt, to harm.] (Myth.) The personification of discord, revenge, or punishment. Drande. With him along is come the mother-queen, An Ate, stirring him to blood and strife. Shale. AT'E-LENE, a. [Gr. Arehtjs ; a priv. and rO.og, end.] (Min.) Imperfect ; wanting regular forms in the genus. Ogilvie. ATE'LI-ER (at'le-a), n. [Fr.] A workshop; — applied especially to the work-room of sculptors and painters and called also studio. Fairholt. A-TEL'LAN, n. \Atclla, a city of Campania, where this kind of comedy had its origin ; L. atcllanus . ] A satirical or licentious drama. “ Atellans and lascivious' songs.” Burton. A-TEL'LAN, a. Relating to the dramas at Atella. “ Their . . . Atellan way of wit.” Shaftesbury. A TEM'PO, [It., in time.] (Mus.) Signifying that, after any change of motion, the original movement is to be restored. Moore. A-THAL'A-MOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and BdXapog, a bridal bed.] ( Bot .) Applied to lichens whose thallus is not furnished with shields or beds for the spores. Brande. ATH-A-MAN'TINE, n. ( Chem .) A crystallizable substance contained in the root of the Atha- manta oreoselinum. Gregory. || ATH- A-NA'§IAN, a. (Feel. Hist.) Relating to Athanasius, a bishop of Alexandria in the fourth century, the reputed author of the creed which bears his name, and which is an explicit avowal of the doctrine of the Trinity, against Arian- ism. “ The Athanasian faith.” Waterland. || AtiI-A-NA'^IAN (3.th-?-na'zh?n) [kth-a-na'she- an, Ja . ; ath-j-na'shan, K. ; ath-a-nazh'e-an, Sm . ; 5th-a-na'zhan, jR.], n. A follower of Athanasius, or a believer in his creed. Waterland. Ath'A-NOR, n. [Ar.] A furnace formerly used by alchemists, and so constructed as continu- ally to supply itself with fuel. Francis. A'TI1£-I§M, n. The denial or disbelief of a God. It is a fine observation of Plato in his Laws, that atheism is a disease of the soul before it becomes an error of the under- standing. Fleming. A little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism; but depth of philosophy bringeth men’s minds to religion. Bacon. Superstition has many direct sorrows, but atheism has no direct joys. Superstition catches at appearances; but athe- ism starts back from realities. Dr. Farr. often spelt atheneum, athenevms. [L., from Gr. ’A Oyinuov, the temple of Minerva ; ’AO; ?ru, Minerva.] 1. A public edifice at Athens, dedicated to Minerva, and frequented by philosophers, poets, rhetoricians, and other professors of the liberal arts. Brande. 2. In modern times, a public seminary or gymnasium; — also, a public library with a reading room, furnished with periodical works, newspapers, &c. Brande. A-TIIE'NI-AN, a. ( Geog .) Pertaining to Athens. A sweet Athenian lady is in love. Shak. A-THE'NI-AN, n. (Geog.) An inhabitant of Athens. “ I am no true Athenian.” Shak. f ATH-E-O-LO'ljrl-AN, n. One who is the oppo- site to n theologian. Hayward. f A-THE-OL'O-GY) n. The doctrine of atheism; the doctrine that there is no God. Cudworth. + A'THIJ-OUS, a. Atheistic; godless. “The hypocrite or athcous priest.” Milton. AtH-E-RI 'JVA,n. [Gr. aBeoivy, a bony fish.] (Ich.) A genus of abdominal fishes, intermediate be- tween the cod and the mullet. Brande. A-THER'MA-NOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and Beppaini, to heat.] (Chem.) Applied to transparent or translucent substances which resist the passage of radiant heat. Miller. Ath-F.-RO 'AM, n. [Gr. uBtpoipa, a tumor full of matter like a fhipy, porridge of groats.] (Med.) An encysted tumor ; a species of wen. Sharp. ATH-E-ROM'A-TOUS, a. (Med.) Relating to an atheroma. Wiseman. A-T HIRST', a. [a and thirst.] Thirsty. “Never did drink but when he was athirst.” Baker. ATH-LE' TJE, n.pl. [L., from Gr. dOXyryg, a com- batant.] Contenders for victory at the public games of the Greeks and Romans ; athletes ; wrestlers ; combatants ; champions. Crabb. ATII'LETE [atldlet, Ja. R. Todd ; ath-let', Sm.], n.\ pi. Xth 'letes. [Gr. aSlirjf,] 1. A contender for victory in the games of the Greeks and Romans; a wrestler. Delany. 2. One who strives for the mastery. Was he [the wise man] in adversity, he returned thanks to the Director of this spectacle of human life tor having op- posed to him a vigorous athlete. A. Smith. ATH-LET'JC, a. 1. Belonging to wrestling, or muscular exercise ; as, “ Athletic games.” 2. Strong of body ; lusty ; robust ; vigorous. Seldom shall one see in rich families that athletic sound- ness and vigor of constitution which is seen iu cottages, where Nature is cook and Necessity caterer. South. A'TH(J-IST, n. [Gr. a priv. and Qe6g, God.] One who denies the existence of God. Atheists are confounded with Pantheists , such as Xenoph- anes among the ancients, or Spinoza and Schelling among the moderns, who, instead of denying God, absorb every thing into him. Fleming. A'THIJ-IST, a. Atheistical ; denying God. “The atheist crew.” Milton. A-TIIJJ-IS'TIC, A-TH$-!S'TI-CAL, atheism. a. 1. Disbelieving in the existence of God ; given to It is an ignorant conceit, that inquiry into nature should make them atheistic. Bp. Hall. 2. Pertaining to, or partaking of, atheism. Men work themselves into an atheistical judgment by atheistical practices. Dr. Whichcote. A-THB-Is'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In an atheistical manner. “Talking atheistically.” Bp. Taylor. A-THEj-IS'TI-CAL-NESS, n. The quality of being atheistical. Hammond. f A'THIJ-Ize, v. n. To argue like an atheist. “ Carried into this way of atheizing .” Cudworth. A'THf-fZE, v. a. To make an atheist of. “En- deavored to atheize one another.” Bp. Berkeley. f A'TH$-fZ-£R, n. One who atheizes. Cudworth. ATHEL-, ADEL-, and A3THEL-, [from A. S. cedel, Ger. adel, noble.] A prefix in Saxon names, as, TEtheheft, noble counsel ; yEthel&rd, noble genius ; AEthelwivcA, noble protector. Gibson. Ath-E-NJE' UM, n . ; pi. L. a th-k-nje 'a ; Eng. a rn k .\yi: ' ums, ; as an Anglicized word, it is ATH-LET'I-CAL-LY, ad. In a strong, or athlet- ic manner. Ogilvie. ATH-LET'I-CI§M, n Muscular strength ; athle- tism. [r.] Maunder. ATH'LIJT-l^M, n. The act of contending at pub- lic games ; muscular strength, [it.] Ogilvie. A-TIIW ART', prep. [A. S. thweorian, to thwart.] 1. Across ; transverse .to. “ To break his bridge athwart the Hellespont.” Bacon. 2. (Naut.) Across the line of a ship’s course ; as, “ We sarv a fleet standing athwart us.” Athwart the fore foot, applied to a cannon ball fired from one ship across the line of another’s course ahead of her, to bring her to, — Athwart hawse , across the direction of a vessel’s head ; across her cable. — Athwart ships, reaching across from one side of the ship to the other. A-THWArt', ad. Across; crosswise ; wrong. All athwart there came A post from Wales, loaden with heavy news. Shak. The baby bents the nurse, and quite athwart Goes all decorum. Shak. A-TILT', ad. [A. S. tealtian, to tilt, to waver.] 1. At tilt ; in the manner of a filter. “ Thou runn’st atilt.” Shak. 2. [Dut. tillen, to raise.] In a tilted posture, as of a barrel raised behind to make its con- tents run out. . Such a man is always atilt ; his favors come hardly from him. Spectator. At-LAN-TE'AN, a. [L. Atlanteus.] Resembling Atlas, the giant ; gigantic. Sage he stood, With Atlantean shoulders fit to bear The weight of mightiest monarchies. Milton. AT-lAW TFf, n. pi. [L., from Atlas, the giant, who, according to the faille, supported the globe on his shoulders.] (Arch.) Figures or half figures of men used in the place of columns or pilasters, to sustain an entablature; — called also Telamones. p. Cyc. AT-LAn'TIC, a. [Gr. ' ArlauTiKig, belonging to Atlas.] 1. Relating to Atlas, the giant. “ The seven Atlantic sisters ” ; i. e. the Atlantides. Milton. 2. Relating to Mt. Atlas. “ Citron tables or Atlantic stone ” ; i. e. from Mt. Atlas. Milton. 3. (Geog.) Noting one of the oceans, so called by the ancients from Mount Atlas, in the western part of Africa whose shores this ocean washes. The gilded car of day His glowing axle doth allay Iu the steep Atlantic stream. Milton. AT-LAn'TIC, n. (Geog.) The Atlantic ocean. AT-lAjv' TI-DE$,n. pi. [L.] (Astron.) The Pleia- des, or Seven Stars ; — so named from the seven daughters of Atlas, who are said to have been changed after death into a constellation. Crabb. AT'LAS, n . ; pi. XT'r.A$-E§. [L., from Gr. * 'Arias, a mythological giant who was said to support the world on his shoulders.] 1. A collection or volume of geographical maps or charts ; — first applied in this sense by Mercator in the 16th century, in allusion to the fable of Atlas. Brande. 2. A large, square folio, resembling a collec- tion of maps. Johnson. 3. A kind of silk of Eastern manufacture. I have the conveniency of buying Dutch atlases with gold or silver, or without. Spectator. 4. A large kind of draw ing paper. Burke. 5. (Anat.) The uppermost one of the cervical vertebra? ; — so named from its supporting the whole weight of the head, as Atlas w'as sup- posed to support the globe. Dunglison. AT-MOM'£-T£R, n. [Gr. drpdg, vapor, and pirpov, a measure.] (Chem.) An instrument for ascer- taining the rate of evaporation. Brande. AT'MOS-PHERE (&t'mos-ler), n. [Gr. arp6g, vapor, and o^taipa, a sphere ; Fr. atmosphere.] 1. The invisible elastic fluid which surrounds the earth to a height variously estimated from 40 to 100 miles from its surface, and which presses by its weight with a force of nearly 15 pounds to the square inch ; an assemblage of abriform vapors ; the air. Brande. 2. (Elec.) A medium conceived to be dif- fused over the surface of electric bodies, and to extend to some distance from them. Brande. 3. (Statics.) The weight of the natural at- mosphere on a unit of surface; — a term of comparison to indicate the elasticity or pres- sure of gaseous bodies ; thus, steam of two at- mospheres, is steam the pressure of which is equivalent to double the pressure exerted by the W’eight of the natural atmosphere. Francis. AT-MOS-PHER'IC, i a . Relating to, or con- AT-MOS-PHER'I-CAL, j sisting of, the atmos- phere. “ Our atmospherical air.” Boyle. Atmospheric pressure, the weight of the atmosphere as indicated by the height of a column of mercury in an exhausted tube. — Atmospheric stones, meteoric stones ; aerolites. Atmospheric tides, certain changes in the barometric pressure of file atmosphere, depend- ing on the attraction of the sun and moon. AT-MOS-l’H g-ROL'O-GY, n. [Gr. drp6g, vapor, mpaipa, a sphere, and X'dyos, a discourse.] A dis- course on the atmosphere. Bcswick. A 'TOLL, ) n _ [A Maidive word.] (Phi/s. A-TOL' LON, S Geog.) A chaplet, ring, or circular reef of coral, enclosing a lagoon, or portion of the ocean in its centre. Somerville. AT'OM, n. [Gr. aropog ; a priv. and rlpvoi, to cut ; i. e. a part so small that it cannot be cut ; L. atomus ; It. &; Sp. atomo ; Fr. atome .] Molecule ... is something real, and thus differs from atom , which is not perceived, out conceived. Fleming. 1. The ultimate particle of an element ; an indivisible particle of matter. P. Cyc. See plastic nature working to this end ; The single atoms each to other tend. Pope . 2. A minute particle ; any thing extremely small ; an iota ; a jot. MIEN, SIR; MOVE-, NiiR, SON; BULL, BUR, R1JLE. — 9, 9, 9, g, soft; C, fi, £ , hard; ? as z; % as gz. — THIS, this. ATOM 94 ATTACHMENT f AT'OM, v . a. To reduce to atoms ; to atomize. “ When he is atomeil into flying dust.” Feltham. A-TOM'IC, a. Relating to atoms ; atomical. The atomic philosophy, held by the ancient Epicu- reans, taught that atoms are endued with gravity and motion, by which all things are formed without the aid of a Supreme Being. — The atomic theory , in mod- ern chemistry, is the doctrine of definite proportions in chemical combinations, ortho theory according to which the atoms of all bodies have definite weights called atomic weights , and which is based on the tact that when two substances, A and B, unite chemically in two or more proportions, the numbers representing the quantities of B combined with the same quantity of A are in the ratio of 1, 2,3,4, &c. ; that is, they are multiples by some whole number of the smallest quan- tity of B with which A can unite. If A-|-B is the first compound, the others will be A-)-2 B, A -(-3 B, &c., or A w ith some multiple of B ; hence the name, law of multiples, or multiple proportion, sometimes ap- plied to this fact. Turner. A-TOM'I-CAL, a. 1. Relating to atoms ; atomic. “The atomical philosophy'.” Bentley. 2. Consisting of atoms. “ Powders and atom- ical divisions.” Browne. A-TOM'I-CAL-LY, ad. According to the atomic philosophy. “ Fmpedocles . . . did physiologize atomically." Cudwortli. AT-O-MI "CIAN (at-o-mfsh'.yn), n. An adherent to the atomic philosophy ; an atomist. Be. Rev. + A-TOM'J-CI§M, n. Atomism. “We have dis- armed atheism of atomidsm." Cudwortli. AT'OM-I^M, n. [Fr. atomisme.] The doctrine of the atomical philosophy. Cudwortli. AT’OM-IsT, n. One who holds the atomic phi- losophy, or doctrine of atoms. Locke. At'O.M-IZE, v . n. [See Atom.] To speculate respecting atoms. Cudwortli. AT OM-IZE, v. a. To reduce to atoms. Baxter. At'OM-LIke, a. Resembling atoms. Browne. AT-OiM-OL'Q- to g et ^ cr i at once. All his senses seemed bereft attone. Spenser. f AT-ONE'MA-KJpR (-wun-), n. A reconciler; an atoner. And by that word [mediator] understand an atonemaker , a peace-maker, and bringer into grace and favor. Tyndalc. A-TONE' NT, n . [See Atone.] 1. Agreement ; concord ; reconciliation. Atonement. — When the word is divided into sylla- bles, its meaning will be evident to every reader — At-one-ment. Thus to atone is to make, one , or to rec- oncile parties at variance ; to make atonement is to bring about reconciliation and peace. Brown's Diet, of the Bible. By whom we have now received the atonement. Horn. v. 11. He seeks to make atonement Between the Duke of Gloster and your brothers. Shak. And like as he made the Jews and Gentiles at one between themselves, even so he made both at one with God, that there should be nothing to break the atonement , hut that the things in heaven and the things in earth should be joined together, as it were, into one body. Udal. 2. Expiation ; satisfaction for an offence ; propitiation ; price of redemption ; ransom. The priest shall make an atonement for his sin that he hath committed, and it shall be forgiven him. Lcvit. iv. 36. The price of redemption (to use a scriptural metaphor) has been paid: the justice of God is satisfied; a full and com- plete atonement has been made. It. Hall. See Onement. A-TON'^R, n. One who atones. Todd. A-TON'IC, a. [Gr. a priv. and r6mc, tone, strength.] 1. (Med.) Wanting tone, or tension ; re- laxed. Todd. 2. (Gram.) Unaccented. A-TON'IC, n. (Gram.) An unaccented word. Ash: A-TON'ING, p. a. Making atonement ; reconcil- ing ; — making satisfaction or compensation ; expiating. AT'O-NY, n. [Gr. aTovia, slackness ; languidness; a priv. and tovos, strength ; Fr. atonic.] (Med.) Want of tone ; general weakness. Dunglison. A-TOP', ad. On the top. “ The oil, which often swims atop of the decoction.” Arbuthnot. f AT-RA-BI-LA1RE' ,a. [Fr.] Atrabiliary. “Atra- bilairc blasphemer of the miracles.” Warburton. At-RA-BI-LA'RI-AN, a. [L. ater, black, and bilis, bile.] Melancholy; full of bile. “ The a.trabi- larian constitution.” Arbuthnot. AT-RA-BI-lA'RI-OUS, a. Melancholic ; full of bile ; atrabilarian. Quincy. AT-RA-BI-LA'RI-OUS-NESS, n. The state of being melancholy. ’ Johnson. AT-RA-BTL'IA-RY, a. Melancholy ; atrabilious. Atrabiliary capsules, the renal capsules, arteries, and veins. Dunglison. AT-RA-BILTOUSj a. Melancholic or hypochon- driacal ; atrabilarious ; atrabiliary. “ The atra- bilious temperament.” Grant. AT-RA-MEN-TA'CEOyS (-shus, 66), a. Black as ink ; inky. “Atr amentaceous mucus.” Derliam. At-RA-MEN'TAL, a. [L. atramentum, ink.] Inky ; black. “ Atramental and denigrating.” Browne. At-R A-MEN-tA'RI-OUS, a. Suitable for making ink ; black as ink ; atramentaceous. Smart. AT-RA-MEN'TOUS, a. Inky ; black. Swift. f A'TRED (a'terd), a. [L. ater, black.] Tinged with black. Whitaker. A-TRIP', ad. (Nautl) Applied to the anchor when drawn out of the ground perpendicularly ; — also applied to the sails when hoisted to the top of the mast. Mar. Diet. A ' TR1- fjM, n . ; pi. a'trt-a. [I.., from Gr. a’iOpios, exposed to the air. Scaliyer. Tuscan town Atria, where this style of architecture originated. Varro.] The hall or principal room of a Ro- man house. W sale. A-TRO'CIOUS (j-tro'shus, 66), a. [L. atrox, fierce, cruel ; It. atroce ; Sp. atroz ; Fr. atroce.] Wicked in a high degree ; villanous ; flagitious ; heinous ; outrageous ; enormous. “ Unless it be an atrocious offence.” Ayliffe. Syn. — See Heinous. A-TRO'CIOIS-LY (a-tro'shus-le), ad. In an atro- cious manner ; flagitiously. Loxcth. A-TRO'CIOUS-NESS (a-tro'slms-nes), n. The qual- ity of being atrocious ; atrocity. “ The atro- ciousness of the crime.” Burke. A-TRoy'l-TY, n. Horrible wickedness; enor- mity. “The . . . atrocity of the fact.” Wotton. AT' RO-PA, n. [Gr. 'Krponof, inflexible ; the name of one of the Fates, who was supposed to cut the thread of human life.] (Bot.) A genus of poisonous plants. Loudon. Atrapa belladonna, deadly-nightshade or dwale. AT'RO-PHIeD (at'ro-fld), p. a. Wasted away, or consumed by atrophy. Spectator. AT'RO-PHY, n. [Gr. aryoipla ; a priv. and rp/ipoi, to nourish.] (Med.) Emaciation or wasting of the body for want of nourishment. Pining atrojthy , Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence. Milton. 4-TRO PI-A, ) n _ (Chem.) A vegetable alkali, AT'RO-PInE, (highly poisonous, obtained from the Atropa belladonna, or deadly-nightshade ; — written also atropina. Gregory. AT-TAC' CA, [It., from attaccare, to tie, to bind.] (Mas.) A direction which denotes that the next movement is to follow immediately, without any pause. Moore. AT-TACH', v. a. [A. S. toeacan, to add to; It. attaccare; Sp. atacar ; Fr. attacher .] [i. at- tached ; pp. ATTACHING, ATTACHED.] 1. To fasten; to tie; to join; to bring into contact; to unite closely ; to connect; as, “To attach a label to a parcel or package ” ; “ To at- tach the traces to a carriage.” A smaller building is sometimes attached to a larger. Crabb. The play which this pathetic prologue was attached to was a comedy. Cumberland. 2. To bind by interest, taste, or affection. Songs, garlands, flowers, And charming symphonies, attached the heart Of Adam. Milton. The great and rich depend on those whom their power or their wealth attaches to them. Boyers. 3. (Mil.) To place or appoint by authority. An officer or soldier is said to be attached to any regiment or company with which he may have been ordered to do duty. Campbell. 4. To arrest ; to seize, as by authority. Bohemia greets you, Desires you to attach his son, who has His dignity and duty both cast off. Shak. 5. (Law.) To take or apprehend by virtue of a writ or precept called an attachment ; — ap- plied both to persons and property. Burrill. Syn. — See Annex, Affix, Fix. f AT-TACH', n. Attachment. Pope. AT-tAch'A-BLE, a. That may be attached ; lia- ble to attachment. Scayer. ATTACHE (at-A-sha'), n. [Fr.] A person at- tached to, or dependent on, another person, or a legation, or company ; an adherent ; a subal- tern. Mackintosh. AT-TACHED' (at-tAclit'), p. a. 1. Closely united ; hound by interest or affection ; as, “ An attached friend.” 2. (Law.) Seized under attachment ; as, “ At- tached property.” AT-TACH'M^NT, n. [Fr. attachement .] 1. State of being attached ; bond of affection ; fondness ; love ; liking ; regard. The Jews are remarkable for an attachment to their own country. Addison. 2. That which attaches; as, “The -attach- ments of home.” 3. That which is attached. — See -iEolian Attachment. 4. (Law.) An apprehension by virtue of a precept, or writ, differing from an arrest, inas- much as it lays hold of the goods as well as the person : — a species of mesne process, pecu- liar to the practice of some of the Eastern States of the United States, by which the goods or lands of a defendant are seized at the com- mencement of a suit, and held as security to satisfy such judgment as the plaintiff may re- cover. Burrill. Foreign attachment, (Eng. Lair.) ail attachment of the property of a foreign or absent debtor, or a debtor A, E, i, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ATTACK 95 ATTENT out of tile jurisdiction within which the property is found: — a similar process, in the United States, against tile property of absent, non-resident, or ab- sconding debtors, is called in some of the States trustee, and in others garnishee , process. — Court of attachments, the lowest of the forest courts, held once in every forty days to receive from the foresters or keepers their attachments against vert and venison ; now dis- used. Burrill. Syn. — See Love. AT-tAck', v. a. [It. attaccare ; Sp. atacar ; Fr. ’ attaquer . j [t. attacked ; pp. attacking, at- tacked.] 1. To commence an act of hostility upon ; to fall upon with hostility and violence ; to as- sault ; to assail. “ Those that attack generally get the victory.” Cane’s Campaigns. Unite thy forces and attack their lines. Dryden. 2. To impugn in any manner, as with satire, calumny, or severe criticism. The declaimer attacked the reputation of his adversaries. Johnson. AT-TACK', n. First act of hostility towards ; an assault ; an onset ; invasion ; charge. Assigning to each his part, — to one the attack , to another the cry of onset. D. Webster. Syn. — attack, assault, and aggression all denote the first act of injury or hostility, and are opposed to defence ; and they may be made by an individual or by an army upon an unoffending party. Encounter, on- set, and charge require at least two opposing parties. An unprovoked attack , assault, or aggression. An attack on persons or property ; a personal assault ; an encounter between two antagonists ; an impetuous onset j a well-directed charge ; an invasion of a coun- try. AT-TACK'A-BLE, a. That may be attacked ; open to attack ; assailable. Ogilvie. AT-TAck'^R, n. One who attacks. Elphinstone. At' TA-qEJV, n. ( Ornith .) A species of pheas- ant found in Greece and Sicily. Agassiz. AT-TAIN', v. a. [L. attingo, to touch upon, to arrive at; Fr. atteindre.] [i. ATTAINED ; pp. ATTAINING, ATTAINED.] 1. To compass or get by efforts ; to gain; to obtain ; to procure ; to acquire. My umpire, Conscience, whom if they will hear, Light after light, well used, they shall attain. Milton. Two classes of men occupy high station; those whose time has been spent in thinking how it could be attained , and those who have mainly bestowed their attention to the use that should be made of it when attained. Dr. C. Taylor. 2. To reach ; to come to ; to arrive at. Canaan he now attains ; I see his tents Pitched above Sechem. Milton. 3. t To overtake; to come up with. “Not attaining him in time.” Bacon. Syn. — See Acquire, Reach. AT-TAIN', v. n. To reach by striving for, or by progress towards ; — with to or unto. Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high; I can- not attain unto it. Ps. cxxxix. 6. The more part advised to depart thence, ... if by any means they might attain to Phenice. Acts xxvii. 12. Milk, . . . after twelve days, attains to the highest degree of acidity. Arbuthnot. f AT-TAIN', n. Thing attained; an attainment. “ Splendid terrene attains are akin.” Glanvill. AT-TAIN-A-BIl'I-TY, n. State of being attaina- ble ; attainableness. Coleridge. AT-TAlN'A-BLE, a. That may be attained. “ Good which is attainable.” Tillotson. AT-TAIN'A-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of being at- tainable. Cheyne. AT-tAin'D^R, n. [L. ad, to, and tingo, to tinge, from Gr. rlyyio, to stain ; Old Fr. attainder ; Fr. teindre, to tinge or stain.] 1. Taint ; blemish ; sully of character. So smooth he daubed his vice with show of virtue, He lived from all attainder of suspect. Shak. 2. (Late.) Corruption of blood, or extinction of civil rights, in consequence of being con- demned for a capital crime. Brande. By attainder, also, for treason or other felony, the blood of the person attainted is so corrupted as to bt rendered no longer inheritable. JJIackstone. AT-TAIN'MIJNT, n. 1. Act or power of attain- ing. “ Government is an art above the attain- ment of an ordinary genius.” South. 2. That which is gained by exertion ; acqui- sition ; acquirement. Our attainments are mean, compared with the perfection of the universe. Grew. Syn. — See Acquirement. AT-TAlNT', v. a. [See Attainder.] [i. at- tainted; pp. attainting, attainted.] 1. To cloud with ignominy ; to disgrace. Lest she with blame her honor should attaint. Spenser. 2. To taint. “ Attainted . . . flesh.” Barret. 3. {Law.) To find guilty of a crime, especial- ly of felony or treason, and thereby subject to forfeiture of civil rights and corruption of blood. I must offend before I be attainted. Shak. AT-TAlNT', a. Convicted; attainted. “Alien, abjured, perjured, or attaint.” [it.] Sadler. AT-TAlNT', n. 1. f A taint ; a stain ; a soil. 2. {Farriery.) A blow or wound on the hinder foot of a horse. Crabb. 3. {Law.) A writ against a jury for false judgment. Burrill. AT-TAINT'JpD, p. a. Disgraced by attainder. AT-TAINT'MJJNT, n. State of being attainted. “ Wolsey, upon whose attaintment.” Ashmole. AT-TAINT'URE (at-tant'yur), n. {Law.) Legal censure ; disgrace from attainder ; attaintment. The earl’s lands, which were forfeited by his attainture. Speed. AT TAL, i n% {Mining.) Rubbish; refuse; stony At'TLE, j cast-off matter. Weale. f AT-TAm'I-NAte, v. a. [L. attamino.'] To cor- rupt ; to defile ; to contaminate. Coles. AT'TAR {of Boses), n. An essential oil, made in Oriental countries, from the petals of several kinds of rose ; — called also ottar of roses and otto of roses. — See Ottar. P. Cyc. f AT-TASK', v. a. To task ; to tax. Shak. f AT- TASTE', v. a. To taste. Chaucer. AT-TEM'PpR, v. a. [L. attempero ; ad, to, and ternpero, to mix ; to moderate.] [i. attem- pered ; pp. attempering, attempered.] 1. To reduce or weaken the peculiar force of one quality or substance by admixture with another of a different nature ; to temper ; as, “To attemper cold with heat.” Nobility attempers sovereignty. Bacon. 2. To moderate ; to soften ; to mollify. Those smiling eyes attempering every ray. Pope. 3. To mix in just proportions ; to regulate. God hath so attempered the blood and bodies of fishes. Pay. 4. To adapt ; to make suitable. Let arts of gods and heroes old, Attempered to the lyre, your voice employ. Pope. t AT-TEM'PpR-ANCE, n. Temperance. Chaucer. f AT-TEM'PER-ATE, v. a. To attemper; to reg- ulate. “ If any one do attemperate his actions accordingly.” Barrow. f AT-TEM'PER-ATE, a. 1. Temperate. “ At- temperate speech.” Chaucer. 2. Adapted ; suited ; accommodated. Hope must be proportioned and attemperate to the prom- ise. Hammond. t AT-TEM'PijR-LY, ad. Temperately. Chaucer. AT-TEM'PpR-MENT, n. Act of attempering, or mixing in just proportions. Dr. Chalmers. AT-TEMPT' (gt-temt'), v. a. [L. attento, to reach after ; It. attentare ; Sp. atentar ; Fr. attenter.) [t. attempted ; pp. attempting, attempted.] 1. To try ; to assay; to make experiment or trial of. New ways I must attempt my grovelling name To raise aloft, and wing my flight to fame. Dryden. 2. To endeavor to accomplish ; to undertake. If thou attempt it, it will cost thee dear. Shak. 3. f To assail with temptations ; to tempt. I also erred in overmuch admiring What seemed in thee so perfect, that I thought No evil durst attempt thee. Milton. AT-TEMPT' (at-temt'), v. n. To make an attempt or a trial ; to endeavor ; to try. Browne. Not that they durst without his leave attempt. Milton. AT-TEMPT' (at-temt'), n. An effort to gain a point ; endeavor ; essay ; experiment ; trial ; undertaking ; enterprise. The state that strives for liberty, though foiled, Deserves at least applause for her attempt. Cowper. Syn. — A spirited attempt-, a mighty effort.-, an earnest endeavor ; a feeble essay ; a successful exper- iment ; a persevering trial ; an arduous undertaking ; a hazardous enterprise. AT-TEMPT'A-BLE (at-temt'?-bl), a. That may be attempted, [r.] Shak. AT-TEMPT'JpR (jt-temt'er), n. One who attempts. f AT-TEMP'TIVE, a. Enterprising; ready to attempt. “Attemptive, able, worthy.” Daniel. AT-TEND', v. a. [L. attendo ; ad, to, and tendo, to stretch, i. e. to apply the mind to ; It. at- tendere ; Sp. atender ; Fr. attendre .] [t. at- tended ; pp. attending, attended.] 1. f To apply the mind to ; to regard. The diligent pilot in a dangerous tempest doth not attend the unskilful words of a passenger. Sidney. The crow doth sing as sweetly as the stork, When neither is attended. Shak. 2. To wait on ; to serve. His companion, youthful Valentine, Attends the emperor in his royal court. Shak. 3. To accompany ; to be present with ; to be connected with as a part. Speaking or mute, all comeliness and grace Attends thee. Milton. 4. j-To wait for; to await; to be in store for. “ A prospect of the state that attends all men after this.” Locke. Thy interpreter attends thee at the orchard end. Shak. Syn. — A physician attends his patient; we wait on and accompany our friends. — See Accompany, Follow. AT-TEND', v. n. 1. To apply the mind in an effort to hear, observe, or comprehend ; to give heed ; to pay regard. But thy relation now: for I attend. Pleased with thy words no less than thou with mine. Milton. My son, attend to my words. Prov. iv. 20. 2. To be present, or near ; to be within call ; to be in waiting. He was required to attend upon the committee. Clarendon . 3. f To wait ; to delay. Plant anemones after the tirst rains, if you will have flow- ers very forward; but it is surer to attend till October. * Evelyn. AT-TEND'ANCE, n. 1. Act of attending or wait- ing on; service; ministration. “After many years’ attendance upon the duke.” Clarendon. "Why might not you, mv lord, receive attendance From those that she culls servants ' Shak. 2. The person or persons waiting on, or serving ; attendants. Attendance noue shall need, nor train. Milton. 3. Attention ; regard ; heed. • Give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to doctrine. 1 Tim. iv. 13. 4. f A waiting for ; expectation. That which causcth bitterness in death is the languishing attendance and expectation of it ere it come. Hooker. AT-TEND'ANT, a. 1. Accompanying as subor- dinate. “ Attendant on their lord.” Milton. 2. Connected with consequentially, or by ac- cident ; as, “ Attendant circumstances.” 3. {Law.) Owing a duty or service to another ; waiting or depending upon another. Burrill. AT-TEND'ANT, n. 1. One who attends or ac- companies ; one of a train ; a follower. “ Brave attendants near him.” Shak. 2. One who is present on any occasion. He was a constant attendant at all meetings relating to charity. Swift. 3. One who waits the pleasure of another, as a suitor or agent. To give an attendant quick despatch is a civility. Burnet. 4. That which is connected with something else, as concomitant or consequent. It is hard to take into view all the attendants that will be concerned in a question. Watts . 5. {Late.) One who owes a duty or service to another, or depends upon another. Cowell. AT-TEND R, n. One who attends; an attend- ant ; an associate. B. Jonson. AT-TEND'ING, p. a. Attentive: — giving at- tendance ; waiting on. Shak. f AT-TEND'MpNT, n. An attending circumstance. “ Uncomfortable attendments of hell.” Browne. f AT-TEND 'R^iSS, n. A female attendant. “At- tendress at the table.” Fuller. f AT-TENT', a. Intent ; attentive ; listening. Season your admiration for a while With an attent ear. Shak. f AT-TENT', n. Attention. Spenser. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtiLE ; 9> 9> 9. g, soft ; £, 6, £, hard ; § as z ; as gz. — THIS, this. ATTENTATES 96 ATTRACTIVE AT-TEN'T.\TES, n. pi. [L. attentata, things at- tempted.] (Law.) Proceedings pending a suit after an inhibition is decreed: — things wrong- fully innovated or attempted in a suit by an inferior judge, pending an appeal. Burrill. f AT-TENT'LY, ad. Attentively. Barrow. AT-TEN'TION, n. [L. attentio ; Fr. attention.'] 1. Act of attending ; a steady exertion or application of the mind ; heed ; regard. By attention ideas are registered in the memory. Locke. 2. Civility ; courtesy ; as, “ To show atten- tion to a guest.” Syn. — Give attention to the acquisition of knowl- edge or learning; application is necessary in order to make proficiency ; knowledge is gained by study ; use vigilance in your calling ; take heed to your con- duct ; have regard to your reputation. — See CARE, Regard. Attention to external things is observation ; atten- tion to the subjects of our own consciousness is reflec- tion . — Attention is the abstraction of the mind from all tilings else, and -fixing it upon one object; and abstraction is the fixing of the mind upon one objeetto the exclusion of others. Fleming. AT-TEN'TjVE, a. Paying attention; vigilant; observant ; mindful ; heedful. “We gave most attentive ear.” Hooker. A critic is more attentive to what is wanting than to what is present. Addison. Syn. — See Careful, Diligent, Mindful. AT-TEN'TI VE-LY, ad. In an attentive manner. AT-TEN'TI V E-NESS, n. Quality of being atten- tive. “ Attentiveness to . . . prayers.” Addison. AT-TEN'U-ANT, a. Making thin ; diluting ; dil- uent. “ Things that be attenuant.” Holland. AT-TEN'U-ANT, n. (Med.) Medicine to dilute the blood, or make it thin. Brande. AT-TEN'U-ATE (rit-ten'yu-at), V. a. [L. attenuo, attenuatus.] \i. attenuated ; pp. attenuat- ing, ATTENUATED.] 1. To make thin ; to reduce in consistency. Of such concernment, too, is drink and food, To incrassatc or attenuate the blood. Dryden. 2. To lessen; to diminish; to make slender. I come now to the Mahometans; . . . this fatal sect has justled her [the church of Christ] out of divers large regions in Afric, in Tartary, and other places, and attenuated their number in Asia. Howell. AT-TEN'U-ATE, a. Made thin ; attenuated.Bacon. AT-TEN'U-AT-ED, a. 1. Made thin; made slen- der. “ Spider’s most attenuated web.” Young. 2. (Bot.) Gradually tapering to a point, without becoming flat. P. Cyc. AT-TEN-U-A'TION, n. [L. attenuatio.] 1. Act of attenuating ; a thinning ; a dimin- ishing in weight or consistency. Bacon. 2. State of being made thin. “ I am ground even to an attenuation.” Donne. AT'TpR, n. Corrupt matter issuing from an ulcer. [Local, Eng.] Skinner. f AT'T^R-rAte, v. a. [Low L. atterro, atterra- tus ; terra, earth; Fr. atterrer, or atterrir .] To make land by carrying earth, or by alluvion. f AT-TIJR-RA'TION, n. The act of making land by transporting earth. AT-TEST', v. a. [L. attestor ; ad, to, and testor, to be a witness ; testis, a witness ; It. attestare ; Sp. atestar ; Fr. at tester.] [i. attested; pp. ATTESTING, ATTESTED.] 1. To bear witness to ; to witness ; to certify. Many particular facts arc recorded in holy writ, attested by particular pagan authors. Addison. 2. To call to witness ; to invoke as con- scious. I touch the sacred altars, touch the flames And all these powers attest, and all their names. Dryrlen. 3. To give proof of ; to manifest. The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings. Milton. AT-TEST', n. Witness; attestation, [it.] S/tak. AT-TIJS-TA'TTON, n. [L. altestatio ; It . attesta- zione ; Sp. atestacion ; Fr. attestation.] 1. Act of attesting ; testimony ; witness. Suffering undergone in attestation of the accounts which they delivered. Paley. 2. (Mil.) A soldier’s certificate signed by a magistrate. Campbell. 3. (Law.) Act of witnesses in attesting the execution or signatures of a deed or other in- strument. Burrill. AT-TEST'iJR, n. A witness. “ Credit of the at- testors, and truth of the relations.” Spenser. AT-TES'TIVE, a. Attesting, [r.] Month, liev. AT-TEST'OR, n. A witness ; an attester. Dryden. AT'TIC, a. [Gr. ’Arrocdf.] Belonging to Attica, or Athens, its capital; — noting especially what is pure, classical, or elegant. “Bone in an Attic or elegant style.” Hanmer. What neat repast shall feast us, light and choice, Of Attic taste. Milton. Attic base, (Arch.) the base of a column having an upper and low- er torus, a scotia, and fillets be- tween them. — Attic order, (Arch.) a low order of architecture used over a principal order, and orna- mented with pilasters, never with columns . — attic story, (Arch.) the upper story of a house, when the ceiling makes a right angle with the sides, by which it is distinguished from a common garret. The term is now frequently applied to a garret. IVealc. Attic dialect , the dialect of the Greek language spoken by the Athenians. attic faith, inviolable faitlt . — attic salt, delicate, poignant wit. AT'TJC, n. 1. A native of Attica. Bentley. 2. (Arch.) A low order over a principal order, ornamented with pilasters, never with columns ; the upper story or garret of a building. Weak. AT'TI-CAL, a. Relating to Attica; pure; clas- sical ; Attic. Hammond. AT'TI-C1§M, n. [Gr. arriKtcpoc.] 1. An Attic idiom or phrase ; an elegant, concise, or witty expression. Milton. There is an elegant atticism which occurs Luke xiii. 9. “ If it bear fruit, well.” Newcome. 2. Favoritism towards the Athenians. “ Put to death by Ptedaritus for atticism.” Hobbes. AT'TI-ClZE, V. n. [Gr. arroa|u.] 1. To use an Atticism. Bentley. 2. To favor, or side with, the Athenians. Smith , 'l'rans. of Thucydides. f AT-TIG'U-oClS, a. [L. attiguus ; attingo, to touch.] Bordering on ; contiguous. Craig. f AT-TIN^E', v. a. [L. attingo ; ad, to, and tan- go, to touch.] To touch lightly. Coles. AT-TIRE', v. a. [Fr. atours, dress; atourner, to clothe, to adorn.) [t. attired ; pp. attir- ing, attired.] To dress ; to clothe ; to ar- ray ; to apparel. Finely attired in a robe of white. Shak. AT-TIRE', n. 1. Clothes; dress; especially, or- namental garments ; apparel ; — a head-dress. Nature hath left it to the wit of man to devise his own attire. Hooper. 2. (Her.) The horns of a stag in a coat of arms. Phillips. 3. f (Bot.) A name formerly plied to the internal parts of a flower; — now called sta- mens. Bailey. Syn. — See Apparee. AT-T1RED' (gt-tlrd'), p. a. 1. Furnished with at- tire ; dressed ; decked in ornamental garments. 2. (Her.) Furnished with horns; — used in speaking of a buck or stag. Bullokar. AT-TlR'lJR, n. One who attires. Bailey. AT-TIR'ING, n. 1. The head-dress. Huloet. 2. Dress ; apparel ; array. f AT-TI'TLE (at-tl'tl), v. a. To entitle. Gower. AT'TI-TUDE, n. [Low L. aptitudo ; L. apto, to fit; It . attitudine ; Sp. actitud; Fr. attitude.] 1. The posture or position of the whole body in a state of immobility, either instantaneous or continued ; as, “ A graceful attitude ” ; “ To assume an attitude.” 2. (Fine Arts.) The position of a figure by which the action or sentiment of the person is represented. They were famous originals that gave rise to statues, with the same air, posture, and attitudes. Addison. Syn. — See Gesture. AT-TI-TU'DI-NAL, a. Relating to attitude or posture. Smart. AT-TI-TU-DI-NA’RI- AN, n. One studious of atti- tudes ; one who attitudinizes. Galt. AT-TI-TU'DI-NfZE, v. n. To assume affected attitudes, airs, or postures. Ch. Ob. AT-TOL'HJNT, a. [L. attollo, attollens, to raise up.] (Anat.) That lifts up ; raising up. “ The attollent muscles.” Derhatn. AT-ToNE', v. n. See Atone. Todd. AT-TORN' (jt-tiirn'), V. a. [A. S .tyrnan, to turn ; Low L. attorno ; Old Fr. attorner.] (Law.) To transfer the service of a vassal, [k.] Sadler. AT-TORN', or AT-TURN' (gt-tUru'), v. n. (Law.) To acknowledge a new possessor of property, and accept tenancy under him. Blackstone. AT-TOR'Nf,Y (at-tiir'ne), n. ; pi. at-tor'nev^. [Low L. attornatus ; Oid Fr. at to me, or attournr ; attorner, to turn over to another.] One who is appointed by another to do something in his place or stead ; a proxy ; a lawyer. Attorney-at-law, one legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in courts of law ; a solicitor ; a law- yer. In England, and in some of tile United States, an attorney is distinguished from a counsellor, as one who carries on tire more mechanical parts of suits, or such as do not require to be conducted in open court. attorney in fact, a private attorney authorized to transact business for another which is not of a legal character. This authority is conferred by an instru- ment in writing called a letter of attorney, or, more commonly, a power of attorney. Burrill. Syn. — See Lawyer. t AT-TOR'NjJY (sit-tur'ne), V. a. 1. To perform by proxy. Shak. 2. To employ as a proxy. Shak. AT-TOR'NIJY— (jJEN'IJR-AL, n. A prosecuting officer of government ; a ministerial officer Who acts for a government as an attorney does for his employer. Romilly. AT-TOR'NEY-tjJEN'ER-AL-SHlP, n. The office of attorney-general. Month. Rev. AT-TOR'NEY-SHIP (gt-tiir'ne-sliTp), n. The office of an attorney ; agency. Shak. AT-TORN'MpNT (flt-turn'inent), n. (Law.) A yielding of the tenant to a new lord, or the ac- knowledgment of him as such. Cowell. + AT-TOUR', n. [Fr. atours.] A head-dress. — See Attire. Chaucer. AT-TRACT', v. a. [L. attraho , attractus ; ad, to, and traho, to draw ; It. attrarre ; Sp. atraer ; Fr. attraire.] [i. attracted ; pp. attract- ing, attracted.] 1. To draw to ; to bring into proximity. The single atoms each to other tend, Attract , attracted to, the next in place. Formed and impelled its neighbor to embrace. Pope. 2. To allure ; to win ; to engage. Adorned She was. indeed, and lovely, to attract Thy love. Milton. Syn. — See Allure, Charm. f AT-TRACT', n. Attraction. Iludibras. AT-TRACT- A-BiL'I-TY, n. Capability of being attracted. Sir IF. Jones. AT-TRACT'A-BLE, a. That may be attracted. f AT-TRAC'TI-CAL, a. Having power to attract. “An electrical or attractical virtue.” Ray. AT-TRAC'TILE, a. Having power to attract. AT-TRACT'ING-LY, ad. In an attracting man- ner ; attractively. AT-TRAc'TION, n. [L. attraction] 1. Tendency of bodies to approach one an- other and adhere together ; the power, principle, or tendency in bodies to unite ; — distinguished into the attraction of gravity, or gravitation, — the attraction of cohesion, — and capillary, electrical, and magnetic attraction. Attraction may be performed by impulse or some other means; I use that worn to signify any force by which bodies tend towards one another. Newton. 2. Allurement ; fascination ; charm. Setting the attraction of my good parts aside, I hove no other charm. onafc. Syn. — See Allurement. AT-TRAc'TI VE, a. Having power to attract ; in- viting; alluring. For contemplation he and valor formed. For softness she and sweet attractive grace. Jlilton. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 0, U, Y, short; A, (, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; ATTRACTIVE AUDITORY 97 AT-TrAc'T] VE, re. That which draws or incites. “ The attractives of his discourse.” Fell. AT-TRAc'T! VE-LV, ad. With the power of at- tractin'*. Richardson. AT-TRAC'TIVE-NESS, n. Quality of being at- tractive. “ Attractiveness in riches.” South. AT-TRAC'TOR, n. A person or thing that at- tracts. “ True attractors of love.” Whitlock. AT'TRA-HENT [St'ra-hent, S. W. P.Ja. K. Sm . ; at-tra'hent, Wb.], n. [L. attraho, attrahens, to draw to.] That which attracts. Glanville. f AT-TRAp', v. a. To clothe ; to dress. Spenser. f AT-TRAPT', p. a. Adorned. Spenser. f AT-TRIJC-TA'TIQN, n. [L. attrectatio.] Fre- quent handling. Bp. Taylor. AT-TRl B'lT-TA-BLE, a. That may be attributed ; imputable ; ascribable. Hale. AT-TRTB'UTE, v. a. [L. attribuo, attributus ; It. ’ atlribuire; Sp .atribuir; Fr . attribuer.] [i. AT- TRIBUTED ; pp. ATTRIBUTING, ATTRIBUTED.] To ascribe ; to assign ; to impute. We attribute nothing to God that hath any repugnancy or contradiction in it. Tillotson. The imperfection of telescopes is attributed to spherical glasses. Newton. Syn. — See Ascribe. At'TRI-BUTE, n. 1. A thing attributed or be- longing to any one; a property; a quality; a characteristic. All the perfections of God are culled his attributes. Watts. 2. {Gram.) Quality or state assigned to a noun by an adjective or modifying phrase. Attributes are usually distributed under the three heads of quality, quantity, and relation. Mill. 3. {Fine Arts.) A symbol given to certain figures, to distinguish and characterize them, as the trident of Neptune, &c. The ladder of Jacob is a striking attribute for the patriarclr Jacob, and tire harp for King David. Fairholt. Syn. — See Quality. AT-TRI-BU'TION, re. 1. Act of attributing. Tile attribution of prophetical language to birds was com- mon among the Orientals. IVarton. 2. Quality ascribed; attribute. Sucli attribution should tile Douglas have. Shak. AT-TRIB'U-TIVE, a. That attributes; attribut- ing ; expressing an attribute. Shak. That adjective which is joined immediately to a substan- tive, to modify and restrict its meaning, is called an attritm- iire adjective; as, “ A splendid temple." J. IV. Gibbs. AT-TRlB'y-TlVE, re. (Gram.) A word which denotes something attributed. All attributives are either verbs, particles, or adjectives. Harris. AT-TRlTE', a. [L. attero, attritus, to rub.] 1. Ground or worn by rubbing, [r.] Milton. 2. {Theol.) Sorry for sin only from a sense of shame or the fear of punishment. “ A man attrite for his sins.” Bp. Bull. AT-TRITE’NIJSS, w. State of being attrite or much worn ; attrition, [it.] Johnson. AT-TRl"TION (at-trlsli'un, 94), re. [L. attritio.] 1. Act of wearing, as when bodies rub one against another. Woodward. 2. State of being worn. Johnson. 3. (Theol.) Such a grief for sin as arises only from fear of punishment or a sense of shame ; — distinguished from contrition. Tillotson. t A P TRY, [A. S. wtter, poison.] Poison- + At’TJJR-LY, ) ous ; virulent. Chaucer. AT-TiJNE', v. a. [L. tonus, from Gr. rdvoc, a tone.] [j. ATTUNED ; pp. ATTUNING, ATTUNED.] 1. To set to a tune ; to make musical. Airs, vernal airs. Breathing the smell of field and grove, attune The trembling leaves. Milton. 2. To make accordant ; to harmonize. This is what Epictetus calls “ tn attune or harmonize one’s mind to the things which happen.” Harris. f A-TWAIN'. (?-twan'), ad. [A. S. tweyan, two.] In twain ; in two ; asunder. Shak. A-TWEEL', interj. I wot well. [Scottish.] Taylor. f A-TWEEN', ad. or prep. Between. Spenser. t A-TWINNE' (a-twln'), ad. In two; asunder; in twain. Chaucer. A-TWIST', a. [A. S. tivinan, to twist.] Awry ; distorted, [r.] Seager. f A-TWIXT' (?-twTkst'), prep. Betwixt ; between. Great love was atwixt. them two. Chaucer. fA-TWO' (a-t 8 ')> ad. [A. S. twegan, two.] Into two. “ An axe to smite the cord atwo.” Chaucer. A-TYP'IC, a. [Gr. a priv. and tuuo 5 , a type.] (Med.) Having no type ; irregular. Dunglison. AUBAIJYE (o-ban'), re. [Fr. aubain, a foreigner, from L. alibi, elsewhere, and natus, born. Spelman. L. advena, a stranger. Cujacius.] (Fr. Law.) Succession to the property of a stranger; — droit d’aubaine, a prerogative by which the kings of France formerly claimed the property of a stranger who died in their kingdom, not having been naturalized. P. Cyc. Au ' BER-qiNE, re. [Fr.] The egg-plant, or mad- apple ; Solatium melongena. Gent. Mag. Au ' BER-QlST, re. [Fr. aubergiste.] An inn- keeper ; a tavern-keeper. [it.] Smollett. Au'BUIlN, a. [A. S. byrnan, to burn. — Fr. a brun, It. bruno, brown. Sullivan. It is written abron by Beau. § FI. and by Hall, and aburne by Sir T. Elyot and Shakspeare. — See Brown.] Reddish brown ; nut-brown ; chestnut color. For him with female care, She combed, and set ill curls, her auburn hair. Drytlen. Au-CHE 'm-A, re. [Gr. the neck.] (Zoiil.) A genus of ruminating animals ; the lama and paco, paea, or alpaca; — characterized by the elongation of the neck. Brande. AU COURAjYT (o-ko-r'ing'), a. [Fr., in the cur- rent.'] Well acquainted with what is going on ; having the run of ; — used of public or private matters. Ugilvie. AUC'TION (iwk'shun, 94), n. [L. audio ; ait geo, auctus, to increase.] 1. A public sale of property to the highest bid- der ; a vendue. “ Goods sold by auction ” ; “ Any sale at auction.” McCulloch. 2. f Things sold by auction. Ask j'ou why Phrine the whole auction buys? Pope. Dutch auction , an auction in which the auctioneer begins by naming a high price, and gradually reduces it until some one closes with his offer. Loud. Ency. Auc'TION, v. a. To sell by auction. Johnson. AUC'TION-A-RY, a. Belonging to an auction. “ With auctionary hammer.” Dryden. AUC-TION-EER', n. One whose business it is to offer property for sale by auction ; one who invites bids at a sale by auction. AUC-TION-EER', v. a. To sell by auction. Estates are landscapes, gazed upon a while, Then advertised and auctioneered away. Cowper. AUC'TION— ROOM, re. A room where an auction or vendue is held. Boswell. fAuc'TIVE, a. [L. augco, auctus, to increase.] Of an increasing quality. Bailey. Au' CU-BA, n. (Bot.) A Japanese laurel-like evergreen plant, or shrub, remarkable for its shining pale-green leaves'’ mottled with yellow ; the gold plant. Eng. Cyc. f AU-CU-rA'TION, re. [L. aucupatio ; avis, a bird, and eapio, to take.] Fowling; bird-catch- ing. Bailey. AU-DA'CIOIiS Qfw-da'shus, 66 ), a. [L. audax ; au- deo, to dare ; It. amlcice; Sp .auclaz ; Fr. auda- cieux.] 1. Daring ; venturesome ; fearless ; intrepid. Thence many a league, As in a cloudy chair ascending, rides Audacious. Milton. 2. Bold in a bad sense ; insolent ; impudent. Obey, audacious traitor; kneel for grace. Shak. 3. Proceeding from ahold, insolent, or shame- less disposition. “Audacious eloquence.” “Au- dacious wickedness.” Shak. AU-DA'CIOUS-LY (kw-da'slms-le), ad. Boldly: — impudently. South. AU-DA'CIOyS-NESS (0Lw-da'shus-nes), re. Qual- ity of being audacious ; audacity. Sandys. AU-DAc'I-TY (aw-das'e-te), re. 1. Boldness ; intrepidity ; fearlessness. “ Such courage and audacity .” Shak. 2. Impudence ; effrontery ; presumptuous- ness. “ The most arrogant audacity." Joyc. Syn. Audacity marks a daring, boldness a ready, character ; hardihood and hardiness signify capacity to endure. The audacity of a rebel ; the boldness of an advocate; the intrepidity of a general ; the impu- dence of a knave; the effrontery of a villain. Auda- city, impudence , and effrontery are used in a bad sense ; hardiness, hardihood, boldness , in a good or bad sense ; intrepidity, in a good sense. Au-DI-BIL'I-TY, n. Capability of being heard; audibleness, [r.] Journal of Science. Au'DI-BLE, a. [L. audibilis ; audio, to hear.] That may be heard ; perceptible by the ear. “ With audible lament.” Milton. Au'DI-BLE, re. The object of hearing. “ The smell doth not once dream of audibles.” More. Au'DI-BLE-NESS, re. Quality of being audible. Au'DI-BLY, ad. In an audible manner. Milton. II Au'DI-ENCE [aw'de-ens, P.J. Ja. Sm. R. ; kw'- dyens, S. F . ; Iwd'yens, E. K. ; iw'je-eiis, IF.], re. [L. audio, to hear ; It. audienza ; Sp. audi- encia-, Fr. audience.] 1. Act of hearing, or of listening. llis look Drew audience , and attention still as night. Milton. 2 . The ceremonial hearing of ambassadors or ministers by a sovereign or chief authority. Let me have audience; I am sent to speak, My holy lord of Milan, from the king. Shak. 3. An assembly addressed by a speaker ; an auditory. The hall was filled with an audience of the greatest emi- nence for quality and politeness. Addison. 4. (Eng.) A court held by an archbishop. “ Into the arches or audience." Canons Eccl. II Au'DLENCE-CHAm'BPR, re. The place set apart for giving audience. Trans, of Boccalini. || AU-DI-ENCE— COURT, re. A court belonging to the archbishop of Canterbury, of equal au- thority with the Arches court, though inferior both in dignity and antiquity. Burn. AU-DI-EN' DO ET TER-MI-JVAN ' Dd, [L.,/or hearing and ending.] (Law.) A writ to cer- tain persons for appeasing and punishing any insurrection or great riot. Whishaw. fAU'DI-ENT, re. [L. audio, audiens.] A hearer. “ The audients of her sad story.” Shelton. Au'DIT, v. a. [L. audio, to hear.] [i. audited ; pp. auditing, audited.] To settle by an audit ; to examine and settle or adjust, as ac- counts. “We reckon up and audit the ex- penses.” Fell. Au'DIT, v. re. To sum up ; to settle an account. Let Hocus audit; he knows how the money was disbursed. Arbuthnot. Au'DIT, re. 1. The settling of accounts by examin- ing documents and hearing parties concerned ; a final account. And how bis audit stands, who knows save Ileaven ? Shak. 2. Audience ; a hearing. “ Whoso seeks an audit here, . . . pays his tribute.” Cowper. AU'DIT— HOUSE, re. An appendanee to ihost ca- thedrals, for the transaction of affairs belong- ing to them. Sir G. Wheler. fAU-Dl"TION (ku-disb'un), re. [L. auditio.] A hearing ; a listening to. Bailey. f Au'DI-TIVE, a. Capable of hearing. Cotgrave. Au'DI-TOR, m. [L. auditor', It. auditore ; Sp. auditor-, Fr. audit eur.] 1. A hearer ; a listener. I was surrounded by a multitude of auditors, who retailed my maxims and my jests. Johnson. 2. One who audits ; a person appointed to examine a particular account, and state or cer- tify the result ; or an officer whose business it is to examine and verify all accounts relating to the business of the government, corporation, or other authority from which he receives his appointment. P. Cyc. AU-DI-TO'RI-AL, a. Auditory. Sir J. Stoddart. Au'DI-TOR-SIlIP, re. The office of an auditor. Au'DI-TO-RY, a. Relating to the sense of hear- ing, or to the organs on which it depends. “ Vi- brations ... in the auditory nerves.” Newton. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON ; BULL, BUR, RULE. — C, fr, c, g, soft; £, fi, c, g, hard; S as z; X as gz. — THIS, this. 13 AUDITORY 98 AURICULAR AU'DI-TO-RY, n. [L. auditorium.'] 1. An audience ; an assembly of hearers. I look upon you as an auditory fit to be waited on. South. 2. A place in which auditors assemble. When Agrippa and Bernice entered into the auditor v. Acts xxv. 23. WicUiJjc's Tram. Au' DI-TRESS, n. A female hearer. Adam relating, she sole auditress. Milton. AU-DIT'U- AL, a. Relating to hearing; audi- tive; auditory, [r.]' Coleridge. f Auf (iwf), n. [A. S. alf, an elf ; Dut. alf.] A fool, or silly fellow ; an oaf. Burton. AU FAIT (o'fa’), [Fr., to the fact.] Well-in- structed ; skilful ; expert. Qu. Rev. ATJ-£E'AN [au-je'?n, Sin. Cl . ; au'je-tm, C. Ash], a. [Or. Arycia;, a king of Elis, whose stable, con- taining three thousand head of cattle, and un- eleansed for thirty years, was cleaned in one day by Hercules.] Belonging to Augeas ; — full of dirt or filth ; as, “ Augean stable.” Tooke. AU'EpIt, n. [A. S. nafegar , or nafogar ; Dut. avegaar.] An iron instrument for boring holes. Sharp augers brought, with which he bored the beams. Cowper. Au'CpR— HOLE, n. A hole made by an auger. “ Hid in an auger-hole.” Shah. AUOET (o'zha'), n. [Fr ., a trough.] (Mil.) A long wooden case containing a pipe or hose, used for firing a mine. Campbell. AUGHT (Iwt), n. [A. S. aught, alit, or awiht.] Any thing. [Incorrectly written ought.] Shak. If aught thy wisdom has denied, Or aught thy goodness lent. rope. AU'^fTE, n. [Gr. avyiTi) ;, the turquoise ; avyim, to shine, to glitter.] (Min.) A compound of pro- toxide of iron, silica, lime, magnesia, and alumi- na, of a dark green or black color, found in basaltic and volcanic rocks. Dana. AUG-MENT', v. a. [L. augmentum, enlargement ; augmento, augeo, to increase ; It. augmentare ; Sp. aumentar; Fr. augment er.] [f. augment- ed ; pp. augmenting, AUGMENTED.] To make larger ; to enlarge ; to increase ; to multiply. Though fortune change, his constant spouse remains. Augments his joys, and mitigates his pains. Tope. Syn. — See Add. AUG-MENT', v. n. To grow larger ; to increase. The winds redouble and the rains augment. Dryden. AUG'MENT, n. 1. State of increase; increase. “ 'I bis augment of the tree.” Walton. 2. (Gram.) An increase at the beginning of some of the tenses of Greek verbs. When formed by prefixing a syllable or two syllables to the verb, it is called the syllabic augment, and when formed by changing an initial short vowel into the corresponding long one, it is called the temporal augment. Valpy. AUG-MENT'A-BLE, a. Capable of being aug- mented or increased. Ashmole. AUG-MgN-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of augmenting, or state of being augmented ; increase ; enlarge- ment. “Augmentation of glory.” Hooker. 2. (Her.) An especial mark (5f honor, borne either on an escutcheon or a canton. Johnson. 3. (Mus.) Doubling the length of the notes in a fugue or canon. Buchanan. AUG-MJJN-TA'TION-COURT, n. (Eng. Hist.) A court erected by Henry VIII. for the increase of the revenues of his crown by the suppres- sion of monasteries. Warton. AUG-MEN'TA-TI VE, a. Having the quality of augmenting ; tending to increase. Todd. AUG-MEN'TA-TIVE, n. (Gram.) A derivative word formed to denote an excess of what is ex- pressed by its primitive. Latham. AUG-MENT'JJR, n. One who enlarges or aug- ments. Johnson. AU'GRE (Stw'gur), n. See Auger. Shak. AU'GUR, n. [L. augur-. It. augure ; Sp. augur-, Yx. augure. See Augury.] One who pretends to predict by omens, as the flight of birds ; a soothsayer. “ Interpreted by. the augurs as a sure presage.” Gibbon. A, E, I, O; l r , Y, long ; A, E, T, O. AU'GUR, v. n. [L. auguror, to make auguries ; It. augurare ; Sp. augurar-, Fr. augurer.] \i. AUGURED ; pp. AUGURING, AUGURED.] To predict or conjecture from signs ; to prognos- ticate ; to guess. “ My auguring hope.” Shak. “ My auguring mind.” Dryden. AU'GUR, v. a. To foretell ; to presage ; to fore- bode ; to betoken ; to portend. “ 1 did augur all this to him beforehand.” B. Jonson. Syn. — It augurs ill to be too fond of pleasure ; but it presages well to be industrious; diligence betokens prosperity ; clouds portend ox forebode a storm. AlJ'GU-RAL, a. Relating to augury. Bryant. AU'GU-RATE, v. n. To judge by augury. “I augurated truly.” [it.] Warburton. f AU-GU-RA'TION, n. The practice of augury. “ He contemned the . . . augurations.” Browne. AU'GUR-ER, n. An augur ; a soothsayer. Shak. AU-GU'RI-AL, a. Relating to augury. “ Augu- rial and tripudiary divinations.” Browne. AU'GU-RIST, n. An augur, [it.] Booth. f Au'GU-RIZE, v. n. To practise augury. Bailey. f AU'GU-ROUS, a. Predicting ; prescient. “Pre- saging in their augurous hearts.” Chapman. AU'GUR-SHIP, n. The office of an augur. Bacon. AU'GU-RY, n. [L. augurium, prophecy ; sup- posed by Vossius to be equivalent to avegerium, the conduct or action of birds, from avis, a bird, and gero, to bear ; It. r6ypni[>ov ; avr6g, self, and ypQ0bi, to write ; Fr. outographe.\ A per- son’s own handwriting; an original signature or manuscript, in opposition to an apograph, or copy. “ The author’s autograph.” Warton. f AU-TOG'RA-PHAL, a. Autographical. Bennet. AU-TO-GRAPIUC, r B . Relating t „ an autQ _ AU-TO-GRAPIl’I-CAL, ) graph. Gent. Mag. AU-TOG'RA-PHYj n. 1. A person’s own hand- writing ; autograph. Knox. 2. A process in lithography by which a writ- ing or drawing is transferred from paper to stone - Ogilvie. Au-TOM'A-TAL, a. Automatic, [r.] Todd. AU'TO-MATH, n. [Gt. avToyaBi’/g • abrdg, self, and paQav, to learn.] One who is self-taught. Smart. Au-to-mAt'jc, , !. Relating t0 an au . AU-TO-MAt'I-CAL, jtomaton ; noting opera- tions carried on by self-acting machinery. It is in our modern cotton and flax mills that automatic operations are displayed to most advantage. Ure. 2. {Med.) Acting of itself; spontaneous; — applied to those muscular actions which are not dependent on the will or other act of the mind. Dunglison. AU-T6m'A-TI§M, n. [Gr. abropnTiapd;, an acting of one’s self.] Automatic action ; — one of the theories as to the activity of matter. Fleming. AU-TOM’A-TON, n. ; pi. L. A u-t6m' a-ta ; Eng. au-tom'a-t6n!J ; — both in good use. [L. au- tomaton, from Gr. aiirdparov ; avrtig, self, and pardon, to seek, to strive.] 1. A machine so constructed as to appear to be self-moving in imitating some of the actions of men or animals. Ure. 2. Any combination or structure which moves or operates by an extraneous but hid- den agency. God may rationally be supposed to have framed so great and admirable an automaton as the world, for several ends and purposes. Eoi/lc. It is greater to understand the art whereby the Almighty governs the motions of the great automaton , than to have learned the intrigues of policy. Glanvill. t Au-TOM'A-TOUS, a. Automatical. Browne. AU-TOM’Jy-TlyR, n. [Gr. aurdg, self, and ptrpov, a measure.] {Chem.) An instrument for meas- uring the quantity of moisture. Weale. AU-TOM’O-LITE, n. [Gr. abr6po?.og, a deserter.] {Min.) A silicate of alumina mixed with the oxides of zinc and iron, though it hears no re- semblance to an ore ; called also gahnite. Dana. A U- TO-J\rd 'ME- A, n. (Zotll.) A genus of crus- taceans found in the Adriatic Sea. Cuvier. f AU-TO-NO'Mt-AN, n. One who practises au- tonomy. Baxter. AU-TO-NOM'IC, a. Relating to autonomy ; hav- ing the power of self-government. Ec. Rev. AU-TON'O-MOUS, a. [Gr. aids, self, and vdpot, a law.] Self-governed ; autonomic, [r.] Craig. j- AU-TON'O-MY, n. [Gr. avrovopta ; aids, self, and v6 pog, a law.] The living according to one’s own law or mind ; self-government. Bailey. AU-TOP SIC, ) a _ s een with one’s own eyes ; Ay-TOP'SI-CAL, ) autoptical. Francis. Au'TOP-SY, n. [Gr. airoi)ia; airds, self, and btpts, sight.] 1. The seeing with one’s own eyes ; ocular evidence ; examination by one’s self. Quincy. 2. {Med.) A post-mortem examination. Mott. f AU-TOP'TI-CAL, a. Perceived by one’s own eyes. “By autoptical experience.” Evelyn. t AU-TOP'TI-CAL-LY, ad. By means of one’s own eyes ; by ocular evidence. Browne. LAU-TO-SjCHED-I-AS'TI-CAL (Shv-to-sked-e-as'te- k?l), a. [Gr. nurds, self, and c^ihtaartKds, done off-hand.] Hasty ; slight. Martin. AU-TO-THE'ISjM, n. The doctrine of the self- existence of God. [r.] Maunder. AU'TUMN (SLw'tum), n. [L. autumnus, for auc- tumnus; avgeo, audits, to increase; It. aut on- no ; Sp. otoho ; Fr. automne .] The season of the year between summer and winter, compris- ing, astronomically, the period from the autum- nal equinox, about the 22d of September, to the winter solstice, about the 22d of December. — “ Autumn popularly comprises [in Eng- land \ August, September, and October” {John- A, E, 1, O, 0 , Y, long ; A, E, 1, 6, U, Y, short; A, jj, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; IlEIR, HER; AUTUMNAL AVERAGE son) ; but in the United States, September, Oc- tober, and November. Spring and autumn here Danced hand in hand. Milton. Then came the autumn, all in yellow clad, As though lie joyed in his plenteous store. Laden with fruits, that made him laugh, full glad That he had banished hunger. Spenser. AU-TUM'NAL, a. Belonging to autumn. Foliage rich with some autumnal tint. Gilpin. Autumnal equinox, the time when tiie sun crosses the equator, going southward, about the 22d of Sep- tember. See Equinox Also the point at which the sun is at tile time of the autumnal equinox, being one of tile two points of intersection of the ecliptic witii the equator. f AU-TUM'NI-TY, n. The season or fruits of au- tumn ; harvest time, or harvest. Bp. Hall. AUX-E'SIS, n. [L., from Gr. av^qats, increase.] ( Rhet .) Amplification. Peacham. f Aux-ET'jC, a. Increasing. Hutchinson. Au.y-lL'IAIt (Iwg-zil'yar), a. Assisting; auxil- iary. “To meet alone, ... or seek auxiliar force.” Pope. f AUyc-lL'IAR (awg-zll'yar), n. A helper; an aider ; an auxiliary. Glover. AUJC-lL'IAR-LY, ad. By way of aid. Coleridge. AU^-Il'IA-RY (Iwg-zil'ya-re), a. [L. auxilium, aid.] Helping; assisting. “With auxiliary or aid soldiers, lightly armed.” Holland. AuX-Il' 1A-RY (3twg-zil'y?-re), n. 1. A helper; an assistant ; a confederate. South. 2. (Mil.) pi. Foreign troops assisting. “Ore legion and a few auxiliaries.” Gibbon. Auxiliary verb, (Oram.) a verb that helps to form some of tile tenses of other verbs. Auxiliary scales , (Alus.) the six keys or scales, consisting of any keys major with its relative minor, and the attendant key of each. Auxiliary quantity, (Afath.) a quantity in- troduced to simplify some mathematical operation. f AUY-lL-I-A'TlQN, n. Help; aid. Bailey. f Aujc-ILTA-TO-RY, a. Assisting. Sandys. A-vAlL' (j-val'), v. a. [L. ralco, to be able, to be worth ; It. valere ; Sp. valer ; Fr. valoir .] [i. AVAILED ; pp. AVAILING, AVAILED.] 1. To profit; to benefit; to advance the in- terest of ; — with of before the thing used ; as, “To avail myself, "yourself, or himseif of some advantage.” Now will it best avail your majesty To cross the seas, and to be crowned in France. Shak. Yet all this availeth me nothing. . Esth. v. 13. 2. To promote ; to prosper ; to assist. Meantime he voyaged to explore the will Of Jove on high Dodona’s holy hill, What means might best his safe return avail. Pope. To avail one’s self of to take advantage of. A-VAIL' (a-val'), v. n. To be of advantage. The prayer of a righteous man availeth much. Jamesv. 10. Nor can my strength avail, unless by thee Endued with force I gain the victory. Drytlen. A-VAIL', n> [Old Fr. availe .] 1. Profit; advantage; benefit; use; service. “Truth ... of no more avail to us.” Locke. 2. pi. Proceeds arising from labor, the sale of goods, or from any investment. Stoddard. Syn. — His efforts were of no avail, and without profit'. — he conferred no benefit, and gained no ad- vantage.. Talents are of use when employed in the service of tile public. A-VAlL-A-BiL'J-TY, n. Quality of being availa- ble ; suitableness for accomplishing a purpose ; availableness. ' Ilaughton. A-VAlL' A-BLE, a. I. That maybe used with suc- cess or advantage ; profitable ; useful. “ What- soever was available to our salvation.” Udal. 2. Having binding force ; valid. Laws human are available by consent. Hooker. A-VAIL'A-BLE-NESS, n. 1. Power to promote an end. “ Efficacy or availableness.” Hale. 2. Legal force ; validity. Johnson. A-VAIL'A-BLY, ad. 1. Powerfully; profitably; advantageously. Johnson. 2. Legally ; validly. Johnson. f A-VAIL'MF.NT, n. Usefulness ; avail. Bailey. AV-A-LAN9HE', [Sv-^-lSmsh', K. ; av's-longsh, S»t.], n. [Fr., from avaler, to descend.] A 101 vast body of snow, ice, earth, &c., sliding down a mountain. Lyell. Once more, hoar mount! with thy sky-pointiug peaks, Oft from whose feet the avalanche, unheard, Shoots downward. Coleridge. The avalanche , — the thunderbolt of snow. Byron. t A-VALE', v. a. [Fr. avaler, to descend.] To iet fall ; to depress. Spenser. f A-VALE', v. n. To sink ; to descend. Spenser. f A-VANCE' (j-vins'), v. a. [Fr. avancer.] To ad- vance ; to profit. Chaucer. f A-VANT'AGE, «. [Fr.] Advantage. Chaucer. AVANT— COURIER (a-viing'ko-rer) [a-vong'ko-rer, Ja. ; ft-vong'kor'ya', K. ; hv'ong-kor'er, Sm.], n. [Fr. avant-coureur.] A messenger who is despatched before to notify the approach of others ; a harbinger ; a forerunner. Todd. fA-VANTE' (a-vint'), v. a. [Fr. vanter.] To boast ; to vaunt. Chaucer. A-VANT'— GUARD (?-vant'g&rd or ?-vang'ghrd) [a-vant'gard, IF. P. J. /' . ; j-vlunt'gard, >S. ; a-ving'gird, Ja. ; a-vong'gird, K. >S'»t.], n. [Fr. avant, before oy forward, and garde, guard.] (Mil.) The van ; the first body of an army. Hayward. A-VAN'Ty-RINE, n. See Aventurine. IV. Ency. AV'A-RICE, n. [L . avaritia; It. avarizia ; Sp. avaricia; Fr. avarice .] Insatiable desire of gain, or property ; cupidity ; penuriousness ; covetousness. Avarice reigns most in those who have but few good qual- ities to recommend them. This is a weed that will grow in a barren soil. Hughes. Syn. — Avarice and penuriousness keep what is gained by covetousness and cupidity. AV-A-RF'CIOUS (av- 9 -risli'us, 66 ), a. Having an insatiable love of gain ; penurious ; miserly ; sordid ; covetous ; parsimonious ; niggardly. Your avaricious , money-getting man is generally a char- acter of wonderful discretion. Horsley. Syn. — The avaricious are unwilling to part with their money ; the covetous are eager to obtain money ; tile sordid and niggardly are mean in their dealings witii others ; the miserly, tile parsimonious, and tile penurious are mean to themselves as well as to others. AV-A-RI"CIOUS-LY (av- 9 -rish'us-le), ad. In a sordid or niggardly manner. Goldsmith. AV-A-Rp'CIOyS-NESS (av-?-rish'us-nes), n. The quality of being avaricious. Richardson. f AV'A-ROUS, a. Covetous; avaricious. Gower. A-VAsT', interj. [It. Y Sp. basta, it is enough.] (Naut.) Hold ! stop ! stay ! enough ! Dana. AV-A-TAR' [av-?-t'4r', Sm. C. Cl. 1(7). ; a-va't'Ar, K. Maunder ], n. In Hindoo mythology , an in- carnation of deity, and his appearance in some manifest shape upon earth. P. Cyc. f A-VAUNCE'M£NT, n. [Fr. avancement.] Ad- vancement. Bale. A-VAUNT', interj. Hence ! begone ! Shak. fA-VAUNT' (a-vSLnt'), V. a. [See Vaunt.] To boast ; to vaunt. Abp. Crammer. fA-VAUNT', v. n. [Fr. avant, forward.] To come before ; to advance. Spenser. fA-VAUNT', ) n. Boasting. “ If he gave f A-VAUNT' ANCE, V aught, he durst make a-vAunt'RY, ) avaunt. Chaucer. A ' VE, n. [L. arc, hail ! be thou happy ! imper- ative of aveo .] The first part of the salu- tation, used by the Roman Catholics, to the Virgin Mary ; an abbreviation of Ave Maria, or Hail Mary. Nine hundred paternosters every day, And thrice nine hundred aves, she was wont to say. Spenser. t A-VEL', ti. re. [L . avello.] To pull away. “Yet are not those parts avellcd.” Browne. A'UE MA-Rl'A, y A prayer to the Virgin A'vy-MA'RY, $ Mary, beginning with these words. Mumbling our A re-Maries with our beads. Shak. 2. In Bom. Cath. countries, a particular time, about half an hour after sunset, and also at early dawn, when the bells ring, and the people repeat the Ave-Maria. Ogilvie. AV-E-NA'CEOyS (iv-e-na'shus, 66 ), a. [L. arena, oats.] Belonging to, or like, oats, [it.] Ash. AV'BN-A^E, n. [L. arena, oats.] (Law.) A quantity of oats paid as a rent. Cowell. f AV-y-NAUNT', a. [It. avvenente ; Fr. arenant .] Becoming ; well-looking. Chaucer. AV'y-NfR, n. See Avenor. A-VEN [F r . avis.) Advice; intelligence ; + A-VI'§0, ) notice. B. jonson. t A-Vl§E'MENT, 7i. [Fr.] Advisement. Marriage was managed with a more aviscinent. B. Jonson. f A-Vi''§lON, n. A dream ; a vision. Chaucer. f AV'I-TOCrS, a. [L. avitus, belonging to a grand- father.] Left by ancestors ; ancient. Bailey. f A-VfZE', v. a. To counsel; to consider; to advise ; — to observe ; to look upon. Spenser. f A-VIZE'FUL, a. Circumspect. Spenser. AV-O-CA ’DO, n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A tree found in the West Indies, bearing a fruit much eaten. Miller. fAV'O-CATE, V. a. [L. avoco .] To call off. “ A scholar . . . avocateth his mind from other occupations.” Barrow. Av-O-cA'TION, n. [L. avocatio, a calling off from any action, a diverting of the attention.] 1. Act of calling aside. “ Powerful avoca- tions from sin.” South. 2. Business that calls aside ; occasional busi- ness. “ Visits . . . and . . . avocations.” Boyle. 1 am at a distance from the business of the town and the interruption of troublesome avocations. Melmoth's Pliny. flip This word is sometimes improperly used in the sense of vocation, a profession, or regular pursuit. Syn. — See Business, Occupation. f A-VOC'A-TlVE, n. Dehortation ; dissuasion. “ Avocatives from vice.” Barrow. Av'O-CET, n. See Avoset. Eng. Cgc. A-VOID', v. a. [Old Fr. vuidcr, to empty, to void.] [i. avoided ; pp. AVOIDING, avoided.] 1. To shun ; to keep away from ; to eschew. Seek not temptation, then; which to avoid Were better. Hilton. We hear this fearful tempest sing. Yet seek no shelter to avoid the storm. Shut. 2. fTo evacuate; to quit. What have you to do here, fellow? Pray you, avoid the house. Slink. 3. fTo emit as excrement; to void. “To avoid that serous excretion.” Browne. 4. (Law.) To render void. “How a deed may be avoided, or rendered of no effect.” Blackstone. Syn. Avoid quarrels and the gaming-house ; shun bad company ; escape danger ; elude punishment ; es- chew evil. — To avoid danger is in general not to fall into it ; to shun it is with care to keep out of the way of it ; to escape it is to tiee from it. A-VOID', v. n. 1. To retire; to withdraw. David avoided out of his presence twice. 1 Sam. xviii.ll. 2. (Law.) To become void or vacant. Agliffe. A-VOID'A-BLE, a. That may be avoided, eluded, or shunned. Locke. A-VOID'ANCE, n. 1. Act of avoiding. “The avoidance of what is hurtful.” Watts. 2. An emptying ; an emission ; a carrying off. “ The avoidances and drainings of water where there is too much.” Bacon. 3. (Law.) The state of becoming vacant by death, cession, deprivation, &e. ; the condition of a benefice when void of an incumbent : — the escaping from the legal effect of a plea by alleging new matter in answer. Burrill. A-VOID'yR, n. 1. One who avoids or shuns any thing. “ Avoider of . . . company.” Beau. o> so fi S £> e > £> I) hard; § as z; $ as gz. — THIS, this. AXAL 104 AZUEE 1. Not in a straight direction ; obliquely ; asquint ; askance. “ If she steps, looks, or moves awry.” Spectator. 2. Perversely ; not reasonably ; wrong. Much of the soul they talk, but all awry. Milton. 3. a. Oblique; not straightforward. “His path cannot possibly be much awry.” Gilpin. AX'AL, a. [L. axis.] Relating to the axis ; axial. Aral section, a section through the axis of a body. AX-A-YA ' CATL, n. ( Ent .) A species of Mexican fly, the eggs of which, deposited on rushes, are collected and used as a caviare. Buchanan. AXE (aks), n. [Gr. ifiuy ; L. ascia. — Goth, aqui- zi ; A. S. cex, or eax.] An iron instrument with a sharp edge, for hewing and chopping. No sounding axe presumed these trees to bite, Coeval with the world, a venerable sight. Dryden. AXE, v. a. [A. S. acsian, and ascian .] The old English verb for ash. “ Or if he axe a fish.” I Vickliffe. It is still in use, in various parts of England, among the common people. Forby, Brochett, &c. It is also heard in some parts of the United States. AXE'IIEAD, n. The head of an axe. “ The axe- heacl fell into the water.” 2 Kings vi. 5. AXE'STOXE, n. (Min.) A tough silico-magne- sian stone ; a sub-species of nephrite. Brande. AX'J-AL, a. Relating to, or resembling, an axis. Axial line, the line in which the magnetic force passes from one pole of a horse-shoe magnet to t lie other. Faraday. AX'I-AL-LY, ad. According to, or in a line with, the axis. Prout. AX-IF'IJR-OUS, a. [L. axis, an axis, and fero, to bear.] (Bot.) Noting plants which have an axis or stem. Brande. Ax'IL, n. Same as Axilla. Loudon. AX'ILE, a. (Bot.) Lying in the axis of any thing; as an embryo in the axis of a seed. Buchanan. AX-IL’LA, n.\ pi. AX-tlJ LJE. [L.] 1. (Anat.) The armpit. Dunglison. 2. (Bot.) The angle formed by the stalk of a leaf with the stem, or by a branch with the stem. Loudon. AX'lL-LAR, a. Same as Axillary. Bailey. AX'IL-LA-RY [ik'zjl-lj-re, W. Sm. Wb.; jk-zll'- lj-re, S. P .' — See Capillary], a. 1. Belonging to the axilla, or armpit. “ The axillary artery.” Browne. 2. (Bot.) Occurring in an axil, as buds in the axils of leaves. Gray. Ax'IN-JTE, n. [Gr. an axe.] (Min.) A mineral of vitreous lustre, composed chiefly of silica, alumina, lime, and per- oxide of iron ; — so called from the acute or axe-like edges of its crystals. Dana. AX-iN'O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. i^ivopavrtla ; a(ivy, an axe, and pavrela, prophecy.] A kind of divina- tion in which axes were used. Crabb. AX'IOM (Sks'yum) [ak'shum, S. IE.; ak'she-um, F.Ja . ; Sk'se-um ,J.Sm.; aks ynm, A\], n. [Gr. a(ioipa ; attain, to deem worthy ; to take for granted ; L. axioma ; It. assioma ; Sp. axioma ; Fr. axiome.] A self-evident truth or proposi- tion ; an established principle, not requiring proof ; — a postulate, or general proposition, to which assent is demanded without proof. Philosophers give the name of axioms only to self-evident truths that are necessary, ami are not limited to time and place, but must be true at all times and in all places. Reid. Axioms, or principles more general, arc such as this, that the greater good is to be chosen before the lesser. J looker. Syn. — Axiom, maxim , aphorism , apophthegm, adage, proverb, saying, by-word , saw, truism. These several words all denote phrases which affirm, not a particu- lar fact, but a general proposition. Axioms are self- evident truths, and are the foundations of science ; maxims are generally admitted truths or principles which are to be followed in practical concerns, and which form the foundation of morals ; but axioms are unchangeable, and maxims may vary. An intuitive truth which it is proper to specify is an axiom’, but if needless to detail, it is a truism. Silly saws and quaint sayings often become by-words among the vul- gar. Fenelon compiled the “ Maxims of the Saints.” The “ Proverbs of Solomon ” ; Spanish proverbs '. ; the aphorisms of Hippocrates or Lavater ; the apophthegms of Plutarch ; the adages of the ancients ; the sayings of Johnson or of Franklin’s Poor Richard ; the say- ings of the wise ; the saws of the vulgar. AX-I-O-MAT |C, ) (ak-she-o-niat'jk), a. Re- AX-I-O-MAT'I-CAL, lating to, or consisting of, axioms. I Vh i t lock . AX-I-O-MAT'I-CAL-LY, ad. By the use of axioms. AX'IS, n. ; L. pi. Ax'£§. [L. axis ; A. S. eax, or cex ; Ger. achse ; It. asse ; Sp. exe ; Fr. axe.] 1. The line, real or imaginary, that passes through any body, on which it may be supposed to revolve. On their own axis as the planets run. Pope. 2. {Bot.) That part in plants around which particular organs are arranged; stem. Brande. 3. {Anat.) The second vertebra of the neck, or the tooth or process by which the second is attached to the first vertebra, and on which the head moves. Dunglison. 4. {Math.) A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged. Thus the axis of a cone is the line drawn from the vertex to the centre of the base; and the axis of a cylinder , the line drawn through the centre of its two ends. Anticlinal axis, {Oeol.) an imaginary line towards which strata inclined, like two sides of a roof in op- posite directions, rise. — Synclinal axis, an imaginary line running through the centre of a valley, where the strata, tilted in opposite directions, may be sup- posed to meet. Lycll. — Axis of a’ balance, the imagi- nary line about which it turns. Axis of a curve, a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords perpendicular to it. The ellipse has two axes, the circle an infinite number. fixes of coordinates, ( Grom .) straight lines intersecting each other, to which points are referred to determine their relative position. fixis in pcritrochio, (Mech.) one of the me- chanical powers; the wheel and axle. — Axis of os- cillation, ( Mech .) a horizontal line passing through the point of suspension of a pendulum, and perpen- dicular to the plane of oscillation. fixis of the equa- tor, ecliptic, horizon, &c., {Astron.) is a straight line passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane. Hutton. fixis of the eye, or the optical axis, (Optics.) is the straight line which passes through the centre of the pupil, and is perpendicular to the surfaces of the several humors of the eye. Wood . — Axes of a crystal, (Crystallography.) straight lines passing through the centre of the crystal around which the faces are symmetrically arranged, and which connect points diagonally opposite, as the apices of solid angles, the centres of opposite edges, or the centres of opposite faces. Rcgnault. AX'IS— CYL'IN-D$R, n. {Anat.) The central sub- stance of the primitive nerve-fibre. Brande. AX'LE (ak'sl), ) [A. S. cex, or eax, AX'LE— TREE (&k'sl-tre), ) an axis, or axle-tree.] A piece of timber, or bar of metal, fitted at each end to be inserted in the nave or hub of a car- riage wheel which is to revolve around it. Hall. AX'LED (Sk'sld), a. Furnished with an axle. In Merlin’s agate-axled car. Wharton. AX'O-LOTL, n. [Mexican.] (Zoiil.) A singular genus of batra- ehian reptiles, found in the lake of Mexico, be- longing to that group of batra- chians which, even in their adult state, possess both lungs and gills. Cuvier. AY, or AYE (he) [a'e, IF. Ja. Sm.; h’e, P. J. P. R . ; I, C.J, ad. [L. aio, I say ; Fr. oui ; A. S. yea, or ja.) Yes ; — expressing assent. if/) ■ Very commonly written aye. AY, or AYE (ae), n. ; pi. ays or ayes (iigz). 1. An affirmative. Sometimes, in mutual sly disguise. Let ays seem noes, ami noes seem ays. Gay. 2. One who votes in the affirmative ; as, “ The ayes have it.” Hatsell. IKjr“Tlie affirmation ay is a union of the sounds a’e, at least as that word is commonly pronounced ; though in the House of Commons, in the phrase, ‘ Tlie ayes have it,’ it seems to be an ancient custom to pronounce the plural word as uniting the sounds aw'it, or, as it might be written, oys, rhyming with boys.” Smart. AYE (a), ad. [Gr. hii ; Goth, airs, aye ; A. S. awa or aa, always.] Always; forever. [Used only in poetry.] — For aye, for ever. Davies. And much and oft he warned him to eschew Falsehood and guile, and «i/e maintain the right. By pleasure unsubdued, uuawed by lawless might. Beattie. AYE-AYE (ae’ae'), n. (Zo'.l.) A singular noc- turnal quadruped of Mad- agascar, so named from its peculiar cry. It is placed by Cuvier in the order Rodentia, under the generic name Cheiromys, front the hand-like struc- ture of the hinder feet, approximating the genus to the monkey tribe. Brande. Aye-aye. f AYE'GREEN (a'gren), n. The houseleek ; Sem- pervivum tectorum. Kennet. f A-YEN', t & prep. f A-YENST', $ Again ; against. Chaucer. f A-YEN'WARD, ad. Back ; backward. Chaucer. AYLE, n. [Old Fr. ay el, a grandfather.] (Laic.) A kind of writ to recover possession of lands of which a grandparent was seized on the day of decease, and upon which a stranger had en- tered on the same day to dispossess the lawful heir. BurriU. AY ME, interj. Implying dejection ; same as ah me! Milton. AY'RY (a're), n. [A. S. cry, an egg; equivalent to eyyery.] The nest of the hawk. — See E yry. Walton. A- YUN- TA-M1-F.JT ' TO, n. [Sp.] In Spain and Spanish America, a corporation or body of magistrates in cities or towns. Velasquez. A-ZA'Lf-A, n. ; pi. a-za'le a^. [Gr. afalto;, dry, in allusion to its growing in dry places.] (But.) A genus of American plants or shrubs having beautiful flowers ; false honeysuckle. Gray. AZ'A-ROLE, n. [It. azzeruola, or azzaruola ; Fr. azerole.\ (Bot.) A species of hawthorn ; Cra- tceyus azarolus. Loudon. AZ'I-MUTH, n. [Ar. assamt, or al-samt, the way, the path; or azimut, high; It. azzimutto ; Sp. confusion.] 1. The name of the city whose language was confounded. Gen. xi. 9. 2. A confused mixture of sounds ; a combi- nation of discordant utterances. That babel of strange heathen languages. Hammond. The whole babel of sectaries joined against the church, the king, and the nobility for twenty years. Swift. BA'Bp-RY, n. Finery to please a babe. Sidney. fBA'BI-AN, n. A baboon. Drayton. BAB-I-A 'JYA, n. (But.) A genus of Cape plants, having beautiful flowers, yellow, purple, or red ; — so called, by the Dutch colonists, because their roots are eaten by baboons. P. Cyc. BAB 'IL-lArD, n. [Fr. babbler.] (Ornith.) A small frugivorous passerine bird ; — called also the nettle-creeper. Brande. bAb'ING-TON-ItE, n. (Mill.) A crystallized si- licious mineral. Dana. f BA'BI-ON, n. A baboon. B. Jonson. f bA'BISII, a. Childish; babyish. Ascham. f BA'BISH, v. a. To treat one as a baby; to baby. “ The Pharisees had babished the sim- ple people.” Udal. fBA'BISH-LY, ad. Childishly. A bp. Usher. BAB 'LAH, n. The shell which covers the fruit of the Mimosa cineraria, brought from the East Indies under the name of neb-neb. It contains gallic acid, tannin, and a red coloring matter, and has been used in dyeing cotton to produce various shades of drab. Ure. BA-BOON', n. [It. babuino ; Fr. babouin ; sup- posed to be so called from its resemblance to a babe.\ (Zoiil.) A genus of quadrumana ; a large kind of monkey, distinguished by the marked resemblance of the head and face to those of a dog. Baird. BA'BY [ba'lie, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; vul- garly, bab'e, W. Stw.], n. [See Babe.] 1. An infant ; a young child; a babe. “The baby beats the nurse.” Shak. 2. The image of a young child ; a doll. Bacon. BA'BY, a. Like a baby; babyish. “Whose in- firm and baby minds.” Cowper. BA'BY, v. a. To treat one like a baby. “ Wealth babies us with endless toys.” [r.] Young. BA'BY— FEATURED (ba'be-fet'yurd), a. Having infantine features. Cowper. BA'BY-HOOD (ba'be-hfld), n. [Eng. baby, and A. S. had, state.] Infancy; childhood. Udal. BA'BY— HOUSE, n. A place in which children’s dolls and playthings are set up in order. BA'BY-ISH, a. Infantine; childish. Bale. BA'BY-ISM, ii. The state or quality of a baby. [r.]’ Ec. Rev. BA'BY— JUMP' ER, n. A frame or seat connected with the wall or ceiling by some elastic medium, and so disposed that a baby may be secured in it, and allowed to jump on the floor. Ogilvie. BAB-Y-Lo'NI-AN, a. Babylonia. Relating to Babylon or P. Cyc. BAB-Y-L 6 n'IC, Relating bAB-Y-LON'{-CAL, j Babylonian. to Babylon ; Harrington. BAB-Y-LO'NISH, a. Relating to Babylon ; Bab- ylonian. “ Babylonish captivity.” Dr. Blaney. BAB'Y-LON-JtE, n. The arrow-headed, Babylo- nish character. Scudamore. f BA'BY-SHIP, n. Infancy. Minsheu. BAC, n. [Ger. back ; Fr. bac.~\ 1. A ferry-boat for passing rivers by means of a cord stretched across. Crabb. 2. (Brewing.) A tub or vat for cooling wort or liquids ; a cooler. Crabb. BAC'CA, n. [L.] 1. (Bot.) A succulent fruit filled with pulp, in which the seeds lie loosely, as in the gooseberry ; a berry. Brande. 2. [Low L.] (Arch.) A lighthouse ; a watch- tower ; a beacon. Britton. BAC-CA-lAu'R^-ATE, ii. [L. bacca, a berry, and laureatus, crowned with laurel ; laurus, lau- rel. “ There are few words whose origin has been more controverted than baccalaureate, and both the military and literary classes have as- serted their claims to this honor with equal zeal and ingenuity. While the former maintain that it is either derived from the baculvs, or staff, with which knights were usually invested, or from bas chevalier (an inferior kind of knight), the latter, perhaps with more plausi- bility, trace its origin to the custom which pre- vailed universally among the Greeks and Ro- mans, and which was followed even in Italy till the thirteenth century, of crowning distin- guished individuals with laurel ; hence the re- cipient of this honor was styled baccalaureus (quasi baccis laurels donatus).” Brande. — See Bachelor.] The decree of a bachelor ; the first or lowest academical degree in the liberal arts. Maunder. BAc'CATE, a. [L. baccatus ; bacca, a berry.] (Bot.) Of a pulpy nature like a berry. Gray. BAc'cAT-ED, a. Having berries: — beset with pearls. Bailey. BAc'£HA-NAL (bak'a-nal), a. [L. Bacchanalis, of or belonging to Bacchus.] Drunken ; rev- elling. “ Bacchanal feasts.” Crowley. bAc'£HA-NAL, ii. A devotee to Bacchus. “ Riot of the tipsy bacchanals.” Shak. bAc-CHA-JyA ' Ll-4, n. pi. [L.] Feasts or rev- els, in ancient Greece and Rome, in honor of Bacchus. P. Cyc. BAC-£HA-NA'LT-AN [bak-fi-na'le-ftn, S. W. P. J. Ja . ; . liak-fi-nal'yan, F. K.], n. A votary of Bacchus; a bacchanal. “Sculptures of the bacchanalians.” Stukely. bAC-£HA-NA'LI-AN, a. Relating to revelry. “ Bacchanalian catches.” Graves. BAC-x[ 1 ]A_NA'Lr-AN-LY, ad. In the manner of bacchanals Ogilvie. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON 14 ; BULL, BUR, ROLE.— 9, 9 , g, soft; C, G, c, g, hard; § us -p/% as gz. — THIS, tfiis. BACCHANALS 106 BACKSIDE BA(?£HA-NAL§, n. pi. The drunken feasts of Bacchus ; bacchanalia. Shak. BAC'CHANT, n. [L. bacchor, bacchans, to rev- el.] A bacchanal ; a reveller ; a priest of Bacchus. Todd. B-IC-ChAatte', n. [Fr.] A female bacchanal or priestess of Bacchus. Todd. Bj}C-enJjr’TE§, n. pi. [L.] The priests or devotees of Bacchus. • Jameson. BAC'CHIC, ) a% Relating to feasts of Bac- bAc'CHI-CAL, > chus; jovial ; drunken. “ Bac- chical enthusiasm.” Spenser. BAC-eni’ US, 71.; pi. BAC-pHlT. [Gr. (tau^tio;.] (Pros.) A poetic foot having one short and two long syllables ; as, a-ma-vl. C/-abb. BAc'CHUS-BOLE, n. (Bot.) A flower, not tall, but very full and broad-leaved. Mortimer. BAC-CIF'ER-OUS (bjk-slf'er-us), a. [L. bacca, a berry, and fero, to bear.] (Bot.) Bearing or producing berries. Ray. BAC-CIV'O-ROUS (bjk-slv'o-rus), a. [L. bacca, a berry, and V07’0, to devour.] Feeding on berries. BACH'S- LOR, n. [L. baccalaurens, crowned with laurel berries. Johnso/i. — L. baculus, a staff, because a staff or baton was the symbol of promotion to the first degree in military ser- vice, as well as in the liberal arts. Spchnan. — Fr. bas-chevalier, a knight of the lowest rank. Menage. — This last derivation is some- what confirmed by the definition which La- combe, in his Dictionary of the Old French lan- guage, gives to the word bachelor, viz. “A young squire who is not yet made a knight.” “ This term,” says Sullivan, “ whatever may have been its origin, was applied first to young, and consequently unmarried, persons, and hence, as it now signifies, to a man unmar- ried.” — See Baccalaureate.] 1. A man who has not been married. Let sinful bachelors their woes deplore; Full well they merit all they feel, and more. Pope. 2. [It. baccellicrc, and baccellicro ; Sp. ba- ch i Her ; Fr. bacltelier; A. S. bach Her. One who has taken his first degree in the liberal arts ; as, “ A bachelor of arts, of divinity,” &c. 3. t [Old Fr. bachcler.] A knight of the low- est order, [r.] Hody, Hist, of Convocations. BACH E-LOR-I§M, n. The state of a bachelor; bachelorship. Constable’ s Mag. BAcH'F,-LOR’§-B0t'TON, n. (Bot.) A plant; the double-flowering Ranunculus acris. Loudon. BACH'e-LOR-SHIP, n. 1. The state of an un- married man. Shak. 2. The state of one who has taken his first degree in the liberal arts. Bp. Hall. BA-CIB-lA ’ Rl-JE, 7i. pi. [L. bacillus, or bacillum, a small staff.] (Bot.) A name applied to two classes of Algce (now called De7nidiacea and Diatomacea ■) by Ehrenberg, who supposed them to be animalcules. Baird. B. 1 - Cl I. 'BUS, n. [L., a small staffs 1. (Bot.) The cotyledon of the hyacinth. Link. 2. (Zotil) A genus of Phasmidie, Cuvier. BACK, n. [A. S. bac, or brcc, the back.] 1. That part of the body of animals in which the spine is ; the hinder part of the body in man, and the upper part in other animals. 2. A ridge or peak resembling that made by the spine in animals. The mountains huge appear Emergent, and their broad bare backs upheave Into the clouds. Milton. 3. The outer part of the hand. “ The backs and palms.” Donne. 4. The rear, opposed to the van. lie might conclude that Walter would be upon the king’s Clarendon. 5. The hinder part of a thing, opposed to the front; as, “The bark of the leg”; “The back of a chimney ” ; “ The back of a book.” 6. The thick part of any tool, opposed to the edge ; as, “The back of a knife.” 7. That part of a thing which is out of sight, or less observed than another part ; as. i‘ The bark of a hill.” N 8. (Carp.) The upper side of a ; iecc d,f tim- A, E, I, O, U, Y, in 'in ; A , E, I, ad- g. bac> back> and BACK'W ARD§, i weanl, towards.] 1. With the back turned towards the point to which one is advancing ; as, “ To walk back- ward or backwards.” 2. Towards the back ; as, “To throw the head backward or backxcards.” 3. On the back ; as, “ To fall backward.” She cast him backward as he strove to rise. Dryden. 4. Towards the past. Men should press forward in fame's glorious chase; Nobles look backward, and so lose the race. Young. 5. In a contrary direction to that taken to arrive at the present station ; regressively. We might have met them, dareful, beard to beard, Aud beat them backward home. Shak. 6 . In a reverse order. What is a b spelt backward ? Shak. 7. From a better to a worse state. The work went backwards. Dryden. 8. Reflectively. The mind can backward cast upon herself her understanding light. Davies. “ In spite of Johnson and all our best lexicog- raphers, numerous words are enriched with a final s unknown to our forefathers. To all terminations formerly in ward , as inward , forward , toward , an add- ed 5 begins to obtain even in classical books.” Jllit- ford’s Harmony in Language, p. 370. The following words, when used as adverbs, back- ward or backwards, forward ox forwards, downward or downwards , upward or upwards, inward or inwards, outward or outwards, and homeward or homewards , are all given indiscriminately in Johnson’s Dictionary in both forms, with and without the final s. They are also thus given in the principal English dictionaries which have been published since that of Johnson. The final s was countenanced by English lexicog- raphers who preceded Johnson ; and both forms of these several words have been, from an early period of the language, and they are still, in good use. To- ward, or towards, as an adverb and preposition, is given in the English dictionaries in both forms, and both are in common and good use; hut the adverb on- ward does not take a final s. f BACK'WARD, n. Duration past. What seest thou else In the dark backward and abysm of time? Shak. f BACK'WARD, v. a. To keep back ; to hinder. “ Doth so clog . . . and backward us.” Hammond. f BACK'WARD-LY, ad. Backward; aversely. And does he think so backwardly of me ? Shak. BACK'WARD-NESS, n. State of being backward. “ Our backwardness to good works.” Atterbury. bAck'WARD^, ad. Backward. — See Backward. BACK'WASHED (bak'wosht), a. Cleansed from the oil after combing, as wool. Ash. BACK'WA-TJJR, n. 1. Water obtained at high tide and held back in large reservoirs in order to be discharged at low tide, for clearing off de- posits at the mouth of a harbor. Francis. 2. Water which is forced or held back in a millstream by the obstruction of a dam below, or by a rising tide from the sea. bACK'WOOD§-MAN (bak'wudz-man), n. ; pi. bXck'wood§-men. An inhabitant of a newly- settled country, particularly the western part of the United States, which is often called backwoods, or back settlements. Month. Rev. BACK'— WORM (-wiitm), n. A disease which breeds small thread-like worms in the reins of hawks. — See Filanders. Craig. bAcK'WOUND, v. a. To wound behind the back. “ Backwounding calumny.” Shak. BACKWARD, n. A yard behind a house, &c. BA'CON (ba'kn), n. [Old Fr. bacon ; A. S. bacan, to bake ; bacen, baked. Tooke and Richardson.] The flesh of a hog salted and smoked. To save one’s bacon, to escape unhurt ; to avoid loss ; — a phrase which originated in England at a time when housewives in the country had to usc.many pre- cautions to save their principal provision, bacon, from the greedy appetites of soldiers on the march. Prior. BA'CON-FED (ba'kn-fSd), a. Fed on bacon. Shak. BA-CO'NI-AN, a. Relating to Lord Bacon or his philosophy ; inductive. Brande. BAC'ULE, n. (Fort.) A kind of portcullis. — See Bascule. Crabb. BAC'U-LlTE, n. [L. bacxdus, a staff or stick.] (Pal.) A genus of fossil tetrabranchiate ce- phalopods, somewhat allied to the ammonites in the structure of their straight shells. Brande. B A 0 - 1; - 1 , 6 M ' E - T E Y , n. [L. baculus, a staff, aud Gr. pirpov, a measure.] The art of measuring distances by baculi, or staves. Davies. BAD, a. [Goth, bauths, insipid. Junius. — Dut. quoad, bad. Skinner. — FI. quade\ Belg. quad, bad. — Bayed, past participle of bay (to bark at or reproach). Tooke. — Persian bad, bad, evil. Thomson, Webster.] [comp, worse ; sup. worst.] Bad is opposed to good, denoting a want of good qualities, whether physical or moral, and it is of extensive application ; evil ; ill ; injurious ; noxious ; vicious ; wicked ; dishonest ; as, “A bad person or thing.” 4 ES=- Written by Gower quad ; as, “ None quad.” Syn. — Bad, unprincipled, or dishonest man ; bad or corrupt principles ; bad or immoral life ; bad, vile, or vicious company or conduct ; bad or depraved morals ; bad or evil example ; bad or pernicious influence or advice; bad ox evil inclination or disposition ; bad or injurious practice. Bad, ill, or infirm health ; bad or unwholesome food ; bad or unfavorable weather; bad or noxious air; bad, poor, or sterile soil ; bad or injudicious manage- ment ; bad or unfortunate voyage ; bad ox unskilful workman ; bad ox awkward gait ; bad or unwelcome news ; bad or unhappy marriage. — See Awkward. bAd'A-LEER, n. [See Bandoleer.] A musket- charge of powder in a metal tube, used before the introduction of cartridges. Stoequclcr. BADE (bad) [bad, S. IF. J. F. K. Sm. B . ; bad, E.], i. from bid. — See Bid. bAd£E (baj), n. [A. S. beag, a garland, a neck- lace ; Fr. baque, a ring, Richardson. — Dut. bag- ghe, a gem, Minsheu and Skinner. — L. bajulo, to carry, Johnson.] 1. A mark or sign of distinction ; as, “ A badge of nobility ” ; “A badge of office.” Yet T like it not In that he wears the badge of Somerset. Shak. Sufferance is the badge of all our tribe. Shak. 2. A memorial. But on his breast a bloody cross he bore, Tlie dear remembrance of Ins dying Lord; For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he wore. Spenser. Syn. — See Mark. bAd(JE, v. a. To mark as with a badge. Shak. BADGE'LJfSS, a. Having no badge. Bp. Hall. BADp'pR, n. [Dut. back , a cheek or jaw, as noting an animal of strong jaws. Skinner.] 1. (Zoiil.) A Iudian bad s er - frugivorous and carnivorous quadruped that bur- rows in the g ound, allied to the bear. Brande. 2. (Paint.) A brush made of the hair of the badger; used to blend pigments. Fairholt. 3. [L. bajulus, a carrier, Johnson ; A. S. by- gan, to buy, Webster .] (Law.) One licensed to buy corn and victuals in one place to be sold in another; a cornfactor ; a pedler. Cowell. BADO'ER, v. a. To persecute or tease, as the badger is teqsed when hunted. Lockhart. BAD(i'ER— LEGGED (baj'er-legd), a. Having legs of an unequal length. L’ Estrange. BAD- 1- A ' OA, n. (Med.) A kind of sponge, the powder of which is used for bruises. Dunglison. bAd'I-^EM, n. Same as Badigeon. Scudamore. BA-DIG'EON (ba-dlj'im) [ba-dlj'un, K. Sm. ; bad- e-je'on, Wb. ], n. [Fr.] (Arch.) A mixture, as of plaster and freestone, to fill little holes in the material on which a sculptor or other artist has to work : — a preparation for coloring houses, consisting of powdered stone, saw- dust, slaked lime, alum, &c. : — a composition of sawdust and glue used by joiners to fill up chasms in woodwork. Weale. BAd-I-NAQE ' (bad-e-nazh'), n. [Fr.] Light or playful discourse ; raillery ; foolish talk. When you find your antagonist beginning to grow warm, put an end to the dispute by some genteel badinage. Chesterfield. BA-DlW E-RIE (bsi-dln'e-re), n. [Fr.] Non- sense ; badinage. The fund of sensible discourse is limited; that of jest and badinerie is infinite. Shcnstone. BAD 'IS- TER, n. (Ent.) A genus of the order Coleoptera, forming, with some others, a leading group among the carnivorous beetles. Brande. BAD'LY, ad. In a bad manner; not well; ill; imperfectly ; wrongly. Shak. BAD'NESS, n. State of being bad ; want of good qualities, either physical or moral. Shak. f BAEL'FIRE (hal'fir), n. [A. S. beelfyr.] A fu- neral pile, or fire, in which dead bodies were burnt. — See Bale-fire. Craig. bAf'FE-tAs, n. A kind of calico manufactured in India. Crabb. BAF'FLE (baf'fl), v. a. [It. beffare, to mock ; Sp. be- far ; Fr. beffler, to befool, to mock ; baf- ouer, ' m deceive, to abuse.] [*. baffled ; pp. BAFFLtf.Lv BAFFLED.] Tug, MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — 9, 9, 9 , g, soft; £, £, c, g, hard ; § ^ -s gz. — THIS, this. BAFFLE 108 BAKED 1. To elude by deceit or artifice. They made a shift to break the precept, and at the same time to baffle the curse. South. 2. To confound ; to defeat by perplexing. Etruria lost, lie brings to Turnus’ aid his baffled host. Dryden. 3. To frustrate; to disconcert; to foil; to circumvent. A foreign potentate trembles at a war with the English nation, ready to employ against him such revenues as shall baffle his designs upon their country, Addison. 4. f To disgrace ; to insult ; to mock. Alas, poor fool! how have they baffled thee! Shak. BAF'FLE, v. n. To practise deceit, [it.] To what purpose can it be to juggle and baffle for a time? Harrow . BAF'FLE, n. A defeat, [it.] South. bAf'FLER, n. One who baffles. “Experience, that great baffler of speculation, assures us the thing is too possible.” Gov. of the Tongue. BAF'FLING-LY, ad. In a baffling manner. Boag. BAF'FLING-NESS, n. Quality of baffling. Boag. B.\G, n. [A. S. batlg, a bag ; Dut. batgh ; Ger. balg.) 1. A sack or pouch to put any thing in, as money, corn, & c. See thou shake the hags Of hoarding abbots. Shak. 2. That part of an animal which contains some particular Juice or secretion; as, “The bag of a cow.” 3. An ornamental purse of silk, tied to men’s hair behind. We saw a young fellow riding towards us full gallop, with a bob wig and black silken bag tied to it. Addison. 4. (Com.) A determinate quantity of goods, varying in size according to the commodity ; as, “ A bag of cotton.” Maunder. BAG, V. a. [7. BAGGED ; pp. BAGGING, BAGGED.] 1. To put into a bag. Hops ought not to be bagged up hot. Mortitner. 2. To load with a bag. Like a bee bagged with his honeyed venom. Dryden. 3. To make tumid ; to swell. How doth an unwelcome dropsy toy up the eyes! Bp. Hall. 4. To hook up and gather, as grain. Loudon. 5. To cut up, as wheat stubble. Ilalliwell. BAG, v. n. To swell like a full bag. Chaucer. BA-GASSE', n. [Fr. ; Sp. baqazo.) Crushed sugar-cane as delivered from the sugar-mill ; — used for fuel after being dried. Ure. BAG-A-TELLE' (hag-a-tel'), 11 . [Fr.] 1. A trifle ; a toy. Ilowel. 2. A game played on a board having at one end nine holes, intotfhich balls are to be struck with a rod. Ogilvie. B.AG'GAQE, n. [Fr. bagage .] 1. (Mil.) The clothes, tents, provisions, and other necessaries, of an army. Brande. They were carried among the baggage of the army. Addison. 2. Trunks and other articles carried by a traveller ; luggage. “ To pack up bag and baggage." Arbuthnot. 3. [Fr. bagasse . ] A worthless woman; — a pert young woman ; a flirt. “ The baggage would not speak out.” Guardian. f BAG'GA-QRR, n. One who carries the baggage. “ The victuallers and baggagers.” Raleigh. BAG'GING, n. 1. Materials for bags. 2. The act of putting into bags. 3. Reaping corn or pulse with a hook, so that the straw is separated from the root by chopping instead of by a drawing cut. Brande. BAG'— NET, n. A net in the shape of a bag, for catching fish. Travis. BAgN'IO (ban'yS), n . ; pi. bagnios (han'yoz). [L. balneum, a bath ; It. bagno ; Sp. baho ; Fr. bain.) 1. A bathing-house ; a bath. Arbuthnot. 2. A brothel. Britton. BAG-NO'LJ-AN§, n. pi. A sect of heretics in the eighth century, who rejected the whole of the Old Testament and a part of the New; — so named from Bagnoles, in Languedoc '."where it originated. eo.fl Craig. BAG 'PIPE, n. A musical wind instrument, con- sisting of a leathern bag and pipes. Chambers. BAG'PiP-ER, ii. One who plays on a bagpipe. BAG'REEF, n. (Xaut.) A fourth or lower reef, used in the British navy. Crabb. BAg'SHOT— SAND, n. (Geol.) One of the middle eocene formations in England, in which marine shells and the bones of a sea-serpent more than twenty feet long have been found. Lyell. BA-GUETTE’ (b?-get'), ii. [Fr.] (Arch.) A little round moulding, less than an astragal ; — called also, when enriched with foliage, a chaplet , and, when plain, a bead. IVcale. BA-HAR ', n. 1. An Oriental measure equal to three piculs. Malcom. 2. A weight used in the East Indies ; the great bahar being equal to 524 lbs. 9 oz., and the little bahar to 437 lbs. 9 oz. Ogilvie. BA ’ IIIR, n. (Ant.) The most ancient of the rab- binical books. Ash. f BA1GNE (ban), v. a. [Fr. baigner, to bathe, to soak.] To drench ; to soak. Carew. BAI-KA'LIJ-AN, a. Noting the range of moun- tains which separate Lake Baikal in Russia from the lowlands of Siberia. P. Cxjc. bAI'KAL-ITE, n. [Lake Baikal in Siberia, and l.iOos, a stone.] (Min.) A magnesian epidote from Lake Baikal. Brande. BAIL (bal), n. 1. (Law.) A release of a prison- er on security for his appearance in court : — the person or persons who give security : — the sum given for security ; surety. IF hisliaw. 2. The handle of a pail, bucket, kettle, or other vessel. Forby. 3. A division between stalls. Loudon. 4. f A bound within a forest. Spenser. BAIL, v. a. [Low L. balliare, to deliver; Fr. bail- ler . ] [t. BAILED ; pp. BAILING, BAILED.] 1. (Lau\) To release on security given for ap- pearance in court ; to admit to bail. Blackstone. 2. (Law.) To give bail for. Let me be their bail. — Thou shalt not bail them. Shak. 3. (Law.) To deliver in trust for a certain purpose, as goods. Blackstone. 4. [Fr. bailie , a tub or bucket.] To free from water with a bucket or dipper ; as, “ To bail a boat.” — See Bale. BAIL'A-BLE, a. That may be bailed. B. Jonson. BAIL'— BOND, n. (Law.) A bond given for ap- pearance in court. Tomlins. BAIL-EE', n. (Law.) The person to whom goods are bailed, or delivered under a bailment ; — op- posed to bailor. Blackstone. BAIL'JJR, n. One who delivers goods to another in trust. — See Bailor. Craig. BAI'HJY, n. [Fr. bailie .] 1. (Fort.) An area or ground within the walls of a fortress ; — some- times applied to a prison ; as, “ The Old Bailey of London.” Weale. BAI'LIE (ba'le), ii. [See Bailiff.] An aider- man ; a magistrate who is second in rank in a royal burgh. [Scotland.] Jamieson. BAIL'IFF (ba'ljf), n. [Low L. balivus ; Fr. bailli.) 1. A subordinate officer. “ The canton of Berne governed by a bailiff." Addison. 2. (Eng.) A deputy appointed by a sheriff, whose business it is to execute arrests. Swift. 3. An under-steward of a manor. Johnson. Bailiff of husbandry, a chief servant to a private person of good estate; a sort of steward, in respect of farming business. — Bailiff of the forest, the keeper of a walk, immediately subordinate to the verderer. BAIL'l-VVlCK, n. [Fr. bailli, a bailiff, and A. S. U'ic, L. vicus, a village.] (Law.) The jurisdic- tion of a bailiff or sheriff. Brande. BAILLON (b&l-ySng'), n. [Fr., a gag.) (Surg.) An instrument used for keeping the mouth open during the operations of the surgeon. Craig. BAIL'MENT, n. [Fr. bailler, to deliver.] (Law.) A delivery of a thing in trust for some special object or purpose, and upon a contract ex- pressed or implied, on the part of the bailee or receiver, that the trust shall be faithfully exe- cuted, as in transactions with carriers, agents, pawnbrokers, and in many other mercantile proceedings. Brande. BAlL'OR,or BAlL-OR',n. (Law.) One who bails or delivers goods in trust. Blackstone. ligrWlicn used in opposition to bailee, it has the accent on the second syllable. BAIL'— PIECE, n. (Law.) A slip of parchment or paper containing a recognizance of bail, signed by the person who gives the security, with his acknowledgment before the proper officers, and filed in the court in which the action is pending. Burrill. f BAIL'Y, n. X. A bailiff. Holland. 2. A bailiwick. Wicklijfe. f BAIN (ban), n. [L. balneum-, Fr. bain.) A bath. “ To lie sweating ... in the bains.” Hakewill. t BAIN (ban), v. a. To bathe. Tubervile. BAl 1 RAM [bar'ii m, Sin. C.), n. A Mahometan feast instituted in imitation of the Easter of the Christian church, and following the fast of Ramadan, which answers to our Lent. Brande. + BAlR'MAN, ii. (Law.) A poor insolvent debtor left bare and naked. Whishaw. BAlRN, or BARN, ii. [Goth, barn, a child; A. S. beam.) A child. — [Scotland and North of England.] — See Bearn. Burns. BAIT (bat), v. a. [A. S. baton, to lure fish with food on a hook.] [7. baited ; pp. baiting, BAITED.] 1. To put food upon, as upon a hook, trap, or snare, to lure fish or other animals. All the traps in the kingdom were baited with cheese. Goldsmith. 2. To furnish with food on a journey; as, “To bait a horse.” The sun, that measures heaven all day long. At night doth bait his steeds the ocean waves among. Spenser. BAIT, v. a. [Fr. battre, to beat.] 1. To attack with violence ; to harass. As chained bear whom cruel dogs do bait. Sjienser . 2. v. n. To flap the wings; to flutter, as a hawk. To watch her as we watch these kites. That bait , and beat, and will not be obedient. Shak. BAIT, v. ii. To stop for refreshment. As one who on his journey baits at noon. Though bent on speed, so here the archangel paused. Hilton. BAIT, ii. [See Bait, ».] 1. Any substance used as a lure for fish or other animals. Shak. 2. A temptation ; an allurement ; an entice- ment. “ Pleasures and baits of sense.” Addison. 3. Refreshment on a journey. Good men use them [the good things of this world] as a viaticum or bait. Bp. Bull. BAIT'ING, n. The act of furnishing a bait; — refreshment on a journey. Donne. BAIZE (baz), n. [Dut. baai, or baaij, a coarse woollen stuff. “ The name and the thing,” says Crabb, “ were introduced into England by tiie Flemish refugees.”] A kind of coarse, open, woollen stuff with a long nap. IF. Ency. BA.J’A-DERF, n. [See Bayadere.] An Indian dancing girl. Brande. BAKE, v. a. [A. S. bacan, to bake ; Dut. bakken.) [7. baked ; pp. baking, baked or baken. — Baken is seldom used.] 1. To dry, or harden, by heat. Whatsoever the fire buketli , time doth in some degree dis- solve. . Bacon. When dusty summer baken the crumbling clods. Phillips. 2. To cook, as in an oven. Ten women shall bake your bread. Lev. xxvi. 2 G. 3. To harden by cold. “The earth when it is baked with frost.” [r.] Shak. BAKE, v. n. 1. To do the work of baking. I keep Ills house, anil I wash, wring, brew, bake, anil i. [ band and dog, i. e. a dog bound, chained, or tied up.] A large, fierce dog. We have great bandogs will tear their skin. Spenser. The time when screech-owls cry and bandogs howl. Shak. BAN-DO-LEER', n. ; pi. bAn-do-leer:?'. [Fr. ban- douliere ; But. band, a girdle, and leer, leath- er.] (Mil.) A little case containing musket charges, appended to the band formerly hung over the shoulders of musketeers. Brande. f BAN' DON, n. [Fr.] Disposal. Chaucer. BAN-DORE', n. [Gr. Ttnvtiuvfni , a musical instru- ment with three strings.] A musical instru- ment like a lute. — See Pandore. Minsheu. bAxd'ROL, or bAn'DP-ROLE, n. [Fr. bande- rolle .] A little flag or streamer fixed at the top of a mast ; a pennon ; bannerol. Johnson. BAnD'STRING, n. The string appendant to a band, or neck-cloth. Bp. Taylor. BAn'DY, n. I. A club turned round or bent at the end for striking a ball at play. Johnson. 2. The play itself. Brewer. t BAN'DY, a. Flexible; without substance; — applied to bad cloth. Stat. 43 Eliz. Boucher. BAN'DY, v. a. [Fr. bander, to bend a bow, to drive a ball in tennis.] [i. bandied ; pp. ban- dying, BANDIED.] 1. To heat to and fro ; to toss back and forth. They do cunningly from one hand to another bandy the service like a tennis-ball. Spenser. 2. To exchange; to give and take recipro- cally. “ Do you bandy looks with pie ? ” Shak. 3. To agitate ; to cast or toss about. Let not obvious and known truth be bandied about in a disputation. Watts. BAn'DY, v. n. To contend, as at some game, in beating to and fro. Could set up grandee against grardee, To squander time away, and bandy. Iludibras. bAN'DY-LEG, n. [Fr. bande, bent as a bow, and leg.] ' A crooked leg; a bow-leg. Swift. BAN'DY— LEGGED (bSn'de-legd), a. Having crook- ed legs. “ A . . . bandy-legged prince.” Collier. BANE, n. [Goth, ban/a ; A. S. bana, destruction.] 1. A deadly poison; cause of injury; that which destroys ; pest ; ruin. So entertained those odorous sweets the fiend Who came their bane. Milton. 2. A disease of sheep ; the rot. Hunter. t BANE, v. a. To poison. “ A rat . . . baned.” Shak. BANE'BER-RY, n. A species of plant whose ber- ries are poisonous ; Actrea spicata. Loudon. bAnE'FUL, a. [ bane and full.] 1. Poisonous ; venomous. By sly enticement gives his baneful cup. Milton. 2. Injurious ; destructive ; noxious. The nightly wolf is banej'ul to the fold. Dryden. BANE'FUL-LY, ad. Perniciously ; destructively. BANE'FUL-NESS, n. Perniciousness; destruc- tiveness. Johnson. BANE'WORT (ban'wiirt), n. Deadly nightshade ; Atropa belladonna. Loudon. BANG, v. a. [Dut. bcngelcr, to beat with sticks, to beat.] [t. banged ; pp. banging, banged.] 1. To beat; to thump; to handle roughly. The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks. Shak. 2. To heat ; to surpass ; to excel. Boucher. This practical denial of the common brotherhood of the same family bangs heathenism. Dr. John Mill. BANG, n. A blow; a thump. [Vulgar.] Shak. BAJYG, n. An acrid, bitterish, narcotic, and intox- icating drug, essentially composed of a resin that exudes, in some climates, from the leaves, slender branches, and flowers of hemp (Canna- bis sativa). It is used by the Turks under the names of hadschy and malacli ; by the Arabians, under the name of hashish ; and by the Hot- tentots, under that of dacha. Bindley. BANG'JJRj n. Any thing large of its kind ; a large person. [Provincial.] Brockctt. BAN' OIIY, n. (East Indies.) A sort of bamboo pole to be carried on a person’s shoulder with a basket suspended at each end. Stocqueler. BANG'ING, a. Huge ; large. [Low.] Forby. f bAn'GLE, v. a. To waste by little and little. IVe bungle away our days, befool out our times. Burton. BAN'GLE, n. An oriental ornamental ring for the wrist or ankle. Malcom. BAN'GLE— EAR, n. An imperfectly formed ear of a horse : — a loose, hanging ear, like that of a dog. Farm. Ency. RAN'GLE— EARED (b'an'gl-erd), a. Having loose and hanging ears ; flap-eared. Crabb. BANGUE (bang), n. A drug. — See Bang. Crabb. || BAN-lAN' (ban-yan') [b&n-yan', S. IV. J. F. Ja. Sm.; ban'e-an, P. ; b&n'yan', K.], n. [Sanscrit banij, or banik, a merchant or trader, Craig ; — bamya, a banker, Buchanan .] 1. A peculiar class among the Hindoos en- gaged in trading and mercantile pursuits. They believe in the doctrine of metempsychosis, and therefore abstain from animal food. Brande. 2. A morning gown resembling that worn by the Banians of India. Buchanan. 3. The Indian fig-tree, or Ficus Indica, re- markable for sending down from its branches roots which, striking into the ground, them- selves become trunks, so that a single tree sometimes covers a space of 1500 feet iri cir- cumference ;— written also bannian and banyan. II BAN-lAN' (biln-y&n'), a. (Naut.) Noting days when seamen have no meat served out to them ; — probably so applied from the practice of the Banians of Hindostan. Falconer. bAN'JSII, v. a. [Ger. bannen, to banish ; It. bandire; Fr. bannir.] [i. banished; pp. BANISHING, BANISHED.] 1. To condemn, or to compel, to leave one’s country ; to exile. Six years we banish him. S7iak. Those evils thou repcatcst upon thyself Have banished me from Scotland. * - Shak. 2. To drive away ; to put out of mind. Banish business; banish sorrow; To tile gods belongs to-morrow. Cowley. Syn. — Banished to a foreign country ; exiled from borne or from one’s country ; expelled from college or from a society. Banishment is a disgraceful punishment inflicted by a tribunal or a sovereign upon a delin- quent; exile is commonly an infliction by authority, though it may be a voluntary removal ; expulsion is a violent removal. — See Abandon. Let it be no bank or common stock, but every man be mas- ter of his own money; not that I altogether dislike banks, but they will hardly be brooked. Bacon's Essay on Usury. 6. (Printing.) A kind of table used by print- ers. Francis. 7. (Law.) A seat of judgment; the bench: — the sitting of all the judges, or a full court, for the hearing of arguments, as distinguished from a sitting at nisi prius, or a circuit court held by one of the judges for the trial of causes before a jury; as, “The court sit in bank,” or in banc, or in banco. Burrill. 8. (Carp.) A long piece of timber, about six inches square. Weale. BANK, V. a. \i. BANKED ; pp. BANKING, BANKED.] To enclose or protect by a bank ; to embank. And burning sands that bank the shrubby vales. Thomson, BANK'A-BLE, a. Receivable at a bank, as hills, notes, &c. Bartlett. BANK'— BILL, n. 1. (England.) A promissory note or bill of exchange issued by a banking company, payable at some future specified time ; bAN'JSH-ER, n. One who banishes. Shak. BAN'JSH-MENT, n. [Fr. bannissement.] 1. Act of banishing. “ He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies.” Johnson. 2. State of being banished ; exile. Six frozen winters spent, Return with welcome home from banishment. Shak. Syn. — See Banish. bAn'IS-TPR, n. (Arch.) A wooden railing en- closing stairs, &c. A corruption of baluster, which see. Britton. BANJSR, (m [Corruption of bandore.] A mu- bAn’JO, ; sical instrument with five strings, having a head and neck like those of the guitar, and a body resembling a tambourine, or a hoop over which parchment is stretched. It is played with the fingers and hand, and is a favorite instrument of the negroes in the southern parts of the United States. Moore. Negroes are almost always fond of music, . . . and they are always awakened and alive at the sound of the banjer. Boucher. BANK, n. [A. S. banc, a bench, a hillock; Dut., Dan. bank; Swed. baenk.— It. banco, a bench or table on which the Venetian money-changers displayed their money; Fr. bane, banque.] 1. A ridge or slightly-elevated mass of earth. They besieged him in Abel of Beth-maachah, and they cast up a bank against the city. 2 Sam. xx. 15. O, it came o’er my ear like the sweet sound That breathes upon a bank of violets, Stealing and giving odor. Shak. 2. The earth bordering upon a river, canal, or other watercourse. O early lost! what tears the river shed, 'When the sad pomp along his banks was led! Pope. 3. A shoal in the ocean or a sea ; as, “ The bank of Newfoundland.” 4. A seat or bench in a boat for rowers. Placed on their banks, the lusty Trojans sweep Neptune’s smooth face, und cleave the yielding deep. Waller. 5. (Com.) An establishment for the custody and issue of money; a joint-stoek association, either private or incorporated, whose business it is to employ in loans, or other profitable modes of investment, the common fund or cap- ital, increased by the issue of notes to a certain amount payable on demand, and by such sums as may be temporarily deposited in" their hands, by others, for safe-keeping: — the place where the transactions of a banking association are carried on. A, E, I, 0, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, $, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, I1ER; BANK-CREDIT 113 BAPTIZABLE negotiable, but not strictly forming a part of the currency. Brandc. 2. ( United States.) A promissory note of a banking company payable on demand, and used as currency ; a bank-note. BANK— CRED'jT, n. (Scotland.) A credit by which, on proper security being given to a bank, a person is authorized to draw for any amounts within an aggregate sum agreed upon. — - See Cash-account. Ogilvie. bAnK'ER, n. 1. One who traffics in money, or keeps and manages a bank, or carries on the business of banking. Whole droves of lenders crowd the banker's doors. Dry den. 2. A stone bench on which masons cut and square their work. Francis. 3. A cushion or covering for a seat. Weale. 4. (Naut.) A vessel employed in the cod fish- ery on the banks of Newfoundland. BANK'ER-LESS, a. Without bankers. Qu. Rev. BANK'pT, n. [Fr .banquette.'] A piece of wood used by brick-layers to cut bricks on. Buchanan. BANK'— FENCE, n, A fence made of a bank of earth. Ash. BANK'— HOOK (-huk), n. A large fish-hook, used on the banks of Newfoundland. Halliwell. BANK'ING, n. The management of banks or money ; the business of a banker. Berkeley. BANK'ING, p. a. Pertaining to banks. Had every particular banking company always under- stood and attended to its own particular interest, the circu- lation could never have been overstocked with paper money. A. Smith. BANK'— NOTE, n. A promissory note issued by a banking company ; a bank-bill. Roberts. t bAnk'ROUT, a. Bankrupt. Milton. t bAnk'ROUT, v. a. To make bankrupt; to break. Shak. t bAnk'ROUT, n. A bankrupt. Shak. BANK'RUPT, a. [It. banco, a bench, and rotto (L. ruptus), broken ; in allusion to the custom practised in the middle ages of breaking the benches or tables of those money-changers who had become insolvent ; Fr. banqueroute.] Un- able to pay debts ; insolvent. The king’s grown bankrupt , like a broken man. Shak. BANK'RUPT, n. 1. A trader who fails or breaks, so as to be unable to pay his debts : — one who is subjected to the law of bankruptcy. All persons engaged in trade, if in other respects capable of making valid contracts, arc liable to be made bankrupts. Brunde. 2. One who, from inability to meet the de- mands against him, is obliged to close his busi- ness, and whose affairs are intrusted to his creditors, or to assignees, for settlement. 3. (Eng. Law.) A trader who secretes him- self, or does certain other acts tending to de- fraud his creditors. Whishaw. .BSP This word, as first used in English statutes, carried vvitli it the sense of an offender , which in some measure it still retains in English law, and has al- ways been restricted in England to merchants and traders, or to those who buy and sell for gain. In the United States, the term was applied technically by act of Congress, August 19, 1841, to other persons besides merchants and traders ; but the repeal of that act in 1843, together with several judicial opinions adverse to this extension of its signification, has tend- ed to aifix to the word at present very nearly the same technical definition in the United States which it has in English law' ; though by popular usage it is nearly synonymous with the word insolvent , being applied to all classes of persons who cannot or do not pay their debts, and not implying generally any imputation of fraud. Burrill. BANK'RUPT, v. a. To make deficient in pecu- niary resources ; to break. Beau. FI. "We cast off the care of all future thrift because we are al- ready bankrupted. Hammond. BAi\K'RUPT-CY (bank'rup-se), n. The state of a bankrupt ; failure or inability to pay debts ; in- solvency. — (Law.) An act of bankruptcy is an act on the part of a merchant or trader, that makes him legally a bankrupt : — a commission of bankruptcy is a warrant granted in conse- quence of an act of bankruptcy. Syn. — Failure is the act which necessitates bank- ruptcy, bankruptcy is the result of acknowledged fail- ure. Failure is the suspension of paying debts ; insolvency, the inability to pay them. Failure in business ; state of insolvency ; act of bankruptcy. BANK'RUPT-LAW, n. (Law.) A law by which a bankrupt, upon surrendering all his property to commissioners, for the benefit of his credit- ors, is discharged from the payment of his debts then existing, and all liability on account of them in future. Burrill. Syn. — A bankrupt-law, in its proper sense, is a remedy intended primarily for the benefit of creditors ; an insolvent-law, on the other hand, is chietly intended for the benefit of the debtor. Burrill. BANK ' SI-A (bangk'she-a), n. (Bot.) A genus of Australian plants; — so called after Sir Jo- seph Banks. Eng. Cyc. BANK'— STOCK, n. Money invested in the joint- stock of a bank. Tatler. BAJY'LTF.UE, n. [Fr. ; Low L. banlcuca ; ban- nus, jurisdiction, and leuca, a league.] The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Brande. bAn'NJJR, n. [Ger. banner ; It. bandiera ; Sp. ban- dera ; Fr. banniere Skinner derives this "word from the same root as band ; and Richardson suggests a similar etymology, a banner being a band, bond, or sign of union.] A piece of drapery attached to the upper part of a pole or staff ; a flag ; a standard ; a streamer.— See Standard. Terrible as an army with banners. Song of Sol. vi. 4. The star-spangled banner , O, Ion" may it wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave. Key. t BAN'NfR-AL, n. A little flag. — See Bannerol. BAN'NERED (ban'nerd), p. a. Displaying ban- ners. “ A bannered host.” Milton. BAN'Nf.R-ET, n. [Low L. banneretus ; Fr. ban- niftre, a banner, the privilege of the title being that the knight was to have a banner of his own. Cotgrave.') 1. A knight made in the field of battle ; an English dignity now nearly or quite extinct. “ Sir Richard Crofts, made banneret at Stoke, wa s a xvise man.” Camden. 2. A little banner. “The scarfs and the bannerets about thee.” Shak. bAn'NJJR-OL, n. [Fr . banderolle.) A little flag; a bandrol. — See Bandrol. Camden. bAn-NIAn' (bSn-y&n'), n. See Banian. bAN'NING, n. [See Ban.] An execration or cursing of another. P. Cyc. BAN-NI"TION (ban-n lsh'un], n. [Fr. bannir, to banish.] Expulsion ; banishment. Apb. Laud. BAN'NOCK, n. [Gael, bonnach ; Ir. bunna.) A kind of cake ; an oaten or barley cake, baked in the ashes, or toasted on a griddle. Ray. bAnn§, n. pi. [Fr. ban, proclamation. See Ban.] The proclamation in a church of an intended marriage. Tomlins. bAn'QUIJT (bana'kvvet), n. [Ger . bankett ■, Dut. bancket, from the root of bank, in the sense of bench or table, at which messmates sit and feast together; It. banchetto ; Fr .banquet.] A grand entertainment of eating and drinking ; a sump- tuous feast. Christianity allows us to use the world, provided we do not abuse it. It does not spread before us a delicious banrptet , and then come with a “ Touch not, taste not, handle not.” Syn. — See Feast. l’orteus. BAN'auiJT, n. 1. [Fr. banquette .] (Arch.) The foot-way of a bridge when raised above the car- riage-way ; — a foot-path. 2. [Fr. banquet .] (Man.) The small rod- shaped part of a bridle under the eye. Bailey. BAN'aUJJT-ING, n. Feasting. 1 Pcf. iv. 3. bAn'CIUET-ING— ROOM, n. A saloon for public entertainments. Melmoth. BANQUETTE (bang-ket'), n. [Fr.] (Fort.) A foot bank, behind a parapet, for the soldiers to mount upon when they fire. P. Cyc. bAn'SHEE, n. A kind of Irish fairy. — See Benshie. bAn'STJ-CLE (ban'stjk-kl), n. (Ich.) A small prickly fish, called also stickleback. Jamieson. BAN'TAM, n. 1. A small species of dunghill fowl, with feathered shanks, brought originally from Bantam, a town in Java. Craig. 2. A kind of painted or carved work, resem- bling that of Japan, only more gaudy. Craig. bAn'T(?R, v. a. [Of doubtful etymology.— Fr. badiner, to trifle, to jest.] [». bantered ; pp. bantering, bantered.] To rally ; to jeer ; to joke ; to ridicule pleasantly ; to play upon with humorous raillery. It is no new thing for innocent simplicity to he the subject of bantenng drolls. L' Estrange. Syn. — To banter , rally , joke , jeer , and mock are used to denote personal acts. One may banter , rally , and joke in pleasantry and good humor; lmt to jeer, mock , or ridicule imply contempt and ill will. BAN'TI^R, n. Light ridicule ; a rally ; raillery. No truth so sacred banter cannot hit. Whitehead. Where wit hath any mixture of raillery, it is but calling it banter , and the work is done. Swift. Syn. — See Ridicule. BAN'TER-ER, n. One who banters. L' Estrange. BAN'T^R-ING, n . The act of indulging in ban- ter ; raillery. Swift. BANT'LING, n. [A child born . . . before the marriage of the parents. Perhaps 6aw-telling or fome-telling. Richardson. — Bairnling , di- minutive of bairn. Johnson.'] A little child. Frocks, stockings, shoes, to grace the bantling. Prior. BAN-YAN', n. See Banian. bA'O-bAb, n. (Bot.) The Adansonia, a very large African tree ; the monkey-bread. P. Cyc. He marks the baobab's giant stem ; The aloes hard as crystal gem. P. Dupont. bApH'O-MET, n. An imaginary idol or symbol, which the Templars were accused of employing in their mysterious rites. Brande. BAP- TA- TE ' RI- UM, n. [Gr. 0itnrt Relating to baptism ; bap- BAP-TIS'TI-CAL, j tismal. Bp. Bramhall. BAP-TIS'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In a baptistical man- ner ; baptisnially. Dr. Allen. BAP-TIZ'A-BLE, a. That may be baptized ; suit- able for baptism. N. E. Elders. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — q, 9 , g, soft; £, G, c, g, hard; { J as z ; as gz. — THIS, this. Id BAPTIZATION BARBER + BAP-TJ-ZA'TION, n. The act of baptizing. “ His baptization with water.” Bp. Ilall. BAP-TlZE', v. a. [Gr. to dip or merge.] ’[(. BAPTIZED; pp. BAPTIZING, BAPTIZED.] To administer baptism to ; to immerse in water, or to sprinkle with water, in token of initiation into the Christian church ; to christen. Them who shall believe. Baptizing in the profluent stream, the sign Of washing them from guilt of sin. Milton. If he he baptized without penitence of his old guilt, he re- ceiveth the mark of baptism, but not the grace. Chaucer. BAP-TIZED' (bap-tlzd'), p. a. Haying received baptism ; christened. BAP-TIZE'MpNT, n. Act of baptizing ; baptiza- tion ; baptism, [r.] Hobhousc. CAP-TlZ'ER, n. One who baptizes or christens. BAR, n. [L. vara, a defence of timbers laid across ; or A. S. beorqan, to protect. Tooke . — It. barra ; Sp. barra ; Fr. barrek] 1. A piece of wood or metal long in propor- tion to its width, suitable to be laid across any thing as a fastening, or to hinder entrance to a passage. Then by main force pulled up, and on his shoulder bore The gates of Azza, post and massy bar. Milton. 2. Any obstacle, hinderance, or obstruction ; a barrier. Hard thou know’st it to exclude Spiritual substance with corporeal bar. Milton. \ Fatal accidents have set A most unhappy bar between your friendship. Boicc. 3. A bank of sand, sunken rocks, or other impediment to navigation, at the entrance of rivers or harbors. Braude. 4. The partition in the English Houses of Parliament, which divides from the body of the respective houses a space near the door, and beyond which none but the members and clerks are admitted. Ogilvie. 5. The area in front of the judges’ seat in courts of justice, where barristers or advocates plead ; also where prisoners accused of felony are stationed for arraignment and trial. Brandc. Some at the bar with subtilty defend. Or on the bench the knotty laws untie. Drydcn. 6. Any tribunal where cases may be tried and judgment awarded ; as, “ The bar of the House in a legislative assembly,” and figura- tively, “ The bar of public opinion.” 7. (Law.) The aggregate body of professed lawyers who are admitted to practice in the courts ; as, “ He is a member of the bar ” ; — the presence of the judges of a court either ac- tual or constructive ; thus, a trial at bar is a trial had before the full court in term, in con- tradistinction to the ordinary trial at nisiprius : — a special plea constituting a sufficient answer to an action at law. Burrill. 8. A part of a room in a tavern, or other place of common resort, enclosed by a low par- tition with a counter, at which the reckoning is received, and refreshments are sold. Addison. 9. (Com.) A solid mass of metal, as of iron, silver, or gdld, wrought into a shape that has considerably greater length than breadth. Ure. 10. (Mus.) A line drawn across the staff to mark off and bound equal measures of time ; the space included between two such lines. 11. (Her.) pi. One of the hon- orable ordinaries, consisting of two horizontal lines drawn across the escutcheon. Brando. 12. (Farriery.) The upper part of the gums of a horse, between the tusks and grinders, to which the bit is applied : — a portion of the hoof of a horse. Johnson. BAR, v. a. [i. barred ; pp. barring, barred.] 1. To fasten or secure with a bar or bolt. When you bur the window shutters, leave open tile sashes to let in air. Swift. 2. To hinder ; to obstruct; to prevent. If you cannot Bar his access to the king, never attempt Any thing on him. Shak. 3. To shut out ; to exclude. Shut from every shore, and barred from every coast. Drydcn. I am their mother; who shall bar them from me? Shak. 4. To except; to leave out. Nay, but I bar to-night; you shall not gage me By what I do to-night. Shak. 114 5. (Laic.) To cut off or destroy, as an action or claim. Ayliffe. To bar a rein, (Furriery.) to tie it above and below, after the skin lias been opened, and then strike be- tween tile ligatures. Crabb. BAR-A-LIP ' TOJV, n. (Logic.) An imperfect syl- logism, consisting of two universals and one particular affirmative proposition. Crabb. BA-RATZ’ , n. A Turkish name for a letter pa- tent given by the sultan to the grand patriarch, the bishops, &c. Crabb. BARB, n. [L., It., § Sp. barba, the beard; Fr. barbek] 1. Any thing that grows in the place of a beard, or that resembles a beard. The barbel is so called by reason of his barb or wattles at his mouth. Walton. 2. The point that projects backward in a fish- hook, or on the side of an arrow, to prevent its easy extraction. Pope. 3. (Bot.) ] l. Hairs forked at the apex, with the divisions of the fork hooked, or curved back at the point. Lindley. 4. A covering for the lower part of the face, reaching midway to the waist ; — formerly worn by nuns and widows. Chaucer. 5. (Mil.) Ancient horse-armor studded with spikes. Hayward. 6. [Contracted from Barbary. ] (Zoiilk) A horse of the Barbary breed, much esteemed for its swiftness ; — a kind of pigeon from Barbary. To fire, in barb, or en barbe, to discharge a cannon over the breastwork, instead of putting it through the loopholes. Crabb. BARB, V. a. [i. BARBED ; pp. BARBING, BARBED.] 1. t To shave. Shah. 2. To jag with hooks, as arrows. Philips. 3. To furnish with armor, as horses. A brave courser barbed and trapped. Holland. BAR'BA-CAN, n. [A. S. barbacan, an outwork ; It. barbacane ; Sp. barbacana ; Fr. barbacane.] 1. A fortification and watch-tower, placed in advance of the walls of a town. Johnson. 2. A fort with towers at the end of a bridge, or at the gateway of a walled city. Spenser. 3. An opening in the wall of a fortress through which guns are icvelled. Brande. Often written barbican. BAR-BA'DI-AN, n. A native or inhabitant of the island of Barbadoes. Ed. Rev. BAR ' BA-RA, n. (Logic.) The first word in the technical verses intended to represent the vari- ous forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syl- logism, the three propositions of which are uni- versal affirmatives. Crabb. BAR-BA'RI-AN, n. [Gr. (36p(3aoo %, foreign ; L. barbarus. “ The imitative sound of barbar was applied [by the Greeks] to the ruder tribes, whose pronunciation was most harsh, whose grammar was most defective.” Gibbon. — Bar- ber, or barbar, the native name of a part of the coast of Africa. The Egyptians, fearing and hating its inhabitants, used their name as a term of contumely and dread, in which sense it passed to the Greeks, and from them to the Ilomans. Bruce.] 1. t A foreigner. “ I would they were bar- barians, not Romans.” Shak. 2. A man uncivilized ; a savage. The wild barbarian in the storm expired. Addison. 3. A term of reproach for a person without pity ; a brutal monster. Philips. BAR-BA'Rj-AN, a. 1. Savage ; uncivilized. “ A barbarian slave.” Shak. 2. Cruel ; inhuman ; as, “Barbarian ferocity.” BAR-BAR'IC, a. [Gr. Pap/Sapinos, foreign ; L. bar- oaricits. \ 1. Foreign ; far-fetched. The gorgeous east, with richest hand. Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold. Milton. 2. Uncivilized ; barbarous ; barbarian. The pure Ramon language was corrupted by barbaric or Gothic invaders. ’ Warton. BAR'BA-RlSM, n. [Gr. flnp(lapiapti;.] 1. Ignorance of arts ; want of learning. “ Times of barbarism and ignorance.” Drydcn. 2. Brutality ; savageness of manners ; inci- vility. Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism to ci- vility, and tallen again to ruin. Davies. 3. (Rhetk) An offence against purity of lan- guage, by the use of uncouth, antiquated, or improper words ; an unauthorized word or in- flection. rile Greeks were the first that hrnndcd a foreign term in any of their writers with the odious uanic of barbarism. Dr. Campbell. Syn. — Barbarism, solecism , and impropriety are terms of rhetoric, and denote some fault or offence in the use of language. Barbarism relates to single words ; impropriety, to words and phrases ; solecism, to the construction of words. “ The barbarism says Dr. Campbell, “ is an offence against etymology, the solecism against syntax, the impropriety against lexicography.” BAR-BAR'I-TY, n. 1. Savageness ; incivility: — cruelty ; inhumanity. “ Rudeness . . . reproach, and barbarity.” Clarendon. 2. f Impurity of speech ; barbarism. “ That . . . which the barbarity and narrowness of mod- ern tongues cannot supply.” Drydcn. BAR'BAR-IZE, v. a. To reduce to barbarism; to make barbarous ; to corrupt. Burke. BAR'BAR-IZE, v. n. To commit a barbarism. “Bar- barizing against the . . . Greek idiom.” Milton. BAR'BAR-OUS, a. [L. barbarus ; It. § Sp. bar- baro ; Fr. barbare.) 1. Unacquainted with the arts ; uncivilized ; savage. A barbarous country must be broken by war before it he capable of government. Davies. 2. Cruel ; ferocious ; inhuman. By their barbarous usage, he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew him. Clarendon. 3. f Foreign. The trappings of his horse embossed with barbarous gold. Lry ten. 4. Contrary to good use in language ; as, “ A barbarous expression.” Campbell. Syn. — See Cruel, Inhuman.. BAR'BAR-OUS-LY, ad. In a barbarous manner. BAR'B AR-OFS-NESS, n. State of being barbarous. BAR'BA-RY, n. A Barbary horse ; a barb. “ Thin- buttocked, like your . . . barbaries.” Beau, fy PI. BAR ' BAS- TELLE, n. [Fr.] A small kind of bat ; Plccotus barbastellus. Brande. BAR'BATE, a. [L. barbatusk] (Bot.) Bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs ; bearded. Gray. BAR'BAT-ED [biir-bat'ed, Ja. K. Maunder-, bar'- bat-ed, Sm. R. Wbk], a. Jagged with points ; bearded. “ A dart . . . barbated.” Warton. BAR'Bf.-CUE, n. [Of uncertain etymology. Thomson gives biaribi, a word of the South American Indians, signifying roasted k] 1. A hog dressed whole in the AVest-Indian manner. Johnson. — Now applied to an ox or other large animal dressed whole. 2. An entertainment at which an ox or other large animal is served up whole. BAR'BIJ-CUE, V. a. [?. BARBECUED ; pp. BARBE- CUING, barbecued.] To dress a large animal whole, as a hog, an ox, &c. “ A whole hog barbecued.” Pope. BARBED (bhrb'ed or bithd), p. a. 1. Bearded; jagged. “ Arrows barbed with fire.” Milton. 2. Clad in armor. “ Barbed steeds.” Shak. BAR'BEL (bar'bl), n. [L. barba, a beard ; Fr. barbel.] 1. (Ich.) A fresh - water fish, so called from the ap- pendages at its mouth termed barbels. Brande. Barbel. 2. pi. Small cylindrical vermiform processes appended to the mouth of some fishes. Brande. 3. pi. (Farriery.) Knots of superfluous flesh in the mouth of a horse ; barbies. Johnson. BAR' BEL-LATE, a. [Fr .barbelek] (Bot.) Noting bristles of the pappus of some composite plants, when beset with short stiff hairs. Gray. BAR'Bf.R, n. [L. barba, the beard.] One whose occupation it is to shave the beard and cut or dress the hair. Wotton. A, E, T, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, 5, J, O, U, Y, obscure. — FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; BARBER 115 BAR-IRON BAR'Bp.R, v. a. To dress out by shaving the beard or cutting the hair. Shak. BAR'BfKED, p. a. Dressed by a barber. Shak. BAR'B£R-ESS, n. A woman barber. Minsheu. BAR'Bf.R— MON-6 JJR (bar'ber-mung-|er), n. A man decked out by his barber ; a fop. Shale. BAR'B1JR-RY, «• [Ar. berberys ; Mod. L. berbe- ris ; Sp. berbcro.] A shrub and its acid fruit ; pepperidge. Farm. Ency. BAR'BER-Si)R' a [Gr. fiamhicis, royal.] 1. BA-slL'I-CAL, ^ (Anat.) Chief; principal; — ap- plied by the ancients to parts which they con- ceived to be important in the animal economy ; as, “ The basilic vein of the arm.” Dunglison. 2. ( Med .) A term applied to ointments, &c., supposed to be of great virtue. Dunglison. BA-flL 'J-CA, n. ; pi. BA-flD r-CA.y. [Gr. (Samhicfi, a royal mansion ; L. basilica..] 1. (Gr. & Rom. Arch.) A regal or large hall for public business. Brande. 2. (Mod. Arch.) A magnificent church, built after the plan of the ancient basilica which was used for secular purposes. Brande. 3. [ Basil I., Emperor of Constantinople.] A digest of the laws of Justinian, translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order of Basil I., in the ninth century. P. Cyc. BA-flL' I-COJV, n. [Gr. Pamkixus, royal.] (Med.) An ointment of great virtue, composed of yellow wax, black pitch, and resin, of each one part, and of olive oil. Quincy. BAS-l-Lln' I-ajvs, n. pi. (Eccl. Hist.) A sort of heretics, Followers of Basilides, chief of the Egyptian gnostics. Hook. BA.^'I-LISK, n. [Gr. 0aai/.iiJKos ; (iamlibs, a king; L. basiliscus.] 1. A fabulous serpent, so named, according to Pliny, from a white spot upon its head which resembled a crown ; and from a mod- ern fiction that it sprang from a cock’s egg it was called also cockatrice. P. Cyc. 2. (Zo'.'jI.) A genus of reptiles belonging to the Iguanian family, and distinguished by an elevated fin or crest along the back. Brande. 3. (Mil.) A large species of ordnance, so named from its supposed resemblance in deadly effect to the serpent of that name. Buchanan. BAS-I-LO-SAU' RUS, n. [Gr. fiaml.U a king, and aat'pos, a lizard.] (Pal.) A large fossil mammal related to the whale. Pictet. BAS'IL— WEED, n. (Bot.) Wild basil; a plant of the genus Clinopodium or Calamintha. Gray. BA'SIN (ba'sn), n. [It. bacino ; Fr. bassin.] 1. A small vessel, hollowed out circularly, to hold water or other liquid. Let one attend him with a silver basin F nil of rose-water. Shale. 2. A pond; a bay; any enclosed place capa- ble of holding water, as a dock for ships. The jutting land two ample bays divides; The spacious basins arching rocks enclose, A sure defence from every storm that blows. Pope. 3. (Anat.) A round cavity in the form of a tunnel between the anterior ventricles of the brain. Johnson. 4. (Arts & Mail.) A dish used by glass- makers in forming convex glasses: — an iron mould used by hatters : — the scale of a bal- ance. Johnson. 5. (Phys. Geog.) The portion of a country drained by a river and its tributaries. Brande. 6 . (Geol.) A depression of strata in which accumulations of more modern date are depos- ited. “ The Parisian basin." “ The London basin.” Brande. liSP Sometimes written bason-, but this spelling is less authorized. BA'SINED (ba'snd), a. Enclosed in a basin. Thy basined rivers and imprisoned seas. Young: BAS'I-NET, n. See Bascinet. BA 'SIN-SHAPED (ba'sn-slrapt), a. Having the form of a basin. P. Cyc. BA'SIS, n.\ pi. ba'ses. [Gr. Pams, step, founda- tion ; jS'i hit), to go, to walk ; L. basis ; It. Sp. basa ; F r. base. — SeeBASE.] 1. A base ; a foundation ; that on which any thing is raised. In altar wise a stately pile they rear; The basis broad below, and top advanced in air. Dryden. 2. The pedestal of a column. Observing an English inscription upon the basis, we read it over several times. Addison. 3. Groundwork ; first principle. Build me thy fortune upon the basis of valor. Shak. 4. (Pros.) The smallest trochaic rhythm. 5. (Chon.) Abase. — SeeBASE. 6 . (Med.) The principal ingredient in a com- position. Dunglison. Syn. — See Foundation. BA-SlS'O-LUTE, a. [L. basis, base, and solvo, solutus, to loosen.] (Bot.) Prolonged at the base, as some leaves. Brande. BASK, v. a. [Perhaps Dut. bakeren, to swathe an infant before the fire or in the sun. Skinner.] [». BASKED ; pp. BASKING, BASKED.] To Warm by laying out in the sun or in heat. And, stretched out all the chimney’s length, Basks at the fire his hairy strength. Milton. bAsk, v. n. To lie in the sun or in warmth. Some in the fields of purest ether play, And bask and whiten in the blaze of day. Pope. bAs'KF.T, n. [L. bascauda. — Welsh, basged.] 1. A vessel made of twigs, rushes, or other flexible materials interwoven. And bending osiers into baskets weaved. Dryden. 2. The quantity of any thing contained in a full basket ; as, “ A basket of peaches.” 3. (Arch.) Part of the Corinthian capital. — See Acanthus. Brande. 4. (Mil.) A cylindrical frame of wicker-work, bottomless, filled with sand, and used as a de- fence against small shot; a gabion. Campbell. bAs'KJJT, v. a. To put in a basket. Cowper. bAs'K^T— HILT, n. A hilt of a weapon, so made as to cover the whole hand. With basket-hilt that would hold broth, And serve for fight and dinner both. Hudibras. bAs'K£T-HILT'ED, a. Having a basket-hilt. BAs'Kf.T— WO'MAN (-wum'an), n. A woman who plies at markets with a basket. Johnson. bAsK'ING— SHARK, n. A species of Squalus or shark ; the largest of the shark tribe ; the sun- fish of the Irish ; — so named from the fact that it lies much on the surface of the water, basking in the sun. Crabb. f BAS'LARD, n. A short dagger hung in front of the girdle, in the fifteenth century. It had an ornamental sheath, and was considered a mark of gentility. — Written also baselard. Fairholt. BASQUE (bask), a. [Fr.] Relating to Biscay, or to the language of the natives of Biscay. Bosworth. BAS'QUISII (b&s'kjsli), a. Basque. Browne. BASS (bis), n. [A. S. beers, a perch ; Ger. Jars.] (Ich.) A name applied to various marine and fresh-water fishes more or less allied to the perch. Gray. BASS, n. [A. S. beest, the bark of the lime tree ; Dut. £> so ft i £, Oj £> §> hard; § as z; ^ as gz. — THIS, this. BAWBLE 122 BEACON BAW'BLE, n. [Low L. baubella ; Fr. babiole ; but Spcbnan suggests Fr. beau-belle, masculine and feminine adjectives for pretty.} 1. t A short stick, having a head with an ass’s ears fantastically carved upon it. Nares. 2. A trifling piece of finery of more show than use ; a trinket ; a gewgaw ; a trifle. Swift. t BAW'BLING, a. Trifling; contemptible. Shale. t BAW'COCK, n. [ Johnson suggests Fr. beau, fine, and Eng. cock.} A fop. Shah. BAWD, n. [Old Fr. baude, bold, riotously joy- ous.] A procurer ; a procuress. Shah. t BAWD, v. a. To foul; to dirty. Skelton. BAWD, v. n. To procure for vice ; to pander to licentiousness. Spectator. R.AWD'BORN, p. a. Descended of a bawd. Shak. BAW'DI-LY, ad. Obscenely ; filthily. Johnson. BAW'DI-NESS, n. Obsceneness ; lewdness. BAWD'— MON'E Y, n. A plant having leaves as fine as hairs; Meum atliamanticum. Loudon. BAW'DRICK, n. A belt. — See Balduicic. BAW'DRY, n. 1. Procuration for purposes of lust. L’ Estrange. 2. Obscene language or conduct. Bp. Hall. BAWD'SHIP, n. The office of a bawd. Ford. BAW'DY, a. Filthy ; obscene ; lewd. Shak. B.AW'DY— HOUSE, n. A house used for lewdness and prostitution ; a brothel. Dennis. B.AWK, n. A cross-beam in the roof of a house, which unites and supports the rafters ; a tie- beam. — See Balk. Clarke. BAWL, v. n. [L. halo, to bleat; A. S. bcllan-, Ger. bellen, to bellow ; W. ballaro, to shout.] [t. BAWLED ; pp. BAWLING, BAWLED.] 1. To make vehement or clamorous outcries ; to hoot ; to shout. They bawl for freedom in their senseless mood, And still revolt when truth would set them free. Milton. 2. To cry as a froward child. A little child was bawling, and a woman chiding it. L' Estrange. BAWL, v. a. To proclaim as a crier. It grieved me when I saw labors which had cost so much bawled about by common hawkers. Swift. BAWL, n. A vehement clamor; an outcry, rope. BAWL'JJR, n. One who bawls. Echard. B.AWL'ING, n. The act of crying aloud ; the loud crying of a child. If they were never suffered to have what they cried for they would never with bawling and peevishness contend for mastery. Locke. t BAWiV, n. [Irish, properly from Goth, bauan, to dwell ; Ger. bauen, to build a habitation.] 1. A fortified square, in which the people used to meet for the settlement of differences between parties and townships. Spenser. 2. An enclosure with mud or stone walls for securing cattle at night. Todd. 3. A large house. Swift. B.AVY'REL, 7i. A kind of hawk like a linnet, but having a longer body antbtail. Crabb. BAW'ijIN, 7i. A badger : — written also bawso7i. Ilis mittens were of bawson's skin. Drayton. BAX-TE'RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Richard Bax- ter, or to his doctrines. Ch. Ob. BAX-TE'RI-AN, n. ( Eccl . Hist.) A follower of Richard Baxter. Ch. Ob. BAY (ba), a. [L. badius, chestnut-colored ; It. bajo ; Sp. bayo ; Old Fr. ba ye ; Fr. bai.] Brown or reddish, approaching to chestnut color ; — spoken of a horse. “ To ride on a bay trotting horse.” Shak. BAY (ba), 7i . ; pi. bay§. [A. S. bugan, to bend, to bow; It. baja ; Sp. bahia ; Fr. bale.} 1. Any inlet of the sea, large or small, bound- ed by a curved shore ; as, “ The Bay of Bis- cay”; “ Hudson’s Bay.” Ilere in a royal bed the waters sleep ; When tired at sea, within this bay they creep. Drytlen. 2. An opening or recess in a room or other place caused by the bend of a boundary line. 3. ( Mech .) A pond head made high to keep in water for the supply of a mill. Johnson. 4. (Arch.) [Dut. bayc.} A low, enclosed place in a barn, in which corn or hay is deposited ; — a space left in a wall for a door : — a compart- ment between the ribs of a groined roof: — a compartment between two principal posts or beams, or between two buttresses : — a part of a window between the mullions. Crabb. Syn. — See Gulp. BAY (ba), 7%. [Fr. bayc, a berry, from L. bacca. 1. f A berry, as of the laurel. “The bays, or berries, that it beareth.” Holland. 2. The laurel tree ( Laurus nobilis), of which were made crowns or garlands, such as reward- ed the victor in ancient games ; bay-tree. IIow will a man endure all painful abstinence in order to the obtaining of a corruptible crown, a fading garland of Lays ! Barrow. BAY (ba), n. [Old Fr. abai, the barking of a dog; aux abois, at the last extremity ; or abbayer, to expect to wait.] The state of being pursued by enemies and obliged to stop and face them through impossibility of escape ; a state of be- ing kept off, or of detention and expectancy. Nor flight was left, nor hopes to force his way; Emboldened by despair, he stood at bay. Dryden. The Troian chief, who, held at bay, from far On his Vulcanian orb sustained the war. Dryden. B.AY (ba). v. 7i. [Fr .aboyer, to bark at, to revile.] To bark as a dog at a thief, or at his game. The wakeful dogs did never cease to bay. Spenser. BAY (ba), v. a. To bark at. I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon, than such a Ro- man. Shak. When in the wood of Crete they bayed the boar With hounds of Sparta. Shak. BA'YA-DERE, 7i. [Port, bailadera, a female dancer.] An East-Indian dancing girl. Smart. BAY'ARD, n. 1. [Old Fr. bayart.} Abay horse; applied also to any horse, and particularly to a blind horse, often mentioned in old romances. “ As bold as is Bayard the blind.” Chaucer. “ Bayard, the blind steed.” Goivcr. 2. [Old Fr. bayard ; Fr. bayeur ; baye.r, to gape.] fOne who gapes or gazes earnestly at a thing ; an unmannerly beholder. B. Jonso/i. f BA Y'ARD-LY, a. Blind ; stupid. “ A blind cre- dulity, a bayardly confidence.” Bp. Taylor. BAY'BIJR-RY, 7i. 1. The fruit of the bay-tree ( Laurus nobilis). Craig. 2. The wax-myrtle, — an American shrub that bears a berry covered with a wax-like coating ; Myrica cerifera. Gray. BAY -CHER R\ , ) A popular evergreen ( Pru - BAY— LAU'RpL, ) 7ius lauro-cerasus) ; — called also poiso7i laurel. Buchanan. BAYED (bad), a. Having bays, as a barn. Drayton. BAY'ING, 71. The barking of a dog. Hall. BAY'— LEAP, 71. The leaf of the bay or laurel. BAY'O-NET [ba'o-net, J. F. K. R. ; ba'yun-et, IF. P. Ja. Sm. ; bag'o-nut, S.], n. [Fr. bay07inette , so named from having been first made at Ba- yonne in the middle of the 17th century.] A short, triangular sword or dagger, so made as to be fixed upon the end of a musket. Brandc. “ Frequently pronounced bag'p-net, chiefly by the vulgar.” Walker. Bayonet clutch, (Mcch.) a clutch with two prongs for engaging and disengaging machinery. Francis. BAY'O-NET, v. a. To stab with the bayonet. Troops to sabre and bayonet us into submission. Burke. BAYOU (bl'o or bl'o), n. [Fr. boiyau, a gut or bowel.] An offshoot of a river ; an outlet of a lake ; — a small river or creek. Baldwin. [Used in Louisiana and some neighboring states.] BAY'-SALT, it. [From Bayonne (Butler, Eng. Gram. 1633), or the Bay of Biscay, where this kind of salt was formerly made ; or the large, shallow pits (bays), in which the water was evaporated. Branded} Common salt, as ob- tained by solar evaporation of sea water. BAY'— TREE, n. A small evergreen tree ; the laurel of antiquity ; Laurus nobilis. Loudon. BAY'-W!n'DOW (ba'win'do), n. (Arch.) A win- dow of a curved or polygonal form, made in the projecting part of a bay, or recess, in the room, and having its base on the ground ; — called also bow-window. — See Bay. Shak. This term, in its origin, had reference, in the opinion of Mr. Nares, to a principal division in a building between the beams, and not to its resem- blance to a bay or a coast ; “ for,” he says, “ it was usually square.” And Mr. Tyrwhitt, in his Glossary to Chaucer, says it was “probably so called because it occupied a whole bay, i. e. the space between two cross-beams.” “ An oriel window ,” says Francis, “ is a window of similar shape, but unconnected with the ground, being supported by brackets.” BAY'— YARN, n. Woollen yarn. Chambers. B.AYZE, n. See Baize. BA-ZAAR ' (ba-zar'), n. [Per., traffic, or merchan- dise ; Sp. o-mond', Ja. ; ho- mond' or bo'mSng', K.], n. [Fr. beau, fine, fair, and monde, world.] The gay or fashionable world. “ She courted the beau-monde.” Prior. BEAU-MONT'ITE (bo-inont'lt), n. (Min.) A hy- drosilicate of copper. Jackson. t BEAU-PEER', 01 - BEAU'-PERE (bo-), n. [Fr. beau, and A. S . fera, a companion.] A good companion or friend. “The snlnts witli tt.ir beau-peers." The saints with their Fletcher. BEAU— PLEAD'ER (bo-), n. [Old Fr. beau-plaidcr .] (Eng. Law.) Literally, fair pleading ; but, in reality, specious or false pleading; — formerly punished with a fine. Crabb. BEAU'SHJP (bo'shtp), n. The character and quality of a beau: — the humorous title of a man of fashion. “ What his beauship says.” Dryden. II BEAU'TE-OUS [Im'tc-us, P. J. Ja. R. ; bu'tyus, E. F. K. ; bu'chus, S. ; bu'che-us, IF. ; bu'te-us or but'yus, Sm.], a. [Fr. beaute, beauty.] Fair; beautiful. [Seldom used in prose.] I can, Petruehio, help thee to a wife, With wealth enough, and young, and beauteous. Shak. II BEAU-TE-OUS-LY (bu'te-us-le), ad. In a beau- teous manner. Bp. Taylor. II BEAU'TE-Ol’S-NESS (bu'te-ns-nes), ?). Beauty. “ Less virtue and less beciutcousness.” Donne. BEAU'TJ-Fl-pR (hu'te-fl-er), n. He who, or that which, beautifies. Costard. BEAU'TI-FUL (bu'te-ful), a. Having the quali- ties that constitute beauty ; pleasing to the eye, to the ear, or to the mind ; symmetrical ; fair ; handsome; fine; pretty; becoming; graceful; elegant. The most important part of painting is to know what is most beautiful in nature; that which is most beautiful is the most noble subject. Dryden. Syn. — Beautiful, handsome , pretty, fine, fair, and graceful are all terms applied to wliat is pleasing, es pecially to the eye; but of these epithets, beautiful is the strongest and most comprehensive, and it is very variously applied to whatever is to he loved or ad- mired ; as, A beautiful woman ; beautiful scenery; a beautiful poem; a beautiful sentiment, thought, &.c. ; a handsome man ; a handsome building ; a handsome performance ; a pretty child ; a fine lady ; a fine pros- pect ; a fair lady ; a fair complexion ; a graceful manner. BEAU'TI-FUL-LY (bu'te-ful-le), ad. In a beauti- ful manner. “Beautifully diversified.” Melmoth. BEAU'TI-FUL-NESS (hu'te-ful-nes), n. Beauty. “ Innate . . . beautifulness of virtue.” Tidily well . BEAU'TI-FY (bu'te-fi), v. a. [Fr. bcaute , beauty, and L. facio , to make ; Old Fr. bcautifer.'] [i. BEAUTIFIED ; pp. BEAUTIFYING, BEAUTIFIED.] MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9, . a. To befool ; to deceive. Chaucer. BED'OU-lN§, n. pi. [Ar. bedouai, wanderers.] Tribes of nomadic Arabs who live in tents, and are scattered over Arabia, Egypt, and other parts of Africa. Ed. Ency. BED'PAN, n. A utensil for a person confined to his bed by sickness. Garth. f BED'PIIEER, n. [A. S. bed, and fera, a com- panion.] A bedfellow. B. Jonson. BED'PLATE, n. (Mech.) The foundation-plate of an engine, a lathe, &c. Ogilvic. BED'POST, n. A post at the corner of a bed. BED'PRESS-ER, n. A heavy, lazy fellow. Shak. BED'CUILT, n. A coverlet or counterpane, quilt- ed with cotton wool or eider down. IP'. Ency. BE-DRAG'GLE, v. n. To soil in the dirt. Swift. BE-DRENCII', v. a. To drench ; to soak. Shak. BED'RID, a. [A. S. bedridda.) Confined to the bed by age or sickness ; bedridden. Shak. BED'RID-DEN (bed'rld-dn), a. Confined to the bed ; bedrid. Paleg. BED'RlTE, n. The privilege of the marriage bed. Whose vows arc that no bedrite shall be paid. Shak. BED'ROOM, n. A room to sleep in. Todd. BE-DROP', v. a. To besprinkle. Chaucer. BED'SIDE, n. The side of the bed. Middleton. BED'STAff, n. A wooden pin formerly stuck into each side of a bedstead to hold the clothes from slipping. B. Jonson. BED'STEAD (bed'sted), il. A frame on which a bed is placed. Swift. BED'STEP, n. A step for ascending a bed so high as to require it. IK. Ency. BED'STR AW, n. 1. The straw used for beds. Bacon. 2. (Bot.) An odoriferous deciduous trailing plant, formerly used to strew beds with ; cheese- rennet bedstraw ; Galium verum. Loudon. BED'SWERV-F.R, n. One who is false to the nuptial bed or to marriage vows. “ She is a bedswerver.” Shak. BED'TICK, n. A case to hold the feathers of a bed. Pennant. BED'TIME, n. Time of going to bed. Shak. BE-DUCK', v. a. To put under water. Spenser. BE-DUNG', v. a. To manure with dung ; to defile. “ Bedunged with calumny and filth.’’ Puller. f BE-DUSK', v. a. To smutch. Cotgrave. BE-DUST', v. a. To cover with dust. Sherwood. BED'wARD, ad. Towards bed. Shak. BE-DWARF', v. a. To make dwarfish. Donne. BED'WORK (bed'wurk), n. Work done in bed; secret planning; — opposed to open action. “ Bedwork, mappery, closet-war.” Shak. BE-DYE' (be-dl'), v. a. To stain. Spenser. BEE, n. [A. S. beo ; Dut. bie ; Sw. bi ; Ger. bienc.) 1. An insect that makes honey and wax. It belongs to the genus Apis, which contains nu- merous species. The bee, amongst the flowers in spring, is one of the most cheerful objects that can be looked upon. l'aley. So work the honey bees. Creatures that by a ruling nature teach The art of order to a peopled kingdom. Shak. 2. A social gathering of persons to do a job of work gratuitously, or to contribute articles of necessity for the benefit of one individual or of a family. [Canada and U. S.] Bartlett. 3. pi. (Xaut.) Pieces of plank bolted to the outer end of the bowsprit, to reeve the fore- topmast stays through. Dana. BEE'— BIRD, n. (Ornith.) The spotted fly-catcher ; Muscicapa gmsola ; — so called from its catch- ing bees. Yarrell. BEE'— BREAD, n. The pollen of flowers collected by bees, as food for their young. Crabb. BEECH, n. [A. S. bece or boc ; Ger. biiche; Dut. bucche.) A well-known forest-tree, which bears a triangular fruit or nut ; Fayas. There, at the foot of yonder nodding beech , That wreathes its old* fantastic roots so high. Gray. BEECII'EN (be'chn), a. Belonging to the beech ; made of beech. “ Bcechen vessels.” Congreve. BEECII'gAlL, n. An excrescence on the leaf of a beech, containing the maggot of a fly. Ash. BEECII'mAsT, n. The fruit of the beech ; — called also beechnut. Booth. BEECIl'NUT, n. Beechmast. Craig. BEECII'OIL, n. An oil made of beechmast. Ash. BEECH'Y, a. Made of beech ; consisting of beech. “ A beecliy garland.” Fletcher. BEE-EAT'ER,n. (Ornith.) A bird that feeds upon bees ; Merops apiaster. — See M jeropinje. Gray. BEEF, n. [Gr. jGoCs ; L. bos, bovis; Fr. boeuf a bull, an ox, or a cow.] 1. The flesh of neat-cattle, or of bulls, oxen, and cows. Or give us of your brawn, if ye have any, Bacon, or beef, or such thing as ye find.' Chaucer. 2. f A bull, ox, or cow These arc the beasts which ye shall eat: the beef, the sheep, and the goat. l)eut. xiv. 4. Trans, of 1758. 3. pi. BiiEvn?. Oxen, bulls, and cows con- sidered as fit for food. Ye shall offer at your own will n male without blemish of the beeves , of the sheep, or of the goats. Lev. xxii. ID. BEEF, a. Consisting of the flesh of black-cattle, or neat-cattle. “ A beefsteak and . . ale.” Swift. BEEF'— EAT-ER (b£f£-ter), n. 1. An eater of beef : — -a stout, hearty, fat fellow. 2. [Fr. buffetier, an officer or servant who at- tended at the buffet or sideboard.] A yeoman of the King of England’s guard. Johnson. 3. ( Ornith.) An African bird, so termed from its habit of taking from the backs of cattle the larvae of insects; Buphaga Africana. — See Buphaginaj. Brando. BEEF'ING, n. A bullock fit for slaughter. [Lo- cal, English.] Halliwell. BEE'-FLOVV-ER, n. (Bot.) A species of the plant foolstones ; Ophrys apifera. Loudon. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, S6N ; BULL, BUR, ROLE. — C, soft; C, G, £, |, hard; § as i ; ^ as gz. — THIS, this. BEEFSTEAK 128 BEGGARLY BEEF'STEAIv, n. A slice or steak of beef broiled, or for broiling. Garrick. f BEEF'-YVlT-TpD, a. Dull; stupid. “Thou mongrel, beef-witted lord ! ” Shak. BEEF'-VVOOD (-wud), n. The wood of an Au- stralian tree. It is of a reddish color, hard and close-grained, and used chiefly for fine. orna- mental work. Craig. BEE'-GAR-DEN (be'gar-dn), n. A place for bee- hives ; an apiary. Mortimer . BEE'-GLUE, n. A substance with which bees cement the combs to the hives and close up the cells ; — called also propolis. Buchanan. BEE'HIVE, n. A box or case for keeping bees. Or rob the beehive of its golden hoard. Ticket l. BEE'-HOUSE, n. A house or repository for bees ; an apiary. Goldsmith. BEELD, or BIELD, n. [A. S. behlidan, to cover.] Shelter; protection; refuge. [North of Eng- land and Scotland.] This is our beeld the blustering winds to shun. Fairfax. But thou beneath the random bicld O' clod or stane. Bums. BEE'-UNE, n. A straight or right line, such as bees take in returning to the hive. Robb. Bf-EL'Zp-BUB, n. [Heb. 3^3] 353 , Baal-zcbub. fly-god, i. e. destroyer of flies.] A god of the Philistines, who had a famous temple at Ek- ron ; the prince of the evil angels or demons ; Satan. Robinson. EEE'— MAS-TIJR, n. One who keeps bees. “They that are bee-masters.” Mortimer. t BEE'MOL, n. (Mus.) A semitone. — See Bemol. There be intervenient in the rise of eight, in tones, two beemolSy or half-notes. Bacon. BEE 1 — MOTH, n. An insect pernicious to bees ; — called also the wax-moth. Harris. BEEN (bln) [bln, S. IF. J. Sin. Wb. ; ben, P. F. Ja. K. if.], p. from the verb be. — Been as well as ben was anciently used as a verb in the pres- ent tense, instead of be. Such earthly metals soon consumed been. Sjienscr. BEE’NEL, n. An evergreen tree of Malabar, the leaves of which are good for the headache. Crabb. BEER, n. [A. S.beor, here, barley; Ger. § Dut. bier, beer; Fr. biire.'] 1. A fermented liquor, chiefly made of malt and hops. Brande. 2. A fermented liquor made from an infusion of roots and herbs with molasses or sugar ; as, “ Spruce-fieer,” &c. — See Spruce-beer. BEER'— BAR-R1JL, n. A barrel which holds beer. BEER'— GLASS, n. A glass for beer. Iludibras. BEER'— H'iUSE, n. A house where beer is sold. BEER'— MLA.s-l’RE (ber'mezh-ur), n. The meas- ure by which beer is sold. Ash. BF.ER'-SHOP, n. A shop where beer is sold ; a beer-house ; an ale-house. Ec. Rev. BEEST'JNG^., n. pi. Sec Biestings. BEES' WAX, n - The substance which forms the cells of bees. Ure. BEET, n. [L. beta ; Ger. beete ; Dut . biet ; Fr. bette .] A plant and its sweet esculent root, of the genus Beta, of which there are several vari- eties. The two most common are the red and white beet, extensively cultivated in gardens. The latter is raised in great abundance in France a ad Germany, for the sugar which it yields. Loudon. BEE'TLE i. [A. S. bitl, or bytl, a mallet.] 1. A heavy mallet or wooden hammer. By the help of wedges and beetles, an image is cleft out of the trunk of some well-grown tree. Stillmgfieet. 2. [A. S. betl, or bitel.\ ( Ent .) An insect hav- ing horny fore wings ; a coleopterous insect, of which there are many species ; Scarabceus. The poor beetle that we tread upon, In corporal sufferance, finds a pang as great As when a giant dies. Shak. BEE'TLE, v. n. To jut out; to hang over. Or to the dreadful summit of the clifF That beetles o'er his base into the sea. Shak. BEE'TLE-BLIND, a. Blind as a beetle. Mirror. BEE'TLE— BROW, n. A prominent brow. “ His blobber lips and beetle-brows.” Dryden. BEE'TLE— BROWED (bfi'tl-brbud), a. Having prominent brows. Howell. BEE'TLE— HEAD, n. A stupid fellow. Craig. BEE'TLE— HEAD-F.D (be'tl-hed-ed), a. Having a large or thick head ; loggerheaded ; stupid ; dull. “ Beetle-headed, flap-eared knave.” Shak. BEE'TLE— STOCK, n. The handle of a beetle. “ A beetle-stock of thy master’s will.” Spenser. BEET'LTNG, p. a. Jutting out. Craig. BEET RAD-ISII, > n p? r> j etterave.] A sort of red BEET'RAVE, J beet ; Beta vulgaris. Loudon. BEEVE1J (liGvz), n. ; pi. of beef. Bulls, oxen, and cows, as fit for food. — See Beef. B1J-FALL', v. a. [A. S. befcallen, to happen.] [l. BEFELL ; pp. BEFALLING, BEFALLEN.] To betide ; to happen to ; to overtake. Plato lays it down as a principle, that whatever is permit- ted to befall a just man shall eitlier, in life or death, conduce to his good. Spectator. BE-FALL', v. n. To happen ; to take place. O, let me stay, befall what may befall. Shak. BF.-FIT', V. a. [i. BEFITTED ; pp. BEFITTING, BE- FITTED.] To be suitable or proper for ; to suit ; to fit ; to become. I will bring you where she sits Clad in splendor, as befits Her deity. Milton. B^-FIT'TING, p. a. Becoming ; suitable ; fit ; proper. “ Robes befitting his degree.” Drayton. BF-FLAt'TF.R, v. a. To cajole by flattery ; to ply with flattery. Qu. Rev. BE-FI.OW'FR, v. a. To besprinkle with eruptions or spots. Hobbes. BIJ-FOAM', v. a. To cover with foam. Eusden. Bp-FOG', v. a. To involve in fog. Irving. BB-FOOL', v. a. To infatuate ; to make a fool of. Jeroboam thought policy the best piety, though in nothing more befooled. South . Bf-FORE', prep. [A. S. beforan .] 1. Preceding in space.' Who shall go Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire. Milton. 2. Preceding in time ; prior to. And there was no day like that before it or after it. Josh. x. 14. 3. Preceding in rank, dignity, or worth. John bare witness of him, saying, lie that cometli after me is preferred before me; for he was before me. John i. 15. 4. In the presence of; face to face with. lie dressed himself in his best habit to appear before his patron. Dryden. 5. Under the cognizance of, for trial, for judgment, or for some purpose of legal jurisdic- tion. Both parties shall come before the judge. Exod. xxii. 9. 6. Near to the front of; as, “ Before the desk ” ; “ Before the fire.” Before the wind , (Naut.) moving in the direction of the wind, so as to be impelled by its full force. B If, -FORE', ad. 1. In the direction of the front. Joab saw that the battle was against him before and behind. 2 Sam. x. 9. 2. In advance ; farther onward. Thou ’rt so far before. The swiftest wing of recompense is slow To overtake thee. Shak. 3. In time past; formerly ; of old. The Lord gave Job twice ns much as he had before. Job xlii. 10. You tell me, mother, what I knew before. Dryden. 4. To a certain time mentioned ; hitherto. Lulled in her ease and undisturbed before. Dryden. Bp-FORE'— CIT-^D, a. Cited or mentioned be- fore. Dr. Allen. t BIJ-FORE'— GO-ING, a. Preceding. Milton. Bip-FORE'HAND, ad. In a state of anticipation or preoccupation ; previously. By laying down this good foundation beforehand , all things went forward in due course. Drake. Bp-FORE'HAND, a. Supplied with an accumu- lation of property ; forehanded. Stranger’s house is at this time rich and much tjrforehanrl ; for it hath laid up revenue these thirty-seven years. Bacon. BJJ-FORE'— MEN-TIONED, a. Mentioned before. Bp-FORF/TIME, ad. Formerly; before. He that is now called a prophet was ieforetime called a seer. 1 Sam. ix. 9. f B5-FORN', prep. & ad. Before. Fairfax. f BJJ-FORT'UNE (be-fort'yun), v.n. To happen to. I wish all good befortune you. Shak. BJJ-FOUL', v. a. [A. S .befglan.\ To make foul; to soil ; to pollute ; to foul. Todd. BE-FREC'KLE (-frek'lcl), v.a. To freak; to color with various spots. “ Hillock . . . with . . . primroses befreckled.” Fletcher. BIJ-FRIEND' (be-frend'), V. a. \i. BEFRIENDED ; pp. BEFRIENDING, BEFRIENDED.] To act as a friend to ; to be kind to ; to favor. Be thou the first true merit to befriend ; His praise is lost who stays till ail commend. rope. Bf.-FRIEND'MpNT, n. Act of befriending. Foster. BE-FRINGE', v. a. To adorn with fringes. Fuller. BJJ-FUR', v. a. To adorn with fur. F. Butler. BEG, or BEGH, n. [Turk.] A prince ; a bey. — See Bey. BEG, v. a. [Ger. begehren ; Dut. begheeren, to de- sire.] [t. BEGGED ; pp. BEGGING, BEGGED.] 1. To seek by petition ; to entreat for; to ask earnestly and with humility. He went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. Matt. xvii. 58. 2. To take for granted ; to assume without proof ; as, “ To beg the question.” We have not hedged any principles for the proof of this. Burnet. Syn. — See Ask. BEG, v. n. To ask alms, as one in want. I cannot dig; to beg I am ashamed. Luke xvi. 3. BE'G.d, n. A Bengal land measure, about one third of an acre. Hamilton. Bf.-GAN', i. from begin. See Begin. B1J-GEM', v. a. To adorn as with gems. “ The lawn begemmed with dewdrops.” Scott. B1J-GET', v. a. [A. S. begetan, to get.] [i. begot or begat; pp. begetting, begotten or be- got.] 1. To generate ; to procreate ; to be the fa- ther of ; to get. ’T was he the noble Claudian race begat. Dryden. 2. To produce as effects ; to obtain. If to have done the thing you gave in charge Beget you happiness, be happy, then. Shale. BF-GET'TFR, n. One who begets. Dryden. BEG'GA-BLE, a. That may be begged. Butler. BEG'GAR, n. 1. One who begs or asks alms ; one who lives by begging ; a mendicant. He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill, to set them among princes. 1 Sam. 2. One who takes for granted what ought to he proved, [r.] These shameful beggars of principles assume to themselves to be men of reason. Tillotson. BEG'GAR, V. a. [t. BEGGARED; pp. BEGGARING, BEGGARED.] 1. To reduce to beggary ; to impoverish. Arc you so gospellcd, To pray for that good man, and for his issue, "Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave, And beggared yours for ever? Shak. 2. To exhaust; to surpass: to exceed. For her person. It beggared all description. Shak. BEG'GAR— BRAT, n. A child that begs ; a beggar’s child! Drayton. BfiG'GAR-LI-NESS, n. Meanness ; poverty. Udal. BEG'GAR-LY, a. Like a beggar ; destitute ; poor; indigent ; needy ; mean ; contemptible ; — used both of persons and things. In short, he was an idle, beggarly fellow, and of no use to the public. Taller. A beggarly account of empty boxes. Shak. How turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements? ^ Syn. — See Abject. BEG'GAR-LY, ad. Meanly; poorly; despicably. “ It is his delight to dwell beggarly.” Hooker. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, £, [, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE , FAR, FAST, FALL; IlfilR, HER; BEGGAR-MAID 129 BEHIND BEG'GAR-MAiD, n. A maid who begs. Shak. BEG'GAR— MAN, n. A man who begs. Shak. BEG'GAR— WOM- AN (b6g'gur-wum-?n), M. A wom- an who is a beggar. Shak. BEG'GAR-Y, n. Indigence ; extreme poverty. “ A state' of beggary for endless years.” Swift. BEG'GJNG, n. The act of asking alms. Spenser. BE-GHMRD n. [Ger.] 1. An importunate beg- f ar ; a mendicant ; — formerly applied to the 'ranciscan and other mendicant orders of the church of Rome. Brande. 2. One of a class of persons who, in the thir- teenth century, became notorious for the fre- quency and ardor of their prayers. Brande. Bg-GILT', p. a. Gilded over. B. Jonson. Bp-GIN', v. n. [A. S. bcginnan ; Ger. § Dut. be- ginnen ; Sw. begynna .] [*. began or + begun ; pp. BEGINNING, BEGUN.] 1. To originate ; to take rise. From Nimrod first the savage chase began. Pope. 2. To take the first step ; to commence. I must begin with rudiments of art. Shak. From that time Jesus began to preach. Matt. iv. 17. BP-GIN', v. a. To enter upon ; to commence. Ye nymphs of Solyma, begin the song. Pope. Syn. — Brain and commence differ little in signifi- cation. Begin a work ; begin to write j commence an undertaking or operation ; enter upon an employment or an office. f Bp-GlN', n. A beginning. Spenser. Bp-GIN'NpR, n. 1. He who begins any thing. Socrates maketh Ignatius the first beginner thereof. Hooker. 2. One in his rudiments ; a young practi- tioner ; a tyro. They are to beginners an easy . . . introduction. Hooker. B$-jGIN'NING, n. 1. The first origin or source. Wherever we place the beginning of motion, the body moves and acts by a consent of all its parts. Swijt. 2. That which is first ; the commencement. In the beginning , God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. i. 1. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. Ps. cxi. 10. 3. The rudiments or first grounds. Mighty things from small beginnings grow. Dry den. Syn. — See Origin. f Bp-GIN'NING-LESS, a. Having no beginning. “ Beyinningless and endless duration.” Clarke. Bp-GIRD', v. a. [A. S. begyrdan, or begirdan ; Ger. begfirten .] [i. begirt or begirded ; pp. BEGIRDING, BEGIRT Or BEGIRDED.] 1. To bind with a girdle ; to gird. Johnson. 2. To surround ;. to encompass. Uther’s son Begirt with British and Armoric knights. Milton. 3. To besiege ; to beleaguer. The noble city Nice, so strongly walled, We with our conquering host begirt around. Mir. for Mag. f Bp-GIRT', v. a. To begird. B. Jonson. BEG' LF.R-BEG, n. [Turk.] The chief governor of a province among the Turks, next in rank to the vizier. Ricaut. BEG'LpR-BEG-LIC, n. A province governed by a beglerbeg. P. Cyc. Bp-GLOOM', v. a. To cast a gloom over ; to darken. Badcock. Bp-GNAW' (be-n&w'), v. a. [A. S. begnagan .] To bite ; to eat away. Shak. f Bp-GOD', v. a. To deify ; to treat as a god. “ To the height of their begodded condition.” More. Bp-GONE' (be-gon'), interj. [imp. be and gone. ] An exclamation of command having the force of a verb in the imperative mode ; — go awayj haste away. “ Wretch, begone! ” Goldsmith. Bp-GONE', a. [A. S. prefix be, and Eng. p. gone.} 1. Gone far, as in weal or woe. “Well be- gone.” Goicer. “ Worse begone.” Browne. 2. Decayed. [Local, England.] Halliwell. BE- GO 'JVI-M, n. ( Bot .) A genus of tropical plants having unequal-sided leaves. P. Cyc. Bp-GORED' (be-gord'f, p. a. Smeared with gore. “ Monsters . . . grisly, all begored.” Spenser. Bp-GOT', i. & p. from beget. See Beget. Bp-GOT'TEN (be-got’tn), p. from beget. See Be- get. “Base begotten on a Theban sla \e.” Drydett. f Bp-GRAVE', v. a. To bury ; to engrave. Gower. BP-GREA§E', v. a. To daub or soil with unctu- ous or fat matter ; to grease. Minsheu. BP-GRIME', v. a. To soil with dirt deep im- pressed. “ Begrimed and black.” Shak. Bp-GRUD^E', v. a. \be and grudge .] [t. be- grudged ; pp. begrudging, begrudged.] To envy the possession of ; to grudge. Shaftesbury . Bp-GU1LE' (be-gll'), v. a. \be and guile.} [i. BEGUILED ; pp. BEGUILING, BEGUILED.] 1. To impose upon ; to delude ; to cheat. The serpent me beguiled , and I did eat. Milton. 2. To evade by deception ; to deceive. ’Tis yet some comfort, When misery could beguile the tyrant’s rage, And frustrate his proud will. Shak. 3. To cause that to be unnoticed or forgot- ten which may be attended with tedium, unea- siness, or pain ; to amuse ; to divert. My spirits grow dull, and fain I would beguile Tne tedious day with sleep. Shak. By sports like these are all his cares beguiled. Goldsmith. Syn. — See Amuse. Bp-GUILE'MpNT (be-gll'ment), n. The act of beguiling. John Foster. Bp-GUIL'ER (be-gll'er), n. One who beguiles. f Bp-GUIL'ING-LY, ad. In a manner to beguile. f Bp-GUIL'TY (be-gll'te), v. a. To render guilty. “ Beguilty thine own conscience.” Sanderson. BEGUIJV (ba-gang' or beg-wln'), n. [Fr.] A cer- tain tertiary or half monk of the 13th century professing to follow the third rule of St. Fran- cis ; — called Bizzoco in Italy and Beghard in Germany. — See Beghard and Bigot. P. Cyc. BE-GUIJVF. ' (ba-gen'). n. [Fr.] A sort of nun or female devotee in the Netherlands and Ger- many. P. Cyc. Bp-GfJM', v. a. To daub with gum. Sivft. BE 'GUM, n. A title given to a Hindoo princess or lady of high rank. Hamilton. Bp-GUN', p. from begin. See Begin. Bp-HALF' (be-hif'), n. [A. S. behefe, gain.] Ben- efit ; advantage ; interest ; account ; behoof. It shall be a statute for ever ... on the behalf of the chil- dren of Israel. Exod. xxvii. 21. The eyesof the Lord run to and fro throughout the whole earth to show himself strong in the behalf of them whose heart is perfect towards him. 2 Chron. xvi. 9. f B^-HAp'PEN (be-liap'pn), v. n. To happen. Which unto any knight behappen may. Spenser. B^-HAVE', v. a. [A. S. behabban, to restrain ; Ger. behaben.~\ [t. behaved ; pp. behaving, BEHAVED.] 1. +To restrain; to govern; to discipline; to subdue. But who his limbs with labors, and his mind Behaves with cares, cannot so easy miss. Spenser. With such sober and unnoted passion He did behave his anger. Shak. 2. To carry ; to conduct ; — used with the re- flective pronoun ; as, “ He behaves himself ill.” We behaved not ourselves disorderly among you. 2 Thess. Syn. — To behave and to demean are commonly used with the reciprocal pronoun in the same sense ; as, “ He behaves himself or he demeans himself well or ill.” To conduct is often used in the same manner, to carry sometimes, and to comport rarely ; as, “ He con- ducts himself well ” ; “ He carries himself well ”; “ He comports himself well.” B^-HAVE', v . n. To act ; to conduct one’s self ; as, “ He behaves well.” Johnson. B^-HAVED' (be-havd'), p. a. Conducted; or- dered; as, “ Well behaved.” Bfj-HAV'IOR (be-hav'y»n)> n ‘ Act or manner of behaving ; conduct ; demeanor ; manner ; de- portment ; carriage. And he changed his behavior before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands. 1 Sam. xxi. 13. One man sees how much another man is a fool, when he dedicates his behatdor to love. Shak. To be upon one's behavior , to he in a state of caution or restraint from the idea that one’s behavior is to be noticed, and to be followed by important conse- quences. — To be , or to be put upon , one's good behavior , a phrase of the same import as the preceding, and now more frequently used than that. — During good behavior , ( Legislation .) while the conduct or manner in administering the duties of an office is such as the law contemplates. Syn. — Behavior relates especially to the corporeal actions, and to the minor morals, of society ; conduct , to the mental actions, and to the higher morals. Be- havior is more versatile than conduct ; behavior in company, at the table, or in public ; conduct in one’s station or course of life. Carriage, manners, deport- ment , and demeanor are different species of behavior. Carriage and manners respect education, and are ac- quired ; deportment and demeanor have more connec- tion with disposition, and are native. Easy carriage ; polished manners ; modest deportment ; mild demeanor. B£-HEAD' (be-hed'), v. a. [A. S. beheafdian.~\ [l. BEHEADED ; pp. BEHEADING, BEHEADED. J To decapitate ; to deprive of the bead. I think it was Caligula who wished the whole city of Rome had but one neck, that he might behead them at a blow. Addison. B£-HEAD'ING, n. The act of severing the head from the body. Holland. Bp-HELD', i. Sl p. from behold. See Behold. f Bp-HELL', v. a. To torture as with the pains of hell. “ Did behell and rack him.” Ilewyt. BE'HE-MOTH [be'he-moth, IF. P. J. F. Ja. Sm. ; be-hem'oth, S. ; be-hem'oth or be'he-mSth, K . ; be-he'moth, Ash, Nares, Maunder ], n. [Heb. rrittna, great beast.] An animal described in Job, by many supposed to be the elephant; but some suppose it to be the hippopotamus, and others the extinct animal iguanodon, the fossil remains of which are found. Brande. Behold now behemoth , which I made with thee; he eateth grass as an ox. Job xl. 15. BE'HJJN, n. [Ar.] (Bot.) An old name of the bladder campion, or spattling-poppy (Silene in- fiata or Cucubalus behen), and also of a species of Ccntaurea. Gray. B^-HEST', n. [A. S. behws, a self-command, promise, behest ; be and has, a command.] A command ; a precept ; an injunction. Her tender youth had obediently lived under her parents’ behests. Sidney. On high behests his angels to and fro Passed frequent. Milton. f BJ5-HIGHT' (be-hlt'), v. a. [A. S. bchatan, to promise.] [i. behot ; pp. behighting, BE- HIGHT.] 1. To promise. “The journey which he had behight.” Spenser. 2. To intrust; to commit. “The keys are to thy hand behight.” Spenser. 3. To call ; to name. Why of late Didst thou behight me born of English blood? Spenser. 4. To command; to order; to direct. So, taking courteous conge, he behight Those gates to be unbarred. Spenser. 5. To address ; to speak to. Whom soon as he beheld he knew, and thus behight. Spenser. 6. To inform; to assure. In right ill array She was, with storm and heat, I you behight. Chaucer. 7. To intend; to mean; to design. Words sometimes bear more than the heart bchighteth. Mir. for Mag. 8. To reckon; to esteem; to consider. A knight much better than thyself behight. Spenser. B?-HlND', prep. [A. S. behindan.] 1. In a position towards tbe back of ; at tbe back of; in tbe rear of; as, “ Behind the house ; ” “ Behind tbe bill.” And when Saul looked behind him, David stooped with his face to the earth. 1 Sam. xxiv. 8. 2. Remaining after tbe death of a person. What he gave me to publish was but a small part of what Be left behind him. Pope. 3. Coming after in rank or excellence. For I suppose I was not a whit behind the very chicfcst apostles. 2 Cor. xi. 5. BJE-IHND', ad. 1. At tbe back ; in tbe rear. A certain woman came in the press behind , and touched his garment. Mark v. 27. 2. Backwards ; back ; as, “ To look behind.” 3. Out of sight ; not brought forward. We cannot be sure that there is no evidence behind. Locke. 4. At a distance back in time or place. Forgetting those things which are behind. Phil. iii. 13. The tempest itself lags behind. Cowper. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; 17 BULL, BUR, R(JLE. — p, 9, g, soft; £, G , 5, g, hard; § as z; ^ as gz. — THIS, this. BEHINDHAND 130 BELIEF Bp-HIND'HAND, ad. In a state of backwardness with respect to something to be clone, or of de- ficiency in the means of meeting expenditures. “ To be half a year behindhand .” Addison. BB-HlND'HANT>, a. Backward; in arrears; tardy. The country are very much behindhand. Spectator. Iu my behindhand slackness. Shak. BEHM'BN-IST (bem-), n. One of a sect of mys- tics who adopted the philosophical views of Jacob Behmen, a shoemaker of Upper Lusatia. BB-HOLD', v. a. [A. S. behealdan, to behold ; be, by or near, and healdan, to hold.] \i. beheld ; pp. beholding, beheld. — Beholden, once used as the past participle, is not now used ex- cept as a participial adjective.] To see, in an emphatical sense ; to observe attentively. The Saviour comes by ancient bards foretold. Hear him, ye deaf; and all ye blind, behold. Pope. Syn. — A person beholds that which excites inter- est or admiration ; he sees involuntarily ; looks atten- tively ; observes and views carefully. “ The eyes open to .see, turn to look at , fix to behold , and roll to view.” Trusler. — See See. BE-HODD', v. n. To direct the eye towards. Then Moses trembled, and durst not behold. Acts vii.32. BE-HOLD', inter j. See ; lo ; observe. Behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee. Gteu.xxviii. 15. BE-HOL'DEN (be-hol'dn), p. a. [Participle of behold, taken in the sense of its primitive Sax- on roots. — See Behold.] Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted. I think myself mightily beholden to you for the reprehen- sion you gave us. Addison. f BE-HOLD'EN-NESS, n. State of being obliged. “To acknowledge his beholdenness.” Sidney. BIJ-HOLD'UR, n. One who beholds or sees; a looker-on. “ Did make beholders wink.” Shak. f BE-HOLD'ING, a. Obliged ; beholden. “Shall we be beholding to you ? ” Shak. BJJ-HOLD'JNG, n. 1. Act of seeing ; observation. The revenges we are bound to take upon your traitorous father are not fit for your beholding. ' Shak. 2. f Obligation. “ Love to virtue, and not to any particular beholdings.” Carcw. f BB-HOLD'ING-NESS, n. State of being obliged. “ I seemed to shun beholdingness.” Donne. BB-HON'BY (be-hun'ne), v. a. To sweeten with honey. Sherwood. BB-HOOF', n. [A. S. bchofian, to be fit ; behefe , gain, benefit.] Profit ; advantage ; behalf. No mean recompense it brings To your behoof. Milton. t Bp-HOOV'A-BLE, a. Fit; expedient. Vdal. BB-HOOVE', v. a. [A. S. behofian', Dut . behoe- ven ; Sw. behofwa.\ [t. behooved ; pp. be- hooving, behooved.] To be fit for ; to be meet for ; to become; — now used only impersonally with it. Thus it behooved Christ to suffer. Luke xxiv. 46. f BEHOOVE', v. 7i. To be fit ; to be meet. “ Some- time behooveth it to be counselled.” Chaucer. + BB-HOOVE', n. Advantage; behoof. “De- vised this mean for my behoove.” Chaucer. Bp-HOOVE'FUL, a. Useful; profitable. “Ne- cessary and behooveful.” [u.] Bp. Hall. f BB-HOOVE'FUL-LY, ad. Usefully. Spenser. f BJE-HOOVE'LY, a. Useful ; profitable. Chaucer. f BE-HOT', i. from behight. Spenser. t BE-HOV'A-BLE, a. Fit. — See Behooyable. BE-HOVE', v. a. See Behoove. Melmoth. f BB-Ho VE'FUL, a. Fit. See Behooveful. f BB-HOVE'LY, a. See Behoovely. Gower. B E-HO\Vl', v. a. To howl at. And the wolf behowls the moon. Shale. BE'ING, p. from be. Existing. — See Be. BE'ING, n. 1. Existence ; opposed to nonentity. Merciful and gracious, thou gavest us being. Bp. Taylor. Consider every thing as not yet in being. Bentley. 2. Whatever exists, or has being. Being is either substance or accident; substance is either matter or mind. Fleming. 3. A person, animal, or thing existing. It is folly to seek the approbation of any being besides the supreme, because no other being can make a right judgment of us. ‘ Addison. Animals are the only beings in nature which manifest sen- sation and spontaneous movements. Brande. Syn. — See Existence. f BE'ING, conj. Since ; because that. Being life consistcth in the union of the soul unto the body, death can be nothing else but the solution of that vital union. Pearson. f BE'ING— PLACB, n. A place in which to be; local existence. Spenser. BE IT SO. A phrase of anticipation, Suppose it to be so ; or of permission, Let it be so. Shak. BJ-JADE', v. a. To tire thoroughly; to weary. “ Lest you bejade the good galloway.” Milton. f BF.-JApe', v. a. To mock ; to deceive. “Flat- tery . . . the worthy prince to bejape.” Gower. BB-JAUN'DICE, v. a. To infect with the jaun- dice ; to jaundice. Qu. Rev. t BU-JE§'l!-iT, v. a. To make a Jesuit of. Milton. B£-JEW'f,L, V. a. [; i . BEJEWELLED ; pp. BEJEW- elling, bejewelled.] To adorn or decorate with jewels. Ec. Rev. BE-JUM'BLE, v. a. To jumble; to put into a state of confusion. Ash. BE'KAII, n. A half-shekel. Ex. xxxviii. 26. Bf.-KISS', v. a. To kiss earnestly. B. Jonson. BB-IvNAVE' (be-nav'), v. a. To call knave. May satire ne’er befool ye or beknave ye. Pope. Bf-KNAW' (be-niw'), v. a. See Begnaw. Shak. BE-KNIGHT (be-nlt'), v. a. To confer knight- hood upon ; to knight. West. Rev. Bg-KNOW' (be-no r ), v. a. To acknowledge. “He meekly beknoweth his sin.” Chaucer. BIJ-LA'BOR, V. a. [i. BELABORED ; pp. BELA- BORING, BELABORED.] 1. To work hard upon ; to ply diligently. If the earth is belabored with culture, it yieldcth corn. Barrow. 2. To beat soundly ; to thump. ITomer illustrates one of his heroes encompassed with the enemy by an ass in a field of corn, that hath his sides bcla- t bored by all the boys of the village. Spectator.' f BB-LACE', v. a. To fasten ; to belay. Bailey. BE-LAOE', v. a. To adorn with lace. “ How to belace and fringe ... I knew.” Beaumont. BJ 5 -UAM', v. a. To beat; to bang. [North of England.] — See Lamm. Sherwood. f BEL'A-MOUR, n. [Fr. bel amour, fair love.] Gallant ; consort. Spenser. ■f- BEL'A-MY, n. [Fr. bel ami, fair friend.] An intimate friend. “ His dearest belamy.” Spenser. BE-LATE', v. a. To retard ; to make too late. Slowness cannot bclatc, nor hope drive on too fast. Davenant. BB-LAT'BD, p. a. Benighted; made late; hin- dered ; tardy. “ Some belated peasant sees, or dreams he sees.” [r.] Milton. BB-LAT'BD-NESS, n. Backwardness; slowness. “ A certain belatedness in me.” [it.] Milton. BIJ-lAud', v. a. To praise highly. West. Rev. t BB-LAVE', v. a. To wash. Cockeram. f BB-LAW'gIvE, v. a. To give law to. “ To have belaicgiven his own sacred people.” Milton. BB-LAY', v. a. [A. S. belrewan, to belay ; Dut. belaagen.'] \i. belaid or belayed ; pp. be- laying, BELAID or BELAYED.] 1. To block up ; to bar. [r.] The speedy horse all passages belay. Dryden. 2. To besiege ; to invest, [r.] So when Arabian thieves belaid us round. Spenser. 3. fTo overlay; to decorate. All in a woodman’s jacket he was clad Of Lincoln green, belayed, with silver lace. Spenser. 4. ( Naut .) To make fast, as a rope, by turns round a pin without hitching it. Dana. [| BELCH [belch, S.P.J. K. Sm. R. ; belsh, W. F. E. Ja.~], v. n. [A. S. bealcan.) \i. belched ; pp. BELCHING, BELCHED.] * 1. To eject wind from the stomach ; to eruct. All radishes breed wind, and provoke a man that eateth them to belch. Holland. 2. To make a sudden or violent ejection. The waters boil, and, belching from below, Black sands as from a forceful engine throw. Dryden. || BELCH, v. a. To throw out from the stomach; to eject with force ; to cast forth. And, fat with acorns, belched their windy food. Dryden. As burning iEtna from his boiling stew Doth belch out flame. Spenser. || BELCH, n. 1. Eructation. Johnson. 2. f Malt liquor. [Cant term.] “Muddy belch.” Addison. “Drunk with belch.” Dennis. || BELCII'ING, n. Eructation. Arbuthnot. BEL'DAM, n. [Fr. belle dame, fair lady.] 1. An old woman ; a grandmother. The beldam and the girl, the grandsire and the bov. Drayton. 2. A hag ; an ugly old woman. 1 Witch. Why, how now. Hecate? You look angerly. Hec. Have I not reason, beldams as you are, Saucy and overbold? Shak. t BB-LEAGUE', v. a. To besiege. Holland. BB-LEA'GUBR (be-Ie'ger), v. a. [A. S. beliegan, to surround ; Dut. belegeren ; Gcr. belagern, to besiege.] [i. beleaguered ; pp. beleaguer- ing ; beleaguered.] To invest, as a town or fortress ; to besiege ; to beset. The Trojan camp, then beleaguered by Turnus and the Latins. Dryden. BB-LEA'GUBR-BR, u. A besieger. Shertvood. L BB-LEAVE', v. a. [A. S. belifan, to remain.] To leave. “ There was nothing beleft.” Gower. BB-LECT'URE, v. a. To vex with lectures ; to lecture to. Coleridge. BB-LEE', v. a. (Naut.) To place on the lee side of. “ I . . . must be beleed and calmed.” Shak. BB-LEM'NITE, n. [Gr. ii.tyior, a dart.] (Pal.) The internal shell of a fossil cephalopod ; the thunderstone. Brande. BE-LEM-M'TEfl, n. [Mod. L.] Belemnite. f BB-LEP'BR, v. a. To infect as with the leprosy. “ Belepered with . . . ingratitude.” Beau, if FI. BEL ESPRIT (bel'es-pre'), n. ; pi. BEAUX ES- prits (boz'es-pre'). [Fr., fine wit.\ A wit ; a man of wit ; a fine genius. Swift. BEL'FRY, n. [Low L. belfredus ; Fr. beffroi, an alarm-bell, a frame for a bell, a watch-tower.] A tower or place in which bells are hung. Gay. f BBL-GARD', n. [Fr. bel egardi] A soft glance. “ Many false belgards.” Spenser. BEL'UJ-AN, n. A native of Belgium. Murray. BEL't-il-AN, a. Belonging to Belgium. Ash. BEL't-HC, a. Relating to the Belga, ancient tribes that inhabited the north of Gaul : — be- longing to Belgium. . Clarke. BE'LI-AL, n. [Heb. ^9*123, worthlessness.] A personification of evil ; a wicked man ; Sa- tan. Cabinet. What concord hath Christ with Belial ? 2 Cor. vi. 15. BB-Li'BBL, v. a. To traduce; to libel. Fuller. BB-LIE' (be-ll'), v. a. [fie and lie. — A. S. belecgan, to falsify, to belie ; Gcr. beliigen .] [ i . belied ; pp. BELYING, BELIED.] 1. To represent falsely ; to falsify. He was not bound to belie himself. Sir T. Move. 2. To calumniate ; to slander. Thou dost belie him, Percy; thou beliest him. Shak. 3. To give the lie to ; to convict of falsehood. Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues. Dryden. 4. To counterfeit ; to mimic. Which durst with horses’ hoofs, that bent the ground, And martial brass, belie the thunder’s sound. Dryden. BB-LIEF' (be-lef'), n. [A. S. geleafa, belief, faith, confidence ; geliefan, to believe ; Dut. geloof . ] 1. Act of believing ; trust in the certainty of that which is not positively known ; credit given to testimony ; conviction of the mind arising from evidence. Future in hope, but present in belief. Wnttnn. We are not to submit our understandings to the belief of A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, B, ], Q, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; BELIEFFUL 131 BELLUINE those things which are contrary to our understanding. We must have a reason lor that which we believe above our rea- son. Dr. Whichcote. 2. Faith ; confidence in the truths of religion. No man can attain belief by the bare contemplation of heaven and earth. Hooker. 3. The thing believed ; object of belief. Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief of fools, but the talk sometimes of wise men. Bacon. 4. Doctrine ; opinion ; persuasion : — creed. Mahomet inculcated the belief that there is, was, ami ever will be, one only God. IT. Irving. Syn. — Trust in opinion, or in a statement of facts, is called belief ; in religious opinion or divine testi- mony, faith ; in pecuniary worth, credit ; in moral probity, confidence : — the articles of belief, creed. t Bf,-LIEF'FUL, a. Having faith. Udal. f B$-LIEF'FUL-NESS, n. Fulness of faith. Udal. Bp-LIEV'A-BLE (be-lev'a-bl), a. Credible. Bg-LIEV'A-BLE-NESS, ii. Credibility. Goodwin. BE-LIEVE', v. a. [A. S. geliefan, to believe, to trust ; Dut. gelooven .] [t. believed ; pp. believing, believed.] To exercise belief m; to think to be true ; to credit ; to put confi- dence in. We know what rests upon reason; we believe what rests upon authority. Hamilton. Ten thousand things there are which we believe merely upon the authority or credit of those who have 6poken or written of them. Watts. Syn. — See Think. BELIEVE', v. n. 1. To have a firm persuasion ; to exercise faith. All things are possible to him that bclieveth. Hark ix. 23. 2. To suppose ; to deem ; to think. They are, I believe , as high as most steeples in England. Addison. To believe in, to hold as an object of faith. — To be- lieve on, to rest upon with confidence. BE-LIEV'IJR, n. 1. One who believes ; one who accepts any thing as true ; as, “ A believer in astrology.” 2. One who has faith in the doctrines of Christianity ; a Christian. . Mysteries held by us have no power, pomp, or wealth, but have" been maintained by the universal body of true believers from the days of the apostles. Swift. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) One who had been baptized, in distinction from the catechumen, who was in a course of preparation for baptism. . Buck. BJ1-LIEV' [NG, n. The act of exercising belief. “ Believing of historical things.” Cudworth. BE-LIE V'lNG-LY, acl. After a believing manner. BE-LIGHT' (be-llt'), v. a. To display with light ; to illuminate. Cowley. BE-LIKE', ad. Probably; likely. Shak. [In use as a colloquial or vulgar word. Forby.~\ f BlJ-LlKE'LY, ad. Probably. Bp. Hall. Bg-LIME', v. a. 1. To entangle as with bird- lime. “ As a bird in lime-twigs, the more he struggles, the more he is belimcd.” Hobbes. 2. To smear; to soil. “His foul hands are belimed with bribery.” Bp. Hall. B^-LIT'TLE, V. a. [i. BELITTLED ; pp. BELIT- TLING, belittled.] To make little or less ; to diminish. Jefferson. [A word not authorized by English usage.] BE-LIT'TLING, p. a. Making little. “ Belittling cares.” T. D. Woolsey. t Bp-LIVE', ad. Speedily; quickly. Spenser. BELL, n. [A. S. bell, a bell ; bellan, to make a hollow sound ; Dut. ftef.] 1. A hollow metallic vessel for giving a sound on being struck. Bid the merry bells ring to thy ear. Shak. 2. Any thing in the form of a bell. Where the bee sucks, there suck I; In a cowslip’s bell 1 lie. Shak. 3. (Arch.) The body of a Corinthian or com- posite capital, around which the foliage and volutes are arranged, called also a tambour or drum. Weale. To bear the bell, to be the first, in allusion to the bell-wether of a flock of sheep. — Bell, book, and can- dle, a phrase descriptive of the solemn form of ex- communication used in tile Rom. Oath. Church in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The bell was tolled to summon the people, the sentence read out of a hook, and a candle, which tile priest held, thrown upon cite ground and extinguished in token of the fate of the delinquent. Bell, book, and candle shall not drive me back, When gold and silver becks me to come on. Shak. BELL, v. n. To take the form of a bell; to be- come bell-shaped, [it.] Hops, in the beginning of August, bell, and are sometimes ripe. Mortimer. f BELL, v. n. To bellow. Chaucer. BEL-LA-DON'NA, n. [It. hello, donna, fair lady.] 1. A poisonous perennial plant, so called from its having been used by ladies as a cos- metic ; the deadly nightshade ; Atropa bella- donna. Loudon. 2. A species of Amaryllis, so named on ac- count of its beauty and delicate blushing flow- ers ; the belladonna lily. Loudon. BF.L-LA ' TRlx, n. [L ., a female warrior.] (,Ts- tron.) A star in the constellation Orion. Hind. BELL'— CRANK, n. (Mecli.) A rectangular lever by which the direction of motion is changed through an angle of ninety degrees ; — so named from its being the form of crank employed in changing the direction of bell-wires of house- bells. Ogilvie. BELLE (bel), n. [L. hellus, handsome ; Fr: belle, feminine of beau, beautiful, fair.] A young woman or lady admired for beauty and fashion- able accomplishments ; a gay young lady. My beaus . . . shepherds, and my belles wood-nymphs. Tatler. And just as humor rose or fell, By turns a slattern or a belle. Goldsmith. BELLED (held), a. (Her.) Having bells affixed to it. “ A hawk rising jessed and belled.” Todd. BELLE-LET'TRIST, n. One versed in belles- lettres. [r.] Coleridge. BELLE-L^T-TRlS'TIC, i ra.Relatingto belles- BELLE-Lf.T-TRls'TI-CAL, $ lettres. “ A bcllet- tristical journal.” [r.] For. Qu. Rev. BF.L-LER ' O-PHOJY, n. (Pal.) A genus of fossil Gasteropoda, probably allied to Argonauta, characteristic of the carboniferous formation and some of the older strata. Bratide. BELLES-LETTRES (bel-let'tr) [bel-la'tur, W. J. F. K . ; bel-let'tr, P. Ja. Sm. R.\ bel'Iet-tr, E. Wb .], n.pl. [Fr.] Polite literature ; the fine or elegant departments of learning, as rhetoric, poetry, criticism, and philology ; the writings of classical authors. Tatler. BELL'— FASH-IONED (-fash-und), a. Having the form of a bell ; bell-shaped. Mortimer. BELL'— FLoW-^R, ii. (Bot.) A genus of decid- uous herbaceous plants ; — so named from the resemblance of the corolla to a little bell ; Campanula. Loudon. BELL'— FOUNDER, 'n. One who casts bells. BELL'— HANG-fJR, n. One who puts up bells. BELL'— HANG-ING, n. Act of putting up bells. “ Bell-hanging requires . . attention.” IF. Ency. f BEL'LI-BONE, n. [Fr. belle, beautiful, et, and, and bonne, good.] A woman excelling in beauty and goodness ; a bonny lass. Spenser. fBEL'LIC, a. Warlike; martial. “Archimedes ... by his machines and bellic instruments.” Felling. “The bellic Ctcsar.” Feltham. BEL-LI-COSE , l a [I,, bellicosus ; bellum, war.] BEL'LI-COUS, ) Inclined to war ; belligerent. “ Among bellicous nations.” Sir T. Smith. BEL'LIED, p. a. Having a belly ; or swelled like the belly; — used in composition. “Below the usual size, and big -bellied.” Swift. t B£L-Ll(r'ER-ATE, t>. n. [L. belligero, belliyera- tuin, to wage war ; bellum, war, and gero, to bear.] To make war. Cockeram. BlJL-LI^l'^R-ENCE, n. Act or state of carrying on war ; warfare, [r.] Ch. Ob. BBL-LI(J'£R-ENT, a. Carrying on war ; engaged in war. “ The belligerent parties.” Chesterfield. BJgL-LIG'ER-ENT, n. A state or nation carrying on war. # Dr. Arnold. t BIJL-LIG'ER-OUS, a. Belligerent. Bailey. BELL'ING, n. [A. S. bellan, to bellow.] The noise of a roe in rutting-time. Bailey. + BIJL-LlP'O-TENT, a. [L. bellipotens, powerful in war.] Mighty in war. Bailey. BEL' LIS, n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of pretty, herbaceous plants ; the daisy. Loudon f BEL'LI-TUDE, n. [L. bellitudo .] Beauty ; love- liness ; elegance ; neatness. Cockeram. BELL'— L£SS, a. Being without a bell. Scott. BELL'M AN, n. One who rings a bell, to give notice or alarm in the streets ; a public crier ; a bell-ringer ; — written also belman. Milton. BELL-MET'AL (-met'tl or -met'al), n. The metal of which bells are made, an alloy of copper and tin, having four pounds of copper to one of tin ; — written also belmetal.” Bratide. BELL'— MOUTHED, a. Expanded at the mouth in the form of a bell. Ogilvie. BEL-LO'NA, n. (Astron.) An asteroid discovered by Luther in 1854. Lovering. BEL'LOW, v. n. [A. S. bellan, to roar ; L. bclo, or balo, to bleat ; Dut. 6$ Ger. bcllen ; Sw. bola.~\ [i. BELLOWED ; pp. BELLOWING, BELLOWED.] 1. To make a noise as a bull ; to roar. Jupiter became a bull, and bellowed. Shak. 2. To bawl out; to vociferate; to clamor. This gentleman is very zealous in his devotion; but then he is accustomed to roar and bellow so terribly loud in the responses, that he frightens even us who arc daily used to him. Tatler. 3. To make a loud, continued noise, like the roaring of the wind in a tempest. Till, at the last, he heard a dreadful sound. ■Which through the wood loud bellowing did rebound. Spenser. BEL'LO Wtf ii. A loud roaring noise. Todd. BEL'LOW-JR, n. One who bellows. Chapman. BEL'LOW-ING, n. A loud roaring noise. “Rend the higher regions with . . . bellowings.” Herbert. BEL'LOWS (bel'lus) [bel'lus, S. IF. F. E. J. F. K. Sm. B. ; bel'loz, Ja. 1F6.], n. sing. & pi. [L. bulga, a bag ; Goth, balgs ; A. S. blast-belg ; Dut. blaasbalg, blaseba/g ; Dan. blresebtrlg .] A machine used to urge a fire by blowing or forcing a current of air into it ; — usually hav- ing two corresponding parts, whence its name takes the plural form. Which art he lias so far advanced as to be able even to make a good orator of a pair of bellows. Tatler. One, with great bellows, gathered filling air, And with forced wind the fuel did inflame. Spenser . Most lexicographers and grammarians who treat particularly of this word regard it as properly used only in the plural ; as is the fact with respect to the lexicographers Johnson and Walker, and the grammarians Lowth, Murray, Allen, Crombie, and fliley. Dr. Webster and some other grammarians, however, regard it as properly used in both numbers. There are respectable authorities for using it in the singular; as, “Like a bellows Dryden: — “The common bclloios is formed,” &c., Francis’s Diction- ary of the Arts and Sciences : — “ Each bellows P.Cyc. Smart says, “ Though generally considered as plural, some authors join it to a verb singular; and this will justify the pronunciation bel'lus — Walker remarks that “ the last syllable of this word, like that of gal- lows, is corrupted beyond recovery into lus — As a plural noun, it would be analogically pronounced bel'ldz. — See GALLOWS. Hydrostatic bellows , a philosophical instrument in- tended to illustrate the truth called the hydrostatic paradox, that a small quantity of any fluid may be made to counteract a great mechanical resistance. BEL'LOWS— MEND'^R (bel'lus-), 71. One who mends bellows. Shak. BELL— PEP'Pl^R, w. A species of Capsicuin ; the red pepper of the gardens. Buchanan. BELL'— PULL, 7i. That by which a bell is made to ring ; a bell-rope. IV. Ency. BELL'— RING-ER, 71. One who rings bells. Bale. BELL'— ROOF, 71 . (Arch.) A roof the cross sec- tion of which resembles a bell. Crabb. BELL'-ROPE, n. 1. A rope for ringing a bell. 2. An appendage to the vesture of a Catholic priest. Couper. BELL'-SIIAPED (-shapt), a. Shaped like a bell. BEL'LU-lNE [bel 'lu-In, S. W. F. J. S7n. R. ; bel'- MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SdN ; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9, 9, g, soft; E, G, £ , g, hard; $ as z; $ as gz. — THIS, this. BELL-WEED BEN 132 lu-In, P.], a. [L. belluinus ; bcllua, a beast.] Bestial ; brutal ; beastly. “ The animal and belluine life.” Atterbury. BELL'WEED, n. A sort of weed or plant. Ash. BELL'— WETH-pR, n. A sheep which leads the flock with a bell at his neck. Howell. BEL'LY, n. [L. bulga, a bag ; Goth, balgs ; A. S. btelg, btelig, bylig, or bclg, a bulge, bag, the bel- ly ; Ger. $ Dut. balg .] 1. That part of the human body which con- tains the bowels or intestines, reaching from the breast to the thighs ; abdomen. 2. In the lower animals the under portion of the body, or the part next to the ground. And the Lord said unto the serpent, . . . Upon th ygbelly shidt thou go. uud dust shalt thou eat. Gen. in. II. 3. The receptacle of food ; the stomach. He would fain have filled his belt!) with the husks that the swine did eat. Luke xv. 16. 4. The womb. [Rare or obsolete.] Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee. Jcr. i. 5. 5. The part of any thing which swells out. An Irish harp hath the concave, or belli / , not along the strings, hut at the end of the strings. Bacon. 6. A place in which something is enclosed. Out of the belly of hell cried I, and thou heardest my voice. Jonah ii. 2. 7. The convex or bulging side of any thing ; as, (Naut.) “ The belly of a sail ” ; (Carp.) “ The belly of a curved timber.” BEL'LY, v. n. To swell into a larger capacity. The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden. BEL'LY, v. a. To fill; to swell out. [r.] Shak. BEL'LY-AjEHE (bel'le-ak), n. Pain in the bow- els ; colic. Beau. FI. BEL'LY— BAND, n. X. The girth of a horse in harness. ^Sherwood. 2. ( Naut .) A band of canvas to strengthen a sail. Ogilvie. BEL'LY— BOUND, a. Costive. Johnson. t BEL'LY— CHEER, i jj. Good cheer. “ Loaves f BEL'LY -CHEER'ING, $ and belly-cheer." Mil- ton. “ Riotous banqueting, pot-companioning, and belly-cheering." Udal. t BEL'LY-CHURL, n. A rustic glutton. Drayton. BEL'LY— DOUB-L^T, n. A doublet covering the belly! “ Your thin belly -doublet.” Shak. BEL'LY— FRET-TING, n. 1. The chafing of a horse’s belly. Johnson. 2. A great pain in a horse’s belly caused by worms. Bailey. BEL'LY-FUL, n. As much food as fills the belly, or satisfies the appetite ; — satiety. And, of their bellyful secure, Oversee, or overlook, the poor. Lloyd. + BEL'LY— GOD, n. One who makes a god of his belly ; a glutton ; an epicure. Hakewill. BEL'LY-ING, p. a. Bulging out. Crabb. tBEL'LY-PINCHED (-plncht), a. Starved. “The belly-pinched wolf.” Shak. BEL'LY— ROLL, n. ( Hort .) A sort of levelling roll, formed with a protuberance to fit into hollowed places in the ground. Mortimer. •f- BEL'LY— SLAVE, n. A slave to the appetites. “ These beastly belly-slaves .” Homily. BEL'LY— TIM-BER, n. Food. [Low.] Hudibras. BEL'LY— WORM (-wurni), n. A worm that breeds in the belly. Ray. f Bf-LOCK', v. a. To fasten as with a lock. Shak. BEL'O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. llO.os, an arrow, and yavTuu., prophecy'.] Divination by means of the flight of arrows. Brande. BEL'0-X'E,n. [Gr. (Rldm, a needle.] A kind of mackerel with a long body and snout. Agassiz. B^-LONG', v. n. [A. S. be, by, and lengian , to prolong, to reach ; belimpan, to belong ; Ger. belangcn, to belong, to concern, to regard J [ i . BELONGED ; pp. BELONGING, BELONGED.] 1. To be the property of ; to be possessed by. ner hap was to light on a part of the field belonging unto Boaz. Jiuth ii. 3. ne . . . went . . . into a desert place belonging to the city called Bethsuidu. Luke ix. 10 . 3. To have relation to ; to be connected with ; to relate to ; to appertain to ; to regard ; to refer to. 4. To have a legal residence or inhabitancy ; to be a native or a legal resident of. “ Bastards . . . are settled in the parishes to which their mothers belong.” Blackstone. Syn. — See Refer. B^-LONG', v. a. To be deserved by. [r.] We should find more evils belong us than happen to us. B. Jonson. t B£-LONG']NG, n. Quality; endowment. Shak. BE-LONG'ING, p. a. Pertaining; attached to. B E-LOP ' TF.-RA, n. pi. [Gr. (Ickos, an arrow, and Trrfp6vy a wing.] (Pal.) The bones of a species of cuttle fish. Agassiz. Bg-LORD', v. a. To domineer over, [r.] Calmet. f BE-LOUT', v. a. To treat with opprobrious language ; to stigmatize as a lout. Camden. ■f Bfi-LOVE', v. a. To love. Wodroephe. BIJ-LOVED' (be-luvd'), p. [from love.) Loved. “ Thou art greatly beloved." Dan. ix. 23. BIJ-LOV'^D (be-luv'ed), p. a. Much loved ; dear. And lo, a voice from heaven, saying, This is my beloved son. Matt. iii. 17. BJJ-LOW', prep. [6e and low.) 1. Under in place. “ All below the moon.” Shak. 2. Inferior in dignity or in excellence. The noble Venetians think themselves but one decree below kings. Add-on. 3. Unworthy of ; beneath ; unbecoming. ’T is much below me on his throne to sit. Dryden. Syn. — See Under. B^-LOW', ad. 1. In a lower place ; beneath. nc led them up the mountain’s brow, And showed them all the shining fields below. Dryden. 2. On the earth, as opposed to heaven. And let no tears from erring pity flow For one that’s blessed above, immortalized below. Smith. 3. In hell ; in the regions of the dead. What business brought him to the realms below ? Dryden. f BEL'SIRE, n. A grandsire ; an ancestor. Carew. BEL-SWAg'GIJR, n. A swaggerer. Dryden. BELT, n. [L. balteus ; A. S. belt ; Ger. § Sw. belt.) 1. A girdle ; a cincture ; a sash ; a suspender for a sword or other weapon. Hector was dragged about the walls of Troy by Jlie belt given him by Ajax. South. 2. (Gcog.) A strait; as, the Great Belt and the Little Belt, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea. 3. (Astron.) One of the zones across the sur- face, and parallel to the equator, of the planet Jupiter. Buchanan. 4. (Surg.) A bandage used for various pur- poses. Buchanan. 5. (Arch.) A line of stones or bricks pro- jecting from a wall ; a string-course ; a block- ing-course. Francis. 6. (Mech.) A band, usually of leather, con- necting by wheels and pulleys the different rotary parts of machinery. Buchanan. 7. (Her.) A badge or mark of the knightly order. Buchanan. 8. (Farriery.) A distemper in sheep. Crabb. Syn. — See Zone. BELT, v. a. 1. To encircle as with a belt. These ramparts being dug out of a bed of chalk, and belt- ing the hills far and wide with white. Warton. 2. (Agric.) To shear, as the buttocks and tails of sheep. Farm. Ency. BEL'TANE, or BEL'TEIN, n. [Gael., the fire of Baal, Bel, or Bahts.) May-day, and the tradi- tional Celtic customs attached to it, growing, it is supposed, out of the ancient worship of Baal, or the Sun, by the Druids. Brande. BELT'ER, n. A prostitute. [Local, Eng.] Halliwett. BEL'TIN, n. Same as Beltane. Brande. BELT'ING, n. Leather or other material pre- pared to be made into belts for machinery. BE-LU' QA, n. (Ich.) The white porpoise of the arctic seas ; Delphinapterus leucus. Brande. BEL'VE-DERE, n. [It. bcllo, beautiful, and ve- dere, a view ; Fr. belvedere or belveder.) 1. (Arch.) A small building constructed on the top of a house or palace, for the purpose of commanding a fine view ; a cupola. Britton. 2. A summer-house on an elevated site in a park or garden. Britton. 3. A gallery or open corridor of the Vatican, at Rome, which is so called on account of the fine prospect it commands, and from which the celebrated statue of Apollo took its distinctive name. Britton. BE'JllA,n. [Gr. Prjya.) (Arch.) 1. (Ant.) A raised place in Athens, whence orators addressed public assemblies of the people. W. Smith. 2. (Eccl.) f A chancel. The bema , or chancel, was with thrones for bishops and presbyters. Sir G. Wlieler. BJP-MAd', v. a. To make mad. Shak. BE-MAn'GLE (be-m&ng'gl), v. a. To tear asun- der ; to mangle. Beaumont. Bp-MASK', v. a. To hide ; to mask. Shelton. f BIJ-MAT'TJER, v. a. To cover with matter. Swift. BE-MAUL', v. a. To beat heavily ; to maul. “ Sore bruised and bemauled.” Shelton. Bp-MAZE', v. a. To bewilder; to perplex. With intellects bemazed in endless doubt. Cowper. BEM' BEX, n. [Gr. a top.] (Ent.) A genus of hymenopterous insects, of the tribe of Fossores, or burrowing sand-wasps. Brande. f Bp-METE', v. a. To measure. Shak. BE-MlN'GLE (be-mlng'gl), v. a. To mingle. “ Gore beminglcd with . . . glue.” Mir. for Mag. BE-MIRE', v. a. To drag or immerse in the mire : — to pollute. “ Bemired with sins.” Bp. Taylor. B£-MIRE'MpNT, n. The state of being bemired, or soiled with mire, [it.] Qtt. Rev. f BE-MIST', v. a. To cover with a mist. “That judge . . . bemisted in his way.” Feltham. B5-MOAN' (be-mon'), v. a. [A. S. bemaman, to bemoan.] [i. bemoaned ; pp. bemoaning, bemoaned.] To bewail ; to lament ; to moan over ; to express sorrow in behalf of. Nineveh is laid waste; who will bemoan her? Nahum iii. 7. They bemoaned him, and comforted him over all the evil that the Lord had brought upon him. Job xlii. 11. Syn. — See Bewail. f BE-MOAN'A-BLE, a. Lamentable.' Sherwood. Bf-MOAN'JJR, n. One who bemoans. N. Scott. Bp-MOAN'ING, n. Lamentation. Bp. Hall. f Bf-MOCK', v. a. To treat with mocks ; to deride. “ Bemock tlie modest moon.” Shak. To bemock at, to laugh at. Slialt. t Bg-MOIL', v. a. To bemire. Shak. B]J-MOlST'EN (be-mol'sn), v. a. To moisten. BE'MOL, n. [It. molle, soft.] (Mas.) B flat. f Bf-MON'ST^R, v. a. To make monstrous. “ Bemonster not thy feature.” Shak. BIJ-MOR'AL-IZE, v. a. To apply to amoral pur- pose ; to moralize. Ec. Rev. Bp-MOURN' (lie-morn'), v. a. To weep over. “ Women that . . . bemourned him.” Wickliffe. B^-MUD'DLE, v. a. To stupefy. Fo. Qtt. Rev. BF-MUF'FLE, v. a. To wrap up, as with a mulfler. “ Cloaked up with sermons, . . . bemujflcd with the externals of religion.” Sterne. B^-MU^ED' (be-muzd'), p. a. Occupied in idle musing or stupid reverie ; muzzy. “A parson much bemused in beer.” Pope. Bemused in wine, the bard his duns forgets. Fawkes. -f- BEN. [A. S.] Formerly used for are, been, and be. Spenser. BEN, n. [Heb. ]3.] A prefix to proper names, signifying son. “ Benjamin, son of the right hand, i. e. of good fortune.” Robinson. BEN, or BEN'-NUT, n. The fruit of the Moringa pterygosperma, which yields an oil called ben- oil or oil of ben, which is used as the basis of several perfumes, and by watchmakers for lu- bricating watch machinery. Eng. Cyc. 2. To be appendant to ; to constitute apart of. A, E, I, 6 , U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, 5 , J, O, U, Y, obscure ; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; RENAME 133 BENEFIT + BE-NAME', v. a. To denominate. And therefore lie a courtier was hammed. Sidney. || BENCH [bench, S. P. J. K. Sm. Wb . ; bensll, \V. /<’. E.Ja. It.}, n '. [A. S. banc, or bene ; It. banco ; Fr. banc.} 1. A seat to hold several persons ; a long seat. The seat and benches shone of ivory. Spenser. 2. A seat of justice ; a seat where, judges sit. Cyriac, whose grandsire on the royal bench Of British Themis, with no mean applause, Pronounced, and in his volumes taught, our laws. Milton. 3. The body of judges ; the court ; as, “ The case is to go before the full bench.” 4. (Carp.) A carpenter’s or joiner’s table. 5. (Engineering .) A narrow platform left on an embankment to strengthen it ; — called also berme : — a fixed point in levelling. Francis. King's Bench, or Queen's Bench, the highest court of common law in England, so called because the sovereign used formerly to sit there in person, and is still supposed to do so. Burrill. || BENCH, v. a. 1. To furnish with bencheg. ’T was benched with turf, and goodly to be seen. Dryden. 2. To place on a seat of honor. ITis cupbearer, whom I from meaner form Have benched , and reared to worship. Shak. || BENCH, v. n. To sit upon a bench. Shak. And thou, his yoke-fellow of equity, Bench by his side. Shak. || BENCII'ER, n. 1. (Laic.) A senior member of a society governing one of the English Inns of court ; — formerly called ancients. I was taking a walk in the gardens of Lincoln’s Inn, a favOr that is indulged ine by several benchers, who are grown old with me. 'latter. 2. An alderman of a corporation. Thirteen are called fellows, and ten, aldermen or chief benchers. Ashmole. 3. A judge. “ Bencher in the Capitol.” Shak. || BENCH'— MARKS, n.pl. (Levelling.) Fixed points left on a line of survey for reference. Craig. BEND, v. a. [A. S. bendan ; Fr. bander .] [». BENT Or BENDED ; pp. BENDING, BENT Of bended. — Bended is little used.] 1. To incline from a straight direction ; to inflect in the form of a bow ; to crook ; to curve. They bend their bows; they whirl their slings around. Dryden. 2. To turn or incline towards. Why dost thou bend thy eyes upon the earth? Shak. But, when to mischief mortals bend their will, How soon they find fit instruments of ill! Dope. 3. To put in order or prepare for use. As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked him what he was doing. TJ Estrange. 4. To apply earnestly, as the thoughts. He was no longer able to bend his mind or thoughts to any public business. Temple. 5. To subdue ; to cause to submit. O thou who sweetly bend'st my stubborn will. Beaumont. 6. (Naut.) To fasten ; as, “ To bend a sail, or make it fast to the yard ” ; “ To bend a cable, or make it fast to the anchor.” To bend the brow, to knit tile brow ; to frown. BEND, v. n. 1. To be incurvated or crooked. Then was I as a tree Whose boughs did bend with fruit. Shak. 2. To lean from an upright position. There is a cliff, whose high and bending head Looks fearfully on the confined deep. Shak. 3. To bow in token of submission. The sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee. Isa. lx. It. BEND, n. 1. Flexure ; a curve ; a bent. Where’er it [the lawn] winds, and freely must it wind, She bids, at every bend , thick-blossomed tufts Crowd their interwoven tendrils. Mason. 2. (Naut.) A knot by which one rope is made fast to another : — pi. the strongest part of a vessel’s side, to which the beams, knees, and foot-hooks are bolted ; the part between the water’s edge and the bulwarks. Dana. 3. (Her.) A kind of belt occu- pying the shield diagonally. j- BEND, n. [A. S. bcend, or bend, that which binds.] A band or company. Spenser. BEND'A-BLE, a. That may be bent. Shencooc BEND'IJR, n. 1. The person who bends. Spenser. 2. The instrument used for bending. Wilkins. BEND'LET, n. A little bend ; the diminutive of bend. Crabb. BEND'WITH, n. An herb. Bailey. BEN'DY, a. (ller.) A term ap- plied when an escutcheon is di- vided diagonally into an uneven number of partitions. Craig. BENE, n. The oil-plant, Sesamum orientale, introduced into the West India islands &c.; vanglo. Loudon. BE 'JVE, ad. A Latin adverb signifying well ; used in the phrase Nota bene, Mark well. BJ-PNEAPED' (be-nept'), a. (Naut.) A ship is said to be beneaped when the water does not flow high enough to bring her over the bar or off the ground, as at neap tide. Crabb. BE-NEATH', prep. [A. S. beneoth, or benythan .] 1. Under ; lower in place. Their woolly fleeces, as the rites required, He laid beneath him, and to rest retired. Dryden. 2. Under, as being overborne by pressure. Our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak. 3. Lower in rank, excellence, or dignity. We have reason to be persuaded that there are far more species of creatures above us than there are beneath. Locke. 4. Unworthy of ; unbecoming. He will do nothing that is beneath his high station. Atterbury. Syn. — See Under. B^-NEATH', ad. 1 . In a lower place. Thou slialt be above only, and not be beneath. Deut. 2. Below, with respect to heaven. Any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath. Exod. xx. 4. BE-JTE-DIQ '1-TE, [L., bless ye.} A canticle used at morning prayer in the church, after the first lesson. It is called the Song of the Three Children in the Fiery Furnace. Hook. f BEN'E-DICT, a. [L.benedicOjbenedictus.} Mild. “ Benign and benedict medicines.” Sancroft. BEN'E-DICT, n. A cant term for a married man ; — generalized from the character of that name in Shakspeare’s “ Much Ado about Nothing.” None but her priests could orthodoxically transmute a bachelor into a benedict. N. B. Rev. BEN-E-DIC'TINE, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of the order of St. Benedict. Buck. BEN-E-DlC'TINE, a. Belonging to the monks of the order of St. Benedict. Braude. BEN-E-DIC'TION, n. [L. benedictio, a blessing; It. benedizione ; Sp. bendicion ; Fr. benediction .] 1. A blessing ; an invocation of happiness. Hold your hands in benediction o’er me. Shak. 2. An expression of good wishes, or of kind words or grateful feelings, especially at parting. So saying, he arose; whom Adam thus Followed with benediction. Milton. 3. (Theol.) A solemn act of imploring the blessing of God, performed by a priest or minis- ter in the official services of the church. Syn. — The benediction of a priest; tile blessing of God ; spiritual or temporal blessings. f BEN-E-DIC'TION- A-RY, n. A collection of benedictions. “The benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold.” Richardson. BEN-E-DlC'TIVE, a. Pronouncing a blessing. “ Benedictive comprecations.” Gauden. BEN-E-DIC'TO-RY, a. Declaring a benediction ; benedictive. ’ Sat. May. BE 'JVE DIS-CES 'SIT, [L., he has departed honor- ably.} A phrase used in an English universi- ty to signify that a student leaves his college to enter another with the consent of the master and fellows. Hall. BEN-E-FAC'TION, n. [L. benefacio, benefactus, to do good to one ; bene, well, and facio, to make, to do ; Fr. bienfait.} 1. Act of conferring a benefit., Johnson. 2. The benefit conferred ; a donation ; a gra- tuity ; a gift. A man of true generosity will study in what manner to render his benefaction most advantageous. Melmoth. Syn. — Benefactions to the poor ; donations to be- nevolent institutions ; an unexpected gratuity ; a free gift. — See Gift. BEN-E-FAc'TOR, n. One who confers a benefit. “ Great benefactors of mankind.” Milton. BEN-B-fAc'TR^SS, n. She who confers a bene- fit. “ A benefactress to . . . monasteries. "Delany. BEN'E-FlCE (ben'e-f Is), n. [L. benefeium, a bene- faction ; It. Sp. beneficio ; Fr. benefice.'] Ad- vantage conferred: — an ecclesiastical living; a certain class of preferments in the church of England, as rectories, vicarages, perpetual cu- racies, and chaplaincies, — distinguished from dignities, as bishoprics, deaneries, and preb- ends. flfg“The equivalent Latin term, bert rjirium, tv as ap- plied by the Romans to a grant of land made to a veteran soldier. Under the feudal system, it signified an estate conferred by the sovereign, and held under him. This, afterwards becoming hereditary, consti- tuted a fief, properly so called. In the middle ages, the term was applied to church preferments, on the ground that they were held under tile pope as a supe- rior lord. Braude. Syn. — See Living. BEN'E-FICED (ben'e-flst), p. a. Having a bene- fice. “ Benefited clergymen.” Burke. f BEN'E-FICE-LESS, a. Having no benefice. “ Our beneficeless precisians.” Sheldon. BE-NEF'l-CENCE, n. [L. beneficentia ; bene, well, and facio, to do; It. beneficenza; Sp. benefi- cencia ; Fr. beneficence.} Active goodness ; kind action ; the doing of “ liberal things.” That virtue [benevolence], if it be in operation, or . . . en- deavor, is called beneficence, and the deed (vulgarly named a good turn) may be called a benefit. Elyot. There is no use of money equal to that of beneficence ; here the enjoyment grows on reflection. Mackenzie. Syn. — See Benevolence, Bounty. BE-NEF'I-CENT, a. Doing good ; performing kind acts ; bountiful ; munificent ; generous ; liberal ; kind. Hale. Syn. — God is beneficent and bountiful in providing for his creatures. A munificent governor or benefac- tor ; a generous disposition ; a liberal patron ; a kind friend. BE-NEF'I-CENT-LY, ad. In a beneficent man- ner. “ Mortals once beneficently great.” Parnell. BEN-E-fF'CIAL (ben-e-fish'fll), a. 1. Attended with, or conferring, benefits ; serviceable ; use- ful ; advantageous ; helpful. God designs that a charitable intercourse should be main- tained among men, mutually pleasant and beneficial. Barrow. 2. (Law.) Producing profit or advantage ; “ Beneficial interest”: — having or enjoying a benefit or profit. “ Beneficial owner.” Burrill. Syn. — See Advantageous. f BEN-E-FP'CIAL (ben-e-flsli'al), n. A benefice. “ How to obtain a beneficial.” Spenser. BEN-E-FP'CIAL-LY (ben-e-fish'al-Ie), ad. Ad- vantageously ; usefully. Burke. BEN-E-FI"CIAL-NESS (ben-e-flsh'ad-nes), n. Use- fulness ; advantageousness. Hale. BEN-E-FP'CIA-RY (ben-e-fish'ya-re), a. [L. ben- eficiarius, pertaining to a favor.] 1. Holding in subordination or dependence. The Duke of Parma was tempted by no less a promise than to be made a feudatory, or beneficiary , king of England, under the seigniory in chief of the pope. Bacon. 2. Relating to fiefs ; arising from feudal ten- ure ; feudatory. Beneficiary services were those which were done by the middling or lesser thanes to the king. Spelman. BEN-fl-FI"CIA-RY (bSn-e-fish'ysi-re), n. {Eccl.) 1. One who holds a benefice. “ The benefi- ciary is obliged to serve the parish church in his own proper person.” Aylijfe. 2. A person benefited or assisted. The fathers and the children, the benefactors and the bjamin-bush and spice-bush. Loudon. BfiN'-KIT, n. A large wooden vessel with a cover to it. [Local, Eng.] — See Kit. Thoresby. BEN'N£T, n. An herb ;— same as avens. Johnson. BEN'SHIE (bgn'slie), 91. An Irish fairy or a fairy’s wife. — See Banshee. Pennant. BENT, n. 1. State of being bent ; flexure ; cur- vature ; incurvation. Hold your rod at a bent a little. Walton. 2. Declivity ; slope, [r.] Beneath the lowering brow, and on a bent, The temple stood of Mars armipotent. Dryden. 3. Utmost force or power, as of a bent bow. Then let thy love be younger than thyself, Or thy affection cannot hold the bent. Shak. 4. Inclination ; disposition ; turn ; tendency. It is his rthe legislator’s] best policy to comply with the common bent of mankind, and give it all the improvements of which it is susceptible. Hume. 5. (Bot.) A kind of grass. [See Bent- grass.] pi. The withered stalks of grass stand- ing in a pasture after the seeds have dropped. “Bents, king-cups, and maiden-hair.” Peacham. BENT, i. & p. from be9id. See Bend. BENT, p. a. Inclined from a straight direction : — disposed; resolute; earnest. “Each other bent his enemy to quell.” Spenser. BENT'— GRASS, n. A genus of grasses, common in pastures, and very difficult to eradicate, so strong is its hold upon the soil by shoots from its bent and creeping stems ; Ayrostis. Loudon. BENT'ING— TIME, n. Time when pigeons feed on bents, “Bare benting -times.” Dryden. Bp-NUMB' (be-num'), v. a. [A. S. beniman, to stupefy ; p. benusnen, benumbed.] [i. be- numbed ; pp. BENUMBING, BENUMBED.] To make torpid ; to stupefy ; to paralyze. It seizes upon the vitals, and benumbs the senses. South. Syn. — See Numb. Bp-NUMB' pD-NESS (be-nuin'ed-n6s), n. State of being benumbed ; torpidness. South. Bp-NUMB'MpNT (be-num'ment), n. Act of be- numbing, or rendering torpid ; torpidity. Kirby. BEN'ZA-MlDE, n. (Chem.) A compound sub- stance obtained by exposing chloride of benzule to ammoniacal gas. Brande. BEN'ZILE,. n. (Chem.) A substance obtained by heating a mixture of benzoine and nitric acid. Regnault. BpN-ZIL'IC, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid obtained by boiling benzoine or benzile with a concen- trated solution of potash. Ogilvie. JJEN'ZINE, 91. (CJtem.) Another name for ben- zole. Graham. BEN'ZO-ATE, 9i. (Chem.) A salt composed of benzoic acid and a base. Bra9ide. BpN-ZO'lC, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid obtained from benzoin. Bra?ide. Benzoic acid, an acid which forms a constituent of many balsams. It is generally obtained by heating benzoin, and collecting the vapor which is evolved, and which condenses in brilliant white acicular crys- tals. Having a sweetish, penetrating odor, it is much used in the making of pastils and incense. Francis. BpN-ZOIN', n. (Bot.) A resinous substance, com- monly but improperly called a gum (gum-ben- jarnin). It is an exudation of the Sty9-ax benzoe or benzoin, a tree of Sumatra ; has a mottled or amygdaloid texture, and fragrant odor ; and is used by perfumers. Eng. Cyc. Brande. BEN'ZO-lNE, n. A crystalline substance, with- out odor, taste, or color, obtained from the oil of bitter almonds. Graham. BEN'ZOLE, 9i. (Chem.) A fluid composed of twelve equivalents of carbon and six of hydro- gen, and prepared by distilling one part of crystallized benzoic acid with three parts of hydrate of lime. It may also be obtained from coal tar and whale oil. It is used for producing artificial light, and for the manufacture of var- nishes. — Called also benzine. BEN'ZONE, 91. (Che99i.) An oily liquid composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, and procured by subjecting benzoate of lime to the action of heat. Regnault. BpN-ZOYL', n. (Cfyem.) The hypothetical rad- ical of a series of compounds, including ben- zoic acid and oil of bitter almonds, — composed of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon ; called also be9izule or benzoile. Graham. BEN'ZULE, n. (benzohi and illy.] (Chein.) See Benzoyl. Bra9tde. BE-PAINT', v. a. To cover with paint. Shak. f BI5-PALE', v. a. To make pale. Careic. BE-PER'I-WIGGED (-wlgd), a. Adorned with false hair ; periwigged. Congreve. BE-PINCH', v. a. To mark with pinches. “Sides, arms, shoulders all bepincht.” Chap9nan. BIJ-PLAs'TER, v. a. To cover with plaster; to embellish. “ Bcplastered with rouge.” Golds9nith. Bp-PoW'DpR, v. a. To dress out ; to powder. “ To bepotvder and becurl the outside.” Tucker. BIJ-PRAI^E', v. a. To praise greatly. Goldsmith. Bp-PUR'PLE, v. a. To render purple. Digges. BIJ-QUEATH' (he-kweth'), V. a. [A. S. beewee- than, to give by will.] [ i . bequeathed ; pp. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, lo9ig ; A, E, I, 6, U, V, short; A, 5, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; BESEEM BEQUEATHAL BEQUEATHING, BEQUEATHED.] To leave by will to another ; to devise ; — sometimes writ- ten bequeathe. See Soothe. My father bequeathed me by will but a poor thousand pounds. Shak. For freedom's battle, once begun, Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son, Though baffled oft, is ever won. Byron. Syn. — See Devise. BE-aUEATH'AL, n. A bequest, [r.] Charter of Harvard College. BIJ-CIUEATH'ER (be-kwetti'er), n. A testator. “ The bequeather or maker of any will.” Wilson. t BE-CiUEATH'MENT, n. A bequest. Bailey. f BE-CiUEST', v. a. To bequeath. “ Here is all I have to bequest." Gascoigne. BJJ-aUEST' (be-kwest'), n. Something left by will ; a legacy. lie claimed the crown to himself, pretending an adoption, or bequest of the kingdom unto him, by the Confessor. Ilale. Bf-QUOTE', v. a. To quote frequently. Ec. Rev. f BlJ-RAlN', v. a. To rain upon. Chaucer. Bp-RATE', v. a. [be and rate. ] [i. berated ; pp. berating, berated.] To abuse in vile language ; to revile ; to rate ; to rail at. So is the verity of the gospel Iterated and laughed to scorn of the miscreants. Udal. BE-RAT'TLE, v. a. To fill with noise. Shak. BJJ-RAU'NiTE, n. (Min.) A phosphate of the peroxide of iron. Dana. f BE-RAy', v. a. [A. S. bewreon , to cover.] To foul ; to befoul. — See Bewray. Milton. BER'Bp-RINE, n. A yellow, bitter principle con- tained in the alcoholic extract of the root of the berberry or barberry bush. Brande. BER 'BF.-RIS, n. [L.] ( Bot .) A genus of plants; the barberry or pepperidge bush. Eng. Cyc. BER'BJJR-RY, n. (Bot.) A shrub which bears yellow flowers, and red, acid berries ; — called also barberry. — See Barberry. Brande. BERCEAU (ber-so'), n. [Fr.] (Arch.) A full- arched vault. Crabb. BER'DASH, n. A kind of neck dress formerly worn in England. Buchanan. BERE, n. [A. S. here, barley.] A species of barley. — See Bear. T. Gray. Bp-RE'AN, n. ( Eccl . Hist.) One of a sect of Protestants who followed John Barclay in dis- senting from the Church of Scotland, and pro- fessed, like the ancient Bereans mentioned in Acts xvii., to build their system of faith and practice upon the Scriptures alone. Buchanan. Bp-REAVE', v. a. [A. S. berefian, to bereave ; But. berooven ; Ger. berauben .] [i. bereft or BEREAVED ; pp. BEREAVING, BEREFT Or BE- REAVED.] To strip of ; to deprive of ; to take away from ; — generally with the preposition of before the object. To deprive as of metals is to make us mere savages ; it is to bereave us of all arts and sciences. Bentley. If I be bereaved of my children, I am bereaved. Syn. — See Deprive. Gen ■ xliii - 14 ‘ B^-RE AVE'MJJNT, n. Act of bereaving; state of being bereaved ; loss ; deprivation, particu- larly of friends by death. Ec. Rev. B£-REAV'£R, n. One who bereaves. Speed. BJJ-REFT', i. & p. from bereave. See Bereave. BER-PN-GA'RI-AN, or BER-EN-OE'RI-AN, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Berengarius orBeren- ger, of Tours, in France, who, in 1048, denied the doctrine of transubstantiation. Eclen. BER-6-Ni'CE’§-HAlR, n. (Astron.) A group of seven stars in the constellation Leo ; — so called from Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Evergetes. Hind. BER'5-SITE, n. (Min.) A fine-grained granite from near Beresof, in the Ural. Dana. f BERG, n. [A. S. beorg, a hill ; berig, or burg , a city.] A town. — See Borough. Gibson. BER'GA-MO, n. A coarse kind of tapestry, so named from the town Bergamo, in Italy, where it was first manufactured. Crabb. BER'GA-MOT, n. [Fr. bergamotte .] 135 1. A species of pear, very juicy, and shaped like an apple. Johnson. 2. The fragrant fruit of the Bergamot orange tree, or Citrus Bergamia. Eng. Cyc. 3. An essential oil obtained both by pressure and by distillation from the rind of the berga- mot orange, and much used for a perfume ; — called also essence of bergamot. Brande. 4. A sort of snuff, so named from being per- fumed with bergamot. Johnson. BER'GAN-DJiR [ber'gan-der, K. Ash ; ber-gan'der, CIA,, n. [A. S. beorg ; Dut., Ger., k Swed. berg, a hill, and A. S. ened, Dut. eend, a duck.] (Ornith.) A beautiful species of duck, nearly as large as the goose, the shelldrake ; Tadorna vulpanser. Yarrel. f BER'GE-RET, n. [Fr. bergerette, a pastoral song, from berger, shepherd.] A song. Chaucer. BERG'MANN-lTE, n. (Min.) A variety of scapo- lite. Phillips. BERG'MAS-TER, n. [A. S. beorg, a hill, and mas- ter .] The chief officer among the Derbyshire miners, in England ; bar-master. Johnson. BERO'MEHL, n. [Sw ., mountain meal.) ( Geol .) An earth composed of microscopic fossil sili- cious diatoms; — found in the north of Eu- rope. Mixed with flour, it has been used, in times of scarcity, for food. Eng. Cyc. BERG'MOTE, n. [A. S. beorg, a hill, and mote, a meeting.] A court among the Derbyshire miners. Blount. f BER'GO-MASK, a. [It. bergamasca, a kind of dance.] Relating to a rustic dance. S/iak. B£-RHYME' (be-rlm'), v. a. To mention in rhyme ; to celebrate in rhyme. Shah. BER ' I-BE-Rl, n. A spasmodic rigidity of the lower limbs, &c., a disease in India. Hoblyn. B£R-LIN\ or BER'LIN [ber-lin', S. TV. J. F. Ja . ; ber'ljn, P. K. Sm. R. WbA], n. A kind of coach or chariot, first made at Berlin. Swift. BERME, n. [Fr.] 1. (Fort.) A space, from three to five feet. wide, between the foot of the ramparts and the side of the moat. Crabb. 2. The bank or side of a canal which is op- posite to the tow-path ; — called also berme- bank. Tanner. BER'NA-CLE— GOOSE, or BER'NI-CLE-GOOSE, n. A species of wild goose, fabled to grow out of the barnacle shell. — See Barnacle. P. Cyc. BER'NAR-DlNE, n. One of a branch of the Ben- edictine or Cistercian order of monks ; — so called from St. Bernard, a great promoter of this order in the twelfth century. P. Cyc. f BER'NfT, n. [A. S. byrnan, to burn.] (Law.) The crime of arson. Crabb. BER-ATOUSE' , n. The outer mantle of an Arab, woven in one piece, with a hood ; — written also bornouse and bournouse. Campbell. ■f BE-ROB', v. a. To rob; to plunder. Spenser. BF.R'0-E,n. [L.] (Zoijl.) A genus of small ma- rine animals, of the class Acalcphce. They are transparent and gelatinous, of an oval or glob- ular form, and swim in the ocean, by means of eight rows of flappers. Their phosphorescence makes them very conspicuous at night. Agassiz. BER'RJED (ber'rjd), a. 1. Having berries, or cov- ered with berries. Dyer. 2. Impregnated with eggs or spawn. Travis. BER'RY, n. [A. S. beria, berga, a grape or berry ; beran, to bear ; Dut. beare ; Dan. bar.) Any small, soft, succulent fruit, having seeds imbedded in pulp. Gray. t BER'Ry, n - [A- S. beorh, a heap.] A hillock ; — corrupted from barrow. W. Browne. BER'RY, v. n. To bear berries. Johnson. BER'RY— BeAr'ING, a. Producing berries. Lee. f— BERT, a. [A. S. beorht, or bryht.] Bright; — a suffix used in forming proper names ; as Eg- bert, eternally bright or famous ; Sigieri, fa- mous conqueror. Gibson. BERTH, n. [A. S. beeran, to bear ; beorth , birth.] 1. (Naut.) A ship’s station, or the place where she lies, whether at anchor or at a wharf : — a place in a ship to sleep in. 2. Official situation or employment ; as, “ He has been appointed to a good berth.” ■6®" This nautical term is sometimes erroneously written birth. — See Birth. To give a wide berth to, to keep at a distance from. BER-THEL' LA, n. (Zoul.) A genus of marine Gasteropoda. Woodward. BER'TH{-5R-fTE, n. (Min.) A mineral com- posed of sulphur, antimony, and iron. Dana. BER- THO-LE ' TI-A, n. (Bot.) A very tall tree of South .America, where it forms large forests. Its fruit is described by Humboldt as a spheri- cal case as big as a man’s head, with four cells, in each of which are six or eight nuts, of an ir- regular triangular shape, and known as Brazil nuts. Eng. Cyc. BER'TRAM, n. [Gr. irbptBpov, nop, fire; L. py- rethrum .] An herb ; wild pellitory. Boucher. BER'YL, n. [Gr. (iripv/.ios ; L. beryllus.] (Min.) A crystallized mineral of hexagonal form, composed of silica, glucina, and alumina, with minute portions of other substances. It includes among its varieties two beautiful and costly gems, the emerald and the precious beryl or aquamarine, the former of which is transparent and of a rich green color, due to oxide of chrome, and the latter, also transpar- ent, of a pale green and various other colors due to admixtures of oxides of iron. Eng. Cyc. BER'YL-LINE, a. Partaking of the nature of beryl ; having a pale green color. Craig. BFi-RYL’ LI-ijM, n. Same as Glucinum. Dana. BfR-ZE'LI-AN-lTE, n. (Min.) A silver-white, soft mineral, with metallic lustre and in thin dendritic crusts, composed of selenium and copper ; — so called from Berzelius, the Swe- dish chemist. Dana. t BIJ-SAlNT', v. a. To make a saint of. Hammond. BE-^hYLE', n. [Old Fr. besael, or besayeul, a great-grandfather.] (Law.) A kind of writ, which lay where a great-grandfather died seized of lands and tenements in fee simple, and on the day of his death a stranger abated or en- tered, and kept out the heir. Blackstone. BE-SCAT'TER, v. a. To throw loosely over. f Bjp-SCORN', v. a. To mock at. Chaucer. f BJE-SCRAtch', v. a. To scratch. Chaucer. f BJi-SCRAWL', v. a. To scribble over. Milton. BJJ-SCREEN', v. a. To cover with a screen; to screen. “ Thus bescreened in night.” Shak. BIS-SCRIB'BLE, v. a. To scribble on. Milton. fBJE-SCUM'BER, v. a. To defile. — See Scum- ber. “ With . . . filth bescumbers.” Marston. B^i-SCUTCH'EON, v. a. To deck with a scutch- eon. “ Bescutcheoned and betagged.” Churchill. j-BlJ-SEE', v. n. To look ; to mind. Wicklijfe, B^-SEECH', v. a. [A. S. be, by, and secan, to seek.] [/. besought (f beseeched! ; pp. be- seeching, besought (f beseeched).] 1. To pray to with urgency ; to entreat ; to supplicate ; to implore ; — used before a person. I, in the anguish of my heart, beseech you To quit the dreadful purpose of your soul. Addison. 2. To petition for ; to beg ; to solicit ; to ask ; — used before a thing. Fell humble, and, embracing them [feet], besought His peace. • Milton. Syn. — See Ask. f Bjp-SEECH', n. Request. Beau. § FI. BJJ-SEECH'IJR, n. One who beseeches. Shak. B]5-SEECH'ING-LY, ad. In a beseeching man- ner. Neale. B^-SEECH'M^NT, n. The act of beseeching. “ Which beseechment denotes.” Goodwin. f B^-SEEK', v. a. [A. S. be, by, and secan, to seek.] To request; to beseech. Chaucer. B^-SEEM', v. a. To become ; to befit. What form of speech or behavior bcscemcth us in our prayers to Almighty God? Hooker. MlEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RpLE. — 9, 9, q, g, soft; E, E, £ , |, hard; § as z ; ? as gz. — THIS, this. BESEEMING 136 BESTOW BE-SEEM'ING, n. Comeliness. Barrett. Bg-SEEM'JNG-NESS, n. Quality of being fit or becoming. Craig. B^-SEE M'ING-LY, ad. In a beseeming manner. BE-SEEM'LY, a. Fit; becoming. Shenstone. + BE-SEEN', p. [from besce.] Adapted; adjust- ed. “ Right well beseen.” Spenser. BE-SET', v. a. [A. S. besettan, to set near ; Ger. besetzcn.] ‘[i. beset; pp. besetting, beset.] 1. To surround; to hem in ; to besiege. Follow him that’s fled. The thicket is beset ; he cannot ’scape. Shak. 2. To embarrass ; to perplex ; to entangle in difficulties. Thus Adam, sore beset, replied. MiUon. 3. To fall upon ; to attack. At once upon him ran. and him beset With strokes of mortal steel. Spenser. 4. To set as with jewels. The one was Aurora, with fingers of roses, and her feet dewy, attired in gray; the other was Vesper, in a robe of azure beset with drops of gold. Spectator. t BE-SHINE', v. a. To shine upon. Chaucer. BE-SHREW' (be-shru'), v. a. [Ger. beschreien, to beshrew ; to enchant.] To wish a curse to; to wish that ill may happen to ; to execrate. Nay, quoth the cock, but I beshreiv us both, If I believe a saint upon his oath. Dryden. Beshrew thee, cousin, which didst lead me forth Of that sweet way I was in, to despair. Shak. BE-SHROUD', v. a. To wrap in a shroud. Craig. f BE-SHUT', v. a. To shut up. Chaucer. BlJ-slDE', ) prep. 1. At the side of ; by the B£-SlDE§', > side of - He caused me to sit down beside him. Bacon. He leadeth me beside the still waters. Ps. xxiii. 2. 2. Over and above ; separate from ; in addi- tion to. There is nothing at all besides this manna. Mum. xi. 6. 3. Aside from ; not in the course of ; in de- viation from. It is beside my present business to enlarge upon this spec- ulation. Locke. 4. Out of ; not in possession of, as implying a loss of reason. Festus said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art beside thyself Acts xxvi. 21. BE-SIDE , i af i' i Over and above; in addi- Bp-SIDE§', j tion ; more. That man that doth not know those things which are of necessity for him to know is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides. Tillotson. 2. Not included in what is spoken of; not of the class mentioned. All that we feel of it begins and ends In the small circle of our foes and friends; To all beside as much an empty shade, An Eugene living, as a Caesar dead. Pope. 4 t 3 r-An additional reason is introduced with be- sides ; a superfluous reason, with moreover. Taylor. BIJ-siDE'RY, n. A species of pear. Johnson. Bf-SIE£E' (he-sSj'), v. a. [A. S. besittan, to sur- round, to besiege ; Fr. assiegerJ] \i. besieged ; pp. besieging, besieged.! To lay siege to; to invest with an armed force ; to invade ; to attack ; to beleaguer. And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thv high and fenced walls come down. Dent, xxviii. 52. BE-SIE£E'M£NT, n. The act of besieging ; — state of being besieged ; siege, [it.] Month. Rev. BE-SIE^'ER, n. One who besieges. BE-SI'REN, v. a. To entice as a siren. Qu. Rev. t BE-SIT', v. a. To suit; to become. Spenser. BE-SLAb'BER, v. a. Same as Beslaver. Roget. t BE-SLAVE', v. a. To enslave. Hall. BE-SLAv'ER, v. a. To defile, or to cover, with slaver. — See Beslubber. Richardson. Bp-SLlME', v. a. To soil ; to daub. B. Jonson. Bp-SLOB'BpR, v. a. To daub ; to soil. Qu. Rev. BE-SLUB'BJJR, v. a. To defile with slaver; to beslaver. “ To beslubber our garments.” Shak. BE-SMEAR', V. a. [i. BESMEARED ; pp. BESMEAR- ING, besmeared.] To cover with something greasy, adhesive, or dirty ; to bedaub ; to soil. First Moloch, horrid king! besmeared with blood. Milton. Bp-SMEAR'fR, n. One who besmears. Sherwood. f BE-SMIRCH', v. a. To soil ; to discolor. “ Our gayness and our gilt are all besmirched." Shak. Bg-SMOKE', v. a. 1. To foul with smoke. Kersey. 2. To harden or dry in smoke. Johnson. BJ5-SMUT', v. a. [be and smut. ] To soil with dirt, smoke, or soot ; to smut. Chaucer. f Bf-SNOW', v. a. To cover with snow ; to make white. “ A third thy white and small hand shall besnow.” Carew. BE-SNUFFED' (be-snuft'), p. a. Smeared with snuff. Unwashed her hands, and much besnvjfed her face. Young. BE'^OM (be'zum), n. [A. S. besom ; Dut. bezem ; Ger. besen .] A broom made of twigs. Bacon. BE-s6oTH'IM?NT, n. That which soothes ; sol- ace ; comfort. Qu. Rev. t BE-SORT', v. a. To suit ; to fit. Such men as may besort your age. Shak. t BE-SORT', n. Company ; attendance. Shak. BE-SOT', v. a. [be and sof.] [«. besotted ; pp. BESOTTING, BESOTTED.] 1. To make sottish ; to infatuate ; to stupefy. He is besotted , and has lost his reason. South. 2. To make to dote ; — with on. [r.] You speak Like one besotted on your sweet delights. Shak. BE-SOT'TED, p. a. Infatuated; stupefied. Ash. Bp-SOT'TED-I.Y, ad. In a foolish, besotted manner. “ Basely and bcsottedlg.” Milton. BE-SOT'TED-NESS, n. Stupidity ; infatuation. “ Hardness, besottedness of heart.” Milton. Bf-SOT'TING-LY, ad. In a besotting manner. Bf-SOUGHT' (be-s^wt'), i. 8c p. from beseech. See Beseech. BE-SPAn'GLE, v. a. To adorn with spangles; to spangle. Pope. BE-SPAt'TER, v. a. [be and spatter.] [i. bespat- tered ; pp. bespattering, bespattered.] 1. To sprinkle with filth; to soil by spatter- ing with what is dirty or offensive ; to spatter upon ; as, “ To be bespattered with mud.” 2. To asperse ; to calumniate. If the calumniator bespatters and belies me, I will endeavor to convince him by my life and manners, but not by being like himself. South. t BE-SPAWL', v. a . To daub with spittle. “ With all the rheum of the town ... to bespawl his brethren.” Milton. BE-SPEAK', v. a. [be and speak.] [f. bespoke ( t bespake) ; pp. bespeaking, bespoken.] 1. To order or speak for, beforehand. Here is the cap your worship did bespeak. Shak. 2. To forebode ; to foretell. They started fears, bespoke dangers, and formed ominous prognostics in order to scare the allies. Swift. 3. To speak to ; to address. [A sense chiefly poetical.] With hearty words her knight she ’pan to cheer, And, in her modest manner, thus bespake. Spenser. 4. To betoken ; to show. His head, Not yet by time completely silvered o’er. Bespoke him past the bounds of freakish youth. Cowper. BE-SPEAK'ER, n. One who bespeaks. Wotton. BE-SPEC'KLE, v. a. To mark with speckles. [They] . . . bespeckled her with . . . gaudy allurements. Milton. t BE-SPET', v. a. To bespit. Chaucer. Bf-SPEW' (be-spQ'), v. a. To daub with spew or vomit. BE-SPlCE', v. a. To season with spices. Shak. B^-SPlT', v. a. To daub with spittle. Wicliffe. BE-SPOKE', i. from bespeak. See Bespeak. B E-SPOT', v. a. To mark with spots. Rainbow. BE-SPREAD' (-spred'), v. a. To spread over. “ With painted flowers bespread." Dryden. f BE-SPRENT', p. [A. S. besprengan.] Be- sprinkled. Milton. BE-SPRlN'KLE, v. a. To sprinkle over. Dryden. BE-SPRlN'KLER, n. One who besprinkles. BE-SPRlN'KLING, n. A sprinkling. Dr. Allen. BE-SPURT', v. a. To throw out upon ; to spurt upon. “ His haughtiness well bespurted with his own holy water.” Milton. BE-SPUT'TER, v. a. To sputter over. BEST, a. superl. of good. [Goth, bats ; A. S. best ; Ger. best ; Dut. beste.] 1. Most good ; most excellent ; having good qualities in the highest degree. An evil intention perverts the best actions, and makes them sins. Addison. What she wills to do or say Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best. Milton. 2. Most wise, judicious, or expedient ; as, “ What is best to be done ? ” To do one's best, to do the utmost of which one is capable. — To the best of, according to the highest power or perfection of ; to the utmost extent of. — M best, in the best manner ; in the utmost degree or ex- tent. — To make the best of, to turn to tile most profit- able use ; to improve to the utmost. — In the best, ox at the best, under the most favorable light. “ Murder most foul, as in the best it is.” Shak. BEST, ad. superl. of well. 1. Most of all. Old fashions please me best. Shak. Tell whom thou lovest best. Shak. 2. With the greatest benefit, propriety, or fitness. How in safety best we may Compose our present evils. Milton. 3. With the highest qualification ; by the clearest title. Speak, ye who best can tell, ye sons of light. Milton. Best is sometimes used in composition. “ Best- beloved ” ; “ Best esteemed.’ 5 Shak. BEST, n. 1. Highest perfection. But you, O, you. So perfect and so peerless, are created Of every creature’s best. Shak. 2. Greatest effort. The duke did his best to come down. Bacon. BE-STAlN', v. a. To mark with stains. Shak. t BE-STEAD', v. a. 1. To profit ; to be useful. Dry fish, ... so new and good as it did very greatlv bestead us in the whole course of our voyage. Sir T. Brake. 2. To place in circumstances good or ill. He who to outward sight is so ill bestead hath latent in him much of admirable beauty and glory. Burrow. BEST'IAL (best'y?l) [bes'che-ril, IF. J. ; bes'tyal, E. F. K. Sm. R. ; bSs'te-al, P. Ja. ; bes'ch^l, S.], a. [L. bestialis ; bestia, a beast.] 1. Belonging to a beast or to the class of beasts. “ Of shape, part human, part bestial.” Tatler. 2. Having the qualities of beasts ; destitute of reason or humanity ; brutal ; beastly ; brutish. I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial. Shak. BEST-I-AL'I-TY (best-ye-51'e-te), n. 1. The qual- ity of beasts; beastliness. Arbuthnot. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast. Smart. BEST'IAL- IZE (best'y?l-Iz), v. a. To make like a beast. Phil. Letters on Physiognomy. 1751. BEST'IAL-LY (best'yfil-1?), ad. Brutally. + BEST'I-ATE (best'ye-at), v. a. To make like a beast ; to bestialize. Junius. BE-STICK', v. a. [i. & p. bestuck.] To stick over with. Truth shall retire, Bestuck with slanderous darts. Milton. BE-STIR', p. a. To put into vigorous action ; — seldom used except with the reflexive pronoun. As when men wont to watch On duty, sleeping found by whom they dread, Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awuke. Milton. t BEST'NESS, n. The most excellent state. “The bestness of a thing.” Bp. Morton. BE-STORM', v. n. To rage ; to storm. Young BE-STOW' (be-sto'), v. a. [A. S. be, by, and stow, a place ; Dut. stouwen, besteeden, to bestow.] [t. BESTOWED ; pp . BESTOWING, BESTOWED.] 1. To put; to place ; to stow. Quickly aboard bestow you. Drayton. And he . . . bound two talents of silver in two hags, . . . and laid them upon two of his servants; . . . and when he came to the tower, he took them from their hand, and bestowed them in the house. 2 Kings v. 23, 24. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, !, 6, 0, Y, short; A, E, !. lus, an angle.] Having two BI-AN'GU-LAT-ED, ) an g les - Bailey. t BI-An'GU-LOUS, a. Biangular. Bailey. BI-AR-SE'NI-ATE, n. [See Bi.] (Chem.) See Binarseniate. Buchanan. Bf-AR-TlC'U-LATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and artic- uhis, a joint.] (Ent.) Having two joints. Brande. Bl'AS, n. [Fr. biais ; Old Fr. bihai, across, athwart.] 1. The weight lodged on one side of a bowl, which turns it from the straight line. Madam, we’ll play at bowls; ’T will make me think the world is full of rubs, And that my fortune runs against the bias. Shah. 2. That which sways one towards one opin- ion rather than another ; inclination ; prepos- session ; partiality ; bent. Morality influences men’s lives, and gives a bias to all their actions. Locke. The inclination of his judgment, not the bias of his preju- dice, gave the award. Taylor. Every historian has his bias, and every party its historian. The torv Hume, the Roman Catholic Lingard, the anti-Stuart Oldmixon, the high church Carte, — these all have opinions and biasses which influence their judgment and guide their pens. Gent. Mag. Bl'AS, v. a. [i. BIASSED or BIASED ; pp. BIASSING or biasing, biassed or biased. — Biassed is the more common spelling ; but biased is the more analogical.] To cause to incline to one side ; to influence ; to prejudice. A desire leaning to either side biasses the judgment strange- ly. Watts. Bl'AS, ad. Across ; diagonally. Shak. f Bl'AS— DRAW'ING, n. Partiality. Shak. f BI'AS-NESS, n. Inclination to some side ; par- tiality. Sherwood. BI-AU-RIO'y-LATE, a. [L. bis, twice, twofold, and auricula, an auricle.] (Anat.) Having two auricles. Brande. Bl-Ax'AL, a. [L. bis, twofold, and axis, an axis.] (Min.) Having two axes. Smart. BIB, n. [L. bibo, to drink.] A piece of linen put on a child’s breast. Beau. <5, FI. BIB, v. n. [L. bibo, to drink.] To tipple ; to sip ; to drink. “ He was constantly bibbing." Locke. BI-BA'CIOUS (bl-ba'slms), a. [L. bibax, bibacis, given to drink.] Addicted to drinking. Bailey. fi BI-BAy'l-TY, n. Disposition to excessive drink- ing. Bailey. BIB'BIJR, n. [L. bibo, to drink ; Fr. biberon, a tippler.] A tippler; — used in composition ; as, “ Win e-bibber." Prov. xxiii. 20. BIB'BLE— bAb'BLE, n. Prating; idle talk. Shak. BIb'I-TO-RY, a. [L. bibo, bibitus, to drink.] Pertaining to drinking or tippling. Ogilvie. Bl'BLE (bl'bl), n. [Gr. BtftXiov, a book, by way of eminence, The Book ; pi/lhos, the inner bark of the papyrus, or paper made of it.] The sa- cred volume which contains the revelations of God; the Scriptures of the Old and New Tes- taments. Bl'BLE— OATH, n. An oath on the Bible ; a sacred obligation. Congreve. BIB'LgRjM. [L. bibo, to drink.] A tippler. Ogilvie. BIB'LI-CAL, a. Relating to the Bible ; scriptural. “ Biblical subjects.” Porson. BIB'LI-CI§M, n. Biblical doctrine, learning, or literature, [n,.] Ec. Bev. BIB'LI-CIST, n. One versed in biblical learning; a biblist. Ed. Bev. BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHER, n. [See Bibliography.] One versed in bibliography. Johnson. BIB-LI-O-GRApii'IC, I a. Relating to bibli- BIB-LI-O-GRAph'I-CAL, jography, or the knowl- edge of books. Todd. BIB-LI-O-GRApH'I-CAL-LY, ad. In a biblio- graphical manner. Dibdin. BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. (3i0Xiov, a book, and ypn'0 w, to describe; Fr. bibliographic.) The sci- ence or knowledge of books, in regard to their authors, subjects, editions, and history. Brande. BIB-LI-OL'A-TRY, n. [Gr. (hUMov, a book, and Xarpiia, worship.] Worship of a book. Byrom. BIB'LI-O-LITE, n. [Gr. piffl.tov, a book, and lidos, a stone.] (Min.) Book-stone; a fossil leaf. Hamilton. BlB-LI-0-LO a flower.] (Bot.) Having two flowers ; two-flowered. Crabb. BI'FOLD, a. [L. bis, txvice, and Eng. fold.] Two- fold. “ Bifold authority.” Shak. BI-FO'LI-ATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and folium, a leaf.] (Bot.) Consisting of two leaflets. P. Cyc. BI-FO'LI-O-LATE, a. (Bot.) Noting compound leaves which consist of two leaflets. Gray. BI-FOL-LIC'y-LAR, a. [L. bis, twice, folliculus, a sack.] (Bot.) Having two follicles. Smart. BI-FO'RATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and foris, a door.] (Bot.) Having two perforations. Brande. BIF'O-RINE, n. [L. bis, twice, and foris, a door or gate.] A singular body found in the interior of the green pulpy part of the leaves of some araceous plants. It is in the form of minute oval sacs, one within the other, the space be- tween being filled with a transparent fluid, and the inner bag with fine acicular crystals, or rhaphides, which are discharged with violence first from one end and then from the other, xvhen the biforine is placed in water. Brande. Bi'FOIlM, a. [L. bformis ; bis, twice, and forma, form.] Having a double form. C’roxall. Bl'FORMED (bl'formd), a. Compounded of two forms ; biform. BI-FORM'I-TY, n. A double form, [r.] More. BI-FRONT'JJD (hl-frunt'ed), a. [L .bfrons', bis, twice, and from, frontis, the front.] Having two fronts. B. Jonson. BI-FijR'CATE, v. a. [L. bis, twice, and furca, a two-pronged fork.] To divide into two’ branch- es. Crabb. BI-I UR C.yTE, ) a Having two prongs, BI-FUR'C AT-£D, > or divided into two branches ; two forked ; bifurcous, Woodward. BI-FFR-CA'TION, n. Division into two heads, branches, or parts. “ A bifurcation or division of the root into two parts.'’ Browne. BI-FUR 'COUS, a. (Bot.) Two-forked. Coles. BIG, a. [“Perhaps from the A. S. byggan ; Sw. bygga ; Eng. to big, to build,” Richardson ; W. batch, a load ; beichiog, big with child, pregnant.] 1. Great ; large in bulk. Halfway down nangs one that gathers samphire — dreadful trade! Metliinks he seems no bigger than his head. Shak. 2. Great with young ; pregnant. A bear big with young hath seldom been seen. Bacon. 3. Full of something, and about to give it vent. The great, the important day, Big with the fate of Cato and of Rome. Addison. A, E, f, O, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, £, U, f, short ; A, ]J, J, Q, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; BIG 141 BILINGbGA'I E 4. Distended ; swollen ; ready to burst. Thy heart is big; get thee apart, and weep. Shak. 5. Great in air and mien ; proud ; swelling ; haughty. If you had looked big, and spit at him, he’d have run. Shak. 6. Great in spirit ; lofty ; brave. What art thou? Have not I An arm as Iny as thine ? a heart as big? Shak. Syn. — See Great. BIG, n. ( Agric .) Winter barley. — See Bigg. BIG, v. a. [A. S. byggan, to build.] To build. [North of England.] Brockett. Bi' OA, n. [L.] (Antiq.) A chariot or car drawn by two horses abreast. P • Cyc. f BIG'AM, n. [Low L. bigamies, twice married ; bis, twice, and Gr. yaptoi, to marry.] A biga- mist. Bp- Peacock. BIG'A-MlST, n. One who has committed bigamy. “ Much less can a bigamist have ... a bene- fice.” Ayliffe. BIG'A-My, n. [Low L. bigamia ; bis, twice, and yafizui, to marry.] (Law.) 1. The offence of contracting a second mar- riage during the life of the husband or wife. Blackstone. 2. The offence of having a plurality of wives or husbands ; polygamy. Ijgy-This sense of the word bigamy, though well settled in criminal law, is, as Blackstone observes, a corruption of the meaning, polygamy being the proper name of this offence. It is so designated in Massa- chusetts by Rce. Stat. c. 130, § 2. Burrill. 3. (Canon Law.) The marriage of a second wife after the death of the first, or the marriage of a widow ; either of which was considered as bringing a man under some incapacities for ecclesiastical offices. Burrill. BlG-AR-REAU', n. [Fr.] A large, whitish cher- ry ; bigaroon. Cole. BIG-A-ROON', n. The large white-heart cherry; bigarreau. Smart. BIG'— BEL-LIED (blg'bel-ljd), a. Having a large belly or protuberance ; protuberant ; pregnant. BIG'— BONED (blg'bSnd), a. [ big and bone.) Hav- ing large bones. Herbert. BIG'— CORNED (big'kornd), a. Having large grains. “ The strength of big-corned powder.” Dryden. Bl-^EM'l-NATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and germino, germinatus , to double.] (Bot.) Noting leaves having two secondary petioles, each of which bears a pair of leaflets. ‘ Lindtey. Bl(jf'5-NISR, n. [L. bis, twice, and gener, a son-in- law. (Bot.) A cross between two species of dif- ferent genera ; a mule. Lindley. BI-t-rEN'TlAL, a. [L. bis, twice, and gens, gentis, a clan.] Comprising two tribes of people, [it.] BIGG, n. (Agric.) A species of barley, Hordeum hexastichon, chiefly cultivated in several of the northern countries of Europe ; winter barley ; bere or bear. Loudon. BIG'N£SS, n. Bulk; size; dimension. BIG-JVO'JVI-A, n. [Named from the Abbe Big- non, librarian to Louis XIV.] (Bot.) An exten- sive genus of beautiful trees and shrubs, natives of hot climates ; — the trumpet-flower. Loudon. BIG'OT, a. [Of uncertain and disputed etymolo- gy.’ Fr. bigot, from the English phrase by God, uttered as an oath by Rollo, Duke of Norman- dy, when he refused to kiss the foot of his father-in-law, Charles the Foolish. Camden. Cotgrave says, “Bigot, an old Norman word, signifying as much as De par dieu, or our for God’s sake, made good French, and signifying an hypocrite, or one that seemeth much more holy than he is; also a scrupulous or supersti- tious fellow.” — A corruption of Visigoth, the word bigos occurring in an old French romance, cited by Roquefort, in tbe sense of a barbarous people. Malone. — Low L. Bequtta, one of the appellations of the nuns called Beguines. Todd. — It. bigotti, a religious fraternity still existing in Tuscany. Ogilvie. — Sp. bigote, a whisker ; hombre de bigote, a man of spirit.] A person unreasonably devoted to some party, de- nomination, or creed ; a blind zealot. In philosophy mid religion, the bigots of all parties are generally the most positive. I Vatts. f BIG'OT, a. Bigoted. “ In a country more bigot than ours.” Dryden. BIG'OT-ED, a. Full of bigotry ; irrationally zeal- ous. “ Weak, bigoted . . . prince.” Swift. BIG'OT-IJD-LY, ad. In the manner of a bigot : pertinaciously. Todd. f BI-GOT'I-CAL, a. Bigoted. “ Some bigotical religionists.” Cudworth. BIG'OT-RY, n. [Fr. bigoterie.) 1. Irrational par- tiality for a particular party or creed ; blind zeal ; prejudice. Were it not for a bigotry to our own tenets, we could hard- ly imagine that so many absurd principles should pretend to support themselves by the gospel. Watts . 2. The practice or tenets of a bigot. “ Those bigotries which all good and sensible men de- spise.” Pope. Syn. — See Superstitious. BIG'— ROUND, a. Of large circumference. Pope. BIG'— SOUND-JNG, a. Having a pompous sound. “ Big-sounding sentences.” Bp. Hall. BIG'-SWOLN, a. Much swelled ; turgid. Shak. BIG'— UD-DIJRED (blg'ud-derd), a. Having large udders. “ Big-uddered ewes.” Pope. bI'GUM, n. See Begum. BIG'— WIG, n. A cant name for a person of conse- quence ; — applied especially to judges in Eng- land, who wear large wigs. Ogilvie. BI-HY-DROG'U-RET, n. (Chem.) A compound containing two equivalents of hydrogen. Craig. BIJOU (be'zlio'), n. [Fr.] A jewel ; an elegant ornament. Smart. BIG'GIN, n. 1. [Fr. beguin.) A child’s cap. “Brow with homely biggin bound.” Shak. 2. [Another form of piggin.) A small wooden vessel ; a can. 3. [A. S. byggan, to build.] A building. [North of Eng.] Brockett. BIG GON, ^ 1 n. [Fr. beguin, a child’s cap.] BIG'GON-NET, ) A cap or hood with ears, like that worn by nuns, particularly the Beguines. Ogilvie. BIGHT (bit), n. [A. S. byht, a corner; bige, a corner, a bay ; bugan, to bow, to bend.] 1. (Naut.) The double part or coil of a rope when it is folded, not including the ends. 2. A small bay or inlet of the sea. Wilbraham. 3. (Farriery.) The inward bend of a horse’s chambrel, and the bend of the fore knees. Craig. BI-GLAN'DU-LAR, a. (Bot.) Having two glands. BIG'LY, ad. In a swelling, pompous, or bluster- ing manner ; tumidly ; haughtily. Biyh/ to look, and barbarously to speak. Dryden. BIG'— NAMED (big'naind), a. Having a great name. “ Some big-named composition.” Crashaw. BI-JOU'TRY (be-zho'tre), n. [Fr .bijouterie.) Jew- elry ; trinkets. Clarke. || Bl-JU'GATE, a. [L. bijugus, yoked two together ; bis, twice, s.\\Ajugum, a yoke.] (Bot.) Noting pinnate leaves consisting of two pairs of leaflets. Lindley. || BI-JU'GOITS [hi-ju'gus, C. O. Cl. T Vb. ; bl'ju-gus, Sm.], a. (Bot.) Same as Bi jugate. Gray. BIKH, n. A poisonous plant of Nepaul ; a spe- cies of aconite (Aconitum ferox), used by the natives of that country to poison the wells when the British troops invaded it. Brande. Bl-LA'Bl-ATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and la- bium, a lip.] (Bot.) Noting a monopet- alous corolla or monophyllous calix, which is separated into two unequal divisions or lips ; labiate ; two-lipped. Lindley. BI-LAM'JpL-LATE, a. [L. his, twice, and lamella, a plate.] (Bot.) Divided into two plates or la- mellae. Brande. Bi-LA M'JJL-LAT-£D, a. (Bot.) Same as Bilam- e i,i, ate. Pennant. BIL'AN-DIJR, n. [Fr .belandre; Dut. bylandcr.) A small vessel used chiefly in Dutch canals for the carriage of goods. Like bilanders to creep Along the coast, and land in view to keep. Dryden. BI-LAT'pR-AL, a. [L. bis, twice, and latus, late- ris, a side.] Having two sides. Ash. BIL'B£R-RY, n. [From Sax. bilig, a bladder, and berry. Skinner. ] (Bot.) A small shrub and its fruit ; a species of whortleberry ; Vaccinium myrtillus. Shak. BIL'BO, n. ; pi. b!l'boe$. 1. A short sword or rapier; — so named from Bilboa, in Spain, where first made. Shak. 2. Stocks or shackles for confining the feet of offenders ; — formerly fabricated in great quantities at Bilboa. Methought I lay. Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Shak. BILBOQUET (bil'bo-ka'l, n. [Fr.] I. The toy called a cup and ball. Todd. 2. (Mil.) A small 8-inch mortar to throw shell. BILD'STElN, n. [Ger. bild, an image, and stein, a stone.] (Min.) A mineral composed chiefly of silica and alumina, and often carved into Chinese figures ; figure-stone ; pagodite ; agal- matolite. Brande. BILE, n. [L. bill's ; Fr. bile.) An animal fluid of yellow or greenish color and nauseous taste, secreted in the liver, partly collected in the gall-bladder and discharged into the lower end of the duodenum. Its purpose is supposed to be to complete the digestive process in the small intestines, by aiding in the separation of the chyle. It has been fancied to be the seat of ill-humor. > Dunglison. BILE, n. [A. S. byl,,bilc ; Dut. builr, Dan. byld; Ger. beule.) A sore, painful tumor, terminat- ing in a pustule. Thou art a bile in my corrupted blood. Shak. UfJpThis word is now more commonly spelt boil, although the orthography of bile is more in accord- ance with its etymology ; and it is so spelt in the old • Dictionaries of Baret, Cotgrave, Huloet, Martin, &r. Both forms are given in the principal English Dic- tionaries, and both are still more or less in use. In the first edition of the common version of the Bible (1611), the orthography is, in Joh ii. 7, biles (“ sore biles’’) ; but in the later editions it is boils. Johnson says of tire word, “ This is generally spelt boil ; but, I think, less properly.” Walker gives the preference to bile, and says, “ improperly boil ” ; but Smart notes bile as an obsolete orthography. — See Boil. BILE'— STONE, n. (Med.) Biliary concretion or calculus. Buchanan. BILtyE (btlj)*' n. . [Goth, balgs ; A. S. body, or by jig, a bulge ; atjag.] 1. (iVnwffi) The broadest part of a ship’s bot- tom, or that part of her floor upon which she would rest if aground ; bulge. Skinner. 2. The protuberant part of a cask; — called also bulge. BILtyE, V. V. \i. BILGED ; pp. BILGING, BILGED.] (Naut.) To spring aleak, by a fracture in the bilge ; to spring aleak ; to let in water. Skinner. BIL'tyJlD, or BILLED, a. (Naut.) Having the bottom stove in. Brande. BIL^E'-PUMP, n. (Mech.) A pump to draw water from the bilge. Ash. BILfyE'— WA-T15R, n. (Naut.) Water lying in the bilge ; foul water. Ash. BILtyE'— WAY, n. (Ship-building.) One of the pieces of timber placed under a vessel’s bilge to support her while launching. Dana. BIL'IA-RY (bll'ya-re), a. [L. bills, bile.] (Med.) Belonging to the bile. Arbuthnot. Biliary calculi, (.Wctl.) gall stones, or concretions formed in the gall-bladder, the bile ducts, and some- times in the substance of the liver. They sometimes contain picromel, but are usually composed of from 88 to 94 parts of cholosterine, a peculiar crystalline substance, and of from 6 to 12 parts of the yellow matter of the bile. Dunglison. BI-LIM' BI, n. (Bot.) The Malayan name of an acid fruit of a tree of the genus Averrhua ; blimbing ; — used in pickles. Eng. Cyc. BlL'ING^-GATE, n. See Billingsgate. Pope. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE.— 9, 9, 9, g, soft; C, G, £, hard; § as z; as gz. — THIS, this. BILINGUAL 142 BINARY BI-LIN'GUAL (bl-ling'gw?l), a. [L, bilinguis , double-tongued ; bis, twice, and lingua, a tongue.] Having two tongues or languages ; bilinguous. Gent. Mag. Bl-LlN'GUIST, n. One who speaks two lan- guages. Hamilton. Bl-LIN'GUOUS (bl-llng'gwus), a. [L. bilinguis, from bis, twice, and lingua, a tongue.] Having or speaking two tongues ; bilingual. Johnson. BIL'IOHS (bil'yus), a. [L. biliosus ; bills, bile.] 1. Consisting of bile. Arbuthnot. 2. Relating to, or caused by, bile ; as, “ Bil- ious fever.” BI-I.IT'ER-AL, a. [L. bis, twice, and liter a, a letter.] Consisting of two letters. Sir W. Jones. f BI-LI VE', ad. Same as Belive. Spenser. BILK, v. a. [Goth, bi-laikan, to scoff, to deride.] [t. BILKED ; pp. BILKING, BILKED.] To cheat ; to defraud; to deceive; to elude. But be sure, says he, don’t you bilk me. Spectator. BILK, n. A cheat ; a trick, [it.] Congreve. BILL, n. [A. S. bile.] The beak of a fowl. In his bill An olive leaf he brings — pacific sign! Milton. BILL, n. [A. S. bil ; ' W.bwyel ; Dut. byl; Ger. beil ; Dan. bile', Sw. bila.] 1. A hatchet with a hooked point, like the bill of a bird, often used by gardeners in prun- ing hedges, and hence called a hedge bill, or hedging bill. Johnson. 2. (Mil.) A sword; a battle-axe. Now were sent into France hundreds, and some not able to draw a bow or carry a bill. //nil. 3. (Naut.) The point at the extremity of the fluke of an anchor. Dana. BILL, n. [Low L. billa, probably from L. pila, a ball, any thing round or rolled up ; Fr. billet .] 1. A formal statement of particular things in writing; as, “A shopman’s bill of goods pur- chased ” ; “A physician’s bill for services ” ; “ The bill which advertises a concert or a play.” 2. (Law.) A formal complaint in writing to a court of justice; as, “ A bill in equity ” ; “a bill of indictment by a grand jury ” : — a record, or written statement, of proceedings in an ac- tion ; as, “A bill of exceptions — a written statement of the terms of a contract, or specifi- cation of the items of a demand or counter demand ; as, “ A bill of exchange ” ; “A bill of sale ” ; “A bill of credit ” ; “A bill of par- ticulars : ” — a draft of a proposed act pre- sented to a legislature ; a proposed or pro- jected law. Burrill. BUI in equity or chancery, a complaint in writing, under oath, in the nature of a petition to tile chan ccllor or judge or judges of a court of equity, setting forth all the facts and circumstances upon which the complaint is founded, and praying for such equitable relief as the party may conceive himself entitled to, or the court may deem proper to grant. — Bill of credit, paper issued by the authority of a state on the faith of the state, and designed to circulate as money. — Bill of exceptions, a formal statement in writing of exceptions taken to the opinion, decision, or direction of a judg ■, delivered during the trial of a cause — its object being to present the exceptions to a full court, or to a superior court, for review after trial. — BUI of exchange, a written order or request addressed by one person to another, desiring him to pay a sum of money to a third person, or to any other to whom that third person shall order it to be paid, or it may be payable to the bearer; also called a draft. — Bill of fare, an account of the different dxdies prepared for an entertainment or feast. — Bill, of health, a writing signed by the proper authorities certifying the state ot health in a vessel. — Bill of lading, a written state- nient, signed by the master of a vessel, acknowledg- ing tiie receipt of goods on board, and undertaking, with certain exceptions, to carry and deliver them, for a certain remuneration or freightage, to the con- signee, or person to whom they are addressed, or his order, in as good condition as when received Bill of mortality, a writing or paper showing the number of deaths in a place within a time specified. — Bill of particulars, a written specification of the particulars of the demand for which an action at law is brought or of a defendant’s set-off against such demand.— Bill of parcels, (Mercll.) an account of goods sold given by the seller to the buyer, containing the quan- tities and prices of the articles, with a statement of the date and terms of credit. — Bill of rights, a lormal declaration in writing of popular rights'and liberties, usually expressed in the form of a statute, and pro- mulgated on occasions of revolution, or the establish- ment of new forms of government or now constitu- tions. — Bill of sale, a deed or writing, under seal, evidencing the sale of personal property, and convey- ing the title to it ; an assignment in writing of chat- tels personal ; in particular, an instrument I y which the property in ships and vessels is conveyed. — Bill of sight, a form of entry at the custom-house by which goods, respecting which the importer is not possessed of full information, may be provisionally landed for examination. BILL, v. n. To caress, as doves by joining bills. “ Doves will bill after pecking.” B. Jonson. BILL, v. a. To publish by an advertisement. “ A composition that he billed about.” L’ Estrange. BIL'LAGE, n. (Naut.) The breadth of the floor of a ship when lying aground. Jameson. BILL'BOOK (-buk), n. (Com.) A book in which all kinds of bills payable and bills receivable are recorded. Bouvier. BIL’ LON, n. [Fr.] (Coinage.) A composition of gold and silver alloyed with copper, which predominates. Political Diet. BlL'LOT, n. [Fr. billot, a block, a log.] Gold or silver bullion in the mass. Crabb. BIL'LoW (bil'lo), n. [A. S. bilig, a bulge, a bag; Dut. bolge ] A wave swollen by the wind ; a surge ; a breaker. Spenser. But when loud billows lash the sounding shore, a. he hoarse, rough verse should like the torrent roar. Pope. Syn. — See Wave. BIL'LOW, v. n. To swell or roll as a wave. “The billowing snow.” Prior. BIL'LOW, v. a. To raise in waves. Young. BIL'LOW— BEAT'EN, a. Tossed by billows. BIL'LOW-Y (bil'lo-e), a. Swelling ; turgid. “The billowy foam.” ’ " Thomson . BILLED (blld), p. a. (Grnith.) Furnished with a bill ; — used in composition. Pennant. BIL'I.ET, n. [Fr. billet ; Sp. billetc.\ 1. A short letter ; a note. Spectator. 2. (Mil.) A ticket directing soldiers at what house to lodge. Johnson. 3. [Fr. billot .] A small log of wood ; a piece of wood. Digby. 4. (Arch.) An ornament in Norman build- ings. It consists of short, small, cylindrical pieces, two or three inches long, placed in hol- low mouldings at intervals equal to their own length. — See Billet-Moulding. Francis. 5. (Her.) A bearing in the form of an oblong square. Brande. BlL'LOT, V. a. [». BILLETED ; pp. BILLETING, billeted.] (Mil.) To direct by ticket where to lodge, as soldiers ; to quarter as soldiers in the houses of the inhabitants of a place. They refused to suffer the soldiers to be billeted upon them. Clarendon. BIL'LpT, v. n. (Mil.) To be quart-ered as soldiers ; to lodge. Prideaux. BIL'LIJT— CA'BLE, n. (Arch.) A Norman mould- ing. Ed. Ency. BILLET-DOUX (bil'la-do') [bil'le-dS, P. E. F. R . ; bil-ya-do', Sin.], n . ; pi. billets-doux (bll'l?- doz'). [Fr. billet, a note, and doux, sweet.] An affectionate billet ; a love-letter. Pope. BlL'LfT— HEAD, n. (Naut.) A piece of simple carved work, bending over and out, at the prow of a vessel. — See Head. Dana. BlL'LOT- MOULD'ING, n. (Arch.) An orna- ment used in string- courses and the archivolts of windows and doors, consisting of short and small bits of cylin- drical stone, with spaces between them. Britton. BILL'FISH, n. (Ich.) 1. A fish closely related to Bclone ; Scomber Esox. Van der Hoeven. 2. The gar-pike. Thompson. BILL'HOOK (-buk), n. A small hatchet. BILL'IARD (bll'yjrd), a. Belonging to the play at billiards; as, “A billiard table.” BILL'IARD^ (bll'yardz), n. pi. [Fr. billard .] A game played with balls and cues, or rods, on a large, oblong table, having pockets at the cor- ners and sides. Each player endeavors, by striking his own ball with a cue, to hit certain other balls, or to force a ball other than his own into a pocket. Hoyle. BlLL'ING, n. Act of joining bills, or caressing. BILL'ING, p.a. Caressing by joining bills. Moore. b1l'LING§-GATE, n. [The name of a market in London, noted for fish and for foul language.] Profane or foul language ; ribaldry; — written, also, bilingsgate. Pope. BILL'ION (bil'yun), n. [Fr., contracted from bis, twice, and million, a million.] According to the French method of numeration in use on the con- tinent of Europe and in the U. S. a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000; according to the English method used in Great Britain and the British Provinces, a million of millions, or 1,000000,000000. Greenlcaf. BILL'MAN, n . ; pi. bill'men. One who uses a bill. Huloet. BILL'-POST-yR, n. One who posts bills or ad- vertisements. BILL'— STlCK-ER, n. One who pastes up a bill or advertisement. Booth. Bl-LO'BATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and Gr. i.o/los, a lobe.] (Bot.) Having two lobes. Crabb. Bl-LO'BAT-ED, a. (Bot.) Having two lobes ; bi- lobate ; bilobed. Pennant. BI'LOBED (bl'Iobd), a. (Bot.) Having two lobes. P. Cyc. BI-LOC'U-LAR, a. [L. bis, twice, and loculus, a small place.] (Bot.) Having two cells. Brande. BI-MAC'U-LATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and macula, a spot.] Having two spots. Brande. B I - M A C ' 1J- L A T- E D, a. Having two spots ; bi- maculate. Pennant. Bi-MA'NA, n. pi. [L. bis, twice, and mantis, a hand.] (Zoiil.) Two-handed animals ; — a term applied by Cuvier to the highest order of mam- malia, of which man is the type and the sole genus. Brande. BI'MANE, a. [L. bis, twice, and mantis, a hand.] Having two hands. Kirby. Bf-MA'NOI S [bi-nia'nus, K. C. O.], a. Having tw'O hands ; bimane. P. Cyc. BI-MAR'GJ-NATE, a. (Conch.) Noting shells which have a double margin as far as the lip. t BI-MA'RI-AN, BI-MAR'J-CAL, a. [L. bis, twice, and mare, the sea.] (Geog.) Belonging to two seas. Ash. BI-ME'DI-AL, n. & a. [L. bis and Eng. medial .] (Geom.) The- sum, or noting the sum, of two lines commensurable only in power, as of the side and diagonal of a square, when this sum is incommensurable with respect to either. Davies. BI-MEM'RRAL, a. Having two members. Gibbs. Bi-MEN'SAL, a. [L. bis, twice, and mensis, a month.] Occurring every two months. Smart. BI-MES'TRl-AL, a. [L. bimestris, of two months’ duration ; from 61s, twice, and mensis, a month.] Happening every two months : — continuing two months. Qu. Rev. Bf-MONTH'LY, a. Occurring every two months ; bimensal. Barrett. BIN, n. [A. S. bin, a manger, bin ; Dut. binne.\ A cell or chest for grain, bread, wine, &c. t BIN. The old word for he and been. Nares. BIN-AR-SE'Nl-ATE, n. A salt having two equiva- lents of arsenic acid to one of the base. Graham. Bl'NA-RY, a. [L. binarius, relating to two; hint, two ; Fr. binaire .] Two ; dual ; double. A binary number (A nth.) is a number consisting of two digits. — Binary scale, (Math.) a uniform scale whose ratio is 2. — Binary arithmetic is that in which numbers are expressed according to the binary scale. — Binary logarithms, a system of logarithms, con- trived arid calculated by Euler, in which 1 is the log- arithm of 2, 2 of 4, &c. — Binary star, ( Astron .) a double star whose members revolve about their com- mon centre of gravity. — Binary compound, (Clian.) a compound of two elements ; thus water is a binary compound of oxygen and hydrogen. — Binary measure, (Mus.) two-fold or double measure ; common time. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, IJ, J, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; BINARY 143 BIQUINTILE BI'NA-RY, n. The constitution of two. To make two, or a binary, add but one unto one. Fotherby. Bl'NATE, a. [L. binus, two and two, and natus, born.] ( Bot .) Growing in pairs or couples; noting two bodies of the same nature, spring- ing from one point. P • Cyc. BIND, v. a. [Goth, binden ; A. S. bindan ; Ger. binden.) \i. bound; pp. binding, bound.— Bounden is not now used except in an adjective form.] X. To confine with cords or bonds ; to en- chain ; to restrain from liberty or freedom of motion. No man could bind him — no, not with chains. Mark v. 3. 2. To surround with a bandage ; to enwrap. Give me another horse; bind up iny wounds. Shah. 3. To fasten together by a ligature ; to tie. Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bun- dles. Matt. xiii. 30. 4. To connect closely. His life is bound up in the lad’s life. Oen. xliv. 30. 5. To restrain in any manner ; to restrict. Now I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in To saucy doubts and fears. Shah. Though passion be the most obvious and general, yet it is not tile only cause that binds up the understanding. Locke. 6 . To engage by a vow or a promise ; to oblige by duty. Every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand. Mum. xxx. 4. Though I am bound to every act of duty, I am not bound to that all slaves are free to. Shak. 7. To confirm ; to ratify. Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven. Matt. xvi. lb. 8 . To form a border around so as to prevent from ravelling; as, “To bind a garment or a carpet.” 9. To make costive. Rhubarb hath manifestly in it parts of contrary opera- tions; parts that purge, and" parts that bind the body. Bacon. 10. To put in a cover ; as, “ To bind a book.” To bind to, to oblige to serve some one. — To bind over , (Law.) to oblige to make appearance. Syn. — Bind the hands of a criminal; tie him to the stake ; fasten with a cord. — Bind is more coercive than oblige ; oblige than engage. We are bound by an oatli ; obliged by circumstances ; engaged by promises. BIND, v. n. 1. To contract ; to grow stiff and hard. A spacious walk of the finest gravel, made to bind and unite so firmly that it seems one continued stone. Tatler. 2. To make or become costive. The whey of milk doth loose; the milk doth bind. Herbert. 3. To be obligatory. The promises between a Swiss and an Indian, in the woods of America, are binding to them, though they are per- fectly in a state of nature. * Locke. BIND, n. 1. A stalk of hops, so called from its twining or being bound around a pole. Mortimer. 2. (Mus.) A tie or ligature to connect notes. Brande. 3. (Mining.) Indurated clay or argillaceous slate in coal mines ; — called also clunch. Buchanan. BIND'IJR, n. 1. One who binds ; a man whose trade it is to bind books. 2. Any thing used to bind ; a bandage. BlND'ER-Y, n. A place where books are bound. [A new word, reputed to be of American origin. P. Cyc.) BINDING, n. 1. A bandage. Tatler. 2. The cover of a book. Donne. 3. Something that secures the edges of tex- tile fabrics from ravelling. BINDING, p. a. Making fast : — obliging ; obliga- tory : — astringent. BlND'ING-NESS, n. Quality of being binding. t 11 -] Coleridge. BfND'— WEED, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants whose steins, in the greater number of species, arc herbaceous and twining ; Convolvulus or Calystegia. Loudon. BIND'VVOOD (-wud), n. The vulgar name of ivy in Scotland ; — pronounced bln'wfld. Jamieson. BiNE, n. (Bot.) A slender stem of a plant; as, “ A hop bine." P. Cyc. Bi-NER'VATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and nervus, a nerve.] (Ent.) Noting the wing of an insect when supported by only two nerves. Brande. BING, n. A heap. Craig. BIN'NA-CLE, n. [Fr. habitacle, a little habita- tion.] (Naut.) The compass-box of a ship ; — formerly called bittacle. Mar. Diet. BIN'NY, n. (Ich.) A fish of the carp family ; the barbel of the Nile. Eng. Cyc. BIN'O-CLE, n. [L. him, two, and oculus, the eye ; Fr. binoclef] (Optics.) A telescope with two tubes, by which an object is viewed with both eyes at the same time ; a binocular tele- scope. Hutton. BI-NOC'U-LAR, a. Having or using two eyes; employing both eyes at once. Binocular telescope, (Optics.) one to which both eyes may be applied ; same as binocle. BI-NOC'U-LATE, «• Same as Binocular. Craig. Bl-NOC'U-LUS, n. (Zoiil.) A genus of phyllopods, inhabiting fresh-water ditches, and resembling the king-crab. Van der Hoeven. BI-NO'MI-AL, a. [L. bis, twice, and nomen, a name.] (Algebra.) Noting an expression or quantity composed of only two terms connect- ed by the signs plus or minus. Binomial theorem , the theorem which has for its object to demonstrate tile law of formation of any power of a binomial. Davies. BI-NO'MI-AL, n. (Algebra.) An expression con- sisting of two terms connected by the sign + or — . Davies. BI-NOM'J-NAL, a. Having or comprising two names ; binominous. [r.] N. Brit. Rev. Bl-NOM' (-NOUS, a. [L. bis, twice, and nomen, a name.] Having two names. Dr. T. Fuller. BI-NOT', n. [Fr. binoter, to till or dig land a sec- ond time.] (Agric.) A variety of double mould- boarded plough. Loudon. Bl-NOT'O-NOUS, a. [L. binus, double, and tonus , a tone.] (Mus.) Consisting of two notes. Boag. BI'NOUS, a. [L. binus, double.] (Bot.) Existing in pairs ; — applied to leaves when there are only two upon a plant. Ogilvie. BI-NOX'IDE, n. [L. binus, double, and Eng. oxide.] (Chem.) A neutral compound of two equiva- lents of oxygen and one equivalent of some other body ; as, “ Binoxide of nitrogen.” Called also deutoxide. Faraday. BI- 6 £'jpL-LATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and ocellus, a little eye.] (Ent.) Marked with two eye-like spots. . Brande. BI-O-DY-NAM'ICS, n. pi. [Gr. (3!ot, life, and SOva- pts, power.] (Med.) The doctrine of vital forces or activity. Duiujlison. b!-OG'RA-PHER (bl-og'ra-fur), n. [Gr. ptos, life, and Ypd'poi, to write; Fr. biog raphe.] A writer of biography. Addison. BI-O-GRApH'IC, ?a. Relating to, or consist- BI-O-GRAPII'I-CAL, ) in g of > biography. Warton. BI-O-GRAPH'I-CAL-LY, ad. In a biographical manner. ’ Ec. Rev. BI-OG'RA-PHIZE, v. a. To write the biography or life of. George Fox, William Penn, Wesley, and Whitefield are all that I feel solicitous to biographize. Southey. BI-OG'RA-PHY (bi-og'ra-fe), n. [Gr. (Lot, life, and ypdipu, to write; Fr. biographic.] The art of writing an account of the lives of individu- als ; the history of the life of an individual. The life of Cowley, notwithstanding the penury of Eng- lish biography, has been written by Dr. Sprat. Johnson. Syn. — Biography is the history of tile life of an individual; life is also used in the same sense; as, “ Tile Biographies of the Signers of tile Declaration of Independence ; ” “ Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets;” “ Boswell’s Life of Johnson.” Autobiogra- phy is the life of an individual written by himself ; as, “ Tile Autobiography of Franklin.” Memoir is a bi- ography, or a biographical notice, of greater or less extent ; as, “ The Memoirs of tile Duke of Sully ; ” “ Tile Memoir of Paley.” BI-OL'O-QY, n. [Gr. Plot, life, and ).6yo;, a c$s- course.] The science of life. Dr. Black. BI'O-TINE, n. (Min.) A mineral composed chiefly of silica, alumina, and lime, and found among the volcanic products of Mount Vesuvi- us : — named from M. Biot. Dana. BI'O-vAc, n. See Bivouac. Johnson. BIP'A-ROUS [bip'a-rus, W. P. J. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; hl’pa-rus, £>.], a. [L. bis, twice, and pario, to be- get.] Bringing forth two at a birth. Johnson. Bl-PAR I I-BLE, i (Bot.) Divisible into two BI-PAR'TILE, j parts. Loudon. BI-PAR'TIIJNT (bl-p&r'shent), a. [L. bis, in two, and partio, partiens, to divide.] (Math.) Di- viding into two equal parts. Crabb. BlP'AR-TlTE [bxp'ar-tlt, W. P. J. F. Ja. K. Sm . ; hl'par-tlt, S.], a. [L. bis, twice, and partio, par- tit us, to divide.] (Bot.) Having two corre- spondent parts. Glanville. BI-PAR-TI''TION (bl-pjr-tish'un), n. A division into two parts. Johnson. Bl-PEC'TI-NATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and pectcn, pectinis, a comb.] Having two margins toothed like a comb. Brande. Bl'P^D, n. [L. bipes, two-footed ; bis, twice, and pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoiil.) An animal with two feet. BlP'E-DAL, a. Two feet in length ; having two feet, [r.] Coles. BI-PEL'TATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and pelta, a shield.] Defended by a double shield. Brande. BI-PEN NATE, ) a . [p,. his, twice, and penna- BI-PEN'NAT-ED> > tus, winged, from penna, a feather, a wing.] (Ent.) Having two wings. “ All bipennated insects.” ^ Derham. BI-PEN' MIS, n. [L.] An axe with two blades, one on each side of the handle. Fairholt. BI ' PE§, n. [L., two-footed.] (Zoiil.) A genus of saurian reptiles resembling seps, but having only the posterior pair of feet. Agassiz. BI-PET'A-LOUS, a. [L. bis, twice, and Gr. ttitu- i.ov, a petal.] (Bot.) Having two petals or flower leaves. Johnson. BI-PIN'NATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and pinnatus, winged ; pinna, a feather, a wing.] (Bot.) Twice pinnate. BI-PIN-nAt'I-FID, a. [L. bis, twice, pumatus, winged, and findo, to di- vide.] (Bot.) Twice pinnatifid; pinnatifid with the lobes again pin- natifid. Gray. Bl'PLT-CATE, a. (Bot.) Doubly folded, trans- versely, as some cotyledons. Henslow. BI-PLI^'I-TY, (bl-plis'e-te), n. [L. bis, twice, and plico, plicitus, to fold.] Reduplication ; doub- ling. [r.] Roget. BI-PO'LAR, a. [L. bis, twice, and Eng. polar.] Doubly polar ; having two poles. Coleridge. bI-PO-LAr'I-TY, n. Double polarity. N. B. Rev. BI'PONT, > a. (Bibliography.) Relating to Bl-PON'TINE, j editions of classic authors print- ed at Deux-Ponts (L. Bipontium), Germany. Dibdin. Bf-PUNCT'U-AL, a. [L. bis, twice, and punctum, a point.] Having two points. Bailey. Scott. Bl-PU'PIL-LATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and pupilla, the pupil of the eye.] (Zoiil.) Noting two dots or pupils of a different color in an eye-like spot on the wing of a butterfly. Brande. BI-aUAD'RATE (bl-kwod'rat) [bl-kwod'rat, J. F. Sm. ; bl-k wfi/drat, S. W. Ja. K. ; blk'w?-draf, J*.], n. [L. bis, twice, and quadratics, squared.] (Algebra.) The square of the square, or the fourth power. Harris. BI-QUA-DRAt'IC, n. Same as Biguadrate. BI-QUA-DRAT'IC, a. (Algebra.) Relating to the fourth power. Harris. Biquadratic equation, an equation in which tile un- known quantity rises to the fourth, hut not to a high- er power. Brande. BI-Q,UIN'TJLE, n. [L. bis, twice, and quintus, the fifth.] ( Astron .) An aspect of the planets M?EN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, s 6 n ; BULL, BUR, ROLE. — £, 9, 9 , g, soft ; £, G, £, g, hard; § as 7 .; £ as gz. — THIS, this. BIRADIATE 144 BISEXUAL when they are distant from each other by twice the fifth part of a great circle, or 1-14°. Craig. BI-RA'D[-ATE, ) a. [L. bis, twice, and radio , BI-RA'DI-AT-PD, \ radiatus, to furnish with beams or rays.] Having two rays. Brande. BIRCH, n. [A. S. birce ; Dut. berke ; Ger. birke.) A well-known tree of several species, forming the genus Betula. The common birch of Eu- rope ( Betala alba), though not much valued for its timber, is among the most useful trees of northern latitudes. P. Cyc. BIRCH, a. Made of, or derived from, birch ; birchen ; as, “ A birch rod.” BIRCH'-BROOM, n. A broom made of birch. BIR'CHEN (bfr'chn), a. [A. S. bircen; Dut. ber- ken.) Made of birch. Uis beavered brow a birchen garland bears. Pope. BIRCH'— WINE, n. Wine made of the vernal juice of the birch, and once held in high estimation. T. Warton. BIRD, n. [A. S.] The generic name for the feathered race ; a two-legged, winged, feathered animal, oviparous and vertebrated ; a fowl. Two birds of gayest plume before him drove. Milton. Birds are divided, by Gray, into the following or- ders : Accipitres , Passcres, Scaiisores, Columbw, Oalli- me, Struthiones , Grallie, and Anseres. 07;” See, under the names of the several orders of birds, the names of the several families, and, under those of the families, the names of the several sub- families, with an illustrative cut of one of the species. BIRD, v. n. To catch or shoot birds. I do invite you to-morrow morning to my house, to break- fast; after, well a-birding together. Shale. BIRD'— BOLT, n. An arrow formerly used for shooting birds. Shak. BIRD'— cAQIE, n. A small enclosure of wicker or wire-work for confining birds. Arbuthnot. BIRD'— CALL, n. A pipe for imitating the notes of birds. Cotgrave. BIRD'— CATCH- It, n. One who catches birds. BIRD'— CATCH-JNG, n. The act of catching birds. BIRD'— CHER-RY, n. A tree whose fruit is much eaten by birds ; Prunus padus. Loudon. BIRD' pR, n. A bird-catcher. Minsheu. BIRD'— EYE (bVrd’l), a. Seen from above, as by a bird. “ A bird-eye landscape.” — See Bird’s- eye. Burke. BIRD'— EYED (bird'ld), a. Having eyes quick in sight, like those of a bird. B. Jonson. BIRD'— FAN-CI-ERj n. One who delights in birds ; one who keeps and trades in birds. BIRD'ING— PIECE, n. A fowling-piece. Shak. BIRD'LIKE, a. Resembling a bird. Niccols. BIRD'lTiME, n. A glutinous substance usually made by fermenting the inner bark of the holly- tree and mixing the product with nut-oil or grease; — used for catching small birds by spreading it upon twigs so as to entangle their feet when they alight. It is sometimes em- ployed, also, for catching mice and other ver- min. P. Cyc. BIRD'LIMED (-Ilmd), a. Spread to insnare. Howell. BIRD'MAN, n. A bird-catcher. L' Estrange. bird-of-pAr'a-dIse, n. ( Ornith.) A bird of several species, some of which are very beautiful. The skin of this bird, de- prived of the wings and feet, has long formed a high- priced article of ex- port from the east- ern parts of the world, the beauty of its plumage caus- ing it to be highly esteemed as an ornament by the la- dies of all countries. Brande. Paradisea apoda of Linnams. BIRD'— OR-GAN, n. A small barrel organ used in teaching birds to sing. Ogilvie. BIRD'-PEP-PfR, n. ( Bot .) A species of capsi- cum, bearing a small pod, from which Cayenne- pepper is made ; Capsicum baccatum. Loudon. BIRD’§'— CHER-RY, n. See Bird-cherry. BIRD’S'-EYE (birdz'l), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Primula ; a species of primrose ; Primu- la farinosa. Loudon. BIRD’$'— EYE, a. Noting a view of an object, or place, as seen from above, as by a bird. Bird’s-eye view, (F. Arts.) a view taken from a great elevation, the point of sight being at a very con- siderable distance above the objects viewed and de- lineated. It is a useful mode of drawing to represent extensive districts of country, battle fields, panoramic views, &.C. Brande. BIRD'S'— EYE— M A 'PLE, n • Curled maple; — ex- tensively used in cabinet work. Craig. BIRD’S'— FOOT (Mrdz'fut), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ornithopus, having pods like the claws of a small bird. Loudon. BIRD’S'— MOUTH, n. (Arch.) An interior notch cut in the end of a piece of timber to receive the edge of a pole or plate. Weale. BIRD’S'— NEST, n - C The place built by birds, where they deposit their eggs. 2. (Bot.) A plant of several species. The edible hinP s-ncst, used as food by the Chinese, is a mucilaginous substance, and is the nest of a spe- cies of swallow found in Java, Sumatra, &c. BIRD'— SPI-DfR, n. A species of spider. Kirby. BIRD’S'— TAltES (hirdz'tirz), n. A plant. Johnson. BiRD’S'-TONGUE (birdz'tung), n. (Bot.) A per- ennial plant ; marsh groundsel. Crabb. BIRD'— WlT-T$D, a. Not having the faculty of attention. Craig. BI'REME, n. [L. biremis ; bis, twice, and remits, an oar.] An ancient vessel with two banks or tiers of oars. Smollett. BI-RE 'J\IIS, n. [L.] An ancient galley with two benches of oars ; a bireme. Crabb. BIR'GAN-DIJR, n. (Ornith.) A sort of wild goose. — See Beiigander. Crabb. Bl-RHOM-BOID'AL, a. Having the surface of twelve rhombic faces, which being taken six and six, and prolonged till they intercept each other, would form two different rhombs. Weale. BIR'KEN (b’fr'kn), a. Birchen, [r.] Collins. BIR'lAw, n. [Ger. baur, a countryman, and Eng. law.] (Scottish.) A law made by husband- men respecting rural affairs ; — .supposed by Spelman to be the same as by-law. Burrill. BIR'MAN, n. (Geog.) A native of Ava or the Birman empire. Ency. BI-ROS 1 RA IE, ; n _ [X. bis, twice, and ros- B|-R6S'TRAT-?D, S tratus, beaked.] (Ornith.) Having a double beak. Craig. BlR-OS-TRl'TES, n. (Pal.) The mould of the fossil bivalve Radiolites. Woodward. BI-ROC' SA, n. (Min.) The Persian name of the turquoise stone. Cleaveland. BIRR, v. n. (Scottish.) To make a whirring noise, as millstones in motion. Ogilvie. BIRT, n. A fish of the turbot kind. Johnson. BIRTH, n. [Goth, gabaurths ; A. S. bcorth, beran, to bear ; Gael, breith .] 1. The act of coming into life. At thy birth , dear boy, Nature and fortune joined to make thee great. Sheik. 2. The act of bringing forth. And at her next birth, much like thee, Through pangs fled to felicity. Milton. 3. Extraction; lineage; rank by descent. Wrong not her birth ; she is of royal blood. Shak. What is birth to a man, if it shall be a stain to his dead an- cestors to have left such an offspring? Sir P. Sidney. The happiest lot for a man, as far as birth is concerned, is that it should be such as to give him but little occasion to think much about it. Whately. 5. The thing born ; production. Poets are far rarer births than kings. JJ. Jonson. BIRTH'DAY, n. 1. The day on which one is born. ' Milton. 2. The anniversary of one’s birth. Shak. BIRTH'DAY, a. Relating to the day of one’s birth. Pope. BIRTH'DOM, n. [ birth and A. S. affix dorn, denoting power, right, quality.] Privilege of birth ; birthright. Shak. BIRTH'ING, n. (Naut.) Any thing added to raise the sides of a ship. Ash. BIRTH'LJSS, a. Wanting birth, [r.] W. Scott. BIRTH'NlGHT (-nit), n. 1. The night on which one is born. Milton. 2. The night annually kept in memory of one’s birth. Pope. BIRTH'PLAce, n. Place where one is born. Shak. BIRTH 'RIGHT (-rlt), n. The right or privilege to which one is entitled by birth. And they sat before him, the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth. Gen. xliii. 33. BIRTH'— SIN, n. Sin from birth; original sin. “ Of original or birth-sin.” Prayer-Book. BIRTH'— SONG, n. A song sung at the nativity of a person. “ A joyful birth-song." Fitz-geffry. BIRTH-STRAN'GLED (-strSng'gld), a. Strangled at birth. “ Birth-strangled babe.” Shak. BIRTH'WORT (birili'wurt), n. A perennial medi- cinal plant ; Aristolochia. Loudon. BIS. [L.] Twice: — used in composition; also in accounts to denote duplicates of folios or ac- counts. — See Bl. BIS-An'NU-AL, n. [L. bis, twice, and annus, a year.] (Bot.) A biennial plant. — See Bien- nial. Perry. BIS-CAy'AN, n. (Geog.) An inhabitant or na- tive of Biscay. Murray. Bls'co-TIN, n. [Fr.] A sort of confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, eggs, &c. ; sweet biscuit. Johnson. BIS'CUIT (bls'kjt), n. [L. bis, twice, and Fr. cuit, baked ; cuire, to bake, from L. coquo, coctus, to bake ; It. biscotto ; Sp. bizcocho. ] 1. A kind of hard, dry, flat bread, so prepared as not to be liable to spoil by being kept. According to military practice, the bread or biscuit of the Romans was twice prepared in the oven, and a diminution of one fourth was cheerfully allowed lor the loss of weight. Gibbon. 2. A kind of bread baked in small cakes and intended to be eaten while hot or fresh. 3. (Pottery.) Earthenware or porcelain, after it has been hardened in the fire, and before it is glazed. Francis. 4. (Sculp.) A species of unglazed porce- lain, of which groups and figures in miniature are formed to imitate marble, the best being tlie so-called Parian. Fairholt. BI-SCU'TATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and scu- turn, a shield.] (Bot.) Resembling two bucklers, placed side by side. Loudon. BI-SECT', v. a. [L. bis, twice, and seco, sectus, to cut.] [i. bisected ; pp. bisecting, bisect- ed.] To divide into two equal parts. Browne. BI-SEC'TION, n. Act of bisecting ; division into two equal parts. Johnson. BI-SEG'MJJNT, n. [L. bis, twice, and segmen, that which is cut off; Fr. segment, a segment.] One of the parts of a bisected line. BI-SE’Rj-AL, a. (Bot.) Arranged in two rows; bifarious. Lindley. Bl-SER'RATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and serratus, » • saw-shaped; serra, a saw.] (Bot.) Doubly ser- rate, as when the teeth of a leaf, &c., are them- selves serrate. Gray. Bl-SE TOSE, ) [L. bis, twice, and seta, a bris- BI-SE'TOBS, j tie; setosus .] (Bot.) Furnished with two bristle-like appendages. Brande. Bl-SEX'U-AL, a. [L. bis, twice, and serus, sex.] (Bot.) Having two sexes; hermaphroditic; — A, E, 1, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, f, short; A, J, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; 4. The condition in which any man is born. A foe by birth to Troy’s unhappy name. Drydcn. BISHOP B1TINGLY 145 applied to flowers which contain both stamens and pistil. Brande. BISH'OP, n. [Gr. it!Sm.], 9i. [Fr. blanc, white, and manger, food.] A confected white jelly ; food made principally of milk mixed with a solution or infusion of some gelatinous substance, such as isinglass or sea- moss, sweetened with sugar, and variously fla- vored with essences or essential oils. IF. Ency. ■ Written both blanc-manger and blanc, mange by good authorities ; though more commonly written blanc-manger . BLAND, a. [L. blandus, of a smooth tongue, flattering, pleasant; It. , to injure one’s good name, to defame ; (ihiurm , to injure, and tbypri, reputation ; L. blasphemo ; Fr. blasphemer.'] [i. blasphemed ; pp. blas- pheming, BLASPHEMED.] 1. To speak evil of; to revile ; to calumniate. Those who from our labors heap their board Blaspheme their feeder, and forget their lord. Pope. 2. To speak in terms of impious irreverence of God or of things sacred ; to speak impiously of. Thou didst blaspheme God and the king. 1 Kings xxi. 10. BLAS-PHEME', v. n. To speak irreverently of God or of sacred things. I punished them oft in every synagogue, and compelled them to blaspheme. Acts xxvi. 11. BLAS-PHEM'FR (bljs-fem'er), re. One who blas- phemes. 1 Tim. i. 13. BLAS-PHEM'FR-ESS, re. A female who blas- phemes. Hall. BLAS-PHEM'ING, re. The act of blasphemy. BLAS'PHE-MOCs, a. [Gr. fihia^po ; ; L. blas- phemies.] Partaking of blasphemy ; impiously irreverent with regard to God or to sacred things ; impious. tfkf- “ We sometimes hear this word pronounced with the accent on the second syllable, like blas- pheme; and as the word blasphernus, in Latin, has the second syllable long, and the English word lias tlie same number of syllables, it lias as good a right to the accent on the second syllable as sonorous, bitu- pien, acumen, &c. ; but placing the accent on the first syllable of blasphemous is by much the most polite, as, unfortunately for the other pronunciation, though a learned one, it lias been adopted by the vulgar.” tValher. BLAs'PHF-MOUS-LY, ad. In a blasphemous manner ; impiously. Udal. BRAS'PI1F-MY (blhs'fe-me), re. [Gr. pj.aoQypta ; Low L. blasphemia .] 1. Detraction ; calumny. Blasphemy invariably implies an expression of contempt or detestation, and a desire of producing the same passions In others. Dr. LL, BUR, ROLE. — 9 , blot. Pope. The last and greatest art, the art to l Not one immoral, one corrupted thought, One line, which, dying, he could wish to blot. Lyttleton. 2. To spot ; to stain ; to blur. “ The un- pleasantest words that ever blotted paper.” Shak. 3. To disgrace ; to disfigure. Unknit that threatening, unkind brow; It blots thy beauty as frost bites the meads. Sftak. BLOT, n. 1. An obliteration ; erasure. “ Make of all a universal blot.” Dryden. 2. A blur; a spot, made by ink upon paper. 3. A stain on reputation ; disgrace. Temple. 4. (Backgammon.) A single man in danger of being taken up. Dryden. Syn. — See Stain. BLOTCH, n. [Perhaps from blot ; A. S. blodig, bloody.] A spot upon the skin ; a pustule. “ De- formed with scabs, biles, and blotches.” Bp. Hall. BLOTCH, v. a. To mark with blotches. Drayton. BLOTCH' Y, a. Having blotches ; spotted. Smart. f BLOTE, v. a. [A. S. blotan, to kill for sacrifice. IVares.] To dry by smoke. Sherwood. f BLOT'IJD, p. a. Dried by smoke. Sherwood. BLftT'Tf.R, n. 1. He who or that which blots or effaces. 2. (Com.) A waste book used in counting- houses. Baker. BLOT'TING, n. The making of spots, marks, or stains. Bp. Taylor. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RlJLE. — 9 , square bow, as a ship. Dana. BLUFF'NpSS, n. Surliness; churlishness. A remarkable bluffness of face, a loud voice, and a mascu- line air. The World, BLUFF-OFF', v. a. To put off by a bluff manner. [Low.] Bartlett. BLUF'FY, a. Abounding in bluffs or bold points, as a coast. Craig. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, short; A, ?, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; BLUING BLU'ING, n. The act of making blue ; — any thing used to impart a blue color. Craig. BLU'ISH, a. Blue in some degree. Shak. BLU'ISII-NESS, n. A small degree of blue color ; quality of being slightly blue. Boyle. BLUN'DpR, v. n. [Dut. clonder , to thunder.] [j- BLUNDERED ; pp. BLUNDERING, BLUN- DERED.] 1. To mistake grossly ; to err through haste, carelessness, or diffidence. I was never distinguished for address, and have often blundered in making my bow. Goldsmith. 2. To flounder ; to stumble. lie who now to sense, now nonsense leaning. Means not, but blunders round about a meaning. Pope. t BLUN'DpR, v. a. [A. S. blendan, to mix.] 1. To mix or confound foolishly. “ He blunders and confounds all these together.” Stillinyfcet. 2. To make to blunder. “To blunder an ad- versary.” Ditton. BLUN'DIJR, n. A mistake through haste, care- lessness, or diffidence ; a gross mistake ; a pal- pable error. Addison. Syn. — See Error. BLUN'DpR-BUSS, n. [blunder, and Dut. bus, a tube, a gun ; Ger. bilchse ; Dut. donclerbus. ] 1. A gun of large bore, capable of discharg- ing many bullets. Dryden. 2. A blunderhead ; a blunderer. “ Blunder- buss of law.” Pope. BLUN'DfR-F.R, n. One apt to commit blunders ; a blockhead. Watts. BLUN'DER- HEAD, n. A stupid, careless fellow. “ This thick-skulled blunderhead." L' Estrange. BLUN'DER-ING, p. a. Committing blunders ; grossly erring ; carelessly. BLUN'D^R-lNG-LY, ad. In a blundering man- ner. Lewis. BLUNK, n. A name in Scotland for calico, or that species of cotton cloth manufactured for being printed. Buchanan. BLUNK'ER, n. A calico-printer. Buchanan. BLUNT, a. [Gr. d/a/D.uvn/p, a blunting, from ay- fiXvvui , to make dull ; A. S. blinnan, to stop.] 1. Dull on the edge or point. “ Blunt wedges rive hard.” Shah. 2. Dull in understanding ; obtuse. “ His wits are not so blunt.” Shak. 3. Rough; rude; not civil; bluff ; abrupt. Whitehead, a grave divine, was of a blunt, stoical nature. Bacon. BLUNT, V. a. [i. BLUNTED ; pp. BLUNTING, BLUNTED.] 1. To dull the edge or point. “ Would blunt my sword in battle.” Dryden. 2. To repress or weaken, as a passion. “ Blunt not his love.” Shak. BLUNT'ING, n. Act of dulling ; restraint. “Not impediments, or bluntings.” Bp. Taylor. BLUNT'ISH, a. Somewhat blunt. Ash. BLUNT'LY, ad. In a blunt manner; coarsely; roughly ; plainly. Shak. BLU NT'NpSS, n. 1. Want of edge or point. “ The bluntness of his darts.” Suckling. 2. Roughness of manners ; coarseness. Good Jarvis, make no apologies for this honest bluntness. Goldsmith. BLUNT'-WIT-T^D, a. Dull ; stupid. Shak. BLUR, ii. [Dut. blaar, a blister, a pustule.] 1. Something that obscures or soils; a blot; a stain. South. 2. A disgrace ; a reproach. Lest she with her railing set a great blur on mine honesty and good name. Udat. BLUR, v. a. [i. blurred ; pp. blurring, BLURRED.] 1. To obscure by some blot, soil, or stain. Time hath nothing blurred those lines of favor Which then he wore. Shak. 2. To sully, or tarnish, as reputation, by something disgraceful. Ne’er yet did base dishonor blur our name But with our sword we wiped away the blot. Shak. BLURT, v. a. [Formed from blur ; blurred, 155 blurr’d, blurt. Richardson.'] [t. blurted ; pp. blurting, blurted.] To utter suddenly or inadvertently ; to bolt. And yet the truth may lose its grace, If blurted to a person’s face. Lloycl. To blurt at, to speak of with contempt. — To blurt out, to speak unadvisedly or rashly. BLUSH, v. n. [A. S. ablisian; Dut. bloozen, to blush.] [j. BLUSHED ; pp. BLUSHING, BLUSHED.] 1. To redden in the cheeks from shame, con- fusion, or modesty. Modest and ingenuous worth That blushed at its own praise. Cowper. The man that blushes is not quite a brute. Young. 2. To have a reddish color. Along those blushing borders, bright with dew. Thomson. BLUSH, v. a. To make red. “To blush and. beautify the cheek.” [r.] Shak. BLUSH, n. [Dut. bios.] 1. Redness in the cheeks caused by shame, confusion, or modesty. O shame, where is thy blushl Shak. 2. A reddish color. And light's last blushes tinged the distant hills. Lyltleton. 3. Resemblance ; look ; as, “ She has a blush of her father.” [North of England.] Todd. At the first blush, at the first glance ; at first sight. f BLUSH'flT, n. A young, modest girl. B. Jonson. BLUSH'FUL, a. Full of blushes. Thomson. BLUSH'ING, n. The appearance of blushes, or of a reddish color. “The blushings of those that are of modest looks.” Bp. Taylor. “The blushings of the evening.” Spenser. BLUSH'ING, p. a. Manifesting blushes ; having a reddish color. BLUSH'ING-LY, ad. In a blushing manner. Craig. BLUSH'Lf.SS, a. Without a blush; impudent. “ Blushless crimes.” Sandys. BLUSH'Y, a. Having the color of ablush. “ These [blossoms] of apples . . . are blushy.” [it.] Bacon. BLUS'TIJR, v. n. [A. S. blrestan, to puff.] [i. BLUSTERED ; pp. BLUSTERING, BLUSTERED.] 1. To make a loud noise ; to roar as a storm. His blustenng blast each coast doth scour. Spenser. 2. To swagger; to boast; to bully. Your ministerial directors blustered like tragic tyrants. Burke. t BLUS'T^R, v. a. To blow down. Todd. BLUS'TIJR, n. 1. Roar of storms or of violent wind. “The skies look grimly, and threaten present blusters.” Shak. 2. A loud, harsh noise. “ The brazen trum- pet’s bluster.” Swift. 3. Boasting ; boisterousness. A coward makes a great deal more bluster than a man of honor. VEstrange. BLUS-TER-A'TION, n. Noisy boasting ; bluster. [Provincial in England, and low and colloquial in the United States.] Halliwell. BLUS'TBR-BR, n. One who blusters; a swag- gerer ; a noisy fellow. Shak. BLUS'TpR-ING, p. a. 1. Windy; stormy; as, “ Blustering weather.” 2. Swaggering ; turbulent. “ A blustering fellow.” L’Estrange. BLUS'TIJR-ING, ii. Tumult ; noise. South. f BLUS'TIJR-OUS, a. Tumultuous ; noisy. Shak. B — MI (be'me), n. A note in music. Shak. BO, interj. [W. bw.] A word used to terrify chil- dren. Temple. BO 'A, n. [L., a large serpent.] 1. ( Ilerp. ) A race of large serpents. 2. An article of dress for the neck, made of fur, and somewhat in the form of the serpent called boa. Scudamore. BO'A— CON-STRIC'TOR, ii. [L. boa, a largo ser- pent, and constringo, constrictus, to bind to- gether, to compress.] ( Zoiil .) The largest spe- cies of variegated serpents, a native of tropical America, attaining, when full grown, the length of thirty-five feet. They arc without venom, but possess immense muscular power, which enables them to crush large animals in their BOAST folds. The python of Asia is sometimes called by this name. Van Der Uneven. BOAR (bor), n. [L. aper ; A. S. bar ; Dut. beer ; Ger. eber ; W. bwrdo.] The male of the hog or swine : — the wild hog. Wood. The boar out of the wood doth waste it. Ps. lxxx. 13. BOAR, v. n. (Manege.) To shoot out the nose and toss it ; to bore ; — said of a horse. Farm. Ency. BOARD (bord), n. [Goth, baurd; A. S. bord; Gael., Fr., § Sw. bord; W. bwrdcl.] 1. A piece of sawed timber, broad and thin, and of undefined length. With the saw they sundered trees in boards and planks. Raleigh . 2. A table to place food on. Pan guard thy flock, and Ceres bless thy board. Prior . The Anglo-Saxon table was formed merely by placing a board upon trestles at the time of eating, and it was designated simply by the name of a board. We still use the word in certain phrases derived from ancient customs; and we speak of a “festive board," and talk of giving people “hoard and lodging,” and of sitting at a “ council ” or “ committee board. Thomas Wright. 3. Food; diet; provision. Sometimes white lilies did their leaves afford, With wholesome poppy flowers, to mend his homely board. Dryden. 4. The customary meals obtained for a stip- ulated sum at the table of another; as, “He pays a high price for board.” 5. A number of persons who have the man- agement of some public office or trust, or who superintend the operations of any private busi- ness ; as, “The board of customs”; “The board of trade ” ; “A board of directors.” 6. pi. (Book-binding.) Covers of books made of pasteboard. 7. (Naut.) The deck of a ship, as in the phrases, “On board”; “ A-board ” : — the stretch a vessel makes upon one tack when she is beating. Dana. 8. [Fr .bord, side.] The side of a ship. “Now board to board the rival vessels row.” Dryden. To go by the board , (JVaut.) to do over the side of tile ship. — Weather board, that side of ihe ship which is to windward. — To make short boards, to tack fre- quently. — To make a stem board, to fail back from tile point pained on q le | ;is t tack. — To make a good board, to sail in a direct course when hauled close to the wind. BOARD, V. a. [i. BOARDED ; pp. BOARDING, BOARDED.] 1. To cover with hoards. Moxon. 2. To enter a ship by force. “ I boarded the king’s ship.” Shak. 3. To supply with food for a stipulated sum ; as, “ He will board you during the winter.” 4. [Fr. aborder, to approach, to accost.] fTo accost ; to address. Him the prince with gentle court did board. Spenser. BOARD, v. n. To live in a house at a certain rate for eating ; to be furnished with food or meals for a stipulated sum. “ At a house where mixed company boarded.” Tatlcr. BOARD'A-BLE, a. That may be boarded, or ap- proached. Sherwood. BOARD'ER, ii. 1. One who is furnished with food at a certain rate from the table of another ; a tabler. Sherwood. 2. (Naut.) A sailor whose duty it is to board the enemy’s ship. BOARD'ING— HOUSE, n. A house where board is furnished. Crabb. BOARD'ING— PIKE, n. A pike used by sailors in hoarding a ship. Crabb. BOARD'ING— SCHOOL (-skol), ii. A school/where the pupils live and board with the teacher. A blockhead, with melodious voice, In boarding-schools may have his choice. Swift. BOARD'L^SS, a. Without a table or board. BOARD'— WA-^E.^, n. pi. Wages allowed to ser- vants to keep themselves in victuals. Dryden. BOAR'jSH, a. Swinish; brutal. Shak. BOAR'— SPEAR, n. A spear used in hunting the boar. Spensei'. BOAR'— THIS-TLE (bor'thls-sl), il. A plant; — called also spear-thistle. Booth. BOAST (host), v. n. [W. bostio, to boast, to vaunt.] [i. boasted ; pp. boasting, boasted.] MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, ROLE. — £, ectator. BONE'LESS, a. Destitute of bones. Shak. BONE'SET, V. a. [i. BONESET ; pp. BONESETTING, boneset.] To set or restore, as a dislocated or broken bone. M r iseman. BONE'SET, n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant having sudorific and tonic properties ; Eupatorium pcrfoliatimi ; — called also feverwoi't, agueweed, thoroughwort, and Indian sage. Du7igliso7i. BONE'SET-TJR, 7i. One who sets bones. Denham. BONE 'SET-TING, n. The act, or the art, of set- ting bones. Ge7it. Mag. BONE'SPAv-IN, n. (Farriery.) A disease of the hock-joint of a horse. Farm. E7icy. BONE'-SPIR-TT, 71. An ammoniacal liquor of a brown color, obtained in the process of manu- facturing animal charcoal from bones. Ogilvie. BO-NET'TA, n. Same as Bonito. Sir T. Herbert. BON'FlRE [bon'fir, W. P. J. F. Ja. K. S?n . ; bBn'- MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, ROLE. — 9 , £, 9 , g, soft; £, G, £, l, 'hard; § as z; £ as gz. — THIS, this. BONGRACE 160 BOOM fir, S.], n. [Fr. bon, good, and Eng.^rc.] A fire made on festive occasions, for triumph, or for amusement. Spenser. fBON'GRACE (bun'gras), n. [Fr. bonne, good, and grace, grace, in reference to its graceful appearance.] A forehead-cloth, or covering for the forehead, sometimes in the shape of a veil attached to a hood, and sometimes hanging as a border attached to a bonnet. Halliwcll. My face was spoiled for want of a bongrace , when I was young. Beau. Sf FI. f BON'I-FORM, a. [L .bonus, good, and forma, form.] Of the nature of goodness. Knowledge and truth may likewise both be said to be bon- ifonn things. Cudworth. f BON'I-FY, v. a. [Fr. bonifier ; L. bonus, good, and facio, to make.] To convert into good. “ The greatest of all arts, to bonify evils.” Cudworth. BON'ING, n. ( Masonry & Carp.) The art of ex- amining flat surfaces' to see if they are perfectly plane. Wealc. BO-NI'TO, n. [Sp.] (Ich.) A sea fish, bands on the side " ‘ of the belly, noted A Bonito. for its persecution of the flying-fish ; the Thyn- nus pelamys of Cuvier ; — called also scomber and striped tunny. Yarrell. f BON’I-TY, n. [L . bonitas.] Goodness. Bailey. BON— MOT (bon-mo') [bong-mo', Sm. K . ; bon-mo', Manor], n. ; pi. bon-mots. [Fr., good word.] A jest ; a witty reply, or repartee. Ld. Chesterfield. BONNE '-BOU^HE', w. [Fr., good mouth.] A delicate morsel. C. C. Felton. BON'NpT, n. [Sw. bonad, covered ; Sp. bonete, a cap or bonnet; Dut. bonet; Fr. bonnet.] 1. f A cap or a hat worn by men. How oddly be is suited! I think he bought his doublet in Italy, his bonnet in Germany. Shak, 2. A covering for the head worn by women. 3. (Fort.) A work consisting of two faces, forming with each other a salient angle. P. Cyc. 4. (Naut.) An additional piece of canvas at- tached to the foot of a jib or a schooner’s fore- sail, and taken off in bad weather. Dana. BON'NpT, v. a. & n. [Fr. bonneter.] To put a bonnet on : — to pull off the bonnet, [r.] Shah. BON'NpT-pD, a . Furnished with a bonnet; hav- ing the bonnet on. Butler. fBON'NI-BEL, n. [Fr. bonne, good, and belle, beautiful.] A handsome girl. Spenser. BON'NI-lAss, n. A beautiful maid. Spenser. f BON'NI-LY, ad. In a bonny manner. Johnson. f BON'NI-NESS, n. State of being bonny. Bailey. BON'NI-VISS, n. A kind of kidney-bean. Boucher. BON'NY, a. [Fr. bonne, good.] 1. Handsome ; beautiful ; pretty. “ Bonny lass.” Drayton. 2. Gay.; merry; cheerful. Then sigh not so, but let them go, And be you blithe and bonny. Shak. 3. Plump ; in good health. Johnson. BON'NY, n. (Min.) A distinct bed of ore which has no communication with any vein. Crabb. BON NY-CLAB'BpR, \ [I r . baine, milk, and BON'NY— CLAp'PpR, j claba, thick.] Sour but- termilk ; sour milk. Nares. BON— TON (bon'tong'), n. [Fr. bon, good, and ton, tone, style.] The style of fashionable so- ciety ; the high mode. BO'NUM — mJo 'NUM, n. [L. bonum, good, and magnum, great.] A species of plum ; magnum bonum. Ash. BO'NUS, «. [L., good.] A premium given, in ad- dition to interest, for a loan, or for a privilege, as the charter of a bank ; a boon. Bouvier. BON-VIVJINT (bon've-vang'), n. [Fr.] Aboon companion ; a luxurious liver. BO'NY, a. 1. Consisting of bones ; made of bone. “ A round, bony limb.” Bay. 2. Having large bones ; strong. Thomson. 3. Full of bones ; as, “ A bony fish.” BON'Zp [bon'ze, Ja. K. R. Wb . ; b5nz, Sin.], n . ; pi. bon'ze$. A priest of Buddha, or of the re- ligion of Fo, in China, Japan, Birmah, Tonquin, and the other countries of Eastern Asia. Herbert. BOO'BY, n. [Ger. bube, a boy ; Sp. bobo, dunce ; bubo, an owl. “ Probably no more than an em- phatic repetition of boy, boy, boy .” Richardson.] 1. A dull, stupid fellow ; a lubber. The booby appears quite stupid and insensible. Goldsmith. 2. (Ornith.) A large aquatic bird, of the peli- can tribe, so named from its stupidity ; — called also gannet, noddy, and soland goose. Brande. BOO'BY-HUT, n. A sleigh with a seat and covering of a chaise or coach ; booby- hutch. [U. S.] BOO'BY-ISII, a. Like a boo- by ; foolish. Richardson. . , „ Brown booby. BOO 'BY- HUTCH, n. A clum- sy, ill-contrived, covered carriage or seat. [East of England.] Forby. b6odh'I§M, n. See Buddhism. BOOK (bfik) [bfik, P. J. E. F. Sm. T Vb. ; bok, S. W. Ja. K. jR.], n. [Goth, boka ; Ger. buch ; Dut. boek ; Sw. book. — A. S. hoc, a book ; from boc, a beech-tree, the wood of this tree or its bark having been used to write upon. Skinner.] 1. A printed literary composition, usually consisting of several sheets of paper stitched together or bound ; a work ; a volume. As good almost kill a man as kill a good book ; a good Ix>ok is the precious life blood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life. Milton. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in part; others to be read, but not curiously; and some to De read wholly, and with diligence and atten- tion. Bacon. 2. A collection of paper leaves, sewed or bound, used for any kind of writing ; as, “ The books in which a merchant keeps his accounts.” 3. A particular part or division of a literary work ; as, “ Milton’s Paradise Lost is divided into twelve books.” 4. (Whist.) The first six tricks taken by either party. Without book, by memory ; without reading. DT£r-“ Tile pronunciation of book, which Walker’s mark assigns, is a decided provincialism.” Smart. BOOK (bfik), v. a. [A. S. bocian.] [i. booked ; pp. booking, booked.] To register in a book ; to inscribe. “ Let it be booked." Shak. BOOK'— AC-COUNT' (bfik-). An account as regis- tered in a book. Craig. BOOK'BIND-pR, n. One who binds books. Bale. BOOK'BIND-pR-Y (buk'blnd-er-e), n. A place where books are bound. McGee. BOOK'BIND-JNG, n. The art, or the act, of bind- ing books. Ure. BOOK'CASE (bfik'kas), n. A caseforholding books. Economical bookcases are simple shelves. W. Ency. BOOK'— DEBT (bfik'dSt), n. A debt as recorded in a book of accounts. Craig. BOOK'p-RY (bfik'e-re), n. I. A collection of books. 2. Devotion to books. Qu. Rev. BOOK'FUL ,a. Full of notionsgleanedfrombooks. The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read. Pope. BOOK'FUL (bfik'ffil), n. As much as a book con- tains. - Cowper. BOOK'ISH (bfik'jsh), a. Given to reading, or to books ; studious. “ A bookish man who has no knowledge of the world.” Spectator. BOOK'ISH-LY, ad. In a way devoted to reading or to books. She was bookishly given.” Thurlow. BOOK'ISH-NESS, n. Much application to books ; great studiousness. Goodman. BOOK'— KEEP- ER (bfik'kep-er), n. The keeper of a book of accounts. Kyd. BOOK'— KEEP-JNG, n. The art of recording, in a systematic manner, the transactions of mer- chants, traders, and other persons engaged in pursuits connected with money ; the art of keep- ing accounts. Book-keeping is said to be by single entry when the record of every transaction is carried to the debit or the credit of only a single account ; and by double entry, when the record is carried to the debit of one account and to the credit of another. The latter is sometimes called the Italian method, from the fact that it was first adopted by Italian merchants in the latter part of the fifteenth century. Brande. BOOK'— KNOWL-pDtgE (bfik'nol-ej), n. Knowl- edge derived from books. More. BOOK'LAND (bfik'lknd),?i. [A. S. bocland.] (Law.) A possession or an inheritance held by charter, or evidence in writing; charter-land; free soc- age land. — See Bockland. Blackstone. BOOK'— LEARN-pD (bfik'lern-ed), a. Versed in books. “Some book-learned companion.” Swift. BOOK'— LEARN-ING (bfik'-lern-ing), n. Learning acquired from books, as opposed to that which is gained by experience and observation. Sidney. BOOK’LpSS (buk'les), a. Not given to books. “ The bookless, sauntering youth.” Somerville. BOOK'LpT (bfik'let), n. A little book. Ec.Rev. BOOK'-LI-CpNS-ING, n. The act of licensing the publication of books. Milton. BOOK'— LOUSE (bfik-), n. (Ent.) A small apterous insect, the larva of which is very destructive to books exposed to damp. Craig. BOOK'— MAD-NfSS (bfik'm&d-nes), n. An insane desire for possessing books ; bibliomania. Todd. BOOK'— MAK-pR, n. A maker up of books out of other men’s writings ; a compiler. Ec. Rev. BOOK'— MAK-ING, n. The act of making books out of other books ; compilation. Todd. BOOK'MAN, n. A scholar by profession. Shak. BOOK'MATE (bfik'-), n. A school-fellow. Shak. BOOK'MIND-pD-NESS, n. Devotion to books. BOOK'MoN-fipR (buk'mung-ger), n. A dealer in books. Phil. Museum. BOOK'MU^-LIN (bfik-), n. A very fine kind of muslin. Craig. BOOK'-OATII, n. An oath made on the book, or the Bible. Shak. BOOK'sALE (bfik'sal), n. A sale of books. Dibdin. BOOK'SELL-pR, n. One whose business it is to sell books. Walton. BOOK'SELL-ING (buk'sel-jng), n. The business of selling books. Ed. Rev. BOOK'-SHOP, n. A shop in which books are sold ; a bookseller’s shop. Craig. BOOK'— STALL, n. A place for selling books. BOOK'— STAND, n. A stand or small case for containing books. IF. Ency. BOOK'— STORE (buk'stor), n. A place where books are kept and sold ; a bookseller’s shop. It is the common term, in the United States, for what is called in England a bookseller’ s shop. — See Store. Pickering. BOOK'WORM (buk'wiirm), n. 1. A worm that eats holes in books. Guardian. 2. A great reader, or student, of books ; — generally used in a bad sense, as implying a mere student, or one who studies or reads with- out discrimination, and without a definite pur- pose. “ These poring bookworms.” Tatler. BOOK'-WRlT-ING (buk'rlt-jng), n. Act of writ- ing books. Milton. BOO'LY, n. A term used in Ireland for one who has no fixed place of abode ; an Irish nomad. Smart. BOOM, n. [A.S.beom,a beam; Dut.ioo»i,a tree or a bar.] (Naut.) 1. A pole or spar used to extend tbe foot of a fore-and-aft sail, or of a studding sail. Dana. 2. A pole set up as a mark to show' sailors how to steer. Johnson. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short ; A, p, I, O, y, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; H&IR, HER; BOOM 161 BORDRAGING 3. A strong, iron chain, or a bar made of wood or timber, thrown across the entrance of a har- bor, or across a river, to obstruct an enemy, or prevent passage. Dryden. 4 [Dut. bommen, to sound.] A deep, hol- low roar, as of waves or of cannon. Ogilvie. Bourn irons, tJTauC) iron rings on the yards through which the studding-sail booms traverse. Dana. BOOM, v. n. [Dut. bommen, to make a hollow sound.] [*. BOOMED ; pp. BOOMING, BOOMED.] 1. To make a roaring sound, as the waves. “ Booming billo.ws.” Pope. 2. To rush with violence, as a ship under press of sail. Johnson. 3. To make a noise like a bittern. The bittern booms it in the reeds. Cotton. To boom along, ( JVaut .) to move rapidly, as a ship under full sail. BOOM'E-RANG, n. A missile weapon, of a pe- culiar form, used by the aborigines of Australia, which, if unskilfully hurled, is liable to return and kill him who hurls it. Like that strange missile that the Australian throws. Your verbal boomerang slaps you on the nose. Holmes. BOOM'KIN, n. See Bumiiin. Todd. BOON, n. [L. bonus, good.— A. S. bene, a prayer ; Icel. bon, or been, a petition ; Fr. bon, good.] A favor asked or granted ; a gift ; a benefaction ; a present. He that freely offers a rich boon is no less to be accounted a benefactor, although his gift be refused, than if it were ac- cepted. Barrow. BOON, a. [Fr. bon, good.] 1. Gay ; merry ; jovial ; convivial ; as, “ A boon companion.” And heightened as with wine jocund and boon. Milton. 2. Kind ; bountiful. “ Nature boon." Milton. BO'OPS, n. [Gr. (lob s, 0o6$, a kind of sea-fish, and i'(us, appearance, look.] 1. (Ich.) A genus of acanthopterygious fishes found in the Mediterranean, and in the seas of South America. Brande. 2. The pike-headed whale, found in the Green- land seas ; Balcena bobps. Craig. BOOR, n. [A. S. gebur, a farmer ; buan, to till ; Ger. bauer ; Dut. boer .] A cultivator of the soil ; a rude peasant ; a rustic ; a clown. Knaveonce meantno more than lad ; villain than peasant; boor was only a farmer; a valet was but a serving man; a churl but a strong fellow. Ti'ench. BOOR'ISH, a. Clownish; rustic; rude. Shah. BOOR'jSH-LY, ad. In a boorish manner. BOOR'ISH-NESS, n. The quality of being boor- ish ; clownishness ; rusticity. Johnson. Bo 6§E [boz, S. P. Wb . ; bos, Ja . ; boz or bos, K.],n. [A. S. bosg, and bosig, a cattle-house.] A stall for cattle. [North of England.] Ilalliicell. b6o§E, or BOOZE, v. n. To drink to excess. — See Bouse. Maunder. BOOS'GR, n. A hard drinker; a drunkard; — written also boozer. Qu. Rev. BOOST, v. a. To lift or raise up by pushing; to push upwards. [Vulgar, U. S.] Field. BOO'SY, a. Partially intoxicated or drunk ; fud- dled. — See Boozy and Bousy. Holloway. BOOT, v. a. [Fr. hotter .] [». booted ; pp. boot- ing, booted.] To put boots upon ; to furnish wdth boots. Shah. BOOT, v. a. [Goth, botyan, to profit ; Sw. bota.\ 1. To profit; to advantage. “It shall not boot them ... to excuse it.” Hooker. What boots it at one gate to make defence, And at another to let in the foe? Milton. 2. f To enrich ; to benefit. And I will boot thee with what gift beside That modesty can beg. Shah. j&^This verb is commonly used impersonally, as in the phrases, it bouts y or wliat boots it. BOOT, n. 1. [Fr. botte ; W. botas .] A covering for the leg and foot. 2. A kind of rack for the leg, formerly used in Scotland for torturing criminals. Burnet. 3. A receptacle or box in a coach under the seat of the coachman. Wotton. 4. A covering, usually of leather, to protect the rider in a chaise, gig, &c. BOOT, n. [Goth, bota ; A. S. hot, compensation, satisfaction ; Sw. hot, cure.] 1. Profit ; advantage ; gain. It was no boot to keep them within doors. Holland. 2. Booty ; plunder. “ Villains that make boot of all men.” Beau. if FI. To boot, ad. [A. S. to-botc.] Over and above ; be- sides. “ With all appliances and means to boot.” Shak. BOOT'— CAtCH-PR, n. A servant at an inn who pulls oil' the boots of passengers and cleans them ; — called also boots. • Swift. BOOT'— CRIMP, n. A frame or last used by boot- makers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. Ogilvie. BOOT'Jf D, a. Furnished with boots. “He is coated and booted for it.” B. Jonson. BOOT-EE', n. A kind of half boot. Gratiot. BO-O' TE§, n. [L., from Gr. (lowrris, a ploughman.] ’( Astron .) A constellation in the northern hem- isphere, represented on the celestial globe as a man with a club in his right hand, and a leash which holds two dogs ; — called also the Bear- watcher, and sometimes Arcturus, from the name of its brightest star. BOOTH, n. [W. bwth, a hut ; Ir. both, a house ; Dut. boede, an abode ; Ger. bude ; Gael. buth. ] A house, or a shelter, built of slight materials for temporary purposes. Swift. BOOTH'— KEEP-GR, n. One who keeps a booth. BOOT'— HOffE, n. Stockings, or a covering for the legs instead of boots ; spatterdashes. Shak. BOOT'I-KIN, n. 1. The diminutive of boot ; a little boot ; a bootee. Phil. Museum. 2. A glove made of oiled silk, with a partition for the thumb, but none for the fingers ; a kind of mitten. Notes £$ Queries. Except one day’s gout, which I cured with the bootikins , I have been quite well since I saw you. Horace Walpole. f BOOT'ING, n. Act of plundering. North. BOOT'— JACK, n. An instrument for pulling off boots. Maunder. BOOT'-LAsT, n. A last for stretching boots ; a boot-tree. Craig. BOOT'— LEG, n. The leg of a boot. Ash. BOOT'LGSS, a. Useless; unavailing; without success. “ Bootless labor.” Shak. BOOT'LGSS-LY, ad. Without use or profit ; to no purpose. Fanshawe. BOOTS, n. 1. A cant term for one who cleans boots. He began life as a boots ; he will probably end as a peer. Hood. 2. A term in the British army for the young- est officer in a regimental mess. Crabb. BOOT'— TOP-PING, n. ( Naut .) The operation of scraping grass or other matter from a vessel’s bottom, and daubing it over with tallow, or some similar mixture. Dana. BOOT'— TREE, n. An instrument for stretching boots ; a boot-last. Johnson. BOO'TY, n. [Ger. beute ; Dut. buit •, F r. but in.] Spoil taken in war ; plunder ; pillage ; prey. So triumph thieves upon their conquered boot //. Shah. To play booty , to play dishonestly. V Estrange. Syn. — The soldier’s booty ; the combatant’s spoil ; the army’s plunder or pillage ; a carnivorous animal’s prey. BOO'ZY, a. Merry with liquor ; tipsy ; — written also boosy and bouzy. BO-PEEP', n. A play to amuse children by peeping from behind something, and crying bo ! Shak. BOR'A-BLE, a. That may be bored. Johnson. BO-RACHTO (bo-rat'cho), n. [It. borrachia ; Sp. borraeha; Old Fr. bourache, a leathern bottle.] A bottle or cask, commonly of skin or leather, for holding wine. She . . . took two loaves and two bottles, that is, two skins, or borachios of wine. Dclany. BO-RA^'IC, a. ( Chem .) Notingan acid composed of one equivalent of boron and three of oxygen. It is found native in Italy, and is a constituent of several minerals. Turner. BO'RA-CITE, n. (Chem.) Native borate of mag- nesia. Brande. Bo'RA-COUS, a. Partaking of borax. Smart. BOR'A^E [bur'jj, S. W. K. O. Wb.; ho'raj, P. Sm.],n. [L . borago.] An annual garden plant of the genus Borago, formerly in great repute as a cordial ; Borago officinalis. Loudon. BO-RAG-I-NA'CEOES (-sluts), a. ( Bot .) Notinga class of plants resembling those of the genus Borago. Brande. BOR'A-MEZ, n. (Bot.) The Scythian or vegetable lamb. — See Barometz. Browne. BO'RATE, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by a combi- nation of boracic acid with a base. Brande. BO 'RAX, n. [L. borax. — Arab, baurarh Hoblyn .] (Chem.) Bi-borate of soda, imported from Asia and South America under the name of tinea/, and also manufactured by combining native boracic acid and soda ; — much used by workers in metals, as a flux. Miller. j- BOR'BO-R'YGM (bor'bo-rim), n. [Gr. /3opj 3opvyp6s; Old Fr. borborigme .] (Med.) Noise made by wind in the intestines. Glos. Anglic. Nov. 1707. f BORD, n. [Fr. bourde, a fable, a falsehood.] A jest ; a feigned story. Spenser. BORD AgE, n. [Fr. from bord, side.] The sides or side planks of a ship. Crabb. BORD' A^E (bord 'aj), n. [Low L. bordagium, from A. S. bord, a table.] See Bord-lands. Burrill. BOR-dAt', or BOR-DET'TI, n. A narrow cloth manufactured in India. Crabb. f BOR'D£L, n. [Fr.] A brothel. South. f BOR'D^L-LpR, n. Keeper of a brothel. Gower. f BOR-DEL'LO, n. [It.] See Bordel. B. Jonson. BOR'DER, n. [A. S. bord ; Fr. bord ; M. boarder .] The outer part or edge of any thing, as of a garment, a garden, a country, &c. ; exterior limit ; boundary ; frontier ; confine ; margin ; rim ; brim ; verge ; brink. Syn. — Borders and frontiers apply to countries ; boundary , confines , and limits to countries or smaller political divisions. The borders of Scotland ; the frontiers of Germany; the confines between the Ger- man states ; the boundaries or limits of a country or a district. The border of a garment ; the edge of a knife ; the rim of a vessel ; the brim of a cup ; the verge of life ; the margin of the sea, or of a book ; the brink of a river. BOR'DER, V. n. [t. BORDERED ; pp. BORDERING, BORDERED.] 1. To be in contact with at the confines or boundary ; — used with on or upon ; as, “ France, at the south-east, borders upon Spain.” 2. To approach nearly. All wit which borders upon profaneness deserves to be branded with folly. Tillotson. BOR'DpR,u.a. 1. To adorn with a border. “Riv- ulets bordered with the softest grass.” Warton. 2. To be contiguous to ; to touch. Sheba and lUiamah are those parts of Arabia which border the Persian Gulf. Jtaleiyh. BOR'D^R-GR, n. 1. One who dwells on the bor- ders. “ Borderers on the sea.” Carew. 2. One that approaches near to another. The poet is the nearest borderer upon tile orator. B. Jonson. BOR'D^R-ING, p. a. Being adjacent or near. BORD'— HALF'PEN-NY (bord'lia'pen-e), n. (Eng. Laic.) Money paid for the privilege of setting up tables, boards, or stalls, for the sale of wares at a fair or market. Burn. BORD'-EAND§ (bord'Iandz), n. pi. [A. S. bord, a table, and Eng. lands.] (Eng. Law.) Demesnes formerly appropriated by the owners of lands in England for the maintenance of their bord, or table. Cowell. BORD LODE, > n> [A.. S. bord, a table, and hla- BORD'LOAD, ) dan, to load.] (Eng. Law.) The quantity of food or provisions which the bord- man paid for his bordland. . Cowell. BORD'MAN, n. A tenant of bordland. Wins haw. f BORD'RAG-ING, n. [Probably from border, and rage.] An incursion on the borders. “ An- noyed with sundry bordraqinqs of neighboring Scots.” Spenser. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — G, G> $> &> s °fti €, £. I, hard; § as z; as gz. — THIS, this. 21 BORDURE 162 BOTANIZE BOR'DURE, n. (Her.) A strip or border sur- rounding the field. Ash. BORE, v. a. [A. S. borian ; Dut. booren ; Sw. bora ; Dan. bore ; Ger. bohren. — Gr. vfipw.] [ i . BOltED ; pp. BORING, BORED.] 1. To pierce into, or through, with some in- strument having a circular motion, so as to leave a round hole ; as “ To bore a plank for a screw”; “To bore a cannon ” ; “To bore the ears for the insertion of rings.” 2. To vex or weary bv unwelcome visiting, or by anything disagreeable. “He bores me with some tricks.” Shak. Syn. — See Penetrate. BORE, v. n. 1. To be pierced by an instrument having a circular motion; as, “This wood is easy to bore.” 2. To make a hole with a turning instrument. “ He had to bore about 440 yards.” lire. 3. fTo push forward towards a certain point ; to bear. “ Boring to the west.” Drxjden. 4. (Manege.) To carry the nose near the ground; — said of ahorse. Johnson. BORE, n. 1. A hole made as if by boring; — applied especially to the cavity or calibre of fire- arms. Ure. And ball and cartridge sorts for every bore. Dryden. 2. The instrument used for boring ; a borer. “ Fit for the file or square bore.” Moxon. 3. A rapid and noisy influx of the tide into a river or strait against a current. The tide rushed back again with a bore. Burke. 4. A person or thing that annoys or wearies. Society is now one polished horde. Formed of two mighty tribes, the bores and bored. Byron. BORE, i. from bear. See Bear. BO'Rp-AL, a. [L. Boreas, the north wind.] 1. Northern. Before the boreal blasts the vessels fly. Pope. 2. (Magnetism.) Noting the fluid to which, according to the hypothesis of two magnetic fluids, the north polarity of magnets is due. Lardner. BO’RF.-As, n. [L.] The north wind. Milton. BORE'COLE, n. A species of winter cabbage, with curly leaves, forming no head; — of sev- eral varieties. Farm. Encxj. BO-REE’ [ho-re',?E. P. J. K . ; bo re, Sm.], n. [Fr.] A kind of dance, said to have been introduced front Biscay. Swift. BOR'f.L, 7i. [Fr. burail.] A kind of light stuff of which the warp is silk and the woof is wool ; a kind of serge. Fleming. BOR’f.R, 7i. 1. One who bores; a person en- gaged in boring for minerals. Craig. 2. A boring instrument ; an awl. Paley. 3. A wood-eating worm. It is the grub of various species of the beetle tribe. Farm. Encxj. BOR'IXG, n. 1. The operation of drilling holes by a circular motion of a cutting tool. Ure. 2. The hole made by boring ; — especially that made in the earth for the purpose of obtaining water. Francis. 3. pi. The chips or pieces removed in bor- ing wood or metal. BORN, p. from bear. Brought forth. — See Bear. Born days, a vulgar expression for one’s lifetime, or the time since one was horn. Halliwell. BORNE, p. from bear. Carried. — See Bear. BORNE, n. [Fr., a boundary. ] A stone stud placed before a wall to secure it against car- riages. Crabb. BOR'NITE, n. (Min.) 1. A compound of bis- muth, tellurium, and a small proportion of sul- phur ; telluric bismuth. Dana. 2. A valuable copper ore composed of cop- per, sulphur, and iron ; — called also erubescite, ar.d purple copper. Dana. BOR-NOUSE' (bor-nos'), n. A kind of cloak or mantle. — See Bernoese. Maunder. BO'RON, 71. (Che7n.) A simple non-metallic substance obtained from boracic acid. It is a dark, olive-colored powder, without taste or smell, and is a non-conductor of electricity. Turner. BOR'OUGH (bur'e),n. [Goth, baurgs (Gr. nbpyos), a tower ; A. S. bureg, or burh, a town, a city, a fort ; burgan, to fortify, to defend ; Ger. burg, a city ; Dan., Sw., Icel. borg, a town ; A. S. borh, or borhoe, a surety, a pledge, given by the mem- bers of tithings for one another’s good behav- ior : — also a tithing. Cowell .] A corporate town which is not a city. In England, a town that sends members to parliament. BOR'OUGH (bur'o), a. Having the rank or privi- leges of a borough. Ash. BOR'OUGH— ENG 'LI SH (bur'o-Tng'gljsh). (English Laxc.) A custom in some ancient English bor- oughs by which estates descend to the youngest son, or the younger brother. Cowell. BOR'OUGH— HOLD' JpR, 71. A head borough. Todd. BOR'OUGH— mAs'T^R, 7i. The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough. Hackluyt . BOR'OUGH— MON '££R (-muttg-ger), n. One who buys or sells the patronage of boroughs. “ Some rogue borough-monger .” Cowper. BOR'OUGH-TOWN (bur'o-toun), 71. A corporate town. Butler. fBOR'RpL, a. [Ger. baiter, a farmer ; Dut. bocr, a countryman. — See Boor.] Rustic; coarse. “ Rude and borrel.” Spenser. BOR’REL-IST, 7i. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Christians in Holland who reject the sacra- ments ; — so named from their founder, Borrel. Buchanan. BOR'ROW (bor'rd), v. a. [A. S. borgian, to bor- row, and bo hr, a pledge ; Ger. borgen .] [*. borrowed;/)/?, borrowing, borrowed.] 1. To take or receive on credit, for a time, from another who lends. We have borrowed money for the king’s tribute. Keh. v. 4. 2. To use as one’s own what belongs to another ; to appropriate. These verbal signs they sometimes box-row from others. Locke. The two idioms [English and Norman] have mutually borrowed from each other. Blackstone. f BOR'ROW (hor'ro), n. [A. S. borhoe, surety.] 1. A thing borrowed. Shak. 2. A pledge ; a surety. Spenser. BOR'ROW- pR (bor'ro-er), n. One who borrows. Neither a borrower nor a lender be. Shak. BOR'ROW-lNG, 71. Act of one who borrows. Shak. BOR-SEL'LA, 71. An instrument with which glass-makers extend or contract glass. Crabb. BOILS' HO LI)- Eli, xi. [A. S. borhes-ealdor ; borh, a tithing or borough, and caldor, ah elder.] (Laxo.) The head or principal man, of a bor- ough ; a tithingman. Burrill. BOS'CAljrE, 71 . [Old Fr. boscage .] X. A grove or woodland. “ A land flat to our sight and full of boscage’.” Bacon. 2. (Paint.) A representation of woodland scenery in pictures. Wotton. BOSH, 7i. 1. Outline; figure: — a dash ; a show. [Provincial, England.] Forby. 2. Nonsense; trash. [University of Cam- bridge, Eng.] Bristed. To cut a bosh, to cut a dash. BOSH, 71 . [Ger. boschen, to slope.] The upper part of the lower pyramid in a smelting furnace. Burn. BOSH'BOK, 7i. (Zoiil.) A species of antelope; — called also bushbok. • P. Cyc. BOS'KpT, n. [Gr. ftmtij, food, fodder; It. bos- chctto, dim. of bosco, a grove ; Fr. bosquet, a thicket.] (Hoi't.) A little grove or compart- ment formed of branches of trees. Craig. BOS'KY, a. Woody; “Bosky acres.” Shak. II BOS'OM (bfiz'um or bd'zum), [buz'ttm, S. Sm. Nares ; ltozutn, IE. P. J. F. Ja. R. IE b.\ b u - it m or bfiz'um, A'.], n. [Goth, barms-, A. S. bosum, or bosm ; Dut. boczem ; Ger. buse7i.] 1. The breast, as that part of the body against which any thing presses when embraced by the arms. The mower filleth not his hand, nor he that bindeth sheaves his bosom. Ps. cxxix.7. The poor man had nothing save one little ewe lamb; . . . it did eat of his own meat, and drank of his own cup, and iay in his bosom. 2 Sam. xii. 3. 2. Enclosure ; compass ; embrace. “ Within the bosom of that church.” Hooker. 3. The folds of the dress that cover the breast. A slothful man hideth his hand in his bosom. Prop. xix. 24. 4. The female breasts. 5. The breast, as the enclosure of the heart, or the seat of the affections and passions. I mean, that my heart unto yours is knit, Two bosoms interchained with an oath. Shak. Anger resteth in the bosom of fools. Eccles. vii. 9. 6. Any close or secret receptacle. In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. Shak. In composition, or as an adjective, it signifies inti- mate, confidential, fond ; as, “A iosom-friend.” ,8®* “This word is pronounced four ways, bozum, buzzum, and boozum, the oo like u in bull ; and booium, as ou in bouse. Sheridan and Scott adopt the third sound ; Perry seems to mark the fourth ; Dr. Kenrick has the second and fourth, but seems to prefer the former ; and W. Johnston lias tile second ; and that is, in my opinion, the most general ; but the stage seems to have adopted the fourth sound, which lias given it a currency among polite speakers, and makes it the most fashionable. Mr. Elphinston, a nice ob- server as well as a deep investigator, announces the second, but tells 11 s that tile third was the original pronunciation.” Walker. || BOS'OM (huz'um), v. a. 1. To enclose in the bosom ; to keep in the thoughts. Bosom up my counsel; You'll find it wholesome. Shak. 2. To conceal ; to shut out from observation. Happy convents bosomed deep in vines. Pope. BO'SON (ho'sn), n. Corrupted from boatswain. — See Boatswain. Dry den. BOSS, n. [It. bozza, a bunch ; Fr. & plant ; Fr. botaniquei] Relat- ing to botany ; containing plants or herbs. BO-TAN'I-CAL-LY, ad. After the manner of bot- anists. Ash. f BO-tAn'ICS, 7i.pl. Botany. Bailey. BOT'A-NlST, 7i. One skilled in botany. BOT'A-NIZE, V. 71 . [Gr. Poraui^w, to weed.] To study plants or botany. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, lo/xg ; A, E, !, 6, U, Y, short; A, 5, T, O, IT, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; IlfilR, HER; o BOTANOLOGY 163 BOUGHT One that would peep and botanize Upon his mother’s grave. Wordsworth. BOT-A-NOL'O-IJIY, n. [Gr. pordvrj, a plant, and hoyo's, a discourse.] A discourse on plants ; botany. Bailey. BOT'A-NO-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. fiordvri, a plant, and fiavrria, "a prophecy.] Divination by means of plants. Crabb. BOT'A-NY, n. [Gr. fiords, a plant.] The science of plants ; that branch of science, or of natural history, which comprehends all that relates to the vegetable kingdom. Brancle. BO-TAR'GO, n. [Sp. botarga.] A kind of sau- sage, made on the coasts of the Mediterranean, of the roes of the mullet fish. Chambers. BOTCH, n. [It. bozza, a bunch ; Fr. bosse .] 1. A swelling or an eruptive discoloration of the skin ; a pustule ; a blotch. Botches and blains must all his flesh imboss. Milton. 2. A part in any work ill-finished. To leave no rubs or botches in the work. Shak. 3. An adscititious part clumsily added. Those works are notorious botches. Dryden. BOTCH, V. a. \i. BOTCHED ; pp. BOTCHING, BOTCHED.] 1. To mend or patch awkwardly ; as, “ To botch a garment.” 2. To put together unsuitably or unskilfully. The common botched and inaccurate governments seem to serve the purposes of society. Hume. 3. To mark with botches. “Young Hylas botched with stains.” Garth. BOTCII'ED-LY, ad. In a clumsy manner ; with botches. Thus patch they heaven more botchedly than old clothes. More. BOTCHER, n. One who botches. Shah. BOTCH'JgR-LY, a. Clumsy; patched. Hartlib. BOTCH'ER-Y, ii. A clumsy addition or mending; patchwork. World of Wonders, 1608. BOTCH'Y, a. Having, or marked with, botches. “A botchy core.” Shah. f BOTE, n. [A. Ssbot, compensation.] 1. (Sax. Late.) A satisfaction paid in expia- tion of an offence ; amends. Cowell. 2. (Eng. Law.) An allowance; — called also estover, or estovers. “ This word is still retained in English and American jurisprudence as a component of the words housemate, ploughAote, cart bote, lied gemote, and firebote, partly in its ancient sense of reparation or replenish- ment, and partly in the secondary or general sense of a sufficient allowance.” Burrill. BOTE'LIJSS, a. See Bootless. BOTE'ROI.L, n. (Her.) The tag of a broadsword scabbard. Crabb. BOT'-FLY, ii. ( Ent .) The name of insects of the family CEstridrc, the larvae of one species of which (Gasterophilus equi) live in the intes- tines of horses, producing the disease called bots. Harris. BOTH, a. & pron. [Goth, bed ; A. S. batwa, both the two ; ba, both, and twa, two ; Dut. § Ger. beide .] The one and the other ; the two.' BOTH, conj. As well ; on the one side ; — and or also responding, in a subsequent member, and signifying, on the other side. “Power to iudge both quick and dead.” Milton. BOTH'IJR, v. a. [A corruption of pother.'] [i. BOTHERED ; pp. BOTHERING, BOTHERED.] To perplex ; to confound ; to pother. [Inelegant.] “ My head you so bother.” Swift. Bol H-ER-A'TION, h . Trouble ; vexation ; per- plexity. [A low word.] Walter Scott. BOT'— HOLE, n. A hole in a skin made by a bot. BOTH'NI-AN, ; a ( Geog .) Pertaining to Both BOTH NIC, ) nia, in Sweden. Craig BOTH-REN' CHY-MA, n. [Gr. ( IbQpos , a pit, an( cyxvyi, an infusion, juice.] (Bot.) A kind o vegetable tissue, consisting of rows of cells witl the intervening partitions more or less obliter ated, and forming either continuous or articu lated dotted tubes ; — called also dotted duct , and vasiform or pitted tissue. Gray BOTH-RO-DEN'DRON, it. [Gr- fisdpos, a pit, and hkylpov, a tree.] (Geol.) An extinct genus of coniferous plants belonging to the coal forma- tion. Buckland. BOTH'Y, 1 1 . [Ir. both, a house.] A cottage, rude barrack, or place of lodging for farm-servants or laborers. [Scotland.] Chambers. BOT'LINE, n. [Fr.] A half boot worn by dra- goons. Crabb. BO-TRYCH'I-UM, it. [Gr. 06rpv;, a bunch of grapes.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial decidu- ous herbaceous plants ; moonwort ; — so named on account of the bunch-like form of its fructi- fication. Loudon. BOT'RY-OID, a. [Gr. [loTpvoeiSrj; ; (36rpv;, a bunch of grapes, and form.] (Min.) Having the form of a bunch of grapes ; clustered ; botry- oidal. “ Botryoid inflorescences.” Woodward. BOT-RY-dl 'DAL, a. (Min.) Resembling a bunch of grapes ; botryoid. Lyell. BOT'RY-O-LlTE, 11 . [Gr. (SoTpv;, a bunch of grapes, and UBos, a stone.] (Mill.) A botryoi- dal variety of datholite, composed of boracic acid, silica, lime, and water. Dana. BOTS, ii. pi. Small worms in the entrails of a horse. They are the larvae of the gadfly, which deposits its eggs on the hair of the horse, whence they are taken, by licking, into his month, and swallowed. Farm. Ency. BOTT, ii. The round cushion placed on the knee, on which lace is woven. Craig. BOT'TLE, n. 1. [It. botiglia ; Sp. botilla ; Fr. bouteille. — W. potel .] A vessel, anciently of leather, now commonly of glass, with a narrow neck, to preserve wine or other liquors. “ His leather bottle.” Shah. 2. The wine or other spirituous liquor con- tained in a bottle. In the bottle , discontent seeks for comfort, cowardice for courage, and bashfulness for confidence. Johnson. 3. [Fr. boteau, a bundle.] A quantity of hay or grass tied or bundled up for foddering cattle. I have a great desire to a bottle of hay. Shak. BOT'TLE, V. a. [t. BOTTLED ; pp. BOTTLING, bottled.] To enclose in bottles ; as, “ To bottle wine.” BOT'TLE— ALE (bot'tl-al), n. Bottled ale. Shah. BOT'TLE-BUMP, n. A name given by some to the bittern. [Local, Eng.] Booth. BOT'TLED (bot'tld), p. a. Enclosed in a bottle: — shaped or protuberant like a bottle. Shah. BOT'TLE— FISH, n. An eel-like fish of the genus Saccopharynx ; — so named from the fact that its body is capable of being inflated like a leath- ern bottle. Storer. BOT'TLE— FLOW'JJR (bot'tl-flbfi-er), n. A spe- cies of plant ; the Cyanits or bluebottle. Johnson. BOT'TLE— GLASS, n. A kind of coarse green glass, used in the manufacture of bottles. Ogilvie. BOT'TLE-GOURD, ii. A species of gourd; the calabash. Booth. BOT'TLE— GREEN, 7i. The color of a green glass bottle. Roget. BOT'TLE-NO§ED (bot'tl-nozd), a. Having an extraordinarily large nose. Kersey. BOT'TLE-SCREW (bot'tl-skru), il. An instrument to draw the cork of a bottle ; a corkscrew. Swift. BOT'TLING, n. The act of enclosing in bottles. At annual bottlings , corks selected. Wart on. BOT TOM, ii. 1. [A. S. botm ; Dut. bodem ; Ger. boden ; Sw. botfen.] The lowest part of any thing. The vail of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom. Matt, xxvii. 51. 2. The ground or solid substance under water. Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels. All scattered in the bottom of the sea. Shah. 3. The foundation ; the basis ; the ground- work ; that from which any thing springs or in which it originates. Mv reasonings cannot be affected by objections which are far from being built on the same bottom. ' Atterbury. lie was at the bottom of many excellent counsels in which he did not appear. Addison. 4. Ultimate principle or motive, as of char- acter. Though slow of belief, he [Thomas, the apostle] was, at the bottom , honest and sincere. Atterbury. 5. A bound or limit, as of depth. But there’s no bottom , none, In my voluptuousness. JShcik. I do see the bottom of J ustice Shallow. Shak, 6. A dale ; a valley ; low alluvial land, as on a river. On both shores of that fruitful bottom are still to he seen the marks of ancient edifices. Addison. 7. Stamina ; native strength ; as, “ A horse of good bottom.” 8. A ship or vessel. My ventures are not in one bottom trusted. Shale. 9. The extremity of the trunk of animals ; the fundament. 10. Grounds or dregs; as, “The bottom of beer.” Johnson. 11. [W. boticym, a button.] A ball of thread. Silkworms finish their bottoms in . . . fifteen days. Mortinicr. BOT'TOM, v. a. [i. BOTTOMED ; pp. BOTTOMING, BOTTOMED.] 1. To establish as on a foundation ; to found. The grounds upon which we bottom our reasoning. Locke. 2. To wind round, as thread upon a spool. Therefore, as 3 mu unwind your love for him, You must provide to bottom it on me. Shak. BOT'TOM, v. ii. To rest upon for support. Find upon what foundation any proposition bottoms. Locke. BOT'TOM, a. 1. At the bottom ; lowest. “ The bottom stair.” Holland. 2. Having a low situation ; alluvial ; as, “ Bottom lands.” Holland. Bottom heat, ( Hort .) artificial heat produced in tile soil. BOT'TOMED (bot'turnd), a. 1. Having a bottom : — mostly used in composition; as, “ Elat-bot- tomed boats.” 2. (Her.) Having round buds, knots, or but- tons at the extremities. Ogilvie. BOT'TOM-GLADE, n. A low glade or open place. The hilly crofts that brow this bottom-glade. Milton. BOT'TOM— LAND, n. A term applied, in the western portion of the United States, to alluvial land on the margins of rivers ; such as, in New England, is usually called intervale or interval land ; bottom. ./. M. Peck. BOT 'TOM- LESS, a. Without a bottom ; fathom- less. “ A bottomless pit.” Sidney. BOT'TOM-RY, ii. (Com. Law* A contract by which money is lent, at an extraordinary in- terest, upon a ship’s bottom, or by pledging the ship as security, the risks of the voyage being borne by the lender. Kent. BOUQHE (bosh), n. [Fr., mouth.] An allowance of provision ; food. — See Bouge. Todd. BOUCIIET (bo-slia' or bo-shet'), n. [Fr.] A sort of pear. Johnson. BOUD, n. An insect that breeds in malt and other grain ; a weevil. Bailey. BOU-DOIR' (bo-dwiir'), il. [Fr.] (Arch.) A small room or cabinet, usually near the bed- chamber and dressing room, for private retire- ment ; a private room. Braude. f BOUtgE (boj). v. a. [Fr. boitge, something swelled or bellied out.] To cause to bilge or spring aleak. The Carick, which Sir Antony Oughtred chased hard at the stern, and bouged her in divers places. Hall. f BOUpE, v. ii. To bilge. “ Lest thereupon our ship should boitge.” Gascoigne. f BOU£E (boj), n. 1. [Fr. bouche .] An allow- ance of meat or drink to an attendant at court ; provision ; food. B. Jonson. 2. [Fr. bouge, something swelled or bellied out.] A cask. Halliwell. BOUGH (bou), ii. [A. S. boga, a branch ; bugan, to bow, to bend.] An arm, or branch, of a tree. From the bough She gave him of that fair enticing fruit. Milton. BOUGHT (b&wt). [Goth, bauhta.] i. & p. from buy. See Buy. t BOUGHT (bodt or biwt) [bout, J. Sm. ; lAwt, MIEN, SIR ; MdVE, NOR, SON ; BULL, BUR, RULE. — £, <;, g, soft; tS, G, 5, g, hard; § as z ; $ as gz. — THIS, this. BOUGHTEN BOVEY-COAL P. K. Wb.], n. [A. S. bogeht, crooked, bent ; bugan, to bend.] 1. A twist ; a link ; a knot. “ Wreathed boughts.” Spenser. 2. A flexure ; abending. “ The bought of the fore legs.” Browne. 3. That part of a sling which contains the stone. — See Bout. Johnson. BOUGHT'EN (bawt'tn), a. That is bought ; not produced at home. [Vulgar, U. S.] Bartlett. t BOUGH'Ty (bou’te), a. [A. S. bogeht ; boga, a branch.] Crooked. Sherwood. BOUGIE (bo'zhe), n. [Fr.] 1. A wax candle. 2. A waxed slip of linen or other material used in surgery ; a catheter. Dunglison. BOUILLI (bol'ye), n. [Fr.] ( Cookery.) Boiled meat, or meat stewed with vegetables. Merle. BOUILLON (bol-yBng'), n. [Fr.] (Cookery.) Broth ; soup. Johnson. BOUL, n. An iron hoop. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell. BOU-LAN'^ER-lTE, n. (Min.) A sulphuret of lead and antimony. Dana. BOUL'— BUI,, n. ( Omith .) A favorite singing bird of India ; — written also bulbul. Craig. BOULD'IJR, n. ( Gcol .) A fragment of rock, lying on the ground or embedded in diluvial clay, sand, &c. ; — written also bowlder. — See Bowlder. BOULD'IJR (bold'er), a. Noting large stones or pebbles, or walls built of them. — See Bowlder. BOULEA , n. A Bengal pleasure boat. Malcom. BOU' LF.-vArd' , n. [Fr.] 1. A rampart; a bulwark. 2. A broad promenade or street, as the bou- levards of Paris, which occupy the site of demol- ished fortifications, and hence derive their name. B6u'L|-MY, n. See Bulimy. BOULT, i). b. See Bolt. Johnson. BOUL'T^N, n. (Arch.) A convex moulding whose periphery is a quarter of a circle. I Vcale. BOUNCE, v. n. [But. bonzen.] [i. bounced ; pp. BOUNCING, BOUNCED.] 1. To leap or spring suddenly; to bolt. “Out bounced the mastiff.” Swift. 2. To hit against so as to rebound ; to knock ; to thump. Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart. Dryden. 3. To boast; to brag. [Colloquial.] Lowth. BOUNCE, v. a. To drive against ; to thrust. Swift. BOUNCE, n. [Dut. bons.] I. A strong sudden blow ; a knock ; a thump : — a bound. I heard two or three bounces at my landlady's door. Addison. 2. A boast; a bold lie. [Colloquial.] Johnson. BOUN£ F.R, n. 1. One who bounces; — a boast- er ; a liar. [Colloquial.] Johnson. 2. A falsehood ; a lie. Potter. 3. A large person. [Low.] BOUNC'jNG, 7i. 1. Act of falling or striking. 2. A boast ; a vaunt. Johnson. BOUNDING, a. Huge; great; large; lusty; stout; strong. [Colloquial.] Shale. BOUN(“|NG-LY, ad. With a bounce ; boast- ing'y- BOUND, n. [A. S. bunde ; bindan, to bind. — Old Fr. bundes , limits ; Fr. borne.] 1. That W'hieh binds in, or limits; a bound- ary ; a limit. Thou hast appointed his bounds that he cannot pass. Job xiv. 5. 2. [Fr. bondir, to leap.] A leap ; a pimp. “ Youthful colts fetching mad bomids.” Shah. BOUND, V. a. \i. BOUNDED ; pp. BOUNDING, BOUNDED.] 1. [Fr homer .] To fix limits to; to limit; to border ; to terminate ; as, “ America is bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean.” 2 [Fr bondir .] To enclose ; to restrain ; to confine ; to circumscribe. The bounded waters Would lift their bosoms higher than the shores. Shak. Syn. — See Circumscribe. 164 BOUND, v. n. [Fr. bondir.] To jump; to leap; to spring up. Before liis lord the ready spaniel bounds. Pope. BOUND, i. & p. from bind. See Bind. BOUND, a. [Su. Goth, boen, made ready. It was spelt boun by Chaucer and other old wri- ters.] Destined ; tending ; going; on the way. “ To be bound for a port.” Temple. BOUND, p. a. Confined; straitened; — used in composition; as, “Hid e-bound" ■, “ Wind- bound ” ; “ Ice-bound.” BOUN'DA-R Y, n. A line fixing limits or bounds, as of a territory ; that which limits or bounds ; a bound ; a limit ; border. “ The boundaries of the skies.” Cotton. Syn. — See Border, Term. BOUND'— BA1-LIFF, n. (Eng. Laio.) A sheriff’s officer, who is bound to the sheriff in an obliga- tion with sureties for the due execution of his office. Blackstone. BOUN'DfiN [boun'den, S. IF. P.F.Ja. A'.; bbun'- dn, Sol.]. 1. fp. from bind. Bound. 2. a. Appointed ; indispensable ; obligatory. 0Q=-It was formerly used as the past participle from bind, but it is now used only as an adjective ; as, “ Bounden duty.” Portcus. f BOUN'D^N-LY, ad. In a dutiful manner. Trans, of Ochin’s Sermons (1583). BdUND'fR, n. He who or that which bounds ; a limiter. Fotherby. BOUNDING— STONE, ? n . A. stone to play with. BOUND'-STONE, > Dryden. BOUND'LESS, a. Having no bound; unbounded ; unconfined ; unlimited ; undefined. Pope. Syn. — Boundless ocean; boundless space; un- bounded desires; unlimited power; undefined limits; infinite variety. BOUND 'LpSS-LY, ad. In a boundless manner. BOUND'LESS- NESS, n. The state of being bound- less ; exemption from limits. South. || BOUN'TIJ-OUS [boun'te-us, P. J Ja. B. ; bbun'- tyus, S. E. F. K. ; bbun'che-us, IF.; boun'te-us, bount'yus, or bdun'cbe-us, Stre.], a. Liberal ; kind; munificent; bountiful. “Creator boun- teous and benign.” Milton. II BOUN'TIS-OUS-LY, ad. Liberally. Dryden. || BOUN'Tp-OUS-NESS, n. Munificence. Johnson. BOUN'TI-FUL, a. Disposed to give freely ; boun- teous ; liberal ; beneficent ; generous ; munifi- cent. “ God, the bountiful Author.” Locke. BOUN'TI-FUL-LY, ad. In a bountiful manner. BOUN'TI-FUL-NESS, n. The quality of being bountiful. “ The king’s bountifulness.” Stowe. f BOUN'TI-HEAD (bbun'te-hed), In. Goodness; f BOUN'TI-IIOOD (boun'te-hfid), > virtue ; bounty. On firm foundation of true bountihood. Spenser. BOUN’Ty, n. [L. bonitas ; It. bonth ; Sp. bondad ; Old Fr. bountee ; Fr. bonte .] 1. f Goodness. Let not her fault your sweet affections mar, Nor blot the bounty of all womankind. Spenser. 2. Liberality in bestowing gifts ; beneficence ; generosity ; munificence. Kin" Solomon gave unto the Queen of Sheba all her de- sire, whatsoever she asked, besides that which Solomon gave her of his royal bounty. 1 Kings x. 13. 3. That which generosity bestows ; a present or gift. The bounties of God running over the tables of the rich. Bp. Taylor. 4. A premium given to encourage or promote any object; as, “The bounty paid to soldiers who enlist.” Syn. — Bounty and beneficence are characteristics of the Deity, as well as of his creatures. Munificence , generosity, and liberality are human qualities. The bounty and beneficence of God ; the munificence , gener- osity, and liberality of men, in doing good with their property. BOUaUET (bo-ka' or bo'ka) [bo'ka, Ja. Sm. B.; bo-ka', K. C. I Vb . ] , n. [Fr.j 1. A bunch of flowers ; a nosegay. IVarton. 2. A flavor distinguishing certain wines. f BOURD, v. n. [Fr. bourdcr.) To jest; to joke. “ I bourd and play.” Chaucer. t BOURD, v. a. To address. Tuberville. f BOURD, n. [Fr. bourde.] A jest ; a joke. Spenser. For all thy jests and all thy merry bourd. Drayton. fBOURD'^R, n. A jester. Uuloet. t BOURD'ING-LY, ad. Sportively. Iluloet. BOURGEOIS (borzh-wl'), n. [Fr.] A citizen. BOI R-(rEOlS' (bur-jots') [bur-jins', IF. Sm. ; hiir'- jols, E.], n. [Fr. bourgeois.] A kind of print- ing type, larger than brevier, and smaller than long primer, as in the following line : — A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. Keats. BOURGEOISIE (borzll-wiL-ze'), n. [Fr.] 1. The freedom of a city, or of citizens. 2. The burgesses or burghers of a city 3. The middle classes of a country, especial- ly those dependent on trade, including bankers, shippers, brokers, and professional men, with their families. Ogilvie. f BOUR'GEON (bUr'jun), v. n. [Fr. bourgeonner .] To sprout ; to shoot into branches. Dryden. || BOURN (born or born) [born, IF. J. Ja. Sm. B. C. O. ; born, S. P. E. K. ; born or born, F.], n. 1. ffr. borne.] Abound; a limit. That undiscovered country, from whose bouni No traveller returns. Shak. 2. [A. S. burne ; Gael. § Scot, burn.] A brook ; a rivulet. To gild the muttering bourns and pretty rills. Browne. eSP “ I have differed from Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick in the pronunciation of tins word. They make it sound as if written boom ; but if my memory fail me not, it is a rhyme to mourn upon the stage, and Mr. Garrick so pronounced it.” Walker. || BOURN'L^SS, a. Having no bourn. Granger. BOUR'NON-iTE, 71. (Min.) A compound of sul- phur, lead, antimony, and copper ; — named after Count Bournon. Dana. BOURSE (hors), 71. [Fr. bourse, a purse.] An ex- change where merchants n^eet. — The French word, bourse, is now more used than the Eng- lish form, burse. — See Burse. BOUijE (boz), v. 71 . [Dut. buysen; Fr. boire, to drink.] [i. boused; pp. bousing, boused.] To drink intemperately or lavishly. Spenser. f BOUlJE, or BOUZE, 7i. Liquor ; drink. Massinger. fBOU$E (boz), v.a. To swallow. Sir T. Browne. BOUST-RO-PHE'DON [boust-rp-fe'don, Cl.P.Cyc. Brande; boust-rofe-don, Sm.]-, n. [Gr. Bovcrrpo- tpfjhav ; 0oui, an ox, and arytipoi, to turn.] A mode of writing, found in early Greek inscrip- tions, from right to left, and then turning from left to right, as an ox ploughs. Bosioorth. BOU'i-iY (bd’ze), a. Drunken; boosy. Dryden. BOUT, n. [It. botta, a blow.] 1. A trial ; an attempt ; a contest. Halliwell. When do I begin my bloody bout. Percy's /tel. 2. [A. S. bugan, to bend ; bogeht, bent.] A turn ; a going and returning, as of a plough across a field ; as much of an action as is per- formed at one time. — See Bought. The prince has taken me in his train, so that I am in no danger of starving for tins bout. Goldsmith. In notes with many a winding boiit Of linked sweetness long drawn out. Milton. BOU-tAde’ (bo-tad'), n. [Fr.] An act of caprice; a whim ; a fancy. Swift. BOUT ANT, a. See Arc-boutant. j- BOUTEFEU (Mx'(u), n. [Fr.] An incendiary : — one who kindles feuds. Bacon. f BOU'TI-SALE (bo'te-sal), n. A sale at a cheap rate, as booty is commonly sold. Sir J. Hayward. BO UTS- RIMES (bo're-ma'), 71. pi. [Fr.] Rhymes to be filled up and made into verses. Johnson. RO'VATE, n. [L. bovata ; bos, boris, an ox.] As much land as one yoke of oxen can plough in a year ; an ox-gang. Burn. BO'VEY-COAL, n. (Min.) A name applied to wood-coal found in abundance at Bovey Heath- A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, f, short; A, £, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; C) BOVIFORM 165 BOX field, in England. Formations of this kind of coal are much more recent than those of min- eral coal. Humble. fBO'VI-FORM, a. [L. bos, bovis, an ox, and forma, form.] Formed like an ox. Cudwortk. BO'VlNE [bo'vin, Sm. R . ; bo'vin, A'.], a. [Low L. bovinus ; bos, bovis, an ox.] Relating to bulls, oxen, and cows. P ■ Cyc. BOVA, v. a. [A. S. bugan , to bend ; Dut. buigen ; Ger. biegen.] [i. bowed ; pp. bowing, bowed.] To bend ; to inflect ; to curve. "Where the bowed welkin slow doth bend. Milton. 2. To make to stoop or incline in token of respect or submission. “ They bowed them- selves to the ground before him.” 2 Kings ii. 15. 3. To turn towards in condescension. In thee, O Lord, do I put my trust; . . . bow down thine ear to me ; deliver me speedily. Pe. xxxi. 1, 2. 4. To depress ; to crush. And added woes may bow me to the ground. Pope. BOW, v. n. 1. To bend ; to be inflected. Like an ass, whose back with ingots bows. Shak. 2. To stoop ; to incline. The people bowed down upon their knees to drink water. Judges vii. C. 3. To incline in token of respect or submis- sion. Wheresoe’er she turned her face, they bowed. Drj/den. BOW (bbu), n. [Gael, bogh ; W. bw, bwa ; Scot. boo. — Ger. benge; Dan. bue .] 1. An act of respect, reverence, or submis- sion. “ Obsequious bows.” Cowper. 2. ( Naut .) The rounding part of a ship’s side forward, beginning where the planks arch in- wards, and terminating where they close at the stem or prow. Falconer. Bow of a ship, rhyming witli cow." Walker. So Sm. & Wb., and so pronounced by seamen ; yet it is placed under the other pronunciation of the word (bo) by S. P. J. F. Ja. &. K. BOW, n. [Goth, bingan, to bend ; A. S. buqan.] 1. An instrument for shooting arrows. “Take • • • thy quiver and thy bow.” Gen. xxvii. 3. 2. A rainbow. “ I do set my bow in the cloud .... for a token of a covenant.” Gen. ix. 13. 3. Any thing curved ; as, “ The bow of a sad- dle, of a yoke, or of a knot.” 4. ( Mus .) The instrument with which the sound is made upon the strings of the viol, &c. f BOW'A-BLE (beVbl), a. Flexible. Wodroephe. BOW'— BEAR- pR, n. An under officer of the for- est. . Cowell. BOW'-BELL, n. A cockney ; — one born within hearing of the Bow-bells, or the bells of Bow Church, in London. Iialliwell. BOW'— BENT (bo'bent), a. Crooked, like a bow. A sibyl old, bow-bent with crooked age. Milton. BOW'— BOY, n. A young archer; — an appella- tion for Cupid. “ His heart cleft with the blind bow-boy’s butt-shaft.” Shak. BOW'— COM-PASS, n. 1. A beam of wood or brass, with three long screws that bend a lath of wood or of steel to any arch ; — used in describing segments of large circles. Weale. 2. A small instrument used by draughtsmen for describing circles with ink. Francis. BOW'— DRILL, n. A drill which is worked by a bow and string. Francis. f BOtV'JJL, v. a. To disembowel. Hall. BOVV'f.LLEl) (bbu'eld), p. a. Having bowels or a belly : — having a cavity. Thomson. BoW'EL-LESS, a. Without tenderness or pity ; merciless. “ Bowelless unto others.” Browne. BoW'^LijS, n.pl. [Fr. boyaux ; It. budello.] 1. The intestines ; the inner parts, including the heart. He smote him therewith in tlio fifth rib, and shed out his bowels. 2 Sam. xx. 10. 2. The interior part of any thing. “In the bowels of the mountain.” Addison. 3. The seat of pity or of kindness. Joseph made haste, for his bowels did yearn upon his brother. Gen. xliii. 30. BoW'pR, n. 1. [Eng. bow.] One who bows. 2. (Naut.) An anchor at the bow of a ship ; an anchor, the cable of which is bent and reeved through the hawse-hole. Dana. 3. (Anat.) The flexor muscle. Spenser. 4. [A. S. bur, a cottage ; Ger. bauer.] A small dwelling ; a cottage ; an abode. Spenser. 5. f A retired chamber or room. Spenser. 6. A place of shelter, or a shady recess in a garden. nand in hand alone they passed On to their blissful bower. Milton. BoW'JJR, v. a. To. embower ; to enclose. Shak. f BoW'pR, v. n. To lodge. Spenser. BOW' ER-IC, n. A well descended by steps. [In- dia.] ‘ Weale. BOW'IJR-Y, a. Full of bowers ; shady. Tickell. BOWGE, v. n. See Bouge. Johnson. BOVY'GRACE, n. (Naut.) A frame of old rope or junk, placed round the bows and sides of a ves- sel, to prevent ice from injuring her. Dana. b6w'-HAND, n. 1. (Archery.) The left hand, that holds the bow. Nares. Spenser. 2. (Mus.) The right hand, that draws the bow. BOW'IE-KNlFE (boie-nlf), n. A large knife or dagger, used as a weapon, and carried by hunt- ers in the South-western part of the United States ; — so named from the inventor. Bartlett. BOW'ING, p. a. Bending down ; making a bow. BoW'ING-LY, ad. In a bending manner. Huloet. BOW-KNOT (bo'not), n. A kind of loose knot, easily untied. Halliicell. BOWL (bol), n. [A. S. holla ; Gael, bol ; Dan. bolle; Sw. bol ; W. buelin, a round vessel.] 1. A vessel to hold liquids, rather wide than deep. “ Give me a bowl of wine.” Shak. 2. The hollow part of any thing ; as, “ The bowl of a spoon.” || BOWL (bol), [bol, S. W. J. K. Sm. C. Wb. ; bbul, P. E. Ja. R . ; boul or bol, /’’.], n. [Ger. boll ; Gael, ball; Corn .holla; It .balla; Sp. holla; Fr. boule .] A round mass or ball of wood, general- ly used for play. Watts. /£»=■“ Many respectable speakers pronounce this word so as to rhyme with howl, the noise made by a dog. Dr. Johnson, Mr. Elphinston, and Mr. Perry declare for it ; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Ken- rick, and Mr. Smith pronounce it as the vessel to hold liquor, rhyming with hole. I remember having been corrected by Mr. Garrick for pronouncing it like howl, and am, upon the whole, of opinion, that pronouncing it as I have marked it is the preferable mode, though the least analogical. But as the vessel has indispu- tably this sound, it is rendering the language still more irregular to give the ball a different one. The inconvenience of this irregularity is often perceived in the word how. To have the same word signify different things is the fate of all languages ; but pro- nouncing the same word differently, to signify differ- ent things, is multiplying difficulties without neces- sity.” Walker. || BOWL (bol or boul), V. a. [i. BOWLED ; pp. BOWL- ING, BOWLED.] 1. To roll as a bowl. Shak. 2. To pelt with any thing rolled. Shak. || BOWL (bol or boul), v. n. To play at bowls. Shak. || BOWL'— AL-LEY, n. Same as Bowling-alley. BOWL'DpR (bol'der), n. (Geol.) A large, round stone ; a fragment or lump broken oft' a rock or cliff, and bearing marks of abrasion and trans- port. Bowlders usually differ from the rocks they overlie, and are found on the surface of the ground, or embedded in the clays and sands of the diluvial formation, and often a great distance from the rock from which they were detached. — Written also boulder. Brande. BOWL'D^R, a. Applied to large, round stones, pebbles, or fragments of rocks, or to walls built with pebbles. Francis. BOW'— LEG, n. A crooked leg. Bp. Taylor. BOW'-LEGGF.D (bo'lggd), a. Having crooked legs. || BOWL'pR, or BOWL'pR, n. One who bowls, or plays at bowls. B. Jonson. BOW'Lf.SS, a. Having no bow. Pollok. BOW'LINE, or BOW'LINE, [bo'ljn, K. Sm. R.; bou'ljn, S. W.J.E.F.; bo'lln, ja. C.], n. [Fr. bouline .] (Naut.) A rope leading forward from the leech of a square sail, to keep the leech well out when sailing close-hauled. On a bowline, or on a taut bowline, said of a vessel when she is close-hauled. — Bowline bridle, the span on the leech of the sail to which the bowline is tog- gled. Dana. BOWL'ING, or BOVVL'ING, n. Bowline. — See Bowline. Harris. || BOWL'ING, n. The act or the art of throwing bowls. Sanderson. || BOWL'ING— AL'LIJY, n. A place for bowling; a bowl-alley. Nares. || BOWL'ING— GREEN, n. A level piece of ground, kept smooth for playing with bowls. Bentley. II BOWL'ING-GROUND, n. Bowling-green. B. Jonson. BOW'MAN, n. ; pi. bow'mcn. An archer. The noise of the horsemen and bowmen. Jer. iv. 29. BoW'MAN, n. (Naut.) One who rows at the bow of a boat ; a bow-oar. Smart. BoW'— OAR, n. (Naut.) A bowman. Clarke. BOW'NET, n. A net made of twigs bowed. Todd. BOW'PEN, n. A metallic pen for ruling. Clarke. BOV^' PIECE, n. A piece of ordnance carried in the bow of a ship. Smart. BOW'— S Aw, n. A saw with a narrow blade, used for cutting wood into curves. Weale. BOVVSE, v. n. (Naut.) To haul or pull upon a tackle. Falconer. BOW'— SHOT (ba'sliot), n. The space which an arrow shot from a bow may pass. Gen. xxi. 16. BOW'SPIUT (bo'sprlt), n. [Dut. boegspriet ; Fr. beaupri; bow and sprit.] (Naut.) A boom or spar which projects over the stem of a vessel to carry the sail forward: — sometimes written boltsprit. t BOVfyS'SEN (bbu'sn), V. a. To drench. Carew. BOW'STRlNG, n. 1. The string of a bow. “Cu- pid’s bowstring .” * Shak. 2. An instrument for strangling, in Turkey. BOW'STRlNG, v. a. To strangle or execute with the bowstring. Byron. BOW'STRlNGED, a. Having a bowstring. Ed. Rev. BOW'- WIN'DOW, n. (Arch.) A window pro- jecting from the general face of a building, of a curved or polygonal form, and having its base on the ground : — called also bay-window. — See Bay-window. Francis. BOW'— WO\V, n. The loud bark of a dog. Booth. fBOW'YER (bo'yer), n. 1. One who uses a bow ; an archer ; a bowman. Dry den. 2. A maker of bows. Ascham. BOX, n. [Gr. tripos ; L. buxus, a box-tree, or box- wood ; A. S. A Sp. box; Dut. bux-. Fr. buis.] (Bot.) An evergreen shrub, whose wood, very hard and smooth, is much used by wood en- gravers and in the manufacture of musical and mathematical instruments, combs, knife-han- dles, &c. ; Buxus sempervirens. A dwarf va- riety is cultivated in gardens as an edging to borders. Loudon. BOX, n. [A. S. box ; Gael, boesa ; Dut. bus ; Ger. bilchse; W. blwch.) 1. A case made of wood or other material. 2. The quantity of any thing contained in a box. “ A box of oranges.” Craig. 3. A money-chest. Spenser. 4. An enclosure with seats, in the playhouse. “ The boxes and the pit.” Dryden. 5. The driver’s seat on a stage-coach. Craig. 6. A hollow tube in a pump, closed by a valve. 7. A cylindrical hollow iron in the nave of wheels, in which the axle turns. 8. (Carp.) A trough for cutting mitres. 9. A present ; as, “ A Christmas box.” “ Pillemaille, such a box as our London pren- tices beg withal before Christmas.” Cotgrave. Box drain, an underground drain, built of brick and stone, and of a rectangular section. U cale. BOX, n. [Ger. pochen, to beat ; W. boch, the cheek.] A blow on the head or car, given by the hand. Addison. MIEN, SIR : MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — G, 9> §> soft; jE, G, c, g, hard; ^ as z; If as gz. — THIS, this. BOX 166 BRAG BOX, v. a. [i. boxed ; pp. boxing, boxed.] Boxed in a chair the beau impatient sits. Swift. 1. To strike with the hand. “ They box her about the ears.” North. 2. To enclose as in a box. To box a tree, to make an incision so as to allow the sap to escape. To box the compass, to rehearse the thirty-two points of it in their proper order. BOX, v. n. To fight with the fist. L' Estrange. BOX'EN (bok'sn), a. 1. Made of box. “ Boxen hautboy.” Gay. 2. Resembling box. “ Boxen hue.” Dry den. BOX'^R, n. One who boxes ; a pugilist. Churchill. BOX'HAUL, v. a. ( Naut .) To wear a vessel by- backing the head-sails. Dana. BOX'HAUL-ING, n. ( Naut .) The act of wearing a vessel by backing the head-sails. BOX'ING, n. 1. The act of fighting with the fist. 2. pi. (Arch.') The cases into which the shut- ters of a window are folded. Gwilt. 3. pi. (Among millers .) Coarse flour sepa- rated in the process of bolting. Brande. BOX'ING, p. a. 1. Putting into a box. 2. Fighting with the fist. BOX'lR-ON (-I-urn), n. A hollow flat-iron which is heated by something put in it Simmons. BOX'THORN, n (Bot.) The English name of the genus of plants Lycium. Craig. BOX'— TREE, n. (Bot.) The English name of the genus of plants Burns. — See Box. Loudon. BOX'VVOOD (-wud), n. The fine, hard-grained wood of the box-tree; — much used by wood- engravers and for musical instruments. Craig BOY, 7i. [Johnson gives Ger. tube, and says, “The etymology is not agreed on.” — Gr. vats, (loOvtus (Spartan not a. IF. Smith); L. puer, papus ; Fr. page. — Ger. bvhe; Dan. pog ; Sw. poike . — W.bachgen; Gael . boban; Arm. bonbon. — Pers. buch. — Halliioell and Wright give, “ Boye, A. S , a lad servant ” ; yet the word boye is not found in the A. S. Dictionary of Lye, nor in that of Bosworth. — In the Manks language the word for boy is bwoie, being substantially the same word.] A male child ; a male person or youth under the age of puberty ; — sometimes used in contempt for a young man. To beggars and to boys. Piei's Ploughman. BOY, v. a. To treat or represent in the manner of a boy. [r.] And I shall see Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness. Shak. BOY’AR, n. A Greek or a Muscovite nobleman or grandee. Crabb. BOYAU (bo-yo'), n. [Fr.] (Fort.) A ditch cov- ered with a parapet, serving as a communication between two trenches. Glos. of Mil. Terms. BOY'BLIND, a. Undiseerning, like a boy. “So boyblind and foolish.” Beau. A FI. BOY'HOOD (bol'hud), n. The state of being a boy. “ Look at him in his boyhood.” Sioift. BOY'ISH, a. 1. Belonging to a boy. “ Even from my boyish days.” Shak. 2. Childish ; puerile. Young men take up some English poet without knowing wherein ne is defective, where . . . boyish and trifling. Dryden. BOY'ISH-LY, ad. In a boyish manner ; childishly. BOY'ISH-NESS, n. The manners of a boy ; child- ishness. Sherwood. BOY'IljjM, n. 1. Puerility ; childishness. Dryden. 2. The state of being a boy. “ The boyism of the brothers.” Warton. BoYN, n. A vat or tub used in making cheese, &c. Loudon. BOY'SHIP, n. The state or quality of being a boy; boyhood, [r.] Beaumont. t BRAB'BI.E, v. n. [Dut. brabbelen, to stammer.] To clamor ; to wrangle. Sidney. f BRAB'BLE-MENT, n. Contentious language; a noisy quarrel ; a brabble. Holland. f BRAB'BLIJR, n. A clamorous fellow. Shak. BRAB'BLING, n. The act of clamoring. “The brabbling of Tyndale’s tongue.” Sir T. More. BRAB'BLING-LY, ad. In a brabbling manner. “Neither bitterly nor brabbling ly." Jewel. IIRAc'cAtE, a. [L. braccce, breeches ; bracatus, breeched.] (Ornith.) Havingthe feet concealed by feathers descending from the tibix. Brande. BRACE, v. a. [Sp. bracear; Fr. brasser.] [i. BRACED ; pp. BRACING, BRACED.] 1. To bind ; to tie up closely with bandages. The women of China, by bi'acing them from infancy, have very little feet. Locke. 2. To strain up ; to make tense ; as,“ To brace a drum.” 3. To supply with braces or with what may give strength ; as, “ To brace a beam.” 4. (Naut.) To turn horizontally, as a yard. To brace up, (JYaut.) to lay the yard more fore-and- aft. — To brace in, to lay it nearer athwart-ships. — To brace to, to brace the head yards a little aback, in tacking or wearing. Dana. BRACE, n. 1. [L .brachium; Fr. iras.] A cinc- ture ; a bandage. Johnson. 2. That which holds any thing tight. “ The braces of a war-drum.” Derham. 3. pi. Straps for supporting a carriage. 4. pi. Straps or strings for supporting trou- sers, or keeping tight any part of dress ; sus- penders. 5. Armor for the arm. Shak. 6. Two of the same kind ; a couple ; a pair. “ Fifty brace of pheasants.” Addison. 7. (Arch.) An inclined piece of timber placed near and across the angles in the frame of a building, in order to strengthen it. When it abuts against a rafter it is usually called a strut. . Brande. 8. (Printing.) A crooked line [j], enclos- ing a passage or lines which ought to be taken together, as in a triplet. Johnson. 9. ( Mcch .) A curved instrument of iron or wood, to receive and move small boring tools called bitts. Francis. 10. (Naut.) One of the ropes by which a yard is turned about. Dana. Syn. — See Pair. BRACED, a. (Her.) Noting charges when folded or interlaced to- gether. BRACE'Lf.T [bras'let, W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. R. W6. ; bras'let, S.], n. [Fr. bracelet, from L. brachium, arm. — W. breichled .] 1. An ornament for the arm. B. Jonson. 2. A piece of defensive armor anciently used to cover the arm ; bracer. Phillips. BRA'C^R, n. 1. One that braces or binds. 2. A cincture ; a bandage. Wiseman. 3. An astringent medicine. Johnson. 4. Armor for the arm ; bracelet. Upon his arm he wore a gay bracer, And by his side a sword and a buckler. f brAch, l E. > [Old Fr. bracket ; Fr. braque.\ f BRACHE, > 1. A bitch hound. Burton. 2. A pointer or setting dog. Shak. BRACHIAL (brak'yjl or bra'ke-al) [brak'y?l, S. IF. J. E. F. Ja. K. C . ; brak'e-al, P . ; bra'ke-al, Sto.], a. [Gr. fipayim’, the arm ; L. brachium .] Be- longing to the arm ; as, “ Brachial nerves, ves- sels,” &c. Brande. BRAeH'!-ATE, a. (Bot,) Having arms sjj or branches usually placed opposite to each other, nearly at right angles with the main stem, and crossing each other alternately. Loudon. / BO Y’.^'— PL AY (bolz'pla), n. The play of a boy ; boyish sport. Beau. of the trinity ; the creator. Ency. BRAH-MA’IC, a. Braminical. — See Bramini- cal. P. Cyc. BRAh'MAN, n. Same as Brahmin. BRAH-MAnTC, a. Braminical. Coleridge. BRAH'MIN, n. A Hindoo priest ; one of the first of the four castes of the Hindoos. — See Bra- MIN. BRAID (brad), v. a. [A. S. bredan; Dut. brey- den . ] [ i . braided ; pp. braiding, braided.] To weave together; to plat; to intertwine. “ Osier wands braided into a basket.” Boyle. BRAID, n. A texture ; something braided ; a knot. “ T wisted braids of lilies.” Milton. f BRAID, a. [A. S. brad, deceit.] Crafty; de- ceitful. “ Since Frenchmen are so braid.” Shak. f BRAID, n. A start, as from sleep. Sackville. t BRAID, v. a. [Goth, brigda; Icel. bregda, to reproach.] To upbraid ; to reproach. Huloet. BRAIL (bral), n. ( Naut .) One of the small ropes by which the lower corners of fore-and-aft sails are hauled up. Dana. BRAIL'— UP, v. a. (Naut.) To haul up by the brails. Mar. Diet. BRAIN, n. [A. S. breegen; Dut. 8; Frs. brein .] 1. The soft, whitish mass, enclosed in the cav- ity of the skull, in which the nerves and spinal marrow terminate, and which is regarded as the seat of sensation and reflection. 2 . The understanding : — in this sense usu- ally plural. O that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their braiusl Shak. 3. Fancy ; imagination, [r.] Abp. Sandy s. BRAIN, v. a. 1. To dash out the brains. Dryden. 2. f To understand. “ That brain’d my pur- pose.” Shak. BRAINED (brand or bra'ned), a. Furnished with brains. “ Brained like us.” Shak. BRAin'-FE-VER, n. (Med.) An inflammation of the brain ; plirenitis. Booth. BRAlN'ISH, a. Hot-headed ; furious, [r.] Shak. BRAlN’LlJSS, a. Without brains ; silly. Hooker. 167 BRAIN'— PAN, n. The skull, containing the brain. “ In the brain-pan or skull.” Holland. BrAiN'-RAcK-JNG, a. Perplexing; harassing the mind. Phillips. BrAiN'SICK, a. Diseased in the understanding ; deranged. Shak. BRAiN'-SICK-LY, ad. Weakly ; headily. Shak. BRAIN— SICK-NESS, n. Sickness of the brain ; indiscretion ; giddiness. Holland. BRAlN'-SPUN, a. Spun out of the brain. Hare. BRAlRD, n. (Scot.) [A. S. brord, the first spire of grass, corn, &c.] The springing up of seeds, or sprouting of grain. Jamieson. BRAlRD, v. n. To spring up, as seeds. Loudon. BRAIT (brat), n. A name given by jewellers to the rough diamond. Crabb. f BRAKE, i. from break-, now broke. See Break. BRAKE, n. [Dan. bra?k. See Break.] 1. An instrument for dressing hemp or flax. 2. (Agric.) A heavy harrow. Branclc. 3. A machine for confining horses while they are shod. “ Set up in a brake.” B. Jon, son. 4. A carriage used for breaking in horses. 5. A sharp bit or snaffle. Like as the Iwakc within the rider’s hand. Lord Surrey. 6 . A baker’s kneading trough. Johnson. 7. An old instrument of torture. Ilollinshcd. 8 . (Mech.) An apparatus used for retarding the motion of a wheel by friction on its pe- riphery. 9. [L. brachium, an arm.] (Naut.) A han- dle by which a ship-pump is worked. Dana. 10. [Fr. braquer, to point, as a cannon.] (Mil.) That part of a militar) engine or battery by which it is turned to any particular point : — a battering engine. Not rams nor mighty brakes nor slings alone. Fairfax. BRAKE, n. [W. brig, a twig or shoot ; Dan. bregne, a fern.] 1. (Bot.) A species of fern ; Pteris aquilina. Loudon. 2. A thicket of brambles or brakes. “ The deer has sought the brake.” IF. Scott. BRAKE'MAN, ii.; pi. brake'men. One who tends a brake on a railroad car. Hale. BRAKE'— WHEEL, n. A wheel acted upon by a brake. Weale. BRA'KY, a. Full of brakes; thorny. Bp. Hall. BRAm'BLE (br&m'bl), n. [A. S. brembel; Dan. bramban- ; Sw. brombar ; Ger. brombeere .] 1. A class of spiniferous shrubs, of which the blackberry is an example ; Rubus. Loudon. 2. Any rough, prickly shrub. Shak. 3. A bird. — See Brambling. Booth. BRAm'BLE— BER'RY, n. A prickly plant, and its fruit ; blackberry. “ Cornels and bramble-ber- ries.” Dryden. BRAm'BLE— BUSH, n. A collection of brambles growing together. Craig. BRAiM'BLED (bram'bld), a. Overgrown with bram- bles. “ Upon the brambled floor.” Warton. BRAm'BLE— FINCH, n. Brambling, a species of finch : — the Fringilla inontifringilla of Lin- naeus. BRAm'BLE— NET, n. A net to catch birds. Craig. BRAm'BLING, n. A bird ; the mountain chaf- finch : — called also bramble. Bewick. BRAm'BLY, a. Full of brambles. Sherwood. BRA'MIN [bri'mjn, Ja. Sm. R. ; br&m'in or brS.'- nijn, K. ; bram'in, I Vb.~\, n. A Hindoo priest ; one of the sacerdotal caste of Ilindostan ; — al- so written brachman, brahman, and brahmin. BRA-MIN'I-CAL, a. Relating to the Bramins. BRAN, n. [Gael, bran; Fr. bran.) The husk or covering of wheat and other grain, which im- mediately covers the kernel ; the refuse of sift- ed meal. Shak. BRAn'CARD (brang'kjrd), n. [Fr.] A horse-lit- ter ; a hand-barrow. Cotgrave. BRANCH (12), ii. [Gr. the arm ; L. brachium, the arm ; It. branca; Fr. branchc.) 1. The shoot or bough of a tree ; a limb. BRANDER 2. The offshoot of any thing, as of a stag’s horn, a candlestick, a river, a family, &c. 3. Any distinct article or portion ; a section ; a subdivision. “ The several branches of jus- tice and charity.” Tillotson. 4. (Naut.) The commission of a pilot of the highest grade ; — sometimes called a full branch, in distinction from the warrant granted to ap- prentices or subordinate pilots, which restricts them to vessels of a certain draught. [U. S.] Soule. 5. pi. (Arch.) The ribs of groined arches. BRANCH, V. n. \L BRANCHED ; pp. BRANCHING, branched.] To spread in branches, or into separate parts ; to shoot out. Bacon. To branch off, to form branches ; to diverge. — To branch out, to speak diffusively. diddison. BRANCH, v. a. 1. To divide or form as into branches. “ Branched into canals.” Baron. 2. To adorn with needlework, representing flowers and sprigs. The train whereof loose far behind her strayed, Branched with gold and pearl most richly wrought. Spenser. BRANCH’— CHUCK, n. (Mech.) A chuck formed of four branches, turned up at the ends, and each furnished with a screw. Craig. BRANCHED'-WORK (brinsht'wiirk), n. (Arch.) The carved or sculptured leaves and branches on monuments and friezes. Craig. BRANCH '£R, n. 1. One that forms branches. “ A speedy spreader and brancher.” Wotton. 2. (Falconry.) A young hawk, or other bird which begins to go from branch to branch. Crabb. BRANCH'E-RY, n. The vascular parts of fruits; a system of branches. Chambers. BRAn'jCHI-AL, a. (Ich.) Relating to the bran- chiae or gills. Brande. BRjDv'ein-JE, n. pi. [L., from Gr. (Ich.) The gills of aquatic animals. Brande. BRANCH'I-NESS, n. The quality of being branchy ; fulness of branches. Sherwood. BRANCH ING, p. a. Extending in, or having, branches. “ Branching palm.” Mi ton. BRAnch'ING, 11 . The act of forming branches; ramification. “ The sciences with their nu- merous branchings.” Watts. BRAn'jCHI-O-PoD, n. (Zool.) One of the Bran- chiopoda. Brande. BRAjV-enr-OP'O-Dff, n. pi. [Gr. Ppayx'a, gills, and nobs, nobdc, a foot.] (ZoA.) A family of crustaceous animals in which the locomotive or- gans fulfilthe function of gills. Van Der Hoeren. BRAN-jETH-OS'TIJ-GAN, ii. [Gr. j3f iayx‘ a , gills, and oriyuj, to cover.] (Ich.) One of a tribe of cartilaginous fishes, as the sturgeon. Brande. BRAN-€HI-6S'TE-G0US, a. (Ich.) Having cov- ered gills, as some fishes. Pennant. BRAnCH'L^SS, a. Having no branches. Shak. BRANCH'LpT, n. A little branch. Crabb. BRANCH'— PI-LOT, ii. (Naut.) A pilot who has a full branch. — See Branch. BRAnch'Y, a. Full of branches; spreading. “ Loppings of a branchy tree.” Watts. BRAND, n. 1. [A. S. brand; byrnan, to burn; Ger., Dut., A Sw. brand. — Fr. brandon.) A piece of wood partly burnt ; a burning stick. “ Like a brand plucked out of the fire.” Rogers. 2. A mark made by a hot iron ; as, “ A brand upon a cask.” 3. A stigma ; a mark of infamy ; — from burn- ing criminals with a hot iron. Bacon. 4. [Goth. &; Icel. brandur ; It. braiulo .] A sword : — used chiefly in poetry. They, looking back, all the eastern side beheld Of Paradise, so late their happy seat, Waved over by that flaming brand. Milton. BRAND, V. a. [*. BRANDED ; pp. BRANDING, branded.] 1. To mark with a hot iron ; as, “ To brand a criminal.” 2. To mark, in a bad sense ; to stigmatize. All wit which borders upon profaneness deserves to be branded for folly. Tillotson. BRAND'pR, ii. 1. One that brands: — a name given to a gridiron in Scotland. Craig. 2. (Ger. Universities.) A name applied to a student during his second. term. Longfellow. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE; 9 , 9 , 9 , g, soft; jC, G, c, g, hard; § as z; ^ as gz. — THIS, this. BRANDGOOSE BRAWN BRAND'g66se, n. See Brant, and Brent. BRANDING, p. a. Marking with a brand. BRANDING— IR-ON (-I'urn), n. An iron to brand with ; a brand-iron. Loudon. BRAND'— IR-ON (-i'urn), n. [A. S. brand-isen .] 1. A branding-iron. ' Craig. 2. A trivet or tripod to set a pot upon. Huloet. BRAn'DJSH, v. a. [It. brandire-, Fr. brandir, brandissant .] [i. brandished ; pp. bran- dishing, BRANDISHED.] 1. To flourish as a weapon ; to wave or shake. When I shall brandish my sword before them. Ezek. xxxii. 10. 2. To play with ; to flourish. Locke. BRAn’DISH, n. A flourish with a weapon, or something held in the hand. “ Brandishes of the fan.” Tatler. BrAn’DISH-ER, n. One who brandishes. “Those brandishers of spears.” Chapman. BRAn'DISH-ING, p. a. Flourishing or waving as with a weapon. f BRAN'DLE (bran'dl), v. n. [Fr. brandiller.\ To shake. Cotgrave. BRAND'LING, n. A kind of worm used for bait. “ The lobworm and the brandling.” Walton. BRAND'— NEW, a. New, as from the fire or forge ; quite new. Boss. BRAn'DRITH, n. A fence round the mouth of a well. Francis. BRAn'DY, n. [Ger. branntwein, burnt wine ; Dut. brandewijn ; Dan. breendevun ; Fr. brandevin.] A spirituous liquor obtained by the distillation of wine, or of the refuse of the wine-press ; the alcoholic portion of wine, colored brown by car- amel or burnt sugar. This name is also applied to the spirit obtained by distilling the ferment- ed juice of apples, peaches, and other fruits be- sides the grape. Brande. BRAn'DY— FRUIT, n. Fruit preserved in brandy, to which sugar is usually added. Ogilvie. BRAn'DY-WINE, n. Brandy. Wiseman. BRAn'GLE (brSng'gl), v. n. [Perhaps corrupted from wrangle-, — Fr. branler, to shake. To brangle, in Scotch, means to shake. Jamieson .] To wrangle ; to squabble, [r.] Bp. Hall. BRAN'GLE (br&ng'gl), n. Squabble ; wrangle.Sw)f/iS. + BRAN'GLE-MENT (brang'gl-ment), n. A wran- gle. Same as Brangle. Johnson. BRAN'GLpR, n. One who brangles or quarrels. BRAN'GLING, n. Quarrel, [r.] Whitlock. BRAnk, n. 1. Buckwheat. Mortimer. P. Cyc. 2. A halter or bridle; — an instrument for- merly used for punishing scolds. Ilalliwell. BRANKS, n. pi. The mumps. [Scot.] Hoblyn. BRANK'— UR-SINE, n. ( Bot .) A plant; Branca ursina. — See Bear’s-breech. Booth. BRAn'LIN, n. Afish of the salmon km&.Cliambers. BRAN'— NEW, a. Quite new: — corrupted from brand-new. Todd. BRAn'NY, a. Consisting of, or resembling bran. “ Covered with white branny scales.” Huloet. 1" BRAN'SLE, or BRAn'SEL, n. [Old Fr. bransle .] A kind of dance. Spenser. BRANT, a. S(eep. — See Brent. [Local, Eng.] BRANT, n. A species of goose. — See Brent. BRANT'— FOX, n. A small species of fox. Booth. BRAn'U-LAR, a. Relating to the brain ; cerebral. [ R 0 N. Brit. Rev. BRAZEN (bra'zn), a. See Brazen. Johnson. BRASH, a. Hasty ; rash. Grose. — In some parts of the U. S., it.is used as a colloquial word in the sense of brittle ; easy to break. Pickering . BRASH, n. ( Geol .) The mass of broken and an- gular rocks which often underlie alluvial depos- Lyell. BRA'§riJR (hra'zher), n. [ brass .] 1. An artificer who works in brass. 168 2. [Fr. brasier.] A pan to hold coals ; — writ- ten also brazier. Arbuthnot. BRA-§IL' (brs-zel'), n. See Brazil. Johnson. BRASS (12), n. [A. S. br, to clash.] To make a harsh sound. Heard ye the din of battle bray? Gray. BRAY, n. 1. The noise of an ass. Johnson. 2. A harsh sound. “ Trumpet’s dreadful bray." Shak. 3. [W. bre, a hill.] f A bank of earth. “ On that steep bray.” Fairfax. BRAY'pR (bra'er), n. 1. One that brays. Pope. 2. [Fr. broyeur. ] A pestle. Sherwood. 3. {Printing.) An instrument to temper printers’ ink. Crabb. BRAY'ING (bra'jng), n. Clamor ; noise. B. Jonson. BRAY'ING, p. a. Making a harsh noise, like an ass. “ Braying trumpets.” Shak. BRAYLE, n. (Falconry.) A piece of leather used to bind up a hawk’s wing. Maunder. BRAZE, v. a. [A. S. brees, brass ; Fr. braser, to solder.] [t. brazed ; pp. brazing, brazed.] 1. To solder with brass; as, “To braze cop- per.” 2. To harden to impudenoe. “Now I am brazed to it.” Shak. BRAZED, a. (Her.) Applied when three chevrons clasp one another. Craig. BRA'ZEN (bra'zn), a. 1. Made of brass. “ The brazen serpent.” 2 Kings xviii. 4. 2. Impudent; bold; as, “ A brazen face.” Brazen age, the age of brass, which succeeded the silver age. — Brazen dish, (Mining.) the standard by which other dishes are gauged. — Brazen sea, ( Jewish Antiq.) the metallic basin or fountain placed in Solo- mon’s Temple, called in the Bible “ a molten sea.” I Kings vii. 26 ; 2 Chron. iv. 5. BRA'ZEN (bra'zn), v. n. To be impudent ; to bul- ly ; to braze. Arbuthnot. BRA'ZEN— BROWED (bra'zn-broud), a . Impudent. Noonday vices and brazen-browed iniquities. Browne. BRA'ZEN— FACE (bra'zn-fas), n. An impudent person. “ Well said, brazen-face.” Shak. BRA'ZEN— FACED (bra'zn-fast), a. Shameless. “ What a brazen-faced varlet ! ” Shak. BRA'ZEN-FIST'IJD, a. Having hard fists, as if made of brass. Somerville. BRA'ZEN-LY (bra'zn-le), ad. In an impudent manner. BRA'ZEN-NESS (bra'zn-n£s), n . 1. Likeness to brass ; brassiness. Johnson. 2. Impudence ; effrontery. Johnson. BRA'ZIIJR (bra'zlmr), n. [irass.] 1. An artificer who works in brass. Swift. 2. [Fr. brasier .] A pan for coals: — also written brasier. BRA-ZIL' [brj-zel', S. IF. J. F. Ja. K. Sm. C. ; bra-zll', I .], n. A kind of wood used for dyeing red, brought from Brazil. — See Brazil-wood. BRAZ-ULET'TO, n. [Port, brasilete .] An infe- rior species of Brazil-wood, used for dyeing red. McCulloch. BRA-ZlL'IAN, a. ( Geog .) Relating to Brazil. BRA-ZIL'IAN, n. (Geog.) A native of Brazil. BRA-ZIL'— NUT, n. The fruit of Bertholletia ex- celsa. P. Cgc. BRA-ZIL'— TEA, n. A kind of tea, called mate, made from the leaves of the Ilex gonghona, found in Brazil, belonging to the family of AquifoUaceee. — See Mate. P. Cgc. BRA-ZIL'— WOOD (-wud), n. A wood obtained from the Ceesalpinia echinata, a large tree of Brazil, and from other species of Ceesalpinia ; — used for dyeing red. Bigelow. Loudon. /®- The wood was so called in allusion to its fiery color [Port, hraza, a burning coal], and was known by this name before Brazil was discovered. Walsh. BRAz'ING, n. The soldering together of the edges of iron, copper, brass, &c., by means of an alloy consisting of brass and zinc. Ure. BREACH (brech), n. [Goth, brican ; A. S. brice, a breaking ; brecan, to break ; Dut. breuk ; Ger. bruch ; Fr. briche.] 1. Act of breaking ; a fracture. 2. State of being broken. Cure this bt-each in his abused nature. Shak. 3. A rupture ; a break ; an opening ; a chasm ; a gap, — particularly in a fortification, made by a battery. Of hairbreadth ’scapes in the imminent deadly breach. Shak. 4. Infraction as of a law, or of some obli- gation ; as, “ A breach of the peace ” ; “A breach of promise ” ; “A breach of trust.” It is a custom More honored in the breach than the observance. Shak. 5. Difference ; quarrel. “ Jealousies and breaches between the armies.” Clarendon. Syn. — A breach in a wall ; a breach of friendship; a rupture of a blood-vessel ; a break in printing or in a cloud ; an opening in a wood ; a gap in a fence or a fortification; a chasm in the earth. — See In- fringement. BREACH'Y, a. Unruly, or apt to break out of enclosures ; — applied to cattle. [Used in some parts of England and of the U. S.] Halliwell. BREAD (bred), n. [A. S. bread, or breod ; Ger. brod ; Dut. brood ; Dan. 4’ Sw. briid.) 1. Food made of some kind of grain. 2. Food in general ; sustenance. Give us this day our daily bread. Matt. vi. 11. But sometimes virtue starves, while vice is fed ; What then? Is the reward of virtue bread ? Pope. BREAD, or BREADE, v. a. [A. S. bratdan .] To spread ; to make broad. [Local, Eng.] Rag. BREAD'— CHIP-PpR, n. One who chips bread. “ Call me panther and bread-chipper.” Shak. BREAD'— CORN, n. Corn of which bread is made. “ The bread and bread-corn.” Hayward. BREAD'EN (bred'dn), a. Made of bread. Rogers. BREAD'— FRUIT, n. ( Bot .) A small tree with broad-lobed leaves ; the Artocarpus incisa of the South Sea Islands : — also the fruit of the tree. BREAD'LIJSS, a. Destitute of bread or food. “ Plump peers and breadless bards.” Whitehead. BREAD'— NUT, n. The fruit of the West-Indian plant, Brosimum alicastrum. Loudon. BREAD'— PUD-DING, n. (Cookery.) A pudding made of bread. Arbuthnot. BREAD'— ROOM (bred'rom), n. (Naut.) A part of the hold of a ship where the bread and biscuit are kept. BREAD'— ROOT (-rot), n. (Bot.) A large plant or vegetable resembling the beet in form, hav- ing a pulpy substance, sweet and palatable ; — found near the Rocky Mountains ; Psora/ea cs- culenta. Loudon. BREAD'— STUFF, n. Materials for bread; bread- corn ; meal ; flour. lloget. BREADTH (bredth), n. [A. S. breed ; Dut. brceclte ; Ger. breite ; Dan. breae; Sw. bredd .] 1. The measure of any plain superficies from side to side; width; extent. “In length a hundred feet, in breadth twenty.” Bacon. 2. (Paint.) The effect of largeness, space, or vastness, produced by the judicious arrange- ment of light and shade. Fairholt. BRE ADTH'LIJSS (bredth'les), a. Without breadth. BREAD'— TREE, n. Th c Artocarpus incisa, a tree which produces the bread-fruit. Craig. BREAK (brak) [brak, IF. P.J. F. Ja. K. Sm. R. C. Wb . ; brek, S. E.], v. a. [Goth, brikatt ; A. S. bracan, or brecan-, Dut. breeken-, Ger. brechen.) [i. BROKE (f BRAKE) ; pp. BREAKING, BROKEN.] 1. To part by force ; to tear asunder ; to rend ; to sever. A bruised reed shall he not break. Isa. xlii. G. 2. To dash to pieces; to shatter; as, “To break glass.” Ye shall destroy their altars, break their images. Exod. 3. To force open; as, “To break one’s way through snow, ice, or other obstacle.” 4. To weaken, impair, or crush, as the strength of the body or of the mind. An old man, broken with the storms of state. Shak. 5. To tame ; to make docile. “ To break the stubborn colt.” Dryden. 6. To make bankrupt. The king’s grown bankrupt, like a broken man. Shak. 7. To discard ; to dismiss. “ I see a great officer broken.” Su-ift. 8. To violate an obligation ; as, “ To break a promise ” ; “ To break a law.” 9. To check or lessen by intercepting; as, “ To break a fall.” 10. To interrupt; as, “ To break silence.” Short shall be my sleep, Broke by the melancholy midnight hell. Dryden. 11. To open or disclose, as something new ; as, “ To break a subject.” To break a jest, to utter a jest. — To break a deer , to cut. it up at table. — To break bulk , ( JSTaut .) to begin to unload. — To break company , to part, to separate. — To break cover , to come forth from a lurking place, as game when hunted. — To break down , to destroy by violence. — To break ground , to turn up with a plough: — (Mil.) to open the trenches preparatory to a siege : — ( Naut .) to lift the anchor from the bottom. To break in, to train and accustom to some employ- ment or service. — To break joints, (Masonry &. Carp.) so to arrange the joints of different courses in wood, brick, and stone work, that no two shall come to- gether. — To break of, to cause to give up, or to get rid of ; as, “ To break of a bad habit.” — To break off, to stop suddenly : — to rend away ; to sever. “ Break off their bonds.” Milton . — To break sheer, (Naut.) said of a vessel at anchor, when the wind or tide sways her so that she does not lie well to keep her- self clear of her anchor. — To break the back, to dis- locate the vertebrae : — to disable one in fortune. — To b reak the neck, to dislocate the joints of the neck. — To break the parley, to begin the parley. Shak. — To break the heart, to overwhelm with grief. — To break up, to separate into constituent parts ; as, “ To break up a meeting or an army ” ; “ To break up stones ” : — to discontinue; as, “ To break up business or house- keeping ” : — to carve. “ Break up this capon.” Shak. — To break upon a wheel, to torture by stretching upon a wheel and breaking tiie bones. — To break wind, to give vent to wind through the anus. Syn. — This verb carries with it, in all its applica- tions, its primitive sense of straining, parting, sever- ing, bursting, witli the consequential senses of injury, defect, and infirmity. Smart. To break bread ; break a stick ; rend a garment ; tear a piece of cloth ; rip a seam ; burst a door ; dis- locate a limb ; lacerate t lie flesh or the feelings ; break the heart. The floods break ; the ice breaks ; glass breaks or cracks ; the earth cracks or opens ; rocks split ; a boil- er bursts. BREAK (brak), v. n. 1. To part in two ; to be shattered. Else the bottles Iwenk , and the wine runneth out .Matt. ix. 17. MiEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON ; 22 BULL, BUR, RtiLE. — q, 7ibers. BRINE'— PAN, 7i. A reservoir for brine. Smart. BRINE'-PIT, n. A pit or reservoir of salt water. BRINE'— SPRING, n. A salt spring. S/7ia7't. BRING, v. a. [i. brought; pp. bringing, brought.] [Goth, briggan ; A. S. bringan ; Dut. brengen ; Ger. bring end] 1. To convey from a distant to a nearer place ; to fetch from. As she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread. 1 Kings xvii. 11. 2. To convey or carry to another place, [r.] Must I needs bring thy son again unto the land from whence thou earnest? Gen. xxiv. 5. 3. To produce ; to procure, as a cause. Nothing will bring you more honor than to do what right you may. Bacon. 4. To draw; to lead. A due consideration of the vanities of the world will nat- urally bi'ing us to the contempt of it. L' Estrange. 5. To induce; to prevail upon. Profitable employments would be a diversion, if men could but be brought to delight in them. Locke. To briny about, to bring to pass. — To briny back, to recall ; also, to return or restore, as something bor- rowed. — To bring forth, to give birth to; to pro- duce; to exhibit to the view. — To briny forward, to exhibit ; to introduce ; to propose. — To bring off, to take away from ; to clear from ; to acquit. — To bring on, to originate ; to engage in action. — To bring out, to exhibit ; to show. — To bring over , to convert. — To bring to, ( JVlaut .) to check the course of a ship. — To bring to pass, to effect. — To bring under , to sub- due. — To bring up, to educate. Bring retains in all its senses the idea of ail agent, or cause, producing a real or a metaphorical motion of something towards something. Syn. — To bring is to convey to, a simple act ; to fetch means to go and bring, a compound act. A master sends his servant to fetch a parcel, which, having received, he carries in his hand, and brings home to his master. BRING'^R, n. One who brings. Shak. BRING' pR— IN, n. One who introduces any thing. “ Lucifer is a bringer-in of light.” Sandy s. BRING'ER— UP, n. 1. An instructor. “ The bring- ers-up of the children.” 2 Kings x. 5. 2. (Mil.) pi. The last rank of men in a MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — q, . from break. See Break. BRO'KEN (brs'kn), p. a. I. Separated into frag- ments ; crushed. 2. Subdued ; contrite. “ A broken spirit.” Ps. Broken number, ( Arith .) a fraction. BRO'KEN— BACKED (-bakt), a. 1. Having the back broken. 2. ( Naut .) Noting the state of a ship, when, in consequence of being loosened from age or injury, the frame droops at either end. Brande. BRO'KEN— BEL'LIED (bra'kn-bel'ljd), a. Having a ruptured belly. Sandys. BRO'KEN— HEART'ED (bro'lcn-li'irt'ed), a. Having the spirits crushed by grief, by penitence, or by despair ; contrite ; penitent. He hath sent me to bind up the broken-hearted. Isa. lxi. 1. BRO'KEN-LY (bro'kn-le), ad. Not in regular se- ries. "Brokenly and by piecemeals.” Cudworth. BRO'KEN— MEAT (bro'kn-met), n. Fragments of meat. Sivift. BRO'KEN-NESS (bro'kn-nes), n. State of being broken ; unevenness. It is the brokenness , the ungrammatical position, the total subversion, of the period that eharms me. Gray. BRO'KEN-WIND, n. Rupture of the cells of the lungs in horses ; the heaves. Herbert. BRO’KEN— WIND'ED, a. Having short breath, or a diseased respiration. Brande. BRO'KIJR, n. [See Broke.] One who transacts business, or makes bargains, for others ; a fac- tor; an agent ; a middleman ; a money-dealer. Commercial broker, or merchandise broker, one who purchases or sells goods for others. — Slop broker, one who manages all business matters occurring between the owners of vessels and the shippers or consignors of the freight which they carry. — Stock broker, one who purchases or sells stocks for others. — Exchange broker, one who deals in exchanges relating to money. — Pawn broker, one who lends money on pledges or pawns. BRO'K£R-A, G, £, g, hard; § as z; $ as gz. — THIS, this. BROWN-SPAR BRONZE-POWDER 2. To cover or conceal, as with the color of bronze. Art, cursed art, wipes off the indebted blush From Nature's cheek, and bronzes every shame. Young. || BRONZE'— POVV-DpR, n. A metallic powder for communicating a bronze-like color to objects on which it is spread. Francis. || BRONZ'ING, n. ( Chcm .) The art of giving to objects of wood, plaster, &e., such a surface as makes them appear to be made of bronze. Ure. II BRONZ'ING— LI O' U ID (-lik'wjd), n. A solution of chloride of antimony and sulphate of copper, used for bronzing gun-barrels, &c. Braude. || BRONZ'LNG-SALT, n. (Chem.) Chloride of an- timony, — which is mixed with olive oil and used for bronzing gun-barrels and other arms. || BRONZ'iTE, n. (Min.) A variety of diallage of a bronze color. Braude. BROOCH (broch), [brack, IV. J. E. Ja. Sm. R . ; broch,' S. P. F. K. C.], n. [Fr. broche. See Broach.] 1. A jewelled ornament fitted with a clasp or pin to fasten a dress. “ Richly suited, just like the brooch.” — See Broach. Shak. 2. (Paint.) A painting all of one color, as an India ink painting, &c. Francis. BROOCH (broch), v. a. To adorn as with a brooch, or with jewels. IShak. BROOD, v. n. [A. S. bredan, to nourish; brod, a brood ; Dut. breeden.) [i. brooded ; pp. BROODING, BROODED.] 1. To be in a state to develop the embryos of new life, as a fowl sitting upon eggs in order to hatch them ; to sit on eggs. Here Nature spreads her fruitful sweetness round, Breathes on the air, and broods upon the ground. Dryden. 2. To be in a state of care and watchfulness, as a mother over her young. Their young succession all their cares emplo}’; They breed, they brood. Dryden. To brood over , to think long and anxiously about. BROOD, v. a. To cherish with care. “ See how he broods the boy.” Beau. Sj FI. BROOD, n. [A. S. brod-, Dut. broed .] 1. Offspring; progeny. Hence, vain, deluding ioys. The brood of Folly without father bred. Milton. 2. That which is bred, generated, or pro- duced. Such things become the hatch nnd brood of time. Shak. 3. The number hatched at once ; as, “ A small or a large brood of chickens.” 4. Act of brooding. “ O’er which his mel- ancholy sits on brood.” [r.] Shah. 5. (Mining.) A heterogeneous mixture. BROOD'JNG, n. The act of cherishing. Ash. BROOD'mAre, n. A mare for breeding. Booth. BROO DY, a. Brooding; inclined to brood. Rag. || BROOK (bruk), [bruk, P. J. F. Sm. 1 Vb . ; brok, S. IF. E. Ja. C. K.~\, n. [Goth, bruks-, A. S. broc ; Dut. beek.\ A stream of water less than a river ; a rivulet. “ An inland brook.” Shak. Smooth runs the water where thebrook is deep. Shak. Springs make little rivulets, and these united form brooks, which, coming torward in streams, compose great rivers, which run into the sea. Lockc. Syn. — Rivulets rise from sprint's, and, flowing into each other, make brooks, and brooks, rivers. A torrent is a very rapidly flowing brook. || BROOK (bruk), v. a. [A. S. brucan.] [ i . brooked; pp. brooking, brooked.] To bear ; to endure. “ Restraint thou wilt not brook.” Dryden. || t BROOK (bruk), v. n. To endure. Sidney. || BROOK'LET (bruk'let), n. A little brook. Bulwer. || BROOK'LIME (bruk'llme) ra. (Bot.) An aquatic, perennial plant ; a sort of water speedwell ; Veronica beccabunga. Loudon. || BROOK'MINT (brflk'mlnt), n. [A. S. broemynt .] The water-mint. Johnson. || BROOK'WEED, n. A small marsh plant with white flowers ; Samolus valerandi. Loudon. || BROOK'Y (bruk'e), a. Abounding with brooks. “ Lemster’s brooky tract.” Dyer. 176 BROOM, [S. IV. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. T Vb. ; of- ten pronounced brunt], n. [A. S. brom.~\ 1. A shrub of the genus Spartium. Even humble broom and osiers have their use. Dryden. 2. An instrument to sweep with ; a besom ; — so named from being frequently made of broom. “ Broom ... to sweep the dust.” Shak. BROOM, v. a. (Naut.) To wash or clean the sides of a ship. — See Bream. Cole. BROOM'— CORN, n. A species of plant; broom- grass ; Sorghum vulgare. It is of several vari- eties, resembles maize, and is cultivated for the seed, and for its spikes, of which brooms are made. Farm. Ency. BROOM'— GRASS, n. See Broom-corn. BROOM'— LAND, n. Land that bears broom. “ Sheep . . . put into broom-lands.” Mortimer. BROOM'— RAPE, n. (Bot.) A plant which ad- heres to the root of broom, furze, and clover ; Orobanche major. Loudon. BROOM'— STAFF, n. The handle of a broom. Shak. BROOM'STlCK, n. The handle of a broom. Sioift. BROOM'Y, a. I. Full of broom. “ If land grow mossy or broomy.” Mortimer. 2. Consisting of broom. Swift. BROSE, n. A Scotch dish made by pouring boil- ing water on oatmeal. Sir IV. Scott. BROS ’ I-MUM, n. [Gr. /Ipiuffipoc, eatable.] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen shrubs, common in the West Indies and South America, of which the bread-nut-tree and the milk-wood-tree are spe- cies. Loudon. BROTH (brkwth or broth) [broth, IF. P. F. Ja. Sm . ; brkwth, S. J. K. 1 17;. j , n. [A. S. broth-, bri- u-an, to brew ; Gael, brot ; It. broda or brodo ; Sp. brodio.] Liquor in which flesh has been boiled. “ Their broths or pottage.” Ilackluyt. BROTH'LL, n. [Fr. bordel .] A house for lewd- ness ; a brothel-house. Shak. BROTH'LL— HOUSE, n. A brothel. Dryden. BROTH '£L-L1JR, n. One who frequents a brothel. f BROTH'pL-RY, n. Whoredom: — obscenity. “ Loathsome brothelry.” Bp. Hall. BROTH'pR (bruth'er), n. ; pi. BROTHERS and brethren. [Sans, bhratri. — Goth, brotliar ; A. S. brothor, brother ; Dut. broeder ; Gael. brathair ; Ger. bruder ; Dan. § Sw. broder.] 1. A male who is related to another person by being born of the same parents. Locke. 2. One closely united ; a member of the same society or association ; an associate. He hath every month a new sworn brother. Sha/c. 3. One who resembles another in manners, or in mode of life. He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster. Prov. xviii. U. 4. A fellow-creature ; a fellow-Christian. I will eat no more, . . . lest I make my brother to offend. 1 Cor. viii. 13. Kir* The word brothers denotes persons of the same family, the word brethren persons of the same society ; but the latter is now little used, except in theology or in the solemn style. BR6TH'ER-, [IpuHJofjai, to eat, to gnaw ; It. bruseare-, Fr. brouter .] [*. browsed ; pp. browsing, browsed.] To nibble; to feed upon, as shrubs. Like the stag, when snow the pasture sheets, The barks of trees thou browseclst. Shak. BROWSE, v. n. To feed on shrubs. “ Browsing on herbage, like cattle.” Arbuthnot. BR6W.se (brbuz), n. Tender branches or shrubs. “ Shrubby browse.” Philips. BROWSER, n. One that browses. Phil. Mag. BRoWsE 'WOOD (-wud), n. Brushwood or twigs on which animals feed. Booth. f BRoW'SICK, a. Dejected. Suckling. BROW^'ING, n. Tender branches or shrubs ; browse. “ Browsings for the deer.” Howell. BRV ' CE-A, n. (Bot.) A genus of evergreen shrubs found in Abyssinia and the East Indies ; — so named from Bruce, the traveller. Loudon. BRU'CHUS, n. ; pi. BRu'pnf. [L., from Gr. PpouKo;.] (Ent.) A genus of small coleopterous insects, of the weevil tribe, the females of which deposit their eggs in tliV germ of the pea and other leguminous plants. The holes often observed in peas are those made by the mature insect in effecting its escape. Brande. BRU'CI-A (bru'slie-a), n. ( Chem .) A vegetable alkali, first discovered in the bark of the false angustura, which is the bark of the Strychnos nux-vomica, and not, as was supposed when its name was given to it, of the Brucea anti-dys- enterica. It acts on the human system as a violent poison, and in the same manner as strychnia, but more gently. P. Cyc. BRU'CMNE, n. Same as Brucia. P. Cyc. BRU'CITE, n. (Min.) A hydrate of magnesia, a mineral of a pale brown color. Dana. BRtl'IN, n. A cant term for a bear. Pope. BRUISE (bruz), v. a. [A. S. brysan. — Fr ,briser.\ [ i . BRUISED ; pp. BRUISING, BRUISED.] To crush, mangle, or injure by a heavy blow or a fall ; to break ; to contuse ; to squeeze. They beat their breasts with many a bruising blow. Dryden. BRUISE, n. A hurt with something blunt and heavy ; a contusion. “ Waked by night with bruise or bloody wound.” Drayton. BRUISED (bruzil or bruz'ed), p. a. Mangled or crushed by a blow. “ Bruised reed.” Isa. xlii. BRUI^'JSR, n. 1. He who, or that which, bruises. 2. A boxer ; a bully. [Low.] Johnson. 3. (Mech.) A tool for grinding the glasses of telescopes. Chambers. BRUI^E'WORT (bruz'wiirt), n. A perennial plant ; soapwort ; Saponaria officinalis. Johnson. BRUISING, n. The act of crushing, contusing, or injuring, by a blow. Maunder. BRUIT (brut) [brut, S. W. J. F. Ja. IC. R. ; brd'it, »S)«.], n. [Goth. brut. — Gael, bruid.— Fr. bruit.) Rumor ; report. Shak. BRUIT (brut), V. a. [i. BRUITED ; pp. BRUITING, bruited.] To report ; to noise abroad. Shak. BRUI/YIJ-MENT, or BRUL'ZIE-MENT, n. A brawl ; a quarrel. [Scot, and N. of Eng.] Scott. BRU'MAL, a. [L. brumalis ; bruma, winter; It. brumale ; Fr .brumal.) Belonging to the winter ; wintry. “ The brumal solstice.” Sir T. Browne. BRU-JVlA 1 LI-A, n - pl- [L-] Ancient feasts of Bacchus, held in March and December. Crabb. BRUME, n. [Sp. bruma ; Fr. brume.) Mist ; fog ; vapor, [r.] Smart. BRUN, BRAN, BROWN, BOURN, BURN. [A. S. burne.) A river or brook. Gibson. BRU-NETTE' (bru-net'), n. [Fr . brunette ; brun, brown.] A girl or woman with a brown or dark complexion. Addison. BRIJN'ION (brun'yun), n. [Fr. brugnon.) A fruit resembling both a plum and a peach ; a necta- rine. Trevoux. BRO-NO'NI-AN, a. 1. Relating to Brunonianism, a theory of medicine (so named from its foun- der, John Brown), according to which no change can take place in the excitable powers without previous excitement. Sir J. Mackintosh. 2. Of brown or brunette color. Knight. BRUNS' WICK— GREEN, n. Basic chloride or sub- muriate of copper, prepared by acting on cop- per with muriatic acid or with sal-ammoniac. A pigment of the same name is also formed of the carbonate of copper mixed with a calcareous earth. Fairholt. BRUNT, n. \Bruned, brand, brunt, i. e. burnt. Richardson. Dut. brand ; Dan. brynde, a burn- ing-] 1. The heat or violence of an onset or a con- test ; shock ; violence. The brunt of the battle is the heat of the battle, where it burns the most fiercely. Trench. 2. A sudden effort. “ A brunt of holiness and away.” • Bp. Hall. BRUSH, n. [It. Sp. brusca ; Fr. brosse.— FI. brouche ; Ger. biirste.] 1. An instrument to clean or rub clothes, &c., generally made of bristles. Johnson. 2. A pencil of hair used by painters. Moxon. 3. A rude assault ; a skirmish ; a contest. “ The brushes of the war.” Shak. 4. A collection of twigs or bushes ; a thicket. “ Out of the thickest brush.” Spenser. Electrical brush, the brush-shaped appearance of electrical light issuing from pointed bodies that are highly charged with positive electricity. BRUSH, v. a. [i. BRUSHED ; pp. brushing, BRUSHED.] 1. To clean, sweep, or rub with a brush; as, “ To brush a floor ” ; “ To brush a hat.” 2. To hit or touch lightly on the surface, as with a brush. Nimbly we brushed the level brine. Warton. 3. To move with a light touch, as a brush. A thousand nights have brushed their balmy wings Over these eyes. Dryden. 4. To carry off or remove, as with a brush. And from the boughs brush off the evil dew. Milton. To brush up, to paint or make clean with a brush. BRUSH, v. n. 1. To move with haste ; to pass rapidly. Yet off they brushed, both foot and horse. Prior. 2. To fly over; to skim lightly. Awakes the sleepy vigor of the soul. And brushing o’er adds motion to the pool. Dryden. BRUSH'JgR, n. One who brushes. Bacon. BRUSH'JJT, n. See Busket. Todd. BRUSH'I-NESS, n. The quality of being brushy ; roughness ; shagginess. H. More. BRUSH'ING, n. The act of rubbing or sweeping. BRUSH'LIKE, a. Resembling a brush. Jodrell. BRUSH'— MAK-ER, n. One who makes brushes. BRUSH'-WHEEL, n. (Mech.) One of the wheels that in light machinery turn each other by means of bristles or brushes fixed to their circumference, or by the friction alone of the end grain of wood, leather, &c., the two wheels being pressed to- gether to increase the friction. Bigelow. BRUSH'WOOD (-wud), n. 1. Rough, low, close thickets ; shrubs. Johnson. 2. Small limbs or twigs fit for fuel. Dryden. BRUSH'Y, a. Rough or shaggy, like a brush. “ The brushy substance of the nerve.” Boyle. BRUSK, a. [It. toral. “ Bucolic song.” Warton. BUC'RANE^, l pl m [Gr. flovKpavov , a bull’s BUC-RA 'MI-A, > head, (ioT-i, a bull or an ox, and Kpaviov, the skull ; L. bucranium .] (,4rc/t.) Ox- skulls adorned with wreaths or other ornaments, employed to decorate the frieze in the Ionic and Corinthian orders. Weale. BU-CRA'NI-ON, n. [Gr. fiovtcpdviov ; (Soils, an ox, 'and Kpaviov, the skull.] ( Bot .) The snap-dragon plant ; Antirrhinum ; — so named from a sup- posed resemblance of its flower to the head of an ox. Buchanan. BUD, n. [Dut. bot ; It. bottone-, Fr. button .] (Bot.) The nascent or undeveloped branch of a plant, termed a leaf-bud, or the undeveloped flower, called a flower-bud ; a germ ; a gem. Henslow. BUD, v. n. [*. budded ; pp. budding, budded.] 1. To put forth young germs, buds, or shoots ; to germinate ; to sprout. “ The pomegranates bud forth.” Sol. Song, vii. 12. 2. To be growing or putting forth, like buds. “ Budding horns.” Dryden. BUD, v. a. To graft by inserting a bud. The usual way with the nursery gardeners is to bud their stocks in summer. Miller . BUD OH 'A (bo’da), n. A pagan deity whose im- age is represented by a human figure, and who is worshipped by the greater part of the inhab- itants of Asia to the east of Hindostan. P. Cyc. BUDDH'I§M (bo'dlzm), n. The worship of the pagan deity Buddha (the sage ; — Sans, budh, to know), a religion which prevails over a great part of Asia, including China, Japan, the Far- ther India, &c. Brande. BLJDDH'IST (ho'djst), n. A worshipper of Buddha ; a believer in Buddhism. Qu. Rev. BUDDH 1ST (bo djst), l a Relating to BUDDH-IS'TIC (bo-dis'tik), ) Buddha or Buddh- ism. Malcom. BUD'DING, n. 1. The act of putting forth buds. 2. The act of inserting buds, a method of grafting. BUD'DLE (bud'dl), n. A square frame of boards used in washing tin ore. Chambers. BUD'DLE, v. a. To wash, as ores. Crabb. BUDE'— LIGHT, n. A lamp in which the flame is made very brilliant by a stream of oxygen gas ; — so called from Bade, in Cornwall, England, the residence of its inventor, Mr. Gurney. Lat- terly the name has been applied also to other contrivances of the same inventor for augment- ing the intensity of artificial light. Brande. BUD^E (buj), v. n. [Fr. bouger.] \i. budged ; pp. budging, budged.] To stir ; to move off. Shak. BUDGE (buj), a. [Old Fr. bouge, fur; — applied also to the scholastic habit, which was lined with bouge. W arton .] Stiff ; rigid ; severe ; pom- pous ; swelling. To those budge doctors of the stoic fur. Milton. The warden was a budge old man; and I looked somewhat big too. Ellwood. BUDGE (buj), n. [Old Fr. bouge, fur.] The dressed fur or skin of lambs. Marston. BUDGE'— BACH' G-LOR, n. One of a company of men, dressed in a long gown lined with lambs’ fur, who accompany the Lord Mayor of London at his inauguration. Bailey. BCdGE'-BAR-RGL, n. A small barrel used in carrying gunpowder. Craig. t BUDGE'NfSS, n. [See Budge, a.] Sternness ; severity ; austerity. Stanyhurst. BUDG'JJR, n. One who budges. Shak. BUD' QE-RO, n. A large Bengal pleasure-boat. Malcom. BUD'GGT, n. [Fr. bougctte .] 1. A bag. “ If tinkers may have leave to live, and bear the sow-skin budget.” Shak. 2. Store or stock. “ Whole budget of inven- tions.” L’ Estrange. 3. The annual financial statement of the English chancellor of the exchequer, or his speech giving a view of the public revenue and expenditure. Brande. BUD'GET-BEAr'GR, n. One who carries a bag or a budget. Toilet. f BUD'GY (bud'je), a. [Old Fr. bouge, fur.] Con- sisting of fur. Thule. BUD'LIJT, n. [See Bud.] A small bud spring- ing from a larger one. Craig. BUFF, n. [See Buffalo.] 1. A buffalo. Johnson. 2. A sort of leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo, or of the elk, or the ox. Johnson. 3. A military coat made of thick leather. “ A fellow all in buff.” Shak. 4. The color of buff ; a light yellow. Johnson. 5. (Med.) A yellow, viscid substance, which, in inflammation, forms on the blood. Chambers. 6. (Mech.) A small wheel covered with buff leather, used to polish cutlery. Francis. 7. [Ger. § Dan. puff.) fA blow; a stroke; a buffet. “ So sore a buff.” Spenser. BUFF, a. 1. Of the color of buff leather ; light yellow. Shak. 2. Made of buff leather ; as, “ A buff- coat.” f BUFF, v. a. [See Buffet.] To strike. “A shock, to have buffed out the blood.” B. Jonson. BUF'FA-LO, n . ; pi. buf'fa- loe$. [Gr. (Soii(3alos, a spe- cies of ante- lope ; also an ox ; L. buba- lus ; It. bufo- lo ; Fr. biiffe.] 1. A kind of wild ox found in India and other tropical coun- tries. The bison of North America is com- monly, but erroneously, called, in this country, the buffalo. — See Bison. 2. The skin of the bison prepared with the hair on ; — called also buffalo-robe. 3. (Ich.) A species of gar-pike. Storer. BUF'FA-LO-ROBE, n. The skin of the buffalo or bison prepared with the hair on. BUFF'-COAT, n. A leather military coat. Booth BUF'FGL, n. (Ornith.) A species of duck; Fu- ligula albeola ; — so called from the fulness of the feathers about the head. Audubon. BUF'FJJR, n. A cushion to deaden the percus- sion of a moving body when striking another body, as at the ends of a railway carriage. Weale. BUF'FGR-HEAD, n. A box fixed at the end of the rods connected with the buffing-apparatus used upon railroads. Tanner. BUF'FET, n. [It. bufetto .] 1. A blow with the fist ; a slap ; a box. A man that Fortune’s hvjfets and rewards Has ta’en with equal thanks. Shak. 2. A small stool ; a footstool. Hunter. BUF'FGT, n. [It. bufetto-, Fr. buffet .] A cup- board for plate, glass, and china. Pope. BUF'FGT, v. a. [It. buffet are ; Fr. buff e ter.] [i. BUFFETED ; pp. BUFFETING, BUFFETED.] 1. To strike with the hand ; to beat ; to box. Then did they spit in his face, and buffeted him. Matt. 2. To contend against. The torrent roared; and we did buffet it "With lusty sinews. Shak. BUF'FGT, v. n. To play a boxing match. Shak. BUF'FJJT-GR, n. One who buffets ;— applied particularly to a boxer. Sherwood. BUF'FGT-ING, n. A stroke ; a striking. ‘‘These hysteric buffetings descended.” Warburton. BUF'FjpT— STOOL, n. A little portable seat, with- out arms or a back. Craig. f BUF'FJN, n. A sort of coarse cloth. Massinger. BUF'FING— AP-PA-R A'TUS, n. Machinery con- sisting of powerful springs and framing, for re- ceiving the shock of a collision between rail- road cars. Francis. BUFF'— JER-KIN, n. A waistcoat made of buff : — a waistcoat of the color of buff. Hares. t BUF'FLE, n. [Fr.] A wild ox ; — the same as Buffalo. Sir T. Herbert. f BUF'FLE, v. n. To puzzle; to be at a loss. Swift. BUF'FLE— HEAD'pD, a. Having a large head; stupid. “ This bujfle-headed giant.” Gayton. BUF'FO, n. [It.] The comic actor in an opera. Crabb. BUF'FON, n. (Ornith.) The Numidian crane; — so named in honor of Buffon. Buchanan. BUF-FOON', n. [It . buff one ; buffo, comic; Fr. bouffon .] A person who makes sport by low jests and antic postures ; a merry-andrew ; a mountebank ; a jester ; a harlequin ; a droll. Those buffoons that have a talent of mimicking the speech and behavior of other persons, and turning all their friends and acquaintance into ridicule. Taller. BUF-FOON', a. Belonging to a buffoon. “ Buf- foon postures and antic dances.” Melmoth. BUF-FOON', v. a. To make ridiculous. “You bully, and rail, and buffoon them.” Burke. BUF-FOON', v. n. To act the part of a buffoon ; to sport or jest, [r.] Byron. BUF-FOON'G-RY, n. The practice of a buffoon ; low jests ; jesting. Learning [in an ill-bred man] becomes pedantry, and wit buffoonery. Locke. BUF-FOON'ING, n. Buffonery. Dryden. BUF-FOON'JSH, a. Partaking of buffonery. Blair. f BUF-Fo6nT§M, n. Jesting. Minsheu. f BUF-FOON'iZE, v. n. To play the fool, jester, or buffoon. Minsheu. BUF-FOON'— LIKE, a. Resembling a buffoon. f BUF-FOON'LY, Scurrilous ; ridiculous. “ Buffoonly discourse.” Goodman. BUFF'— STICK, n. A stick covered with buff leather, used in polishing. Crabb. BUF'FY, a. (Med.) Of the color of buff; — ap- plied to blood. Dunglison. BUF'FY— COAT, n. (Med.) The buff-colored or grayish crust observed on blood drawn from a vein during the existence of violent inflamma- tion, and particularly in pleurisy. Dunglison. BU'FO, n. [L., a toad.] (Zotil.) A genus of ba- trachian reptiles, including the different species of toads. Cuvier. BU'FON-lTE, n. [L. bufo, a toad.] (Pal.) A name formerly applied to the roundish teeth of fossil fishes found in the oolite formation ; — also called toad-stone. Pictet. BUG, n. 1. (Ent.) A generic term for many in- sects ; — appropriately the fetid house-bug or bed-bug ; Cimex lectularius. 2. t [Goth, puke, a spectre ; Icel. puke, a de- mon ; W. bwg.] A frightful object ; a bugbear. The bug, which you would fright me with, I seek. Shak. BUG'A-BOO, or BUG'A-BO, n. Something to frighten a child; a ‘vain terror; a bugbear. [Local and low.] 1 Ec. Rev. BUG'BeAr (bug'bir), n. [See Bug, 2.] Some- thing that frightens ; commonly something that causes an absurd or needless fright. To the world no bugbear is so preat As want of figure and a small estate. Pope. BUG'BeAr, a. Causing fright. “ Such biwbear thoughts . . . sink deep.” Locke . MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; Bl)LL, BUR, RpLE. — G, G> 9, g, soft; £, G, £, g, hard; § as z; ^ as gz. — THIS, this. BUGGER 180 BULL-FROG BUG'fJlJR, n. [Fr. bougre.] 1. One guilty of the crime against nature ; a sodomite. Boag. 2. A term of reproach ; a vile wretch. Boag. BUG'GG R -? R > n. A sodomite. Perry. BUG'GG-RY, n. The unnatural crime of carnal intercourse of a man or a woman with a beast ; sodomy. Phillips. BUG'GI-NESS, w. The state of being infected with bugs. Johnson. BUG'Gy, a. Abounding with bugs. Johnson. BUG'GY, n. 1. A two-wheeled carriage; a one- horse chaise. Ed. Ency. 2. A light four-wheeled carriage or chaise for one horse. [U. S.] BU'GLE (hu'gl), n. 1. [Old Fr., from L. buculus, an ox; W. bual.] A wild ox ; a buffalo. Halliioell. 2. A hunting or military horn. Shah. 3. A drinking vessel made of horn. Halliioell. 4. A shining bead of black glass. Shak. BU'GLE, n. [L. bugula ; Fr. bugle . ] ( Bot .) A deciduous, herbaceous plant, used in medicine ; Ajuga replans. Loudon. BU'GLE— HORN, n. [W. bual-gorn.] A hunting or military horn ; or a musical, brass wind-in- strument. Clarke. BU'GLE— WEED, n. ( Bot .) A medicinal plant; Lycopus Virginicus. Bartlett. BU'GLOSS, n. [Gr. (iobyXoaaos ; (lov;, an ox, and y/.waaa, the tongue ; L. buglossos. — Gael. Ir. bogltis.] (Bot.) A genus of plants used in dye- ing ; oxtongue ; Anchusa ; — so called from their long, rough leaves. Loudon. BUG'WORT (-wurt), n. A tall, leafy, herbaceous plant, of the genus Cimicifuga. Loudon. BUHL (bul), n. 1. Ornamental furniture in which tortoise-shell and various woods are in- laid with brass ; — so called from the name of its inventor. Brande. 2. The materials, as gold, brass, and mother- of-pearl, used for inlaying wood. Craig. BUHL'— WORK (-wurk), n. 1. Wood inlaid with metal, tortoise shell, &c. Craig. 2. The art of inlaying metal, ivory, &c., on the surface of wood. Francis. BUHR'— STONE (biir'ston), n. (Min.) A hard, si- licious stone, remarkable for its cellular struc- ture and rough surface, however worn and lev- elled ; — very valuable for mill-stones. Bigelow. BUILD (litld), v. a. [A. S. byldan, to confirm, to establish ; (Jer. bilden, to shape, to form.] [ i . BUILT or BUILDED ; pp. BUILDING, BUILT or builded. — Builded is little used.] 1. Tp frame and raise, as a house, a fabric, or edifice ; to erect ; to construct. I will pull down my barns, and build greater. Luke xii. 18. 2. To form by art. lie knew Himself to sing and build the lofty rhyme. Milton. Syn. — To build expresses the purpose of the ac- tion ; to raise or erect, the inode ; to construct, the contrivance. Build a house; raise the frame or the roof ; erect a monument ; construct a machine. — See Found. BUILD, v. n. 1. To be engaged in erecting edifices. The man who builds, and wants wherewith to pay. Provides a house from which to run away. Young. 2. To depend or rest on ; to rely. This is a surer way than to build on the interpretations of an author who does not consider how the ancients used to think. Addison. BUILD (Mid), n. [Ger. bild.] Construction ; make ; form. Roberts. BUILD'pR (bTld'cr), n. One who builds, as a carpenter, mason, &c. BUlLD'ING, n. 1. The act, or the art, of con- structing edifices ; construction. 2. A structure; an edifice. “Seest thou these great buildings ? ” Mark xiii. 2. f BUILT (Inlt), n. Construction ; build. Dryden. BUILT (blit), i. & p. from build. See Build. BUK' SHF.it, n. A paymaster or commander. [India.] Hamilton. Butt ' SHISH, n. A present or gratuity of money ; — called also bakshish. [India.] Clarke. BUL, n. The common flounder. Chambers. BU'LAM— FE' VIJR, n. A name sometimes ap- plied to the yellow fever. Boag. BULB, n. [Gr. fiobjlds ; L. bulbus ; Fr. bulbe. ] 1. A round body or spherical protuberance ; as, “The bulb of a thermometer.” 2. (Bot.) A collection of fleshy scales formed under ground, like a bud, by certain herbaceous plants, as the tulip, lily, and onion. Loudon. BULB, v. n. To project ; to be protuberant. Cotton. f BUL-BA'CEOUS (bul-ba'shus), a. (Bot.) Hav- ing bulbs ; bulbous. Bailey. BUL'BGD, or BULBED, a. Having a bulb .Cotgrave. BUL-BIF'GR-OUS, a. [L .bulbus, a bulb, and fero, to bear.] (Bot.) Bearing bulbs. Loudon. BUL-BI'JYA, or BUL-BpJYE, n. [Gr. (lo).(iivri ; L. bulbine .] (Bot.) A genus of plants whose species, showy, fragrant, and of easy culture, are common in flower-gardens. Loudon. BUL'BO— TU'BGR, n. (Bot.) A short, roundish, under-ground stem resembling a bulb. P. Cgc. BUL'BOUS, or BUL-BOSF/, a. [Fr. bitlbeux.] Having bulbs ; protuberant. Loudon. BUL'BUL, n. (Ornith.) The Persian nightin- gale. — See Pyconotinas. Booth. BUL'BULE, n. [L. bulbulus .] A young bulb which springs from an old one. Henslow. f BUL'CHIN, n. A young male calf. Marston. BULIyE, n. [Su. Goth, bulgia, to swell; A. S. btclg, a bag, a bulge ; Dut., Ger., Dan. balg. — See Bully.] 1. The broadest part of a cask ; a protuber- ance. Craig. 2. ( Naut .) The part of a ship that extends out at the floor-head ; the broadest part of a ship’s bottom. — See Bilge. Dana. BULGE, v. n. [i. bulged ; pp. bulging, bulged.] 1. To take in water ; to founder ; to bilge. — See Bilge. Thrice round the ship was tossed, Then bulged at once, and iij the deep was lost. Dryclen. 2. To jut out. “ The sides of a wall that bulges from its bottom.” Moxon. BU-LIM ’ 1- A, n. [Low L., from Gr. povTiyla.] (Med,.) A morbid appetite ; bulimy. Brande. BU'LI-MY, [bu'le-me, K. Sm. Wb. Ash, Rees ; bul'e-me, Ja.], n. [Gr. (lovt.iyia ; L. bulimus. ] (Med.) A diseased, voracious appetite. Bailey. BULK, n. [Su. Goth. both-, Gael, hue, bulk; Sw. buk, belly.] 1. Magnitude ; size ; mass. “ Ships of great bulk.” Raleigh. 2. The main mass ; the gross ; the majority. “ The bulk of the people.” Addison. 3. A part of a building jutting out. Here stand behind this bulk. Slab. 4. f The body. B. Jonson. 5. (Naut.) The contents of the hold of a ship ; the whole cargo when stowed. Dana. To break bulk, (Naut.) to begin to unload. — d cargo, or goods in bulk, a cargo or goods put into a ship, without being put in bags, boxes, or other packages. Syn. — See Size. BULK, v. n. To enlarge ; to swell, [n.] lie [Chalmers] would dilate on one doctrine till it bulked into a Bible. N. Brit. Rev. BULK'IIEAD, n. (Naut.) A partition built up in a ship to form separate apartments. Dana. BULK'I-NESS, n. Greatness in bulk or size. Locke. BULK'Y, a. Of great size or bulk ; massive ; massy ; large. Dryden. Syn. — Bulky relates rather to prominence of figure or size ; massive and massy to compactness or weight. A bulky vessel ; a massy shield ; massive silver or gold. BULL, n. [Dut. «l/-head, Intll-trout, without special refer- ence to its original signification. BULL, n. 1. [L. bulla, a boss ; a knob ; It. bulla ; Dut. n " An msect > g a “fly- Phillips. BULL'-FROG, n. A large species of frog ; — prob- ably so named from the loud croaking noise which it makes. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, £r, Y, short; A, G, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; BULL-HEAD 181 BUNKER, BULI/— HEAD, n. 1. A stupid fellow; a block- head. — See Bill. Johnson. 2. (Ich.) A fish ; the miller’s-thumb. Walton. 3. ( Ent .) A small water-insect. Phillips. BULL-HIDE, n. The skin of a bull. Pope. BUL'LI-MO-NY, n. A mixture of several kinds of grain — written also bullimong, bollimony, and bollimony. [Local.] Crabb. BULL'ION (bfil'yun), »?. [LowL.iwZKo, “massaauri aut argenti.” Ducange. — Fr. billon, base coin.] 1. Gold or silver in the bar or lump ; un- coined gold or silver. Braiule. The balance of trade must of necessity be returned in coin or bullion. Bacon. 2. Gold and silver coined or uncoined, but con- sidered simply as material according to weight. Foreign coin hath no value here for its stamp, and our coin is bullion in foreign dominions. Locke. 3. t A hook for fastening dress ; a button ; a clasp. Elyot. BULL'ION-IST, n. An advocate for an exclusive- ly metallic currency, or for a paper currency always convertible into gold. Ogilvie. BUL'LI-UAg, v. a. To insult in a bullying man- ner. [Local and low.] — See Ballarag. Todd. BULL'ISH, a. Partaking of the nature of a bull, or of a blunder. Milton. BULL'JST, n. [Fr . bulliste.] A writer of papal bulls'. Harmar. BUL'LITIJ, n. ( Geol.) A fossil shell of the genus Bulla of Linnaeus. Smart. f BUL-LF'TION, n. [L. bullio , bullitus, to bubble ; Fr. bouillir, to boil.] Ebullition. Bacon. BUL'LOCK, n. [A. S. bulluca, a young bull ; Ger. bullocks, a gelded bull.] An ox or castrated bull. BUL'LOCK’S-EYE, n. A small, round sky-light. — See Bull’s-Eye, No. 2. Craig. BULL'-SEGG, n. See Bull-stag. Brockett. BULL’ip'— EYE (bulz'l), n. 1. ( Naut .) A small, oval block of stout wood, having a groove around it for a strap, and a hole in the middle for reeving a stay or rope through it : — a piece of thick glass inserted in a deck : — a small cloud, ruddy in the centre, supposed to indicate a storm. Dana. Craig. 2. (Arch.) A small, circular opening for the admission of light or air. Weale. 3. (Astron.) The bright star Aldebaran in the constellation Tamms. Young. 4. (Gunnery.) The point in the middle of a target. Craig. 5. A coarse kind of sweetmeat. Halliwell. 6. A policeman’s lantern. Clarke. BULL'— STAG, n. A gelded bull; — used in the south of England as bull-segg is used in the north of England and in Scotland. — Boar-stag and ram-stag are also used in the south of Eng- land. — See Stag. Holloway. BULL'— TROUT, n. A large kind of trout ; the Salmo eriox of Linnreus. Yarrell. BULL'-WEED, n. Knapweed. Johnson. BULL'-WORT (bul'wurt), n. (Bot.) An umbel- liferous plant ; bishop’s-weed. Crabb. BUL'LY, n. [Etymology uncertain. — Skinner sug- gests burly and bull-eyed ; Webster A. S. bul- gian, to bellow ; Richardson and others the pope’s bull. — Gael. § Ir. bollsgair, a boaster.] A noisy, blustering, quarrelling fellow. “ A crew of roaring bullies.” L' Estrange. BUL'LY, V. a. \i. BULLIED ; pp. BULLYING, BUL- LIED.] To overbear with menaces ; to treat with insolence. Tatler. BUL'LY, v.n. To be noisy; to bluster. While Bradshaw bullied in a broad-brimmed hat. Bramston. BUL'Ly-lNG, n. The conduct of a bully. Beattie. BUL'RUSH, n. A large rush, which grows in wet grounds, and without knots ; Pemcillaria spi- cata. Loudon. BUL'RIJSH-Y, a. Made of bulrushes. Huloet. BULSE, n. An East Indian word, denoting a certain quantity of diamonds. Jodrell. Whether a bulse or a few sparks of diamonds. Boswell. BUL’TIJL [bul'tel, K. Sm. ; bfil'tel, Ja.], n. [Low L. bultellus.) 1. A bolter-cloth or bolter. Todd. 2. The bran after sifting. Chambers. BUL'TOW, n. A mode of fishing practised on the Newfoundland banks, by means of several hooks attached to one line. Simmonds. BUL'WARK, n. [Dut. bolwerk-, Ger. bollwerk-, Dan. bolvcerk ; Fr. boulevart .] (Fort.) 1. A mound of earth around a place to pro- tect it from an enemy ; a bastion ; a rampart. 2. A fortification, or other means of defence. Our naval strength is a bulwark to the nation. Addison . 3. A security ; a safeguard. Barrow. 4. pi. (Naut.) The woodwork or boarding round a vessel, above her deck, nailed to the stanchions and timber-heads. Dana. Syn. — See Fortification. BUL'WARK, v. a. To fortify with bulwarks. “ Bulwarked town.” Addison. BUM, n. [Gael. Ir. bun ; Dan. bund, bottom.] The buttocks. [Low.] Shak. BUM, v. n. [Gr. /So/i/h'w, to sound hollow ; Dut. bommen, to resound.] To make a hollow noise or report. Marston. BUM-BAi'LIFF, n. [Corrupted from bound-bai- liff. \ An under bailiff. [Vulgar.] Shak. BUM'BARD, n. See Bombard. Shak. BUM'bAst, n. See Bombast. Shak. BUM-BE'LO, n. (Chem.) A glass flask, or mat- rass of flattened ovoid, shape, in which cam- phor is sublimed. Brande. BUM'BLE, n. A local name for the bittern. Ogilvie. BUM'BLE, v. n. To make a humming noise. [Lo- cal, Eng.] Halliwell. BUM'BLE-BEE, n. The wild hee ; the humble- bee; — probably so named from the bumming or buzzing it makes. Todd. BUM'BOAT (bum'bot), n. [Eng. boom and boat, a boat with one boom.] (Naut.) A large, clumsy boat, used in carrying provisions to a ship from the shore. Todd. BU-ME ' LI-A, n. [L., from Gr. (3ou yella , a large kind of ash ; /3uu, great, and yei.ia, the ash.] (Bot.) A genus of trees ; the bully-tree. Loudon. BUM'KIN, n. (Naut.) A short boom, or beam of timber, projecting from each bow of a ship. Crabb. BUMP, n. I. [Goth. § Icel. bomps, a blow.] A stroke or blow. Brockett. 2. The noise made by' the bittern. Skelton. 3. [W.pwmp, something round.] A swelling ; a protuberance. Shak. 4. (Phrenology.) A protuberance on the skull said to correspond to a similar elevation in the brain, and to indicate a separate faculty or af- fection of the mind. BUMP, v. n. [Dut. bommen, to resound.] \i. bumped ; pp. bumping, bumped.] To make a loud noise, as the bittern. Dryden. BIJMP, v. a. [Goth. $ Icel. bomps, a blow.] To strike against something solid and blunt ; to thump or bring forcibly together. Holloway. BUMP'JJR, n. [Fr . bon-pere, good father: — the good father, meaning the pope, wdiose health was always drunk by the monks after dinner in a full glass. R. IF. Hamilton .] 1. A cup or glass filled till the liquor swells over the brim. Dryden. 2. A crowded house at a theatre, in honor of some favorite performer. Ogilvie. BUMP'KIN, n. [ Todd suggests bumkin, in the sense of a block of wood, or blockhead, the word being spelled without the p (“bumkin, a coun- try clown ”) in Kersey’s Dictionary of 1707.] An awkward, heavy rustic; a clown. I count him but a country bumpkin. Sir T. Browne. The country bumpkin the same livery wears. Dryden. BUMP'KIN-LY, a. Like a bumpkin. Clarissa. BUMP'TIOUS, a. Conceited ; forward ; proud. [A cant word ; local, Eng.] Bristed. To think of a bumptious young M. A. Ec. Rev. BUMP'TIOUS-NESS, n. Conceitedness. Beade. BUN, n. See Bunn. BUNCH, n. [Goth. 5; Dan. bunko, a heap.] 1. A hard lump ; a knob ; a hunch ; as, “ The bunch on the back of a camel.” 2. A cluster ; as, “ A bunch of grapes.” 3. A number of things tied together ; as, “ A bunch of keys.” 4. Something in the form of a tuft or knot ; as, “ A bunch of ribbon ” ; “A bunch of hair.” 5. (Mining.) A small quantity of ore in a mine. Weale. BUNCH, v. n. To swell out in a hunch. Woodward. BUNCH'-BACKED (bunch'bakt), a. Crookbacked. “ Foul bunch-backed toad.” Shak. BUNCH'I-NESS, n. The quality of being bunchy ; state of growing in bunches. Sherwood. BUNCH' Y, a. 1. Growing in bunches ; having tufts. “ Distinguished from other birds by his bunchy tail.” Grew. 2. (Mining.) Variable in the yield; some- times rich and sometimes poor. Weale. BUN COMBE 7 (bung'kum), n. [From Buncombe, BUN'KUM ) N. C.] A cant term for a body of constituents, or for some selfish or sinister pur- pose ; as, “To speak for Buncombe.” [U. S.] BUS” When a member of Congress, from the county of Buncombe, some years since, was making a speech in Congress, many of the members left tile hall. He very naively told those who remained that “they might go too — lie was only talking fox Buncombe.” W heeler's History of North Carolina. BUN'DLE, n. [A. S . byndel ■, Ger. biindel; Dut.. bundel; M. bundcil.] A number of things bound together ; a package made up loosely ; a roll. BUN'DLE, V. a. [t. BUNDLED ; pp. BUNDLING, bundled.] To form, or tie, into bundles. BUN'DLE, v. n. 1. To prepare for departure ; — to set off in a hurry ; to depart, [u.] Smart. 2. To sleep together with the clothes on. BUN'DLE-PIL'LAR, n. (Arch.) A colunin or pier, with others of small dimensions around it and attached to it. Francis. BUN'DLING, 11 . The act of one that bundles. BUNG, n. [W. bwng ; Fr. bondon ; Dut. spond.] A stopple or stopper for a barrel. Mortimer. BUNG, v. a. To stop or close with a bung. Kersey. B UN 'G A- LOW, n. A pent-roofed house, built of light materials. [India.] Brown. BUNG'— HOLE, n. The hole at which a barrel is filled. Shak. BUN'GLE (bung'gl), v. ii. [W. bonglera, to bun- gle.] [i. BUNGLED ; pp. BUNGLING, BUNGLED.] To perform clumsily. Dryden. BUN'GLE, v. a. To botch; to do clumsily; — with up. “ Seams coarsely bungled up.” Dryden. BUN'GLE, n. A botch; a clumsy performance. “Errors and bungles.” Cudicorth. BUN'GLpR (bung'gler), n. [W. bonglerin, a bun- gler.] A bad or clumsy workman. Swift. BUN'GLING (bung'gljng), a. 1. Clumsy; awk- ward ; as, “ A bungling workman.” 2. Ill done ; as, “ A bungling piece of work.” BUN'GLING-LY, ad. Clumsily. Bentley. BUN'GO (bung'go), n. A kind of boat used in the southern portion of the United States. Bartlett. BU’NI-AS, n. [L., from Gr. flowtas, a kind of turnip.] (Bot.) A genus of European plants that grow in exposed situations. Loudon. BUN'ION (bun'yun), n. An inflamed swelling on the inside of the ball of the great toe. — See BunYon. BU'NI-UM, n. [Gr. (iotvtov ; L .bunion.) (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants ; earth-nut, pig- nut, hawk-nut, &c. Loudon. BUNK, n. 1. A piece of timber crossing a sled, to sustain a heavy weight. [U. S.] Bartlett. 2. A wooden box or case serving for a seat during the day, and for a bed at night. N. A. Bev. BUNK'IJR, n. A seat in a window which also serves for a chest. [Scotland.] Jamieson. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON ; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9, g, soft ; C, G, £, g, hard; ^ as z ; % as gz. — THIS, this. BUNN 182 BURGMASTER BUNN, n. [Scot, bun ; Ir. bonna.) A kind of sweet bread ; a cake. Gay. BUNN'IAN (bun'yan), n. An excrescence on the toe. — See Bunyon. Rowe. BUN'NY, n. (Mining.) A large collection of ore without any vein leading into it or going out of it. if eale. BUN'SING, n. (Zolil.) A fetid animal found at the Cape of Good Hope. Buchanan. BUNT, n. ( Naut .) The middle part, or cavity of a sail. Harris. BUNT, v. n. 1. To swell out, as a sail. Johnson. 2. To push with the head ; to butt. 3. To run. [Local.] Halliwell. 4. To raise; to rear. [Local.] Halliioell. BUNT'f R, n. A woman who picks up rags in the street ; a low, vulgar woman. Goldsmith. BUN'TINE, n. A thin woollen stuff used for ships’ colors. — See Bunting. IV eale. BUNT'ING, n. 1. A thin woollen stuff of which a ship’s colors and signals are made. Crabb. 2. ( Ornith .) A small bird of the order Pas- seres and sub-family Emberizinee. — See Em- beriziNjE. Gray. BUNT'LINE, n. (Naut.) A rope used for hauling up the body of a sail. Dana. BUN'YON, (bun’yun), n. [Gr. founds, a hill, a heap.] An enlargement and inflammation of the bursa mucosa, or membranous sac, on the inside of the ball of the great toe: — written also bunion. Dunglison. By-b’NO CAR'DO.n. [It.] (Mus.) An instru- ment resembling a spinet. Crabb. || BUOY (bwby or boy) [bwby, S. IF. J. F. K. Sm. C . ; boy, P. E. Ja. “ On board of a ship, where the word buoy is always occurring, it is called a boy ; though the slow, correct pronun- ciation is bwoy." Smart), n. [Dut. boei ; Ger. boje; Sp. boy a ; Fr. bourc.) (Naut.) A floating object, commonly a close, empty cask, or a block of wood, to indicate shoals, anchoring places, or the place of an anchor or other ob- ject beneath the water : — any light body used to support in the water another body, which would otherwise sink. Brande. Life-buoy, a buoy to prevent persons from drown- ing. — To stream a buoy, to drop it into tile water be- fore letting go the anchor. II BUOY, V. a. [i. BUOYED ; pp. BUOYING, BUOYED.] To keep afloat ; to bear up. Woodward. || BUOY, v. n. To float. “ Rising merit will buoy up at last.” Pope. || BUOY'AfjfE, n. A series of buoys or floating beacons, for the guidance of vessels into or out of port, &c. Ogilvie. || BUOY'ANCE, n. Same as Buoyancy. Qu. Rev. || BUOY'AN-CY, n. 1. The state or quality of being buoyant, or of rising or floating in a liquid or aftriform fluid ; lightness. Thus useful is the air. All the winged tribes owe their flight and buoyancy to it. Derham . 2. Vivacity ; as, “ Buoyancy of spirits.” || BUOY'ANT (boy'ant), a. 1. Tending to rise or to float ; light. “ Buoyant on the flood.” Pope. 2. Cheerful ; hopeful ; vivacious. “ So full of buoyant spirit.” Thomson. || BUOY'ANT-LY, ad. In a buoyant manner. || BUOY'— ROPE (boy 'rop), n. (Naut.) A rope to fasten the buoy to the anchor. Ash. BU'PHA-GJl, n. [Gr. 0ob;, an ox, and 0dyii), to eat.] (Ornith.) A genus of African birds ; the beef-eater or ox-eater ; — so named from its feeding on the larvae of the gadfly bred in the skin of oxen, and other cattle. Brande. BU-P ft Ay ' I-JTJE, n. (Or- nith.) A sub-family of birds of the order Pas- seres and family Stur- nidee ; beef-eaters. Gray. BU-PRES'TI-DAN, n. [Gr. PounpriGTts, fiouirpyaribos, a poisonous beetle ; 0ous, Buphaga Africana. an ox, and nprjOui, to cause to swell up.] (Ent.) A coleopterous insect of many species, some of which are of brilliant colors. Kirby. BUR, BOUR, BOR, n. [A. S. bur.) An inner chamber; a place of retirement — See Bower. BUR, n. [Fr. bourre, the down on herbs and fruits.] The prickly head of the burdock, chest- nut, &c. : — written also burr. Milton. fBU'RAC, n. (Chem.) A general name used for- merly for all kinds of salts. Crabb. BUR'BOLT, n. A blunt, pointless arrow; bird- bolt. Shah. BUR'BOT, n. A fish full of prickles ; the eel-pout; the Gadus lota of Lin- meus. Yarrell. BUR-DE-LAIS' (biii-de-la'), n. [Fr. Bourdelais.) A sort of grape. Johnson. BUR'DEN (biir'dn), n. [A. S. byrden , byrthen ; Ger. b/irde ; Dan. byrde.) 1. Something to be borne or carried ; a load, or weight : — an encumbrance. 2. The quantity that a ship will carry ; cargo ; freight. “ The bark Raleigh, of two hundred tons burden.’’ Oldys. 3. Any thing grievous or wearisome. None of the things they are to learn should ever be made a burden to them. Locke. 4. [Fr. bourdon, a staff.] f A club. Chaucer. Written also burthen. Syn. — Burden means the weight borne ; load, the weight imposed. Load excites the active, burden the passive idea. Bear a burden ; carry a load. — See Freight. BUR'DEN, n. [It. bordone ; Fr. bourdon, the drone or bass in a musical instrument.] The verse repeated in a song, or the return of the theme at the end of each verse ; the chorus. Brande. BUR'DEN (biir'dn), v.a. [i. BURDENED; pp. BUR- DENING, burdened.] To put a burden upon ; to load. With meats and drinks they had sufficed, Not burdened, nature. Milton. BUR'DEN-pR (biir'dn-er), n. One who burdens. f BtiR'DEN-OUS, a. Burdensome. Milton. BUR'DEN-SOME (biir'dn-siim), a. Troublesome to be borne ; grievous ; oppressive ; heavy. “ By which [our prayers] the most burdensome duty will become light.” Rogers. Syn. — See Weighty. BUR'DEN-SOME-LY, ad. In a burdensome man- ner. Dr. Allen. BUR'DEN-SOM E-NESS, n. The quality of being burdensome ; weight ; heaviness. Johnson. BUR'DOCK, n. A genus of plants, with rough, bristly fruit ; Arctium. “ The burdock is . . . familiar to every schoolboy.” Loudon. BUR'DON, n. [Fr. bourdon.) A pilgrim’s staff. IV eale. BU-REAU' (bu-ro' or bu'ro) [bu-ro', S. IF. P.J.E. F. Ja. K. Sm. R. ; bu'ro, I Vb.), n. ; pi. Fr. bu- reaux; Eng. bureaus (bu-roz'). [Fr.] 1. A chest of drawers, with conveniences for writing. 2. A chest of drawers for clothes ; a cabinet. 3. A place where the duties of an office are transacted ; an office ; a counting-house. Brande. 4. A department of government. flgyln most European countries, the highest de- partments of government have the name of bureau ; as, “ The bureau of the minister for foreign affairs.” In England and the United States, the term is con- fined to subordinate departments. BU-REAU'CRA-UY (bu-ro'kra-se), n. [Fr. bureau- cratic.) A system by which the business of ad- ministration is carried on in departments each under the control of a chief, in contradistinc- tion to those systems in which the officers of government have a coordinate authority. [Mod- ern.] Brande. BU-REAU'CRAT (bu-ro'krat), n. Same as Bu- reaucratist. Qu. Rev. bCT-REAU-CRAT'IC, ) a. Relating to bureau- Bfl-REAU-CRAT'I-CAL, ) cracy. West. Rev. BU-REAU 'CRA-TIST (Im-ro'krsi-tlst), n. An ad- vocate for, or supporter of, bureaucracy ; a bu- reaucrat. West. Rev. BU'RpT, n. [Fr. burette, a cruet.] A drinking vessel, [r.] Halliwell. B U-RETTE ', n. [Fr., a cruet.) (Chem.) An in- strument used for dividing a given portion of any liquid into 100 or 1000 equal parts. Brande. BURG, n. See Borough, Burgh, and Burrow. 1! 1 R C A G K, n. [Fr. bourgaqe .] (Enq. Law.) A tenure proper to cities and towns, whereby men hold their lands or tenements of the king or other lord, for a certain yearly rent. Cowell. BUR'gALL, n. (Ich.) A small fish found on the east- ern coast of the United States ; Conner ; blue- perch ; chogset ; Ctenolabrus cceruleus. Bartlett. BUR-GA-MOT', n. [Fr. bergamotte .] 1. A species of pear. Johnson. 2. A perfume. — See Bergamot. Johnson. BUR'GA-NET, n. [Fr. bourguignotte.) A kind of helmet ; — written also burgonet. Spenser. BUR'GEE, n. 1. A kind of small coal. Simmonds. 2. A distinguishing flag or penn ant. Sfwmowcfa. BVRGF.OIS (borzh'wfi'), n. [Fr. bourgeois.) A citizen; a burgess. — See Bourgeois. Addison. BUR-(i!E0lS' (bur-jois'), n. See Bourgeois. BUR'GEON, v. n. See Bourgeon. Todd. BUR'fgEON (bfir'jun), n. [Fr. bourgeon, a bud.] (Hort.) A knot or button put forth by the branch of a tree in the spring. Chambers. BUR'GfSS, n. [Low L. burgarius ; Fr. bourgeois, a citizen.] 1. A person legally admitted as a member of a municipal corporation ; an inhabitant or free- man of a borough or town. Spelman. 2. A representative of a borough, or town, in the British Parliament. Blackstone. 3. A magistrate of a borough. Blount. ngfThe term was formerly applied, in the sense of a representative of a corporate town, to a member of tile lower branch of the legislature of Virginia, which was called the House of Burgesses, now the House of Delegates. BUR'GESS-SHIP, n. Quality of a burgess. South. BURGH (biirg), n. [Gr. Trbpyos ; L. burgus, a tow- er ; A. S. burh, or bureg, a city ; beorg, a hill, a citadel ; Gael, burg ; Fr. bourg, a town.] A corporate town ; a borough. “Several of these burghs send two burgesses.” Graunt. BURGH 'AL, a. Belonging to a burgh. Ed. Rev. BURGH'BOTE, n. [A. S. bureg, a city, and bote, compensation, assistance.] (Eng. Law.) A contribution for the defence of a town. Cowell. BURGH'^R (hiir'ger), n. [Ger. bilrger.) 1. A member of a borough. Knolles. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a body of seceders from the Church of Scotland, who separated in 1739, in consequence of a difference in regard to the lawfulness of taking the burgess oath. Buck. BURGH'JJR-SHlP, n. The privilege of a burgher. BURGH'IST (biirg'jst), a. Belonging, or relating, to a burgh. P. Cyc. BiiRG'HOLD-lJR, n. A tithing-man. — See Bors- holder. Harrison. BURG'LAR, n. One guilty of burglary. Blackstone. f BURG'LAR-^R, n. A burglar. Hudibras. BURG-LA'RI-OUS, a. Relating to burglary. “All of them burglarious entries.” Blackstone. BURG-LA'RI-OUS-LY, ad. With an intent to commit burglary. Booth. BURG'LA-RIST, n. A burglar, [r.] Coleridge. BURG'LA-RY, n. [L. burqus, a town, and latro- cinium, robbery, or Fr. bourg, a town, and lar- recin, robbery ; — its radical meaning being the robbery (or the breaking into, with a view to the robbery), of any fenced or enclosed place, as distinguished from the open country. Burrill.) ( Law .) The crime of breaking open, and enter- ing, the dwelling house of another, in the night, with intent to commit felony. Brande. BURG'mAs-TER, n. See Burgomaster. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, 5, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; BURGMOTE BURSE 183 BURG'MOTE, n. [A. S. burcg, a city or town, and mete, an assembly, — a borough meeting.] (Eng. Law.) A borough court. Burke. BUR'GO-mAs-T^R, n. [Ger. burgomeister ; Put. burgemeester.) A magistrate or chief municipal officer of a Dutch or German city, — answering to the English mayor. Brande. BUR'GO-NET, n. Same as Burganet. BUR-GOO', n. A thick oatmeal gruel, or hulled oats boiled ; — a dish made at sea. Written also burgout. Mar. Diet. BUR'GRA VE, n. [Ger. burg, a castle, and graf, an earl or a count.] An hereditary governor of a castle or a town. Bale. BUR'GIJN-DY, n. A French wine from Burgun- dy. “ The mellow-tasted burgundy .” Thomson. BUR'GUN-DY-PlTCII', n. The resinous juice of the Abies' communis, or spruce-fir; — used in medicine as a stimulating plaster, and so named from Burgundy, in France, where it was first prepared. Loudon. BURG'wArd, n. [A. S. burh-weard ; burh, a castle, and weard, guardianship.] (Eng.) The custody or keeping of a castle. Weale. f BURH (liiir), n. [A. S. burh, a castle or tower.] A defence or protection ; — used in composi- tion. Gibson. || BIJR'I-AL (ber're-al) [ber're-al, W. P. J. F. Sm. C . ; ber'.yal, S. E. K. ; bur'e-al, Jin.], n. [A. S. birgen or byrigels, a burial-place.] Act of bury- ing a dead body ; interment ; inhumation ; sep- ulture. In that she hath poured this oiutment ou my body, she did it for my burial. Matt. xxvi. 12. Syn. — Burial, interment, inhumation, sepulture, and entombment are all used in relation to the bodies of deceased persons, when deposited, with religious cer- emonies, in a consecrated or appropriate place, either in the earth or in a tomb. The term burial, however, is used in a more general sense than the other terms. Dogs are buried, not interred ; human bodies are buried, interred, or entombed. || BUR'I-AL-GROUND (ber're-al-), n. A place for burial ; a burial-place. J. E. Ryland. || BUR'I-AL— PLACE (ber're-ril-plas), n. A place for burial ; a burial-ground. Warton. II BlTR'i-AL— SER'VfCE (ber're-til-ser'vjs), n. Re- ligious service at a funeral. Boswell. || BUR'I-IJR (ber're-er), n. One who buries. “Till the buriers have buried it.” Ezek. xxxix. 15. BU'RIN, n. [Fr.] The tool of an engraver; a graver. Johnson. BURKE, v. a. [i. burked ; pp. burking, BURKED.] 1. To murder with a design to obtain a body for dissection. [A modern term, derived from the name of the murderer, an Irishman, who was hanged for this crime in 1829.] Qu. Rev. Though the murdering of poor, helpless lodgers, afterwards to sell their bodies to surgeons for dissection, cannot be re- garded as a crime in which the nation had a share, or any tiling but the monstrous wickedness of one or two, yet the word to burke, drawn from the name of a wretch who long pursued this hideous traffic, a word which has won its place in the language, will be a lasting memorial in all after times, unless, indeed, its origin should be forgotten, to how strange a crime this age of a boasted civilization could give birth. Trench. 2. To smother ; to shelve ; to get rid of by a side-wind. “ To burke a parliamentary ques- tion.” [Inelegant.] Ogilvie. BURK'£R, n. One who burkes. Ed. Rev. BURK'I^M, n. The practice of burking ; murder. — See Burke, v. a. West. Rev. BURL, v. a. [Fr. bourre, flocks of wool, or the down on herbs and fruits. — See Bur.] [i. BURLED ; pp. BURLING, BURLED.] To dress cloth as fullers do. Johnson. BURL, n. A small knot or lump in thread. Booth. BUR'LACE, n. A sort of grape. — See Burdelais. BUR'LAP, n. A coarse cloth for baling, &c., made of hemp. It. K. Oliver. BURL'EIl, n. A dresser of cloth. Dyer. BUR-LESUUE' (Imr-lesk'), a. [It. burlesco ; bur- lare, to ridicule ; Fr. burlesque .] Tending to excite laughter by contrast between the subject and the manner of treating it ; comic ; sportive ; jocular. Addison. Syn. — See Ludicrous. BUR-LES«aUE' (bur-lesk'), n. A ludicrous repre- sentation or contrast; a composition tending to excite ridicule ; ridicule ; satire ; irony. Burlesque is of two kinds; the first represents mean per- sons in the accoutrements of heroes; the other describes great persons acting and speaking like the basest among the people. Spectator. BUR-LESaUE' (bur-lesk'), V. a. [i. BURLESQUED; pp. BURLESQUING J BURLESQUED.] To turn to ridicule ; to ridicule. Glanville. BIIR-LESQ.UE', v. n. To use burlesque, [r.] BUR-LES'ClUpR (bur-les'ker), n. One who bur- lesques or ridicules. Todd. f BUR'LBT, n. A hood, or head-dress. Elyot. BUR-LET' TA, n. [It.; burlare, to jest.] Acom- ical or farcical opera. Brande. BUR'LI-NESS, n. State of being burly. Drayton. BURL'ING— iR-ONs-> (-I-urnz), n. pi. A sort of pincers. Crabb. BUR'LY, a. [Probably from boorlike. — Sir T. More writes boorely for boorlike.] 1. Great of stature ; bulky ; stout ; lusty. Burly and big, and studious of his ease. Cowper. 2. Replete ; full. “ Burly sacks and full- stuffed barns.” Drayton. 3. Boisterous ; loud. So when a burly tempest rolls his pride. Beaumont. BURN, v. a. [A. S. byrnan ; Ger. brennen ; Dut. branden.] [i. burnt or burned ; pp. burn- ing, BURNT or BURNED.] 1. To consume with fire. Though I give my body to be burned, and have not char- ity, it profiteth me nothing. 1 Cor. xiii. 3. 2. To wound or injure with fire or heat ; as, “ To burn the finger ” ; “ To burn food in cook- ing.” 3. To affect with fire or heat in the processes of the arts ; as, “ To burn bricks ” ; “ To burn limestone ” ; “ To burn colors.” To burn one's fingers, to sutler injury or loss by a speculation. — To burn a bowl, (Game of bowls.) to displace a bowl accidentally. Ogiloic. BURN, v. n. 1. To be on fire. The bush burned with fire, and the bush was not con- sumed. Exod. iii. 2. 2. To appear as if on fire ; to shine; to spar- kle. [R.] The barge she sat in like a burnished throne Burnt on the water. Shak. 3. To feel passion, or emotion. Raleigh, the scourge of Spain, whose breast with all The sage, the patriot, and the hero burned. Thomson. 4. To be in a state of destructive violence; to rage. The groan still deepens, and the combat bums. Pope. 5. To be near finding what is concealed or unknown. [Colloquial.] Hunter. BURN, n. A hurt caused by fire. Boyle. Syn. — Bums are produced by heated solids, and scalds by heated fluids. BURN, n. [Goth, brunna ; A. S. burne.) A brook. [Scotland.] Douglas. BURN'A-BLE, a. That may be burnt. Cotgrave. BURN'£R, n. 1. A person who burns any thing. 2. The part of a lamp that holds the wick. 3. (Gas Fixtures.) The tube through which illuminating gas is made to issue while burning. BUR'NET, n. (Bot.) A plant of several species ; — a British plant whose leaves are sometimes used as a food for sheep ; Poterium sangui- sorba. Brande. BUR'NpT— RO§E, n. A Scotch rose. Booth. BUR'N£T-SAx'I-FRA £> I) hard; § as z; % as gz. — THIS, this. BURST 184 BUSTO 1. An exchange where merchants meet. “ Merchants’ burses.” — See 1Souk.se. Burton. 2. A fund or foundation for the mainte- nance of poor scholars. [France.] Buiste. BURST, v. n. [A. S. berstan ; Dut. &; Ger. bersten. 1 [i. BURST ; PJ). BURSTING, BURST (t BURSTEN).] 1. To break suddenly ; to be rent asunder by internal force ; to break or fly open. Thy presses shall burst out with new wine. Prov. iii. 10. 2. To spring from, or break away. “You burst from my arms.” Pope. 3. To come suddenly; to explod If the worlds In worlds enclosed should on his senses burst. Thomson. 4. To begin an action violently or suddenly. “ She burst into tears.” Arbuthnot. Syn. — See Break. BURST, v. a. To break open suddenly. Else the new wine will burst the bottles. Luke v. 37 . BURST, p. a. 1. Rent asunder. 2. Diseased with a rupture or hernia. Craig. BURST, n. 1. A sudden disruption ; an explosion. Such sheets of fire, such burst of horrid thunder. Shak. 2. A rupture ; a hernia. f BURST'EN (biir'stn), p. from burst. Beau. 3, FI. f BURST'GN-NESS, n. A rupture. Sherwood. BURSTER, n. One that bursts. Cotgrave. BURST'VVORT (-wiirt), n. ( Bot .) A plant former- ly considered efficacious in the cure of hernia ; rupture-wort ; Ilerniaria glabra. Dunglison. BURT, «. A flat fish of the turbot kind. Phillips. BUR'THEN (biir'thn), n. [A. S. byrthen, byrdenk] Somethin" to be borne. “ The rest the burthen bear.” — See Burden. Drayton. BUR'THEN (biir'thn), v. a. To load. — See Burden. f BUR'THEN-OUS (b'ur'thn-us), a. Burdensome. “ The very burthenous earth.” Drayton. BUR'THpN-SOME, a. Burdensome. Burke. BUR'TON (biir'tn), n. ( Nawt .) A small tackle formed of two or more blocks or pulleys, rove in a particular manner. Dana. BUR'TON— ALE, n. A kind of ale which contains about 8J per cent, of alcohol. Brewer. || BUR'Y (ber're) [ber're, S. W.P.J. E. F. K. Sun. R. C. ; bur're, Jak], v. a. [A. S. birgan, or bi- rian ; Ger. bergen.] 1. To put into a grave ; to inter with funeral rites ; to inhume, as a dead body. I come to bun/ Ccesar, not to praise him. Shak. 2. To cover with a mass of earth, water, or other matter. I ’ll break my staff, Burt/ it certain fathoms in the earth. Shak. And all the clouds, that lowered upon our house, In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. Shak. 3. To hide; to conceal; as, “To bury one’s self in seclusion.” To bury the hatchet, to make peace. Syn. — See Buriae. f BUR'Y (ber're), n. [A. S. burh, a castle, a town ; bur, a cottage.] A manor or manor-house ; a dwelling-place : — the same word, originally, as borough, burgh, or burrow , and to be met with in old authors with the same meaning. It is still retained as a termination in the names of many places ; as, “ St. Edmondsitrry ” ; “ Al- dermanA«ri/,” &c. Phillips. BU RY (bu're), n. [Fr .beurrek] A delicate pear, of several varieties. Cotgrave. || BUR'Y-ING, n. Burial. “ Against the day of my burying hath she kept this.” John xti. 7. || BUR'Y-ING— GROUND, n. A place for interring the dead ; a burial-ground. Booth. II BUR'Y-ING-PLACE (ber'-), n. A place for sep- ulture ; a grave-yard ; a cemetery. “ The bury- ing-place of Manoah.” Judges xvi. 31. BUSH, n. [Dan. busk ; Sw. buske ; Ger. busch. — It. bosco ; Sp. bosque ; Fr. bois, a wood.] 1. f A place abounding in trees or shrubs ; a thicket. The angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush. Exod. iii. 2. 2. A thick shrub ; a young tree. Each common bush shall Syrian roses wear. Dnjden. 3. The sign of a tavern in England ; — for- merly an ivy-bush. “Good wine draws cus- tomers without any help of an ivy-bush.” Cot- grave. Hence the proverb, “ Good wine needs no bush.” — It was sometimes applied to the tavern itself. “ Twenty to one you find him at the bush.” Beau. ut. bezig, busy.] 1. Occupied in business ; employed with dili- gence ; actively engaged; as, “To be busy in one’s profession or calling.” 2. Constantly in motion ; brisk ; stirring ; active ; as, “ A busy bee.” 3. Bustling; officious; meddling; trouble- some. “ Meddling monkey or busy ape.” Shak. Syn. — See Active. BU§'Y (biz'ze), v. a. [A. S. bysgian .] [t. bus- ied; pp. busying, busied.] To make busy; to employ ; — used chiefly with the reflective pronoun. Syn. — See Employ. BU§'Y-BC)D-Y (biz'ze-), re. A meddling person. Tattlers and busyhodies are the canker and rust of idleness, as idleness is the rust of time. Bp. Taylor. BUT, conj. [A. S. butan, but, unless, except ; — the imperative, according to Tooke, of botan, to boot, or to add. Bosivorth, however, does not give this word botan in his Dictionary ; and Jamieson says there is no such A. S. verb.] 1. On the other hand, or on the contrary ; — noting contrast or opposition. The memory of the just is blessed; but the name of the ■wicked shall rot. Prov. x. 7. 2. Yet; still; however; nevertheless. Now abideth faith, hope, charity — these three; but. the greatest of these is charity. 1 Cor. xiii. 13. 3. Except that ; if it were not that ; if it be not that ; unless. I here do give thee that with all my heart, Which, but thou hast already, witli all my heart I would keep from thee. Shak. 4. Otherwise than that ; that ; — now com- monly expressed by the phrase but that. It cannot be but Nature hath some director of infinite power to guide her in all her ways. HooTcer. I do not doubt but I have been to blame. Dryden. Lexicographers and grammarians differ much in relation to but. Mr. Todd remarks, “ Dr. Johnson considers but only a conjunction ; whereas it is, in fact, a conjunction, preposition, adverb, and interjec- tion.” — Mr. Smart says, “It is not always a con- junction ; it is a preposition where we say, ‘ I saw no one but him.’ Yet we may, by an ellipsis, still ex- plain it as a conjunction : ‘ I saw no one, but [I saw] him ’ -, or, by another ellipsis, as an adverb: 4 I saw no one, [[ saw] but him,’ that is, 1 only him.’ The simplest explanation, or that which dispenses with the ellipses, is the best.” Syn. — But , however , yet , still , notwithstanding, nevertheless. But, like its corresponding conjunctions in French, Italian, and Greek, has two distinct mean- ings — one in a certain sense conjunctive, and the other disjunctive. The one would be expressed at full length by but yet, the other by but on the contrary. For instance, “This is not summer, but it is almost as warm,” would express the first; and, “This is not summer, but winter,” the second. Horne Tooke was so struck with the difference of these two mean- ings of but, that he referred the word to two separate roots, one being boot (besides), the other be-out (left out). Ingenious as this theory is, it is hardly tena- ble ; for not only in French and Italian, but even in Greek, there is but one conjunction to express these two different meanings. In German, Spanish, and Latin, we find a conjunction for each of these two meanings ; the German aber, the Spanish pero, and the Latin autem , answering to but yet ; and sondern, sino, and sed, to but on the contrary. The other words in the group, all correspond to the first of these two meanings, but yet. The weakest of them all in disjunctive power is however, which seems rather to waive the question than to qualify or alter it. “ This, however , is not essential,” differs in force from, “ But this is not essential”; the latter rather implying that it might be thought essential. Yet is stronger than but, and still even stronger again, as it indicates an exception to what has been said before. It seems an abbreviation of not removed. “All you say is true; still I think,” — this implies that full weight is given to the opponent’s arguments, but that they do not remove the difficulty in the mind of the objector. Notwithstanding and nevertheless are again stronger than still. Nevertheless is the strong- est of all. Whatelips Synonyms. — See However. BUT, prep. [A. S. butan, without. Tooke sugg- ests that it is formed from the imperative of eon , to be, and utan, out.] Excepting ; ex- cept; as, “All but one were lost.” The boy stood on the burning deck, Whence all but him had fled. Hemans. 3UT, ad. Only ; no more than. Born but to die, and reasoning but to err. Pope. BUT, n. [Celt, but ; Fr. bout, end, extremity.] 1. The end of any thing ; — especially the larger end. — See But-end. 2. A boundary ; a bound. Holder. 3. (Ship-building.) The end of a plank join- ing another on the outside of a ship. — See Butt. Hams. 4. (Mech.) The square end of a connecting- rod or other link, to which the bush-bearing is attached by a strap. Ogilvie. 5. [Scottish.] The outer apartment of a house, consisting of only two apartments. Dunbar. BUT, v. n. [Fr. buter, to prop.] [i. butted ; pp. butting, butted.] To touch at one end ; to abut. Cotgrave . BUTCH'ER, n. [Fr. boucher.') 1. One who kills animals in order to preserve, or sell, their flesh. 2. One who delights in slaughter. “ Con- querors, the great butchers of mankind.” Jjocke. BUTCH'ER, v. a. \i. butchered ; pp. butch- ering, BUTCHERED.] 1. To kill and dress for food, as animals. 2. To slaughter or kill with cruelty. Teaching stern murder how to butcher thee. Shak. BUTCH'ER— BIRD, re. ( Ornith .) A dentirostral bird of the genus Passeres and family Laniida ; a kind of shrike ; — so named from its habit of suspending its prey upon thorns to be devoured at leisure. Gray. BUTCH'ER-ING, n. The employment of a butcher. BUTCH']>R-L,I-NESS, re. A brutal or savage man- ner. [r.] Johnson. BUTCH'ER-LY, a. Cruel ; bloody. Ascham. BUTCH'ER— ROW, n. A place where butchers sell their meat ; a row of shambles. Whitlock. BUTCH'ERb?— BROOM, n. An evergreen under- shrub; Ruscus aculcatus ; — formerly used by butchers for sweeping their blocks. Loudon. BUTCH' ER’§— ME AT, or BUTCH'ER— MEAT, n. The flesh of animals, slaughtered for the table. BUTCH'ER-Y, n. 1. The trade of a butcher. 2. The place where animals are killed. “ This house is but a butchery.” Shak. 3. Murder ; massacre ; carnage. Whom gaols, and blood, and butcher y delight. Dryden. Syn. — See Carnage. BUT'— END, n. The blunt end of any thing. “The but-ends of their muskets.” Clarendon. BU' TF.-O, n. [L.] (Ornith.) A sub-genus of accipitrine birds ; the buz- zard. Brande. B u- Til- o-JYl ' At/E, n. (Or- nith.) A sub-family of birds of the order Accipitrcs and family Falconidat ; buzzards. Gray. Buteo vul garis. BUT'— HIN(JE, n. A kind of hinge employed in hanging doors, shutters, &c. Weale. BUT'EpR, n. [Fr. bouteillicr ; bouteille, a bottle.] A servant who has the care of wine and other liquors, and of supplies for the table. “ Butlers forget to bring up their beer.” Swift. BtJT'LpR-At-JE, n. (Old Eng. Law.) A duty of 2s. a tun on wine imported by merchant stran- gers, — paid to the king’s butler. Whishaw. BUT'LJER-ESS, n. A female butler. Chapman. BUT'LIJR-SHIP, n. The office of a butler. “ He restored the chief butler unto his butlership again.” Gen. xl. 21. BIJT'MENT, n. [Fr. aboutissement.] A support on W'hich the foot of an arch stands ; an abut- ment. “The hutments of said arch.” Wotton. fBUT'SHAFT (12), re. An arrow. “The blind boy’s butshaft.” Shak. BUTT, n. 1. [Fr. btit.\ A mark to be shot at; object of aim. The Papists were the butt against whom all the arrows were directed. Clarendon. 2. A person w'ho is the object of jests ; as, “ He was the butt of the company.” 3. [Fr. botte, a thrust.] A blow given by a horned animal. Johnson. 4. A stroke or blow given in fencing. Prior. 5. [A. S. butte ; It. botte.) A large vessel or cask ; — a beer-measure of 108 gallons ; a wine- measure of 120 gallons. “A butt, of sack.” Shak. 6. [Fr. butte.) A short angular ridge of land. 7. [Fr. bout.) The end of a plank where it unites with the end of another : — written also but. Dana. BUTT, v. a. [It. buttare ; Sp. botar, to thrust ; Fr. botte, a thrust.] [ i . butted ; pp. butting, hutted.] To strike with the head or horns. “ The beast . . . butts me away.” Shak. BUTT, v. n. To strike with the head or horns. “ A ram will butt with his head, though he be brought up tame.” Lay. BUTTE, n. [Fr.] A high bank or mound ; an abrupt hill; a conspicuous landmark. Simpson. BUT'TER, n. [Gr. (loiirvpov ; L. butyrum ; A. S. buter-, Dut. boter; Ger. butter; It .butirro; Fr. beurre.) 1. The oily part of milk ; an unctuous sub- stance obtained by churning cream. 2. Any substance resembling butter. Butter of antimony, sesquichloride of antimony. — Butter of arsenic, chloride of arsenic. — Butter of bis- muth, chloride of bismuth. — Butter of cacao, an oily concrete matter obtained from the Chocolate nut : — used in pomatums. — Butter of tin, perchloride of tin. — Butter of wax, the oily part of wax obtained by dis- tillation. — Butter of zinc, chloride of zinc. BUT'TER, V. a. [?. BUTTERED; pp. BUTTERING, buttered.] To spread with butter. “ Words butter no parsnips.” V Estrange. BUT'TER— BIRD, n. The rice-bunting ; — so called in Jamaica. Ogilvie. BUT'TER— BUMP, n. A name of the bittern ; bot- tle-bump. Johnson. BUT'TER-BUR, n. (Bot.) A perennial medicinal plant, having large leaves ; pestilent-wort ; Tussilago petasites. Loudon. BUT'TgR-CIJP, n. (Bot.) A name applied to some species of Ranunculus, or crow-foot, as the Ranunculus bulbosus and Ranunculus acris ; butter-flower ; king’s-cup ; gold-cup. Loudon. BUT'TER— FLoW-gR, n. A buttercup. Gay. BUT'TER-FLY, n. [A. S. buttor-Jleoge, or bufer- flege.) A beautiful winged insect, of many species, belonging to the family Papilionidte ; — so named from the yellow species, or from its appearing in the butter season. Brande. Butterfly valve, (Meek.) adouble clack-valve, or a valve consist- ing of two parts united by a hinge in the centre, and opening in op- posite directions, either over one round hole, or over two holes of a semicircular shape. BUT'TER-IS, n. (Farriery.) An instrument for paring a horse’s hoof ; buttrice. Weale. BUT'TER-Ml LK, re. The milk which remains after the butter is extracted. Arbuthnot. BUT'TfR-NUT, n. An American tree and its fruit ; Juglans cinerea; — called also the oilnut and white-walnut. Loudon. BUT'TER— PRINT, n. A piece of carved wood or a stamp to mark butter with. Locke. BUT'TER— STAMP, n. Butter-print. Craig. BUT'TER— TOOTH, re. One of the broad front teeth. Johnson. BUT'TER— TREE, re. (Bot.) A plant found in Africa and India, whose seeds yield concrete oil like butter ; Bassia butyracea. Loudon. BUT'TER— WIFE, re. A woman who prepares or sells butter. Ld. Herbert. BUT'TER-WO-MAN (-wum-gn), re. A woman who sells butter ; a butter-wife. Shak. BUT'TER- WORT (-wiirt), re. (Bot.) A perennial aquatic plant ; Pinguicula vulgaris. Loudon. BUT'TER-Y, a. Haxing the quality, or appear- ance, of butter. “ Buttery oil.” Floyer. bOt'TER-Y, re. 1. A room where butter, milk, and other provisions are kept ; a pantry. Shak. 2. A room in some colleges where provis- ions and refreshments are kept for students. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — Q, £, g, soft; j B, 6, g, g, hard; § as z; % as gz. — THIS, Ibis. BUTT-HINGE BYE BUTT'— HlN^B, n. A hinge employed in hanging doors, shutters, &c. — See But-hinge. Ogilvie. BUT'TING, it. A boundary of land. Booth. BUT'TING— JOINT, n. (Carp.) A joint between two pieces of wood, of which the surface in one is parallel to the fibres, and in the other per- pendicular or oblique to them, like the joints which the struts and braces form with the truss- posts. Buchanan. BUT'TOCK, n. [Of uncertain etymology. — Dut. bout-, Fr. bout, the end.] 1. The rump. Shah. 2. ( Naut .) The convexity of a ship, behind, under the stern. Mar . Diet. BUT'TON (biit'tn), ii. [It. bottone ; Sp. boton ; Fr. bouton. — W. botum .] 1. A catch of metal or other substance, by which dress is fastened. “ Pray you undo this button.” Shah. 2. A knob ; a little ball. We fastened to the marble certain wires and a button. Boyle. 3. The bud of a plant. The canker galls the infants of the spring Too oil before their buttons be disclosed. Shak. 4. (Carp.) A flat piece of tvood or metal turning on a screw to fasten doors. Craig. 5. (Chem.) A round mass of liquid metal left at the bottom of a crucible after fusion. Brande. 6. (Zoiil.) The sea-urchin. Ainsworth. BUT'TON, v. a. [i. buttoned ; pp. buttoning, BUTTONED.] 1. To fasten with buttons; as, “To button a coat.” 2. f To dress ; to clothe. Shah. BUT'TON-BUSH, n. (Bot.) A shrub that bears flower-balls resembling the balls of the but- ton-wood. Bigelow. BUT'TON-FLO\V-ER, n. (Bot.) A beautiful tropical bush with long spikes of brilliant yel- low flowers, and serrated shining leaves ; Gom- phia. Loudon. BUT'TON— HOLD-gR, ii. One who holds anoth- er by the button ; a bore. Roget. BUT'TON— HOLE (but'tn-hol), n. A loop or hole to admit a button. Shah. BUT'TON— MAK-^R, n. One who makes buttons. BUT'TON— TREE, n. (Bot.) A tropical tree with alternate entire leaves and small heads of yel- lowish flowers ; Conocarpus. Loudon. BUT'TON— WEED, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants ; Spermacoce. Loudon. BUT'TON— WOOD (but'tn-wad), n. (Bot.) A large North-American tree, so named from the rough balls w'hich it produces ; Platanus occidentals : — called also the plane-tree and sycamore. Gray. BUT'TR$SS, n. [Fr. aboutir, to abut upon.] (Arch.) A mass of brick-work, or masonry, built to resist the horizontal thrusts of another mass or structure ; a shore; a prop ; a support. Syn. — A buttress is a permanent structure which abuts against another structure to strengthen it ; a prop is a perpendicular support ; and a shore a support placed obliquely against any thing to bold it up for only a short time. BUT'TRIJSS, V. a. [i. BUTTRESSED ; pp. BUTTRESSING, BUTTRESSED.] To abut against; to prop; to support. “ Buttress up the wall.” Dryden. BUT'TRICE, n. (Farriery.) A tool for paring the hoofs of horses. — See Butteris. Halliwell. P BUT'WINK, n. The name of a bird. Bailey. BU-TY-RA'CEOUS (bu-te-ra'shns) [bu-te-ra'shus, F.Sm.R.; but-e-ra'slius, P. K. C. IFA.], a. [L. butyrum, butter.] Having the qualities of but- ter ; buttery. Floyer. BU'TYR-ATE, n. (Chem.) A salt formed from butyric acid and a base. P. Cyc. BU-TYR'IC, a. (Chem.) Relating to butter; — noting a clear oily acid, of a disagreeable odor, contained in rancid butter, and composed of water, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Graham. A, E, f, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6 186 BU'TyR-INE, n. (Chem.) An oleaginous matter found in butter. P. Cyc. BU'TY-RlTE, n. (Min.) A mineral composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Dana. BU'TY-ROUS [bu'te-rus, Sm. R. ; but'e-rus, P. K. Wb.], a. [L. butyrum, butter.] Having the properties of butter, [r.] Floyer. BUX'B-OUS, a. Relating to the box-tree. Smart. BUX'I-MA, ? n% (Chem.) A vegetable alkali ob- BUX'JNE, > tained from the box-tree ; — (Bux- us sempervirens.) P. Cyc. BUX'OM (buk'sum), a. [A. S. boesum, flexible ; boga, a bough, and sum, some ; Frs. boegsum ; Uer. beugsam ; in Old Eng. boughsome, easily bent to one’s will.] 1. f Obedient ; compliant. Thinking to make them tractable and buxom to his gov- ernment. Spenser. Then with quick fan Winnows the buxom air. Milton. 2. Gay ; lively ; brisk ; sprightly. Filled her with a daughter fair. So buxom , blithe, and debonair. Milton. 3. Wanton; jolly; amorous. “The buxom god [Bacchus].” Dryden. Almighty Jove descends, and pours Into nis buxom bride Ins fruitful showers. Dryden. 4®“ Spelt by early English writers bucksome. Trench. BUX'OM-LY, ad. 1. f Dutifully ; obediently. “ With humble heart full buxomly.” Chaucer. 2. Wantonly; amorously. Johnson. BUX'OM-NESS, n. [A. S. boesumnesse, pliant- ness.] The quality of being buxom. U®=- “ Pliableness or bowsomeness, to wit, hum- bly stooping or bowing down, in sign of obedience. Chaucer writes it buxsomness.” Vcrstegan. BOX' US, n. [L., from Gr. 7r6|oj.] (Bot.) A ge- nus of plants ; the box-tree. Loudon. BUY (bl), v. a. [Goth, bugian ; A. S. by eg an.) [». BOUGHT; pp. BUYING, BOUGHT.] 1. To obtain by paying a price or equivalent in money ; to purchase ; to bargain for. And Joseph’s ten brethren went down to buy com in Egypt. Oen. xlii. 3. 2. To procure as a consequence of something. I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people. Shak. Syn. — Buy and purchase are nearly synonymous ; but buy is the more familiar and simple word, pur- chase. the more formal and refined. Buy necessaries ; purchase luxuries ; bargain for an estate ; cheapen goods. BUY (bl), v. n. To treat about a purchase. “ I will buy with you, sell with you.” Shah. BUY'£R (bl'er), n. One who buys ; a purchaser. t BUZ, interj. Noting contempt. Shah. BUZE, n. [Fr. Attse.] A wooden or leaden pipe to convey air into mines. Crabb. BUZZ, v. n. [Teut. bizzen, to growl ; It. buzzicare, to whisper.] [ i . buzzed ; pp. nuzziNG, buzzed.] 1. To make a humming sound, as bees and other insects ; to hum. A swarm of drones that buzzed about your head. Pope. 2. To make a sound like that made by bees ; to whisper. “ The buzzing multitude.” Shak. BUZZ, v. a. To whisper ; to spread secretly. I will buzz abroad such prophecies, That Edward shall be fearful of his life. Shak. BtlZZ, n. 1. The humming noise made by a bee or other insect ; a hum. 2. A whisper; a murmur. “I found the whole room in a buzz of politics.” Addison. BUZ'ZARD, n. [Fr. busard ; Ger. buszaar.] 1. (Ornith.) A sluggish bird of the order Ac- cipitres, family Falcoriidce, and sub-family Bu- teoninoe. — See Buteoninje. Gray. 2. A blockhead ; a dunce. Ascham. American buzzard, the Butco borealis of Bonaparte; white-breasted hawk. — Bald buzzard, the osprey, or Falco halitetns of Linnatus. BtJZ'ZARD, a. Senseless ; stupid, [r.] Milton. BUZ'ZARD-ET, n. A species of buzzard. Crabb. BUZZ'ER, n. One that buzzes. Shak. BUZZ'ING, n. A humming noise ; incessant low talk. Maunder. BUZZ'ING-LY, ad. In a manner like the buzz- ing or humming of a bee. Craig. i, U, Y, short; A, £, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, BY (hi or b [Gr. (Juoao;, fine flax, and the f BYS'SIN, ) linen made from it.] A silk or linen h'ood. Gower. BYS'SINE, a. Made of fine linen or of silk. Coles. BYS'SO-LlTE, re. [Gr. pvaaos, flax, and ).ido a stone.] {Min.) A soft, fibrous mineral from the Alps. Brande. BYS'SUS, n. [L., from Gr. pboaos, flax.] 1. Pine linen or cotton stuff among the an- cients. Bp. Patrick. 2. {Conch.) A long, delicate, and silky fas- ciculus of filaments or hairs by which some shell-fishes are attached to rock. P. Cyc. 3. {Bot.) A name formerly given to all those filamentous plants which inhabit cellars and other underground close places, and on which no fructification is found : — also vegetation of a similar kind growing in the air. Brande. BY'— STAND-fR, re. One standing near ; a look- er-on ; a spectator. Locke. BY'— STREET, re. An obscure street. Gay. BY'— STROKE, re. A private stroke ; a side-blow. BY'— TURN-ING, re. An obscure road. Sidney. BY'-VIEW (bl'vu), re. Self-interested purpose. “No by-views of his own.” Atterbury. BY'— WALK (bl'w&wk), re. A private walk. Dryden. BY'— WASH (-wosh), n. An artificial water-course, to allow the escape of water from a reser- voir. Raiolinson. BY'-WAy (bl'wa), re. A private and obscure way. “ Highways and by-ways.” Grattan. t BY'— WEST, a. To the west of. Davies. BY'— WIPE, re. A secret stroke or sarcasm. Wherefore that conceit of Legion with a by-wipe ? Milton. BY' WORD (bi'vviird), n. [A. S. biword, a proverb.] 1. A saying ; a proverb ; an adage ; a saw. I knew a wise man that had it for a byvjord , when he saw men hasten to a conclusion, “ Stay a little, that we may make an end the sooner.” Bacon. 2. An example for reproach and warning. We are become a bi/worr l among the nations for our ridic- ulous feuds and animosities. Addison. 3. A cant word ; as, “ The byxcords of the vulgar.” Syn. — See Axiom. BY-ZAN'TIAN, a. {Geog.) Byzantine. Craig. BYZ'AN-TINE, a. Belonging to Byzantium. bKz'an-tIne, re. See Bizantine, and Bezant. C the third letter of the alphabet, is a conso- s nant, and has two sounds, one hard, like k, before a, o, u, l, r, and t ; the other soft, like s, before e, i, and y : — combined with the letter h, it has three different sounds : the first, its proper English sound, nearly equivalent to tsh, as in church ; the second, in words from the French, equivalent to sh, as in chaise ; the third, in words from the Greek, equivalent to k, as in chord. — C, as a numeral letter, denotes a hun- dred. — In music, it represents the key-note of the major, and the third of the minor natural scale ; and placed after the clef, it is the sign of common time, and that each bar is equal to a semibreve in duration. CAB, re. pi?.] A Hebrew measure, of about three pints. " Calmet. CAB, re. 1. A kind of chaise, or carriage, with two or four wheels, drawn by one horse ; — so used as an abbreviation of cabriolet. W. Ency. 2. A small structure on a locomotive engine serving as a shelter to the engineer. Rice. CA-bAL', re. [Fr. cabale .] A small body of men, united to effect some party or sinister purpose ; a junto ; a set : — a plot, — used in a bad sense. The judges being all of the same cabal. Theophania, 1055. We use to say. He is not received into our cabal-, that is, He is not received into our council, or is not privy to our secrets. Blount's Glossographia (3d ed., 1610). Lord Clifford was made lord treasurer, Lord Arlington and Lord Lauderdale had both of them the garter; and as Ar- lington was made an earl, Lauderdale was made a duke: and this junto, together with the Duke of Buckingham, being called the cabal, it was observed that cabal proved a technical word, every letter in it being the first letter of those five — Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale. Burnet's Oton Times. tiGD “ The word cabal [a junto] appears to come from the French cabale." P. Cyc. It lias been stated, by some authors, that this word was formed from the first letters of the names of the five ministers of Charles II. ; but the word was in use, with a some- what similar meaning, before the formation of that ministry, which, according to Hume, was formed in 1670. Tlie word was doubtless originally derived from the Hebrew : hut it now differs widely in mean- ing from the Hebrew word cabal, which, in the Dic- tionaries of Dyche and Barclay, has the accent on the first syllable ; yet all the principal English Pronounc- ing Dictionaries pronounce both w ords, or the same word in different senses, with the accent on the sec- ond syllable. In Hudibras, the two words are differ- ently accented. Syn. — See Faction. CA-BAl', v. re. [Fr. cabaler .] [i. caballed; pp. caballing, caballed.] To form plots ; to plot ; to intrigue ; to conspire. What those caballing captains may design. Dryden. CA'BAL, re. [See Cabala.] A secret science. Same as Cabala. — See Cabala. For mystic learning, wondrous able In magic, talisman, and cabal. Hudibras. The childish fancies and fables of the Jewish rabbins in Iheir talmud and cabal. Hakewill. CAB'A-LA, re. [Heb. ^3]?, to receive, as a law; It. hard ; § as 7.; as gz. — THIS, this. CABBAGE-WORM 188 CACTACEOUS CAB'BA£E-WORM (kSb'bij-wurm), n. A cater- pillar which particularly infests cabbage. Crabb. CA-BE ' CA, n. A fine India silk. Crabb. CA-BEER', n. A coin current at Mocha, equal to 2s. 6 d. sterling. Crabb. CA-BESSE ', n. Same as Caheca. Crabb. CAB 'I-Jli, n. An animal of South America resem- bling a hog. — See Capibaka. Boag. CAb'I.N, n. [Per. kabab, a cot ; Arab, kaban , a tent ; Turk, ciobani ; W. Cuban ; It. capanna ; Sp. cabana, a cottage ; Fr. cabane .] . 1. A small room. Spenser. 2. A cottage or a small house ; a hut. Flaying off the green surface of the ground to cover their cabins. Swift. 3. A temporary habitation ; a tent ; a booth. Some of green boughs their slender cabins frame. Fairfax. 4. (Naut.) An apartment in a vessel for the officers and better class of passengers. CAB'IN, v. n. [i. CABINED ; pp. CABINING, cab- ined.] To live as in a cabin. “ Suck the goats, and cabin in a cave.” Shak. CAB'IN, v. a. To confine in a cabin. “Now I’m cabined, cribbed, confined.” Shak. CAB'IN— BOY, n. A servant boy on board a ship. CAB'INED (kab'ind), a. Belonging to a cabin. “ Cabined loophole.” Milton. CAb'I-NET, n. [Dim. of cabin ; It. qabinetto ; Sp .gabinete ; Fr. A Dan. cabinet ; Dut. kabinet.] 1. A closet ; a small room. At both corners let there be two cabinets. Bacon. 2. f A hut ; a cot or tent. Spenser. 3. A set of boxes or drawers for curiosities ; a private box. Swift. 4. Any close place in which things of value are hidden. Thy breast hath ever been the cabinet Where I have locked my secrets. Denham. 5. A room in which private consultations are held. You began in the cabinet what you afterwards practised in the camp. Di'yden. 6. The collective body of ministers of state who direct the government of a nation or coun- try ; — called also the ministry. Braude. cAb'I-NET, v. a. To enclose, [r.] Ileicyt. CAb'I-NET-COUN'CIL, n. A council of state, or of cabinet ministers, held with privacy, to de- liberate on public affairs. Blackstone. CAB'!-NET-MAK'JJR, n. One who makes articles of wooden furniture, which require nice work- manship. Mortimer. CAB'IN— MATE, n. One who occupies the same cabin. CA-BI’ RI,n.pl. [L.,from Gr. KAfiftpot, said to he so named from Kd/ffipos, a mountain in Berecyntia.] (Myth.) Ancient Pelasgian divinities, eight in number, whose worship was originally celebrat- ed with mysterious rites in Lemnos and Samo- thrace, and afterwards throughout all Greece, and was found even in Egypt. They were rep- resented as dwarfs, with large genitals, and were called sons of Vulcan, as being masters in the art of working metals. Liddell raphy. Coleridge. CAL-LIG'RA-PHIsT, ii. A calligrapher. P. Mag. CAL-LlG'R A-PHY, n. [Gr. Kalhypaipia ; Kalis, beautiful, and ypdipto, to write.] 1. The art of beautiful writing; fine penman- ship. “ My calligraphy , a fair hand.” B. Jonson. 2. Belles-lettres, [it.] R. Park. CAl-LI-MAN'CO, n. [Sp. ealimaco, or calamaco.] A woollen stuff. — See Calamanco. W. Ency. CALL'ING, n. 1. Act of one who calls. 2. Vocation ; profession ; trade ; occupation ; business ; employment. South. 3. A class of persons united by the same em- ployment. It may be a caution not to impose celibacy on whole call- inffs. Hammond. 4. Divine vocation, call, or invitation. Tt is our vocation, our calling ; and He who called us to it will fit us for it, and strengthen us in it. 'Dench • 5. Appellation ; title. I am more proud to be Sir Rowland’s son. His youngest son. and would not change that calling To be adopted heir to Frederic. Shak. Syn. — See Business. CAL-LI-OJX’Y-MUS, n. [L., from Gr. Kalis, beau- tiful,' and ovojia. a name.] (Ich.) A genus of beautiful spiny-finned fishes. Brande. CAL-LI'O-PIJ, n. [L., from Gr. Kalhiirr] ; Kalis, beautiful, and o<|, inis, a voice.] 1. ( Myth.) The Muse who presided over elo- quence and epic poetry. 2. (Astron.) An asteroid discovered by Hind in 1852. Lovenng. A, E, I, O, 0, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, £, J, O, U, Y, obscure; fArE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CALLIPiEDIA 193 CALVE S-SNOUT 3. (Mas.) A musical instrument of recent in- vention, consisting of a series of pipes, having keys, and operated on by steam instead of air. CAL-LI-PJE 'DI-A, n. [L., from Gr. KaUbraiHia ; Kalis, beautiful, and na?s, iraiSis, a child.] A beautiful offspring or progeny. Smart. CAL-LI-PASIF, n. (Cookery.) The gelatinous substance, of a dull greenish tinge, which forms a part of the upper shield of a turtle. W. Ency. cAL-LI-PEE', n. (Cookery.) The gelatinous substance, of a light yellowish color, which be- longs to the lower shield of a turtle. W. Ency. cAl'LI-PJ|JR§, n. See Calipees. Moxon. CAL-LI-sAu' RUS, n. [Gr. t calis, beautiful, and aaijpos, a lizard.] (Zo : '/l.) A genus of great- bellied lizards allied to Iguana. Van Dcr lloeven. cAL-LJS-THEN'JCS.n. See Calisthenics. Boag. cAl' LI-TRIX, n. [Low L. ; L. pi. callitriches, a kind of monkey in Ethiopia ; Gr. Kallidpt £, Kallirpt^os, fair-haired.] (Zoiil.) A species of green monkey. Goldsmith: CAL-LOG'R A-PH Y, 11 . See CALLIGRAPHY. Erf. /feu. CAl'LOSE, a. [L. callosus.] (Bot.) Furnished with callosities ; hardened. Gray. CAL-LOS'I-TY, n. [L. callositas ; Fr. callosite.] \.(Mcd.)A hard swelling, without pai n. Hooper. 2. (Bot.) A thickened spot. Gray. CAL'LOT, n. [Fr. calotte .] A cap ; a covering for the head in Barbary. Th. Campbell. CAL-L0-TE£H'NICS, n. pi. [Gr. Kalis, beautiful, and re^va, an art.] The fine arts. It. Park. CAL'LOUS, a. [L. callosus ; callus, a hard skin ; It. § Sp. calloso; Fr. callcux.\ 1. Indurated; hardened; — applied, in sur- gery, to parts that arc morbidly hard, and in botany, to seeds which are hard. Hooper. 2. Insensible ; unfeeling ; apathetic. Fattened in vice, so callous and so gross. Drytlen. It is an immense blessing to be perfectly callous to ridi- cule. Dr. Aj-nold. Syn. — See Hard. cAl'LOUS-LY, ad. In a callous manner. CAL'LOUS-NESS, n. 1. Hardness, as of the flesh. “ A callousness of his feet.” Bp. Taylor. 2. Insensibility. “ A callousness and numb- ness of soul.” Bentley. CAL'LOW (kal'lo), a. [L. cahms, bald; A. S. calo, bald.] Unfledged ; naked. Milton. CAl ’L U-JYA, n. [Gr. Kalluvtn, to adorn.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; common heath. Dunglison. cAlJ LUS, n. [L., hardness.'] (Med.) 1. Indura- tion of any fleshy part of the body. Dunglison. 2. The matter which unites the divided ends of broken bones. It is a secretion of new bony matter. Dunglison. CALM (kam), a. [It. §• Sp. cahno ; Fr. calnie; Dut. halm.] 1. Quiet ; serene ; tranquil ; placid ; not stormy ; — applied to the elements or to the passions. 2. Unruffled; undisturbed; composed; se- date ; as, “A person calm in temper or manner.” Syn. — Calm, tranquil, serene, and quiet are applied to the elements, the outward manner, or the state of the mind ; placid and sedate, to the temper, disposi- tion, or deportment. Calm weather ; calm state ; tranquil sea ; tranquil or undisturbed feelings ; serene sky ; quiet state or disposition ; placid or unruffled temper; sedate deportment; composed thoughts. CALM (kam), n. Freedom from agitation ; seren- ity ; quiet ; repose ; peace. Great aud strange calms usually portend the most violent storms. South. Syn. — See Peace. CALM (k&m), V. a. [i. CALMED ; pp. CALMING, CALMED.] 1. To free from motion or agitation ; to still. Neptune we find busy to calm the tempest raised by Aeo- lus. Dryden. 2. To make quiet ; to free from uneasiness ; to tranquillize ; to appease ; to assuage ; to soothe ; to pacify ; as, “ To calm the passions.” CALM'— BRoWED (kam'brbwd), a. Having a tran- quil or calm mien. Craig. CALM'JJR (kam'er), n. He who, or that which, calms. “Acalmer of unquiet thoughts.” Walton. CALM'LY (kam'le), ad. 1. Without storms ; with- out violence ; serenely. 2. Without passion ; quietly. CALM'N^SS (kim'nes), n. 1. Quality of being calm ; quietness ; tranquillity ; serenity, as of the air or the elements. 2. Freedom from passion ; mildness ; sedate- ness ; as, “ Calmness of demeanor.” CALM'Y (kam'e), a. Calm, [r.] Pope. CAl-O-DEJY' DRUM, n. [Gr. Kali;, beautiful, and iivSpov, a tree.] (Bot.) A genus of beautiful trees found at the Cape of Good Hope. Loudon. CA-LOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. Kalis, beautiful, and '■ypd(pit), to write.] Beautiful penmanship. — See Calligraphy. Craig. CAL'O-MEL, n. [Gr. Kalis, fair, and pdas, black.] (Chem.) A compound of one equivalent of chlorine and two equivalents of mercury ; sub- chloride of mercury ; — called also chloride of mercury, protochloride of mercury, dichloride of mercury, and submuriate of mercury. It is much used in medicine, and differs in composi- tion from the violent poison, corrosive sublimate, — which is also called by recent writers chloride of mercury, — only in containing an additional equivalent of mercury. Regnault. JdQpTlie name is supposed to be derived from the phenomena attending its preparation. A black mix- ture was first formed by rubbing mercury with corro- sive sublimate. To this heat was applied, and cal- omel was sublimed in the form of a white or fair powder. Brandc. CAl-O-PHYL' LUM, n. [Gr. Kal.is, beautiful, and to, or being in accordance with, Calvin or Calvinism. CAT/VIN-IZE, v. n. To conform to Calvin or to Calvinism. Southey. CALV'ISH (klv'jsh), a. Like a calf. Sheldon. tCAL'VI-TY, n. [L. calvities; Fr. calvitie .] Baldness. ' Cockeram. CALX (k&lks), n. ; pi. L. calces-, Eng. calxes. [L., lime or chalk.] ( Chem .) The fixed, friable residue of substances which have undergone combustion, as metallic oxides, — or which have undergone calcination, as lime, and thereby lost all their volatile parts. Ure. cAL-Y-CAn’THUS, n. [Gr. KtiXvf, a flower-cup, and ai/ffos, a flower.] ( Bot .) A genus of small decid- uous shrubs of North America, with chocolate- colored blossoms ; Carolina allspice. Loudon. CA-LYC'I-FORM, a. [L. calyx, a cup, and forma, form.] Having the form of a calyx. Crabb. CAL-Y-Ci'NAL, P a% (Bot.) Relating to, or like, CAL'Y-CINE, 5 a calyx. Loudon. CAL'Y-CLE (kal'e-kl), n. [L. calyculus, dim. of calyx, a cup.] (Bot.) An outer calyx ; an exte- rior rank of bracts often found at the base of the involucre of compound flowers. Lindley. CAL'Y-CLED (kal'e-kld), a. (Bot.) Having bracts so placed as to resemble an additional calyx ; calyculate. Craig. CA-LYC C-L ATE, > a (Bot.) Having CA-LYC'I t -LAT- 1JD, ) a calycle. P. Cyc. CA-L YC ' U-L ClS, n. [L.] (Bot.) A calycle. CA-LYM'B-NC [kal'e-men, Sm.],n. [Gr. KfKat.vfifiti’os, covered, Ka).'uirru>, to cover.] (Pal.) A genus of trilobites, or fossil crustaceans. Braude. cAl'Y-ON, n. Flint or pebble-stone used in building walls, &c. Weale. CA-I/YP'SO, n. (Astron.) An asteroid discovered by Luther in 1858. Lovering. CA-LYP'TER, CA-LYP'TR/ membranous hood or covering of the cap- , sulc of a moss. . Gray. :K > ] n. [Gr. Kahj-rnn, a covering; :A, > L. calyptra.] (Bot.) The CA-LlfP'TRI-FORM, a. [L. calyptra, a covering, and forma, form.] Having the form of a ca- lyptra. Smith. CA'LYX [ka'ljks, P. K. Wb. Bees-, kdl'jks, E. Smi], n. ; pi. L. cal' v-cEtf; Eng. cAl'yx-e$. [L., from Gr. icdlvl-.] 1. (Bot.) A flower-cup ; the outer covering, or leaves of a flower. Gray. 2. The shell of a shell-fish. Leverett. 3. pi. (Anat.) Small membranous, cup-like canals, which surround the papilla; of the kid- ney. Dunglison. f CAL-ZOON. 1 ?', n. pi. [Sp. calzones, breeches, small clothes.] Drawers. Sir T. Herbert. CAM, n. 1. (Mech.) The projecting part of an eccentric wheel, or a curved plate fixed upon a revolving shaft to produce an alternating motion in machinery. Francis. 2. A mound of earth. [Provin- cial.] Farm. Ency. CA-MA'IEU (ka-ina'yo), n. [Fr. camaleu.] 1. A sort of onyx variegated in its strata ; — now written cameo. — See Cameo. Darwin. 2. (Paint.) A painting with a single color, va- ried only by the effect of light and shade. Fairholt. CA-MAIL', n. [Fr.] 1. A purple ornament rvorn by a bishop over his rochet. Crabb. 2. A guard for the throat of chain-mail, worn by knights in the 14th century. Fairholt. cAm-jl-R.il 'LA, n. [Sp., a small room.] (Poli- tics.) A secret cabinet, not publicly recognized ; a power behind the throne ; a clique. Styles. CAM- HAYES', n - pl- Cotton cloths made at Ben- gal and other places in India. Crabb. CAM'BpR, n. [Fr. cambrer, to arch.] (Arch.) The convexity of the upper side of a beam ; an arch on a beam. Weale. Camber-window, a window arched above. CAM'BER-ING. a. (Naut.) Arched ; bending; — applied to the deck when higher in the middle than at the ends. Weale. CAm'BI-AL, a. [See Cambist.] Relating to cambistry, or exchanges of money. II. Park. cAm'BING-OU'tAng, n. (Zoiil.) A species of antelope, inhabiting the hilly forests of Suma- tra. P. Cyc. CAM'BIST, ii. [It. cambista; Fr. cambiste-, L. cambio, to exchange.] A person skilled in ex- changes of money. Kelley. CA M'BIS-TRY, n. The science of exchange, coins, and currency. R. Park. CAM'BI-UM, n. [LowL. ; L. cambio, to exchange ; It. cambiare.] 1. (Med.) A fancied nutritive juice, former- ly supposed to originate in the blood, to repair the losses of every organ, and produce its in- crease. Dunglison. 2. (Bot.) The viscid mucous secretion inter- posed between the wood and bark of trees and shrubs, and consisting of delicate furming and growing cells. Gray. cAmb'L^T, n. See Camlet. Todd. cAm'BOGE, or CAM-BO'GJ-A, n. A gum-resin used as a medicine and a pigment. — See Gam- boge. P. Cyc. CAM-BOOSE', n. [Dut. kombuis.] (Naut.) A small house on a ship’s deck, in which the cooking is done. — See Caboose. Ogilvie. CA-ME'LE-ON, n. (Chem.) A manganate of potash ; — so called from the various successive colors it impaYts to water in which it is dis- solved. — See Chameleon. Braude. CA-MF.L' LI-A, n. (Bot.) A beautiful genus of evergreen flowering shrubs, found in China and Japan; — so called in honor of a Spanish Jes- uit named Kamel. Brande. CA-MEL ' I-JYA, n. [Gr. % nfini , on the ground, and /.iW, the flax-plant.] (Bot.) A genus of annual plants with yellow flowers ; gold of pleasure. Loudon. CA-MEL'O-PARD, or CAM'JJL-O-PARD [k?-me!'- o-pard, W. P. Ja. Cl. ; kam'el-o-pdrd, K. Sm. S. II b.\, n. [Gr. Kafir)?.oKii(iiaI.is ; L. camelopar- dalus, or Camelopardalis. “ Quod erat figura ut camelus, maculis ut panthera.” Varro.] An African ruminant animal, the tallest of known quadrupeds; — now called the giraffe. It was named camelopard, according to Pliny, from its combining the proportions of the camel with the spotted skin of the leopard. Brande. CA-MEL-O-PAR ' DA-LIS, 11 . [L., from Gr. Kafir/lo- irdpSahs.] 1. The giraffe. Brande. 2. (Astron.) A constellation in the northern hemisphere. Brande. CAmE’LOT (k&m'Iqt), n. [Fr., from Gr. 1 a 1 p 177 .wri;, a garment of camel’s skin.] 1. A kind of cloth. — See Camlet. Browne. 2. A place where King Arthur is supposed to have kept his court. Goose, if I had 3-011 upon Sarnm plain, I’d drive you cackling home to Camelot. Shak. cAm'EL-RY, n. A place where camels are col- lected to be laden and unladen. A. Smith. CAM'f.L— SWAL'LOW-F.R (-swol'lo-er), n. A term applied to a person who is weakly credulous, or who is punctilious in small matters while negligent of greater. — See Matt. xiii. 24. More. cAm'BRA-SINE, n. A species of fine linen made in Egypt, resembling cambric. Buchanan. CAM'BR^L, n. A crooked stick used by butchers to hang meat on ; a gambrel. Ash. CAm'BRI-AN, a. (Gcog.) Relating to Cambria or Wales. Earnshaw. CAm'BRI-AN, or CAM'BRO— BRIT'ON, ii. (Geog.) A Welshman. Earnshaw. CAM'BRIC, n. A fine, white, thin linen or cotton fabric ; originally manufactured at Cambray, in France. Brande. CAME, i. from come. See Come. CAME, ii. A small, slender rod of cast lead, used by glaziers to make turned lead for receiving the glass of casements. Francis. CAM'LL, n. [Heb. > Arab, cljemal-, Gr. xd- /xril.os ; L. camelus ; It. cammelo ; Sp. camello ; Dan., Ger., $ Dut. ka- meel.] 1. A large ruminant quadruped, without horns, much used in Asia and Africa as a beast of burden. Camelus Bactrianus. KYT A stout Arabian camel can travel with a load of 800 pounds at the rate of about three miles in the hour. Brande. 2. (Naut.) A machine for carrying vessels over sand-banks or shallow places. It consists of large air-tight boxes, built in such a manner as to be applied to each side of the hull, and connected by ropes under the keel. When ready for use, they are filled with water to sink them to a certain depth, and then securely fas- tened in their places. The water is then re- moved by pumping, which causes them to rise and bear up the vessel. Brande. CAM'EL— BACKED (kam'el-bSkt), a. Having a back like a camel. “ Not that he was crook- shouldered or camel-backed.” Fuller. CAM'pL— BIRD, n. A name applied to the os- trich. Booth. cAm'F.L— DRi'VF.R, n. One who drives camels. cAm'F.-O [kain'e-o, Sm. Cl. Wb. P. Cyc. ; kj- me'o, Ash, Todd, Darwin-, ka-me'o or kam'e- 5 , A'.], n. ; pi. cXm'e- 6 §, sometimes cXm'e-I. [it. cammeo ; Sp. camafco.] A precious stone or shell having imitative designs engraved upoli it in bass-relief, or figures raised above the sur- face ; — formerly called cainaieu. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used chiefly the onyx, agate, and sard for this kind of en- graving, on account of the variety of their strata. The same art is now applied to varie- gated shells. P. Cyc. Brande. CAM'B-RA, n. [L., from Gr. xupjpa.] (Arch.) An arched or vaulted roof, or ceiling. Weale. f CAME'RADE, n. [Fr.] A comrade. Phillips. cAm'JJ-RA-LIS'TIC, a. Relating to cameralis- tics, or public finance. Smart. cAM-U-RA-LIS'TJCS, n.pl. [L. camera, a cham- ber; Ger. cameralist, a financier.] The sci- ence of public finance. Brande. cAm'F.-RA-LU'CI-DA, ii. [L., light chamber.] (Optics.) An instrument invented by Dr. Hooke for making the image of an object appear on the wall of a light room, either by day or by night. The instrument now known by this name is the invention of Dr. Wollaston, for the purpose of enabling any one, without a knowl- edge of the rules of drawing or perspective, to delineate distant objects, or trace the outlines of landscapes, &c., with perfect accuracy. Brande. CAM ' F.-RA—OB-SCU' RA, n. [L., dark chamber.] (Optics.) An instrument used in a darkened room for throwing images of external objects upon any surface, for the purpose of drawing or amusement ; but it is less convenient for de- lineation than the camcra-lucida. Brande. CAM-F.-RA ' RI- A, n. (Bot.) A genus of fine flow- ering plants; bastard-manchineel ; — so called in honor of Camerarius, a physician and bota- nist of Nuremberg. Loudon. cAm'JJ-rAte, v. a. [L. catnero, cameratus ; cam- era, a chamber.] To ceil or vault. Cockeram. CAm'B-RAT-ED, a. 1. Arched; vaulted. I Veale. 2. (Conch.) Divided by transverse partitions into a series of chambers, as certain shells. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, T, d, U, Y, short ; A, £, I, O, V, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; IIE1R, HER; CAMERATION 195 CANAANITE CAM-E-RA'TION, n. A vaulting or arching. “ Tlie strongest manner of cameration.” Evelyn. CAM-f.-RO'NI-AN, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of the Scotch non-conformist divine, Richard Cameron. P. Cyc. cAM'p-RY, n. {Farriery.) A disease in horses; the frounce. Crabb. CA'MI-OM, n. [Fr.] (Mil.) A sort of dray or cart used for the conveyance of cannon. Crabb. t CA'MIS, n. [L. cdmisia ; It. camice ; Sp. ea- rn isa ; Fr. chemise.] A thin dress. Spenser. CAM-I-SA'd 6 , or CAM-I-SADE' [katn-e-sa'do, N. IF. P. Sm.; kam-e-sa'do, Ja. A.], n. [Fr. camisacle ; chemise, a shirt.] (Mil.) 1. A shirt worn over other clothing by sol- diers in a night attack, in order to be better seen by one another. After midnight, we dislodged from our quarter some two thousand of our best men, all in camisaaoes, with scaling ladders. Sir R. Williams. 2. An attack made at night by soldiers wear- ing a camisado. They hail appointed the same night to have given a cami- sado upon the English. Hayward. CAM ' I-$ARD, n. [Fr.] One of the French Prot- estants, who, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, resisted the government; — so called because they wore the shirt ( camise , or chemise) over their arms in order to recognize one another in the dark. Fleming § 1'ibbins. CAM'r-SAT-ljn, a. Dressed with the shirt out- ward. Johnson. CAm'HJT, n. [Fr. camelot.\ A thin cloth or stuff, originally made of silk and camel’s hair, now chiefly of wool or goat’s hair, sometimes mixed with silk, cotton, or linen: — written also camblet and camelot. CAM'LpT-pD, a. Colored or veined. Herbert. CAM-LJJT-TEEN', ? n- a sort of fine, worsted CAM-LET 'TO, ) camlet. Crabb. cAm'MAS, n. A sort of bulbous plant or root, found in the valley of the Oregon, used by the Indians for food ; Camassia. Lindley. CAM'MOCK, n. [A. S. cammoc.\ A weed that has a hard, big root ; rest-harrow. Phillips. CAM'O-MILE, n. [Gr. earth-apple ; — so called because its flowers smell like apples.] ( Bot .) A genus of plants which bear a multi- tude of flowers ; Anthemis. The flowers of An- thernis nobilis, or common camomile, are used in medicine. — See Chamomile. Loudon. CA-MOU ' FLET (kri-mo'fla), n. [Fr.] (Mil.) A charge of powder sunk in a wall of earth, be- tween two parallel galleries, designed to throw the earth by an explosion into one of them, and thus cut off the retreat of the miner or suffocate him ; — called also a stiflcr. P. Cyc. CA'MOUS, a. \lt.camuso; Fr .camus; Vi. cam, crooked.] Flat ; flat-nosed ; depressed : — used only of the nose. Williams. tcA'MOUSED (ka'must), a. Crooked. B. Jonson. fCA'MOUS-LY, ad. Awry. Skelton. f CA-MOYS', a. Depressed ; camous. “ Camoys nose.” Browne. CAMP, n. [L. campus-, It. # Sp. campo; Fr. camp.— A. S. camp.] (Mil.) 1. The ground on which an army pitches its tents. Fromcnm/itocrtffip . . . The hum of either army stilly sounds. Slink. 2. The orderly disposition of tents, for the accommodation of an army. “ Breaking up his camp." Prescott. “ To pitch a camp." Johnson. 3. The army encamped. “Vengeance on the whole camp.” Shah. 4. (Agric.) A shallow pit, or a heap of pota- toes, turnips, or other roots, laid up in it, for preserving through the winter ; — called also pie and bury. Brande. CAMP, v. a. [A. S. campion . — Fr. camper.] 1. To encamp; to fix tents. “To camp this host.” Shak. 2. (Agric.) To bury in pits, as potatoes. Loudon. CAMP, v. n. To pitch a camp ; to encamp. And there Israel camped before the mount. Ex. xix. 20. cAM-pAg'NOL, n. [Fr.] The great-headed field mouse. Fleming y Tibbins. CAM-PAlGN' (kam-pan'), n. [L. campus ; Low L. campania ; It. campagna ; Sp. campaha ; Fr. campaigned] 1. A large, open, level ground. In vast camjiaigns there are few cities. Temple. 2. (Mil.) The period of each year during which an army keeps the field. Campbell. An Iliad rising out of one campaign. Addison. CAM-PAlGN' (kam-pan'), V. n. [*. CAMPAIGNED ; pp. campaigning, campaigned.] To serve in a campaign. “ The officers who campaigned in the late rebellion.” Sir R. Musgrave. cAM-PAiGN'ER (kam-pan'er), n. An old soldier. “ He is an old campaigner.” Todd. CAM-PA'NA, n. [Low L. Sp It., a belli] 1. (Eccl.) A church bell. 2. (Bot.) The pasque-flower. “ Campana here he crops.” Drayton. CAM-PANE§', n. pi. [It. campana, a bell.] (Her.) Charges such as the fesse, bar, or file, when bells are borne pendent thereto. Ogilvie. CAM- PA 'MI- A, n. [Low L., from L. campus.] 1. f Same as Campaign. Temple. 2. [Low L. § It. campana, a bell.] (Bot.) A genus of beautiful herbaceous plants ; — so named from the form of the corolla. Loudon. CAM-PAN'J-FORM, a. [Low L. campana, a bell, and L. forma, form.] (Bot.) Having the shape of a bell. Harris. CAM-PA-n!'HJ, n. [It. ;Fr . campanille.] (Arch.) A tower for containing a bell or bells, or a clock ; a belfry. Brande. CAM-PA-NIL'I-FORM, a. [It. campanella, a small bell, and L. forma, form.] Shaped like a bell; campaniform. Roget. CAM-PA-NOL'O-^IsT, n. A bell-ringer. CAM-PA-NO L'O-^y, n. [Low L. campana, a bell, and Gr. l.oyo;, a discourse.] The science, or the art, of ringing bells. Todd. CAM- PAM' U-LA, n. [Low L. ; dim. of campana, a bell.] (Bot.) An extensive genus of ornament- al plants, most of which are deciduous ; the bell-flower ; — so named in allusion to the form of the corolla. Loudon. CAM-PAN'U-LATE, a. (Bot.) Shaped like a bell. Loudon. CAMP'— BOY, n. A boy performing ser- tOM vice in a camp. Dwight. CAMP-BED'STIJAD (-sted), n. A bedstead made to fold up within a narrow space, as used in war ; a trestle bedstead. Ogilvie. CAMP'— CEIL-ING, n. (Arch.) A ceiling formed by an inclination of the walls on each side towards the plane surface in the middle ; — often seen in garrets. Ogilvie. CAM- PEP It 'A- OA, n. [Gr. sa/mri, a caterpillar, and iptiyw, to eat.] (Ornith.) A genus of birds in Asia and Africa, that live chiefly on cater- pillars. Gray. CAM- PE-P IIACr 'I-M.M, n. pi. [Gr. sbyi rrj, a cater- pillar, and [Fr. canonnier. ] An en- CAN-NON-IER'j > gineer who manages cannon. “ A most excellent cannoneer .” Hayward. CAN-NON-EER', V. a. To cannonade, [it.] Burke. t CAN'NON-ING, n. The noise as of a cannon. “ The loud cannoning of thunderbolts.” Brewer. cAn'NON— MET'AL, n. An alloy of copper with eight or ten per cent, of tin ; bronze. Ogilvie. CAN'NON— PROOF, a. Proof against, or safe from, cannon-shot. cAn'NON-SHOT, n. 1. A cannon-ball. 2. The distance to which a cannon will throw a ball ; as, “ To be within cannon-shot." cAn'NOT, v. n. To be unable. This word is compounded of can and not, which arc united by the common and best usage; though it would be more analogical to write them separately, as const not and could not are never united. “ Cannot sometimes expresses, not actual, but moral or condi- tional impossibility. Thus the angel said to Lot, ‘ I cannot do any thing till thou come hither’; that is, I cannot , without disobeying him that sent me.” T. K. Arnold. CAN' NU-LA, n. [L., a small reed.'] (Surgery.) A metallic tube used by surgeons. Dunglison. cAn'NU-LAR, a. [L. cannula , a small reed.] Hollow, like a bamboo or tube. Smart. cAn'NY, a. A Scotch word, used in various senses, as cautious, prudent, artful, wary, frugal, gen- tle, safe, easy, fortunate, worthy, good, neat, pretty. — It is applied to persons or things hav- ing pleasing or useful qualities. Jamieson. CA-n6e' (ka-no'), n. [Perhaps Gr. kAvko, a reed ; L. canna, a reed, and a small vessel. “ Pliny,” says Richardson, “records of Indian reeds or canes that ‘ they be of such length, that between every joint they will yield sufficient to make boats.’ ” — “ The wood canoe or cannoc is origi- nally an Indian wood ; and if so, then all deri- vations from Gr. or L. ceases.” Lemon. — Thomson gives L. canna, but says that the word was used for a small boat by the natives of St. Salvador when Columbus arrived there. It. canoa, or canoe ; Sp. eanoa ; Fr. canot. ] 1. An Indian boat made of bark, of skins, or of a hollowed tree. Browne. 2. A small boat impelled by a paddle. Brande. CAN’ON, n. [Gr. Kuvtiiv, a straight rod or rule ; Kami, a reed ; L. canon ; It. canone ; Sp. § Fr. canon. — A. S. canon.] 1. A rule or law, especially in ecclesiastical matters. His books nro almost the very canon to judge both doctrine and discipline by. • Hooker. 2. The received books of the Holy Scriptures. Canon denotes those books of Scripture which are received as inspired, to distinguish them from either profane, apocry- phal, or disputed books. Ayliffe. 3. A dignitary in a cathedral or collegiate church. Canons, so called from their having their shares out of a common stock, canon among the Homans signifying a certain pay men t. gf UUng fleet. 4. The catalogue of saints acknowledged by the Roman- Catholic church. Richardson. 5. (Mus.) A composition, in two or more parts, in which the voices enter one after an- other and repeat the same theme, note by note, so as to form a perpetual fugue. Dwight. 6. (Surg.) An instrument to sew up wounds. 7. (Printing.) A large sort of type. Johnson. 8. (Farriery.) The shank of a horse. Crabb. Syn. — See Clergyman. Regular canon, ( Cath . Church) a canon confined to his own monastery. — Secular canon, one living a re- ligious life, but mixing more or less with the world. HSr" The word canon . . . which is a Greek word, means properly a rule ; tirst the measuring rule or line of the carpenter ; and then figuratively any meas- ure or rule by which we try other things ; and, in its crowning use, the Holy Scriptures, as being regulative of life and doctrine in the church. Trench. CAn'ON— BIT, n. That part of the bit which is let into the horse’s mouth. Spenser. CAN 'ON-ESS, n. [Low L. canonissa .] A woman possessed of a prebend. Ayliffe. CA-NON IC, > i, According to the canon ; CA-NON'I-CAL, ) belonging to, or included in, the canon. “ Those canonical Scriptures.” Raleigh. 2. Regular ; stated ; as, “ Canonical hours.” 3. Spiritual ; ecclesiastical. “ Canonical obe- dience.” Ayliffe. Canonical boohs, the received books of Holy Scrip- ture, called the sacred canon. — Canonical hours, stated times of the day set apart, more especially by the Romish Church, for devotional purposes. In Eng- land, the canonical hours are from eight to twelve o’clock in the forenoon, before or after which the cer- emony of marriage cannot be legally performed in any parish church. Brande. CA-NON'I-CAL-LY, ad. In a canonical manner. CA-NON'I-CAL-NESS, n. The quality of being canonical ; canonicity. Burnet. CA-NON'I-CAL^, n. pi. The full dress of a cler- gyman. Todd. CA-NON'J-CAtE, n. The office of a canon ; can- onry. Berington. CAN-ON-ItJ'I-TY, n. The quality of being canon- ical ; canonicalness. Ec. Rev. cAn'ON-IST, n. A man versed in the canon law. CAN-ON-Is'TIC, a. Belonging to a canonist. “ This canonistic exposition.” Milton. cAN-ON-I-zA'TION, n. 1. The act of canonizing or placing in the catalogue of saints. Addison. 2. The state of being canonized. Brevint. CAiN'ON-IZE, v. a. [Gr. navovifa, to establish; It. canonizzare ; Fr. canoniser .] [i. canonized ; pp. canonizing, canonized.] To enroll in the canon as a saint; to declare a saint. They have a pope, who hath the chief care of religion, and of canonizing whom he thinks tit. Stilling fleet. cAn'ON-Iz-JJR, n. One who canonizes. CAn'ON— L Aw, n. A collection of ecclesiastical laws for the regulation of the Church of Rome, consisting chiefly of ordinances of councils, and of the decrees and bulls of the popes. Hamilton. CAn'ON— L.Aw'YJER, n. One versed in the canon law. B. Jonson. CAN ON-RY, > office of a canon ; a benefice > in some cathedral or collegiate cAn'on-ship, church ; canonicate. Ayliffe. CAn'ON-WI^E, a. Versed in the canon law. “ Canon-wise prelate.” Milton. CA-NO ' PUS, n. [Low L.] 1. An Egyptian jar used for keeping water cool. P. Cyc. 2. (Astron.) A large star in the southern constellation Argo Navis. _ Hind. 3. (Ent.) A genus of hemipterous insects. CAn'O-PY, n. [Gr. Koivonteiov, a hed or couch with a ’ curtain to keep out insects ; Kuirunp, Kuwonof, a gnat ; Fr. canape.] 1. A covering of state over a throne or a bed ; a covering over the head. Ilolofernes rested upon his bed under a canopy. Judith. My footstool earth, my canopy the skies. Pope. 2. (Arch.) A projecting moulding that sur- rounds the head of a Gothic arch, niche, or win- dow. 1 Veale. cAn'O-I’Y, v. a. [i. canopied ; pp. canopying, canopied.] To cover with a canopy, or as with a canopy ; to overspread. I sat me down to watch upon a bank With ivy canopied. Milton. CA-NO'ROUS (126), a. [L. canorus : Fr. canore.] Musical; tuneful; sonorous. “ Birds that are most canorous.” Browne. CA-NO'ROUS-NESS, n. Musicalness. Scott. CANT, n. [L. cantus, a song ; Old Fr. cant ; Fr. chant : — Gael. § Ir. cainnt, language.] 1. A sing-song manner of speaking; a whin- ing or affected tone ; — a hypocritical speech ; pretension without sincerity, as indicated by language and air. That cant and hypocrisy, which had taken possession of the people’s minds in the times of the great rebrllion.de/diso;!. 2. The dialect of a sect, class, or profession. I write not in the proper terms of navigation, land service, or in the cant of any profession. Dry (ten. 3. Barbarous jargon ; slang. Johnson. 4. The act of crying out things for sale ; an auction. Numbers of these tenants are now offering to sell their leases by cant. Swift. cAnt, n. [Dut. kant, a corner.] 1. f An angle ; a corner. The principal person in tire temple was Peace; she was placed aloft in a cant. Ji. Jonson. 2. A sudden impulse given to a thing resting on an edge or corner ; a jerk ; a throw ; a turn ; as, “ To give a cant to a piece of timber.” 3. (Naut.) A piece of wood laid on deck for the support of a bulkhead. Brande. CAnt, V. n. [l. CANTED ; pp. CANTING, CANTED.] 1. To talk in a jargon, or with affectation ; to speak in a whining or affected manner. Men cant about materia and forma , ... or dress up ig- norance in words of bulk or souud. Glanville. 2. To play the hypocrite ; to dissemble. CANT, v. a. 1. To sell by auction. “Then cant their land to the highest bidder.” Swift. 2. To bid upon any thing offered at auction. Two monks were outvying each other in canting the price of an abbey. Swift. 3. To toss ; to jerk ; to upset : — to raise on the edge or corner. Forby. 4. (Naut.) To turn over or round. Brande. 5. (Carp.) To cut off, as the angle of a square, beam, pier, &e. Francis. Canted column, {Arch.) a column polygonal in sec- tion. Francis. CANT, a. Vulgar; inelegant; affected; habitu- ally or improperly used ; — applied to language. The affectation of some late authors to introduce and mul- tiply cant words is the most ruinous corruption in any lan- guage. Sw{ft. There is such a thing as a peculiar word or phrase cleav- ing. as it were, to the memory of the writer or speaker, and presenting itself to his utterance at every turn. When we observe this, we call it a cant word, or a cant phrase. Paley. CAN-tAb', n. Colloquial for Cantabrigian. Smart. CAN-TAB ' I- BE, ad. [It.] In a singing manner, as a song. Smart. CAN-TA'BRI-AN, a. (Gcog.) Belonging to Can- tabria, in Spain. P. Cyc. CAN-TA-BRIf'J-AN, a. Relating to Cambridge, or to its university. Qu. Bev. CAN-TA-BrIG'I-AN, n. [Low L. Cantabrigia, Cambridge.] A man or scholar of Cambridge ; — often abbreviated to Cantab. Wakefield. cAn'ta-lIv-er, cAn'tf.-liv-er, or cAn'ti- Llv-®R, n. See Cantilever. cAn'TA-LOUPE, n. A small fine species of musk- mellon, globular, ribbed, and of pale green or yellow color. Lindley. CAN-TAn'K£R-OCs, a. Vile in a high degree; venomous; perverse; contentious; — written also contankerous. Goldsmith. cAn'TAR, In. [It. § Sp. cantaro.] CAN-TA'RO, ) 1. A weight in Italy, Egypt, the Levant, and India, differing in different parts. At Genoa and Leghorn it consists of 1.50 pounds. Ogilvie. 2. A liquid measure, at Alicant, in Spain, of three gallons. Ogilvie. CAN-TA'TA, or CAN-TA'TA [kan-ta'ta, S. IF. P. J. E. F. Sm. C. ; kan-ta't?, Ja. K.], n. [It.] (Mus.) A poem set to music, or a song inter- mixed with recitative ; a combination, either lyrical or dramatical, of recitations, airs, cho- ruses, &c. Dwight. f CAN-TA'TION, n. [L. cantatio, music, song.] The act of singing. Cockeram. cAn'TA-TO-RY, a. Containing cant or affecta- tion ; whining ; canting, [it.] Dr. S. Miller. A, E, i, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, V, short; A, fl, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CANTATRICE 199 CAPABLE CAM-TA-TRl' CF. (-tre'che), n. [It.] (J1/»S.) A female vocalist. CAN-TEEN', n. [It. Ss Sp. cantina.] (Mil.) 1. A small tin or circular wooden vessel for holding liquor, carried by soldiers, or a chest, used by officers, for culinary utensils, &c. 2. A kind of sutling house kept in garrisons for the convenience of troops. Campbell. cAn'TEI,, n. 1. A fragment ; apiece. Skelton. 2. The hind-bow of a saddle-tree ; cantle. cAn'TJJ-LEUP, n. Same as Cantaloupe. Loudon. CAN'TpR, n. 1. One who cants ; a hypocrite. “ Presumption . . . which some spiritual canters affect.” Bp. Gauclen. 2. [Corrupted from Canterbury, formerly ap- plied to a slow gallop, in allusion to the easy pace with which Chaucer’s pilgrims pursued their way to this village. Nares .] An easy gal- lop of a horse. Nares. CAN'TfiR, V. n. [«. CANTERED ; pp. CANTERING, cantered.] To gallop easily or gently. “The horse canters in fine style.” Todd. CAN'TIJR-BUR-Y (-ber-e), n. A piece of furni- ture ; a stand with divisions in it to receive port- folios, books, loose sheets, letters, &c. Smart. CAN'TER-BUR-y-BELL§, n. (Bot.) A very orna- mental border flower with large blue or white flowers ; Campanula medium. Loudon. CAN'T(iR-BUR-Y-GAL'LOP (k£n'ter-ber-re-gal'- 1 up), n. The gallop of a horse, commonly called a canter ; — said to be derived from the pilgrims riding to Canterbury on easy ambling horses. Johnson. CAN'T^R-BUR-Y— TALE, n. Any fabulous nar- rative ; — adopted from the Canterbury Tales of Chaucer. Todd. CAN-THAR'A-D!NE, n. ( Chem .) The active prin- ciple of cantharides. It possesses extremely powerful vesicating properties, producing swell- ing and acute pain, if any part of the body is exposed to its vapors. Regnault. CAM' THA-R1S, n . ; pi. ca iv - tiia it ' i d k .y. [L., from Gr. /tdi'Hnpi?.] ( Ent .) A beetle which con- tains an acrid blistering fluid ; the Spanish fly ; — used as a vesicatory. Harris. cANT'-HOOK (-huk), n. A wooden lever with an iron hook at the end, used for turning or moving heavy articles of merchandise. Bartlett. CAM' THUS, n. [L., from Gr. kouBos.] (Anat.) The corner of the eye where the upper and un- der eyelids meet. Quincy. CAN'TI-CA, or CAN'TI-COY, n. 1. A dancing assembly. Denton. 2. A noisy conversation. , 055 “ An Indian word, used in New York. Bartlett. CAN'TI-CLE (kan'te-kl), n. [L. canticum, a song ; It. . a. [Fr. canavasscr, to beat hemp.] [i. CANVASSED ; pp. CANVASSING, CANVASSED.] 1. To sift; to examine; to scrutinize. I have made careful search, and canvassed the matter with all possible diligence. Woodward. 2. To debate ; to discuss ; to agitate. They canvassed the matter one way and t’ other. V Estrange. 3. To solicit votes from ; to bespeak. CAn'VASS, v. n. To solicit votes ; to seek. The crime of canvassing or soliciting for church prefer- ment is, by the canon law, called simony. Aylijfc. CAn'VASS, n. 1. An examination or sifting, as of the opinions of voters previous to an election. 2. Solicitation of votes. “No previous can- vass was made for me.” Burke. 3. Consideration by debate ; discussion. I deem it worthy the caiitass and discussion of sober and considerate men. More. CAn'VASS- f.R, n. One who canvasses ; one who solicits votes. Burke. CAN'VASS-ING, p. a. Sifting : — soliciting. CA'NY, a. 1. Full of canes. Johnson. 2. Made or consisting of canes. “Their cany wagons light.” Milton. CAn'YON, n. [Sp. canon, a tube.] A narrow, tunnel-like passage for a stream of water be- tween high precipitous banks. Bartlett. CAM-ZO 'ME, n. Tit.] (Mus.) A kind of lyric poem ; a song or air in two or more parts, with passages of fugue and imitation. Moore. cAn-ZO-NET', n. [It. canzonetta .] (Mus.) A little song : — a composition of some length for a single voice. Dwight. CAOUTCHOUC (ko'cbuk) [ko'clivik, K. Sm. ; ka- ot'ciiuk, Craig], n. [Indian cachucu.] 1. (Chem.) A useful resinous substance com- posed of carbon and hydrogen, also called gum- elastic and India rubber, and obtained from the milky juice of several trees which grow in the East Indies and in South America. It is of a whitish color, till blackened by smoke, inflam- mable, fusible, impervious to air and water, and exceedingly elastic. 2. (Min.) A substance found in Derbyshire, England, in soft flexible masses. Hamilton. Vulcanized India rubber, a compound of caoutchouc and sulphur, manufactured by various processes into a very great variety of useful articles. CAOUTCHINE (ko'chrn), n. (Chem.) Same as Caoutchoucine. Ogilcie. CAOUTCHOUCINE (k&'cliu-sin), n. (Chem.) An inflammable, light, volatile, oily liquid, obtained from caoutchouc, by distillation. Brande. CAP, n. [L. caput, the head. — W. cap. — A. S. cccppc, or cappa ; It. cappa ; Sp. capa ; Fr. cappe.] 1. A covering for the head. 2. The ensign of some dignity, as that of a cardinal. If once he came to be a cardinal. He ’d make his cap coequal with the crown. Shak. 3. That which is the highest ; the top. Thou art the cap of all the fools alive. Shah. 4. A kind of vessel made like a cap. Wilkins. 5. + The act of uncovering the head in token of respect. They more and less came in with cap and knee. Shak. 6. (Arch.) The uppermost part, or that which crowns the whole ; as, “ The cap of a window.” Cap of a cannon, (Mil.) a piece of lead or zinc laid over the touch-hole, to preserve the priming. — Cup of maintenance, one of the regalia carried before t lie king at a coronation. — To set one’s cap fur, to try to win the favorable regard of a person with a view to matrimony. [Colloquial.] CAP, v. a. [i. capped ; pp. capping, capped.] 1. To cover, as with a cap. The bones arc capped with a smooth cartilaginous sub- stance. Derham. 2. To deprive of the cap. “ As boys some- times used to cap one another.” Spenser. 3. To complete ; to finish ; to crown ; as, “ To cap the whole.” 4. To excel ; to surpass ; as, “To coy all.” To cap verses, to name verses alternately beginning with a particular letter. “I’ll cap verses with him to tlie end of the chapter.” Drytlcn To cap texts, to name texts in opposition or emulation. — To cap the climax, to surpass every tiling. CAP, v. n. To uncover the head in token of re- spect. Three great ones of the city Oft capped to him. Shak. CA-PA-BiL'I-TY, n. The state of being capable ; capacity ; capableness ; ability. CA'PA-BLE (ka'pii-bl), a. [L. capio, to take ; Fr. capable.] MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, rBlE. — q, !> Q> Vj Y> obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CAPITONINiE 201 CAPSICINE brated at Rome in honor of Jupiter, by whom, it was supposed, the Capitol was saved from the Gauls. Craig-. CAP- 1- TO-JVI ’JYJE, n. pi. ' ( Ornith .) A sub-family of birds of the order Scanscores and family Picidte ; barbets. Gray. Laimodon dubius. CA-PIT'U-LAR, a. 1. Belonging to the chapter of a cathedral ; capitulary. Ash. 2. (Bot.) Growing in small heads. Loudon. CA-PIT'U-LAR, n. [L. capitulum, a small head, a section, a chapter.] 1. A statute or act of the ecclesiastical body, called a chapter. Smart. 2. The body of the statutes of a chapter. “ A constitution in his chapter.” Bp. Taylor. 3. A member of a chapter. Ayliffe. CA-PlT'U-LA-RJES, n. [L. capitularia . ; capitu- lum, a chapter.] (Law.) A code of laws in chapters, promulgated by Charlemagne, and other kings of the Franks. Burrill. CA-PIT'U-LAR-LY, ad. In the form of an ec- clesiastical chapter. Swift. CA-PIT'U-LA-RY, a. Relating to the chapter of a cathedral ; capitular. War ton. CA-PIT'U-I.A-RY, ii. See Capitular. Smart. CA-PIT'U-LATE, v. n. [L. capitulum , a small head, a section, a chapter ; It. capitolare ; Sp. capitular ; Fr. capituler .] [i. capitulated ; pp. CAPITULATING, CAPITULATED.] 1. To draw up an agreement in heads or arti- cles ; to confederate. The archbishop’s grace of York, Douglas, and Mortimer Capitulate against us. Shak. 2. To yield on certain stipulations ; to sur- render by treaty. “ The castle that made a long resistance did capitulate.” Burnet. CA-PIT'U-LATE, v. a. To yield or surrender on conditions. Crabb. CA-PIT-U-LA'TION, ii. [Fr.] 1. Act of capitulat- ing ; surrender by treaty, or on certain conditions. 2. Reduction into heads or articles. “ With special capitulation that neither the Scots nor the French shall refortify.” Burnet. CA-PIT'U-LA-TOR, n. [Fr . capituleur.] One who capitulates. Sherwood. f CAP'J-TULE, n. A summary. Wickliffe. CA- PIT' U-L UM, n. [L., a little head, dim. of caput.) (Bot.) A dense cluster or head of flow- ers which are sessile on a very short axis or re- ceptacle. It may be globular, as that of the button-bush, or flat, as that of the dandelion, in which case it is named by some botanists anthodium. Lindley. CAP-I-VARD', n. (Zotil.) An amphibious animal of Brazil, called a water-liog ; capibara. — See Capibara. Crabb. CA-PI'VI (ka-pe've), n. [L. copaiba .] (Med.) An exudation from the Copaifera officinalis, a South American tree ; balsam of capivi, copevi, copaiba, or copaiva. Dunglison. CAP' LAN, n. A small fish. — See Caplin. Crabb. CA'PLE, it. (Min.) A kind of stone resembling limestone, found in Cornwall. Weale. CAP'LIN, n. 1. (Ich.) A species of fish found in great abundance on the shores of Greenland, Newfoundland, and Labrador, chiefly used as bait for cod ; Mallotus villosus, or Mallotus Grcenlandicus. P. Cyc. 2. A thong of leather or skin, by which the swingel, or swipple, of a flail is fastened to the staff; a coupling. Farm. Ency. CAP'NO-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. Kanvii, smoke, and liarrtia, divination.] Divination by smoke. CAP'NO-MOR, n. [Gr. kmtv 6;, smoke, and fioloa, a part.] (Chem.) An oily substance, of a pun- gent and rather agreeable odor, obtained from the tar of wood. Brancle. CA'POC, n. A very fine short cotton of the East Indies, used chiefly to line palanquins, stuff cushions, &c. Buchanan. f CA-POCH', or CA-P6UCH', v. a. [Sp. capucho , a hood ; Fr. capuce .] To hood or blindfold. [So defined by Seager.] — See Capouch. We — capochcd your rabbins of the synod, And snapt the canons with a why not. JIudibras. CA-POL'LIN, n. (Bot.) A Mexican cherry. Crabb. || CA'PON (ka'pn) [ka'pn, S. IF. P. J. F. Ja. Sm . ; ka'pon, K.], ii. [L. capo ; It. cappone ; Sp. ca- pon ; Fr. chapon . — A. S. capun .] A castrated cock. “ With crammed capons.” Bp. Hall. || CA'PON (ka'pn), v. a. To castrate, as a cock ; to caponize. Birch. || CA'PON-ET, n. A young capon. Perry. || CA'PON-IZE (ka'pn-Iz), v. a. To make a capon of ; to capon. Barrington. CAPONJYIERE (k3p-o-nGr') [kap-o-nGr', IF. Sm . ; kap-o-nyer', S. ; kap-on-yar', ja.], it. [Fr.] (Fort.) A passage leading from one work to another, protected on one or both sides by a parapet. Campbell. CA-POR'CIAN-ITE, ii. (Min.) A grayish-red ze- olite, occurring in radiated masses, and con- sisting chiefly of silica, alumina, lime, and wa- ter. Dana. CA-POT', it. [Fr.] A winning of all the tricks of cards at the game of piquet. Craig. CA-POT', v. a. To win all the tricks in a game at piquet. Johnson. CA-POTE', n. [Fr.] 1. A long cloak with a hood, worn by females ; capuchin. Braude. 2. A soldier’s great-coat. Fleming §- Tibbins. CA-POUCIl', or CA-POCH', n. [Sp. capucho ; Fr. capuce, a hood.] A monk’s hood. Shelton. f CA-POUCH' (ka-poch'), v. a. To hood or blind- fold. — See Capoch. Browne. cAp'PA-DINE, n. A sort of silk for shag to rugs. Crabb. CAP'PA-NUS, it. The worm which adheres to and gnaws the bottom of a ship. Ogilvie. CAP'— PA-PER, n. A coarse brown paper to hold commodities. Boyle. CAP'PA-RIS, n. [L., from Gr. /cdmrnpis.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs or trees, some of which produce berries and others pods ; caper-tree. — See Ca- per. Loudon. CAP'PER,«. One who makes or sells caps.Johnson. CA'PRA, it. [L., the she-goat.] (Zotil.) A genus of ruminant mammals ; the goat. Baird. CA-PRA'RI-A, it. [I,, capra, the she-goat.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs or low shrubs ; — so called be- cause their leaves are a favorite food of the goat. Loudon. CAP'RATE, n. (Chem.) A salt formed from capric acid and a base. P. Cyc. CA-PRE'O-LATE [ka-pre'o-lat, Ja. Cl. Ash, John- son, Maunder ; kap're-o-lat, K. IF/;. ; ka'pre-o- lat,. S?».], a. [L. capreolus, a tendril.] Winding and clasping with tendrils ; cirrous. “Termed in botany capreolate plants.” Harris. CA-PRE'O-LUS, n. [L.] (Bot.) The tendril of a plant ; cirrus. Brandc. CAP'RIC, a. [L. caper, a goat.] (Chem.) Noting an acid obtained from the milk of a goat or of a cow, or from butter. Begnault. CAPRICCIO (ca-pret'cho), n. [It.] (Mus.) A loose, irregular species of composition. Moore. CAPRICCIOSO (kft-pret-clie-o'so), a. [It.] (Mus.) Noting a capricious, free, fantastic style. Moore. CA-PR1CE' [kj-pres', S. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; ka-pres' or kap'res, IF.], it. [From L. caper, a goat. Richardson ; It. capriccio ; Sp. capricho ; Fr. caprice.] A sudden start of the mind; a sudden change of opinion ; a whim ; a freak ; a fancy. “ The caprice or whim of the bish- op.” Swift. f CAPRICIIIO (ka-pret'clio), n. Caprice. Grew. CA-PRI"CIOUS (ka-prtsh'us), a. [Fr. capricievx.] Full of caprice ; apt to change ; very changea- ble ; freakish ; fantastical ; whimsical ; fanciful. “ The most capricious poet, honest Ovid.” Shak. Syn.— See Changeable, Fanciful. CA-PRl''CIOUS-LY (ka-pvjsh ' us-le) , ad. In a ca- pricious manner ; whimsically. CA-PRi''CIOUS-NESS (kst-prish'us-nes), n. State of being capricious ; caprice. Swift. cAp'RI-CORN, it. [L. capricornus, the goat’s- horn ; caper, a goat, and cornu, a horn;] 1. The tenth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 21st of December, at the winter solstice. Braiule. 2. pi. The name of the three divisions of te- tramerous beetles. Brande. CAp'RID, a. [L. caper, a goat.] (Zotil.) Relat- ing to the genus Capra, and to the tribe of which it is the type. Boag. CAp'RI-FI-CATE, v. a. [L. caprifico, caprifica- tus.\ To ripen figs by the gall-insect. — See Caprification. IF. Smith. CAP-RI-FI-CA'TION, n. [L. caprificus, the wild fig-tree ; caper ficus, goat-fig ; caprificatio ; Fr. caprification.] 1. The process of accelerating the ripening of figs by placing upon the cultivated plant branches of the wild fig, the insects on which fly to the cultivated figs and puncture them for the purpose of laying their eggs. The fruit thus stimulated ripens earlier than it otherwise would, and in the Levant the cultivator is ena- bled by this means to obtain two harvests a year. 2. The fecundation of the female flowers of the cultivated date palm by shedding upon them the pollen of wild male flowers. This kind of caprification is mentioned by Herodotus. P.Cyc. CAT RI-FOLE, ) jp. caprifolium ; caper, CAp-RI-FO ' LI-UM, > a goat, and folium, a leaf.] (Bot.) A genus of beautiful odoriferous shrubs, mostly twining ; the honeysuckle. Loudon. cAp'RI-FORM, a. [L. caper, a goat, and forma, form.] Having the form of a goat. Craig. CA-PRIljJ'jp-NOUS, a. [L. caper, a goat, and geno, or gigno, to beget ; Gr. ycvmui.] Born of, or produced by, a goat. Craig. CAp-RI-MUL ' (fl-DJE, n. pi. [L. caper, a goat, and mulgeo, to milk.] (Ornith.) A family of fissirostral birds of the order Passercs, includ- ing the sub-families Steatorinoe, Caprimulginte, and Podagerinte ; goat-suckers. Gray. CAp-RF-MUL-GI 'jYJF, v. pi. (Ornith.) A sub- family of fissirostral birds of the order Passeres and family Caprimulgidce ; goat- suckers. Gray. CAP'RINE, or CA'PRINE, a. [L. caprinus ; caper, a goat.] Resembling a goat. Chordeiles Virginianus. CAp-RI-OLE', n. [It. capriola ; Sp. cabriola ; Fr. capriole .] 1. (Man.) A leap that a horse makes without advancing, in such a manner that when he is at the height of his leap he yerks out his hind legs, even and near. 2. A caper in dancing. Sir J. Davies. 3. A lady’s head-dress. Iialliwcll. CAP'RI-PED, a. [L. caper, it goat, and pcs, pedis, a foot.] Having feet like a goat. Craig. CAP'RI-ZANT, a. (Med.) Uneven ; leaping. “Cap- rizant pulse.” Dunglison. Ash. cAp'RO-ATE, n. (Chem.) A salt formed from caproic acid and a base. P. Cyc. cAp'RO-IC, a. [L. caper, capris, a goat.] (Chem.) Noting an acid formed during the saponifica- tion of butter ; — so called from its rank, goat- like odor. Miller. CAP'RO-MYS, n. [Gr. Kairpoi, a boar, and /ivs, a mouse.] (Zo'ul.) A genus of rodent animals of the rat kind. Waterhouse. CAP'RONE, n. A substance found in butter. Clarke. CA- PRO ' VIS, n. (Zotil.) A genus of sheep; the wild sheep. Baird. CAP-SET. 'LA, n. [L., a little box.] (Bot.) A ge- nus of plants ; shepherd’s-purse. Loudon. cAp'-SHEAF, ii. The top sheaf of a stack. cAp'SI-CINE, n. (Chem.) An acrid soft resin m}EN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, s6n ; BULL, 26 BUR, RULE. — 9, 9, 9 , g, soft ; £, G, c, g, hard; § as z; % as gz. — THIS, this. CAPSICUM 202 CARANX found in the fruit or seed-pods of the Capsicum annuum ; the acrid principle of Cayenne pep- per. lirandc. CAP'S [-CUM, 11 . [Gr. icdrroi, to bite.] (Bot.) The berry or seed-vessel of different species of red pepper, of which the principal are the Guinea pepper ( Capsicum annuum), bird-pepper ( Cap- sicum baccatum), and Cayenne pepper ( Capsi- cum frutescens). The berries of all these varie- ties, when powdered, are known in commerce as Cayenne pepper. Loudon. CAP-SIZE', v. a. & n. [;’. capsized ; pp. capsiz- ing, capsized.] (Xaut.) To upset; to over- turn ; as, “ A sudden flaw will capsize a boat.” CAP'SlZE, n. An overturn. St. John. CAP'— SQUARES-!, it. pi. {Gunnery.) Iron plates which come over the trunnions of a gun to keep it on the carriage. Buchanan. CAP'STAn, n. [L. capistrum, a halter ; Sp. eabestrante, a cap- stan ; Fr. cabestan.) ( Naut .) A machine employed princi- pally in ships for a strong pur- chase in heaving or hoisting ; — sometimes improperly called capstern. It is a massive piece of timber or iron, in the form of a truncated cone, with curved sides, placed vertically, and made to turn on a pivot by levers inserted in holes in the head or top. It operates with a rope coiled round it in the manner of the wheel and axle. Brande. CAP'STONE, n. ( Pal .) The fossil encrinite ; — so named from its resembling a cap. Parkinson. CAP'SU-LAR, ? [L. capsula, a small box.] CAP'Sl!-LA-RY, > Belonging to the capsule ; hol- low like a cliest or capsule. Browne. CAP'SU-LATE, ? a% Enclosed in a box, chest, cAP'SU-LAT-y D, > or capsule. Browne. CAp'SULE, n. [L. capsula, a small box.] 1. (Bot.) A seed-vessel which bursts open at maturity. Gray. 2. ( Chem .) A small shallow evaporating ves- sel or dish. Brande. 3. ( Anat .) A membranous sac investing an organ. Brande. 4. (Gunnery.) A copper cap for percussion locks. Stocqueler. cAP'TAJN (kap'tjn), n. [L. caput, the head; It. capitano ; Sp. capitan ; Fr. capitainc .] 1. The commander of a ship, of a troop of horse, or of a company of infantry or artillery. 2. The chief of any body of men ; as, “ The captain, or overseer of workmen in mines.” 3. A man skilled in the conduct of wars ; a warrior ; as, “ Wellington and Napoleon were great captains.” CAp'TAJN (kap'tjn), g. Chief; valiant. “More captain than the lion.” [it.] Shah. CAP'TAIN-CY, n. The office of captain. Maunder. CAP'TAIN-CY— GEN'ER-AL, n. The office or ju- risdiction of a captain-general. Murray. CAP'TAIN-GEN'pR-AL, n. A commander-in- chief. Booth. cAp'TA[N— £EN' y,R-AL-CY, ii. The office or ju- risdiction of a captain-general. Sat. May. CAP'TAIN— PA-UHA', n. The Turkish high-ad- miral. — See Capitan Pacha. Ed. Rev. CAP'TAJN-RY, n. The power over a certain dis- trict ; captainship, [it.] Spenser. cAp'TAIN-SHIP, n. The post or office of a cap- tain. “ The next vacant captainship.” IVolton. CAP ' TAL, n. [Fr.] A chief ; a leader. f CAP-TA'TION, n. [Old Fr. captation, a ruse.] The practice of winning favor by flattery ; courtship ; flattery. “ Popular captations which some men use in their speeches.” K. Charles. cAp'TION, n. [L. captio .] (Law.) The act of taking any person, particularly by a judicial process ; a seizure ; an arrest. Burrill. Caption of an indictment , the designation of the style of the court before which the jurors make their pre- sentment. Kff" Caption is often used in the United States in the sense of preamble, or head of a chapter or dis- course ; but this use is not sanctioned by good writers. cAp'TIOUS (kSp'shus), a. [L. captiosus ; captio, a seizing ; capio, captus, to take ; Fr. captieux .] 1. Catching at faults ; disposed to cavil or find fault ; eager to object ; hard to please ; perverse; fretful; cross; petulant; peevish. A vulgar man is captious and jealous. Chesterfield. 2. Insidious ; insnaring. “ Captious or fal- lacious ways of talking.” Locke. Syn. — Captious, cross, petulant, fretful , and peev- ish, all denote an irritable and disagreeable temper and manner. A captious person is disposed to cavil and find fault, and be offended with trifles ; an insid- ious one, to entrap or insnare. A captious or perverse disposition ; cross look ; petulant remark ; fretful tem- per ; peevish child ; insidious enemy. CAP'TIOUS-LY, ad. In a captious manner. Locke. cAp'TIOUS-NESS, n. Quality of being captious. f CAP-TI' VANCE, n. Captivity. Spenser. cAp'TI-VAte, v. a. [L . captico, captivatus ; It. cattivare; Sp .cautivar; Fr. captive/-.] [i. CAP- TIVATED ; pp. CAPTIVATING, CAPTIVATED.] 1. To make captive ; to take prisoner. lie deserves to be a slave that is content to have the liberty of his will so captivated. King Charles. 2. To charm; to fascinate; to win. Wisdom so captivates him with her appearance, that he gives himself up to her. Addison. Syn. — See Charm. f CAP'TI-VATE, a. Made prisoner. “ Sent our sons and husbands captivate.” Shake. cAp'T[-vAT-ING, a. Able to captivate or charm ; fascinating ; as, “ A captivating manner.” CAP-TI- VA'TtON, n. The act of taking captive. Our servitude lies in the captivation of our understand- ing. Bp. Uall. CAP'TIVE, n. [L. captivus ; It. cattivo ; Sp. cap- tico ; Fr. c apt if.) 1. One taken in war ; a prisoner. That forced respect a captive pays to his conqueror. Rogers. 2. One charmed by excellence or by beauty. To take captive, to subject to captivity or to en- chantment. CAP'TIVE, a. 1. Made prisoner ; taken by force. “ Captive Grecians.” Shah. 2. Pertaining to a captive. “ Caqitive state.” f CAP'T[VE, v. a. To take prisoner. Spenser. CAP-TI V'I-TY, ii. [L. captivitas ; Fr. captivite.) 1. The state of being a captive ; subjection to enemies by the fate of war. Those carried he into captivity from Jerusalem to Baby- lon. Z Kings xxiv. 15. 2. Bondage ; slavery ; servitude. Led, as it were, with a kind of captivity of judgment, //ofjl’cr. CAP'TOR, n. One who takes a prisoner or a prize. || CAPT'URE (kapt'yur), n. [L. captura ; Fr. cap- ture.') 1. The act of taking by force ; seizure ; as, “ The capture of a criminal.” 2. The thing taken ; a prize. Johnson. Syn. — Capture signifies both the act of taking and tile tiling taken ; seizure, the act of taking ; prize, tile tiling taken. — A capture is made by force of arms, or by a military force ; a seizure, by direct and per- sonal violence of an individual. The capture of a town or a vessel ; seizure of property ; a rich prize. II CAPT'URE, V. a. [t. CAPTURED ; pp. CAPTUR- ING, CAPTURED.] To take by force, as in war ; to take, as a prize. “ Four sail of the line were captured." Todd. f CAPUCCIO (kj-p&t'clie-o), n. [It.] A capouch, or hood. Spenser. j-CAPUCIIED (ka-poelit'), a. [Fr. eapuce, a hood.] Covered with a hood. Browne. CAP-U-^IIIN' (k3p-u-shen'), n. [L. caput, the head ; Fr. eapuce, or capuchon, a hood ; capu- cin, capucine, a friar or nun who wears a cowl.] 1. A Franciscan friar or monk, so called from his hood, or cowl. Harmar. 2. A female garment, consisting of a cloak and hood. Johnson. 3. A pigeon whose head is covered with a tuft of feathers. CAP ' U-C/JVE, 11 . [Fr.] (Zoiil.) A species of monkey ; the hooded ape ; the sayoo or sat. Boag. CAP'U-LET, n. (Farriery.) A tumor or enlarge- ment on the point of a horse’s hock. Loudon. CAp'U-LIN, n. The Mexican cherry. Ogilvie. CA'PUT, «.; pi. cXf'r-TA. [L ., the head.) In England, the council of a university, consistin'' of the vice-chancellor, a doctor in each of the faculties of divinity, civil law, and physic, and two masters of arts. Month. Rev. CA'PUT-MOR'TU-UM, n. [L., dead head.) (Chem.) A phrase used to express the residu- um, when all that can be extracted is gone ; — originally applied to the burnt rcsidueleft in a still. CAR, n. [L. carrus ; It. & Sp. carro ; Fr. char ; W . car ; Dut. A Ger. karre ; Gael. A Arm. carr.) 1. A small carriage of burden ; a cart. When a lady comes in a coach to our shops, it must lie followed by a car loaded witli . . . money. Swift. 2. A chariot of war or of triumph. Like captives bound to a triumphant car. Shak. 3. A carriage or vehicle for a railroad. 4. ( Astron .) Charles’s Wain, or the Bear. CAR, or CHAR, in the names of places, seem to have relation to the British caer, a city . Gibson. CAR’A-BInE [kar'a-bln, Ja. R.\ kar'a-bln, K . ; kSr-bln', S’. IF. I'.], n. [It. A Sp. carabina ; Fr. carabine.) A fire-arm used by cavalry ; a pet- ronel ; a small sort of fire-arm bet ween a pistol and a musket ; — written also carbine. if/) ‘ “ Dr. Ash, Bailey, W. Johnston, Entick, and Buchanan accent carabine on tile last syllable, and Dr. Johnson and Mr. Perry on the first’; while Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, Buchanan, Dr. Johnson, and Bai- ley accent carbine on tile first ; but Mr. Scott, Entick, Perry, and Kenriclc more properly on the last. The reason is, that if we accent carbine on the first sylla- ble, tile last ought, according to analogy, to have’ the i short; but as ilie i is always long, the’ accent ought to be on the last syllable.” IValker. cAR-A-BI-NEER', ii. [Fr .carabinieri) A sort of light horseman ; one armed with a carabine ; — written also carbineer. Chambers. cAr'A-BOID, a. [Gr. unoifoi, a kind of beetle, and elSos, form.] Eclating to the carabus. Smart. CAR 'A-Birs, ii. [L., from Gr. xdpajSoy.] (Ent.) A genus of coleopterous insects belonging to the beetle tribe. Van Der Hoeven. cAR-A-CA'RA, n. (Ornith.) The naked-cheeked eagle. Baird. CAR'ACK, n. [It. earacca; Sp. caraca ; Fr. ca- raqiie.) A large Spanish ship ; a galleon. Raleigh. CAR'A-CAL, n. (Zoiil.) An Asiatic animal resem- bling the lynx. Baird. CAR'A-COL, n. [Fr.] (Arch.) A staircase in the form of a spiral curve. Weale. CAR'A-COLE, 11. [Fr., a Caracal. wheeling about.) 1. (Man.) A semicircular motion, half-wheel, or oblique tread of a horse. Farrier's Diet. 2. (Arch.) A spiral staircase. Ogilvie. CAR'A-COLE, v. n. To move in caracoles. Johnson. CAR'A-CO-LY, n. An alloy of gold, silver, and copper for inferior jewellery. Buchanan. cAr'ACT, n. Same as Carat. Herbert. CAR'A-DOC, a. (Gcol.) Noting the uppermost of the two great divisions of the lower Silurian strata. Murchison. CAR 'AFE, n. [Fr.] A kind of bottle for water or wine ; a decanter. Smart. cAr'A-GE-NINE, n. (Chem.) A mucilage ob- tained from the caragheen-moss. Ogilvie. cAR'A-GHEEN-MOSS, ii. (Bot.) The Irish moss, a species of alga: ; Chondrus crispus. Gray. CAR'A-MEL, il. [Fr.] Sugar partially burnt ; — used for imparting a brown tint to brandies and other spirituous liquors. — Sec Caiiomel. CA-RAN'NA,»i. [Sp. car aha.) An aromatic resin "brought from South America. Brande. CA'RANX, n. [Fr.] (Ich.) A genus of fishes of the mackerel family ; — commonly called bas- tard mackerel. Brande. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 5, U, Y, short ; A, E, I. Q, IT, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; 1IE1R, HER ; CARAPACE 203 CARDIA CAR-A-PACE ', n. [Fr.] A thick, solid, and firm shell which covers some rejitiles, as the turtle, Crustacea &c. Crabb. CAR'A-PO, n. ( Ich .) An American fresh-water fish, about a foot in length. Ogilvie. CA-RAS'SOW, n. ( Or nit h.) An American bird of the pheasant kind. Ogilvie. cAr'AT, n. [Gr. Kipanov, the fruit of the locust- tree, and a weight ; Ar. kirat, a weight ; It. ca- ratto ; Fr. carat. — Bruce says, “ The fruit of the tree called kuara is a red bean, which seems to have been in the earliest ages used for a weight of gold. This bean is called carat.’’\ 1. A weight of four grains, with which dia- monds are weighed. Brancle. 2. A word employed to note the proportion of pure gold in a mass of metal ; thus, — an ounce of gold is divided into 24 carats, and gold of 22 carats fine is gold of which 22 parts, out of 24, are pure ; the other 2 parts being silver, copper, or other metal. Brande. CA-RAU'NA, n. Caranna. — See Caranna. CAR-A-VAN' (112) [kar-j-van', IK. P. J. F. Ja. Sm . It. C. ; kar'^-van, .S. K. A\ I Vb.],n. [Pers. carvan, a trader ; Pers. 6j Ar. caravan ; Sp. ca- ravana ; Fr. caravane .] 1. A company or troop of merchants or pil- grims, as they travel in the East, banded to- gether for greater security in passing deserts. 2. A large carriage for carrying beasts or other heavy burdens. Smart. CAR-A-VAN-EER', n. One who leads the camels, &c., of a caravan. Ash. cAr-A-VAN'SA-RY, n. A kind of inn, or large public housej in the East, for lodging caravans or travellers in the desert, &c. ; — written also caravansera. Pope. CAr'A-VEL, n. [It. caravella ; Sp. carabela ; Fr. caravelle.} 1. A light old-fashioned ship, formerly used in Spain and Portugal. Robertson. 2. A French herring-vessel. Falconer. jSSr- Written also Carver. CAR- A- VEL 'LA, n. [It. caravella, a small ship.] A Turkish frigate carrying 40 guns. Ec. Rev. cAr'A-WAY, n. [The botanical name carum is from Caria. Dunglison. — See Carum. “Cor- rupted from Celt, garwin, seeds that produce the expulsion of wind.” Cleland. — Gael, carb- haidh.\ 1. ( Bot .) A deciduous herbaceous plant ; Carum carui. Loudon. 2. The aromatic or spicy seed of the Carum carui -, — much used by confectioners and as a carminative in medicine. P. Cyc. cAr'A-WAY— COM'FIT, n. A sweetmeat con- taining caraway. Goldsmith. CAR-BAN' ZA, n. [Sp.] A large kind of pea raised in Spain, South America, &c., and used for food. Merle. CAR-bAz'O-tAte, n. ( Chem .) A salt formed of carbazotic acid and a base. Brande. CAR-BA-ZOT'IC, a. [From carbon, azote, and ic, the chemical termination noting acid compounds which contain the largest proportion of oxygen.] (Chon.) Noting a crystallizable acid and hitter substance composed of carbon, azote, and oxy- gen, obtained by the action of nitric acid on indigo and some other vegetable and animal substances. Brande. CAR'BINE, or CAR-BINE' [kir'bln, S. E. F. Sm. ; kar-bln', IK. P.], n. A small fire-arm used by cavalry. — See Carabine. Richardson. CAR-BIN-EER', n. See Carabineer. CAR' bo, n. [L. carbo, charcoal.] ( Ornith .) A species of water-fowl ; the cormorant ; Phala- crocorax carbo. Nuttall. CAR'BON, n. [L. carbo ; It. carbone ; Sp. carbon ; Fr. charbon. ] (Chem.) A non -metallic ele- mentary solid body, which is widely diffused throughout nature, being found in all vegetable and animal substances, and forming the princi- pal element of the various kinds of mineral coal. It is the pure combustible base of char- coal. The diamond is pure carbon in a crys- tallized form. Graphite, or black lead, is car- bon with a trace of iron. Hoeffer. cAR-BO-NA'CEOUS (kir-bo-na'slms), a. Relating to, or containing, carbon. Kirwan. f CAR'BO-nAde, n. Same as Carbonado. Smart. f cAr-BO-NA'DO, n. [L. carbo, charcoal; Sp. carbonada ; Fr. carbonnade .] Meat cut across to be broiled upon the coals. Shah. t CAR-BO-NA'DO, v. a. To cut or hack. Shah. CAR-BO-NA ' RI, n. pi. [It., colliers.'] The name of a secret political society of radical reformers in Italy. Ency. CAR'BON-ATE, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of carbonic acid with a base. Brande . . Carbonate of ammonia, smelling salts. CAr'BO-NAT-JJD, a. Containing carbonic acid gas. “ Carbonated springs.” Lyell. CAR-BON'IC, a. Relating to, or consisting of, carbon. Corn contains more of the carbonic principle than grasses. Kirwan. CAR-BON'IC— A^'ID, n. An acid composed of one equivalent of carbon and two equivalents of oxygen. When uncombined, it exists in the form of a gas, but may be reduced to a liquid under a pressure of thirty-six atmospheres, and even to a solid form, like snow, by the intense cold consequent on the rapidity of its evapo- ration from the liquid state. It is a constant product of combustion and of respiration, and, when unmixed with atmospheric air, extin- guishes flame and suffocates animals. From this circumstance miners call it choke-damp. It was formerly also called fixed air, mephitic air, and mephitic gas. Brande. CAR-BON'IC— OX'IDE, n. (Chem.) A compound of one equivalent of carbon and one of oxygen. It burns with a pale-blue flame, as in the combus- tion of charcoal, anthracite coal, &c., and when respired is quickly fatal to animal life. Turner. CAR-BO-NIF'JJR-OUS, a. [L. carbo, coal, and fero, to bear.] Containing carbon or coal. Carboniferous group, ( Gcol.) a group of secondary strata, comprising three divisions : the coal measures, millstone grit, and mountain limestone. Lyell. cAR-BON-I-ZA'TION, n. The act of carboniz- ing; the process of changing into carbon, lire. CAR'BON-IZE, v. a. [i. carbonized ; pp. car- bonizing, carbonized.] To convert into car- bon by partial burning, without access of air, or by the action of acids. Loudon. CAR'BO-NO— HY'DROUS, a. [Eng. carbon, and Gr. SStop, water.] (Chem.) Composed of carbon and hydrogen. Vre. CAR'BO— SUL'PHU-RET, n. (Chem.) A compound of bi-sulphuret of carbon (also called sulphide of carbon and sulpho-carbonic acid) and a base'; as, “ Carbo-sulphuret of potassium.” Ogilvie. CAR'BOY, n. A large, globular bottle of green glass protected by basket-work. Brande. CAR'BUN-CLE (k'ir'bungk-ld), n. [L. carbuncu- lus, a little coal ; Sp. carbunclo ; Fr. carboncle .] 1. An ancient name of a gem or precious stone of a deep red color, supposed to be the precious garnet. It is believed that a carbuncle does shine in the dark like a burning coal: from whence it hath its name. Wilkins. 2. (Med.) A hard, round, inflammatory tumor which discharges a fetid matter, differing from the common boil in having no central core ; a malignant boil ; a species of anthrax. Dunglison. CAR'BUN-CLED (kar'bungk-kld), a. 1. Set with the gems called carbuncles. Shah. 2. (Med.) Afflicted with carbuncles. Johnson. C AR-BUN'CU-LAR, a. Like a carbuncle; in- flamed. Johnson. CAR-BUN-Cr-LA'TION, n. [L. carbunculatio .] The blasting of young buds of trees by exces- sive heat or cold. Harris. CAR'BU-RET, n. (Chem.) A compound of car- bon and a base. “ Carburet of iron.” Turner. CAR'BU-RET-TjpD, a. Combined with, or contain- ing, carbon. “ Carburctted hydrogen.” Brande. Curburettcd hydrogen , (Chem.) a name applied to compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of which are gaseous, as oil gas, coal gas, olefiant gas ; some are liquid, as naphtha and oil of turpentine ; and others are solid, as caoutchouc. (jre. CAR ' CA-.l OU, n. [Fr.] (Zo.jI.) A species of lynx found in Canada and other parts of North America. Boiste. CAR'CA-NET, n. [Fr. carcan .] A chain or col- lar of jewels ; a necklace or bracelet. Shale. f CAR'CASE, n. A dead body ; a carcass. Bible. CAR'CASS, n. 1. [Low L. carcasium ; It. car- cassa ; Fr. carcasse.] A dead body of any ani- mal ; a corpse. Now scattered lies "Wi tli carcasses and arms the ensanguined field. Milton. 2. The body, ludicrously or in contempt. “ Distress of carcass or of fortune.” L’ Estrange. 3. The decayed remains of anything; ruins. A rotten carcass of a boat, not rigged. Shale. 4. The framework or main parts of any thing before completion, as of a house. 5. [It .carcassa; Sp. carcax, carcaza.] (Mil.) A hollow case formed of ribs of iron covered with cloth. When filled with combustibles, it is projected into a besieged place, in order to set the buildings on fire. Campbell. Syn. — See Body. j- CAR'CIJ-lA^IE, n. (Late.) Prison fees. Bailey. CAR'CE-RAL, a. [L. career, a prison.] Belong- ing to a prison, or to imprisonment. [it.] Fox. CAR'CER-IST, n. A keeper of a prison. S. Smith. CAR-CI-NO 'MA, n. [L., from Gr. Kaptdvopa ; rap- Kti/vg, a crab. 1 — See Cancer.] (Med.) A can- cerous tumor ; a cancer. Dunglison. CAR-CI-NOM' A-TOUS [kHr-se-nomVtus, P. K. Sm. Ash-, kir-se-no'mj-tus, Ja. M b.], a. (Med.) Cancerous. Dunglison. CARD, n. [Gr. xdor:;, a sheet of paper ; L. efiarta, a writing ; It. § Sp. carta ; Fr. carte. — Dut. kaart ; Gcr. karte .] 1. A small square of pasteboard which may contain written or printed matter to be used for purposes of business, civility, or playing at games. As to cards ami dice, I think the safest and best way is never to learn to plnv upon them, and so be incapacitated for those dangerous temptations and encroaching wasters of time. Locke. 2. A paper marked with the points of the compass. On life’s vast ocean diversely we sail. Reason the card , but passion is the gale. Pope. 3. A published billet or notice, making a statement, explanation, or acknowledgments for some marked favor. CARD, n. [It. cardo, a thistle or card ; Fr. carde. — Dut. kaard ; Dan. karde.] pi. An instru- ment for combing wool or flax, made of bent wires inserted in leather fastened to wood. Ure. CARD, V. a. [£. CARDED ; pp. CARDING, CARDED.] 1. To comb as wool or flax ; to clear by comb- ing. 2. f To clear, as if by combing. It is necessary that this book be carded and purged of cer- tain base things. Shelton, 'Pans. Bon Quix. 3. f To mingle together. It is an excellent drink, to be drunk either alone or carded with some other beer. liacun. CARD, v. n. To game ; to use cards. Dryden. CAR'DA-MINE, n. [Gr. Kanln/ury ; L . cardamina.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; lady’s-smoek. Loudon. CAR'DA-MOM, n. (Bot.) The aromatic seed of the Alpinia eardamomum, imported from Ben- gal. Its chief use is in medicine, especially in combination with cathartics and hitters. Brande. CAR- DA-MO 'MUM, n. [L., from Gr. Kaplapwpov.] Cardamom. — See Cardamom. Chambers. CARD'— BOARD, n. A stiff pasteboard. Simmonds. CARD'f.R, n. 1. One who cards wool. Shak. 2. One who plays at cards ; a card-player. “ Coggers, carders, dicers.” Walton. CAR'DI-A, n. [Gr. naphta, the heart, or the en- trance to the stomach.] (Anat.) The superior orifice of the stomach where it joins the oesoph- agus : — also the heart. Dunglison. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — £, 9. g, soft; C, G, £, g, hard; ^ as z; \ as gz. — THIS, this. CARDIAC 204 CARE-TUNED CAR'DI-AC, a. [Gr. Kaphasds ; Kaolin, the heart; L. cardiacus ; It. § Sp. cardiaco; Fr. cardi- aque .] 1. Belonging to, or connected with, the heart. “ The cardiac veins.” Dunglison. 2. Relating to the upper orifice of the stom- ach. “ The cardiac orifice.” Dunglison. 3. Cordial; invigorating; strengthening. “ The stomachic, cardiac qualities of this foun- tain.” Bp. Berkeley. CAR'DI-AC, n. (Med.) A cordial. Dunglison. CAR-Dl'A-CAL [kjr-dl Vk?l, S. W. P. Ja. A'.; k’ir'de- j-kai, Sm. Wb.), a. Invigorating; strengthening ; cordial ; cardiac. More. CAR-DI'A-Cp, n. [Gr. Kaolin, the heart.] (Min.) A heart-shaped, precious stone. Crabb. CAR-DI-A'CEAN (-sh»n), n. ( Zojl .) A species of the mollusks. Smart. CAR'DI-AC-WHEEL, n. A cam-wheel having the form of a heart; the heart-wheel. Ogilvie. CAr-DI-AG'R A-PHY, n. [Gr. Kaolin, the heart, and ypaipw, to describe.] (Med.) An anatomi- cal description of the heart. Dunglison. CAR-DI-AL G1"A £ n. [Gr. Kaphahyia ; Kaplia, CAR'DI-AL-GV, ) the heart, and dlyos, pain.] (Med.) An uneasy sensation or burning pain in the stomach ; the heartburn. Dunglison. CAR'DI-NAL, a. [L. cardinalis ; cardo, a hinge ; It. cardinal e •, Fr. cardinal. — Cleland gives Celt, caer, or car, a town, and dean-al, a head- deacon, i. e. the town arch-deacon.] Principal ; chief. “ Ilis cardinal perfection was indus- try.” Clarendon. Cardinal virtues, (with the ancients.) prudence, tem- perance, justice, and fortitude. — Cardinal points, east, west, north, and south. — Cardinal signs, the signs at the four quarters of the year, viz. : Aries, Libra, Can- cer, and Capricorn ; or the two equinoxes and two solstices. — Cardinal numbers, one, two, &.c.,in dis- tinction from tile ordinal numbers, first, second, &c. — Cardinal patron, the prime minister of the pope. Brande. CAR'DI-NAL, n. I. A dignitary of the Romish church, next in rank to the pope. The cardi- nals have the title of “ eminence,” and are dis- tinguished by a scarlet hat, and a short purple mantle. They are the electors of the pope, xvho is chosen from among them, and they form his council, which consists of seventy members, of whom six are bishops, fifty presbyters, and fourteen deacons. Brande. 2. A woman’s short cloak or cape; — prob- ably so called from having been originally red, like a cardinal’s. Cotgrave. cXr'DI-NAL-ATE, n. The office of cardinal ; car- dinalship. “ An old friend of his was advanced to a cardinalate." L’ Estrange. CAR'DI-NAL— BIRD, n. (Ornith.) A North Amer- ican bird with a fine red plumage and a crest on the head ; Fringilla cardinalis. Its song re- sembles that of the nightingale, and hence one of its names is Virginian nightingale. Nuttall. CAR'DI-NAL— FI.OW'ER, il. ( Bot .) An ornament- al, deciduous, herbaceous plant, bearing bright scarlet flowers ; Lobelia cardinalis. Loudon. CAR'DI-NAL— GROS'BEAK, n. The cardinal-bird ; Loxia cardinalis. Ogilvie. CAR'DI-NAL-iZE, v. a. To make a cardinal of. “ He [the pope] hath cardinalized divers.” Sheldon. CAR'DJ-NAL-SHlP, n. The office of a cardinal; cardinalate. Bp. Hall. CARD'ING, n. 1. The act of using cards, or of combing, as wool or flax. Ure. 2. Act of playing with cards. Carding and dicing have a sort of good fellows in their company, as blind Fortune, stumbling Chance, &c. Ascliain. CAR-DI-OL'0-9Y, n. [Gr. Kaplia, the heart, and l.iyos, a discourse.] (Anat.) A discourse or treatise on the heart. Craig. CAR-DI-O-SPER'MUM, n. [Gr. Kaplia, the heart, and aizippa, seed.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; the heart-seed, or heart- pea. Ogilvie. CAR-Dl'TIS, n. [Gr. Kaplia, the heart.] (Med.) Inflammation of the heart. Brande. CAR' DI-UM, n. (Zo'Ol.) A genus of bivalve sea- shells ; the cockle. Woodivard. CARD'— MAK-£R, n. A maker of cards. Shak. CARD'MAK-ING— MA-CHINE', n. A machine for making factory cards. Boag. CARD'— MATCH, n. A match made by dipping pieces of card in melted sulphur. Addison. CAR-DOON', n. [L. carduus ; Sp. cardo.} (Bot.) A plant resembling the artichoke ; — used for soups and salads ; Cynara cardunculus. Loudon. CARD'— PAR-TY, n. A party where cards are played. CARD'— PLAY-ER, n. One who plays cards. CARD'— RACK, n. A frame or receptacle for visit- ing or business cards. Simmonds. CARD'— TA-BLE, n. 1. A table for playing cards. 2. A table having folding leaves CAR-DU-E'LJS, n. (Ornith.) A genus of passe- rine birds, of the finch tribe. Brande. CAR 'DU- GS-BF.Jf-F.-DIC ' TUS, n. [L.] All herb ; the blessed thistle. Shak. CARE, n. [L. cura.— Goth, car, cara, or kara ; Ir. car ; W. cilr. — A. S. care, or earn.] 1. Perturbation of mind ; concern ; anxiety ; solicitude. Care keeps his vetch in every old man’s eye; And where Care lodges, Sleep will never lie. Shak. 2. Caution; heed; attention; as, “To take care ” ; “To have a care." 3. Charge ; regard. We believe there is a God who takes care of us. TiUotson. 4. The object of solicitude or care. Your safety, more than mine, was then my care. Drydcn. Syn. — Every duty that is to be performed requires care ; for care is inseparable from the business of life. — Care is less than solicitude ; solicitude and concern less than anxiety . Care respects the present, past, and future; solicitude and concern the present and future; anxiety , the future. We are careful about the means ; solicitous and anxious about the end. Solicitude and concern for what is in danger ; anxious for what is in great danger. Care for business ; care for the flock ; regard for welfare ; charge of youth ; management of business; caution against danger. Take care ; give heed ; pay attention ; use caution. CARE, v. n. [i. CARED ; pp. CARING, cared.] 1. To be anxious ; to be solicitous ; to feel concerned or interested. “ Care no more to clothe and eat.” Shak. Dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone? Luke x. 40. 2. To be inclined ; to be disposed. Not caring to observe the wind. Waller. 3. To have regard, interest, or concern. You dote on her that cares not for your love. Shah. CARE'— CRAZED (-krazd), a. Broken with care. “ A care-crazed mother.” Shak. f L’Ar'ECT, n. A mark ; a charm. — See Char- act. Dugdale. CAre'-DE-FY'INC, a. Bidding defiance to care. “That care-defying sonnet.” Shenstone. cARE'-E-LUD'ING, a. Avoiding care. Thomson. CA-REEN', v. a. [L. carina, a keel ; It. carcnare ; Sp. carenar ; Fr. carener.) [i. careened ; pp. careening, careened.] (Naut.) To lay on one side, as a vessel, in order to calk and re- pair the other side. Chambers. 1. The ground on which a race is run ; race- course. They had run themselves too far out of breath to go back again the same career. Sidney. 2. A race ; a course. When down the hill he holds his fierce career. Shah. 3. Course of action ; procedure. Continue and proceed in honor's fair career. Drydcn. 4. (Falconry.) The flight of a hawk. Crabb. Syn. — See Race. CA-REER', v. n. To run or move rapidly. The wheels Of beryl, and careering fires between. Jlilton. cAre'FUL, a. [A. S. carfull. ] 1. Full of care ; anxious; solicitous. Martha, thou art careful and troubled about many things. Luke x. 41. 2. Having regard to what will be needed; provident. Thou hast been careful for us with all this care. 2 Kings iv. 13. 3. Watchful; cautious ; circumspect. It concerns us to be careful of our conversation. J lay. 4. Attended with care ; exposed to trouble. By him that raised me to this careful height. Shak. Syn. — Careful to avoid mistakes ; cautious to avoid dangers ; provident in preparing for future exigencies ; watchful or vigilant to discover and guard against danger or an enemy ; heedful of advice ; uttenticc lo business. — See Care, Cautious. CARE'FUL-LY, ad. 1. In a manner that shows care or anxiety. “Envy, how carefully does it look ! ” Collier. 2. Heedfully ; providentially ; watchfully ; vigilantly ; attentively. You come most carefully upon your hour. Shak. cAre'FUL-NF.SS, n. [A. S. carfulnys .] The state of being careful; vigilance; heedfulness ; attention ; caution. Knollcs. CARE'— K1LL-ING, a. Putting an end to care; dispelling anxiety. Moore. cAre'LESS, a. [care and less ; A. S. carleas .' ] 1. Having no care ; heedless ; negligent ; un- concerned; unmindful; unthinking; thought- less; listless; remiss; inattentive. A woman, the more curious she is about her face, is com- monly the more careless about her house. li. Jonson. 2. Unattended with care ; undisturbed. “ Care- less solitude.” Thomson. 3. Unheeded ; uneonsidered. The freedom of saying many careless things. Dope. 4. Having an appearance of negligence ; art- less. One evening, as he framed the cai'elcss rhyme. Beattie. Syn. — See Cursory, Indolent, Negligent. cArE'LF,SS-LY, ad. Heedlessly ; negligently. cAre'LIJSS-NESS, n. [A. S. carlcasncs.] The state of being careless. Shak. Syn. — See Inadvertence, Negligence. f cA'JtEN-CY, n. [L. careo, to want; carcns, wanting.] Want ; lack. Bp. Richardson. f CA-RENE', n. [Low L. car ena.] A fast of forty days on bread and water. Richardson. f cAr'JJN-tANE, n. [Fr. quarantaine, the num- ber of forty.] A papal indulgence multiplying the remission of penance by forties. — See Quarantine. Bp. Taylor. CA-RESS', V. a. [Gr. KaraUl^w, to fondle ; It. carezzarc ; Fr. caresser.) [/. caressed ; pp. ca- ressing, caressed.] To treat with fondness; to embrace with affection ; to fondle ; to hug. CA-RESS', n. An act of endearment; an em- brace. “ Conjugal caresses.” Milton. CA-RESS'ING, n. The act of treating with en- dearment. CARD'ING, p. a. That cards ; combing. Carding machine, a machine for combing, dressing, and breaking wool or cotton. It consists of cylin- ders thick set with teeth. Craig. CAR-DI-OG'R A-PHY, n. [Gr. Kaplia, the heart, and yodipw, to describe.] (Anat.) A description of the heart ; cardiagraphy. Craig. CAR'DI-OID, n. [Gr. Kaplia, the heart, and i7lo;, form.] (Geoni.) A curve, so named from its form, which resembles a heart. Hutton. CA-REEN', v. n. (Naut.) To incline to one side under a press of sail. Johnson. CA-REEN'A9E, n. 1. (Naut.) A place in which to careen a ship. 2. Expense of careening. Col. Reid. CA-REEN'ING, n. (Naut.) The act of laying a vessel on one side, for repairing it. Mar. Diet. CA-REER', n. [It. carriera ;■ Sp. carrera ; Port. carreira ; Fr. carrier e.] CA-RESS'ING, p. a. Treating with kind and friendly attentions ; as, “ A. caressing manner.” CA-RESS' I NG-LY, ad. In a caressing manner. cA'RET, n. [L. caret, it is wanting ; from careo, to want.] A mark thus [ ^ ] which denotes that something which is interlined has been omitted in writing. cARE'-TUNED (kdr'tiind), a. Tuned by care ; mournful. “ My care-tuned tongue.” Shak. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, O, U, Y, short; A, E, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; I1EIR, IIER; CARE-WORN 205 CAROR-TREE cAre'WORN, a. Worn or vexed with care. Smart. CARE'— WOUND- f.D, a. Wounded with care. May. CA 'REX, ra. [L., a rush.] ( Bot .) A genus^ of plants ; the sedge. P ■ Cyc. f CAR'GA-SON, n. [Fr. cargaison .] A cargo. “ A cargason valued at £80,000.” Ilowcll. CAR'GO, re. ; pi. car'goe!J. [It. carico, a load; Sp. cargo \ Old Fr. carque ; Fr. cargaison ; W. carg] The lading of a ship or merchant-ves- sel ; goods, merchandise, or wares conveyed in a ship ; freight ; load ; burden ; lading. And richly freighted bring our cargo home. Churchill. Syn. — See Freight. CAR'GOOSE, n. ( Ornith .) A fowl belonging to the order Anseres and family Colg/nbidat ; — called also the crested diver. Gray. cA'RI-AT-IJD, a. Affected or injured by caries ; carious. Berdmore. CAR-1-At'!-DE§, re. pi. See Caryatides. cAR'IB, re. ( Geog .) A savage native of Guiana. Cl. CAR-IB-BE'AN, a. (Geog.) Relating to a cluster of the West-Indian Islands, or to the adjacent sea. CAR ' I-BOU, n. [Fr.] (Zoiil.) A species of Arctic reindeer ; Cervus Tarandus. Fischer. cAr'I-CA, re. [L., a dry Jig.] (Bot.) 1. The tree which produces the common fig; Ficus carica; — so named because originally supposed to be from Caria, in Asia. Loudon. 2. A genus of plants including the papaw, or papaya. Loudon. CAR'I-CA-TURE [kar-e-k?-tur', J. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; kSr-e-kj-chur', IF. ; kar'e-ka-tur, I Vb.], n. [It. caricatura ; caricare, to load or charge ; Fr. caricature .] A painting, representation, or de- scription, so overcharged as to be ridiculous, yet retaining a resemblance ; — originally writ- ten, after the Italian, caricatura. Bp. Horne. Let not this be thought exaggerated, or a caricature of Cowley. Warton. CAR-I-CA-TURE', V. a. [i. CARICATURED ; pp. caricaturing, caricatured.] To represent by caricature ; to ridicule ; to burlesque. lie could draw an ill face, or caricature a good one, with a masterly hand. Lyttleton . CAR-I-CA-TU'RIST, n. One who caricatures. “ A professed caricaturist.” Malone. cAR-I-COG'RA-PHY, n. [L. carex, a rush, and Gr. ■ypatpui, to describe.] A description of sedges or grasses. Journ. Science. CAR'I-COUS, a. [L .carica, a dry fig.] Having the form of a fig. Johnson. CA'RI-ESj, n. [L.] (Med.) Ulceration or rotten- ness of a bone ; cariosity. Dunglison. CA-RIL'LON, n. [Fr.] (Mus.) 1. A chime ; a peal. 2. An instrument consisting of bells properly tuned. Moore . CA-Rl'NA, n. [L., a keel.] (Bot.) A term applied to the two lower petals enclosing the organs of fructification in papilionaceous flowers. Brande. CAR-l-NA ' RI-A, n. [L. carina, a keel.] (Zoiil.) A genus of asymmetrical gasteropods. Brande. CAR I-NATE, ) a [X. carinatus\ carina, a cAr'I-nAt-£D, S keel.] (Bot. & Zoiil.) Formed like the keel of a vessel ; keel-shaped. Brande. CAR'I-OLE, n. [Fr. carriole.] A light carriage for one person, drawn by one horse. Ed. Ency. CAR-I-OP'SIS, n. (Bot.) See Caryopsis. Gray. CA-RI-OS'I-TY, re. [L. caries.] Ulceration or rottenness of a bone ; caries. Wiseman. OA'RI-OUS, a. [L. cariosus ; Fr. caricux.] Rot- ten or ulcerated, as a bone. Wiseman. CAR'JA-COU, n. [Fr. cariacou.] (Zoiil.) ACentral- American deer ; Cervus nemorivagus. Fischer. + CARK, n. [A. S. care ; W. care.] Care ; anx- iety. “ Devoid of careful cork.” Spenser. f CARK, v. n. To be careful or anxious. Sidney. f CARK'ING, n. Care ; anxiety. Decay of Piety. ]• CARK'ING, p. a. Anxious. Bp. Beveridge. f CARLE, n. [A. S. carl, a male ; carl-man, a rustic ; ceorl, a churl ; Gcr. kerl.\ A rude man ; a churl. “ The miller was a stout carle.” Chaucer. CARLE, n. A kind of hemp. Tusser. f CARLE, v. n. To act like a carle. Burton. CAR'LIC, n. [A. S. cerli.ce.] A weed. Same as Charlock. [Local, Eng.] Farm. Ency. CAR'LIN, n. [Dim. of carle.] A contemptuous term for a woman. [Scotland.] Ogilvie. CAR-LI'JfA, n. [Low L.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; the carline-thistle. Loudon. CAR'LINE, or CAR'O-LINE, n. A silver coin of Naples. Buchanan. CARLINE-THIS'TLE, n. See Carlina. CAR'LING§, n.pl. [Fr. carlingue.] (Naut.) Tim- bers lying fore and aft to fortify the smaller beams of a ship. Mar. Diet. fCARL'JSII, a. [See Carle.] Churlish; rude. “ Like one of carlish, abject mind.” Huloet. f CARL'ISII-NESS, n. Churlishness. Huloet. CAR'LOCK, n. [A. S. cerlice.] 1. A plant ; charlock. Bosworth. 2. A sort of isinglass. Ash. f CAR'LOT, n. A countryman ; a rustic. Shah. CAR-LO-VIN'GI-AN, a. Relating to Charlemagne or to his race. Ilallam. CAR'MAN, re.; pi. carmen. A man who drives a car ; a carter. Gay. E’en sturdy carmen shall thy nod obey. Gat/. cAr'M£L-IN, a. Carmelite. — See Carmelite. CAR'MpL-lTE, a. Relating to the order of Mount Carmel. CAR'MIJL-lTE, n. 1. (Eccl. Hist.) A friar of the order of Mount Carmel. Brande. 2. A sort of pear. Johnson. CAR-MIN'A-TIVE, n. [L. carmen, a charm.] (Med.) A medicine which dispels flatulency, and allays pain in the bowels. Dunglison. CAR-MIN'A-TIVE, a. [Fr. carminatif.) (Med.) Dispelling flatulency ; warming ; antispasmodic. CAR'MINE, or CAR-MINE' [kitr'mln, S. E. F. Ja. C. Wb. ; kftr-mln', IF. P. J. Sm.], ra. [It. car- minio ; Sp. 8$ Fr. carmin .] A brilliant lake made of the coloring matter of the cochineal insect combined with alumina and a little oxide of tin. Brande. CAR'MOT, ra. A name given by the alchemists to the matter which they believed to constitute the philosopher’s stone. Dunglison. CARN, ra. A rock, or a heap of rocks. [Corn- wall, Eng.] Wea.le. CAR'NAIjrE, ra. [Fr., from L. caro, carnis, flesh ; It. carnaggio, flesh meat ; Sp. carniceria, sham- bles ; havoc.] 1. Flesh of animals slain. Such a scent I draw Of carnage , prey innumerable. Milton. 2. Slaughter ; massacre ; butchery ; havoc. Tie brought the king’s forces upon them rather as carnage than to fight, insomuch as the greatest part were slain. Hayward. Syn. — Carnage, slaughter, and butchery are ap- plied to the destruction of men and animals ; massa- cre, to men. Dreadful carnage; destructive slaugh- ter ; treacherous massacre ; horrid butchery. CAR'NAL, a. [L. carnalis, from caro, flesh.] 1. Relating to flesh ; fleshly, as opposed to spiritual. “ Carnal pleasure.” Milton. 2. Lustful ; libidinous. Shak. Carnal knowledge, (Law.) sexual connection. CAR'N-AL-I§M, ra. Same as Carnality, [r.] CAR'NAL-IST, ra. One given to carnality. Burton. CAR'NAL-ITE, n. A worldly-minded man; a carnalist. [r.] Anderson. CAR-NAl'I-TY, ra. State of being carnal ; fleshly lust; sensuality. “Why do they wallow in all the carnalities of the world ? ” South. CAR'NAL-IZE, v. a. To make carnal. Scott. CAR'NAL-LY, ad. 1. In a carnal manner; ac- cording to the flesh ; not spiritually. In the sacrament, we do not receive Christ carrmlh,, but we receive him spiritually. Bp. 'Baylor. 2. Lustfully ; libidinously. Lcvit. xviii. 20. CAR'NAL— MlND' £ D, a. Worldly-minded. More. CAR'NAL— MIND'jgD-NESS, ra. Carnality or gross- ness of mind. Bp. Taylor. f CAR'NAR-DINE, n. A sort of pink ; carnation. “ The rosy-colored carnardine.” Old Comedy. CARNASSIER (kar-njs-sS'a), a. [Fr.] Carnivo- rous ; ravenous. Boiste. CAR-NATION, ra. [L. caro, carnis, flesh ; L. car- natio ; Fr. carnation .] 1. The natural flesh-color. Johnson. 2. (Bot.) A fine sort of clove pink, much es- teemed, beautiful, sweet-scented double flowers ; — a variety of the Dianthus carophyllus. P. Cyc. Or to the Elysian shades Dismiss my soul, where no carnation fades. Pope. 3. (Paint.) pi. The parts of a picture which represent naked limbs. Brande. CAR-NA'TIONED, a. Colored like the carnation; of a pink color. Lovelace. t CAR'NJJL, a. Rugged; shapeless. Dryden. CAR-NEL'IAN (kar-nel'yftn), ra. [It. cornalina ; Fr. cornaiine .] (Min.) A red or reddish min- eral of a clear bright color, composed almost entirely of silica, and passing through grayish- red varieties into common chalcedony. Its color is due to a minute proportion of oxide of iron. — Also written carnelion and cornelian. Dana. CAR'NAL— WORK (-wiirk), ra. (Ship-building.) The framing with timber, beams, and planks, as distinguished from clinch-work. Craig. CAR'NIJ-ON, ra. [L. caro, carnis, flesh.] A soft, fleshy substance. Brande. CAR'NIJ-OUS, a. [L. carneus.] Fleshy; partak- ing of the nature of flesh. Ray. CAR'NIJY, ra. (Farriery.) A disease in horses, whereby their mouths become so furred that they cannot eat. Chambers. CAR 'JYI-FEX, ra. [L.] A public executioner ; a hangman. Sir Walter Scott. CAR-NI-FI-CA'TION, re. The making of, or turn- ing to, flesh. Chambers. CAR'NI-FY, v. re. [L. caro, carnis, flesh, and facio, to make.] To turn nutriment into flesh. “ I digest, I sanguify, I carnify.” Hale. CAR'NI-VAL, ra. [It. carnovale, from L. caro, car- nis, flesh, and vale, farewell ; Fr. carnaval.] A feast or season of festivity celebrated with much merriment in Catholic countries, and especially at Rome and Venice, during the week preceding Lent. This feast is called the carnival , which, being Interpreted, implies farewell to flesh. Byron. CAR-mW O-RA, n.pl. [L.caro, carnis, flesh, and voro , to devour.] (Zoiil.) The tribe of animals whose teeth are peculiarly adapt- ed for destroying liv- ing prey and tearing flesh. Skull of a lion. Brande. CAR-NIV-O-RA 9 T-TY, ra. Voraciousness of ap- petite for flesh. [it.] Pope. CAR-NlV'O-ROUS, a. [L. carnivorus ; caro, car- nis, flesh, and voro, to devour.] Feeding on flesh ; flesh-eating ; as, “ Carnivorous animals.” CAR-NOSE', a. [L. carnosus ; caro, flesh.] 1. Fleshy ; carneous. P. Cyc. 2. (Bot.) Of a fleshy consistence ; — applied to succulent leaves, stems, &c. Hoblyn. CAR-NOS'I-TY, re. [Fr. car no site.] A fleshy excrescence ; a caruncle. Wiseman. f CAR'NOUS, a. Fleshy; carneous. Browne. CAR 'NY, v. n. To interlard discourse with hypo- critical terms or tones of endearment. [Collo- quial, Eng.] Smart. cAr'OB— TREE, ra. [Ar. kharrohb ; It. carniba; Sp. algarroba.] (Bot.) A tree, very common in MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9, 9, 5 , g, soft ; E, G, £, 5, hard; ^ as z; £ «* gz. — THIS, this. CAROCIIE 206 CARRIER Spain, the pods of which are used as food for man and horse, and called St. John’s bread ; Ceratonia siliqua. Loudon. fCA-RO^HE' (ka-rdsh'), n. [Old Fr. ; It. earroz- z(i.] A. carriage of pleasure. Burton. f CA-ROyHED' (kji-rosht'), p. a. Placed in a coach. Beau. FI. CAR-O-COL ' LA, n. [L. caro, flesh, and Gr. k6D.ii, glue.] ( Zo'Jl .) A genus of land snails, so named from the tenacity with which their fleshy feet adhere to limestone rocks. Bramle. CAR'OL, n. [It. carola, a kind of dance ; Old Fr. carolle : — W. carol, a love-song.] 1. A song of joy, or exultation. If you listen to David’s harp, you shall hear as many hearse-like airs as carols. ISacun. 2. A song of devotion ; a hymn. They gladly hither haste, and, by a choir Of squadroned angels, hear his carol sung. Milton. 3. A light kind of song; a lay. The carol they began that hour. How that a life was but a flower. Shak. 4. (Arch.) A small closet or enclosure ; a study. — See Carrol. Wcale. Syn. — See Song. CAR'OL, v. n. [It. carolarc.) [i. carolled; pp. carolling, carolled.] To sing ; to warble. She sun®:, and carolled out so clear That men and angels might rejoice to hear. Drjjden. CAR'OL, v. a. To celebrate in song. Milton. For which the shepherds at their festivals Carol her goodness loud in rustic lays. Milton. CAR-O-LIN', n. A gold coin of Bavaria, &c., val- ue about a pound sterling. Crabb. CAR-Q-LI'NA— PINK, n. A plant; worm-grass, the root of which is used in medicine. Booth. CAR-O-LIN'I-AN, a. (Geog.) Relating to Carolina. cAR-O-LIN'I-AN, n. ( Geog .) A native or inhab- itant of Carolina. CAR'OL-LING, n. Act of singing ; a hymn. “ Such heavenly notes and carollings.” Spenser. CAR-O-LVT'IC, a. Bound with leaves and branch- es, as columns ; festooned. Francis. CAR'O-MEL, n. [Fr .caramel.] Sugar melted till it acquires a brown color, and exhales a peculiar odor. — See Caramel. Brande. CA-ROON', n. A species of cherry. Smart. CAR-O-TEEL', n. An Oriental weight varying from five to nine pounds. Crabb. CA-ROT'ID, n. [Gr. knourMfj ; Kctpdio, to produce sleep ; to stupefy.] (Anat.) A large artery on each side of the neck. The carotid arteries branch from the aorta, and convey blood to the head. They are so named from the opinion en- tertained by the ancients that an increased flow of blood through them produced sleep and stu- pefaction. Brande. CA-ROT'ID, a. (Anat.) A term applied to two principal arteries of the neck, which convey blood to the head. Dunglison. CA-ROT'I-DAL, a. Carotid. Smith. CA-ROU'SAL (ka-riiuz'stl), n. [Gael. craosal; Fr. carrousel, a kind of tournament ; faire car- rousse, to indulge in a debauch ; — the only phrase in which the word is used.] 1. A festival ; a banquet. A royal carousal given by Charles the Fifth of France to the Emperor Charles the Fourth. JVarton. 2. A bacchanalian feast ; arevclling; a revel- ry ; a noisy drinking bout. Syn. — See Feast. CA-ROUSjE' (ka-rbuz'), v. n. [Gael, craos, a wide mouth ; revelry. “ From craos are evidently de- rived the English word carouse and the French carrousser." Armstrong .] [i. caroused ; pp. carousing, caroused!] To drink freely and with jollity ; to quaff ; to revel. Tnder the shadow of friendly boughs They sit carousing. Waller. CA-ROU§E' (kj-rofiz'), v. a. To drink lavishly. Now my sick fool, Roderipo. To Desdemona hath to-night caroused Potations pottle deep. Shak. CA-ROUSJE', n. 1. A drinking match ; carousal. There ply. the early feast and late carouse. Pope. 2. f A draught of liquor. And quaff carouses tu our mistress’ health. Shak. CA-ROUijj'pR, n. One who carouses; a toper. CA-ROUS'ING-LY, ad. In a bacchanalian man- ner. ' ‘ Craig. CARP, n. [It. rr);, a leaf of paper, and ypaipw, to describe.] The science or the art that pertains to maps and charts. Clarke. CAR ' TON, n. [Fr.] Pasteboard: — a box made of pasteboard: — a cartoon. Clarke. CAR-TOON', n. [Gr. a leaf of paper ; L. charta, paper; It. cartone ; Sp. $ Fr. carton.] 1. A sketch executed in colors, as a pattern for tapestry, for working in mosaic, &c. ; as, “ The cartoons of Rafaelle at Hampton Court.” 2. A design on strongpaper, to be afterwards chalked or pricked through, and transferred on the fresh plaster of a wall, and painted in fresco. Fairholt. CAR-TOUCH' (k?r-toch'), n. [Gr. x°f Tr is, a leaf of paper ; L. charta, a leaf of paper : — It. cartoc- cio ; Sp. cartucho; Fr .cartouche.] 1. (Mil.) A case for holding musket balls and powder ; a portable box for cartridges ; a car- tridge-box : — a ivooden bomb filled with shot: — a discharge or pass given to a soldier. CVur/ce. 2. (Arch.) A modillion ; a block or modillion at the eaves of a house: — a shield or carved ornament to receive an inscription. Brande. CA R'TR | DGE, n. [Corrupted from carlouch.] A case containing a charge for a gun ; a charge of gunpowder enclosed in paper, &c. Brande. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — £, ingto cas- uistry, or cases of conscience. “ Casuistical divinity.” South. CA^-U-IS'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In a casuistic man- ner. “To writ e casuisticalltj.” Wood. CA§'y-IS-TRY (kSzh'yu-Is-tre, 93), n. That part of ethics which determines cases of conscience. Morality, by her false guardians drawn, Chicane in furs, and casuistry in lawn. Pope. Casuistry is the department of ethics, the great object of which is to lay down rules or canons for directing how to act wherever there is any room for doubt or hesitation. Stewart. Syn. — See Morality. CAT, n. [L. catus ; It. gatto ; Sp. gato ; Fr. chat ; A. S. cat ; Dut. kat ; Ger. katze.] 1. A well-known domestic animal, of the genus Felis, useful in catching rats and mice. 2. A ship or sea vessel employed in the coal trade. Scott. 3. A double tripod having six feet ; — prob- ably so called from falling always, like the cat, on its legs. Buchanan. 4. (Naut.) A tackle used for hoisting up the anchor to the cat-head. Dana. 5. (Mil.) A kind of shed, under which sol- diers conceal themselves while filling up a ditch or mining a wall. Crabb. f CAT-A-BAp'TIST, n. [Gr. kotA, against, and PanTiariis, one who baptizes.] An opponent of baptism. “Anabaptists or Catabaptists.” Featleg. CAT-A-BA'SjION (93), n. [Gr. KuraPamov, away leading downwards ; Kara, down, and Paino, to go.] (Arch.) A chamber or place under the al- tar in a Greek church for relics. Britton. CAT-A-CAUS'TIC, a. (Geom. & Opt.) Noting caustic curves formed by reflection. Hutton. CAT-A-CAUS'TICS, n. pi. [Gr. KaraKauois, a burn- ing ; KaraKaiui, to burn.] (Geom. & Opt.) Caus- tic curves to which rays of light, proceeding from a point and reflected by another curve, are tan- gents. — See Caustic. Hutton. CAT-A-FHRE'SIS, n. [L., from Gr. KarA^r/ms ; Kara, beside, or aside from, and XPb a ‘s, use.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a word is used in a sense different from, yet analogous to, its own ; a harsh metaphor ; as, “ The pure blood of the grape.” Deut. xxxii. 14. Their skill in astronomy dwindled into that which, by a great catachresis , is called judicial astrology. Stillingfleet. CAT-A-LHRES TIC, l a. [Gr. KaraxpyoriKA;.] CAT-A-CHRES'TI-CAL, ) Relating to catachre- sis ; forced in expression. “A catachrestical and far derived similitude.” Browne. CAT- A-jCriRES'TI-CAL-Ly, ad. In a forced man- ner. “ To be taken but catachresticallg .” Evelgn. CAT- A-jCHRTs'TON, il. [Gr. KiirAxpiaros, rubbed on.] (Med.) A liniment. Dunglison. CAT'A-CLY§M (kSt'j-kllzm), 11 . [Gr. KaraKAVcuts ; kutA, down, and k?.L'£u>, to wash ; L. cataclgsmos .] 1. A deluge ; an inundation. Hale. 2. (Med.) A shower-bath. Dunglison. CAT'A-COMB (kat'j-kom), n. ; pi. cXt'a-c5mb§. [Gr. Kara, down, and Ktyfios, a hollow ; It. cata- combe-, Fr .catacomb.] A subterraneous place for burying the dead ; — originally applied to the burying-place under the church of St. Se- bastian at Rome. The most noted catacombs are those near Rome, on the Via Appia, at Na- ples, Syracuse, Cairo, and especially those un- der the city of Paris, which were formed from abandoned stone-quarries. On the other side of Naples are the catacombs. Addison. CAT- A-COUS'TICS, ii.pl. [Gr. Kara, over against, and aKoiiut, to hear; Fr. catacoustique .] The science of reflected sounds, or echoes ; cata- phonics. Chambers. CAT-A-DI-OP'TRIC, ) [Gr . ^ oyer cAT-A-DI-OP'TRI-CAL, ) against, La, through, and ottukAs, relating to sight; Fr. catadiop- trique.] Noting optical instruments, as New- ton’s telescope, by which rays of light are both reflected and refracted. Hutton. CAT'A-DROME, n. [Gr. sarAlpoyo; ; tiara, down, and bpAyoi, a course, a race.] 1. A race-course. Britton. 2. (Mcch.) A machine, used in building, for raising and letting down great weights. Francis. fCAT'A-DUPE, n. [Gr. KaruAounlw, to fall with a loud, heavy sound ; Karri, down, and fiovniw, to fall heavily; Fr. catadoupe .] A cataract; a waterfall. Brewer. CAT-A-FAI.' CO, ii. [It. , a scaffold.] (Arch.) A temporary structure of carpentry to be decorat- ed by works of art, representing a tomb or cen- otaph ; — used in funeral ceremonies. Brande. CAT-A-FALQUE' (-fo\k’),n. [Fr.] (Arch.) Alofty tomb of state; a funeral decoration ; catafalco. It is (i saving worthy to be written in letters as big ns those on a catafalque. J. E. Taylor. p CAT- AG-MAT'IC, a. (Or. sdrayya, a fracture ; Fr . cataginatique.] (Med.) Calculated to favor the consolidation of fractures. Palmer. cat-ag-mAt'jc, n. tures. (Med.) A remedy for frac- Dunglison. CAT'A-GRAPH (kat'a-graf), n. [Gr. Kardypar])t] ; L. catagrapha.] 1. The first outline of a picture. Coles. 2. A profile. Chambers. CAT'A-LAN, n. (Gcog.) A native or inhabitant of Catalonia. Ash. CAT-A-LEC’TICj a. [Gr. KnralyKTiKA; ; Karaifyo), to leave off’.] (Pros.) Wanting one syllable at the end, as a Greek, Latin, or other verse. CAT-A-LEC'TIC, ii. (Pros.) A verse wanting one syllable at the end. Brande. CAT'A-LEP-SY, or CAT-A-LEP'SIS, n. [Gr. sarA- i.tpfrts ; Kara/.ayPAvoi, to seize upon ; Karo, down, used intensively, and /.ayPAvm, to seize ; Fr. cal- alepsie.] (Med.) A spasmodic disease in which there is a sudden suspension of the action of the senses, and of volition, whilst the heart con- tinues to pulsate. Brande. CAT-A-LEP'TIC, a. Pertaining to catalepsy. Craig. CAT-AL-LAC'TICS, 11 . pi. [Gr. KaraUdt tion.] Consisting of ques- tions and answers ; catcchistical. Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing. A structing by question and answer ; catechetical. Burke. CAT-E-eHIS'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In a catechistical manner. South. CAT'p-CHU (kat'e-ku), n. [Japanese cate, a tree, and chu, juice. Hoblyn .] The inspissated ex- tract from the heart wood of the khair tree of Hindostan ( Acacia catechu ), used in medicine as an astringent ; also used as a dye-stuff; — called also Japan earth. Lindley. Dunglison. CAT-E-FHU'IC, a. { Chem .) Noting an acid ob- tained from catechu. — See Catechine. Brande. CAT-E-CHCj'MEN, n. [Gr. Karg^oTipevos ; Karg^cui, to teach orally. — See Catechise.] One who is yet in the rudiments of Christianity ; a pupil little advanced. Brande. CAT- E-dltJ- MEN' 1C, ? chumens. Smart. f cAT-E-CHU'MIJN-IST, n. One in the rudi- ments of Christianity ; a catechumen. Morton. cAT-E-GOR-15-MAT'IC, a. [Gr. KargySpypa, a predicate.] {Logic.) Noting a term that can be used either as the subject or the predicate of a proposition, without being accompanied by any other word. Smart. CAT-E-GOR'I-CAL, a. [Gr. KargyooiKo; ; Karr/yo- p tin, to affirm ; L. categoricus ; It. Sp. cate- gorico ; Fr . categorique.) {Logic.) Absolute ; positive, .as opposed to hypothetical ; direct ; express ; explicit. A categorical proposition is one which affirms or denies a predicate of a subject, absolutely, and without any hypoth- esis. W /lately. A categorical answer is an express and pertinent reply to a question proposed. Fleming. cAt-JJ-GOR'I-CAL-EY, ad. Absolutely ; without qualification ; directly ; expressly. Child. CAT-E-G 6 r'!-CAL-NESS, n. The quality of be- ing categorical. Marvel. CAT'JJ-GO-RiZE, v. a. To place in a category or list ; to class, [it.] Month. Rev. CAT'Il-GO-RY, n. [Gr. Karyyooia, that which may be predicated of a thing ; L., It., $ Sp. categoria ; Fr. categories) {Logic.) A class or order in the objects of thought, signified by a term of such general import as to contain under it a great number of genera and species ; — predicament. The categories laid down by Aristotle are ten : — substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, situation, possession, action, and suf- fering. All these may be arranged under two grand heads — substance and attribute. The categories of Aristotle are both logical and metaphys- ical, and apply to things as well as to words. Regarded logi- cally, they are reducible to two, substance and attribute; regarded metaphysically, they are reducible to being and ac- cident. The categories of Kant are quantity, quality, rela- tion, and modality. Fleming. Syn. — In popular language, category is used in an indifferent sense ; predicament, often in an ill sense. One may be said to be in the same category or the same predicament; in a dangerous or awkward pre- dicament , but not in an awkward category. cAt' E-JVA, n. [L., a chain, a series.) A series of passages from the writings of various fathers, arranged for the elucidation of some portions of Scripture, as the Psalms or the Gospels. Hook. cAt-E-NA'RI-AN, a. [L. catenarius ; catena, a chain.] Relating to, or like, a chain. “ Catena- rian curve.” Harris. Catenarian arch, {Arch.) an arch whose form is that of a cord or chain suspended from two fixed points at its extremities. Brande. CAT JJ-NA-RY, n. [L. catena, a chain.] {Math.) The curve formed by a homogeneous cord or chain freely suspended by two of its points, and acted on by no force but gravity. Nichol. t cAt'E-nATE, v. a. To chain. Bailey. cAt-E-nA'TION, n. Regular connection. “This catenation or conserving union.” Browne. CAt-E-NIP 'A-RA, n. [L. catena, a chain, and porus, (Gr. trupot,) tufa.] Chain-coral, a genus of corals found in Palmozoic strata, and, in Britain, only in the Silurian formation. Craig. CA-TEN'U-LATE, a. [L. catena, a chain.] Formed like a chain. Brande. CA'TgR, v. n. [Fr. acheter, to buy. — See Aca- teu, Cate, and Cates.] [ i . catered ; pp. catering, catered.] To provide food ; to purvey. lie that doth the ravens feed, Yea, providently caters for the sparrow, Be comfort to my age. Shale. cA'TIJR, v. a. To cut diagonally. Halliwell. f CA'TJER, n. A provider ; a caterer. “ I am cook myself, and mine own cater.” Beau. to purge.] {Mecl.) Purga- tive ; cleansing by evacuation. Boyle. CA-THAR'TIC, n. {Med.) A purgative medicine ; a purge. Dunglison. CA-ThAr'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In the manner of a cathartic. Dr. Allen. CA-THAR'TI-CAL-NESS, n. The quality of being cathartic. Johnson. CA-THAR'TINE, n. {Chem.) The active or pur- gative principle of senna. Brande. CAT'HEAD (kat'hed), 11 . 1. A kind of fossil. “ The nodules with leaves in them, called cat- heads.” Woodicard. 2. A large kind of apple. Farm. Ency. 3. {Naut.) A piece of timber projecting over a ship’s bow, to which the anchor may be raised and secured. Dana. CA-THF. 'DRA, or cAtH'E-DRA, n. [Gr. KaOthpa ; L. cathedra.) A professor’s chair ; a place of authority. Qu. Rev. CA-THE'DRAL, n. [Gr. KaOibnn ; L. cathedra, a chair; Sp. catedrid ; Fr. cathidralc.) The prin- cipal or head church of a diocese, in which is the seat or throne of a bishop. Brande. CA-THE'DRAL, a. Relating to a cathedral or to a bishop’s seat or see. Locke. CATH'B-DRAT-ED, a. Relating to the chair or office of a teacher. “ Cathedrated authority of a prseleetor, or public reader.” [it.] Whitlock. CATH-5-RET'lC, n. [Gr. Kadiuptrirds, fit for put- ting down ; Kadiuptw, to take down ; Fr. catlie- retique.) {Med.) A caustic substance used to eat down warts, &c. Dunglison. CATH'BR-INE— PeAr', n. A kind of pear. Walker. CATH'ER-InE-WHEEL, n. I. {Arch.) A large circular ornament in the upper compartment of Gothic windows, fitted with a rosette, or radiat- ing divisions. Britton. 2. {Pyrotechnics.) A sort of firework in the form of a wheel. Simmonds. CATH'E-TER, n. [L., from G r. KaOfrr/p ; KndlrjjJi, to let down.] {Surg.) A hollow tube to be in- troduced through the urethra into the bladder, to draw off the urine. Dunglison. CATH'JJ-TUS, n. [L., from Gr. KaOiro;.) {Geom.) A line perpendicular to a surface, or to another line; — especially either of the legs including the right angle of aright-angled triangle. Ilulton. CAth'ODE, ii. [Gr. kot6, down, and bbos, a way.] {Elec.) That surface of an electrolyte at which the electric current leaves it, and which is in MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, rBle.— (J, , downwards, and KaSapriKiii, purgative. — See Cathartic.] (Med.) A medicine which produces alvine evac- uations ; — opposed to anacathartic. Dunglison. CAT'O-jCHE, n. [Gr. kAto^o; ; sart^ cu, to hold.] (Med.) A species of epilepsy. Dunglison. CAT'O-DON, n. [Gr. kotA, below, and ilovs, dldvros, a tooth.] (Zoiil.) A genus of whales, including the sperm-whale (Catodon macrocephalus), having teeth in the lower jaw. Baird. CA-TO'NI-AN, a. Like Cato, the censor; grave. CAT-O’-nJnE— TAILS, n. A whip or scourge hav- ing nine lashes or cords. Vanburgh. CA-TOP ' SIS, n. [Gr. Kurorts’, kutA, down, used intensively, and oifis, vision.] (Med.) A morbid quickness of vision. Smart. CA-TOP'TjpR, X n _ r Gr _ Karonrpov, a mirror.] A CA-TOP'TRON, ) kina of optic glass ; an optical instrument. Todd. CA-TOP ERIC, ) a _ (Optics.) Relating to ca- CA-TOP'TRI-CAL, I toptrics. Arbuthnot. CA-TOP'TRICS, n. pi. [Gr. KaroitTfuicds, concern- ing a mirror ; Kara, over against, and oitropat, to see.] (Optics.) That part of optics which treats of the laws of reflected light and the phenom- ena of vision produced by reflection. Brande. CA-TOP'TRO-MAN-CY, ?l. [Gr. K&ronrpov, a mir- ror, and pavTtta, prophecy.] A sort of divina- tion among the ancient Greeks, performed for one sick, by looking at his face as reflected from a mirror. Roget. CAT'PlPE, n. A squeaking pipe. L’ Estrange. CAT'ROPE, n. (Naut.) A rope that hauls up the anchor from the water’s edge to the cathead at the bow. Ash. CAT'— SALT, n. A beautifully granulated salt obtained from bittern, or leach-brine. Buchanan. RS*“How this name came to be associated with that of the cat, we know not ; but so it is understood by etymologists.” Booth. — Johnson defines the word thus : “A kind of Indian pickle, imitated by pickled mushrooms.” This may indicate that the word is supposed to be of Eastern origin. Gilchrist, in his Dictionary gives kuocha as the Hindostanee word for pickle. CAT'-THYME (-tlm), n. (Bot.) A shrub, the leaves of which emit an aromatic smell when rubbed between the fingers ; Teucrium tnarum ; — so called because cats are fond of it. Loudon. CAt'TISH, a. Relating to the cat. CAT'TLE (kat'tl), n. pi. [Nor. Fr. catal, mov- ables ; Dut. kateylen, chattels, and kateelen, cattle. — See Chattel.] A collective name for domestic quadrupeds, including the bovine tribe, also horses, asses, mules, sheep, goats, and. swine ; — but especially applied to bulls, oxen, cows, and their young. CAT'TLE— GUARD, n. A pit placed at the inter- section of a railroad with a common road, to keep cattle off the track. CAT'TLE— SHOW, n. An exhibition of cattle or domestic animals, with a distribution of premi- ums, for the purpose of promoting agricultural improvement. Buel. CAT'TY, n. The Chinese pound, equal to lj lb. avoirdupois. Craig. CAU-CA'SIAN, a. Relating to Mount Caucasus. CAu'Cl'S, 7i. A cant term for a meeting of citi- zens or electors, held for the purpose of nomi- nating candidates for public offices, or for mak- ing arrangements to secure their election. That mob of mobs, a counts, to command, Hurl wild dissension round a maddening land. The Political Passing Bell. A Parody on Gray's Elegy. Boston, 1789. $ 57 " This is a low word, less used of late than for- merly ; and although its origin is not well ascertained, yet it is reputed to have been first brought into use in Boston, Massachusetts ; and it has been supposed to be a corruption of calkers , or calkers 1 meeting, — a term applied 10 electioneering meetings held in a part of Boston “ where all the ship-business was carried on.” Gordon's Hist, of the Amer. Rev. 1788. CAT’S'— CRA-DLE, 71 . A game played by children upon the fingers with a string. Halliwell. CAT’S'— E AR, n. (Bot.) A genus of uninteresting weeds ; Ilgpochceris. Loudo7i. CAT’S'— EYE (kats'l), n. (Min.) A beautiful trans- lucent quartz presenting a peculiar opalescence caused by filaments of asbestos, and resembling the light from thje eye of a cat. Da7ia. CAT’S'— FOOT (kats'fut), n. A plant; ground- ivy ; Glechoma. Crabb. CAT’S'— HEAD (kats'hed), n. See Cathead. cAt'SIL-VIJR, n. A kind of fossil. Woodward. CAT’S'— MILK, n. A plant affording a milky juice; wart-wort ; Euphox'bia helioscopia. Far 771 . Ency. fCAT 1 SO, 7i.; pi. clT'sdg. [It. cazzo.\ A rogue ; a cheat ; a base fellow. B. Jonso7i. CAT’S'-pAw, n. 1. A dupe used by another to serve his own purposes ; — so applied in allusion to the story of the monkey that used the paw of a cat, instead of his own, to draw chestnuts out of the fire. lie has been the cafsrpaw of the man who flattered him only to serve his own ends. rodu. 2. A tool or instrument. Grose. 3. (Naut.) A kind of hitch made in a rope : — a light current of air seen on the surface of the water during a calm. Dana. CAT’S'— TAIL, n. (Bot.) 1. A catkin, as of the walnut, hazel, willow, &c. Farm. Ency. 2. A genus of aquatic plants of the reed kind ; Typha. They are used for making mats, chair- bottoms, and baskets, and their leaves are used by coopers to tighten the joints between the staves of casks. Loudon. 3. A valuable species of grass, called also tim- othy-grass, timothy, and herd’s grass ; Phlcum pratensc. Farm. Ency. CAT'STICK, 7 i. A hat or stick used in playing ball. Tatler. CAT'sOp, n. A sauce made of mushrooms, toma- toes, walnuts, &c. ; catchup. — See Catchup. CAU'DAL, a. [L. cauda, a tail.] Relating to the tail of an animal, or to something which resem- bles a tail. ' Roget. CAU'DATE, ) Having a tail ; formed like cAU'DAT-JJD, ) a tail. Loudon. f cAu'Df.-BEC, n. A light, kind of hat ; — so called from a town in France where it was first made. Phillips. CAu ' DEX, 71. \ pi. cau' di-ce$. [L.] (Dot.) The trunk or stem of a tree. Crabb. CAU'DI-CLE, J m. (Bot.) A small mem- /ggs>, cAu-DIC ' U-LA, S branous process on which the pollen of orchidaceous plants is fixed. Loudo7i. CAU'DLE (klw'dl), 71. [L. calidus, hot ; Fr. cliaudeau.] A warm drink consisting of wine, &c., given to sick persons. — See Codle. lie had good broths, caudle, and such like. Wiseman. CAU'DLE (kaw'dl), v. a. [i. caudled ; pp. CAU- dling, caudled.] To make into caudle ; to make warm as caudle. Will the cold brook, Candied with ice, caudle thy morning toast? Shak. CAU'DLE-CUP, 71 . A vessel to contain caudle. CAUF, n. [“Perhaps L. car7ts, hollow,” Jolm- S07i ; Fr. coffre, a chest.] 1. A chest with holes to keep fish alive in the water. Phillips. 2. (Coal-mmmg.) A vessel used to raise coal from the bottom of the shaft. Ogilvie. CAU'FLE, n. A band or drove of captured ne- groes ; a coflle. Clarke. CAUGHT (kkivt), i. & p. from catch. See Catch. CAUIv, 71 . (Min.) A compact sulphate of barytes or heavy spar. — See Cawk. It oodward. CAUK'yR, 71 . [L. calco, to tread; Old Fr. vou- cher.) A prominence or turning up of the heel of a horse-shoe, to prevent slipping ; — written also calker, calkin, calking, cawkin, and cork. — See Calker. Farm. Ency. CAUK'ING, 71 . The art of dovetailing across. Crabb. And for our home-bred British cheer, Botargo, catsup, and cavier. Su-ift. I cAuK'Y, a. Relating to cauk. Woodxcard. A, E, !, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, Y, short; A, y, I, O, IT, Y> Obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CAUL CAUTION 215 CAUL, n. [Gr. koV.o s, hollow, Wachter : — L. caula, a fold, Dunglison : — A. S. cugle, or cuhle, a cowl; cyll, a bag, Junius. — W. caul , caul, Spurrell.) 1. A net for the hair. And in a golden caul the curls are bound. Dryden. 2. ( Anat .) A membrane covering the intes- tines ; the omentum: — the trivial appellation of the amnion, or any portion of it, when it comes away with the child at birth. When a child is born with the membranes over the face, it is said to have been " born with a caul." In the catalogue of superstitions, this is one of the favorable omens. The caul itself is supposed to confer privileges upon the possessor: lienee the membranes are dried, and sometimes sold for a high price. Dunylison. 3. (Carp.) pi. Pieces of wood put under the screws which bind parts of work that are glued. CAU-LES'C^NT, a. [Gr. uaoUc, a stalk ; L. cau- lis.) ( Bot .) Having an obvious stem. Gray. CAU'LIJT, n. [L. caul is.) Colewort. Todd. cAu'LI-CLE (-kl),n. (Bot.) See Caulicule. Gray. CAU'LI-COLES, n. pi. [L. cauliculus, a little stalk or stem.] (Arch.) Slender stems or stalks un- der the leaves of the abacus of the Corinthian capital. Craig. CAu'LI-CULE, l n [L. cauliculus .] 1. (Bot.) CAu-LlC’ U-LUS, > The little stem, in the em- bryo, which bears the cotyledons, or seed-lobes ; the radicle. Gray. 2. (Arch.) The volute or twist under the flower in the Corinthian capital. Weale. CAU-LIF'pR-OUS, a. [L. caulis, a stalk, and fero, to bear.] (Bot.) Having a stalk. Johnson. CAU'LI-FLoW-JJR (kol'e-flou-er), n. [L. caulis, a cabbage, and flos, a flower.] A fine species of cabbage, a variety of Brassica oleracca, dif- fering little from broccoli. The part eaten is the enlarged or altered flower-stalks. Farm. Bncy. cAu'LI-FORM, a. [L. caulis, a stalk, and forma, form.] Having the form of a stalk. Smart. CAU'LINE, a. [L. caulinus.) (Bot.) Produced on the stem ; belonging to the stem. Loudon. cAu'I.IS, ». [L., from Gr. Kaol.dc.) (Bot.) The stock or stem of herbaceous plants. Lindlcy. CAULK (klwk), v. a. 1. To stuff the seams of planks with oakum. — See Calk. Braude. 2. To roughen or sharpen a horse’s shoe so that he may not slip. — See Calk, and Cork. [Provincial, Eng.] Palmer. CAULK'JNG, n. 1. (Ship -building .) The driving of oakum or other matter into the seams of the planks, to prevent leaking ; calking. Craig. 2. (Arch.) The mode of fixing the tie-beams of a roof, or the binding joists of a floor by dovetailing. — See Calking. Ogilvie. cAu-I.O-CAR'POUS, a. [Gr. uavU;, a stem, and KapTrdi, fruit.] (Bot.) Producing flowers and fruits year after year, as trees. Brande. CAU'MA, n. [Gr. Kavpa, feverish heat; uaiio, to burn.] (Med.) Great heat of the body, as in fevers. Dunglison. CAU-MAT'IC, a. Of the nature of cauma. Clarke. fcAu'PO-NATE, v. n. [L. cauponor, cauponatus, to traffic; caupo, an innkeeper.] To keep a victualling house ; to cauponize. Bailey. f cAu'PO-NIZE, v.n. To sell wine or victuals. “The wealth of our rich rogues who cauponized to the army.” Warhurton. CAU'§A-BLE, a. That may be caused. Browne. CAUDAL, a. [L . causalis ; Pr. causal.) Relat- ing to, or implying, a cause ; causative. “ Cau- sal particles.” Watts. liQp Because, since, inasmuch as, for, and as are styled causal particles, because they indicate a propo- sition from which something follows. They corre- spond conversely to the illative particles, which point out that which does follow. CAUDAL, n. (Grammar.) A causal particle, or a word that implies a cause. Harris. CAU-§AL'J-TY, n. [Fr. causalite .] 1. The agency of a cause. Browne. 2. (Phren.) The faculty of tracing the rela- tion of cause and effect. Combe. CAU'^AL-LY, ad. According to the order of causes. Browne. cAu'sjAL-T’Y, n. (Min.) The lighter parts of the ore carried off by washing, or separated in the stamping-mill. Smart. CAU-§A'TION (kaw-za'shun), n. The act of caus- ing ; agency by which any thing is caused. Various theories of causation have been propounded. It appears, however, to be agreed that, although in every in- stance we actually perceive nothing more than that the event, change, or phenomenon B always follows the event, change, or phenomenon A, yet that we naturally believe in the exist- ence of some unknown quality or circumstance belonging to the antecedent A, in virtue of which the consequent B always has been, is, and will be produced. Ogilvie. CAU'^A-TlVE, a. [Fr. causatif.) 1. That expresses a cause, or reason ; causal ; as, “ A causative particle.” 2. That effects as an agent. “ A being cau- sative of all beings beside itself.” Pearson. CAU'ijA-TlVE-LY, ad. In a causative manner. CAU-SA'TOR, n. A causer, [r.] Browne. CAUijE (klwz),w. [L., It., §Sp. causa ; Fr. cause.) 1. That which produces an effect ; that which produces any thing. lie knew the cause of every malady. Were it of cold, or hot, or moist, or dry. Chaucer. I sometimes use the word cause to signify any antecedent with which a consequent event is so connected that it truly belongs to the reason why the proposition which aflirms that event is true, whether it has any positive influence or not. Jonathan Edwards. We know the effects of many things, but the causes of few. Lacon. The general idea of cause is that without which another thing, called the effect, cannot be. The final cause is that for the sake of which any thing is done. llonboddo. 2. The reason or motive that urges ; purpose. For this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. John xviii. 37. 3. That which is sought to be attained by an individual or a party ; object of pursuit; ground of action. God befriend U3 as our cause is just. Shak • 4. (Law.) A suit, action, or legal process. “ Jurisdiction in all civil causes between sub- ject and subject.” Brande. The first cause is that which gave being to all things, i. e. God. — The second cause is one which acts in subordination to the first cause. — The efficient cause, that which produces the effect. — The final cause is the object sougiit, or the end for which a thing is. Syn. — Cause is that which produces an effect ; reason and motice relate to the intention or purpose for which the effect is produced. Cause is applied both to rational agents and inanimate objects ; reason and motice, only to rational agents. Cause gives birth to the effect ; reason, to the result ; motive, to the action. — Cause and effect ; reason and result ; motice and action. — “ The causes of the diseases of men lie as hidden as the reasons of their opinions and the mo- tives of their actions.” C.AU^E, v. a. [i. caused ; pp. causing, caused.] To effect as an agent ; to produce ; to occasion. You cannot guess who caused your father’s death. Shak. f cAu§E, v. n. [Fr. causer, to talk.] To reason foolishly ; to talk idly. Spenser. f CAU§E'FUL, a. Having a real cause. Spenser. cAu§E'L1JSS, a. Having no cause ; wanting just ground. Hooker. cAu^E'LJJSS-LY, ad. Without cause. Bp. Taylor. CAU§E'H5SS-NESS, n. Unjust groxm&.Hammond. cAu^'ER, n. One who causes ; the agent. CAU'S^Y (k&w'ze), l [Low L . calccata; CAu^E'wAY (kawz'wa), 5 It. calzata ; Sp. cal- zada; Nor. Fr. calsay ; Fr. chaussee.) A way or road formed of stones and other consoli- dated substances, and raised above the adjacent ground. IKf- The two forms of this word, causey and cause- may, are both given in tile different English Dictiona- ries ; but causeway is the form which lias long been in common use. Johnson says, “This word, by a false notion of its etymology, has been lately written causeway ” ; and Nares remarks, “ Causey is spoken causeway from a mistaken notion of its etymology.” In the first edition of the common version of the Bible, that of 1G11, it is printed causey ; in the modern edi- tions, causeway. Walker remarks, “ Dryden and Pope wrile it causeway, and these authorities seem to have fixed its pronunciation ” ; and Smart says, “Causey is etymologically correct, but the other form prevails.” CAU'§5YED (k&w'zid), a. Furnished with a cau- sey, or causeway. Dwight. cAU-§ID'!-CAL, a. [L. causidicus, an advocate; causa, a cause, and dico, to say.] Relating to an advocate, or pleader. Todd. CAUS'SON, n. (Man.) A band with a ring in it to put upon the nose of a horse while break- ing him ; a caveson. — See Caveson. Craig. CAUS'TIC, n. 1. A substance which burns, cor- rodes, or disorganizes animal bodies ; as, “ Lu- nar caustic .” 2. (Geom.) A caustic curve. Brande. CAUS'TIC, a. [Gr. Kavonuds; uaico, to burn; L. causticus ; It. S. TF. J. F. R . ; kav-e-Ar', P. ; kav'e-Ar, Ja . ; kav-yar', Sm. ; kav-yAr' or kav-yer', K.\, n. [It. caviale; Sp. cabial ; Fr. cavial, or caviar.] An article of food prepared, in Russia, from the salted roes of some large fish, generally the sturgeon. Sturgeons, the roe of which makes caviare. Sir T. Herbert. Either the spelling or the pronunciation of this word should be altered; we have no instance in the language of sounding are, ere. The ancient spelling seems to have been caviare ; though Buchanan and Bailey, in compliance with the pronunciation, spell it carter , and W. Johnston cavear , and Ash, as a less usual spelling, cavier ; hut the Dictionary Della Crus- ca spells it caviale.” Walker. CAV'I-CORN, n. [L. ca/rus , hollow, and cornu , a horn.] (Zool.) A tribe of ruminants which have their horns hollowed out like a sheath, and implanted on bony processes, as in the an- telope. Brande. CAV'IL., v. n. [L. cavillor ; It. cavillare ; Sp. cavi- lar.\ [i. cavilled ; pp. cavilling, cavilled.] To raise captious objections; to censure un- justly or frivolously ; to carp. He cavils at the poet’s insisting so much upon the effects of Achilles’ rage. l‘ope. f CAV'JL, v. a. To treat with objections. Milton. CAv'IL, n. [L. cavilla ; It. cavillo.] A false, captious, or frivolous objection ; a false argu- ment ; sophism ; subtlety. How subjeot the best things have been unto cavil. Hooker. CAv'IL, n. (Naut.) Akevel. — See Kevel. Dana. f CAV-IL-LA'TION, n. [L. cavillatio, quibbling; Fr. cavillation .] The act of cavilling. Cranmer. + cAv'IL-LA-TO-RY, a. Captious; frivolous. “ These cavillatory objections.” Prynne. CAV'IL-LflR, n. One who cavils ; a captious dis- putant. The candor which Horace shows is that which distin- guishes a critic from a caviller. Addison. CAV'lL-LiNG, n. A captious disputation. “ These . . . cavillings and menacings.” Bp. Taylor. CAv'IL-LING,y). a. Raising frivolous objections ; finding fault; as, “A cavilling disposition.” CAV'jL- LING-LY, ad. In a cavilling manner. CAV'IL-LING-NESS, n. A cavilling disposition. cAv'IL-LOUS, a. [Old Fr. cavillcux.] Full of objections, [it.] Ayliffe. cAv'IL-LOCS-LY, ad. In a cavillous manner. [r.] “ Cavillously urged.” Milton. CAV'IL-LOUS-NESS, n. The disposition to raise frivolous objections. Ogilvie. cAv'IN, n. [Fr., from L. cavus, hollow.] (Mil.) A natural hollow, fit to cover a body of troops while approaching a place. Johnson. CAv'I-TA-RY, n. (Zotil.) An entozoon or inside worm. ‘ Smart. CAV'I-TY, n. [L. cavositas ; It. capita ■, Sp. cavi- dad ; Fr. cavite.] 1. Hollowness. “ Th cavity or hollowness of the place.” Godwin. 2. A hollow place ; an aperture ; an opening. I saw multitudes of cells and cavities running one within another. Addison. CA'VY, n. (ZoOl.) A genus of rodent quadrupeds; / «'*, Cavia. The most famil- iar example is the Cavia A cobaya of Desmarest and Schreber, or guinea-pig. „ ° j, '■ s Common cayy, or naira. guinea-pig. CAW, v. n. [In imitation of the sound.] [i. cawed ; pp. cawing, cawed.] To cry, as the rook or the crow. Elms so very high, that the rooks and crows upon the tops seem to be cawing in another region. Addison. CAW, n. The cry of the rook or crow. Richardson. CAW'ING, n. The crying of the rook or crow. GAWK, n. (Min.) A compact sulphate of ba- rytes, or heavy spar. Dana. CAWK'IJR, n. A point in a horseshoe to pre- vent slipping. — See Calker. Brockett. eAx'ON (kak'sn), n. A wig. [A cant word.] Todd. CAx'OU (kak'so), n. [Sp. caxa, and caxon, a chest.] (Metallurgy .) A chest of ores of any metal, that has been burnt, ground, and washed, and is ready to be refined. Chambers. CAY-ENNE' (ka-en'), [ka-yen', K. Sm.; kl-an', Earnshaw], n. A pungent red pepper, made from several species of capsicum, and so called from having been originally brought from Cay- enne. Smart. CAY'MAN, n. The American alligator or croco- dile, distinguished from the true crocodile by havingthe feet semi-palmated ; — a term applied to the crocodile by the negroes of Congo. — Written also caiman. Brande. CA'ZI-o, n. [Ar.] A Mahometan judge. Hamilton. CA-ZICIUE' (ka-zek'), n. A title of a chief of some of the tribes of American Indians; — written also cacique. “ The principal cazique of the island.” Townsend. CAZ'ZON, n. Dried cow-dung used for fuel. [Local, Eng.] — See Casings. Farm. Ency. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6 , U, Y, short; A, 5, (, O, IT, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CEASE 217 CELLARAGE CEASE (ses), v. ii. [L. cesso ; It. cessare ; Sp. cesar ; Fr. cesser . ] [i. ceased ; pp. ceasing, CEASED.] 1. To leave off ; to stop ; to desist. Cease to do evil; learn to do well. Isa. i. 1G. There the wicked cease from troubling. Job iii. 17. 2. To be extinct ; to fail. The poor shall never cease out of the land. Dcut. xv. 11. 3. To be at an end ; to terminate. “ But now the wonder ceases.” Dryden. CEASE (ses), v. a. To put a stop to ; to stop, [r.] Cease , then, this impious rage. Milton. f CEASE (ses), n. Extinction. Shak. CEASE'LIJSS, a. Incessant; perpetual ; without stop. “ With ceaseless praise.” Milton. CEASE'LIJSS-LY, ad. Perpetually; incessantly. CEB-A-DIL'LA, n. See Cevadiela. Lindley. CpC-CHIN' (che-ken'), n. [It. zecchino ; Fr. se- quin i] An Italian gold coin current in the Levant. — See Sequin, and Zechin. B. Jonson. CE(J'!-TY, or CE'CI-TY, [ses'e-te, W. P. J. F. R. C . ; sa’se-le, S. Ja. K. SmAVb.\,n. [L. ccecitas ; Fr. cecite.] Blindness, [it.] Browne. “ I have given the e in the first syllable of this word the short sound, notwithstanding the diphthong in the original cwcitas ; being convinced of the short- ening power of the antepenultimate accent of these words, and of the pre-antepenultimate accent of ccn- atory and prefatory.” Walker. CE-CU'TI-IJN-CY (se-ku'she-en-se), n. [L. ccecu- tio, ccecutiens, to be blind.] Partial blindness. “No cecity, yet ... a cecutiency.” Broivne. CE'DAR, n. [Gr. neSpos ; L. cedrus ; It. § Sp. ce- dro ; Fr. cedre. — Ger. zeder. ] ( Bot .) A genus of trees with odorous, reddish wood, of great durability ; Cedrus. Cedar of Lebanon, the true cedar, — the most cele- brated tree of its genus. — Red cedar, the Juniperus Virgmiana. — White cedar, a species of cypress, much used in the United States for fencing, shingles, and pipe staves ; Cupressus thyoides. Loudon. — White cedar of Canada, the Arbor vita. Oray. CE'DAR, a. Made of, or belonging to, cedar. Ash. CE'DAR— BIRD, n. ( Ornith.) The American wax- wing ; Bombycilla Carolinensis ; — so called from the trees which it chiefly frequents. Nuttall. CE'DAR ED (se'dard), a. Furnished with, or hav- ing, cedars. Milton. CE'DAR— LIKE, a. Resembling cedar. B. Jonson. CE'DARN, a. Belonging to the cedar-tree; ce- drine. ‘‘Cedant alleys.” Milton. CEDE, v. a. [L. cedo ; It. cedere-, Sp. &; Fr. cecler.] [ i . ceded ; pp. ceding, ceded.] To surren- der ; to yield ; to give up ; to relinquish ; to grant ; to resign. That honor was entirely ceded to the Parthian royal race. Drummond. CEDE, v. n. To submit ; to yield. Shenstone. Cf-DIL'LA, n. [Fr. cedille . ] A mark placed under the letter c [thus, <;] to give it the sound of s, as in Alencon. — It is also used, as in this Dictionary, to note the soft sound of the letters g, s, and x. CE'DRAT, n. A species of citron-tree. Ogilvie. CED-RE-TA'CEOUS (-slms, 66), a. (Bot.) Noting a class of trees including the cedar of New Holland and the mahogany. Smart. CE'DRINE [se'drln, P. K. Sm . ; se'drln, S.IF. ./«.], a. [Gr. Kelpivos ; L. cedrinus ; Sp. cedrino.] Belonging to the cedar-tree. Johnson. CE'DRY, a. Pertaining to cedar ; cedrine. “Ce- dry color.” Evelyn. + CED'ULE, n. [Old Fr. cedule.) A schedule. — See Schedule. Cotgrave. f CED'U-OUS, a. [L. cceduus ; ccedo, to fell.] Fit to be felled. Evelyn. CEIL (sel), v. a. [L. ccelum, heaven; It. cielo, heaven, and a canopy ; Sp. cielo, heaven, and a ceiling ; Fr. del, heaven, and a canopy.] [*. ceiled ; pp. ceiling, ceiled.] To cover or overlay the inner roof of a building or the upper surface of an apartment. The greater house he ceiled with fir-tree. 2 Cliron. iii. 5. CEIL'ING, n. (Arch.) 1. The upper, horizontal, or curved surface of a room or apartment, oppo- site to the floor, and commonly plastered. And now the thickened sky Like a dark ceiling stood. Milton. 2. (Naut.) The inside planks of a ship. Dana. CEL' AN-DINE, n. [Gr. ^thldniov ; %c).ilnbv, a swal- low; L. chelidonia; It. Ay Sp. celidonia-, Fr. chelidonie.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants ; swallow-wort ; Chehdonium ; — so called be- cause the plant was thought to flower when the swallow arrived, and to perish when that bird departed. Loudon. CE-LAS 1 TRUS, n. [L., from Gr. Kf/Xatrrpos, an evergreen tree.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs, some of which are climbers ; the stalf-tree. Gray. CEL'A-TURE [sel'a-tur, Ja. K. Rees ; se'Ij-tur, S. P. Sm. Wb . ; sel'fi-chur, IF.], n. [L. cadatura, ccelo, to engrave.] 1. The art of engraving on metals. Buchanan. 2. The thing engraved, [r.] Ilakewill. f CEL'JJ-BRA-BLE, a. Celebrated. Chaucer. CEL'B-BRANT, n. One who celebrates; cele- brator. [r.] Qu. Rev. CEL'E-BRATE, v. a. [L. celebro, celebratus-, cele- ber, crowded, as a place, — also, honored by a great assembly. It. celebrare-, Sp. celebrar ; Fr. celebrer .] [i. celebrated ; pp. celebrating, celebrated.] 1. To make known or mention with honor and praise ; to extol ; to commend. The songs of Zion were psalms and pieces of poetry that celebrated the Supreme Being. Addison. 2. To distinguish by appropriate rites or cere- monies ; to commemorate ; to solemnize. In the ninth day of the month, at even, from even unto even, shall ye celebrate your Sabbath. Levit. xxiii. 32. Syn. — To celebrate is to make celebrated, or to distinguish by some expression of honor and joy ; to commemorate is to keep in memory by some public, solemn performance or ceremony. The Grecian games were celebrated. The birthday of a sovereign or dis- tinguished man is celebrated. The citizens of the United States celebrate the declaration of indepen- dence ; the Jews celebrate their feast of the Passover ; Christians commemorate the death of Christ ; a mar- riage or religious festival is solemnized. CEL'E-BRAT-^D, p. a . Having celebrity ; dis- tinguished ; famous ; renowned ; illustrious. “The celebrated works of antiquity.” Addison. Syn. — See Famous. CEL'B-BRAT-ED-NESS, n. The state of being celebrated, [u.] Scott. CEL-J-BRA'TION, n. [L. celebratio ; It. celebra- zione ; Sp. celebracion ; Fr .celebration.) 1. Honor ; praise ; commendation. No more shall be added, his memory deserving a particu- lar celebration. Clarendon. 2. Commemoration by solemn or appropriate rites and ceremonies ; as, “ The celebration of the Lord’s supper.” 3. Public and solemn performance ; as, “ The celebration of a marriage.” Syn. — Celebration is the act of celebrating ; celeb- rity, the state or the result of being celebrated. The celebration of the birthday of Shakspeare ; the celeb- rity of his works. The celebrity or reputation of a great author ; fame or distinction acquired by the arts of peace or war ; renown, by heroic achievements. CEL'JS-BRA-TOR, n. One who celebrates. Boyle. fCE-LE'BRI-OUS [se-le'bre-us, S.W. J. F. K. Sm. Wb. ; se-leb're-fis, P. Ja.), a. [L. celeber .] Famous. “ That sacred and celebrious assem- bly of all the states.” Speed. f CE-LE'BRI-OUS-LY, ad. Famously. Johnson. f Cg-LE'BRI-OUS-NESS, n. Renown. Johnson. CE-LEB'RI-TY, n. [L. celebritas ; It. celebrita ; Sp. celebridad ; Fr. celebrite .' ] 1. Fame ; renown ; distinction ; eminence ; as, “A person of great celebrity.” 2. f Celebration. “The celebrity of the mar- riage performed with . . . magnificence.” Bacon. 3. pi. Distinguished persons. L. Athenaeum. Syn. — See Celebration. CFl-LE'RI-AC, n. Turnip-rooted celery. Johnson. Cf-LER'I-TY, n. [L. ce lev itas ; celer, swift ; It. celerita-, Sp. celeridad ; Fr. celerite .] The velocity of a body in motion ; rapidity ; speed ; swiftness ; quickness. In motion with no less celerity Than that of thought. Shak. Syn. — See Quickness. CEL'ER-Y, n. [Fr. celeri .] (Bot.) An evergreen herbaceous plant much used as a salad ; Apium graveolens. Loudon. G’E-LES'TIAL (se-lest'yjl), a. [L. ca-lestis ; It. celestiale ; Sp .celestial-, Fr .celeste.] 1. Pertaining to the visible heavens. “ The twelve celestial signs.” Shak. 2. Relating to heaven, or the state of the blessed; angelic; a.s, “ Celestial joys.” Syn. — Celestial and heavenly both signify belong- ing to heaven ; but celestial is commonly applied to tile natural heavens ; heavenly, commonly, hut not ex- clusively, to the spiritual. Celestial globe ; heavenly joys ; heavenly bodies ; ethereal regions ; ethereal fire. CB-LES’TIAL, n. An inhabitant of heaven. “The unknown celestial.” Pope. CE-LES'TIAL-IZE, v. a. To make celestial or heavenly, [r.] Qu. Rev. CE-LES'TIAL-LY (se-lest'yal-le), ad. In a heav- enly manner. Johnson. CB-LES'TIAL-NESS, 11 . The quality of being celestial, [it.] Bourne. f ClJ-LES'Tj-FY, v. a. [L. ccelestis, heavenly, and facio, to make.] To make heavenly. Broivne. CEL'ES-TINE, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an order of monks; — so called from the founder, Peter De Meuron, afterwards raised to the pontificate under the name of Celestine. Buck. CEL'^S-TINE, n. [L. calestis, pertaining to the heavens, or the sky.] (Min.) The sulphate of strontia; — so named from its occasional pale- blue tint. Dana. CE'LI-AC, a. [Gr. KoiI.ttiKd;; Kotl.ta, the belly; L. cceliacus.] Relating to the belly. — See Cceliac. CEL'I-BA-CY [sel'e-bs-se, S.JF. P. J. E. F.Ja. K. Sm. C. ; se-llb'j-se, Wb.], n. [L. ccelcbs, an un- married person ; ccelibatus, single life.] The life or state of a person unmarried ; single life. CEL'I-BATE, n. [It. § Sp. cclibato ; Fr. celibat.] 1. Single life; celibacy. “No divine law hath enjoined this celibate.” Bp. Hall. 2. One who adheres to or practises celibacy ; an unmarried man ; a bachelor. Taylor. CEL'I-BATE, a. Unmarried ; single. Locke. CE-LIB'A-TIST, n. One who lives, or adheres to, a single life ; a celibate, [ii.] For. Qu. Rev. CEL'I-BlTE, n. A monk living under a regular discipline : — an adherent to single life. Gibbon. CEL-I-DOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. ktjIJs, Kril.iioc, a spot, and yycnpio, to describe; Fr. ctlidographie.) A description of the spots on the sun, or other heavenly body. Crabb. CB-LlNE', a. [Gr. roi/.ia, the belly.] Relating to the belly. Craig. CELL (sel), n. [L. cella ; celo, to hide ; It. cclla ; Sp. celda-, Fr. cellule ; Ger. keller.] 1. An enclosed space or apartment ; a small room ; as, “ The cells of a prison ” ; “ The cell of a hermit.” 2. fA lesser monastery subordinate to a greater. Britton. 3. (Arch.) A hollow space between the ribs of a groined roof. Francis. 4. (Bot.) The cavity of'an anther, ovary, &*c. ; — one of the elements or vesicles of which plants are composed ; a minute cavity with closed walls. Gray. CELL, v. a. To enclose in a cell. Myself a recluse from the world, And celled under ground. IFaimer. CEL 'LA, n. [L.] (Arch.) The body or principal part of a temple ; the interior of a temple. Weale. CEL'LAR, n. [L. cellarium; Fr. collier -, Ger. keller-, Dut. kelder.] A room in the ground, under a house, for provisions, &c. CEI,'LAR-Ai.) A point equally distant from the extremities of a line, from every part of the cir- cumference of a circle, or the surface ot a sphere. /SP The centre of any plane curve is a point in the plane of the curve which bisects every straight line drawn through it and terminated by the curve. The centre of a regular polygon is a point equally distant from all its vertices. The centre of any surface is a point which bisects all straight lines drawn through it and terminated by the surface. Eliot. 2. The middle point of anything; the mid- dle ; as, “The ceiitre of an army or of a fleet.” 3. (Arch.) A framework, usually of timber, for sustaining an arch while it is building ; cen- tring. Weale. Centre of attraction, or centre of gravitation, tire point to which bodies tend by gravity. — Centre of gravity, a point in a body about which all the parts exactly balance one another, so that, if it be supported, the whole body will be at rest in any position what- ever. — Centre of gyration. See Gyration. — Centre of motion, the point about which any body or system of bodies moves, in a revolving motion. — Centre of oscillation, that point in the line of suspension of a vibrating body or system of bodies, in which, if the whole weight were collected, the vibrations would be performed in the same time, and with the same velocity, as before. — Centre of percussion, that point in a moving body at which the impetus of the body is supposed to he concentrated. Button. Syn. — See Middle. CEN'TRE (sen'ter), V. a. [i. CENTRED ; pp. CEN- TRING, CENTRED.] 1. To place on a centre ; to fix as on a centre. One foot he centred, and the other turned Round through the vust profundity obscure. Milton. 2. To collect to a point ; to concentrate. Whose thoughts are centred on thyself alone. Dipden CEN'TRE (sen'ter), v. n. 1. To be placed in a centre ; to be central. As God in heaven Is centre, yet extends to all, so thou, Centring, receiv’st from all those orbs. Milton. 2. To be concentrated. Our hopes must centre in ourselves alone. Dryden. CEN'TRE— BIT (sen'ter-hlt), n. A joiner’s tool or instrument for boring holes. Maunder. f C]JN-TRE'J-TY, 71. Force of attraction towards the centre. In every thing compost, Each part of the essence its centre it ; / Keeps to itself; it shrinks not to a nullity. More. CEN TRIC, l a placed in the centre ; cen- CEN'TRJ-CAL, > tral ; middle. Donne. CEN'TRI-CAL-LY, ad. Centrally. Todd. CEN'TIII-CAL-NESS, 7i. The quality of being central ; a situation in the centre. Todd. ClJN-TRltj'l-TY, 7 i. The state of being centric or central. Jameson. CEN-TRIF'U-G A L [sen-trif'u-gal, S. W. P. J. F. Ja. K. Sm . ; sen-tre-fu'gjl, Kcnrick, Dyche], a. [L. centrum, the centre, and fugio, to flee; It. Sp. centrifugo ; Fr. centrifuge.] 1. Tending to fly from the centre. 2 . (Bot.) Noting the order of development of file blossoms in determinate inflorescence, the terminal and the upper ones opening ear- liest, and the others expanding in succession from above, downwards ; noting embryos of which the radicle is turned towards the sides of the fruit. ^ Gray. Centrifugal force, the force with which a revolving body tends to fly from the centre of motion in the di- rection of the tangent to the path the body describes. CEN'TRINE, n. [It. centrina ; Fr. centrine .] (Ich.) The porpoise. Hill. CEN'TIIING, n. (Arch.) The temporary sup- port, chiefly of timber, placed under a vault to sustain it while it is building; — called also centre. Weale. CEN-TRIP'B-TAI, [sen-trip'e-tfil, S. IF. r.J.F. Ja. K. Sm. ; sen-tre-pe't?!, Kcnrick], a. [L. centrum, the centre, and peto, to seek ; It. cen- tripeta ; Sp. centripeto ; Fr. centre pitch] ' 1. Tending towards the centre. 2. (Bot.) Noting the order of development of the blossoms in indeterminate inflorescence, which proceeds regularly from the base to the apex, or from the circumference to the centre ; noting embryos of which the radicle is turned towards the axis of the fruit. Gray. Centripetal force, the force by which a body revolv- ing about a centre, is drawn towards that centre. CBN-TRlP'p-TEN-cy, 7 i. Tendency towards the centre, [it.] Month. Rev. CEN-TRO-BAR'IC, a. [Gr. Kevrpoflapij;, gravitat- ing towards the centre ; Kivrpov, the centre, and / 3apvs , heavy.] Noting the centre of gravity, and applied to a method of measuring, in certain cases, the quantity of a surface or the contents of a solid. Smart. CEN'TRO-CHIR, n. [Gr. Kevrpov, a sharp point, and xdp, the hand.] (Geol.) A species of fos- sil fish, belonging to the genus Cobitis. Ogilvie. CEN-TRO-LlN'B-AD, v. [L. centrum, the centre, and litted,’ a line.] An instrument for drawing lines converging towards a point, though the point be inaccessible. Ogilvie. CEN-TRO-LIN'B-AL, a. [L. centrum, a centre, and linea, a line.] Applied to lines converging to a centre. Nicholson. CEN-TRO-LlN'p-AL, n. An instrument for draw- ing lines converging to a centre. Nicholson. CF.N-TRO-NO'TVS, n. [Gr. kci'Toov, a sharp point, and vioro;, the back.] (Ich.) A genus of fishes, allied to the gudgeons, having a simple- spined, very long, dorsal fin. Cuvier. CEN'TIIY, 7i. 1. A sentinel. “The centry’s box.” — See Sentry. Gay. 2. (Arch.) A mould for an arch. Crabb. MtEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, S 6 N ; BULL, BUR, RULE. — (J, If, 9 , g, soft; £, G, c, g, hard; § as 7 .; y as gz. — THIS, this. CENTRY-BOX 220 CEREMONIOUS CEN'TRY— BOX, n. A box or shelter in which a soldier keeps sentry. — See Sentuy-box. Ash. CEN-TUM ' VIR, n . ; pi . c F. N- r um' vi-rT. [L. cen- tum, a hundred, and vir, a man.] One of the Roman judges who were chosen three from each of the thirty-five tribes, making in all one hundred and five, though they were designated in round numbers one hundred men. Brande. CEN-TUM' VI-KAL, a. Relating to the centum- 'viri. [r.] ‘ ‘ Ash - CEN-TUM' VI-R ATE, n. The office or government of the centumviri, or of a hundred men. Qu. Rev. CEN-TUM ' VI- RI, n. pi. [L. See Cextcmvir.] The hundred and five judges in the Roman re- public. B. Jonson . CEN'TU-PLE (sen'tu-pl), a. [L- centuplex ; cen- tum, a hundred, and plico, to fold ; It. Sp. centuplo ; Fr. centuple .] Hundred-fold. . “I wish his strength were centuple." Massinger. f CEN'TU-PLE, v. a. [Fr. centupler.~\ To multi- ply a hundred-fold. Beau. 1$ FI. CpN-TU'PLT-CATE, v. a. [L. centuplicatus, cen- tuple ; Sp! centuplicar. ] To make a hundred- fold greater, [r.] Howell. CJJN-TUTU-AL, a. Relating or belonging to a century. Ed. Ency. f CpN-TU'RI-ATE, v. a. [L . ccnturio, centuria- tus .] To divide into hundreds. Coles. CgN-TU'Rj-A-TOR, n. An historian or a chro- nologist who distinguishes time by centuries. “The ccnturiators of Magdeburg.” Ayliffe. CEN-TU'RI-ON, n. [L. centurio ; It. centurione ; Sp. § Fr. centurion .] A Roman military officer w'ho commanded a hundred men, or one sixtieth part of a legion. Brande. CEN'TU-RIST, n. A centuriator. [n.] Sheldon. CEN'TU-RY, n. [L., It., $ Sp. centuria ; Fr. cen- time.] 1. A hundred, as of men, soldiers, &c. Romulus did divide the Romans into tribes, and the tribes into centuries or hundreds. Spenser. 2. A period of a hundred years ; as, “ The 19th century of the Christian era.” CEOL-, n. [A. S., a ship.] A prefix in the names of men, signifying a ship or vessel. Gibson. fCE'ORL, n. [A. S.] {Laic.) A freeman of in- ferior rank ; a husbandman. Burrill. CE' PA, n. [L., from Celtic cep, a head. Loudon.] {Boi.) The common onion ; Allium ccpa. C£-PEV'OR-OUS, a. Feeding on onions. Sterling. CEPH-A-LAL'^IC, a ■ [Gr. Kiipal.alyiKOs ; L. ceph- alalgicus .] Relating to the headache. Ash. CEPH-A-LAL'ijrJC, n. A remedy for headache. CEPH'A-LAL-CY, n. [Gr. Kfipalnl.yia ; KUpab'/, the head, and a'/.yoq, pain ; L. cephalalgia ; Fr . ce- phalalgie.] {Meil.) The headache. Bailey. CEPH-A-LAN'THI-t r M, n. [Gr. Kiiou>t6u ; L. ceratum-, cera, wax ; Fr. cerat .] (Med.) A composition of wax, oil, lard, &c. Dunglison. CE'RAT-ED, a. Covered with wax. Bailey. CER-A-TO'NI-A, ii. (Bot.) A genus of trees, including only one species, (Ceratonia siliqua,) the fruit of which is known as St. John’s bread ; the algaroba, or carob-tree. Loudon. CER'A-TRINE, n. (Chem.) The bitter principle of Iceland moss. Brande. CE-RAu'nItE, n. [Gr. Kipav v<5j, thunder.] (Min.) The thunder-stone. Cleavelancl. CE-RAu'NICS, n.pl. [Gr. Kepawds, thunder.] That branch of natural philosophy which relates to the effect of heat and electricity. R. Park. CER ' BE-RA, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, con- taining, among other poisonous species, that from which the tanghin poison is procured ; — so named in allusion to the mythological dog Cerberus. P. Cyc. CER-BE'RE-AN, a. Relating to Cerberus, the three-headed dog of Pluto, which guarded the J gates of hell. “ Wide cerberean mouths.” Milton. CER 'BF.-R&S, n. [L., from Gr. K t/ipipos.] 1. (Myth.) The three-headed dog of Pluto, that guarded the gates of hell. 2. (Zoiil.) A serpent allied to the Pythons. Cuvier. CER-DO'NI-AN, n. ( Eccl . Hist.) A follower of Cerdon, a heretic of the second century. Hook. CERE, v. a. [L. cera, wax; Fr. cirer, to wax.] To wax or to cover with wax. Wiseman. CERE, n. The naked skin that covers the base of the bill of some birds, as of the hawk. White. CE'RE-AL, a. [L. cercalis ; Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, and hence used for corn or grain ; Fr. cereale.] Relating to corn or grain ; applied to plants that produce bread-corn, as wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, rice, and millet. Braude. CE-RF.-A ' LI-A, il. pi. [L. ; Fr. cere ales.] 1. All sorts of corn of which bread is made ; the edible grains. Prout. 2. (Bot.) The cereal grasses. Hamilton. 3. (Antiq.) Festival games celebrated at Rome, in honor of Ceres. Wm. Smith. f CE-RE-A'LI-OUS, a. [L. cerealis.] Cereal. “Any edulious or cerealious grains.” Browne. CER'E-BEL, n. [L. cerebellum, little brain.] The posterior part of the brain ; the cerebellum. “The base of the brain and cerebel." Derham. CER-E-BEL 'LUM, n. ; pi. CER-E-BEL 'la. (Anat.) The’ little brain ; the posterior of the medullary masses which compose the brain of vertebrate animals ; cerebel. Brande. CER'E-BRAL, a. [L. cerebrum, the brain ; Fr. cerebral.] Relating to the brain. Dunglison. CER-E-BRA'TION, n. Exercise or action of the brain. New Monthly Mag. CER'E-BRIC, a. [I.. cerebrum, the brain.] (Chem.) Noting a fatty acid which contains nitrogen and phosphorus, and forms one of the constituents of the brain. Miller. CER-E-BROP'A-TIIY, n. [L. cerebrum, the brain, and Gr. ndlios, suffering.] Nervousness from over-action of the brain. Journ. of Psychol. Med. and Mental Pathol. CER-E-BROSE', a. [L. ccrebrosus .] Brainsick ; passionate ; mad ; wilful, [n.] Scott. CER ' E-BRUM, n. [L.] (Anat.) The brain ; par- ticularly the upper portion of the brain, or the front of the brain as distinguished from the cer- ebellum and the medulla oblongata. Dunglison. CERE'-CLOTH, n. Cloth smeared with wax or with bitumen. Bacon. CERE'MENT, n. [L. cera, wax.] Cere-cloth an- ciently used in embalming. But tell Why thy canonized bones, hearsed in earth, llave burst their cerements. Shak. CF.R-E-MO'NI-AL, a. 1. Relating to ceremony, — particularly to religious ceremonies ; ritual. Christ did take away that ceremonial worship that wa9 among the Jews. btillinyfleet. 2. f Formal; stately; ceremonious. “ Cere- monial in his outward comportment.” Sandys. CER-E-MO'NI-AL, n. [Fr. ceremonial .] 1. Outward form ; external rite ; prescribed formality. The only condition that would make it prudent for the clergy to ulter the ceremonial. Swift. 2. The order for the rites and forms to be ob- served in the Romish church, or a book con- taining a statement of them. Smart. CER-E-M6'NJ-AL-5f§M, n. Adherence to cere- mony. [r.] W est. Rev. CER-E-MO'NI-AL-LY, ad. As regards rites or ceremonies. Persons clean or unclean cere- monially.” Goodwin. CER-E-MO'NI-AE-NESS, n. The quality of being ceremonial. Johnson. CER-E-MO'NI-OUS, a. [L. ceremoiiiosus.] 1. ’ Consisting of outward forms or rites ; cer- emonial. “ The ceremonious part of worship.” South. 2. Scrupulously observant of outward rites or prescriptive formalities. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, E, I, 9, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CEREMONIOUSLY 221 CESSATION You are too senseless obBtin ate, my lord, Too ceremonious and traditional. Soak. 3. Punctilious in regard to the rules of ci- vility ; formally respectful. The old caitiff was grown so ceremonious , as he would needs accompany me some miles in my way. Sidney. Syn. — See Formal. CER-IJ-MO'NI-OUS-LY, ad. In a ceremonious manner ; formally. CER-5-MO'NJ-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of be- ing ceremonious ; great formality. Johnson. CER'E-MO-NY, n. [L., It., NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — Q, 9 , g, soft ; G, G, £, g, hard; § as z; £ as gz. — THIS, this. CHALLENGEABLE CHAL'LENQrE-A-BLE, a. That may be chal- lenged. Saclter. CHAL'Lf)X(^-pIt, n. 1. One who challenges or de- fies another to a contest of any kind. Dryden. 2. A claimant. Hooker. 9HAl'L[S (shal'Ie), n. An elegant twilled fine woollen fabric, ornamented with colored flow- ers ; — used for ladies’ dresses. IF. Ency. fjCHA-LYB'jp-AN, a. Relating to the Chalybes ; chalybeate. “ Chalubean tempered steel.” Milton. JCHA-LYB'P-ATE, a. [Gr. x^'J't stcel ! L - Cha - lybs. “ The Chalybes were a Scythian people who dug iron.” Braude.] Impregnated with iron. “ Chalybeate waters.” Arbuthnot. JEHA-LYB'E-ATE, n. A medicine, substance, or fluid containing iron. Brande. €hAm (khm), n. [Pers.] The sovereign of Tar- tary. — See Khan. Shah. €HA 'JIM, n. [L., from Gr. X'iMt th e cockle ; ^af- iiji, to yawn.] (Conch.) A genus of gigantic, fixed bivalve mollusks. Woodward. jGHA-MA'CEAN (66), n. [See Chama.] (Conch.) One of a family of acephalous lamellibranchi- atc mollusks, including Chama. Brande. t^HA-MADE' (sha-inad '), n. [Fr.] The beat of the drum, as a signal for a parley or for surren- der. “ They beat the chamade." Addison. ChAm ' JE-ROPS, n. [L., from Gr. ^n/in/pu ger- mander.] (Bot.) A genus of ornamental palm- trees. Loudon. || CII AM'BER [cliam'ber, IF. J. F. Ja. K. Sm . 7?. C. ; cliam'ber, S.E.; cliam'ber or cliam'ber, P.], n. [Gr. xapdpa, any thing with a vaulted roof ; L. camera, a vault; It. camera-, Sp. caniara ; Fr. chambre.—D\xt. kamer ; Ger. hammer.'] 1. An apartment in an upper story of a house ; — especially a bedroom. Ill rest betide the chamber where thou liest. Shak. The chamber where the good man meets his fate Is privileged beyond the common walk Of virtuous life, quite in the verge of heaven. Young. 2. Any retired room. The north chambers and the south chambers, they be holy chambers, where the priests shall lay the meat offering and the sin offering. Ezek. xhi. 13. 3. A cavity ; a hollow place. “ The posterior chamber of the eye.” Sharp. 4. A small piece of ordnance which stands erect on its breech, used only on occasions of rejoicing. “ Names given them, as cannons, chambers , muskets ‘&c.” Camden. 5. A hall in which an assembly meets ; — es- pecially a hall of justice or of legislation. “ In the imperial chamber this vulgar answer is not admitted.” Ayliffe. 6. A legislative body ; as, “ The chamber of deputies.” Chamber of commerce , a society of merchants and traders. “ I have, in this word, departed from Mr. Sher- idan and Dr. Kenrick, because I think the best usage has entirely departed from them. About thirty years aiiO [i. e. about 1770], the first syllable of chamber was universally pronounced so as to rhyme with palm , psalm . , &c. ; but since that time it lias been gradually narrowing to the slender sound of a in came , fame, &c., and seems now to be fully establi-hed in this sound. This, however, is to be regretted, as it mili- tates with the laws of syllabication. There are few words in the language which we cannot so divide into parts as to show by this division the quantity of the vowels: this word forms an exception; for mb being uncombinable consonants, we cannot end the first syllable with a ; and if we join m to it, the a be- comes short, and requires another sound. But if two such words as Cam and bridge could not resist the blind force of custom, which has for so many years reduced them to Camebridge , why should we wonder that chamber and cambrick . . . should yield to the same unrelenting tyrant ? ” Walker. Syn. — See Parlor. (I CHAMBER, V. n. [l. CHAMBERED ; pp. CHAM- BERING, chambered.] To frequent chambers for intrigue. — See Chambering. Nicola , 1607. || CHAm'BER, v. a. To shut up, as in a chamber. “ The best blood chambered in his bosom. "Shak. || CHAM'BER-COUN'CIL, n. Private or secret council. Shak. 224 II CHAM'BeR— CotfN'SEL, ) M . A counsel- 11 CHAM'BpR— COU.V'SEL-LOR, > lor who gives his opinion or advice, but does not plead in court. Todd. Syn. — See Lawyer. || CHAM'BfRED (cham'berd), a. (Conch.) Having chambers or cells, as the nautilus. Buckland. || CHAM'BJJR-gR, n. 1. A chamberlain ; a groom of a chamber. Huloet. 2. f A chamber-maid. She [Catharine IlownrdJ had gotten into her privy cham- ber to be one of her cliamberers. Lord Herbert. 3. A man of intrigue, [it.] I have not those soft parts of conversation That chuniberers have. Shak. II CHAM'BER— FEL'LOW, n. One occupying the same chamber. Spectator. II CHAM'BER-HAng'ING, n. The hangings, or tapestry, of a chamber. Shak. f CHAm'BJJR-ING, n, Immodest intrigue; wan- tonness. Romans xiii. 13. CHAm'BJJR-LAIN (cham'ber-lin), n. [It. catner- lingo ; Sp. camarcro ; Fr. chambellan .] 1. A servant who has the care of the chambers. He served at first ^Emilia’s chamberlain. Dryden. 2. A receiver of revenues ; a treasurer ; as, “ The chamberlain of Chester or of London.” Erastus, the chamberlain of the city, saluteth you. J2ow.xvi.23. 3. A high officer in European courts. Lord great chamberlain, tire sixth great officer of the crown of England. His duties are to attend on the king at his coronation ; to take care of the Palace of West- minster ; to provide furniture for the houses of Parlia ment ; and to attend upon peers at their creation, and upon bishops when they perform their homage. — Lord chamberlain of the household , an officer who lias control of all parts of the household (except the ladies of the queen’s bed-chamber) which are not under the direc- tion of tile lord steward, the groom of tile stole, or the master of the horse, tile king’s chaplains, physi- cians, &c. P. Cyc. CHAM'B^R-LAIN-SHIP, n. The office of a cham- berlain. Johnson. CHAM'BIJR-LYE, n. Urine. Shak. CHAM'BPR-MAID, n. A female servant who has the care of bedrooms. B. Jonson. CHAm'BER— POT, n. A vessel for a bedchamber. CHAm'BPR-PRAc'TICE, n. The business of a chamber-counsellor. Burke. CHAM'BJJR-WIN'DOW, n. The window of a chamber. Shak. jEHAmb'LET, CHAme'LOT, n. See Camlet. f CHAmB'LIJT (kam'let), v. a. To vary ; to varie- gate. — See Camleted. Bacon. (^HAM-BRAM’LE (shjm-br&nl), n. [Fr.] (Arch.) The casing of a chimney, door, &c. Francis. GHAm'BREL (kSin'brel), n. The bend of the hind leg of ahorse ; gambrel. — See Gambrel. Crabb. jCHA-ME'LiJ-ON (ka-me'le-on), n. [Gr. x a t Lnl Haiti; X a y a >, on the ground, and Uuiu, a lion ; L. cha- mceleon .] (Zoiil.) A genus of saurians, noted for changing their color. The best known species is the common chameleon (Chamcleo vulgaris), a native of India, Asia Minor, Egypt, North Africa, and Spain. It has a large head armed with horn-like appendages, and bony crests on the nape of the neck, a huge mouth, and large eyes, which possess the peculiar faculty of mov- ing each independently of the other. Baird. Chameleon mineral, (Chcm.) a compound of inanga- nesic acid and potash, which presents a variety of tints when dissolved in water. Brande. jCHA-ME'L^-ON-IZE, v. a. To change to many different colors. * [r.] Bailey. CHAM'F^R, v. a. [Old Fr. chanfrain, a channel or furrow in stonework ; from chambre. ] [i. CHAMFERED ; pp. CHAMFERING, CHAMFERED.] 1. To channel ; to make furrows or gutters upon ; to flute, as a column. Johnson. 2. To cut or grind off aslope or bevel-wise, as a sharp edge. Francis. CHAM'FJJR, n. (Carp.) 1. A groove to receive the tenon. Francis. 2. A sort of bevelled acute-angled edge ; an CHAMPERTY arris formed by planing or pairing off both sides equally. Weale. CHAM'Ff.R-!NG, n. (Carp.) The act of cutting aslope or bevelling, or of grinding down on one side, as edge-tools. Hamilton. CHAm'FRAIN, n. [Fr. chanfrein .] (Mil.) An ancient piece of armor for the head of a horse ; — called also chamfron, champfrein, and char- fron. Crabb. CIlAM'FRgT, n. Same as Chamfer. CHAm'FRON, n. Same as Chamfrain. — See Chamfrain, and Charfron. Fairholt. CHAm'LIJT (kim'Iet), n. See Camlet. CHAMOIS (sli&m’me or slij-mol') [sliam'- me, P. E. Wb. ; shg-mol', S. IF. J. F. Ja. ; sham'w'd, Sm.], n. [Fr.] A species of antelope which inhabits the Alpine regions, and from the skin of which the leather, called shammy, -was originally made ; Chamois. Rupicapra Tragus. Baird. CI1AMOLSITE, n. (Mill.) A mixture of magnetic iron and a hydrous silicate of alumina ; — found at Chamoisin, in the Valais. Dana. jCHAM'O-MILE (kam'o-nill), n. [Gr. x n l" l ipyio v, earth-apple ; x n d a, t on the ground, and yyLov, apple; L. chameemelon.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of several species. — See Camomile. Loudon. CHAMP, v. a. [Old Fr. champayer. Cot gr arc.] [i. champed ; pp. champing ; champed.] To bite or crush with a frequent action of the teeth. Like a proud steed reiffned went haughty on, Champing his iron curb. Milton. To champ up, to break to pieces by the action of the teeth. “ I champed up the remaining part.” Spectator. CHAMP, v. n. To bite frequently. “ They began irefully to champ upon the bit.” Hooker. CHAMP, n. (Arch.) A small sloping surface : — also the flat surface of a wall. Britton. QHAM-PAGNE' (sliani-pan') [sh5m-pan', S. IF. J. E. F. Ja.; sham'pan, K.], n. [Fr., from the province of Champagne, in France, where the wine is made.] A light, sparkling wine. 9HAM-PAIGN' (sham-pin') [chhm'pan, IF. F. ; sham-pan', P. E. Sm. Wo.; chain-pan', S. ; sham'pan, ./. Ja.], n. [L. campus, a field; It. eampagna ; Sp. campiha ; Fr. campagnc. — See Camp.] A fiat, open country. “ The cham- paign over against Gilgal.” Deut. xi. 30. 9 HAM-PAIGN' (shSm-pan'), a. Open, or flat. The champaign head Of a steep wilderness. Milton. ^HAM’PAIN, n. (Her.) A mark of dishonor in the escutcheon of him who has killed a prisoner of war after he has asked for quarter ; — called also point-champain. Ogilvie. CIIAm'pAk, n. [Champaca, an island between Camhoge and Cochin-China, of which the plant is a native. Craig.] (Bot.) A strong-scented aromatic plant of India. Sir Wm. Jones. CHAM'pAn, n. A Chinese sailing punt or flat- bottomed vessel; — written also sampan, and sanpan. Crabb. CHAmp'^R, n. A biter, or nibbler. Spectator. 9 HAm'P?R-TOR, n. [Low L. champertor ; Fr. champarteur ; champ, a held, and part, a por- tion.] (Law.) One who moves suits, and pur- sues them at his own cost, in order to have part of the gains. Cowell. (JHAM'PJJR-TY (sliSm'per-te) [sham'per-te, K. R . ; ch&m'per-te, Ja. ; sliam-per'te, Sm.], n. [Old Fr. champert.] (Law.) A maintenance of any man in his suit, upon condition of having part of the thing if recovered. Burrill. A, E, f, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, T, 6, U, Y, short; A, £, I, O, F, Y, obscure; FARE/FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CHANGEABLY CHAMPFREIN 225 CHAMP'FREIN, n. Same as Chamfrain, and Charfron. Fairholt. CHAM-PIGN'ON (sh?m-pln'yun), n. [Fr.] ( Bot .) A species of mushroom used in various forms, for food ; common mushroom ; Psalliota cam- pestris. Loudon. CHAM'PI-ON, n. [Goth, kamp, a battle ; A. S. campian, to fight. -It. campione ; Fr. champion.'] 1. One who undertakes the cause of another in single combat. In many armies, the matter should be tried by duel be- tween two champions. Bacon. 2. One who engages boldly in any cause ; an earnest defender ; a hero. As zealous champions for truth. Locke. 3. One who fights all who offer against him. Cl. 4. {Law.) A judicial combatant either in his own case or another’s. Burrill. Syn. — See Combatant. f CHAM'PI-ON, v. a. To challenge, as to combat. Rather than so, come, fate, into the list. And champion me to the utterance, [i. c. extremity.] Shak. CHAM'PI-ON-ESS, n. A female warrior. Dnjden. CIIAM'PI-ON-SHIP, n. The rank or quality of a champion. For. Qu. Rev. ^HAM-POO', v. a. See Shampoo. CHANCE (12), n. [L. cado, cadens, to fall, to hap- pen ; Fr. chance ; echcoir, to happen. — Ger. schanze.] 1. Absence of an assignable cause; absence of design ; accident ; fortuity ; fortune. Time and chance happencth to them all. Keel. ix. 11. — The meaning is, that the success of these outward things is not always carried by desert, but by chance in regard to us, though by Providence in regard of God. Hah " ill. There must be chance in the midst of design; by which we mean, that events which are not designed necessarily arise from the pursuit of events which are designed. Faley. The opposites of apparent chance are constancy and sen- sible interposition. Faley. A lucky chance that oft decides the fate Of mighty monarehs. Thomson. 2. Risk; hazard; as, “To take the chance of good or ill.” 3. Unlucky accident ; casualty ; misfortune. Common chances common men could bear. Shak. The theory or doctrine of chances , (Math.) is a branch of analysis which treats of the probability of future events. Syn. Accident is applied to things past; chance , commonly to things future. Killed or wounded by accident ; met by accident or chance ; chance of escape ; chance or probability of success ; hazard of loss ; fa- vored by fortune ; chance of gain or loss. Take your chance ; run your risk ; try your luclc. — See Acci- dent, Luck. CHANCE, a. Happening by chance ; fortuitous. “ Chance companions. ” Dnjden . CHANCE, ad. By chance ; perchance. If chance by lonely contemplation led. Gray. CHANCE, V. n. [i. CHANCED ; pp. CHANCING, chanced.] To occur accidentally or unexpect- edly ; to happen. Casca, tell us what hath chanced to-day. Shak. f CHANCE'A-BLE, a. Accidental. Sidney. f CHAncE'A-BLY, ad. By chance. Sidney. CHANCE'— COM-ER, n. One who comes unexpect- edly. Addison. t CHAnce'FUL, a. Hazardous. Spensei'. CHAN'C$L, n. [Gr. KiyK?.tg, a lattice ; L. chancelli , a railing ; Ger. kanzel ; It. cancello , a balustrade ; Sp. cancel , a screen ; Fr. chancel, or chanceau .] The eastern part of a church, in which the altar or communion table is placed; — general- ly divided from the rest by a screen or railing. CHAn'CEL-LOR, n. [L. cancellarius ; It. can - cellicre ; Sp. canciller ; Fr. chancelier. — Some derive this word from L. cancclli , in the sense of lattices, or the gratings behind which notaries or scribes sat : others think the allusion is to cancclli , in the sense of the marks by which erasures were made in writings, or by which any thing was cancelled.] (Laic.) A high judi- cial officer, presiding over a court of chancery or other court. . Cancellarius , at the first, signified the registers or actuaries in court. But this name is greatly advanced, and is given to him that is the chief judge in causes of property; for the chancellor hath power to moderate and temper the written law, and subjecteth himself only to the law of nature and conscience. ’ Cowell. The lord high chancellor of England presides in the courts of equity or chancery, and is the keeper of the great seal. — The chancellor of the exchequer pre- sides in the court of exchequer, and takes care of the interest of the crown ; and he is the highest officer of finance in the British government. — The. chancellor of New York presides in the court of chancery. — A chancellor of a bishopric or a diocese is one appointed to hold the bishop’s courts, and assist him in matters of ecclesiastical law. Burrill. A chancellor of a uni- versity is an officer who is at the head of the corporate bodies by whom he is elected, and who exercises ex- clusive jurisdiction in all civil actions where a mem- ber of the university or a privileged person is one of the parties, except in cases relating to freehold. Brandc. ChAn'CJJL-LOR-SIiIp, n. The office of chancel- lor. “ His chancellorship of England.” Camden. CHAn'C^L— TA'BLE, n. The communion-table in a church. Milton. CHANCE-MED'LE Y, n. [ chance and medley. — F r. chance , accident, and melee , an affray. — See Chaud-medley.] {Law.) The killing of a per- son by chance, when the killer was doing a lawful act, or a homicide committed without malice and while acting in self-defence, as in the sudden encounter of a riot ; — distinguished from chaud-medley. Burrill. CH.An'CJJR-Y, n. [Low L. cancellaria ; It. cnncel- leria ; Sp. chancilleria ; Fr. chancellerie .] {Law.) 1. A high court of equity ; a court in which equity is either exclusively or chiefly adminis- tered ; — usually termed court of chancery or court of equity. Burrill. 2. Equity or proceedings in equity. Burrill. There arc five superior courts of chancery in England, viz. : the high court of chancerti (the highest court in the kingdom next to the parliament), pre- sided over by the lord high chancellor, to whom an appeal lies from tho others ; the court of the master of the rolls, who is assistant to the lord chancellor, when present, and his deputy when absent ; the court of the vice-chancellor , and two courts of the two additional vice-chancellors recently appointed. In the United States, equity powers are exercised by distinct and independent tribunals in some of the states (as in Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina, Ala- bama, and Mississippi) ; but in most of them, the jurisdiction of law and equity is vested in the same tribunal, though exercised by a different course of procedure. Burrill. (JHAN'CRE (slianglc'er, 82), n. [Fr. chancre ; Ger. schanker. — See Canker.] {Med.) An ulcer, usually arising from venereal virus. Wiseman. (JHAN'CROyg (shangk'rus, 82). a. Like a chancre ; ulcerous. “ A chancrous callus.” Wiseman. GHAN-DE-LIER' (shan-de-ler'), n. [L. candela, a candle ; candelabrum ; It. candeliere ; Sp. can- de/ero; Fr. chandelier .] 1. A branched frame or support for candles or lamps. Stukeley. 2. {Fort.) A kind of movable parapet upon which fascines are laid. Buchanan. ChAnD'LER (12), n. [Fr. chandelier, one who makes and sells candles.] 1. f One who makes or sells candles. The sack that thou hast drunken would have bought me lights ... at the dearest chandler's in Europe. Shak. 2. A dealer ; as, “ A tallow -chandler ” ; “A ship-chandler ” ; “A corn -chandler.” — The word is not now used without a prefix, which determines its particular meaning. + ChAnd'LIJR-LY, a. Pertaining to a chandler. “ Chandlerly shop-book.” Milton. CHAnD'LF.R-Y, n. The articles sold by a chand- ler. “ The sergeant of the chandlery was ready at the chamber door to deliver the tapers.” Strype. CFIAN-DOO', n. An extract of opium prepared by the Chinese for smoking. Dunylison. t chAn'dry, n. A place where the candles are kept. “ Torches from the chandry.” B. Jonson. GHAn'FRIN (shan'frjn), n. [Fr. chanfrein .] The forehead or fore part of a horse’s head. — See Charfron. Farrier’s Diet. CHANGE, v. a. [L. cambio, to exchange ; It. can- qiare\ Fr. chancier.] \i. changed ; pp. chang- ing, CHANGED.] 1. To put one thing in the place of another. MIEN, SlR ; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — C, 20 9 > 9> &> soft; He that cannot look into his own estate had need choose well whom he employeth, and chanyc them often. Bacon. 2. To give and take reciprocally ; to ex- change ; to barter. Those thousands with whom thou wouldst not change thy fortune and condition. Bp. Taylor. 3. To make different ; to alter ; to vary. Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots ? % Jtm. Xiii. 25. 4. To give money of one kind for money of another kind, or money of a smaller denomina- tion for money of a greater denomination, the value being equal. A shopkeeper might be able to change a guinea. Swift. 4 ^=- “This word, with others of the same form, such as range , strange , mange, &c., are, in t lie West of England, pronounced with the short sound of a in ran , man , &c. The same may be observed of the a in the first syllable of angel , ancient , &c., which in that part of the kingdom sounds like the article an ; and this, though disagreeable to a London ear, and con- trary to the best usage, wiiic^i forms the only rule, is more analogical than pronouncing them as if written chainge , straingc , aincient , aingcl , &c. ; for we find every other vowel in this situation short, as revenge , hinge , spunge , &c.” Walker. — The same pronuncia- tion of these words is not uncommon in some parts of the United States ; but it does not appear to be supported by any of the English orthoepists. Syn. — We change one thing for another ; we alter that which does not suit us, and vary the fashion ac- cording to circumstances. A man changes his clothes when he puts on others; a tailor alters clothes that do not fit, and varies the fashion of making them. A sovereign or president changes his ministers ; a government exchanges prisoners of war ; the punish- ment of death is commuted to imprisonment for life; one man is substituted for another in office ; articles of merchandise are exchanged or bartered ; compli- ments and civilities are interchanged. — See Alter. CHANGE, v. n. 1. To undergo change ; to alter. I am the Lord; I change not. Mai. iii. 0. 2. To begin a new revolution; — applied to the moon. I am Aveary of this moon; would he would change. Shak. CHANGE, 7i. 1. An alteration in the state of any thing ; variation ; mutation. Since I saw you last There is a change upon you. Shak. 2. A succession of one thing in place of an- other ; vicissitude ; variety. Nothing can cure this part of ill breeding but chanyc and variety of company. Locke. 3. That which produces variety, by altera- tion in the terms of a series, or by substitution of one thing for another of the same kind. Four bells admit twenty-tour changes in ringing. Holder . I will put forth a riddle unto you; if ye can . . . find it out, I will give you . . . thirty changes of garments. Judg. xiv. 12. 4. Money of a small denomination that may be exchanged for an equivalent value of a larger denomination ; small money. Thence the present want of change arises. Swift. 5. {Com.) A place where merchants meet for business ; — contracted from Exchange. Syn . — Change of circumstances or condition, of purpose or opinion ; change or revolution in a govern- ment ; variation of temperature or of tile compass; alteration of a garment ; vicissitude of human affairs ; commutation of punishment ; variety of colors or of amusements. CHANGE- A-BlL'I-TY, n. The quality of being changeable ; changeableness. Ed. Ency. CHANGE'A-BLE, a. I. Subject to change ; in- constant; fickle; mutable ; variable; unstable; uncertain ; wavering. There is no measure to be taken of a changeable humor. L' Estrange. 2. Exhibiting different colors under different lights. Now the tailor make thy doublet of changeable tnffata. Shak. Syn . — Changeable and variable are applied to per- sons or to tilings ; mutable , to things ; inconstant, fickle, and capricious, to persons. Changeable , variable , in- constant, fickle, unstable, unsteady , and capricious , as applied to persons, arc all taken in a bad sense; ver- satile, commonly in a good sense. Men and tilings arc changeable', human affairs, mutable ; climate ami temperature, variable. A man of versatile talents, but inconstant in his affections, fickle or capricious in his disposition and conduct, wavering in his resolutions. CHANGE' A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being changeable. Addison. CHAN^E’A-BLY, ad. Inconstantly; variably. £ I, c, |, hal'd; § as z ; % as gz. — THIS, this. CHANGED 226 CHAPLET CHANGED (chanjd),y>. a. Altered; made different. CHAN^E'FUL, a. Full of change. Britain, changeful as a child at play. Pope. CHAN(JrE'FUL-LY, ad. In a changeful manner. CHAN(JE'FUL-NESS, n. The quality of being changeful. Boswell. CHAN^E'LUSS, a. Free from change. Sidney. CIIAN^E'LJNG, n. [Eng. change , and A. S. ling, denoting state or condition. “ The word arises,” says Johnson, “from an odd, supersti- tious opinion, that the fairies steal away chil- dren, and put others that are ugly and stupid in their places.”] 1. A child left or taken in place of another. Such men do changelings call, so changed by fairies’ theft. Spenser. A lovely boy stolen from an Indian king; She never liad so sweet a changeling. Shak. 2. An idiot ; a natural ; a simpleton. Would any one be a changeling because he is less deter- mined by wise considerations than a wise man? Locke. 3. One apt to change. “ Constant folks be better than those changelings.” Draut. CHANGE 'LING, a. That is changed. “ A change- ling child.” Shak. CHANG ER, n. 1. One who changes. Changer of all things, yet immutable. G. Fletcher. 2. A broker in money; a money-changer. Jesus . . . found in the temple . . . the changers of money sitting. John ii. 13, 11. CHANGE'— WHEEL?, n. pi. ( Mech .) Wheels of various but definite sizes, by which the angular velocity of an axis may be changed in any re- quired relation. Ogilvie. CHANGING, p. a. Altering; making different; becoming different. CHANK, or CHANK'-SHELL (82), n. The com- mon conch-shell. It is fished up by divers in the Gulf of Manaar, on the north-west coast of Ceylon. Buchanan. jEHAN'NA, n. [Or. y'dirr/ ; L. channe ; \t. cham- nci.] (Ich.) A fish taken in European seas, re- sembling the sea-perch ; the Scranus cabrilla of Cuvier and Valencienne. Yarrell. CIIAN'N^L, n. [L. canalis; canna, a reed; It. canale ; Sp. canal ; Fr. chenal and canal.— Ger. AanalA 1. The hollow bed of running water ; as, “ The channel of a river.” 2. A long cavity, as the furrow on a pillar. 3. A strait or narrow sea ; as, “The British Channel ” ; “ St. George’s Channel.” 4. ( Naut .) pi. Pieces of plank projecting edgewise from a vessel’s sides, and serving to spread the shrouds ; — called also chain-wales, guard-boards, and channel-boards. Dana. CHAn'N^L, v. a. [i. channelled ; pp. channel- ling, channelled.] To cut in channels. No more shall trenching war channel her fields. Shak. CH AN 'N^L— LEAVED (-levd), a. ( Bot .) Having leaves folded together so as to resemble a channel. Loudon. CHAN'NIf.LLED (clidn'neld), p. a. Hav- ing channels or grooves ; hollowed. £LLi-Af 'SOJ\T (shan’son), n. [Fr.] A song. Shak. CHANT (12), v. a. [L .canto\ It. cantare; Sp. cantar ; Fr. chanter.] [t. chanted ; pp. chant- ing, CHANTED.] 1. To sing ; to warble. “ The birds chant melody on every bush.” Shak. 2. To celebrate by song ; to carol. The poets chant it in the theatres. Dp. DramhaU. 3. To sing as in the church, or cathedral, service ; as, “ To chant the psalms.” CHANT, v. n. 1. To modulate the voice musi- cally ; to sing. And winged his flight to chant aloft in air. Dn/den. 2. To recite musically, as in the church ser- vice. “The choir doth chant.” Warner. CHANT, n. I. A song; a carol ; a melody. A pleasant grove With chant of tuneful birds resounding loud. Milton. 2. A species of harmonized recitative adapted to the psalms and litanies in the performance of the church service. “ The . . . chant used in the verses and responses.” Mason. CHANT'ANT, n. ( Mus .) Music; — particularly instrumental music which is of an easy, smooth, and graceful character. Warner. CHANT'jpR, n. 1. One that chants ; a singer ; a songster. You curious chanters of the wood. Wotton. 2. A chief singer of a chantry. Warton. 3. The pipe which sounds the tenor or treble in a bagpipe. Ogilvie. CHAn'TI-CLEER, n. [Fr. chanter, to sing, and clair, clear.] A crowing cock ; a loud crower. Within this homestead lived, without a peer For crowing loud, the noble chanticleer. Dryden. CIIAnT'JNG, n. The act of repeating words, as in the church service, with a chanting modula- tion. CHAnT'LATE, n. (Arch.) A wooden ledge near the edge of the rafters, to support tiles that serve as eaves to a wall. Weale. OH.Ant'OR, n. One who chants ; chanter. Wood. CIIAnT'RJJSS, n. A woman who chants. Milton. CHAn'TRY, n. [Fr. chantrerie.] An endowed chapel in which priests pray, and sing mass, for the souls of the donors. Shak. CH A-OL'O-tjrY, n. [Gr. pfdof, chaos, and ).6yo a discourse.] A discourse upon chaos, [r.] Crabb. eHA'O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. x "'“D the atmosphere, and gavTita, prophecy.] Divination by appear- ances in the air. Boget. jCHA'OS (ka'os), n. [L., from Gr. ;^dos.] 1. The mass of matter supposed to be in con- fusion before it was arranged by the Creator. “ Chaos and eternal night.” Milton. 2. Any confused mixture of parts or elements. One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit. Pope. 3. Confusion ; disorder. The anarchy of thought and chaos of the mind. Dryden. jCIIA'OS— LIKE, a. Resembling chaos. Pope. jCH A-OT'IC, a. Like chaos; confused. “When the globe was in a chaotic state.” Derham. || CHAP (chap or chop) [chop, S. W. P. J. F. Ja. C. ; chap, Sm. Wb. Kenrick ; chap or cliop, K.], v. a. [A. S. geypped, opened : yppan, to lay open ; Dut. happen, to cut.] [t. chapped ; pp. chapping, chapped.] To break into small clefts or gapings, by heat, dryness, or cold. Neither summer’s blaze can scorch, nor winter’s blast chap her fair face. Lilly. || CIlAP, v. n. To become sore by small openings or clefts; as, “ The hands chap.” || CIlAP (chiip or chop), n. A cleft; an aperture. “ Chaps . . . made in it are filled up.” Burnet. CHAP (chop), n. [A. S. ceaplas, cheeks.] The upper or the under part of a beast’s mouth. Grew. J0Uf“ “ The etymology of this word,” says Walker, “ will not suffer us to write it chop, and universal usage will not permit us to pronounce it chap ; so that it must be classed among those words the pronuncia- tion and orthography of which must ever be at vari- ance.” But Smart says, “In chap, chaps (the jaw or jaws), the broad sound [chop] is a confirmed irregu- larity. In the verb to chap, to break into cliffs, and the substantive, a chap, derived from it. the irregu- larity has for some time been less prevalent ; and a speaker may pronounce them regularly without seem- ing pedantic.” The verbs to chap, to break into cliffs or openings, and to chop, to cut, though derived from the same word, are now by many, if not by most speakers, pro- nounced differently, and commonly spelt differently. f CIlAP, v. n. [A. S. ceapian.] To cheapen ; to bargain. Todd. CHAP, n. 1. A cheapener ; a bargainer ; a dealer ; chapman ; — an abbreviation of chapman. tffi- “ The word in this sense is still in use,” says Todd, “ among the common people. If the phrase be ‘ a good chop,’ it implies a dealer to whom credit may be given ; if simply 1 a chap,' it usually designates a person of whom a contemptuous opinion is enter- tained.” 2. A boy ; an inferior person ; — used famil- iarly and laxly, like the word fellow. ChAp-ar-rAl ', n. [Sp.] 1. A plantation of evergreen oaks. 2. A thicket of bramble bushes with thorny shrubs in clumps. Velasquez. CIIAp'BOOK (-buk), n. [See Chapman, and Cheap.] A book or a pamphlet carried about for sale. Ogilvie. CHAPE, n. [Fr. chape .] 1. A thin plate of metal at the point of a scabbard. Phillips. 2. The catch of a buckle. . Shak. CHAPEAU (shap'o), n. ; pi. Fr. chapeaux; Eng. chapeau;? (shap'oz). [Fr.] 1. A hat. 2. (Her.) A cap or coronet. Todd. Chapeau liras, [contracted from chapeau de liras, hat for the arm] a military hat that may be flattened and put under the arm. Ogilvie. CHAp'IJL, n. [L. capsella, a box in which relics of martyrs were kept, Spelman; It. cappella ; Sp. capilla; Fr. chapelle.] 1. A place of worship attached to a church, or subordinate to it. Irr Catholic churches and Protestant cathedrals, chapels ore usually annexed in the recesses on the sides of tlie aisles. lirandc. 2. A place of worship connected with a pri- vate establishment, as a nobleman’s house, or with a college. 3. A place of worship, as of the English Dis- senters, not styled a church ; a meeting-house. 4. (Printing.) A junction of workmen in a printing office for the purpose of promoting reg- ularity in the business, arranging prices, &c. Every printing-house is, by the custom of time out of mind, called a chapel. iloxon. 1683. Chapel of ease, a chapel subsidiary to a parish church for additional accommodation. Brande. Syn. — See Church. + CHAP'LL, v. a. To deposit in a chapel; to en- shrine, as the remains of the dead. Beau. § FI. CHApE'HJSS, a. Wanting a chape. Shak. CHAP'FL-LA-NY, n. A chapel and jurisdiction within the precincts of a church, and subordi- nate to it. Ayliffe. CHAP'EL-LING, n. (Naut.) The act of wearing a ship round, when taken aback, without bracing the head yards. Dana. CHAP'EL-RY, n. The bounds or the jurisdiction of a chapel. Johnson. || (JHAP ' ER-ON, [sliap'er-on, Ja. ; sliap-er-on', IF. ; shap'e-ron, P. ; sliap'er-ong, K. Sm.], n. [Fr.] A kind of hood or cap, such as is worn by knights of the Garter. Camden. || Q’HAp'PR-ON, v. a. [Fr. chaperon, a compan- ion.] To attend on a lady in public. Cotgrave. CIIAP'FAlleN (chop'faln), a. Having the lower chap depressed : — dispirited; dejected. “Till they be chapfallen.” B. Jonson. CHAP'I-Tf.R, n. 1. [L. caput, head ; Fr. chapi- teau.] (Arch.) An old word for the capital of a column. Exod. xxxvi. 38. 2. [Low L. capitulum ; Law Fr. chapitre .] (Law.) A summary in writing of such matters as were to be inquired of before justices, deliv- ered to them from the king, and by them deliv- ered to the grand inquests in writing. Burrill. CHAP'LAIN (chap'ljn), n. [L. capellanus ; It. capellano ; Sp. capellan; Fr. chapelain .] A clergyman or person who performs divine ser- vice in a chapel, or in the army, navy, a public body, or a family. Chaplain, away 1 thy priesthood saves thy life. Shak. CHAP'LAIN-CY (cliap'ljn-se), n. The office of a chaplain. “ The chaplaincy was refused to me, and given to Dr. Lambert.” Sicift. CIIAP'LAIN-RY, ii. Same as Chaplaincy. P.Cyc. ChAp'LAIN-SIIIP, n. 1. Chaplaincy. Milton. 2. The revenue of a chapel. Johnson. CHAP'LJJSS (chop'les), a. Without flesh about the mouth. “ Yeilow chapless bones.” Shak. CHAPLET, n. [L. caput, the head ; Fr. chapelet .] 1. A garland or wreath for the head. With chaplets green upon their foreheads placed. Dryden. 2. A string of beads used by Roman Catho- lics for counting their prayers; a rosary. Johnson. 3. A small chapel. Hammond. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, !, 6, tr, ?, short; A, 5, f, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CHAPMAN 227 CHARGE 4 . A pair of stirrups with stirrup-leathers attached. — See Chapblet. Ogilvie. 5. {Arch.) A kind of ornamental moulding, or a small ornament cut in beads. Weale. CHAp'MAN, n. [A. S. ccapman ; Ger. kaufman. — See Cheapen.] One who buys and sells ; a cheapener; a seller; a merchant; a market-man. Fair Diomede, you do as chapmen do. Dispraise the thing that you intend to buy. Shale. CHAP'PY, a. Having clefts or chaps ; cleft ; gaping; open. Cotgrave. CHAPS (chops), n. pi. of chap. 1. The mouth. “ Open your chaps again.” Shah. 2. (Mech.) The two flat parts of a vice, of a pair of tongs, or of pliers, for holding any thing fast. Weale. CHAPT, p. from chap. Chapped. “Sun-burnt cheeks and . . . chapt skins.” Dryden. CHAP’TIJR, n. [L. capitulum, dim. of caput, a head; It. capitolo ; Sp. capitulo-, Fr . chapitre.] 1. A division of a book ; as, “ The chapters in the Bible.” 2. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe. 3. A body consisting of the canons or preb- ends, and other clergymen attached to a ca- thedral or collegiate church, of which the dean is the head. The dean and chapter are the council of a bishop to assist him with their advice in affairs of religion, and also in the temporal concerns of his see. Blackstone. 4. A meeting held by members of some so- cieties, as of the College of Arms, and of the order of the Garter. Ogilvie. 5. A branch of a society or fraternity ; as, “ A chapter of freemasons.” Chapter-house, a room in a cathedral where the dean and chapter assemble. f CHAP'Tf.R, v. a. [Fr. chapitrer.} To censure ; to rebuke ; to correct. Dryden. CHAP'TR(1L, n. (Arch.) An impost or support of an arch. Moxon. CIlAP'WOM-AN (chap'wum-an), n. A woman who buys and sells. Massinger. CHAR, n. [“ Some derive it from A. S. cyran, to turn, because this fish turneth itself swiftly in the water.” Todd.} A small delicate fish of the salmon or trout kind. Gray. CHAR, v. a. [A. S. cyran, to turn, Tooke ; Rus. jaryu, or charyu, to roast or burn, Webster.} [i. CHARRED ; pp. CHARRING, CHARRED.] 1. To burn tvood to a black cinder ; to burn partially. Woodward. 2. To hew, or work, as stone. Francis. CHAR, CHARE, or CHORE, n. [Goth, kar, busi- ness or concern; A. S . cyrre, a turn.] Work done by the day ; a small job ; a light task. As the maid that milks. And does the meanest chars. Shak. jgg^This colloquial word is spelled char in most of the English Dictionaries, and pronounced chare 5 but in Richardson’s it is printed chare (also chare- woman). Holloway, in his “ Provincial Dictionary,” writes choor and choor-woman ; and Palmer, in his “ Dialect of Devonshire,” chare. In the United States, it is commonly pronounced chore. — See Chore. “ In Ireland, they seem to have retained the genu- ine pronunciation of this, as well as many other old English words ; I mean that which is agreeable to the orthography, and rhyming with tar. In England, it is generally heard like chair , to sit on, and its com- pound, char-woman , like chair-woman. Skinner, I know, admits that the word may he derived from the Dutch kccrcn , to sweep ; and Junius spells the word chart . , and tells us the Saxons have the same word spelled cyrre, signifying business or charge ; but be its derivation what it will, either the orthography or the pronunciation ought to be altered ; for, as it stands at present, it is a singular and disgraceful anomaly.” Walker. CHAr, or CHARE, v. n. To work by the day ; to do little jobs. Johnson. CHAR, or CHARE, v. a. To perform a business. “ That char is chared ” Ray. fjCHAR'ACT, or jCHAR'JJCT, n. An inscription. Skelton. CHAR' AC-T$R (kar'ak-ter), n. [Gr. ^apa/creo, dis- tinctive mark ; ^apoaaoj, to cut in furrows ; L. character ; It. carattere ; Sp. caracter ; Fr. ca- ractcre\ Ger. character. \ 1. A distinctive mark by which any thing is separated or distinguished from another. And he shall make all, small and great, to have a charac- ter in their right hand. Rev. xiii. 1(5, Wickliffc's Trans. 2. A sign used in writing or in printing ; a letter of the alphabet ; an emblem ; a figure. It were much to be wished that there were throughout the world but one sort of character lor each letter. Holder. 3. A letter as formed by a particular person ; handwriting ; chirography. You know the character to be your brother’s. Shak. 4. The assemblage of qualities which dis- tinguish one person from another ; particular constitution of the mind. Actions, looks, words, steps, form the alphabet by which you may spell characters. Lavater. Health and sickness, enjoyment and suffering, riches and poverty, knowledge and ignorance, power and subjection, liberty and bondage, civilization and barbarity, have all their offices and duties; all serve for the formation of character. Raley. 5. Combination of qualities considered as belonging to the incumbent of a particular post or office. The chief honor of the magistrate consists in maintaining the dignity of his character by suitable actions. Atterbury. 6 . A person; — particularly as represented in fiction or in history. Homer has excelled all the heroic poets that ever wrote in the multitude and variety of his characters. Addison. 7. An account of any thing as good or bad. This subterraneous passage is much mended since Seneca gave so bad a character of it. Addison. 8 . A distinctive quality assigned to an indi- vidual by common report ; reputation ; repute ; as, “ What is his character for veracity ? ” 9. Good reputation; as, “A man of worth and character." Syn.— Character lies in or pertains to the person, and is the mark of what lie is ; reputation depends upon others, ami is what they think of him. A man may have a fair reputation, though his character is not really good. — An irreproachable character-, a high reputation ; a distinguished personage ; a noted char- acter. — A hieroglyphical character ; a letter of tile al- phabet. — See Name, Quality. GHAr'AC-TIJR, v. a. 1. To inscribe, engrave, [r.] Show me one scar charactered on my skin. Shak. 2. To describe ; to characterize. T. Fuller. f CHAR'AC-TfR-IijM, 11 . [Gr. ynpmcrgpiopdf ; L. characterismus .] Distinction of character. “The characterism of an honest man.” Bp. IJall. GHAR-AC-TIJR-IS TIG, ? [Gr. ^apaKrrjpio- eHAR-AC-TJJR-IS'TI-CAL, S tikos, the character; Ger. characteristisch ; Fr. caracteristique.} That distinguishes the character ; indicating character ; as, “ Prudence is his characteristic trait.” jEHAR-AC-T?R-IS'TIC, n. [Ger. characteristik .] 1. That which marks the character. This vast invention is the great characteristic which dis- tinguishes him [Homer] from all others. Rope. 2. ( Logarithms .) That part of a logarithm which is a whole number, or which precedes the point ; the index ; the exponent. Davies. f GHAR-AC-TgR-IS'TI-CAL, n. Characteristic. “ It is not the characteristical of a body to have dimensions, but to be impenetrable.” More. GHAR-AC-TI?R-IS'TI-CAL-LY, ad. In a charac- teristic manner. GHAR- AC-TER-IS'TI-CAL-NESS, n. The quality of being characteristic. Johnson. GHAr-AC-TER-I-ZA'TION, n. The act of char- acterizing. [r.] Dr. N. Drake. GHAR'AC-TER-IZE, V. a. [Gr. ; Fr. caracteriser.} [i. characterized ; pp. char- acterizing, CHARACTERIZED.] X. To designate or distinguish by a mark. European, Asiatic, Chinese, African, and Grecian faces are characterized. Arbuthnot. 2. fTo engrave ; to imprint. Sentiments characterized and engraven in the soul, born with it, and growing up with it. Hale. 3. To describe or exhibit by qualities ; to ex- press or describe the character of. It is some commendation that we have avoided to charac- terize any person without long experience. Swift. Syn. — See Name. GHAR'AC-TIJR-LESS, a. Without a character. And mighty states, characterless, are grated To dusty nothing. Shak. GHAr'AC-T^R— MA'K pR, n. One who draws char- acters. Warburton. GIIAr* AC-TER-Y, n. 1. Mode of expression by signs or characters. Fairies use flowers for their character ij. Shak. 2. Characterization. A third sort . . . bestowed their time in drawing out the true lineaments of every virtue and vice so lively, that who saw the medals might know the face: which art they signifi- cantly termed character!/. ftp. //all. (IHA-rAde' (sl)a-rad'), n. [Fr., from the name of the inventor.] A species of riddle the sub- ject of which is a name or a word that is enig- matically described by its several syllables and by their combination as a whole. Syn. — See Riddle. EHAr-A-DRI ’ A-DJE, n. pi. [Gr. %apa6pi6s, a bird, supposed to be the lapwing or the curlew.] ( Or- nith.) A family of birds of the order Grallce, including the sub-families OEdicneminec, Curso- rinte, Glareolinoe , Charcidrince, Hcematopodince, and Cinclince ; plovers. Gray. Ell A R-A- DRI fVJE, 11. pi. [See Charadiiiadaj.] ( Ornith .) A sub-family of birds of the order Grallce and family Char- adriadee ; plovers. Gray. CHAr'AG, n A tribute paid by Christians and Jews in Turkey. Crabl 9HAR'BON, n. [Fr.] (Farriery.) A little black spot or mark remaining after the large spot in the cavity of the corner tooth of a horse is gone. Farm. Ency. CHAR'COAL, n. [char and coal. See Char, v.} Coal made by charring or burning wood under turf, or with little access of air ; coal from wood. CHARD, n. [L. carduus, a thistle or artichoke; Sp. cardo ; Fr. chardon .] A term used for the footstalks and midrib of artichokes and car- doons when they are blanched and made pala- table by exclusion of the light : — a name ap- plied also to the white beet. Farm. Ency. ciiAre, n. A narrow street or court. — Chare- foot, the end of a narrow street or court. — See Char, and Choke. [North of Eng.] Ld. Eldon. ^hAr'FRON, n. [Fr. chanfrein.} A plate of steel, or piece of leather, to' protect the face of a horse in plate-armor. — See Chanfrin. Brande. CHARGE, v. a. [Low L .carrico, to load ; L. car- ries, a car ; It. caricare ; Sp. cargar ; Fr. charger.} [i CHARGED ; pp. CHARGING, CHARGED.] 1. To overload ; to burden. What a sigh is there ! the heart is sorely charged. Shak 2. To prepare with powder and shot or ball ; to load ; as, “ To charge a musket.” 3. To commission for a certain purpose; to intrust. And Pharaoh was wroth against two of his officers, . . . ami he put them . . . into the prison, the place where Joseph was hound; and the captain of the guard charged Joseph with them. Gen. xl. 2, 0, 4. 4. To put upon as a task or a duty. The gospel chargeth us with piety towards God. Tillotson. 5. To impute, or register, as a debt, or some- thing for which another is answerable. Perverse mankind! whose wills, created free, Charge all their woes on absolute decree. Pope. 6 . To accuse; to impeach; to inculpate; to arraign ; as, “ To charge a person with a crime.” 7. To command; to enjoin. And he straitly charged them that they should not make him known. Mark iii. 12. 8 . To fall upon ; to attack. The Grecians rally, and their powers unite, With fury charge us, and renew the fight. Dryden. To charge a body , ( Elec .) to communicate electricity to it ; to develop electricity in it. Syn. — See Accuse. CHARGE, v. n. To make an onset. Like your heroes of antiquity, he charges in iron. Granrille. Charge, Chester, charge! On, Stanley, ou! Scott. CHARGE, n. [It. carco ; Sp .carga; Fr .charge.'] 1. A load ; a burden. “ Asses of great charge .” Shak. 2. The quantity of powder and shot, or of powder and ball, put into a gun. Charadrius pluvialis. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BOLL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , 9 , 9, g, soft ; G, G, 5, g, hard; ^ as z; ^ as gz. — THIS, this. CHARGE ABILITY CHARITY 228 3. Trust to defend ; care ; custody. lie shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways. Ps. xci. 11. 4. That which is intrusted to another. He sighed, abandoning his charge to fate. Dryden. 5. Commission ; duty ; office ; employment. If large possessions, pompous titles, honorable charges, and profitable commissions could have made this proud man hap- py, there would have been nothing wanting. L' Estrange. 6. Precept ; mandate ; injunction. St. Paul giveth charge to beware of philosophy. Hooker . 7. Accusation ; imputation. tVe need not lay new matter to his charge. Shak. 8. Instruction of a judge to a jury, or an ex- hortation of a bishop to his clergy, or of one clergyman to another. Dryden. 9. Cost ; expense ; — commonly in the plural. A man ought warily to begin charges, which, once begun, will continue. Bacon. 10. Price set on goods ; sum charged ; as, “ To enter a charge in an account-book.” 11. The act of rushing on an enemy ; onset ; attack ; assault ; encounter. Honorable retreats are no ways inferior to brave charges. Bacon. 12. The posture of a weapon for attack. Their armed staves in charge, their beavers down. Shak. 13. (Farriery.) A kind of ointment. Johnson. 14. (Elec.) An accumulation of electricity ; communicated or developed electrical force. 15. (Her.) The bearing or figure depicted on an escutcheon. Peacham. Syn. — See Attack, Care, Cost, Office. CHARGE- A-BlL'l-Ty, n. The quality of being chargeable ; chargeableness. Chambers. CIIARi ; but it is exactly under the same predicament as the verb to haste , which, when formed into what is called an in- choative verb, becomes hasten , and with which chasten is a perfect rhyme.” Walker. || CH ^ ^T'ENED (chs'snd), p. a. Corrected ; hav- in'- :-?d chastisement. IAS H who chast- ens ; a chastise-:. CHASTE'NESS, n , 1. The miality chaste ; chastity. Religion requires the 1 " < t a eg c inxTity und • haste- ness. Young. 2. Purity of writing. He wrote without chasteness of style or liveliness of ex- pression. Burnet. || CHAS'TEN-Ing, n. Correction ; chastisement. No chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, hut grievous, Pfph ’ ’ CHASTE'— TREE, n. (Bot.) The of the genus Vitex ; — especiallj . to me Vitex agnus castus, from the idea that its seeds were useful in securing chastity. Loudon. CHAS-Tl§'A-BLE, a. That may be chastised; punishable. Sherwood. CHAS-TllyE', v. a. [L. castigo ; It. castigare ; Sp. castigar ; Old Fr. ehastier : Fr. chatier ; Dut. kastijden .] [t. > - . CHASTISED . 1 1. To r,. I t,y punishment; to chasten; to puir I t i '.astise you seven times for your sins. Lev. xxvi. 28. .o restrain within proper limits ; to keep 1 v n faults or excesses ; to repress. The gay, social scene By decency chastised. Thomson. jyn. — To chastise , chasten, and correct are all used the sense of punishing in order to amendment. . 'arents chastise and correct their children. “ Whom e Lord lovetli he chasteneth .” Ileb. xii. f). — Crimi- i als and disorderly students are punished ; schools nd troops are disciplined. — Punishment is inflicted .s a penalty to uphold the laws and prevent crimes ; chastisement to reclaim the offender. IAS-TI^ED' (ch$s-tlzd'), p. a. 1. Punished. 2. Restrained within proper limits ; freed from faults or excesses. “The most chastised and accomplished literature that the world has ever seen.” E. Everett. HAS'TI§E-MENT [clias'tiz-ment, S. W.J. F. Ja. K. Sm. C. Wb. ; ch^s-tlz'ment or ch$s'tjz-mdnt, MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, S 6 N ; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , , n. pi. Small potatoes, such as are given to pigs. Braude. CHAT TEL (chat T.‘ '»!■>. [chat'tl, S.W.J.F. E. Sm. Wb.-, cliat'el, 1*. ~7r>SLI , n. [Low L. captale ; L. caput, a head ; Old Fr. ratals, ca- tels, ehatels. Spelman. — See Cattle.] (Law.) Any movable property or goods, as furiiiture, plate, money, horses, &c. Chattel is a very comprehensive term in our law, and in- cludes every species of property which is not real estate or a freehold. Bunill. Syn. — See Goods. CHAT'TIJR, v. n. [Dut. citteren ; Ger. cittern, to tremble ; “ formed from the sound,” says Skinner, “ which those who shiver make with their teeth”; Fr. caqueter. — See Chat.] [ i . CHATTERED ; pp. CHATTERING, CHATTERED.] 1. To make a noise, as a magpie or a monkey. Nightingales seldom sing; the pie still chattereth. Sidney. 2. To make a noise by collision of the teeth. His teeth they chatter, chatter still. Wordsworth. 3. To talk idly, freely, or carelessly; to chat ; to prattle ; to prate. Come hither, you . . . That chatter in unpointed prose. Jordan. 230 CIIAT'TFR, n. 1. Noise like that made by a pie or a monkey. The mimic ape began his chatter. Swift. 2. Idle talk ; prate ; prattle. Johnson. Syn. — See Prattle. CHAT-TER-A'TION, n. 1. Act of chattering. 2. Disposition or habit of talking- much. [Colloquial.] Wilberforce. CHAT'T£R-BOX, n. An incessant talker. Todd. CHAT'T^R-pR, n. 1. One that chatters ; an idle talker. Sherwood. 2. (Ornith.) A name applied to birds of the family Ampclidce. Gray. CHAt'TJJR-ING, n. 1. Noise like that made by a pie, or by the collision of the teeth. Drayton. 2. Idle or unprofitable talk ; chat. Watts. CHAT'TY, a. Chattering ; conversing freely. Expect me as constant as your cabinet, and as chatty as your parrot. Montagu. ChAt'VVOOD (chat'wud), n. [See Chat.] Little sticks ; fuel. Johnson. t CHAU'DRON, n. See Ciiawdron. Todd. 9HAUD'-MED'L?Y (shod-), n. [Old Fr. chaud melle ; Fr. chaud, hot, and melee, a broil.] (Law.) A homicide committed on a sudden, and in the heat of blood ; — distinguished from chance- medley, which is killing in a casual affray in self-defence. — See Chance-medley. Burrill. ChAu'FIJR, n. [Fr. chauffer, to heat.] A small table furnace. Francis. t ChAul'DRON, n. See Ciiawdron. Beau. § FI. CIIAUMO.YTELLE (sho-mon-tel'), n. [Fr.] A sort of pear. Johnson. f CH.AUN, v. n. [Gr. %aivu) ; A. S. geonan. ] To open in fissures. Sherwood. + CHAUN, n. A gap ; a chasm. Cotgrave. ChAunt (cliint), v. See Chant. Todd. CIIAUSS& (sho'sS), a. [Fr., shod.] (Her.) A term denoting a section in base. Ogilvie. CHAU§$tiF (slm'sS), «. [Fr.] A causeway Sfiiartr CHAv'tIN-DIJR, n. [Fr. chevesne.] The chub; the cheven. “ Choice bait for the chub or chav- ender." Walton. CHAW, v. a. [A. S. ceowan ; Ger. kaueni] [i. CHAWED ; pp. CHAWING, CHAWED, (f CIIAW- en).] To grind with the teeth; to masticate ; to chew. “ Chawing the foamy bit.” Surrey, tfjf- It is now obsolete or vulgar. CHAW, V-. [See Jaw.] 1. The chap ; the jaw. “ The chaws and the nape of the neck.” Holland. 2. A cud, as of tobacco ; a chew. [Vulgar.] t CH A VV'DRON, n. Entrails ; — written also chaul- dron. Shak. CHAWN, n. See Chaun. Todd. CHAy'-ROOT, n. The root of a plant, cultivated in India, and used for dyeing red. McCulloch. CHEAP (chap), a. [A. S. ceapian, to buy ; Ger. kaufen, to buy. “ Good-cheap or baa-cheap, i. e. well or ill-bargained, bought or sold ; such were formerly the modes of expression. The modern fashion uses the word only for good- cheap, and therefore omits the epithet good as unnecessary.” Tooke.] 1. Bearing a low price ; to be had for a low price ; as, “ Cheap goods.” 2. Of small value ; common ; not respected. Had I so lavish of my presence been. So stale and cheap to vulgar company. Shak. t CHEAP (chep), n. [A. S. ceap.] A bargain. Wine, so dear nowadays, was very good cheap. Sidney. CHEAP'EN (che'pn), v. a. [Goth, kaupan ; A. S. ceapian, to buy, to traffic ; cypan , to sell, to traf- fic ; — Dut. koopen ; Ger. kaufen, to buy. — “ Fr. xichcter, to purchase, was formerly written and pronounced achapter, and seems to have a con- nection, not very remote, with the English words chap, chapman, cheap, to cheapen, to chap.” Boucher.] [i. cheapened ; pp. cheap- ening, cheapened.] 1. To attempt to buy ; to ask the price of ; to hid for ; to bargain for. Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy. Swift. 2. To make cheap ; to lessen in value. I find my proffered love has cheapened me. Dryden. Syn. — See Buy. . CHEAP'EN-JIR (chE'pn-er), n. One who cheapens. CHEAP'LY (cliep'le), ad. At a small price. Shak. CHEAP'NJJSS (chep'nes), n. Lowness of price. “ Plenty . . . produces cheapness.” Idler. CHEAR, n. & v. See Cheer. Johnson. CHEAT (chet), v. a. [A. S.ceat, circumvention.] [*. CHEATED ; pp. CHEATING, CHEATED.] To defraud ; to impose upon ; to trick. It is a dangerous commerce where an honest man is sure of being cheated, and recovers not his losses but by learning to cheat others. Jjrydcn. Cheated of feature by dissembling nature. Shak. CHEAT, n. 1. A deceitful, dishonest act, de- frauding one of his rijjht ; a fraud ; a trick ; a deception ; imposture ; imposition. The pretence of public good is a cheat that will ever pass. Temple. 2. A person guilty of fraud ; a cheater. No man will trust a known cheat. South. 3. j- A species of wheaten bread. Middleton. Syn. — Cheat, fraud, and trick all imply deception for a selfish or base design. One cheats by gross false- hood, defrauds by a settled plan, and tricks by sudden invention. CHEAT' A-BLE, a. Capable of being cheated. CIIEAT'A-BLE-NESS, it. Liability to be cheated. “ An easy cheatableness of heart.” Hammond. CHEAT'— BREAD, n. [Fr. achete, bought, Todd. “ This [etymology] seems very doubtful.” Nares.] Fine bread ; bought bread. “ Wheat- en or cheat-bread.” [r.] Cotgrave. CHEAT'gR, n. One who cheats ; a cheat. Shak. CHEAT'5-RY, n. Fraud ; deception, [r.] Bull. CHEAT'ING, p. a. Practising fraud; defrauding. CHEATING, n. The act of defrauding. Smart. QIIp-BAC'CO, a. (Naut.) Notion- a sinuii vessel, ‘pi- large boat ; — so caiieo. from the former name of the place where they are made, now Essex, in Massachusetts. C. Brown. CHECK, ii. [Fr. tehee, a check ; tehees, chess.] 1. Repression ; stop ; restraint ; curb. The great struggle with passions is in the first check. Rogers. 2. A reproof ; an admonition ; a reprimand. However this may gall him with some check. Shak. 3. The person checking ; the cause of re- straint. He was too much used as a check upon the Lord Coven- try. Clarendon. 4. A term in chess when a piece threatens the king of either party. Johnson. 5. A corresponding cipher of a draft or order for money, or any counter register. 6. An order for money on a bank or banker ; — generally payable to bearer. 7. A mark set against items or names in a list. 8. A certificate or symbol of a right or claim of some sort ; as, “ The check given to identify baggage”; “The check taken when leaving a theatre temporarily,” &c. 9. Cloth fabricated in squares. Johnson. 10. (Falconry.) A forsaking of game by a hawk to follow other prey. Chambers. CHECK, v. a. \i. CHECKED ; pp. CHECKING, CHECKED.] 1. To repress ; to curb ; to restrain ; to control. I hate when Vice can bolt her arguments, And Virtue has no tongue to check her pride. Milton. 2. To reprove ; to chide. His fault is much, and the good king his master Will check him for’t. Shak. 3. To examine by comparison, or by a coun- ter reckoning; as, “To check an account.” 4. To note with a mark, as having been ex- amined, or for some other purpose; as, “To check the items in a bill or the names in a list.” CHECK, v. n. 1. To stop ; to hesitate. The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power . . . checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after. Locke. 2. To clash ; to interfere. If love check with business, it troubleth men’s fortunes. Bucoti. . A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U,‘Y, short; A, ?, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CHECK-BOOK CHECK'— BOOK (-buk), n. A book kept by per- sons who have accounts in a bank, containing blank forms of checks. Bouvier. CHECKER, v. a. [Fr. echiquier, a chess-board.] [i. CHECKERED ; pp. CHECKERING, CHECKERED.] 1. To form into little squares of different colors, like those of a chess-board ; as, “ Check- ered piaids.” 2. To variegate or diversify. The gray-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night, Checkering the eastern clouds with streaks of light. Shak. CHECKER, 11 . 1. One who checks. Cotgrave. 2. Checker-work. 1 Kings vii. 17. 3. A chess-board or a draught-hoari. “ The checkers, at this time a common sign of a pub- lic house.” Brand’s Pop. Antiq. CHECK'pR— BOARD, n. A board for playing checkers or draughts. Fox. CHECKERED (clieck'erd), p. a. Variegated; di- versified. Here waving groves a checkered scene display. Pope. CHECK'£R§, n. pi. A game played on a checkered board ; — in England usually called draughts. CHECK'ER— WORK (-vvUrk), n. Work having cross stripes of different colors. “Nets of checker-work and wreaths of chain-work for the chapiters.” 1 Kings vii. 17. CHECK'L^SS, a. Uncontrollable; violent. The hollow murmur of the checkless winds. Marston. CHECK'M ATE, n. [Fr. echec et mat.] 1. A movement on the chess-board that gains and finishes the game. Johnson. 2. Defeat ; circumvention. Love they him call that gave me checkmate. Spenser. OHECK'MATE, V. a. [l. CHECKMATED ; pp. CHECK- MA ; (1 r.CKMATED.] 1. Iii eh ~s, to phwk, ** c tl ■ that bn cannot be moved ; to put in elite! 2. To finish ; to terminate. Our days be dated To be checkmated. Skelton. CIIECK'-ROLL, n. A roll or book containing the names of such as are attendants on great per- sonages ; — also called chequer-roll. “The king’s servants in check-roll." Bacon. CIIECK'V, n. (Her.) The shield, or any part of it, divided into checks or squares. Craig. CHED'DER, a. Noting a rich fine-flavored cheese, made at Chedder, in England. Farm. Ency. CHED'DER— PINK, n. ( Bot .) A flower; a species of Dianthus. Booth. CHEEK, n. [A. S. ceac; ceoxcan, to chew; Dut. kaak ; Sw. kek.~\ 1. The side of the face below the eye. 2. pi. ( Mech .) Those parts of wrought ob- jects that are double and correspondent. Cheek by jowl, an old expression, and not yet dis- used, signifying closeness, or face to face, or right over against. Beau. S[ FI. CHEEK'— BAND, n. A throat-band of a headstall for a horse. Booth. CHEEK'-BONE, n. [A. S. ceacban.'] The bone of the cheek. Psalm iii. 7. CHEEKED (chekt), a. Brought near the cheek. Standing at some poor sutler’s tent. With his pipe checked. Colton. CHEEK'— TOOTH, n. The hinder tooth. Joel i. 6. f CHEEP, v. n. To pule or chirp like a sparrow or a young bird. Cotgrave. CHEER, n. [Gr. x a ph, joy ; It. cera, cheer ; Sp. ca- ra, the countenance ; Fr. chbre, entertainment.] 1. Air of the countenance. The children of Israel might not behold into the face of Moses for the glory of his cheer. 2 Cor. iii. 7, Wicliffe’s Trans. 2. State or temper of the mind. Then were they all of good cheer. Acts xxvii. 36. 3. Cheerfulness ; gayety ; mirth. I have not that alacrity of spirit, Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have. Shak. 4. Provisions served at a feast ; entertain- ment. “Small cheer and great welcome.” Shak. Better cheer may you have, but not with better heart. Shak. 5. Shout of triumph or of applause ; acclama- tion ; as, “He was received with hearty cheers.” 231 CHEER, v. a. [Gr. x a ‘P u, to rejoice ; Fr. cherir, to cherish.] [i. cheeked ; pp. cheering, CHEERED.] 1. To make joyful ; to gladden ; to exhilarate, llark! a glad voice the lonely desert cheers. Pope. 2. To animate ; to incite ; to encourage ; to enliven ; to inspirit. He cheered the dogs to follow her who fled. Dnjdcn. 3. To comfort; to console. So cheered he his fair spouse, and she was cheered. Milton. 4. To applaud ; as, “ The orator was cheered." Syn. — See Animate. CHEER, v. n. 1. To grow gay or cheerful. At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up. A. Philips. 2. To be in any temper of mind. How cheer' st thou, Jessica? Shak. CHEER'gR, n. The person or thing that cheers. Prime cheerer , li"ht, Of all material beings first and best. Thomson. II CHEER'FUL [cher'ful, P. J. E.Ja. Sm. C. Wb. ; cher'ful, S. ; cher'ful or cher'ful, IF. F. Kf\ , a. 1. Having good spirits ; serenely joyful ; an- imated ; as, “ A cheerful disposition.” 2. Showing joy, animation, or liveliness. Cheerful looks make every dish a feast. Massinger. A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance. Prov. xv. 3. Causing gladness. “ Cheerful sun.” Sha/c. /K2T “ This word, like fearful, lias contracted an irregular pronunciation, that seems more expressive of the turn of mind it indicates than the long open e, which languishes on the ear, and is not akin to the smartness and vivacity of the idea. We regret these irregularities, but they are not to be entirely pre- vented ; and, as they sometimes arise from an effort of the mind to express the idea more forcibly, they should not be too studiously avoided ; especially when custom has given them considerable currency ; which I take to be the case with the short pronuncia- tion of the present word. Mr. Sheridan and some other orthoepists seem to adopt the latter pronuncia- ’ W Johnston, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, this is agreeable to the orthog- raphy, an*, *o the etymology, (which indicates imu ■ Sni being full of good cheer,) it ou^. u- has an evident preference in custom, 10 be .- upon as the most accurate.” Walker . Syn. — Cheerful denotes an unruffled flow of good spirits. A cheerful person smiles ; one who is merry or mirthful laughs. Habitually cheerful ; a cheerful countenance ; occasionally merry or mirthful ; an ani- mated expression ; a lively or sprightly manner ; a willing mind ; gay company ; gay color or attire. — See Gayety. || CHEER'FUL- LY, ad. In a cheerful manner; willingly. || CHEER'FUL-NESS, n. The quality of being cheerful ; serene joyfulness. Cheerfulness is always to be supported when a man is out of pain; but mirth, to *a prudent man, should always be acci- dental. Steele. Syn. — Cheerfulness is a habit of the mind ; -mirth and merriment are transient. Habitual cheerfulness ; occasional mirth or -merriment ; spriahtlincss of youth ; animation in tile manner of speaking. The conscien- tious performance of duty promotes cheerfulness ; gay company and wine often promote mirth. CHEER'I-LY, ad. Cheerfully. Beau. Ss FI. CHEER '{-NESS, n. The state of being cheery ; cheerfulness. Bulwer. CHEER'ING,p. a. Promoting cheerfulness ; mak- ing glad ; as, “ Cheering news.” CHEER 'ING-LY, ad. In a cheering manner. t CHEER'ISH-NESS, n. State of cheerfulness. “Duty . . . set off with cheerishness." Milton. CHEER'LiJSS, a. Dejected ; joyless ; sad. Spenser. CIIEER'LY, a. Cheerful ; joyful. Ray. CHEER'LY, ad. Cheerfully. Shak. CHEER'— UP, v. a. To make cheerful ; to enliven ; to chirrup. [Colloquial.] Dr. Cheyne. CHEER'Y, a. 1. Gay ; sprightly ; cheerful. “ Cheery visage.” Cotgrave. 2. Having power to make gay or cheerful. Come, let us hie, and quaff a cheery bowl. Gay. CHEESE, ii. [L. caseus ; It. cascio ; Sp. queso . — A. S. cyse; Dut. kaas ; Ger. kd.se. — W .caws-, Gael. S; Ir. caise.] 1. The curd of milk, separated from the whey, CHEMICAL compressed into a solid mass, and dried for food. 2. Any thing in the form of cheese ; as, “ A cheese of ground apples.” CHEESjE'— CAKE, n. A cake made of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Prior. CHEESE'— FLY, n. A small black insect, bred in cheese. Oyilvie. CHEE^E'LpP, n. A bag in which rennet for cheese is kept. Farm. Ency. CHEESE'— MlTE, n. An insect found in cheese. CHEESE'— MON-GfR (chuz'mung-ger, 82), n. A dealer in cheese. B. Jonson. CHEESE'— pAr-ING, n. Rind or paring of cheese. “ A man made ... of a cheese-paring.” Shak. CIIEE.SE'— PRESS, n. A press in which cheese or curds are pressed. Gay. CHEESpE'— REN-N^T, n. (Bot.) A wild yellow flower ; Galium verum. P. Cyc. CHEESE'— VAT, ii. A wooden case for pressing curds. Glanville. CHEER'Y, a. Having the nature of cheese. “A cheesy substance.” Arbuthnot. CHEET, v. n. To chatter or chirrup. Tennyson. CHEE'TA, or CHEE'TAH, n. [East Indian.] (Zoiil.) A species of leopard ; the hunting leop- ard ; Felis jubata. Brande. (JHEF-D' CF.UVRF, (sh?-dovr'),H. ; pi. ciiefs-d’ oeu- vre. [Fr.] A capital performance; a mas- terpiece. The Apollo Belvedere and the Transfiguration ot Hafaelle are chcjb-dceui-rc of sculpture and painting. Fairhott. CHE'GIJR, CHE'GRE, or CHE'GOE. See ClIIGRE. GHEl'LO-POD, n. See Chilopod. CHEi-RAJf' THUS, n. [Gr. x e ‘P> the hand, and avdos, a flower.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; the stock gillyflower ; the wallflower. P. Cyc. "HEpRO-PED, n. See Chiropod. ' n. pi. [Gr. x ! ‘Pt the hand, and _ (Zoiil.) An order of mammalia character. ties, and especially Un- to serve the office of wings. The common but is of this order. Brande.. GHEI-ROP'Tp-ROUS, a. Belonging to the chei- roptera. Craig. CHEI-RO- THE ' RI- UAI, ix. [Gr. x e 'P> the hand, and Qryiiov, a beast.] (Pal.) An extinct animal, whose footprints, resembling those of a human hand, are found impressed on new red sand- stone. Pirfet CHE-KO'A, n. A Chinese porcelain la CHE'LA, n. [Gr. a cl' chele .] The first pair of forcipated o . ;ies of the crab, lobster, and other cru ,.s. Brande. CHEL'I-DON, n. ^fLadb.] (Anat.) The hollow at the flex e of the arm. Crabb. GHEL'I-FJpR, n. [L. chele, a claw, and fero, to bear.] (Zoiil.) One of a genus of minute arach- nidans resembling a tailless scorpion. Van Der IJoeven. GHE-LIF'iJR-OUS, a. Furnished with claws. Smart. jCHEL'I-FORM, a. [L. chele, a claw, and forma, form.] Having the form of a claw. Smart. jCHE-LO'NIJ, n. [Gr. x^-'hry, a tortoise.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; tortoise-flower ; — called also shell-flower, and snake-head. Farm. Ency. C HE- LO ’ATI- A, xi. pi. [Gr. a tortoise.] (Zoiil.) An order of reptiles including the shell tortoise ( Chelonia imbricata) and the edible turtle (Chelonia midas). Van Der Hoeven. jCHJJ-LO'Nl-AN, n. One of the Chelonia. Brande. f jCHE'LY (ke'le), n. [Gr. x> J’l > L- chela, a claw.] The claw of a shell-fish. Browne, || GHEM'IC (kem'jk or klin'jk), || CHEM'I-CAL (feem'f-kril or kim'e- belonging to a liquid ; It. $ Sp chimtque.] 1. Pertaining to chemistry ; as, “ Chemical apparatus ” ; “ Chemical analysis.” ( a. [Gr. k.jl), I x l 'l nK '’i' i. chimico ; Fr. / MfEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , > *"° re " joice, and tyvV.ov, a leaf ; L. ehcerophyllum ; Fr. cerfeuil ; A. S. cerfille.] A culinary vegetable, used as a salad ; cow- weed ; — sometimes used medicinally. Loudon. CHE§'I-BLE (cbez'e-bl), n. [Fr. chasuble.] A Roman Catholic priest’s vestment without sleeves; chasuble. — See Chasuble. Bale. CHES'LIP, n. A small vermin. Skinner. CHESS, n. [Fr. echoes. — See Check.] 1. A scientific game, played on a board con- sisting of 64 squares, with 32 pieces of various forms, denominations, and powers. Each party to the game has eight principal pieces, viz. : a king, a queen, two knights, two bishops, and two rooks or castles ; and, besides, eight pawns or foot-soldiers. Maunder. 2. A kind of grass, resembling oats, which grows among wheat ; the Bromus secalinus. [New England.] CHESS'— Ap-PLE, ii. A species of wild-service. CHESS'— BOARD, n. A board on which chess is played. CHES'SIJL, n. A mould or vat in which cheese is formed. Farm. Ency. CHESS'MAN, ii. A piece used in chess. CIIES'SOM, n. A kind of earth or mould. Bacon. CHESS'— PLAY-pR, ii. One who plays chess. CHESS'— TREES-;, n. pi. (Naut.) Two pieces of wood, bolted perpendicularly, one on each side of a ship, for securing the clews of the main- sail. Mar. Diet. CHEST, n. [Gr. Kitrrt) ; L. cista.— A..S. cest, or cyst ; Dut. kist ; Ger. Sg Dan. kiste ; Sw. kista ; Gael., Ir., Arm. ciste.] 1. A large, wooden box ; a piece of furniture for holding clothes, tools, &c. ; as, “A sailor’s chest”: “ A carpenter’s chest.” 2. (Com.) The quantity contained in a chest; as, “ A chest of tea.” 3. The trunk of the hum An 'body, from the slm\ ’Jers to the belly ; the breast ; the thorax. He describes another by the largeness of his elicit, l’ope. Ji chest of drawers, a case with movable boxes or drawers. A bed by night, a chest of drawers by day. Goldsmith. CHEST, v. a. 1. To reposit in a chest ; to hoard. 2. To place in a coffin, [r.] Terry. CHEST'yD, a. Having a chest ; — used in com- position; as, “Broad -chested.” CHEST'— FOUND-yR, it. Same as Chest-found- ering. Farm. Ency. CHEST'— FOUND-yR-ING, 11 . (Farriery.) A kind of rheumatic disease affecting the chest and fore-legs of a horse. Youatt. CHEST'NUT (cbes'nut), n. [L. castanea ; It. cas- tagna; Sp. castana-, Fr. chdtaigne ; Ger. kas- tanie .] The fruit of the chestnut-tree. CHEST'NUT (cbes'nut), a. Having the color of the chestnut ; light brown. Dumpier. CHEST'NUT— TREE (ches'nut-tre), n. A well- known tree, which produces chestnuts, and is valued for its timber ; Castanea vesca. Loudon. CHES'TON, n. A species of plum. Johnson. CHE'TAH, n. ( Zo:l .) The hunting leopard of India ; Felis jubata. Braude. CHET'TIK, n. 1. The upas-tree of Java. Ogilrie. 2. The poison obtained from the upas-tree ; strychnia. Ogilvie. CHET'WERT, n. A Russian corn-measure, equal to nearly six Winchester bushels. McCulloch. f CUE V'.d- (ft IE (shev'a-shE), 11 . [Old Fr.] An expedition with cavalry. Chaucer. f CHE'VA£E, n. [Fr.] A sort of poll-tax. — See Chiefage. Todd. gilEV-AF, n. ; pi. ciiF.vAUX (shev-5). [Fr.] A horse : — cavalry. Boyer. qhev-Al'-de-fr}$e' , n . ; pi. CIJEVA VX-DE-FR1SE (shev'o- de-frez'), (commonly used in the plural.) [Fr. Friesland horse. So named from having been first used at the siege of Friesland, in 165S, against the enemy’s cavalry. Sullivan.] (Fort?) A piece of timber traversed with spikes, used in defend- ing a passage, or making a retrenchment to stop cavalry. Campbell. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, tr, Y, short; A, £, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CHEVAL-GLASS 233 CHIEFTAINRY CH^V-AL’-GlASS, n. A large swing-glass. Smart. (JHEV-A-LIER' (shev- 9 -ler'), n. [Fr., from cheval, a horse ; Sp. caballero.) A knight ; a cavalier ; a gallant, strong man. Shak. CIIEV'JJN, n. [Fr. chevesne .] A river fish ; the chub." Browne. CIIEV'ER-IL, n. [Fr. chevreau, a kid.] Leather made from the skin of the kid. Shak. CHEV'^R-IL, a. Pliable, as kid-leather. “Your soft cheveril conscience.” Shak. tCHEV'IJR-JL-IZE, v. a. To make as pliable as kid-leather. Mountagu. QIIE-EESTRE, or QHE-VETRE, (slie-vestr or she-vatr), n. [Fr.] ( S'urg .) A bandage applied round the head, in eases’ of fracture or luxation of the lower jaw. Dunglison. CHEVET (she-va'), n. [Fr.] {Arch.) The apsis, or eastern end of a church, behind the high altar, when of a semicircular or polygonal form. IVeale. QHE-VILLE', n. [Fr.] (Mus.) The bridge of an instrument. Crabb. t^HEV'I-^ANCE (shev'e-zans), n. [Fr. ehevis- sance ; chevir, to compass ; chef, head.] 1. Enterprise ; achievement. Spenser. 2. {Laic.) The act of bargaining : — a bar- gain ; a contract. Burrill. f^HEV-RETTE’ , n. [Fr.] (Mil.) An engine for raising guns or mortars into their carriages. Brande. ^HEV’RON (shev'ron), n. [Fr.] 1. {tier.) A representation of two rafters of a house meet- ing at the top. 2. {Arch.) A sort of zigzag work or ornament. Weale. 3. {Mil.) A mark on the sleeve of the coat of a non-com- missioned officer. Campbell. ^HEV'RONED (shev'rond), a. Ornamented with figures like chevrons. “ Their bases chevroned all over with lace.” B. Jonson. ^IIEV'RO-NEL, h. (Her.) A diminutive of a chevron ; half a chevron. Johnson. CHEW (chu) [chu, P. J. F. Ja. K. Sm .. ; chu or chaw, S. IF.J, v. a. [A. S. ceoivan ; Dut. kaau- wen ; Ger. kauen .] \i. chewed ; pp. chew- ing, CHEWED.] 1. To crush with the teeth ; to masticate. Chewing the food of sweet and bitter fancy. Shak. 2. To meditate ; to ruminate. Prior. ASr-“The pronunciation chaw is grown vulgar.” Walker. CHEW (chu), v. 11 . To ruminate. Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this. Shak. CHEW (chu), n. That which is chewed ; a cud; as, “ A chew of tobacco.” [Vulgar.] Todd. + CHEW'FT, n. Minced meat or mince-pie. Florio. CHEW'ING (chd'ing), n. [A. S. ceowung.] Mas- tication ; as, “ This meat needs much chewing.” CHEW'ING (chu'ing), p. a. Grinding with the teeth: — ruminating. CHEW'ING— BALL, n. (Farriery .) A medicinal ball for a horse. Farm. Ency. CHE'WINK, n. The ground robin. Bartlett. CHI' J], n. ( Bot .) A beautiful Mexican plant ; lime-leaved sage. Velasquez. CHI' AN, a. Relating to Chios, an island of Asi- atic Greece. Brande. CHI- A ' RO-OS-CU ' RO, or CIH- A ' RO-SCU 'RO,n. [It., clare-obscure.) The art of combining light and shade in painting. p. Cyc. CII I-A S TO- LITE, n. [Gr. ^laord;, marked with a cross, decussated, and I.fflo 5 , a stone.] (Min.) A crystallized mineral ; a variety of made ; an- dalusite. Its crystals generally present a tas- selated appearance, as if formed by the union of four separate crystals. Dana. CHIB'BAL , n. [A. S. cipa ; Fr . ciboule.] A small kind of onion ; cibol. Beau. § FI. CHI-BOUQUE' (che-baic'), n. [Turk.] A Turkish smoking pipe; — written also chibouk. Resigned his gem-adorned chibouque. Byron. CHI' CH, n. [Sp.] 1. A fermented liquor, used in Peru, and made of Indian corn. Qu. Rev. 2. A red coloring substance, used by some Indians to stain their skins. It is extracted from a species of Bignonia. Brande. (JHI-CANE' (she-kan'), n. [A. S. swican, to de- ceive ; Fr. chicane .] A shift, turn, or trick, especially in law proceedings ; sophistry ; chi- canery. His attorneys have hardly one trick left; they are at an end of all their chicane. Arbuthnat. ^HI-CANE', v. n. To prolong a contest by tricks. “ I will not quibble and chicane about the mo- tives.” Chesterfield. QIII-CAN'IJR, n. [Old Fr. sicaneur, a pettifogger.] A petty sophister ; a caviller. Locke. QHI-CAN'ER-Y, n. [Fr. cliicanerie .] Mean acts of wrangling; trickery; sophistry. “ The chi- canery and futility of the practice.” Arbuthnot. CHIC'CO-RY, n. [Gr. myopia ; L. cichorium ; It. cicora; Sp. achicoria; Fr. chicoree ; Ger .cicho- rie.] (Bot.) A perennial plant cultivated for food both for men and cattle, and, particularly in Belgium, France, and Germany, for the pur- pose of preparing from the root a powder Which is used as a substitute for coffee ; Cichorium Intybus ; — called also succory. P. Cyc. CHICH, 11 . ; pi. chIch'e$. [L. eicer-, Old Fr. chi- ches.) A dwarf pea ; chickpea. B. Googe. CHICH'LING, n. A vetch or pea, used in Ger- many for food, but inferior to other kinds ; Lathyrus sativus. Ogilvie. CHICK, n. [See Chicken.] 1. The young of a bird ; a chicken. For when the shell is broke, out comes a chick. Davies. 2. A term of endearment. My Ariel, chick , This is thy charge. Shak. CHICK, v. n. To sprout as seed; to vegetate. [Local.] Todd. CHICK' A-BER-RY, n. See Ciiequerberry. CHICK' A-BID-DY, n. A childish name for a chicken. Bartlett. CHICK' A-DEE, n. ( Ornitli .) A species of tit- mouse, found only in North America, as far north as Hudson’s Bay, and appearing most lively in the coldest weather ; black-capped tit- mouse ; Pants atricapillus ; — allied to the marsh titmouse of Europe ( Partis palustris). Audubon. CHICK' A-REE, 11 . The red squirrel. Audubon. CIHCK'EN, n. [A. S. cicen; Dut. kieken .] 1. The young of a bird, particularly of a hen. 2. A term for a young person. “ Stella is no chicken.” Swift. CHICK'EN— HEART-F.D, a. Cowardly ; timorous. CllICK'EN— POX, n. ( Med.) A mild eruptive dis- ease ; a species of Varicella. Dunglison. CHICK'LJNG, n. [Eng. chick, and A. S. affix ling, denoting state or condition.] A small chicken. CHICK 'LING— VETCH, n. (Bot.) An inferior kind of vetch or pea; the everlasting pea; chickling; Lathyrus sativus. — See Chichling. Crabb. CHICK'PEA, n. [See Chich.] (Bot.) A plant cultivated in the south of France for the same purposes as vetches in England ; a kind of de- generate pea ; Cicer arietinum. Miller. CHICK 'WEED, n. (Bot.) The popular name of a variety of small annual plants or weeds of the genera Cerastium and Alsine : — a name espe- cially applied to Stellaria media. Gray. CHIDE, v. a. [A. S. cidan .] [i. chid (Fchode) ; pp. chiding, chidden, chid.] To reprove se- verely ; to censure; to rebuke; to reprimand; to blame. Chide him for his faults, and do it reverently. Shak. Scylla wept. And chid, her barking waves into attention. Milton. CHIDE, v. n. 1. To find fault ; to clamor ; to scold. And they did chide with him sharply. Judy. viii. 1. 2. To make a noise. As doth a rock against the chiding flood. Shak. CHIDE, n. Murmur ; gentle noise. “ The chide of streams.” [u.] Thomson. CHlD'ER, n. One who chides. Abp.Cranmer. f CIIID'ER-ESS, n. She who chides. Chaucer. CHID'JNG, n. 1. Rebuke; scolding. Well thou know’st what cruel chidings Oft I ’ve from my mother borne. Bp. Percy. 2. Noise ; clamor. They bayed the boar With hounds of Sparta; never did I hear Such gallant chiding. Shak. CHID'ING, p. a. Reproving; rebuking; scolding. CIIID'INC-LY, ad. After the manner of chiding. CHIEF (chef), a. [Gr. nopal.//, the head ; L. caput, the head ; It. capo ; Sp .jefe ; Fr. chef.) 1. Highest in office, rank or authority ; most eminent ; as, “ A chief justice.” 2. Principal; most’important ; main. A good view of the apostle’s main purpose in writing the epistle and the chief branches of his discourse. Locke. Syn. — Chief, capital, or principal town or city. The chief or principal town is tile largest town, and it may or may not be the seat of government. The cap- ital town is the seat of government, whether it is the largest or not. — Chief person ; highest station ; prin- cipal or main object. — See Primary. CHIEF (chef), n. 1. A military commander ; a chieftain. After or before were never known Such chiefs ; as each an army seemed alone. Dnjdcn. 2. The principal person ; a leader ; a head. And the chief of the house of the father of the families of the Ivohathites shall be Elizaphan. Kuwb. lii. 30. 3. (Her.) The upper part of an escutcheon. Peacliam. In chief, highest in authority; para- mount; — in such compounds as com- mander in-chief. — (Law.) In capita, or by personal service ; as, “ Lands liold- en in chief.” I shall be proud to hold my dependence on you in chief. Dryden. Syn. — Chief implies the highest rank in either civil or military affairs ; chieftain and commander , in military matters. An Indian chief: a military chief or chieftain ; tile commander of an army ; commander- in-chief of a great army ; the leader of a party or fac- tion, or in an enterprise ; the head of a tribe or a fam- ily ; the head of a profession. CHIEF (chef), ad. Chief!}’, [r.] Thomson. f CHIEF'AfjrE, or CHEV'A fc soft; £, G, c, g, hard; § as z; % as gz. — THIS, tfiis. 234 CHIME RE CHIEFTAINSHIP CHIEF'TAIN-SIHP, n. The state of a chieftain ; headship. Smollett. f CHIEV'ANCE, n. [Fr. chevissance, a bargain.] Traffic in which money is extorted as discount. “ Unlawful chievances.” Bacon. CHIEVE, or C1IEVE, v. n. [Fr. chevir.] To turn out ; to come to a conclusion ; to succeed. “Evil mote he chore.” Chaucer. “It chicles nought with him.” [Obs., or local.] Bay. QHtF-FON-NIER ' (shif-fon-er'), n. [Fr.] One who picks up rags ; a rag-picker. Ch. Ob. g HIF-FON-m-ERE ' (shif-fon-ne-Ar'), n. [Fr.] A movable piece of furniture serving as a clos- et ; a work-table. W. Ency. CHIG'RE (chlg'ger), n. [Fr . chique ; Sp. nigua.~\ (Ent.) A small, troublesome insect, of the flea kind, which lodges between the skin and the flesh ; Pulex penetrans ; — written also cheger, chegre, chegoe, chigoe , chigua, chigger, and jig- ger. Van Der Hoeven. CHI-ICA'RA, n. [Hind.] A species of four-horned antelope found in India ; the Antilope quadri- cornis of Blainville. Van Der Hoeven. CHIL'BLAIN, n. A sore or inflammation in the feet, hands, &c., caused by cold or frost. CHIL'BLAIN, v. a. To render sore by frost. Cook. CHILD, n. ; pi. chIl'dren. [A. S. cild ; Ger. Chile. P. Cyc. CIII-LESE', n. sing. & pi. A native or natives of Chili. P. Cyc. jCHIL'I-AD (kll'e-ad), 71. [Gr. %thidf, X ihiabos, a thousand; L. chilias, chiliadis.] A thousand consecutive numbers ; thus, from 1 to 1000 forms the 1st chiliad; from 1001 to 2000, the 2d, &c. The table . . . contained the logarithms of so many chiliads of absolute numbers. Brande. GHlL'I-A-GON, 77. [Gr. yDuif, a thousand, and ytovia, an angle.] A plane figure of a thousand sides and angles. Francis. CHI L-I-A-HE'DRON, 77. ; pi. eiiil,-l-A-liE'DR A. [Gr. Xiiias, a thousand, and cSfta, a seat, a base.] A figure of a thousand sides. Locke. CHIL'I-ARCII (kil'e-hrk), 71. [Gr. j^ihiaoKo ; ; X l ~ /ids, a thousand, and ajr^o;, a chief; L. chiliar- chus.] A commander of a thousand men. Coles. CHIL'I-ARCH-Y, n. A body consisting of a thou- sand men. Henry More. CHlL'!-A§M, 71. [Gr. x dtaoyi s .] (Lecl.) The millennium, or period of a thousand years, dur- ing which it is supposed Christ is to reign at his second coming. Boag. CHIL'I-AST, n. [Gr. %i?.iat. CHlLL'ING, p. a. Making chill; cold; as, “A chilling wind.” CHILL'[NG-LY , ad. In a chilling manner. Craig. CHILL'NgSS, 71. Coldness; chilliness. Bacon. CIllL'LY, n. The pod or fruit of the capsicum ; Guinea pepper. McCulloch. CIllL'LY, a. Somewhat cold ; cool, so as to cause shivering; as, “ Chilly air.” CI1I L'LY, ad. Coldly; with coldness. Sherwood. CHI-I.O'MA, n. [Gr. a lip.] ( Zo’.l. ) The upper Up or muzzle of a quadruped, when tu- mid and continued uninterruptedly from the nostril, as in the camel. Brande. CIIJ-LO NT- AN, ) a Rating to Chilo, one of CHI-LON'IC, ) the seven sages of Greece : — brief ; concise. Snia/’t. CHI-LOP 1 0-DM, 71. pi. [Gr. X fV.o;, a lip ; tt ojs, rrolbs, a foot.] ( Zoi'il .) An order of centipeds, in which the lower lip is formed by a pair of feet. Brande. CHlL'O-POD, 71. One of the Chilopoda. Brande. CHIL'TERN— HUN'DRJJD§, 71. pi. [A. S. cittern ; ceald, cold, and ern, a place.] A hilly district in England ; a tract extending over a portion of Buckingham and Oxford shires, which for- merly abounded in banditti. tS8T The steward of these hundreds was an officer appointed by the crown to keep the peace there. The duties have long since ceased, but the office is still re- tained to serve a particular purpose. No member of the House of Commons can resign his seat, but any member wishing to retire may accomplish Jus object by accepting the stewardship of the Cbiltern-Hundreis, which, being held as a place of honor and profit under the crown, necessarily vacates his seat. Brande. CIllMB (chlm), 7i. [Fr. cime, the top.] The end or prominent part of the staves, beyond the head of a hogshead, barrel, tub, &c. ; — also written chime and chine. Stnart. CIIIME, n. [Corrupted from cymbal, Junius and Minsheu. — It. chiamare, to call, (from L. c/amo,) Hensharv. — “Perhaps softened from ch irrne or chunne,” Todd. — Dan. kime, to chime.] 1. A consonance of many instruments. The sound Of instruments that made melodious chime. Milton. 2. pi. The sound of bells in harmony. We have heard the chimes at midnight. Shak. 3. A set of bells tuned to a musical scale ; as, “ A cliune of bells.” 4. Correspondence of sound in verse. Drydc?:. 5. Correspondence of proportion or relation. In several proportions one to another, in which harmoni- ous chimes, the voice of reason is often drowned. Grew. 6. [Belg, kune.] Same as Chimb. Dana. CHIME, V. 71. [i. CHIMED ; pp. CHIMING, CHIMED.] 1. To sound in harmony or consonance, as bells ; to harmonize. Johnson. 2. To correspond in relation or proportion. Such terms do belong to one another, and, through cus- tom, do readily chime. Locke. 3. To make a jingle, as in rhyming. Ovid and Horace, all the chiming crew. Cowley. To chime in with , to fall in with ; to agree with. “ He often chimed in with the discourse.” Arbuthnot. CHIME, v. a. To cause to sound in harmony ; to strike or sound in harmony. With lifted arms they order every blow. And chime their sounding hammers in a row. Dryden. CHiM'flR, n. One who chimes. Shencood. jCHI-ME'RA (ke-ine'ra), n. ; pi. jEHI-me'ra^. [Gr. x i/iaif>a, a goat, a monster ; L. chuncera ; It. chi- 7ncra\ Sp. quimera ; Fr. chhnire.] 1. A fabled monster, feigned to have the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and a serpent’s tail. Gorgons, and hydras, and chimeras dire. Milton. 2. A vain, idle fancy, or any thing absurd. The mad humor which used to be absorbed by the dreams of alchcmv, witchcraft, and astrology, and other exploded chimeras of the dark ages, is ns rife as ever, only expended on newer and less imaginative follies. IV. B. Clulow. 3. (Ich ) A genus of shark-like fishes, of which the best known species ( Chinuera mon- strosa) inhabits the northern seas, and is called king Northera chimera (Clumcra borealis). of the herrings. Bra7\de. (JIII-MERE' (she-mer'), n. [It. zimarra, a night- A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, £, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CHIMERICAL CIIIRAGIUCAL gown ; Old Fr. chamarre, a loose, light gown.] The outer robe of a Protestant bishop. — See Sima r. Fairholt. CHI-MER'I-CAL (ke-mer'e-kal), a. Partaking of chimeras ; fantastic ; imaginary ; fanciful. I cannot think that persons of such a chimerical existence are proper actors in an epic poem. Spectator, CHI-MER'I-CAL-LY (ke-mcr'e-kjl-e), ad. In a chimerical manner ; wildly. f CHIII'ER-IZE, v. n. To be chimerical. “ Chim- erizing ideas of shallow imaginative scholars.” Trans, of Boccalini, 1626. CIHM'I-A-TER, n. [Gr. xW tia ’ chcl ? istr y» and iarpOf, a physician.] An iatro-chemist. Smart. <]!HiM'IN-A^rE, n. [Low L. chiminagium ; Fr. chemin, a way.] (Law.) A toll for passage through a forest. Cowell. CHIM'ING, j». a. Agreeing in sound; harmonizing. CHIM'ING, n. The act of sounding or ringing in harmony. Strype. CHIM'NEY (chlm'ne), n. ; pi. CHIMNEYS. [Gr. Kanivos, a furnace ; L. caminus, a fireplace ; It. cammino ; Sp . chimenea Fr. cheminie. — Ger. kamin.] (Arch.) 1. That part of a building, of brick or other incombustible material, made to convey smoke from the fireplace, or fireplaces, to the open air above the roof. 2. A hollow cylinder or a pipe, used to cre- ate a draught of air; as, “The chimney of an Argand lamp.” 3. A fireplace ; the fireside. The fire which the Chaldeans worshipped for a god is crept into every man’s chimney. Raleigh. CHIM'NEY— BOARD, n. A board for closing up a fireplace. Boag. CmM'NIJY— COR'NER, n. The corner of a chim- ney or fireplace ; the fireside. CIlT M'NI5Y— HOOK (-lluk), n. A hook for holding pots and kettles over a fire. CHIM'NJJY— JAMB§, n.pl. The vertical sides of a fireplace opening. CHlM'NEY— MON'IJY (cliTm'ne-mun'e), n. A tax once paid in England, for each chimney ; hearth- money. Todd. CHIM'NpY— PIECE, n. A shelf over the fireplace. “ Marble hearths and chimney-pieces.” Swift. CHIM'NIJY— SHAFT, n. The top of a chimney, or the part above the rest of the building. Ogilvie. CHlM'NEY— SWEEP'fJR, n. One who sweeps or cleans chimneys. Shah. CHlM'NEY— TOP, n. The summit of a chimney. To towers and windows, yea, to chimney-tops. Shak. CfUM-PAN'ZEE [chlm-p&n'- ze, K. Cl . ; chlm-pjn-zS', Sin.], n. (ZoOl.) The African or black orang- outang ; a species of ape, which, of all the brute creation, approaches near- est in form to man ; Sim- la troglodytes. Brande. CHIN, Tl. [Goth, kinnus ; .-ninipanzet:. A. S. cyn, cinn ; Ger. kinn.] The part of the face beneath the under lip. “ Thrusting out her chin.” Sidney. || CHi'NA, a. Relating to China: — denoting a species of porcelain. Gent. Mag. || CHi'NA [chl'nj, P. E. Ja. K. Sm. R. C. Wb . ; cha'na, S. ; clil'nj or clia'nj, W. F.\, n. A spe- cies of fine porcelain, of which the first speci- mens came from China ; China ware ; porcelain. AST Walker, in accordance with what seems to have been the prevailing usage of his time, gave the preference, though reluctantly, to the pronunciation of cha'na. He says, “ What could induce us to so irregular a pronunciation of this word is scarcely to be conceived.” The recent authorities are all in fa- vor of cln'na. || CHI'NA— AS'TER, n. [ China and L. aster , a star.] (Bot.) A handsome flowering plant ; Chinese- aster. — See Chinese-aster. Crabb. || CHI'NA— OR AN£E, n. The sweet orange; — first brought from China. Johnson. 9 60 || CHl'NA-PlNK, n. (Bot.) A species of Dian- thus ; Dianthus Chinensis. Loudon. || CHi'NA— ROOT, n. (Med.) The root of the Smilax China ; — so called because imported from China. Brande. || CIII'NA-RO§E, n. (Bot.) A species of the mal- low family common in China and the East In- dies ; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Loudon. || CHI'NA— STONE, n. (Min.) Decomposed gran- ite. Hamilton. || CHI'NA-wARE, n. Fine porcelain ; — brought originally from China. Smart. CIllN'CA-PlN, n. (Bot.) A small American nut- bearing tree of the Southern States ; dwarf chestnut ; Castanea pumilla. Dunglison. CHINCH'— BUG, n. [Sp. chinche, a bed-bug.] A fetid insect, destructive to wheat, maize, &c., in the Southern and Western States ; — so called from the resemblance it bears to the bed- bug in size, and in the disagreeable odor which it emits. Farm. Ency. chin-chIl'la, n. (Zord.) A genus of rodent quad- rupeds peculiar to Ameri- ca. It is from a species of this genus (Chinchilla lanigera) that the well- known chinchilla fur is obtained. Waterhouse. Chinchilla. CHlN'COUGH (-kof), n. A convulsive cough ; the hooping-cough. Floyer. CHINE, n. [L. spina ; It. schicna ; Fr. echine.— W. cefn ; Bret, kein, back.] 1. The back-bone or spine of a beast. Sidney. 2. A piece of the back of an animal. “ Chines of beef.” Shak. 3. [Belg. kime.) The ends of the staves of a barrel or cask ; the chimb or chime. Buchanan. 4. (Naut.) That part of the water-way left above the deck. Ogilvie. CHINE, v. a. To cut into a chine or chines ; to cut through the back-bone. Dryden. CHlNED (chlnd), a. Relating to, or having, a back ; — used in composition. Beau. $ FI. CHINE'— HOOP, n. The hoop on the end of the staves, or on the chine. Crabb. CIlI-NEljE', a. (Geog.) Of or relating to China. Chinese crane , a modification of the wheel and axle, combin- ing great simplicity of structure with great mechanical power. — < Chinese fire, a composition used in fireworks. Francis. — Chinese glue, a superior glue and varnish obtained from a species of algre — L, which abounds on the shores of China. Ogilvie. - Chinese paper , a fine, absorbent paper, of a yellowish tint, manufactured in China, and used for proving en- graved plates ; now generally called India paper. Fair- holt . — Chinese tree , the Pteonia moutan , or tree peony. Loudon . — Chinese white, an empirical name given to the white oxide of zinc, a valuable pigment recently introduced as a substitute for white-lead. Fairholt. CHI-NE§E' [chl-nez', P. K. Sm.', chl-nCs', Ja. Wb .], n. sing. & pi. (Geog.) 1. A native or the natives of China. 2. The language of China. tl:i ' Milton forms the plural of this word by add- ing s. The barren plains Of Serieana, where Chineses drive With sails their cany wagons light. CHl'NE§E— AS'TIJR, n. [ Chinese and L. aster, a star.] (Bot.) A well-known border annual with star-like flowers ; Aster Chinensis. Loudon. CHIN'GLE (shlng'gl, 82), n. Gravel free from dirt. — See Shingle. [Local.] Donne. (JHlN'GLY (shlng'gle), a. Gravelly ; abounding in gravel. Sir W. Scott. CHINK (chingk, 82), n. [Gr. ^aira, to open ; A. S. cina, or cinu . ] 1. A narrow aperture ; an opening ; a gap. The soul’s dark cottage, battered and decayed, Lets in new light through chinks that time has made. Waller. In vain she searched each cranny of the house, Each gaping chink impervious to a mouse. Swift. 2. Money ; coin. [Colloquial.] Wright. CHINK (chingk, 82), v. n. [*. CHINKED; pp. CHINKING, CHINKED.] 1. [Gr. ^aivoi ; A. S. cinan .] To open; to gape. “ The boat chinketh." Barret. 2. [Probably formed to imitate the sound.] To sound by striking against something, as one piece of coin against another; to jingle. When not a guinea chinked on Martin’s boards. Swift. CHINK (chingk, 82), v. a. 1. To break into aper- tures ; to make chinks in. Cotgrave. 2. To jingle. He chinks his purse, and takes his seat of state. Tope. ClIIN'KA-PlN, n. (Bot.) A nut-bearing tree ; the dwarf chestnut. — See Chincapin. Audubon. CHINK'Y, a. Full of chinks or narrow clefts. “ Chinky hives.” Dryden. CIIIN'NA, n. (Bot.) An Oriental plant of the pea or vetch kind. Malcom. CHINNED (chlnd), a. Having a chin ; — used in composition ; as, “ Long -chinned.” CHXN'GUA-PlN, n. The dwarf chestnut; — writ- ten also chincapin and chinkapin. Gray. CHIN'-SCAB, n. A disease in sheep, called by shepherds darters. Crabb. CHINSE, v. a. (Naut.) To thrust oakum into seams with a small iron. Dana. CHINTZ, n. [Sans, cheet ; Hind, cheent; Pers. chinz, spotted, Thomson ; Ger. zitz .] Cotton cloth printed with colors ; a peculiar kind of fast-printed calico, in which figures of at least five different colors are impressed ; — written also dibits. “ Charming chintz.” Pope. CHl-O-COC'CA, n. [Gr. snoxv, and k6kko a berry.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs bearing white berries ; snowberry. Loudon. PHI- O-JYAJV ' TH US, n. [Gr. snow, and arOog, a flower.] (Bot.) A genus of ornamental shrubs bearing white flowers in long bunches ; the fringe-tree. Loudon. enI-OJT-I-Dl' DJE, n. pi. ( Ornith.) A family of birds of the order Gallince, including the sub- families Tldnocorince and Chionidince ; sheath- bills. Gray. cm- ojv-i- dVjvje, n.pl. (Ornith.) A sub-family of birds of the order Galli- nce and family Chi- onididee ; sheath- bills. Gray. f CHIOPPINE (chop- pen'), n. [Sp. cha- . „ pin.] A high shoe, - Cluonis alba. formerly worn by ladies. Shak. CHIP, v. a. [Ger. happen, to chop. — See Chop.] [j. chipped; pp. chipping, chipped.] To cut small pieces from ; to diminish by cutting ; to hew. Industry Taught him to chip the wood and hew the stone. Thomson. CHIP, v. n. To break or crack, so as to come off in small pieces. Grose. CHIP, n. 1. A small piece cut off by an axe or tool. Manganese lies among clay and chips of stone. Woodward. 2. A small piece ; a fragment. A chip of the old block, a child resembling his fa- ther. Oruse. CHIP'— AXE (chip'aks), n. A one-handed plane- axe. Huloet. CHIP'MONK, or CHIP'mOk, n. The striped squir- rel. [Local, U. S.] Kirkland. CHIP'PIJR, v. a. To chirp ; to chirrup. [Local, Eng.] Forby. CHlP'PflR, a. Lively ; active ; cheerful ; com- fortable. [Colloquial in New England ; and in some parts chirk is used in the same sense ; as is kipper in the Craven dialect, Eng.] CHlP'PING, n. 1. The act of cutting off. 2. A chip ; a fragment. Beau. Q FI. CIlIP'PY, a. Abounding in chips. Savage. CIlI-RA' GRA, n. [L. ; Gr. ^npdypa ; %i! p, the hand, and aypa, a seizure.] (Med.) The gout in the hand. Dunglison. jEHI-RAG'RI-CAL, a. Having the gout in the hand. Browne. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — Q, u>, to write ; L. chirographum ; Fr. chirographe.] {Law.) A deed or instru- ment of conveyance in writing : — a deed or indenture written in duplicate upon the same sheet, and having some word, commonly chiro- graphum, between the copies, so that it might be divided lengthwise when they were separat- ed : — the word itself through which deeds were cut : — a fine of lands. Burrill. jCHI-ROG'RA-PHIJR, n. 1. One who practises eliirography or handwriting. Johnson. 2. (Eng. Law.) An engrosser of fines in the Common Pleas. Bacon. CHl-RO-GRAPH'IC, ) a . Relating to chirog- CHl-RO-GRAPH'J-CAL, ) raphy ; written with a pen. Smart. CHl-ROG'RA-PHIST (kl-rog'rj-flst), n. 1. A chirographer. Todd. 2. One who tells fortunes by the hand. “ Let the chirographists behold his palm.” Arbuthnot. £in-ROG'RA-PHY (ki-rog'rj-fe), n. [Gr. yf/p, ^n- (x U, the hand, and ypatptn, to write ; It. chirogra- fia ; Sp. quirograjia.] Handwriting. £HI-RO-L 6 (I'J-CAL, a. Relating to chirology. £HI-R0L'0-(yIST, n. One who is versed in chi- rology. Smart. CHl-ROL'O-pY, n. [Gr. x l ip, ^fipcSr, the hand, and h6yos, a discourse ; Fr. chirologie.] The art of conversing with the hands and fingers, as prac- tised by the deaf and dumb ; dactylology. Dalgarno, 1G80. II CHl'RO-MAN-Cf,R, or CH!r'0-MAN-C5R, n. One who divines or foretells future events by inspecting the hand. Dry den. H CHI'RO-MAN-Cy, or CHIR'O-MAN-CY [kxr'o- man-se, IK. J. F. Wb. ; kl'ro-man-se, N. E. Ja. K. Sm. C . ; kl-rom'stn-se, P.], n. [Gr. x l ‘?> x il ~ pils, the hand, and pavreia, prophecy ; Fr. chiro- inancie .] Divination by inspecting the lines of the hand ; palmistry. Burton. || CHl'RO-M AN-IST, n. Same as Chiromancer. || CHI-RO-MAN'TJC, ) Belonging to chiro- || CHI-RO-MAN'TI-CAL, ) mancy. Browne. || CHI'RO-MAN-TIST, n. A chiromancer; a chi- romanist. [r.] Sir IK. Scott. CHI-RO-NOM'IC, a. Relating to the moving of the hands in speaking, &c. Melmoth. £HI-R 0 N' 0 -MY, n. [Gr. x c ‘P> x r, P^ s > the hand, and ni/iof, a rule ; ^npoi/o/u'a ; L. chironomia .] The science that treats of the rules of gesticu- lation or pantomime, and oratorical action. Brande. £hI-r 6 p'JJ-DIST, n. Same as Chiropodist. £fll'RO-PLAST, n. [Gr. x ei P> X c ‘P 6s > the hand, and tJ.a trato, to form.] A hand-former ; an in- strument used by some teachers of the piano- forte, to exercise the fingers. Smart. CIlI'RO-POD, n. [Gr. ^f x r,n ^> the hand, and Trobs, rniiot, a foot.] (Surg.) One who treats of, or cures, diseases of the hands and feet ; a surgeon for the hands and feet. Dunglison. a lively or cheerful noise, as birds, without singing. How cheerfully these birds chirpl Up. Ilall. CHIRP, v. a. To cheer up; to enliven; to chirrup. “ Chirping bottle.” B. Jonson. CHIRP, n. The voice of birds or of insects. Byrom. CIIIRP'pR, n. One who chirps ; a chirping bird. CHIRP'ING, n. The gentle noise of birds. Let the songs be loud and cheerful, and not chirpinys or pulings. Bacon. CHIRP'ING, p. a. Making a cheerful noise, as a bird. “ The chirping birds.” Temple. CIIIRP'ING-LY, ad. In a chirping manner. Boag. fCIIIRRE (cliir), v. n. [A. S. ceorian, to mur- mur.] To coo as a pigeon. Junius. CHIR'RUP, v. a. [From cheer up.' ] [i. chir- ruped ; pp. chirruping, chirruped.] To animate ; to encourage ; to make brisk ; to cheer up ; to cherup. Cowper. CHIR'RUP, v. n. To chirp ; to cheer up. The cricket chirrups in the hearth. Goldsmith. •f CIlI-RUR'GJjl-QN, n. [Gr. x l, P 0V Py6s \ X‘‘P’ the hand, and epyov, work ; L. chirurgus ; It. chi- rurgo ; Sp. cirujano ; Fr. chirurgicn. ] One who practises surgery ; a surgeon. South. fiCH!-RUR'9?-QN-LY, ad. After the manner of a surgeon. Shah. tCHI-RUR'^f.-RY, n. Surgery. Sidney. t£Hl-RUR'pIC, ) a Surgical. Warton. fCHl-RUR'^I-CAL, ) CHIS-i'IJL (chlz'el), n. [L. scindo, scissus, to cut: It. cisello ; Sp. cincel ; Fr. ciseau .] A cutting instrument or edge-tool, used in carpentry, joinery, sculpture, &c., for cutting by pressure, or by the blow of a mallet. Shak. CHl§'£L (chlz'el), v. a. [Fr. ciseler.] [i. chis- elled ; pp. CHISELLING, CHISELLED.] To Cut or carve with a chisel ; as, “ A statue chiselled out of marble.” CIII^'pL-SIlAPED (-shapt), a. Formed like a chisel. Roget. CHIS'LEU, n. [Heb. ; Gr. ^a an d pirpov, a measure.] The process of testing the bleaching power of chloride of lime. Ure. jCHl-ROS'O-PHlST, n. [Gr. X (i f>, the hand, and aotfu is, wise.] A fortune-teller. Ogilvie. £IH-RO'TE!j, n. pi. [Gr. x ci pt x the hand, and ous, ur<}<, the ear.] (Zool.) A genus of sau- rian reptiles, having two short fore-feet divided into five toes, and closely related to Amphis- bcena. Van Her lloeven. CHIRP, v. n. [Dut. circken ; Ger. zirpen .] [ i . chirped ; pp. chirping, chirped.] To make A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6 CIIIT'TF, R-IAYG jb n. pi. [Goth, githus ; Ger. kuttel, bowels.] The bowels of an eatable ani- mal ; — rarely used in the singular. Hudibras. f CHlT'TY, a. 1. Childish ; like a baby. — See Chit. Sherwood. 2. Full of chits or warts. Iluloct. || 9111 -VAL'RIC [she-val'rik, Sm . ; clilv'jl-rik, C.], a. Partaking of chivalry ; chivalrous. “ The cliivalric code.” Brande. i, U, Y, short; A, 5, J, O, U, Y, obscure ; FARE, £IILO'RINE, n. [Gr. x !m P 6; > green.] (Chem.) A greenish-yellow, heavy, energetic gas, obtained from common salt, by the joint action of perox- ide of manganese and sulphuric acid. It is noxious, and, if breathed undiluted, fatal to animal life. It supports combustion, is a powerful bleaching and disinfecting agent, and a constituent of numerous compounds. Under pressure, it becomes a transparent, yellow liquid. Lre. FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CHLORINATED 237 CHOLIAMBIC jCHLO'RI-NAT-ED, a. ( Chem .) Containing one equivalent or more of chlorine. Graham. jGIILO'RIN-IZED, a. Compounded with chlo- rine. Craig. EIILO-RI-OD'IC, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid compounded of chlorine and iodine. Brande. jCH LO-Rl 'O-DINE, n. (Chem.) A compound of chlorine and iodine. Brande. jCHLO'R[S, n. [Gr. j^.iaplf, a bird with a greenish belly.] (Ornith.) The greenfinch. Baird. CIILO'RITE, n. [Gr. tf-wpis, green.] (Min.) An earthy green mineral. Brande. jCHLO-RIT'IC, a. Colored green by an admixture of chlorite ; as, “Chloritic sand.” Lgcll. CITLO-RO-C AR-BON'lC, a. Noting an acid com- posedof chlorine, oxygen, and carbon ; — termed by J. Davy, its discoverer, phosgene gas. Kane. jEHLO-RO-CY-AN'IC, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid composed of chlorine and cyanogen. Crabb. jGHLO'RO-FORM, n. [Gr. green, and L. formica, an ant, on account of its resemblance in composition to formic acid, which has the same proportions of carbon and hydrogen, but which, for its third element, has three equiva- lents of oxygen, instead of three equivalents of chlorine. Tomlinson .] (Chem.) A heavy vola- tile liquid, composed of three equivalents of chlorine and one of formyl, which latter sub- stance consists of two equivalents of carbon and one of hydrogen ; terchloride of formyl ; — obtained by distilling a mixture of chloride of lime and alcohol. It was discovered by Sou- beiran in 1831, and applied, in 1847, by Dr. Simpson, of Edinburgh, at the suggestion of Mr. Waldie, a chemist, as a substitute for sul- phuric ether, to produce, through its inhalation, insensibility to pain in surgical operations. — See Sulphuric Ether. Gmelin. Simpson. jCHLO-ROM'U-TER, n. [Gr. green, and yerpov, a measure.] An instrument for testing the decoloring and bleaching powers of chloride of lime. Brande. jCHLO-ROM'g-TRY, n. The process of testing the decoloring power of any combination of chlorine. Ure. jCHLO'RO-RHANE, n. [Gr. ^.wpdf, green, and g reei L iphD.ov, a leaf, and l.iOos, a stone.] (Min.) A foliated silicious mineral, found in large pris- matic and tabular crystals. C. T. Jackson. jEHLO-RO'SIS, n. [Gr. ^iwpdf, green.] 1. (Med.) The green-sickness, a disease inci- dent to young females. Dunglison. 2. (Bot.) The condition of a plant in which the whole blossom is converted into foliaceous parts ; — so called from the green color thus assumed ; etiolation. Gray. jCHLO-ROT'IC, a. Affected by, or relating to, chlorosis. “ Chlorotic symptoms.” Dunglison. jCIILO'ROlTS, a. (Chem.) Partaking of, or re- sembling, chlorine. Brande. JGHLO-ROX-AL'IO, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid formerly supposed to be obtained from acetic acid and chlorine, and regarded as a compound of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid. Brande. JEHLO'RU-RET, n. (Chem.) A compound of chlo- rine ; a chloride. Brande. CHOAK (chok), v. a. See Choke. Johnson. jCHO'AN-ITE, n. [Gr. X o6vti, a funnel.] (Geol.) A genus of extinct zoophytes ; — so called from their funnel-shaped skeleton. Brande. CHOAR, n. A Hindoo thief or robber. Ec. Rev. CHOCK, n. [Fr. choc.) 1. fAn encounter; an attack. Bp. Patrick. 2. [From choke.) (Naut.) A sort of wedge, to confine a cask, &c. CHOCK'— FULL, a. Filled so as to leave no more room ; entirely full ; — a colloquial word, writ- ten also choke-full, and chuck-full. — See Choke-full. Qu. Rev. CHOC'O-LATE, n. [Mexican chocolate, It . cioc- colata ; Sp. chocolate-, Fr. chocolai.) 1. A preparation made of the seeds or nuts of the Theobroma cacao. Loudon. 2. The liquor or beverage obtained by a solu- tion of the prepared chocolate in hot water. CHOC'O-LATE, a. Like chocolate ; having the color of chocolate. Cook. CHOC'O-LATE— HOUSE, n. A house for drinking chocolate. Tatler. CHOC'O-LATE— NUT, n. The nut or seed of the Theobroma cacao. Lee. f CHODE. The old preterite from Chide. — See Chide. Gen. xxx. 36. CHOG'SIpT, n. The Indian name of the small fish, otherwise called Conner or burgall. Bartlett. CHOICE, n. [A. S. ceosan, to choose.— Vr^koix.) 1. The act or the power of choosii^^^kic- tion ; option; selection; preference ; iiSj^WTo make choice ” ; “ To have the choice.”^^t Where there is force there can be no choice. ~~&reu\ 2. Care in choosing ; discrimination. Julius Caesar did write a collection of apophthegms: it is pity his book is lost; for I imagine they were collected with judgment and choice. Bacon. 3. The thing chosen. Your choice is not so rich in birth as beauty. Shah. 4. The preferable or best part. The choice and flower of all things profitable in other books, the Psalms do both more briefly contain and more movingly also express. Hooker. Syn. — See Option. CHOICE, a. 1. Select; precious.; excellent. “My choicest hours of life arc lost.” Swift. 2. Frugal; careful; chary. Uc that is choice of his time will also be choice of his com- pany and choice of his actions. Bp. Taylor. CHOICE'— DRAWN, a. Selected with care. “ Culled and choice-drawn cavaliers.” [r.] Shak. CHOICE 'LESS, a. Without the power of choos- ing. “Dead, choicclcss creature.” Hammond. CHOICE'LY, ad. 1. With exact choice ; with discrimination ; with care ; carefully. A band of men, Collected choicely from each county some. Shak. 2. Valuably; excellently. Walton. CIIOICE'NIJSS, n. Nicety; excellence. “ Choice- ness of phrase.” B. Jonson. CHOIR (kwlr) [kwlr, S. IF. Ja. Sm. C. Wb. ; kwlr or kblr, P. J. F. ; kdir, E.), n. [Gr. ^opo't, a dance, accompanied with song ; L. chorus ; It. Sp. coro ; Fr. chasur ; A. S. chor.) 1. An assembly or band of singers, especially in church service ; — written also quire. The choir , With all the choicest music of the kingdom, Together sung Te Deum. Shak. 2. The part of a church where the choristers or singers are placed. Johnson. 3. The chancel of a collegiate or of a cathe- dral church, occupied by ministers. Ogilvie. 4. The corporate body of a cathedral. Hook. CHOIR'— SER-VICE (kwlr'ser-vjs), n. Service of the choir. Warton. CHOKE, v. a. [A. S. aceocan, to suffocate.] [ i . CHOKED ; pp. CHOKING, CHOKED.] 1. To stifle ; to suffocate. The herd ran violently down a steep place into the sea, and . . . were choked in the sea. Mark v. 13. 2. To overpower, suppress, or kill, as by suf- focation : — to stop the growth of. The fire which choked in ashes lay. Drydcn. But oats and darnel choke the rising corn. Drydcn. 3. To stop or block up ; to obstruct. They are at a continual expense to cleanse the ports, and keep them from being choked up. Addison. Syn. — See Suffocate. CHOKE, v. n. 1. To be choked or obstructed. 2. To be offended. Smart. CHOKE, n. The internal or capillary part of an artichoke. [A cant word.] Johnson. CHOKE'— CHER-RY, n. An astringent wild cher- ry ; Prunus borealis. Loudon. CHOKE'-DAMP, n. Foul air ; a term applied by miners and well-diggers to carbonic acid gas, accumulated at the bottom of wells and pits, where it is often fatal to life. Brande. CHO-KEE', n. 1. A chair ; a seat. Smart. 2. A station. [India.] Smart. CHO-KgE-DAR', n. A man at a station ; a watch- man ; a porter. [India.] Smart. CHOKE'-FULL, a. Quite full ; full even to chok- ing. — See Chock-full. Bruce. CHOKE'— PeAr, n. 1. A rough, unpalatable sort of pear. Phillips. 2. An aspersion or sarcasm by which another is put to silence. Pardon me for going so low as to talk of giving choke- pears. S. Richardson. CHOK'ER, n. 1. One who chokes or silences. 2. Any thing unanswerable Johnson. CHOKE'— WEED, n. A species of weed. Phillips. CHOK'ING, p. a. 1. Suffocating; stifling. 2. Stopping up ; obstructing. CIIOK'Y, a. Tending, or having power, to choke or suffocate. "" Johnson. CHOL'A-GOGUE (kol'a-gog), n. [Gr. ^oP.aywydf, carrying off bile ; x oh h bile, and ayoi, to lead.] (Med.) A medicine for producing bilious evacu- ations. [r.] Dunglison. CHO'LATE, n. [Gr. %oh'i, bile.] (Chem.) A salt formed of cholic acid and a base. Regnault. CHOL-E-DOG'R A-PHY, n. [Gr. x ° h i, bile, and yo6io, to describe.]" (Med.) A description of the bile. Dunglison. CHOL-g-DOL'O-^Y, n. [Gr. ^oh), bile, and ).6yos, a discourse ; Fr. choledologie.) (Med.) A trea- tise on the bile. Dunglison. EHO-LE'IC, a. [Gr. x 0 ^'i> bile.] (Chem.) Noting an acid obtained from bile. Brande. EHOL'JJR (kol'er), n. [Gr. x°h'i, the gall, bile ; L. cholera, the gall ; Fr. colire.) 1. The bile; — formerly supposed to be the humor that produced irascibility. Wotton. 2. Anger; wrath; rage. “ Throw cold water on thy choler.” Shak. Syn. — See Anger. EHOL'g-RA, n. [L., from Gr. x°Up a j X ! Jdj, bile, and p/w, to flow.] (Med.) A disease accompanied by vomiting and purging, with great pain and debility, apparently arising from excess or acri- mony of bile. The Asiatic or spasmodic cholera is a new and most appalling form of pestilential disease, said to be but indistinctly known prior to 1817, in which year it made its appearance in India. Brande. CHOL'E-RA-AS-PHYX'I-A, n. [L., from Gr. Xol-ipa, the cholera, and a stopping of the pulse.] (Med.) The Asiatic or spasmodic cholera. — See Cholera. Dunglison. eilOL ' E-RA—MOR 'BUS, n. [L. cholera, the bile, and morbus, disease."] (Med.) A sudden over- flowing of the bile ; a painful disease, attended by purging and vomiting. Dunglison. jCIIOL'ER-Ic, a. [Gr. ^oAtpixdf ; L. cholcricus ; Fr. colerique.) 1. Full of choler or bile. Dry den. 2. Inclined to anger ; easily irritated ; irrita- ble ; irascible ; passionate ; as, “ A choleric man.” 3. Indicating anger. “ Choleric haste.” Sid- ney. “ Choleric speech.” Raleigh. Syn. — See Angry. EHOL'ER-lC-LY, ad. In a choleric manner. jCHOL'JiR-IC-NESS, n. Irascibility'. Bp. Gauden. EHOL'E-RINE, n. [Gr. x°Hp n < the cholera.] (Med.) The first stage of the cholera. Dunglison. EHO-LES'TE-RINE, n. [Gr. x° h h bile, and are- pro;, solid.] (Chem.) A crystaliizable substance contained in bile, the brain and the nerves, and in large proportion in gall-stones. Graham. CIIO'LI-Amb, n. Same as Choliamric. Beck. GIIO-LI-AM'BIC [ko-Ie-am'bilc, K.Sm.-, kol-e-5m'- bjk, Ja.), n. [Gr. x u J-‘ a yfos, halting iambic ; L. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON ; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — 9, 9, g, soft; C, G, c, g, hard ; § as z; as gz. — THIS, tfiis. CHOMER choliambus.) (Pros.) A sort of iambic verse, having a spondee in the sixth foot. P Cyc. JEIlO'MgR, n. A Hebrew measure equal to about ten baths or ephas, or about 75 gallons. Dr. A. Clarke. CHOMP, ?>. n. To chew greedily ; to champ. [Provincial, Eng.; colloquial, U. S.] Forby. JEHON'DRINE, n. [Gr. ^6vbpos, cartilage.] ( C/icm .) The substance which forms the tissue of carti- lage, as it occurs in the ribs, trachea, &c. Craig. JCIION'DRO-DlTE, n. [Gr. a grain.] (Min.) A granular mineral, consisting chiefly of silica, fluorine, and magnesia. Dana. JCHON-DROG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. x^i'bpos, cartilage, and ypa, to describe ; L. chorogra- phus .] One who describes a country. Milton. CIIOR-O-GRAPH JC, ? a. [F r.cliorographique.] jEHOR-O-GRApII'J-CAL, ) Relating to chorogra- phy.- “A chorographical description.” Raleigh. jCHOR-O-GRAPII'l-CAL-LY, ad. By means of chorography. IVeever. JEHO-ROG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. ^wooypa0m ; ^ta po;, a piace, and ypd c/jcu, to describe ; L. chorographia ; Fr. chorograpliic .] The description of a place or district, or the art of constructing maps of such district. It is less in its object than geog- raphy, and greater than topography. “ The chorography of Egypt.” Stillingfleet. jEHO'ROID, n. [Gr. th e chorion, and iltos, form.] (Anat.) Any membrane resembling a chorion. Roget. jCHO-ROM'IJ-TRY, n. [Gr. a place, and pirpov, a measure.] Ihe art of measuring or surveying a country. Crabb. jCHO'RUS, n.; pi. L. guo'Ri ; Eng. jbho'rus-e^. [L., from Gr. x°P° s > It* # Sp. coro ; Fr. choeu'r; A. S. chor; Dut. koor ; tier, chor.] 1. Originally a band of singers or dancers. The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of singers. Dryden. 2. (Greek Drama.) The person or persons ^ A ' ft Xipda, a 'dancing.] Dunglison. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, 1, 6, U, Y, short ; A, I, O, y, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HfilR, HER; » CHOSE 239 CHROME who are supposed to behold what passes in the acts of "a tragedy, and sing their sentiments be- tween the acts. Admit me chorus to this history. Shak. 3. The song between the acts of a tragedy. 4. Verses of a song in which the company join the singer. Johnson. 5. (Mus.) A band or choir of singers : — a piece for a choir of singers, either in unison, or in parts . with many voices on each part ; — in contradis- tinction to a sob, a duet, a trio, &c. Dwight. CHO§E, i. from choose. See Choose. QUOfSE (slioz), re. [Fr.] (Law.) A thing ; — gen- erally used in combination with other words, as chose in action, chose in possession, &c. Chose in. action, a tiling which a man has not the actual possession of, but which lie has a right to de- mand by action, as a debt or demand due from an- other. — Chose in possession, a thing in possession, as distinguished from a thing in action, as taxes when paid, or a contract executed. - Burrill. CHO^'EN (cho'zn), p. from choose. See Ciioose. CHOUGH (chuf), n. [A.S.eco. — Fr. choucas . ] ( Ornith . ) A bird that fre- quents the sea side, belong- ing to the or- der Passeres, family Corri- da ?, and sub- family Pyrrhocoracinm. Gray. CHOULE, or CHOULE, n. The crop of a lird ; — commonly spelt and pronounced jowl. Browne. CHOUL'TRY, n. An East-Indian inn. Maunder. CHOUSE, v. a. To cheat ; to trick ; to defraud. Our islanders, however they may pretend to chouse one another, make but very awkward rogues. Taller. flQp-The following account is given by Dr. It. C. Trench of the singular origin of this word to chouse, from tlie Turkish word chiaous, which signifies in- terpreter -, — written by Hakluyt chans, and by Mas- singer chiaus. “ Such an interpreter, being attached to the Turkish embassy in England, committed, in the year 1G09. an enormous fraud on the Turkish and Persian merchants resident in London. He succeeded in cheating them of a sum amounting to four thou- sand pounds — a sum much greater at that day than at tile present. From the vast dimensions of the fraud, and the notoriety which attended it, any one who cheated or defrauded was said to r.liiaus, change, or chouse — to do, that is, as this chiaus had done.” See also William Gifford’s Ben Jonson, iv. 27. CHOUSE, n. 1. One easily cheated; a tool. “A sottish chouse.” Hudibras. 2. A trick ; a sham ; a bubble. Johnson. CHOUT, n. A fourth part of the clear revenue ; — so used in India. Hamilton. CIIoW'DER, n. 1. Food made of fresh fish, as cod or haddock, boiled with biscuit, pork. &c. ; fish-soup. Grose. 2. A fish-seller. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell. 3. An antiscorbutic from which spruce beer is made. Smart. CHoW'DER, v. a. To make into a chowder ; as, “ To chowder a fish.” Clarke. CHoW'DER— BEER, n. An infusion of spruce and water mixed with molasses. Crabb. CHOW'RY, 7i. A whisk to keep off the flies. [India.]’ Hamilton. CHOW'— STICK, n. A kind of torch. [China.] H. T. Tuckerman. f CHoW'TgR, v. n. To grumble or mutter like a froward child. Phillips. CIIOY'— ROOT, n. See Chay-hoot. jEHRE-MA-TIS'TICS, n. pi. [Gr. %pi'i para, goods.] The science of wealth ; a branch of political economy. Brande. jEHRE-O-TEjEH'NICS, n. pi. [Gr. x oelos, useful, and rc^vp, art.] Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, [r.] # R. Park. UHRfiS-TOM'A-THY, 71. [Gr. x priOTop/iOria ; X pr/- ards, useful, and pavdamn, to learn.] That which it is useful to learn ; a book composed of useful extracts ; a book of instruction. Brande. CHRISM (krlzm), n. [Gr. ^p? a pa, an unguent ; L. c/visma; Fr. chreme . ] Consecrated oil; — formerly used in Romish and Greek churches in baptism, confirmation, &c. Hammond. CHRl^'MAL, a. Relating to chrism. Brevmt. CHRIS 'MA-TO-RY, 71. [Old Fr. chrismatoire.\ A little vessel for chrism. Bale. fjEHRI^'OM (krlz'um), n. 1. A child that dies within a month after its birth ; — so called from the chrisom-cloth, or cloth anointed with chrism, formerly put over it. Graunt. 2. A cloth anointed with chrism. Johnso7i. CHRIST, 71. [Gr. Xptards ; ^fuw, to anoint ; L. Christus-, It. § Sp. Cristo ; Fr. Christ ; A. S. Crist.] The Anointed ; the Messiah. Matt. jEHRIST-CROSS-ROW' (krls-kros-ro'), n. An old term for the alphabet ; — probably so called from the cross usually set before it, or from writing it in the form of a cross. Whitlock. jEHRIST'EN (krls'sn), v. a. [A. S. christnian\ Dut. kerste7ien.] [i. christened ; pp. ENING, CHRISTENED.] 1. To name and baptize in token of i 1 into the Christian church; as, “To c, child.” 2. To denominate-; to name. MjEIST- llmm/i - Christen the thing what you will, it can be no better than a mock millennium. Huniet. jEHRIS'TEN-DOM (kris'sn-dum), n. [A. S. Cris- tendom ; Cristen, Christian, and clo7n, power, ju- risdiction.] 1 . The regions inhabited by Christians. His computation is universally received over all Christen- dom. Holder. 2. The whole body of Christians. Christendom shall ever speak his virtue. Shak. CIIRlS'TEN-lNG (kris'sn-Ing), n. 1. The ceremony of naming with baptism. Graunt. 2. The act or the ceremony of naming. CHRIS'TEN-ING (kris'sn-Ing), a. Relating to a christening. “ Christetimy dinners.” Warton. CHRLS'TIAN (knst'yem), n. [Gr. Xpiariau6 s ; L. Christianas.’, It. § Sp. Cristiano ; Fr. Chretien ; A. S. Cristen.] 1. A disciple of Christ. “ The disciples were called Christiatis first in Antioch.” Acts xi. 26. 2. In the most general s?nse, an inhabitant of Christendom. jEHRIS'TIAN (krlst'yan), a. 1. Relating to Christ or to Christianity ; as, “ Christian doctrines.” 2. Professing Christianity ; as, “ Christiati nations.” 3. Ecclesiastical. “ The court Christian, or ecclesiastical judicature.” Burrill. f jEHRIS'TIAN, v. a. To christen. Fulke. CHRIS-TI-A'JCJI (kris-che-a'na), 7i. A Swedish silver coin, equal to Id. sterling. Crabb. jEHRIS'TIAN— D’ OR, n. A Danish gold coin, equal to 16s. 6 d. sterling. Crabb. DHRIS'TI AN-ISM, 77. [Gr. Xptortavitrpds ; L. Chris- tianismus ; Fr. Ch7-istia7iis77ie.] The Christian doctrine ; Christianity. Milto7i. jEHRIS-TI-AN'I-TY (krisf-ye-an'e-te) [krls-che- an'e-te, W. J . ; kris-tyan'e-te, S. E. K. Sm . ; krls-te-an'e-te, P.Ja.\ krls-tye-an'e-te, J 1 .], n. [L. Cli7'istianitas ; It. C)-istia7iitii ; Sp. Cris- tiandad ; Fr. Chretienti.] The religion taught by Christ ; the religion of Christians. Christianity cannot be improved; but men’s views, and estimate, and comprehension of Christianity may be indefi- nitely improved. Abp. }V hatch/. jEHRlS-TIAN-I-ZA'TION, n. The act of Chris- tianizing. Ch. Ob. JEHRIS'TIAN-IZE, v. a. [Gr. Xpiartavl^to ; L. Chris- tia/iizo ; Fr. Christianiser.] \i. Christianized ; pp. Christianizing, Christianized.] To * render Christian; to convert to Christianity; as, “ To Christianize heathen nations.” jEHRIS'TIAN-LlKE, a. Befitting a Christian. “ With a most Christia7i-like fear.” Shak. jEHRIS'TIAN-LY, a. Becoming a Christian. “ Christianly reverence.” Milton. jEIIRIS'TI AN-Ly, ad. Like a Christian. “ Chris- tianly instructed.” Milton, CHRIS TIAN— NAME (krist'yan-nani), 71, The name given at baptism, in distinction from the surname. Jo/mson. f jEIIRlS'TIAN-NESS, 71. The quality which par- takes of, or which befits, Christianity. It is very unreasonable to judge the Christiavmess of an action by the law of natural reason. Hammond. f jEHRIS-TIAN-OG'R A- PII Y, n. [Gr. Xp, ananas, a Christian, and ypdtjiui, to describe ; It. Cristiano- yrafia.] A description of Christendom, or of Christian nations. Bp. Hall. jEHRIS-TIC'O-LIST, n. [L. Christicola ; Christas, Christ, and colo, to worship.] A worshipper of Christ. Oyilvie. jEHRIST'LESS, a. Being without Christ. Edwards. || jEHRIST'MAS (krls'mas), n. \Cli7-ist and 7nass.] 1. The day (Dec. 25th) on which the nativity of Christ is celebrated. Wheatley. 2. The season of Christmas ; the twelve days succeeding Christmas-day. Joh/ison. || JEHRIST'MAS (krls'mtis), a. Belonging to the time of Christ’s nativity. Spectator. || jEHRIST'MAS-BOX (krls'mjs-hoks), n. 1. A box for collecting Christmas presents. “A Christ- 7nas-box they hear.” Ga7j. 2. A collection of presents at Christmas. II jEHRIST'MAS— FLoW'JJR, 7i. Same as Christ- mas-rose. Jo/mson. || f jEHRIST'MAS-ING, n. The act of celebrating Christmas. Herbert. || jEHRIST'MAS— PlE, n. A pie made at Christmas. || JEHRIST'MAS— RO§E, ( Bot .) An evergreen poisonous plant ; black hellebore ; Helleborits niyer. Loudon. II jEHRIST'MAS— TALE, ? i. A fabulous story. Young. || jEHRIST'MAS-TlDE, 7i. Christmas-time. Pope. || jEHRlST'MAS-TiME, 71. The season of Christ- mas ; Christmas. Seward. JEHRIS-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. XpiarS;, Christ, and l.iiyos, a discourse.] A treatise or a discourse concerning Christ. Keith. The reader will find in this author an eminent excellence in that part of divinity which I make hold to cvall Christolo- {/!/, in displaying the great mystery of godliness, God mani- fested in the human flesh. Hr. Th. Jackson, 1G73. jCHRIST’S— THORN, n. (Bot.) A handsome prick- ly shrub ; Paliurus australis ; — so called be- cause the crown of thorns put upon Christ is supposed to have been made of it. Loudo7i. jEIIRO-As'TA-CES, n. [Gr. x9 6a < color.] A genus of pellucid gems consisting of those which ex- hibit variable colors. Oyilvie. CHRO’MJi,n. [L., from Gr. x? a h in ; It. croma.] 1. (Mus.) A refined style of singing ; — also, the former name of the character now called a quaver. Moore. 2. (Rhet.) A figure of speech which consists in speaking so as not to offend the hearer. Crabb. jEHRO'MATE, 7i. (Chcm.) A salt composed of chromic acid and a base. Brande. jEHRO-MAT'IC, a. [Gr. x pwpaTut6s ; Ypwpa, color ; L. chromaticus ; Fr. chromatique .] 1. Relating to colors. Dryden. 2. (Mus.) Relating to the scale of semitones ; — probably so named because the notes of this scale were originally written in colors. Craig. Chromatic thermometer, an instrument for measuring the difference between the temperature of the glass of which the instrument is formed and that of the liquid or solid applied to it. jEHRO-MAT'I-CAL-LY, ad. In a chromatic man- ner. Craig. jEHRO-MAT'ICS, 71. pi. [Gr. X nwpariK6s, pertaining to color; x pu>pa, color.] (Optics.) That part of optics which treats of the colors of light and of natural bodies ; the science of the relations of light, shade, and colors. Brande. jEHRO-MA-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr.^owprt, color, and ypiitpui, to describe.] A treatise on colors. Craig. jCIIRO-MA-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. x pu>pa, color, and Z.oyos, a discourse.] A treatise on colors. Field. CHROME, 71. (Che7n.) A whitish metal ; — called also chromiimi. — See Chromium. Crabb. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , 9, $, g, soft; jB, G, 5 , g, hard; § as z; y as gz. — THIS, this. CHROME-COLORS 240 CHUNKY CHROME'— COL-ORS (-kSl'urz), n. Properly col- ors containing chromium ; but generally ap- plied to any colors, which, when dry, are of a soft, powdery consistence, and may be mixed with oil without grinding. Francis. CHROME'— GREEN, n. A beautiful bright green pigment ; sesquioxide of chromium. Regnault. CHROME'— OR-ANpE, n. Sub-chromate of lead, a dark orange-red pigment. Parnell. CHROME'— YEL-LOW, n. Chromate of lead, a pigment of a bright yellow color. Parnell. CHRO'MIC, a. [Fr. chromique.\ ( Chem .) Noting an acid formed of oxygen and chromium. P. Cyc. CHRO'MITE, n. (Min.) A mineral consisting of the sesquioxide of chrome and the protoxide of iron. Regnault. CHRO'MI-UM, n. [Gr. color ; Fr. chrome .] (Min.) A whitish, brittle, and very infusible metal ; — so named from the various and beauti- ful colors which its oxides communicate to sev- eral compounds ; chrome. Brande. CHRO'MO-GRAPHj n. [Gr. color, and ypdijmi, to write.] A colored engraving. Athenceum. CIIRO'MULE, n. [Gr. x color.] ( Bot .) The coloring principle of ail parts of plants. Hcnslow. CHRON IC, / [Gr. ^povird;. %p6vos t time; CHRON'I-CAL, ) L. chronicus ; It. &; Sp. croni- co ; Fr. chronique.] Of long duration, as a dis- ease ; — opposed to acute. Chronic diseases are those whose duration is long, or whose symptoms proceed slowly. DungTuso/i. £HRON'I-CLE (kron'e-kl), n. [Gr. povtica } L. chronica-, It .cronica; Fr. chronique .] 1. An historical register of events, in the order of time. “ A chronicle of day by day.” Shak. 2. A record ; a history ; annals. I and my sword will earn my chronicle. Shah. Syn. — See History. CHRON'I-CLE, v. a. To record in a chronicle. “ This deed is chronicled in hell.” Shah. CHRON’I-CLF.R, n. Awriterof chronicles. Donne. CHRON'I-CLES (kron'e-klz), n.pl. The name of two books of the Old Testament. f eHRdJV'IQ.UE (ltron'jk), n. [Fr.] A chroni- cle. L. Addison. CIIRON'O-GRAM, n. [Gr. xpdvos, time, and ypayya, a letter ; Fr . chronogramme.} An inscription in which the epoch or date is expressed by let- ters contained in it, as the year of Queen Eliza- beth’s death, MDCIII., in “ My Day is Closed In Immortality.” Brande. CHRON-O-GR AM-MAT'JC, > a . Relating to CHRON-O-GRAM-MAT'J-CAL, S a chronogram. “ A chronogrammatical verse.” Howell. CHRON-O-GRAM'MA-TIST, n. A writer of chron- ograms. Addison. CHRO-NOG'RA-PHfjlR, n. [Gr. ^novoyoaifios ; L. chronographus ; Fr. chronographe .] One versed in chronography ; a chronologist. Sclden. CHRO-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. %oovoypcu[)ta ; %p6vos, time, and ypAipic, to describe ; L. chronographia .] A description of past time ; history. Johnson. eHRO-NOL'O-GER, n. One versed in chronolo- gy ; a chronologist. “ Chronologers differ among themselves.” ‘ Holder. CHRON-O-LOC) IC, ( a |-p r chronologique . ] CIIRON-O-LOy'I-CAL, > Relating to chronology ; being in the order of time. “ The chronological account.” Hale. JCHRON-O-Loy'l-CAL-LY, ad. In a chronologi- cal manner. ' ' Ld. Chesterfield. CHRO-NOL'O-ylST, n. [It. S; Sp. cronologista ; Fr. chronologiste.) One versed in chronology. CHRO-NOL'O-y Y (kro-nol'o-je), n. [Gr. %povo- loyia ; %(>6vo s, time, and Liyoi, a discourse ; It. Sj Sp. cronologia; Fr. chronologie.\ 1. The science which treats of the various di- visions of time, and the order and succession of events ; the science of computing and ad- justing dates. Brande. 2. A register or tabular view of events or dates. £HRO-NOM'Jp-TpR, n. [Gr. xp-'ro;, time, and yirpov, a measure ; Fr. cnronornHre.} 1. A time-keeper; a kind of watch for meas- uring time with great exactness; — used for determining the longitude at sea, &c. 2. (Mas.) An instrument by which the move- ment, or time, of a composition is measured. To rate a chronometer, to determine the rate of its gain or loss as compared with true time. CHRUN-O-MEI RIG, ) a Relating to ehro- CHRON-O-MET'RI-CAL, ) nometers, to chronom- etry, or to the measure of time. Schubert. CHRO-NOM'f.-TRY, n. The art of measuring time by hours, minutes, Ac. Maunder. CHRON'O-SCOPE, n. [Gr. y odvos, time, and o6s, gold, and k d!J.a, glue ; Fr. chrysocolle .} (Min.) A mineral composed of silica, oxide of copper, and water. Dana. CHRY-SOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. x pumS f , gold, and ypdtpio, to write.] The art of writing in letters of gold. Dr. Black. GllRYS'O-LlTE, n. [Gr. Ypucrdf, gold, and i.iOo;, a stone ; It. X* w ' t0 P our > It* chilo; Sp. chylo ; Fr .chyle.) (Phys.) A milky fluid formed in the process of digestion, by the action of the pancreatic juice and the bile on the chyme, in the duodenum. It is imbibed by the lacteals, to be conveyed to the thoracic duct and the venous system. Dunylison. II CHY-LI-FAC'TION, re. [Gr. x v}s !> chyle, and L. facio, to make.] (Phys.) The act, or the process, of making chyle. Arbuthnot. || CHY-LI-FAC'TIVE, or CHYL-I-FAC'TJVE [kl- le-fak'ljv, S. P.Ja. K. Sm. C. ; kll-e-fak'tjv, IV. R. Wb.), a. (Phys.) Having the power of making chyle. Johnson. ||CHY-L!F'5R-OBS, a. [Gr. yvUs, chyle, and L. fero, to bear; Fr. chyhfire.) (Phys.) Trans- mitting or conveying cfiyle. Smart. II EIIY-LI-FI-cA'TION, re. [Gr. x v) - 6 ^ chyle, and L. facio, to make ; Fr. chyl ifi cation.) (Phys.) The process by' which chyme is converted into chyle. || CHY-LI-FI-CA'TO-RY, a. (Phys.) Making chyle. CHY-LO-PO-ET'IC, a. [Gr. yyil.6;, chyle, and uoiloi, to make.] (Phys.) Forming chyle. Arbuthnot. EHY'LOUS (-kl'lus), a. [Fr. chyleux. — See Chyle.] (Phys.) Consisting of chyle. Arbuthnot. CHYME, n. [Gr. x v l lf ‘ s> juice; L. chymus ; Fr. chyme.) (Phys.) A soft pap, being the product of digestion, formed by the action of the stom- ach on the food. It is afterwards separated into two portions, viz., chyle and exerementi- tious matter. — See Chyle. Braude. f GHYM'IC, re. [Old Fr. chymiqne.) A chemist. “ An art . . . kept up by a few chymics.” Wotton. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — (J, f, a treasurer.] A church-warden. Bailey. Cl M'F.-TF.R, n. [Turk, chimeteir ; It. scimitarra ; Sp. cimitarra ; Fr. cimeterre.] A short Turk- ish sword ; — written also scymetar, scymitar, scimitar, and simitar. Martin. ClM'JGTER— SHAPED (-shapt), a. Shaped like a cimeter. Ci'MEX, n. ; pi. cimices. [L., a buy.] (Ent.) A Linna'an genus of hemipterous insects, in- cluding the bed-bug. Brande. CIM'I-A, n. (Arch.) A fillet, string, list, or cinc- ture around any part of a building. Francis. CIM-I-ClF'F-G A, n. [L. cimex, cimicis, a bug, and .fugo, to drive away.] (Bot.) A genus of deciduous herbaceous plants ; bug-wort. Loudon. Cf'MFSS, n. [L. cimex, cimicis.] The bug that infests beds. — See Cimex. Bullokar. CIM-ME’RI-AN, a. [L. Cimmerii, from Gr. Kiy/ie- ptoi, the Cimmerians, who, according to an an- cient legend, dwelt in perpetual darkness. Odyssey, 11, 14 ; It. Cimmerio .] Extremely dark. Hence, loathed Melancholy, In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell. Hilton. Melt, and dispel, ye spectre doubts, that roll Cimmerian darkness o’er the parting soul. Campbell. CIM'O-LlTE, n. [Gr. ntfjM>.ia, a kind of clay from the island Cimolus, and i.ldof, a stone.] (Min.) A kind of grayish-white clay, occurring in amor- phous masses, and composed of silica, alumi- na, and water, formerly used as an astringent; — called also Cimolia terra. Cleaveland. CIN-jEHO'NA, n. [So named from the Countess of Chinchon, Vice-queen of Peru, who was cured of fever by it, about 1638. Dunglison.) 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees found in Peru, which produce a bitter bark, much used as a tonic and febrifugal medicine. Dunglison. 2. (Med.) The bark of the cinchona; — called also Peruvian Bark, Jesuit’s-Bark, and Quin- quina. Dunglison. CIN-jCHO-NA'CEOUS (sin-ko-na'shus, 66), a. Re- lating to cinchona ; cinchonic. P. Cyc. CIN-jCHO'NI-A, n. (Chem.) A vegetable alkali, found in cinchona ; cinchonine. P. Cyc. A, E, T, 6, 0, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, £, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CINCHONIC 243 CIRCLE CIN-GIIONTC, a. { Chem .) Relating to, or hav- ing the properties of, cinchona. Hamilton. CIN'GHO-NINE, n. {Chem.) A vegetable alkali ; the active principle of cinchona. Dunglison. CIN-NAM'IC, a. {Chem.) Noting an acid obtained from oil of cinnamon. Graham. CIN-NA-MOM'IC, a. {Chem.) Noting an acid from the oil of cinnamon ; cinnamic. P. Cyc. cm- cu mjE, n. pi. ( Or- nith.) A sub-family of birds of the order Grat- ia: and family Charadriadce ; turnstones. Gray. CINCT'IJRE (slngkt'yur), n. [L. cinctura ; cingo, cinc- tus, to bind round ; It. cin- tura ; Sp. cintura, cinto, cincho ; Fr. ceinture.] 1. A hand worn round body. Cinclus interpres. the head, or the Columbus found the American so girt With feathered cincture , naked else and wild. Milton. 2. An enclosure. The court and prison being within the cincture of one wall. Bacon. 3. {Arch.) A ring or fillet at the top and bot- tom of the shaft of a column. Chambers. CINCT'URED (slnglct'yurd), a. Girded with a cincture ; belted. Sir W. Scott. Their feather-ciwcturerf chiefs and dusky loves. Gray. CIN'DIJR, n. [Gr. k&vis, dust; L. cinis, cineris, ashes; It. cendere ; Fr. cendre ; A. S. sinder, dross.] 1. A small piece of matter remaining entire after ignition, or partial combustion. Whose rolling flames and scattered cinders fly. Waller. 2 . A hot coal that has ceased to flame. Swift. CIN'DgR— FRAME, n. A wire-work frame placed in front of the tubes of the boiler of a locomo- tive engine to prevent the ascent of large pieces of ignited coke. Weale. CIN'D^R-SIFT'jpR, n. A vessel or machine for sifting cinders. IF. Ency. Cl.\ D^R— WENCH, P n _ \ woman who rakes CIN'DpR— VVOM'AN, ; ashes for cinders. Gay. CIN'DlJR-y, a. Containing, or resembling, cin- ders ; cindrous. Howitt. CIN'DROllS, a. Relating to, or like, cinders. Smart. CIN-E-FAC'TION, n. [L. cinis, ashes, and facio, to make.] The act or the process of reducing a substance to ashes ; cineration. Crabb. Cm-E-Rj'RI-ji, n. [L. cinis, cineris, ashes.] {Bnt.) A genus of exotic plants; — so named in allusion to the soft white down on the lower surface of the leaves. Loudon. CIN'E-RA-RY, a. [L. cinerarias ; Fr . cineraire.) Relating to, or like, ashes ; cindery. Ilobhouse. Cinerary urns, urns used by tile ancients to contain tlie ashes of the dead burned upon the funeral pile. Fairholt. CIN-E-RA'TION, n. [L. cinis, cineris, ashes.] The reduction of any thing to ashes. Johnson. CI-NE'RJJ-OUS, a. [L. cinereus. ] Like ashes ; ashy ; ash-colored ; gray. Pennant. CIN-E-RI"TIOUS (-rish'us), a. [L. cinericius .] Like ashes. “ Cineritious earth.” Delany. t CJ-NER'U-LENT, a. Full of ashes. Bailey. CIN'GA-LE.se, a. {Geog.) Relating to Ceylon, or to its inhabitants. Loudon. Ci.Y'GA-LEjjlE, n. sing. lipl. {Geog.) A native, or the natives, of Ceylon. Ency. CIN'GLE, n. [L. cingula .] A girth for a horse ; surcingle. — See Surcingle, [u.] Bailey. CIN'NA-BAR, n. [Gr. Ktvvafiapi ; L. cinnabari .) 1. {Chem.) An ore of mercury; the native red sulphuret of mercury. Graham. 2. An artificial sulphuret of mercury used as a red pigment ; vermilion. Graham. 3. {Bot.) The resinous juice of the Calamus rotang, an Indian tree. It is of a bright red color when powdered ; — called also dragon’s blood. Dunglison. CIN'NA-BA-RINE, a. Relating to, or containing, cinnabar ; as, “ Cinnabarine sand.” Clarke. ClN'NA-MON, n. [Heb. yraSj} ’ TOp> cane, — since the rolls resemble canes ; Gr. Kwvdyuyov, or KLwayov ; L. cinnamomum, or cinnamum ; Fr. cinnamome .] The spicy bark of the Laurus cinnamomum, a tree of Ceylon. Chambers. CIN'NA-MON— STONE, n. A mineral, found in Ceylon, and chiefly composed of silica, lime, and alumina; — so called from its color. Dana. CIN'NA-MYL, n. [Gr. Kiviaymyov, cinnamon, and hly, matter.] {Chem.) The hypothetical radical of oil of cinnamon and cinnamic acid. Graham. CINQUE (slngk), n. [L. quinque ; It. cinque-, Fr. cinq.) The number five in dice. CINCUJE-CENTO (chlngk'we-chen'to). [It., five hundred .] An abbreviation for fifteen hundred, used to designate the style of art which arose in Italy shortly after the year 1500. Fairholt. CINQUE'— FOIL (slngk'foll), n. [L. qidnque, five, and folium, a leaf; It. cinquefoghe ; Fr. cinq, five, and feuille, a leaf.] 1. {Bot.) Those species of the genus Potentil- la, which have fingered leaves : — a five-leaved clover. Johnson. P. Cyc. 2. {Arch.) An ornamental foliation consist- ing of five small arcs arranged circularly and separated by projecting points; — used in the arches of windows, panellings, &c. Weale. CINQUE'— PACE (singk'pas), n. [Fr. cinq, five, and pas, a step.] A grave dance, in which the steps were regulated by the number five. Shah. CINQUE'— PORTS, n.pl. [Fr. cin q, five, and ports, ports.] Originally thejfee ports, Dover, Sand- wich, Hastings, Romney, and Iiythe ; to these have been added Winchelsea, Rye, and Sea- ford. [England.] Brande. CINQUE'— SPOT 'T^D (slngk-), a. [Fr. cinq, five, and Eng. spotted .] Having five spots. Shak. CI'ON, n. [Fr. scion.) 1. A sprout or shoot from a plant ; — written also scion. The stately Caledonian oak, begirt with cions of his own royal stem. Howell. 2. A shoot engrafted, or cut for grafting. The cion overruleth the stock. Bacon. Cl'PIIER (si'fer), n. [Arab, sfr, empty, P. Cyc. ; — It. ior ; Fr. clameur.] 1. A loud or boisterous cry ; outcry ; vocifer- ation. The people grew exorbitant in their clamors for justice. King Charles. 2. Any loud, continued noise or sound. Here the loud Arno’s boisterous clamors cease. Addison. CLAM. 1 -!, n. pi. [Dan. klemme, to pinch.] 1. A sort of pincers, used by ship-carpenters for drawing nails. Ogilvie. 2. A kind of vice, generally made of wood, used by artificers for holding any thing fast. [Scotland.] Ogilvie. CLAN, n. [Gael, &; Ir. claim. ] 1. A family ; a race ; a tribe. “ A rugged border clan." IV. Scott. We [poets] have our lineal descents and clans, as well as other tribes. Dryden. 2. A body of persons united by some com- mon interest ; — used in contempt. Partridge and the rest of his clan may hoot me for a cheat, if I tail in any single particular. Swift. CLAn'CI'-LAR (82), a. [I,, clancularius .] Clan- destine. “ Clancular dealing.” [r.] Hammond. f CLAn'CU-LAR-LY, ad. Closely ; privately. Hales. CL AN-DES'TINE (klan-des'tjn), a. [L. clandes- tinus ; It. x Sp. clandestine-, Fr. clandestin.] Studiously concealed ; kept secret for a sinister purpose ; secret ; private ; hidden. It will be urged that religious conventicles are more pri- vate, and thereby give opportunity to clandestine machina- tions. Locke. Syn. — Clandestine expresses more than secret, and is commonly used in an ill sense. A clandestine mar- riage or a clandestine proceeding is one intentionally kept secret. A hidden plot ; a concealed intention ; a secret meeting ; a. private purpose. — See Secret. CLAN-DES'TJNE-LY, ad. In a clandestine manner. CLAN-DES'TINE-NESS, n. The state of being clandestine ; secrecy. Todcl. CLAN-DIJS-TIN'I-TY, n. Privacy; secrecy; clan- destineness. [r.] Croly. CLANG, n. [Gr. Klayyy ; L. clangor-, Ger., Sw., as gz. — THIS, this. CLEAR-SEEING 252 CLERK Syn. — Clearness relates to the thoughts ; perspicu- ity to the style. Clearness of ideas ; perspicuity of language ; transparency of glass ; distinctness of vision ; splendor of the sun; lustre of the stars. — See Per- spicuity. CLEAR'— SEE-ING, n. The act of seeing clearly ; clairvoyance. N. Brit. Rev. CLEAR'— SEE-ING, a. Seeing clearly. Coleridge. CLEAR'— SEER, n. One who sees clearly ; a clair- voyant. N. Brit. Rev. CLEAR'— SHIN-ING, a. Shining brightly. Shak. CLEAR'— SlGIIT-ED (-slt'ed), a. Perspicacious; discerning ; intelligent. Thomson. CLEAR'-SlGIIT-f.D-NESS, n. Discernment; per- spicacity ; intelligence. Bp. Barlow. CLEAR'— STARCH, V. a. [t. CLEAR-STARCIIED ; pp. CLEAR-STARCHING, CLEAR-STARCHED.] To cover uniformly or clearly with starch, as mus- lin, by alternately clapping and stretching be- tween the hands. lie took his lodging at the mansion-house of a tailor’s widow, who washes and can clear-starch his hands. Addison. CLEAR'-STARCH-ER, n. One who clear-starch- es. “ A clear-starcher and seamstress.” Tatler. CLEAR'-STARCH-ING, n. The act of stiffening linen with starch, so as to make a uniform or clear surface. Ash. CLEAR'— STO-RY, 7t. [Some writers derive the term from Fr." clair, light ; others think the allusion is to the story being “ clear of joists, rafters, or flooring.” Britton.'] (Arch.) The upper division of the nave, choir, transept, and tower of a church ; — written also clerestory. Britton. CLEAR'— TONED (-torn!), a. Having a clear voice or tone. Athcrstone. CLEAT, n. 1. ( Xaut .) A piece of wood secured in the middle to some part of a ship, and having projecting ends to fasten ropes upon. Wealc. 2. (Carp.) A narrow piece of wood nailed across something, for addition of strength, or to secure some part in its place. 3. A piece of iron worn on a shoe ; a thin metallic plate. Broclcett. CLEAT, v. a. To strengthen with a plate of metal. Forby. CLEAV'A-BLE, a. That may be cleft. P. Cyc. CLEAV'AtyE, n. [Fr. clivage.] 1. The act of cleaving, or splitting. 2. (Min.) The process by which certain min- erals are separated into distinct plates or lami- nie. Dana. CLEAVE (klev), v. n. [A.S. clifian, or cliofian ; Dut. kleven ; Ger. kleben.] [ i . cleaved (j- clave) ; pp. CLEAVING, CLEAVED.] 1. To adhere ; to stick ; to be attached. “ The clods cleave fast together.” Job xxxviii. 38. Water, in small quantity, cleavelh to any thing that is solid. ' e Bacon. 2. To be united in interest or affection. For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife. Matt. xix. 5. CLEAVE, v. a. [A. S. eleafan ; Frs. klieven ; Ger. klieben ; S ve.klyfoa ; Dan. clove.] [i. clove or CLEFT (f CLAVE); pp. CLEAVING, CLOVEN Or CLEFT.] 1. To divide with violence ; to split. “As when one cleaveth wood.” Ps. cxli. 7. 2. To part or divide by a natural process. Every beast that parteth the hoof and cleaveth the cleft into two claws. Dc.ut. xiv. (J. CLEAVE, v. n. To part asunder ; to be divided; to separate ; to open. The ground clave asunder . . . under them. Mon. xvi. 31. CLEAVE'LAND-fTE, n. (Min.) A white, lamel- lar variety of albite ; — so named in honor of Prof. Cleaveland. Dana. CLEAV'IJR, n. 1. That which cleaves; — partic- ularly a butcher’s axe. Arbuthnot. 2. (Bot.) A climbing plant ; cleavers. Johnson. CLEAV'ERij, n. (Bot.) A deciduous climbing plant, having its fruit set with hooked bristles ; Galium aparine ; — called also catch-weed, scratch-weed, and goose-grass. Loudon. CLEDfJF, (klSj), n. [A. S. dreg, clay.] (Mining.) The upper stratum of fuller’s earth. Chambers. CLEDt-r'Y, a. Noting land or soil that is stiff, hard, tenacious, or mixed with clay. Farm. Ency. CLEEij (klez), n. pi. [“ Probably corrupted from elates.” Johnson.] The two parts of the foot of beasts which are cloven-footed. [Obsolete or local.] Skinner. CLEF (kief or klif) [kief, P. Ja. K. ; kltf, S. IF. J. F. Sm.] n. [L. clavis ; Fr. clef, a key.] (Mus.) A character placed at the beginning of the staff, to show on which line or space each of the seven letters stands. Dwight. CLEFT, i. & p. from cleave. See Cleave. CLEFT, n. 1. A space made by the separation of parts ; a crevice. “ Clefts of the rocks. "Isa. ii. 21. 2. (Farriery.) A disease in horses on the bought of the pasterns. Farrier’s Diet. CLEFT'— FOOT-ED (kleft'fut-ed), a. Havingcleft or cloven feet. Burnet. CLEFT'-GRAFT (12), v. a. (Port.) To graft by- cleaving the stock of a tree and inserting the scion. Mortimer. CLEFT'— GRAFT'ING, n. A mode of grafting performed by inserting the scion in a cleft in the stock ; — called also slit-grafting. Braude. CLEG, n. [Dan. clag.] The horse-flv. [Local, Eng.] Barrett. CLF.IS' A-GRA, it. [Gr. riels, the clavicle, and hyp a, a seizure.] (Med.) Gout in the clavicle. Dunglison. fCLEM, v. a. [Goth, klammen, to pinch; Ger. klemmen, to pinch.] To starve. B. Jonson. CLE 'MA, n. [L., from Gr. rlypa.] (Bot.) The twig or tendril of a plant. Crabb. CLEM'A-TIS [klem'a-tls, C. P. Cyc. Leverett ; kle-ma'tjs, Sm.], n. [L., from Gr. k lypnris.] (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants of many spe- cies ; the virgin’s-bower. Loudon. CLEM'f.N-CY, n. [L. dementia-, It. clemenza-, Sp. clemencia-, Fr. clemence.] 1. Disposition to moderate or to remit pun- ishment ; willingness to pardon or forgive ; mer- cy ; leniency ; lenity ; gentleness. I have stated the true notion of clemency , mercy, compas- sion, good-nature, humanity, or whatever else it may be called. Addison. 2. Softness ; mildness. “ The clemency of upward air.” Dryden. “ The clemency of the weather.” Rambler. Syn. — Clemency, lenity, and leniency are employed only towards offenders!. Mercy , a stronger term, is shown especially to such as deserve punishment, and also to such as are in great distress ; gentleness and mildness, to all. — See Mildness. CLEM' ENT, a. [L. clemens ; It. $ Sp. clemente ; Fr .clement.] Mild; merciful; compassionate. You arc more clement than vile men Who of their debtors take a third. Shale. CLEM'^N-TINE [klem'en-tln, Ja. K. ; klem'en- tin, Sm.], a. [Fr. Clementine.] 1. Relating to the compilations made by St. Clement. “ The Clementine liturgy.” Bp. Bull. 2. Relating to the constitutions made by Pope Clement V., and forming part of the canon law. Blackstone. CLEM'ENT-LY, ad. In a merciful manner. CLENCH. See Clinch. Johnson. CLp-OP'TpR-OUS, a. [Gr. K/.fnrui, to conceal, and vrtpdv, a wing.] (Ent.) Having sheathed wings ; — applied to insects, as beetles. P. Cyc. t CLEPE, v. a. [A. S. cleopian, or clypian.] To call ; to name. “ They clepe us drunkards.” Shak. f CLEPE, v. n. To call ; to appeal, as to a wit- ness. “ To the gods I clepe.” Sackville. CLF.P'SY-DRj ?, or CLF.P-SY'DRA [klep'se-dra, IF. Sm. C. P. Cyc. IV b . ; klep-sl'drj, Ja. K. Brandc, Crabb], n. [L., from Gr. Kh^vloa ; ultima, to steal, to conceal, and Mup, water.] 1. An instrument, used by' the Greeks and Romans, for measuring time by the gradual dis- charge of water from a large vessel through a minute perforation in the bottom. Bigelow. 2. A chemical vessel. Johnson. CLERE'— STO-RY, n. See Clear-story. Weale. f CLEIl'yi-CAL, a. Relating to the clergy ; cler- ical. “ Clergical faults.” Milton. CLEIt'GY, n. [Gr. ulypos, a lot, and the clerical body, i. e. a body chosen by lot ; — “ taken from the Old Testament, where the tribe of Levi is called the ‘ lot ’ or 1 heritage.’ ” Eden. See also Acts i. 26. L. clerus ; It. at the end of the name of a place, de- CLlr r, notes it to be situated on the side of a CLIVE, J rock or a hill ; as, “ Cleve land, Clif- ton, Stan cliff." Johnson. CLEV'ER, a. [With respect to the etymology of clever, Skinner and Bailey suggest Fr. lager, light ; and Johnson says, “ Of no certain ety- mology.” The following are new views of the matter. — “ Derived evidently from the verb to cleave. It is curious to observe that several of the words which describe the various mental powers are derived from words signifying to split, cleave, or separate ; as, science from scio, probably the same as scindo, to cut ; clever from cleave ; distinguish, discriminate, both signify- ing a dividing or sifting process, &c.” English Synonyms, edited by Abp. Whately. — “It is from deliver, no doubt, that we have fabricated our modern abbreviation clever. The ancient forms for what we now call clever and cleverly were deliver and cleliverly. Thus in Chaucer, the knight’s son, the young squire, is described as ‘wonderly deliver and grete of strengthe.’” — “ Deliver, rapidly pronounced, became dliver or dlever, and that was inevitably converted into clever by the euphonic genius of the language, in which such a combination as dl cannot live.” G. L. Craik. Notes and Queries. — Perhaps from A. S. gleaio, skilful. Bosworth says, “ Ot- frid uses glawe for clever.” — Scot, gleg, clever.] 1. Dexterous ; skilful. The man has a clever pen, it must be owned. Addison. 2. Just ; fit ; proper ; commodious. lie can’t but think ’t would sound more clever. Pope. 253 3. Well-shaped ; handsome. “ The girl was a tight clever wench.” Aroutlinot . I&jff Johnson, after giving the above definitions of clever , adds, “ This is a low word, scarcely ever used but in burlesque or conversation, and applied to any thing a man likes, without any settled meaning.” It is, however, an old word in the language, and used by the best English authors ; but it is used in some- what different senses in different parts of Eng- land. Coles (1677) defines it “neat, smooth, dex- terous ” ; Bailey, “ skilful, ingenious, neat-handed, well-shaped ” ; Forby, “dexterous, adroit”; and Ray, “ neat, elegant.” — “ In either sense,” says For- by, “ it is so very common and general, and appears so to have been for many years, that it seems difficult to conceive how Sir Thomas Browne should have been struck with it as a provincialism, and still more how Ray, long afterwards, should have let it pass as such without any remark. A colloquial and familiar term it certainly is, but assuredly not provincial, nor even low.” The following extracts show the manner in which the word is used by good English writers : — When a man takes it into his head to do mischief, the pub- lic lias always reason to lament his being a clever fellow. Bp. Horne. If the fellow [his infant son] turns out to be good, I shall not so much mind about his being extra clever. John. Foster. Every work of Archbishop Whately must be an object of interest to the admirers of clever reasoning. Ch. Ob. Cobbett’s letter . . . very clever , but very mischievous, and full of falsehoods. IV. Wilberforce. The more clever a man is, if he is not wise, the more hurm he will do, even though his intentions are good. Whately. Bonaparte was certainly as clever a man as ever lived; but he appears to me to have wanted sense on many occasions. Duke of Wellington. In the United States, clever , as a colloquial word, is often improperly used in the sense of good- natured , well-disposed , kind , honest ; and t lie phrase “ clever man,” or “ clever fellow,” is employed to de- note a person of good nature, good disposition, or good intentions. Syn. — Ingenious and skilful are applied to quali- ties of the mind ; expert , dexterous , and adroit . , chiefly to those of the body ; clever , to those both of the body and the mind. An ingenious mechanic ; a skilj'ul physician ; an expert bowman ; a dexterous fencer ; an adroit pickpocket ; clever in business or in writing. CLEV f.R-LY, ad. In a clever manner. Iludibras. CLEv'ER-NESS, n. The state of being clever; dexterity ; skill ; ingenuity. Cleverness and virtue have uot the smallest necessary alli- ance. Ch. Oh. Cleverness is a sort of genius for instrumentality. It is the brain of the hand. In literature, cleverness is more frequently accompanied by wit, genius, and sense, than by humor. Coleridge. Syn.— Cleverness is ingenuity of body, and inge- nuity is cleverness of mind. Cleverness is applied more to the execution, and ingenuity to the concep- tion, of tilings. CLEV'IS, or CLEV'Y, n. A draught-iron in the form of a bow, to put on a plough or on the end of the tongue of a wagon or a cart ; — called also cops. [Provincial.] Halliwell. Farm. Ency. CLEW (klu), n. [L. glomus ; A. S. cliioe, a ball of thread ; Dut. hluwan.] [Often written clue.] 1. Thread wound into a ball or bottom. Eftsoons untwisting his deceitful clew. Spenser. 2. The thread unwound from a clew, used to guide one in a labyrinth. Guided by some dew of heavenly thread. Roscommon. 3. Any thing that guides or directs. Watts. 4. ( Naut .) The lower corner of square sails, and the after corner of a fore-and-aft sail. Dana. CLEW, v. a. 1. (Naut.) To truss up sails to the yard by clew-garnets, or clew-lines, in order to furling. Mar. Diet. 2. To direct, as by a thread. Beau. Sf FI. CLEW'— GAR-NETS, n. pi. (Naut.) Ropes fast- ened to the clews of the main and fore-sail, to truss them up to the yard. Mar. Diet. CLEW'— LINE§, n. pi. (Naut.) Clew-garnets em- ployed for the square-sails. Mar. Diet. CLICH, n. A broad-bladed Turkish sabre. Clarke. CLICHE (kllsh'a), n. [Fr.] The impression of a die in a mass of melted tin or fusible metal : — a stereotype plate. Fairliolt. CLICK, v. n. [Dut. kliken . — Old Fr. cliquer ; Fr. claquer and cliqueter. — See Clack.] [i. clicked ; pp. clicking, clicked.] To make a sharp, small, interrupted sound ; to tick. The solemn death-watch dieted the hour she died. Gay. CLICK, v.a. [A. S. gelrrccan.] To catch or snatch hastily. [North of England.] Todd. CLIMATE CLICK, n. 1. [Old Fr. cliche.] The latch of a door. Todd. 2. A small, sharp sound frequently repeated ; to tick ; as, “ The click of a watch.” 3. (Naut.) A pawl. Craig. CLICK'JJR, n. 1. The servant of a salesman who stands at the door to invite customers. [Low, England.] Johnson. 2. (Printing.) The compositor who receives the copy and distributes it to other compositors. CLiCK'pT, n. [Fr. cliquet, the click of a mill.] 1. The knocker or hammer of a door .Cotgrare. 2. The latch of a door. — See Click. I Veale. 3. A latch-key. Weale. CLICKING, n. A succession of sharp sounds, as of those made by a clock, or by a horse that overreaches. Farm. Ency. CLICK'INfi, p. a. Making a sharp, small, inter- rupted sound ; as, “ A clicking watch.” CLi'lJNT, n. [L. clicns, clientis ; It. § Sp. clientc ; Fr. client.] 1. A dependant ; one under the protection of another ; — correlative to patron or protector. The patrons did help their clients to their right. Forth. The poor thy clients, and Heaven’s smile thy fee. Courpcr. 2. One who employs an attorney or coun- sellor. Advocates must deal plainly with their clients. Up. Taylor. CLI-EN'TAL, a. Dependent. “ In order to con- tinue the cliental bond.” [it.] Burke. CI-i'ENT-ED, a. Supplied with clients. “The least cliented pettifoggers.” Carew. CLJ-ENT'EL-A^E, n. The body of clients or de- pendants of a lord. Sismondi. fCLl'EN-TELE, n. [L. clientela ; Fr . clientele. ] The condition of a client. Bp. Ilall. CLi'ENT-SHIP, n. The state of being a client. CLIFF, n. [L. clivus, a slope, a steep ; A. S. clif ; Dut. klif ; Gcr. klippt: ; Sw. klippa.] A steep or overhanging rock ; a crag. The rest was craggy cliff, that overhung Still as it rose, impossible to climb. Milton . CLIFF'Y, a. Broken ; craggy. “ Craggy or cliffy mountains.” " liar mar. Where our fair Calais, walled in her sands, In kenning of the cliffy Dover stands. Drayton. CLIFT, n. [ cleave , cleft, or clift.] 1. A cliff. “The top of rocky cliff.” Spenser. 2. A fissure ; an opening ; a cleft. I will put thee in a clift of the rock. Exod. xxxiii. 22 . fCLIFT'ED, a. Broken; split open. “Through clifted stones.” Congreve. CLIFT'Y, a. Same as Cliffy. Pennant. CLI-MAC'TER, n. [L., from Gr. nhyaKTiip ; nl.i- ya(, a ladder.] Same as Climacteric. Browne. II CLIM-AC-TER'IC, or CLI-MAC’TER-IC, a. [Gr. K).tpaKTrjpiK6i, pertaining to a stair or ladder ; L. climactericus ; It. &; Sp. climatcrico ; Fr. cli- materique .] Relating to critical periods. Young. || CLIM-AC-TER'IC, or CLI-MAC'TER-IC [klim- ak-ter'jk, IV. J. F. F. Ja. Sm. II. C. ; kll-ingk- ter'jk, S. P. K . ; kl j-mak'ter-Tk, Dyche, Fenning, Barlow, Blair, Kenrick, Fntick, Maunder, Hi.], n. A step or gradation in the years of life ; a critical year of life, which was formerly sup- posed to be marked by some change in the body, health, or fortune of a person. — The number designating the critical years is a multiple of 7; as, 21,35,49, 63, and 70: — 63 being the grand climacteric, and 70 the limit of the ordi- nary age of man. My mother is something better, though, at her advanced age, every day is a climacteric. Pope. CLIM-AC-TER'I-CAL, a. Relating to critical pe- riods of life ; climacteric. Wood. f CLIM-AC-TER'I-CAL, n. Same as Climac- teric. Browne. Fuller. CLI'MA-TAL, a. Relating to climate. ■ Ogilvie. CT J-MA-TARCH'JC, a. [Gr. nl.lya, climate, and npX'Ki is, belonging to dominion ; apx'h domin- ion.] Presiding over climates. Craig. CLI'MATE, n. [Gr. sl-iya, a slope, a zone of the MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , 9 , g, soft ; C, G, c, g, hard ; § as z; $ as gz. — THIS. this. CLIMATE 254 OLIVER earth ; L., It., Sg Sp. clima, climate ; Fr. climat; Ger. klima ; Sw. klirnat.] 1. (Geoff.) One of the thirty zones or belts of the globe, into which the ancient geographers divided the space between the equator and the poles, according to the obliquity of the sun’s course with respect to the horizon, which gives rise to the inequalities of day and night. ,<£§=* From tile equator to the polar circles, there are twenty-four divisions, called half-hour climates, be- cause from one to another the longest day receives an augmentation of half an hour. From the polar circles to the pole, there are six divisions, called month-cli- matcs, because at the two parallels, between which any one of them is comprehended, the difference of the time of perpetual sunshine is one month. Brande. 2. The general state of the atmosphere in any place, as respects temperature, wind, mois- ture, &c. lie thought that was the best climate where he could be abroad in the air with pleasure, or at least without inconven- ience, the most days of the year and the most hours of the day. Sir W. Temple. t CLl'MATE, v. n. To inhabit. “Whilst you do climate here.” Shak. CLJ-MAT'IC, > Relating to climate. CLl-MAT'l-CAL, > Ed. Rev. CLI-MA'TION, n. The act of inuring td a cli- mate ; acclimation. Hort. Reg. CLpMAT-IZE, V. a. [t. CLIMATIZED ; pp. CLIMAT- izing, climatized.] To inure to a climate; to acclimate. [Modern.] J. Mills. Ec. Rev. CLl-MA-TO-GRAPH'J-CAL, a. Pertaining to cli- matography. Ogilvie. CLI-MA-TOG'R A-PHY, u. [Gr. ullya, climate, and ■ypatfnji, to describe.] A description of climates. CLI-MA-TO-LOG'J-CAL, a. Pertaining to clima- tology ; climatographical. A. K. Johnston. CLI-MA-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. tcli/ia, climate, and Xiyos, a discourse.] An investigation of the causes which form or modify a climate ; the science which treats of climates. Brande. f CLI'MA-TURE, n. Climate. Shak. CLI'MAX, n . ; pi. cli'mXx-e$. [Gr. nilgai, a lad- der or staircase ; L. climax.'] ( Rhet .) A grada- tion, or gradual rising in a discourse, from that which is lower or less impressive, to that which is higher or more impressive ; gradual rise ; ascent. Still rising in a climax , till the last. Surpassing all, is not to be surpassed. GlanrUle. CLIMB (kllm), v. n. [A. S. climban, or climan-, Dut. dr Ger. klimmen .] [i. climbed (+clomb) ; pp. CLIMBING, CLIMBED (fCLOMB).] To ascend up with labor ; to creep up by little and little ; to mount ; to get up. As a thief Into the window climbs, or o’er the tiles, So clomb the first grand thief into God’s fold. Milton. CLIMB (kllm), v. a. To ascend ; to mount. Ah! who can tell how hard it is to climb The steep where Fame's proud temple shines afar! Beattie. CLIMIi'A-BLE (kllm'st-bl), a. That may be climbed ; ascendable. Sherwood. CLlMB'ER (kllm'er), n. 1. One who climbs. Shak. 2. (Bot.) A plant that creeps upon some sup- port. “ Ivy and other climbers.” Mortimer. 3. ( Ornith .) A bird that climbs, as the par- rot and others of the Scansores. Baird. f CLIM'BUR (kllm'ber), v. n. To mount with ef- fort ; to clamber. Tusser. CLlMB'ING (kllm'jng), n. The act of ascending. CLIME, n. [See Climate.] Climate ; region. Whatever clime the sun’s bright circle warms. Milton. CLI-nAn' DRI-tfM, n. (Bot.) The part of the column of orchideous plants in which the anther lies. Loudon. C LI- NAN ' Till- UM, n. [Gr. kIIvu, a bed, and auBos, a flower.] (Bot.) The receptacle of the flowers of a composite plant enclosed within an involucre. Iienslow. CLINCH, v. a. [Dut .klinken-, Sw . klinka.] [ i . CLINCHED ; pp. CLINCHING, CLINCHED.] 1. To grasp in the hand ; to lay hold of. “ And clinch the pointed spear.” Dryden. 2. To contract or double the fingers. The tops I could but just reach with my fist clinched. Swift. 3. To secure or fasten a nail by turning down the point, when it is driven through any thing. A nail caught on the other side and doubled is a nail clinched. Johnson. 4. To fix; to confirm; to establish; as, “To clinch an argument.” The Council of Trent goes much farther, and citric he th the business as effectually as possible. South. CLINCH, v. n. To hold fast upon, [it.] The savages held out a stick, on which the birds clinched. Trans, of Bvjfon. CLINCH,?!. 1. That which holds both ways; a clincher ; a hold-fast. 2. A word used in a double meaning ; a pun ; an ambiguity. “ Clinches upon words and a clownish kind of raillery.” Dryden. “ His comic wit degenerating into clinches." Dryden. 3. (Naut.) The fold or knot by which a cable is attached to an anchor ; a half-hitch stopped to its own part. Dana. CLINCH'UR, 7i. 1. He who or that which clinches, or holds fast ; a cramp ; a hold-fast. The wimbles for the work Calypso found; With those he pieced them, and with clinchers bound. Tope. 2. That which decides a matter in contro- versy ; a conclusive argument. I am persuaded that, if he is obliged to strike a last blow, it will be a clincher. Anecdotes of Bp. JVatson. CLINCH 'UR— BUILT, a . (Naut.) Made with clincher-work. Crabb. CLINCH 'UR— WORK (-wiirk), n. (Naut.) That disposition of the planks in a boat or vessel, in which the lower edge of every plank overlies the next under it, like the slates on the roof of a house. Crabb. CLING, v. 71. [A. S. clingan , to shrink up ; Dan. klynge .] [?. clung (f clong) ; pp. clinging, clung (f clong).] To hang upon by twining round ; to hold fast upon ; to adhere. The disposing of the drapery so as to appear to cling close limbs, is_a kind of pedantry which y< round the ore very apt to fall into. young painters Sir J. Reynolds. CLING, v. a. 1. To cause to dry up, wither, or waste away. If thou speok’st false, Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive, Till famine cling thee. Shak. 2. To cause to twine around, or to hold fast upon. I clung my legs as close to his sides as I could. Swift. CLING'STONE, 7i. A kind of peach of which the pulp adheres strongly to the stone. Cole. CLING'Y (kling'e), a. That clings ; apt to cling; adhesive. Johnson. CLIN'IC, 7i. [Gr. k).ivik6s ; K/.h’rj, a bed ; Sp. cli- nico; Fr. clinique.] One obliged by illness to keep the bed. A bp. Sancroft. CLIN'IC, ) a _ Obliged by illness to keep the CLIN'J-CAL, ) bed ; bed-ridden. Clinical lecture, a discourse, upon a disease, made at the bedside of the patient. — Clinic baptism , baptism administered to one confined to the bed by illness. CLIN'J-UM, n. [Gr. tdlvti, a bed.] (Bot.) The receptacle or bed-like summit of a floral branch; clinanthium ; torus. Smart. CLINK (kllnpk, 82), v. a. [Dut. klinken ; Sw. klinga ; Dan. klinge, klinke ; Ger. klinqcn.] \i. clinked; pp. clinking, clinked.] To strike so as to make a small, sharp noise ; to clank. Some howl, some weep, some clink their iron chains. Fairfax. CLINK, v. n. To utter a small, sharp noise. Safe through the wet on clinking pattens tread. Gay. CLINK, 71. 1. A sharp, successive noise ; a clank. I heard the clink and fall of swords. Shak. 2. f A keyhole. Bailey § Todd. Tho’ creeping close, behind the wicket’s clink , Privily lie peeped out through a chink. Spenser. CLINK' ANT, a. [Fr. clinquant, tinsel.] Glitter- ing. — See Clinquant, [r.] Addison. CLINK'F.R (kltngk'er), n. 1. A mass of several bricks run together in the clamp or kiln from the violent action of the fire. Brande. 2. A cinder of iron. Ogilvie. 3. A vitrified substance, formed from the combustion of anthracite coal. CLINK'UR— BUILT (-bait), a. (Boat-building.) Built of clincher-work ; made with the lower edge of every plank overlying the next under it. — See Clincher-built. CLINK'— STONE, n. (Min.) A variety of feld- spathic rock, which rings when struck with a hammer; phonolite. Dana. CLi'NOID, a. [Gr. Kl.ivri, a bed, and fKoj, form.] (Anat.) Resembling a bed ; as, “ The clinoid processes.” ■ Dunglison. CLI-NOM'U-TUR, 7i. [Gr. kIIvio, to slope, and ylrpov, a measure.] (Min.) An instrument for measuring the dip of mineral strata. Brande. CLIN-O-MET'RIC, > (Mw .) Relating t0 CLlN-O-MET'RI-CAL, > clinometry. Phillips. CLl-NOM'U-TRY, 7t. (Mm.) The art of measur- ing the dip of mineral strata. Brande. CLIN' QUANT (kllngk'jnt), n. [Fr.] Tinsel finery ; false glitter. Craig. CLIN' QUANT (kllngk'ant), a. [Fr., titisel .] Glittering ; making a show with tinsel finery. [ r.] To-day the French, All clinquant, all in gold, like heathen gods. Shak. A clinquant petticoat of some rich stuff. Beau, y FI. CLl ' 6, 71. [L., from Gr. K hub ; slews or uhos, glory, renown.] 1. (Myth.) One of the nine Muses ; the pa- troness of history. Antlion. 2. (ZoOl.) A name given by Linnaeus to a genus of vermes, and by Cuvier to a genus of pteropodous mollusks. ' Brande. 3. (Astron.) An asteroid discovered by Hind in 1850. Lovering. CLIP, v. a. [A. S. clyppan, to embrace ; Sw. klippa ; Dan. klippe ; Ger. kippeln. — See Clasp.] [?'. clipped ; pp. clipping, clipped.] 1. t To embrace. “Neptune’s arms who clippeth thee about.” Shak. The lusty vine not jealous of the ivy Because she clips the elm. Beau. 8f FI. 2. To make shorter or narrower, by cutting the end or edge of any thing with shears ; to cut. Your shears come too late to clip the bird’s wings that already is flown. Sidney. The coin was so clipped that it was thought good to change the same. Stow. 3. To curtail ; to cut short ; to prune. Mrs. Mayoress clijiped the king’s English. Addison. 4. To shear ; to cut off, as wool. Brockctt. CLIP, v. n. (Falconry.) To move fast ; — with it. Some falcon stoons at what her eye designed, Straight flies at check, and clips it down the wind. Dryden. CLIP, n. 1. f An embrace. “Not used to frozen clips.” Sidney. 2. The act of shearing. Forby. 3. Thai which is sheared, as wool. Forby. CLIP'PUR, 71. 1. One who clips, or who dimin- ishes coin by clipping it. Coins . . . which had passed through the hands of an old Roman clipper. Addison. 2. A barber. Huloct. 3. A vessel with a sharp how and raking masts, built and rigged with a view to fast sail- ing ; — said to have been first built at Balti- more, U. S. CLIP'PING, n. 1. The act of embracing. “ Kiss- ing . . . and clipping.” Tttberville. 2. The act of making less by cutting the edge. “ Clippmg ... is robbing.” Locke. 3. A part cut off. “ The clippings of our beards.” Locke. CLIQUE (kick), 71. [Fr.] A party ; a coterie ; a set ; a gang ; — used in an ill sense. Brit. Crit. CLiaU'lSH (klek'jsh), a. Relating to a clique or party. Athenccum. CLiauT^M (klek'lzm), n. The spirit or principles of a clique. Ec. Lev. CLISH'— CLASH, v. n. To sound like the clash- ing of swords; to clash. “The weapons clish- clash.” Mir. for Mag. f CLlTCII, v. a. To take ; to clutch. He hath an earthen pot wherewith to clitch up water. Holland. CLl'VUR, or CLl'VUR§, 7i. A plant. — See Cleav- ers. Johnson. Crabb. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, !, 6, U, Y, short; A, U> l. 9, II, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CLOSE CLIVITY 255 CLlV'I-TY, n. Proportionate ascent or descent ; gradient. Tanner. CLO-J'CH, n. ; pi. cloacje. [L., a sewer.] ' 1. A subterranean aqueduc for drainage ; a common sewer. Phillips. 2. A sink : — a privy ; a jakes. Crabb. 3. The excrementory cavity in which, in birds, reptiles, many fishes, and some mam- mals, the intestinal canal, urinary ducts, and genital passages terminate. Brande. CLOAK (klok), n. [Gr. ’ L - chlamys ; A. S. lack, a garment ; M. cloag ; Gael, cloc, a cloak.] 1. A loose outer garment ; a mantle. “ Under a cloak that is of any length.” Shah. 2. Something used for concealment ; a mask. Not using your liberty fora cloak of maliciousness. lBet. ii. 1(1. CLOAK, V. a. [i. CLOAKED ; pp. CLOAKING, cloaked.] To cover as with a cloak ; to con- ceal by covering; to hide; to mask; to veil. “ To cloak her crimes.” Spenser. CLOAK' A^-E, n. The act of covering with a cloak. ’ [r.] Martineau. CLOAK'— BAG, n. A portmanteau ; a travelling- bag. “ Stuffed cloak-bag.” Shak. CLO AK'IJD-LY, ad. In a concealed manner. How the emperor . . . arrested also his merchants, and did cloakcdly begin war. King Edward VI., Burnet’s Hist. lief. CLOAK'ING, n. Concealment. Strype. CLOAK'LpSS, a. Without a cloak. Gascoigne. f CLOtJH'ARD (klosh'?rd), n. [Fr. cloche, a bell ; clocher, a belfry.] A belfry. Weaver. CLOCK, 7i. [A. S. clucga, or clugga, a bell and a clock ; Sw. klocka, a bell, a clock ; Dan. klokke, a bell, a clock ; Ger. glocke ; W. clocc ; Gael, clog.] 1. A machine which, by a combination of wheels moved by weights and regulated by a pendulum, measures time, and indicates it by pointers upon a dial-plate, and by strokes upon a bell : — a term formerly applied to a watch. To his [Donne] brother-in-law, Sir Thomas Grimes, he gave that striking clock which lie had long worn in his pocket. Walton. 2. An insect ; a sort of beetle. Phillips. 3. The ornamental embroidery about the . ankle of a stocking. His Btockings with silver clocks. Swift. What o’clock ? What is the hour of the clock ? “ About nine of the dock at night the king marched out of the North-port.” Clarendon. Syn. — Clock and dial are both timepieces. The clock strikes the hour, the dial shows it. CLOCK, v. a. To call, as the hen ; to cluck. — See Cluck. Ld. Northampton. CLOCK, v. 7i. [L. glocio.— A. S. cloccan ; Frs. klakke.] To make a noise like the hen. “Or brooding hen to clock.” The Silkworms, 1599. — See Cluck. CLOCK'— BEE-TLE, n. A noisy kind of beetle ; the Scarabceus stercorarius of Linnaeus. Crabb. CLOCK'-CASE, 71. The case of a clock. CLOCK'ING, 71. Clucking. “ A kind of clockmq and special noise.” Holland,. CLOCK'— MAK-I3R, n. One who makes clocks. CLOCK'— SET-TJJR, n. One who regulates clocks. CLOCK'— STAR, n. ( Astron .) A term applied to one of the bright stars, which, from their posi- tions having been exactly determined, are used for regulating astronomical clocks. Hind. CLOCK'— STOCK-ING, n. An embroidered stock- ing. Somerville. CLOCK'— WORK (-wiirk), n. A combination of mechanical movements like those of a clock. You look like a puppet moved by clock-work. Arbuthnot. CLOD, n. [A. S. clud, a rock, a hillock ; Dut. kluit, klont, a lump of earth ; Dan. klods, a block, a log; Gael, clod, a clod.] 1. A lump of earth ; a lump of clay. The clods of the valley shall be sweet unto him. Job xxi. 33. 2. The ground ; the earth ; turf. Bvzantians boast that on the clod Where once their sultan’s horse has trod h Grows neither grass, nor shrub, nor tree. Swift. 3. Any mass, lump, or concretion. “ Clods of a slimy substance.” Carao. “ Two massy clods of iron and brass.” Milton. 4. Any thing earthy or base. The spirit of man, Which God inspired, cannot together perish With this corporeal clod. Milton . CLOD, v. n. To gather into a mass ; to clot. “ Clodded gore.” Milton. CLOD, v. a. To pelt with clods. Johnson. CLOD'DY, a. Full of clods. “ The meagre cloddy earth.’’ Shak. CLOD'HOP-P^R, 71. A clown ; a rustic ; a labor- ing farmer; a ploughman. Bailey. CLOD'PATE, 71. A stupid fellow; a clodpoll. Shak. CLOD'PAT-ED, a. Stupid ; dull. Arbuthnot. CLOD'POLL, n. Athickskull; a dolt. Shak. CLOFF, n. [A. S. clougli, a cleft.] (Com.) An allowance of two pounds in a hundred-weight for the turn of the scale. — Same as Clough. ljQj= In the Dictionaries this word is written clougli, but practically, as here given, doff. Smart. CLOG, v. a. [Perhaps from log. Skinner. It may be from the Goth, lag-yan. Richardson. — W. clog, a stone.] [i. clogged ; pp. clogging, CLOGGED.] 1. To load with something so as to hinder motion ; to encumber with a weight. While clogged he beats his silken wings in vain. Pope. 2. To oppress with a burden of any sort. All the commodities are clogged with impositions. Addison. 3. To obstruct ; to impede. The guttered rocks and congregated sands, Traitors ensteeped to clog the guiltless keel. Shak. CLOG, v. n. 1. To be encumbered. The teeth of the saw will begin to clog. Sharp. 2. To coalesce ; to adhere. Move it sometimes, that the seeds clog not together. Evelyn. CLOG, n. [W. clog, a stone ; cleg, a lump.] 1. A weight put upon an animal to hinder motion. As a dog, committed close For some offence, by chance breaks loose, And quits his clog. Butler. 2. An encumbrance ; a hinderance ; an im- pediment. Weariness of the flesh is a heavy clog to the will. Hooker. 3. A kind of overshoe worn to keep the feet from wet ; a galoche. Johnson. 4. A wooden shoe. Harvey. CLOG’GI-NESS, n. The quality of being cloggy. CLOG'GING, n. An obstruction. More. CLOG'GY, a. Adhesive ; obstructing ; clogging up. “ Some grosser and cloggy parts.” Boyle. CLOG'— HEAD (-hed), 71. A name applied to a slender, round tower, attached to various Irish churches. Britton. CLOIS'TJSR, n. [L. clatistrum, an enclosure ; claudo, clausus, to shut up ; It. § Sp. claustro-, Fr. cloitre. — Dut. klooster; Sw., Dan., § Ger. kloster.] 1. A quadrangular arcade, surrounded by mo- nastic buildings, and enclosing an open space within, used formerly for the exercise of the monks. Francis. Weale. 2. A place of religious retirement ; a monas- tery ; a nunnery ; — so named from the arcade surrounding the inner court. Some solitary cloister will I choose. And there with holy virgins live immured. Dryden. 3. (Arch.) An arcade or a colonnade round an open court. Brande. Syn. — See Abbey. CLOIS'TIJR, V. a. \i. CLOISTERED ; pp. CLOIS- TERING. cloistered.] To shut up in a clois- ter ; to confine. Cloister thee in some religious house. Shak. CLOIS'T]JR-AL, a. Solitary ; recluse. “ Many cloisteral men of great learning.” Walton. CLOIS'TIJRED (kloTs'terd), p. a. 1. Inhabiting solitary cloisters. “ Cloistered friars.” Butler. 2. Built with peristyles or piazzas. The Greeks and Romans had commonly two cloistered open courts. I Votton. CL0lS'TJJR-£R, n. One belonging to a cloister. “Priests, and prelates, and cloisterers.” Strype. CLOIS'TRESS, n. A nun. [r.] Like a cloistress, she will veiled walk. Shak. CLOKE, n. See Cloak. Johnsoti. f CLOMB (klom) [klom, W. Sm . ; kluni, P. ; klom, Ja. K.], %. & p. from climb, climbed,. See Climb. CLOMP, v. 7i. [Probably a vulgar pronunciation of clamp.] To walk heavily as with thick-soled shoes ; to clamp. Hunter. f CLONG, i. Sep. from cling. Clung. — See Cling. CLON'IC, a. [Gr. k1.6pos, a violent motion ; Fr. clonique.] (Med.) Convulsive with alternate relaxation. “ A clonic spasm.” Dunglison. CLON'IC, n. (Med.) Convulsive motion with al- ternate relaxation. Dunglison. f CLOOM, v. a. [A. S. clccmian, to smear. “Cor- rupted from cleam, which is still used in some provinces.” Johnson .] To close with gluti- nous matter. Mortimer. CLO§E (kloz), v. a. [L. claudo, clausus, to shut ; Fr. clos, closed.] [i. closed ; pp. closing, closed.] 1. To shut; to shut up; as, “To close a door”; “ To close the eyes”; “ To close a book.” 2. To conclude ; to end ; to terminate ; to finish ; to complete. One frugal supper did our studies close. Dryden. 3. To enclose ; to confine. According to the gift which bounteous Nature Hath in him closed. Shak. 4. To join or unite, as parts separated; — with up. As soon as any public rupture happens, it is immediately closed up by moderation and good offices. Addison. CLO§E, v. n. To be brought together, as the parts of a thing separated ; to coalesce. They, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon them. Numb. xvi. 33. To close with , to come to an agreement with: — to grapple with, as in wrestling. — To close upon, to join in ; to agree upon. The jealousy of such a design in us would induce France and Holland to close upon some measures between them to our disadvantage. Temple. CLO§E (kloz), n. 1. The manner of closing or shutting ; junction. The doors of plank were; their close exquisite. Chapman. 2. End ; conclusion ; termination. At the close of the day, when the hamlet is still. Beattie. The setting sun, and music at the close, As the last taste of sweets, is sweetest last. Shak. 3. A grapple in wrestling. The king went of purpose into the north, ... to make him come to the close, and so to trip up his heels. Bacon. 4. (Mus.) A cadence. Moore. CLOSE (kl5s), n. [Fr. clos.] 1. A small place or field enclosed or sur- rounded by a fence or hedge ; a farm yard. I have a tree w T hich grows here in my close. Shak. 2. A narrow street ; a passage. Wright. 3. (Late.) The interest a person has in any piece of ground, whether enclosed or not. CLOSE (kids), a. 1. Shut fast ; closed. From a close bower this dainty music flowed. Spenser. 2. Not revealed; hidden; secret. A close intent at least to show me grace. Spenser. 3. Having an appearance of concealment ; sly. That close aspect of his Does show the mood of a much troubled breast. Shak. 4. Having a disposition to keep secrets. Constant you are, But yet a woman; and for secrecy, No lady closer. Shak. 5. Out of the way of observation or of dis- covery ; retired ; withdrawn ; concealed. Close, in the name of jesting, lie you here. Shak. He yet kept himself close because of Saul. 1 Chron. xii. 1. 6. Debarred from communication ; strictly watched. “ A close prisoner.” Johnson 7. Without ventilation ; impure from being stagnant, as air. The one [a low ceiling] maketli the air close, and not fresh. Bacon. 8. Causing a sense of lassitude ; uncomforta- bly warm ; oppressive ; — applied to the w'eather when there is little wind, and when heated air is confined by clouds or fog to the surface of the earth. Smart. 9. Having the parts pressed together ; dense ; solid ; compact. The inward substance of the earth is of itself a uniform mass, close and compact. Burrwt. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, S()N ; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , (?, $, g, soft; F, G, c, g, hard; § as z; X as gz. — THIS, this. CLOSE 256 CLOUD 10. Adjoining, or approaching nearly ; near. Plant the spring crocuses close to a wall.- Mortimer. Some (lire misfortune follows close behind. l i ope. 11. Narrow. “ A close alley.” Johnson. 12. Full to the point; pressed home. The arguments are not like to reach close on either side. Dryden. 13. Fixed; earnest; intense; as, “To give close attention to a subject.” 14. Concise ; compressed ; not diffuse. Where the original is close , no version can reach it in the same compass. Dryden. Fresnoy's close art, and Dryden's native fire. Tope. 15. Parsimonious ; penurious ; stingy. “ A crusty old fellow, as close as a vice.” Hawthorne. Close to the wind, (Jtonit.) directed so nearly to that point of tile compass from which the wind blows that it may just fill the sails without shaking them. Syn. — See Near. CLOSE (klos), ad. Closely. “ Close following pace by pace.” Milton. CLOSE'— BAND- 5 D, a. In close order. Milton. CLOSE'— II 6 D- TED (-jd), a. Fitting close to the body. “ A close-bodied coat.” Agliffc. CLOSE'— BY, a. Within a little distance of; very near. Pope. CLOSE'— COM-PACT'ED, a. Being in close order. CLOSE'— COUCHED, a. Concealed. Milton. CLOSE'— CUR-TAINED (-tjnd), o. Encircled with curtains. “ Close-curtained sleep.” Milton. CLOSE'-FlGHTS (-fits), n. pi. Bulk-heads erect- ed fore and aft in a ship to shelter the men in a close engagement. Oyilcie. CLOSE'— FlST-JJD, a. Penurious; stingy. “A griping, close-fisted fellow.” Bp. Berkeley. CLOSE'— CIRAT-^D, a. Shut up with close grat- ings. Young. CLOSE'— HAND-fD, a. Penurious ; covetous .Ilale. CLOSE’— IIAND-ED-NESS, n. Penuriousness ; stinginess ; niggardliness. Ilolyday. CLOSE'-HAULED (ldos'hlwld), a. (AW.) Not- ing the trim of a ship when brought as near to the wind as possible. Mar. Diet. CI.OSE'LY, ad. 1. In a close manner ; so as to leave no intervening space ; tightly. 2. Under strict confinement or rigid con- straint. Therefore has he closely m^wed her up. Shak. 3. Within a short distance ; nearly ; as, “ To follow closely.” 4. In conformity to a standard or a text. I hope I have translated close!// enough. Dnjden. 5. Secretly ; slyly. A Spaniard . . . sent some closely into the village in the dark of the night. Carew. 6. With fixed attention ; intently ; as, “ To look closely at a thing.” 7. With near connection ; intimately ; as, “ To be closely united or related.” CLOSE'N fSS, n. 1. State of being shut, or close. In drums, the closeness preserveth the sound. Bacon. 2. Recluseness ; solitude ; retirement. I thus neglecting worldly ends, all dedicated To closeness , and the bettering of my mind. Shak. 3. Disposition to secrecy. “ The extreme caution or closeness of Tiberius.” Bacon. 4. Compactness ; solidity. “ Combine into that closeness of texture.” Bentley. 5. Want of air ; want of ventilation. I took my leave, being half stifled by the closeness of the room. Swift. 6. Near connection ; union. The actions and proceedings of wise men run in greater closeness and coherence with one another. South. 7. Covetousness ; penuriousness. Irus judged, that while he could keep his poverty a secret, he should not feel it; he improved this thought into an affec- tation of closeness and covetousness. Addison. CLOSE'— PENT, a. Shut close. Dryden. CLOS'pH (kloz'cr), n. 1. A finisher; a concluder. 2. (Masonry.) A piece used to close in the end of a course of brick work. Weale. CLOSE'— STOOL, n. A chamber cabinet. Garth. CLO§'JET, n. [Dim. of close ; Fr. clos ; closeau, a small close. — Gael, closaid .] 1. A small, close, or private room or apart- ment. About this time, I happened to be with my lord treasurer, one evening, in his closet. Sir IV. Temple. 2. A small side-room or recess in which gar- ments or household utensils may be deposited. CLO^'ET, V. a. [t. CLOSETED ; pp. CLOSETING, CLOSETED.] 1. To shut up in a closet ; to shut up close. See Bedlam’s closeted and handcuffed charge Surpassed in frenzy by the mad at large. Cowper. 2. To take into a closet for a secret inter- view. Swift. CLO§'ET— DOOR, n. The door of a closet. CLOSE'— TONGUED (-tungd), a. Cautious in speaking ; silent. Shak. CL(>§'pT-SlN, n. A secret sin. Bp. Hall. CLOSH, n. 1. A disease in the feet of cattle; the founder. Martin. 2. A kind of game ; nine-pins. Scott. CLOSING, n. [A. S. clysing, or clysung.] An ending ; period ; conclusion. Todd. CLOS'ING, p. a. That closes; terminating; as, “ Ihe closing exercises.” CLOSURE (klo'zhur, 93), n. 1. The act of shut- ting up. The chink was carefully closed up; upon which closure there appeared not any change. Boyle. 2. That by which any thing is closed. I admire your sending your last to me quite open, without a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever. Pope. 3. Enclosure. Within the guilty closure of thy walls. Shat. 4. The act of closing ; conclusion ; end. We T1 hand in hand all headlong east us down, And make a mutual closure of our house. Shah. CLST, n. [Dut. kluit, a clod. — See Clod.] 1. t A clod. The ploughman must beware that the clots ride not one upon another’s back. Holland. 2. Any thing clotted ; concretion ; coagula- tion. “ Clots of ropy gore.” Addison. 3. A dull, stupid man. — See Clod. Feats of fine understanding To abuse clots and clowns with. B. Jonson. Jfcjf* “ Clot and clod were only different spellings once of the same word ; yet now it is always clots of blood and clods of earth.” Trench . CLOT, V. n. [t. CLOTTED ; pp. CLOTTING, CLOT- TED.] 1. To form into clots, or clods ; to concrete ; to coagulate. “The clotted glebe.” Phillips. “ Clotted blood.” Boyle. 2. To cover with clots. Th’ encumbered wheels, O'er heroes driven, and clotted with their gore. Glover. 3. To defile, as with clots. The soul grows clotted by contagion. Milton. CLOT'— BIRD, n. The cenanthe or ortolan. Todd. CLOT'BUR, n. ( Bot .) A plant ; the common bur- dock ; Arctium. Booth. II CLOTH (kl5th or kldwtli) [kloth, IV. P. F. E. Ja. Sm.; klSuvth, S. J. K. I Vb.], n. : pi. cloths (kl&wthz or klothz). [A. S. clath ; Dut. kleed ; Ger. kleid ; Dan. Sw. klade.'] 1. A texture or fabric woven of wool, cotton, linen, hair, &c. ; any thing woven for dress or other covering. 2. A covering for a table ; a table-cloth. The musty wine, foul cloth , or greasy glass. Pope. 3. + Canvas on which pictures are delineated. This idea . . . descends upon the marble and the cloth. Dryden. 4. A clergyman’s dress, as symbolizing the clerical profession. CLOTHE, v. a. p. clothed, (f clad) ; pp. CLOTHING, CLOTHED, CLAD.] 1. To cover with clothes ; to invest with gar- ments ; to dress ; to attire. The Britons, in Crrsar's time, painted their bodies, and clothed themselves with the skins of beasts. Swift. 2. To provide with garments ; as, “ He was fed and clothed at the public expense.” 3. To invest, as with clothes. Let both use the clearest language in which they can clothe their thoughts. Watts. CLOTHE (kloth), v. n. To wear clothes, [r.] Care no more to clothe and eat. Shak. || CLOTHE^ (klothz or kloz) [klothz, P. F. Sin.; kloz, S. J. E . ; klothz or kloz, W. Ja.], n. pi. 1. Garments for the human body ; vesture ; clothing ; dress ; raiment ; apparel ; attire. 2. Blankets and other covering put upon a bed ; bed-clothes ; as, “ To sleep under a great weight of clothes.” Syn. — Clothes are made to cover the body, and are worn tor decency and for comfort ; dress, is made to adorn tile body, and is worn for ornament. Raiment and vesture are less common terms, used on less com- mon occasions ; clothes, on all occasions. Warm clothes; rich dresses; gay attire ; common apparel . — See Apparel. || CLOTHE^'— bAs-KIJT, n. A large basket for holding or carrying clothes. || CLOTHE§'-BRUSH, n. A brush for brushing clothes. Booth. || CLOTHE^'— HORSE, n. A frame for hanging clothes on to dry, after they are washed. Green. II CLOTHE^'— MAN, n. ; pi. CLOTHES-MEN. A dealer in clothes. P. Mag. || CLOTHE^'— PRESS, n. A depository for clothes. CLOTH'IflR (kloth'yer), n. 1. A maker of cloth. The clothier coins by carding locks of wool. Gascoifine. 2. A seller of cloth, or of clothes. Clarke. 3. A fuller. [U. S.] Pickering. CLOTH'ING, n. Dress; vesture. “Your bread and clothing depend upon it.” Swift. Syn. — See Apparel. CLOTH'ING, p. a. Furnishing with clothes; hav- ing clothes ; as, “ A clothing store.” || CLOTH'— PRESS-ING, n. The act of pressing cloth ; act of pressing stuffs when cold. Booth. || CLOTH'— SHEAR-gR, n. One who trims the cloth and levels the nap. Hakewill. || CLOTH'— WORK-JJR, n. A maker of cloth. “ The clothiers and the cloth-workers.” Hall. || CLOTH'— WORK-ING, n. The making of cloth. CLOT'POLL, n. Thickskull ; clodpoll. Shak. CLOT'T^D, p. a. Coagulated; formed into clots. “Redness . . . like that of clotted blood.” Boyle. fCLOT'TJR, v. n. To concrete; to clot. Sliddering through clattered blood and holy mire. Dryden. CLOT'TING, n. Coagulation ; a clotted sub- stance. Crabb. CLOT'TY, a. Full of clots. Harvey. CLOUD, n. [Of doubtful etymology. — Gr. kH" Suv, a wave, Junius : — L. claudo, to shut, Minsheu : — Goth, glate, a clear vapor, Serenius : — A. S. ge-hlod, covered, hlidan, to cover, Tooke ; — Dut. klad, a blot, a spot : — Eng. clod, Somner .] 1. A collection of watery particles in the state of vapor, suspended in the air at some height, and so far condensed as to be visible. A cloud is nothing but a mist flying high in air, as a mist is nothing but a cloud here below. Locke. 2. Any thing that covers or obscures in the manner of a cloud ; any thing that resembles a cloud ; as, “ The clouds or veins in marble ” ; “ Clouds of smoke ” ; “ Clouds of dust.” 3. Any state of obscurity or darkness. “ The clouds of sorrow.” Shak. Though poets may of inspiration boast. Their rage, ill-governed, in the clouds is lost. Waller. 4. A multitude ; a crowd. “ So great a cloud of witnesses.” Heb. xii. 1. CLOUD, v. a. \i. clouded ; pp. CLOUDING, CLOUDED.] 1. To cover with clouds ; to darken with clouds ; as, “ The sun is clouded.” 2. To darken or obscure, as with a cloud. “ Vapors to cloud and darken the clearest truths.” Decay of Piety. No beauty beaming on his clouded mind. Mason. 3. To variegate with dark veins or spots. Made of the clouded olive’s easy grain. Pope. 4. To sully : to defame. I would not be a stunder-by to hear My sovereign mistress clouded so. Shak. CLOUD, v. n. To grow cloudy. Shak. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, J, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CLOUDAGE 257 CLUB-GRASS CLOUD'A^E, n. The state of being cloudy; cloudiness, [it.] Coleridge. CLOUD'-AS-CEND'JNG, a. Mounting to the clouds. ‘ . Sandys. CLOUD' BER-RY, n. ( Bot .) A species of bramble ; Rubus chamcemorus: — the fruit of the Rubus chatncemorus. Gray. CLOUD'— BORN, a. Born of a cloud. Dryden. CLOUD'-CATT, a. Topped with clouds. The cloml-ca.pt towers, the gorgeous palaces. Shak. CLOUD'— COM- PEL' LIJR, n. He who collects the clouds; — an epithet of Jupiter. Ogilvie. CLOUD'— COM- PEL 'LING, a. Driving, or collect- ing, the clouds ; — an epithet applied to Jupiter. Bacchus, the seed of cloud-compelling Jove. Walter. Abyssinia’s cloud-compelling cliffs. Thomson. CLOUD'— COV-1JRED. a. Covered with clouds. CLOUD'— DIS-PEL' LING, a. Dispelling the clouds. CLOUD'— 5-CLIPS ED', a. Eclipsed by a cloud. CLOUD'— GIRT, a. Girt with clouds. Ogilvie. CLOUD'I-LY, ad. In a cloudy manner ; obscurely. We seem to be to seek what the chief and highest good su- perior to knowledge ... is; and it cannot be denied but that Plato sometimes talks too metaphysically and cloudily about it. Cuaworth. CLOUD'I-NESS, n. The state of being cloudy. Shak. CLOUD'— KISS-ING, a. Touching the clouds. Shak. CLOUD'LESS, a. Free from clouds ; clear. “ Cloudless skies.” “ Cloudless night.” Cheyne. CLOUD'LgT, n. A little cloud. Sat. Mag. CLOUD'— TOPT, a. Having the top covered with clouds ; cloud-capt. Gray. CLOUD'— TOUCH-; NG, a. Ascendingto the clouds ; cloud-kissing. Sandys. CLOUD' Y, a. 1. Covered with clouds; clouded; as, “A cloudy sky.” 2. Consisting of a cloud, or of clouds. He spake unto them in the cloudy pillar. Ps. xcix. 7. 3. Not intelligible ; obscure ; dark. “ Cloudy and confused notions of things.” Watts. 4. Not cheerful; gloomy; dismal. “When cloudy looks are cleared.” Spenser. 5. Wanting brightness or clearness. “Before the wine grows cloudy.” Sioift. 6. Marked with spots or veins ; as, “ Cloudy marble.” CLOUGH (kluf or klof) [kluf, Ja. K. Sm. Wb . ; klof, P. F . ; klba, IF.], n. 1. [A. S. clough. ] The cleft of a hill ; a cliff. 2. A narrow glen. [Northumberland.] A clough or clowgh is a kind of breach or valley down a slope from the side of a hill, where commonly crags and trees do grow. Verstegan. 3. An allowance in weight, for the turn of the scale ; cloff. — See Cloff. Johnson. ■8®= “ This word was formerly used to signify an allowance in weight, when it was pronounced as if written cloff. Good usage lias distinguished these different significations by different spellings.” IValker. CLOUT, n. 1. [A. S. clut, a little cloth ; a clout ; A. S. gecluted, clouted; Sw. klut ; Dan. klud. ] A cloth for any mean use. Thereon lay a little child lapped in clouts. Piers Plouhman. 2. A patch on a garment or a shoe. Wickliffe. 3. Anciently a mark of white cloth, at which archers shot. He would have clapped in the clout at twelve score. S/ia/c. 4. An iron plate, to keep an axletree from wearing. Johnson. 5. A blow with the fist ; a stroke. [Low.] — See Clout, v. a. “ Kick, cuff, and clout.' Mayne. 6. [Fr. clou , a nail ; clovter, to adorn with nails, to stud.] A short nail. Wright. CLOUT, V. a. [t. CLOUTED ; pp. CLOUTING, CLOUTED.] 1. To patch ; to mend. He clouteth the old broken holes with patches. Bale. 2. To cover with a cloth. A noisy, impudent beggar showed a leg clouted up. Tatter. 3. To join awkwardly or clumsily. Many sentences of one meaning clouted up together.-dlsc^am. 4. [Perhaps Dut. khuio , a blow ; klouwen , to strike. Todd.] To beat; to strike. Pav him o’er the pate: clout him for all his courtesies. _ Beau, tf FI. 5. fTo wound; to bruise; to hurt. I wasted them and so clouted them that they could not arise. 2 Sam. xxii. 39. Trans. Biule, 1551. CLOUT'^D, p. a. 1. Patched; mended. Old shoes and clouted upon their feet. Joshua ix. 5. 2. Studded with nails. I thought he slept, and put My clouted brogues from off my feet, whose rudeness Answered my steps too loud. Shak. This is Mason’s interpretation of the word as used by Shakspeare in this passage. Dr. Johnson and others think it bears here the sense of patched . Milton uses the word in a similar connection : — The dull swain Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon. Clouted cream , [corruptly used for clotted.] Cream produced on the surface of milk by setting it in a pan on a hot hearth. Brande. With flawns, and clouted cream , and country dainties stored. Drayton. f CLOUT'JgR-LY, a. Clumsy ; awkward. Clouterly , perhaps, is like any thing clouted , patched or botched; i. e. clumsy. liichardson. CLOUT'— NAIL, n. A short nail, with a large head, for the soles of strong shoes. CLO'VATE, a. [From clove.] (Conch.) Thicker at the top, or the end, than at the base. Clarke. CLOVE, i. from cleave. See Cleave. CLOVE, n. 1. [L. clavus, a nail. — A. S. clufe, an ear of corn, a clove, — so called from its similitude in shape to a nail : — Sp. clavo, a nail, a clove ; Fr. clou, a nail, a clove.] An East- Indian spice, being the dried bud of the clove- tree (Caryophyllus aromaticus). Loudon. 2. One of the smaller bulbs formed in the axillae of the scales of a mother bulb, as in garlic. Brande. Each clove of garlic is a sacred power. Tate's Juvenal. 3. A division of a weight or wey of cheese, wool, &c., in Suffolk and Essex, England. In the former, 32 cloves (256 pounds) are a wey ; in the latter, 42 cloves (336 pounds). A wey of wool divides into 26 cloves. Ogilvie. CLOVE'— R-GRAPE, n. A small, black grape. Mortimer. CLUS'TpR-ING,/). a. Gathering into clus- . ters. “ Clustering locks.” Milton. CLUS'T£R-Y, a. Growing in clusters, or bunches ; bunchy, [r.] Johnson. CLUTCH, v. a. [A. S. gelaccan, to seize.] \i. clutched ; pp. clutching, CLUTCHED.] 1. To gripe ; to grasp ; to seize. Is this a dagger that I see before me. The handle' toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. Shak. 2. To contract the hand. “ The power to clutch my hand.” Shak. CLUTCH, n. 1. Gripe ; grasp; seizure. “ I have thee in my clutch.” Sir T. More. 2. (Mech.) An apparatus for engaging, or dis- engaging, two shafts. Francis. 3. pi. The paws or talons of a rapacious ani- mal. “ To fall into the clutches of a cat.” L' Estrange. 4. pi. The hands, in the sense of rapacity or cruelty. I must have little care of myself, if I ever more come near the clutches of such a giant. StiUinyJlcet. CLU'THAL-iTE, n. (Min.) A congeries of im- perfect crystals, of vitreous lustre, forming nodules in amygdaloid. Dana. CLUT'TpR, n. [See Clatter.] A bustle ; a confused noise ; clatter : — a confused mass. Prithee, Tim, w hy all this clutter ? Why ever in these raging fits? Swift. CLUT'TgR, v. a. [Ger. kliittern, to clatter. — See Clatter.] [i. cluttered ; pp. cluttering, cluttered.] 1. To clot ; to coagulate. It killeth them by cluttering their blood. Holland. 2. To encumber with a confused mixture of things ; as, “ To clutter a room.” CLUT'TfR, v. n. To make a noise or bustle ; to clatter. Johnson. CLYP-IJ-As'TIJR, n. [L. clypeus, a shield, and aster, a star.] (ZoOl.) A genus of sea-urchins of a flattened, shield-like form. Brande. CLYP'E-ATE, a. [L. clypeus, a shield.] (Bot.) Resembling a round buckler ; shield-like ; scutate. P. Cyc. CLYP'E-I-FORM, «• [L. clypeus, a shield, and forma, form.] (Ent.) Shaped like a shield ; — applied to the large prothorax of beetles. Owen. CLY§'M{-AN, a. [Gr. k X lnrpa, a place washed by the waves.] Relating to the deluge. Smart. CLY^'MIC, a. [Gr. uXuapdf, a washing out.] Wash- ing ; cleansing. Craig. CLYS'TFIR [klis'ter, W. P. E. Ja. Sm. ; glls'ter, S. J. F. K.], n. [Gr. Kt.inxrrjp ; k?.u(oi, to wash ; L. clyster; Fr. clystere.— Dut. St Dan. klisteer; Ger. klystier ; Sw. klistir .] (Med.) A liquid thrown into the rectum or large intestine, by means of a syringe, pipe, or tube. Arbuthnot. tCL’YS'TJJR-IZE, V. n. [Gr. Kt-varr/pi^io ; L. clys- terizo. ] To apply a clyster. Cotgrave. CLYS'TfR— PIPE, n. The pipe by which a clys- ter is injected. \V. Smith. CLYS'TIfR— Wl§E, ad. In the manner of a clys- ter. Greenhill. CNi'CUS (nl'kus), n. [L., from Gr. kvT\ko ;, safflower.] COADJUMENT A genus of rough, prickly plants ; horse-this- tle. Loudon. CNID'J-UM, n. [Gr. nvlbri, a nettle.] A genus of deciduous herbaceous plants. Loudon. CO-, COG-, COL—, COM-, CON-, COR-, a pre- fix of Latin origin, signifying, in most of the words compounded with it, with, together , joint- ly , mutually, at the same time, union of parts, and the like ; its form varying with tbe letter or sound that follows. — See Con. DSF Co is used when the word with which it is joined begins with a vowel, as ro-eval, co-existent, co-eternal, co-incident ; con, when the word begins witiia consonant, as contemporary, conjuncture, &.C., with the exception of co parcenary, co parcener, co- parceny, co-partner, and co-partnership. — See Con- temporary. c6-A-CER'VATE, v. a. [L. coacervo, coaccrva- tus ; It. coacervare .] To heap up. [r.] Howell. CO-A-CER'VATE, a. Accumulated; heaped up ; — applied particularly, by the old physiologists, to certain secretions or excretions long re- tained. Brande. CO-Ay-5R-vA'TION, n. [L. coacervatio .] The act of heaping together, [r.] Bacon. COACH (koclr), n. [Dut. koets ; Ger. kutsche ; It. cocchio; Sp. <5; Fr. coche.\ 1. A four-wheeled pleasure carriage ; a vehi- cle for state, for pleasure, and for travelling. In the year 1504, Guyllinm Boorcn, a Dutchman, became the queen’s coachman, and w as the first that brought the use of coaches into England. Stowe. About 1580, the use of coaches was introduced by the Earl of Arundel. Anderson. 2. A cant term for a private tutor. [Cam- bridge Univ., Eng.] Bristed. 3. (Naut.) An apartment in a large ship of war near the stern, the roof of which is formed by the poop. Ogilvie. COACH, v. a. To carry in a coach. B. Jonson. COACH, v. n. To ride or travel in a coach. Hood. COACH'— BOX, n. The seat on which the driver of the coach sits. Arbuthnot. COACH'-DOG, n. A handsome spotted dog, kept chiefly as an attendant on the carriage ; — called also the Dalmatian dog. Bell. COACH'— DR IV- yR, n. One who drives a coach ; a coachman. Coach -dog. Johnson. COACH'FUL, n. ; pi. coach'f0l$. As many as a coach will hold. Addison. COACH'-HIRE, n. Money paid for the use of a coach. “ Expenses in coach-hire." Spectator. COACH'— HORSE, n. A horse for drawing a coach. COACH'— HOUSE, n. The house in which the coach is kept. Swift. COACH'— MAK-yR, n. One who makes coaches. COACH'MAN, n. ; pi. COACHMEN. The driver of a coach ; coach-driver. South. COACH 'MAN-SHIP, n. The art, or the skill, of a coachman. Jenyns. COACH'— WHEEL, n. The wheel of a coach. f CO-ACT', v. a. [L. cogo, coactus, to compel.] To force ; to compel. “ The inhabitants . . . were coacted.” Hall. f CO-ACT', v. n. To act together. Shak. f CO-ACT'ED, p. a. Forced. B. Jonson. CO-AC'TTON, n. [Fr. coaction.'] Compulsion; force, either restraining or impelling. South. CO-ACT'IVE, a. [Fr . coactif.] 1. Compulsory ; restraining. “ Coactive power.” Raleigh. 2. Acting in concurrence. Shak. CO-ACT'IVE-LY, ad. In a coactive manner. CO-AC-TIV'I-TY, n. Unity of action. More. CO-AD'JU-MENT [ko-Sd'ju-ment, S. IF. Ja. Sm. ; ko-ail-jd'inent, P. /?.], n. [L. con, with, and adju- mentum, assistance.] Mutual aid, help, or as- sistance. [r.] Johnson. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, 0, Y, short ; A, y, J, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; COADJUTANT 259 COARSE CO-AD'JU-TANT [ko-&d'ju-t5nt, S. W. P. E. Ja. Sm. ; ko-ad-ju'tsmt, K. I Vb.],a. [L. con, with, and adjuto, adjutans, to help.] Helping ; assisting ; cooperating. Phillips. CO-AD'JU-TANT, n. An assistant ; an associate ; a coadjutor. Pope. CO-Ad'JU-TING, p. a. Helping. Drayton. CO-AD'jy-TlVE, a. Coadjutant. Feltham. CO-AD-JU'TOR [ko-ad-ju'tor, S. IF. P. J. F. Ja. K. Sm. R. C. Wb. ; ko-Sd'ju-tur, E. Dyche, Salmon, Crabb ], n. [L. con, with, and adjutor, a helper ; It. coadjutore ; Sp. coadjutor ; Fr . co- adjuteur .] 1. A fellow-helper ; an associate ; an assist- ant ; an ally. Dryden. 2. ( Eccl .) One who is appointed to assist a bishop, or other prelate. Brande. Syn. — A coadjutor is superior to an assistant or helper. A coadjutor is a voluntary fellow-laborer, equal to the person with whom he acts ; an assistant or helper is inferior, acting a subordinate part. CO-AD-JU'TOR-SHIP, tl. The state of being a coadjutor. Strype. Qu. Rev. CO-AD-JU'TRESS, n. Coadjutrix. “The minis- tresses and coadjutresses of justice.” Holland. CO-AD-JU'TRJX, n. A female fellow-helper; a female assistant. Smollett. CO-AD-JU'TRIX-SHIP, n. The state of a coadju- trix. For. Qu. Rev. CO-AD'JU-VAN-CY, n. [L. con, with, and ad/uvo, adjuvans, to help.] Concurrent help. “ Some concurrence or coadjuvancy.” [it.] Browne. CO-Ad'U-NATE, a. [L. coaduno, coadunatus, to join together.] ( Bot .) United at the base ; joined together. Brande. CO-Ad-U-NA'TION, n. [Lr coadunatio.] Union. “No coadunation, no authority.” J. Taylor. CO-AD-U-NF'TION (ko-Sid-u-nlsh'un), n. A union of different substances. “ The coadunition of particles.” [it.] Hale. CO-AD-VENT'U-RyR, n. A fellow-adventurer. “ A coadventurer in that expedition.” Howell. t CO-AF-FOR'yST, v. a. To convert ground into forest ; to afforest. Howell. CO-A'OIJN-CY, n. Joint agency. Coleridge. CO-A'CjjyNT, n. An associate in an act. “This coagent of your mischiefs.” Beau. § FI. CO-A^r'I-TATE, v. a. To move or agitate togeth- er. [r.] Blount. f CO-AG-MENT', v. a. To heap together. Glanville. + CO-Ag-MIJN-TA'TION, n. [L. coagmentatio .] The act of heaping together; collection ; con- junction ; combination. B. Jonson. CO-Ag-U-LA-BIL'I-TY, n. The capacity of being coagulated, [r.] Clarke. CO-Ag'U-LA-BLE, a. Capable of concretion .Boyle. CO-AG'U-lAnt, n. [Fr. coagulant, coagulative.] ( Med.) A substance that coagulates. Dunglison. CO-Ag'U-LATE, v. a. [L. coagido, coagulatus ; It. coagulare ; Sp. coagular ; Fr. coaguler.] [i. COAGULATED ; pp. COAGULATING, COAGULAT- ED.] To force into concretions ; to curdle. “ Milk . . . which is coagulated ." Arbuthnot. CO-Ag'U-LATE, v. n. To run into concretions; to curdle. “ Spirit of wine commixed with milk coagulateth little.” Bacon. CO-Ag-U-LA'TION, n. [L. coagulatio ; Fr. coagu- lation .] 1. The act of coagulating; the solidification of a liquid produced without evaporation, and without crystallization ; concretion. P. Cyc. 2. That which is coagulated. Arbuthnot. CO-Ag'U-LA-TIvE, a. Producing coagulation. “ I o manifest the coagulative power.” Boyle. CO-Ag'U-LA-TOR, n. That which coagulates. “ Coagulators of the humors.” Arbuthnot. CO-AG'U-LA-TO-RY, a. Tending to coagulate or unite ; coagulative. Boyle. CO-Ao 1 U-LtjM, ii. [L.] 1. A substance that causes coagulation, as rennet. Crabb. 2. (Med.) A curdled or coagulated substance, as the clot of blood ; a concretion. Dunglison. CO'— AID, n. A fellow-helper; a coadjutor: — conjunctive assistance. Pope. COAK, n. 1. Mineral or fossil coal from which the volatile matter has been expelled by heat- ing it in closed vessels. — See Coke. Johnson. 2. pi. (Naut.) Tabular projections let into the ends of pieces to be joined, to prevent their being drawn apart. Dana. COAK'ING, n. (Naut.) The operation of uniting two pieces of wood at the ends by means of tabular projections. Dana. Weale. COAL (kol), n. [A. S. col ; Frs. koal; Dut. kool; Ger . kohle; Sw. kol ; Dan. kul.] 1. A solid, inflammable substance, of a black color, found in the earth as a fossil, or obtained by the partial combustion of wood ; the carbo- naceous residue of vegetable matter partially burned ; as, “ Anthracite coal ” ; “Bituminous coal ” ; “ Coal from wood.” 2. A combustible substance in a state of ig- nition. There shall not be a coal to warm at. Isa. xlvii. 14. To call over the coals, or to haul over the coals, to call to a severe account; to reprimand. — To carry coals, to bear injuries. COAL, v. a. I. To burn to charcoal. “Wood when it is coaled.” Carew. 2. To delineate or write with a coal. “ He coaled out rhymes upon the wall.” [r.] Camden. COAL, v. n. To take a supply of coal on board of a steamboat or a steamship. , Choules. COAL'— BAS-KgT, n. A large basket for carry- ing or measuring coal. Ogilvie. COAL'— BLACK, a. Black as coal. Spenser. COAL'— BOX, n. A box to carry coals to the fire. “ A coal-box, a bottle, a broom.” Swift. COAL'— CART, n. A cart used for carrying coal. COAL'— DUST, n. Dust arising from coal. Seward. COAL'£-RY, n. A place where coals are dug; a coal-mine ; a colliery, [r.] Woodward. CO- A-LESfiE' (ko-a-les'), v. n. [L. coalesco ; Old Fr. coalescer .] [i. coalesced ; pp. coalescing, COALESCED.] 1. To come, or to be brought, together into one mass or substance, as separate particles of matter; to become consolidated. Vapors, . . . when they begin to coalesce and constitute globules. Newton. 2. To unite in harmony ; to come to an agree- ment ; to combine ; to unite. Parties coalesce when they agree to lay aside their leading distinctions of opinion 60 as to cooperate. Crabb. Syn. — See Add. CO-A-LES'CIJNCE (ko-a-les'sens), n. [It. coales- cenza ; Fr. coalescence .] Act of coalescing ; con- cretion ; union ; coalition. Glanville. CO-A-LES'CjENT, a. [Fr. coalesccnt.] Uniting to- gether into one mass or substance. Boyle. CO-A-LES'CpNT, n. He who, or that which, co- alesces. Athenaum. COAL'— FIELD, n. A field or land containing coal. Dr. Thomson. COAL'— FIRE, n. A fire of which coal is the fuel. COAL'— FISH, n. (Ich.) A species of European cod ; Merlangus carbonarius ; — so called from the dusky pigment of the skin, which soils the fingers like coal. Baird. COAL'— FIT-TER, n. A factor who conducts the sales between the owner of a coal-pit and the shipper of coals. Twiss. COAL'— gAs, n. A gas procured from bituminous coal ; carburetted hydrogen. Hamilton. COAL'— HOD, n. A utensil for holding a small supply of coal ; a coal-scuttle. Forby. COAL'— HOLE, n. 1. An apartment in ships for holding coal. Clarke. 2. An opening in a sidewalk, or elsewhere, through which to put coal. CO AL'— HOUSE, n. A place to put coals in. Junius. CO-A-LITE', v. n. [L. coalesco, coalitus .] To coalesce ; to unite. “ Let them continue to co- alite.” [r.] Bolinybroke. CO-A-LITE', v. a. To cause to coalesce. “Time has . . . blended and coalited the conquered with the conquerors.” Burke. CO-A-LI''TION (ko-a-llsh'un), n. [Fr. coalition.] 1. Union of particles into one mass. ’Tis necessary that these atoms should unite into great masses; without such coalition, chaos must have reigned to all eternity. lienlley. 2. Union of persons into one body or party,; alliance ; confederacy ; league ; combination. No coalition which carries in its bosom the unreconciled principles of the original discord of parties ever was or will be a healing coalition. Burke. Syn. — See Alliance. CO-A-LP'TION-IJR, n. One who unites in a co- alition ; coalitionist. Byron. CO- A-Ll''TION-IST (ko-fi-Hsh'un-Tst), n. An ad- vocate for coalition. ‘ Spectatoi-. CO-AL-LY', n. A joint ally. Clarke. COAL'-MAN, n. ; pi. coal-men. One who deals in coal ; one who carries coal. Qu. Rev. COAL'-MEAS-URE (kol'mezh-ur, 93), 11 . 1. A measure for coal. Thomson. 2. pi. (Geol.) Beds or strata of coal ; the car- boniferous group. Brande. COAL'— MER-CHANT, n. One who deals in coals. COAL'— ME-T gR, n. One who superintends the measuring of coal. Smart. COAL'— MINE, n. A mine in which coals are dug ; a coal-pit ; a colliery. Mortimer. COAL'— n. One who works in a coal- mine. Junius. COAL'— MOUSE, n. A small species of titmouse with a black head. — See Cole-mouse. Clarke. COAL'— PIT, n. 1. A pit in which coals are dug. 2. A place where charcoal is made. [U. S.] COAL'-PLANT, n. An impression of a plant found on fossil coal. P. Cyc. COAL'— SCUT-TLE, n. A utensil for holding a supply of coal for a parlor fire. COAL'— SHIP, n. A ship that carries coals ; a collier. Junius. COAL'— STONE, n. A sort of hard coal. Woodward. COAL'— TAR, n. Tar made from bituminous coal. Weale. COAL'— WORK (-wiirk), n. A place where coals are found ; a coal-mine. Tilton. COAL'Y (ko'le), a. 1. Like coal ; black as coal. “ Coaly ravens.” Sidney. 2. Noted for coal. “ Coaly Tine.” Milton. COAM'|NG§, n. pi. (Naut.) The raised edges around a ship’s hatches. Weale. CO-AN-NEX', v. a. To annex mutually or joint- ly. [r.] Hooker. CO- AP-PR£-HEND', v. a. To apprehend with another, [r.] Clarke. CO-AP-TA'TION, ii. [L. con, with, and apto, aptatus, to fit; Fr. coaptation.] 1. The adjustment of parts to each other. “ Coaptation of the several parts.” Boyle. 2. (Surgery .) The act of setting a bone. “ Co- aptation must be effected gently.” Dunglison. f CO-ARCT', v. a. [L. coarcto ; Old Fr. coarcter.] To confine ; to restrain. Ayliffe. f CO-ARC'TATE, v. a. [L. coarcto, coarctatus.] To confine; to coarct. Fuller. CO-ARC-TA'TION, n. [L. coarctatio ; Sp. coar- tacion ; Fr. coarctation.] 1. f Confinement; restraint. Ray. 2. The contraction in the width of a canal, &c. COARSE (kors), a. [L. crassus, gross. — “Proba- bly a corrupted form of gross. The metathesis of r is common in all languages.” Sullivan.] 1. Oflarge size ; not fine ; as, “ Coarse sand.” Sewing silks the coarsest that they use in Russeland. Hackluyt, 2. Made of large fibres or of large particles; as, “ Coarse cloth ” ; “ Coarse bread.” 3. Not purified ; crude ; rough. MiEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — Q, $, 9 , g, soft; £, G, £, g, hard; § as z; % as gz. — THIS, this. COARSELY 260 COBRA-DE-CAPELLO I feel Of what coarse metal ye are moulded. Shak. 4. Mean ; vile ; not elegant. A coarse and useless dunghill weed. Otway. 5. Gross ; not delicate ; indelicate ; indecent. Yet 't was our curse that blessings flowed too fast, Or we hud appetites too coarse to taste. Otway. 6. Unpolished; rude; uncivil; as, “A man coarse in manners or in language.” Syn. — Coarse, rough, and rude are all equally ap- plied to substances or things not polished by art ; and they have also figurative applications. Coarse cloth, bread, language ; rough surface, manners ; rude con- struction, appearance, or language : — gross or uncivil language or manners ; inelegant style ; indelicate re- mark ; mean or vile conduct. — See Broad. CO ARSE'LY, ad. In a coarse manner. COARS'EN (kor’sn), v. a. To make coarse ; to render vulgar, [it.] Graham. COARSE'N#SS, n. The state of being coarse ; as, “ Coarseness of material ” ; “ Coarseness of manners or of language.” Consider the penuriousness of the Hollanders, the coarse- ness of their food and raiment. Addison. CO-AR-TlC-U-LA'TION, n. ( Anat .) The structure of the bones in forming a joint. Crabb. CO-AS-SESS'OR, n. A joint assessor. Ogilvie. CO-AS-SUME', v. a. [L. con, with, and assitmo, to take up, to adopt.] To assume a thing at the same time with something else. Was it not enough to assume our nature, but thou must coassume the weaknesses of nature. Walsall, Life of Christ. COAST (kost), n. [L. costa, a rib, a side ; It. Sp. costa ; Fr. cute.— Dut. £$ Sw. kust ; Ger. kilste ; Dan. kgst.] 1. The side of any thing, [r.] Some kind of virtue, lodged in some sides of the crystal, inclines and bends the rays towards the coast of unusual re- fraction. Newton. 2. The side, border, or frontier of a country. They began to pray him to depart out of their coasts. J lark v. 17. Ilcrod . . . slew all the children that were in Bethlehem and in all the coasts thereof. Matt. ii. 16. 3. The edge, border, or margin of a country bounded by the sea ; the shore. Would you, my friend, true bliss obtain, Nor press the coast nor tempt the main. Cotton's Horace. Syn. — Coast is that part of land or of a country bordering on the sea, and visible from the sea ; shore is the edge of land washed by the waves ; strand , the strip of shore between high and low water-mark. COAST (kost), v. n. p. coasted ; pp. COASTING, COASTED.] 1. f To go near to or to the side of. Berners. 2. To sail along the coast. The ancients coasted only in their navigation, seldom tak- ing the open sea. Arbuthnot. 3. To slide on a sled down the side of a hill upon snow or ice. [U. S.] COAST, v. a. 1. f To keep close by the side of. William Douglas still coasted the Englishmen, doing them what damage he might. llolinshed. 2. To sail by ; to sail near to. The greatest entertainment we found in coasUiuj it, were the several prospects which be on the borders of it. Addison. COAST'gR, n. 1. He who sails near the shore. We here but cottsters, not discoverers, are. Dryden. 2. A small coasting or trading vessel. COAST'ING, a. Keeping near the coast, or trad- ing between ports along the coast. Coasting trade, tile trade or intercourse carried on by sea between two ports or places belonging to the same country. McCulloch. — Coasting vessel , a vessel employed in the coasting trade ; a coaster. COAST'ING, n. 1. The act of sailing near the shore, or the business of carrying freight in ves- sels from port to port on the coast. 2. An amusement of boys in sliding, on a small sled or vehicle, down a descending ground, upon the snow or ice. [U. S.] COAST'— ROCK, n. A rock on the coast. Coleridge. COAST'— SED'I-MENT, n. Sediment left on a coast. Phillips. COAST'— WAIT-^R, n. An officer of the customs who superintends the landing and shipping of goods coastwise. Ogilvie. CO A ST' WISE, ad. Along the coast. Hale. COAT (kat, 21), n. [It. cotta ; Fr. cotte .] 1. An tipper or outside garment worn by men. 2. pi. The habit of a boy in his infancy ; pet- ticoats. “ A child in coats.” Locke. For he that has been used to have his will as long as he was in coats, why should we think it stmnge that he should desire it when he is in breeches t Locke. 3. The habit or vesture as denoting the office. Men of his coat should be minding their prayers. Swift. 4. That which covers in the manner of a gar- ment, as the skin, hair, or fur of an animal. Or, as the snake with youthful coat repaid. Stilton. 5. Any covering ; as, “ The coats of the eye ” ; “ The coats of an onion ” ; “A coat of paint.” 6. That on which ensigns armorial are dis- played. Cropped ore the flower-de-luces in your arms; Of England’s coat one half is cut away. Shak. Coat of arms, a habit worn by ancient knights over their arms, and embroidered with tlieir ensigns armo- rial: — that on which the ensigns armorial are repre- sented. — Coat of mail, body armor consisting of a net- work of iron rings. COAT (kot), V. a. [ i . COATED ; pp. COATING, COATED.] 1. To cover with an outside garment. “ He is coated and booted for it.” B. Jonson. 2. To spread over with a covering. “To coat a retort.” “ To coat a ceiling.” Johnson. COAT'-AR-MOR, n. Armorial ensigns. Crabb. COAT'— CARD, n. A card bearing a coated figure, as the king, queen, or knave ; — now corrupted into court-card. B. Jonson. COAT-EE', n. A short, close coat. Latrobe. COAT'ING, n. 1. Covering; lorication ; as, “The coating of a retort ” ; “A coating of paint.” 2. Materials for making coats. IF. Ency. COAT'— POCK-1JT, n. A pocket in a coat. Swift. COAX (koks), V. a. [cogs, a kind of vessel used on the coast of Yorkshire, or cogs-mcn, the crew who navigated them, and who were notorious beggars. Lye. Bishop Rennet. Richardson. — W. cocru, to fondle ; Sp. cocar, to make wry faces, to coax. Webster.'] p. coaxed ; pp. coaxing, coaxed.] To persuade by fondling ; to cajole ; to wheedle ; to flatter ; to entice. [Colloquial.] L’ Estrange. Syn. — To coax, wheedle , cajole, and fawn upon, all imply the use of mean arts to effect some selfish pur- pose. Children coax, and are couxed; the knavisit and covetous wheedle and cajole ; millions and parasites fawn. — A person is flattered by exaggerated praise, and enticed to evil by artful persuasion. f COAX (koks), n. A dupe. Beau. % FI. B. Jonson. f CO-AX-A'TION (ko-;iks-a'shun), n. [Gr. /toa|, the sound made by frogs ; L. coaxo, to croak.] The act of croaking. II. More. I hope wc shall see no more of their frog-galliards, nor hear of their harsh croaking and cocucation either in the pul- pit or the press. Featley. COAX'pR, n. One who coaxes ; a wheedler. COAX'ING-Ly, ad. In a flattering manner. COB, n. 1. [A. S. attcr-coppa, a spider ; attr, poison, copp, a cup, a head.] A spider. Johnson. 2. [it. gabbiano.] The sea-mew; — called also sea-cob. Phillips. 3. [A. S. cop, the top, or the head, copest, chief ; Dut. kop ; Ger. kopfI\ A rich, covetous person; amiser. “ Rich cobs of this world.” Udal. Country chuffs, which make their bellies and their bags their gods, are called rich cobs. Nash. 4. Clay mixed with straw. The poor cottager contenteth himself with cob for his walls, and thatch for his covering. Carew. 5. A piece of money ; a Spanish coin. He then drew out a large leathern bag, and poured out the contents, which were silver cobs, upon the table. Sheridan. 6. A stone ; a kernel. Halliwell. 7. A horse not castrated : — a pony. Todd. 8. A herring. “ I may starve ere he give me so much as a cob.” B. Jonson. Cob is head. Our old writers used the word as a distinc- tive mark of bulk; thus cob-loaf was the largest loaf. But cob was more commonly applied to fishes, and of these chiefly to the rod and white herring, whence it became a cant term for the whole fish. Gifford's Ed. of B. Jonson. 9. A spike on which the kernels of maize grow ; — called also corn-cob. [U. S.] 10. A kind of wicker basket made so as to be carried on the arm. Clarke. 11. A flower ; a kind of pink. — See Con- pink. Loudon. COB, v. a. 1. To break ; to bruise ; as, “ To cob tin.” [Cornish.] Weale. 2. (Naut.) To punish by striking the breech with a strap or a belt. Clarke. CO-B.'E'A, n. (Bot.) A rapidly growing, annual, climbing plant ; — so named from Cobo, a Span- ish Jesuit. Loudon. CO'BALT, or COB'ALT [kob'jlt, S. IF. P. J. E. F . ; ko'bSdt, Ja. Srn. ; ko halt. A'.], n. [Ger. ko- bo/d, a goblin or devil, — a term applied to this metal by the German miners, who considered it unfavorable to the presence of more important metals.] [Min.) A brittle metal of a reddish- gray color, having the specific gravity 7.8 ; — much used, in the state of an oxide, to produce the various shades of blue in the manufacture of porcelain and pottery. Brande. Cobalt blue, a blue pigment composed of alumina and phosphate of cobalt. — Cobalt green, a preparation of cobalt, the green color of which is due to the pres- ence of iron. Fairholt. CO-BAL'TIC, a. Noting an acid formed from co- balt, or inferred to exist in it, because ammonia combines with its oxide. Fraticis. COB'ALT-INE, n. (Min.) A mineral containing cobalt, arsenic, sulphur, and iron ; silver-white cobalt. Dana. COB'BING, n. ( Naut .) A punishment by strap- ping with a belt, or beating with a board. Crabb. COB'BLE (kob'bl), v. a. [Skinner suggests Ger. koppeln, to couple.] p. cobbled ; pp. cob- bling, cobbled.] 1. To mend coarsely. “ Cobbled shoes.” Shak. 2. To make clumsily. Give thy base poets b^k their cobbled rhj'mcs. Dryden. COB'BLE, n. 1. ( Ornith .) A diving bird. P. Cyc. 2. A globular sort of stone, such as is used for paving streets ; a small round stone. “Their slings held cobbles round.” Fairfax. 3. A lump of coal from the size of an egg to that of a football. Brande. 4. [A. S. cuople.] A small fishing boat ; — written also coble. Johnson. COB'BLE— STONE, n. A round stone ; a cobble. COB'BLIJR, n. 1. A mender of shoes. As good is the prayer of a cobbler as of a cardinal. Tyndale . 2. A clumsy workman. Truly, sir, in respect of a fine workman, I am but, as you would say, a cobbler. Shak. COB'BY, a. Stout ; brisk ; hearty ; lively : — head- strong ; oppressive. [Local, Eng.] Brockett. COB'CAL, n. An open slipper, worn by ladies in the East. Smart. COB'— COAL§, n. pi. Large round coals. Grose. COB'-IIORSE, n. [See Cob.] A kind of stout- made horse. Booth. COB'IR-ONS, n. pi. Andirons having knobs at the upper end. Bacon. CO-BlSH'OP, n. A coadjutant bishop. Ayliffe. CO-BI' TEtji, Ji. ( Ich .) A genus of acanthopterygi- ous fishes belonging to the family Cyprinidee ; the loach. Baird. COB'LE (kob'bl), 7i. [A. S. cuople.] A small fish- ing boat used on the rivers and lakes of Wales, and the borders. — See Cobble Bt-ande. COB'-LOAF, n. [See Cob.] A large loaf. Nares. COB'-NUT, n. 1. A large nut. Barret. 2. A childish game played with nuts ; the conquering nut. Johnso7i. CO-BOB', v. a. To roast meat in an Asiatic mode. — See Cabob. Todd. CO-BOOSE', n. (Naut.) 1. A kind of box to cover the chimney of a ship. Falconer. 2. The cooking-room on the deck of a ship ; — called also caboose and galley. COB'-PlNK, n. A large kind of pink; — called also cob. Loudon . CO'BRA, n. [Port.] (Hcrp.) The cobra-de-ca- pello'; Naja tripudians. Rogct. CO 1 B RJl-DK- CA- PEL 1 1. 6, n. [Port, cobra de ca- pe llo, serpent of the hood.] A very poisonous A, E, f, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, I, O, U, Y, obscure. — FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; COB-STONE 261 COCKET sort of snake in India ; the hooded-snake ; the spectacled-snake ; Naja tripudians ; — called also cobra-capcllo and cobra. Baird. CUB'— STONE, re. [See Cob.] A large stone ; a cobble-stone. [North of Eng.] Grose. COB'SWAN (kob'swon), n. [See Cob.] The head, or leading, swan. B. Jonson. COB'-wAll, re. [See Con.] A wall formed of mud, or unburnt clay, mixed with straw. Brande. COB' WEB, n. [Dut. kopweb. — See Cob.] 1. The web of a spider. One of the Seven used to say that laws were like cobwebs , where the small flies were caught, and the great broke through. Bacon. 2. Any thing designed to insnare. For he a rope of sand could twist As tough as learned Sorbonist, And weave fine cobwebs fit for skull That ’s empty when the moon is full. HudUrras. COB'WEB, a. Fine, slight, or flimsy. “ Cobweb lawn.” B. Jonson. “ Cobweb laws.” Dryden. COB'WEBBED (kSb'webd), a. Covered with, spi- ders’ webs. “ The cobwebbed cottage.” Young. COB'WEB-BY, a. 1. Abounding in cobwebs. 2. ( Bot . j Bearing hairs like cobwebs, or gos- samer ; arachnoid. Gray. CO'CA,n. [Sp.] The dried leaf of the Erythrox- ylon coca, a native plant of Peru. It is a very stimulating narcotic, and more pernicious than opium. P. Cyc. COCAGJVF. (kok-an'), re. [Fr. le pais de cocagne, a country of plenty.] 1. An imaginary country of luxury and idle- ness. Tyrwhitt. 2. The region of Cockneys, i. e. London and its suburbs. — See Cockney. Smart. C OE- C I F ' E R - O U S , a. [Gr. k6kko t, a berry; L. coc- cum, a berry, and fero, to bear.] (Bot.) Bear- ing berries, as plants ; bacciferous. Quincy. Coe-QL-ATEL' LA, re. [Dim. of L. coccimes, from Gr. KOKKiros, scarlet.] (Ent.) A genus of trim- erous, coleopterous insects, marked with scar- let, yellow, and black spots, including the lady- bird, lady-cow, &c. Hams. COE-gi-NEL'LINE (18), re. ( Chem .) The pecul- iar coloring matter of cochineal. Hamilton. COC'CO-LITE, re. [Gr. k6kko 5, a berry, and l.iBos, a stone.] (Min.) A mineral of a concretional or granular texture ; a variety of pyroxene. Dana. COC-CO-LO'BA, re. [Gr. k6kko;, a berry, and '/.o(i6s, a lobe.] (But.) A genus of plants, the fruit of which has three lobes ; seaside-grape. Loudon, coc-co- thrA us- ti 'ay®, n.pl. [Gr. k 6kkos, a berry, and 0pavar6s, broken ; Opavto, to break.] ( Ornith .) A sub-family of birds of the order Passeres and family Fringillidee ; hawfinches. Gray. CdC'CU-LtrS, re. (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants, one species of which pro- duces the calumba root. Cardinalis Virginianus. COC' Cu-Ltrs IAT'Dl-COs, n. [L.J Indian berry; a poisonous fruit often used in adulterating malt liquors, to give them bitterness and in- crease their stupefying qualities. Brande. COC' CUS, re. ; pi. c&c'ci. [L., from Gr. kokko;.] 1. (Ent.) A genus of hemipterous insects, in- cluding the cochineal insect, and the bark-lice, which are injurious to trees. Hams. 2. pi. (Bot.) The carpels of a dry fruit which are separable from each other. Gray. COC'gyX (kok'sjks), re. [L., from Gr. k6kku(, a cuckoo.] (Anat.) A bone joined to the lower extremity of the os sacrum ; — so called from a fancied resemblance to the beak of the cuckoo. COC-CY-Zi'NJE, re. pi. [L. coccyx, from Gr. k6kkv(, a cuckoo.] (Ornith.) A sub-fam- ily of birds of the order Scansores and family CuculidtB ; ground- cuckoos. Gray. Coccyzus Americanus. II COCH'I-NEAL [koch'e-nel, J. E.Ja. Wb . ; kucli'e- nel, S. W. P. F. K. C . ; koch-e-nSl', Sret.l, re. [It. cocciniglia ; Port, cochenilha ; Sp. cochini- lla ; Fr. cochcnille ; Dut. conchenilje ; Dan. &; Sw. kockenill .] A substance consisting of dried insects, brought principally from Mexico, and used in the arts as a red dye, or tincture. p'ty “ These insects, of thespecies Coccus cactus , are small, rugose, and of a deep mulberry color. They are scraped from the cactus plant, on which they feed, into bags, killed by boiling water, and dried in the sun.” Brande. || COCH'I-NEAL, a. Pertaining to cochineal ; as, “ The cochineal insect.” || COCH'I-NEAL— FIG, re. (Bot.) A South- Ameri- can species of cactus , on which the cochineal insect feeds ; the Cactus cochinillifer. Ogilvie. COCH ' LF.-A, re. [L., from Gr. sd^ha;, a snail with a spiral shell ; a screw.] 1. (Conch.) A name given by the older nat- uralists to spiral shells. Forbes 3, Hanky. 2. (Anat.) A cavity of the ear. Hoblyn. COCH'LIJ-AN, a. (Bot.) A term used in describ- ing the aestivation of a flower, to express one piece being hollowed like a spoon, and larger than the others which it covers. Brande. COEH'Lp-AR, re. [L. cochlea, a screw.] A name applied to the water-engine usually termed Ar- chimedes’ screw. Francis. COCH-LE-A ' RE, re. [L.] I. A spoon; — the bowls of spoons having been formerly made like a cockle-shell, and often fluted. Brande. 2. A spoonful ; — a term used in medical pre- scriptions. Craig. COCH-LE-A ' RI-A, re. [Gr. Kopf.tdpiov, a spoon ; L. coclilearium .] (Bot.) A genus of plants, including horse-radish ; scurvy-grass ; — so called from the leaves being concave like the bowl of a spoon. Loudon. COCH-Lp-A'RI-FORM, a. [L. cochleare, a spoon, and forma, form.] (Bot.) Spoon-shaped. Gray. COEH'LIJ- A-R Y, a. [L. cochlea, a snail, a screw.] Having the form of a snail’s shell or of a screw. “ Cochleary turnings.” Browne. COGH'LE-ATE, a. [L. cochleatus, screw- formed ; spiral ; cochlea, a screw.] 1. Formed like a screw ; spiral; cochle- ated. 2. (Bot.) Resembling a snail-shell ; coiled like a snail-shell. Gray. COEH'Lp-AT-ED, a. Having the form of a screw ; shaped like a screw. Woodward. COEH'LU-OUS (kok'le-us), a. cochleated; cochleate. Of a spiral form ; Derhani. COjCH'LlTE, re. [Gr. a snail, and h :60s, a stone.] (Pal.) A fossil shell having a mouth" like that of a snail. Clarke. COCK (kbk), re. (Ornith.) 1. [A. S.cocc; Fr. coq.) The male of gallinaceous or domestic fowls, and of certain other birds ; — especially used for the common dunghill cock. 2. A vane in the shape of a cock ; a weather- cock. You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout Till you have drenched our steeples, drowned the cocks. Shah. 3. A strutting chief or leader. Sir Andrew is the cock of the club. Addison. But at cuffs I was always the cock of the school. Swift. 4. An instrument or spout for drawing off a liquid from a cask or vessel. P. Cyc. 5. The form of a hat ; — in allusion to the comb of a cock. . You may see many a smart rhetorician turning his hat in his hands, moulding it into several different cocks. Addison. 6 . A small conical heap of hay. Spread the hay again; and if you find it dry, make it up into cocks. Mortimer. 7. Cock-crowing. We were carousing till the second cock. Shak. 8. The piece which covers the balance of a watch. Bailey. 9. The style or gnomon of a dial. Chambers. 10. The needle or index of a balance. JWtresore. 11. [It. cocca .] Notch of an arrow. Skinner. 12 . The part of the lock of a gun that holds the two pieces of iron between which the flint is fixed. And, bending rock, he levelled full Against the outside of Talgoll skull. Hudforas. 13. f [It. cocca ; Fr. coquet .] A small boat ; a cockboat. "Cocks ... and fisher-boats.” Carew. Yon tall anchoring bark Diminished to her cocky her cock a buoy Almost too small for sight. Shak. Cock on the hoop , or cock-a-hoop , [Old Fr. hupe , crest- ed, proud. Cotgrave. Fr. huppe, a tuft or crest on the head of birds.] Triumphant; exulting. And, having routed the whole troop, With victory was cock-a-hoop. Hudibi-as. Cock and bull , tedious, unmeaning stories ; mere babble. — “A story of a cock and build 9 Cowper. COCK, v. a. \i. COCKED ; pp. COCKING, cocked.] 1. To set erect, as a cock holds his head. Our Lightfoot barks, and cocks his ears. Oay. 2. To set the hat upon the head jantily, or with an air of pertness. An alert young fellow cocked his hat upon a friend of his who entered. Addison. 3. To mould the form of the hat. Johnson. 4. To fix the cock of a gun ready for dis- charge. “ Holding their pistols cocked. ’ ’ Dryden. 5. To raise hay in heaps. Or summer shade under the cocked hay. Spenser. COCK, v. re. 1. To strut; to hold up the head. “ Every one cocks and struts upon it.” Addison. 2. To train or use fighting cocks. B. Jonson. COCK-ADE', re. [Dut. kokarde.—lt.coccarda ; Sp. cuearcla ; Fr. cocarde.'] A knot of ribbon worn in the hat as a badge. It was so used upon the broad-flapped hat of the military in the 17th century. Notes § Queries. COCK-AD'ED, a. Wearing a cockade. Well-fashioned figure and cockaded brow. Young. f COCK' A L, re. A game played with sheep’s bones instead of dice ; — called huckle-bone. Kinder. COCK-A-TOO', re. [Fr. caqueteur, a prattler.] (Opnith.) A parrot of the family Cacatuince, bearing an erectile tuft upon the head. Baird. COCK'A-TOON, re. The cockatoo. Scott. COCK'A-TRICE [kokVtns, IF. J. F. Sm. ; kdk'a- trTs, S. E. K. C. J, re. [Fr. cocatrix .] A serpent fabled to rise from a cock’s egg, described with wings, legs, and a crest like that of a cock ; a name of the basilisk. It was thought so ven- omous as to be able to kill with its look. And kill with looks, as cockatrices do. Spenser. Mischiefs are like the cockatrice's eye ; If they see first, they kill; if seen, they die. Dryden . COCK'BILL, v. a. (Naut.) 1. To place the yards at an angle with the deck. Dana. 2. To suspend an anchor to the cathead by the ring only. Dana. COCK'BOAT, re. [See Cock, re. No. 13.] (Naut.) A small boat belonging to a ship. Bacon. COCK'— BRAINED (kok'brand), a. Giddy; rash. “ Such a cock-brained solicitor.” Milton. COCK'— BROTH, re. Broth made by boiling a cock. COCK'CHAF-pR, re. (Ent.) A coleopterous in- sect ; tree-beetle ; May-bug ; dor-bug. Harris. COCK'— CROW, re. The crow of a cock. Coleridge. COCK'— CROW- ING, re. The time at which cocks crow ; the dawn. Mark xiii. 35. fCOCK'ER, v. a. [W. cocru, to fondle, Webster. Dut. kokerillen, to celebrate festivities, Junius.) To fondle ; to indulge. Shak. Bred a fondling and an heiress, Cockered by the servants round. Swift . COCK'pR, re. 1. A cock-fighter. Johnson. 2. A kind of rustic high shoe, or half-boot. “ His patched cockers.” Hall. COCK'^R-EL, re. A young cock. Shak. f COCK'IJR-ING, re. Indulgence. Most children’s constitutions are spoiled by cockering and tenderness. Locke. t COCK'^T, a. Brisk ; pert. Sherwood. COCK'ET, re. 1. (English Law.) A seal belonging to the custom-house : — an instrument sealed and delivered by officers of the customs as a warrant that merchandise is entered : — an office in the custom-house where goods to be exported . are entered. Burrill. 2. [Fr. coquet .] A cockboat. Sherwood. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtrLE. — 9, 9, 9 , g, soft; £, jG, £, |, hard; § as ■/. ; $ as gz. — THIS, this. CODFISH COCKET-BREAD COCK'ET— BREAD, n. The finest sort of wheaten bread. Scott. COCK'JgY, n. A common sewer. Britton. COCK'-EYE (kok'l), n. A squinting eye. Forby. COCK'-FEATH-]JR, n. (Archery.) The feather which stood on the arrow, when it was rightly placed upon the string, perpendicularly above the notch. Aschain. COCK'— FIGHT (-fit), ) n _ A battle or match be- COCK'— FIGHT-ING, ) tween game-cocks. Bacon. COCK'-FlGHT-ER, n. One who pits game-cocks. COCK'-HORSE, n. A tall kind of horse. Crahb. COCK'-HORSE, a. Proudly elevated, as on horse- back ; triumphant ; exulting. [Low.] Alma, they strenuously maintain, Sits cock-horse on her throne the brain. Prior. COCK'ING, n. Cockfighting. “ The cocking holds at Derby.” Beau. £j FI. COCK'-LAiRD, n. A person who owns a small landed property, and cultivates it himself ; a yeoman. [Scotland.] Ogilvie. COC'KLE (kok'kl), n. [Gr. k6%Ios ; L. cochlea ; Fr. coquille. ] 1. (Conch.) A bivalve and corrugated shell- fish ; the Cardium of Linmeus. Woodward. 2. The fireplace of an air-stove. Francis. 3. (Min.) A laminated, dark-colored mineral substance ; a local name of schorl. Buchanan. COC'KLE, n. [A. S. coccel. ] (Bot.) A weed that grows in fields, among different kinds of grain ; Agrostemma githago. Loudon. Let thistles grow instead of wheat, and cockle instead of barley. Job xxxi. 40. COC'KLE (kok'kl), v. a. [i. cockled ; pp. coc- kling, cockled.] To contract into wrinkles like the shell of a cockle ; to corrugate ; to wrinkle. “ The camblet’s cockled grain.” Qay. COC'KLE, v. n. To be wreathed, curled, or ruffled. It made such a short, cockling 6ea, as if it had been in a place where two tides met. Damjrier, COC'KLE-BUR, n. A weed of the genus Xanthium. Gray. COC'KLED (khk'kld), a. Enclosed in a shell. Shak. COC'KLE— OAST, «. That part of a hop-kiln or oast where the fire is made. Brande. COC'KLfR, n. One who takes and sells cockles. [North of England.] Gray. COC'KLE— SHELL, n. The shell of a cockle. COC'KLE-STAlR§, n. pi. Winding or spiral stairs, [r.] Chambers. COC'KLE— STOVE, n. A stove in which the fire- chamber, or cockle, is surrounded by an air- chamber. Ogilvie, COCK'LING, p. a. Curling; ruffled. “Strange rippling and cockling seas.” Dumpier. COCK'LJNG, n. Act of one who cockles : — any thing curled, twisted, or entangled. Francis. COCK'— LOB-STER, n. The male lobster. Pennant. COCK'LOFT, n. The top loft ; the garret. “The garret, or cockloft, as we call it.” Gregory. COCK'-MAs-TER (12), n. One who breeds game- cocks. L’ Estrange. C6CK'— MATCH, n. A cock-fight. Addison. COCK'NEY, n. ; pi. cockneys. [With respect to the origin of this word, Nares says, “ How it is derived there is much dispute. The etymology seems most probable which derives it from cookery.” From the P. Cyc., — “Borrowed originally from the kitchen (L. coquina, kitch- en.) A cook, in the base Latinity, was called coquinator and coquinarius, from either of which cokenay, as Chaucer uses it in the ‘ Reve’s Tale,’ might be derived ” ; — And when this jape is told another day I shall be holden a daffe or a cokenay. See Cocagne.] 1. A native or citizen of London, in con- tempt. Camden. The cockney, travelling into the country, is surprised at many common practices of rural affairs. Watts. 2. An effeminate or mean person. I am afraid this great lubber ... will prove a cockney . Shak. 262 COCK’NEY, a. Relating to, or like, cockneys. COCK'NEY, v. a. To pamper ; to cockneyfy. The wise justice of the Almighty meant not to cockney ns up with mere dainties. Bp. Ball. C6CK'NEY-FY, v. a. To form with the manners or character of a cockney. Ec. Rev. COCK'NEY-ISH, a. Relating to, or like, cock- neys ; cockney. Qu. Rev. C6CK'NEY-!§M, n. An idiom, manner, or char- acter of the cockneys. 1 Qu. Rev. Avoid provincialisms, if possible; but avoid cockneyisms by all means. P. Gwtnne. COCK'NEY-LlKE, a. Resembling, or like, a cockney. Burton. COCK'-PAD-DLE, n. (Ich.) The lump-fish or lump-sucker ; Cyclopterus lumpus. Yarrell. COCK'-PIGEON (-pld'jun), n. The male pigeon. COCK'PIT, n. 1. A place where game-cocks fight. 2. A room in Westminster, where the King of England’s privy council hold their sittings ; — so called from its being the site of what was formerly the cockpit belonging to the palace at Whitehall. Brande. 3. (Naut.) The after part of the orlop or lower deck of a ship of the line. In a time of action it is appropriated to the wounded. Dana. Fore cockpit, a place leading to the magazine pas- sage, and the store-room of the boatswain, gunner, and carpenter. Maunder. COCK 'ROACH, n. (Ent.) A voracious and dis- gusting insect ; Blatta orientalis. Harris, COCK’S'— COMB, n. 1. The comb of a cock. 2. A plant ; a species of Celosia ; Celosia cristata. — See Coxcomb. P. Cyc. COCK’ S' HE AD, n. A plant ; sainfoin. Miller. f COCK'SHUT, n. 1. The close of the day, when fowls roost. Shak. 2. A net to catch woodcocks. Halliwcll. COCK'— SPAR-ROW, n. The male of the sparrow. COCK'SPUR, n. 1. A sharp spur on the legs of gallinaceous birds. Craig. 2. (Bot.) A species of hawthorn ; Crateegus Crus-galli. Gray. 3. (Conch.) A small shell-fish. COCK'SURE (kok'shur), a. [Derived from the cock of a gun, as being much more sure of its aim with a lock than when fired with a match. Holloway.] Quite certain. [Vulgar.] Skelton. I thought myself cocksure of his horse, which lie readily promised me. Pope. COCK'SWAIN (kok'swan or kok'sn) [kok'sn, S. IK. P. E. K. ; kok'swan or kok'sn, Ja. Sin .], n. (Naut.) The officer who has the charge of a boat and a boat’s crew ; — contracted into coxen. — See Cock, No. 13. Falconer. COCK'— WA-TER, n. (Mining.) A stream of water brought into a trough to wash away sand from ores. Buchanan. COCK'WEED, n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lepidium ; dittander or pepperwort. Johnson. COCK'Y, n. A vulgar term of endearment. Clarke. CO'COA (ko'ko), n. (Bot.) 1. [Sp. coco.] A spe- cies of palm-tree which produces the cocoa-nut ; the Cocos nucifera of the East and West In- dies. Loudon. Give me to drain the cocoa's milky howl. Thomson. 2. [Sp. cacao.] The smooth-leaved chocolate- nut tree; Theobroma cacao. The seeds, usually 20 to 30 in number, lie in the rose-colored, spongy substance of the fruit, which resembles a cucumber, being about 5 inches long, and 34 inches thick. TJre. 3. A decoction or beverage, made of the parched and ground seeds of the chocolate-nut tree ; — formerly written also cacao. USP The name cocoa seems to be a contraction of the Portuguese macoco or macaco , a monkey, and to have been given, from the resemblance between the end of the shell, where the three black scars are, and the face of a monkey, P, Cyc. CO'COA— Nt/T, n. A large nut; the fruit of the cocoa-nut tree, or Cocos nucifera , a species of palm-tree. P. Cyc. CO'COA— PLUM, n. The African plant Chryso- balanus Icaco, the fruit of which is of about the size and quality of the damson plum. Craig. CO-COOS’, n. An oblong.ball, or covering of silk, fabricated by the silk-worm ; the egg-shaped case of the chrysalis. P. Cyc. A good cocoon weighs, without the worm, about four grains, and usually contains a fibre of silk from three to tour hundred yards iu length. Francis. CO-COON'ER-Y, n. An apartment in which silk- worms are kept while forming cocoons. Craig. COC'TI-BLE, a. [L. coquo, coctus, to bake.] That may be baked or boiled. • Blount. COC'TILE (kok'tjl), a. [L. coctilis, baked.] Made by baking, as a brick. Johnson. COC'TION (kSk'slmn), n. [L. coctio, digestion, coquo, to cook ; Er. coetion .] (Med.) 1. The process by which aliment is reduced to chyle. Dunglison. 2. The change which the humoral patholo- gists believed morbific matter to undergo before elimination. Dunglison. COD, n. [A. S. codd, a bag or sack.] 1. A case or husk containing seeds ; a pod. They let peas lie in small heaps till they find the coil dry. Mortimer . 2. The bag which holds the testicles ; the scrotum. Dunglison. 3. A cushion ; a pillow. [Local.] Brockett. 4. (Ich.) A ~ common sea- fish, of the ge- nus Gadus ; the codfish. Cod liver oil, an oil obtained from the liver of the cod, used as a remedy for consumption, rheumatism, scrofula, Gadus morrhua. CO’ D A, n. [It., tail, train.] (Mrs.) The passage at the end of a movement, which follows a lengthened, perfect cadence. Brande. COD'DED, a. Enclosed in a cod. “All codded grain.” [r.] Mortimer. f COD'DER, n. A gatherer of pease. Scott. f COD'DING, a. Relating to a pillow or bed ; wanton. “ That codding spirit.” Shak. COD'DLE (kod'dl), v. a. [Fr. chaudeau, a warm drink for the sick; chaud, warm. — See Cau- dle.] [i. CODDLED ; pp. CODDLING, CODDLED.] 1. To boil slightly ; to parboil. It ftlie guava fruit] bakes as well as a pear, and it may be coddled, and it makes good pies. Darn /tier. 2. [Old Fr. cadcler.] To make much of. Todd. f COD'DY, a. Having cods ; husky. Sherwood. COD'DY-MOD'DY, n. A species of gull. Booth. CODE, n. [L. codex, the trunk of a tree, a hook ; It. codice ; Sp. codigo ; Fr. code. — See Codex.] A compilation of laws by authority ; a collec- tion of laws digested and reduced into an order- ly arrangement ; — first applied to the digests of Roman laws, known as the Theodosian and Justinian codes. The new code of Justinian was honored with his name, and confirmed by his royal signature. Gibbon. A code may be either a mere compilation of existing laws, (though this is more properly a digest.) or a new system of laws founded on fundamental principles. P. Cyc. Civil code, a system of the established laws of a state. — Criminal code, a system of criminal laws. CO-DE-FEND'ANT, n. (Law.) A joint supporter, or defendant. Blackstone. CO-DE'jNE, or CO-DE'IA, it. [Gr. uciibeia, Kiifty, a poppy-head.] ( Chem .) An alkaline substance obtained from opium. Brande. CO-DET ' tA, n. [It., dim. of coda, a tail.] (Mus.) A short passage connecting one action with another, and not composing part of a regular section. Brande. CO ’DEX, n. ; pi. c&d’i-c e$. [L., the trunk of a tree, and a book ; — books having been origi- nally made of the bark of trees or of boards cut thin.] A manuscript ; a manuscript volume ; a tablet ; a book ; a code. Brande. COD'FISH, n. (Ich.) A common sea-fish, of the genus Gadus. — See Cod. Van Der Hoeven. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 5, U, Y, short; A, E, I, 9, U. Y> obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; IlDlR, HER; COD-FISHER COFFER 263 COD'— FISH-gR, to. A person employed in the cod- fishery : — a vessel so employed. Crabb. COD'— FISH-pit-Y, to. The business of taking and curing cod. Qu. Rev. COD'tgljiR, to. [Sp. coffer, to gather, Minsheu : — cod, or hag, i. e. one who labors to fill his bag or purse, Richardson : — cadger, a huckster, Nares : — a corruption of cottager, Webster.'] 1. A miser ; — used contemptuously. Todd. 2. An eccentric or queer old man. Wright. COD'I-CAL, a. Relating to a codex or to a code. [e.] London Athenaeum. COD'I-ClL, n. [L. codicilli, small tablets for writing. — See Codex,] An addition, or supple- ment to a will. Blackstone. COD-I-CIL'J.A-RY, a. Of the nature of a codicil ; contained in a codicil. Phillimore. COD-I-FI-CA'TION, n. The act of codifying, or digesting into a system. J. Bentham. COD'l-FI-jpR, n. One who codifies. Qu. Rev. COD'I-FY, v. a. [Eng. code, and L. facio, to make.] [i. codified ; pp. codifying, codi- fied.] To digest into a regular system or code, as laws ; to systematize. J. Bentham. CO-DTLLE' (ko-dll'), n. [Fr. codille .] A term at ombre, when the game is won. Pope. COD'LE (kod'dl), v. a. 1. To parboil. Beau. § FI. 2. To fondle. — See Coddle. COD'LIN, n. A cooking apple. — See Codling. COD'-LINE, n. A line for catching cod. Weale. COD'LING, n. 1. [A. S. cod-ceppel, a quince-pear. — See Coddle.] An apple not quite ripe, or that requires to be boiled or coddled before it is eaten ; a cooking apple. 2. [Dim. of cod.] A small cod. COD'-PIECE, n. [See Cod.] A small bag. Shah. COE, n. (Mining.) A little lodgement made by miners under ground as they work lower and lower. Crabb. CO-EF'FI-CA-CY, n. Joint efficacy. Browne. CO-f F-Fl"CIIJN-CY (ko-ef-f Ish'en-se), n. Joint- efficiency ; cooperation. Glanville. CO-EF-FF'CHJiYT (ko-ef-f Ish'ent), n. [L. con, with, and efficio, ejficiens, to effect.] 1. That which cooperates with something else in producing any effect. Johnson. 2. (Algebra.) A number prefixed to a quan- tity, denoting how many times it is to be taken ; a factor. U®=In ils most general sense, it is nearly synony- mous with factor, and may be either positive or nega- tive, entire or fractional, real or imaginary. Davies. CO-EF-Fl"CI?NT-LY, ad. In a joint manner. COE'HORN, n. (Mil.) A small kind of mortar ; — so named from the inventor. Stocqueler. CO— EL'D£R, n. An elder of the same rank with another elder. Trapp. CCE'LI-Ac (se'le-ak), a. [Gr. Kotliasiig ; Koilia , the belly.] Relating to the lower belly, to the in- testinal canal, or to an artery which issues from the aorta. Dunglison. The caliac flux, or nr hue passion, is a painful species of diarrheea. CCEM'Jg-TER-Y, to. See Cemetery. Johnson. CO-EMP'TION, n. [L. coemptio ; coemo, to buy up.] The act of buying up the whole quantity. Monopolies and coemptions of wares for resale arc great means to enrich. Bacon. CO-15N-JOY', v. n. To enjoy together. Howell. CCEN'O-BlTE, n. See Cenobite. Craig. CCEN'O-BY, n. See Cenoby. Todd. CO-E'OUAL, a. Jointly equal ; of the same rank or dignity with another. He’ll make his cap coequal with the crown. Shak. CO-E'Q.UAL, to. One who is equal to another. To pity his coequal be content. Sterling. CO-E'CIUAL-LY, ad. With joint equality. CO-F-aUAL'l-Ty (k5-e-kw51'e-te), TO. The state of being coequal. Hooker. CO-ERCE' (ko-ers'), v.a. [L. coerceo, to confine, to restrain ; con, with, and arceo, to shut up.] \i. COERCED; pp. COERCING, COERCED.] To keep in order by force ; to compel to compli- ance ; to restrain ; to constrain ; to force. Punishments are manifold that they may coerce this prof- ligate sort. Ayliffe. Syn. — A person is coerced or compelled by force to do something against his will, and he is restrained from doing an action. A prisoner is coerced , compelled , or forced to labor in a penitentiary, and lie is restrained from escaping. A man is constrained to act, and re- strained from acting ; he is coerced by others, and he restrains himself, and his feelings or emotions are re- strained. — See Restrain. CO-ER'CI-BLE, a . That may be coerced, forced, compelled, or restrained. Johnson . CO-ER'CION (k5-er'shun), n. [L. cocrcio , coercitio ; Sp. coercion ; Fr. coertion .] The act of coer- cing ; penal restraint ; constraint ; compulsion. Government has coercion and animadversion upon such as neglect their duty. South. If the Indians fled from this incessant toil and barbarous coercion, and took refuge in the mountains, they were hunted out like wild beasts. JV. Irving. Syn. — See Compulsion. f CO-ER'CI-TIVE, a. [Fr . coercitif.) Coercive; restraining ; checking. ’ Bp. Taylor. CO-ER'CIVE, a. Able to compel to compliance; imposing restraint ; checking. Hooker. Without coercive power, all government is but toothless and precarious. South. CO-ER'CIVE-LY, ad. By means of coercion. The power of government can with no appearance of rea- son go further coercively. Burke. CO-B-REC'TANT, J a _ (Her.) Noting things set CO-lJ-RECT'yD, ) up together or erected side by side. Ogilvie. CO-JJS-SEN'TIAL, a. [L. con, with, and essentia, essence.] Being of the same essence. CO-ES-SEN-TI-AL'I-TY (ko-es-sen-she-SI'e-te), «. Participation of the same essence. Burgess. CO-ES-SEN'TIAL-LY, ad. In a coessential man- ner. CO-^S-TAB'LISH-MENT, to. Joint establishment. “A coestablishment of the teachers. ’’B /l Watson. CO-pS-TATE', to. A union of estates. Smollett. CO-y-TA'NIJ-AN, m . [L. con, with, and cctas, age.] One of the same age with another, [r.] Aubrey. CO-E-TA'NE-OUS, a. [L. coataneus .] Of the same age with another ; coeval. Bentley. CO-B-TA'Np-OUS-Ly, ad. From the same age or beginning. Clarke. CO-B-TER'NAL, a. [L. coaternus ; con, with, and eeternus, eternal; It. Sp. coeterno\ Fr. coe- ternel.\ Equally eternal with another. Or of the eternal, coetemal beam May I express thee unblamed? Milton. CO-E-TER'NAL-LY, ad. With equal eternity. “His coeternally begotten Son.” Hooker. CO-]J-TER'NI-TY, to. [It. coeternita ; Sp. coeter- nidad ; Fr. coeternite. J Joint eternity. Hammond. CO-E'VAL, a. [L. cotevus ; eon, with, and eevum, age.] Of the same length of existence ; of the same age ; coetaneous. This religion cannot pretend to be coeval with man. Hale. CO-E'VAL, to. One contemporary with another and of the same age. Even Tully himself was taunted at by his coevals. Hakeivill. Syn. — Coeval is one of the same age ; contempo- rary, one living at the same time. Jacob and Esau were coevals ; Addison, Pope, and Swift were contem- poraries. CO-E'VOUS, a. [L. coccvus.] Of the same age ; coeval, [r.] South. CO-^JC-EC'U-TOR, to. A joint executor. Craig. CO-EJC-EC'y-TRlX, to. A joint executrix. Craig. CO-lJJf-IST' (ko-eg-zlst'), v. to. [L. con , with, and existo, to exist ; It. coesistere ; Sp. coexistir ; Fr. cocxister .] [*. coexisted ; pp. coexisting, co- existed.] To exist together or at the same time. In the human breast Two master passions cannot coexist. Campbell. CO-E^-IST'jjlNCE (ko-eg-zTs'tens), n. [It. coex- istenza ; Sp. coexistencia ; Fr. coexistence .] Ex- istence at the same time with another. No more than the ideas can have any separate existence from the mind, but have a coexistence therein. Grew . CO-yjf-IST'BNT, a. [Sp. coexistent^ ; Fr. coex- istant .] Existing at the same time. Time is so much of duration as is coexistent with the mo- tions of the great bodies of the universe. Locke. CO-y^-IST'ING, p. a. Existing at the same time. cO-EX-PAND', v. a. To expand together or equally. Jodrell. Cd-yx-TEND', v. a. [L. con, with, and extendo, to extend.] [i. coextended ; pp. coextend- ing, coextended. 1 To extend to the same space, duration, or degree with another. Every motion is in some sort coextcnded with the body moved. Grew. Has your English language one single word that is coex- tended through all these significations? Bentley . CO-yX-TEN'SION (ko-ek-sten'shun), TO. Joint or equal extension. Hale. CO-fJX-TEN'SI VE, a. Having jointly the same extent. Bp. Winchester. CO-yx-TEN'SIVE-LY, ad. In a coextensive manner. CO-JfX-TEN'SI VE-NESS, TO. Equal extension. COFF, to. The offal of pilchards. [Eng.] Loudon. C’dF'Fy.E, to. [Ar. qahoueh, the liquor of coffee, Loudon ; Pers. cahwa ; Turk, cahvey.— It caff’c ; Sp. &; Fr. cafe.— Dut. koffy ; Sw. % Dan. kaffe.] 1. The berries of the coffee-tree, or Cojfea, of which there are two species, Cojfea arabica, and Cojfea occidental is. Loudon. 2. A decoction or drink prepared from the parched berries of the coffee-tree. They have in Turkey a drink called coffee. made of a berry of the same name. This drink comforteth the brain and heart, and helpeth digestion. Bacon. Medical men are widely at issue as to the merits of coffee. All, however, are agreed that it stimulates the brain, and banishes somnolency. Dr. Doran. COF'FJgE— BEAN, to. Same as Coffee-berry. COF'FJJE— BER-RY, «. Fruit of the coffee-tree. COF'F£E— CUP, to. A cup for drinking coffee. COF'FyE— HOUSE, n. A house of entertainment where coffee is sold: — sometimes used to de- note a hotel or tavern. This year (1650), Jacob, a Jew, opened a coffee-house at the Angel; and there some, who delighted in novelty, drank. Life of Anthony Wood. COF'FyE— MAN, to. One who deals in coffee, or who keeps a coffee-house. Addison. COF'FyE— MILL, n. A mill for grinding coffee. COF'FJpE— POT, n. A pot in which coffee is boiled, or in which it is served at table. Dr. Warton. COF'FpE-ROAST'JJR, to. An iron utensil for roasting coffee over the fire. Buchanan. COF'FJJE— ROOM, to. A public apartment in a hotel where guests arc supplied with coffee or other refreshments. Ogilvie. COF'FyE— TREE, to. (Bot.) The tree or shrub that produces coffee ; Cojfea. P. Cyc. CdF'FJJR [koffer, W. P. J. E. F. Ja. Sm. R . ; k5'- fer, S. ; kof'fer or ko'fer, K.~\, to. [A. S. cof a repository.— Fr. coffre, a chest.] 1. A chest ; — generally for keeping money. The lining of hia coffers shall make coats To deck our soldiers for these Irish wars. Shade. 2. Treasure. “ Without any burden to the queen’s coffers.” Bacon. 3. (Min.) A trough in which tin ore is bro- ken to pieces. Maunder. 4. (Arch.) A sunk panel in vaults and domes : — a square hollow between the modil lions of a cornice. Chambers. 5. (Fort.) A hollow trench or lodgement in a dry ditch. Chambers. 6 . (Inland Navigation.) A sort of lock for receiving a barge. /Rp “ I have in this word followed tile general pro- nunciation, which I see is confirmed by Dr. Kenrick, VV. Johnston, Messrs. Perry, Scott, and Buchanan ; for as it stands in Mr. Sheridan with the o long, though not without respectable usage on its side, it is a gross irregularity, which ought, if possible, to be reduced to rule.” Walker. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — (], 0, 9 , soft; £, G, J, g, hard ; § as z ; If. as gz. — THIS, this. COFFER 2G4 COHABIT COF'FpR, v. a. To treasure up. [r.] Treasure, as a war might draw forth, so a peace succeeding might coffer up. Bacon. COF'FfR— DAM, n. {Arch.) A case of piling, water-tight, fixed in the bed of a river, in order to lay the bottom dry for a space large enough to build a pier on. Brands. COF'FfR-ER, n. 1. One who places treasure in chests, or coffers. Ye fortune’s cofferers, ye powers of wealth. Young. 2. Formerly a principal officer in the King of England’s household next under the comp- troller. IVarton. COF'F^R— WORK (-wiirk), n. {Masonry.) Rubble walls faced with freestone, or formed with cem- ent between two parallel rows of planks placed edgewise. Francis. COF'FIN, n. [Gr. K6ims ; L. cophinus, a basket; A. S. cof, a cave, a repository. — See Coffer.] 1. A box, or chest, in which a dead body, or corpse, is interred. Shah. Be not dismayed at the approach of pain and sickness; let not the coffin mid the shroud terrify you. Bp. Horne. 2. A mould of paste for a pie. Of the paste a coffin will I rear. Shak. 3. A paper case, in form of a cone, used by grocers and printers. Johnson. Coffin of a horse, the whole hoof of the foot above the coronet, including the coffin -hone, which is asinall, spongy bone enclosed in the midst of the hoof. COF'FIN', V. a. [ i . COFFINED ; £>/>. COFFINING, COFFINED.] 1. To enclose in a coffin. Wouldst thou have laughed had I come coffined home? Shak. 2. To enclose ; to confine ; to immure. Devotion is not coffined in a cell. J. Hall. COF'FIN-LESS, a. Destitute of a coffin. Wilson. COF'FIN— MAK'ER, n. One who makes coffins. COF'FLE, n. A band of captured negroes, or of negro slaves. — See Caufle. From the block slave-ship’s foul aud loathsome hell. And cojffle's weary chain. Whittier. CO— FOUNDER, n. A joint founder. Camden. COG, v. a. [Of uncertain derivation. Fr. coque- Uner, to fondle. — W. coegio, to trick. — See Coax.] \i. cogged ; pp. cogging, cogged.] 1. To flatter; to wheedle. I’ll mountebank their loves. Cog their hearts from them. Shak. 2. To obtrude by falsehood; to introduce sur- reptitiously. I have cogged in the word to serve my turn. Stillingfleet. 3. To fix cogs in a wheel. Johnson. To cog a die, to cheat in playing dice by directing the fall of a die. C6G, v. n. To lie ; to wheedle, [r.] Tusser. Mrs. Ford, I cannot cog; I cannot prate. Shak. COG, n. [L. cofjo, to force.— W. coegio, to trick.] 1. A trick ; deceit. Letting it pass for an ordinary cog amongst them. Watson. 2. The tooth of a wheel by which motion is communicated to another wheel. He cannot adapt the cogs of his wheels. Tucker. 3. [Goth, kogge ; Dut. hog.] A boat. Fairfax. Hunting cog, an extra cog to prevent the unevenness of wear which would be likely to ensue if the num- ber of teeth in a cogged wheel were exactly a multi- ple of the number of pallets which work in it. Francis. Cd'QQN-CY, n. [See Cogent.] Force ; strength ; power; as, “The cogency of an argument.” t CO- v m jive by extortion or oppres- COIN'Y, > sion. [Ireland.] Brysket. COIL, v. a. [L. colligo ; It. cogliere; Old Fr. coillir ; Fr. cueillir , to gather.] [t. coiled ; pp. coiling, coiled.] To gather into a circular heap, as a rope ; to wind. “ Coiled up in a ca- ble.” Beau. &; FI. COIL, n. I. A rope wound into a ring or a circu- lar heap ; a convolution. 2. f Tumult; noise; bustle; confusion. To see them about nothing keep such a coil. Suckling. COIN, n. 1. A corner ; a quoin ; a coigne. Johnson. 2. A wedge for raising a piece of ordnance, or for supporting a body on an inclined plane. — See Coigne, and Quoin. COIN, n. [L. cuneits, a wedge ; It. conio ; Sp. cuno ; Fr. coin, a stamp or die.] 1. A piece of metal bearing a legal stamp, and made current as money ; metallic or hard money, as gold and silver. He gave Damctas a good sum of gold in ready coin. Sidney. 2. That with which payment is made. The loss of present advantage to flesh and blood is repaid in a nobler coin. Hammond. Syn. — See Money. COIN, V. a. [t. COINED ; pp. "COINING, COINED.] 1. To convert into money, as a piece of metal, by a legal stamp; as, “The gold was sent to the mint to be coined." 2. To fashion or form by stamping. Can we be sure that this medal was really coined by an artificer? Bentley. 3. To invent; to fabricate ; — sometimes used in an ill sense. A man coins not a new word without some peril and less fruit; for if it happen to be received, the praise is but moder- ate; if refused, the scorn is assured. B.Jonson. Those motives induced Virgil to coin his fable. Dryden. COIN' A^rE (koin'aj), n. 1. The art or the* act of coining money. The care of the coinage was committed to the inferior magistrates. Arbuthnot. 2. Stamped metal current as money ; coin. “ To return his coinage upon him.” Swift. 3. Expense of, or charges for, coining. 4. New production ; invention. Unnecessary coinage, as well as unnecessary revival of words, runs into affectation. Dryden. CO-IN-CIDE', v. n. [L. con, with, and incido, to fall upon ; Fr. coincider .] \i. coincided ; pp. COINCIDING, COINCIDED.] 1. To agree in outline, as two figures, when placed one upon the other. If the equator and ecliptic had coincided, it would havo rendered the annual revolution of the earth useless. Clieyne. 2. To be of the same purport ; to concur ; to agree ; as, “ The statements do not coincide.” CO-IN'CI-DENCE, n. [Fr.] The act of coincid- ing ; agreement ; concurrence ; consistency. The very coincidence of bo many evidences carries a great weight. Bale. CO-IN'CI-DEN-CY, n. Coincidence. Fotherby. CO-IN'CI-DENT, a. [Fr ] 1. Having coinci- dence ; agreeing in outline, as two figures, when placed one upon the other. These circles at length became coincident. JS'ewton . 2. Concurrent ; agreeing ; concurring. Whose hands are pure, whose doctrine and whose life Coi ncident, ( ,v> njper, CO-IN'CJ-DENT, n. Coincidence. Harris. CO-IN'CI-DENT-LY, ad. In a coincident man- ner ; concurrently. For. Qu. Rev. CO-IN-CID'UR, n. He who, or that which, coin- cides. Harris. CO-tN-DI-CA'TlON, n. [L. con, with, and indico, to signify ; Fr. coindication.] A concurrence of signs or symptoms. Martin. COIN'JJR, n. I. One who coins money. Addison. 2. An inventor. “ Dionysius, a Greek coiner of etymologies.” Camden. f CO-IN-HAB'IT-ING, n. A dwelling together ; a cohabiting. Milton. CO-IN-HER'IT-ANCE, n. Joint inheritance. “A title to a coinheritance.” Bp. Taylor. CO-IN-HER'l-TOR, n. A joint inheritor. “ Co- inheritors with Christ.” Fox. COIN'ING, n. The art, or the act, of making coins ; the art of converting the precious metals into money. Locke. f CO-IN'aUI-NATE, v. a. [L. coiiiquino, coinqui- natus.] To pollute. Skelton. fCO-IN-GUI-NA'TION, n. Pollution ; defilement ; contamination. Cotgrave. CO-lN-STAN-TA'Np-OUS, a. Happening at the same time with another event. Craig. CO-lN'T^R-EST, n. A joint interest, [it.] Milton. COIR, n. [Port, coiro, couro.] A species of yarn made of the husk of the cocoa-nut. McCulloch. COIRE, n. Same as Coir. Craig. COIS'TRIL, n. [“ Probably Old Fr. coitstillier. — It is surely not a corruption jf kestrel, as Mr. Todd and others have supposed.” Nares. ] An inferior groom ; a young fellow. Nares. COIT, v. a. [Icel. kucita, to throw. Jamieson .] To throw any thing, as at the game of coits. “ Coit it to me.” [Local, North of Eng.] Todd. COIT, n. A quoit. — See Quoit. fCOIT'lNG, n. Playing at coits. Sir T. Elyot. CO-P'TION (ko-Tsh'un), n. [L. coitio\ coil, with, and co, to go ; It. coito ; Fr. coit.] 1. Copulation ; act of generation. Bay. 2. The act by which two bodies come to- gether. Browne. COIX, n. [L., from Gr. xdif, a palm.] ( Bot .) A genus of tropical grasses ; Job’s-tears. Loudon. CO— JOIN', v. n. [L . conjungo.] To conjoin. Shak. CO-JU'ROR, n. [L. con, with, and juror, to swear.] {Law.) One who testifies to the credi- bility of another ; a compurgator. Wottoil. COKE, n. [Perhaps from L. coquo, to cook. Skin- ner .] Mineral or fossil coal, deprived of its vol- atile matter by being heated in closed vessels, or with imperfect access of air. It is a residu- um in manufactories of coal-gas. COKE, v. a. [i. coked ; pp. coking, coked.] To form or change into coke ; to deprive of volatile matter, as coal. Ure. COK'ING— KILN (-kil), > n . A k Hn or an oven COK'ING— 6 V-EN (-uv'vn), ; for coking coal. COL'AN-DIJR, n. [L. colo, to strain ; Sp. cola- dero .] A sieve ; a strainer ; a cullender. Dryden. COL-BP- Tl'NJE, ll.pl. [Gr. KalanTui , to peck.] (Ornith.) A sub- family of birds of the order Scansores and family Picidm ; ground-woodpeckers. Gray. Colaptcs auratua. CoL'A-RlN, n. {Arch.) The little frieze of the capital of the Tuscan and the Doric column be- tween the astragal and the annulets. Wealc. CO-LA'TION, n. [L. colo, colatus, to strain.] Filtration ; a straining, [r.] Bailey. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, S6N ; BULL, BUR, RULE. — C, pa.] (Allot.) 1. A mutilated, or maimed organ. Dunglison. 2. The adhesion of the eyelids. Brande. COL'O-BUS, re. [L., from Gr. ko>.o/36s, maimed.] (Zoiil.) A genus of long-tailed quadrumnna, or monkeys; — so called because the fore-hands are deficient in a thumb. Brande. COL'O-OYNTH, re. [Gr. KoXotcuvOi; ; L. colocynthis.] (Med.) The intensely bitter pith of the fruit of the Cugumis colocynthis; bitter-apple; colo- quintida. It is a strong cathartic. Dunglison. COL-O-CYN'TINE, re. The bitter, purging prin- ciple of eolocynth. Brande. CO-LOGNE', or CO-LOGNE'-WA'TER (ko-lon'), re. An aromatized alcohol, used for the toilet ; — first made at Cologne. Ure. CO-LOGNE' (ko-lon'), a. Noting a sort of es- senced or perfumed alcohol, prepared originally at Cologne in Germany. Cologne earth, a bituminous earth, of a violet-brown hue, transparent and durable in water-color painting. Fairholt. COL'O-LITE, re. [Gr. kOI.ov, the colon, and liQoc, a stone.] (Pal.) A xvorm-like fossil ; petrified intestines of fishes. Buckland. CO'LON, re. [L., from Gr. kZI.ov; Fr. colon.] T. (Gram.) The mark thus [:], noting a pause half as long as a period. 2. (Anat.) That portion of the large intes- tines which extends from the ctecum to the rec- tum. Dunglison. COLONEL (kUr'nel), re. [It. colonnello ; Sp. coro- nel; Fr. colonel.- Gael, coirneal. B. Jonson, Beaumont ti Fletcher, and Cotgrave write com- pel for colonel. “ It is therefore probable,” says Todd, “ that our word is from the Spanish coro- nel, and his company is the coronela , from the L. corona, a company of men.”] The chief commander of a regiment, ranking next below a brigadier-general. Campbell. This word is among those gross irregularities which must be given up as incorrigible.” Walker . — The spelling is French; but the pronunciation seems to come from the Sp. coronet, or the Gael, coirneal. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6 , 0, Y, short; A, p, J, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; COLONELCY COLUMBA But colonel was onco pronounced in three syllables, as by Alilton in the following line: — Captain, or colonel , or knight in arms. COLONELCY (kur'nel-se), n. The office of colo- nel ; colonclship. Gent. Mag. CO LON ELS HIP (kur'nef-shlp), n. The office or rank of colonel. Swift. fCOL'O-NpR, n. A colonist. Holland. CO-LO'NI-AL, a. [See Colony.] Relating to a colony or colonies. “ Colonial councils.” Burke. f CO-LON'I-CAL, a. [L . colonicus.) Relating to husbandmen. Spelman. COL'O-NIST, n. [L. colonia, a colony.] An in- habitant or member of a colony. Burke. COL-O-Nl'TIS, n. [Gr. kuI.ov, the colon; L. co- lon.] (Med.) Inflammation of the colon ; coli- tis ; dysentery. Dunglison. COL-O-NI-ZA'TION, n. [Sp. colonizacion ; Fr. colonisation .] The act of colonizing. “ Our growth by colonization Burke. COL-O-NI-ZA'TION-IST, n. An advocate for col- onization. Month. Rev. COL'O-NlZE, v. a. [Sp. colonizar ; Fr. coloniser .] [i. colonized; pp. colonizing, colonized.] To establish a colony in; to form into a colo- ny. Bacon. COL'O-NiZ-^R, n. One who colonizes ; one who establishes colonies. Chambers. COL'O-NlZ-ING, 71. Colonization. The progress of her colonizing might have been attended with the same benefits as that of other nations. Robertson. COL-ON-NADE', n. [It. colonnata; colonna, a column ; Sp. colunata ; Fr. colonnade .) (Arch.) A range of columns placed at certain intervals, and supporting an entablature. When in front of the entrance to a building, it is called a por- tico ; when entirely surrounding it, circularly or otherwise, a peristyle ; and when double or treble, a. poly style. Francis. COL'O-NY, n. [L., It., Sf Sp. colonia ; colo, to cultivate ; Fr. colonie .) 1. An establishment or settlement formed in a foreign country by a body of men emigrating from their mother country; as, “The English colonies in America.” 2. The country planted or colonized. The rising city, which from fur you see, Is Carthage, and a Tyrian colomj. Dnjden. COL'O-NY, v. a. To colonize, [it.] The noble island which was colonied Sometime by T3'rians, was not wanting here. Fanshaw. COL'O-PHON (kol'o-fon), n. [L., from a fanciful allusion to a Greek satirical proverb, in which the people of Colophon, in Asia Minor, are re- proached with being always the hindmost. Braude. — “ Tdv Kolotpdva hiOyKiv, He has put the colophon to it. The cavalry of the city of Colophon, in Asia Minor, was so excellent that it was thought to assure the victory to the side on which it fought. Therefore this proverb, ac- cording to most authorities, is similar in mean- ing to our saying, ‘ He has put a clincher to it.’ But the Scholiast on the Theaffetus of Plato gives a different explanation. He says that in the council of the twelve Ionian cities Colo- phon had the casting-vote ; — whence the prov- erb.” Riley.) 1. The conclusion of a book, where any de- vice occurs, or the printer’s name, date, and abode are stated. Warton. 2. (Med.) A resin brought originally from Col- ophon in Asia Minor ; — called also colophony. COL-O-PHO'NJ-AN, a. Relating to a colophon, or conclusion of a book. Cudworth. COL-O-PHON'IC, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid ob- tained from colophony. Hoblyn. CO-LOPH'O-NITE, n. (Min.) A coarse, granular variety of garnet, of a resinous lustre. Dana. CO-LOPH'O-NY, or COL'O-PHO-NY [ko-lof'o-ne, IV. Ja. ; kol'o-fo-ne, I Vb. Ash ; kol'o-fon-e, K. Sot.], n. A dark-colored resin, being the resi- due after the distillation of turpentine ; — brought originally from Colophon in Asia Mi- nor. Brande. 269 COL-O-aUlN'TI-DA, n. (Med.) The bitter-apple. — See Colocynt’k. Dunglison. COL'OR (kul'Iur), n. [L. color-, It. colore-, Sp. color ; Fr. couleur.) 1. That quality of a body which affects our sensation with regard to its hue, tint, or ap- pearance to the eye. The lights of colors are more refrangible one than another in this order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, deep violet. Aewton. 2. The pigment used by a painter. Of material colors , there is but one (ultramarine) that ap- proaches the purity of the type in the spectrum. Fairholt. 3. The natural hue of the face ; flesh-tint. His coward lips did from their color fly. Sliak. 4. Outward show ; semblance ; pretence. Under the color of the sale whereof [corn], they noted all that was done in the city. Knolles. 5. Kind ; species ; character. Boys and women are, for the most part, cattle of this color. Shak. 6. pi. An ensign of war ; a standard ; a flag. Advance our waving colors on the walls. Shak. The seven prismatic colors, as they appear in the refractions of the rainbow, or of a glass prism, are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Primary colors, red, blue, and yellow, by the mix- ture of which three other colors, termed secondary , are produced ; viz. : red and blue produce the different hues of purple and violet; red and yellow yield or- ange ; yellow and blue produce green. Fairholt . — Substantive colors , ( Dyeing .) such colors as unite im- mediately with the material to be dyed, without a mordant. — Adjective colors , such colors as will not unite with the material to be dyed without a mordant. COL'OR (kul'Iur), v. a. [ i . colored ; pp. col- oring, COLORED.] 1. To give some color to ; to mark with some hue ; to "paint ; to tinge ; to dye. What mean those colored streaks in heaven Distended, as the brow of God appeased? Milton. 2. To palliate ; to excuse. I told him I would not favor or color , in any sort, his for- mer folly. Raleigh. 3. To make plausible. “ Craft colored with simplicity.” Spenser. We have scarce heard of on insurrection that was not col- ored with grievances of the highest kind. Addison. Syn. — To color is to put on a color, or a hue ; to paint, to put on, or to delineate with, a color ; to dye, to dip into a coloring liquid. Color a wall ; paint a house or a portrait ; dye. cloth ; stain wood or paper; tinge with red. COL'OR, v. n. To blush ; to show color. Martin. COL'OR-A-BLE, a. Specious; plausible. “The colorable pretences of ignorance.” Hackluyt. Syn. — See Plausible. COL'OR- A-BLE-NESS, n. Plausibility. Fulke. COL'OR-A-BLY, ad. Speciously. Bacon. f COL'OR- ATE [kol'o-rat, S. W.J. F. Ja. ; kul'o- rat, P. K. Sm. W6.], a. [L. coloratus.) Col- ored ; dyed. Bag. COL-OR-A'TJON, n. The act of coloring. Bacon. COL'OR-A-TURE, n. [It. coloratura .] (Mus.) Graces in music from variation of tone. Smart. COL'OR ED (kul'lurd), a. Having color or colors ; not white. “ Like a colored rainbow.” Spenser. Colored races, races that have a dark skin. COL-OR-IF'IC [kol-o-rlf'jk, S. IF. J. F. Ja. K. ; kul-o-rlf'ik, P. Sm. Wo.), a. Giving or pro- ducing color. “ The several rays in their col- orific qualities.” Newton. COL'OR-lNG, n. 1. The part of painting which especially regards the effect of colors ; the art of disposing colors so as to produce the desired effect ; as, “ To excel in coloring." 2. Specious appearance. “ The crafty color- ing of this mischief.” Fox. COL'OR-IST, n. A painter who excels in coloring. Such were Titian, Paul Veronese, Tintoret, Rubens, Vun- dyk, and the rest of the good colorists. Dryden. COL'OR- LESS, a. Without color ; transparent ; as, “ Pure water is colorless." COL'OR-L^SS-NESS, n. The quality of being colorless, [r.] Boyle. COL'OR— MAN, n . ; pi. color-men. One who pre- pares and sells colors. Buckland. COL'OR!?, n. pi. The national standard ; as, “To strike the colors ” ; “ To sail under false col- ors.” — See Color. CO-LOS'SAL, a. Like a colossus ; gigantic ; huge. “This colossal statue.” Dr. Warton. CO-LOSSE' (ko-los',) n. [L. cofoss«.s.] A colos- sus. “ Colosse of Rhodes.” Temple. COL-OS-SE' AN, a. Gigantic; colossal. “The colossean statue of Juno.” Harris. COL-OS-SE ' UM, n. [L.] A spacious amphithea- tre at Rome ; a building of great magnitude ; — written also Coliseuth. Brande. CO-LOS'SIAN (kh-iosh'sm), 71. (Geoy.) An inhab- itant of Colosse, a city of Phrygia in Asia Minor. f CO-LOS'SIC, a. [Gr. Ko).ooatK6s ; L. eotossicus.) Large ; colossal. Chapman. CO-LOS'SUS, n. ; pi. L. co-Los' si\ Eng. co-los'- sqs-Es. [L., from Gr. k o/.oaai;; It. colosso\ Sp. coloso ; Fr. colosse. ] A large statue at ancient Rhodes, representing a giant : — a gigantic statue. Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world . Like a colossus; and we, petty men, Walk under his huge legs. Shak. CO-LOS'SUS-Wi§E, ad. In the manner of a colossus. “ Stands colossus-wise.” Shak. CO-LOS' TRUM, n. [L.] (Med.) 1. The first milk after delivery ; biestings. Brande. 2. f An emulsion made of turpentine and the yolk of an egg. Dunglison. COL'PO-CELE, n. [Gr. kD.ttos, the womb, and K>)h], a tumor.] (Med.) Hernia or rupture of the vagina. Hoblyn. COL-PORT'ApE, n. [Fr.] The business of a colporter, hawker, or pedler. Baird. COL-PORT'OR, n. [Fr. colporteur. — “ So called from carrying his goods in a pack suspended from his neck ; from L. collum, the neck, and porto, to carry.” Sullivan.) A hawker ; a ped- ler ; — especially, in modern usage, a pedler of religious books. Baird. COL'STAfF (12), n. [Perhaps Fr. col, neck, and staff.) A large staff by which two men carry a burden on their shoulders. Burton. COLT, n. [A. S. colt.) 1. A young horse not more than four years old ; — “ used in the common gender, male or female.” Smart. 2. A young, foolish, or inexperienced per- son ; — a cant term for one who is for the first time in an office. t COLT, v. n. To frisk ; to frolic. As soon as they were out of sight by themselves, they shook off their bridles, and began to colt anew. Spenser. f COLT, v. a. To befool ; to cheat ; to abuse. What a plague mean ye, to colt me thus? Shak. COLT'^R, 7i. [L. cutter ; It. coltro.— A. S. cultor ; Ger. kolter — Gael. $ Ir. eoltar.) The cutting- iron of a plough ; — written also coulter. Johnson. COLT'— E'VIL, n. A distemper to which young horses are liable, consisting of a swelling in the sheath. Farm. Ency. COLT'ISH, a. Like a colt ; frisky ; wanton. “ Man’s coltish disposition.” Cou-per. COLT'ISH-LY, ad. In the manner of a colt. COLT’S 'FOOT (-fut), 71. (Bot.) A plant growing in a clayey soil ; Titssilago farfara ; — used in medicine as an expectorant. Hooper. COLT’S'— TOOTH, n. 1. An imperfect tooth in a young horse. 2. A love of youthful pleasure. Well said, Lord Sands; Your coW s-tooth is not east yet. Shak. COL' U-BER, 71. [L ., a serpent.) (Zoiil.) A Lin- mean genus of serpents, including all those in which the sub-caudal scalc-plates, or scuta-, are arranged in pairs. Brande. COL'li-BRlNE (19), a. [L. colubrinus.) 1. Relating to a serpent. 2. Cunning ; crafty ; deceptive, [r.] Johnson. CO-LUM'B A, n. (Med.) A medicinal bitter root brought from Colomba, a town An the island of MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — C, p, g, soft ; !C, fi, £, g, hard; § as z ; 3C as gz. — THIS, this. 270 COMBINATION COLUMBA Ceylon; — written also cahmiba, Colombo, and columbo. Hooper. CO-LUM'BA, n. [L.] ( Ornith.) A Linnocan ge- nus of birds ; the pigeon. Brande. CO-LUM' BJE, n. pi. [L., pigeons.] (Ornith.) An order of birds including the family of pigeons, or Columbidm. Gray. COL-UM-BA' RI-UM, n. ; pi. C&L-UM-BA 1 RI-A. [L.] 1. A sepulchral chamber, with niches in the walls for the reception of cinerary urns. Fairholt. 2. pi. (Arch.) Holes left in walls for the in- sertion of pieces of timber ; — so called from resembling the niches of a pigeon-house. W eale. COL'UM-BA-RY.orCO-LUM'BA-RY [ko-lum'bji-re, S. W. P. J. /’. Ja . ; "kol'um-ba-re, K. Sm. R. Wb. Kenrick\, n. [L. columbarium ; columba, a dove, or pigeon.] A dove-cot ; a pigeon-house. “ Col- umbaries or dove-houses.” Browne. CO-LUM'B ATE, n. (Chem.) A salt formed of columbic acid and a base. Francis. CO-LUM'B{-A, n. (Chem.) A bitter, crystalline principle obtained from the columba, or calum- ba, root. Brande. CO-LUM'BI-AN, a. Relating to Columbus : — relating to Columbia, or America. Barlow. CO-LUM'BIC, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid ob- tained from columbium. Hooper. CO-LilM ' BI-DJE, n. pi. (Ornith.) A family of birds including the sub-families Treroninte, Co- lumbine r, Gouritue , Didunculinee, and Didince ; pigeons. Gray. COL-UM-BlF'ER-OUS, a. (Chem.) [Eng. colum- bium, and L. fero, to bear.] Containing colum- bium. COL- UM-Bl ’ NJE, n. pi. (Ornith.) A sub-fami- ly of birds of the order Columba and family Colutnbidte ; pigeons. Gray. COL'UM-BlNE (19), n. [L. columba, a pigeon.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants ; Aqui- Columba ocnas. legia. Loudon. 2. The heroine in pantomimic entertain- ments. Maunder. COL'UM-BlNE (19), a, [L. Columbians.] Relat- ing to, or resembling, a dove. Smart. CO-LUM'BlTE, n. (Min.) An ore of columbium, first discovered in Connecticut. Dana. CO-LUM’BI-OM, n. (Min.) An acidifiable, rare metal, found in columbite ; — also called tanta- lium. Brande. COL'U-MEL, n. [L. columella, a small column.] (Bot.) — See Columella. COL-u-MEL'LjJ, n. [L.] (Bot.) The axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached, as in geranium, or which is left when a pod opens, as in azalea: — also the solid axis in the centre of the capsule of a moss. Gray. COL' u-MEN, n. [L.] (Arch.) An upright tim- ber m a roof ; a king-post. Weale. COL'liMN (kol'lum), n. [L. columna ; It. colon- na ; Sp. columna, coluna ; Fr. colonne.\ 1. (Arch.) A member of an order whose section through the axis is usual- ly a frustum of an elon- gated parabola, or a mem- ber, of a cylindrical form, consisting of a base, a shaft, or body, and a cap- ital ; a pillar. Brande. 2. Any thing conceived of as resembling a column .in pressing vertically upon a base ; as, “ A column of air ” ; “A column of wa- ter.” 3. (Printing.) A perpendicular section of a page. 4. (Arith.) A perpendicular line of figures. 5. (Mil.) A body of troops in deep files and narrow front, so disposed as to move in regular succession. Campbell. 6. (Anat.) A longitudinal portion, or tract of the myelon. Brande. Carolytic columns, ( Arch .) columns having leaves and branches winding spirally round them, or uis- posed in the' form of festoons and crowns. Francis. Syn. — See Pillar. CO-LUM'NAR, a. [L. columnar is i\ Formed like columns. “ White columnar spar.” Woodward. COL-UM-NA'RI-AN, a. Columnar, [it.] Johnson. COL'UM-NA-RY, a. Columnar. Broicne. COL'UMNED (kol'lumd), a. Furnished with col- umns. “ The columned aisle.” Byron. CO-LUM-NI-A'TION, n. (Arch.) A mode of de- sign or of construction marked by columns ; — arrangement of columns. Weale. CO-LUM ' JYU-LA, n. [Dim. of L. columna, a column.] (Bot.) The central axis, round which some carpels are arranged ; columella. Hcnslow. CO-LURE', pi. COLVRES. [Gr. s6).ovpoi, the colures; L . coluri : — Gr. s6l.ovpus, dock-tailed, truncated ; solos, clipped, and ovpa, a tail. — “ Supposed to have been given to those circles because a portion of them is always concealed from view under the horizon.” Brande .] (As- tron.) An imaginary great circle of the celestial sphere, intersecting another similar circle at the celestial poles. One of the colures passes through the equinoctial points of Aries and Libra, and the other through the solstitial points of Cancer and Capricorn ; — for this rea- son the first is called the equinoctial colvre, and the second the solstitial colure. Brande. CO-Lir'TE-A, n. [L., from Gr. sol.vrfa.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs with membranaceous inflated pods ; the bladder-senna. Loudon. CO'LY, 7i. One of the Colince. Baird. CO-LYM ' BI-DJE, n. pi. [Gr. sol.vpflos, a diver.] (Ornith.) A family of birds of the order Anse- res, including the sub-families Colymbinec, Po- dicipinat, and Heliornincc ; divers. Gray. COL-YM-BI'NJE, n. pi. [See CoLYMlilDvli.] (Ornith.) A sub-family of birds of the order Anse- res and fam- ily Colymbi- dee ; divers. Cg-LYM ' BUS, n. [L., from Gr. Knl.vpPos, a di- ver.] (Ornith.) A genus of aquatic birds ; the diver. Yai'rell. COL'ZA, n. [Fr. colsa or colza.] (Bot.) The name applied to a species of cabbage, or Bras- sica ; the Brassica campcstris. Loudon. COP Colia oil, which is expressed from the seed, is much used in France and Belgium for burning in lamps, and for other purposes. Farm. Ency. CO'MA, n. [Gr. sutpa, sound sleep.] (Med.) A morbid disposition to sleep ; lethargy. Hooper. CO'MA, n. [L.,from Gr. Kiyy, hair.] 1. (Astron.) The nebulous atmosphere sur- rounding the nucleus of a comet. Hind. 2. (Bot.) The assemblage of branches form- ing the head of a forest-tree : — a tuft of brac- teie forming the crown to the inflorescence : — tufts of hair on certain seeds. Hcnslow. f CO'MART, n. A treaty or joint contract. Shale. CO— MATE' [ko-mat', W. F. Ja. K. Sm. C . ; ko'mat, S. P. E. Wb.], n. Companion. Shah. COM'ATE, a. [L. comatus ; It. comato.] Hairy; appearing hairy. “ Comale stars.” Fairfax. COM-A-TOSE' [kom-a-tos', W. Ja. ; ko'ma-tos, P. Sm. ; ko-ma-tos', A'.], a. (Med.) Relating to, or resembling, coma ; drowsy ; lethargic. “ Com- atose fever.” Dunglison. COM A-TOU8, a. (Med.) Same as Comatose. COMB ) (kom or koin), n. [A. S. comb, a val- COMBE } > W) cwm.] The unwatered por- ( tion of a valley beyond and above COOMBE ) tp e m ost elevated spring that issues into it. [Provincial, Eng.] Dr. Buckland. 45T“ Hence the names of places situated in val- leys end in comb ; as, A1 comb. Bos comb, Chil comb. And sometimes the name of the owner is annexed; as, Couib-R asset, Comi-Raleigh. Sometimes b is changed into p ; as, Compton.” Boswortli. COMB (kom), n. 1. [A. S. camb\ Dut., Sw., fy Dan. ham ; Ger. kamm ; Gael, ciom .] An in- strument to separate and adjust the hair. By fairLigea's golden comb, wherewith she sits on diamond rocks. Sleeking her soft, alluring locks. Milton. 2. Any instrument like a comb, as for card- ing wool, &c. 3. The indented top or crest of a cock. High was his comb, and coral-red withal, With dents embattled like a castle wall. Dryden. COMB (kom), n. [Gr. sbpjy, a hollow vessel ; A. S. comb, a valley.] The cells in which bees lodge their honey. lire. COMB, n. [A. S. cumb, a liquid measure.] A dry measure, commonly of four Winchester bushels ; — also written coomb. Brande. COMB (kom), v. a. \i. combed ; pp. combing, COMBED.] 1. To divide and adjust the hair with a comb. 2. To lay smooth by drawing through nar- row interstices; as, “To comb wool.” + c6m'BA-CY, ,n. Combat. And did conclude by combacy , To win or lose the game. Warner. || COM'BAT, or COM'BAT [kum'bjt, .S’. W. J. F. Sm. C. Nares ; kom'b^t, P. E. Ja. K. Wb. Blair.], v.n. [It . combattere \ Sp . combatir \ Fr . com- battre.] [i. combated ; pp. combating, com- bated.] To fight; to contend ; to contest. Now sways it this way, like a mighty sea Forced by the tide to combat with the wind. Shak. II COM'BAT, or COM'BAT, V. a. To contend against ; to oppose. Such was the very armor he had on When he the ambitious Norway combated. Shak. || COM'BAT, n. [Fr. combat.~\ Contest; battle; an engagement ; a fight ; a duel. The combat deepens; on, ye brave, Who rush to glory or the grave. Campbell. Syn. — See Battle, Conflict. || COM'BA-TA-BLE, a. That may he combated. || COM'BA-TANT, n. One who combats; a fight- er ; a champion. So frowned the mighty combatants , that hell Grew darker at their frown. Milton. Syn. — A combatant, is any one that fights ; a cham- pion is one who undertakes to fight for another, or in another’s cause. II COM'BA-TANT, a. Disposed to fight. Their valors are not yet so combatant Or truly antagonistic as to tight. B. Jonson. || COM'BAT-pR, n. One who fights; a comba- tant. “ Co/nbaters or fighters.” Shcncood. || COM'BA-TIVE, a. Inclined to combat ; pugna- cious ; combatant. Lawrence. II COM'BA-TIVE-NESS, n. (Phren.) A disposi- tion or propensity to fight. Combe. COMB'— BROACH (kom'brocli), n. A tooth of the instrument with which wool is combed. Ash. COMB'— BRUSH (kom'brush), n. A brush to clean combs. Johnson. COMB'— CASE, n. A ease for a comb. Ash. COMB'JJR (kom'er), n. One who combs. “Comb- ers of wool.” Browne. COM'BIJR, n. A species of fish in Cornwall. Ray. COM'B^R, n. [Dut. kommer.] Encumbrance. That I may provide you some fit lodgings ... for the pres- ervation of blessed liberty and avoidance of the comber of kindness. Wotton. COM-BI 'NA-BLE, a. Capable of being combined. Pleasures are very combinable both with business and study. Lord Chesterfield. COM-Bl'NA-BLE-NESS, n. Capability of being combined. Craig. f COM'BI-NATE, a. Betrothed ; promised. “Her combinate husband.” Shak. c6M-BI-NA'TION, 7i. [L. cornbinatio ; It. eom- binazione ; Sp . combmacion ■, Fr . combmaison.] 1. Union of persons for certain purposes; association ; alliance ; coalition ; confederacy. A, E, I 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, £, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; COMBINATIVE 271 COMFORT This cunning cardinal The articles o’ the combination drew, As himself pleased. Shak. 2. ( Chem .) Union of two or more substances in such a manner as to form a new compound ; commixture. Maunder. 3. {Math.) pi. Changes or variations in ev- ery possible manner among a certain number of objects or symbols taken in sets. Davies. Combination room, ( University of Cambridge, Eng- land.) a room into which the officers and fellows with- draw, after dinner, for dessert, wine, and conversa- tion. Syn. — See Alliance, Association. COM-BI'NA-TIVE, a. Tending to combine; unit- ing. [r.] Brit. Crit. COM-BI'NA-TO-RY, a. Tending to combine ; uniting ; combinative. Schaff. COM-BINE', v. a. [ L. combino ; eon, with, and bi- nus, two and two, double ; It. combinare ; Sp. com- binar; Fr. combiner .] [i. combined; pp. com- bining, combined.] To join together; to unite. God, the best maker of all marriages, Combine your hearts in one. Shak. COM-BINE', v. n. 1 . To be united ; to coalesce. Ordain we, then, two sorrows to combine. DryeJen. 2. To be joined in friendship, or in design. Combine together ’gainst the enemy. Shak. COM-BiNED' (kom-blnd'), P- «• United. Combined locks (Jirch.) are canal locks placed side by side, so as to admit the ascent and descent of boats at the same time. Tanner. f COM-BINE'MgNT, n. Combination. Leighton. COM-BIN'jpR, 7i. He who, or that which, combines. COMB'ING (kom'jng), n. 1 . The act of using a comb. 2. Borrowed hair combed over the baldness of the head. The baldness, and, as both men and women think, the deformity, of their hair, is usually supplied by borders and combings. Bp. Taylor. COMB'L^SS (kom'les), a. Wanting a comb or crest. “ A combless cock.” Shak. COMB'— MAK-pR (kom'-), n. A maker of combs. COM-BUST', v. a. [L. comburo, combustus, to burn up.] To burn, [r.] Dickens. COM-BUST', a. ( Astron .) Applied to a heavenly body when it is not above eight degrees and a half distant from the sun. Guianerius had a patient could make Latin verses when the moon was combust , otherwise illiterate. Burton. COM-BUS-TI-BIL'I-TY, n. [It. combustibilittl ; Sp. combustibilidad ; Fr. conibustibilite .] The quality of being combustible. Digby. COM-BUS'TI-BLE, a. [It. combustibile ; Sp. § Fr. combustible .] Capable of being burnt ; in- flammable. “ Combustible matter.'’ Sharp. COM-BUS'TI-BLE, n. A substance that will burn. “ Common combustibles .” Sir T. Herbert. COM-BUS'TI-BLE-NESS, n. Aptness to take fire ; combustibility. Johnson. COM-BUS'TION (kom-bust'yun), n. [L. combus- tion It. combustione ; Sp. & Fr. combustion.) 1 . The process of burning ; consumption by fire ; conflagration. The future combustion of the earth is to be ushered in with violent impressions upon nature. Burnet. 2 . fTumult; disorder; confusion. Prophesying with accents terrible Of dire coinhustion and confused events. Shak. Those cruel wars between the houses of York and Lan- caster brought all England into an horrible combustion. Raleigh. COM-BUS'TIVE, a. Tending or disposed to take fire. “ Malign, fiery, and combustive.” Bp. Gauden. COME (kum), v.n. [Goth, ewiman ■; A. S. cuman ; Dut. koomen ; Ger. kommen ; Sw. kotnma ; Dan. lcomme .] [i. came ; pp. coming, come.] 1. To tend hitherward ; to advance nearer ; to approach ; — opposed to go. By the pricking of my thumbs. Something wicked this way comes. Shak. Evil into the mind of God or man May come and go, so unapproved, and leave No spot or blame behind. Milton. 2. To be or to arrive at, or to reach, some place, point, or condition. The rest will I set in order when I come. 1 Cor. xi. 34. Ilis sons come to honor, and he knoweth it not. Jobx iv. 21. 3. f To become. “ So came I a widow.’ ’ Shak. 4. To happen ; to fall out. “ How comes that ? ” Shak. Let come on me what will. Job xiii. 13. the imperative, it is often used as an inter- jection, in order to encourage, incite, or command attention. “ Come, we will walk ” ; “ Come, let us go.” Shak. And the repetition of it in the imperative implies haste or impatience. “Come, come, let us fall in with them.” Shale. It is sometimes used with an ellipsis; as, “ Come Friday”; that is, “When Fri- day shall come.” — To come about , to come to pass ; to happen : — to change ; to come round. “ The wind came about.” Bacon. — To come again , to return. “ When he had drunk, his spirit came again.” Judges xv. 19. — To come after , to follow. — To come at , to reach ; to obtain. — To come by, to obtain ; to gain. — To come home , to return to one’s home : — to touch nearly or sensibly ; as, “ This warning comes home to every man.” ( Naut .) Said of an anchor when it is broken from the ground and drags. — To come in, to enter. To accrue as gain ; as, “ He has large sums coining in.” — To come in for, to make a claim for; as, “ To come in for a share.” — To come into, to join with; to comply with; as, “To come into an agree- ment or compact.” — To come of, to proceed ; to is- sue. “ I told you what would come of this.” Shak. — To come off, to depart from ; to deviate. To es- cape ; to get free. “ How thou wilt here come off sur- mounts my reach.” Milton. To end an affair. “ O, bravely came we off.” Shak . — To come on, to ad- vance; to make progress. — To come over, to revolt. “ A man, in changing his side, not only makes him- self hated by those he left, but is seldom heartily es- teemed by those lie comes over to.” Addison. To rise, in distillation. “ The liquor that is wont to come over in this analysis.” Boyle. — To come out, to be made public ; to be discovered ; as, “ The secret has come out at last.” — To come out with, to give vent to ; to make public. — To come round, to change; as, “The wind came round.” — To come short, to fail ; to be de- ficient. — To come to, to consent or yield ; as, “ We must come to it”: — to amount to; as, “ How much does the whole come to? ” — To come to one’s self, to recover one’s senses. — To come to pass, to be effect- ed ; to fall out. — To come up, to make appearance, as vegetables ; to shoot from the soil ; as, “ The corn that was planted has come up.” To come into use. “ A fashion comes up.” Johnson. — To come up to, to rise to ; to reach to ; as, “ To come up to a mark or to a standard.” — To come up with, to overtake. — To come upon , to invade ; to attack. “ When old age comes upon him.” South. — Come your loays, come along, or come hither. Shak. “ A vulgarism still in use, especially in the North of England.” Todd. — To come , noting futurity. “ We jump the life to come.” Shak. — To come up, to slack off, as a rope or a tackle. COME (kum), n. A sprout. “The falling off of come , or sprout.” [A cant term.] Mortimer . CO-ME'DI-AN, n. [Fr. comedien.~\ 1. An actor of comedy ; a player of comic parts. Johnson. 2. A stage-player, male or female. “ When of a comedian she became a wealthy man’s wife.” Camden. 3. A writer of comedies. “ To admire Plau- tus as a comedian .” Peacham. C 6 m'E _ DY, n • [Or. KiBfMofiia ; Kdjprj, a village, or Kwpos, jovial festivity, and qdrj, a song ; L. comoe- dia ; It. commedia ; Sp. comedia ; Fr. comedie.] A dramatic representation of the lighter faults, passions, actions, and follies of mankind; play. Your honor’s players Are come to play a pleasant comedy. Shak. COME'LI-LY, ad. In a comely manner ; decent- ly; comely, [r.] Sherwood. COME'LI-NESS (kum'le-nes), 71. 1. The quality of being comely ; symmetry ; grace ; beauty ; dignity. All former comeliness Fled in a minute when the soul was gone. And, having lost that beauty, would have none. Donne. 2. Propriety ; fitness ; suitableness. For comeliness is a disposing fair Of things and actions in fit time and place. Davies. It signifies something less forcible than beau- ty, less elegant than grace , and less light than pretti- ness.” Johnson. COME'LY (kum'le), a. [From become. Skinner, Junius. — Perhaps A. S. eweman, to please. Johnson.] 1. Of good appearance ; well-proportioned ; symmetrical ; graceful ; handsome. “ A come- ly creature.” “ Though he killed a comehj knight.” Piers Plouhman. 2. Becoming; fitting; suitable. O, how comely it is, and how reviving To the spirits of just men long oppressed. When God into the hands of their deliverer Puts invincible might To quell the mighty of the earth, the oppressor I Milton. Syn. — See Becoming, Elegant. COME'LY (kum'le), ad. Gracefully; handsome- ly ; decently. “ To ride comely.” [n.] Ascham. COME-OFF', n. An escape; an evasion. Milton. COME— OUT', inter). A word of command to a dog to cause him to discontinue his pursuit or his barking. Forby. COME— OUT'JJR, n. One who forsakes established communities or societies ; a radical reformer. [Modern.] Theodore Parker. COM'ER (kuin'er), n. One who comes. Shak. fCOM-pS-SA'TION, 71. [Gr. koi/jMm, to revel; L. comissatio ; Fr. comessation.] Revelling. “Drunken comessations.” Bp. Hall. + CO-MES'TI-BLE, a. [L. comedo, to eat; Fr. comestible.] Eatable. Wotton. COM'pT, n. [Gr. ko/u'itw; Kdyy, hair; L. cometa; Fr. comete. — A. S. cometa.] (Astron.) A heav- enly body belonging to the solar system, of a luminous and nebulous appearance, which ap- proaches to and recedes from the sun, after the manner of a planet, in a single revolution. P.Cyc. Incensed with indignation Satan stood, TJnterrificd, and like a comet burned. That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge In the arctic sky, and from his horrid hair Shakes pestilence and war. Milton. CO-MET', n. A game at cards. Southern. COM-JJT-A RI-UM, I n _ (Astron.) A machine eon- COM'IJT-A-RY, ) structed to represent the revolution of a comet around the sun. Crabb. COM'E-TA-RY, a. Relating to a comet. Cheyne. CO-MET'IC, a. Cometary. [r.] Jolmson. COM '(IT— LIKE, a. Resembling a comet. Shak. COM-pT-OG'R A-P HER, n. One who writes about comets, [r.] Ash. COM-IJT-OG'R A-PHY, n. [Gr. Koyt/ry a comet, and Yf wtpu>, to write.] The history and descrip- tion of comets. Boyle. COM'FIT (kum'fit), n. [L. conficio, confectus, to make up together; It . confettura \ Sp. confite ; Fr. confiture ; Dut. konjit.) A dry sweetmeat ; a confect. Hudibras. COM'FIT (kum'fit), v. a. To preserve dry with sugar. Cowley. COM'FIT— MAK'JgR, n. A confectioner. Shak. COM'FI-TURE (kfim'fe-tur), n. [Fr. confiture.] A dry sweetmeat ; a comfit. Donne. COM'FORT (kum'furt), v. a. [L. conforto, to strengthen much ; con, with, used intensively, and fortis, strong ; It. confortare ; Sp. comfor- tar Fr. conforter.] [i. comforted ; pp. com- forting, COMFORTED.] 1. To strengthen ; to corroborate ; to confirm. The evidence of God’s own testimony, added unto the natural assent of reason, doth not a little comfort and confirm the same. Booker. 2. To encourage ; to inspirit ; to enliven ; to invigorate ; to revive ; to console ; to cheer. They bemoaned him and comforted him over all the evil that the Lord had brought upon him. Job xlii. 11. COM'FORT (kum'furt), n. 1. Support ; assist- ance ; countenance ; as, “ To give aid and fort to an enemy.” 2. Encouragement to bear calamity ; conso- lation ; solace. Consolation or comfort are words which, in their proper acceptation, signify some alleviation to that pain to which it is not in our power to afford the proper and adequate reme- dy; they imply rather an augmentation of the power of hear- ing than a diminution of the burden. Rambler. 3. That which gives consolation ; source of enjoyment. Your children were vexation to your youth; But mine shall be a comfort to your age. Shak. 4. Enjoyment ; satisfaction ; ease. Syn. — Comfort and consolation are often used sy- nonymously; consolation, for serious afflictions; com- fort, for less evils. Persons may administer conso- lation and comfort ; things, as books, society, &c., afford solace. Substantial comfort ; real satisfaction ; lively pleasure . Comfort, at home ; pleasure abroad. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — (J, l, 9, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; COMMENCE COMMERCIALLY 273 zar\ .Fr. commencer .] [t. commenced; pp. COMMENCING, COMMENCED.] 1. To begin ; to originate. Man, conscious ofhis immortality, cannot be without con- cern for that state that is to commence after this lile. Roger*. 2. To do the first act in any thing ; to take the first step. If wit so much from ignorance undergo. Ah, let not learhing too commence its foe. Pope. 3. To take an academical degree at a college or university. Many of our English gentlemen do thus commence, as it were, and take degrees in ignorance and vanity. Ellis, 1702. Syn. — See Begin. COM-MENCE', v. a. To begin ; to enter upon. And, like a hungry lion, did commence Hough deeds of rage and stern impatience. Shale, COM-MENCE'MpNT, n. [Fr.] 1. Beginning. “ The form and commencement of that species of poetry.” Blair. 2. The time when students in a university or college receive their degrees, as the 1st Tuesday in July, at Cambridge, England, or the 3d Wed- nesday in July at Cambridge, Massachusetts. COM-MEND', v. a. [L. commendo ; It. comincn- dare. — See Command.] \i. commended ; pp. COMMENDING, COMMENDED.] 1. To represent as worthy of regard, or of ac- ceptance ; to recommend. This letter from Bcllario, doth commend A young and learned doctor to our court. Shak. Tain glory ... I commend to no man. Decay of Piety. 2. To deliver up with confidence ; to intrust. Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. Luke xxiii.46. 3. To mention with approbation ; to praise ; to extol; to applaud. Each finding, like a friend, Something to blame, and something to commend. Pope. 4. To recommend to remembrance. “ Com- mend me to my kinsmen.” Shak. Syn. — We commend anil praise a person for what lie does, and admire him for what lie is. Praise is a stronger term titan commend. Praise a child for his good conduct; commend a person of merit, and rec- ommend him to tile notice of others. To extol or applaud is to express praise or admiration in a high strain ; to eulogize is to do the same thing in a set discourse. f COM-MEND', it. Commendation. Tell her I send to her my kind commends. Shak. II COM-MEND'A-BLE [kpm-mend'a-bl, P. Ja. IC Sin. R. C. IVb. Bailey, Johnson, Ash, Kcnrick ; kom'inen-d j-bl, J. F. ; kom'men-da-bl or kom- men'dtt-bl, S. IF.], a. [L. commendabilis ; It. commeiulabile .] That may be commended ; laudable ; worthy of praise. “ Commendable quality.” Addison. “ Commendable undertak- ing.” Hoadly. SSp Walker said, near the end of the last century, “ This word, like acceptable, has, since Johnson wrote his Dictionary, shifted its accent from the second to the first syllable. The sound of the language cer- tainly suffers by these transitions of accent. How- ever, when custom has once decided, we may com- plain, hut must still acquiesce. The accent on the second syllable of this word is grown vulgar, and there needs no other reason for banishing it from po- lite pronunciation.” But Smart (1837) remarks, “ A few years ago, commendable and commendably were ac- cented by the higher grade of speakers on the first syllable ; a better taste has restored, or nearly restored, the more consistent accentuation.” Syn. — See Laudable. II COM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of be- ing commendable. Bp. Burnet. II COM-MEND'A-BLY, ad. Laudably. COM-MF.N' DAM, n. [L. commendo, to commend.] (Canon Law.) 1. The holding of a vacant benefice till a pas- tor is supplied ; — so named as being commend- ed by the crown to the care of the holder. When a vacant living is intrusted to a clergyman, that he may discharge its duties until a fixed incumbent is provided for it. the benefice is said to be held by the former in com- niendam. Eden. 2. A benefice, or living held in commendam. “ These livings have obtained the name of com- mendam.” Burrill. COM-MEN'DA-TA-Ry, n. ( Eccl .) [F r. commenda- tairei] One who holds a living in commendam ; a commendator. — See Commendator. Todd. COM-MEN'DA-TA-RY, a. (Eccl.) Holding in com- mendam. Seward. c6M-M£N-DA'TION, n. [L. commendatio .] 1. Recommendation ; approval. I leave him to your gracious acceptance, whose trial shall better publish his commendation. Shak. 2. Praise ; eulogy. Such printers are not to be defrauded of their due com- mendation who employ their endeavor to restore the fruitful works of ancient writers. Tyndale. 3. Message of love; regards; compliments; respects ; — usually in the plural. I hear of Your visits, and your loving commendation - To your heart’s saint. Shak. Mrs. Page has her hearty commendations to you, too. Shak. Syn. — See Praise. COM-MEN'DA-TOR, n. [L ,,acommender.\ (Canon Law.) A secular person who holds a benefice in commendam ; a commendatary. Crabb. COM-MEN'DA-TO-RY, a. 1. Bestowing com- mendation ; commending. “ Commendatory epistles.” Barrow. 2. Delivering up or commending to divine favor. The commendator / prayer was said for him; and, ns it ended, he [King William III.] died, in the fifty-second year of his age. Burnet. 3. Holding in commendam. Call those possessors bishops, or canons, or commendatory abbots, or monks, or what you please. Burke. COM-MEN'DA-TO-RY, n. Commendation ; eulogy. To flatter such persons would be just as if Cicero had spoke commendatones of Antony. South. COM-MEND'pU, n. One who commends. Bentley. t COM-MEN'SAL, n. [L. commensalis ; con, with, and mensa, a table.] One who eats at the same table. Chaucer. f COM-MgN-SAL'I-T Y, n. Fellowship of table ; the custom of eating together. Browne. f COM-MEN-SA'TION, n. The act of eating at the same table. Browne. || COM-MENS-U-RA-BIL'I-TY, n. [L. con, with, and mensura, a measure ; it. commensurabilita ; Sp. conmensurabilidad ; Fr. commensurabilite. ] Capacity of having a common measure, or of being measured by another. Browne. II COM-MENS'U-RA-BLE [kom-men'shu-ra-bl, IF. P. J. F. ; kom-men'su-rfi-bl, S. Ja. Sm.], a. [Fr.] Having a common measure ; commeasurable ; as, “ The foot and the yard are commensurable by the inch.” Commensurable quantities, (Arilh. & Gcnm.) such as have some common divisor, which yields quotients in whole numbers, or such as may be exactly expressed by means of a common unit. II COM-MENS'U-RA-BLE-NESS, n. Capacity of being commensurable ; commensurability. II CQM-MENS'y-RATJE, v. a. [L. con, with, and mensura, a measure ; It. commensurare ; Sp. conmensurar. ] To reduce to some common measure, [it.] Goodwin. || OOM-MENS'U-RATE [kom-men'shu-rat, IF. P. F. ; kom-men'su-ret, S. ; kom-men'sliu-ret, J. ; kom-men'su-rat, Ja.), a. 1. Serving as a common measure. “By the mediation of some organ equally commensurate to soul and body.” Gov. of the Tongue. 2. Having equal extent ; proportionate ; equal. Is our knowledge adequately commensurate with the na- ture of things? Glanville. II COM-MENS'U-RATE-LY, ad. With exact meas- ure. We are constrained to make the day serve to measure the year as well as we can, though not commensurately to each year. Holder. II COM-MENS'U-RATE-NESS, n. The state of being commensurate. Ash. II COM-MENS-U-RA'TION, n. [Fr.] Exactness or fitness of relation according to a common measure ; proportion. All fitness lies in a particular commensuration, or propor- tion, of one thing to another. South. II COM'MJJNT, or COM-MENT', [kom'ment, S. IF. F. Ja. Sm. I Vb. ; kom-ment', P. J. E. K. C.], v. n. [L. commentor, to meditate deeply ; con, with, and mens, mind ; It. cofnentare ; Sp. co- mentar; Fr. commcnter.) [i. COMMENTED; pp. commenting, commented.] 1. To write notes upon an author ; to anno- tate ; to make explanations or elucidations. Critics, having first taken a liking to one of these poets, proceed to comment on him and illustrate him. Drydeu. I hate that any man should be idle while I must translate and comment. Pope. 2. To make remarks or observations. And comment then upon his sudden death. Shak. || f COM'MJJNT, v. a. 1. To explain ; to expound. This was the text commented by Chr}'sostom and Theod- oret. Reeves. 2. [L. commentior .] To represent in fiction ; to devise ; to feign. Spenser. COM'MpNT, n. 1. Annotation on a literary work ; note ; explanation ; exposition ; eluci- dation ; illustration. Still with itself compared, his text peruse; And let your comment be the Mantuan muse. Pope. 2. Remark ; observation. In such a time as this, it is not meet That every nice offence should bear its comment. Shak. Syn. — See Remark. COM'MyN-TA-RY, n. [L. commentarius ; Sp. comentario ; Fr. commentairc.] 1. A book of annotations, comments, or re- marks ; as, “ Commentaries on the Scriptures.” 2. A familiar narrative ; a series of memo- randa ; a memoir ; as, “ Csesar’s Commentaries.” C O M ' M y X - T A T E , v. n. [L. commentor, commen- tatus .] To annotate ; to comment. “ Commen- tating zeal.” [r.] Gent. Mag. CQM-MEN'TA-TXVE, a. Making or containing comments. Ec. Rev. COM'My N-TA-TOR, n. [L. commentator , an au- thor ; It. commentatore ; Sp . comentador \ Fr. commentateur .] An expositor ; an annotator. How commentators each dark passage shun, Andliold their farthing candle to the sun. Young. COM-MEN-TA-TO'RI-AL, a. Relating to com- ments, or to a commentary, [r.] Ec. Rev. COM-MEN-TA'TOR-SHIp, ii. The office of a com- mentator. Qu. Rev. II COM'MENT-pR, or COM-MENT' ]JR [kom'ment- er, Ja. Sm. R. I Vb. ; kom-ment'er, >V. It. P. C.], n. One who comments. B. Jonson. COM-MUN-TF'TIOyS (kom-men-tTsh'us), a. [L. commentitius ; comminiscor, commentus, to de- vise, to invent.] Forged; invented; fictitious; imaginary. “ To gather up the sparks of truth, and studiously cull out that which is commenti- tious.” [r.] Milton. COM'MERCE, n. [L. commercium ; merx, mercis, merchandise ; It. commcrcio, commerzio ; Sp. comercio ; Fr. commerce .] 1. The exchange of one sort of produce or property for another ; trade ; traffic ; dealing. lie [Sir Andrew] is acquainted with commerce in all its parts, and will tell you that it is a stupid and barbarous way to extend dominion by arms; for true power is to be got by arts aud industry. Spectator. Foreign commerce is the trade which one nation carries on with another; inland commerce, or inland trade, is the trade in the exchange of the commodities befween citizens of the same nation. Jlaunder. 2. Familiar intercourse ; social communica- tion. “ In the ordinary commerce and occur- rences of life.” Addison . 3. A game at cards. Johnso??,. Syn. — Commerce is appropriately applied to traf- fic carried on between different countries, and is on a large scale ; trade is traffic either on a large or a small scale. Commerce, trade , and traffic are all used to de- note the exchange of commodities ; dealing ■, for buy- ing and selling. Foreign commerce ; traffic or trade carried on by individuals, or between different towns. — Commerce is the business of the merchant; trade , of the tradesman. — See Intercourse. f COM'MERCE, or COM-MERCE', v. n. 1. To traffic ; to trade. Beware you commerce not with bankrupts. B. Jonson. 2. To hold intercourse. Come, but keep thy wonted state, Witli even step anil musing gait, And looks commercing with the skies, Thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes. Hilton. COM-MER'CIAL (kom-mer'sh?!, 66), a. Relating to commerce or traffic ; mercantile ; trading. “ Commercial intercourse.” Robertson. Syn. — See Mercantile. COM-MER'CIAL-LY, ad. In a commercial man- ner. “ Commercially considered.” Burke. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, s6n ; BULL, BUR, ROLE. — [L . c0mplace0i comp/a _ COM-PLA'CEN-CY, ) cens, to be pleasing; Sp. complacencia ; Fr. complaisance.] 1. Complaisance ; civility ; suavity. With mean complacence ne’er betray your trust, Nor be so civil as to prove unjust. Pope. Complacency , and truth, and manly sweetness Dwell ever on his tongue. Addison. 2. Pleasure ; satisfaction ; gratification. Diseases extremely lessen the complacence we have in all the good things of this life. Atterbury. 3. The cause of pleasure or satisfaction. O thou, My sole complacence l Milton. COM-PLA'CENT,'a. [L. complacens, pleasing; Sp . complaciente •, Fr. complaisant.] Civil; af- fable ; mild ; easy ; complaisant. They look up with a sort of complacent awe and admira- tion to kings. Burke. COM-PLA-CEN'TIAL, a. Accommodating; com- plaisant ; complacent. Baxter. COM-PLA-CEN'TIAL-LY, ad. In a manner to please ; complacently. COM-PLA'CENT-LY, ad. In a complacent or easy manner ; complaisantly. COM-PLAIN', v. n. [L. con, with, used inten- sively, and plango, to beat the breast in token of grief; It. compiagnere ; Fr . complaindre.] [i. COMPLAINED ; pp. COMPLAINING, COM- PLAINED.] 1. To utter expressions of grief, sorrow, un- easiness, dissatisfaction, or censure ; to mur- mur ; to lament ; to bewail ; to find fault ; — sometimes with of. I will speak in the anguish of my spirit; I will complain in the bitterness of my soul. Job vii. 11. In midst of water I complain of thirst. Dryden. 2. To inform against; to make charges; — with of. Now, Master Shallow, you ’ll complain of me to the coun- cil. Shak. COM-PLAIN', v. a. To lament; to bewail. “His loss whom bootless ye complain.” [u.] Fairfax. COM-PLAiN'A-BLE, a. To be complained of ; to be censured. Feltham. COM-PLAIN'ANT, n. 1. (Law.) One who com- mences a prosecution ; a plaintiff. Collier. 2. One who complains ; complainer. Ec. Rev. COM-PLAIN'ER, n. One who complains ; a mur- murer ; a fault-finder. Swift. COM-PLAIN'ING, n. Expression of complaint or injury. “They vented their complainings.” Shak. COM-PLAIN'ING, p. a. Making complaint ; quer- ulous ; murmuring ; finding fault. COM-PLAIN'ING-LY, ad. In a complaining man- ner ; with murmurs. Byron. COM-PLAINT', n. [It. compianto ; Fr. complainte .] 1. The act of complaining; expression of un- pleasant or painful emotions ; lamentation. The growing miseries which Adam saw, And, in a troubled sea of passion tossed, Thus to disburden sought with sad complaint. Milton. 2. Cause of dissatisfaction. The poverty of the clergy in England hath been the com- plaint of all who wish well to the church. Swift. 3. That which gives pain to the body ; a mal- ady ; a disease. Arbuthnot. 4. Information against ; accusation ; charge. Whose failing, while her faith to me remains, I should conceal, and not expose to blame By my complaint. Milton. 5. (Law.) An allegation made to a proper officer that some person has been guilty of an offence. Syn. — See Disease. f COM-PLAlNT'FUL, a. Full of complaint. Iluloet. C0M-PLAI-§ANCE' (kom-ple-zans'), n. [Fr. co??i- plaire, complaisant, to humor, to please.] That air or manner which indicates a desire to please ; civility ; courtesy ; condescension ; urbanity ; politeness. Complaisance renders a superior amiable, an equal agree- able, and an inferior acceptable. Addison . Syn. — Complaisance is the act of an equal ; defer - MiEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — 9, 9, 9, g, soft; £, G, 5, g, hard; § as z; JC as gz. — THIS, this. COMPLAISANT 280 COMPLICITY ence , of an inferior ; condescension , of a superior. Com- plaisance and courtesy are due to equals ; deference, to superiors ; condescension to inferiors ; civility, to all. — See Civility. COM-PLAI-SANT' (kom-ple-zant'), a. [It. com- piacente ; ’Fr. complaisant.'] Seeking to please by exterior manners; courteous; polite; def- erential ; respectful ; civil ; affable. As for our Saviour, he was, if I durst use the word, the most complaisant person that ever perhaps appeared in the world. Sharp. Syn. — See Affability. COM-PLAI-§ANT'LY, ad. In a complaisant man- ner ; with a desire to please. Pope. C O M - P L A I - §A N T ' N £ S S , n . The quality of being complaisant ; complaisance, [r.] Johnson. COM-PLA'NATE, v. a. [L. complano, complana- tus; con, with, and planus , level.] To make level ; to form with an even surface. Dcrham. COM-PLANE', v. a. Same as Complanate. [r.] COM- PLEAT', a. See Complete. Junius. COM'PLp-MENT, n. [L. complementum, that which fills up or completes ; compleo, to fill up ; It. § Sp. complemento ; Fr. complement. — Com- plement and compliment were anciently written without discrimination.] 1. Fulness ; completeness ; entireness. The sensible nature, in its complement and integrity, hath five exterior faculties. Hale. 2. A full number or quantity ; complete pro- vision ; as, “ A complement of men ” ; “ His complement of stores.” Prior. 3. Something added as graceful or complai- sant ; an accomplishment. These which have lastly sprung up, for complements, rites, and ceremonies of church actions, are, in truth, for the great- est part, silly things. Hooker. Are they spare in diet, Free from gross passion, or of mirth, or anger. Constant in spirit, not swerving with the blood, Garnished and decked in modest complement? Shak. 4. ( Trigonometry .) That which remains after subtracting an angle from 90° ; thus 30° is the complement of 60°, and the reverse. Davies. 5. ( Astron .) The distance of a star from the zenith, as compared with its altitude. Johnson. 6. (Her.) The full moon ; as, “ Azure the moon in her complement.” Arithmetical complement of a logarithm. — Seo Ar- ithmetical. Complement of the curtain , (Fort.) that part in the interior side of it which makes the demigorge. John- son . — Complements of a parallelogram , (Ocom.) tile lesser parallelograms formed by drawing lines paral lei to the sides of a given parallelogram, and through the same point on its diagonal. Davies. CSM-PLE-MENT'AL, a. [See Complement, and Compliment.] That fills up or completes ; complementary. Many men, only adding some complemenfal enlargements of their own, have plundered the first founders of all the praise and profit of their invention. Standard of Equality. t COM-PLIJ-MENT'A-UY, «• One who compli- ments ; a complimenter. B. Jonson. COM-PLIJ-MENT'A-RY, a. Completing; supply- ing a deficiency ; complemental. Roget. 1. To perfect ; to finish ; to consummate ; to accomplish ; to effect ; to execute ; to achieve ; to terminate ; to end. Light minds undertake many things without completing any. Crabb. 2. To fulfil; to perform; to realize. “He completes the nation’s hope.” Pope. Syn. — A work is completed or finished by having the last labor bestowed upon it, and is perfected by being made 1 free from defect. A business is terminated or ended by being brought to a close. Complete your labors ; finish your work ; accomplish your purpose ; effect your object ; fulfil your promise ; terminate a dispute. The completion of a work ; the end of a chapter or volume ; tile termination of a controversy ; execution of a project ; fulfilment of a prophecy ; achievement of an enterprise ; consummation of a favor- ite scheme. — See Accomplish, Consummation. COM-PLETE'LY, ad. In a complete manner. f COM-PLETE'MENT, n. The act of completing ; completion. More. COM-PLETE'NJJSS, n. The state of being com- plete ; perfection. Watts. COM-PLET'ING, n. The act of finishing or ac- complishing ; accomplishment. Sky lowered, and, muttering thunder, some sad drops Wept at completing of the mortal siu. Milton. COM-PLE'TION, n. [L. completion 1. The state of being complete, or of being perfected. He makes it the utmost completion of an ill character, to bear malevolence to the best men. l J oye. 2. Fulfilment ; accomplishment. There was a full, entire harmony, and consent of all the divine predictions, receiving their completion in Christ. South. Syn. — See Complete, Consummation. COM-PLE'TIVE, a. [It. § Sp. completive ) ; Fr. completif.] Making complete. Harris. COM-PLE'TO-RY [kom-ple'to-re, Ja. K. Sm. Todd; kom'ple-to-re, 1 V6.], a. Fulfilling; complet- ing ; completive. Barrow. COM'PLE-TO-RY, n. [Low L. completorium.] The evening service ; the last prayer or breviary of a set service ; compline. Hooper. COM’PLEX, a. [L. complexes ; con, with, and plico, plexus, to fold ; It. complesso ; Sp. com- plexo; Fr. complexe .] 1. Consisting of many parts ; composite ; compounded ; compound ; not simple. “ This complex . . . scheme of things.” Thomson. Ideas made up of several simple ones I call complex. Locke. That which consists of several different things, so nut to- gether as to form a whole, is called complex. Taylor. 2. Entangled ; intricate ; complicated ; as, “ A complex subject.” Complex fraction , a fraction having a fraction or mixed number in either the numerator or denomina- tor, or both. Davies. Syn. — See Complexity, Compound. COM'PLEX, n. Complication ; collection, [r.] That full complex Of never-ending wonders. Thomson. COM-PLEXED' (kom-plekst'), a. Complicated. “ Complcxed significations.” Browne. COM-PLEX'ION-A-RY, a. Relating to the com- plexion ; complexional. “ This complexionary art of adorning . . . the looks.” Bp. Taylor. COM-PLEX'IONED (-plek'shund), a. Having a complexion. The female Moors . . . are generally well complexicmed . L. Addison. COM-PLEX'I-TY, n. [Fr. complexiti.] The state of being complex ; intricacy. Burke. Syn. — Complexity arises from the multiplicity of objects; complication is the involvement of objects. Complexity of a subject ; complication of parts ; intri- cacy of a plot. A proposition is complex ; affairs, com- plicated ; a law or question, intricate. COM'PLEX-LY, ad. In a complex manner. COM'PLEX-NESS, 71. The state of being com- plex ; complexity ; intricacy. A. Smith. COM-PLEX'URE (-plek'shur), n. The involution or complication of one thing with others, [it.] COM-PLKX' US, n. [L.] (Anat.) A muscle sit- uated at the back part of the neck. Hoblyn. COM-PLl'A-BLE, a. [See Comply.] That can bend ; disposed to comply ; compliant. “ An- other compliable mind.” Milton. COM-PLl'ANCE, n. 1. The act of complying or yielding ; acquiescence ; assent ; as, “ Compli- ance with a request.” 2. A disposition to please others ; complai- sance ; courtesy ; civility. He was a man of few words and of great compliance. Clarendon. Syn. — See Assent, Indulgence. COM-PLI'ANT, a. 1. Bending ; inclining ; pliant. Nectarine fruits, which the compliant boughs Yielded them, sidelong as they sat. Milton. 2. Deferring to the desires of another ; dis- posed to comply ; accommodating ; complai- sant ; civil. “ To show how compliant he was to the humors of the princes.” Burnet. COM-PLl'ANT-LY, ad. In a compliant or yield- ing manner ; civilly. Todd. COM'PLI-CA-CY, n. The state of being compli- cate ; complication, [r.] Ec. Rev. COM'PLI-CATE, v. a. [L. eomplico, complicatus; con, with, and plico, to fold ; Sp. complicar ; Fr. compliquer .] [i. complicated ; pp. compli- cating, complicated.] 1. To entangle one with another ; to inter- twine ; to interweave. Thick swarming now With complicated monsters, head and tail. 31ilton. 2. To involve mutually ; to join closely. Our hearts deceive us; our purposes are complicated . Bp. Taylor. Syn. — See Implicate. COM'PLI-CATE, a. [It. complicato ; Sp . coinpli- cado.] Compounded of many parts ; compli- cated ; complex. How poor, how rich, how abject, how august, How complicate , how wonderful, is man! Young. C6m'PL!-CAT-IJD, p. a. 1. Interwoven ; inter- twined. Nor can his complicated sinews fail. Young . Any two colors which, when combined to- gether. produce white light, are said to be complement- ary to one another., Braude . COM-PLETE', a. [L. compleo, completus , to fill up; Sp. completo', Fr. complet.] 1. Having no deficiency ; perfect ; consum- mate; entire. So absolute she seems. And in herself complete , so well to know Her own, that what she wills to do or say Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best. Milton. 2. Finished ; ended ; concluded. This course of vanity almost complete. Prior. Syn. — That is complete which has no deficiency, or which has all the appendages belonging to it ; that is perfect which has no defect ; that is entire which is not divided, or from which nothing has been taken ; that is finished in which there has been no omission. An entire house, an entire orange ; the ichole number ; a complete apartment ; a perfect work ; a finished per- formance ; a full number. — A man may have an en- tire house to himself, and yet not have one complete apartment. — See Accomplished, Whole. COM-PLETE', v. a. [L. compleo, completus, to fill up ; It. compiere, compire ; Sp. completar ; Fr. completer .] [i. completed ; pp. complet- ing, completed.] A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, COM-PLEX'ED-NESS, n. Complication ; involu- tion of many particular parts in one integral. COM-PLEX'ION (kom-plek'shun), n. [L. com - plexio ; It. complessione ; Sp. &; Fr. complexion .] 1. Complication ; complexity. Though the terms of propositions may bo complex, yet, where the composition of the argument is plain, the com- plexion docs not belong to the syllogistic form of it. Watts. 2. The color of the skin, particularly of the face: — the color of the external parts of any body. Whv doth not beauty, then, refine the wit, And good complexion rectify the will? Davies. Men judge by the complexion of the sky The state and inclination of the day. Shak. 3. The temperament, habitude, or natural disposition of the body. “ A man of feeble complexion and sickly.” Berners. CO.M-PLEX'ION-AL (kom-plek'shun-?l), a. De- pending on, or relating to, the complexion or the temperament. “ Our own complexional na- ture.” Spectator. COM-PLEX'ION-AL-LY (kom-plek'slmn-al-le), ad. By complexion. “ The men of health complcx- ionatty pleasant.” Blair. I, 0, Y, short; A, E, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, 2. Complex; intricate; entangled; involved; as, “A complicated subject.” Syn.— See Complexity. CUM'PLI-CATE-LY, ad. In a complicated man- ner ; intricately. Boyle. COM'PLI-CATE-NESS, n. Intricacy ; perplexity ; complication. Hale. c6M-PLI-CA'TION, n. [L. complicatio ; It. com- plicazione ; Sp. complicacion ; Fr. complication .] 1. The state of being complicated; complexity. All our grievances arc either of body or of mind, or in com- plications of both. L' Estrange. 2. That which consists of many things in- volved one with another. Bv admitting a complication of ideas, the mind is dazzled and bewildered. Watts. Syn. — See Complexity. COM'PLI-CA-TIVE, a. Tending to involve. Craig. fCOM'PLI^E (kom'pljs), n. An accomplice. Shak. COM-PLig'l-TY, n. [Fr. complicite .] The state of being an accomplice. J. Q. Adams. A measure which attempts to establish a moral complicity between us and those who seek safety in repressive meas- ures IVnt. E. Gladstone. FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; COMPLIER 281 COMPOSITOR COM-PLI'ER, n. One who complies. Swift. COM'PLI-MENT, n. [L. complico ; con, with, and plico, to bend ; Old Fr. compiler, Sullivan. — Fr. complaire, to please, the root of comply, Skinner. — See Comply. It. complimento ; Sp. cumplimiento ; Fr. compliment.\ An act, or an expression, of civility, usually understood to mean less than it declares ; commendation ; praise ; delicate flattery. Compliments of congratulation are always kindly taken, and cost one nothing but pen, ink, and paper. Chesterfield. An encomium or compliment never succeeds so well as when it is indirect. Campbell. Syn. — See Adulation. COM'PLI-MENT, v. a. [Sp. cumplimentar ; Fr. complimervter.\ [£. complimented; ^.com- plimenting, complimented.] To soothe or gratify with expressions of civility, commenda- tion, or respect; to flatter ; to praise. I heard myself complimented with the usual salutation. Tatler. COM'PLI-MENT, v. n. To use adulatory lan- guage. “ Complimenting and ducking each to other with their shaven reverences.” Milton. COM-PLI-MENT'AL, a. Implying or bestowing compliments ; complimentary. Wot ton. COM-PLI-MENT'AL-LY, ad. By way of compli- ment. Broome. f COM-PLI-MENT' AL-NESS, n. The quality of being complimentary. “ Complimentalness as opposed to plainness.” Hammond. COM-PLI-MENT'A-RY, a. Bestowing compli- ment; expressive of civility, honor, respect, or compliment ; complimental. I made complimentary / verses on the great lords and ladies of the court. Ilurd. COM-PLI-MENT'A-TIVE, a. Disposed to com- pliment ; complimentary, [it.] Bosicell. COM'PLI-MENT-IJR, n. One who compliments; a flatterer. “ Ordinary compliment ers." Herbert. COM'PLINE, n. [Low L. completinum ; Fr. com- plied] The last act of worship at night, in the Romish Church ; completory. Spenser. f COM'PLISH, v. a. To accomplish. Spenser. f COM-PLORE', v. n. [L. comploro ; con, with, and ploro, to lament.] To make lamentations together. Ccckeram. COM'PLOT [kom'plot, S. IF. J. F. K. Sm. W b. ; kom-plot', P. Ja.], n. [Fr.] A joint plot ; a confederacy in a plot. I know their complot is to have my life. Shah. COM-PLOT', v. n. [Fr. comploter . — See Plot.] [£. COMPLOTTED ; pp. COMPLOTTING, COMPLOT- ted.] To form a plot ; to conspire. “ Having complotted with the duke.” [it.] Bacon. COM-PLOT', v. a. [Fr. comploter .] To plan ; to contrive. A few lines after, we find them complothng together a new scene of miseries to the Trojans. Hope. COM-PLOT'MBNT, n. A conspiracy; a complot. [it.] Dean King. COM-PLOT'TER, n. One who forms plots with another ; a conspirator, [it.] Sir G. Buck. COM-PLOT'TING-LY, ad. By conspiracy or plot. COM-PLU-TEN'SIAN, a. Noting the first poly- glot edition of the Bible, w hich was published at Complutum, or Alcala, in Spain, by Cardinal Ximenes. Calmet. COM-PLY', v. n. [“ Skinner derives it from the French complaire-, but probably it comes from (Old Fr.) compiler, to bend to. Plier is still in use.” Johnson. — L .complico-, con, with, and plico, to fold or bend ; Sp. cumplir.] [i. com- plied ; pp. complying, complied.] To yield ; to accord with; to accede; to consent; to as- sent ; to conform ; to acquiesce. The truth of things will not comply with our conceits, and bend itself to our interest. Tillotson. He that complies against his will Is of his own opinion still. Hudilrras. Syn. — Comply with a reasonable request ; conform to Rood customs or regulations ; yield to superiors; submit, to tile laws ; accede to a proposal ; acquiesce in a demand or a proceeding ; assent to what is true ; consent to wiiat is reasonable. t COM-PON'DJJR-ATE, v. a. [L. compondcro, componderatus ; con, with, and pondero, to weigh.] To weigh together. Cockeram. COM-PONE', a. (Her.) Noting a bordure com- posed of angular parts or checkers of two col- ors, alternating one with the other. Craig. f COM-PONE', v. a. To arrange ; to settle. “Peace componed and concluded.” Burnet. COM-PO'NIJNT, a. [L. compono, componcns, to put together ; con, with, and pono, to place ; It. $ Sp. componente .] Constituting ; compos- ing ; as, “ The component parts of a body.” COM-PO'NJJNT, n. The elementary part of a compound ; an ingredient. Johnson. COM-PORT', v. n. [L. comporto, to bring to- gether ; con, with, and porto, to bear ; Fr. com- porter. ] [ i . comported ; pp. comporting, COMPORTED.] 1. To be suitable, or fit ; to agree ; to suit. How ill this dulness doth comport with greatness ! Beau, tf FI. 2. To bear ; to endure, [r.] Shall we not meekly comport with an infirmity? Barrow. CQM-PORT', v . a. 1. To bear; to endure. The malcontented sort. That never can the present state comport. Daniel. flgf* “ This is a Gallic signification, not adopted among us.” Johnson. 2. To behave ; — with the reflective pronoun. The Life of Tully and the Divine Legation will he a rule how men who esteem the love of each other should comport themselves when they dilfer in opinion. Warburton. f COM'PORT (114) [kSm'port, IF. J.F.Ja. K. Sm. IF6. ; kom-port', S. P.], n. Behavior ; conduct. I know them well, and marked their rude comport. Drydcn. COM-PORT'A-BLE, a. Consistent ; proper. “Some cornportable method.” 1 Votton. f COM-PORT'ANCE, n. Behavior; deportment; comport. “ Goodly comportance.” Spenser. f COM-POR-TA'TION, n. [L . comportatio .] An assemblage. Here is a collection and comportation of Agur’s wise say- ings. Bp. Richardson. f COM-PORT'MF.NT, n. [Old Fr. comportement .] Behavior ; deportment. “ By her serious and devout comportment.” Addison. COM-POijE' (kom-poz'), V. a. [L. compono, com- positus ; con, with, and pono, to place ; It. com- porre ; Sp. componer; Fr. composer .] [i. com- posed ; pp. COMPOSING, COMPOSED.] 1. To form by union of parts or elements ; to compound ; to constitute. O. let me know Where these immortal colors grow That could this deathless piece compose ! Waller. 2. To invent and set in order, as the parts of a discourse ; to write, as an author. They who are learning to compose and arrange their sen- tences with accuracy and order, arc learning, at the same time, to think with accuracy and order. Dr. Blair. 3. To settle ; to adjust ; to regulate. How in safety best we may Compose our present evils. Milton. 4. To tranquillize; to soothe; to calm; to quiet. “ By which all his fears would be com- posed.” Clarendon. 5. To put in a state for any purpose ; to dis- pose. [r.] The whole army seemed well composed to obtain that by their swords which they could not by their pen. Clarendon. 6. (Printing.) To arrange the letters or types in the composing-stick. 7. (Mus.) To form or invent, as a tune, by arrangement of musical notes. Syn. — See Appease, Make. COM-PO^ED' (kom-pozd'), p. a. Quiet ; calm ; unruffled ; sedate ; even ; tranquil. In Spain, there is something still more serious and com- posed in the manner of the inhabitants. Addison. Syn. — See Calm. COM-PO§'BD-LY, ad. Calmly; sedately. “The man . . . very composedly answered.” Clarendon. COM-POg'BD-NESS, n. Tranquillity. Wilkins. COM-PO§'BR, n. 1. One who composes; an au- thor, — especially a musical author. “ Able writers and composers in every excellent mat- ter.” Milton. “Ludovico, a most judicious and sweet composer.” Peacham. 2. One who adjusts differences. Bp. Williams. 3. (Printing.) An adjuster of types ; a com- positor. — See Compositor. COM-P6§TNG-RULE, n. (Printing.) A piece of brass rule, as wide as the types are high, cut to the length of the line, and laid in a comnositor’s composing-stick, to facilitate the arrangement and the removal of the types. Brande. COM- POKING— STICK, n. (Print- ing.) An instrument in which a compositor arranges the words and lines. By means of a slide it is easily adjusted to any length of line re- quired. Brande. COM-PO§ ' 1-TJE, n. pi. [L., compounded.] (Bot.) The largest natural order of dicotyledonous plants, coinciding with the artificial class Syn- genesia ; — so called because the old botanists regarded the flower heads, or aggregations of florets in the eapitulum, as compound flowers. COM-POLITE [kom-poz'it, S. W. J. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; kom'po-zit, Brande], a. [L. compositus, compounded. — See Compose.] 1. Made up of parts ; compounded. 2. (Arch.) Noting the last of the five orders of architecture ; — so named because it is com- pounded of the Corinthian and the Ionic orders. 3. (Bot.) Belonging to the or- der Composite ; having flowers arranged in dense heads, or ca- pitula. Craig. Composite arch , (Arch.) the lancet or pointed arch. Composite number , (Arith.) a number that can be divided by some other number greater than unity. COM'PO-gITE, n. An orderly structure ; union ; composition. “ Resolving it [speech], as a com- posite, into its matter and form.” Harris. c 6M-PO-§!"TION (kotn-po-zTsh'un), n. [L. com- positio; It . composizione ; Sp . composicion-, Fr. composition .] 1. The act of composing, or of forming an integral by union of parts. 2. A mass formed of different ingredients. “ Covered on the outside with a composition like varnish.” Cook. 3. The state of being compounded ; union ; - conjunction ; combination. Contemplate things first in their own simple natures, and afterwards view them in composition with other things. Waffs . 4. The invention and arrangement of the parts of a discourse, or of a work of art. 5. That which is composed ; a written or lit- erary work. That divine prayer has always been looked upon as a com- position fit to have proceeded from the wisest of men. Addison. 6. Settlement or adjustment of a matter in controversy ; compact ; agreement. Thus we are agreed; I crave our composition may be written, And sealed between us. Shak. 7. (Logic & Math.) Synthesis, as opposed to analysis. The investigation of difficult things, by the method of analysis, ought ever to precede the method of comjiosition. Newton. 8. (Mus.) A tune, air, or piece of music. 9. (Fine Arts.) The general arrangement of a work of art. Fairholt. 10. (Gram.) The act of joining two words to- gether, or of joining a particle to a word. 11. (Law.) The act of discharging a debt of a bankrupt by paying a part : — the act of ex- empting lands from the payment of tithes : — a satisfaction for an injury. Burrill. 12. (Printing.) The act of setting types in a composing-stick. 13. The translation of English into Greek or into Latin. [Cambridge Univ., Eng.] Bristed. Composition of forces, (Jlech.) the finding of the quantity and direction of a single force, which is equivalent to two or more forces, eacli acting differ- ently, and of which the quantity and direction are given. Francis. COM-PO§'I-t!ve (-poz'e-tiv), a. [It. compositiro.] Compounded, or having the power of com- pounding. Bosworth. COM-PO§'I-TOR, n. [It. compositore ; Sp. com- positor-, Fr .compositeur.] 1. One who sets in order. Bullokar. 2. (Printing.) One who ranges and adjusts the types in printing. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON ; 36 BULL, BUR, RtJLE. — Syn. — Compound is opposed to single and to sim- ple ; complex, to simple. Words are compound ; sen- tences complex. COM'POUND, n. Something compounded; a whole or a mass formed of several parts or in- gredients. Man is a compound of flesh as well as spirit. South. COM-POUND'A-BLE, a. Capable of being com- pounded. Sherwood. COM-POUND 'JED, p. a. Composed of several dif- ferent parts or materials ; compound ; mixed. “ The last is the compounded order.” I Cotton. COM-POUND'ER, n. 1. One who compounds. 2. One who compounds for a debt or for a felony. Butler. 3. One who, at a university, pays extraordi- nary fees, proportioned to his estate, for the degrees which he takes. Johnson. f COM-PRE-CA'TION, n. [L. comprecatio.] Sup- plication; public prayer. Bp. Wilkins. COM-PRE-HEND', v. a. [L. eomprehendo ; It. comprendere ; Sp. comprender ; Fr .comprendre.] [*. COMPREHENDED ; pp. COMPREHENDING, COMPREHENDED.] 1. To comprise ; to include ; to embrace. If there be any other commandment, it is briefly compre- hended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. Horn. xiii. 9. 2. To take into, or to contain in, the mind ; to understand ; to conceive ; to apprehend. I am sure there are few who would not shrink from affirm- ing, at least if they at all realized the words they were using, that they comprehended Shakspcarc, however much they ap- prehend in h\m. Trench. Syn. — Comprehend has a more extensive meaning than understand or apprehend. To apprehend, is simply to take an idea into t lie mind. Whatever we compre- hend, we understand. One may understand a foreign language, yet it would not be proper to say that lie comprehended it. An Encyclopedia comprises many volumes, compre- hends all tile sciences, embraces all subjects, contains much useful matter, and is designed to include every tiling of importance. — See Apprehend. COM-PRE-HEND'ER, n. One who comprehends. “ Rather apprehenders than comprehenders thereof.” Cudworth. COM-PRE-HENDTNG, p. a. Including ; compris- ing ; conceiving. COM-PRE-HEN'SI-BLE, a. [L. comprehensibilis ; It. comprensible ; Sp. I, 9, U, Y, obscure. — FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; IIEIR, HER; COMPRISING 283 CONCAMERATION to embrace; to contain ; to include. “ To com- prise much matter in few words.” Hooker. Syn. — See Comprehend. COM-PRI§'ING, p. a. Comprehending; including. f COM' PRO- BATE, v. n. [L. comprobo, compro- batus ; con, with, and probo, to prove.] To agree with ; to concur in proof. Sir T. Elyot. f COM-PRO-BA'TION, n. [L. comprobatio, ap- probation.] Joint proof ; attestation. Browne. COM'PRO-Ml§E (kom'pro-mlz), n. [L. compro- missum ; compromitto, to agree mutually to abide by the decision of an arbiter; con, with, and promitto, to promise ; It. compromesso ; Sp. compromiso ; Fr. compromise] {Law.) 1. A mutual agreement to submit matters in dispute to the decision of arbitrators. Burrill. 2. A compact or adjustment in which con- cessions are made on each side. But basely yielded, upon compromise , That which his ancestors achieved with blows. Shak. COM'PRO-MI^E, v. a. [L. compromitto ; It. com- promettere ; Sp . comprometer \ Fr. compromct- tre .] [ i . compromised ; pp. compromising, COMPROMISED.] 1. To adjust by mutual concessions ; to settle without resort to the law ; to compound. Perhaps it may be no great difficulty to compromise the dispute.’ She ns tone. 2. fTo bind by an agreement; to agree. Laban and himself were compromised. That all the yearlings which were streaked and pied Should fall as Jacob’s hire. Shak. 3. To pledge or engage by some act or step; to put to hazard ; to compromit. Those who felt inclined to find fuult with the policy of the governor-general of India would not be compromised in the slightest degree by giving their assent to the present resolu- tion. Sir R. Peel. Neither the interests nor the honor of this country have been compromised. Sir It. Peel. “ This sense (an application of the word bor- rowed from French usage) ought, perhaps, to be ex- pressed only by compromit ; and such is t lie usage of American, but not generally of English writers.” Smart. — See Compromit. c6m'PRO-MI§E, v. n. To agree; to accord; to compound. “ Nor any [church] which less compromiseth with Rome.” [r.] Fuller. COM'PRO-Ml§-?R, n. One who compromises. COM'PRO-Ml§-!N£, p. a. Tending or disposed to adjust differences by mutual agreement; as, “ A compromising spirit.” f COM-PRO-MIS-SO'RT-AL, a. Relating to.a com- promise. Bailey. COM'PRO-MIT, v. a. [L. compromitto ; It. com- promettere ; Fr. compromettre .] [ i . compro- MITTED \pp. COMPROMITTING, CO.MPROMITTED.] 1. To pledge ; to promise. Sir T. Elyot. 2. To bring into danger ; to put to hazard ; to compromise. — See Compromise. The ratification of the late treaty could not have compro- mitted our peace. Henry day. COM-PRO-VIN'CIAL (kom-pro-vin'shal, 66), a. Be- longing to the same province. Ayliffe. COM-PRO-VIN'CIAL, n. One belonging to the same province ; a fellow-provincial. Ed. Rev. f CO MPT (kount), il. [L. computus ; Fr. compte . ] Account ; computation ; reckoning. Shak. COMPT (kount), v. a. To count. — See Count. f COMPT (komt), a. [L. comptus, decked ; como, comptus, to adorn.] Neat ; spruce. Cotgrave. -f- COMP'TI-BLE (koun'tc-bl), a. Accountable ; responsible. Shak. fCOMPT'LY (komt'le), ad. [L .compte.] Neat- ly ; sprucely. Sherwood. tCOMPT'NlJSS (komt'-), n. Neatness. Sherwood. COMP- TO 'MI- A, n. (Bot.) A genus of hand- some shrubs, including only one species ( Comp - tonia asplenifolia) ; — so named in honor of Bishop Compton. Loudon. COMP'TON-ITE, n. (Min.) A mineral found in ejected masses on Vesuvius; a variety of zeo- lite; — so named in honor of Lord Compton, who first brought it to England in 1818. Braude. COMP-TROL' (lmn-trol'), v. a. To control. — See Control. Johnson. COMP-TROL'LJJR (kon-tr5l'Ier), il. [Low L. con- trarotulator ; contra, against, and rotulator, an enroller; OldFr . contrerouleur. Burrill .] (Laic.) One who examines the accounts of other offi- cers ; a controller. Temple. DPS- As a legal or technical word, it is commonly written comptroller ; in other uses, controller. — See Controller. COMP-TROL'LIJR-SHlP (kon-trol'ler-ship), n. The office or charge of comptroller. Carew. COM-PUL'SA-TIVE, a. Compelling; forcing; constraining, [r.] Todd. COM-PUL'SA-TIVE-LY, ad. By force ; by con- straint. Clarissa. COM-PUL'SA-TO-BY, a. Compulsory. “By terms compulsatory .” [r.] Shak. COM-PUL'SION (kom-pul'shun), n. [L. compul- sio ; Sp. Fr. compulsion .] 1. The act of compelling ; force ; violence ; constraint ; coercion. Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie To lull the daughters of necessity. Milton. 2. The state of being compelled. When the fierce foe hung on our broken rear, With what compulsion and laborious flight We sunk thus low. Milton. Syn. — Compulsion, coercion, and force are more active in their signification than constraint and re- straint. Compulsion and coercion are never used to express the force a person exercises on himself, but only in relation to others ; restraint and constraint maybe applied to one’s self. A government is said to use coercion, to make its subjects conform to the established religion. A traveller delivers his purse to a robber under compulsion. A person exercises con- straint upon himself unwillingly; and he exercises restraint upon himself, or upon his feelings, from a sense of duty. The forms of civil society or public opinion lay a proper constraint upon the behavior of men, and make them agreeable to each other. COM-PUL'SIVE, a. Having the power to com- pel ; forcing. “ A more short and compulsive method.” Swift. COM-PUL'SIVE-LY, ad. By force ; by violence. COM-PUL'SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being compulsive; force; compulsion. Johnson. COM-PUL'SO-RI-LY, ad. In a forcible manner. COM-PUL'SO-RY, a. [Sp. compulsorio . ] Com- pelling ; using force ; forcing ; forcible ; con- straining. “ Compulsory power.” Bp. Taylor. COM-PUNC'TION (kom-pungk'shun), n. [L. com- punyo, compunctus, to prick ; it. compunzione ; Sp. compuncion ; Fr. componction . ] 1. f The act of pricking ; power to irritate. “This is that acid — with such activity and compunction.” Browne. 2. Reproach of conscience ; remorse ; re- pentance ; contrition ; penitence. He acknowledged his disloyalty to the king with expres- sions of great compunction. Clarendon. Syn. — Compunction and remorse both express the state of a wounded conscience or a sense of guilt, hut file latter is tile stronger term of tile two. Compunc- tion for sin or for minor offences ; remorse for enor- mous crimes. — See Repentance. COM-PUNC'TIOUS (kom-pungk'shus, 82), a. Im- plying or feeling compunction ; repentant ; sor- rowful ; penitent ; contrite. Stop up the access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose. Shak. COM-PUNC'TIOUS-LY, ad. With compunction ; sorrowfully ; contritely ; penitently. f COM-PUNC'TIVE, a. Causingremorse. Johnson. fCOM-Py'PIL, n. A fellow-pupil. Walton. COM-PUR-GA'TION, n. [Low L. compurgatio ; L. compurgo, compurgatus, to purify wholly; con, with, and pur go, to make clean ; Sp. compurga- cion; Fr. compurgation.'] (Law.) The practice of justifying or establishing any man’s veracity by the testimony of another. The oath of compurgation gave place to juries. Priestley. CdM'PtiR-GA-TOR, n. [Low L.] (Law.) One who, by oath, testifies to another’s credibility or innocence. Lord Russel defended himself by many compurgators. who spoke very fully of his great worth. Burnet. COM-PUT'A-BLE, a. [L. computabilis. — See Compute.] That may be computed or num- bered ; calculable. “ Finite, though not easily computable by arithmetic.” Hale. f COM'PU-TATE, v.a. [L. computo, computatus. ] To account; to compute. Cockeram. COM-Py-TA'TION, n. [L. computatio ; Sp. com- putacion-, Fr. computation .] 1. The act of computing ; estimation ; esti- mate ; a reckoning ; calculation. By our best computation, we were then in 51 degrees of latitude. Ilackluyt. 2. That which is ascertained by reckoning. We pass for women of fifty; many additional years are thrown into female computations of tins nature. Addison. Syn. — See Account. COM-PUTE', v.a. [L. computo ; con, with, and put'o, to consider, to reckon ; It. computare ; Sp. computar .] [i. computed ; pp. computing, computed.] To estimate by data ; to count ; to number ; to rate ; to reckon ; to calculate. Compute the morn and evening to the day. Pope. Syn. — See Calculate, Estimate. f COM-PUTE', ii. Computation. Browne. COM-PUT'fR, n. One who computes; a reckon- er ; a calculator. Swift. COM'PU-TIST, or COM-PU'TIST [kom'pu-tist, S. W. P. F. R. ; kom-pu'tjst, Ja. K. Sm. C.], n. [Fr. computiste.] A computer. “ The treasurer was ... a strict computist.” [r.] Wot ton. COM-PU' TO, n. (Law.) A writ to compel a per- son to render an account. Burrill. || COM'RADE, or COM'RADE [kum'rad, S. IF. P. J. F. K. C . ; kom'rad, E. Ja. Sm. W 6.], n. [It. camerata, from camera, a chamber ; Sp. cama- rada\ Fr. camara.de.'] 1. One who dwells in the same chamber or room ; a chamber-fellow. Cotgrave. 2. A companion ; an associate. But do not dull thy palm with entertainment Of each new-hatched, unfledged comrade. Shak. || COM'R A DE-SHIP, n. The state of being a com- rade. [r.] W. Scott. fCOM'ROGUE (kom'rog), n. A fellow-rogue. “The rest of your coinrogues.” B. Jonson. c6m§, or COOM§, n.pl. Malt-dust. Smart. CON—. A Latin inseparable preposition, used as a prefix, and signifying union, association, &c., as concourse, a running together. Before a vowel con becomes to, as in co-existent, co-inci- dent. — See Co. CON, ad. [L. contra, against.] An abbreviation of the Latin word contra, against ; as, “ To dis- pute pro and con is to dispute for and against.” It is used also substantively, as a colloquial or cant word for the negative side, or for a person who takes the negative side, of a question ; as, “ The pros and cons.” James. CON, v. a. [M. Goth. $ A. S. cunnan, to know; A. S. cunman, to search into ; Dut. Sg Ger. ken- nen, to know; Sw. kuniia ; Dan. kunne .] [i. CONNED; pp. CONNING, CONNED.] 1. f To know ; to be acquainted with. They say they con to heaven the highway. Spenser. 2. To study ; to learn ; to commit to memory. Here are your parts; and I am to entreat you to con them by to-morrow night. Shak. To con thanks, to thank. “ I con him no thunks for’t.” Shak. CON— A'CRE (-a'kur), v. a. To sub-let, as one acre or more of a farm for a single crop. Ogilvie. CON-A'CRE (-a'kur), a. Noting the system prac- tised in Ireland of sub-letting one acre or more of a farm for a single crop. Ogilvie. COM^-MO 'RE. [It.] With love, predilection, or inclination. CO-MA'TUS,n. [L., an endeavor.] Natural ten- dency ; an effort ; an attempt. Palcy. CON-CAm'F-RATE, v. a. [L. concamero, concam- eratus ; con, with, and camera, an arch.] [i. CON- camerated ; pp. concameratino, concame- rated.] To arch over; to lay concave over. Grew. CON-CAM-IJ-RA'TION, il. [L. concamcratio . ] An arch ; a vault. Sir T. Herbert. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BIJLL, BUR, RiJLE. — . a. Made to agree with. Spenser. + CON-CENT'FUL, a. Harmonious. Fotherby. CON-CEN'TRATE, v. a. [L. con, with, and cen- trum, centre ', it. concent rare, Sp. concentrar ; Fr. conccntrer.] \i. concentrated ; pp. con- centrating, concentrated.] To bring or drive into the centre, or into a narrow com- pass ; to bring together ; to condense. They [the virtues] are all, in a due degree, concentrated in Prince Arthur. JIurd. The thrilling tones that concentrate the soul. Coleridge. CON-CEN'TRAT-ED, p. a. Brought together, or "to a centre. “ The concentrated beams of the sun.” Boyle. C 6 N - C E N - T R A ' T I O N , n. [It. concentrazione ; Sp. concent radon ; Fr. concentration.] 1. The act of concentrating ; compression into a narrow compass ; condensation. I could not perceive, by any concentration of the lunar beams, that her light did produce any sensible degree either of cold or heat. Boyle. 2. ( Chcm .) Reduction of a solution by evap- oration to a greater density or strength. CON-CEN'TRA-Tl VE, a. Tending to concen- trate. Dr. Alley. CON-CEN'TRA-TI VE-NESS, n. ( Phren .) The faculty, or power, of concentration. Combe. CON-CEN'TRE (kon-sen'ter), v.n. [Fr .concentre. — See Concentrate.] To tend to one com- mon centre; to meet in a centre. “The points concentre so exactly.” Wotton. CON-CEN'TRE (kon-sen'ter), v. a. To concentrate. In thee concentring all their precious beams Of sacred influence. Milton . CON-CEN'TRjC, ) a |x. con > with, and cen- CON-CEN'TRI-CAL, ) trum, centre.] Having one common centre. “ Concentric circles on the surface of the water.” Neicton. “ Concentrical rings.” Arbuthnot. CON-CEN'TR[-CAL-LY, ad. In a concentrical manner. Pennant. C6N-CiJN-TR!9'l-TY, n. The state of being con- centric. llassler. CON-CENT'IJ-AL, a. [See Concent.] Harmo- nious. “ This consummate or concentual song.” [r.] Warton. CON-CEPT', n. [L. conception ; Fr. concept ] 1. f A set form. Scott. 2. A thing conceived; a conception; an idea; a notion. A concept is clear when its object, as a whole, can be dis- tinguished from any other; it is distinct when its several con- stituent parts can be distinguished from each other. Fleming. CON-CEP'TA-CLE, n. [L. conccptaculum.] 1. A receptacle. Woodicard. 2. ( Bot .) A one-valved pericarp, opening longitudinally on one side ; a follicle. Craig. fCON-CEP-TI-BlL'I-TY, n. The quality of being conceivable ; eonceivableness. Cudicorth. f CON-CEP'TI-BLE, a. [Fr.] Conceivable. “At- tributes easily conceptible by us.” Ilalc. CON-CEP'TION (kon-sep'shun), n. [L. conceptio ; It. concezione; Sp. Concepcion ; Fr. conception.] 1. The act of conceiving; first stage of gen- eration on the part of the female. Thy sorrow I will greatly multiply By thy conception. Milton. 2. The state of being conceived. Our own productions flatter us; it is impossible not to be fond of them at the moment of their conception. Dryden. A, E, I, 6, 0, Y, long; A, E, I, O, U, Y, short; A, 5, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CONCE PTIONALIST 285 CONCILIATION 3. The act or the faculty of the mind by which its ideas are originated or combined ; appre- hension ; perception. A ready conception supplies us with a stock of ideas on all subjects. Crabb. 4. The thing conceived ; image in the mind ; idea; notion; thought; concept. Consult the acutest poets and speakers, and they will con- fess that their quickest, most admired conception .s were such as darted into their minds like sudden flashes of lightning, they know not how nor whence. South. 5. Pointed thought ; conceit. “Full of con- ceptions . . . and witticisms.” Dryden. Syn. — Conception is the forming or bringing of an image or an idea into the mind by an effort of tile will : it is distinguished from sensation and perception, pro- duced by an object presented to the senses, and from imagination , which is the joining together of ideas in new ways : it is distinguished from memory, by not having the feeling of past time connected with the idea. Taylor. — Imagination lias to do only witli ob- jects of sense ; conception , with objects of pure thought. Reid. — See Idea, Imagination, Perception. CON-O EP'T ION- AL-IST, n. One who holds that the mind can form general conceptions, inde- pendent of single objects ; a conceptualist. They have yet to satisfy themselves whether Aristotle was a realist, nominalist, or conceptionalist. Richardson. Upon this word — resemblance — Dr. Brown rests a whole theory of generalization, the theory of a sect, to which he would give the name of notionist or relationist, in preference to that of conceptionalist, bestowed upon Dr. Itcid and his followers. Richardson. t CON-CEP'TIOUS (-sluts), a. Fruitful ; preg- nant. “ Conceptions womb.” Shak. CON-CEP'T! VE, a. Capable of conceiving. Browne. CON-CEPT'y-AL-I.SiVI, n. The doctrine of con- ceptualists, a doctrine in some sense interme- diate between realism and nominalism. Fleming. CON-CEPT'U-AL-IST, n. One who holds that the mind has the power of forming general concep- tions, independent of single objects. D. Stewart. CON-CERN' (kon-sern'), v. a. [Low L. concerno\ If. concernere ; Sp. concernir ; Fr. concerner . ] [i. CONCERNED ; pp. CONCERNING, CONCERNED.] 1. To relate to ; to belong to ; — especially in a manner to awaken interest or feeling ; to touch nearly; to affect; to interest. Count Claudio may hear; for what I would speak of con- cerns him. Shak. Our wars with France have affected us in our most tender interests, and concerned us more than those with any other nation. Addison. 2. To engage by affection, duty, or interest. They think themselves out of the reach of Providence, and no longer concerned to solicit his favor. Rogers. 3. To make anxious or uneasy; as, “To be concerned for the welfare of friends.” To concern one’s self, to intermeddle. Syn. — See Affect. CON-CERN', n. 1. Whatever affects the interest of a person ; business ; affair ; matter. So the lost sun, while least by us enjoyed. Is the whole night for our concerns employed. Waller. Let early care thy main concerns secure; Things of less moment may delays endure. Denham. 2. Importance ; moment ; consequence. “ Things of the utmost concern to her.” Addison. 3. Solicitude ; anxiety ; care. “ Why all this concern for the poor ? ” Swift. 4. {Com.) An establishment or firm for the transaction of business. Syn. — See Affair, Business, Care. t CON-CER'NAN-CY, n. Concern ; business. Shak. CON-CERNED' (kon-sernd'), p. a. Having con- cern ; interested ; anxious. vVatts. CON-CERN'ED-LY, ad. With concern or affec- tion ; with anxiety. Clarendon. CON-CERN'ING, prep. Relating to ; with rela- tion to ; respecting. Conscience is notliing else but n man’s judgment concern- ing actions. Sharp. •f- CON-CERN'ING, n. Business ; concern. Shak. CON-CERN'MENT, n. 1. Concern ; care ; busi- ness ; interest. He that is wise in the concernments of other men, hut neg- ligent of his own, may be said to be busy, but he is not wise. Tillotson. 2. Importance ; moment. I look upon experimental truths as matters of great con- cernment to mankind. Boyle. 3. Interposition ; meddling. “ Without any other concernment in it.” Clarendon. 4. Anxiety ; emotion. “ Their ambition is manifest in their concernment.” Dryden. CON-CERT', v. a. [L. concerto, to debate ; con, with, and certo, to contend ; It. concerture ; Sp. concertar ; Fr. concerter.) \i. concerted ; pp. CONCERTINO, CONCERTED.] 1. To settle, adjust, or plan in private, by mutual consultation. ■Will any man persuade me that this was not, from the be- ginning to the end, a concerted affair? Taller. 2. To contrive ; to plan ; to devise. A commander had more trouble to concert his defence before the people than to plan the operations of the cam- paign. Burke. Syn. — See Devise. CON-CERT', v. n. To consult; to take counsel. “ He concerted with others on what measures should be taken.” Todd. CON'CJERT (114), n. [Fr. concert .] 1. A mutual conference and agreement be- tween two or more persons in regard to some design or plan. These discontents have arisen from the want of a due com- munication and concert. SiviJ't. 2. A symphony of musical parts or players, or of several voices or instruments. After your dire lamenting elegies, Visit by night your lady’s chamber window With some sweet concert. Sha/c. 3. (AT/is.) A musical entertainment in nhich a number of musicians, either vocal or instru- mental, or both, take part, or in which several pieces are sung or played; as, “To give a con- cert ” ; “ To attend a concert.” 4. Concord ; harmony ; as, “ To sing in con- cert ” ; “ To act in concert.” Otff- “ Written consort so late as the beginning of the last [17th] century.” Johnson. — See Consort. CON-CER-tAn’ TE, n. [It., from concertare, to strive!] A concerto for two or more instru- ments, with accompaniments. Moore. f CON-CIJR-TA'TION, n. [L. concertatio .] Con- tention. Bailey. f CON-CERT'A-TIVE, a. Contentious. Bailey. CON-CERT'J3D, p. a. Planned ; contrived ; set- tled ; as, “ A concerted scheme.” CON-CER- TI' NA, n. A musical instrument, con- sisting of several small, elastic, metallic springs, fixed at one end in a plate of metal, so that they may vibrate freely, the whole framework being supplied with keys, and connected with a fold- ing leathern apparatus for supplying wind to put the springs in vibration. Crabb. CON-CER'TION, n. The act of concerting; ad- justment; contrivance. Young. CON-CERT'M^NT, n. The act of concerting, or contriving; concertion. R. Pollok. CON-CER 'TO, n . ; pi. concertos. [It.] (Mus.) An extended composition, with several move- ments, for the display of mastery on any instru- ment, supported and set off by others ; as, “ Bee- thoven’s concerto for the violin.” Dwight. CON'CERT-PITCH, n. {Mas.) The pitch, or the degree of acuteness or gravity, generally adopt- ed for some one given note, and by which every other note is governed. P. Cyc. CON-CES'SION (kon-sesh'un, 92), n. [L. conces- sion It. concessions ; Sp. concesion ; Fr. conces- sion. — See Concede.] 1. The act of conceding. “ The concession of these charters.” Hall. 2. Thing conceded ; a grant. “ Content with small concessions.” Swift. CON-CES'SION-A-RY, a. [It. concessionario.] Given by indulgence or allowance. Bailey. CON-CES'SION-IST, n. One who makes or al- lows concession. Qu. Rev. CON-CES'SIVE, a. Implying concession. “Con- cessive conjunctions.” Lowtli. CON-CES'SIVE-LY, ad. By way of concession. “Some have written . . . concessively.” Browne. CON-CES'SO-RY, a. Relating to, or making, con- cession ; concessive. Be. Rev. CON-CET' TO,n.\ pi. con-cet' ti. [It.] Con- ceit ; affected wit. Shenstone. The shepherds have their concetti and their antitheses. Chesterfield. CONCH (kongk, 82), n. [Gr. k/S y%y ; L. concha ; It. conca ; Sp. concha ; Fr. conque . ] A marine shell. CON'jCHA (kong'kg), n. [L.] (Anat.) A hollow part of the body : — the larger cavity of the ex- ternal ear, situated before the passage into the internal ear. Ditnglison. CON'Gin-FJJR, n. [L. concha, a shell, and fero, to bear.] {Conch.) A bivalve mollusk. Brande. CON-eiIIF' E-RA, n. pi. {Zonk) A class of mol- lusks having two shelly valves, as the oyster, mussel, &c. ; bivalves. Baird. CON-jCHIF'ER-OUS (kon-kif'er-us), a. Having or producing shells. P. Cyc. CON'GHlTE (kong'klt, 82), n. (Pal.) A petrified shell or conch. “ Marble which is full of con- chites.” Bp. Nicolson. CON'CIIOID, n. [Gr. k6y\v, a shell, and tV>o form ; Fr. conchotdc.] A mathematical curve, of curious properties, invented by Nicomcdes for the purpose of trisecting an angle. Davies. CON-CIIOID'AL, a. {Min.) Having convex ele- vations and concave depressions like shells. “ A conchoidal fracture.” . Maunder. CON-CHO-LOtJf'l-CAL, a. Relating to eonehol- ogy. Turton. C0N-jCH6l'0-(j!sT, n. [Fr. conchologiste.] One who is versed in conchology. Booth. CON-CHOL'O-^Y, n. [Gr. Koy^y, a shell, and X6yo s, a discourse.] The science of the shells of mollusks. Brande. CON-CHOM'E-TER, n. [Gr. siy-^p, a shell, and perpov, a measure.] An instrument for meas- uring shells. Smart. CON-CH YL-I-A'CEOUS (-situs, 66), a. [Gr. Koy- ■)fhov ; L. conchy Hum, a shell-fish.] Relating to shells ; conchylious. Smart. CON-CII YL'i-OUS, a. Relating to shells. Smart. CON-CI-A'TOR, n. [L. concio, to assemble to- gether.] {Glass-works.) The person who pro- portions the materials to be made into glass, and who works and tempers them. Buchanan. CONCIERGE (kon-sirj'), n. [Fr.] The porter or door-keeper of a hotel, house, prison, &c. As soon as the stranger w r as landed on the balcony, the concierge that showed the house would shut the door. Aubrey. fCON-CIL'l-A-BLE, 7i. [L. conciliabulum ; Old Fr. conciliabule .] A small assembly. Bacon. fCON-CIL'l-A-BLE, a. [Fr.] To be reconciled. “ Utter disconformity not conciliable.” Milton. fCON-ClL'IAR (kon-sll'yar), a. [L. concilium, a council.] Relating to a council ; concilinry. “ Conciliar debates.” Baker. CON-CIL'IA-RY, a. Relating to a council. “Con- ciliary declaration.” [u.] Bp. Taylor. CON-CIL'I-ATE [kon-sil'e-at, P. J. Sm. R. C. ; kon-sll'yat, S. IF. E. F. Ja. ; kon-sll'e-at or kon-sll'yat, A'.], v. a. [L. concilia , conciliatus ; It. conciliar e; Sp. conciliar ; Fr. concilier.} [*.’ CONCILIATED ; pp. CONCILIATING, CONCILI- ATED.] 1. To make satisfied; to reconcile ; to pacifj'. I approved the more pliant and conciliating method of Cicero. Hurd. 2. To gain or win by something adapted to secure regard or favor. Christ’s miracles ought to have conciliated belief to his doctrine from the Jews. Cudivoi th. To reconcile differences, or conciliate love and good neigh- borhood. Scott's Christian Life. Syn. — Conciliate and reconcile are both used in the sense of uniting the affections of men. Conciliate is often employed for men in public stations ; reconcile , indifferently for those in public or private life. Con- ciliate the good will or esteem of men ; reconcile men who are at variance. Reconcile persons ; conciliate their regard : win or gain their confidence ; and pacify their feelings. CON-CIL-I-A'TION, n. [L. conciliatio ; It. con- ciliazione ; Sp. conciliation ; Fr. conciliation.] The act of conciliating ; peace ; agreement ; reconcilement. “ The conciliation of the Iloly Scriptures and most ancient fathers.” Bale . MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, S6N ; BULL, BUR, RULE. — w!thj and CON-COM'I-tAn-CY, ) comit'or, comitans, to ac- company ; comes, a companion ; It. concomitan- za; Sp. concomitancia \ Fr. concomitance .] The state of being concomitant ; subsistence or con- nection with something else ; accompaniment. “ The concomitance of pain and sorrow.” More. CON-COM'I-TAnt, a. [L. concomitans ; core, with, and comitor, comitans, to accompany ; It. Sj Sp. concomitante ; Fr. concomitant .] Accom- panying ; conjoined with ; concurrent with. It has pleased our wise Creator to anuex to several objects ... a concomitant pleasure. Locke. CON-COM'I-TANT, re. A person or thing that accompanies, or that is collaterally connected. All motion is in time, and therefore implies time as its concomitant. < Harris. CON-COM'I-TANT- LY, ad. In company. South. t CON-COM'I-TATE, v. a. To be concomitant with. “ Which concomitates a pleurisy.” Harvey. CON COM' MO-DO. [It.] ( Mus .) With a con- venient grade of time ; — written also core como- do. Warner. CON'CORD (kong'kord, 82), re. [L., It., <5; Sp. Concor- dia ; core, with, and cor, the heart ; Fr. concorde. ] 1. Agreement ; peace ; union ; unity. And the firm chain of concord binds them all. Faickes. 2. Just proportion of sound ; harmony. “ True concord of well-tuned sounds.” Sheik. 3. f Compact. “By the concord made be- tween Henry and Roderick.” Davies. 4. (Mus.) A union of two or more sounds, which, by their harmony, produce an agreeable effect upon the ear. Moore. 5. (Gram.) The agreement of one word with another, in case, gender, number, or person. Syn. — See Melody, Union. f CON-CORD', v. re. [L. concordo.] To agree. “ Ready to concord with them.” Clarendon. CON-CORD'A-BLE, a. [L. concordabilis .] Agree- ing ; harmonious. Todd. CON-CORD'A-BLY, ad. With concord. Rogers. CON-CORD'ANCE, re. [L. concordo, concordans, to agree together ; It. concordanza ; Sp. concor- dancia; Fr. concordance.'] 1. Agreement; harmony. “Where all the elements concordance have.” Browne. 2. f (Gram.) Concord. “ After the three con- cordances learned, let the master read unto him the epistles of Cicero.” Ascham. 3. An alphabetical index or dictionary in which all the passages of a book, as the Bible, that contain the same word are brought togeth- er, and references made to the places where they occur ; as, “ Cruden’s Concordance.” j&jy- Walker says that “some speakers pronounce the word concordance with the accent on the first syllable, when it signifies a dictionary of the Bi- ble.” All t lie English orthoepists, however, concur in placing the accent oil tile second syllable. CON-COR'DAN-CY, re. Agreement. W. Mountagu. CON-COR'DANT, a. [It. <§• Sp . concordante ; Fr. concordant .] 1. Having concordance ; agreeable ; agreeing. “Points concordant to their natures.” Browne. 2. (Mus.) Noting consonant or harmonious combinations. Moore. CON-COR'DANT, re. That which is correspondent; that which agrees ; concordance. “ I gave my reasons byreciting . . . concordants.” Mountagu. CON-COR'DANT-LY, ad. In concordance. CON-COR'DAT, re. [L. concordo, concordatus, to agree together ; It. § Sp. concordato; Fr. con- cordat.] 1. A compact ; a convention. Swift. 2. A formal agreement between the see" of Rome and any foreign government, by which the ecclesiastical discipline of the Roman Catholic clergy and the management of the churches and benefices within the territory of that govern- ment are regulated; as, “The concordat be- tween Pius VII. and the Emperor Napoleon, in 1802.” Polit. Diet. CON-COR'DIST, re. An author of a concordance. “ Cruden, the concordist.” Ch. Ob. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long- A, E, !, 6, U, Y, short; A, ?, J, O, IT, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CONCORDLY 287 CONCUSSION f CON'OORD-Ly, ad. Concordably. “ Hath or- derly and concorcUy thus proceeded.” Gregory. f- CON-COR'PO-RAL, a. [L.pl . concorporales ; con, with, and corpus, the body.] Belonging to the same body. Bailey. CON-COR'PO-rAtE, v. a. [L. concorporo, con- 'corporatus ; con, with, and corpus, the body.] To unite in one mass or body. “We are all concorporatecl, and made copartners of the prom- ise in Christ.” [it.] Abp. Usher. CON-COR'PO-RATE, v. n. To unite into one body. “Things of like nature presently concor- porate.” Bp. Hopkins. CON-COR-PO-rA'TION, n. The act of uniting in one body or mass, [r.] More. CON'COURSE (kong'kors, 82), n. [L. concursus ; con, with, and curro, to run ; It. concorso ; Sp. concurso ; Fr. concours .] 1. A confluence of many persons or things to one place ; a flocking together. Do all the nightly guards. The concourse of all good men, strike thee nothing? B. Jonson. The good frame of the universe was not the product of chance, or fortuitous concourse of particles of matter. Hale. 2. Persons assembled ; an assembly. The council was maintained With such a concourse, that the shores rung with the tu- mult made. Chapman. 3. f The point or the line of junction of two bodies. The drop will begin to move towards the concourse of the glasses. Newton. 4. Cooperation ; assistance ; aid. [r.] The divine Providence is wont to afford its concourse to such proceedings. Marrow. CON-CR1J-ATE', v. a. [L. con, with, and era), to create; It. concreare.] Tocreateatthesametime. “ A rule concreated with man.” [r.] Feltham. f CON-CRED'IT, v. a. [L. concrcdo, concreditus ; con, with, and credo, to trust.] To intrust. “ Im- portant matters concredited to him.” Barroio. fCON-CRIJ-MA'TION, n. [L. concrematio ; con- cremo, concrematus ; con, with, and cremo, to burn.] The act of burning together. Bailey. CON'CRIJ-MENT (kong'kre-ment), n. [L. concre- mentum ; con, with, and cresco, to grow ; Sp. con- cremento.\ A mass formed by concretion. Hale. CON-CRES'CIJNCE, n. [L. concrescentia ; con- cresco, to grow together ; con, with, and cresco, to grow ; Sp. concrescencia.] The act of grow- ing by spontaneous union, or the union of sep- arate particles. Raleigh. CON-CRES'CI-BLE, a. That maybe concreted; capable of concretion. Smart. CON-CRES'CIVE, a. Growing together. Ec. Rev. CON-CRETE', v. n. [L. concresco, concrctas, to grow together ; con, with, and cresco, to grow.] ft. CONCRETED ; pp. CONCRETING, CONCRETED.] 1. To coalesce into one mass ; to grow by co- hesion of parts ; to coagulate. “ The particles of the salt before they concreted.” Newton. 2. To exist in union with something. “ Color concreted with figure.” Harris. CON-CRETE', v. a. To form by concretion. “Divers bodies that are concreted out of others.” Hale. CON'CRETE, or CON-CRETE' [kong'kret, F. Sm. ; kon'kvet, S. P. E. R. C. IV b . ; kon-kret', W. Ja. K. Ash. — See Discrete], a. [L. concretus ; Sp. concrcto; Fr. concret. — See Concrete, v. n.] 1. Formed by concretion ; composed of par- ticles or parts united in one mass ; as, “ A con- crete substance.” 2. Frozen ; congealed. The concrete rain fell rattling on the mail. Fanshaw. 3. {Logic.) Noting the conception or the ex- pression of a quality which refers to or implies some particular subject in which the quality exists ; — opposed to abstract. P. Cyc. If we observe them, we shall find that our simple ideas have all abstract, as well as concrete, names, the one a sub- stantive, the other an adjective; as, whiteness, white; sweet- ness, sweet. Locke. Concrete is opposed to abstract. The names of individuals are concrete-, those of classes, abstract. A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; as. " This table an abstract name is a name which stands for the attribute of a thing; as, ** This table is square." Mill. When the notion derived from the view taken of any ob- ject, is expressed with a reference to, or as in conjunction with, the object that furnished the notion, it is expressed by a concrete term, as "foolish,” or fool"; when without any such reference, by an abstract term, as “ folly.” ]V hotel tj. Concrete number, a number which is associated with some object or objects, as the number 3 in the expres- sion “ 3 pounds.” CON'CRETE (kong'kret) [kong'kret, W. J. Sm.; kon'kret, S. J.], n. 1. A mass formed by concretion ; a compound. They pretend to be able, by the tire, to divide all concretes, minerals and others, into distinct substances. Moyle. 2. [Masonry .) A composition of lime, sand, and pebbles, which concretes into a hard mass ; — used for the foundation of buildings, the floors of cellars, &c. 3. ( Logic .) That which is concrete ; a con- crete name or term. — See Concrete, a. No. 3. A knave, a fool, a philosopher, and many other concretes, are substantives, as well as knavery, folly, and philosophy, which are the abstract terms that belong to them. If atis. “ I apprehend the accent ought to be placed on the first syllable of concrete when a substantive, and on the last when an adjective.” Walker. CON-CRET'IED, p. a. Formed by concretion ; co- agulated ; as, “ A concreted mass.” CON-CRETE' LY, ad. In a concrete manner ; not abstractedly. Norris. CON-CRETE'NIJSS, n. The state of being con- crete ; concretion. Bailey. CON-CRE'TION, n. [L. concret to ; It. concrezi- one ; Sp. concrecion ; Fr. concretion.] 1. The act of concreting ; coagulation. 2. The state of being concreted ; — applied to things or to ideas. The mind surmounts all power of concretion , and can place in the simplest manner every attribute by itself. Harris. 3. A mass concreted ; a compound. He relates that it [the halcyon’s nest] resembled those con- cretions which are formed by sea-water. Pennant. CON-CRE'TION-AL, a. Implying concretion ; pertaining to concretion. Brande. CON-CRE'TION-A-RY, a. Relating to or having concretions ; concretional. P. Cyc. CON-CRE'TIVE, a. Causing concretion ; coagu- lative. ‘ Browne. CON-CRE'TIVE-LY, ad. In a concretive manner. f CON-CRET'URE, n. Amass formed by concre- tion ; a concretion. Johnson. t CON-CREW' (kon-kru'), v. n. [L. con, with, and cresco, to increase.] To grow together. Spenser. CON-CRIM-I-NA'TION, n. Joint crimination, or accusation, [r.] Maunder. CON-CU'BI-NA-CY, n. The practice of concu- binage ; fornication. Their country was very infamous for concvbinacy, adulte- ry, and incest. Strypc. CON-CU'Bl-NAtjrE, n. [L. concubinatus ; concuho, to lie with ; con, with, and cubo, to recline ; Fr. concubinage.] 1. The cohabitation of a man with a woman • to whom he is not united by marriage. Burrill. 2. (Law.) A plea or exception, in the old action of dower, that the claimant was not law- fully married to the party from whose lands she sought to be endowed. Burrill. CON-CU'BI-NAL, a. [L. concubinalis.] Relat- ing to a concubine or to concubinage, [r.] Ash. CON-CU'BI-NA-RY, a. Relating to concubinage. CON-CU'BI-NA-RY, n. [It. y good usage in England ; as, “ He conducts well, instead of he conducts himself well.” Pickering. CON-DUC-TJ-BIL'I-TY, re. [Fr. conductibilite .] The quality of being conductible. Wheatstone. CON-DUC'TI-BLE, a. That may be conducted or conveyed. Wheatstone. CON-DUCT'ING, p. a. Leading; directing. CON-DUC'TION, re. [L. com! net to ; Vr. conduction.] 1. fTlie act of training up. “Every man has his beginning and conduction.” B. Jonson. 2 (Chem.) The act of conducting, as caloric or electricity. Dewey. CON-DyC-TI''TIOUS (kon-duk-tish'us), a. [L. conductitius.] Hired ; employed for wages. “ Persons . . . entirely conductitious and remov- able at pleasure.” [r.] Ayliffe. CON-DUC'TI VE, a. (Elec.) That conducts ; non- electric and conducting electricity. Smart. CON-DUC-TlV'I-TY, re. The quality of being conductive. Smart. CON-DUCT'OR, re. [L. &; Sp. conductor; It. con- duttorc ; F r. conducteur.] 1. One who conducts, or accompanies another as a guide ; a leader. Beau. § FI. 2 . A general ; a commander; a chief. Shak. 3. A director ; a manager. If he did not entirely project the union and regenev. none will deny him to have been the chief conductor. Addison. 4. One who has charge of a public travelling carriage, as a car, or a train of cars, on a railroad. 5. (Stiry.) An instrument formerly used to guide the forceps into the bladder, in operating for the removal of calculus. Dunglison. 6 . (Elec.) A substance capable of receiving and transmitting the electric fluid ; — a pointed metallic rod, attached to buildings or to ships to protect them from the effects of lightning. 7. (AIus.) The leader in a musical perform- ance. Dwight. Prime conductor, (Elec.) that part of an electrical machine which collects and retains the electric fluid. CON-DUC'TltpSS, re. A woman who directs; a directress. “ A good housewife . . . and diligent conductress of her family.” Johnson. CON’DUIT (kun'djt) [kun'djt, W. P. J. F. Ja. Sm.-, kon'dwjt, S. ; kon'djt, E.; kon'dvvjt, vulgarly kun'djt, C.], re. [L. conduco, conductus, to lead ; It. condotto ; Sp. conducto ; Fr. conduit.) 1. A vessel, canal, or pipe for conducting water or other fluid. And all the conduits of my blood froze up. Shak. 2. (Arch.) An intermural or subterranean passage for secret communication between apartments. Brande. f CON-DU'PLI-CATE, v. a. [L. conduplico, con- duplicatus ; core, with, and duplico, to double.] To double. Cockeram. CON-DU'PLI-CATE, re. (Bot.) Doubled or folded together, as some leaves in the bud. P. Cyc. CON-DU-PLI-CA’TION, re. The act of doubling or folding together ; duplication, [r.] Bailey. CON-DUR'RITE, n. (Min.) An ore or oxide of copper; arseniate of copper; — found at the Condurra mine in Cornwall, England. Dana. CON'DYLE (kon'djl), re. [L. condylus, from Gr. k6vIv/.os, the knuckle ; Fr. condyle .] (Anat.) A protuberance in a bone at its extremity ; — a kind of process met with more particularly in the ginglymoid joints. Dunglison. CON'DY-LOID, a. [Gr. kSvMos, the knuckle, and ilbof, form ; Fr. condyloide .] (Anat.) Relating to, or resembling, a condyle. Dunglison. Condyloid foramina, the two anterior and two pos- terior foramina of the occipital hone. Condyloid process, the posterior protuberance at the extremities of the under jaw. Dunglison. CON'DY-LOPE, re. See Condy'LOPed. Kirby. CON-DYL'O-PED, re. [Gr. xiuS uXos, the knuckle, and nous, noSos, a foot.] (ZojI.) A name given by Latreille to such of the Arliculata as have jointed feet. Brande. CON-DY-LU'RA, re. [Gr. mlrSuXos, a joint, and ovpa, a tail.] (Zoiil.) A genus of insectivorous mammals resembling the mole. Van Der Hoeven. CONE, re. [Gr. kuvos ; L. conus; It. § Sp. cono; Fr. cone.] 1. A solid body, of which the base is a circle, and the summit a point, called the vertex. If the axis is perpendicular to the plane of the base, as in A, the cone is said to be right ; if the axis is inclined to the plane of the base, as in B, the cone is oblique. 2. (Bot.) A fruit in the shape of a cone, being a dense aggregation of scale-like carpels arranged around an axis, as in the pine tribe ; a strobile. Ilcnslow. Cone of rays, (Optics.) all the rays which fall from a luminous point, or from a single point of a luminous object, upon a given surface, as upon the object glass of a telescope. Brande, CO'NE-PATE, ) n _ (Zoiil.) A Mexican name of CO'NJP-PAtl, ) the American skunk. Fischer. CONE'— SHAPED (-shapt), a. Shaped like a cone. CO'NEY, or CON'IJY, re. See Cony. Johnson. CON'FAB, re. [Contracted from confabulation.) Familiar talk or conversation ; prattle ; con- fabulation. [Colloquial.] Burney. CON-FAB'U-LAR, re. Relating to talk ; conver- sational. [r.] Qu. Bev. CON-FAb'U-LAte, v. re. [L. confabulor, confab- ulatus; con, with, and fctbulor, to converse ; It. confabulare; Sp. confabular ; Fr. confabuler.) [i. CONFABULATED ; pp. CONFABULATING, CON- FABULATED.] To talk easily together ; to chat ; to prattle, [r.] I shall not nsk Joan Jacques Rousseau If birds confabulate or no. Cowper. CON-FAB-IJ-LA'TION, re. [L. confabidatio ; It. confabulazione ; Sp. confabulacion ; Fr. con fabu- lation.] Careless talk ; conversation. “Friends’ confabulations are comfortable at all times.” Burton. f CON-FA B'U-LA-TO-RY, re. Belonging to talk, prattle, or dialogue. ' “ A confabulatory epi- taph.” Weaver. CON'FA-LON, re. (Ercl.) One of a confraternity of seculars in the church of Rome, called peni- tents. Crabb. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON; 37 BULL, BUR, RULE. — £, 9, 5 , g, soft ; £, G, c, g, hard; § as z; JC as gz. — THIS, this. CONFAMILIAR 290 CONFIDANT f CON-FA-MlL'IAR, a. Intimate. Glanville. CON-FAR-RIJ-A'TION, n. [L. confarreatio ; con, with, and far, a sort of grain ; It. confarrazione ; Sp. confarreacion. ] A nuptial solemnity, among the Romans, which consisted in offering up some pure wheaten bread, of which the bride and bridegroom partook, rehearsing a certain formula in presence of the high priest and at least ten witnesses. Loudon Ency. •j-CON-FAT'^D, a. Decreed or determined at the same time. Search. CON-FECT', v. a. [L. confcio, confectus, to pre- pare ; It. confettare ; Fr. confire.~\ [t. con- fected ; pp. CONFECTING, CONFECTED.] 1. t To compose ; to form ; to make. Of this were confected the famous everlasting lamps and tapers. Sir T. Herbert. 2. To make up into sweetmeats. “ Saffron confected in Cilicia.” Browne. CON'FECT, n. A sweetmeat ; a confection. Ilcrvey. CON-FEC'TION, n. [L. confcctio, a preparation ; Sp. confcccio/i ; Fr. confection.'] 1. An assemblage of different ingredients ; a composition ; a mixture. Of best things, then, what world shall yield confection To liken her ? Shak. 2. A sweetmeat ; a preserve. Shak. f CON-FEC'TION- A-RY, n. A confectioner. He will take your daughters to be confectionaries , and to be cooks, and to be bakers. 1 Sam. viii. 13. CON-FEC'TION-ER, n. A maker of sweetmeats. “ Painters, con fectioners, perfumers.” Boyle. CON-FEC'TION-ER-Y, 71. 1. A preparation of sweetmeats; sweetmeats in general; comfits; confects. 2. The place where sweetmeats are kept. CON-FEC'TO-RY, a. Relatingto confects, or con- fectionery. “ Confectory art.” Beaumont. t CON-FED' £R, v. a. To join in a league; to confederate. “They . . . were confederal be- tween themselves privily.” Holland. CON-FED'pR-A-CY, n. [L. con, with, and fosdus, a league ; Sp. confederacion .] 1. A federal compact ; a confederation ; a combination ; a coalition ; a league ; a union : — especially applied to an alliance of independ- ent states for a common object; as, “The con- federacy between the states of Greece.” What confederacy have you with the traitors? Shak. 2. The aggregate of states united by a league. The Grecian commonwealth, while they maintained their liberty, were the most heroic confederacy that ever existed. Harris. Syn. — See Alliance, Association, Union. CON-FED'pR-ATE, v. a. [L. con, with, and foed- ero, f cede rat. ns, to establish by league ; It . co/i- federarsi; Sp . confederar ; Fr . confederer.] [t. confederated ; pp. confederating, con- federated.] To join in a league ; to ally. They were confederated with Charles’s enemy. Knolles. CON-FED'pR-ATE, v. n. To league ; to unite in a league ; to be allied. “ Protestants that con- federated with France.” Strype. CON-FED'pR-ATE, a. [It. confederate ; Sp. con- federation] United in league ; allied. “ They are confederate against thee.” Ps. lxxxiii. 5. CON-FED'pR-ATE, n. One who engages to sup- port another ; an ally ; an accomplice. Sir Edmund Courtney, and the haughty prelate, With many move confederates, are in arms. Shak. Syn. — See Alliance, Ally, Associate. CON-FED'pR-AT-ED, p. a. United in confedera- cy ; leagued together ; allied. Bp. Horne. CON-FED'pR-AT-pR, n. One who confederates; a confederate. Neele. CON-FED’pR-AT-ING, n. Alliance. Atterbury. CON-FED- IJR-A'TION, n. • [It. confederazione ; Sp. confederacion ; Fr .confederation.] 1. The act of confederating; a league; an alliance ; a confederacy. The Greeks, by frequent con federations against the Per- sians, began to consider themselves as one people. Warbnrton. 2. The states united by a confederacy. The affairs of the confederation Jof the Rhine. 1800] were to be conducted by a congress sitting at Frankfort-on-the- Maine. Polit. Diet. CON-FER', v. n. [L. confero ; con, with, and fero, to bear ; It. conferire ; Sp. conferir ; Fr. confercr.] \i. conferred ; pp. conferring, conferred.] To discourse gravely with an- other or with others on a stated subject ; to con- sult or converse seriously. When they hiul commanded them to go aside out of the council, they conferred among themselves. Acts iv. 15. CON-FER', v. a. 1. f To compare. The captain-general assembling the masters every week to confer ull the observations and notes of said ships. Iiackluyt. If we confer these observations with others of like nature. Boyle. 2. To bestow; to grant; to award; to give. Such honor, thus conferred , thou mayst not well refuse. B. Fletcher. 3. fTo contribute ; to conduce. The closeness and compactness of the parts resting to- gether doth much confer to the strength of the union. Glanville. CON'FpR-pNCE, n. [It. conferenza ; Sp. confe- rencia ; Fr. conference.] 1. f Comparison. “The mutual conference of men’s observations.” Hooker. 2. Formal discourse; oral discussion; con- versation. A free conference is the only fair trial of skill between rea- son and sophistry. lloadly. 3. A meeting for discussion upon some mat- ter of disagreement, as between committees of two legislative bodies. 4. A meeting for religious conversation, ex- hortation, and prayer. Cummings. 5. An ecclesiastical assembly or association, as among the Methodists. CON'FpR-pNCE, v. 71. To confer ; to consult, [it.] Ch. Ob. CON-Fp-REN'TIAL, a. Relating to a confer- ence. [r.] Ec. Rev. CON-FER 'R A- BLE, a. That may be conferred, or bestowed. • Ed. Rev. CON-FpR-REE', 7i. One who is conferred with. CON-FER'RpR, n. 1. One that converses. Julmso7i. 2. One who bestows ; a bestower. Mou/itagu. CON-FER 'RING, 71. 1. f The act of comparing. “ A careful co/f erring of one scripture with another.” Bp. Hall. 2. The act of bestowing. “ The co/iferring of this honor upon him.” Clarc7ido7i. CON-FpR-RU'Mi-N/jTE, ) a,. [L. confer rumi/io, CON-FpR-RU'MI-NAT-pD, ) co/iferrumi/tatus, to cement.] ( Bot .) United together so as to be inseparable. Craig. C Off -FliR ’ FA, n.\ pi. confer v je. [L., from conferceo, to heal.] {Bot.) An extensive genus of Algtc, composed of simple, jointed, green threads. Gray. CON-FER'VlTE, 71. {Pal.) A genus of fossil plants. Mantell CON-FER' VOID, a. [L. conferva, a marine plant, and Gr. ttboc, form.] {Bot.) Having the appear- ance of conferva. Craig. CON-FESS', v. a. [L. confiteor, confessus ; It. con- fessare ; Sp. co7ifesur ; Fr. confcsser .] [i. con- fessed ; pp. CONFESSING, CONFESSED: — C071- fest is sometimes used for confessed.] 1. To acknowledge, as a crime or a fault. To confess our sins is to own that we have trangressed the righteous laws of God. Sharp . 2. To open the conscience to a priest ; — with the reflective pronoun. Our beautiful votary took the opportunity of confessing herself to this celebrated father. Addison. 3. To hear confession from, as a priest from a penitent. Fie rose betimes and heard mass, and the most part of his company were confessed. Berners. 4. To admit or grant, as a fact or a statement. Order is Heaven’s first law; and. this confessed, Some are, and must be, greater than the rest. Pope. 5. To own or avow, as a master or as a disciple. Whosoever, therefore, shall confess me before men, him will I confess also before my Father. Matt. x. 32. 6. To show; to prove; to attest. Tall, thriving trees confessed the fruitful mould. Pope. Syn. — See Acknowledge, Allow, Recog- nize. CON-FESS', v. n. To make confession ; to dis- close the state of one’s conscience. “ He is gone to the priest to confess.” Johtison. f CON-FES'SANT, n. One who confesses to a priest. Bacon. f CON'FpS-SA-RY, n. One who makes a confes- sion. " Bp. Hall. CON-FESSED' (kon-fest'), p. a. Open; known; acknowledged ; — sometimes written confest. CON-FESS'jgD-Ly, ad. Avowedly; indisputably. CON-FESS' 5 R, 7i. One who confesses. Smart. CON-FES'SION (kon-fesh'un, 92), n. [L. confessio ; It . confessione \ Sp . confesio/i; Fr. confession.] 1. The act of confessing as a penitent ; a disclosure of one’s guilt ; acknowledgment of a crime or a fault. I prayed unto God, and made my confession. Dan. ix. 4. 2. Avowal; acknowledgment. But, with a crafty madness, keeps aloof. When we would bring him on to some confession Of his true state. Shak. 3. {Eccl.) A formulary of the articles of a religious creed ; as, “ The Augsburg Co7ifession.” 4. {Law.) The acknowledgment of something by a party in court, by which he is considered to have judgment passed upon him, and to be condemned by his own sentence. Burrill. Auricular confession, {Eccl.) in the Church of Rome , a confession made to a priest, and accounted a part of the sacrament of penance. — Confession and avoid- ance, (Law.) the admission of tile truth of a statement of fact contained in the pleading of tile opposite party, coupled with the allegation of a new fact, which ob- viates or repels its legal effect, and thus avoids it. Burrill. — Confession of faith, (Eccl.) a formulary con- taining the opinions of a religious denomination. CON-FES'SION-AL (kon-fesh'un-al), n. [It. co/tfes- sio7talc; Sp . confesio/ia/t'o -, Fr . confessio/mal.] The seat or box in Romish churclies in which the priest sits to hear confessions. Blackburn. CON-FES'SION-AL-IST, 71. A confessor, or one who sits in the confessional. Boucher. CON-FES'SIQN-A-RY, a. Belonging to auricular confession. Cotgrave. CON-FES'SION-A-RY, 71. Confessional. Bailey. CON-FES'SION-IST (kon-fesh'un-Tst), n. One who makes profession of faith, [r.] hlountayu. CON'FIJSS-OR, or CON-FESS'OR [kon'fes-sur, & IV. ./. E. F. Ja. S/7i. R. C. ; kon-fes'sur, P. Wb. Ash, Rees; kon-fes'sur or kon'fes-sur, A'.], n. [L. confessor-, It. confessore ; Fr . confesseur.] 1. One who confesses or acknowledges a crime or a fault. Joh/ison. 2. A priest who hears and absolves a penitent. See that Claudio Be executed by nine to-morrow morning. Bring him his confessor; let him be prepared. Shak. 3. {Eccl. Hist.) One who, in the face of what- ever danger, professes the Christian faith. It was the assurance of a resurrection that gave patience to the confessor and courage to the martyr. Boyers. Dr. Kenrick says this word is sometimes, but improperly, accented on the first syllable ; hut it may be observed that this impropriety is become so uni- versal that not one who has the least pretension to politeness dares to pronounce it otherwise. Mr. Sher- idan and Entick iiave the accent on the first syllable of this word ; Mr. Scott, on the first and second ; Dr. Johnson, Mr. Perry, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Ash, Bailey, and Smith have the accent on the second ; but notwithstanding this weight of authority, the best usage is certainly on the other side.” Walker, CON-FESS'OR-SHIP, n. The office of a confess- or. [r.] Ec. Rev. CON-FEST', p. & p. a. Confessed. Pope . f CON-FEST'LY, ad. Confessedly. Hammond . f CON-FI''CI£NT (-flsh'ent), a. Efficient. Bailey . CON-FI-DANT' [kon-fe-dant', S. W. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. C. ; kon'fe-dant, P. J. TE6.], n. [L. confide , confidcns, to trust in.; It. &; Sp. eonfidente ; Fr. confident. "| A person trusted with secrets or private affairs ; a bosom friend. Hobbv being a confidant of the Protector’s, he may be supposed to have written as he was directed by him. Burnet. “ This word, very unlike most others from the same source, has been made to alter its French or- thography, in order to approach a little nearer to the English pronunciation of it. Some affected speak- ers’ on the stage pronounce the first syllable like A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, !, 6 , U, t, short; A, £, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, fAr, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CONFIDANTE 291 CONFITENT cone, as it is marked in tlie first edition ot Mr. Sher- idan's Dictionary ; and this is perfectly of a piece with tlie affectation which has altered the spellin'! of the last. By Dryden and South, as quoted by Dr. Johnson, we find this word spelled like the adjective confident ; and it is more than probable that its French pronunciation is but of late date ; but so universal is its use at present, that a greater mark of rusticity cannot be given than to place the accent on the first syllable, and to pronounce the last dent instead of dant .” IValkcr. CON-FI-DANTE', n. [Fr. confidente.] A female friend intrusted with secrets. Hurd. CON-F1DE', v. n. [L. conficlo, to trust in ; con, with, and fido, to trust ; It. confidare ; Sp. con- fiar ; Fr. conjfier.] [i. confided ; pp. confid- ing, confided.] To have confidence ; to rely ; to trust ; — used with in. lie alone won’t betray in whom none will confide. Congreve. Syn. — Confide expresses more than trust. We always trust when we confide. Confide in a friend ; trust to a faithful servant or a customer. A breach of trust evinces a want, of integrity ; a breach of con- fidence evinces baseness. CON-FIDE', v. a. To trust ; to intrust. The only one to whom I dare confide my folly. Lyttleton. CON'FI-DENCE, n. [E. confidentia \ It. confiden- za ; Sp. confianza ; Fr. confiance and confidence.] 1. Trust in moral probity ; firm belief in the integrity of others. We made confidential communications to those in whom we had no confidence , and who reposed no confidence in us. Burke. Confidence is a plant of slow growth in an aged bosom. Lord Chatham. 2. Reliance upon one’s own abilities or for- tune ; assurance, as opposed to timidity. Ilis times, being prosperous, had raised his confidence by success. Bacon. 3. Boldness ; assurance ; — as opposed to modesty. But surely modesty never hurt any cause, and the confi- dence of man seems to me to be much like the wrath of man. Tillotson. 4. Firmness of religious faith. For we are made partakers of Christ, if we hold the begin- ning of our confidence steadfast unto the end. Ileb. iii. 14. 5. That which causes trust, reliance, or a sense of security. If I have made gold my hope, or have said to the fine gold. Thou art my confidence. Job xxxi. 24. Syn. — See Assurance, Belief, Confide. CON'FI-DENT, a. [L. confidens\ Sp. confidente.~\ 1. Assured beyond doubt ; having full belief; sure ; certain ; positive. I am confident that very much may be done towards the improvement of philosophy. Boyle. 2. Without suspicion ; trusting. Rome, be as just and gracious unto me, As I am confident and kind to thee. Shak. 3. Bold, to a vice ; rash. A wise man feareth, and departeth from evil; but the fool rageth, and is confident. Prov. xiv. IG. CON'FI-DENT, n. [It. &• Sp. confidente ; Fr. con- fident .] One trusted with secrets ; a confidant. — See Confidant. South. CON-FI-DEN'TIAL, a. [It. confidenziale ; Sp. confidencud ; Fr. confidential.] 1. Spoken, or written, in confidence, and not to be disclosed; private. “ A confidential cor- respondence.” Chesterfield. 2. Admitted to special confidence ; trusty ; as, “A confidential friend.” CON-FI-DEN'TIAL-LY, ad. In a confidential manner. Walker. CON'FI-DENT-LY, ad. In a confident manner. CON'FI-DENT-NESS, n. Confidence, [r.] Bailey. CON-FID'JJR, n. One who confides. Mountagu. CON-FID'ING, p. a. Having confidence ; relying; trusting; as, “ A confiding heart.” CON-FID'ING-NESS, n. The quality of being con- fiding ; confiding disposition ; trust. Arnold. CON-FIG'U-RATE, v. n. [L. configuro, configu- ratus, to fashion after ; con, with, and figura, a figure ; It. configurarsi ; Sp. configurar.] (As- tro!) To show like the aspects of the planets towards each other, [r.] Jordan. CON-FIG-U-RA'TION, n. [L. configuratio ; con, with, and figuro, to form ; It. configurazione ; Sp. configuracion ; Fr. configuration .] 1. Form depending on the relationship of distinct parts. Locke. 2. (Astro!) The form of the horoscope aris- ing out of the aspects of the planets towards each other. “ The aspects and configurations of the stars.” Browne. CON-FIG'UkE (kon-fig'yur), V. a. [L. configuro ; con, with, and figuro, to form.] To dispose into any form or figure. “ And so configuring them- selves into human shape.” [r.] Bentley. CON-FlN'A-BLE, a. That may be confined. CON'FINE, n. [L. confinis, bordering upon ; con, with, andyfm’s, a boundary ; It. confine and con- fino ; Sp. confin ; Fr. confins.] Common boun- dary or joint limit between two countries or dis- tricts ; marches ; border ; edge. But Terme, which signifieth bounds, is the God of confines or borders. Iforth. Nature in you stands on the very verge of her confine. Shak. ^g=» {< Dr. Johnson tells us that the substantive confine was formerly pronounced with the accent on the last syllable. The examples, however, which he gives us from the poets prove only that it was accent- ed both ways.” Walker. Syn. — See Border. CON'FINE, a. Bordering upon, [r.] Johnson. CON-FINE', v. a. [It. confinare ; Fr. confiner.] [i. CONFINED ; pp. CONFINING, CONFINED.] 1. To shut in by some bound, limit, or re- straint ; to restrain ; to immure ; to imprison. I had been As broad and general as the easing air; But now I’m cabined, cribbed, confined , bound in. Shak. 2. To restrict ; to limit ; to circumscribe. _ If the gout continue, I confine myself wholly to the milk diet. Temple. Syn. — See Circumscribe, Restrain. CON-FINE', or CON'FfNE [kon-fin', S. W. P. K. ; kon'fin, Ja. Sm. Wb.],v. n. [L. confinis, border- ing.] To border upon ; to have the same limit. I seek What readiest path leads where your gloomy bounds Confine with heaven. Milton. CON-FINED', p. a. Kept in by limits ; restrained : — circumscribed ; bounded. CON'FINE-L?SS, or CON-FINE'LPSS, a. Bound- less ; unbounded ; unlimited ; without end. Esteem him as a lamb, being compared with my confine- less harms. Shak. CON-FINE'M^NT, n. 1. The state of being con- fined or shut in by limits ; imprisonment. Though my person is in confinement , my mind can expa- tiate with all the freedom imaginable. Johnson. 2. Any restraint of liberty ; — particularly that caused by the illness attending childbirth. CON-FIN'^R, n. He who, or that which, confines. CON-FIN' ?R, or CON'FI-NJJR [kon-fin'er, S. W. P. Ja. K. ; kon'fi-ner, Sm. Wb.], n. A border- er ; a near neighbor. The senate hath stirred up the confiners. Shak. CON-FTn'1-TY, n. [Fr. confinite.] Nearness; neighborhood, [r.] Bailey. CON-FIRM' (kon-firm'), v. a. [L. confirmo ; con, with, and firmo, to make firm ; It. confermare ; Sp . con fir mar-, Fr .confirmer.] [i. confirmed ; pp. CONFIRMING, CONFIRMED.] 1. To make firm ; to establish ; to settle ; to fix. Confirm the crown to me and to mine heirs. Shak. 2. To strengthen, particularly in resolution or purpose. “ Strengthen ye the weak hands and confirm the feeble knees.” Isa. xxxv. 3. ConfirmerL, then, I resolve Adam shall share with me in bliss or woe. Milton. 3. To put past doubt by additional evidence; to corroborate. Whilst all the stars that round her burn, And all the planets in their turn, Confirm the tidings as they roll, And spread the truth from pole to pole. Addison. 4. To ratify; as, ‘‘To confirm an appoint- ment.” That treaty, so prejudicial, ought to have been remitted, rather than confirmed. Swift. 5. (Eccl.) To admit fully into the Christian communion by an ecclesiastical rite, as the im- position of hands by a bishop. Hammond. Syn. — A person affirms what lie declares solemn- ly ; he confirms what lie aids another t.o prove. Truth is confirmed by circumstances, and is established by witnesses, whose testimony may be corroborated by others. Confirm a report ; establish tlie truth ; ratify a treaty ; settle a dispute or an account. — See Ratify. CON-FIRM'A-BLE, a. That may be confirmed. CON-FIR-MA'TION, n. [L. confirmatio ; It. con - fermazione ; Sp. confer mac ion.\ 1. The act of confirming ; settlement ; estab- lishment; adjustment. Witness how dear I hold this confirmation. Shak. 2. Convincing testimony ; corroborating evi- dence. Wanting confirmation in a matter so confirmable. Browne. 3. Ratification. “ Touching the confirma- tion of the treaty.” Strype. 4. The laying on of hands by a bishop; — an ecclesiastical rite of the Episcopal church sup- plemental to baptism. Whether confirmation be a sacrament or not, it is of no use to dispute. Bp. Taylor. CON-FIRM' A-TIVE, a. [L. confirmative ; Sp. confirmative-, Fr. confirmatif.] Having power to confirm, [r.] " Sherwood. CON-FIR-MA'TOR, n. [L.] A confirmer. Browne. CON-FIRM'A-TO-RY, a. 1. Tending to establish or confirm. “ Confirmatory proofs.” Bp. Barlow. 2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. It is not improbable that they [the disciples] had in their eye the confirmatory usage in the synagogues. Bp. Compton. CON-FIRMED' (kon-firmd'), p. a. 1. Established. 2. Having received confirmation. CON-FIR M'JJD-LY, ad. With confirmation. Ilaley. CON-FiRM'F.D-NESS, n. State of being confirmed. “ Confirmedness of habit.” Decay of Piety. CON-FIRM-EE', n. (Law.) The party to whom any thing is confirmed. Ash. CON-FIRM'JJR, n. He who, or that which, con- firms. CON-FIRM'ING-LY, ad. In a corroborative man- ner. B. Jonson. CON-FIRM'OR, or CON-FIRM-OR' (130), n. (Law.) The person who confirms. Blackstonc. CON-FIS'CA-BLE, a. [Fr.] Liable to confisca- tion or forfeiture. Johnson. CON-F|S'CATE [kon-fls'kat, S. IF. P. J. E. F. Ja. Sm. B. C. ; kon-fls'kat or kon'fjs-kat, K. ; kon'- fis-kat, Wb. Kenrick. — See Contemplate], v. a. [L. confisco, confiscatus ; con, with, and fis- cus, a basket for holding money, the imperial treasury; It. confi, scare ; Sp. corifiscar ; Fr. con- fisquer.] \i. confiscated ; pp. confiscating, confiscated.] To transfer private property to the government, or state, by way of penalty for an offence ; to cause to be forfeited. It was judged that he should be banished, and his whole estate confiscated. Bacon. CON-FIS'CATE [kon-fls'kat, W. Ja. Sm. ; kon'fjs- kat, S. K. Kenrick ; kon-fls'kat, P. — See Con- template], a. Transferred to the public as forfeit; forfeited; confiscated. Thy lands and goods Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate Unto the state of Venice. Shak. j 6G£r > “ Dr. Kenrick blames Dr. Johnson for accent- ing this word on the second syllable, when the exam- ple he brings from Shakspeare accents it on the first ; but it may be observed that, as the verb ought to have tlie accent on the second syllable, the adjective which is derived from it, ought to have the accent on the same syllable likewise ; and the example from Shakspeare must be looked upon as a poetical license. ?’ Walker. CON-FIS'CAT-ED, p. a. Forfeited; transferred to public use ; as, “ Confiscated goods.” CON-FIS-CA'TrON, n. [L. confiscate ; Sp. con- fiscacion ; Fr. confiscation .] The act of confis- cating ; the transfer of private property to pub- lic use. “ Confiscation of goods.” Ezra vii. 26. CON'FIS-CA-TOR [kon-fjs-ka'tor, Ja. ; kon'fis-ka- tpr, Sm. ; kon-fis'ka-tor or kon'fis-ka'tor, K.], n. [L., a treasurer .] One who is concerned in executing a judgment of confiscation, or in managing confiscated property. I see the confiscators begin with bishops, and chapters, and monasteries; but I do not see them end there. Burke. CON-FIS'CA-TO-RY, a. Consigning to, or caus- ing, forfeiture. Burke. f CON'FIT, n. [It. confetto ; Sp. confitc ; Fr. con- fit.] A sweetmeat ; a comfit. Beau. § FI. f CON'FI-TENT, n. [L. confitcor, confitens, to MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , (f , 9 , g, soft ; C, G, c, g, hard; § as z; $ as gz. — THIS, this. CONFITURE 292 CONFUSE confess ; con, with, and fateor, to confess.] One who makes confession of crimes or of faults. A wide difference there is between a mere confltent and a true penitent. Decay of Piety. (■ OON'PI-TURE, n. [Fr.] A sweetmeat ; a com- fit ; a confect. Bacon. + CON-FIX', v. a. [L. configo, conflxus ; con, with, and flgo, to fix.] To fix ; to fasten. Shah. f CON-FIX'URE, n. The act of fixing. Mountagu. CON-FLA'GRANT, a. [L. conflagro, conflagrans ; con, with, and flagro, to burn.] Burning to- gether. “ The conflagrant mass.” [r.] Milton. CON-FLA-GR A'TION, n. [L. conflagratio ; It. conflagrazionc ; Sp. conflagracion ; Fr. confla- gration .] A general fire ; a great burning, as of many houses, or as of the whole world. CON-FL.A'GRA-TIvE, n. Producing conflagra- tion. [r.] ‘ Dwight. fCON'FLATE, a. [L. conjlo, conflatus.] Blown together. Richardson. CON-FL A'TION, n. [L. conflatio ; con, with, and flo, flatus, to blow ; Sp. conflacion.] 1. The act of blowing together, as of many musical instruments. Bacon. 2. The casting or melting of metal. Johnson. t CON-FLEX'URE, n. [Low L. conflcxura.] A bending or turning ; flexion. Bailey. CON-FLlCT', v. n. [L. confligo, conflictus ; con, with, axiAfligo, to strike.] ' [V. conflicted ; pp. CONFLICTING, CONFLICTED.] 1. To encounter ; to clash ; to contend ; to combat ; to struggle ; to strive. A man would be content to conflict with great difficulties in hopes of a mighty reward. TUlotson. 2. To be contrary or opposed; as, “ Conflict- ing laws or opinions.” CONFLICT, n. [L. conflictus ; It. conflitto ; Sp. conflicto ; Fr . conflit.] 1. A violent collision or agitation, as of sub- stances undergoing a chemical change. Boyle. 2. An encounter; a contest; a combat; a fight; strife; struggle. I suppose them [eood men) to live in a state of mortifica- tion and self-denial, to be under a perpetual conflict with their bodily appetites and inclinations, and struggling to get the mastery over them. At ter bury. Conflict of laws, the opposition between tile munici- pal laws of different countries, in tile case of an in- dividual who may have acquired rights or become subject to duties within the limits of more than one state. Braude. Syn. — Conflict and combat botli imply a violent and hostile meeting of two parties. A contest is a strife between two parties, which may be decided by a conflict. A contention is an angry contest ; and a spirit of contention leads to strife. Conflict is also ap- plied to the strife or opposition of contending opin- ions or feelings. A sanguinary conflict or combat-, a severe contest ; an angry contention ; a hostile encoun- ter ; a violent struggle. CON-FLlCT'ING, p. a. Opposing; contending; struggling; as, “ Conflicting interests.” CON-FLIC'TIVE, a. Tending to conflict ; con- flicting. Massinger. t CON-FLUCT'U-ATE, V. »■ [L. conflnctuo, con- fluctuatus ; con, with, and fluctuo, to flow hither and thither.] To flow together. Maunder. CON'FI.U-JjlNCE, n. [L. confluentia ; con, with, and fluo, to flow; Sp. conflucncia.] 1. The junction of two or more streams. Bagdad is beneath the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates. Brerewood. 2. The act of crowding to the same place. You had found by experience the trouble of all men’s con- fluence to yourself. Bacon. 3. A concourse; a multitude ; a crowd. This will draw a confluence of people from all parts of the country. Temple. 4. A meeting together ; union ; junction. The confluence , perfection, and perpetuity of all true ioys. Boyle. CON'FI.t-ENT, a. [L. confluo, confluens ; con, with, and fluo, to flow ; Sp. conflucnte ; Fr. con- fluent i] 1. Running one into another ; flowing to- gether ; meeting ; as, “ Confluent streams.” 2. ( Bot .) Growing together, or running into one another. Loudon. CON'FLU-IJNT, n. A smaller stream or river which flows into a larger one. Hamilton. CON'FLUX, n. [Low L. confluxio- ] 1. The union of two or more streams or cur- rents ; confluence. I walked till I came to the conflux of two rivulets. Cook. 2. A great number of persons ; a multitude. To the gates cast round thine eye, and see "What conflux issuing forth, or entering in. Milton. CON-FLUX-l-BlL'I-TY, ? ra< Tendency or apt- CON-FLUX'I-BLE-NESS, > ness to flow or run to- gether, as fluids. Boyle. CON-FLUX'I-BLE, a. Inclined to flow or run to- gether. Clarke. CON-FORM', v. a. [L. conformo ; con, with, and flonno, to form ; It. con forma re ; Sp. conformar-, Fr. conformer.] [i. conformed ; pp. con- forming, CONFORMED.] 1. To reduce to the same form, manner, or character; to make similar. The apostles did conform the Christians, as much as might be, according to the pattern of the Jews. Hooker. 2. To bring into compliance. “ And be not conformed to this world.” Bom. xii. 2. Demand of them wherefore they conform not themselves unto the order of the church. Hooker. CON-FORM', v. n. To act or live in accordance with some rule, or with what is established ; to yield assent ; to comply. When anv dissenter conforms, is lie ever examined to see whether he does it upon reason and conviction ? Locke. Syn. — See Comply. f CON-FORM', a. Conformable. “Care must be taken that the interpretation be every way con- form to the analogy of faith.” Bp. Hall. CON-FORM'A-BLE, a. 1. Having the same form ; similar ; resembling. Their salts are always conformable to themselves; all agree in being rectilinear, and composed of proportional sides and angles. Grew. 2. Agreeable ; suitable ; consistent. The productions of a great genius with many lapses are preferable to the works of an inferior author scrupulously ex- act and conformable to all the rules of correct writing. Addison. 3. Ready to obey ; compliant ; submissive. That God helpeth us forward not without our own con- formable will, appearcth plain by clear texts of Scripture. Sir T. More. Syn. — See Agreeable. CON-FOR M'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being conformable. Ash. CON-FORM' A- BLY, ad. With conformity. Addison. CON-FORM' ANCE, n. The act of conforming ; conformity, [it.] Ch. Ex. CON-FOR 'MATE, a. [It. conformato. ] Llaving same form ; conformable. Jameson. CON-FOR-mA'TION, n. [L. conformatio ; It. con- furnuizione ; Sp. conformacion ; Fr. conforma- tion .] 1. The act of bringing into conformity with anything; accordance; compliance. Virtue and vice, sin and holiness, and the conformation of our hearts and lives to the duties of true religion and morali- ty, are things of more consequence than the furniture of the understanding. Watts. 2. The form of things as relating to one an- other ; disposition of parts ; structure. In Hebrew poetry there may be observed a certain confor- mation of the sentences, the nature of which is, that a com- plete sense is almost equally infused into every component part. Lowth. CON-FORM'IJR, n. One who conforms. Mountayu. CON-FOR M'ING, p. a. Complying ; yielding ; ad- hering. CON- FORM' I ST, n. [It. § Sp. conformista; Fr. conformiste.] One who conforms ;. specially, one who conforms to the Church of England ; a conformer. Bp. Taylor. CON-FORM'I-TY, n. [It. conformity ; Sp. con- form! dad, ; Fr. conforming 1. State of being conformed; accordance; agreement. “In conformity to the friendship . . . cemented between us.” Melmoth. 2. Correspondence ; resemblance ; similitude ; likeness. Space and duration have a great conformity in this, that they arc justly reckoned amongst our simple ideas. Locke. t CON-FOR-TA'TION, n. [L. conforto, conforta- tus.] The act of strengthening. Bacon. CON-FOUND', v. a. [I,, confundo ; con, with, and fundo, to pour out ; It. confondere ; Sp. § Fort. ennfundir; Fr. confondre. ] [i. CONFOL’NDp.d ; pp. CONFOUNDING, CONFOUNDED.] 1. To mingle so as to make no longer distin- guishable ; to disorder ; to confuse. Let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech. Gen. xi. 7. 2. To embarrass; to perplex ; to entangle. Men find their simple ideas agree, though, in discourse, they confound one another with different names. Locke. 3. To throw into consternation; to amaze; to astonish. ; to stupefy. Or ’stonished as night-wanderers often are. Their light blown out in some mistrustful wood, Even so confounded in the dark she lay. Shak. 4. To destroy ; to overthrow ; to ruin. They are confounded, for they are brought unto shame that seek my hurt. l*s. Ixxi. 24. Syn. — See Abash, Amaze, Mix, Puzzle. CON-FOUND'JJD, p. a. 1. Mingled ; confused. “ Confusion worse confounded.” Milton. 2. Astonished ; abashed. “ [He] confound- ed, though immortal.” Milton. 3. Very hateful ; detestable ; enormous. [Col- loquial and vulgar.] He tvas a most confounded Tory. Swift. CON-FOUND'JJD-LY, ad. Hatefully; enormous- ly ; vexatiously. [Vulgar.] Addison. CON-FOUND'y.D-NESS, n. The state of being confounded; confusion. Milton. CON-FOUND '^R, n. One who confounds. f CON'FRACT, a. [L. confractus . ] Broken. More. f CON'FRA-GOSE, a. [L. ' confragosus .] Crag- gy. ‘ Evelyn. CON-FRA-TER'NJ-TY, n. [L. con, with, and fra- ternitas, brotherhood ; f rater, a brother ; It. confraternity-, Sp. confraternidad ; Fr. confra- ternite. ] An associated fraternity ; a religious brotherhood. The confraternities are in the Roman Church what corpo- rations are in a commonwealth. Brevint. f CON-FRl'^R, n. [Fr. confrere.'] One of the same religious order. Weever. CON-FRI-CA'TION, n. [L. confricatio ; con, with, and frico, fricatus, to rub ; It. confficazione ; Sp. confricacion ; Fr. confrication.] The act of rubbing against any thing ; friction. Bacon. II CON-FRONT', or CON-FRONT' [kon-front', S. IF. F. Ja. K. ; kon-frilnt', P. J. E. Sin. C. Wb.], r. a. [L. con, with, and frons, front is, the fore- head ; It. confrontare ; Sp. $ Fort, confrontar ; Fr. confronted.] \i. confronted ; pp. con- fronting, CONFRONTED.] 1. To stand in front of ; to put face to face ; to face ; to oppose openly or to the face. Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answered blows, Strength matched with strength, and power confronted power. Shak. Some glossed, how love and wisdom were at strife, And brought my proverbs to confront my life. Prior. 2. To bring together for comparison ; to com- pare. When I confront a medal with a verse, I only show^vou the suinc design executed by different hands. Addison. j$3P“In colloquial pronunciation, this word has its last syllable sounded like the last of affront ; but the second syllable of confrontation ought never to be so pronounced.” Walker . CON-FRON-TA'TION, n. [Fr.] The act of bring- ing witnesses face to face. Swinburne. || CON-FRONT' f.R, n. One who confronts. Speed. II CON-FRONT'MJENT, n. Act of confronting. Todd. CON-FU'CI AN (kon-fu'slifn, 66), a. Belonging to Confucius, the Chinese philosopher. Davis. CON-FU'CI AN, n. A follower of Confucius. Davis. CON-FU'CIAN-IST (kon-fu'slifin-Ist, 66), n. A fol- lower of Confucius ;' a Confucian. Qu. Rev. COJY FU'Rl-A. [It.] Furiously. Buchanan. CON-FU§'A-BLE, a. That may be confused. CON-FUS-A-BiL'I-TY, n. Capacity of being con- fused. A . Brit. Rev. CON-FU^E', v. a. [L. confundo, confusus. ] [t. CONFUSED; pp. CONFUSING, CONFUSED.] I. To mix or blend so as to make no longer distinguishable. At length a universal hubbub wild Of stunning sounds and voices all confused. Milton. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, £, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, p, I, O, V, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CONFUSE 293 CONGLOMERATION 2. To disarrange; to derange; to disorder. Thus roving on In confused march forlorn. Milton. 3. To perplex ; to obscure. “ Our ideas of their intimate essences and causes are very con- fused and obscure.” 1 Vatts. 4. To disconcert ; to abash ; to confound. Confused and sadly she at length replies. rope. Syn. — See Abash. f CON-FUSE', a. Mixed ; confounded. Barret. CON-FUSED' (kon-fuzd'), a. Being in confusion. “ A confused heap.” Waller. Syn. — See Indistinct. CON-FU§'JJD-LY, ad. With confusion. Dnjden. CON-FUfp'UD-NESS, n. Want of distinctness. “ The confusedness of our notions.” Norris. f CON-FUSE'Ly, ad. Obscurely. Darret. CON-FU'SION (kon-fu'zlmn, 93), n. [L. confusio ; It. confusione ; Sp. g> soft ; C, G, 5 , g, hard; % as z; % as gz. — THIS, this. CONGLUTINANT COMTE 294 CON-GLU'TI-NANT, a. [Fr. conglutinant.] {Med.) Tending to unite or close up ; gluing. Smart. CON-GLU'TI-NANT, n. {Med.) A medicine that heals wounds. Smart. CON-GLU'TI-NATE, v. a. [L. conglutino, con- glutinatus ; It. conglutinare ; Sp. conglutinar ; Fr. conglutiner .] [i. conglutinated ; pp. con- GLUTINATING, CONGLUTINATED.] To Cement ; to unite ; to glue. Pearson. CON-GLU'TI-NATE, v. n. To coalesce. Johnson. CON-GLU'TI-NATE, a. Joined; united. “All these together conglutinate.” Sir T. Elgot. CON-GLU-TI-NA'TION, n. [Fr.] The act of con- glutinating ; reunion ; junction ; union. “ The conglutination of parts separated by a wound.’’ Arbuthnot. “ The conglutination of the several kingdoms of Castile, Arragon, &c.” Bacon. CON-GLU'TI-NA-TIVE, a. [It. § Sp. conglutina- tiro ; Fr. conglutinatif. ] Having power to unite ; tending to unite. Johnson. CON-GLU'TI-NA-TOR, n. That which has the power of uniting. “ A conglutinator of broken bones.” "" Woodward. CON'GO (kong'go, 82), n. A species of black tea, superior in quality to bohea, but inferior to sou- chong ; — also written congou. Davis. CON-GRAt'U-LANT, a. Rejoicing in participa- tion ; sharing another’s joy. Milton. COiN-GRAT'U-LATE (kon-grat'yu-lat), V. a. [L. congratulor, congratuCatus ; coil, with, and grat- ulor, to wish joy to ; It. congratularsi ; Sp. con- gratular ; Fr. congratuler .] [i. congratulat- ed ; pp. CONGRATULATING, CONGRATULATED.] To felicitate, as sympathizing with one’s good fortune ; to compliment upon any happy event ; to wish joy to. Friends to congratulate their friends made haste. Dnjden. Syn. — To congratulate is to profess sympathy and participation in another’s joy ; to felicitate is merely to wish happy. Friendship congratulates ; politeness felicitates. A person may felicitate himself on having escaped from danger, and congratulate oth- ers on their good fortune. CON-GR AT'U-LATE, v. n. To rejoice in partici- pation ; to share another’s joy. “ I cannot but congratulate with my country.” Swift. CON-GRAT-U-LA'TION, n. [L. congratulation It. congraiulazione ; Sp. congratulacion ; Fr. congratulation .] The act of congratulating ; an expression of joy and sympathy ; felicitation. What unspeakable rejoicing and congratulations will there be between us! Scott's Christian Life. CON-GRAt'U-LA-TOR, n. [It. congratulatory .] One who congratulates. Milton. CON-GRAT'U-LA-TO-RY, a. [It. &: Sp. congratu- latorio-, Fr. congratulatoire. ] Expressing or wishing joy. Letters are consolatory, monitory, or congratulatory. Howell. fCON-GREE'. v. n. [L. con, with, and Fr. are, accord.] To agree ; to accord. Shak. t CON -GREET', v. n. To salute reciprocally. Shak. CON'GRU-gATE (kong'gre-gat, 82), v. a. [L. con- grego, congregatus ; con, with, and grex, a flock ; It. congregare; Sp. congregar .] [i. congregat- ed ; pp. CONGREGATING, CONGREGATED.] To collect or gather together ; to assemble. Heat congregates homogeneal bodies, and separates hete- rogeneal ones. Newton. CON'GRE-gAte, V. n. To assemble; to meet. Even there where merchants most do congregate. Shak. CON'GR E-GATE, a. Collected; congregated, [r.] "With all the gods about him congregate. Spenser. CON'GRIJ-GAT-ED, p. a. Collected together ; as- sembled. “ Congregated sands.” Shak. '‘Con- gregated waters.” Milton. CON-GRE-GA'TION (kong-gre-ga'shun), n. [L. congregatio ; It. congregations ; Sp. congrega- cion ; Fr. congregation .] 1. The act of gathering or collecting. “ By congregation of homogeneal parts.” Bacon. 2. A collection of various parts or things. This brave o’erhanging firmament appears no other thing to me than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapors. Shak. 3. An assembly, — particularly of persons for public worship. The words which the minister first pronounceth, the whole congregation shall repeat after him. Hooker. Syn. — See Assembly. CON-GR P-gA'TION-AL, a. 1. Pertaining to a congregation or assembly ; public ; general. “ Congregational singing.” Warton. 2. Pertaining to Congregationalism, or to Congregationalists ; independent. Every parish had a congregational or parochial presbytery for the affairs of its own circle. Warton. CON-GRE-GA'TION-AL-I§M, n. That mode of church government which maintains the inde- pendence of separate churches or congrega- tions ; independency. Ec. Ret'. CON-GRfJ-GA'TION-AL-IST, n. One who adheres to Congregationalism ; an Independent. Neal. CON'GRIJSS (kong'gres, 82), n. [L. congressus ; congredior, to meet ; con, with, and gradior, to walk ; gradus, a step ; It. congresso ; Sp. con- greso-, Fr. congres.] 1. 1 A meeting in private or social intercourse. That ceremony is used as much iu our adieus, as in the first congress. Sir K. Digby. 2. f A collision or shock; — applied toper- sons or to things. Their congress in the field great Jove withstands. Dryden. From these laws mav be deduced the rules of the congresses and reflections of two bodies. Cheyne. 3. A meeting of ambassadors or deputies for the settlement of affairs between nations ; as, “The Congress of Vienna, in 1815.” Hereupon the congress grew wholly desperate, and all par- ties prepared for the field. Sir W. Temple. 4. A meeting of delegates or representatives to consult upon matters of common interest, or to enact laws and transact national and political affairs; a national legislature, composed of sen- ators and representatives ; as, “ The Congress of the United States.” Syn. — See Assembly. CON-GRES'SION (kon-grSsh'un, 92), n. [L. con- gressio .] A meeting together ; an assembly, [it.] Cotgrave. condignity, or that derived from works done by the assistance of grace, and to which a reward is in jus- tice due. Welchman. CON'GRU-OUS (kong'gru-us), a. [L. congruus ; It. cor, nascens, to be born.] 1. Common birth or origin. Johnson. 2. One born at the same time with another. Christians have baptized these double connascences. Browne. 3. A growing together. Wiseman . CON-NAS'Cf.NT, a. Born together ; produced at the same time. Craig. CON-NATE' [kon-nat', S. IF. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; kon'nat, C. Wb.], a. [L. connatus ; con, with, and nascor, to be born.] 1. Born with another ; of the same birth ; congenital. South. 2. (Bot.) Growing together into one body. Ilens/ow. CON-NATE'-PER-FO'LI-ATE, a. (Bet.) | ^ Noting leaves connate at their bases. Gray. f CON-NA'TIONj n. State of being connate. More. CON-NAT'U-RAL (kon-nat'yu-r?l), a. 1. Con- nected by nature ; inherent ; natural. These affections are connatural to us; and as we grow up, so do they. V Estrange . 2. Partaking of the same nature. Is there no way, Besides these painful passages, how we may come To death, and mix with our connatural dust? Milton. CON-NAT-U-RAl'I-TY, n. The state of being con- natural. “ Congruity and connaturality.” Hale. CON-nAt'U-RAL-IZE, v. a. To make natural. Before you could connaturalize your midnight revels to your temper. Scott's Chr. LiJ'e. CON-NAT'y-RAL-LY, ad. By nature. Hale. CQN-NAT'U-RAL-NESS, n. The state of being connatural ; connaturality. Pearson. CON-NECT', v. a. [L. connceto ; con, with, and necto, to tie ; It. connettere. ] [i. connected ; pp. connecting, connected.] To knit or link together ; to combine ; to join ; to unite. They cannot break the tie, nor disunite The waves which roll connected in their flight. Blackmorc. I cannot separate myself from any thing with which you are connected. Mehnoth. CON-NECT', v. n. To have relation ; to be joined ; to cohere. Adam Smith. CON-NECT'yD, p. a. Linked together ; joined ; united ; related. i CON-NECT 'yD-LY, ad. In a connected manner. CON-NECT'ING, p. a. Joining together ; uniting. CON-NEC'TION, n. [L. connexio\ It. connes- sione ; Sp. conexion ; Fr. connexion.’] 1. The act of connecting or the state of being connected; junction; union. My heart, which, by a secret harmony. Still moves with thine, joined in connection sweet. Milton. 2. Communication ; intercourse. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, R(JLE. — (j, (j, <;, £, soft; C, G, c, g, hard; § as i; \ as gz. — THIS. this. CONNECTIVE 296 CONSCIENCE A very material part of our happiness or misery arises from the connections we have with those around us. Blair. 3. Kindred ; relative ; relation; as, “Family connections.” B.7T “ We often hesitate whether to write connec- tion , inflection, reflection, or connexion, inflexion, re- flexion. The difference is this: connection, inflection, &c., presumes an immediate formation from, and re- lationship to, the correspondent verbs, to connect, to inflect, to reflect ; the other form takes us to the Latin spelling connexio, inflexio, reflexio ; or to tire Angli- cized words connex, inflex , reflex. The preference may safely be recommended to the first form, namely con- nection, & c. But observe that the word complexion has no such word as complect in correspondence with it, and is therefore properly written with am.” Smart. — Sullivan, however, says, “ Etymology, authority, and usage declare for connection .” Both common usage and the Dictionaries favor the orthography of inflection and reflection ; but in relation to connection or connexion, the present usage is divided, though most of the English Dictionaries have the spelling connexion. Syn. — See Association, Intercourse. CON-NEC'TIVE, a. Having the power of con- necting ; tending to connect. Harris. CON-NEC'TIVE, n. 1. (Gram.) That which con- nects ; a conjunction. Harris. 2. ( Bot .) A portion of the stamen that con- nects the cells of the anther together. Henslow. CON-NEC'T[VE-LY, acl. In conjunction. Swift. CON-NECT'OR, n. 1. He who or that which con- nects. 2. (Chem.) A small tube. Buchanan. f CON-NEX', v. a. [L. connecto, connexus.\ To connect; to join. Hale. CON-NEX'ION (kon-nek'shun), n. [L. connexio ; Sp. conexion\ Fr. connexion.) The act of connect- ing; connection. — See Connection. Milton. CON-NEX'ION-AL, a. Having connection ; con- nected. [r.] ’ Ed. Rev. CON-NEX'IVE (kon-neks'jv), a. Connective. Watts. f CON-NIC-TA'TION, n. [L. con, with, and nic- tatio, a winking.] A winking. Bailey. CON-NI' VANCE, n. [L. connvoentia ; It. conni- venza ; Sp. connioejicia ; Fr .connivence. — See Connive.] The act of conniving ; voluntary blindness ; pretended ignorance ; forbearance of opposition or of disapproval. Every vice interprets a connivance an approbation. South. CON-NIVE', v. n. [L. conniveo ; Fr. conniver .] ’[ i . CONNIVED ; pp. CONNIVING, CONNIVED.] 1. To shut and open the eye ; to wink. This artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, to con- nive with either eye. Spectator. 2. To pretend blindness or ignorance ; to forbear, or to seem not to see ; — usually fol- lowed by at ; as, “ He connived at it.” I suffer them to enter, and possess A place so heavenly, and, conniving , seem To gratify my scornful enemies. Milton. CON-Nl'VJN-CY, n. Connivance. Bacon. CON-Ni'vpNT, a. 1. Forbearing to see; not attentive ; conniving, [it.] Milton. 2. (Bot.) Noting a gradual inward di- rection ; convergent, as the anthers of a IwH potato blossom. Brande. 3. (Ent.) Applied to the wings of insects which in repose perfectly unite with each other at their corresponding margins. Bmmeister. Connivent valves, (Jinat.) folds of tile mucous mem- brane along the intestinal canal from the pyloric ori- fice through the greater part of the small intestine. Dunglison. CON-NIV'IJR, n. One who connives. Junius. CON-NIV'ING, a. 1. Forbearing to see ; connivent. 2. (Bot.) Convergent ; connivent. Craiy. |l CON-NOIS-SEUR', or CON-NOIS-SEUR' [kon- nes-sur', P. J. F. XVb . ; ko-nis-sir', IF. Ja . ; ko- njs-sur', S. ; kon'is-sur, E. ; kon-nis-sar', K . ; kon-nas-siir', Sot.], n. [Fr .connoisseur", con- noitre, to know, from L. cognosce.) One versed in the fine arts, letters, or literature ; a critic. The connoisseur is one who knows, as opposed to the dil- ettante, who only thinks that he knows. Fairholt. II CON-NOIS-SEUR 'SIlTP (kon-njs-sur'ship), n. The skill of a connoisseur. Todd. C5n'NO-TATE, v. a. [L. con, with, and nota, a mark.] To imply ; to betoken. Hammond. CON-NO-TA'TION, n. Inference; illation. Hale. CON'NO-TA-TIVE, a. [Sp. connotativo .] That connotes, denotes, or implies ; attributive. A connotative or attributive term is one which, when ap- plied to some? object, is such as to connote or imply in its sig- nification some attribute belonging to that object. ]V hately. CON-NOTE', v. a. [See Connotate.] To im- ply ; to betoken ; to denote. South. The force of a word is proportioned to the number of ideas which it connotes . J. Hunter. CON-NU'BI-AL, a. [L. connubialis ; con, with, and nubo, to marry ; Sp. connubial.'] Pertain- ing to marriage ; matrimonial ; nuptial; conju- gal. “ Connubial rites.” Pope. CON-NU-M^R-A'TION, n. [L. connumero, con- numeratus, to number with ; con, with, and numero, to number ; It. connumerazione ; Sp. connumeracion.] A reckoning together. Porson. c6n'NU-SANCE, n. [Old Fr. conusance.) (Laic.) Cognizance. Smart. CON'NU-SANT, a. Knowing ; apprised ; cogni- zant. Browne. CON-NU-TRl"TIOUS, a. Nutritious by force of habit. Smart. CON'NY, a. Brave; fine; pretty. [North of England.] Grose. CO-NO-CAR'DI-UM, n. (Pal.) A genus of fossil bivalves having a long siphonal tube. Baird. CO-NO-HE'LIX, n. [Gr. uChvos, a cone, and clj, any thing twisted.] (Conch.) A genus of turbi- nated mollusca intermediate between the cones and the volutes. Swainson. CO'NOID, n. [Gr. KiavoecL'/s ; /cwvos, a cone, and fliios, form ; Fr. conoide.] (Geom.) That which resembles a cone ; a solid formed by the revolu- tion of a conic section about its axis. Davies. CO'NOID, a. Like a cone ; — applied to the sur- face generated by the revolution of a conic sec- tion about its axis. P. Cye. CO-NOID'AL, a. [Sp. sistencia; Fr. consistancc .] 1. The state or the mode of existence. There is the same necessity for the divine influence to keep together the universe in that consistence it hath received as it was first to give it. Hale. Meditation will confirm resolutions of good, and give them a durable consistence in the soul. Hammond. 2. Degree of density or rarity. The consistencies of bodies are very diverse — dense, rare, volatile, fixed, hard, soft. Bacon. 3. Permanent state ; durability. We are as water, weak, and of no consistence , always de- scending, abiding in no certain state. Bp. Taylor. 4. A state of rest, in which things capable of growth or decrease continue for some time at a stand. Chambers. 5. A mass of cohering particles ; a substance. Nigh foundered, on lie fares, Treading the crude consistence, half on foot, Half flying. Milton. 6. State of being consistent ; agreement, congruity, or uniformity in the opinions or the acts of the same individual at different times. One who wishes to preserve consistency, but who would preserve consistency by varying his means to secure the unity of his end. Bur he. It is a mere idle declamation about consistency to represent it as a disgrace to a man to confess himself wiser to-day than yesterday. Abp. W /lately. CON-SIST'ENT, a. 1. Firm; solid; not fluid. “ The consistent parts of the body.” Harvey. Though constant and consistent now it be, Yet, when kind beams appear, It melts and glides apace into the sea. Cowley. 2. Not contradictory ; compatible ; suitable ; conformable ; accordant. No one kind of true peace is consistent with any sort of prevailing wickedness. Stiuinyfleet. 3. Constant ; uniform. Consistent wisdom ever wills the same. Young. Syn. — See Agreeable. CON-SIST'jENT-LY, ad. In a consistent manner. CON-SIS-TO'RI-AL, a. (Eccl.) Relating to a consistory. “ Consistorial courts.” Burnet. CON-SIS-TO'RI-AN, a. (Eccl.) Relating to an order of Presbyterian assemblies ; consistorial. “ Consistorian schismatics.” [r.] Milton. II CON'SIS-TO-RY, or CON-SlS'TO-RY [kon'sjs- tur-e, St IV. P. J. F. Ja.\ kon-sls'to-re, E. K. Sm. C. Wb.], n. [L. consistorium, a place of assembly ; It. <5; Sp. consistorio ; Fr. consistoire .] 1. (Church of. Eng.) The Court Christian, or Spiritual Court, held in a cathedral church by the bishop or his deputy, assisted by .some of his clergy. , Eden. 2. (Romanism.) The judicial court constitut- ed by the college of cardinals. Brande. By a commission from the consistory , Yea, the whole consistory of Rome. Shak. 3. Any solemn assembly. In mid air To council summons all his mighty peers, A gloomy consistory. Milton. 4. The representative body of the reformed church in France; — a title and an assembly originated by Calvin. Brande. || CON'SIS-TO-RY, a. (Eccl.) Noting an eccle- siastical court in which a bishop’s or an arch- bishop’s chancellor is judge. Brande. CON-SO'CI-ATE (kon-so'slie-at, 66), n. A partner ; an associate. “ Consociates in the conspiracy of Somerset.” [r.] Hayward. CON-SO'CI-ATE (kon-so'slie-at), V. a. [L. conso- cio, consociatus ; con, with, and socio, to unite ; socius, a companion.] \i. consociated ; pp. consociating, consociated.] To unite ; to join ; to connect ; to associate. Ships consociate the most remote regions of the earth. Sir T. Herbert. Generally the best outward shapes are the likeliest to be consociated with good inward faculties. Wotton. CON-SO'CI-ATE (kon-s5'she-at), y. n. To be as- sociated ; to coalesce ; to unite', [r.] Bentley. CON-SO-CT-A'TION (kon-so-slie-a'sluin), n. [L. consociatio ; It. consociazione .] 1. Alliance ; union ; intimacy ; association. “ By so long consociation with a prince of such excellent nature.” Wotton. 2. An association or union of Congregational churches by their pastors and delegates ; an ec- clesiastical body or convention. [U.S.] Dwight. CON-SO-CI-A'TION- AL, a. Relating to a conso- ciation. [Local, U. S.] Clarke. CON-SOL'A-BLE, a. [It. consolabile ; Sp. § Fr. consolable .] That may be consoled. Bailey. f CON'SO-LATE, v. a. To comfort ; to console. “ To consolate thine ear.” Shak. CON-SO-LA'TION, n. [L. consolatio ; It. conso- lazione ; Sp. consolacion ; Fr. consolation .] The act of consoling ; alleviation of sorrow ; solace ; comfort. Consolation or comfort are words which eignify some alle- viation of that pain to which it is not in our power to afford the proper and adequate remedy. Johnson. Syn. — See Comfort. CON'SO-LA-TOR, n. [L.] One who consoles ; a comforter ; a consoler, [r.] Cotgrave. CON-SOL'A-TO-RY [kon-sol'j-tur-e, W. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. B. C. 1 Vb. ; kon-so'la-tur-e, S. P.~\, a. [L. consolatorius ; Fr. consolatoire .] Per- taining to or affording consolation or comfort ; comforting; consoling. “Some consolatory thoughts on the loss of friends.” Boyle. f CON-SOL'A-TO-RY, n. That which consoles; a consolatory discourse. “ Consolatories writ with studied argument.” Milton. CON-SOLE', v. a. [L. consolor', con, with, and solar, to solace ; It. consolare ; Sp. consolar ; Fr. consoler .] [i. consoled ; pp. consoling, consoled.] To relieve or free from distress of mind ; to solace ; to comfort ; to cheer ; to encourage ; to soothe. We console our friends when they meet with affliction. Crabb. CON'SOLE, n. [Fr.] (Arch.) A truss, or bracket, sometimes employed as an ornament in front of the key-stone of an arch, but generally used to support a cornice, a bust, a balcony, &c. Britton. Consoles. CON-SOL'IJR, n. One who consoles or gives com- fort. “ The sovereign consolers of my sor- rows.” Melmoth. CpN-SOL'I-DANT, a. [L. consolido, consolidans, to make firm ; Fr. consolidant .] Tending to consolidate ; making firm. Smart. CON-SOL'J-DAnT, n. (Med.) A substance for- merly given to consolidate wounds. Crabb. CQN-SOL'I-DATE, v. a. [L. consolido, consolida- tus ; con, with, and solidus, solid ; It. consoli- dare; Sp .consolidar; Fr. consol icier.] [i. con- solidated ; pp. consolidating, consoli- dated.] 1. To make firm, solid, or compact ; to form into a compact body ; to harden ; to condense. The word may be rendered, He fixed or consolidated the earth above the waters. Burnet. 2. To conjoin ; to unite into one, as two par- liamentary bills or two benefices. Johnson. CON-SOL'I-DATE, v. n. To grow firm, hard, or solid. “ It consolidated afterwards.” Woodward. CON-SOL'I-DATE, a. Consolidated. “ Brawns and sinews . . . consolidate." [r.] Sir T. Elyot. CON-SOL'I-DAT-JJD, p. a. 1. Made firm, solid, or compact ; as, “ A consolidated mass.” 2. Collected together; united into one; as, “ A consolidated fund.” Brande. CON-SOL-I-DA'TION, n. [L. consolidatio ; It. consolidazione ; Sp. consolidacion ; Fr. consoli- dation .] 1. The act of consolidating or hardening ; so- lidification. The consolidation of the marble did not fall out at random. Woodward. 2. The uniting of two or more things in one ; as, “ The consolidation of parliamentary bills or of benefices ” ; “ The consolidation of the public funds.” CQN-SOL'I-DA-TJVE, n. (Med.) A consolidating medicine. Bailey. CON-SOL'ING, p. a. Affording consolation; com- forting ; as, “ A consoling reflection.” CON-SOL^', or CON'SOL.S [kon-solz', Sm. ; kon'solz, K. C.], n. pi. A term used to denote a consid- erable portion of the public debt of Great Brit- ain, more correctly known as the three per cent. consolidated annuities. These constitute a transferable stock, the varying price of which is taken as an index of the value of other stocks. F. Cyc. ASy The uninitiated talk of selling con'sols, till they learn on the stock exchange that the technical pronunciation is consols'. Smart. CON-SOM' ME,n. [Fr.] (Cookery.) A dishmade by boiling meat with vegetables to a jelly ; jelly broth. Merle. CON'SO-NANCE, ) [L. consonantia ; conso- CON'SO-NAN-CY, ) no, consonans, to sound at the same time ; con, with, and sown, to sound ; It. consonanza ; Sp. consonaneia ; Fr. consonance .] 1. Agreement of simultaneous sounds ; con- cord ; accord ; harmony. The consonances that most ravish the ear are the filth nnd the octave. Wotton. 2. Consistency ; congruence ; suitableness. Such decisions held consonancy with decisions of former times. Hale. CON'SO-NANT, a. [L. consonans .] Accordant ; harmonious ; consistent ; agreeing ; correspond- ing ; compatible ; — followed by with or to. “A thing consonant with natural equity.” “Reli- gion looks consonant to itself.” Decay of Piety. CON'SO-NANT, n. [L. consonans ; It. tc Sp. con- sonants, Fr. consonne.'] A letter which repre- sents a sound that is modified by some inter- ruption during its passage through the organs of speech ; a letter which cannot be perfectly sounded without the aid of a vowel. Those letters arc styled consonants in the pronouncing of which the breath is intercepted by some collision, or closure. Wilkins. CON-SO-NANT'AL, a. Relating to, '(Sr partaking of the nature of, a consonant. Latham. CON'SO-NANT-LY, ad. Consistently; agreea- bly ; suitably. Tillotson. CON'SO-NANT-NESS, n. The quality of being consonant; agreeableness; consistency. Bailey. CON'SO-NOUS, a. [L. consonus ; con, with, and sonus, a sound.] Symphonious. Bailey. f CON-SO'PI-Ate, v. a. [See Consopite.] To lull asleep. Cockeram. f CON-SO-RI-A'TION, n. The act of sleeping. Scott. t CON'SO-PITE, v. a. [L. consopio, consopitus ; con, with, and sopio, to put to sleep, to stupefy.] To lull asleep ; to compose ; to calm ; to quiet. “ The higher powers of the soul being almost quite laid asleep and consopited.” Glanvillc. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SdN BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9, 9, ? , g, soft ; jC, G, £ , g, hard; ^ as z ; If as gz. — THIS, this. CONSOPITE 300 CONSTIPATE fCON'SO-PlTE, a. Calmed; quieted. Its clamorous tongue thus being comopite. More. f CON-SO-Pl"TION, n. The act of sleeping; con- sopiation. “ Consopition of the senses.” Pope. CON SOR-DI'NI, n. [It ., with deaf eners.] (Mus.) A direction to perform a passage, if on the piano-forte, with the dampers down, and if on the violin, with the mute on. Brande. CON'SORT (114), n. [L. consors ; con, with, and socs, lot, i. e. one having the same lot with an- other ; It. iSr Sp. consorte ; Fr. consort .] 1. f A company ; a group. In one consort there sat Cruel Revenge, and rancorous Despite, Disloyal Treason, and heart-burning Hate. Spenser. Great boats, which divide themselves into divers compa- panies, five or six boats in a consort. Ilackluyt. 2. f Harmony ; symphony ; concert. The music Of man’s fair composition best accords When ’t is in consort, not in single strains. Ford. The lesser brooks, as they did bubbling go, Did keep a consort to the public woe. Drummond. 3. Concurrence ; union. Take it singly, and it carries an air of levity, but, in con- sort with the rest, has a meaning quite different. Atterbury. 4. A companion; a partner; — now gener- ally restricted to a partner in marriage, a wife or a husband. Stay, then, this haste of thine But till I arm, and I am made a consort for thee straight. Chapman. And, while he struggles on the stormy main, Invokes his father and his wife in vain; But yet his consort is his greater care. Dryden. 5. ( Navigation .) A ship that accompanies another. Smart. CON-SORT’, V. n. [t. CONSORTED ; pp. CONSORT- ING, consorted.] To partake of the same lot ; to associate ; to keep company. Some of them believed, and consorted with Paul and Silas. w4c/s xvii. 4. CON-SORT', v. a. 1. To unite by symphony. For nil that pleasing is to living ear Was there consorted in one harmony. Spenser. 2. To join in marriage. “ He with his con- sorted Eve.” Milton. 3. To accompany ; to attend. Sweet health and fair desires consort your graces. Shak. f CON-SORT'A-BLE, a. Suitable or fit to be a companion. Wotton. f CON-SOR'TION, n. [L .consortia.] Fellowship; society. “Be critical in thy consortion.” Browne. CON'SORT-SHIP, n. The state of a consort or one consorted ; fellowship ; partnership. Bp. Hall. CON'SOUND, n. ( Bot .) A name applied to several kinds of plants. Clarke. f CON-SPEC'TA-BLE, a. [L. conspicio, conspec- tus, to behold.] Conspicuous. Bailey. f CON-SPEC'TION, n. Act of seeing. Cotgrave. f CON-SPlJC-TCr'I-TY, n. Sense or power of see- ing; sight. Shak. CON-SPEC’ T US, n. [L.] A general view of a subject; an outline; an epitome; an abstract. + CON-SPER'SION, n. [L. conspersio ; conspergo, to besprinkle.] A sprinkling. Bp. Taylor. f CON-SPI-CU'I-TY, n. Brightness. Glanville. CON-SPIC'U-OUS, a. [L. conspicuus ; conspicio, to behold? It. conspicuo, cospicuo ; Sp. conspicuo.] 1. Obvious to the sight ; seen at a distance. First by my father pointed to my sjght, Nor less conspicuous by his native light. Dryden. 2. Eminent ; prominent ; remarkable ; dis- tinguished ; celebrated ; noted. To make thy virtues or thy faults conspicuous. Addison. Illustrious by service, conspicuous by place. Brougham. Syn. — See Prominent. CON-SPIC'U-OUS-LY, ad. In a conspicuous man- ner; clearly; visibly. Watts. CON-SPlC'U-OyS-NESS, n. 1. The state of being obvious to the sight ; exposure to the view. They appear so but in that twilight which is requisite to their conspicuousness. Boyle. 2. Eminence; celebrity; fame. Their writings attract more readers by the authors' con- spicuousness. Boyle. CON-SPIR'A-CY, n. [L. conspiratio ; It. conspi- razione ; Sp. conspiracion ; Fr. conspiration .] 1. The act of conspiring ; a combination of persons for an evil purpose; a plotting; a plot; — especially a plot against a government, or a concerted treason. Catiline’s conspiracy, a memorable attempt, both for the enormous wickedness of it and the danger it threatened. Rose. 2. A general tendency of many causes to one event ; concurrence. When the time came that misery was ripe for him. there was a conspiracy in all things to leud him unto it. Sidney. f CON-SPlR'ANT, a. Conspiring ; plotting. Shak. CON-SPI-RA'TION, n. [L. conspiratio, harmony, also, conspiracy ; It. conspirazione, cospirazi- one, conspiracy; Sp. conspiracion-, Fr. conspi- ration.'] 1. f Concord ; agreement. “What a harmo- ny and conspiration there is betwixt all these laws.” Hammond. 2. Conspiracy. “Certain Jews made a con- spiration.” [r.] Udal. CON-SPIR'A-TOR, n. [It . conspiratore ; Fr . con- spirateur.] One engaged in conspiracy. Achitophel is among the conspirators with Absalom. 2 Sam. xv. 31. CON-SPIRE', v. n. [L. conspiro ; con, with, and spiro, to breathe ; It. conspirare , cospirare , Sp. conspirar-, Fr .conspire)'.] [I. conspired ; pp. CONSPIRING, CONSPIRED.] 1. To concur to one result ; to tend. “ All things conspire to make him happy.” Johnson. 2. To combine for some evil design, as trea- son ; to conceit a crime ; to plot. An impious crew Of men conspiring to uphold their state By worse than hostile deeds. Milton. CON-SPIRE', v. a. To plot; to contrive. Tell me what they deserve That do conspire my death with devilish plots. Shak. CON-SPlR'yR, n. A conspirator. Shak. CON-SPTr'iNG, p. a. I. Concurring to one result. 2. Making conspiracy. Conspiring powers or forces , ( Mech .) forces which act in a direction not opposite to one another. London Ency. CON-SPIR'ING-LY, ad. In a conspiring manner. CON SP/R’I-TO, ad. [It.] (Mus.) Noting a part to be played with spirit. Maunder. f c6N-SPIS-SA'TION, n. [L. conspissatio ; con, with, and spisso, spissatus, to make thick.] A thickening. “ Gross by conspissation.” More. f CON-SPUR'CATE, v. a. [L. conspurco , conspur- catus-, con, with, and spurco, to make filthy.] To defile ; to pollute. Cockeram. f CON-SPCR-CA'TION, n. Defilement ; pollu- tion. “ So odious a conspurcation of our holy religion.” Bp. Ilall. CON'STA-BLE (kun'stfi-bl), n. [L. comes stalndi, count of the stable, or master of the horse; Low L. constabularius ; It. concstabile ; Sp. con- destable ; Fr. connetable.] 1. A high officer of the monarchical estab- lishments of Europe in the middle ages : — a master of the horse ; a commander of cavalry, or other officer of high rank. Charles De-la-bret, high constable of France. Shak. ligp “ In France, the constable was the first digni- tary under the crown, commander-in-chief and su- preme military judge. In that country, the office was abolished in 1627, as conferring powers too dangerous in the hands of a subject. In England, the last per- manent lord high constable was Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, whoso office was forfeited to the crown by his attainder in 1522, since which time it has only been occasionally conferred on particular emergencies.” Brande. 2. (Law.) An officer charged with the preser- vation of the peace, and with the execution of warrants issued by justices of the peace and other magistrates. Burrill. Special constable, a person appointed to act as con- st; nle upon a special occasion. CON'STA-BLER-y, n. 1. The body of consta- bles. “The office of the constablcry.” Berners. 2. The jurisdiction of constables. Burton. CON'STA-BLE-SHIP, n. The office of a constable. “ The constableship of the castle.” Carew. f CON'STA-BLESS, n. The wife of a constable. Dame Hermegild, constabless of that place. Chaucer. CON'STA-BLE- WICK, n. [Eng. constable , and A. S. wic , a village.] The district over which the authority of a constable extends. Hale . CON-STAB'U-LA-RY, a. Relating to, or consist- ing of, constables*. Qu. Rev . t CON-STAB'li-LA-TO-RY, n. Constablery .Burnet. CON'ST AN-CY, n . [L. constantia\ const o, con- stants , to stand firm ; con , with, and sto , to stand ; It. costanza ; Sp. constancia ; Fr. Constance.'] 1. The quality of being constant ; unalterable continuance ; immutability ; stability. Incredible that constancy, in 6uch a variety, should be the result of chance. Ray. 2. Unshaken determination ; resolution ; firm- ness ; steadfastness. . Multitudes who have laid down their lives for their religion with as much constancy as the ancient Christians. Jortin. 3. Lasting and undeviating affection. Constancy is such a stability of friendship as overlooks lesser failures of kindness, and still retains the Bame habitual good-will to a friend. South. Syn. — Constancy is voluntary ; firmness is natural stability. Constancy is opposed to fickleness ; firm- ness, to pliancy or weakness. Constancy relates espe- cially to the affections ; firmness, to the purpose or res- olution ; stability, to the character or the opinions; steadiness , to the action or the habits. Constancy of affection ; firmness of purpose ; stability of character; steadiness of conduct ; steadfastness of principle. — See Durability, Perseverance. CON'ST ANT, 7i. That which remains invariable, as a quantity, force, or law. Deverell. CON'ST ANT, a. [L. consto , constans , to stand firm ; It. costantc ; Sp. constantc ; Fr. co7istant.] 1. Firm; fixed; solid. “ You may turn these two fluid liquors into a coiistant body/’ Boyle . 2. Unvaried; unchanging; immutable. The world’s a scene of changes; and to be Constant in nature were inconstancy. Cowley. 3. Determined ; resolute ; unshaken. “ Be you constant in the accusation.” Shak. 4. Persevering ; assiduous ; steady. Still cheerful, ever constant to his call. Di'yden. 5. Faithful or true in affection. The Moor, howbeit that I endure him not, Is of a constant , loving, noble nature. Shak. Constant quantities, (Algebra.) quantities tile value of which remains the same in the same expression. Davies. Syn. — See Certain, Firm. CON'STANT-LY, ad. In a constant manner. CON ' STAT, n. [L ., it appears.] (Lav:.) A spe- cies of certificate in regard to what is written in an official record. Hamilton. II CON-STEL'LATE [kon-stel'at, S. W. P. F. Ja. K . ; kon'stfl-at, Sm. Wb. — See Contemplate], v. n. [L. constellatus, studded with stars ; con, with, and Stella, a star.] To shine with united light or lustre. The several things which engage our affection do constel- late in God. Boyle. || CON-STEL'lAte, v. a. To unite in lustre, as several stars, [r.] These scattered perfections, divided among inferior na- tures, were summed up and constellated iu ours. Glanville. CON-STf,L-LA'TION, n. [L. constcllatio ; con, with, and stellci, a star ; It. costellazione ; Sp. constelacion ; Fr. constellation.] 1. ( Astron .) A group of fixed stars, expressed and represented under the name and figure of some animal, or other emblem to which it is fan- cied to have some resemblance. “ Stars of heav- en and the constellations thereof.” Isa. xiii. 10. 2. An assembly or an assemblage ; — applied to persons or things of gyeat excellence. CON-STER-NA'TION, n. [L. consternatio ; con- st erno, consternatus, to terrify ; con, with, and sterno, to prostrate ; It. consternazione, coster- nazione-, Sp . constemacion ; Fr. consternation.] Excessive alarm ; terror ; amazement ; fright. The ship struck. The shock threw us all into the utmost consternation. Cook. Syn- — See Alarm. CON’STI-PATE, v. a. [L. constipo, constipatus ; con, with, and stipo, to compress ; It. costipare ; Sp. constipar ; Fr. constiper.] [i. constipat- ed ; pp. constipating, constipated.] 1. To press into a narrow space ; to com- press ; to condense ; to consolidate. The inferior [mass of air] being pressed and constipated by the weight of all the incumbent. BcJitley t A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 0, t/, V, short; A, 5, I, Q, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; 7 CONSTIPATION 301 2. To stop up ; to close. “ Constipating or shutting up the capillary vessels.” Arbuthnot. 3. To make costive. Hard and vehement friction doth constipate the body. Holland . CON-STI-PA'TION, n. [L. constipatio ; It. costi- pazione ; Sp. constipacion ; Fr. constipation.'] 1. The act of constipating; a crowding to- gether; condensation. “ A pretty close consti- pation of its particles.” Bentley. 2. Costiveness. Arbuthnot. CQN-STlT'y-EN-CY (kon-stit'yu-fn-se), n. A body of constituents. Lord J. Bussell. CON-STIT'U-JJNT (kon-stit'yu-ent), a. [L. con- stituo, constituens , to put together; It. costitu- ente ; Sp . constituyente ; Fr . constituant.] Form- ing; composing; constituting; as, “The con- stituent parts of a compound.” CON-STiT'y-ENT (kon-stit'yu-ent), n. 1. He who or that which constitutes, composes, or forms. Their first composure requires a higher and nobler con- stituent than chance. Hale. 2. An elemental part ; element ; principle. The lymph in those glands is a necessary constituent of the aliment. Arbuthnot. 3. One who deputes another to act for him, especially in political matters ; an elector. You may communicate this letter in any manner .you think proper to my constituents. Burke. CON'STI-TUTE, v. a. [L. constituo, constitutus ; con, with, and statuo, to set up ; It. constituire ; Sp . constituir ; Fr. constituer.] [t. constitut- ed ; pp. CONSTITUTING, CONSTITUTED.] 1. To build up ; to establish ; to institute. This Brutus had three sons, who constituted three king- doms. Stow. 2. To form or compose as an element. Men who their duties know, But know their rights, and, knowing, dare maintain, Prevent the long-aimed blow. And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain,— These constitute a state. Sir JV. Jones. 3. To appoint, depute, or empower; as, “To constitute one an attorney.” Syn. — Constitute a government ; frame a constitu- tion ; form a plan or system of education ; found col- leges ; establish schools; appoint judges. Constitute a leader: appoint a minister ; depute a member to present a petition. — See Appoint. t CON'STj-TUTE, n. An established law. A man that will not obey the king’s constitute. Preston , (lofil.) CON'STI-TUT-JJR, n. One who constitutes or appoints. Sir T. Elyot. CON'STI-TUT-ING, p. a. Giving existence ; es- tablishing. CON-STI-TU'TION, n. [L. constitutio ; It. con- stituzione ; Sp. constitucion ■, Fr .constitution.] 1. The act of constituting ; formation. 2. State of being ; peculiar structure ; state of all the organs of the body ; natural qualities, particularly of the body or of the mind. This light, being restored to its pristine constitution, be- came of the same condition as at first. Newton. Beauty is nothing else but a just accord and harmony of the members, animated by a healthful constitution. Dryden. He defended himself with undaunted courage, and less passion than was expected from his constitution. Clarendon. 3. The body of fundamental laws, as con- tained in written documents or established by prescriptive usage, which constitute the form of government for a nation, state, community, association, or society ; as, “ The constitution of the United States ” ; “ The British constitution.” 4. ( Eccl .) A regulation or canon respecting the doctrine or discipline of the church. The number of constitutions [of the Church of England] is one hundred and forty-one. Polit. Diet. 5. ( Roman Laic.) Decrees of regular author- ities, particularly of the emperors. Brande. CON-STI-TU'TION- AL, a. [Sp. constitucional ; Fr. constitutionnel.] 1. Inherent, or bred, in the constitution of the body or of the mind ; natural. It is not probable any constitutional illness will be commu- nicated with the small-pox by inoculation. Sharp. 2. Consistent with the fundamental laws, or with the civil constitution ; legal. The Long Parliament of Charles I., while it acted in a constitutional manner, redressed many heavy grievances. Blackstone. 3. Pertaining to a civil constitution. “ Con- stitutional freedom.” Polit. Diet. | CON-STI-TU'TION-AL, n. Exercise for health, as walking, boating, playing at football, cricket, &c. [Cambridge Univ., England.] Bristcd. CON-STI-TU'TION-AL-IljM, n. Constitutional principles or government, [r.] N. Brit. Rev. CON-STI-TU'TION-AL- 1 ST, n. A framer or fa- vorer of a constitution ; an adherent to a con- stitution. Burke. CONSTUPRATE closes an orifice. “ Constrictor of the oesopha- gus.” Dunglison. 2. ( Zoiil. ) A name applied to the larger ser- pents, which crush their prey in their folds, as the boa-constrictor. Brande. CON-STRlNS. E. ; kon'stru or kon'stur, IF.], v. a. [L. construo ; It. construire ; Sp. construir ; Fr. construire.] [/. construed ; pp. construing, construed.] To discover or ex- press the meaning of, by a right arrangement, or by a translation of, the words of a sentence ; to interpret ; to explain ; to translate ; to render. Virgil is so very figurative that he requires, I may almost say, a grammar apart to construe him. Dryden. jQSf “ It is a scandal to seminaries of learning, that the latter pronunciation [kon'stur] should prevail there.” Walker. CON'STU-PRAte, v. a. [L. constupro, constu- pratus ; con, with, and stupro, to ravish.] [i. constuprated ; pp. constupratixg, constu- trated.] To violate ; to debauch. Dale. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RC t LE. — 9 , £, g, soft; C, G, £, g, hard; $ as z; $ as gz. — THIS, this. CONSTUPRATION CONTAGION 302 CON-STU-PRA'TION, n. The act of constuprat- ing ; violation ; defilement. Bp. Hall. CON-SUB-SIST', v. n. To exist together. “Two consubsisting wills.” [it.] Search. CON-SUB-STAN'TIAL (94), a. [L. consubstantia- lis ; con, with, and substantia, substance; Fr. consubstantiel .] Having the same essence or substance ; being of the same nature. “ A body consubstantial with our bodies.” Hooker. c6N-SUB-STAN'TIAL-I§M, n. Consubstantia- tion. Milman. CON-SlJB-STAN'TIAL-rST, n. A believer in con- substantiation. “ The sect of the Lutheran consubstantialists and of the Roman transub- stantialists.” Barrow. CON-SUB-STAN-TI-AlT-TY (kon-sub-stan-she-aT- e-te), n. [Sp. consubstantialidad ; Fr. consub- stantialitc.] The quality of being consubstan- tial ; participation of the same nature. Dryden. CON-SUB-STAN'TIAL-LY, ad. In a consubstan- tial manner. Qu. Rev. CON-BUB-STAN'Tl-ATE (kon-sub-stan'she-at, 94), v. a. To unite in one common substance or nature. Hammond. CON-SUB-STAN'TI-AtE, v.n. To profess consub- stantiation. [r.] The consubstantiatmg church and priest. Dryden . CON-SUB-STAN'TI-ATE, a. United; consub- stantial. “We must love her that is thus con- substantiate with us.” Feltham. CON-8UB-STAN-TI-A 'TION (kon-sub-stSn-she-a'- slmn, 94), n. [See Consubstantial.] (Theol.) The substantial presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist, together with the substance of bread and wine, according to the doctrine of Luther ; — opposed to transubstanti- ation in the doctrine of the Romanists. Milton. CON'SUJji-TIJDE (kon'svve-tud), n. [L. consuetu- do ; It. consuetudine ; Sp. consuetude Custom ; use. “ This consuetude or law.” [r.] Barnes. CON-SUp-TU'DI-NAL, a. Customary; consuetu- dinary. [r.] Smart. CoX-SUp-TU'DI-NA-RY (kon-swe-tu'de-n j-re), a. [L. consuetudinariusJ] Customary, [a.] Smart. CON-SUp-TU'DI-NA-RY, n. A ritual of custom- ary devotions, [r.] Baker. CON'SUL, n. ; pi. consuls. [L. consul-, consulo, to consult; It. console, or consolo ; Sp. $ Fr. consul.'] 1. One of the two chief magistrates of the ancient Roman republic, after the expulsion of the kings. In the first ages of the republic, the two consuls were al- ways chosen from partrieian families; but the people ob- tained the privilege, A. U. C. 3fiS, of electing one of the con- suls from their own body, and sometimes both were plebeians. Anthon. 2. One of the three chief magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804. These were, at first, Bona- parte, Sieyes, and Ducos, and afterwards, Bona- parte, Cambaceres, and Lebrun, called respec- tively first, second, and third consuls. Brande. 3. An officer commissioned to reside in a foreign country, chiefly for the purpose of pro- tecting the interests of such of his fellow-citi- zens as have commercial relations with that country, and keeping his own government in- formed concerning matters of trade affecting the public welfare. To these duties are some- times added others of a diplomatic character, in the absence of an ambassador or other political agent. Brande. CON'SUL- AfjfE, n. A duty paid by merchants for the protection of their property in a foreign place. Smart. CON'SU-LAR [kon'shu-ljr, S. IF. J. F. ; kon'su- ljr, P. E. Ja. K. Sm. C. I Vb.], a. [L. consula- ris ; It. consulare ; Sp. consular ; Fr. consulaire.] Relating to a consul ; of the rank or authority of a consul ; as, “ The consular office.” f CON'SU-LA-RY, a. Relating to a consul, or to the consulship. “ Consular]/ coins.” Browne. CON'SUL- ATE, n. [L. consulates -, Fr. consulate] 1. The office, function, or jurisdiction of con- sul ; consulship. “ His name and consulate were effaced.” Addison. 2. The dwelling or residence occupied by a consul. Ogilvie. CON'SUL— /\ Campbell. — “ Co ought to be used only when the word with which it is joined begins with a vowel, as in co- era/ , co-existent , co-incident , co-operate , &c. ; co/i, when the word begins with a consonant, as in contemporary , conjuncture , &c. There is but one exception, which is co-partner. ,i Live and Learn. — The derivatives co- partnery, co-partnership, co-parcenary, co-parcener , co- parceny, may be added to this exception. A few other words with the prefix co, are sometimes used ; as co-regent, co-defendant, co-sufferer , co-tenant, ami co-trustee. “ His [Disraeli’s] pages are frequently defaced with vulgarisms. Of these, cotemporary may be taken as an instance, which, to adopt the snarl of Dr. Bentley, ‘ is a word of his own coposition, on which the learned world will cogratulate him.’ ” Ec. Rev., March , 1852 . CON-TEM'PO-RA-RY, n. One living at the same time with another. From the time of Boc.cace and of Petrarch, the Italian has varied very little. The English of Chaucer, their contempo- rary, is not to be understood without the help of an old dic- tionary. Dnjdcn. t CON-TEM'PO-RIZE, v. a. To place in the same age ; to make contemporary. Browne. CON-TEMPT' (kon-teint'), n. [L. contemptus ; con- temno, contemptus, to despise.] 1. The act of contemning or despising; dis- regard; slight; disdain; scorn. It is often more necessary to conceal contempt than resent- ment; the former being never forgiven, but the latter some- times forgot. Chesterfield . 2. The state of being despised ; disgrace. The Lord of hosts hath purposed it, to stain the pride of all glory, and to bring into contempt all the honorable of the earth. * Isa. xxiii. 9. 3. (Law.) Disobedience to the rules, orders, or process of a court. Burrill. Syn. — See Contemn. CON-TEMP-TI-BIL'I-TY, n. [L. contemptibi li- tas.) The quality of being contemptible. “ Con- tempt ibility and vanity.” [it.] Speed. CON-TEMP' TI-BLE (kon-tfim'te-bl), a. [L. con- temptibilis ; Sp. contentible ; Fr .contemptible.) 1. Deserving contempt ; despicable ; vile ; base ; mean ; pitiful ; paltry. No man truly knows himself but he groweth daily more contemptible in his own eyes. Taylor. 2. Despised; scorned; neglected. There is not so contemptible a plant or animal that docs not confound the most enlarged understanding. Locke. 3. f Contemptuous ; scornful. If she should make tender of her love, ’tis very possible he’ll scorn it; for the man hath a contemptible spirit. Shale. Syn. — Contemptible is not so strong a term as des- picable. A person may be said to be contemptible for iiis vanity or weakness,* and despicable for his servility and baseness. What is worthless is contemptible ; what is bad or wicked is despicable and vile. A con- temptible writer or a contemptible production ; despica- ble servility or meanness ; pitiful or base subterfuge ; mean artifice ; paltry or vile conduct. CON-TEMP'Tl-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being contemptible; baseness ; vileness. Locke. CON-TEMP'TI-BLY (kon-tem'te-ble), ad. In a con- temptible manner ; despicably ; meanly. Milton. CON-TEMPT'U-OUS (kon-temt'yu-us), a. 1. Given to contempt ; apt to despise ; insolent. Some much averse I found, and wondrous harsh, Contemptuous , proud, set on revenge and spite. Milton. 2. Showing contempt ; scornful ; disdainful. Rome entertained the most contemptuous opinion of the Jews. Atterbury. CQN-TEMPT'U-OOS-LY, ad. With scorn ; with contempt. Bp. Taylor. CQN-TEMPT'U-OUS-NESS,n. Quality of being con- temptuous; disposition to contempt. Johnson. CON-TEND', v. n. [L. contendo ; con, with, and tendo, to stretch, to strive ; It. contendere ; Sp. contender.) [i. contended ; pp. contending, CONTENDED.] 1. To strive ; to struggle ; to combat ; to fight. Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle. Deut. ii. 9. In ambitious strength I did Contend against thy valor. / Shak. 2. To debate ; to dispute : to argue. “ Which ' our author would contend for.” Locke. CON-TEND', v. a. To dispute ; to contest. Their airy limbs in sports they cxereise, And on the green contend the wrestler’s prize. Drydcn. + CON-TEND'f,NT, n. [Fr. contendant.) An an- tagonist ; an opponent. L’ Estrange. CON-TEND'f.R, n. One who contends. Locke. CON-TEND'!NG, p. a. Striving; vying with an- other ; contesting ; conflicting. “ To awe con- tending monarehs.” Akcnside. CON-TEND'ING, n. The act of one who con- tends. “ Earnest contendings.” Hopkins. CON-TEND 'It ESS, n. She who contends. “A swift contendress.” Chapman. CpN-TEN'5-MENT, n. (Late.) That which is held with a tenement, as its credit, contiguous land, &c. Blount. CON-TENT', a. [L. contcntus ; contineo , con- tentus ; con, with, and teneo, to hold ; It. i § Sp. contento ; Fr. content.) In an undisturbed or easy state of mind ; having contentment ; sat- isfied ; contented. I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content. Phil. iv. 11. Poor and content is rich, and rich enough. Shak. CON-TENT', v. a. [It. contentare; Fr. content er.) [i. CONTENTED ; pp. CONTENTING, CONTENTED.] 1. To satisfy so as to stop complaint ; to ap- pease. Content thyself with this much, that I love thee. Sidney. 2. To please ; to gratify ; to delight. Is the adder better than the eel Because his painted skin contents the eye? Shak. CON-TENT', n. 1. Moderate happiness ; rest or quietness of mind ; satisfaction ; contentment. Without content, we shall find it almost as difficult to please others as ourselves. " Greville. My crown is called Content ; A c r own it is that seldom kings enjoy. Shak. 2. The power of containing ; capacity. “Ships of great content.” Bacon. 3. That which is contained. — See Contents. Though my heart’s content firm love doth bear, Nothing of that shall from mine eyes appear. Shak. 4. A term used in the English House of Lords, to express an affirmative vote or an as- sent to a bill. Burke. f CON-TJJN-TA'TION, n. Satisfaction ; content. “ Great contentation.” Pope. Patmore. CON-TENT'IJD, a. Being in an easy state of mind ; having contentment ; moderately happy ; not demanding more ; satisfied ; content. Desiring this man’s art and that man’s scope, With that I most enjoy contented least. Shak. Syn. — See Contentment. CON-TENT' IJD-LY, ad. In a quiet or satisfied manner ; with content. Addison. CON-TENT'pD-NESS, n. The state of being con- tented. “ Contentedness of spirit.” Bp. Taylor. CON-TENT'FUL, a. Full of content; contented. “ Contentful submission.” [r.] Barrow. CON-TEN'TION, n. [L. contentio ; It. conten- zione ; Sp. contencion ; Fr. contention.) 1. The act of contending ; angry contest ; strife ; struggle ; quarrel. But when jour troubled country called you forth, Your flaming courage and your matchless worth, To fierce contention gave a prosperous end. Waller. 2. Dispute ; debate ; altercation ; controversy. A fool’s lips enter into contention. Prov. xviii. 6. 3. Earnest endeavor ; effort. This is nn end which appears worthy our utmost conten- tion to obtain. Rogers. Syn. — See Conflict, Disagreement. CON-TEN 'TIOUS (kon-ten'shus), a. [L. contenti- osus ; Fr. contentieux.) 1. Quarrelsome ; disposed to contend. As coals are to.burning coals, and wood to fire, so is a con- tentious man to kindle strife. Prov. xxvi. 21. 2. Pertaining to contention. When not for malice and contentious crimes. Spenser. 3. (Eccl. Law.) Taking cognizance of dif- ferences between contending parties. “ A con- tentious jurisdiction.” Burrill. CON-TEN'TIOUS-LY, ad. With contention ; per- versely ; quarrelsomely. Browne. CON-TEN 'TIOUS- NESS, n. The quality, or the state, of being contentious. Bentley. CON-TENT' LESS, a. Discontented ; unsatisfied. “ Our contentless choice.” Beaumont. f CON-TENT'LY, ad. Contentedly. Beau. # FI. CON-TENT' M pNT, n. [Fr. contentement.) 1. The state of being contented; satisfaction; content. Contentment expresses the acquiescence of the mind in tire portion of good we possess. Cogun. The noblest mind the best contentment has. Shak. 2. That which gives content. “ All the con- tentments . . . this world can afford.” Bp. Hall. Syn. — Contentment is the absence of pain, and lies in ourselves ; satisfaction is positive pleasure, and is derived from external objects ; and it is less perma- nent than contentment. A person contented lias al- ways enough ; one satisfied lias received enough. Ac- quiescence is less than contentment-, and gratification is a more lively, but less permanent, state of feeling. CON-TENTS', or CON'TENTS (115) [kon-tents', S. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. C. ; kon-tents' or k5n'- tents, IF.; kon'tents, Cl. Wb.),n.pl. 1. That which is contained within any limits or boundaries ; as, “ The contents of a vessel or a cask ” ; “ The contents of a book ” ; “ The contents of a polygon.” 2. A summary of what a book contains ; index. “ To this analogy,” [relating to certain words of two syllables, used both as nouns and verbs, the nouns having the accent on the first syllable, and the verbs on the last,] “some speakers are endeavoring to reduce the word contents, which, when it signifies tlie matter contained in a hook, is often heard with the accent on the first syllable.” Walker . — 'This is a very common pronunciation in the United States. CON-TER'MI-NA-BLE, a. [L. contermino, to bor- der upon ; con, with, and termino, to bound.] Capable of the same bounds. Sir II. Wot ton. CON-TER'MI-NAL, a. Having a common boun- dary ; conterminous ; conterminate. Scott. CON-TER'MI-NATE, a. Having a common boun- dary. “Ethiopia being the conterminate region of Egypt.” Raleigh. CON-TER'MI-NOUS, a. [L. conterminus ; con, with, and terminus, a boundary.] 1. Flaying a common boundary; bordering upon; conterminate; conterminal. “ Conter- minous to the colonies.” Hale. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Nearly allied. “ Contermi- nous groups.” Maunder. f CON-TER-RA'NE-AN, a . [L. conterraneus, a fellow-countryman ; con, with, and terra, the earth.] Of the same earth or country. Howell. fCON-TER-KA'NE-OUS, a. Of the same coun- try ; conterranean. Bailey. f CON-TES-SER-A'TION, n. [L. contesseratio , friendship ; con, with, and tessera, a square block, a token between friends.] A friendly or harmonious union. “ So unusual a contessera- tion of elegancies.” B. O ley’s Life of G. Herbert. The agreement aiul confederation , in judgment and prac- tice, with the primitive church. Bp. 7'aylor. CON-TEST', v. a. [L. contestor, to enter on a lawsuit by calling witnesses ; con, with, and testor, to attest ; testis, a witness ; It. eontestare ; Sp. contestar ; Fr. contester.) [(.contested; pp. CONTESTING, CONTESTED.] 1. To call in question ; to contend against ; to controvert ; to dispute. The excellence of Christian morality will not be contested by fuir and candid adversaries. Jortin. 2. (Law.) To defend a suit, or other judicial proceeding ; to dispute, oppose, or resist a claim ; to litigate, as a defendant. Burrill. CON-TEST', v. n. To strive or contend in oppo- sition or in emulation. I do contest As hotly and as nobly with thy love As ever, in ambitious strength, I did Contend against thy valor. Shak. CON'TEST (114), n. 1. Strife of words ; eager con- troversy ; dispute; debate ; quarrel ; difference. Leave all noisy contests . . . and brawling language. Watts. 2 Struggle in arms ; battle ; fight ; conflict. The contest becoming more equal, fpree alone must de- cide. Warburton. Syn. — See Difference, Conflict, Quar- rel. CON-TEST'A-RLE, a . [Fr.] That may be con- tested ; disputable ; controvertible. Johnson. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, !, 6, U, Y, short; A, E, I, 9, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CONTESTABLENESS 305 CONTINUE f CON-TEST'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state, or the quality, of being possibly contested. Bailey. CON-TEST* ANT, n. [Fr.] One who contests ; a disputant ; a litigant, [it.] Seward. Wise. CON-TgS-TA'TION, n. [L. contestatio ; Fr. con- testation.'] 1. f Proof by witnesses ; testimony. Barrow. 2. The act of contesting or of striving in ar- gument ; eager controversy ; dispute ; debate. Every man read in church history knows that belief wa9 drawn up after a long contestation with Ariu6. Dryden. 3. Emulation ; rivalry, [r.] Never contention rise in cither’s breast But contestation whose love shall be best. Beau. 8f FI. CON-TEST* ^ D, p. a. Disputed; litigated; as, “ A contested case at law.” CON-TEST 'TNG, n. The act of disputing or liti- gating. “ To speed better by submission than by contesting .” Stoic. CON-TEST'ING-LY, ad. In a contending man- ner; by means of contest. Mountagu. CON-TEST'I.pSS, a. Not to be disputed; un- questionable. “Truth contestless." [it.] A. Hill. fCON-TEX', v. a. [L. contexo ; con , with, and texOy to weave.] To weave together. Boyle. f CON-TEXT', a. Knit together ; firm. Derham. f CON-TEXT', v. a. [L. contexo, contextvs, to weave, to bind together.] To knit together ; to bind ; to unite. The world’s frame, which is contexted only by commerce and contracts. Junius, 1G39. CON'TEXT, n. [L. contextus, from contexo, to weave; It. contesto ; Fr . contexte.] The series of sentences that make up a discourse or trea- tise ; — particularly the parts that precede and follow a text or sentence quoted. The sense is fine, and easily apprehended by the context. Hart. CON-TEXT'U-RAL, a. Relating to contexture or constitution. Smith. CON-TEXT'URE (kon-tekst'yur), n. [Sp. contex- tura; Fr .contexture.] The disposition or com- position of parts among each other ; constitu- tion ; system ; texture. “ Collateral events are so artfully woven into the contexture of his [Knolles] principal story.” Rambler. CON-TEXT'URED (kon-tekst'yurd), a. Interwo- ven ; intertwined. Carlyle. CON-TIG-NA'TION, n. [L. contignatio ; con , with, and tignum, a beam ; Fr. contignation.) 1. The act of framing or constructing. Their own buildings, linked by a contig nation into the ed- ifice of France. Burke. 2. A frame of beams joined together ; a sto- ry. “ Stories or contignations.” Wotton. f CON-TIG'U-ATE, a. Being in contact ; adjoin- ing ; contiguous. “ The two extremities are contiguate.” Holland. CON-TI-GU'I-TY, n. [It. contiguith ; Sp. conti- guidad ; Fr. contiguite.] The state of being con- tiguous : actual contact ; a touching ; proximity. How can it [matter] be present to any thing but by the contiguity of its parts. Law. O for a lodge in some vast wilderness, Some boundless contiguity of shade! Cowper. CON-TIG'U-OUS (kqn-tlg'yu-us), a. [L. contig- uus ; con, with, and tango, to touch ; It. u; Sp. contiguo ; Fr. contigu.) Meeting so as to touch ; close to ; adjacent; adjoining. The two halves of the paper seemed contiguous at one of their angles. A'ewton. Syn. — See Adjacent. CON-TIG'y-OUS-LY, ad. Without any interven- ing space. ’ Dryden. CON-TIg'U-OUS-NESS, n. The state of being contiguous ; contiguity. “ By contiguousness to others.” Fuller. CON TI-NENCE, ) n _ [L. continentia ; contineo, CON'TI-NEN-CY, ) continens, to check, to re- press ; con, with, and teneo, to hold ; It. conti- nenza ; Sp. continencia ; Fr. continence .] 1. A holding in or curbing of one’s desires ; self-imposed restraint, particularly of sexual appetite ; chastity. Chastity is either abstinence or continence ; abstinence is that of virgins and widows, continence of married persons. tip. Taylor. Content without lawful venery, is continence ; without un- lawful, chastity. Grew. 2. f Uninterrupted course ; continuity. “Lest the continence of the course should be divided.” Ayliffe. Continence is generally used in reference to men, chastity in reference to women. CON'TI-NENT, a. 1. Restrained as to the pas- sions, especially the sexual appetite ; chaste. My past life Hath been as continent , as chaste, as true, As I am now unhappy. Shak. 2. Moderate ; temperate. I pray you, have a continent forbearance. Shak. 3. f Restraining. “ All continent impedi- ments.” Shak. 4. f Connected ; continuous. The north-east part of Asia, if not continent with the west side of America, is the least disjoined by sea. Jtrerewood. CON'TI-NENT, n. [It . contincnte \ Fr. continent. \ 1. An extent of land comprising, or large enough to comprise, many countries, not dis- joined by a sea ; the main land, as opposed to islands ; as, “ The continent of Europe.” 2. f That which contains, or that in which any thing is contained. Heart, once be stronger than thy continent. Shak. If there be no fulness, then is the continent greater than the content. Bacon. CON-TUNEN'TAL, a. [Fr.] 1. Relating to a con- tinent, particularly the continent of Europe. No continental power was willing to lose any of its conti- nental objects. Burke. 2. Pertaining to the Confederated States at the time of the American revolution ; as, “ The continental money ” ; “ The continental uni- form ” ; “The continental army.” [U. S.] Continental system, (Mod. Hist.) the plan of t lie Em- peror, Napoleon Bonaparte, for excluding the mer- chandise of England from all parts of the continent. CON'TI-NENT-LY, ad. Chastely; temperately. fCON'TI-NENT-NESS, n. Continence. Ash. f CON-TlNtjrE', v. n. [L. contingo ; con, with, and tango, to touch.] To touch; to reach : — to happen. Bailey. CON-TIN GpNCE, ) n |-j|. contingenza ; Sp. con- C O N - T IN ' £ p N - C Y , I tmgencia ; Fr. contingcnce.] 1. The act of reaching to, or of touching. “ The point of contingency.” Gregory. 2. The quality of being contingent; possi- bility or uncertainty of occurring. “ Consider- ing the contingency in events.” Browne. “The contingency of human actions.” South. 3. Casualty ; accident ; incident ; occurrence ; as, “ To be prepared for all contingencies.” C O X - T T N ' G IJ N T , a. [L. contingo, contingens, to happen ; con, with, and tango, to touch ; It. § Sp. contingcnte ; Fr. contingent .] 1. Happening by chance ; not determined by any certain rule ; not definite or fixed ; uncer- tain ; accidental ; casual. “ Many things . . . seem to be contingent.” Grew. 2. (Law.) Dependent upon an uncertainty. “ A contingent legacy.” Blackstone. 3. (Logic.) Noting the matter of a proposi- tion when the terms of it in part agree, and in part disagree. Whately. Syn. — See Accidental. CON-TIN'^fpNT, n. 1. A thing dependent on chance ; something that may happen. By contingents we are to understand those things which come to pass without any human forecast. Grew. 2. The share that falls to any one upon a di- vision, or upon an apportionment; quota; pro- portion ; — particularly the proportion of troops to be furnished by one of several contracting or allied powers. Brande. CON-TlN'^UNT-LY, ad. Accidentally ; casually. CON-TlN'9£NT-NESS, n. The quality of being contingent. Smart. CON-TIN'U-A-BLE, a. That may he continued. CON-TIN'U-AL (kon-tin'u-al), a. [L. continuus ; Fr. continue l. — See Continue.] Incessant; uninterrupted ; unintermitted ; constant ; con- tinuous. He that hath a merry heart hath a continual feast. Prov. xv. 15. A continual claim , {Law.) a formal claim made by a party entitled to enter upon any lands or tenements, but deterred from such entry by menaces or bodily fear; — so called because it was required to be re- peated once in the space of every year and day. Burrill. Syn. — Continual is that which is constantly re- newed and recurring, with perhaps frequent stops or interruptions ; continuous or continued , that which is uni ntcr mitted or uninterrupted. Continual showers or rumors ; continual interruptions ; continuous train of thought ; continued succession ; constant endeavor ; incessant noise ; perpetual motion. CON-TIN-U-AL'I-TY, n. The state of being con- tinual. [it.] * Wm. Taylor. CON-TIN'U-AL- Ly, ad. Without pause or inter- ruption ; incessantly ; constantly ; always. The goodness of God endureth continually. Ps. lii. 1. CON-TlN'U-AL-NESS, n. The state of being continual ; permanence. Hales. CON-TIN'U-ANCE, n. [It. Sf Sp. continuanza.\ 1. The state of continuing ; the time of con- tinuing; permanence in one state ; duration. Their duty depending upon fear, the one was of no greater continuance than the other. Hayward. 2. Perseverance ; constancy. “ By patient continuance in well-doing.” Rom. ii. 7. 3. fThe quality of holding together when stretched, as in fibres ; continuity. Wool, tow, cotton, and raw silk have, besides, the desire of continuance in regard of the tenuity of their thread. Bacon. 4. (Law.) In ancient practice, the adjourn- ment of the proceedings in a cause from day to day, or from one term to another ; — in modern practice, the postponement of the proceedings in a cause, as putting off a trial, &c. : — the entry made upon the record of an adjournment or a postponement. Burrill. Syn. — Continuation , continuance, and continuity are all derived from con, with, and teneo, to hold, and have for their primary sense the idea of holding togeth- er. Continuation is used of space, continuance of time, and continuity of substance. Continuation of a march or of a literary work ; continuance of a war or of life ; continuity of a rampart. Duration and permanence , like continuance, are used of time ; as, “ The duration of life ” ; “ Tlie permanence of a situation.” CON-TIN'U-ATE, v. a. [L. continuo, continuatus, to unite.] To join closely together, [r.] Potter. CON-TIN'U-ATE, a. [It. continuato ; Sp. continu- ado.~\ 1. Intimately united ; closely joined, [r.] As though our flesh and bones should be made continuato with his. Hooker. 2. Uninterrupted ; continued. “ An imtira- ble and continuatc goodness.” [r.] Shak. CON-TIN'y-ATE-LY, ad. Incessantly. “It [water] falls continuately .” [it.] Wilkins. CON-TlN'U-ATE-NESS, n. The quality of being eontinuate. [r.] Diyby. CON-TIN-U-A'TION ,n. [L . continuatio ; It. con- tinuazione ; Sp. continvacion ; Fr. continua- tion . .] The act of continuing ; uninterrupted succession in space or in time ; extension ; pro- longation ; protraction. “ A continuation of the same story.” Dryden. “ The continuation and propagation of the species.” Ray. Syn. — See Continuance. CON-TIN'U-A-TlVE, a. That continues. Watts. CON-TIN'U-A-TIVE, n. 1. ( Rhct .) An expres- sion noting permanence or duration. To these may be added continuatives\ as, “Rome remains to this day.” Watts. 2. (Gram.) A conjunction. “ Continuatives consolidate sentences into one continuous whole.” Harris. CON-TIN'U-A-TOR [kon-tln-u-a'tor, S. IF. Ja. ; kon-tln'u-a-tor, S. Sm. R.], n. One who con- tinues what is begun. Browne. CON-TIN'UE (kon-tln'yu), r. n. [L. continuo, to unite, to keep up ; con, with, and teneo, to hold ; It. continuare ; Sp. continuar ; Fr. continuer.) [i. CONTINUED ; pp. CONTINUING, CONTINUED.] 1. To remain in the same state or in the same place ; to abide ; to stay. The multitude continue with me now three days. Matt. xv. 32. 2. To be durable ; to endure ; to last. “ Thy kingdom shall not continue.” 1 Sam. xiii. 14. 3. To persist; to persevere. If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples in- deed. John viii. 31. MfEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; 39 BULL, BUR, ROLE. — 9, 9 , 9 , g, soft ; C, G, 5 , g, hard; § as z; % as gz. — THIS, tflis. CONTINUE 306 CONTRA DI STINCT Syn. — Continue in the same practice; remain in the same place ; abide for a time ; stay where you are ; continue to improve; persevere in your pursuit ; per- sist in doing right. The storm continues , and the foul weather lasts long. — See Abide. CON-TIN'UE, a. To extend in space or in du- ration ; to prolong. A bridge of wondrous length From hell continued , reaching the utmost orb Of this frail world. Milton. 0. continue thy loving kindness unto them. Ps. xxxvi. 10. Syn. — See Continual. CON-TIN'UED (kon-tin'yud), p. a. Protracted ; uninterrupted ; as, “ A continued series. Continued bass, (Mus.) bass continued through the whole piece; same as thoroughbass. Bramlc . — Con- tinued fractious, (Math.) a fraction the numerator of which is 1, and the denominator a whole number plus a fraction, whose numerator is 1, and whose de- nominator is a whole number plus a fraction, and so on. Duoies. CON-TlN'U-JJD-LY, ad. Without interruption. CON-TIN'y-JpR, n. One who continues. CON-TIN'U-ING, p. a. Abiding; enduring. For here we have no continuing city, but we seek one to come. Hob. xiii. 14. CON-TIN'U-iNG-LY, ad. With continuity ; with- out interruption, [r.] Fabyan. CON-TI-NU'I-TY, n. [L. continuitas ; It. con- tinuith ; Sp. continuidad ; hr. continuity.] The state of being continuous ; uninterrupted con- nection ; close union ; cohesion. In all bodies there is an appetite of union and evitation of solution of continuity. Bacon. Law of continuity, the law that nothing passes from one state to another without passing through all the intermediate states. Braude. Syn. — See Continu ance. CON-TIN'U-OCS (kon-tln'yu-us), a. [L. continuus ; It. $ Sp. continuo ; Fr. continu .] 1. Joined together closely, or without chasm or interruption ; connected ; continued. The . . . rings become continuous, and are blended. Newton. 2. (Bot.) Without deviation from uniformity ; — opposed to interrupted. Henslow. Syn. — See Continual, Successive. CON-TlN’U-OUS-LY, ad. In a continuous man- ner ; uninterruptedly. Foster. COM- TUR-MI-A ' Tt, n. pi. [It. contorni, con- tours, furrows.] ( Numismatics .) Bronze medals, marked with peculiar furrows, supposed to have been struck about the time of Constantine the Great and his immediate successors, and to have been used as tickets of admission to the public games of the circus in Home and Constanti- nople. Brande. CON-TOR'SION, n. See Contortion. Todd. CON-TORT', v. a. [L. contorqueo, contort us.} [t. CONTORTED ; pp. CONTORTING, CONTORTED.] To twist ; to writhe ; to distort. The vertebral arteries are variously contorted. Bay. CON-TORT' yf), a. {Bot.) 1. Noting a part of a plant folded or twisted back upon itself, as the root of the Polygonum bistorta. Henslow. 2. Noting, inestivation, the subordinate parts of the corolla when they are set obliquely, and overlap each other in succession. Henslow. CON-TOR'TfON (kpn-tor'sfiun), n. [L. contortio ; It. contorzione ; Sp. [Sp. convergencia ; Fr. CON-VER'y^N-Cy, ) convergence .] The act. of converging ; tendency to one point from differ- ent parts ; — opposed to divergence. Derham. CON-VERRENT, a. [Fr. convergent .] Tending to one point from different places ; converging. CON-VER'Gp NT— NERVED, a. ( Bot .) Noting leaves, the ribs of which form a curve and meet at the point. Brande. Converging lines, lines tending to one point. — Con- verging rays, rays tending to a common focus. — Con- verging series, [Math.) a series in which the greater the number of terms taken the nearer will their sum approximate to a fixed value. Davies. CON-VER^'ING, a. Tending to the same point, as two or more lines ; convergent. CON- VER'S A-BLE, a. [Fr. — See Converse.] Qualified for conversation ; inclined to con- verse; communicative; affable; sociable. “So conversable a friend.” Swift. CON-VER'SA-BLE-NESS, n. Disposition to con- verse ; sociableness ; affability. Johnson. CON- VER'S A- BLY, ad. In a conversable man- ner. Johnson. II CON'VfR-SANCE, or CON-VER'SANCE, n. [L. conversin', conversans, to associate with.] State of being conversant ; acquaintance. Ec. Rev. II CON'VIJR-SAN-CY, or CON-VER'SAN-CY, n. Same as Conversance. ’ 11. Taylor. II CON'VyR-SANT [kon'vqr-s&nt, E. Ja. Sm. R. C. Cl. Wb. ; kon'ver-sant or kon-ver'sjnt, S. W. J. F . ; kon-ver's?nt, P. A'.], a. [It. ie Sp. conversant/. 1 .] 1. Acquainted with by use or study ; versed ; skilful ; knowing ; proficient. The learning and skill which he had by being conversant in their books. Hooker. lie uses the different dialects as one who had been conver- sant with them all. Pope. 2. Having intercourse ; familiar by fellowship. Old men who have loved young company, and been con- versant continually with them, have been of long life. Bacon. “ There are such considerable authorities for each of these pronunciations, as render a decision on that ground somewhat difficult. Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, Buchanan, and Bailey place the accent on the second syllable ; and Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, and Entick accent the first. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott place it on both, and conse- quently leave it undecided. Since authorities are so equal, and analogy so precarious, usage must be the umpire ; and my observation fails me, if that which may be called the best usage does not decide in favor of the accent on the first syllable.” Walker. Of the above authorities included in brackets, ten are sub- sequent to Walker. || CON-VER'SANT, n. A converser. [it.] Butler . C6N-V£R-SA'TION, n. [L .conversation It. con- versazione', Sp. conversation ; Fr. conversation?^ 1. Acquaintance from experience. “ Much. conversation in books. ” Bacon . 2. Intercourse ; familiarity. “ Conversation with the best company.” Dryden. 3. + Behavior ; conduct ; deportment. Having your conversation honest among the Gentiles; that whereas they speak against you as evil doers, they may, by your good works which they shall behold, glorify Ood. 1 Peter ii. 12. 4. Familiar discourse ; converse ; talk; chat. Johnson’s conversation is the perfection of the talk of a man of letters; and if the test of table-talk be its worthiness to take a place as literature after its immediate effect has been produced, where shall we look for its match / Qu. Rev. That is the happiest conversation where there is no com- petition, no vanity, but only a calm, quiet interchange of sentiment. Johnson. Though conversation , in its better part. May be esteemed a gift, and not an art. Yet much depends, as in the tiller’s toil, On culture and the sowing of the soil. Coivper. 5. f Sexual commerce. Bp. Hall. Syn. — Conversation is accidental or occasional verbal intercourse between two or more persons ; a conference is a kind of conversation on some subject, and previously appointed ; and when it is recorded, it is a dialogue ; a colloquy is a species of dialogue. A discourse befween two persons, like a conference, is a premeditated conversation. Common conversation ; a formal discourse; a ministerial conference; an in- teresting or amusing dialogue or colloquy ; familiar talk ; pleasant chat. CON-VJyR-SA'TION-AL, a. Relating to conver- sation ; colloquial. Sir H. Davy. CON-VIJR-SA'TION-AL-IST, n. An adept in con- versation ; conversationist. Ed. Rev. ■j- CON-VJJR-SA'TIONED (kon-ver-sa'shund), p. a. Acquainted or conversant with the manner of acting in common life. “Till she be better con- vei'sationed.” Beau. Sj FI. CON-V^R-SA'TION-IijM, n. A word or phrase ■ used in conversation ; a colloquialism. Ec. Rev. CON-VIJR-SA'TION-iST, n. An adept in conver- sation ; conversationalist. Southey. CON-VER'SA-TIVE, a. Relating to intercourse with men : inclined to conversation. “ Conver- sative qualities of youth.” Wotton. CONVERSAZIONE (kon-ver-s'it-ze-o'n?), n. ; pi. conversazioni (kSn-ver-sat-ze-o'nS). [It.,«m- versation, an assembly .] A meeting of com- pany for conversation or other entertainment. A conversazione , a sort of assembly at the principal peo- ple’s houses, full of I cannot tell what. Gray, (1*40.) These conversazioni resemble our card assemblies; some plnved at cards, some passed the time in conversation, others walked from place to place. Drummond's JYavels , 17,54. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — $, g, soft ; £, O, c, g, hard; § as z; ^ as gz. — THIS, this. CONVERSE 310 CONVINCE CON-VERSE', v. n. [L. conversor, to associate with ; core, with, and versor, to turn ; It. con- versare ; Sp. conversar ; Fr. converse)'.] [i. CONVERSED ; pp. CONVERSING, CONVERSED.] 1. To become acquainted from experience. “ According as the objects they converse with afford greater or less variety.” Locke. 2. To hold intercourse ; to commune. To seek the distant hills, and there Converse with nature. Thomson. 3. To convey thoughts reciprocally ; to talk familiarly ; to discourse. Go, therefore, half this day, as friend with friend, Converse with Adam. Milton. 4. To have sexual commerce or intercourse. Guardian. Syn. — See Speak. CON'VERSE (114), n. 1. Intercourse; acquaint- ance; familiarity. “By free converse witli per- sons.” Watts. 2. Mutual discourse ; conversation. Formed by thy converse happily to steer From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope. 3. ( Logic & Math.) A proposition formed from another by interchanging the terms; thus, the proposition that, “ If two sides of a plane triangle are equal, the angles opposite to them are equal,” is the converse of the proposition, “ If two angles of a plane triangle are equal, the sides opposite to them are equal.” Davies. CON'VERSE, a. Opposite ; reciprocal ; as, “ A converse proposition.” [r.] CON' VERSE- LY, or CON-VERSE'LY [kon-vers'le, njden. A, E, I, 6, -U, Y, long; A, E, I, O, U, Y, short ; A, 5, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CON VIN CEMENT 311 COOL-WORT 2. To subdue by argument ; to force to ac- knowledge ; to satisfy by proof. They doubted the truth of his resurrection; and therefore lie staid to give them such convincing proofs as might enable them to convince others. Attertmry. 3. fTo convict. “Which of you convhiceth me of sin.’’ John viii. 46. Syn. — See Persuade, Satisfy. CON-VINCE'MJNT, n. Conviction, [it.] Milton. CON-VINg']JR, n. He who, or that which, con- vinces. More. CON-VINg'!-BLE, a. That may be convinced. CON-VINQ'ING, p. a. Producing conviction ; con- futing. “ Convincing evidence.” Locke. Syn. — See Cogent. CON-VINQ'ING-LY, ad. So as to compel assent. CON-VINg'jNG-NESS, n. The quality of being convincing. Johnson. f CON-VI"TI-ATE (kon-vlsh'e-at), v. a. [L. con- vitior, convitiatus.] To reproach; to abuse ; to revile ; — written also conviciate. State Trials. tCON-Vl”TIOUS (kon-vish'us), a. [L. concilium, censure.] Reproachful. Q. Elizabeth. f CON-VI'VAL, a. [L. convivalis.] Jovial; fes- tive ; convivial. Pearson. f CON-VlVE', v. n. [L .convivo; con, with, and vivo, to live.] To entertain ; to feast. Shak. II CON- VI V' I- A L, or CON-VIV'IAL [kon-vlv'e-a], P. Sm. C. Wb . ; kon-viv’yal, S. IP. J. E. F. Ja. K.], a. [L. convioialis ; conviva, a table com- panion ; con, with, and vivo, to live.] Relating, or inclined, to festivity ; festive ; festal ; jovial ; social ; gay. “ Convivial meetings.” Denham. Syn. — The leading idea of convivial is that of sen- sual indulgence, festivity, or the pleasures of the ta- ble ; that of social, the enjoyment from an inter- course with society. Convivial meeting or hoard; social intercourse or amusements ; festive or festal oc- casion ; gay or jovial company. || CON-VIV'I-AL-IST, or CON- VI V'lAL-IST, n. A person of convivial habits. Gent. Mag. CON-vIv-I-Al'I-TY, n. [L. convivium, a feast; Fr. conviviality.'] Convivial disposition or prac- tice ; festivity. Malone. CON- VI V' I- CM, n. [L.] (Ant.) A banquet or entertainment. Maunder. CON'VO-CATE, v. a. [L. convoco, convocatus .] To convoke, [it.] May. CON-VO-CA'TION, n. [L .convocation It. convo- cazione; Sp. convocacion ; Fr .convocation.] 1. The act of convoking or calling an assembly. 2. A meeting or gathering ; a convention. These are the feasts of the Lord, even holy convocations , which ye shall proclaim in their season. Levit. xiii. 4. 3. (Eccl. Law.) The assembly of the clergy of the Church of England, which takes place un- der the authority of the king’s writ at the com- mencement of every new Parliament. B£3~“ When assembled they [the clergy] form two houses. In the upper house sit the bishops ; in the lower, the other clergy ; in all 143. ... It is the prac- tice for the king to prorogue the meeting when it is about to proceed to any business.” P. Cijc. House of convocation , ( University of Oxford.) the assembly which enacts and amends laws and stat- utes, elects burgesses, professors, and other officers, &c. Brandt. Syn. — See Assembly. CON-VO-CA'TION-AL, a. Relating to a convo- cation. [r.] Gent. Mag. CON-VO-CA'TION-IST, n. An advocate of con- vocation. Ec. Rev. CON-VOKE', v. a. [L. convoco ; It. convocare ; Sp. convocar ; Fr. convoquer .] (i. convoked ; pp. convoking, convoked.] To call together by authority ; to convene ; to assemble. “ The senate being . . . convoked.” Swift. Syn. — See Assemble, Call. CON'VO-LUTE, a. [L. convolve, convolutus, to roll together ; con, with, or together, 'Mp* and volvo, to roll.] ( Bot .) Rolled to- gether ; convoluted. Loudon. CON'VO-LUT-IJD, a. Turned or rolled together. “These [plates] axe convoluted.” Woodward. CON-VO-I.U’TION, n. [L. convolution] 1. The act of convolving, or of rolling any thing upon itself ; a rolling together. “ In con- volution swift.” Thomson. 2. The state of any thing rolled upon itself ; a fold. “ Numerous convolutions.” Blackmore. CON-VOLVE' (kon-volv'), v. a. [L. conrolvo.] [i. CONVOLVED ; pp. CONVOLVING, CONVOLVED.] To roll together ; to twist. He writhed him, to and fro convolved. Milton. CON-VOL- VlI-LA'CEO(JS (kon-vol-vu-la'slius, 66), a. (Bot.) Relating to the convolvulus. P. Cyc. CON-VOL'VU-LUS, n. ; pi. CONVOLVULI. [L., from convolvo, to roll together.] (Bot.) A genus of twining plants ; bindweed. Loudon. CON-VOY', v. a. [L. con, with, and veho, to carry, or via, a way; It. convoy li are ; Sp. convoyar; Fr. convoyer.] [i. convoyed ; pp. convoy ing, Convoy'ED.] To accompany by land or by sea for the sake of defence ; to attend ; to escort. “ He was convoyed by ships of war.” Johnson. CON'VOY (114), n. 1. The act of convoying; at- tendance for the purpose of defence. Swift as a sparkle of a glancing star I shoot from heaven to give him safe convoy. Milton. 2. A guard of troops to protect provisions, money, stores, &c., in their transit from one place to another ; an escort : — a ship, or ships, of war accompanying a fleet of merchantmen or transports for protection. Campbell. 3. A fleet of merchant ships protected by an armed force. Clarke. CON-VULSE', v. a. [L. convello, convulsus; con, with, and vello, to tear.] [i. convulsed ; pp. convulsing, convulsed.] To draw or con- tract by a violent, irregular motion, as the muscular parts of an animal body ; to affect by spasms ; to shake ; to agitate ; to disturb. Pekuah coni'ulsed herself with laughter. Johnson. Follows the loosened, aggravated roar Crushed horrible, convulsing heaven and earth. Thomson. CON-VUL'SION (kcn-vul'shun), n. [L. convulsio ; It. convulsione ; Sp. A Fr. convulsion.] 1. The state of being convulsed ; an involun- tary contraction of the fibres and muscles, by which the body and limbs are distorted ; a spasm. “ Death’s convulsions." Chapman. 2. The act of agitating or shaking, [r.] Those two massive pillars With horrible convulsion to and fro He tugged. Milton. 3. Disturbance ; commotion ; tumult ; agita- tion. “ The convulsions of state.” Temple. CON-VUL'SION-AL, a. Having, or relating to, convulsions; convulsionary. [r.] C. Lamb. CON-VUL'SION-A-RY, a. Relating to convul- sions. Hartley. CON-VUL'SION— FIT, n. A disease that convulses the body ; a spasm. Milton. CON-VUL'SIVE, a. [It. Sj Sp. convulsivo ; Fr. convulsf] 1. Partaking of the nature of convulsion. “ Convulsive motions.” Hale. 2. Tending to convulse. “ Convulsive rage.” Dry den. “ Convulsive sorrow.” Prior. CON-VUL'SIVE-LY, ad. In a convulsive manner. II CON'Y, or CO 'NY [kun'e, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K . ; ko'ne, familiarly kun'e, Sm.; ko'ne, I FA.], n. [Gr. kvvikIos ; L. cuniculus ; It. coniglio ; Sp. conejo; Fr . connil. — Dut. konyn; Ger . ka- ninchen ; Sw. % Dan. kanin. — W. owning ; Gael, coinean ; Ir. coinin ; M. connee.] 1. ( Zoiil .) An animal of the genus Lepus ; Lepus cuniculus ; a rabbit. Bell. The hills are a refuge for the wild goats, and the rocks for the conies. Ps. civ. 18. 2. A simpleton ; a dupe. Johnson. || CON'Y— BUR'ROW (kun'e-bur'o), n. A rabbit’s burrow, or hole. Verstegen. II f CON'Y-CAtCH (lcun'e-kSch), v. a. To cheat ; to trick. “ Cony-catching rascals.” Shak. II f CON'Y-CATCH'ER (kun'e-kkeh'er), n. A thief; a cheat ; a sharper. Minshew. || CON'Y— SKIN, n. The skin of a cony, or rabbit. CO-NY' ZA, n. [L., from Gr. ic6vv$a.] (Bot.) A genus of plants ; flea-bane. Loudon. COO, v. n. [Formed from the sound made by a dove.] [*. cooed ; pp. cooing, cooed.] To cry as a dove or pigeon. The stock-dove only through the forest cooes. Thomson. COO'ING, n. The note of the dove. The glossy pigeons chase their sportive loves, Or in soft cooings tell their amorous tale. Dodsley. II COOK (kuk, 5) [kuk, P. J. F. Sm. Wb. Hares; kok, S. W. E. Ja. K.], n. [L. coqints \ It. cuoco. — A. S. coc; Dut. &; Dan. kok ; Ger. koch ; Sw. hock.] One whose business it is to cook ot dress food for the table. Shak. || COOK (kuk), v. a. [L. coquo ; It. cuocere ; Sp. cocinar. — Dut. kooken ; Ger. kochen ; Sw. kocka ; Dan. koge. — Gael, cocair .] [i. cooked ; pp. COOKING, COOKED.] 1. To prepare, as food for eating ; to boil, t a bake, to roast, or otherwise dress for eating. 2. fTo prepare for any purpose. Shake- 3. To throw ; to toss. [Provincial.] Grose COOK, v. n. To cry as the cuckoo. “ Let com stant cuckoos cook on every side.” [u.] The Silkwormes, 1699. || COOK-EE' (kuk-e'), n. A female cook, [it.] Grant. || COOK'pR-y (kuk'er-e), n. The art or the prac- tice of cooking. Arbutlinot. || COOK'IE (kulc'e), n. A kind of cake used at tea; cooky. [Scotch.] — See Cooky. Jamieson. || COOK'ING (kuk'ing), p. a. That cooks ; prepar- ing victuals. || COOK'— MAID (kuk'mad), n. A maid that cooks. “ One of the best cook-maids.” Addison. || COOK'ROOM (kuk'rom), n. The kitchen of a ship ; galley ; caboose. Raleigh. || COOK'Y (kuk'e), n. [Dut. koekje , a cake.] A kind of sweet cake. Ellis. COOL, a. [A. S. col ; Dut. koel ; Ger. kiilil ; Sw. kyla ; Dan. kiolig.] 1. Not warm ; somewhat cold ; approaching to cold. “ Coolest shades.” P. Fletcher. 2. Not ardent, warm, zealous, or fond; dis- passionate ; calm. “ Cool reason.” “ Cool pa- tience.” Shak. “ Cooler blood.” Massinger. 3. Shameless ; impudent. [Colloquial.] That struck me as rather cool. Punch- COOL, n. A moderate degree or state of cold. “ Enjoying the cool of the morning.” Addison- “ In the cool of the day.” Gen. iii. 8. COOL, v. a. [A. S. colian ; Dut. koelcn; Ger. kiihlen ; Sw. kyla ; I)an. kiole.] [i. cooled; pp. cooling, cooled.] To make cool ; to allay the heat of ; to refrigerate. That he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue. Luke xvi. 24. COOL, v. n. 1. To lose heat or warmth ; to grow cool. “ Strike now, or else the iron cools.” Shak. 2. To become less ardent ; to grow calm. “ My humor shall not cool.” Shak. COOL'— CUP, n. A cooling beverage. Todd. COOL'ER, h. 1. He who, or that which, cools, or abates heat. “ Acids used as coolers." Arbuthnot. 2. A vessel in which any thing is made cool. “Your first wort being boiled, lade off into coolers.” Mortimer. COOL'-HEAD-ED, a. Without passion. Burke. COO'LIE, n. A porter. — See Cooly. Clarke. COOL'ING, p. a. Making cool ; allaying heat : — growing cool. COOL'ISH, n. Somewhat cool. “ The nights began to grow a little coolish.” Goldsmith. CodL'LY, ad. In a cool manner ; without heat. COOL'I.Y, a. Somewhat cold ; coolish ; cool. Keeping my sheep among the coolly shade. Spenser. COOL'NgSS, n. 1. The state of being cool. “ The coolness of the shade.” Drydcn. 2. Want of passion or zeal ; as, “ Coolness of temperament.” 3. Want of affection. “ They parted with coolness towards each other.” Clarendon. COOL'— TANK-ARD, n. A cooling drink, usually made of ale, wine, and water, with lemon .juice, spices, &c. Ency. Dom. Econ. COOL'— WORT (-wiirt), n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant ; Tiarella cord folia. Bartlett. MIEN, SIR ; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , 9, g, soft; £, G, £, g, hard; S} as z; If as gz. — THIS, this. COOLY 312 COPPER-BOTTOMED COO'LY, n. [Hind, koolee, or qoolee.] A hired laborer; a porter. [India.] Brown. COOM, n. [Fr. cambouis, the grease of a cart- wheel ; ecume, foam, dross.] 1. The black, greasy substance that works out of the wheels of carriages. Bailey. 2. Soot in an oven ; dirt. Phillips. 3. Dust from coal. [Scot.] Jamieson. COOMB (kom), n. [Gr. /chp/lof, a hollow vessel; L. cumulus, a heap.] A corn measure of four bushels ; — written also comb. — See Comb. COOMB (kom), n. A valley on the declivity of a hill; a dry valley. — See Comb. [Provincial, England.] Lycll. COOP, n. [L. cupa, a tub ; Fr. cure. — Dut. kuip, a tub ; Ger. ku'fe. — Gael, cub .] 1. A vessel for liquids ; a barrel. Johnson. 2. A tumbrel or close cart. Ray. 3. A pen for animals, as poultry. Johnson. COOP, v. a. [Probably merely to keep. Skinner. — A. S. cepan, to keep. — See Coop, ii.] [i. cooped ; pp. cooping, cooped.] To shut up in a coop ; to confine ; to cage ; — usually fol- lowed by tip. The Trojans cooped within their walls so long. Dryden. COO-PEE', n. [Fr. coupe.'] A motion in dancing. — See Coupee. Johnson. || COOP'pR (kop'er or kup'er, 51) [kop'er, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K.\ kop'er or kup'er, Sm . ; kup'er, I Vb.], n. [Dut. kuiper ; Ger. kiifer ; Sw. kypare ; Gael, cubair. ] One who makes barrels or other casks. SCif- “ Cooper and its compounds are doubtful (with respect to the sound of oo ) except in common speech, which, in London at least, invariably shortens them [as, kup'er].” Smart. || COOP'pR-AI-rE, n. 1. The price paid for coop- er’s work. Johnson. 2. The work of a cooper ; coopery. Perry. 3. A cooper’s workshop. Smart. CO-OP'ER-ANT, a. Operating together. Nicholson. CO-OP'5R-ATE, V. n. [L. con, with, and operor, operatus, to work ; opus, operis, work ; It. coope- rare; Sp. cooperar; Fr. cooper cr.) [i. cooper- ated ; pp. COOPERATING, COOPERATED.] To labor jointly with another to the same end ; to work together ; to concur in the same effect; — applied to persons or to things. “The conceits of many cooperate with him.” Bacon. Whate’er cooperates to the common mirth. Crashaw. CO-OR-DI-NA'TION, n. [It. coordinazione ; Sp coordinacion ; Fr. coordination .] The state of being coordinate. In this high court of Parliament there is a rare coordina- tion of power. Howell. COOT, n. [Dut. hoet.] 1. ( Ornith.) A lobe- footed water-fowl of the family Lobipedidee and genus Fulica. Yarrell. 2. A stupid person ; a dunce. [Colloquial.] f C6P, n. [L. caput, the head; A. S .cop; Dut. kop ; Ger. kopf 1] The head or the top of any thing. Chaucer. Common coot {Fulica at r a) . CO-PAI'BA, n. [Sp. copaiba.} (Med.) A balsam or liquid resin, which exudes from a South American tree (Copaifera officinalis), used ... medicine; — written also copaiva, copay va, co- pivi, and capivi. Brande. CO'PAL [ko'pjl, Ja. K. Sm. I Vb. ; kop'sd, P.], n. [Sp.] A resin which exudes spontaneous- ly from two trees, the Rhus copallinum of Mex- ico, and the Elceocarpus copalifer of the East Indies ; — used in varnishes. Ure. CO'PAL— TREE, it. (Bot.) A tall tree of Malabar, which, when wounded, discharges a resin re- sembling copal ; Vateria Indica. Craig. CO-PAR'CJl-NA-RY, n. (Law.) Joint heirship or inheritance of an estate. Hale. CO-PAR'Cp-NgR, n. [L. con, with, and parti ceps, a partaker.] (Law.) One who has an equal share with others in a patrimonial inheritance. Cowell. CO-PAR'CE-NY, n. (Law.) An equal share of an inheritance ; coparcenary. Phillips. CO-PART'Mf NT, n. Compartment. Warton. CO-PART'NpR, n. A joint partner ; a sharer. “ Copartners in my pain.” Shak. “ Copartners of our loss.” Milton. CO-PART'N?R-SHlP, n. The state of bearing a part or possessing a share; joint concern in any business or property. CO-PART'NpR-Y, n. A copartnership. Chambers. t COP'A-TAiN (kSpVtln), a. [See Cop.] High- raised ; pointed. “ Copatain hat.” Shak. CO-PA'TRl-OT, n. Compatriot. Everett. CO-OP'^R-At-ING, p. a. Working with another to the same end ; working together. CO-OP-IJR-A'TION, n. [L. cooper at io ; It. coop- erazione ; Sp. coopcracion ; Fr. cooperation .] Joint operation ; concurrence. Bacon. CO-OP'ER-A-TIVE, a. [It. S$ Sp. cooperativo ; Fr. cooperatif.) Promoting the same end; help- ing. “ So friendly and cooperative.” Davies. CO-6p'£R-A-TOR, n. [It. cooperatore ; Fr. co- operateur.] A joint operator. Johnson. || COOP'gR-ING, n. The business or work of a cooper ; cooperage. W. Ency. || COOP'IJR-Y, n. The business of a cooper. Crabb. fCO-OP'TATE, v. a. [L. coopto, cooptatus-, con, xvith, and opto, to choose.] To choose jointly ; to elect. Cockeram. f CO-OP-TA'TION, n. [It. cooptatio.} Adoption ; choice. ’ Howell. CO-OR'DI-NANCE, it. Joint ordinance. Clarke. CO-PAY'VA, n. A resin. — See Copaiba. COPE, it. [L. caput, the head ; A. S. cop, cccppe, a cap, cope, or hood.] 1. Any thing to cover the head. Johnson. 2. A kind of cloak worn by the clergy while administering the church services. The cope answers to the colobium used by the Latin, and the vaKKos used by the Greek, Church. Wheatley. 3. Any thing spread over the head, as the concave of the sky, the archwork over a door, &c. “ Under the cope of heaven.” Dryden. “ Under fiery cope.” Milton. 4. An ancient tribute due to the lord of the soil out of certain lead mines in Derbyshire, Eng. Craig. COPE, V. a. [t. COPED ; pp. COPING, COPED.] 1. To cover, as with a cope. “A large bridge coped overhead.” Addison. 2. To contend with ; to encounter. I love to cope him in these sullen fits. Shak. 3. fTo embrace. Shak. 4. fTo reward; to pay. CO-PECK', n. A Russian copper coin, equal to about one farthing English. Maunder. t COPE'MAN, n. [A. S. ceapman.] A chapman ; a dealer. B. Jonson. CO-PER'NI-CAN, a. Relating to Copernicus, a Prussian astronomer, or to the modern solar sys- tem, called the Copernican system. A. Smith. t COPES'MATE, n. [To cope in the sense of friendly interchange, and mate.) Companion ; friend. “ Our banished copesmate." Warner. COPE'— STONE, n. [A. S. cop, top.] The top- stone ; the stone which forms the covering, course, or coping of a wall. Scott. CO-PHO ' SIS, n. [Gr. KLitpeiats.] (Hid.) Diminu- tion or loss of hearing ; deafness. Dunglison. COP'I-fIR, n. 1. One who copies or transcribes ; a transcriber. Addison. 2. An imitator; a plagiary. “Without in- vention a painter is but a copier.” Dryden. COP'ING, n. [A. S. cop, the top. — See Cope, n.\ (Arch.) The stone or brick covering of a wall, usually wider than the wall itself, to throw off the water ; — called also capping. Weale. Coping stone, the top stone of a wall ; cope-stone. CO'PI-OUS, a. [L. copiosus ; copia, plenty, abundance ; It. §■ Sp. copioso ; Fr. copieux.) 1. Furnishing full supplies ; plentiful ; abun- dant ; ample. Their branches hung with copious fruit. Hilton. 2. Abounding in words or in images; diffuse; not barren ; complete ; full. Thy name Shall be the copious matter of my song. Milton. Syn. — See Ample, Exuberant. CO'PI-OUS-LY, ad. In a copious manner. CO'PI-OUS-NESS, n. 1. The state of being co- pious ; abundance; exuberance; plenty. 2. Diffusion or diffuseness of style. “The copiousness of Homer.” Dryden. True copiousness of language consists in having at com- mand a suitable expression for each different modification of thought. Whately. fCOP'IST, n. A copier ; a copyist. Harmar. CO-PI'VI, n. (Med.) A resin. — See Copaiba. fCOP'LAND, ii. [A. S. cop, the top.] Apiece of ground terminating in a point. Bailey. ■f CO-PLANT', v. a. To plant together. Howell. f CO-POR'TION, n. Equal share. Spenser. CO'POS,n. [Gr. k6itos, toil, weariness.] (Med.) A morbid lassitude. Crabb. COP'P^D (kop'ped or kopt), a. [A. S. cop, the top.] Rising to a head ; rising conically. “ Cop- ped hills.” Shak. COP'PfjlL, ii. [It. coppdlo ; Sp . copela.) A shal- low earthen vessel used in chemical assays ; a cupel. Harris. COP'PfR, n. [Gr. Kinrpos, Cyprus, from which island the Romans got the best copper ; L. cu- prum-, Sp. , to cut; Fr. couper, to cut.] A wood of small trees ; a copse. “ Un- der the edge of yonder coppice.” Shak. COP'PIN, n. The cone of thread which is formed on the spindle of a wheel by spinning. Crabb. COP'PING, n. See Coping. Todd. t COP'PLE, n. [Dim. of cop.] Something which rises to a head; an eminence of a conical form. “A copple not very high.” Hackluyt. COP'PLE— CROWN, n. [A. S. cop, top.] A tuft of feathers on the head of a fowl ; — sometimes called topple-crown. Forby. COP'PLE-CROWNED (-kriiund), a. Having a tuft of feathers on the head or crown, as some birds ; having a copple-crown. Halliwell. COP'PLED (kop'pld), a. Rising in a conical form ; rising to a point. “ Copplea rock.” Hackluyt. COP'PLE— DUST, n. See Cupel-dust. Bacon. COP'PLE— STONE, n. A cobble-stone. — See Cob- ble. Woodward. COP'RO-LITE, n. [Gr. Kdnnos, dung, and lido;, a stone.] (Pal.) Petrified fecal matter, or dung, of carnivorous reptiles. Buckland. COP-RO-LIT'IC, a. (Geol.) Relating to, or of the nature of, coprolite. Buckland. CO-PROPH'A-GAN, It. [Gr. rorpo;, dung, and iov ; L. corium, leather.] 1. Resembling leather ; leathery. “ Coria- ceous concretions.” Arbuthnot. 2. ( Bot .) Stiff or tough, like leather. Maunder. CO-RI-An'D^R, n. [Gr. Kopiavnv ; L. coriandrum ; It. <%■ Sp. coriandro ; Fr. coriandre.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous annual plant, the hot or spicy seeds of which are carminative, and are used for flavoring spirits, and to cover the taste of medicines ; Coriandrum sativum. Loudon. CO-RI-AN'DfR-SEED, n. The seed of the cori- ander, or Coriandrum sativum. Ash. COR'JN, n. A species of gazelle. Fischer. COR'INTH, n. 1. (Geog.) An ancient city in Greece, noted, among other things, for fruits, architecture, and licentiousness. 2. f The name of a fruit now called currant. The chief riches of Zante consist in corinths. Browne. CO-RIN 'THI-AC, a. Pertaining to Corinth. Clarke. CO-RIN'THI-AN, a. 1. (Geog.) Relating to Cor- inth ; as, “ Corinthian brass.” 2 . (Arch.) Noting the third or- der of Grecian architecture, the Doric and Ionic being the first and second. 3. Licentious. “All her young Corinthian laity.” Milton. CO-RIN'THI-AN, n. 1. (Geog.) A native of Corinth. 2 Cor. vi. 11. 2. A licentious person. I am no proud Jack, like Falstaff, but a Corinthian. Shak. To play the Corinthian , to behave licentiously. CO 1 RI-tJM, n. [L., skin, leather.'] (Anat.) The deep layer of the cutis, or true skin ; the base of the skin. Hoblyn. CO-RI'VAL, n. See Corrival. Bacon. CORK, n. [L. cortex, bark ; Sp. corcho ; Fr. ecorce ; Dut. kurk ; Ger., Sw., St Dan. kork.] 1 . The outer bark of the Quercus suber, a species of oak cultivated for this product in the southern provinces of France, in Spain, and in Portugal. Loudon. 2. A piece of the bark of the cork-tree cut so as to form a stopple ; a stopple. 3. The hind part of a horse’s shoe turned up to prevent his slipping. — See Calkin. CORK, v. a. [t. corked ; pp. corking, corked.] 1. To stop with a cork ; as, “ To cork a bottle.” 2 . To fit or raise with cork. He that weareth a corked shoe or slipper. Huloet. And tread ou corked stilts a prisoner’s pace. Bp. Hall. 3. To provide a horse’s shoe with sharp points to prevent his slipping. — See Calk. 4. To wound with a point. Clarke. CORK'— FOS-SIL, n. A species of amianthus, like cork, — the lightest of all stones. Ogilvie. CORK'ING— PIN, n. A pin of the largest size. Swift. CORK'— JACK-^T, n. A jacket lined with cork, used by persons learning to swim. Buchanan. CORK'SCREW (keirk'skru), n. A screw for draw- ing corks from bottles. Wells. CORK'-TREE, n. A species of oak of which the bark is cork ; the Quercus suber. P. Cyc. CORK'Y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, cork. COR' MO-RANT, n. [It. corvo marino, marine crow ; Sp. cuervo marino, marine crow, and corvejon ; Fr. cormoran.] 1. ( Ornith.) A voracious, aquatic bird of the family Pelecanidce ; Phalocrocorax carbo. It is trained by the Chinese to catch fish. Yarrell. 2. A glutton. Johnson. CORM, 1 [Gr. xoppds, the COR'MUS, ) trunk of a tree.] (Bot.) A solid bulb, as of Cormorant, crocus. Gray. CORN, n. [Goth, kaurn ; A. S. corn ; Dut. koorn ; Ger., Sw., 8$ Dan. korn .] 1. The seeds which grow in ears, not in pods ; such seeds as are made into bread; — generally used in a collective sense, but sometimes ap- plied to a single seed ; as, “A corn of wheat.” John xii. 25. 2. Cereal grain, of different kinds, used for bread, as wheat, rye, barley, oats, and maize. 3. Any plant bearing grain, or such plants unreaped. All the idle weeds that grow In our sustaining com. Shak. 4. Any minute particle ; a grain. “ How many corns of sand.” Bp. Hall. “ A corn of powder.” Beau. &; FI. 5. [L. cornu, a horn.] A horny excrescence or wart on the toe or the foot. He first that useful secret did explain That pricking corns foretold the gathering rain. Oay. In England, the term com , as used for grain, is applied to wheat , barley , and other small grains ; in the U. S., it is commonly used for Indian corn or maize . — In Scotland, it is generally confined to oats. Jamieson . CORN, V. a. [t. CORNED ; pp. CORNING, CORNED.] 1. To prepare or preserve, as meat, by salting moderately, or sprinkling with salt. 2. To granulate. “ A small sieve of parch- ment ... to corn it.” Dampier. 3. To feed with corn or oats. Jamieson. 4. To exhilarate or intoxicate. Jamieson. COR-NA'CEOUS (kor-na'shus), a. Relating to plants of the genus Cornus, or dogwood. P. Cyc. CORN'AIJrE, n. [L. cornu, a horn ; Old Fr. ror- nage .] (Laic.) An ancient tenure of land, which obliged the landholder to give notice of the ap- proach of an enemy by blowing a horn .Blackstone. f COR'NA-MUTE, n. [It. cornamusa ; Fr. corne- muse .] A wind instrument ; a kind of bag- pipe ; a cornmuse. Drayton. CORN'— bAS-K£T, n. A large basket for carrying corn, or maize, in the ear. CORN'-BEEF, n. See Corned-beef. Ogilvie. CORN'— BIN, n. A bin or box for holding corn, or maize, in the ear. Farm. Ency. CORN'— BIND, n. (Bot.) Climbing buckwheat ; a species of Polygonum. Grose. CORN'— BLADE, n. The blade, or leaf, of Indian corn, or maize. Bartlett. CORN'BRASH, 71. A rubbly stone forming a soil, celebrated in Wiltshire, England, for being fa- vorable to the growth of grain. Brande. CORN'-ChAnd-L^R, n. [See Chandler.] One who deals in corn. Johnson. CORN'— CLAD, a. Covered with growing corn. CORN'-COC-KLE, n. (Bot.) A plant of the pink family, growing with wheat ; Agrostemma gi- thago. Loudon. CORN'— CRACK-ER, n. A cant term for a native of Kentucky. [U. S.] Bartlett. CORN'-CRAKE, n. [See Crake.] (Ornith.) A bird with a shrill cry, that frequents cornfields ; the land-rail ; Crex pratensis. Yarrell. CORN'-CROW-FOOT (-ffit), n. (Bot.) A species of ranunculus ; Ranunculus arvensis. Loudo?i. CORN'— CUT-TJJR, n. 1. One who cuts or cures corns. Spectator. 2. An instrument or a machine for cutting the stalks of corn. CORN'— DODO-pR, 71 . A cake made of Indian corn, or maize. Bartlett. CORN'— DRILL, n. (Agric.) A machine for sow- ing corn. Spiers. COR'NIJ-A, n. [L. c 07 -neus, horny ; cornu, a horn ; It. correa.] (Anat.) The transparent mem- brane, of a horny texture, which forms the front part of the eyeball. — See Eye. Dunglison. CORNED (kbrnd), p. a. 1. Prepared or preserved, as meat, by being salted moderately. 2. Granulated. Dryden. 3. Tipsy ; drunk. [Low.] Grose. CORNED— BEEF' (kiirnd-bef'), n. Beef prepared or preserved by being moderately salted. Smart. COR'NEL, 71 . 1. [L. cornus, cornu, a horn ; It. corniolo ; Fr. cornouiller .] (Bot.) A shrub of very hard and durable wood ; the cornel-cherry, or Cornus 7nascula. It is a species of dogwood, sometimes cultivated in gardens for the sake of its fruit. Mortimer. 2. [Fr. co7'nouille .] The fruit of the cornel; cornelian-cherry ; dog-berry. On wildings and on strawberries they fed; Cornels and brambleberries gave the rest. Dryden, COR'NEL— BER'RY, n. Same as Cornelian- cherry. ’ Booth. COR'NEL— CHER'RY, n. (Bot.) The cornel-tree ; Cornus mascula. Loudon. COR-NEL'IAN, n. (Min.) See Carnelian. COR-NEL'IAN— CHER'RY, n. (Bot.) The fruit of the cornelian-tree, or cornel. Mortimer. COR-NEL'IAN— TREE, n. (Bot.) Another name for the cornel. — See Cornel. Bacon. COR'NEL— TREE, w. (Bot.) The cornel-cherry or cornelian-tree. Ash. CORNE 'MU§E (korn'muz), 71 . or shawm ; a cornamute. COR'NJS-O— CAL-CA'RE-OUS, a. [L. corneus, horny, and calcarius, pertaining to lime.] 1. (Conch.) Noting the mixture of horny and calcareous matter which enters into the com- position of some shells. Maunder. 2. Noting those opercula which are horny on one side and testaceous on the other. Maunder. COR'Ny-OUS, a. [L. conieus ; cornu, a horn.] Horny ; resembling horn. Browne. COR'NIJR, n. [L. comiu, a horn, something that projects ; Fr. cornier, angular.— W. cornet.] 1. The point where two lines meet ; an angle. 2. A retired or secret place. “ This thing was not done in a corner.” Acts xxvi. 26. 3. Any part, indefinitely. “ All corners else of the earth.” Shak. “ In every comer of the island.” Davies. Syn. — Corner is a term in common use with a diversity of application ; angle is a technical term of geometry. Corner properly implies the outer extreme point of any solid body ; angle, tire inner extremity produced by the meeting of two right lines. Corner is used also to denote the inner extremity, or a secret place. The corner of a building, a room, a street ; a secret comer ; an obtuse, acute, or right angle. COR'N^R, V. a. [». CORNERED ; pp. CORNERING, cornered.] To drive into a corner : — to em- barrass ; to confound. [U. S.] Bartlett. COR'NJJR, a. Relating to, or being in, a corner. f COR'N£R— CAP, 7i. A chief ornament. “ Cor- ner-cap of society.” Shak. COR'N^RED (kor'nerd), a. Having angles or corners. “ Whether this building were square like a castle, or coniered like a triangle.” Austin. COR'N^R-LESS, a. Having no corner. Do7ine. COR'NJJR— STONE, n. The stone that unites the two stones or walls at the corner ; the principal stone. “ Who fixed the corner-stone ? ” Young. COR'N'ER— TOOTH, n. One of the four teeth of a horse, which are between the middling teeth and the tusks. Farrier’s Diet. [Fr.] A bagpipe Boyer. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RlJLE.— 0Jie _ CORN'— Vl-O-LET, n. (Bot.) A species of cam- panula ; Campanula hybrida. Craig. CORN — WAIN, n. A wain or wagon for carrying corn ; a wagon loaded with corn. Bp. Horsley. CORN'— WEE- VI L (-we-vl), n. (Ent.) A coleop- terous insect very injurious to grain ; Calandra granaria. Harris. Farm. Ency. CORN'Y, a. 1. [L. cornu, a horn.] Resembling horn ; horny. “ The corny reed.” Milton. 2. [corn.] Producing or bearing grain or corn. “ The corny ear.” Prior. 3. Containing corn. “ Draught of corny ale.” Chaucer. “ Corny gizzards.” Dryden. 4. Tipsy; drunk. — See Corned. Brockett. COR'O-CORE, n. A boat of the Indian Archipel- ago, of various forms. Ogilvie. COR'O-DY, n. [Low L. corodium, or corrodium ; It. corfedo, provision.] (Law.) An allowance of provisions or other necessaries due from a religious house or monastery to the king, for the support of his chaplains or servants ; — written also corrody. Bun-ill. COR'OL, n. (Bot.) A corolla. Smart. CO-ROL'LA, n. [L., a little wreath or crown ; dim. of corona, a wreath or crown.] (Bot.) The leaves, or petals, of a flower within the calyx ; the inner of the two sets of floral cov- erings in a complete flower. When there is only one set it is called calyx or perianth. Gray. COR-OL-LA'CEOUS (kor-ol-a'shus, 66), a. (Bot.) Relating to the corolla ; like a corolla. Smart. COR'OL-LA-RY, or CO-ROL'LA-RY [kor'o-lar-e, S. IF. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. it. Wb . ; ko-ro Fa- re, C. Bailey, Kenrick, Scott], n. [L. corolla- riurn, a garland of flowers, or a gift to a person over and above what was due ; and, latterly, in philosophical writings, a deduction ; It. tj Sp. corollario ; Fr. corollaire.] 1. f A surplus ; an overplus. Bring a corollary Rather than want. Shak. 2. A consequent truth; an inference ; a con- clusion. Dryden. 3. (Math.) An obvious consequence of one or more propositions. Davies. ItSS= “Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, W. Johnston, Buchanan, Entick, and Smith accent this word on the first, and Dr. Kenrick, Scott, Perry, and Bailey, on the second syllable. The weight of au- thority is certainly for the accentuation on the first syllable, and analogy seems to confirm this author- ity.” Walker. — See CAPILLARY. COR OL-L^TE, ) a _ (Bot.) Like a corolla, or COR'OL-LAT-ED, ) having corollas. Craig. COR'OL-LET, n. (Bot.) One of the partial flow- ers which make a compound one ; a floweret in an aggregate flower. Clarke. COR'OL-LINE, a. (Bot.) Belonging to a corolla ; corollaceous. Gray. COR'OL-LULE, n. (Bot.) A corollet. Clarke. COR-O-M AN'DEL— WOOD (-wud), w. A beautiful brown wood from Coromandel. IF. Ency. CO-RO'MA, n.\ pi. coronas. [L., a crown.] 1. (Arch.) A large, flat member of the cornice, which crowns the entablature. It is situated between the cymatium above and the bed-moulding below, and is usually termed the drip, pr larmier. Weale. 2. (Bot.) A coronet or crown ; an appendage at the top of the claw of some petals, as of silene and soapwort, or of the tube of the corolla of hounds- tongue, &c. Gray. 3. ( Astron .) The luminous ring or glory which surrounds the dark body of the moon during an eclipse of the sun. Hind. 4. (Anat.) A term used to designate certain parts supposed to resemble a crown. Dunglison. Corona Borealis (Northern Crown), (Astron.) a con- A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, E. I, 9, U» Y> obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CORONACH 317 CORPULENT stellation of the northern hemisphere. — Corona Aus- tralis (Southern Crown), a constellation of the south- ern hemisphere. Hind. COR'O-nAjCH, n. A dirge. — See Coranach. II CO-RO'NAL, or COR'O-NAL [ko-ro'nal, S. W. J. F. Ja. ; koro-nal, I 1 . K. Sm. C. Wb.], n. [L. corona, a crown ; Sp. S; Fr. coronal.] 1. A crown ; a garland. “ Brows . . . begirt with youthful coronals." Fletcher. 2. ( Anat .) The frontal bone. Dunglison. II CO-RO'NAL, (I. [Sp. AnT, n. [It. corpo santo, holy body ; Sp. cuerpo santo.] A volatile meteor, or ignis fatuus, sometimes seen, in dark nights, about the decks or rigging of a ship. Mar. Diet. CORPS (kiirps), n. [L. corpus, a body ; Fr. corps.] 1. f A body; — usually in contempt. “This vast unhide-bound corps.” Milton. 2. f (Eccl.) The land with which a prebend or other ecclesiastical office is endowed. Bacon. 3. (Arch.) A part that projects beyond a na- ked wall, serving as a ground for some decora- tion or the like. London Ency. CORPS (kdr), n. ; pi. corps (korz). [Fr. corps, from L. corpus, a body.] (Mil.) A body of forces or troops ; — applied to a regiment or to any divis- ion of an army. Glos. of Mil. Terms. CORPS-DE-GARDE (kor'de-giird'), m [Fr.] (Mil.) A guard-room ; a post to receive a body of sol- diers : — the men who watch in the guard-room. — See Court-oe-guard. London Ency. CORPS DIPLOMATIQUE (kor'dip-lo-mk-tek'), rc. [Fr.] A diplomatic body, or a body of foreign agents engaged in diplomacy. P. Cyc. CORPSE [kiirps, S. IF. P. J. E. F. K. Sm.; kiirps or kors, Ja.], n. [L. corpus, a body ; It. corpo; Sp. cuerpo ; Fr. corps.— W. corf] A dead hu- man body ; a corse ; remains. Addison. Syn. — See Body. CORPSE'— GATE, n. A covered gateway at the entrance to burial-grounds, intended to shelter a corpse and mourners from rain. II cafe. COR'PU-LENCE, f n- [L. corpulcntia ; corpus, COR'PU-LF.N-CY, ) a body; It. corpulcnza; Sp. corpulencia ; Fr. corpulence.] 1. The state of being corpulent ; fleshiness ; fatness ; obesity. Some of serpent kind Wondrous in length and corjnilence. Milton. 2. f The quality which gives body or sub- stance. “ The heaviness and corpulency of the water.” Ray. COR'PU-LENT, a. [L. corpulentus.] Fleshy ; fat ; stout; lusty; bulky. “ Too corpulent a frame.” Armstrong. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RflLE. — £, £, 9, g, soft; £, G, £, g, hard; § as z; $ as gz.— THIS, this. CORPUS ANCE 318 CORROBORATE COR'PU-fANCE, n. Same as Corposant. Shaw. COR' PUS CHRIS'TI, n. [L., body of Christ.'] ( Eccl .) A festival of the Church of Rome, kept on the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in honor of the eucharist. Maunder. COR'PUS-CLE (kdr'pus-sl), n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corjms, a body ; It. if Sp. corpusculo ; Fr. corpuscule.] A particle of matter ; an atom ; a molecule. “ If those corpuscles can be dis- covered with microscopes.” Newton. COR-PUS'CU-LAR, a. Relating to, or comprising, corpuscles. Bentley. Corpuscular philosophy, a system which proposes to account for natural phenomena hy the motion, figure, &c., of tile minute particles of matter. Maunder. COR-PUS-CU-LA'RI-AN, a. Corpuscular. Boyle. COR-PUS-CIT-LA'RI-AN, n. A corpuscular phi- losopher. Bentley. CpR-PUS-Cy-LAR'I-TY, n. The state of being corpuscular, [it.] Ash. COR' PUS DE-LIC'Tl, n. [L., the body of crime.] (Law.) The substance or foundation of an of- fence in the fact of its having been actually committed. Burrill. COR’RA-CLE, n. See Coracle. Sherwood. f COR-RADE', v. a. [L. con-ado ; con, with, and ratio, to scrape.] To rub off: — to scrape to- gether. Cockeram. COR-RA'DI-AL, a. [L. con , with, and radius, a beam, or ray.] Radiating from the same centre or point, [r.] Coleridge. COR-RA'DI-ATE, v. a. To concentrate to one point, as rays of light. Dublin Univ. Mag. COR-RA-DI-A'TION, n. [L. con, with, and radi- us, a ray.] A conjunction or concentration of rays in one point. Bacon. COR'RAL, n. [Sp.] Enclosed ground; an en- closure ; a court ; a yard. Gunnison. COR-RECT', v. a. [L. corrigo, correctus ; con, with, and rego, to rule, to set right ; It. correg- gere-, Sp. corregir ; Fr. corriger.] [i. correct- ed ; j op. CORRECTING, CORRECTED.] 1. To free from faults or errors ; to amend ; to set right ; to rectify ; to reform ; to reclaim. Correcting nature from what actually she is in individuals to what she ought to be. Dryden. 2. To chastise; to punish; to castigate. After he has once been corrected for a lie, you must be sure never after to pardon it in him. Locke . 3. To change or modify the qualities of one thing by those of another. Happy mixture, wherein things contrary do so correct the one the danger of the other’s excess I . Hooker. Syn. — See Amend, Chastise, Correction, Reclaim, Redress. COR-RECT', a. [L. correctus ; It. corretto ; Sp. correcto ; Fr. correct.] Free from faults or er- rors; faultless; accurate; exact; right; true. “ Sallust, the most elegant and correct of all the Latin historians.” Addison. Syn. — See Accurate. COR-RECT'A-BLE, a. That may be corrected. “Easily correctable.” Fuller. COR-RECT'IJD, p. a. Made correct ; amended : — chastised. COR-REC'TION, n. [L . correctio ; It. correzione ; Sp. correccion ; Fr. correction .] 1. The act of correcting or taking away faults ; alteration to a better state ; amendment. Another poet mny take the same liberty with my writings, if they live long enough to deserve correction. Dryden. 2. That which is substituted for any thing wrong; betterment; improvement. Corrections or improvements should be adjoined bv way of commentary. Watts. 3. Chastisement ; punishment ; discipline. Wilt thou, pupil-like, Take thy correction mildly, kiss the rod? Shak. 4. Change or modification in the qualities of one thing by those of another. Donne. Syn. — Correction and discipline may be exercised by means of chastisement or other methods ; punish- ment is the infliction of pain. A parent corrects his child ; a master maintains discipline in his school, and a general in his army ; an offender is liable to reprehension. Punishment is inflicted on a criminal or on one who disobeys the laws of a country, a school, &c. — Correction of the press ; amendment of life. COIt-REC'TION-AL, a. [Fr . correct ionnc.l^] Tend- ing to correct ; corrective. Month. Rev. f COR-REC'TION-£R, n. One who is, or has been, in a house of correction. Shak. COR-REC'TJVE, a. [It. <5; Sp. correttivo ; Fr. cor- rect if.] Having power to correct ; rectifying. This antidote or corrective spice, the mixture whereof tempers knowledge, is charity. Bacon. COR-REC'TI VE, n. [Fr. correctif.] 1. That which corrects ; corrector. Some corrective to its evil the French monarchy must have received. ' Burke . 2. f Limitation ; restriction. “ With certain correctives and exceptions.” Hale. COR-RECT'Ly, ad. In a correct manner; with- out faults or errors ; accurately ; exactly. COR-RECT'N£SS, n. The state of being correct; freedom from faults or errors ; exactness ; ac- curacy. “ The correctness of design in this statue.” Addison. “ Correctness of style.” Sir J. Reynolds. “ Those pieces have never before been printed with . . . correctness.” Swift. Syn. — See Justness. COR-RECT'OR, n. [L.] He who, or that which, corrects. “ Corrector of abuses.” Swift. “ Cor- rectors of the press.” Tillotson. In making a medicine, such a thing is called a corrector which destroys or diminishes a quality. (Jxiincy. COR-REC'TO-RY, a. Containing, or making, correction. Blackwood’ s Mag. COR-REC'TRJJSS, n. A female who corrects. COR-REQ ' I-DOR, n. [Sp.] A Spanish magis- trate ; a mayor. Smollett’s Gil Bias. COR-R1J-LATE', v. n. [L. con, with, and refero, relatus, to carry back.] To have a reciprocal relation, as father and son. [n.] Johnson. COR'Rp-LATE, n. He who, or that which, stands in reciprocal relation ; a correlative. South. “The sun.” “sol,” “le solcil,” are English, Latin, and French correlates, though it would not be improper to rail them synonymes. It. IV. Hamilton. COR-RIJ-LA'TION, n. [Fr.] Reciprocal rela- tion. Rogct. COR-REL'A-TIVE, a. [It. A; Sp. correlativo ; Fr. correlatif.] Having a reciprocal relation, as father and son, or husband and wife ; reciprocal. Thus “man "and woman,” “master and servant,” “father and son,” are correlative terms. Hume. COR-REL'A-TIVE, n. 1. He who, or that which, stands in reciprocal relation ; correlate. “ Mark of relation which is between correlatives.” Locke. 2. (Gram.) The antecedent of a'pronoun. COR-REL'A-TI VE-LY, ad. In a correlative man- ner. Hales. COR-REL'A-TIVE-NESS, n. The state of being correlative ; correlation. Bailey. f COR-REP'TION, n. [I*, corrcptio ; corripio, correptus, to seize upon.] Objurgation ; re- proof. Hammond. COR-R1J-SPOND', v. n. [L. con, with, and re- spondeo, to answer, to agree ; It. corrispondere ; Sp. correspondir ; Fr. correspondrc.] [?. cor- responded ; pp. CORRESPONDING, CORRE- SPONDED.] 1. To agree ; to answer ; to suit ; to fit. Tt ill corresponds with n profession of friendship to refuse assistance to a friend in the time of need. Crabb. 2. To hold intercourse or communication by exchange of letters. Johnson. 3. To have communion, [r.] Self-knowing, and from thence Magnanimous to corresj) 07 icl with heaven. Milton. COR-RE-SPOND'ENCE, n. [It. corrispondenza ; Sp. correspondence ; Fr. correspondancc.] 1. The act of corresponding; reciprocal adap- tation ; fitting relation ; as, “ The correspond- ence of an event to a prediction.” 2. Interchange of offices or civilities ; friend- ly relation ; friendship. JTnldinjr also good correspondence with the other great men in the state. Macon. 3. Intercourse by exchange of letters. My enemies will be apt to say that we hold a correspond- ence together. Addison. 4. Letters interchanged ; as. “ The published correspondence of Washington.” COR-RE-SPOND'gN-CY, n. Same as Corre- spondence. ’ Locke. COR-Rf-SPOND'ENT, a. [It. corrispondent ; Sp. correspondiente ; Fr. correspondant.] Having correspondence or fitness ; conformed to ; suit- able ; adapted ; fit ; conformable ; agreeable ; answerable. “ Not doubting but that your acts shall be correspondent to our expectation.” Burnet. COR-R^-SPOND'IJNT, n. One who corresponds; one who writes or interchanges letters ; one who communicates by letters. “You accuse me of being a negligent correspondent.” Melmoth. COR-IHJ-SPOND'^NT-LY, ad. In a correspond- ent manner ; suitably ; fitly. COR-Rp-SPOND'ING, p. a. 1. Answering or agree- ing to ; suiting ; correspondent. And differing parts have corresponding grace. Dryden. 2. Carrying on intercourse by letters ; as, “ A corresponding secretary or clerk.” COR-RE-SPOND'ING-LY, ad. In a correspond- ing manner ; answerably. COR-RE-SPON'SIVE, a. Answerable, [r.] Shak. COR-RE-SPON'SI VE-LY, ad. In a correspond- ing manner. COR' RI-DOR, n. [Fr.] 1. (Fort.) A covered way surrounding a fortification. Harris. 2. (Arch.) A gallery or passage leading from one part of an edifice to another. Britton. There is something very noble in the amphitheatre, though the high wall and corridors that went round it are almost entirely ruined. Addison. COR-Rl-QEJY' DJI, n. pi. [L., from corrigo, to correct.] Words or things to be corrected; cor- rections to he made. Hamilton. COIi'Rl-^ENT, n. [L. corrigo, corrigens, to cor- rect.] (Med.) A substance added to a medi- cine to mollify or modify its action. Dunglison. c6R-RI-9!-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being corrigible ; corrigibleness. ’ Clarke. COR'RI-(jrI-BLE, a. [It. corrigihile ; Sp. corregi- ble ; Fr. corrigible.] 1. Capable of being corrected or amended. A satire should expose nothing but what is coi'rigible. Addison. 2. Deserving of punishment ; punishable. lie was adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous lan- guage. Howell. 3. f Having the power to correct ; corrective. Do I not bear a corrigible hand over him ? B. Jonson. COR'RI-^I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being corrigible ; corrigibility. COIl-Ri'VAL, n. [L. con, with, and Eng. rival.] A fellow-rival ; competitor ; rival. “ Whose jealousy brooks no corrival.” Milton. COR-RI VAL, a. Contending. Bp. Fleetwood. f COR-RI'VAL, v. a. & n. To vie with. Fitzgeffry. f CoR-RI-VAL'I-TY, n. Corrivalry. Bp. Hall. COR-RI'VAL-RY, n. Competition ; rivalry. More. COR-RI'VAL-SHIP, n. Opposition ; competition ; rivalry ; corrivalry. Sir T. Herbert. f COR-RI 'VATE, v. a. [L. corrivo, corrivatus ; con, with, and rivus, a stream of water.] To unite into one stream. Burton. COR-RI-VA'TION, n. [L. corrivatio.] The flow- ing of waters’ into one stream, [r.] Burton. COR-ROB'O-RANT, a. [It. if Sp. corroborante ; Fr. corroborant.] Tending to corroborate or confirm ; strengthening ; confirming. Bacon. COR-ROB'O-RANT, n. (Med.) Any substance which strengthens and gives tone. Dunglison. COR-ROB'O-RATE, V. a. [L. corroboro, corrobora- tus ; con, with, and roboro, to strengthen ; ro- bur, strength ; It. corroborare ; Sp. corroborar ; Fr. corroborer.] [i. corroborated ; pp. cor- roborating, corroborated.] 1. To make strong ; to strengthen. “ The nerves are corroborated thereby.” [r.] Watts. A, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, 5, I, O, U, Y, obscure ; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CORROBORATE 319 CORTES Our Saviour, in his agony, was corroborated by an angel. Grew. 2. To confirm ; to establish ; to support. When the truth of a person's assertions is called in ques- tion, it is fortunate for him if he have respectable friends to corroborate his testimony. (Jrabb. Syn. — See Confirm. + COR-ROB'O-RATE, a. Corroborated. There is no trusting to the force of nature, nor to the bra- very of words, except it be corroborate by custom. Bacon. C0R-R6b'0-RAT-ING, p. a. Strengthening ; con- firming ; establishing. “ Corroborating evi- dence.” lloadly. COR-r 6 b-Q-RA'TION, n. [It. corroborazione ; Sp. corroboracion ; Fr. corroboration .] 1. The act of corroborating ; confirmation. The lady herself procured a bull for the better corrobora- tion of the marriage. Bacon. 2. That which corroborates. T.et U9 now inquire what corroboration can be gained from other testimony. Johnson . COR-ROB'O-RA-TIVE, a. [Fr. corroboratif] Tending to corroborate or confirm. “ Any thing corroborative of what I say.” Warburton. COR-ROB'O-RA-TIVE, n. That which strengthens. Like an apothecary's shop, wherein are purgatives, cor- dials, corroboratives, lenitives, &c. Burton, COR-ROB'O-RA-TO-RY, a. Tending to strength- en ; corroborative. Lord Bathurst. COR-RODE', v. a. [L. corrodo ; con, with, and rodo, to maw; It. corrodere ; Sp. corroer ; Fr. corroderT] [t. corroded ; pp. corroding, CORRODED.] 1 . To disintegrate or waste gradually, as by gnawing. “ Aquafortis, corroding copper, is wont to reduce it to a green blue solution.’’ Boyle. 2. To prey upon ; to consume slowly. Should jealousy its venom once diffuse, Corroding every thought. Thomson. COR-ROD'jpD, p.a. Eaten away ; containing nu- merous little holes or cavities. “ Teeth irregu- larly corroded, like iron by rust.” Cook. COR-RO'D^NT, a. [It. corrodent e ; Fr. corro- dant.~\ Corroding ; corrosive, [r.] Bp. King. COR-RO'DfiNT,ra. That which corrodes. Bp. King. f COR-RO'DI-Ate, v. a. To corrode. Sandys. COR-RO-DI-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being corrodible, [r.] Johnson. COR-RO'DI-BLE, a. Capable of corrosion ; cor- rosible. “ A corrodible body.” Boyle. COR-ROD'ING,/). a. That corrodes ; eating away; consuming. “ Corroding juices.” Dryden. COR'RO-DY, n. See Corody. Carew. COR-RO-SI-BIL'I-TY, n. Corrodibility, [r.] Boyle. COR-RO'SI-BLE, a. [Sp. corrosible.] Corrodible. — See Corrodible. Bailey. COR-RO'SI-BLE- NESS, n. Corrodibility. Bailey. COR-RO'§ION (kor-ro'zhun, 93), n. [Sp. (g Fr. corrosion .] The act of corroding ; the process by which any thing is corroded. “ Salad-oil, a resister of corrosion.” Boyle. Though it [peevishness] breaks not out in paroxyms of outrage, it wears out happiness by slow corrosion. Johnson. COR-RO'SIVE, a. [It. # Sp. corrosivo ; Fr. cor- rosif. ] Having the power of corroding or wear- ing away ; corroding ; consuming. “ Corrosive salts.” Boyle. “ These corrosive fires.” Milton. Corrosive sublimate, ( Chern .) the bichloride of mer- cury, a very acrid poison ; — formerly called ozymuri- ate, or corrosive muriate, of mercury. — See CALO- MEL. Brande. COR-RO'SIVE, n. 1. {Med.) A corroding substance. Corrosives are substances which, when placed in contact with living parts, gradually disorganize them. Dmglison. 2. Any thing that wastes or consumes slow- ly, as by corrosion. Away ; though parting be a fretful corrosive, It is applied to a deathful wound. Shah. f CQR-RO'SIVE, v. a. To eat away, like a corro- sive. Bp. Hall. “Thy conscience corrosived with grief.” Drayton. ■ COR-RO'SIVE-LY, ad. In a corrosive manner. COR-RO'SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being corrosive ; acrimony. Saltpetre betrays upon tho tongue no corrosiveness at all. Boyle. COR-RO-Sl V'I-TY, n. The quality of being corro- sive ; corrosiveness, [r.] Parke. COR'RU-GANT, a. [L. corrugo, corrugans, to wrinkle.] Contracting into wrinkles. Johnson. COR'RU-gATE, v. a. [L. corrugo, corrugatus ; con, with, and rugo, to crease ; ruga, a wrinkle ; It. corrugare ; Sp. corrugar . ] [t. corrugated ; pp. CORRUGATING, CORRUGATED.] To contract into wrinkles ; to wrinkle. “ The palate is an arched roof corrugated with several asperities.” COR'RU-GATE, a. Contracted; wrinkled; fur- rowed ; rising and falling in parallel lines, and with angles more or less acute. Young. COR-RU-gA'TION, n. [Sp. corrugaeion ; Fr. cor- rugation.} Contraction into wrinkles. Floyer. COR'RU-gA-TOR, n. [Fr. corrugateur .] { Anat .) A muscle that contracts or UTinkles the skin of the forehead. Crabb. COR-RU't^gNT, a. {Anat.) Contracting; — ap- plied to a muscle of the eye. Chambers. COR-RUPT', v. a. [L. corrumpo, corruptus ; con, with, and rumpo, to break ; It. corrompere ; Sp. corromper-, Fr. corrompre .] [i. corrupted; pp. CORRUPTING, CORRUPTED.] 1. To turn from a sound to a putrescent state ; to render putrid ; to putrefy. Johnson. 2. To destroy the integrity of; to vitiate; to deprave ; to defile ; to pollute ; to contami- nate ; to taint ; to spoil ; to infect ; to debase : — to bribe. I fear lest your minds should be corrupted from the sim- plicity that is in Christ. 2 Cor. xi. 3. Yielding to immoral pleasure corrupts the mind; living to animal and trifling ones debases it. Johnson. Syn. — See Contaminate. COR-RUPT', v. n. To become putrid; to lose purity ; to putrefy. “ The aptness of air or water to corrupt or putrefy.” Bacon. COR-RUPT', a. 1. Spoiled ; tainted ; unsound ; putrid. “ Corrupt and pestilent bread.” Knolles. 2. Wanting integrity; depraved; vicious. “ Some . . . corrupt in their morals.” South. COR-RUPT'IJD, p. a. Made corrupt; tainted; vitiated ; depraved. COR-RUPT' ^ R, n. One who corrupts or taints. “ Corrupters of Christianity.” Addison. f COR-RUPT'FUL, a. Corrupting. “Corruptful bribes.” Spenser. COR-RUPT-I-BlL'I-TY, n. [L. corrvptibilitas ; It. corruttibilita ; Sp. corruptibilidad ; Fr. cor- ruptibilite.] Possibility of being corrupted ; corruptibleness. K Burke. COR-RUPT' I- BLE, a. [L. corruptibilis ; It. cor- ruttibile-, Sp. Fr. corruptible.'] 1. Liable to corruption, or to putrefy or de- cay. “ Our corruptible bodies.” Hooker. 2. That may be corrupted, or depraved ; capa- ble of swerving in integrity. “ A very corrupt- ible race.” Burke. ffrp “ Some affected speakers have done all in their power to remove the accent of this word from the second to the first syllable. Thanks to the difficulty of pronouncing it in this manner, they have not yet effected their purpose.” Walker. COR-RUPT 'I- BLE, n. That which may corrupt or decay. “ This corruptible must put on incor- ruption.” • 1 Cor. xv. 53. COR-RUPT'I-BLE-NESS, n. Susceptibility of cor- ruption ; corruptibility. Johnson. COR-RUPT'I-BLY, ad. So as to be corrupted. Shak. COR-RUPT'ING, n. The act of vitiating. “ Cor- ruptings of the Fathers’ writings.” Bp. Taylor. COR-RUPT'ING, p. a. Making corrupt ; vitiat- ing ; depraving. COR-RUP'TION, n. [L. corruptio ; It. corruzione ; Sp. corrupeion-, Fr. corruption .] 1. The act, or the process, of corrupting ; the destruction of form or mode of existence of an animal or vegetable body by putrefaction ; pu- trescence. So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in cor- ruplion; it is raised in incorruption. 1 Cor. xv. 42. 2. Putrid matter ; purulence ; pus. Johnson. 3. Change in any thing for the worse ; de- parture from a pure standard. All these four kinds of corruption are very common in their language. Brercwood . 4. Loss of integrity; perversion of principle; wickedness ; depravity : — bribery. Amidst corruption, luxury, and rage, Still leave some ancieut virtues to our age. Pope. Corruption of blood, (Eng. Law.) tile extinguishment of the inheritable quality of a person’s blood in con- sequence of attainder for treason or other felony, so that lie can neither inherit any estate, nor transmit it to others by descent. Burrill. Syn. — See Depravity. COR-RUP'TION-IST, n. A defender of corrup- tion, or wickedness, [r.] Sidney Smith. COR-RUP'TI VE, a. [L. eorruptivus ; It. corrot- tivo ; Sp. corruptivo.] Tending to corrupt ; hav- ing the power of tainting or corrupting. “An acid ferment, or some corruptive quality.” Bay. COR-RUPT'L£SS, a. Insusceptible of corruption. “ Corruptless myrrh.” Dryden. COR-RUPT'LY, ad. 1. In a corrupt manner; without integrity ; viciously. “ We have dealt very corruptly against thee.” Nehem. i. 7. 2. Contrary to a pure standard ; improperly. “We have corruptly contracted most names, both of men and places.” Camden. COR-RUPT'NIJSS, n. Quality of being corrupt. COR-RUPT'RJESS, n. She who corrupts. Beau. § FI. COR'sAc, n. {Zotjl.) A species of white fox found in Tartary ; Vulpes corsac. Fischer. COR-sAf/E', n. [Fr.] The waist; — a part of female dress. Surenne. COR'sAlR (kdr'sir), n. [L. curro, cursus, to run; It. corsare-, corso, course, career ; Sp. corsario ; corsear , to cruise; Fr. corsaire.] 1. A sea-robber ; a pirate. He left a corsair's name to other times, Linked with one virtue and a thousand crimes. Byron. 2. The vessel of a pirate. “ A Barbary cor- sair.” “An Algerine corsair." Todd. CORSE, or CORSE [kors, S. W. P. J. F. Ja . ; kiirs, K. Sm. Wb . ], n. [Old Fr. cors, or corse, a body.] 1. f A body ; the human frame. For he was strong and of so mighty corse As ever wielded spear in warlike hand. Spenser. 2. A dead human body ; a corpse. Mysterious Heaven I that moment to the ground. A "blackened corse, was struck the beauteous maid. Thomson. CORSE'Lf.T (kors'let), n. [Fr. corselet .] 1. A light breastplate, or a light armor for the fore part of the body. “ Corselets gilt and graven.” Fairfax. 2. {Ent.) A term applied by Strauss to the three thoracic segments of winged insects. CORSE'LIJT, v. a. To encircle or cover the body, as with a corselet. Beau. Sg FI. CORSE'— PRE^-f.NT, n. {Eng. Law.) A funeral present ; a mortuary or gift due to the minister of a parish on the death of a parishioner. It was anciently usual in this kingdom to bring the mort- uary to church along with the corpse when it came to be buried ; and thence it is sometimes called a corse-present. Blackstone. COR'S£T, n. [Fr.] An article of dress laced closely round the body ; a bodice ; stays ; — worn chiefly by females. Cotgrave. COR'S^T, v. a. To enclose in corsets. Clarke. COR'SI-CAN, a. {Geog.) Relating to Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean. Murray. COR'SI-CAN, n. {Geog.) A native of Corsica. CORS'NJJD, n. [A. S. corsnmd ; cors, a curse, and siued, a piece, a slice.] {Saxon Law.) A species of ordeal performed by eating a piece of bread over which the priest had pronounced a certain imprecation. If an accused person ate it freely, he was pronounced innocent ; if it stuck in his throat, he was considered guilty. Burrill. COR’TEGE (kbr'tazh), n. [Fr. ; It. cortcqgio ■ corte, a court.] A train of attendants. Todd. COR'TF.p [kor'tez, Ja. K. ; kor'tez, Sm.], n. pi. [Sp. pi. cartes .] The states or legislative body of Spain and of Portugal, composed of nobil- ity, clergy, and representatives of cities. The origin of popular representation in the Cortes of the several kingdoms out of which that of Spain was finally formed, is assigned to a date as early as the 12th century. Brande. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — 9 , (f, 5 , g, soft ; E, C, 5 , 1, hard; § as z; as gz. — THIS, this. CORTEX 320 COSMOGRAPHY COR' TEX, n.; pi. cdR'Tr-c&Q. [L.] 1. The outer bark of a tree or a shrub. Which seeds arc found to be perfect plants, with leaves and trunk curiously folded up ... in tile cortex. Jie.ntiei/. 2. (Med.) A name applied especially to Peru- vian bark. Dunglison, 3. ( Anat .) A membrane serving as an enve- lope to any organ. Dunglison. COR'TI-CAL, a. [L. cortex , corticis, a bark.] Consisting of bark or rind ; belonging to the rind or to the outer covering. “ The cortical part of the brain.” Chcyne. COR 'TI -CATE, a. Resembling, or relating to, the bark of a tree. Craig. COR'Tl-CAT-ED, a. Covered with bark, or with something like bark. Browne. COR-T!-ClF'f,R-OUS, a. Producing bark. Smart. COE-Tlc'!-FER§, n.pl. [L. cortex, corticis, bark, and fero, to bear.] (Zod.) A family of polypes whose fleshy substance is spread, like tha bark of a tree, over a central calcareous or corneous axis. Brande. COR-TIQ'I-FORM, a. [L. cortex, corticis, bark, and forma, form.] Having the form of, or re- sembling, bark. Smart. COR'TI-CINE (19), n. ( CJiem .) An alkaloid found in the bark of the Populus tremens. Ogilvie. COR'Tj-COSE, a. [L. corticosus ; cortex, bark.] Full of bark, [r.] Bailey. CdR'TI-COUS, a. Same as Corticose. Craig. COR' TILE, n. [It ., a court-yard.] (Arch.) An open, quadrangular or curved area in a dwell- ing-house or other building, enclosed by the divisions or appurtenances of the house it- self. Britton. COR'TIS, n. [L. cors, cortis, a court.] (Arch.) A court surrounded by edifices: — applied also to a manor, or mansion-house, and to a rustic habitation for a farmer. Britton. CO-RUN'DUM, n. [A word of Asiatic origin. Dana. ] (Min.) The specific name of several minerals which are composed chiefly of alumi- na : — a variety of the species corundum. The species Corundum includes sapphire, emery, corun- dum, ana other varieties. Corundum | variety] embraces the opaque specimens, usually of dingy colors and often dark; emery, the massive granular or compact variety, more or less . impure, and sapphire, the brightly-colored varieties. Dana. CO-RUS'CANT, a. [L. corusco, coruscans, to glitter ; It. § Sp. coruscante .] Glittering by flashes ; flashing ; gleaming ; shining. “ Corus- cant beams.” Howell. CO-RCrS'CATE, v. n. [ko-rus'kat, Ja. K. Sm. R. ; kor'us-kat, Cl. J Vh.\ [L. corusco, coruscatus ; It. corruscare.] [i. coruscated ; pp. corus- cating, coruscated.] To glitter ; to flash ; to shine. “ As flaming fire was more coruscating than any other matter.” Greenhill. COR-US-CA'TION, n. [L. coruscatio ; It. corrus- cazione; Fr .coruscation.] A flash; quick vi- bration of light. “ Nimble coruscations. Garth. COR'VINE, a. [L. corvus, a crow.] (Ornith.) Relating to a crow or raven. Ash. COIt'VO-RANT, n. The cormorant. Yarrcll. COR' VOS, n. [L., a crow.] 1. (Ornith.) A genus of birds consisting of many species, as the carrion crow, the raven, the jackdaw, the rook, &c. YarrelL 2. (Astron.) A southern constellation. Hind. 3. (Rom. Antiq.) A machine, consisting of a platform with a hook like a crow’s beak, car- ried at the prow of a ship, and used in grappling with the vessel of an enemy : — also an engine, with a similar hook, for pulling down walls. COR'Y-BANT, n. ; pi. cor-y-bXn'te§. [Gr.Kopt- Kopcdacrof.] A priest of Cybele, in Phrygia, whose rites were celebrated with enthusiastic dances to the sound of the drum and the cym- bal. Wm. Smith. COR-Y-RAN'TI-AfM, n. [Gr. KopvftavTia, to describe ; It. Sp. cos- A, E, l O, U, Y, long ; A, E, 1, 6, U, Y, short ; A, 15, I, O, U, Y, obscure - FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; COSMOLABE 321 COTANGENT mografia ; Fr. cosmographie.) The science which treats of the construction, figure, and arrangement of all parts of the world, and there- fore comprehends astronomy, geography, and geology. Brande. Syn. — See Cosmogony. COS' MO-lA BE, n. [Fr., from Gr. Kiapog, the world, and UpQavoi, to take.] (Astron.) An instrument resembling the astrolabe, formerly used for measuring the angles between heavenly bodies; — sometimes called pantacosm. Davies. COS-MOL'A-TRY, 11 . [Gr. *r<5 sn fi >' G, G, c, |, hard; § as z; $ as gz. — THIS, this. •11 COTE 322 COUCH which is the tangent of the arc C F, is the cotangent of the complement of that arc, A F. Harris. COTE, n. [A. S. cot, or cotc. ] 1. A cottage ; a cot. Fletcher. 2. A sheepfold. — See Cot. The folded flocks penned in their wattled cotes. Milton. t COTE, v. a. [Old Fr. costoyer ; Fr. cote, side.] To pass by the side of. We coted them [the players] on the way. Shak. t COTE, v. a. See Quote. Todd. CO-TEM-PO-RA'N£-OUS, a. Contempory. — See Contemporaneous. CO-TEM'PO-RA-RY, a. Living or existing at the same time. — See Contemporary. CO-TEN'ANT, n. A tenant in common. Smart. CO-TE-RIE ' (kd-te-re') [ko-te-re', IF. J. Ja. ; ko'te- re, K.\ kot-e-re', £»>.], n. [Fr. coterie, from L. quot, how many ? i. e. originally a society of merchants, each contributing his quota of goods or money, and deriving his quota of profit. Branded] A friendly or fashionable associa- tion ; a club ; — sometimes applied derisively to an exclusive society. Sterne. CO-TER' MI-NOUS, a. Bordering on. — See Con- terminous. Craig. COT'gAre, n. Refuse, clotted wool. Crabb. CO'THON, n. A quay, dock, or wharf. Dr. Shaw. CO-TtlUR'NATE, l n [L. cothurnatus ; co- CO-THUR'NAT-^D, ) thurnus, a buskin.] Wear- ing, or having, buskins. Todd. CO-THUR ' JVC'S, n. ; pi. cothurni. [L., from Gr. KdBooi'o t.] A sort of ancient buskin, used in acting tragedies and in hunting. Hamilton. CO-TIC'U-LAR, a. [L. coticula ; dim. of cos, cotis, a whetstone.] Relating to, or resembling, whetstones. Smart. CO-Tl'DAL, a. Noting lines on the surface of the ocean, throughout which high water takes place at the same instant of time. Phil. Trans. CO-TIL'LON (ko-til'yun) [ko-til'yun, P. F. E. Ja . ; "ko-til'yong, 1 V. Sm.], n. [Fr. cotillon.] A brisk, lively dance, usually for eight persons. “ A dance as elegant as our modern cotillons.” Gray. CO-TI^E', n. [Fr. cote, side.] ( Her .) A bendlet reduced one half, and borne on each side of the bend. A bend, fess, &c., between two cotises, is termed cotised. Brande. COT'LAND, n. ( Law .) Land ap- pendant to a cottage. Cowell. COT'QUEAN (kot'kwen), n. [Fr. coquin, a knave. Johnson : — “ Probably cock-quean, that is, a male quean.” Nares.] A man who busies him- self with affairs properly belonging to women. A stateswoman is as ridiculous a creature as a cotmiean: each of the sexes should keep within its bounds. Addison. COT-Q.UEAN'1-TY, n. The character or practice of a cotquean. [r.] B. Jonson. We tell thee thou angcrest us, cotquean , and we will thun- der thee in pieces for thy cotqucaniti /. B. Johnson. CO-TRUS-TEE', n. A joint trustee. Craig. COTS'WOLD, n. [A. S. cota, or cote, a cot, a den, and wold, a wood.] Sheepcots in an open country. Todd. lity - Whence the large tract of downs in Gloucester- shire, England, are called Cotswold Hills. COTT, n. ( Naut .) A sort of bed-frame suspend- ed from the beams of a ship for the officers to sleep in ; a cot. — See Cot. Craig. COT'TA, n. (Com.) A measure used for measur- ing cowries, of which it holds 12,000. Crabb. COT' TA-BUS, n. [L., from Gr. KirraHos.] An ancient game or amusement of the Greeks, which consisted in throwing wine from cups into little basins suspended in a particular manner or floating in a large vessel of water. Brande. COT'TAGE, n. [A. S. cota., or cote ; Gael. cot. — See Cot, No. 1.] A small house; a cot; a hut; — formerly restricted to a mean habitation, but now applied also to any small, pretty house. Let the women of noble birth and great fortunes visit poor cottages , and relieve their necessities. Bp. Taylor. The selfsame sun that shines upon his court Hides not his visage from our cottage , but Looks on both alike. Shak. COT'TAGE— AL-LOT'MJJNTS, n. pi. Portions of grounds allotted to the dwellings of country la- borers, for the purpose of being cultivated by them. [England.] Ogilvie. COT'TAGED (kst'tajd), a. Having cottages. “ Cot- taged vale.” Collins. f COT'TAGE-LY, a. Rustic ; suitable to a cot- tage. “ Cottagely obscurity.” Bp. Taylor. COT'TA-ypR, n. 1. One who lives in a cottage. “ The cottager and king.” Young. 2. (Law.) One who lives rent-free on a com- mon without any land of his own. “ Mere cot- tagers which are but housed beggars.” Bacon. COT'TJfR, n. One who inhabits a cottage ; a cot- tager. [Scotland.] Burns. COT'TEIl, n. A wedge-shaped piece of iron or wood used for fastening. Tanner. f COT'TI-yR, n. Same- as Cotter. Bp. Hall. COT'TON (kot'tn), 71. [“ A word derived from kytn, or kutun, one of the names givqn by the Arabs to this substance.” P. Cyc. — Dut. § Sw. katoen ; Dan. kattun. — It. cotone ; Sp. alqo- don, cotton ; coton, cloth made of cotton ; Fr. colon.) 1. The downy substance growing in the pods of the Gossypium, or cotton-plant ; a species of vegetable wool. King Juba saith that this cotton groweth about the branches of the snid trees (called gossanmines), and the linens thereof be far better than those of the Indians. Holland's Pliny. The kinds of cotton met with in the market are usually designated by the names of the places from which they are brought; but practically they are all divided into the two great classes of long and short stapled. Brande. 2. Cloth made of cotton. Johnson. CoT'TON (kot'tn), a. Made of, or consisting of, cotton ; as, “ Cotton cloth.” COT'TON (kot'tn), v. n. 1. [Fr. cotonner, to be- come downy or cottony.] To rise with a nap ; to wear nappy. Johnson. 2. To be fitly united ; to cement or unite ; to harmonize. [A cant word.] A f]uarrel will end in one of you being turned off, in which case it will not be easy to cotton with another. Swift. That first with midst, and midst with last. May cotton and agree. Brant's Horace. COT'TON— (JIN, n. A machine for separating the seeds from cotton; — invented by Eli Whitney. COT'TON-GRAss (12), n. (Bot.) A genus of grasses, the seeds of which are surrounded by woolly tufts ; Eriophorum. Loudon. COT'TON— MAN-U-FAC'TO-RY. n. A manufac- tory in which cotton is wrought into various fabrics ; a cotton-mill. Gent. Mag. COT'TON— MILL, n. A mill for manufacturing cotton cloths of various kinds ; a cotton-manu- factory. Peel. COT'TON-OUS (kot'tn-us), a. Like cotton. “A thick cottonous substance.” [r.] Evelyn. COT'TON— PLANT, n. (Bot.) A plant of several varieties, growing in warm climates and pro- ducing cotton ; Gossypium. Loudon. COT'TON— PRESS, n. A machine used for press- ing cotton into bales. COT'TON— RO§E, n. (Bot.) The common name of the plants of the genus Filago. Loudon. COT'TON— SHRUB, n. The cotton-plant. Clarke. COT'TON-SPIN'NING, n. The operation by which cotton is converted into yarn. Clarke. COT'TON— THIS 'TLE (kot'tn-this'sl), n. (Bot.) The common name of woolly thistles of the genus Onopordum. Loudon. COT'TON— TREE, n. A tree belonging to either of the genera Bombax or Eriodendron. Eng Cyc. COT'TON— VEL' V£T, n. Velvet made of cotton. COT'TON— wSED, n. (Bot.) The common name of the composite plant Diotis maritima. Craig. COT'TON— WOOD' (kot'tn-wud'), n. (Bot.) A tree belonging to the genus Populus, or poplar, common in North America, especially in the valley of the Mississippi ; Canadian poplar ; Populus monilifera. Gray. COT'TON— WOOL' (kBt'tn-wfil'), n. A term some- times applied to cotton. • Gent. Mag. COT'TON- Y (kdt'tn-e), a. [Fr. cotonneux. ] Full of cotton; resembling cotton; downy. “A knur full of a cottony matter.” Evelyn. COT'TRJJL, n. A trammel to hang a pot on over the fire. Crabb. COT'UN-ITE, n. (Min.) A mineral having acicu- lar crystals, being chiefly a chloride of lead ; — so named from a physician of Naples. Dana. CO-TUR’mx, n. [L., a quail.) (Ornith.) A genus of birds of the family Tetraonidee, or grouse. YarreU. COT'Y-LA, n. [Gr. kotUt/ ; L. cotula ; Fr. cotxyle .] 1. An ancient liquid measure. Johnson. 2. (Anat.) A cavity of a bone which receives the end of another ; — particularly the socket of the hip-bone. Dunglison. COT'Y-Ly, n. Same as Cotyla. Dunglison. COT-Y-LE'DON [kot-e-15'don, Sm.P. Cyc. Brande, Wb. ; ko-til'e-don, Crabb, Scudamore], n. [Gr. KoTvir/btiv, any cup-shaped cavity ; Korbl.ti, a cup or hollow vessel.] 1. (Bot.) The seminal leaf of a plant, or the lobe that nourishes the seed of a plant ; the first leaf of the embryo. Gray. — A genus of plants ; navelwort. Loudon. 2. (Anat.) A cup-shaped vascular production of the chorion ; a lobe of the placenta. The placenta is formed of several lobes or cotyledons , which can be readily distinguished from each other. Dunglison. COT-Y-LED'O-NOtJS, a. Relating to cotyledons; having a seed-lobe. P. Cyc. CO-TYL'J-FORM, a. [L. cotula , a hollow vessel, and forma, form.] (Zoiil.) Having a rotate figure with an erect limb. Brande. COT'Y-LOID, a. [Gr. k oTvl.tj, a cup or hollow ves- sel, and elbos, form.] (Anat.) Cup-shaped ; — applied to the hemispherical cavity of the hip- bone which receives the head of the femur, or thigh-bone. Dunglison. COU-AG'GA, n. [Fr.] (Zoiil.) An animal of South Africa, resembling the horse; — written also quagga and quacha. — See Quagga. Eng. Ency. COUCH, v. n. [Fr . coucher ■, coxtchc, a bed. — “From L. cubare, to lie down ; as reprocher from re- probare.” Sullivan.] [i. couched ; pp. couch- ing, couched.] 1. f To be placed, or to lie, as one thing upon or under another. Chaucer. Blessed of the Lord be his land for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath. Deut. xxxiii. 13. 2. To lie down or recline as for repose. "When Love’s fair goddess Couched with her husband in his golden bed. Shak. 3. To lie close to the ground, as for conceal- ment ; to crouch. Fierce tigers couched around, and lolled their fawning tongues. Dryden. 4. To bend down ; to stoop. Issachar is a strong ass, couching down between two bur- dens. Gen. xlix. 14. COUCH, v. a. 1. To lay, place, or put down upon a bed, or as upon a bed. “ His body couched in a curious bed.” Shak. Great towers of stone strongly couched. Mir. for Mag. If the weather be warm, we couch malt about a foot thick. Mortimer. 2. To cover ; to invest ; to clothe. llis coat armor was of cloth of Tars Couched with pearls. Chaucer . 3. To involve ; to include ; to comprise. In these words Mr. Harding hath pi-ivily couched sundry- arguments. Jetcell. 4. To cover up ; to conceal ; to hide. There is all this and more that lies naturally couched under this allegory. L' Estrange. 5. To put in a posture of attack, as a spear. He turned aud couched the spear in rest. Berners. 6. (Anat.) To depress or remove, as a cat- aract, or filmy humor, obstructing vision, so as to leave the lens free from it. Sharp. COUCH, n. [Fr. couched] 1. A place for sleep or A, E, I, O, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, O, U, Y, short; A, y, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; COUCHANCY for rest. “ The beasts seek their accustomed couches.” Bale. Forsook his easy couch at early day. Dryden. 2. A seat used for reclining upon. When the sultan visits his friends, he is carried in a small couch on four men’s shoulders. Dumpier. 3. A layer or a heap of barley prepared for malting. Mortimer. 4. A coating of any adhesive substance on wood, plaster, canvas, &c. In painting, the canvas is first prepared with a couch of size. Francis. COUCH'AN-CY, n. {Law.) The state of being in repose by lying down. Burrows. COUCH' ANT, a. [Fr.] (Her.) Lying down ; squatting. “ A lion couchant.” Browne. Levant et couchant., (Lam.) a term signifying rising up and lying down , and applied to cattle which have been long enough on land not belonging to their owner to have lain down and risen up to feed ; a space of time held to be at least a day and a night. Burrill. COUfHEE (ko'she), n. [Fr., a sleeping -place .] An evening party ; a visit received about bed- time ; — opposed to levee. The duke’s levees and couchecs were so crowded that the antechambers were full. Burnet. COUCH'fR, n. 1. [From couch, v. a.] One who couches cataracts. Johnson. 2. [Fr. coucheur.) A bed-fellow. Cotgrave. 3. [Old Fr. cachereau j cacher, to conceal.] A register-book in monasteries. “ Plate, books, couchers , legends, &c.” Injunctions, %c., 1559. 4. {Law.) A factor resident in a place while trading. Craig. COUCH'— FEL-LOW, n. Abed-fellow. Shah. COUCH'— GRASS, n. {Bot.) A perennial, creeping grass ; Triticum repens ; — called also creeping wheat-grass, quick-grass, and quich-grass .Gray . COUCH'ING, n. 1. The act of placing any thing as upon a bed ; the act of spreading malt. 2. The act of bending. These couchings and these lowly courtesies. Shak. 3. {Med.) The operation of removing a cata- ract from the eye. Dunglison. 4. (Agric.) The act of clearing land from couch-grass. Brande. COUCH'LJjlSS, a. Havingno couch orbed. Clarke. COU'DEE, n. [Fr., a cubit', coude, the elbow.] The measure from the elbow to the hand. Crabb. COU'GAR (ko'giir), n. (Zodl.) A voracious animal of the genus Felis, inhabiting the warmer parts of America ; the panther ; — written also cou- gitar. Eng. Ency. || COUGH (kof or kSiuf, 54) [kof, S. W. P. F. Ja. K. Sm. C. ; kkuf, J. IV b. A'ares], n. [Goth. kuef, a catarrh ; kof, suffocation ; Su. Goth. qua/, shortness of breath ; Dut. kuch, a cough. Johnson. — Belgic kitgh, fofmed from the sound. Minsheu. — Ger. keuchen, or kiechen, to Cough.] A convulsive effort of the lungs, with noise, to get rid of phlegm or other matter. Shak. || COUGH (kof), v. n. [i. coughed; pp. cough- ing, coughed.] To have the lungs convulsed; to make the noise of a cough. Thou hast quarrelled with a man for coughing in the street. Shak. || COUGH (kof), V. a. To eject by a cough ; — fol- lowed by up. “ Matter coughed up.” Wiseman. || COUGH'^R (kof'er), n. One who coughs. COU'GUAR (ko'gwar), n. Sec Cougar. Eng. Ency . COU'HAIJE (kbu'aj), n. [Fr.] {Bot.) An Indian bean, the pods of which, being covered with a pointed down, sting like a nettle ; — written also cowitch and cowliage. — See Cowhage. Todd. COUL, n. A sort of tub ; a vessel with two ears. — See Cowl. Crabb. COULD (lcud), i. from can. [A. S. cuth.\ Was able or capable. — See Can. COULEUR BE ROSE (ko'lur-de-roz). [Fr., color of the rose.) An attractive light or aspect ; fair appearance; — used adverbially; as, “To see things couleur de rose.” COULISSE (ko'lls), m. [Fr., a groove .) (Arch.) A piece of timber with a channel or groove in it, as the slides in which the side-scenes of a theatre run, the upright parts of a flood-gate or sluice of a portcullis, &c. Britton. CoOl'STAff, n. See Cowlstaff. Crabb. COUL'T^R (kol'ter), n. [L. culter ; colo, cultus, to till ; Fr. coutre .] (Agric.) The cutting iron of a' plough. — See Colter. 1 Sam. xiii. 20. COUL'TIJR-NEB, n. [coulter tend, neb.) (Ornitli.) A bird of the- family Alcidce ; the puffin ; Fra- tercula arctica, or • A/ca arctica', — so called from the shape of its beak. Yarrell. COU'MA-RINE, n. (Chetn.) A crystalline, odorif- erous principle extracted from the tonka bean, the seed of the Coumarouna odorata. Brande. COUN'CIL, n. [L. concilium-, concilio, to call to- gether ; It. Sj Sp. concilio ; Fr. concile.) 1. An assembly met for deliberation. “ The chief priests and all the council.” Matt. xxvi. 59. The Stygian council thus dissolved. Milton. 2. A body of men whose duty it is to advise a sovereign or chief magistrate on affairs of government; as, “ The Privy Council” ; “ The Governor’s Council.” Without the knowledge Either of king or council. Shak. 3. ( Eccl .) A body of divines, or of clergymen and laymen, assembled to deliberate and act on some ecclesiastical matter. Some borrow all their religion from the fathers of the Chris- tian church, or from their synods or councils. Walts. Council of war , an assemblage of the chief officers in tile army or navy, summoned by the general or admiral to concert measures of importance. Campbell. Syn. — See Assembly. COUN'CIL— BOARD (kofin'sjl-bord), n. I. A coun- cil-table, where matters of state are deliberated. He hath commanded To-morrow morning at the council-board He be convened. Shak. 2. The council itself in session. Smart. COUN'CIL— CHAM'BJJR, n. An apartment occu- pied by a council, or appropriated to delibera- tions on government. Milton. f COUN'CIL-IST, 7i. A member of a council ; an adviser ; a councillor. Milton. COUN'CIL- LOR, n. A member of a council ; one who gives advice in relation to public affairs. Councillor, when not used by mistake for “counsellor,” means a member of a council. Smart. Privy councillors are made by the king’s nomination, with- out patent or grant. Brande. J8®“ Councillor, a member of a council, and coun- sellor, a lawyer, have heretofore been regarded as the same word, and spelt counsellor. The proper distinc- tion is now more frequently made than formerly, and it is introduced into several of the recent English Dictionaries. COUN'CIL-MAn, n. A member of a city common council ; councillor. Gent. Mag. COUN'CIL— PROOF, a. Disregarding, or opposing, advice ; deaf to advice. Fenton. COUN'CIL—' TA'BLE, n. A council-board. Milton. t CO-UN-DfR-STAND'lNG, n. Mutual under- standing. Ilotcell. CO-UNE', v. a. [L. con, with, and uno, to unite ; units, one.] To form into one. “ [They] are in man one and co-uned together.” Feltham. f CO-U-NITE' (ko-yu-nlt'), v. a. To unite. More. COUN'SIjlL, n. [L. consilium ; consulo, to con- sult ; con, with, and sedeo, to sit ; It. consiglio ; Sp. consejo ; Fr. conseil.) 1. Consultation ; interchange of opinions. “ We took sweet counsel together.” Ps. lv. 14. I hold as little counsel with weak fear As you or any Scot that lives. Shak. 2. Advice ; direction ; admonition. There is as much difference between the counsel that a friend giveth and that a man giveth himself, as there is be- tween the counsel of a friend and of a flatterer. Bacon. 3. Examination of consequences ; delibera- tion ; prudent forethought. They all confess, in the working of that first cause, that counsel is used, reason followed, and a -way observed. Booker. Without counsel purposes are disappointed. Prov. xv. 22. 4. Design ; plan ; purpose. “ The counsel of the Lord standeth forever.” Ps. xxxiii. 11. 5. Conclusion formed from deliberation or consultation and designed to be secret ; a secret. The players cannot keep counsel ; they ’ll tell all. Shak. COUNT 6. A counsellor, or the counsellors, advo- cates, or lawyers, collectively, who plead a cause. For the advocates and counsel that plead, patience and gravity of learning is an essential part ot justice. Bacon. Syn. — See Advice, Lawyer. COUN'SfL, v. a. [L. consilior ; Fr. conseillcr.) [i. COUNSELLED ; pp. COUNSELLING, COUN- SELLED.] 1. To give advice to ; to advise ; to admonish. Holy and heavenly thoughts still counsel her. Shak. 2. To propose to be done ; to recommend. “ His counselled crime.” [r.] Dryden. COUN'SjjL— KEEP'JJR, n. One who keeps a secret. “His note-book his counsel-keeper.” Shak. COUN'SIJL— KEEP'ING, a. That keeps counsel; that preserves secrecy. Shak. COUN'S^L-LA-BLE, a. 1. That may be coun- selled ; willing to receive advice. “Few men were more counsellable than he.” Clarendon. 2. Worthy to be recommended ; advisable. “ He did not believe it counsellable.” Clarendon. C(j UN'S EL- LOR, n. [It. consigliere ; Fr. conseiller.) 1. One who gives advice. “ His mother was his counsellor to do wickedly.” 2 Chr. xxii. 3. 2. A member of a council ; a councillor. — See Councillor. The ordinary sort of counsellor s are such as the king call- eth to be of council with him in Ills government. Bacon. 3. (Law.) One who advises a client ; one who pleads in a court of law ; a barrister. A counsellor bred up in the knowledge of the municipal and statute laws. Dryden. Syn. — See Lawyer. COUN'SJL-LOR-SHlP, n. The office of a coun- sellor. Bacon. COUNT, v. a. [L. computo ; It. contare ; Sp. § Port, contar ; Old Fr. compter ; Fr. conter ; Arm. counta.) [i. counted ; pp. counting, counted.] 1. To number ; to enumerate ; to tell one by one. “ I can count every one.” Shak. 2. To compute ; to calculate f to estimate. Some people in America counted their years by the coming of certain birds amongst them at their certain "seasons, and leaving them at others. Locke. 3. To account ; to consider ; to esteem ; to reckon ; to judge ; to think. Count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations, know- ing this, that the trial of your faith worketli patience. Jam. i. 2. Syn. — See Calculate. COUNT, v. n. 1. To found an account or reckon- ing ; to depend ; to rely — with on or upon. I think it is a great error to count upon the genius of a nation as a standing argument in all ages. Swift. 2. To swell the number ; to add to the num- ber; as, “ Every penny counts.” 3. (Eng. Law.) To recite a count ; to plead, orally, as a sergeant in the English Court of Common Pleas. Burrill. COUNT, n. 1. [It. conto and computo ; Sp. conta, cue nt a, and computo ; Fr. compte.) A reckon- ing, or a number reckoned. “ To increase the count.” Spenser. “By my count.” Shak. 2. Estimation ; accoujit. Were cowards known, and little count did hold. Spenser. 3. [Fr. conte, a narrative or tale; conter, to relate.] (Law.) A declaration of a plaintiff’s case in court, or a part, section, or division of a declaration embracing a distinct statement of a cause of action : — in criminal pleading, a par- ticular charge in an indictment. Burrill. COUNT, n. [L. comes, an associate, an attend- ant ; It. conte ; Sp. contle ; Fr .comte.) A title of nobility, on the continent of Europe, es- teemed equivalent to earl. — See County. No more than ten among them were dignified with the rank of counts or companions, a title of honor, or rather of favor, which had been recently invented in the court of Con- stantine. Gibbon. “ The title of count, borrowed from the later Roman empire, meaning originally companion (comes), one who had the honor of being closest companion to his leader, and the shire was now the county ( comi - tatus), as governed by this comes . In that singular and inexplicable fortune of words, which causes some to disappear and die out under circumstances most favorable for life, others to hold their ground when all seemed against them, count has disappeared from the titles of English nobility, while earl lias recovered its place ; although, in evidence of the essential iden- tity of the two titles, the wife of the earl is entitled a countess ; and in further memorial of these great MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RlJLE. — Q, (j, q, g, soft; £, G, c, g, hard; § as z; $ as gz. — THIS, this. COUNTABLE 324 COUNTER-LIBRATION changes that so long came over our land, the two names shire and county equally survive as household, and in the main, interchangeable words in our mouths." Dr. Trench. COUNT' A-BLE, a. That may be numbered. COUN'T fl-NANCE, n. [L. continentia , a holding in, and in late Latin the contents ; contineo , continent) to contain ; Fr. contenance. The al- lusion, according to Skinner and Richardson , is to “ the keeping or composure of the features of the face.”] 1. Exterior appearance of the face or visage ; expression of the face ; aspect ; look. Thou shalt not see me blush Nor change my countenance for this arrest. Shah. A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance. Trov. xv. 13. 2. Mark of good will ; support ; encourage- ment ; patronage; favor; sanction. Thou hast made him exceeding glad with thy counte- nance. *s. xxi. 0. This is the magistrate’s peculiar province, to give counte- nance to piety ana virtue. Atterbury. 3. f Superficial appearance ; show; pretence. Unfold the evil which is here wrapt up In countehance. Shah. To keep one’s countenance, to refrain from expressing emotion by the face ; to preserve a calm look. — In countenance, with an assured or confident look. — Out of countenance, with an abashed or downcast look. Syn. — Countenance is the form and expression of the face. Face is the work of nature, and remains the same ; countenance and visage are affected by the state of the mind, and are therefore changeable. VVe may say the face or visage , but not the countenance, of a bi ute. A handsome or ugly face ; a cheerful or sad countenance ; a pale or grim visage. Give countenance or patronage to meritorious per- sons, sanction to just measures, and support to a good cause. COUN'Tfl-NANCE, V. a. [». COUNTENANCED ; pp. COUNTENANCING, COUNTENANCED.] 1. To approve ; to sanction. As if the Heavens should countenance his sin. Shah. 2. To support ; to encourage ; to patronize. A good man acts with a vigor, and suffers with a patience, more than human, when lie believes himself countenanced by the Almighty. Blair. 3. +To make a show of ; to pretend. Each to these ladies love did countenance. Spenser. COUN'TJJ-NAN-CER, n. One who countenances. A great countenancer of learned men. Brown's Travels , 1G85. COUNT'IJR, n. 1. One who counts; a reckoner. 2. An imitation of a piece of money, used as a means of counting. These halfpence in trade are no better than counters. Swift. 3. A contemptuous term for money. Shah. 4. The table of a shop on which goods are exhibited and money is counted. “ Behind his counter selling broadcloth.” Arbuthnot. 5. {Farriery.) The part of a horse between the shoulders ; the breast. Farrier’s Diet. 6. (i Ship-building .) That part of a vessel be- tween the bottom of the stern and the wing- transom and buttock. Dana. 7. A name of some prisons in London. “ I love to walk by the Counter- gate.” Shah. 8. {Mm.) Same as Counter-tenor. Clarke. COUN'TjpR, ad. [L. contra, against; It. iS; Sp. contra ; Fr. contre.) 1. Contrary ; in opposite directions ; contra- rywise. “ Running counter to all the rules of virtue.” Locke. In this case, it is plain, the will and the desire run coun- ter. Locke. 2. In a wrong way. “ This is counter.” Shale. SST This word is often used in composition, and signifies against , in opposition. COUN-TpR-ACT', v. a. ft. COUNTERACTED ; pp. COUNTERACTING, COUNTERACTED.] To hinder by contrary action ; to act against; to oppose ; to frustrate ; to defeat. Good counteracting ill, and gladness woe. Beattie. CoOn-TISR-AC'TION, n. Opposite or contrary agency or action. Nor overcome the counteraction of a false principle. Rambler. COUN-TJJR-AC'TIVE, a. Having an opposite action. Maunder. CdUN-TJJR-AC'TJVE, n. That which causes coun- teraction. Ed. Rev. COUN-TPR-Ac'TIVE-LY, ad. In a manner tend- ing to counteract. COUN'TJJR— AP-PROAOH', n. {Fort.) A trench leading from the covered way of a besieged for- tress, at some point on either flank of the ground upon which the works of the besiegers are formed, and extending to any convenient dis- tance towards the country ; — frequently ter- minated by a small redoubt or battery, from which a fire of light artillery is directed into the trenches of the enemy. P. Cyc. C6UN'T£R-AT-TRAc'TION, n. Opposite attrac- tion. " Shenstone. COUN'TER-AT-TRAc'TIVE, a. Attracting in an opposite way. Clarke. COUN-TJJR-BAL'ANCE, V. a. [*. COUNTERBAL- ANCED ; pp. COUNTERBALANCING, COUNTER- BALANCED.] To act against with an equal weight ; to equiponderate. The remaining air was not able to counterbalance the mer- curial cylinder. Boyle. Some bias, which it is the business of education to coun- terbalance. Loche. COUN'TER-bAL-ANCE, n. Opposite or equiva- lent power. Dryden. COUN'TER-BAT'TER-Y, n. {Mil.) A battery raised to play on another. Oyilvie. COUN'TJfR— BOND, n. A bond to save harmless one who has given a bond to another ; a coun- ter-surety. Shenvood. COUN'TUR-BRACE, n. {Naut.) The lee brace of the fore-topsail yard. Craig. COUN-T^R-BRAcE', v. a. (Naut.) To brace in contrary directions, as yards ; to brace the head yards one way and the after yards another. Zl«na. CdUN-TlJR-BUFF', v. a. To strike back ; to re- pel. Dryden. COUN'T]JR-BUFF, n. A blow or stroke produ- cing a recoil. ' Sidney. f OOUN'TtJR-CAsT (12), n. A trick ; a delusive contrivance- Spenser. CdUN'T5R-CAST-ER, n. A reckoner ; an arith- metician ; a caster of accounts; a book-keep- er ; — used in contempt. Shak. CdUN'TER-CHAN£E (11G), n. Exchange ; recip- rocation. Shak. COUN-T]JR-CHAn v. n. To weigh against; to preponderate. Ascharn. COUN'TER-WEIGHT (-wat), n. A weight in the opposite scale. Goldsmith. COUN-TER-WHEEL', v. a. (Mil.) To cause to wheel or move in an opposite course. “ A well counterwheeled retreat.” Lovelace. COUN'T’E R-WIND, n. Contrary wind. Spenser. COUN-TER-WORK' (-wiirk'), v. a. [i. COUNTER- WROUGHT or COUNTERWORKED; pp. COUNTER- WORKING, COUNTERWROUGHT Or COUNTER- WORKED.] To work, or act, in opposition ; to counteract. Pope. COUNT'ESS, n. [It. contessa-, Sp . condesa \ Fr. comtesse .] The lady of a count ; the lady or wife of an earl. — See Count. COUNT'ING— HOUSE, n. A counting-room. Locke. COUNT'ING— ROOM, n. A room in which mer- chants and tradesmen keep their accounts, and transact business. Baker. COUNT'ING— TA'BLE, n. A table for casting ac- counts. Johnson. COUNT'LESS, a. Not to be counted ; innumera- ble. “ A countless train.” Pope. fCOUNT'OR, n. (Law.) One who recited a count for a client; an advocate or pleader. Burrill. COUN'TRI-FIED (kun'tre-fld), p. a. Conformed or pertaining to the country ; rustic ; rural ; rude. Hertfordshire being no general thoroughfare, the inhabit- ants are likely to be as countrijied as persons living at a greater distance from town. Grose. COUN'TRI-FY, v. a. To conform to the country; to make rustic. Lloyd. COUN'TRY (kun'tre), n. [L. con , with, and terra, a land or region ; i. e. a common land, or a land near or adjacent. — L. conterraneus, a country- man. — L. conterrce ; regiones conterratee, i. e. tractus terrarum proximo; invieem sitarum.” Skinner. — It. contrada ; Fr. contree.] 1. A large tract of land, or a region, as .dis- tinct from other regions, or as inhabited by a distinct people. In countries, some must rule, some must obey. Sir J. Cheke. I might have learned this by my last exile, That change of countries cannot change my state. Stirling. 2. The land of one’s birth ; one’s native land. Full well beloved and familiar was he "With franklins over all in his country. Chaucer. Be just, and fear not; Let all the ends thou aiin’st at be thy country's , Thy God’s, and truth's. Shak. 3. The region which one adopts for a resi- dence ; a permanent place of abode. But now they desire a better country , that is, a heavenly. Jleb. xi. 16. 4. The inhabitants of any region. All the country , in a general voice, Cried hate upon him. Shak. 5. Rural parts ; — opposed to town or city. I see them hurry from country to town, and then from the town back again into the country. Sjjectator. God made the counting and man made the town. Cowper. 6. (Law.) A jury summoned, or to be sum- moned, from any district. In pleading, a defendant “ puts himself upon the countt 7 /,” i. e. refers the trial of his cause to a jury. Burrill. Syn. — See Land. COUN'TRY (kun'tre), a. 1. Pertaining to the country, as distinct from the city. “ A country town.” “ A country gentleman.” Locke. 2. Peculiar to a region or a people. “ She spake in her country language.” 2 Macc. vii. 27. 3. Untaught ; ignorant ; rude. Dryden. COUN'TRY— DANCE (kun'tre-dfms), n. [Fr .contre- danse ; contre, against, and danse, a dance.] A dance in which the partners are arranged in opposite lines ; — also written contra-dance. — See CONTRA-DANCE. I never meant any other than that Mr. Trot should confine himself to country-dances. Spectator. j “ Contre-danse, or dance in which the parties stand opposite to one another, becomes country-dance , as though it were the dance of the country folk and rural districts, as contrasted with the quadrille and waltz, and more artificial dances of the town.” Trench. COUN'TRY— FOOT'ING (-fut'-), n. A rural dance. Shak. COUN'TRY— J>RESS-ER, n. One who dresses persons belonging to the court, or persons of rank : — a flatterer, [r.] Locke. f COURT-EL'J^-MENT, n. Power of a court. Milton. || COUR'Tp-OUS (kiir'te-us or kort'yus) [kiir'che-us, IF. P . ; kiir'clius, £>. ; kur’te-us, J. R. C . ; kiirt'- yus, F. ; kSrt'yus, E. K. Sm. ; kor'te-Ss, Ja. I P6.], a. [It. cortesia ; Sp. cortes ; Fr. courtois. — See Court.] 1. Elegant in manners ; polite ; well-bred ; civil ; affable ; respectful ; complaisant ; court- ly. “ Courteous gentleman.” Shak. 2. Expressive of civility, or good breeding. “ Her eyes were courteous." Fairfax. Look with what courteous action It waves you to a more removed ground. Shak. Syn. — See Affability, Polite. || COUR'TJJ-OUS-LY, ad. Respectfully; politely. II COUR'TS-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being courteous ; civility ; complaisance. Johnson. Syn. — See Affability. COURT'ER, n. One who courts. Sherwood. COUR-TE-§An' [kur-te-zW, S. IF. J. F. Sm. C. ; kor-te-zan', E. Ja . ; kur-te-zin' or kiir'te-zan, P. ; kiir'te-zan, R. Wb.], n. [Low L. curtisanus, one who followed the court ; Sp. cortesana ; Fr. cour tisane.] A woman of the town ; a night- walker ; a prostitute. “ Lasciviously decked like a courtesan." XVotton. COUR'Tg-§AN-SHIP, 7i. The character, or the practice, of a courtesan. Ec. Rev. COUR'TE-SY (kur'te-se), n. [It. flj Sp. cortesia ; Fr. courtoisie.] 1. Elegance or politeness of manners ; civili- ty ; urbanity ; politeness ; complaisance. And trust thy honest offered courtes y % "Which oft is sooner found in lowly sheds, With smoky rafters, than in tapestry hulls, In courts of princes, where it first was named. Milton. 2. An act of civility or respect. Some of us never shall A second time do such a courtesy. Shak. 3. (Law.) A tenure, not of right, but by the favor of others, as when a man, on the death of his wife seized of an inheritance, after hav- ing by her issue born alive and inheriting her estate, holds the lands and tenements for the term of his life. Burrill. By courtesy , not of right, but by indulgence. Syn. — See Civility, Complaisance. COURTE'SY (kurt'se), n. An act of civility or respect, made by women and girls, in gently bending and depressing the body. Some country girl scarce to a courtesy bred. Drydtn. A coiirte'sy is the external manifestation of coilr'- te-sy. &F" u This word, when it signifies an act of rev- erence, is not only deprived of one of its syllables by all speakers, but, by the vulgar, has its last syllable changed into die or tshe, as if written curt-she-, this impropriety, however, seems daily to lose ground, even among the lower orders of the people, who begin to restore the s to its pure sound.” Walker. COURTE'SY (kUrt'se), v. n. [i. COURTESIED ; pp. courtesying, courtesied.] To make a courte- sy. “Toby approaches and courtesies." Shak. + COURTE'SY (kurt'se), v. a. To treat with courtesy, or a token of respect. Sir R. Williams. 328 COURT'— FASH-ION (-f&sh'ttn), n. Fashion at court. Fuller. COURT'— FA- VOR, ii. Favor bestowed by princes, or those attached to a court. “ Court-favors and commissions.” L’ Estrange. COURT'— FOOL, n. A buffoon or jester, formerly kept by kings, nobles, &c., for amusement. COURT'— HAND (kort'liSnd), n. The hand, or manner of writing, used in records and judicial proceedings. Shak. COURT'— HOUSE, n. A house or building in which courts of justice are held. COURT'IER (kort'yer), n. 1. One who frequents courts ; a man of courtly manners. “ Like a king among his courtiers. Dryden. 2. One who courts favor by complaisance. There was not among all our princes a greater courtier of the people than Richard III., not out of fear, but wisdom. Suckling. COURT'IJgR— LIKE (kort'yer-llk), a. Like a cour- tier ; resembling a courtier. Jodrell. f COURT'IER- Y, n • The manners of a courtier ; court-manners ; courtesy. B. Jonson. COtiR'TINE, n. See Curtain. Johnson. COURT— LA-DY, n. A lady attendant at court. “ Courtiers and court-ladies." South. COURT'— LANDS, n - pA (Law.) Lands kept in the lord’s own hands to serve his family ; do- mains. Burrill. COURT'-LEET, n. (Laic.) An English court of record, held once in the year, within a particu- lar hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. — See Leet. Blackstone. COURT'— LIFE, n. The life led at court. Wgcherly. COURT'— LIKE, a. Polite ; courtly. Camden. COURT'Lj-NESS, n. Elegance of manners. Digby. COURT'LJNG, n. A hanger-on or fawner at a court ; a courtier. B. Jonson. COURT'LY, a. Relating to the court ; courteous ; elegant ; polite ; flattering. In our own time, — excuse some courtly strains, — No whiter page than Addison’s remains. Pope. Syn. — See Affability. COURT'LY, ad. Elegantly, [r.] Dryden. COURT'— MAN-NfR^, n.pl. The manners of a court. Hawkins. COURT'— MAR-SHAL, n. ; pi. cou'rt-marsiials. One who acts as marshal at a court. Qu. Rev. COURT'— MAR'TIAL (kort'-m&rsh'al), il. ; pi. courts-martial. A court composed of mili- tary or naval officers, for tlie trial of offences which occur in the army or the navy. Campbell. COURT-OF-GUARD', n. 1. The guard-room of soldiers. Shak. 2. They who compose the guard. “ A court- of-yuard about her.” Partheneia Sacra, 1633. COURT'— PAR'A-SITE, n. A parasite or fawner at court ; a servile flatterer. Milton. COURT'— PAR-Ty, n. A party attached to the court. Hume. COURT'— PL As-TgR, n. Silk coated on, one side with an adhesive substance, and used to cover slight injuries upon the skin. Ure. COURT'— ROLL, n. A roll or sheet on which the records of a court are written. Blackstone. COURT'— SHIFT, n. A political artifice. Milton. COURT'SIIIP, n. 1. The act of courting, or so- liciting favor by complaisance or flattery. The patience of their pride seems to have been worn out with the importunity of our courtship. Burke. 2. The act or the course of acts by which a woman is wooed for a wife ; the act of wooing. Every man, in the time of courtship, puts on a behavior like my correspondent’s holiday suit. Addison. COURT’— YARD, n. Enclosed ground adjacent to a house. Mead. COUS-COUS', n. An African food, composed of the flour of millet, with flesh and the bark of the Adansonia ; — called also by the negroes, lalo. Craig. COUS-COU-SdU', n. A preparation of food in Barbary. — See Couscous. Th. Campbell. COU§'IN (kuz'zn), n. [L. consanguineus, of the same blood ; con, with, and sanguinis, blood ; Belg .kosun; It. cugino ; Nor. Fr. couson; Fr. cousin .] 1. Any one collaterally related to another more remotely than a brother or a sister ; — for- merly applied to any kinsman or blood-relation. Tybalt, my cousin'. O, my brother’s child! Shak. HSf- Cousin is a term of relation between the chil- dren of brothers and sisters, who in tire first genera- tion are called first cousins, or cousins-german, in tile second generation second cousins, and so on. London Ency. 2. A title given by the king of England to a nobleman. “ My gentle cousin Westmore- land.” Shak. f COU^'IN (kuz'zn), a. Allied; kindred. The words must be cousin to the deed. Chaucer. f COU§'IN-ApE, n. Kindred; kin. Chaucer. COUS'IN-EiER'MAN, n . ; pi. coiis'lNS-tyER'MAN. [Eng. cousin and L. germanus , related, as broth- er and sister ; germen, an off-shoot, a germ.] A first cousin. London Ency. COUS ' SI-NET, n. [Fr., a cushion.) (Arch.) 1. A stone on the impost of a pier designed to receive the first course of an arch. Britton. 2. That part of the Ionic capital between the abacus and the echinus. Britton. COUTE.AU (ko-to'), n. [Fr., a knife.) A sort of broadsword ; a hanger. Todd. f COUTH (koth), a. [A. S. cuth .] Known. — See Can, Could, Uncouth. Goicer. f COUTH (koth). Could; was able; — the old form of imperfect of can. — See Can, Could. Well couth he tunc his pipe and frame his style. Spenser. COUZERANITE, n. (Min.) A crystallized min- eral found at Couzeran in the Pyrenees. Dana. COVE, v. a. [L. cubo, to lie ; It. covare, to brood ; Fr. corner, to brood, to hatch.] 1. To cover, as fowls their eggs ; to sit upon. During the time that the fowls do lay, core, and hatch their eggs. Holland's Pliny. 2. (Arch.) To arch over; to form with an arch. The mosques and other buildings of the Arabians are rounded into domes and coved roofs. Sivinburne. COVE, n. [Goth. St Icel. kofe ; A. S. cof a cave, an inner room.— It. coto.] 1. A small creek or bay; an inlet. “We hauled our ship into a small . . . cove.” Dumpier. 2. A shelter ; a cover ; a nook. Johnson. 3. (Arch.) Th* concavity of an arch or ceil- . ing : — any kind of concave moulding. Weale. t COV'E-NA-BLE, a. [Fr . convenable.) Fit; suit- able ; proper. " Wickliffe. f COV'E-NA-BLY (kuv'e-n?-ble), ad. Fitly ; suit- ably ; properly. Chaucer. COV'E-NANT (kuv'e-n5nt), n. [L. convenio, to agree ; Fr. convenant.] 1. A solemn agreement ; a contract ; a stipu- lation ; a bargain. He makes a covenant never to destroy The earth again by flood. Milton. 2. A writing containing the terms of an agree- ment. Let there be covenants drawn between us. Shak. 3. (Laic.) A mutual promise in writing, sealed and executed, between two or more persons, to do or forbear doing a specific act or specific acts ; a promise by deed. Burrill. 4. (Eccl. Hist.) A bond of union adopted by the Scotch Presbyterians in 1638, styled the “ Solemn League and Covenant.” Brande. 5. ( Thcol.) The promise of God to man that he shall receive certain temporal or spiritual blessings upon certain conditions, or upon the performance of the duties pointed out in the Old and New Testaments. Brande. Syn.— See Agreement. COV'E-NANT, v. n. [i. covenanted ; pp. cov- enanting, covenanted.] To bargain ; to agree with another on certain terms. By words men covenant and confederate. South. Thev covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver. Matt. xxvi. 15. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long ; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; A, E, I, Q, u, Y, obscure. — fArE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; h£ir, iiert COVENANT 329 COWARDLY Cnv'5-NANT, v. a. To contract; to stipulate. According to the word that I covenanted with you. Hag. ii. 5. COV'E-NANT-BREAK'ER, n. One who violates a covenant. Milton. COV-E-NANT-EE' (130), n. (Law.) The party covenanted with. Ayliffe. COV'E-NANT-ER, n. 1. One who makes a cov- enant. Sir 1 1 ■ If otton. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of those who joined the “ Solemn League and Covenant,” in Scotland, against the High-Church party. Brande. COV'E-NANT-OR, n. (Law.) The party who makes a covenant. Burrill. COV'E-NOUS, a. Fraudulent. “ Inordinate and covenous leases.” — See Covinous. Bacon. f COV'ENT, n. [Old Fr. covent, for convent .] A convent or monastery. Bale. JG3T Covent Garden , in London, is supposed to mean a garden that belonged to a convent. Todd. COV'JJN-TRY-BLUE, n. Blue thread made at Coventry ; — used for embroidering upon white linen. “ A skein of Coventry -blue.” B. Jonson. COV'ER (kuv'er), v. a. [L. cooperio ; con, with, and operio, to cover ; It. coprire ; Sp. cubrir ; Fr. couvrir.— Slav, hover.) [i. covered ; pp. COVERING, COVERED.) 1. To lay or place one thing on or over an- other so as to protect or screen it ; to overspread with something. Bid them cover the table, and we will come in to dinner. Shak. The flaming mount appeared In Dothan, covered with a camp of tire. Milton. 2. To conceal ; to hide ; to secrete. There is nothing covered that shall not be revealed. Matt. x. 2G. 3. To shield ; to shelter ; to protect. His calm, blameless life Does with substantial blessedness abound. And the soft wings of peace cover him round. Cowley. 4. To brood on ; to sit upon. “ Whilst the hen is covering her eggs.” Addison. 5. To have something upon the head, as a hat, cap, or veil. The honor . . . was of no other advantage, to him than to be covered in the presence of that king. Dryden. If the woman be not covered , let her also be shorn. 1 Cor. xi. 6. 6 . To embrace or lie upon, as the male the female, in copulation. Johnson. 7. To comprehend ; to include ; as, “ An of- fence not covered by any statute.” 8 . (Com.) To be of equal extent with ; to be sufficient for; to equal; as, “The amount re- ceived for the goods does not cover their cost.” COV'ER (kuv'er), n. 1. That which is laid over something else ; a covering ; tegument. The ark, altar, table, and candlestick had so many several sorts of covert*. * Grew. 2. A concealment; a screen ; a veil. The truth of things may be insinuated under the cover either of a real fact or of a supposed one. L' Estrange. 3. Shelter ; protection. “ His army was un- der cover.” Clarendon. 4. The retreat of a hare or a fox. Johnson. 5. A plate set on a table to be used by per- sons in eating ; as, “ The table was laid for a hundred covers.” 6. (Slating.) The lap of a slate or a course of slates over that which is underneath. Ojilvie. Syn. — See Tegument. t COV'ER-CHIEF, n. [Fr. couvrechef.] A cov- ering for the head. — See Kerchief. Chaucer. COV'ER-CLE, n. A small lid or cover. Browne. COV'ER-CLIP, n. (Ich.) A species of fish ; the sole ; Pleuronectes solea. Bartlett. COVERED— WAY, «. (Fort.) A space about 30 feet wide around the outer edge of the main ditch and the ditch of the ravelin, affording a pro- tected communication between any two points of the inside of the glacis and places of arms ; — written also covert-way. Glos.of Mil. Terms. COV'ER-ER, n. He who, or that which, covers or protects. Todd. c 6 v'ER-ING, ». Any thing spread or laid over another for protection, concealment, or decora- tion ; a cover ; tegument. The woman spread a covering over the well’s mouth. 2 Sam. xvii. 19. Bring some covering for this naked soul. Shah. She maketh herself coverings of tapestry. Prov. xxxi. 22. I have decked my bed with coverings of tapestry. Prov. vii. 16. Syn. — See Tegument. COV'gR-LET (kuv'er-let), n. [Fr. couvnelit ; cou- vrir, to cover, and lit, a bed.] The upper cov- ering of a bed ; a counterpane. Swift. COV'ER-LID, n. Same as Coverlet. Milman. COV'IJR-SHAME, n. Something to conceal infa- my. “ Holy garments for a cover-shame." Dryden. COV'BR-SLUT, n. Something to cover or hide sluttishness. Burke. CO-VERSED'— SINE (-verst'sln), n. (Geom.) The "versed-sine of the complement of an arc or an- gle. Davies. COV'ERT (kuv'ert), n. 1. A shelter ; a defence. “ A covert from storm and rain.” Isa. xvi. 4. 2. A thicket. I shall be your faithful guide Through this gloomy covert wide. Milton. 3. ( Ornith.) pi. Small feathers on or under the wings of birds. Brande. COV'ERT (kuv'ert), a. [Fr. convert ; couvrir, to cover.] 1. Sheltered ; covered. Together let us beat this ample field; Try what the open, what the covert , yield. rope. 2. Secret ; private ; insidious ; clandestine. "Whether of open war or covert guile. Milton. 3. (Law.) Under protection, as a married woman. — See Feme-covert. Blackstone. Syn. — See Secret. COV'JJRT-bAr'ON, a. [Old Fr. covert baron, or covert de baron. — See Baron.] (Law.) Un- der the protection of a husband, as a married woman ; married. Blackstone. COV'ERT-Ly (kuv'ert-le), ad. In a covert man- ner ; secretly ; privately ; closely. f COV'JpRT-NESS, n. Secrecy ; privacy. Bailey. COV'ER-TURE, n. [Fr. couverture, a cover or covering.] 1. Shelter; defence. He saw their shame, that sought Vain covertures. Milton. 2. (Law.) The state of being covered or pro- tected ; the legal state and condition of a mar- ried woman. Burrill. c6v'JJRT-WAY, n. (Fort.) A road or space of ground on the outside of a ditch ; — written also covered-way. — See Covered-way. Harris. COV'ET (kuv'et), v. a. [Low L. convoto ; L. con, with, used intensively, and votum, a wash; Fr. convoiter .] [i. coveted ; pp. coveting, cov- eted.] 1. To desire inordinately or unreasonably ; to conceive a violent passion for ; to lust after ; to hanker after. And oft whoso coreteih all all loseth. 7f. of Gloucester. Thou shalt not covet any thing that is thy neighbor’s. Exod. xx. 17. 2. To be eagerly desirous of; to long for; — in a good sense. All things coveting, as much as may be, to be like unto God. Hooker. But covet earnestly the best gifts. 1 Cor. xii. 31. Syn. — See Desire. COV'ET (kuv'et), v. n. To have a strong desire. Which f money J while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith. 1 Tim. vi. 10. COV'ET-A-BLE (kuv'et-a-bl), a. That may be coveted, or eagerly desired. Sherwood. COV'ET-ER, n. One who covets. Foster. COV'ET-ING, n. Inordinate desire. Shak. COV'JJT-ING-LY, ad. Eagerly. B. Jonson. f COV'ET-ISE, n. Covetousness. Spenser. COV'E-TIVE-NESS, n. (Phren.) Inordinate love of property; acquisitiveness. Combe. II COV'ET-OUS [kuv'et-us, W. P. J. F. F. Ja. K. Sm. Wb. ; kuv'e-chus, S.], a. [Fr. convoiteux.] 1. Inordinately desirous ; greedy. The cruel nation covetous of prey. Dryden. 2. Eager for gain ; avaricious. The covetous person lives as if the world were made alto- gether for him, and not he for the world; to take every thing, and part with nothing. South. 3. Eagerly desirous ; — in a good sense. Sheba w r as never More covetous of wisdom and fair virtue Than this fair soul shall be. Shak. t %§=* “ In the pronunciation of this word and its compounds, Mr. Sheridan has adopted a vulgarism of which one could scarcely have suspected him ; but pronouncing cuvcchus for covetous is not only a vul- garism, but contrary to analogy.” Walker. Syn.— See Avaricious. || COV'ET-OUS-LY (kuv'et-us-le), ad. In a cov- etous manner; avariciously ; eagerly. II c 6 v'ET-OUS-NESS, ii. 1. The quality of being covetous ; avarice ; eagerness for gain. Covetousness debaseth a man’s spirit, and sinks it into the earth. Tillotson. 2. Strong desire ; — in a good sense. When workmen strive to do better than well,^^^ They do confound their skill in covetousness. tTi Shak. Syn. — See Avarice. COV'EV (kuv'e), n. [L. ctibo, to recline ; incubo, to brood; — It. covate ; Fr. couvee.] 1. A hatch or brood of birds. Johnson. 2. A number of birds together ; a flock. “ A covey of partridges.” Addison. 3. A set ; a company. Smart. COV'IN (kuv'in) [kuv'jn, IV. P. J.Ja. Sm. ; ko'vjn, JF 6 .], n. [L. conventuin, an agreement; Low L. covina ; Old Fr. covin.] (Law.) A fraudulent agreement between two or more persons to the prejudice of another. Cowell. COV'ING, n. (Arch.) 1. The exterior projection of the upper parts of a building beyond the limits of the ground-plan. Britton. 2. The vertical sides of a fireplace. Weale. COV'IN-OUS, a. [See Covin.] (Law.) Fraudu- lent ; deceitful ; dishonest. Burrill. COW, n. ; pi. COWS ; anciently, kine. 1. [A. S. cu ; Dut. i. pi. 1. Pieces of iron hooked at the end for drawing timber, stones, &c. Francis. 2. Iron instruments fastened to the shoes to assist a storming party in climbing. Smart. CRA'NAGE, n. [Low L. eranagium .] {Law.) 1. Liberty to use a crane for taking merchan- dise out of a vessel to a wharf, &c. Cowell. 2. A toll or money paid for the use of a crane in hoisting goods. Cowell. CRAn'BF.R-RY, n. A red berry, of acid taste, much used as a sauce ; — the fruit of two spe- cies of Oxgcoccus, which grow in boggy or wet meadows. The English cranberry is the Oxy- coccus palustris ; the species most commonly found in the United States is the Oxycoccus macrocarpus. London. CRAN'BER-RY— TART, n. A tart made of cran- berries. Booth. CRANC1I, v. a. See Craiinch. B. Jonson. CRANE, n. [Gr. yipavos, a species of heron, also a machine for raising weights. — A. S. eran. a kind of heron ; Dut. kraan ; Ger. krahn ; Dan. krane-, Sw. kran .] 1. (Ornith.) A bird with a straight long bill, long legs, and a long neck, belonging to the order Grallce, the family Ardeidce, and sub-fam- ily Gruince. — See Gruinas. Gray. That small infantry warred on by cranes. Milton. 2. A machine for raising or lowering heavy weights ; — so called from a fancied resemblance . between its projecting arm and the neck of a crane. Mortimer. 3. A bent pipe, or tube, for drawing li- quors out of a cask ; a siphon. Johnson. 4. A rectangular iron instrument attached by pintles to the back of a chimney ; — used for suspending pots and kettles. 5. pi. ( Naut .) Pieces of iron or timber at a vessel’s side, to stow boats or spars upon. Dana. CRANE'— FLY, n. (Ent.) An insect of the genus Tipula, having the body and legs long and slen- der ; — commonly called father-long-legs , or daddy-long-legs. Baird. CRANE'— LIKE, a. Resembling a crane. II. More. CRANE§'BILL, n. 1. (Bot.) The common name of plants of the genus Geranium ; — so called from the prolonged axis of the fruit, which re- sembles the beak of a crane. Loudon. 2. (Surg.) A pair of pincers terminating in a point. Johnson. CRAng, n. The carcass of a whale. Back. CRAN'GON, n. [Gr. upAyyri, a crayfish.] (Zo/il.) A genus of maerourous crustaceans, including the common shrimp. Brande. CRA'NI-AL, a. Relating to, or like, the cranium or skull. Dr. Morton. CRA-NI-6g'NO-MY, n. [Gr. upaviov, the skull, and yviiipn, a sign.] The doctrine that the character or the characteristics of the mind may be known by the conformation of the skull ; phrenology ; craniology. Scudamore. CRA-NI-O-LOG'I-CAL, a. Relating to craniology, or phrenology. Qu. Rev. CRA-NJ-OL'O-^IST, n. One versed in craniology ; a phrenologist. For. Qu. Rev. CRA-NI-OL’O-GY, n. [Gr. kouviov ,■ the skull, and Idyos, a discourse.] A description of the skull ; the science which teaches the art of discov- ering the characters and faculties of men from the external form of the skull ; phrenology. According to Dr. Gall, the founder of craniology. "its end is to determine the functions of the bruin in general, and of its different parts in particular, and to prove that you may recognize different dispositions and inclinations by the pro- tuberances and depressions to be lbund on the cranium.” Fleming. CRA-NI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. Koaviov, the skull, and pirpor, a measure.] An instrument for measuring skulls. Smart. CRA-NI-O-MET'RI-C AL, a. Pertaining to crani- ometry. ‘ Clarke. CRA-NI-OM'JJ-TRY, it. The art of measuring skulls. ’ Clarke. CRA-NI-OS'CO-PY, n. [Gr. spariov, the skull, and CKottlo), to view.] The inspection or examina- tion of skulls, or the science which relates to an inspection of the skull. Hamilton. CRA 'NI-l/M, n. [L., from Gr. Kpaviov.] ( Anat .) The skull, or bony case which contains the brain. Wiseman. CRANK (krSngk, 82), n. [Dut. kronkclen, to bend ; Gael, crangaid .] 1. The end of an axis bent twice at right angles, or an iron so bent attached to an axis, serving as a handle by which to turn it ; as, “ The crank of a grindstone.” 2. (Mech.) A contrivance for O^Oi rfl changing circular into alter- jj if n natc motion, or the reverse ; ( IX J'A. as, “ The crank of a saw-mill ’’ “ The crank of a steam-en- gine.” An instrument for ehanging the direction of mo- tion in a bell-wire. A metal brace or support for a lantern. 3. Any bending or winding passage. The cranks and turns of Thebes. Beau, if FI. 4. Any conceit formed by twisting or chang- ing the form or the meaning of a word; a sort of pun. Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles. Milton. Weale. CRANK, a. [Vares says of this word : “ The deri- vation is very uncertain ; in Dutch and German it means just the contrary [of what it means in English, namely], sick; and so in Scotch. Skinner conjectures that it was once onkrank, that is, un-crank , not sick, and that it after- wards lost the negative particle ; but this seems very improbable.”] 1. Full of spirit; healthy; sprightly; brisk; lively ; merry ; jolly. For I was a crank wit, a brisk young boy. More. 2. [Dut. krank, weak, sick, brittle.] (Navt.) Noting the condition of a vessel when she is in- clined, from any cause, to lean over a great deal and cannot bear much sail. Dana. CRANK, v. 71 . To turn; to run in and out; to crankle. The poor, blind hare, — How he outruns the wind, and with what care He cranks and crosses with a thousand doubles! Shak. CRANK'-BIRD, 71. (Ornith.) The name of a very small woodpecker. Booth. CRAN'KLE (ltrang'kl, 82), V. a. [i. CRANKLED; pp. crankling, CRANKLED.] To break into bends or angles ; to crinkle. Old Vaga’s stream Crankling her hanks. Philips. CRAN'KLE, v. n. [See Crinkle.] To rim in and out ; to crinkle. “ The crankling path ."Dragtoii. CRAN'KLE, 7i. A bend ; a turn ; crinkle. Jolmson. CRANK'NIJSS, n. 1. The quality of being crank; health ; vigor. Jolmson. 2. Liability to overset. Johnso7i. CRAnK'-SID-IJD, a. (Nattt.) Noting a vessel which is able to bear but little sail from liabil- ity to overset. Maunder. CRANK'Y (krSng'Ice), a. Sprightly; crank. Todd. A, E, I, O, V, Y, long; A, £, I, 6, U, V, short; A, E, I, o, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CRAZE CRANNIED CRAiy'NIED (kran'jd), a. Full of crannies or chinks'. Browne. CRAN'NY, n. [L. crena, a notch or slit ; Fr. cran.] 1. A small crack ; a cleft ; a chink ; a fissure ; a crevice ; a narrow hole. As you may see great objects through small crannies or holes, so you may see great axioms of nature through small and contemptible instances. Bacon. 2. ( Glass-blowing .) An instrument used in making the necks of glasses. Clarke. CRAN'NY, a. Pleasant ; brisk ; sprightly ; lively ; merry ; jovial. [Local, Eng.] Wtlbraham. CRAN'O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. soar ion, the skull, and liavTitu, divination.] Divination by the crani- um. - Dumglison. CRAN-TA'RA, n. [Gael, crcan tariff h, the cross of shame ; — so named because disobedience to what the symbol implied was considered infa- mous.] The fiery cross, which was the rallying symbol in the Highlands of Scotland, on any sudden emergency. Ogilvie. CRANTS, n. pi. [Ger. kranz, a garland ; Dut. krans. ] Garlands carried before the bier of a maiden, and hung over her grave. Shak. Yet here she is allowed her virgin crants. Shak. CRAP, n. Darnel : — buckwheat. [Local, in both senses.] Farm. Ency. CRAp'AU-DINE, n. [Fr. crapaudineJ] An ulcer, or a tread, on the coronet of a horse. Bailey. CRAp'AU-DINE, a. Noting a door which turns on pivots at the top and bottom. Buchanan. CRAPE, n. [L. crispus, crisped ; It. crespa, a wrinkle; Fr .crepe-, creper, to crisp, to frizzle; Dut. krip ; Ger. krepp.] A kind of gauze made of raw silk woven without crossing, and stiffened with gum-water; — when dyed black, much worn by ladies as a mourning dress. XJre. CRAPE, v. a. To form into ringlets; to curl, as the hair. Clarke. f CRAP'PLE (krap'pl), n. [Ger. krappcln.] A claw. — See Grapple. Spenser. CRAP'NEL, n. ( Naut .) A hook or drag to draw up any thing; grapnel. — See Grapnel. Ash. CRAP ' II- I.A, n. [L., from Gr. KpamAl.ri, drunken- ness, debauch.] A surfeit ; crapulence. Cotton. f CRAP'ULE, n. A surfeit ; crapula. II. More. CRAP'U-LENCE, n. Surfeit; sickness by intem- perance. [r.] Bailey. CRAp'U-LENT, a. [L. crapulentus, dead-drunk.] Surfeited ; oppressed with surfeit : — drunk ; crapulous, [r.] Blount. CRAP'U-LOUS, a. [L. crapulosus , given to drunk- enness ; Fr. crapuleux.\ Drunken ; intemper- ate ; surfeited ; crapulent, [u.] For. Qu. Rev. f CrAre, n. [Old Fr. crater.] A small, slow- sailing sea-vessel ; a cray. Shak. CRA§E. See Craze. Todd. CRASH, v. 11 . [Fr . ecrascr, to crush. — “ It ap- pears to be the same word as crush, though usu- ally applied to the sound caused by the act of crushing.” Richardson. — Goth, kriustan.] [i. crashed; pp. crashing, crashed.] To make a sudden, loud noise, as of many things falling or breaking at once ; to fall with noise. Mountainous in bulk. They roll to Delphi with a crashing sound. Glover. f CRASH, v. a. To break or bruise ; to crush. Sinks the full pride her ample walls enclosed, In one wild havoc crashed. Mallet. CRASH, n. 1. A sudden, loud noise, as of many things breaking or falling at once. “ With a hid- eous crash.” Shak. “The crash of worlds. "Pope. 2. A coarse kind of linen cloth ; — mostly used for towels. Clarice. CRASH'ING, n. A noise, as of many things breaking or falling at once ; a crash. Zeph. i. 10. CRJi 'SIS, n. [Gr. spams, a close union ; Kepavrtiyt, to blend together.] 1. (Med.) A mixture of the constituents of a fluid, as of the blood, humors, &c. : — ap- plied also, in a more general sense, as synony- mous with constitution. Dunglison. 2. (Gram.) A contraction of two vowels, 000 OOO which form separate syllables, into one, as in di, for dii ; synaeresis. Andrews. f CRASS,, a. [L. crassus.] Gross ; thick ; coarse. “ Somewhat crass and corpulent.” Hall. CRAS'SA-MENT, n. [L. crassamentum .] A clot, as of blood ; crassamentum. Clarke. CRAS-SA-JUEJV' TUM, n. [L.] (Chon.) The thick part of any fluid ; — particularly the clot of the blood, as distinct from the serum. Dunglison. CRAs'SI-MENT, n. A clot ; crassament. Smith. CRAS'SI-TUDE, n. [L. crassitudo ; Sp. crasitud .] Grossness ; coarseness ; thickness. Bacon. tCRAss'NJgSS, n. Grossness. Glanville. + CRAS-T{-NA'TION, n. [L. crastinus, pertain- ing to to-morrow; eras, to-morrow.] A putting oft till to-morrow ; procrastination. Bailey. CRA-TJE'GUS,n. [Gr. Knaraiyo;.] (Bot.) A ge- nus of small, ornamental, hardy trees, esteemed for their neat foliage, the earliness of their flowers in spring, and the rich colors of their berries in autumn ; the hawthorn. Loudon. CRATCH, n. [Fr. creche.] A frame or rack in which hay is put for cattle ; a manger ; a crib. She bare her first-born son, and laid him in a cratch. Luke ii. 7. Wicklijfe's Trans. t CRATCH, v. a. To scratch. Iluloet. CRATCH'— CRA'DLE, n. A figure of the cratch made by a string stretched between the fingers of both hands for the amusement of children ; — written also scratch-cradle. Clarke. CRAtcH'?§, n. pi. [Ger. krdtze, the itch, mange.] (Farriery.) A swelling on the pastern under the fetlock, and sometimes under the hoof of a horse. Craig. CRATE, n. [L. crates .] A wicker pannier, or a sort of basket or hamper; — used especially for crockery ware. I have seen a horse carrying home the harvest on a crate. Johnson. CRA'TpR, n. [L., from Gr. Kparfip.] 1. (Antiq.) A vessel for holding mixed wine and water ; a bowl. IVm. Smith. 2. The mouth or circular cavity at the sum- mit of a volcano. 3. (Astron.) An ancient southern constella- tion ; the Cup. Hind. CRA-TER'J-FORM, a. [L. crater, crateris, a bowl, and forma, form.] Shaped like a bowl or a gob- let ; goblet-shaped. P. Cyc. CRAUNCH (krincli), v. a. [Dut. schrantsen .] [t. CRAUNCHED; pp. CRAYNCHINO, CRAYNCIIED.] To crush with the teeth ; to chew with violence and noise ; to crunch. She would craunch the wings of a lark, bones and all. be- tween her teeth. Swift. CRA-VAt', n. [ Menage derives cravat from the Croats, a sort of German troops, usually called Cravates, by whom, he says, this ornament, in 1636, was introduced into France. — Hire says from Goth, craw, the neck, and wad, cloth. — It. cra.vatta-, Sp. corbata\ Fr. cravate.) A piece of silk or other cloth worn by men about the neck ; a neckcloth. Which others for cravats have worn About their necks. Iludibras. CRAVE, v. a. [A. S. crafian ; Dan. krreve.] \i. CRAVED ; pp. CRAVING, CRAVED.] 1. To ask earnestly, submissively, or with importunity ; to entreat ; to beseech ; to beg. Humbly on my knee I crave your blessing. Shak. 2. To desire strongly ; to long for; to hanker after; as, “ To crave food.” Syn. — See Ask. CRA'VEN (kra'vn), n. [A. S. crafian, to crave. “ One who has craved or craven his life from his antagonist.” Tookc .] 1. A judicial term in the ancient trial by bat- tle, used by the party who was defeated, or gave up the contest ; a recreant ; a coward ; a das- tard ; a poltroon. Craven is one who has craved or craven his life at the enemy’s hands, instead of resisting to the death. Trench. Is it fit this soldier keep his oath? He is a craven and a villain else. Shak. 2. A cock conquered and dispirited. No cock of mine; you crow too like n craven. Shak. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, RULE. — (J, £, g, soft ; G, G, £, g, CRA'VEN (kra'vn), a. 1. Cowardly; base. Shak. 2. (Geog.) Noting the dialect spoken in the deanery of Craven in the West Hiding of York- shire. Bosworth. f CRA'VEN (kra'vn), v. a. To make recreant, or cowardly. Shak. CRAV'ER, n. One who craves. Sherwood. CRAV'JNG, n. 1. The act of asking with earnest- ness. 2. Unreasonable or strong desire. CRAv'ING, p. a. 1. Asking earnestly ; begging; beseeching. 2. Desiring earnestly or unreasonably ; long- ing for. “ A craving appetite.” Arbuthnot. CRA V'ING-NESS, n. The state of having an un- reasonable or strong desire ; craving. Todd. CRAw, n. [Dan. kroe .] The crop or first stom- ach of birds. “ The crop, or craw.” Ray. CRAW'FISH, n. [Fr. terevisse.] (ZoGl.) A fresh- water crustacean cf the genus Astacus, found in Europe, the north of Asia, and in North Amer- ica ; the river lobster. Agassiz. & g= “ Our crayfish or crawfish is said, by some of our philologers, to be the French icrevisse, and no doubt rightly ; but still the matter is not self-evident. Trace, however, the word through these successive spellings, krevys (Lydgate), crevish (Gascoigne), crui- fish (Holland), and the chasm between crayfish, or crawfish, and ecrevisse is by the aid of these three in- termediate spellings bridged over.” Trench. CRAWL, v. n. [Dut. krielen .] \i. crawled ; pp. CRAWLING, CRAWLED.] 1. To move upon the belly, as a worm ; to creep. “That crawling insect.” Dryden. 2. To move, as a child on the hands and knees ; to move weakly, slowly, or timorously. “Every child who can crawl.” Swift. He was hardly able to crawl about the room. Arbuthnot. 3. To move stealthily or clandestinely ; to in- sinuate one’s self ; to practise servility. Cranmer. Hath crawled into the favor of the king. Shak. 4. To have a sensation as of an insect creep- ing upon the skin. Boag. CRAWL, n. Slow motion, as of an insect that creeps. Clarke. CRAWL, n. [Sp. corral, a yard, a fish-pond.] 1. A pen or enclosure of hurdles for fish or for turtles. Clarke. 2. The well in a boat. Johnson. CRAwl'IJR, n. He who, or that which, crawls ; a creeper. CRAx, n. [Gr. /cpd|a), to croak.] (Ornith.) A genus of large gallinaceous birds, found in Mex- ico and South America; the curassow. — See Cracinje, and Curassow. Van Der Hoeven. f CRAY, or CRAy'IJR, n. [Old Fr. crater.] A small sea-vessel ; — written also crare. Shak. CRAy'FISH, n. See Crawfish. Floyer. CRAY'ON (kra'un), n. [Fr., from crate, chalk.] 1. A piece or cylinder of soft clay or other mineral matter, white or colored variously; — used for drawing on paper. Fairholt. 2. A little wooden rod with a slender slip of some substance prepared for drawing, embed- ded in the centre of it ; a pencil. 3. A drawing or design done with a crayon, or pencil. Johnson. CRAY'ON, a. Noting a drawing done with a crayon ; drawn by a pencil, or crayon. Jodrell. CRAY'ON, v. a. [Fr. crayonner .] To sketch or design, as with a crayon. Burke. CRAY'ON— pAINT'ING, n. The act, or the art, of drawing with crayons. Ogilvie. CRAZE, v. a. [Fr. ecraser, to crush.] [?'. crazed ; pp. CRAZING, CRAZED.] 1. To break ; to crush ; to crack. “ The pot was crazed.” Chaucer. Then through the fierv pillar and the cloud God, looking forth, will trouble all his host, And craze their chariot wheels. Milton. 2. To grind ; to comminute ; to pulverize. “ The tin ore passeth to the crazing m\W.” Carcw. 3. To impair in intellect ; to make insane. Every sinner docs more extravagant things than any man can do that is crazed and out of his wits, only with this sad difference, that he knows better wlmt he docs. Tillotsun. hard ; § as z; $ as gz. — THIS, this. CRAZE 334 CREDIBLENESS CRAZE, n. Insanity ; craziness, [it.] The whole affair was composed of three nearly equal parts; popular discontent, government exaggeration, and public craze. Lord Cockburn. CRAZED (krazd), p. a. Made insane ; impaired in intellect ; crazy. “ Kate is crazed.” Cowper. CRA'ZpD-NESS, n. The state of being crazed, [it.] “ The crazedness of their minds.” Hooker. CRAZE— MILL, ) n \ crushing-mill ; a mill CRAZ'jNG— MILL, ) resembling a"grist-mill ; — used for grinding tin. Clarke. CRA'ZI-LY, acl. In a crazy manner. Bailey. CRA'ZI-NESS, n. 1. The state of being crazed, or broken ; the state of being impaired, weak- ened, or shattered. Nor will I speak now of the craziness of her title to many of them [places]. Howell. There is no craziness we feel that is not a record of God’s having been offended by our nature. \V. Mountagu. 2. Disorder of mind; weakness of intellect; insanity. Johnson. Syn. — See Insanity. CRA'ZING, n. (Pottery.) A term which denotes the cracking of the glaze upon articles of delft and porcelain. Francis. CR.A'ZY, a. [Fr. ecrase, crushed, crazed. — See Craze.] 1. Broken ; decrepit ; weak ; feeble ; out of order. We will bestow you in some better place. Fitter for sickness and for crazy age. Slink. Physic can but mend our crazy state. Patch an old building, not a new create. Dryden. 2. Disordered in mind, or intellect ; insane ; distracted. “ Crazy brains.” Iludibras. t CRE'A-BLE, a. That may be created. Watts. t CREAGHT (krat), n. [Ir.] Herds of cattle. Davies. t CREAGHT (krat), v. n. To graze. Davies. CREAK, v. n. [Dut. kricken ; Old Fr. criquer. — “All from the sound.” Richardson .] ft. CREAKED ; pp. CREAKING, CREAKED.] To make a harsh, grating noise, or sound. “ Creak- ing hinges.” “ Creaking locusts.” Dryden. CREAK, v. a. To cause to make a harsh noise. Creaking my shoes on the plain masonry. Shak. CREAK, n. A harsh noise ; a creaking. Roget. CREAK'ING, n. A harsh, grating sound, or noise. “ The creaking of shoes.” Shak. CREAM, n. [L .cremor\ Sp. crema ; Fr. creme ; Goth, kreima ; A. S. ream ; Dut. room ; Ger. rghm.] 1. The yellowish, unctuous, or oily substance which collects on the surface of milk when it is cooled and left at rest ; that part of milk which is converted into butter by agitation, or churning. I am as vigilant as a cat to steal cream. Shak. 2. The best part of any thing ; the choice part. "Welcome, O flower and cream of knights-errant. Shelton's Von Quixote. Cream of lime, the pellicle of carbonate of lime which collects on the surface of lime water when it is exposed to the air. — Cream of tartar, (Com.) the purified bi-tartrate of potash ; — a salt prepared from the lees of wine by dissolving and rccrystallizing them, and so called because the crystals are first formed upon the surface, and are there the whitest. Ure. CREAM, V. n. [i. CREAMED ; pp. CREAMING, creamed.] To be covered with something on the surface, as milk with cream. Shak. There are a sort of men whose visages Do cream and mantle like a standing pool. Shak. CREAM, v. a. 1. To skim the cream from. “ Creamed milk.” Wodroephe, 1623. 2. To take the best part of. Such a man, truly wise, creams off nature, leaving the sour and the dregs for philosophy and reason to lap up. Swift. CREAM'— BOWL, n. A bowl for cream. B.Jonson. CREAM’— CHEESE, 71. Cheese made partly of cream. Ash. CREAM'— 1 COL-ORED (-urd), a. Resembling the color of cream ; pale-yellow. Goldsmith. CREAM'— FACED (-fast), a. Pale from coward- ice ; cowardly. “ Cream-faced loon.” Shak. CI!E A M'— FRUIT, n. ( Bot .) 1. An eatable fruit found at Sierra Leone. P. Cyc. 2. A plant ; Boupcllia grata ; — so called from the cream-like juice of its fruit. Loudon. CREAM'— NUT, n. The fruit of the Berthollctia excclsa ; the Brazil-nut. Clarke. CREAM'— PITCH- pR, n. A vessel for cream. CREAM'— POT, n. A pot for cream. Child. CREAM'— SLICE, n. A sort of wooden knife, twelve or fourteen inches long. Farm. Ency. CREAM'Y, a. 1. Full of cream, or containing cream. “ Creamy bowls.” Collins. 2. Having the nature of cream ; like cream. Your creamy words but cozen. Beau. Sf FI. CRE'ANCE, n. [Fr.] (Falconry.) A fine, small line, fastened to a hawk’s leash when she is first lured. Johnson. CREASE (kres), n. [Ger. krausen, to lay in folds. — “In the old chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, creysede occurs in the sense of crossed ; whence Hearne conjectures our creased to be derived.” Todd. — Skinner, with whom Johnson agrees, refers it to the L .creta, chalk. — “ Mr. Hearne’s etymology appears the more rational.” Rich- ardson .] A mark made as by doubling or fold- ing paper, cloth, or any thing. Swift. CREASE (kres), v. a. [i. creased ; pp. CREAS- ING, creased.] To mark as by doubling. Creased like dog’s-cars in a folio. Gray. CRE'A-SOTE, n. See Creosote. Ogilvie. CRE'AT, n. [Fr.] (Man.) An usher to a riding master. Crabb. CRE-AT'A-BLEj a. That may be created ; capa- ble of being created. For. Qu. Rev. CRJJ-ATE', v. a. [Sans, kri ; L. creo, creatus ; It. creare ; Fr. over.] [ i . created; pp. creat- ing, CREATED.] 1. To cause to exist by the force of original power, or by the agency of deputed power ; to bring into being ; to originate. In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Gen. i. 1. Have we not all one Father? Hath not .one God created us? Mai. ii. 10. 2. To be the occasion of ; to produce ; to cause. Long abstinence is troublesome by the uneasiness it ci'e- ates in the stomach. Arbuthnot. 3. To invest with any new character ; to make. Richard, I will create thcc Duke of Glostcr. Shak. Syn. — See Make. fCRf-ATE', a. Begotten; created. Shak. CRf.-AT'pD, p. a. Formed by creation ; caused to exist ; made ; produced. CRE'A-TINE, n. [Gr. speas, Kpitog, flesh.] (Chem.) A crystallizable substance, obtained from mus- cular fibre. Hoblyn. CRJJ-A'TION (kre-a'shun), n. [L. creatio ; It. creazione ; Sp. creacion ; Fr. creation.’] 1. The act of creating, or causing to exist. 2. The act of investing with a new character. “ The creation of peers.” Johnson. 3. That which is created ; the thing created. Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation? Shak. 4. The aggregate of created things ; the uni- verse. When man was first formed, creation was his book, and God his preceptor. Bp. Borne. CRJE-A'TION-AL, a. Pertaining to creation. Craig. CRp-A'TIVE, a. That can, or does, create. “Cre- ative power.” Addison. CRIJ-A'TIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being creative ; the power of creating. Coleridge. CRp-A'TOR, n. [L.] One who creates ; a maker ; — distinctively, the Supreme Being, who be- stows existence. Open, ye heavens, your living doors; let in The great Creator , from his work returned. Milton. CRp-A'TOR-SHIP, n. State of a creator. Clarke. CRg-A'TRpSS, n. She who creates, produces, or makes any thing, [r.] Spenser. CREAT'IJR-AL (kret'yur-al), a. Relating to, or having the qualities of, a creature. More. II CREAT'URE (kret'yur, 24) [kre'chur, W.J. ; kre'- chur, S . ; kre'lur, E. F. Ja . ; kre'tynr, K. ; kre'- tur, colloquially kret'shor, Sm.], n. [L. creatus, created ; Low L. crcatura.— Gael, cr cut air.] 1. A being, animate or inanimate, created by original power ; a created being. God’s first creature was light. Bacon. Creatures vile as cats and dogs. Shak. 2. A general term for man ; a person. Yet crime in her could never creature find. Spenser. 3. A term of contempt or of tenderness, ac- cording to the sense of the adjective joined with it. “Guilty creatures.” “Sweet crea- ture.” Shak. “ Poor creature.” Johnson. 4. One who owes his elevation or fortune to another ; a dependant. “ The duke’s creat- ure.” Clarendon. f CREAT'URE-LESS, a. Unaccompanied by any creature ; alone. God was alone And creatureless at first. Dottne. II CREAT'URE-LY (kret'yur-le), a. Having the qualities of a creature. Cheyne. fCREAT'URE-SHlP, n. The state of being a creature. Dr. Cave. f CREAT'UR-IZE, v. a. To render of the nature of a creature, or created being. Consanguinity . . . would rather degrade and ereaturizc tlidt mundane soul. Cudworth. CREAZE, n. (Mining.) The tin in the middle part of the huddle, or washing-pit. Weale. GRE-BRI-COS'TATE, a. [L. creber, close, and costa, a rib.] (Conch.) Marked with closely set ribs, or ridges. Craig. CRE-BRI-SUL'CATE, a. [L. creber, close, and sulcus, a furrow.] (Conch.) Marked with close- ly set transverse furrows. Craig. f CREB'RI-TUDE, n. [L. crebritudo ; creber, fre- quent.] Frequency. Bailey. f CRE'BROUS, a. Frequent. Goodwin. CRE'D^NCE, n. [L. credo, credens, to believe ; It. crcdcnza . ; Sp .crecncia; Fr .credence.] 1. Reliance upon the testimony of another, or of others ; belief ; credit. The ground of credence was the same in both: namely, that the doctrines they taught were worthy of God. Warhurton. 2. That which gives a claim to credit. “ Let- ters of credence." Hayward. 3. (Eccl.) A small table or shelf in a church at the side of the altar, on which the bread and wine to be used in the eucharist are placed ; prothesis. Hook. f CIIE'DpNCE, v. a. To believe. Skelton. CRF.-DEJY' DUM, n. ; pi. credenda. [L.] Thing to be believed; an article of faith. South. CRE'DgNT, a. 1. Believing ; easy of belief; cred- ulous. “ With too credent ear.” [r.] Shak. 2. Not to be questioned; deserving credit. My authority bears a credent bulk. Shak. CRIJ-DEN'TIAL (kre-den'sh?]), a. Giving a title to credit. “ Credential letters.” Camden. CRg-DEN'TIAL, n. 1. That which gives a title to credit ; the warrant upon which belief or au- thority is claimed. “Reason our best creden- tial." Buckinghamshire. 2. pi. Writings, testimonials, or letters, show- ing that one is entitled to credit, or is clothed with authority ; — particularly the letters given to an ambassador or other public officer. CRED-I-BlL'l-TY, n. [It. credibilita ; Sp. credi- bilidad ; Fr. credibility.] The quality of being credible or worthy of belief ; credibleness. “The credibility of the Gospel History.” Lardner. CRED'I-BLE, a. [L. credibilis ; It. credibile ; Sp. creible.] That may be believed ; worthy of credit or belief ; trustworthy. A tale written in the Bible, "Which must needs be credible. Gower. Upon the testimony of credible persons, I am free from doubt. Tillotson. Syn. — That which may he reasonably believed is credible ; that which is likely to happen is probable. Conformity to the habits of assertion constitutes cred- ibility; conformity to the habits of observation, or to the course of nature, probability. CRED'I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being cred- ible ; credibility ; just claim to belief. “ The credibleness of these narratives.” Boyle. A, E, I, 6 , U, Y, long ; A, E, !, 6 , U, Y, short; A, $, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CREDIBLY CREPITATE 335 CRED'I-BLY, ad. In a credible manner. CRED'IT, n. [L. creditum, trust ; It. § Sp. crc- dito ; Fr. credit. ] 1. Reliance upon testimony; belief; faith. “I may give credit to reports.” Addison. AVhat though no credit doubting wits may give? The fair and innocent shall still believe. Pope. 2. That which procures belief, or inspires confidence ; authoritative testimony. We are contented to take this upon your credit. Hooker. 3. Good repute ; esteem ; estimation. Yes, while I live no rich or noble knave Shall walk the world in credit to his grave. Pope. 4. That which contributes to good repute, esteem, or reputation ; honor. I published because I was told I might please such as it was a credit to please. Pope. 5. Influence of a reputable name or character. They desired him to use his credit that a treaty might be entered into. Clarendon. 6. (Com.) The selling of goods, or the trans- fer of property, in exchange for a written or implied promise of payment at a future time ; as, “ To do business on credit” ;“ To grant a long or a short credit.” A reputation for pe- cuniary worth and responsibility which entitles a person or persons to be trusted ; as, “ The credit of a merchant or of a mercantile house.” 7. ( Book-keeping .) That side of a personal account on which every thing is entered that answers as an offset to a debt ; as, “To carry money, goods, or notes to the credit of A. B.” That which is entered in an account as an offset to a debt, or for which the party in whose favor the entry is made becomes the creditor of another; as, “ The credits exceed the debits.” That side of accounts not personal which re- cords the items of money, goods, notes, &c.,for which something equivalent has been received ; as, “To carry notes paid to the credit of cash.” Syn.— See Belief, Name. CRED'IT, v. a. [L. credo, creditus, to believe ; It. credere-, Sp. creer ; Fr. croire, crediter. ] [i. CREDITED ; pp. CREDITING, CREDITED.] 1. To believe ; to rely upon, as trustworthy ; to confide in as true. If the gospel nnd the apostles may bo credited , no man can be a Christian without charity. Locke. 2. To do honor or credit to. May here her monument stand so, To credit this rude age. Waller. 3. To give a credit to ; to admit as a debtor ; to trust. Johnson. 4. To place to the credit side of an account ; as, “ To credit goods purchased to the account of ‘Cash,’ or of ‘Notes Payable.’” 5. To carry or place to the credit of; as, “To credit a person for money received on account.” CRED'IT-A-BLE, a. 1. fThnt maybe believed; credible. “ Creditable witnesses.” Ludlow. 2. Worthy of approbation; reputable; hon- orable ; estimable. “ A creditable way of liv- ing.” Arbuthnot. CRED'IT-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being creditable. Decay of Piety. CRED’IT-A-BLY, ad. Reputably. CRED'IT-OR, n. [L.] 1. fOne who credits or believes. The easy creditors of novelties. Daniel. 2. One to whom a debt is owed ; opposed to debtor. Creditors have better memories than debtors; and ci'edit- ors are a superstitious sect, great observers of set days and times. Franklin. CRED'J-TRIX, n. [L.] She to whom a debt is owed, [u.] Sherwood. CRE-DU'LT-TY, n. [L. credulitas ; It . credulith \ Sp. credulidad ; Fr. credulity The quality of being credulous ; easiness of belief ; readiness to believe without sufficient evidence. To believe in Christianity, without knowing why we be- lieve it, is not Christian faith, but blind credulity. Wliately. The only wav to avoid credulity and incredulity — the two necessarily easily going together — is to listen to and yield to the best evidence, and to believe and disbelieve on good grounds. Whately. Syn. — See Superstition. CRED U-LOUS (kred'u-lus), a. [L. credulus ; It. ‘Si.Sp. credulo ; Fr. credule.] Apt to believe without sufficient evidence ; too easy of belief ; of weak mind; easily imposed upon; unsus- pecting. My medicine, work I Thus credulous fools are caught. Shak. CRED'U-LOUS-LY, ad. In a credulous manner. CRED'U-LOUS-NESS, n. The quality^ of being credulous; credulity. SirE.Sandys. CREED, n. [L .credo, to believe; It., Sp., Sj Fr. credo.— A.. S. credit. — Gael, croud ; M. crcd.] “ As the first word, credo, I believe, giveth a denomination to the whole confession of faith (the Apostles’ Creed), from thence commonly called the Creed.” Pearson.'] 1. A summary of Christian belief, or of the articles of faith. “The larger and fuller view . . . set down in the creeds of the church.” Hammond. 2. Any profession of that which is believed ; a statement of the articles of belief; as, “ The creeds of political parties.” Syn. — See Belief. CREED'— mAK-ER, n. One who forms a creed. CREEK!, v. n. To creak. — See Creak. Shak. CREEK, n. 1. [A. S. crecca ; Dut. kreek.— Fr. crique.] A small inlet of the sea or of a river ; a bay ; a cove. Milton. When the master returned, he reported that there was no passage into the lake by the creek, which was fifty fathoms wide at the entrance; that the bottom was everywhere rocky, and the sides bounded by a wall of coral rocks. Cook's Voy. 2. A small river; a rivulet. Lesser streams and rivulets are denominated creeks. Goldsmith's Geography. PSp Creek is often so used in the Middle, Southern, and Western States; but it is rarely so used in England. 3. [Ger. kricchen, to creep.] First appear- ance of light in the morning ; dawn. “ He waked at creek of day.” Turberville. CREEK'ING, p. a. See Creaking. CREEK'Y, a. Full of creeks ; winding. Spenser. CREEL, or CREIL, n. A kind of basket, such as is used by anglers. Brande. CREEP, v. n. [A. S. creopan ; Dut. kruipen ; Sw. krypa ; Dan. krybe.] [ i . crept ; pp. creep- ing, crept.] 1. To move as a worm, insect, or reptile ; to crawl. “ Creeping like snail.” Shak. Ye that walk The earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep. Hilton. 2. To grow along the ground, or on supports, as vines or plants. And creeping vines on arbors weaved around. Dryden. 3. To move slowly or by insensible degrees. “ The creeping hours of time.” Shak. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow Creeps in this petty pace from day to day. Shak. 4. To move timorously, or secretly. We here took a little boat, to creep along the sea-shore as far as Genoa. Addison. It is night, wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep forth. Ps. civ. 20. 5. To behave with servility; to proceed in a fawning manner. To come os humbly as they used to creep To holy altars. Shak. 6. To steal in ; to come without being noticed. “ The sophistry which c)-eeps into most of the books of argument.” Locke. CREEP'IJR, n. [A. S. creopcre ; Dut. kruiper: ] 1. Fie who, or that which, creeps. 2. ( Ent .) A kind of insect. The fishers see a number of these skippers and ereepb-s settled thick about their baits. Holland. 3. (Ornith.) A small, climbing bird of the family Certhidce and sub-family Certhince. Gray. KPy- The true creepers ( Certlmur) are, for the most part, adapted to live upon trees and to feed upon in- sects which infest the bark. Baird. 4. (Bot.) A plant that grows on a support, or creeps along the ground. Gray. Winders or creepers , as ivy, briony, and woodbine. Bacon. 5. ( Naut .) An iron instrument, with four claws ; — used for dragging the bottom of a har- bor or river to find any thing lost. Dana. 6. An iron used to slide along the grate in kitchens. Bailey. 7. A kind of galoche, or low patten or clog worn by women. Bailey. 8. (Arch.) pi. Leaves or bunches of foliage on the angles of spires, pinnacles, &c., in Goth- ic buildings ; crockets. Francis. CREEP'-HOLE, n. 1. A hole to hide in. 2. A subterfuge ; an excuse. Johnson. CREEP'ING, p. a. 1. Moving along the ground ; extending horizontally ; crawling. Hamilton. 2. (Bot.) Growing flat on, or beneath, the ground, and rooting. Gray. CREEP'ING— CROW 'FOOT (-fut), n. (Bot.) A species of Ranunculus. Booth. CREEP'ING-LY, ad. Slowly ; in a creepingmanner. f CREE'PLE, n. A lame person ; a cripple. Donne. CREESE, n. A kind of dagger used by the Ma- lays. Maunder. CRE-MAS'TfR, n. £Gr. Kpeyaort/p ; Kps/iaio, to sus- pend.] (Anat.) The muscle by which the tes- ticles are drawn up. Dunglison. f CRIJ-MA'TION, n. [L .crematio-, cremo,crema- tus, to burn.] The act of burning. Browne. CRIJ-MO'NA, n. (Mus.) A superior kind of vio- lin ; — so named from Cremona, where it was made. Brande. CRE ’MOR, n. [L., cream.] A soft liquor resem- bling cream. “ Chyle, or cremoA” Ray. CREM'O-^IN, n. See Crimson. Todd. CREM§, n. See Krems. CRE'NATE, a. (Bot.) Having rounded notches at the edges, as a leaf ; cren- elled. Loudon. CRE'NAT-ED, a. [L. crena, a notch.] Notched; indented. Woodward. CREN'A-TURE, n. The state of being notched; a notching. Loudon. CREN'pL-LATE, v. a. [L. crena , a notch ; Fr. creneler, to indent, to notch.] To form with crenelles, or loop-holes, as a breastwork. Glos. of Mil. Terms. CREN'IJL-LAT-ED, p. a. (Arch.) Noting a kind of indented moulding, used in Norman buildings. Francis. CREN-EL-LA'TION, n. The act of forming, or the state of having, crenelles. Britton. CR^-NELLE', n. A loop-hole or opening in par- apets, &c., for archers to shoot through. Britton. CREN'JILLED (kren'eld), a. (Bot.) Having round- ed notches at the edges. P. Cyc. CRE'NIC, a. [Gr. /c/n/i'b, a well or spring.] (Chem.) Noting a brown acid discovered by Berzelius in certain mineral waters. Ogilvie. CREN'KLE, n. (Naut.) Same as Cringle. Crabb. CREN'IT-LATE, a. (Bot.) Toothed with fine rounded teeth. Loudon. CREN'U-LAT-^D, a. Same as Crenulate. Craig. CRE'OLE, n. [It. creolo ; Sp. criollo ; Fr. creole.] A native of Spanish America or the West In- dies, born of European parents, or descended from European ancestors, as distinguished from a resident inhabitant bom in Europe, as well as from the offspring of mixed blood, as the mu- latto, born of a negro mother, and the mestizo, bom of an Indian mother. P. Cyc. “ The Spanish and Portuguese apply the term to the blacks born in their colonies, never to whites.” Notes Sf Queries. p fg=- “ The word creole means a native of a West India colony, whether he be black, white, or of the colored population.” Carmichael. CR]j]-0'LI-AN, a. Belonging to, or resembling, the Creoles. Ash. CRE'O-SOTE, n. [Gr. rptos, Kp{u> c, flesh, and o6o>, or to save ; aorfip, a preserver ; Fr. creosote.] (Chem.) A colorless, oily, transparent fluid, of bitter taste, obtained from tar by distillation. It is a very powerful antiseptic ; — written also creosote and kreosote. Ure. CRE'PANCE, n. [L. crepo, crepans, to crack.] (Farriery.) A chap or scratch in a horse’s leg, given by the shoe of a hind foot striking the other hind foot, and often changing into an ulcer. Crabb. CRE'PANE, n. (Farriery.) Crepance. Far. Diet. CREP'I-TATE, v. n. [L. crepito, crepitatus ; It. MIEN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, SON; BULL, BUR, ROLE. — 9, g, soft; £, G, 5, I, hard; § ns z; % as gz. — THIS, this. CREPITATION CRIBBLE 336 crcpitare ; Fr. crepiter.] [i. crepitated ; pp. crepitating, crepitated.] To make a small, crackling noise ; to crackle. Cockeram. CREP-J-TA'TION, n. [Fr. crepitation .] 1. A small, crackling noise. Johnson. 2. (Surg.) The noise made by the friction of fractured bones when the surgeon moves them in certain directions. Dunglison. CREP 'I- 7’1/S, n. [L. crcpo, crepitus, to crack, to rattle.] 1. (Med.) A discharge of wind from the bow- els ; a fart. Dunglison. 2. The crackling noise produced by pressing a cellular membrane when it contains air. Braude. CRE'PON, n. [Fr.] A stuff made of wool, of silk, or of wool and silk, resembling crape. TJre. CREPT, i. & p. from creep. See Creep. t CRE-PUS'CLE, n. Same as Crepusccle. Ogilvie. CRE-PUS'CU-LAR, a. 1. Relating to twilight; glimmering, [r.1 Month. Rev. 2. ( Ornith . &. Ent.) Noting birds and insects that are seen on the wing late in the evening, and before sunrise. “ Certain birds and insects are called crepuscular.” Baird. f CRE-PUS'CULE, n. [L. crepusculum ; creper, dusky; It. crepuscolo ; Sp. crcpusculo ; Fr . cre- puscule.\ Twilight ; crepusculum. Bailey. f CRE-PUS'CU-LINE, a. Glimmering ; crepus- cular. Sprat. f CRE-PUS'cy-LOUS, a. Glimmering. Glanville. CRF.-PUS' CU-LUM, n. [L.] (Astron.) The time from the first dawn of morning to the rising of the sun, or between the setting of the sun and the last remains of day ; twilight. Bouvier. CRES-CEAT'DO, 7i. [It.] (Mus.) A direction to the performer to increase the volume of sound from soft to loud, marked thus [-=d]- Brande. CRES'CENT, n. [L. cresco, crescens, to increase.] 1. The moon on the increase. My power ’s a crescent, and my auguring hope Says it will come to the full. Shed:. The word is applied also to other heavenly bodies when less than one half of their disk is visible. 2. The figure of the new moon, used for the symbol of Mahometanism or of the Turkish empire. “ The empire of the Crescent.” Brande. 3. (Her.) A bearing in the form of ahalf moon. The crescent is frequently used to distinguish the coat armor of a second brother or junior family from that of the principal branch. Brande. 4. A name applied to three orders of knight- hood which used the crescent for a symbol ; the first instituted by Charles I., king of Naples and Sicily, in 1268 ; the second by Rene of Anjou, in 1448 ; and the third by the sultan Selim, in 1801. The last-mentioned order is still in existence, and is remarkable for the fact that none but Christians are eligible for admission. Brande. 5. ( Mus .) A Turkish instrument with bells or jingles ; — used in military music. Moore. CRES'CENT, a. [L. tyesco, crescens, to grow; It. crescente ; Sp. creciente ; Fr. croissant .] In- creasing ; growing ; enlarging. “ He was then of a crescent note.” ’ , , Sfhak. Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. Milton. CRES’CENT, v. a. To mark or adorn with a cres- cent, or with any thing in the form of a cres- cent. [r.] A dark wood crescents more than half the lawn. Seward. CRES'CENT- ED, p. a. Adorned with a crescent. CRES'CENT— FORMED, a. Formed like a cres- cent ; crescent-shaped. Scott. CRES'CENT— LIKE, a. Resembling a crescent. CRES'CENT-SHAPED (-Shapt), a. (Bot.) Shaped like a crescent ; lunate. Craig. CRES'CIVE, a. Increasing ; growing, [r.] Shale. CRESS,n. [A. S. c.rerse ; Dut. hers ; Ger. kresse ; It. crescione ; Fr. cresson. — Menage derives it from L. cresco, to grow. — “ Perhaps from cres- co, it being a quick grower.” Johnson .] (Bot.) The name given to various plants, with acrid or pungent leaves. Some of them are used as a salad, and others are employed in medicine. Common cress is Lepidium sativum ; water- cress, Nasturtium officinale ; Belleisle or Nor- mandy cress, Barbarea prcccox ; Indian cress, Tropatolum majus. P. Cyc. CRES-SELLE', 7i. [Fr. crecelle .] (Eccl.) An in- strument of wood, used in the Romish church, during passion-week, instead of bells. Hook. CRES'SET, n. [Fr. croisset, dim. of croix, a cross ; — because beacons had anciently crosses upon their tops. Johnson. — “ Probably Fr. creuset, a crucible or open pot which always contained the light.” Nares. — Dut. kaers, a candle.] 1. A light in an open pot or pan, set upon a beacon or a watch-tower, or carried in the hand. A burning cresset was showed out of the steeple. Jfolinshed. Vigilance, in her one hand a lamp, or cresset. B. Jonson. 2. A kitchen utensil for setting a pot over the fire. [Local.] Ogilvie. 3. (Coopering.) An iron frame used by coop- ers in heating barrels. CRES'SET— LIGHT, 71. A large light or lantern fixed on a pole. Ash. CRESS'-ROCK-ET, n. (Bot.) A Spanish crucif- erous shrub ; Vella pscudocytisus. Loudon. CREST, 7i. [L. crista-, It. crcsta ; Sp. crcston ; Fr. crete.] 1. The feathers or other ornament on the top of a helmet ; — often used for the helmet itself. His valor, shown upon our crests to-day. Hath taught us how to cherish such high deeds. Shale. 2. The comb of a cock ; a tuft. Milton. 3. Any tuft, or ornament, on the head, as that assigned by poets to serpents : — the top. Their crests dividej And, towering o’er his head, in triumph ride. Di'yden. 4. The rising part of a horse’s neck. 5. Loftiness of mien ; pride ; spirit ; courage. When horses should endure the bloody spur, They fall their crests. Shak. 6. (Her.) The ornament of a helmet. The horn ; It was a crest ere thou was born. Shak. CREST, V. a. [ i . CRESTED ; pp. CRESTING, crest- ed.] 1. To serve as a crest for ; to cover like a crest. Ilis legs bestrid the ocean; his reared arm crested the world. Shak. 2. To mark with long streaks, like the plumes of a helmet ; to adorn as with a plume or crest. Like ns the shining sky, in summer’s night, Is crested all with lines of fiery light. Spenser. CREST'ED, p. a. 1. Wearing a crest, plume, tuft, or comb. “ Crested helmets.” Milton. “ The crested bird.” Dryde7i. 2. (Bot.) Applied to some elevated appendage terminating a particular or- gan ; cristate. A stamen is crested when the filament projects beyond the anther. Loudon. CREST'ED— DIV'ER, n. (Ornith.) A large water- fowl ; Podiceps cristatus ; — so called from its having a tuft on its head. — See Podicipi- nje. Booth. CREST'FAL-LEN (krest'fid-ln),- a. 1. Dejected ; dispirited ; disheartened. Shak. 2. (Man.) Noting the condition of a horse when the crest hangs to one side. London Eticy. CREST'LESS, a. Having no crest; not dignified with coat-armor ; of ignoble birth. Shak. CREST-MA-RtNE', n. Rock-samphire. Maunder. CREST'— TILES, n. pi. (Arch.) Tiles used to cover the ridge of a roof, upon which they fit in the manner of a saddle. Weale. CRES'WELL, 7i. The broad edge or verge of the sole of a shoe. Bailey. CRE-TA'CEOUS (kre-ta'shus, 66), a. [L . crctacctis ; creta, chalk ; Fr. cretace .] Having the quali- ties of chalk ; abounding with chalk ; chalky ; as, “ Cretaceous substances.” Grew. CRE-TA'CEOUS-LY, ad. In a manner like chalk. CRE'TAN, or CRE'TIAN, a. (Geog.) Belonging to the Island of Crete, or Candia. Ash. CRE-TAT'ED, a. Rubbed with chalk, [r.] Bailey. CRETE, n. (Geog.) A native of Crete ; a Cretian. CRE'TIAN (kre'sh?n), 7i. (Geog.) Anative of Crete. CRE'TIC, a. [Gr. KpriTixis ; L. creticus.) (Pros.) Noting a kind of foot in Greek and Latin po- etry. Beck. CRE'TIC, 71. (Pros.) A foot in Greek and Latin poetry, consisting of a short syllable between two long ones. Bentley. CRE'TI-cI§M, n. Same as Cretism. Craig. CRE^TIN, 7i. [Fr.] An idiot afflicted with the goitre, often found in the Alpine valleys, in the V alais. Brande. CRE'TJN-I§M, 7i. [Fr. cretinisme.] 1. A species of idiocy with which the goitrous inhabitants of the Alpine valleys are afflicted. 2. The goitre, or a wen or swelling on the throat. Kidd. CRE TI§M, n. [Gr. xpijrurpdj ; rpr/rtfa, to behave like a Cretan, i. e. to lie.] A Cretan practice ; a falsehood. Smart. A CRE-TOSE', a. [L. c7'etosus ; creta, chalk.] Chalky ; containing chalk. Ash. CREUX (kro), 7t. [Fr., a hollow, or cavity.] (Sculp.) The reverse of relief . — To engrave en creux is to cut below the surface. Crabb. CRE-VASSE' , n. [Fr.] A gap ; an opening; a crevice ; a ravine ; a gulley ; — applied, es- pecially in the southern and western portion of the U. S., to a breach in a levee or embankment of a river. Bartlett. CREV'ET, 7i. A melting-pot used by goldsmiths; a cruset. Crabb. CREV'ICE (krev'js), 7i. [L. crepo, to crack ; Old Fr. crevis ; Fr. crevasse; Sw. krdfla; Dan. /wefts.] A fissure ; a small opening ; a crack ; a cleft ; a gap ; a chink. I pried me through the crevice of a wall. Shak. CREV'ICE, v. a. To crack ; to flaw, [r.] Wot ton. CREV'IS, 7i. [Fr . ecrevisse.] Crayfish; crawfish. [North of Eng.] Smith. CREW (kru), n. [A. S. cread, or cruth, a crew.] 1. A company of persons associated for any purpose, — in a good sense, [r.] Whose only word commanded all the crew Of Homan knights. Gascoigne. There a noble creiv Of lords and ladies stood on every side. Spenser. 2. A company of persons, — in a bad sense; a band ; a gang ; a set. He, with a creiv whom like ambition joins With him, or under him to tyrannize. Milton. 3. (Naut.) The company of sailors belonging to a ship, boat, or any vessel. The anchors dropped, his crew the vessels moor. Drydcn. Syn. — See Band. CREW (kru), i. from crow. — See Crow. CREW'EL (kru'el), 71. [Dut. klewcl.] Yarn or worsted wound on a ball. Walton. CREW'ET (kru'et), n. See Cruet. CRIB, 7i. [A. S. cryb ; Dut. k7-ib ; Ger. krippe ; Sw. krubba ; Dan. krybbe.] 1. The rack or manger of a stable. The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib. Isa. i. 3. 2. The stall of an ox, cow, or calf. Johnsoti. 3. A bin : — case or box in salt w’orks. 4. A small habitation ; a cottage. Why rather, Sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, Than in the perfumed chambers of the grcai? Shak. 5. A frame for a child’s bed. Clarke. 6. A cribble or sieve. Swift. 7. A classic with a translation. Clarke. CRIB, V. a. [?. CRIBBED ; pp. CRIBBING, CRIBBED.] 1. To put in a crib ; to enclose, as in a crib ; to confine ; to cage. Now I’m cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in. Shak. 2. To steal for a petty purpose. Smart. CRIB, v. n. To be confined, as in a crib. Sma7-t. CRIB'BAfjrE, n. A game at cards in which the dealer makes up a third hand for himself, partly from the hand of his opponent. Si7iart. CRIB'— BIT-ING, 71. (Farriery.) The habit which some horses have of biting the manger. Brande. CRlB'BLE (krlb'bl), 7i. 1. [L. cribellum, dim. of cribrum, a sieve ; It. cribro, crivello ; Sp. criba ; Fr. crible .] A coarse sieve, for sifting corn, sand, or gravel ; a riddle. Bra7ide. 2. [Old Fr. c7-iblure .] Coarse meal. Johnson. CRlB'BLE, a. Coarse ; as, “ Cribble bread.” Iluloet. A, E, I, O, is, Y, l07ig ; A, E, !, 6, tl, f, short; A, E> 1. 9, V. Y» obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL; HEIR, HER; CRIBBLE 337 CRINOIDEA CRIB'BLE, V. a. [i. CllIliRLED ; pp. crirbling, cribbled.] To sift with a cribble, riddle, or sieve. Lyttletoti . f cri-BrA'TION, n. [L. cribro, cribratus, to sift.] (Pharmacy.) The act of sifting drugs. Bailey. CRIB'RI-FORM, a. [L. cribrum, a sieve, and/or- ma, form; Fr . cribrifonne.] (Anat.) Having the form of a sieve ; — applied to the plate of the ethmoid bone, through which the fibres of the olfactory nerve pass to the nose. Dunglison. CItl-BROSE', a. ( Bot .) Perforated like a sieve with small "apertures. Loudon. CRIEH'TON-ITE, n. (Min.) A variety of ilmenite, or titanate of iron. Dana. orIck, n. 1. [It. cricchi. — See Creak.] A creaking, as of a door ; creak. Johnson. 2. A rheumatic affection, or cramp, as of the neck. Dunylison. CRICK'fT, n. 1. [Dut. krekel. — “ Certainly from the sound it utters.” Richardson. — Fr. criquet.] A chirping insect of the genus Grgllus, some species of which frequent houses. Harris. I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. Shak. When the cricket shrills, he raises the wing- covers a little, and shullles them together lengthwise, so that the projecting vanes of one are made to grate against those of the other. Harris. 2. [A. S. cricc, a staff.] A game played with a bat and ball. 3. A low seat or stool. CRICK'J5T-ER, 7 i. One who plays at cricket. Perry. CRICK'lJT-lNG-AP'PLE, n. A small species of apple. Johnson. CRlCK'ET— MATCH, 7i. A match at cricket. CRl'COID, a. [Gr. Kpiitos, a ring, and (76os, form.] (Anat.) Annular ; ring-shaped. Braude. CRI'IJR, 71. One who cries or proclaims, as he who cries goods for sale, or the officer who makes proclamations in a court of justice. CRIME, n. [Gr. spina, a matter for judgment ; sot vs), to separate, to judge ; L. crimen ; cento, to judge ; It. crimine ; Sp. crimen ; Fr. crime.] 1. An infraction of law, but particularly of human law, and so distinguished from (not op- posed to) sin ; an offence against society or against morals, as far as they are amenable to the laws ; a great offence ; a felony. A crime or misdemeanor is an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law. Blackstone. Actions contrary to the precepts of religion are called sins; actions contrary to the principles of morals are called vices; and actions contrary to tne laws of the state are called crimes. Maunder. 2. f The cause or origin of a wrong act. The tree of life, the crime of our first father’s fall. Spenser. A capital crime is one for which the penalty is death. Syn. — Crime is a violation of a human law, or the law of a state; sin is a violation of the divine law, or the precepts of religion ; vice is opposite to virtue, and is an offence against morality, or a viola- tion of the moral law. Crime is especially the object of jurisprudence ; vice , of ethics ; sin , of theology. /A felony is a capital crime, or a heinous offence ; a misdemeanor is a minor crime, or less than a crime. — See Evil, Offence. fCIUME'FUL, a. Full of crime ; wicked. Shak. t CRIME'LESS, a. Without crime ; innocent. Shak. CRIM'I-NAL, a. [L. criminalis ; It . criminalc \ Sp. criminal ; Fr. criminel. ] 1. Contrary to law; partaking of the nature of crime. Live thou, and to thv mother dead attest That clear she died from blemish criminal. Spenser. 2. Tainted with crime ; guilty of a crime. The neglect of any of the relative duties renders us crim- inal in the sight of God. Ilogers. 3. Relating to crime ; not civil ; as, “ A crim- inal prosecution ” ; “ Criminal\a.vi .” Blackstone . Criminal conversation, (Law.) adultery; — usually abbreviated thus, crim. con. Syn. — Criminal respects the character of the of- fence ; guilty, the fact of committing it. The degree of criminality of a person is to be estimated by circum- stances ; his guilt requires tb be proved by evidence. He who contradicts another abruptly in conversation, may be said to be guilty of a breach of politeness, but he would not be styled criminal. CRIM'I-NAL, 7i. A person guilty of a crime ; a malefactor ; a culprit ; a convict ; a felon. The same severe impositions are not indifferently to be laid upon criminals. Bp. Taylor. Syn. — Criminal , culprit, malefactor, felon, and con- vict, are all terms employed to denote public offenders. Criminal is a general term, and comprises all the oth- ers. Malefactor is one who has committed some crime ; culprit, a criminal arraigned at the bar ; felon, one guilty of a capital or great crime ; convict, one under the sentence of law for a crime. CRIM-I-NAL'J-TY, n. [Low L. criniinalitas ; It. criminalith ; Sp. criminalidad ; Fr. criminalite .] The quality of being criminal ; guiltiness ; guilt. Coke. Syn. — See Criminal. CRlM'I-NAL-LY, ad. In a criminal manner. CRLM'I-NAL-NESS, 7i. The quality of being crim- inal ; criminality ; guiltiness. Hammond. CRIM'I-NATE, v. a. [L. criminor, criminatus ; It. criminare .] [*. criminated ; pp. crimi- nating, criminated.] To charge with crime ; to accuse ; to impeach ; to reproach ; to censure. It is no slight authority which shall persuade us to crimi- nate with the charge of disloyalty an uncorrupt, independent Parliament. Burke. CRIM-I-NA'TION, n. [L. crimination It. crimi- nazione ; Sp. criminacion. ] The act of crimi- nating ; accusation ; charge ; censure. If provoked, as I trust I never shall be, into crimination and recrimination. Daniel Webster. CRIm'I-NA-TIVE, a. Charging with crime ; cen- suring ; criminatory. Brougham. CRIM'f-NA-TO-RY, a. Relating to crimination ; accusing ; censorious. Bailey. t CRl M'l-NOUS, a. [L. crimmosus.] Wicked; guilty ; criminal. Bp. Hall. f CrIm'J-NOUS-LY, ad. Wickedly. Hammond. +• CRIM'l-NOyS-NESS, n. Wickedness; guilt. “The criminousness of his fault.” Boyle. CRIM'O^IN (krim'zn), a. [It. cremismo.] Crim- son. — See Crimson. Spenser. CRIMP, a. [A. S. acruma7i, or acrymma7i, to crumble ; Dut. kruimelen, to crumble ; Ger. kriimeln.] 1. Friable ; brittle ; easily crumbled. “ The crimp earth.” Philips. 2. Not consistent. [A low cant word.] Johnson. The evidence is crimp ; the witnesses contradict them- selves. Arbuthnot. CUlMP, 7i. 1. A game at cards. B. J 071 S 071 . 2. One who decoys others into military ser- vice. [A low word.] Johnso7t. 3. An agent for coal-merchants, and for per- sons concerned in shipping. Buchanan. CRIMP, v. a. [A. S. ge-cryinpt, curled ; Dut. $ Ger. krimpen, to crumple ; Sw. krympa ; Dan. krympe.] [i. crimped ; pp. crimping, crimp- ed.] 1. To curl or crisp, as the hair. Jolmso7i. 2. To form into ridges ; to plait. Smart. 3. To decoy for the army. [Low.] Smart. 4. (Cooker//.) To make crisp by gashing, as cod-fish. Smart. CRIMP' A§1E, 7i. The act of crimping, [r.] Maimder. CRIMP'ING, 71. The act of one who crimps ; crimpage. CRIMP'ING— IR-ON, n. An iron for curling hair. CRIMP'ING— MA-toisi. — Ger. karmesm.] The color of red somewhat darkened with blue. “ Crimson, a very deep red with an eye of blue.” Boyle. “The virgin crimson of modesty.” Shak. CRIMSON (krim'zn), a. Red, darkened with blue. “A crimson poppy flower.” Chapman. “The c7'imson web of war.” Gray. CRIM'SON (krim'zn), v. a. To dye with crimson. Shak. “ The crimso7ied east.” Thomson. CRlM'ijON, v. n. To be tinged with red; to be- come of a crimson color ; to blush. Smart. CRIM'SON— II UED, a. Of the hue or color of crimson. Clarke. CRIM'§ON— PET'ALLED, a. Having petals of the color of crimson. Ec. Rev. CRIM'SON— WARM, a. Warm to redress. Clarke. fCRI'NAL, a. [L. crmalis, from ermis, hair.] Belonging to the hair. RIount. CRi'NAT-pD, a. Having long hair ; hairy ; re- sembling hair. P. Cyc. CRI'NA-TO-RY, a. Made of, or relating to, the hair. Craig. CRIN'CUM (krlngk'um), n. A cramp ; a contrac- tion : — whimsical notion. “ Crincum of the mind.” [Ludicrous.] Jfudibras. CRl'N pL, or CRl'N^T, 71. A very fine, hair-like feather. Booth. CRIN(JE (krlnj), n. A servile bow; mean civility. With sacrifice of knees, of crooks, and cringe. B. Jonson. CRINf/E (krlnj), v.7i. [Ger. kriechen ; A. S. crymb- ing, a bending.] [i. cringed ; pp. cringing, cringed.] To bend in submission, servility, or flattery; to bow servilely or obsequiously; to fawn. One so superstitiously devout, that he is ready to cringe and crouch to every stock. Bp. Hall. CRINGE (krlnj), v. a. To draw together; to con- tract. [R.] Whip him, fellows. Till, like a boy, you sec him cringe his face. Shak. CRlN^E'LING, n. One who cringes; a mean, servile flatterer. Ogilvie. CRIN_ half a minim or a fourth of a 7C~jYa — | — |H~J t semibreve, as each of the notes in the cut. Moore. 2. {Arch.) A piece of wood fitted into an- other, to support a building. The crotchets of their cot in columns rise. Dryden. 3. (Gram.) pi. Marks or hooks [thus] in which words or phrases, or an explanation or correction, are included ; — called also brackets. 4. (Med.) A curved instrument for extracting the fetus. . Dunglison. 5. A whim or perverse conceit ; an odd or ex- travagant fancy. But airy whims and crotchets lead To certain loss and ne’er succeed. Wilkie. t CROTCII'ET, v. n. To play in a measured time. The nimblest crotcheting musician. Donne. CROTCH'JJT-ED, p. a. Having musical notation. Morsels of Scripture warbled, quavered, and crotchcted. Harmar. CROTCH'ET-Y, a. Full of conceits; fanciful; whimsical ; odd. Ch. Ob. CRO'TON, n. [Gr. Kportliv, a tick ; also the Palma- Christi , or thorn bearing the castor-berry, which resembles a tick; L. croton, the castor-oil plant.] (Bot.) A genus of euphorbiaceous plants, of several species. One of tirem, Croton tiglium, a native of the East Indies, yields the powerful drug croton-oil ; another, Croton eleuteria, fur- nishes the cascarilla bark of commerce. Loudon. CRO'TON- ATE, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of crotonic acid with a base. Craig. CRO-TON'IC, a. (Chem.) Noting an acid ob- tained from croton-oil. • Craig. CRO'TON— OIL, n. (Med.) A vegetable oil ex- pressed from the seeds of the Croton tiglium. It is a most powerful drastic cathartic, and is applied externally as a rubefacient. Dunglison. CR 6 T- O- PHA- or 'NJE, n. pi. [Gr. Kpdros, a noise made by striking, and tpdyw, to eat.] ( Ornith .) A sub-family of birds of the order Scansores and family Cuculidce ; anis. Gray. CROUCH, v. n. [Fr. crochu, crooked, or Ger. kau- Crotophaga major. chen, to crouch. Skinner. — Ger. kriechen, to creep. — Probably from crook, by the common change of k into ch. Richardson .] \i. CROUCHED ; pp. CROUCHING, CROUCHED.] 1. To stoop low ; to lie down ; to lie close to the ground. “ Lions crouching at her feet.” Tatler. 2. To bend servilely ; to fawn ; to cringe. He will not creep nor crcruch with feigned face. But walks upright with comely, steadfast pace. Spenser. ■f CROUCH, v. a. [A. S. cruce, the cross. — See Cross.] To make the sign of the cross upon ; to bless. Chaucer. f CROUCH'— BACK, n. One who wears a cross on his back. Fuller. f CROUCH'ED, a. Signed with the cross. Ash. CROUCFI'ED-FRI'AR, n. ( Eccl .) One of an or- der of friars, so called from the cross which they wore ; — called also crossed-friar. Fuller. CROUCII'ING, p. a. Stooping; servilely bending. CROUD, n. See Crowd. Todd. CROUP (krop), n. [It. groppa-, Sp . gntpa •, Fr. croupe. ] The hindmost part or rump of certain animals ; — especially the buttocks of a horse. This carter thwacked his horse upon the croup. Chaucer. CROUP, 7i. [M. Goth, hropjan, to cry out; A. S. hreopan— Fr. croup.) (Med.) A disease which mostly attacks young children, affecting the throat ; an inflammation of the larynx and trachea, which gives risq to a secretion that is apt to concrete as soon as formed, thus produ- cing a false membrane. It is attended with a difficulty of breathing, and a peculiar, ringing cough. Dunglison. CRoC-pAde' (kru-pad'), n. [Fr.] (Man.) A leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs close to the belly. Maunder. CROUP'ER, n. See Crupper. Buchanan. CROU'PI-ER [kro'pe-er, Sm. ; kro-pgr', A’.], n. [Fr., a partner .] 1. He who watches the cards and collects the money at a gaming-table. Clarke. 2. A vice-president, or one who sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman at banquets. [Scotland.] Sir James Mackintosh presided; Cranstoun was croupier. Lord Cockl/urn. CROUT, n. [Ger. kraut, cabbage.] Cabbage chopped fine and pickled; — written also krout, and sour-crout. Maunder. CROW (kro), v. n. [A. S. crawan ; Dut. krayen ; Ger. kriihen.) \i. crew or crowed ; pp. crow- ing, crowed.] 1. To make the noise of a cock. But even then the morning cock crew loud. Shak. Shrill crows the cock, the dogs give dismal yell. Mickle. 2. To boast; to vaunt; to exult; to vapor; to bluster ; to swagger. Vaunting Sennacherib crowing over poor Jerusalem. Jip. Hull. CROW (kro), n. [Goth, kruk ; A. S .crate; Hut. kraal ; Ger. kreihe : — all formed from the sound made by the bird. Richardson .] 1. (Ornith.) A large, black, carnivorous bird, that makes a croaking noise ; a bird of the family Corvid a? and sub-family Corvinee. Cray. 2. The noise which a cock makes. Johnson. 3. A bar of iron, furnished ordinarily with claws at one end, used as a lever ; a crow-bar. Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight. Shak. 4. The mesentery of a beast ; — a term used by butchers. Ogilvie. To pluck a crow, or to pull a crow, to contend about trifles. L'Estrange. Hudibrus. CROW'— BAR, 7i. A strong iron bar sharpened at one end, used as a lever ; a crow. CROW'— BER-RY, n. (Bot.) 1. An evergreen un- der-shrub ; Enipetrum. Loudon. 2. The fruit or berry of the Empetrutti ; crake- berry. Booth. CROWD, n. 1. [A. S. cread , or ci'utli. \ A multi- tude confusedly pressed together ; a concourse ; a swarm ; a throng. Showing himself not only to a few disciples, but to great crowds of them, five hundred at a time. Sharp. 2. The populace ; the vulgar ; the rabble. He went not with the crowd to see a shrine, * But fed us by the way with food divine. Dryden. 3. A promiscuous medley. In the Icarian Sea. dashing and breaking among its crowd of islands. Tope. 4. [W. cncth.) f A fiddle; a violin. Burton. Syn. — See Multitude. CROWD, v. a. \i. crowded ; pp. CROWDING, CROWDED.] 1. To fill with a confused multitude, or with many things ; to encumber. Drayton. A mind, which is ever crowding its memory with things which it learns, may cramp the invention itself. Watts. 2. To press close together; to compress. Many of them [ideas] seem to be crowded into an instant. Locke. 3. To throng about ; to press upon. Why will vain courtiers toil, And crowd a vainer monarch for a smile ? Granville. 4. To press for payment, as a debtor ; to pur- sue with solicitation ; to dun. [Colloquial.] To crowd sail, (Naut.) to make all possible speed by spreading wide ail the sails. CROWD, v. 7i. 1. To flock together; to swarm; to he numerous. “ We shall find instances of folly crowd in upon us.” Bp. Taylor. 2. To make a way among a multitude. A mighty man, had not some canning sin Amidst so many virtues crowded in. Cowleg. 3. [See Crowd, n., No. 4.] f To fiddle. “Fiddlers, crowd on.” Massinger. CROWD'ED, p. a. Pressed together : — filled with a multitude. CRoWd'ER, n. 1. One who crowds. 2. f One who plays on the crowd ; a fiddler. Chevy-chase sung by a blind crowder. Sidney. CROW'DY, n. Food made of meal and water, sometimes mixed with milk, or food made of bread boiled in milk ; — a general term in Scot- land for food of the porridge kind. Brockctt. CROW'FLoW-ER, 7i. A kind of campion. Shak. CROW'FOOT (kro'fut), n. 1. (Bot.) A plant of several species ; Ranunculus ; — written also crow’s-foot. Loudon. 2. (MU.) An iron instrument, with spikes, to wound horses’ feet, and so made that when it is thrown on the ground one of the spikes will necessarily stand upwards; a caltrop. Mil. Diet. 3. (Naut.) A complication of small cords spreading out from a long block, and used for suspending the awnings or steadying the top- sails. Maunder. CROW'— KEEP-ER, 71. 1. A person employed to drive crows from the fields. Fares. Practise thy quiver and turn crow-keeper. Drayton. 2. A stuffed figure to frighten crows ; a scare- crow. Nares. Scaring the ladies like a crow-keeper. Shak. M?EN, SIR; MOVE, NOR, S6N ; BULL, BUR, RpLE. — 9, 9, g, soft; C, fi, c, g, hard; 1} as z; ^ as gz. — THIS, this. CROW-MILL 342 CRUDENESS CROW'— MILL, n. A trap to catch crows. Booth. CROWN, n. [Gr. Kopwvrj, the tip ; L., It., $ Sp., corona, a crown; Fr. cou- ronne. — Dut. kroon ; Ger. § Dan. krone ; Sw. krona. — W. coron.~\ 1 . An ornamental badge worn on the head of an emperor, king, or other sovereign ; the emblem of royalty or of sovereignty. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. Shak. 2. Regal power; sovereignty; royalty. If ministers thus persevere in misadvising the king, I will not say that they can alienate the affections of his subjects from the crown, but I affirm they will make the crown not worth his wearing. Chatham. 3. A circular ornament of metal, leaves or flowers, denoting superiority or distinction, worn on the head ; a coronet ; a coronal ; a garland ; a chaplet. “ Triumphal crowns . . . made with laurel or bay-leaves.” W. Smith. 4. Honorary distinction ; reward ; recom- pense ; honor ; dignity. They do it to obtain a corruptible crown , but we an incor- ruptible. 1 Cor. ix. 25. 5. The top of the head. Behold! if fortune or a mistress frowns. Some plunge in business, others shave their crotvns. Tope. 6 . The top of any thing, as of 51 mountain ; a summit. “ The crown of the cliff.” Shak. 7. The cylindrical part of a hat: — also the top of a hat. P. Cyc. Urc. 8 . An English silver coin of the value of five shillings sterling (about $ 1 . 21 ), anciently stamped with the figure of a crown : — a term applied also to several coins of other nations. 9. Completion ; accomplishment. Johnson. 10. {Arch.) The uppermost member of a cor- nice ; — called also corona and larmier : — the upper member of an arch, a wall, &c. Francis. 11. {Naut.) The part of an anchor where the arms are joined to the shank. Dana. 12. {Eccl.) A little circle on the top of the head, from which the hair has been shaved ; the clerical tonsure, — a distinguishing mark of the Roman Catholic clergy. London Ency. 13. {Bot.) An appendage at the top of the claw of some petals ; corona. Gray. 14. (Jewellery.) The upper work of a rose-dia- mond which centres in a point at top. Crabb. 15. ( Geom .) A plane ring comprehended be- tween two concentric perimeters. Rees. Crown of a cable, (Naut.) the bights formed by the several turns. Mar. Diet . — Pleas of the crown, (Eng. Law.) criminal actions. Bouvier. CROWN, v. a. [i. CROWNED ; pp. CROWNING, CROWNED.] 1. To invest with a crown. Her who fairest does appear, Crown her queen of all the year. Dryden. 2. To cover or deck, as with a crown. And peaceful olives crowned his hoary head. Dryden. 3. To make illustrious; to dignify ; to adorn. Thou hast made him a little lower thau the angels, and hast crowned him with glory aud honor. Ts. viii. 5. 4. To recompense; to reward; to repay. Virtue preserved from fell destruction’s blast, Led on Dy Heaven, and crowned with joy at last. Shak. 5. To complete ; to perfect ; to finish. The crowning privilege of friendship is constancy. South. To crown a knot, (Naut.) to pass the strands over and under eacli other above the knot. Dana. CRO\Vn, a. Relating to the crown or top ; highest. CROWNED (kroflnd ), p. a. Wearing a crown : — decked as with a crown : — rewarded ; recom- pensed : — completed; perfected. Crowned, cup, a cup so full of liquor that the con- tents rise above the brim like a crown ; a bumper : — also, a cup ornamented with a garland. Nares. CROWN'JJR, n. 1. One who, or that which, crowns. 2. A corrupted and vulgar word for coroner. “ Crowner’s- quest law.” Shak. CROtV.V'ET, n. 1. A coronet. B. Jonson. 2. Chief end ; ultimate reward, [r.] Shak. CROW 1 — NET, n. A net to catch wild fowl. Rees. CRO\Vn'— GLASS, n. Afinesortof window-glass, differing from flint-glass in containing no oxide of lead. Brande. CROVVN'-IM-PE'Rl-AL, n. (Bot.) A perennial bulbous plant having showy flowers ; Fritillaria imperialis. Loudon. CRoWn'ING, n. 1. (Arch.) The finishing of any decoration, as a pediment, a cornice, &c. Todd. 2. (Naut.) The finishing of a knot by inter- weaving the strands. Mar. Diet. CROWN'ING, p. a. Investing with a crown; — rewarding ; completing : — rising up in the mid- dle, and descending gradually towards each side : — borne on the summit or apex. CR6Wn'-JEW-?L§, n. pi. The royal jewels. CROVVn'-LAnD, 7i. The land or other real prop- erty belonging to the crown, or sovereign. Brande. CROWN'— LAW, n. ( Law .) A term applied in England to the criminal law, — the crown being the prosecutor in criminal proceedings. Burrill. CROWN'— LAW-YfR, n. A lawyer who is in the service of the crown. Goldsmith. CROWN'LESS, a. Having no crown. CR6vVn'-LIKE, a. Resembling a crown. Gardiner. CRO\Vn'— NET, n. A kind of fishing-net. Jodrell. CROWN'— OF-FICE, n. (Law.) A department in the English court of King’s Bench which takes cognizance of all criminal causes; — commonly called the crown-side of the court. Burrill. CROWN'— POST, n. (Arch.) The central post of a framed or trussed roof ; king-post. XVeale. CROWN'— SAW, n. A species of circular saw formed by cutting the teeth round the edge of a hollow cylinder. Francis. CRO WIN'— SCAB, n. (Farriery.) A filthy scab about the corners of a horse’s hoof. Farrier’s Diet. CROWN'— SIDE, n. (Law.) The criminal depart- ment of the court of King’s Bench ; crown- office. Burrill. CROYVN'-THIS-TLE (-this-sl), 71. (Bot.) A plant ; the crown-imperial. Johnson. CROWN'-WHEEL, 7i. A wheel the teeth of which are at right angles to its plane, or parallel to its axis, as that shown in the figure, or as the balance-wheel of a watch ; a contrate-wheel. J. Bigelow. CROWN'— WORK (krofin'wiirk), n. (Fort.) An outwork situated on some elevated point to de- fend a position and cover other works. It con- sists of a bastion connected by a curtain on each side with two demi-bastions. Glos. of Mil. Terms. CROW'— QUILL, 7i. A quill, or one of the large feathers, of the crow. Goldsmith. CROW’!-!'— BILL, n. A kind of forceps for draw- ing bullets, &c., out of wounds. Crabb. CROW’§'— FOOT (kro/.'fht), 71. ; pi. crow’s-feet. 1. pi. The wrinkles produced by age under the eyes, or at their outer corners. Till crow's-feet grow under your eye. Chaucer. 2. (Bot.) A plant. — See Crowfoot. CROW'— SILK, n. (Bot.) A fine, thread-like, aquat- ic vegetable ; — a name given to several species of the genus Conferva. Eng. Cyc. CROW’§'— NEST, n. (Naut.) A look-out, as a cask, at the main top-gallant-mast head in arctic vessels. Simmonds. CROW'-STONE, n. (Arch.) The top stone of the gable end of a honse. Halliwcll. CROW'— TOE, n. A kind of pui'ple hyacinth. The tufted crow-toe aud pale jessamine. Milton. CROYL'STONE, n. Crystallized cauk. Woodward. CROZE, 71. A cooper’s instrument. Newton. CRO'ZI^R, (kro'zher), n. See Crosier. Fab-holt. CRUCHED-FRIAR, n. See Crouched-friar. CRtJ'CI-AL (kru'she-?l, 06), a. [L. crux, crucis, a cross ; Fr. crucial.) 1. Relating to, or like, a cross ; transverse ; intersecting. “ The crucial incision.” “ Cru- cial ligaments.” Dunglison. 2. Severe ; searching ; decisive. CRIJ'CI-AN (-she-rin, 66), n. (Ich.) Ayellowfish of the carp kind ; Cyprinus gibelio. Yarrell. f CRtJ'CI-ATE (kru'she-at), V . a. [L. crucio, cru- ciatus .] To torture ; to torment, [u.] Bale. CRLl'CI-ATE (kru'slie-jt, 66), a. 1. f Tor- £S\ _ mented ; tortured. Bale. /pvMP-Y 2. (Bot.) Having four parts so ar- ranged as to resemble a Maltese cross ; wF cruciform; cross-shaped. P. Cyc. If + CRt?-CJ-A'TION, n. Torture; torment. Bp. Hall. CRli'CJ-BLE, 7i. [LowL. crucibulum ; It. crogiuolo ; Sp. crisol ; Old Fr. croi- set-, Fr. creuset. — “So called from being made \ ^ in the shape of a cross, or \ / from having a cross im- \ / pressed upon it.” Richardson. — “ Because for- merly marked with a cross (cruce) to prevent evil spirits from marring the chemical operation.” Sullivan. — “L. crucio, to torment, because, in the language of old chemistry, the metals were tortured by fire to yield up their various virtues.” Brande .] A melting-pot of a chemist or a gold- smith ; — so made as to bear the strongest heat without melting. Boyle. RSr-The best crucibles are formed from a pure fire- clay, mixed with a finely. ground cement of old cru- cibles, and a portion of black-lead or graphite. Ure. CRU'CI-FLR, n. [L., the cross-bearer ; crux, cru- cis, a cross, and fero, to bear.] (Bot.) A plant of the cruciferous, or cabbage, tribe. Eng. Cyc. CRU-CIF'ER-OUS, a. 1. Bearing a cross. Johnson. 2. (Bot.) Noting plants whose petals are dis- posed crosswise ; cruciate. Loudon. CRU'CI-FI-IJR, n. One who crucifies, llammond. CRU'CI-FIX, 7i. [Low L. crucifixus ; crux, crucis, a cross, and figo,fixus, to fix, to fasten ; It. cro- cifisso ; Sp. crucifixo ; Fr. crucifix .] 1. f The cross as the symbol of the Christian religion. Bp. Taylor. 2. A cross with the figure of Christ upon it : — - a representation, in painting or in sculpture, of our Saviour oh the cross. Addison. There stands at the upper end of it a large crucifix, very much esteemed. Addison. CRU-CI-FIX'ION (kru-se-fik'sliun), n. The act of crucifying; the mode of putting to death by nailing or binding to a cross. Addison. CRU'CI-FORM, a. [L. crux, crucis, a cross, and forma, form.] Having the form of a cross. “ That . . . cruciform image.” Warton. CRU'CI-FY, v. a. [Low L. crucifigo ; crux, crucis, a cross, andyfyo, to fasten ; It. crocifiggere ; Sp. crucificar-, Fr. crucifer .] [i. crucified; pp. crucifying, crucified.] 1. To put to death by nailing or by binding the hands and the feet to a cross. When they were come to the place which is called Calvarv, there they crucified him. Luke xxiii. 33. 2. To subdue or overcome by the influence of Christian principles. Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed. Jiom. vi. G. 3. f To torment ; to torture ; to disturb. That which crucifies us most is our own folly. Burton. C R 1 J- C I f; ' E R- 0 1 J S, a. [L. crux, crucis, a cross, and gero, to bear.] Bearing a cross. Browne. CrO'CITE, n. [L. crux, crucis, a cross.] (Min.) A variety of andalusite, which crystallizes in the form of a cross. Datia. CRUD, n. Same as Curd. — See Curd. Jolmson. CRUD'DLE, v. 71. To curdle : — to crowd ; to hud- dle ; — to stoop. [Local.] Halliwell. Brockett. CRUDE, a. [L. crudus, from Gr. spi-os, icy cold ; It. Sj Sp. crudo ; Fr. cru.) 1. In a raw state ; raw ; uncooked ; undressed. Alas, how simple, to these cates compared, Was that crude apple that diverted Eve! Milton. 2. Not changed by any process of prepara- tion ; unrefined. “ Common crude salt.” Boyle. 3. Not ripened; immature; unripe. A juice so crude as cannot be ripened to the degree of nourishment. Bacon. 4. Not perfected ; unformed; unfinished. Deep under ground materials dark and crude. Milton. 5. Not well digested. Bacon. 6. Unconcocted by the intellect; without due reflection ; not premeditated ; unpremeditated. Absurd expressions; crude, abortive thoughts. Roscommon. 7. Having undigested or imperfect notions ; without practical wisdom ; inexperienced. Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself, Crude, or intoxicate, collecting toys. Milton. 8. (Paint.) Noting a picture in which the colors are rudely laid on, and do not blend or harmonize. Brande. CRtJDE'LY, ad. In a crude manner; unripely. CRtJDE'N^SS, n. State of being crude ; crudity. Crown-wheel. A, E, I, O, U, Y, long ; A, E, l, 6, 0, Y, short; A, 5, I, O, U, Y, obscure; FARE, FAR, FAST, FALL ; HEIR, HER; CRUDITY CRU'DI-TY, re. [L. cruditas ; It. crudita; Fr. erudite .] 1. The state of being crude ; indigestion ; in- concoction ; crudeness. Crudity is a vicious concoction of things received. SirT.Elyot. 2. Any thing undigested. They are oppressed with this very learning, as a stomach with crudities. Hammond. May we not ask such prefacers, if what they allege be true, what has the world to do with them and their crudities'.' Harris. t CRlJ'DLE, v. a. [See Curdle.] To coagulate ; to curdle. Spenser. fCRU'DY, a. 1. [See Curd.] Concreted; coag- ulated. “ Crudy blood.” Spenser. 2. [See Crude.] Raw; crude. The foolish and crudy vapors which environ it [the brain]. Shak. CRU'IJL, a. [L. crudelis ; It. crude le ; Fr. cruel.'] 1. Disposed to give pain to others * void of pity ; hard-hearted ; unmerciful ; unfeeling ; in- human ; savage; barbarous ; brutal. “They are cruel, and have no mercy.” Jer. vi. 23. 2. Marked by inhumanity ; causing pain. “ Cruel hatred.” Ps. xxv. 19. “ One of the crudest fights.” Sidney. Syn. — A cruel person takes pleasure in another’s pain. Inhuman is opposed to humane or merciful; burl/arous, to refined ; savage is a stronger term than barbarous ; brutal relates to the nature of a brute. — A cruel disposition ; a cruel tyrant ; an inhuman prac- tice ; a barbarous custom ; savage ferocity ; bridal dis- position or conduct; an unmerciful creditor. — See Sanguinary. CRIJ'EL— HEART-UD, a. Delighting in cruelty; hard-hearted ; ferocious. Shak. CRU'f.L-LY, ad. In a cruel manner; inhumanly. CRU'£L-NESS, re. The state of being cruel ; in- humanity ; cruelty. Spenser. CRC'JjJL-TY, re. [L. crudelitas ; It. crudelta \ Sp. crueldad ; Fr. cruaute.] 1. The quality of being cruel ; inhumanity ; savageness ; barbarity. This man [Jeffries], who wantoned in cruelty. Hume. 2. A cruel act ; barbarous treatment. Nor provoke them so with cruelties that they despair. Udal. f CRU'pN-TATE, a. [L. cruento, cruentatus, to make bloody.] Smeared with blood. Glanville. f CRU-EN'TOUS, a. [L. cruentus.] Bloody; cru- entate. A Venice Looking-glass, 1648. CRft'IJT, re. [Fr. cruchette.] A sort of vial for vinegar, oil, or sauces. Swift. CRUISE (kriis), re. [Ger. krug ; Fr. critche, a jar.] A small bottle ; a cruet. — See Cruse. A cruise of fragrance formed of burnished gold. Pope. CRUISE (kruz), v. re. [Dut. kruissen, to cruise ; kruis, a cross ; Ger. kreuzen, to cruise ; kreuz, a cross.— Fr. croiser, to cross ; croix, a cross. — “To cross up and down.” Richardson. — “It seems simply from crossing the sea without any certain course.” Sullivan. — See Cross.] \i. CRUISED ; pp. CRUISING, CRUISED.] 1. To rove over the sea without any certain course, with a view to capture an enemy’s ships, or for protecting commerce, or for plun- der as a pirate. Martin. 2. To make a voyage at sea. CrOi^E (kruz), re. 1. A voyage of an armed ves- sel in search of an enemy’s ships, to protect commerce, or for plunder as a pirate. Brancle. 2. A voyage at sea. Smol/et. CRUISER (kruz'er), re. A person, or a ship, that cruises. Johnson. CRUISING, p. a. Roving on the sea in quest of plunder, or for other purposes. Ash. CRUL'L£R, re. [Dut. kruller.] A kind of sweet cake boiled in lard. Bartlett. CRUM > (krum), v. a. [A. S. acruman.] [i. CRUMB )■ CRUMMED ; pp. CRUMMING, CRUMMED ; or i. CRUMBED ; pp. CRUMBING, CRUMBED.] To break into crums or small pieces. Crum not your bread before you taste your porridfie. U Beau. % FI. > (krum), re. [A. S. cruma ; Dut. kraim ; CRUMB ) Ger. krume.] 1. A small particle or fragment, usually of 343 bread. “ Some of the crums.” Chaucer. “ Only a crum.” Gower. “ The table crums.” Thomson. 2. The soft part of bread, as distinguished from the crust. Take of manchct about three ounces, the crumb only, then cut. Bacon. Iftf* Both forms, crum and crumb , are given in tire principal English Dictionaries, and both have long been in good use. Although crum is more in accord- ance with the etymology, yet it may be doubted whether it is better supported by usage than crumb. Smart remarks, in relation to the word, “ It is often unnecessarily spelled crumb.” CRUM'BLE, v. a. [A. S. acruman-, Dut. kruime- len ; Ger. krilmeln.] [i. crumbled ; pp. crum- bling, crumbled.] To break into small pieces. He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints, And crumble all thy sinews. Milton. CRUM'BLE, v. re. To fall into small pieces. Shak. The clods grow warm and crumble where he sows. Addison. CRUM'BLE, re. A small crumb. Forby. CRUM'BLED (krum'bld), p. a. Broken into small pieces. “ The crumbled earth.” Milton. CRUM'BLING, p. a. Breaking or falling into small pieces. “ Crumbling clods.” Dryden. CRUM'— CLOTH, re. A cloth spread on a floor or under a table to receive whatever may fall, and to keep the carpet or the floor clean. Craig. f CRU'MB-NAL, re. [L. crumena.] A purse. Thus cram they their wide-gaping crumenal. More. CRUM'MA-BLE, a. Capable of being broken into crums. Sherwood. CRUM'MY, a. 1. Soft, as bread without crust; not crusty. Johnson. 2. Full of crums ; consisting of crums. Smart. CRUMP, a. [A. S. crumb, or crump ; Dut. krom ; Ger. krumm.] Crooked ; bent. “ Crump shoul- ders.” Bp. Taylor. CRUMP, a. Brittle ; dry-baked. Forby. CRUM'PET, re. A kind of soft cake. Todd. CRUM'PLE, v. a. [A. S. crompeht, wrinkled; crump, crooked; Ger. krumpen.] [i. crumpled ; pp. crumpling ; crumpled.] To draw into w'rinkles ; to wrinkle ; to rumple. Sir Roger alighted from his horse, and, exposing his palm to two or three that stood by him, they crumpled it into all shapes, and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made. Addison. CRUM'PLE, v. re. To shrink up ; to contract. “ Crumpling creatures.” Smith. CRUM'PLED (krum'pld), a. Wrinkled; crooked; rumpled. Moor. CRUM'PLING, re. An apple of a rumpled appear- ance ; a small, degenerate apple. Johnson. f CRUMP— SHOUL'DERED (klump-sliol'derd), a. Having crooked shoulders. V Estrange. CRUM'PY, a. Brittle; crump. Forby. CRUNCH, v.a. [See Craunch.] [i. CRUNCHED ; pp. crunching, crunched.] To crush between the teeth ; to craunch ; to scrunch. Southey. t CRUNK, > f CRUN'KLE ) v ' n ' r ^° cr y a crane. Bailey. CRU 'OR, re. [L., from Gr. solos, icy cold.] Blood coagulated by cooling or otherwise ; extravasated blood; gore; — sometimes applied to blood in general and to its coloring matter. Dunglison. CRUP, re. [Old Fr.] See Croup. Todd. CRUP, a. 1. Short ; brittle. “ Crup cake.” Todd. 2. Snappish ; crusty. “ A crup answer.” [Provincial, England.] Todd. CRUP'PER [krup’per, S. IF. F. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; krup'per, Wb.], re. [It. groppiera ; Sp. grupera ; Fr. croupiere, from croupe, the but- tocks of a horse.] 1. +The rump of a horse. As made both horses’ cruppers kiss the ground. Hai'rwgton. 2. A leathern strap attached to a saddle and fitted to go under a horse’s tail, to keep the sad- dle from moving forwards. Shak. CRUP'PJJR, v. a. To put a crupper on. CRtr'RAL, a. [L. crus, cruris, the leg; Fr. cru- ral.] CRUST 1. Belonging to the leg. “ The crural mus- cles.” Arbuthnot. 2. Shaped like a leg or a root. Brande. CRU-SADE', re. [L. crux, cruets, a cross ; It. cro- ciata; Sp. cruzttda ; Fr. croisade.] 1. pi. Military expeditions under the banner of the cross first undertaken A. D. 1096, and repeated at intervals subsequently during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by the Chris- tian nations of Western Europe, for the pur- pose of recovering the Holy Land from its infi- del Mahometan possessors. Gibbon. The crusades retarded the march of civilization, thickened the clouds of ignorance and superstition, and encouraged in- tolerance, cruelty, and fierceness. Mill. 2. Any war undertaken on pretence of de- fending the cause of religion. London Ency. 3. A romantic enterprise. Clarke. 4. A Portuguese coin marked with the figure of a cross ; a crusado. Johnson. CRU-SADE', v. a. To travel through while zeal- ously engaged in some enterprise. He [Chalmers] crusaded the country. .V. Brit. Rev. CRU-SAd'BR, n. One employed in a crusade. CRU-SAD'ING, p. a. Engaged in, or relating to, the crusades. Qu. Rev. f CRU-SA'DO, re. 1. Crusade. Swinburne. 2. A Portuguese coin stamped with the figure of a cross. Shak. CRUS’Crf, re. [It.] 1. Bran ; that which remains after the flower is sifted. Gratjlia. 2. An academj established at Florence, in 1582, for purifying the Italian language, and compiling a dictionary. F. Cyc. CRi)SE, re. [See Cruise.] A small cup, or a small bottle; a vial; a cruet. “A little oil in a cruse.” 1 Kings xvii. 12. CRU'SET, re. [Fr. creuset.] A goldsmith’s cru- cible, or melting pot. Phillips. CRUSH, v. a. [Goth, kroton ; A. S. crangan ; Fr. ecraser.] [ i . crushed ;pp. crushing, crushed.] 1. To press between two hard bodies or be- tween forces ; to compress ; to squeeze. Bacchus, that first from out the purple grape Ci'ushed the sweet poison of misused wine. Milton. 2. To break by pressure ; to demolish. Vain is the force of man, and Heaven ’s as vain, To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Dryden. 3. To subdue ; to conquer ; to overpower. I thought to crush him in an equal force. Shak. "What can that man fear who takes care to please a Being that is so able to crush all his adversaries 'i Addison. To crush a cup , to empty a cup. “ I pray come and crush a cup of wine.” Slink. CRUSH, v. n. To be condensed or concentrated ; to be put into a smaller mass. Johnson. CRUSH, n. A collision ; a rushing together ; crash. Thou shalt flourish in immortal youth, Unhurt amidst the war of elements, The wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds. Addison. CRUSHED (krusht), p. a. Pressed together: — subdued : — broken. CRUSH'BR, re. He who, or that which, crushes. CRUSH'ING, p. a. Pressing together: — subdu- ing : — breaking. CRUST, re. [L. crusta ; It. crosta; Fr . croutc . — Dut. korst ; Ger. kruste.] 1. Any shell or external coat ; a hardened surface. “ Hid under a crust of dross.” Addison. “ Arched over with a crust of earth.” Bentley. 2. A collection of matter into a hard body ; a concreted deposit ; an incrustation. The viscous cnist stops the entry of the chyle into the lacteals. Arbuthnot. 3. The case of a pie made of flour, or meal, and baked. When he should have been hunting down a buck, he was by his mother’s side learning how to season it or put it in a crust. Addison. 4. A piece of bread hardened by baking or by long keeping. The impenetrable cnist thy teeth defies. Dryden. Men will do tricks, like dogs, for crusts. L'Estrange. CRLTST, V. a. [*. CRUSTED ; pp. CRUSTING, CRUSTED.] 1. To cover with a crust, or hard case ; to in- crust; to envelop. The whole surface may be crusted over. Addison* MIEN, SIR; MdVE, NOR, SbN ; BULL, BUR, RtJLE.— 9,