PRICE 18i CENTS. 
 
 CONCISE EXPOSITION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 DOCTRINE OF ASSOCIATION, 
 
 OR 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 PLAN FOR A RE-ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY, 
 
 WHICH WILL SECURE TO THE HUMAN RACE, INDIVIDUALLY AND COLLECTIVELY, 
 
 THEIR HAPPINESS AND ELEVATION. 
 
 (BASED ON FOURIER’S THEORY OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATION.) 
 
 BY ALBERT BRISBANE. 
 
 Our Evils are Social, not Political, and a Social Reform only can ©radicate them. 
 
 “ The last of crimes which is forgiven, is that of announcing new Truths.” 
 
 Thomas’s Eulogium on Descartes. 
 
 “ Not through hatred, collision, and depressing competition ; not through War, whether of Nation against 
 Nation, Class against Class, or Capital against Labor ; but through Union, Harmony, and the reconciling of 
 all Interests, the giving scope to all noble Sentiments and Aspirations, is the Renovation of the World, the 
 Elevation of the degraded and suffering Masses of Mankind, to be sought and effected.” Greeley. 
 
 “ The Error of Reformers is to condemn this or that abuse of Society, whereas they should condemn the 
 whole System of Society itself, which is a circle of abuses and defects throughout. We must extricate our¬ 
 selves from this Social Abyss.” Fourier. 
 
 SEVENTH EDITION. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J. S. REDFIELD, CLINTON HALL, 
 
 CORNER OF NASSAU AND BEEKMAN STREETS. 
 
 STEREOTYPED BY REDFIELD AND SAVAGE, 13 CHAMBERS ST., N. Y. 
 
 
♦ 
 
 
 ©:,£v 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 
A 
 
 CONCISE EXPOSITION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 DOCTRINE OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 OR 
 
 PLAN FOR A RE-ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY, 
 
 WHICH WILL SECURE TO THE HUMAN RACE, INDIVIDUALLY AND COLLECTIVELY, 
 
 THEIR HAPPINESS AND ELEVATION. 
 
 (BASED ON FOURIER’S THEORY OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATION.) 
 
 BY ALBERT BRISBANE. 
 
 Our Evils are Social, not Political, and a Social Reform only can eradicate them. 
 
 “ The last of crimes which is forgiven, is that of announcing new Truths.” 
 
 Thomas’s Eulogitjm on Descartes • 
 
 “ Not through hatred, collision, and depressing competition ; not through War, whether of Nation against 
 Nation, Class against Class, or Capital against Labor ; but through Union, Harmony, and the reconciling of 
 all Interests, the giving scope to all noble Sentiments and Aspirations, is the Renovation of the World, the 
 Elevation of the degraded and suffering Masses of Mankind, to be sought and effected.” Greeley. 
 
 “ The Error of Reformers is to condemn this or that abuse of Society, whereas they should condemn the 
 whole System of Society itself, which is a circle of abuses and defects throughout. We must extricate our- 
 »elves from this Social Abyss.” Fourier. 
 
 SEVENTH EDITION. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 J. S. REDFIELD, CLINTON HALL, 
 
 CORNER OF NASSAU AND BEEKMAN STREETS. 
 STEREOTYPED BY REDFIELD AND SAVAGE, 13 CHAMBERS ST., N. Y. 
 
 1844 
 
TO THE 
 
 The present system of Society is evidently false and 
 defective: this we believe is abundantly proved by the fact 
 that Evil and Misery under innumerable forms—moral and 
 material—are universally prevalent in Society, harassing 
 and blighting to a greater or less extent the existence of 
 ull classes— the Rich as well as the Poor. Although this 
 Jmisery and evil are. not so intense, nor so gloomy in our 
 country as in the more populous Nations of the old World, 
 still they exist to a melancholy extent; and here at least 
 they cannot be attributed to political causes—to the Gov¬ 
 ernment or the administration—and this proves conclu¬ 
 sively that the Evils which afflict Society are Social , not Po¬ 
 litical, and that a Social Reform only can eradicate them. 
 
 It is time that this Truth, as absolute in its character 
 as a mathematical problem, was generally felt and under¬ 
 stood, and that it was acted upon by the People and the 
 Leaders of the People, as it must be if they wish to attain 
 a better and a happier condition of Society. Political Re¬ 
 forms have done for the People of the United States all that 
 they can do under any circumstances for any Nation, and 
 to hope to elevate Man, and secure him his happiness by 
 acting on the Government or administration, while the 
 Organization of Society itself is all false and defective, is 
 an expectation as vain and delusive as it is puerile and 
 absurd. The grand and comprehensive question of a 
 Social Reform, proposed to the World by Fourier and 
 his disciples, should be examined and discussed. Human 
 suffering appeals for alleviation, and justice demands im¬ 
 periously that the call should be heard by those who have 
 the power and the means to aid in effecting a reform that 
 W’ill go to the foundation of Social Evil and eradicate it 
 effectually. The great work of Social Renovation should 
 be undertaken in earnest, and with a sacred devotion by 
 all who hope for . better future for themselves or for Hu¬ 
 manity. 
 
 Society, as at present constituted, is based upon prin¬ 
 ciples which in their operation misemploy, misdirect and 
 pervert the faculties and passions of man, and defeat all the 
 ends and hopes of life. It is based upon the principle of 
 isolation, of separation of man from his fellow-man, upon 
 individual effort, and envious strife and anarchical compe¬ 
 tition, upon selfishness, distrust, antagonism, over-reach¬ 
 ing, fraud and injustice, upon the conflict of all interests, 
 and upon universal duplicity of action. There is no com¬ 
 bination or Unity ; no harmony of action, of interests, or of 
 feeling; no connection or association. Every family has, 
 for example, a separate house, a separate interest, sepa¬ 
 rate hopes, and a separate welfare to attain: it is in 
 conflict with most of the families around it, eager to de¬ 
 tract from their prosperity to add to its own, instead ot 
 seeking to unite with them to advance by their combined 
 efforts their mutual welfare and happiness 
 
 A Social Order, governed by such principles, must, it is 
 evident, be opposed to Reason, to Justice and to Truth, 
 and should be reformed. 
 
 We advocate a Social Order based upon the principle ot 
 Association—of Union between Man and his fellow-man— 
 upon Unity and Harmony of Interests—upon generous De¬ 
 votion, Confidence and Love—upon Kindness and Justice— 
 and upon perfect Liberty and Independence, with Law and 
 Order. 
 
 We believe the broad and comprehensive principle of 
 Association to be the Divine Law for the government of 
 Human Societies, and that a Social Order, based upon this 
 principle, is the true and natural System of Society. In 
 support of this opinion we adduce the following reasons : 
 
 1st. Association is the source of all Economy, and 
 Economy being a primary principle in Nature and every 
 true Mechanism, it follows that Economy must be a fun¬ 
 damental principle in a true Social Organization. The 
 reader wall be convinced, by an examination of the Chap¬ 
 ter on Economies, (page 10,) and the chapter entitled 
 “Contrast between Association and the present 
 Social Order,” (page 16,) that the present System ol 
 Society is full of waste and incoherence, and that the Asso¬ 
 ciated or Combined Order will be productive of gigantic 
 economies. 
 
 2d. Association is the source of Unity: Unity is an¬ 
 other primary principle in Nature, and is essential to the 
 maintenance of order and concord. Association will secure 
 unity of material or temporal interests, and unity of moral 
 sentiments, unity of action in the sphere of industrial and 
 political affairs, unity of habits, manners and language, and 
 unity of Education. (By Unity we do not mean uniformity , 
 but variety in order and harmony.) An examination of the 
 Chapter explanatory of the “ System of Property,” 
 
 J page 30,) and of that upon the “ Union of Capital and 
 jabor,” (page 36,) and the “System of Education,” 
 (page 64,) will give the reader an idea of some of the Uni¬ 
 ties of Association, which are the foundation of Social 
 Harmony. 
 
 The principle of Unity is employed universally by God 
 in all his works and creations, and whenever it does not 
 exist (and it does not sometimes, temporarily, in the ope¬ 
 rations of beings to whom the Creator assigns free will and 
 independent action,) his spirit, or the law of divine order 
 does not govern, and there is derangement and subversion’ 
 accompanied by discord and evil. 
 
 3d. Association is the source of all sociability, of friendly 
 union, and of social affection; and as man is by nature a 
 social being, he requires, and should form, the lareest 
 social unions possible, and numerous and varied social ties 
 with his fellow-men. The present system of society is 
 based upon the smallest possible social union—that of a 
 single family in a separate house by themselves. A true 
 Social Order should be based upon large Associations of 
 about eighteen hundred persons or three hundred families, 
 and not upon small Associations of six or eight individuals, 
 or single families. 
 
 The present state of general isolation and the separation 
 of all interests, which are productive of universal conflict 
 and distrust, smother the social sympathies, and break up 
 nearly all social ties but one—the family tie or the tie of 
 blood—and even this tie in many cases does not escape. 
 
 4th. The institutions and tendencies of the Associated 
 or Combined Order are in perfect harmony with the highest 
 conceptions of truth, justice and love entertained in theory 
 by the world, and which are embodied in the doctrines of 
 Christ. Association will establish Christianity practically 
 upon Earth. It will make the love of God anil the love of 
 the neighbor the greatest desire, and the practice of all 
 men. Temptation to wrong will be taken from the paths 
 of men, and a thousand perverting and degrading circum¬ 
 stances and influences will be purged from the social world. 
 So perfectly are the Institutions of the Combined Order 
 adapted to the human heart, and calculated to develop and 
 expand the higher sentiments, and to insure the practice of 
 truth, that man in loving his neighbor as himself and doing 
 toward him as he would be done by, will secure his own 
 good and happiness. This is touched upon in the Chaptei 
 entitled “Unity of Interests,” (page 33.)—In the 
 Chapters headed “ Sacred Legion,” and “ Guarantee 
 of an Ample Sufficiency,” (pages 62 and 64,) will bo 
 found descriptions of Institutions corresponding to and 
 based upon some of the precepts of Christ. 
 
 Christianity has been grafted upon and developed in the 
 antique Pagan Society—that is, the Greek and Roman 
 Civilization—which social organization, with slight su¬ 
 perficial modifications, has been continued down to the 
 present time, and constitutes what is called Modern Civili¬ 
 zation. A$ the Pagan Religion had a multiplicity of gods, 
 so the Pagan Society had a multiplicity of Interests, a mul¬ 
 tiplicity of Households, with different castes and classes, 
 and was based upon disorder and conflict, and sustained by 
 violence, injustice and oppression. 
 
 A God of love, a Universal Father, the Unity of the Hu¬ 
 man Race, the Brotherhood of the Human family, the 
 Equality of Mankind before God, the law of charity and 
 love, and peace on earth and good will to men, were pro¬ 
 claimed by Christ in an era of Pagan discord, carnage and 
 servitude, and universal subversion of the law of right and 
 truth; and these great doctrines, for the first time an¬ 
 nounced to the world, should have led to the establishment 
 of a New Social Order by the followers of Christ, in 
 which they could have been realized in practice. But the In¬ 
 stitutions of the old Social World of conflict, of war, of isola¬ 
 tion and discord, were so strongly and deeply rooted that 
 they have as yet resisted the renovating doctrine of the 
 Prophet of Nazareth and the professed Faith of the Chris¬ 
 tian world. 
 
 The System of Society propounded by Charles Fou¬ 
 rier, and which we are now laboring to realize in practice, 
 is based upon those laws of Order and Harmony which 
 govern the Universe—the divine laws of Attraction and Re¬ 
 pulsion, the universality of which, and their application to 
 the Moral government of Man, as well as the Mechanical 
 movement of Material things, were first discovered by that 
 profound genius. This new Social Order will form a 
 new plane on which the highest Truth can securely rest, 
 and upon which Christianity can be fully and truly devel¬ 
 oped. Man will there be surrounded by influences that 
 will refine and elevate him to a high standard of excel¬ 
 lence, and direct him rightly in his earthly career. There 
 he will fulfil his destiny, and accomplish the grand objects 
 of his creation. 
 
 Let those who are seeking earnestly for social Truth, 
 and who desire sincerely the elevation and happiness oi 
 mankind, examine carefully and without prejudice the sys¬ 
 tem of Association, unfolded in the following pages, and 
 they must and will become its friends and advocates. 
 
ASSOCIATION. 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 33 
 
 fX -5 
 
 Of /1 / 
 
 
 i—A 
 
 c 
 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 An Association is an assemblage of persons (from 
 four to eighteen hundred) united voluntarily 
 for the purpose of prosecuting with order and 
 unity the various branches of Industry, Art and 
 Science, in which they engage ; and of direct¬ 
 ing their efforts, energies and talents, in the 
 best way for the Happiness and Elevation of the 
 whole. 
 
 God is the Ruler of the moral as well as of the 
 material world. He has not given us faculties 
 and passions at random, and with the chance of 
 their being eternally in conflict; on the contrary, 
 he has created them with infinite wisdom and 
 foresight, and adapted them to a System of So¬ 
 ciety, pre-existing in his Intelligence, in which 
 they would produce the most beautiful Order 
 and Harmony. The essential task of human 
 Genius is to discover this system of Society, as 
 it has discovered Astronomy, Chemistry, and 
 other positive Sciences, and establish it on 
 earth : so long as this task is not fulfilled, false 
 societies will exist, in which the passions will 
 be deranged and perverted in their action, and 
 Man will be sunk in “ crime and misery, and 
 depravity and slavish degradation.” 
 
 ASSOCIATION is the SOCIAL DESTINY 
 of Man—is the true and natural system of 
 Society, predestined for him by the Creator, 
 and will, when established upon earth, secure 
 to him that happiness for which he has so 
 long sought in vain, and the elements of which 
 exist in and around him—in the beautiful cre¬ 
 ations of material Nature, and in the noble 
 faculties and sentiments with which God has 
 endowed him. 
 
 This true and natural System of Society 
 cannot be established at once; it must be a 
 gradual work, and before it can become uni¬ 
 versal, the truth and goodness of its Principles 
 must be demonstrated practically and upon a 
 ^ small scale. For that reason a commence- 
 * ment must be made with a single Association, 
 "" which will show its immense advantages— 
 
 , ^ show the happiness and prosperity which it 
 jp will secure to man, and lead to a general 
 <3? adoption. 
 
 We shall explain the laws and mechanism 
 of this single Association, which is the germ 
 ' or primary element of the System of Society 
 t which we advocate, as the village or town- 
 5 ship is the germ or primary element of the 
 T present System of Society. A county, as we 
 1 know, is composed of townships, a state of 
 - counties, and the United States of states; 
 vlhus, the United States is but a repetition of 
 townships. Now, if the township be falsely 
 organized—that is, if the families composing 
 it, live according to a false system; if there 
 y be conflicts of interests, opposition, discord, 
 .^Waste and poverty among them, then the 
 whole body politic, composed of these falsely 
 
 ( organized townships, will contain all their 
 defects, and discord, injustice, poverty, and 
 the numerous evils which they engender, will 
 exist universally. But if we can organize the 
 $ townships rightly, so that unity of interests, 
 \ concert of action, vast economies and general 
 i riches will be attained, then, in spreading 
 these rightly organized townships, and ren- 
 \ dering them general, a Social Order will be 
 \ gradually established, in which peace, pros- 
 
 I perity and happiness will be secured to all. 
 The great and primary object which we 
 have in view is, consequently, to effect the 
 establishment of one Association , which will 
 exhibit practically the great economies, the 
 
 I riches, the order and unity of the system, and 
 serve as a model for, and lead to the founding 
 of others. 
 
 W e shall explain the laws and mechanism 
 of this one Association, and we will remark 
 that in so doing, we shall explain the whole 
 System of Society which we seek to establish, 
 the same as in explaining the physiological 
 laws of one Individual, we explain those of 
 the whole Human Race. 
 
 The system of Association which we pro¬ 
 pose to the world, is not the plan or scheme 
 of an individual; it is not the invention of 
 mere human reason, like so many political 
 systems which have been established, from 
 the Republic of Lycurgus down to our modem 
 Democracies. It is deduced from and based 
 upon universal Principles, and is the applica¬ 
 tion to the social relations of Mankind of the 
 laws of Order and Unity, which govern the 
 Universe. 
 
 Fourier discovered the laws of UNIVER¬ 
 SAL UNITY, or the laws which govern 
 
 I Creation in its five grand Spheres or Move¬ 
 ments, which are: 1st, the Material 
 Movement, or the laws which govern the 
 movements of the heavenly bodies, or univer- 
 
 ! sal Matter; 2d, the Aromal, or the laws 
 which regulate the distribution and influences 
 of the imponderable fluids on the kingdoms 
 of Creation—animal, vegetable and mineral; 
 3d, the Organic, or the laws according to 
 which God distributes forms, properties, co¬ 
 lors, flavors, etc. to all created things; 4th, 
 the Instinctual, or the laws according to 
 which God distributes instincts and passions; 
 and lastly, the Social, or the laws which 
 govern the succession and mechanisms of the 
 < societies of intelligent Beings throughout the 
 Universe. 
 
 From a knowledge of these laws of Uni- 
 \ versal Unity, Fourier deduced the true and 
 | natural system of society, destined for Man, 
 
 | and which, when realized in practice, will 
 \ produce social Order and Harmony upon the 
 | globe—a reflex of the Harmony which reigns 
 > in the Universe. Throughout his works, he 
 declares that he gives no system or plan of 
 his own; he claims the merit only of having 
 i discovered the system of Nature, which will 
 \ secure to Mankind as many blessings as the 
 \ false social Institutions, set up by human rea- 
 | son, have entailed upon them miseries and 
 1 misfortunes. 
 
4 
 
 NECESSITY OF SOCIAL REFORM.—HUMAN MISERY. 
 
 “ The Social Order,” says the London Pha¬ 
 lanx, (a Magazine devoted to the cause of 
 Association,) “ deduced from the Science of 
 Universal Unity, is based on the three pri¬ 
 mary Unities which compose the 
 
 ' Unity of Man with God 
 in true Religion. 
 
 UNIVERSAL Uni, y of “ an . with Man 
 
 TTATTTV m true society. 
 
 Unity of Man with Na¬ 
 ture, in creative Art 
 and Industry. 
 
 “ In practice, it resolves itself into the Mo¬ 
 ral, the Artistic, and the Scientific spheres of 
 action.” 
 
 “ In Morals , friendly unity, conjugal unity, 
 family unity, and hierarchal unity.” 
 
 “ In Art, scenic beauty, musical harmony, 
 nutritive excellence, fragrant purity, and com¬ 
 fortable homes.” 
 
 “In Science , critical understanding and 
 well-founded hope, inventive energy and ge¬ 
 nuine faith, variety of information, liberty of 
 conscience, toleration of opinion, and true cha¬ 
 rity in action.” 
 
 “ This is what we wish to realize in Uni¬ 
 tary Combination; and both Faith and Science 
 say, ‘ It can be done; and shall! and soon!’ ” 
 
 Before concluding these general remarks, 
 let us particularly request the reader not to 
 confound the system of Association, discovered 
 by Fourier, with the trials made by the Sha¬ 
 kers, Rappites and others, nor with the system 
 devised bv Mr. Owen. The views of the latter 
 have excited in the public mind the strongest 
 repossessions against the magnificent pro- 
 lem of Association, and raised up most se¬ 
 rious obstacles to its impartial examination. 
 The errors of individuals, however, should be 
 carefully separated from so grand and impor¬ 
 tant a subject, and to condemn Association 
 because Mr. Owen has advocated a commu¬ 
 nity of property or attacked religion, shows a 
 want of impartiality and discrimination which 
 no reflecting mind, we hope, will be guilty of. 
 
 -o- 
 
 NECESSITY OF A SOCIAL REFORM. 
 
 Should not true Religion influence those who 
 have both wealth and power to save Humanity 
 from crime and misery, and depravity and sla¬ 
 vish degradation ? And should not men in 
 power aspire to something higher than low self¬ 
 ish ease and personal aggrandizement at the ex¬ 
 pense of living souls in languor and despon¬ 
 dency? Doherty. 
 
 When new views and principles are put 
 forth, they invariably meet with the opposi¬ 
 tion and condemnation of the great majority 
 of men, no matter how good or true they may 
 be, or how important the results which they 
 promise to realize. Against this procedure 
 we protest, and, in behalf of suffering Humani¬ 
 ty, we ask that preconceived notions and pre- 
 ‘udices as well as hasty criticism be for a time 
 aid aside, and an impartial and conscientious 
 
 investigation of the system, which we advo¬ 
 cate, be entered into. 
 
 If we look around us, we see numerous Par¬ 
 ties, laboring isolatedly to carry out various 
 reforms—political, administrative, currency, 
 abolition, temperance, moral, &c. &c.—which 
 proves, First, the depth and extent of the evil 
 that preys upon Society, and Second , the ne¬ 
 cessity of a fundamental Reform, which will 
 attack that evil at its root and eradicate it ef¬ 
 fectually, instead of lopping off a few branch¬ 
 es. If the plan of such a reform has really 
 been discovered, how worthy of the candid 
 examination of every being, whose Soul burns 
 with a desire to see poverty and misery ban¬ 
 ished from the earth, and who feels a sacred 
 pride for the happiness and elevation of his 
 Race! 
 
 To meet and disarm fears and suspicions 
 which may arise in the conservative Mind, 
 we will hasten to state that the reform we con¬ 
 template, although fundamental in its charac¬ 
 ter, is not destructive, but constructive; it will 
 not tear down, but build up; it will respect 
 what is true and good in Society, and will 
 change quietly and by substitution, what is 
 false and defective; it will violate no rights, 
 injure no class; it will not impoverish the 
 Rich to enrich slightly the Poor; it will not 
 change the victims of poverty and misery, but 
 will improve and elevate the condition of all, 
 without taking from any. It can moreover 
 be tried on a small scale, and it will only 
 spread, when practice has shown its superiori¬ 
 ty over the present system. Unlike political 
 reforms, which, to effect the smallest change 
 of policy, agitate and often convulse a whole 
 country, and array one half of the People 
 against the other half, it will not affect a space 
 as large as a township and but a few hundred 
 persons, and will not extend beyond these nar¬ 
 row limits unless its advantages —'practically 
 demonstrated —excite a strong and general 
 approbation in its favor. 
 
 To show the necessity of a Social Reform, 
 we will glance at the misery which exists 
 upon earth; its extent, depth, and intensity 
 prove that political and other partial reforms 
 can effect but little permanent good, and that 
 recourse must be had to new and thorough 
 measures. 
 
 -o- 
 
 HUMAN MISERY. 
 
 God sees in the Human Race but one great 
 Family, all the members of which have a right 
 to his favors ; He designs that they shall all be 
 happy together, or else no one People shall en¬ 
 joy Happiness. Fourier. 
 
 A Lawyer addressed Christ, saying, Maste», 
 what shall I do to inherit eternal Life ? 
 
 Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all 
 thy heart, and with all thv strength, and with 
 all thy mind, AND THY NEIGHBOR AS 
 THYSELF. 
 
 (Neighbor, in the sense used by Christ, means 
 every member of the Family of Man.) 
 
 If we look abroad over the earth and exam¬ 
 ine the condition of the Human Race upon it. 
 
HUMAN MISERY. 
 
 5 
 
 what do we see ? A spectacle at which the 
 soul shudders. A large majority of our fellow- 
 creatures are slaves, serfs or poor hired la¬ 
 borers, toiling from fear of the lash or fear of 
 want to obtain a miserable subsistence, or to 
 produce the means of supporting a favored 
 lew in luxury and idle ease. Discords and 
 hatreds are rife among them, and the darkest 
 selfishness benumbs their hearts and renders 
 them indifferent to each other’s misery. There 
 are millions upon millions of beings, who are 
 now suffering every variety of physical wretch¬ 
 edness and moral wo; there are hearts that 
 are torn with care and anxiety—bodies that 
 are worn out with overburthening toil; there 
 are multitudes of miserable wretches immured 
 in gloomy prisons and dungeons, expiating by 
 suffering and ignominy, crimes into which 
 they were plunged by poverty, ignorance and 
 other circumstances over which they had no 
 control—far less culpable in many cases than 
 the false Society which exposed them to be¬ 
 come outcasts and criminals; there are other 
 multitudes of beings buried in dismal and suf¬ 
 focating mines, toiling in the bowels of the 
 earth with the dim lamp, the pick-axe and 
 the wheelbarrow for their only companions; 
 there are members of the human family, who, 
 at this moment, are mounting the bloody scaf¬ 
 fold, where the soul, amidst awful horror and 
 despair, is to be tom by violence asunder from 
 the body, and launched into an unknown fu¬ 
 ture. All these varied woes and miseries ex¬ 
 ist, and there are living., feeling Souls that 
 must undergo them ! 
 
 The affections and sympathies of the heart 
 are also outraged and violated ; there are pa¬ 
 rents who see their offspring exposed to pri¬ 
 vations which they cannot alleviate, or led 
 astray by the temptations, vices and crimes 
 of a false Society, and ingulfed in ruin. 
 There are broken friendships, disappointed 
 loves, thwarted ambitions, and other mental 
 sufferings which tongue cannot tell and lan- 
 guage cannot depict. 
 
 The surface of the Earth is in as miserable 
 a condition as the Race upon it. Vast deserts 
 and marshes, which generate pestilential 
 winds and miasmatic exhalations—the source 
 ©f the most frightful diseases, such as the 
 plague, the cholera, the yellow fever, &c., 
 and wild forests and plains, inhabited by nox¬ 
 ious reptiles, and savage beasts cover at least 
 three-fourths of it. The portion which has 
 been brought under cultivation is but miser¬ 
 ably cultivated, and parts are devoted to the 
 worst of purposes; here we see regions ex¬ 
 hausted in the production of noxious plants, 
 like the poppy and tobacco, which are grown 
 to furnish mental vacuity and idleness with 
 the means of a momentary occupation and 
 excitement: there districts planted with grain 
 —not to sustain life—but to be converted into 
 a poisonous liquid, which may afford to de¬ 
 graded masses a brutal exhilaration with its at¬ 
 tendants, folly, disease and death. Besides, 
 whole regions have been devastated by fire 
 and sword, and remain in a neglected state— 
 monuments of the folly and madness of nations. 
 
 | Such is the spectacle which a general view 
 of the condition of the Earth and the Race 
 | upon it, presents ! Does it not call for some 
 | great Reforms ? 
 
 I It will be declared perhaps that our remarks 
 are exaggerated, but it is not so; they are in 
 fact far below the truth. If the extent and 
 depth of human Misery are not felt and heeded, 
 > it is because men are so occupied with their 
 | own little projects and interests that they can- 
 not lend a thought to the higher concerns and 
 \ interests of Humanity, and because in our so- 
 
 I ( cieties of selfish Individualism and narrow 
 Nationality, no universal and generous sympa¬ 
 thies for Mankind, no sentiment for their col¬ 
 lective welfare—a sentiment which Christ so 
 strongly inculcated—-are aroused and cherish- 
 f ed in their hearts. 
 
 < We will sustain what we have said upon 
 the subject of human misery by a few statis- 
 \ tical details, which prove that exaggeration 
 f is impossible. 
 
 | In France, out of a population of thirty- 
 < three millions, twenty-two millions have, 
 \ upon an average, but six cents a day each to 
 \ defray all expenses—food, lodging, clothing 
 > and education. What general and abject des¬ 
 titution and ignorance must exist ip such a 
 \ state of things! 
 
 i If we examine the condition of Great Bri- 
 | tain, which is the richest Nation on the globe, 
 \ we shall be astonished at the little wealth 
 \ which she comparatively possesses. In 1812 
 l there were in England, Wales and Scotland, 
 j as the returns of the income-tax showed, but. 
 | 152,000 persons possessing an income of above 
 £50, or $240, a year; and only 600 above 
 £5000 a year. Mr. Colquhoun calculates the 
 present number of persons of independent for¬ 
 tune in Great Britain—that is, of persons who 
 can live without daily labor—at 47,000, and 
 including bankers, merchants and others who 
 j unite profits of business with interest of pro¬ 
 perty, 60,000; making, with their families, 
 \ 300,000 persons who are at their ease. To so 
 \ small a number is the wealth of Britain con¬ 
 i’ fined! On the other hand, there are 16,800,000 
 | persons living by their daily labor; the pau- 
 \ pers, criminals and vagrants alone amount to 
 j 1,800,000. What a picture of collective po¬ 
 ll verty does this great Nation, which levies 
 l commercial tribute on nearly the whole globe, 
 < present! 
 
 > In Ireland, out of a population of 8,000,000, 
 \ every third person experiences, during thirty 
 l weeks of the year, a deficiency of even third- 
 > rate potatoes. 
 
 < In Sicily, an island so highly favored by 
 > soil, climate and position, the condition of the 
 < people is frightful. Count Gasparm, Peer oi 
 > France, in speaking of the present state of its 
 < Agriculture and the poverty of the peasantry, 
 | says: “When the crops are bad, or the prices 
 | of grain are low, so that the landholders re- 
 | quire less labor, the misery of the country 
 | becomes intense: without means of subsist- 
 | ence for the winter, it is not a rare thing to 
 l find peasants starved to death in the fields 
 \ with grass in their mouths , from which they 
 
6 
 
 HUMAN MISERY, 
 
 had vainly endeavored to draw nourish¬ 
 ment /” 
 
 “ In London, one-tenth of the whole popu¬ 
 lation are paupers, and 20,000 persons rise j 
 every morning without knowing where they 
 are to sleep at night. (If we add to the pau- 
 pers, the thieves, pickpockets and vagrants, j 
 the number of outcasts and destitute amounts ; 
 to 230,000.) In Glasgow, nearly 30,000 per- $ 
 sons are every Saturday night in a state of j 
 brutal intoxication, and every twelfth house \ 
 is devoted to the sale of ardent spirits; in j 
 Dublin 60,000 persons passed, in one year , \ 
 through the fever hospital.”— Alison on the 
 Principles of Population. j 
 
 “ The number of persons charged with se- 5 
 nous offences, is in England five times greater \ 
 than it was thirty years ago; in Ireland six 
 times, but in Scotland twenty-seven times.” t 
 — Ibid. 
 
 Pauperism, vice and the repression of crime, > 
 cost England about thirty millions of pounds \ 
 sterling a year—equal to the whole interest of i 
 the national debt. Could a Social Order be l 
 established which would even do away with s 
 the grosser kinds of vice and crime, what an ; 
 immense national economy it would be! 
 
 An eminent English physician, Dr. Robert- 
 son, sums up as follows the evils that oppress i 
 the working population. 
 
 “ Too early employment—too long employ- i 
 ment—too much fatigue—no time for relaxa - > 
 tion—no time for mental improvement—no J 
 time for care of health — exhaustion — intern- j 
 perance—indifferent food — sickness — prema- < 
 lure decay—a large mortality.” j 
 
 The same gentleman, speaking of the agri¬ 
 cultural population, says:— 
 
 “ There is another and a very large portion 1 
 of the community, whose state, though often j 
 boasted of, is not, in my opinion, more favor- 
 able to the preservation of perfect life and body \ 
 than that of the manufacturing Poor. I mean l 
 the Laboring Poor of the agricultural districts. \ 
 Their extreme poverty and their constant la- \ 
 bor so influence them that a majority—I am \ 
 sure I speak within bounds—have never the \ 
 enjoyment of health after forty years of age. I 
 A thousand times in the course of dispensary j 
 practice, I have felt the mockery of prescribing ;> 
 medicines for the various stomach complaints < 
 to which they are liable, and which are the > 
 product of bad food—insufficient clothing— 
 wearing toil—and the absence of all hope of \ 
 anything better in this world.” < 
 
 “ The peasant’s home is not the abode of j 
 joy, or even comfort. No ‘children run to ^ 
 lisp their sire’s return, or climb his knees the < 
 envied kiss to share.’ The children are felt \ 
 to be a burthen, ill-fed, ill-clothed, and lying on \ 
 beds worse than the lower animals; they are j 
 ragged or clothed by charity; untaught or j 
 taught by charity; if sick, cured by charity; 
 if not starved, fed by charity.” j 
 
 Dr. Kay gives a description of the population j 
 employed in the cotton factories of Manches¬ 
 ter, Leeds, Glasgow, and other large manu¬ 
 facturing towns, whi«h skews a state of things l 
 truly frightful. 
 
 “ The population,” says he, “ is crowded 
 into one dense mass, in cottages separated 
 by narrow, unpaved and almost pestilential 
 streets, in an atmosphere loaded with the 
 smoke and exhalations of a large manufac¬ 
 turing city. They are engaged in an em¬ 
 ployment which absorbs their attention, and 
 unremittingly employs their physical energies. 
 They are drudges who watch the movements 
 and assist the operations of a mighty material 
 force, which toils with an energy ever uncon¬ 
 scious of fatigue. The persevering labor of 
 the operative must rival the mathematical 
 precision, the incessant motion and the ex- 
 haustfess power of the machine. * * * 
 
 * * Having been subject to the pro¬ 
 
 longed labor of an animal—his physical energy 
 wasted, his mind in supine inaction—the Ar¬ 
 tisan has neither moral dignity, nor intellectual 
 nor organic strength to resist the seductions of 
 appetite. Domestic economy is neglected— 
 domestic comforts are unknown. A meal of 
 the coarsest food is prepared with heedless 
 haste, and devoured with equal precipitation. 
 Home has no other relation than that of shelter 
 —few pleasures are there—it chiefly presents 
 to him a scene of physical exhaustion, from 
 which he is glad to escape.” 
 
 The following is an extract from an accoun 
 given of the Glasgow poor by an intelligen 
 observer, Mr. Symonds, the Government Com 
 missioner for examining into the condition Ow 
 the hand-loom weavers:— 
 
 “ The wynds of Glasgow comprise a fluc¬ 
 tuating population of from 15,000 to 30,000 
 persons. This quarter consists of a labyrinth 
 of lanes, out of which numberless entrances 
 lead into small square courts, each with a 
 dunghill reeking in the centre. Revolting as 
 was the outward appearance of these places, 
 I was little prepared for the filth and destitu¬ 
 tion within. In some of these lodging-rooms, 
 (visited at night,) we found a whole lair of 
 human beings littered along the floor, some¬ 
 times fifteen or twenty, some clothed and 
 some naked—men, women, and children, hud¬ 
 dled promiscuously together. Their bed con¬ 
 sisted of a layer of musty straw intermixed 
 with rags. There was generally little or no 
 furniture in these places; the sole article of 
 comfort was a fire. Thieving and prostitution 
 constituted the main sources of revenue of tliis 
 population.” 
 
 If we had space to enter fully into a descrip¬ 
 tion of the condition of European populations, 
 we could present statistical facts that would 
 reveal a depth and intensity of misery that is 
 appalling to contemplate. 
 
 We hold up these pictures of desperate and 
 brutalizing wretchedness, that those, who ne¬ 
 ver reflect upon or examine into the subject, 
 may for once see what their poor and suffer¬ 
 ing fellow-creatures are enduring, in countries 
 the most Civilized and Christian. 
 
 It will be declared by a majority of persons 
 that the People of the United States at least 
 are well off, and if so, why trouble themselves 
 with other countries ? It is considered per¬ 
 fectly right and natural, as well as Christian, 
 
HITMAN MISERY. 
 
 to have no feeling but for those immediately \ 
 connected with us; but the truth is, that the 
 People of this country are not so well off as > 
 the press and political leaders would persuade < 
 them: an immense amount of poverty, suf- \ 
 fering, vice and crime exists, which is gra¬ 
 dually increasing, and which should urge them \ 
 to action, instead of remaining satisfied with 
 useless and selfish comparisons. 
 
 If the mass of the population in the United 
 States is better off physically than in Europe, 
 it is because there is an immense extent of 
 soil and a thin population, and because ma¬ 
 chinery cannot be, or at least has not yet been, 
 applied to agriculture, in which a vast amount 
 of labor is required. But we are moving on¬ 
 ward to the misery of the old World; our 
 present prosperity is temporary, and the great 
 object which we, as a People, should have in 
 view, is to take advantage of our favorable 
 position, and effect peacefully a Social Reform 
 before we sink into the poverty and ignorance 
 in which Europe is plunged. 
 
 We have no statistical details of misery in 
 the United States, but we will hazard a few 
 general remarks, which we think are far be¬ 
 low the truth. Leaving three millions of 
 slaves, or one-sixth of the population of the 
 country, out of the account, there are of the 
 remaining fifteen millions of beings, not less 
 than three or four millions in a state of com¬ 
 parative or extreme destitution. We are confi¬ 
 dent that this is not an over-estimate, although 
 the number of actual paupers and habitual 
 beggars may not exceed half a million. But 
 when we add to these the vast army of con¬ 
 firmed drunkards, who, with glassy eyes, 
 burning brows and shaking knees, are reeling 
 on the downward road to ruin, with their de¬ 
 pendent wives and children, subsisting from 
 hand to mouth, Heaven only knows how—a 
 daily repetition of the miracle of the loaves 
 and fishes, save that the baskets of fragments 
 are omitted—the wives and children of habi¬ 
 tual idlers, loungers, reprobates and criminals 
 —the families of the crippled and diseased— 
 of poor widows and persons out of employ¬ 
 ment, and the aggregate of human suffering 
 from absolute want is frightful. Who can 
 estimate it? 
 
 What are the Statesmen of the world doing 
 to remedy these complicated evils and mise¬ 
 ries, which afflict all Nations ? 
 
 In Ireland, O’Connell and his party wish a 
 National Parliament, believing that it would 
 he a remedy for the intense wretchedness in 
 which that unfortunate country is plunged. 
 In England they have a National Parliament, 
 and what does it do for her millions of over¬ 
 worked and famishing operatives, whose suf¬ 
 ferings are not exceeded by those of any other 
 population of Europe ? 
 
 In France the Liberal Party is laboring to 
 estf flisb universal Suffrage and an unrestrict¬ 
 ed Liber ty of the Press, indulging in the de¬ 
 lusive hope that the right of voting will secure 
 to Masses, who have an income of but six 
 cents a day, prosperity and happiness. In the 
 United States, we have universal Suffrage and 
 
 the Liberty of the Press, and as they have nc 
 secured happiness to the People, other scheme 
 and projects, equally as impotent, occupy th« 
 attention of political Leaders. 
 
 The Democratic Party advocates a speci' 
 currency and the abolishment of moneyet 
 corporations, contending that such measure 
 would give regularity to Industry, open a broat 
 field to individual exertion, and bring about a 
 state of general prosperity. In France, they 
 have a specie currency and no banking system, 
 and the general poverty of the people proves 
 that such measures can by themselves effect 
 no good. 
 
 The Whig Party, on the other hand, advo- 
 cates the establishment of a national and 
 local Banks, a paper currency and an extended 
 credit system. In England they have a na¬ 
 tional and local Banks and an immensely ex¬ 
 tended credit system, and no where are the 
 “ poor sons of honest Industry” so effectually 
 robbed of the fruits of their labor, and so sunk 
 in industrial and financial bondage and servi¬ 
 tude. 
 
 Thus Politicians and Statesmen, in different 
 countries, are laboring to carry out partial re¬ 
 forms which have been tried practically else¬ 
 where, and which, as experience has demon¬ 
 strated over and over again, can effect no great 
 and permanent results. 
 
 Political reforms operate merely on the sur* 
 face of society; they cannot go to the root of 
 social Evil, and eradicate those deeply seated 
 Miseries, which result from repugnant and 
 ill-requited labor, from an unjust distribution 
 of profits, from false and anarchical compe¬ 
 tition in trade and industry, and from social 
 institutions, which violate and outrage in 
 every way human nature. 
 
 Let Politicians be called upon to say whe¬ 
 ther their wisest measures, their plans the 
 best matured, would, if fully and faithfully 
 carried out, remedy a tithe of the manifold 
 and complicated Evils which exist, and which 
 blight the existence of so many of our fellow- 
 creatures. 
 
 Would they give food to the Hungry? 
 shelter to the Houseless ? clothes to the Un¬ 
 clad ? Would they give occupation to the 
 destitute Seekers of employment? education 
 to the Child that is growing up in ignorance ? 
 Would they relieve the toil-worn Masses 
 from the drudgery and anxieties that are 
 wearing them out in body and soul ? Would 
 they correct the abuses of the present repug¬ 
 nant, ill-requited and degrading system of 
 Labor, and the industrial tyranny which it 
 entails upon the Multitude ? Would they 
 check the extortions, monopolies and frauds 
 of trade, and the tricks and injustice of the 
 l law? Would they prevent ruinous Compe- 
 t tition from reducing wages to starvation point, 
 | and obviate the frightful effects of machinery, 
 which works against instead of for the 
 $ Mass? Would they do away with vice, 
 { crime and drunkenness, and the temptations 
 and causes of despair, which seduce men into 
 them ? In short, would they correct effectu¬ 
 ally any of the materal miseries which ar$ 
 
8 
 
 HUMAN MISERIES. 
 
 entailed upon the Poor, or alleviate the moral <■ 
 woes and afflictions which shroud in gloom \ 
 the existence of so many of the Rich, who are j 
 freed from want and worldly care ? 
 
 No, they would do nothing of the kind; 5 
 and it is as evident as that the sun shines in \ 
 the heavens, that a Social Reform only can < 
 effect those fundamental changes, which are > 
 required to remedy the intense and compli¬ 
 cated Evils which now prey upon all classes 
 of society. 
 
 Men of talent and genius, who are devoting 
 your energies to political, administrative and 
 other minor Reforms, examine the grand ques¬ 
 tion of a Social Reform—so much more vast, 
 and so much more pregnant with great re¬ 
 sults ! Why waste your powers upon ephe¬ 
 meral projects, which, if carried out, will 
 effect but little good, and will soon be forgot¬ 
 ten—sinking into oblivion your names and 
 your efforts? In fifty years hence, how small 
 will the question of a sub-treasury or national 
 bank appear, and who will remember the 
 men that frittered away their day and hour 
 in discussing it ? When the broad field of a 
 Social Reform, which spreads out so far be¬ 
 yond the narrow field of political reform, lies 
 open before you—when a Reorganization of 
 Society, which is the grandest undertaking 
 that any Age can offer, calls for your efforts, 
 how can you consent to labor for minor and 
 secondary reforms, which disappear for the 
 most part with the day that brings them 
 forth ? 
 
 If a Social Reform can be effected which 
 will dignify Industry and render it attractive— 
 increase immensely production or real wealth 
 —secure abundance to the Poor and perma¬ 
 nent prosperity to the Rich—extend the re¬ 
 fining and elevating influence of superior 
 education to all—widen the sphere of intel¬ 
 lectual existence, and combine the pleasures 
 of Art and Science and social Life with the 
 pursuits of useful Industry, how desirable 
 would be the result, and how worthy of the 
 persevering efforts of men of pure motives 
 and exalted ambition! 
 
 The mind of Man has not yet elevated itself 
 to the Idea of undertaking with intelligence 
 and foresight a Social Reform, but the Age is 
 sufficiently prepared for this grand Idea to 
 warrant its being broached and discussed. 
 The World has run through and accomplished 
 those various minor and preliminary reforms— 
 political, legislative, judiciary, &c.—which 
 first occupy the attention of men, and there 
 is nothing now to prevent them from compre¬ 
 hending, that it is not changes in the Govern¬ 
 ment, and Administration, or on the surface of 
 society that are required, but a fundamental 
 Reform in the social Organization itself 
 
 Let us now turn from these general consider¬ 
 ations, and cast a glance at the condition and 
 tendency of things in our own land. 
 
 The history of the United States proves 
 practically and beyond the possibility of de¬ 
 nial, that political and administrative reforms 
 cannot secure to the People Happiness and 
 
 Social Elevation. We have enjoyed a long 
 period of peace; the best talent of the coun¬ 
 try has been devoted to Politics; various par¬ 
 ties—Federal and Democratic—have had the 
 ascendency; different policies—Hamiltonian 
 and Jeffersonian—have been carried out; the 
 labors of from thirteen to twenty-six State 
 Legislatures, of a National Congress and an 
 unshackled Press, have been devoted to the 
 work of improvement, and after all, what great 
 results have been attained ? Are the People 
 happier? are they more elevated, morally and 
 socially ? have they pleasing and encouraging 
 prospects before them? are they moving 
 onward toward some high Destiny which 
 excites enthusiasm? No, far from it; real 
 Evils, such as collective poverty and depen- 
 \ dence, anxiety for the future, fluctuations in 
 | trade and in industry, and instability in politi- 
 cal policy, have increased and with marked 
 \ rapidity. 
 
 It is true that Commerce has been greatly 
 s developed and extended, but it has been in so 
 \ incoherent and disorderly a manner that vio- 
 lent revulsions have every few years taken 
 place, which have plunged the country at each 
 > period into the greatest distress, and entailed 
 | ruin upon all classes of society. Besides, Com- 
 | merce prospers in proportion to the amount 
 | of profits which it draws from productive In- 
 \ dustry—from agriculture and manufactures. 
 
 { so that its prosperity is a very deceptive sign 
 of public welfare. 
 
 It is true, also, that great internal Improve- 
 
 I meats have been carried out, but how inju¬ 
 diciously and wastefully have they been pro¬ 
 secuted ! A majority of them are unfinished 
 and pay no returns, and many of the States 
 that have undertaken them, have become 
 j bankrupt—causing the ruin of thousands of 
 | individuals, who loaned them their money. 
 
 <; The great achievement of the country is its 
 j progress in Industry, which has been most 
 | rapid; vast forests have been cleared, towns 
 | and cities built, immense lines of roads made, 
 | vessels and steamboats without number con¬ 
 structed, and the resources of the country 
 wonderfully developed.—But this great move- 
 < ment is not to be ascribed to political and 
 legislative action, but to the fact that the en¬ 
 ergies of the People, instead of being wasted 
 in war, or repressed by military power, as 
 has been the case in all other countries, have 
 been directed to practical Improvements and 
 the development of Industry. 
 
 > This great industrial Progress is worthy of 
 i the highest praise and excites admiration, but 
 j while it has taken place, Social Evils, as we 
 s said, have increased and with surprising rapid- 
 $ ity. Our anarchical commercial and finan- 
 < cial system, together with free competition, 
 j which is exceeding in intensity and relentless- 
 •> ness all bounds, are engendering universal dis- 
 \ trust, antipathy, selfishness and antagonism 
 > in society, and contaminating all the practical 
 \ affairs of life with fraud, injustice and double 
 > dealing. 
 
 j Competitive strife among -the Laboring 
 I Classes, which arrays them in hostility against 
 
INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY—MARRIAGE AND FAMILY TIES—RELIGION. 
 
 9 
 
 each other, and machinery in the hands of the 
 few which works against them, are gradually 
 reducing the price of wages and prolonging 
 the time of toil, and these and other circum¬ 
 stances prognosticate for them a future of 
 poverty and degrading dependence. Their 
 condition has already become more precari¬ 
 ous ; the difficulty of obtaining employment 
 is greater, and the means of living more un¬ 
 certain than ever. The Mechanic and Labor¬ 
 er can no longer look forward as in former 
 years with the hope of securing a home for 
 old age, but consider themselves fortunate if 
 they can satisfy present exigences and obtain 
 the means of subsistence for the day. 
 
 While this change in the Social condition 
 of the glasses has been going on, frauds and 
 revulsions in trade and finance have become 
 more frequent, more sweeping and unforeseen, 
 spreading ruin among the Rich, and rendering 
 them extremely insecure intheir possessions. 
 
 Our whole system of Commerce and Indus¬ 
 try has become a round of killing cares, ha¬ 
 rassing anxieties, disgusts, hopes blasted, and 
 unforeseen reverses and ruin. The business 
 world is an arena of conflicts, overreaching 
 and fraud—a school for the most callous self¬ 
 ishness and duplicity; its spirit has rendered 
 business tact, craft and petty cunning the 
 most important of qualifications—made the 
 practice of truth and justice impossible—de¬ 
 graded the higher faculties of the mind—sunk 
 the pursuits of Art, Science and useful Indus¬ 
 try below the mere ability of money-making— 
 set up wealth as the standard of excellence 
 and respectability, and rendered its acquisition 
 a mania, to w r hich all the higher and more 
 noble aims of life are sacrificed. 
 
 Such are results which are growing out of 
 the present system of Society, as it is advan¬ 
 cing to maturity. With the spectacle of them 
 before us, should we remain satisfied with the 
 political, administrative and other partial re¬ 
 forms, which occupy public attention, or un¬ 
 dertake a Social Reform, which will eradicate 
 at once the numerous evils which the present 
 false organization of Society engenders ? 
 
 -o- 
 
 INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY—MARRIAGE 
 AND FAMILY TIES—RELIGION. 
 
 I respect the dignity of Human Nature. 
 
 Channing. 
 
 All Community of Property is the grave of indi¬ 
 vidual Liberty. 
 
 In true Association, individual Interests, so far 
 from being mixed, confounded, sacrificed or 
 even subjected to those of the Mass or Commu¬ 
 nity, should remain essentially distinct; and 
 individual Will should act for the greatest 
 good of the Whole, without being violated or 
 constrained. J. Muiron. 
 
 The Love of God will become in this new Order 
 the most ardent Love among Men. Fourier. 
 
 As we cannot explain at once the whole 
 of the system of Association, and as a great 
 many prejudices, aroused by the promulga¬ 
 tion of agrarian and atheistical doctrines, may 
 
 be imputed to us, we deem it important to 
 make the following explicit declarations. 
 
 ls£. Association will maintain Individual 
 Property, and extend its right and the means 
 of acquiring it to every member of society, so 
 that no one will be subjected to galling pecu¬ 
 niary dependence. * The petty tyranny, or 
 vexatious control of the individual over the in¬ 
 dividual, which exists so generally at present, 
 and which is the most odious and repulsive 
 of all tyrannies, is owing to the fact that the 
 great majority of persons possess no property 
 in their own right, and are as a consequence 
 pecuniarily dependent. We may safely esti¬ 
 mate that not one person out of ten holds 
 property at present, so that as a general rule 
 Individual Property does not exist. Associa¬ 
 tion, with its immense economies, its great 
 productiveness, and the guarantee of the 
 choice of occupations and constant employ¬ 
 ment, will enable every one to attain fortune, 
 or at least a handsome competency. 
 
 2d. Association will maintain the Family 
 and Marriage Ties; for they exist in the moral 
 Nature of man, and any system which would 
 destroy them, betrays an utter ignorance of 
 his nature and true social principles^ Those 
 ties are now often outraged and broken by 
 jarring discords, by quarrelsome ignorance, 
 monotony, tyranny, drunkenness and other 
 vices inherent in the present system of Socie¬ 
 ty ; but Association will correct these evils and 
 give to the Family Union a purity, elevation 
 and harmony, which it now r rarely possesses. 
 
 We condemn the system of Isolated House¬ 
 holds, but not Marriage, which is an institu¬ 
 tion separate and distinct from our present 
 domestic arrangements. People suppose that 
 the marriage tie could not be maintained in 
 Association, and would be dissolved if it were 
 not confined to the isolated household,—that 
 is, if each family did not live in a separate 
 house by itself. This is a superficial error: 
 do we not see that families can live in tents, 
 cottages, boarding-houses or palaces without 
 the marriage tie being dissolved? Why then 
 can it not exist in Association ? 
 
 Some Reformers have attacked Marriage, 
 and attributed to it from mistake the numer¬ 
 ous evils engendered by the system of isolated 
 households. They have been guilty of a great 
 error, and have been frustrated by it in all 
 their efforts at reform. So far from Marriage 
 being the cause of those evils, it is itself de¬ 
 graded and contaminated by the system of 
 isolated households; and to such an extent 
 that it may almost be said, the isolated 
 household is the tomb of Love. It will be 
 reserved for Association, with its riches, its 
 complete moral and intellectual development 
 of beings, the enjoyment of the arts and scien¬ 
 ces, and its freedom from monotony, and pet¬ 
 ty domestic cares and anxieties, to refine and 
 elevate Marriage. The isolated household 
 produces disagreements, engenders antipa¬ 
 thies, and deadens all enthusiasm. 
 
 We are well aware that great defects are 
 to be found in the family and marriage Ties, 
 as they now exist: the former leads as a genr 
 
10 
 
 ECONOMIES OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 er&l rule to the most contracted and repulsive ; 
 selfishness, and the latter is in the most of > 
 cases a mere worldly, sensual connection. But ; 
 then we do not wish to destroy, but to pre- ; 
 serve and elevate them, for we feel absolutely ’ 
 certain that the parent will always love the j 
 child and the child the parent, and that iutel- ) 
 lectual love will invariably lead to chastity ; 
 and fidelity. 
 
 3d. Association will respect sacredly the : 
 Religious Sentiment, and preserve religious 
 "Worship, which is the external manifestation \ 
 of that Sentiment in the human soul. . f > 
 
 Some reformers have attacked Religion, \ 
 and in so doing have filled the minds of peo- > 
 pie with a dread that any great plan of Social l 
 Reform will be connected with Infidelity. I 
 Let us point out briefly why they have com- ' 
 mitted this error, as it will probably be the ; 
 best way of proving that we shall avoid it. 
 
 During the course of our false societies, >> 
 which pervert almost every thing true and 
 good, Religion has at times been greatly per¬ 
 verted and abused, and has produced gigantic ) 
 evils. The horrors perpetrated in religious ? 
 'wars and persecutions, the atrocities of the l 
 Inquisition and other outrages committed in > 
 the name of Religion are certainly appalling > 
 to contemplate. Struck with these abuses, \ 
 and believing them inherent in Religion, some > 
 reformers have wished to abolish it; they i 
 have not had the perspicuity to separate the > 
 abuses of Religion from Religion itself—to sep¬ 
 arate the effect of sectarian Fanaticism, act- \ 
 ing upon ignorant and deluded minds, from ; 
 true Religion and the high and exalted senti- ; 
 ments connected with it, but have wished to . 
 blot out the religious principle in Humanity, \ 
 and sever the connection between it and the > 
 Divinity. > 
 
 Fourier was guided in his researches by 
 genuine, or as he terms it, integral Faith in 
 God and the universality of his Providence, \ 
 and he sought to discover the laws of Order 
 and Harmony which govern the Universe, in 
 which he succeeded, and he has given to the l 
 world a Social Order deduced from and based < 
 upon those laws. This Order is essentially ' 
 religious in its character, first, because it is > 
 based upon laws and principles which have 
 their origin in Divine Wisdom, whereas all 
 past and present societies are based upon ar- ; 
 bitrary laws, devised by human Reason,—that i 
 is, by Legislators and Philosophers; and, \ 
 second, because its aim is to unite and con- > 
 nect men in bonds of peace and harmony, and 
 establish that Brotherhood among Mankind, > 
 which was the desire of Christ. 
 
 Fourier has, in three of his works— Theory '> 
 of Universal Unity; The Neiv Industrial >' 
 World , and False Industry —devoted a con- \ 
 siderable space to proving scientifically the 
 Immortality of the Soul, which he has done 
 in the most conclusive maimer, and in The 
 New Industrial World , he has shown the 
 perfect coincidence which exists between the 
 practical aims and tendencies of Christianity 
 and Association, and has proved that the 
 former can, only be realized in practice in a 
 
 Society based upon a Union of the individual 
 with the collective Interest, Concert of Action, 
 Attractive Industry and Social Unity. 
 
 These remarks' are general in their charac¬ 
 terpractically we will state, that in Associa¬ 
 tion the most perfect Freedom of Opinion will 
 exist, and a true sentiment of Tolerance be in« 
 culcated. Every individual will enjoy his re¬ 
 ligious opinions precisely as he wishes and 
 without restriction.* The Association will 
 build a Church, and if there are persons who 
 entertain particular religious views, the Asso¬ 
 ciation will furnish them halls, where they can 
 render thanks to the Creator of the Universe 
 as they feel and judge proper. 
 
 Association will establish no new sect or 
 creed: it will, with the aid of its system of 
 attractive industry, its vast economies and a 
 superior practical and scientific education, ren¬ 
 der Wealth and Knowledge universal, so that 
 All may be elevated to worldly comfort and 
 moral dignity. In such a state of things, the 
 religious Sentiment will have every chance of 
 a universal and noble development, which is 
 impossible in societies, in which poverty, ig¬ 
 norance, conflicts of interests, and repugnant 
 toil, harass and degrade nine-tenths of Man¬ 
 kind. 
 
 The practical organization of Association 
 has no more to do with the religious belief of 
 people, than the building of a block of houses 
 or a large hotel has to do with the creeds of 
 those who are to inhabit them. We aim at 
 establishing a Social Order in which Man will 
 find abundance, knowledge and the moral and 
 material enjoyments which his nature re¬ 
 quires. In his religious belief and opinions, 
 he will enjoy unrestricted liberty. 
 
 -o- 
 
 ECONOMIES OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 No part of the system of Association pre¬ 
 sents greater claims upon general approbation 
 than its Economies. The almost universal 
 desire of Men is to attain fortune, or at least a 
 competency; and as Economy is one of the 
 two sreat avenues that lead to riches and 
 worldly comfort, the descriptions which are 
 given below cannot fail, we think, to interest 
 the Reader, and predispose him favorably 
 towards the System which is to secure abun¬ 
 dance to all, and sweep Want, with all its 
 degrading and harassing influences, from so¬ 
 ciety. 
 
 We extract these descriptions from Fou¬ 
 rier’s large work, entitled, Theory of Univer¬ 
 sal Unity. 
 
 We see here and there a few examples of 
 Association, referable to instinct or accident 
 merely, which should have led to farther inves¬ 
 tigations. The peasants of Jura, in Switzer 
 land, finding that the milk collected by a 
 single family will not make a cheese which 
 is very much esteemed, called gruyere , unite 
 and bring their milk daily to a common depot. 
 
ECONOMIES OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 11 
 
 where notes are kept of the quantity deposited 
 by each family; and from these small collec¬ 
 tions a large and very valuable cheese is 
 made, which is divided pro rata among those 
 who contributed to it. 
 
 We see Association in some countries intro¬ 
 duced also into minor details of rural Eco¬ 
 nomy—into a common oven, for instance. A 
 hundred families composing a hamlet, know 
 that if it were necessary to construct, keep in 
 repair and heat a hundred ovens, it would 
 cost in masonry, fuel and management ten 
 times as much as one oven in common—the 
 economy of which is increased twenty and 
 thirty fold, if the village contains two or 
 three hundred families. 
 
 It follows, that if Association could be ap¬ 
 plied to all the details of domestic and agri¬ 
 cultural operations, an economy on an average 
 of nine-tenths would result from it—indepen¬ 
 dent of the additional product, which would 
 arise from the saving of hands, employed in 
 other functions. We do not, therefore, exag¬ 
 gerate in stating that domestic Association on 
 the smallest scale, say of four hundred per¬ 
 sons, would yield a Product six times as great 
 as that which is now obtained from our pre¬ 
 sent system of incoherent, isolated, piece-meal 
 and disassociated cultivation. 
 
 Certain classes—soldiers for example—are 
 forced from necessity to resort to the Econo¬ 
 mies of Association. If they prepared their 
 scanty meals separately, as many soups as 
 there are individuals, instead of preparing for 
 a large number at once, it would cost them a 
 vast deal of time and trouble, and they 
 would not be as well served, although the 
 outlay would be increased three-fold. Sup¬ 
 pose a Monastery of thirty Monks had 
 thirty different kitchens, thirty different fires, 
 and every thing else in the same ratio; it is 
 certain that, while expending six times as 
 much in materials, cooking implements and 
 hire of servants, they would be infinitely 
 worse served, than if there was Unity in their 
 household Organization. 
 
 How has it happened, that the Politicians 
 of the present day, so immersed in their mi¬ 
 nute calculations and economies, have not 
 thought of developing these germs of social 
 Economy, and of extending both to rural and 
 city populations some system of domestic As¬ 
 sociation, examples of which we see scattered 
 here and there in our present state of society ? 
 Could not some mechanism, in which landed 
 and other property would be represented by 
 stock, divided into shares, be discovered, that 
 would induce three hundred families to form 
 an Association, in which every person would 
 be paid according to the three following quali¬ 
 fications— Labor, Capital, Skill? No Eco¬ 
 nomist has directed his attention to this im¬ 
 portant problem :—nevertheless, how great 
 would be the profit in case one vast granary 
 or bam, well managed and overseen, could be 
 substituted in the place of three hundred 
 little bams, exposed to rats, weevil and fire! 
 
 As the problem is solved and Association is 
 
 discovered, we must not be stopped by appa¬ 
 
 rent obstacles, but investigate the immensity 
 of the economies of Association in the small¬ 
 est details. 
 
 Instead of a hundred milk-men who lose a 
 hundred days in the city, one or two would be 
 substituted, with properly constructed vehi¬ 
 cles for performing their work. Instead of a 
 hundred farmers who go to market, and lose 
 in the taverns and groceries of the city a 
 hundred days, three or four to manage and 
 oversee, with as many wagons, would take 
 their place. Instead of three hundred kit¬ 
 chens, requiring three hundred fires, and 
 wasting the time of three hundred women, 
 one vast kitchen with three fires for preparing 
 food for three different tables, at different 
 prices, for the various classes of fortune, would 
 be sufficient; ten women -would perform the 
 same function which now requires three 
 hundred. 
 
 We are astonished when we reflect upon 
 the colossal profits which would result from 
 these large Associations. Take fuel alone, 
 which has become so expensive—is it not 
 evident, that for cooking and the warming of 
 rooms, Association would save seven-eighths 
 of the wood and coal which our present sys¬ 
 tem of incoherent and isolated Households, 
 wastes and consumes ? 
 
 The parallel is equally glaring, if we com¬ 
 pare theoretically or in imagination the cul¬ 
 tivation of a domain in Association, overseen 
 like a single farm, with the same extent of 
 country, cut up into little farms, and subjected 
 to the caprice of three hundred families. 
 Here one family makes a meadow of a sloping 
 piece of land, which Nature destined to the 
 vine ; there another sows wheat where grass 
 should grow; a third, to avoid buying grain, 
 clears a declivity which the rains will strip 
 of its soil the following year; while a fourth 
 and a fifth misapply the soil in some other 
 way. The three hundred families lose their 
 time and money in barricading themselves 
 against each other, and in law-suits about 
 boundary lines and petty thefts; they all 
 avoid works of general utility, which might 
 be of advantage to disagreeable or detested 
 neighbors, and individual interest is every 
 where brought in conflict with public good. 
 
 The civilized World talks of Economy and 
 System: what system does it see in this in¬ 
 dustrial incoherence, this anti-social confu¬ 
 sion ? How has it happened that, for thirty 
 centuries, it has not been discovered that As¬ 
 sociation, and not cultivation carried on by 
 isolated households, is the destiny of man, and 
 that so long as he is ignorant of the theory 
 of domestic Association, he has not attained 
 his destiny ? 
 
 ECONOMIES IN GRANARIES, CELLARS, FUEL, 
 TRANSPORTATION, ETC. 
 
 We are astonished, as we before observed, 
 when we pass a few moments in drawring a 
 picture of the enormous profits, which would 
 result from an assemblage of three or four 
 
12 
 
 ECONOMIES OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 hundred families, inhabiting one vast Edifice, 
 in which they would find suites of rooms and 
 tables at various prices, covered communica¬ 
 tions, varied functions—in short, every tiling 
 that could abridge, facilitate and give a charm 
 to Industry. 
 
 In going into details, we will first examine 
 the advantages of Association in Granaries 
 and Cellars. The three hundred granaries or 
 barns, which three hundred farming families 
 require, would be replaced by a vast Granary, 
 divided into special compartments for each 
 kind of grain, and even for each variety. All 
 the advantages of dryness, ventilation and 
 locality, could be observed and attended to— 
 advantages which the farmer cannot now 
 think of; for often his house and barns are 
 badly situated for the preservation of his pro¬ 
 duce. A Community of eighteen hundred 
 persons would always make choice of the 
 most favorable location in every respect for 
 their Edifice or rural Palace and out-houses. 
 The expense of walls, doors, frame-work, 
 machinery, precautions against fire, insects, 
 &c. of a vast granary, would not cost one- 
 tenth part of what three hundred barns, at 
 best but defectively constructed, now do. Ten 
 doors and windows only would be necessary 
 there, where, with the present system, three 
 hundred are required, and every thing else in 
 proportion. 
 
 It is above all in precautions against fire 
 and other accidental waste, that the profits 
 become colossal. All measures of public se¬ 
 curity are impracticable with three hundred 
 families, some being too poor to take neces¬ 
 sary" precautions, others too careless or indif¬ 
 ferent. We frequently hear of a whole town 
 having been consumed by the imprudence of 
 a single family'. Precautions against insects, 
 rats, &;c., become also illusive, because there 
 is no joint action between these families. If 
 by great care one farmer destroys the rats in 
 his granaries, he is soon assailed by those of 
 the neighboring barns and fields, that have 
 not been cleared of them, for the want of a 
 system of general co-operation, impossible 
 with the present diversity of interests. 
 
 Association gives rise to important econo¬ 
 mies in operations which are now deemed 
 productive: for example, three hundred farm¬ 
 ing families send to market, not once, but 
 twenty times in the course of the year: if a 
 few chickens or pounds of butter are to be 
 sold, a day is lost in town; this amounts for 
 the three hundred families to an aggregate 
 loss of six thousand days’ work, without in¬ 
 cluding the expense of wagons, which is 
 twenty-fold that of Association. In the lat¬ 
 ter Order all these products would be sold in 
 large quantities, as sales and purchases would 
 take place only between Associations of 
 eighteen hundred persons. By avoiding the 
 complication of sales, the waste, for example, 
 of sending three hundred persons to market, 
 to make three hundred separate negotiations, 
 instead of a single one, is obviated, and we 
 simplify and economize an important branch 
 of operations, 
 
 I lf one Association sells five thousand bushels 
 of wheat to three others, the care of milling 
 and storing does not extend to nine hundred 
 families, but only to three. Thus after hav¬ 
 ing saved in the sale of the produce, ninety- 
 nine-hundredths of the distributive labor, this 
 economy is repeated in its preparation for use. 
 ^ It is consequently an economy of ninety-nine- 
 ; hundredths twice repeated; and how many 
 ? will take place of this magnitude ! 
 
 It is to be remarked that the economies 
 ; of Association are almost always, like those 
 | above, of a compound nature, w r hich, to the 
 j saving in selling, adds that of storage and 
 | preparation. The same system is applicable 
 < to liquids, such as wines, oils, &c. Three 
 hundred families have three hundred cellars, 
 in the care of which, ordinarly, as' much ig¬ 
 norance as want of skill is to be found. There 
 > is a greater loss on liquids than on grain, for 
 the care of the former is a great deal more 
 hazardous, and requires more attention and 
 i knowledge. 
 
 5 —o— 
 
 S POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ECONOMIES. 
 
 : Negative Profit consists in producing by 
 
 \ doing nothing, more than people now often 
 ; do, who, with great labor, produce frequently 
 | less than nothing. We will choose walls and 
 j fences as an example. If thieving did not ex- 
 | ist, if flocks were guarded by a few dogs, as 
 ; they would be in Association, so that a small 
 ; hedge or furrow would answ r er all purposes, 
 
 ; fences and walls could be done away with, 
 
 ; and the expense of their construction and re- 
 ! pairs saved. Thus, an expensive wall or fence 
 ! is equivalent to nothing, as to present product; 
 
 > and less than nothing, as to future product, 
 
 ! for it will cost repairs. A large portion of the 
 | greatest works of our civilized Societies, such 
 ! as fortifications and navies, produce either 
 
 > nothing or less than nothing, considered apart 
 | from their destructive action. 
 
 i Negative Profit, or the saving of a labor in 
 
 > itself unproductive, is easy to distinguish from 
 positive Profit, which arises from increased 
 
 <; production in any branch of Industry; the 
 
 < former kind of profit being the least understood 
 in the present order, we will make use of an 
 
 \ example to illustrate it. 
 
 > River Fish: this source of product is the 
 
 < more precious as it requires no care, and 
 £ as its rapid multiplication is not prejudicial to 
 
 the crops, like that of game. How great 
 \ would be the abundance of fish, if there w T ere 
 
 > a general understanding to suspend fishing at 
 
 < certain periods, and leave a sufficient quantity 
 
 > in each stream for re-production ! Such Con- 
 \ cert of Action is one of the results of Associa- 
 
 I tion. Persons, expert in the matter, say, that 
 upon an average of years, twenty times as 
 many fish would be taken in all small streams, 
 if people would agree to fish only at proper 
 seasons, so as not to exhaust the stock, and 
 take but a quarter of the pains in destroying 
 otters and muskrats, which they now do in 
 despoiling the streams. Such would be the 
 
NON-PRODUCERS. 
 
 13 
 
 policy of Association, which, to the product 
 of rivers, would add that of reservoirs, with 
 currents for preserving distinct species. 
 
 Positive Profit consists in the increased 
 roduct obtained by active Industry. We 
 ave in the present Order a very considerable 
 quantity of positive Riches, from which we 
 might draw a double or treble profit; such are 
 forests, which require to be cleared of the su¬ 
 perabundance of trees that choke their growth. 
 In certain other branches, we have too much 
 positive Wealth. Compared with the quan¬ 
 tity of grain and wine produced, we have a 
 great many more barns and casks than are 
 necessary ; we could reduce the number two 
 thirds, if vast granaries and large tuns’ and 
 vats only were used. Thus real Riches often 
 consist in a diminution of the positive product. 
 
 4 
 
 -o- 
 
 NON-PRODUCERS. 
 
 One of the greatest sources of economy in 
 Association will be the return of Non-Pro¬ 
 ducers—that is, of idlers, loungers, persons 
 engaged in useless occupations, the idle rich, 
 etc., to Productive Industry. This result can¬ 
 not be attained without a system of Attractive 
 Industry , which will render the pursuits of 
 Agriculture and the mechanical Arts pleasing 
 and honorable,—and Industry cannot be ren¬ 
 dered Attractive except in Association. 
 
 What is the number of persons actively 
 engaged at present in producing? Not One- 
 Third of the population. Two-Thirds pro¬ 
 duce nothing , and the labor of the producing 
 Third is, for want of good implements, work¬ 
 shops and manufactories, and a scientific sys¬ 
 tem of agriculture, most miserably applied. 
 All must live from the scanty product of the 
 Producing Third, and out of it the expenses 
 of Government, the profits of Commerce, Fi¬ 
 nance, the Law, etc. must be paid. So long 
 as this state of things continues, Poverty will 
 be the lot of four-fifths of the population, and 
 the only remedy is to establish a system of 
 Attractive Industry, which will induce the 
 present host of Non-Producers to take part in 
 productive Industry, and add to the wealth of 
 Society. To show that two-thirds of the po¬ 
 pulation produce nothing, we add below a list, 
 which we extract from Fourier, of the Non- 
 Producing Classes in the present Social Order. 
 
 List of Non-Producers in the present Social 
 
 Order. 
 
 ] st Division. 
 
 1. Women. 
 
 2. Children. 
 
 3. Servants. 
 
 2d Division. 
 
 4. Armies. 
 
 5. Fiscal Agents and Police. 
 
 6. Manufacturers in part. 
 
 7. Commerce do. 
 
 S Useless Transportation. 
 
 1 3d Division. 
 
 I 9. Idlers. 
 
 10. Con trover tists and Sophists. 
 
 11. Idle Rich. 
 
 12. Outcasts. 
 
 Principal Classes. 
 
 I Persons engaged in positive Destruction. 
 Persons engaged in negative Production. 
 
 I First Division.—Domestic Non-Producers. 
 
 1. Three-quarters of the Women in cities, 
 i and half of those in the country, produce no- 
 \ thing, as they are absorbed in unproductive 
 | domestic occupations, which are to be consi- 
 
 I > dered useless, as they grow out of the present 
 system of isola ted households. Their labor is 
 estimated in political economy at only a fifth 
 of that of men. 
 
 2. Three-fourths of Children, perfectly use¬ 
 less in cities, and of but little use in the coun¬ 
 try, owing to their mischievousness and want 
 of skill. 
 
 3. Three-fourths of Servants, whose labor 
 is rendered necessary by the present domestic 
 complication, particularly in kitchens. In 
 Association, thirty cooks would do infinitely 
 better the work which now requires three 
 hundred. 
 
 Second Division—Social Non-Producers. 
 
 4. Armies and Navies, which, besides ab¬ 
 sorbing a very large portion of the public re¬ 
 venue, divert from productive labor the most 
 robust of the population, and predispose them 
 to depravity by forcing them to sacrifice in a 
 parasitic function years which they should 
 employ in acquiring skill and ability in Indus¬ 
 try, for which they lose all taste in a military 
 life. The mass of men and machines, called 
 
 i an Army, produces nothing while waiting to 
 be employed in destroying. 
 
 5. Fiscal Agents. — What a quantity of 
 hands does the Custom-House alone absorb! 
 To these we may add tax-gatherers, inspec¬ 
 tors, and the army of clerks employed in the 
 complicated administrations of States and Ci¬ 
 ties. How many could return to productive 
 Industry in the Combined Order, in which each 
 Association would pay, like a single indivi¬ 
 dual, its taxes! 
 
 6. A full half of Manufacturers may be 
 considered relatively unproductive, owing to 
 , the vast quantity of badly manufactured goods. 
 
 (A shoemaker who makes a pair of boots 
 | that rip at the end of the week, is relatively 
 | unproductive, for, although he has labored, he 
 | has produced nothing of value, and might as 
 < well have been idle. This observation applies 
 f to an immense quantity of poor manufactures, 
 $ which do no service.) Perfection in this de- 
 \ partment of Industry would reduce the waste 
 ; of manufactures to one-half or three-quarters 
 | of what it now is. 
 
 7. Nine-tenths of Merchants and other 
 < Commercial Agents. In the Combined Order 
 \ a system of wholesale Trade, which would be 
 
14 
 
 NON-PRODUCERS. 
 
 carried on direct between Associations and j 
 would be performed by Commission Mer- { 
 chants, employed by the Associations, would ; 
 replace the present incoherent system of com- i 
 mercial exchanges, and avoid the enormous j 
 complication of little sales and purchases, j 
 which now take place between isolated fa- j 
 milies. 
 
 8. Two-thirds of the Agents of Transpor- j 
 
 tation by sea and land.—To the waste of a < 
 complicated system of conveyance, is to be j 
 added that of hazardous transmission, parti- ji 
 cularly by sea, where imprudence, want of J 
 skill and bad vessels increase shipwrecks ten- j 
 fold. | 
 
 Third Division—Accessory Non-Producers. < 
 
 9. Legal, Accidental or Secret Idlers ; > { 
 
 persons who are inactive from the want of jj 
 work or for the purpose of amusement. Take i 
 useless holidays and celebrations, political < 
 meetings, etc.: what an immense loss of time l 
 do they cause ! They can be much reduced < 
 when useful occupation and industry are more i 
 attractive. \ 
 
 The waste arising from accidental stop- \ 
 pages of work, should also be taken into l 
 account. If the Overseer is away, the Work- j 
 men stop; if they see a man or a cat pass, 2 
 they all turn to look—leaning on their spades i 
 and gaping for diversion; forty or fifty times j 
 a day they lose in this way five minutes. 
 Their week’s work is hardly equal to four full > 
 days. How much waste and idleness for want $ 
 of Attractive Industry! 
 
 10. Controvertists and Sophists ; to whom \ 
 
 are to be added all those who read them, i 
 and take part at their instigation in party \ 
 quarrels and unproductive intrigues. j 
 
 The list of Controvertists and Sophists is \ 
 much greater than would at first be supposed. \ 
 Let us take jurisprudence, as an example, i 
 which appears an excusable branch. Suppose < 
 Association were not to produce a twentieth > 
 part of the law-suits which we now have, > 
 and that to settle them, it employed means j; 
 as expeditious and simple as ours are compli- l 
 cated and protracted—it follows that nineteen- l 
 twentieths of the members of the bar are t 
 parasitic Non-producers, as well as jurors and s 
 witnesses in attendance. (The vast amount \ 
 
 of Talent now engaged in the Law, would 
 have in the Combined Order a noble, honor¬ 
 able and lucrative career in the Arts and 
 Sciences opened to it.) 
 
 11. Idle Rich— people passing their lives 
 in doing nothing. Add to them their ser¬ 
 vants and employees, for all classes who 
 serve non-producers are themselves unpro¬ 
 ductive. 
 
 12. Outcasts —persons in open rebellion 
 against the laws, morals and industry. Such 
 are public women, vagrants, beggars, rogues, 
 brigands, etc., the number of which tends less 
 than ever to decrease, and the repression of 
 which requires the maintenance of an army 
 of constables and police officers, who are 
 equally unproductive, besides the expense of 
 jails, penitentiaries and galleys. Add to these, 
 persons engaged in lotteries and gambling- 
 houses, which are true social pests. 
 
 Principal Classes. 
 
 Persons engaged in Positive Destruction. 
 Such are Armies actively engaged in war, and 
 Monopolizers who cause artificial famines, 
 which are of frequent occurrence in some 
 countries. 
 
 Persons engaged in Negative or Useless 
 Production : they are excessively numerous. 
 The labor of a workman, useful in appear¬ 
 ance, is often merely negative —if employed, 
 for instance, on a fence or wall, which is not 
 positive product; he produces, not only no¬ 
 thing for the present, but constructs a work 
 which will cause a future expense. As As¬ 
 sociation would not require a hundredth part 
 of the walls and fences which are now neces¬ 
 sary, they are to be considered relatively un¬ 
 productive. There are a great many other 
 useless works, such as bridges and edifices 
 which fall down, and roads that have to be 
 laid out anew and made over. 
 
 If we can find means to induce all these 
 non-producing Classes to take part in produc¬ 
 tive occupations, we may safely calculate that, 
 with an appropriate application of the labor 
 of different ages and sexes, the product or 
 real wealth of society can be increased three¬ 
 fold,—in which case, with a just Division of 
 Profits, Poverty can be banished from the 
 earth. 
 
PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION OF ASSOCIATION 
 
 15 
 
 PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION 
 
 OF 
 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The error of Science is, that it has been engaged 
 for five and twenty centuries past in political 
 and administrative controversies, which only 
 serve to excite commotions. It should have 
 devoted its attention exclusively to the organ¬ 
 ization of Industry, to the art of associating 
 isolated families, and to attaining the colossal 
 Economies, the enormous Profits, which such 
 an Association would produce. 
 
 Fourier. 
 
 All philosophers declare that Man was made for 
 Society ;—starting from this principle, shouldhe 
 tend to the smallest or the largest Society pos¬ 
 sible 1 Beyond all doubt it is in the largest 
 that he will find all the advantages of System 
 aud Economy : and inasmuch as we have only 
 arrived at the infinitely small, at the single 
 Couple with their children in a house by them¬ 
 selves, is any other proof necessary to show, 
 that the present system of society is the very 
 opposite of human Destiny as well as of Truth ? 
 
 Fourier. 
 
 Is it not surprising that the Political Order has 
 alone been the object of study, while the In¬ 
 dustrial Order, incomparably more essential to 
 the happiness of Mankind, has been almost 
 entirely neglected? A. Tamisiek. 
 
 -O- 
 
 NUMBER OF PERSONS. 
 
 The proper number of persons for an Asso¬ 
 ciation is about Eighteen Hundred, or, if we 
 suppose six persons on an average to a family, 
 three hundred families. This number is not 
 chosen arbitrarily, but is based upon the num¬ 
 ber of distinct Characters which we find in 
 Man, and which compose the full scale of 
 human Character. It is only in large Asso¬ 
 ciations of eighteen hundred persons, that all 
 varieties of talents and capacities, as well as 
 the proper capital, skill and knowledge, can 
 be combined, which are necessary to secure a 
 perfect prosecution of Industry, and the Arts 
 and Sciences. 
 
 If the members of an Association are of 
 different degrees of fortune, of different cha¬ 
 racters, tastes and talents, and possess varied 
 theoretical and practical acquirements, the 
 easier it will be to associate and harmonize 
 them. Diversity in these respects will, in a 
 true system of Association, be a source of 
 Concord, Union and Harmony. 
 
 For an Association on a small scale, four or 
 five hundred persons, or eighty to a hundred 
 families, will be sufficient; but this is the 
 smallest number with which an Association 
 can be organized, in which the Harmonies 
 of the system—moral, material and social— 
 can be sufficiently developed to show its im¬ 
 mense superiority over the present organiza¬ 
 tion of Society,—in which Industry can be 
 rendered Attractive, vast Economies intro- 
 
 \ duced, and the Passions usefully employed 
 \ and rightly directed. 
 
 These conditions cannot be fulfilled, and 
 \ Social Harmony cannot be attained in small 
 '/ Associations of two or three, or even twenty 
 
 < or thirty families; eighty families or about 
 $ four hundred persons, at least, are necessary. 
 
 All Harmony is based upon a variety of 
 
 < elements properly combined, and the science 
 | of Association teaches us that the smallest 
 <j number of individuals, or elements of Social 
 \ Harmony, with which the essential parts of 
 \ the mechanism of an Association can be or- 
 ] ganized, is the number we have here given. 
 
 ( Small Associations of two hundred persons, 
 or about forty families, could be established, 
 which would offer great advantages, as re¬ 
 gards economy, profit, material comfort and 
 a judicious application of labor and capital, 
 over the present system of Isolated Families; 
 but the mechanism would be so much reduced, 
 and so incomplete, that it would afford but 
 few of the charms and advantages of a large 
 Association. 
 
 A great many persons will wish to form 
 small and incomplete Associations; they would 
 do better to combine their means and form a 
 large establishment. To show the importance 
 of doing so, we will state that it is only in 
 large Associations that the following essential 
 conditions can be fulfilled. 
 
 1. Dignify Industry and render it Attractive. 
 
 2. Effect great Economies, which, in large 
 Associations, are four-fold what they are in 
 small ones. 
 
 3. Establish a great variety of occupations, 
 in Art and Science and Industry, suited to the 
 tastes, talents and capacities of both Sexes 
 ^ and of all Ages, and offer to every one conge- 
 \ nial spheres of activity. 
 
 4. Secure to every person congenial and 
 | pleasing social relations, and the choice of 
 \ sympathetic characters; avoid all forced con- 
 < tacts, and absorb any individual antipathies in 
 5 collective affinities. 
 
 < 5. Combine Capital sufficient to prosecute 
 
 \ Industry, and particularly Agriculture, which 
 \ is the main branch of it, upon a vast and 
 \ scientific scale, and to give to every thing' 
 
 | connected with them—to the fields, gardens, 
 j workshops, tools, implements and working 
 < dresses—convenience and elegance, without 
 \ which Industry cannot be rendered attractive. 
 
 6. Organize the mechanism of the Groups 
 \ and Series, without which the Passions—now 
 
 ! so discordant and rebellious—cannot be use¬ 
 fully and legitimately employed, and harmo¬ 
 niously developed. 
 
 7. Give to children a complete moral, in- 
 ‘ (j tellectual and physical development, which is 
 \ only possible in large Associations, where In¬ 
 dustry is rendered Attractive, and the Arts 
 and Sciences are extensively cultivated. 
 
 Let these conditions be fulfilled, and the 
 advantages of Association will be found so 
 immense, that the isolated Household, with 
 , its cares, waste and monotony, will be aban- 
 \ doned at once. 
 
16 
 
 THE DOMAIN.—LOCATION. 
 
 THE DOMAIN. 
 
 For a large Association, a tract of land 
 containing about six thousand acres, or three 
 miles square, will be necessary. For a small 
 Association of four hundred persons, fifteen 
 hundred acres will be sufficient. The surface 
 of the soil should be undulating and adapted 
 to a varied cultivation, and a small stream of 
 water should, if possible, flow through it. If 
 the heavier branches of Agriculture, such as 
 the growing of grain and the raising of flocks, 
 are not prosecuted in a small Association, and 
 gardening and the cultivation of fruit are made 
 the principal Agricultural pursuits, a some¬ 
 what less quantity will answer. 
 
 In the centre of the Domain, the Association 
 would erect a commodious and elegant Edi¬ 
 fice, capable of accommodating comfortably 
 the members, with spacious and convenient 
 suites of apartments, separated by division 
 walls, and at different prices, to suit the for¬ 
 tunes of the inhabitants, and storehouses, 
 granaries and other necessary outhouses in 
 the vicinity. The Edifice, rising in the midst 
 of the finely cultivated fields and gardens of 
 the Domain, would present a beautiful spec¬ 
 tacle of architectural Unity, in comparison 
 with which our present little and isolated 
 constructions would appear most insignificant 
 and discordant. 
 
 -o- 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 In organizing the first Association great 
 advantages would be secured by locating it in 
 the vicinity of a large city—that is, within a 
 circuit of twenty or thirty miles. This is 
 important, and for various reasons; we will 
 mention two. 
 
 1st. The Association should have a conve¬ 
 nient market for its lighter agricultural pro¬ 
 ducts—such as vegetables, fruits, flowers, etc. 
 which cannot be transported far, and the cul¬ 
 tivation of which is more attractive than the 
 growing of grain or the raising of flocks, which 
 would have to be almost exclusively attended 
 to, if the Association were located in the far 
 west. Later, as the system spreads, and as 
 groups of Associations are formed near each 
 other, means will exist of extending attrac¬ 
 tion to all the heavier branches of Agriculture; 
 but in the commencement, care must be taken 
 to select those branches which are in them¬ 
 selves the most attractive and pleasing, and 
 which will afford occupations to both sexes 
 and all ages. The ready sale which fruit, 
 vegetables, poultry and similar productions 
 command in cities, would render an Associa¬ 
 tion near one much more profitable than if 
 located in a thinly settled region; and large 
 profits will alone induce Capitalists in the be¬ 
 ginning to invest their funds in Association, 
 and aid with their means the spread of the 
 system. 
 
 2d. The Association could, if situated near 
 a large commercial town, obtain all facilities, 
 such as machinery, tools, implements, etc., 
 with ease and at anytime required; if located 
 far in the interior, it could not, but would 
 have to purchase them at the commencement, 
 which would more than counterbalance the 
 cheapness of land. The Association should 
 also be near a large city to be at once ge¬ 
 nerally known, and lead to a more rapid 
 imitation. 
 
 -o- 
 
 CONTRAST BETWEEN ASSOCIATION 
 AND THE PRESENT SOCIAL ORDER. 
 
 There can exist but two methods in the exercise 
 of Industry,—to wit: the present incoherent 
 and desultory Order or cultivation carried on 
 by Isolated Families as we now see it; or the 
 combined Order, cultivation prosecuted by As¬ 
 sociations, with fixed laws as respects a just 
 distribution of profits—each person receiving a 
 share proportioned to the part which he has 
 taken in producing them. 
 
 Which of these two methods is the one de¬ 
 signed for us by the Creator ? Is it the inco¬ 
 herent or the combined? There can be n» 
 hesitation on this point. God, as supreme eco¬ 
 nomist, must have preferred Association, the 
 source of all economy, and reserved for its 
 organization some means, the discovery of 
 which was the task of Genius. 
 
 Fourier. 
 
 > If we wish to picture to ourselves in ima- 
 i gination an Association established and in 
 
 operation, we must imagine spreading out 
 
 < before us a fine Domain, covering an area of 
 \ three miles square, beautifully and scientific- 
 \ ally cultivated, diversified witfi gardens, fields, 
 
 < fruit-orchards, vineyards, meadows and wood- 
 | lands; in the centre a large and elegant 
 I Edifice, with spacious and commodious out- 
 1 houses, combining architectural beauty with 
 \ convenience and economy; fine flocks, teams 
 i and implements greeting everywhere the eye, 
 
 ' and an intelligent and prosperous Population 
 j engaged from Attraction in the care and cul- 
 | tivation of the whole. The Useful and the 
 ) Beautiful would be in every way united: the 
 | loveliness of Nature would be heightened by 
 | the works of Man; and the charms of So- 
 | cial life and the pursuits of Art and Science 
 \ and useful Industry, would be in every way 
 
 combined. 
 
 / Would not eighteen hundred persons, united 
 | in an Association, prosecuting with order and 
 | economy all their industrial and business ope- 
 i rations, and dividing equitably the product of 
 their Labor and Talent—each receiving a 
 
 > share according to the part which he or she 
 has taken in creating it—live much more in 
 accordance with the dictates of wisdom, than 
 if they were divided into three hundred fami¬ 
 lies, inhabiting as many isolated little tene- 
 
 ;> ments, as lonely in general as they are incon- 
 | venient, with poor farms and workshops, poor 
 \ flocks, tools, implements and machinery, and 
 
 < without the charm of varied social relations, 
 —without Art, Science and other intellectual 
 
 < enjoyments, which give to human existence 
 \ its elevation, and constitute the true life of 
 
CONTRAST BETWEEN ASSOCIATION AND THE PRESENT SOCIAL ORDER. 
 
 17 
 
 Man? We leave the reader to answer the 
 question himself. 
 
 To furnish more data for forming an opi¬ 
 nion, let us contrast more minutely the man¬ 
 ner in which three hundred families now live, 
 and the manner in which they would live in 
 Association. The contrast will show us the 
 immense superiority of Association, as regards 
 Economy, and Unity of action and interests 
 over the present System. 
 
 Three hundred families require at present 
 three hundred separate houses, three hundred 
 kitchens, three hundred kitchen fires, three 
 hundred sets of cooking utensils, three hun¬ 
 dred women, to do the cooking—and if they 
 are farming families—three hundred little 
 farms, three hundred barns and sheds, three 
 hundred teams, innumerable walls and fences, 
 and every thing else equally as complicated 
 and uselessly wasteful. 
 
 All the cares and labor attendant upon pro¬ 
 viding for the wants of a family, such as 
 cooking, washing, marketing and keeping up 
 fires, must be gone through with three hun¬ 
 dred times daily by the three hundred fami¬ 
 lies, and with the same detail as for an as¬ 
 semblage of eighteen hundred persons, except 
 the difference of scale. 
 
 Association w r ill avoid this monstrous com¬ 
 plication and waste; instead of three hundred 
 little kitchens and three hundred fires, it will 
 have four or five large and convenient kitchens, 
 with as many fires, by means of which, not 
 only the cooking can be done, but the entire 
 Edifice warmed; instead of three hundred 
 little fire-places and cooking-stoves, and as 
 many sets of cooking utensils, it will have its 
 extensive kitchen ranges, its large boilers and 
 ovens, and machinery on the largest scale 
 and the "best that can be invented for facili¬ 
 tating culinary operations; instead of three 
 hundred women to do the cooking, it will 
 have a few experienced cooks, engaged by 
 turns every other day; instead of three hun¬ 
 dred poor teams, half the time idle, it will 
 have merely the requisite number, and of the 
 best quality; instead of the immense number 
 of walls and fences now required, it will have 
 a few extensive hedges; and instead of making 
 all its sales and purchases at retail, paying in 
 profits to traders one-half of the product of its 
 labor, it will make them at wholesale, and in 
 the most economical manner. 
 
 To what immense Economies would Asso¬ 
 ciation give rise! What a source of Riches 
 it would be! We live in an Age, the all-ab¬ 
 sorbing desire of which is wealth. If men 
 would but add sentiments of justice and phi¬ 
 lanthropy to their greedy strife after money, 
 they would see, that it is only in Association 
 that their wishes can be satisfied, and that all 
 can attain prosperity. 
 
 If people would associate, economize and 
 apply their talents and energies in a judicious 
 manner, they could produce wealth in abun¬ 
 dance, and escape want and anxiety; whereas 
 in striving to wrest from each other by fraud, 
 over-reaching and other unjust means the 
 little that is produced under the present false 
 
 I and repugnant system of Labor, ninety-nine 
 out of a hundred live amidst cares and per¬ 
 plexities, and die in poverty and destitution. 
 
 If we descend to minute details, we shall 
 be surprised at the immense saving which 
 ! Association will effect—not only in time and 
 \ money, but in useless and repulsive drudgery. 
 S Three hundred families require at present 
 ? upon an average six hundred fires. In an 
 | Association four or five large fires only would 
 > be necessary, and one-twentieth part of the 
 \ fuel, which is now consumed, would be suffi- 
 | cient; by means of tubes or other apparatus 
 s the public halls, saloons, reading-rooms, li- 
 | brary, etc. could be warmed, so that a few 
 \ parlor fires in the private apartments only 
 \ would be required, which could also be heated 
 \ by the same process, if desired. Here is an 
 economy of nineteen-twentieths in fuel, to 
 > which is to be added the saving of a most re- 
 ; pulsive drudgery. Three hundred poor ser- 
 j; vants must rise at present every morning, even 
 \ in the depth of winter, to light the fires; in 
 \ an Association, on the contrary, the large fires 
 > would not be left to go out over night, so that 
 < in the morning it would only be necessary to 
 > charge the furnaces, which could be done with 
 \ little trouble from properly constructed coal 
 I receivers. The night watch would, before 
 l > retiring, attend to this duty. By this means 
 ] three hundred servants would be saved one 
 \ of the most repugnant and dirty occupations 
 j that has now to be performed. What can be 
 s more revolting than to see a female servant, 
 | shivering with cold on a winter’s morning, 
 J scraping coals and cinders with her bare hands 
 j from a grate ? 
 
 With the present system of isolated house- 
 i holds, three hundred families must devote 
 every week or two a day to washing, which 
 < amounts in the course of the year, for the 
 \ three hundred families, to ten or twelve thou- 
 i sand days’ work. Three hundred women have 
 \ to spend, in dirty kitchens and over hot fires, 
 
 ; one day out of the seven in toiling at the 
 \ wash-tub. 
 
 Association will avoid also this useless and 
 | repulsive drudgery. It will have a large 
 \ wash-room, fitted up with every convenience 
 | and supplied with proper machinery, to which 
 \ the clothes, collected and assorted once or 
 
 i s twice a month, will be carried and put into 
 different vats, where with the aid of a clean¬ 
 sing process used in Switzerland, or some 
 better w T hich may be invented, they can be 
 washed, and with scarcely any hand-labor, 
 far better than they now are. To do the 
 heavier and plainer kinds of ironing, mangles 
 ; or large rollers would be used; and to do the 
 lighter kinds, some groups of women and 
 ^ girls, having a taste for the occupation, woul 1 
 | devote themselves, as required, to it. 
 
 The inventive Genius of Man has never 
 
 I been directed to the constructing of machinery 
 for performing kitchen and other household 
 work upon a large and economical scale, be¬ 
 cause it has not been required, and could not 
 be used in the isolated household. It is only 
 in large Associations, where every thing would 
 
18 
 
 CONTRAST BETWEEN ASSOCIATION AND THE PRESENT SOCIAL ORDER. 
 
 be done upon a vast scale, that such machi¬ 
 nery could be employed, and domestic labor 
 with its aid immensely abridged. 
 
 Household work is now carried on in the 
 rudest manner that can be conceived; it is as 
 much below what it could be, as travelling in 
 scows, pushed along by poles, is below jour¬ 
 neying in elegant steamboats. Still the vast 
 majority of persons cling from habit to the 
 isolated household, when, if they would exa¬ 
 mine its mechanism with impartiality, they 
 would see that it is the source, not only of 
 waste and poverty, but, to a great extent, of 
 discord and selfishness. 
 
 The system of Isolated Families is the 
 foundation upon which all past and present 
 Societies have been based. As the system is 
 essentially defective, so are the Societies 
 which have been founded upon it. We must 
 reform the basis before we can erect a good 
 superstructure, or a true Social Order. 
 
 To show the radical imperfection of the 
 system of Isolated Households, we will add 
 two lists of defects, which it engenders; we 
 extract them from Fourier. The reader may 
 find some of the criticisms harsh, but the 
 strong prejudices and prepossessions which 
 we have to contend with, render them ne¬ 
 cessary. 
 
 Defects of the System of Isolated House¬ 
 holds. 
 
 1. Smallest possible Association;—a single 
 family without capital, credit or extended 
 relations, and often without the necessary im¬ 
 plements of Industry. 
 
 2. Labor without rivalry,—prosecuted alone 
 the entire day through, without variety or 
 change. 
 
 3. No variety in occupations; no elegance 
 in the organization of Industry—in the distri¬ 
 bution of the fields and gardens, in the fitting 
 up of the manufactories and workshops—cal¬ 
 culated to please the Working Classes. 
 
 4. No system for developing the talents and 
 faculties of Children, and for giving them an 
 industrial Education. 
 
 5. Misapplication of the labor of Sexes and 
 Ages; misapplication of talents and capaci¬ 
 ties, and bad adaptation of crops to soils, and 
 of cultivation to localities. 
 
 6. Complication in labor, obliging a single 
 individual to execute every part and detail of 
 a work. 
 
 7. Absence of Economy in hands and in 
 machinery. 
 
 8. Reciprocal frauds and larcenies. 
 
 9. Want of a just system of Remuneration, 
 guarantying to all—to the Woman and the 
 Child as well as to the Man—a share of the 
 general Product, proportioned to the part 
 which each takes in creating it. 
 
 10. False and anarchical Competition; op¬ 
 position of like branches of busmess and in¬ 
 dustry, instead of association and emulative 
 rivalry. 
 
 11. Separation of the three primordial 
 branches of Industry—Agriculture, Manufac- 
 
 j tures and Domestic Labor, which should be 
 united, and prosecuted combinedly. 
 
 \ 12. Discord, antipathy and distrust between 
 
 / the different Classes of Society, resulting from 
 i isolation and the separation of all interests. 
 
 13. Conflict of the Individual with the 
 I Collective Interest. 
 
 1 The above defects are mainly industrial in 
 / their character: those contained in the fol- 
 lowing list are more of a moral and social 
 
 < nature. 
 
 < Second List of Defects of the Present Do- 
 
 \ mestic Organization. 
 
 <; 1. Absence of liberty and variety in Occu- 
 
 i pations and Relations, which is the primary 
 i source of repugnant Industry. 
 
 \ 2. Absence of unity in Plans, and in their 
 
 ^ execution. 
 
 s 3. Ruin of the Children by the death of the 
 Father. 
 
 4. Inconstancy of individuals in their un- 
 jj dertakings, and neglect or abandonment of 
 I works commenced. 
 
 5. Health undermined from excessive labor. 
 
 6. Bad care and early mortality of Children. 
 
 7. Unjust partiality for Favorites. 
 
 8. Conflicts of heterogeneous Ages. 
 
 s 9. Richer branches of families despising the 
 1 poorer branches. 
 
 5 10. Forced union of incompatible Tastes 
 
 \ and Characters. 
 
 11. Hatreds embittered by perpetual Con- 
 i tact. 
 
 - 12. Slavery of the Mass from the care of 
 
 ? large families. 
 
 1 13. Universal Distrust and Selfishness. 
 
 Any plans of reform—any measures or efforts 
 which have for their aim the social elevation 
 and the happiness of Mankind, and which are 
 not based upon a Reform in the system of 
 Isolated Households and the present repug • 
 nant system of Industry, will prove in prac- 
 tice abortive and useless. 
 
 Politicians and Reformers in all sphere: 
 have yet to comprehend—for they seem not 
 to be aware of the fact—that so long as dis¬ 
 union, anarchy, strife, conflict of interests, 
 fraud and injustice, exist in ihe foundation of 
 Society —that is, in the household System and 
 \ in Industry, disunion, anarchy and conflict will 
 > exist also in the other departments of Society 
 \ —in politics, religion and social relations. A 
 5 reform in Industry and in the system of Iso- 
 | lated Households is the practical commence- 
 | ment of a true social Reform. The moral 
 \ and intellectual development of Mankind and 
 \ their spiritual regeneration cannot be effected 
 \ so long as their interests, efforts and aims are 
 < not associated and harmonized, and Industry, 
 > which is the means by which they secure to 
 | themselves temporal prosperity, and by which 
 ] they subdue material Nature, is not rendered 
 t pleasing, attractive and honorable. 
 
 \ They who wish to introduce justice, equal • 
 | ity, liberty, order and morality into society 
 < and who endeavor to do so by operating on 
 
THE EDIFICE. 
 
 IS 
 
 the political power or government, or by re- f 
 commending merely good precepts, may be 
 compared to men who are striving to build j 
 the roof of a house, before having laid the i 
 foundation. If we wish to introduce those 
 great principles into the social existence of 
 Mankind, we must first organize the founda¬ 
 tion of society rightly—that is, the industrial 
 and domestic systems. Until this be done the \ 
 
 higher aims of the enlightened statesman, the 
 conscientious reformer and the philanthropist, 
 cannot be attained. 
 
 To prove this important point—so necessary 
 to be understood—more clearly, we will add 
 a table of Contrasts between combined Indus¬ 
 try and Association, and competitive Industry 
 and the system of isolated Households, and 
 the results of the two. 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 The Combined Industry of Association will 
 
 operate — 
 
 1. By large assemblages of persons in every 
 branch of Industry. 
 
 2. By occupations of the shortest duration 
 and the greatest variety. 
 
 3. By the most detailed division in labor 
 and functions, applying a group of workmen 
 to each branch or detail. 
 
 By Attraction, by Charm. 
 
 RES 
 
 Of Combined Industry. 
 
 1. General Riches. 
 
 2. Practical truth in all relations. 
 
 3. Real Liberty. 
 
 4. Permanent Peace. 
 
 5. Equilibrium of Climate. 
 
 6. General system for the prevention of 
 diseases which are artificially produced. 
 
 7. Opening offered to all ameliorations and 
 improvements. 
 
 General Confidence. 
 
 Unity of Action. 
 
 0 N T R A S T. 
 
 The Competitive Industry of Civilized So¬ 
 ciety operates — 
 
 1. By the smallest assemblages of persons 
 in works and in households. 
 
 2. By occupations of the longest duration 
 and the greatest monotony. 
 
 3. By the greatest complication, requiring 
 of a single individual the execution of all the 
 details of a work or function. 
 
 By Constraint, by Want. 
 
 L T S 
 
 Of Competitive Industry. 
 
 1. Collective Poverty. 
 
 2. Fraud and Imposition 
 
 3. Oppression. 
 
 4. War. 
 
 5. Derangement of Seasons. 
 
 6. Diseases artificially produced, such as 
 the plague, cholera, yellow fever, etc. 
 
 7. Circle of error and prejudice, withou: 
 any opening for improvements. 
 
 General Suspicion. 
 
 Duplicity of Action. 
 
 THE EDIFICE. 
 
 The Art which gives to Man liis residence is the $ 
 first of the Arts—that around which all the s 
 others are grouped, and to which they are su- < 
 bordinate : sculpture, painting, music, poetry ? 
 even, can only produce their grand effects, upon > 
 condition of being harmonized in an architec- > 
 tural whole. Architecture is the central Art, S 
 it is the Art which embraces all others, and s 
 embodies the whole artistic sentiment of Hu- < 
 manity. The Architecture of a Society writes l 
 its history. V. Considekant. > 
 
 What! is it easier to lodge eighteen hundred \ 
 persons in a noble man-of-war floating on the £ 
 ocean a thousand miles from land, than to lodge ? 
 them in one vast and convenient construction, ? 
 founded on solid earth and rock ? > 
 
 The Edifices of Association must differ ^ 
 very widely from the dwellings of our present \ 
 Societies, which are suited only to isolated l 
 families, between whom very few social rela- s 
 tions and no concert of action exist. Instead < 
 of the mass of separate little tenements which { 
 compose our towns and villages and cover our > 
 farms, and in which the greatest waste, in- \ 
 convenience and for the most part deformity, * 
 
 vie with each other, an Association would 
 build a large and regular Edifice, combining 
 the greatest elegance and comfort with the 
 greatest economy. 
 
 The Edifices of Association will conform to 
 a certain extent to one general plan, which 
 Fourier, by long study of the subject, has 
 deduced from the wants and requirements— 
 domestic as well as social, public as well as 
 private—of Man, and which is suited in every 
 way to the individual and social life of a body 
 of eighteen hundred persons; the greatest va^ 
 riety, however, in style and architecture will 
 exist, according to the tastes of a people, cli¬ 
 mate and location. 
 
 We will describe the Edifice of a large 
 Association of eighteen hundred persons: a 
 small Association will of course be first esta¬ 
 blished, but if the reader has the general plan 
 and arrangement of a large Association pre¬ 
 sented to him, he can form an idea of the 
 Edifice of a small one, as it is merely a reduc¬ 
 tion from the former. 
 
 The Edifice should consist of a centre, wings 
 and sub-wings, and offer the greatest variety 
 
20 
 
 THE CORRIDORS OR COVERED COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 of form, and the finest combination of masses 
 for architectural effect. 
 
 The square or oblong form should be 
 avoided, as it is both monotonous and heavy. 
 The centre of the Edifice should be the most 
 striking and elegant part of the building, and 
 would be reserved for public purposes and 
 uses. 
 
 From the centre, the Wings would project 
 at right angles, and the sub-wings would fall 
 off to the right and left from the main wings. 
 The projecting wings and centre would form a 
 spacious area or square, "where large assem¬ 
 blages could be held and celebrations take 
 place. 
 
 To avoid giving too great an extension to 
 the building, it should be three stories high, 
 and rest upon a spacious basement. In the 
 basement would be located the kitchens, store¬ 
 rooms, some workshops and public halls, etc. 
 
 The centre of the Edifice will be reserved, 
 as we said, for public purposes; it will contain 
 the Dining-Halls, Council-Rooms, Library, 
 Reading-Rooms, Lecture-Rooms, Saloons for 
 social unions and the Exchange. An Asso¬ 
 ciation, however small, must have its Ex¬ 
 change, where the members can meet to dis¬ 
 cuss their industrial interests, concert meetings 
 of the groups and series, and transact a variety 
 of business. 
 
 From the centre of the Edifice will rise a 
 tower which will overlook the Domain, and 
 communicate, by signals and other means, 
 with all parts of it. A large and opulent As¬ 
 sociation would have an Observatory, which 
 would be placed in this tower. 
 
 The Church would be a separate building 
 m order to give it size; it should be situated 
 near the mam Edifice and communicate with 
 it by a covered corridor. In a small Associa¬ 
 tion, the Church could be incorporated in the 
 main building. 
 
 The Manufactories and Workshops, or in 
 the language of Association, the Halls of 
 Industry , would be located in one of the ex¬ 
 treme wings. In a small Association, they 
 might be situated in a separate building, as 
 the wings would not be distant enough from 
 the centre to prevent the noise from incom¬ 
 moding the inhabitants. 
 
 The public Halls would be distinct in their 
 appropriations for different purposes; they 
 would, with a few exceptions, consist of a 
 number of contiguous saloons, so as to admit 
 of subdivisions in all social unions, meetings, 
 etc. A ball or banquet forms at present but 
 one assemblage, without subdivisions: this 
 confusion will not take place in Association; 
 there would not be, to choose the mode of 
 eating as an example, one vast hall, where 
 all the members, old and voung, would dine 
 together; on the contrary, a large Association 
 would have several public banquet halls. 
 
 One for persons extremely advanced in age. 
 
 Two for children. 
 
 Three for tables of the first or cheaper 
 
 price. 
 
 Two for tables of the second or middle 
 
 price. 
 
 f One for tables of the third or higher price. 
 < These different prices are established to 
 | suit different tastes, degrees of fortune and 
 
 I the desire of economy; variety is a source of 
 concord, when people possess full liberty to 
 choose and the means of doing so. 
 
 In a small Association, three dining-halls 
 would be sufficient: one for children, and two 
 for tables at different prices; this degree of va¬ 
 il riety at least should be observed. Adjoining 
 | the public saloons, small dining-rooms should 
 ? be fitted up, where parties or groups could 
 $ eat apart from the large tables. It will hap- 
 j pen daily that parties of friends will wish to 
 ; dine by themselves: they can do so in these 
 \ rooms, where they will be served in the same 
 '/ manner, and at the same price as at the large 
 \ tables. It will be very little additional trouble 
 > to serve meals in them, and as sueh a distri- 
 < bution of dining halls will promote greatly 
 t freedom of choice, and add to individual liberty 
 l and comfort, it should not be neglected. Peo- 
 I> pie can, if they wish, dine also in their private 
 < apartments by paying a small extra charge. 
 
 -o- 
 
 THE CORRIDORS OR COVERED COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 One of the most convenient and beautiful 
 l features in the material arrangement of the 
 
 > Edifices of Association, will be a large and 
 
 < spacious Corridor or enclosed Portico, which 
 
 > will wind around one entire front of the build- 
 
 < ing, and will form an elegant covered com- 
 \ munication, which will lead to, and connect 
 \ ail parts of the Edifice,—the public halls and 
 \ saloons, the exchange, reading-rooms, private 
 l apartments, halls of industry, etc. 
 
 I The Edifice of an Association may be com¬ 
 pared to a town under one roof, and it must 
 have an avenue or public way, corresponding 
 to a street, which will form a means of com¬ 
 munication with all quarters of the building; 
 this avenue is the Corridor or enclosed Portico, 
 l which, in a large Association, should be about 
 twenty-four feet wide; by means of it, the 
 | inhabitants could, in the depths of winter, 
 ( visit each other, go to parties, public assem¬ 
 blies, concerts, lectures, etc. without knowing 
 | whether it snowed or rained, or whether it 
 l was cold or blustering. 
 
 \ What an advantage, what a source of com¬ 
 il fort it would be to have, instead of an open 
 ? street, exposed to the hot sun in summer and 
 jl to the cold in winter, and which is always 
 l either dusty or muddy, a spacious and elegant 
 ^ Corridor, forming, besides a most convenient 
 > and comfortable mode of communication, a 
 <; delightful place of promenade, a place for 
 | exhibitions of works of Art and Industry, 
 ) and useful for other public purposes! How 
 <j much unnecessary disease would also be 
 i avoided by such covered communications, for 
 ) we may safely estimate that one-half of colds, 
 | consumptions, pleurisies and rheumatisms, is 
 \ the result of exposure and sudden changes ot 
 < temperature! What an economy also in car- 
 j riages and in the various means of protection. 
 
THE EDIFICE. 
 
 21 
 
 such as cloaks, furs, umbrellas, overshoes, ^ 
 etc., to which we must now resort to protect t 
 ourselves against the weather in going from \ 
 our houses into open and exposed streets! If \ 
 people would but reflect with impartiality upon i 
 the immense economies, the comfort and con¬ 
 venience, the saving of time and sickness, 
 which would result from the combined and 
 scientific system of architecture of Association, j 
 they would be enthusiastic in their admiration 
 of it, and would condemn utterly our present j 
 defective and unhealthy system of building. \ 
 The Corridor of a large Association should j 
 be, in the centre of the Edifice, about twenty- 
 four feet wide, and in the wings eighteen. < 
 In a small Association, such as would be first 
 established, it could be much narrower. It <: 
 would pass along on a level with the first \ 
 story or on the top of the basement, and not \ 
 upon the ground, as some openings for car- ? 
 riages must be left through the basement, jj 
 The Corridor could be placed on the outside ) 
 of the building, and the top would form a !> 
 terrace for the second story, or it could be en¬ 
 closed within the outside walls of the Edifice, 
 and the roof would project over it. In the 
 latter case, it would be the height of the entire 
 Duilding—that is, three stories; and the win¬ 
 dows which lighted it should be high and 
 spacious, like those of a church. The doors 
 of the public halls and private apartments 
 would open upon it, as the outside doors of 
 cur houses now open into the street; flights \ 
 
 of steps would lead from it to the upper sto¬ 
 ries. In a large and opulent Association, with 
 what elegance could its corridors be fitted 
 up ! what an ornament they would be ! and 
 what a field for the display of the genius of 
 its artists ! 
 
 “To pass a winter’s day,” says Fourier, 
 “ in the Edifice of an Association,—to visit 
 all parts of it without exposure to the incle¬ 
 mency of the weather,—to go to balls and 
 parties in light dresses without being incom¬ 
 moded by the cold, without knowing whether 
 it rained or stormed, would be a charm so 
 new, that it would be alone sufficient to render 
 our residences and cities detestable. If ail 
 Edifice, like that of an Association, were 
 erected in our Societies and adapted to the 
 usages of the present mode of living, the con¬ 
 venience alone of covered communications, 
 warmed in winter and aired in summer, would 
 give to it an immense value. Its rents, for 
 the same quantity of space, would be double 
 those of our present houses. 
 
 “ If the civilized World, after three thousand 
 years of study and practice in Architecture, 
 has not yet learned how to construct comfort¬ 
 able and healthy residences, it is not very 
 surprising that it has not learned how to di¬ 
 rect and harmonize the Passions. When men 
 fail in the smallest calculations in the mate- 
 ) rial order, it is not surprising that they shoulr 
 fail in important calculations in the moral o* 
 spiritual order.” 
 
 GROUND PLAN OF THE EDIFICE OF AN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE GROUND PLAN. 
 
 A—Avenue passing between the main Edi¬ 
 fice and the store-houses, granaries and other 
 out-houses. 
 
 S—Public Square, formed by the centre and 
 projecting wings of the Edifice. 
 
 i G—Garden enclosed within the central 
 
 range of buildings; it would contain the 
 green-houses and form a winter promenade. 
 
 | a, e , o, u —Court-yards between the diffe- 
 rent ranges of buildings; they are about a 
 j hundred feet wide, ornamented with trees and 
 \ Shrubbery, and crossed by Corridors. 
 
22 
 
 THE EDIFICE. 
 
 P, P, P—Lame portals or entrances to the l 
 Edifice. 
 
 C—The Church. \ 
 
 H—A large Hall for musical representations | 
 and festivities. s 
 
 B, C, D, F—Granaries, store-houses and \ 
 other out-buildings. 
 
 To avoid giving too great a length to the < 
 Edifice, it must be composed of a double \ 
 range or line of buildings, encircling the $ 
 court-yards— 0 , e, o, u , and the garden—G. j 
 The broad dark line does not represent the 
 foundation walls of the Edifice, but the entire \ 
 width of a range of buildings; it is intended, j 
 together with the light dotted line around the i 
 inside, which is the Corridor, to represent a j 
 width of seventy-two feet. 
 
 Around the inside of the Edifice winds the \ 
 spacious Corridor or enclosed Portico, which <; 
 we have described; the reader will see that \ 
 it forms a belt, encircling all parts of the 
 building and uniting them in a whole. 
 
 The ranges of buildings which enclose the \ 
 garden—G, will be reserved for public pur- j 
 poses. They will contain the Council-Rooms, 
 Reading-Rooms, Library, Exchange, Public 
 Halls, Banquet-Rooms, Saloons for parties, > 
 social unions and public assemblies, and some j 
 of the higher-priced Apartments. < 
 
 The open spaces left between the parallel \ 
 ranges of buildings should be from a hundred 
 to a hundred and twenty feet wide; they 
 would form elongated court-yards, traversed 
 by corridors, and should be planted with or- \ 
 namental trees and shrubberv ; in Associa- 
 tion the useful and the beautiful must be in s 
 every way combined. \ 
 
 The noisy workshops would be located in $ 
 the basement of one of the extreme wings; \ 
 their noise would be lost in this distant part \ 
 of the Edifice, and would not incommode the \ 
 inhabitants. j 
 
 Play-grounds for children would occupy the 
 court-yard of the same wing; such a place j 
 would be necessary, particularly in winter. $ 
 
 A portion of the wing opposite the one de- ) 
 voted to noisy occupations, would contain the \ 
 suites of apartments reserved for travellers 
 and visitors. 
 
 The Edifice of an Association of the largest \ 
 description would be about twenty-two bun- l 
 dred feet in length; with these dimensions 
 the grand square could be twelve, and the j 
 
 wings each five, hundred feet long. As we 
 descend to smaller Associations, the size of j 
 the Edifice could be much reduced, and for 
 an Association of four hundred persons, a 
 comparatively plain building would answer 
 the purpose. j 
 
 The gardens should, if practicable, be lo- > 
 cated behind the Edifice, and not behind the < 
 granaries and other out-houses, near which > 
 the fields of grain had better be placed. This j 
 distribution must, however, be regulated by \ 
 localities. < 
 
 The square or garden—G, would be planted j 
 with evergreens and would contain the green- s 
 houses; it could in winter be enclosed, so as \ 
 to form a beautiful promenade, where flowers \ 
 
 and foliage would charm the eye and perfume 
 the atmosphere. What a source of pleasure 
 and health would a winter garden of this kind 
 be !—and how many similar improvements 
 over the present mode of living could be in¬ 
 troduced into Association! 
 
 Let Man apply the principles of combina¬ 
 tion and unity to Architecture,—to the con¬ 
 struction of his dwellings, and the greatest 
 improvements in household arrangements,— 
 affecting health, comfort and convenience, can 
 be introduced. For instance, the Edifice of 
 an Association could, by means of proper ap¬ 
 paratus connected with the large kitchen fires, 
 be warmed throughout in the most efficient, 
 cleanly, comfortable and economical manner, 
 and so as to avoid all danger of conflagrations. 
 No such convenient, safe and economical 
 system can be introduced into the separate 
 dwellings of isolated families: the same num¬ 
 ber of families that would fonn an Association 
 must now incur the expense and undergo the 
 incalculable trouble of keeping up several hun¬ 
 dred little fires. 
 
 The Edifice could be supplied with water 
 with equal convenience and economy : pipes, 
 containing hot and cold water, could be 
 conveyed into all the private apartments, 
 supplying each abundantly, and with baths 
 in addition, if required. What a source of 
 health and cleanliness! and what a saving 
 in the complicated labor of carrying water 
 daily to all the rooms of the Edifice ! 
 
 This beautiful and economical system would 
 also be introduced in the mode of lighting. 
 A small gas apparatus, the expense of which 
 would be trifling, could be fitted up, and with 
 the refuse stuff from the kitchens of an oily 
 or greasy nature, the entire Edifice—its pub¬ 
 lic halls and saloons, as well as its private 
 apartments — could be brilliantly lighted. 
 What economy in oil and candles, and what 
 a saving of time and trouble in cleaning and 
 trimming daily hundreds of candlesticks and 
 lamps! 
 
 In the isolated household, these and nume¬ 
 rous other advantages, so important and desi¬ 
 rable, and so productive of economy, comfort 
 and health, cannot be attained. So long as 
 the present isolated mode of living continues, 
 waste, dirt, drudgery and disease must neces¬ 
 sarily exist, and to an immense extent. 
 
 -o- 
 
 DEFECTS OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF ARCHI¬ 
 TECTURE, AND ITS SPIRIT. 
 
 The greatest defects and inconveniences are 
 connected with our separate dwellings and 
 our present mode of building. We will point 
 out a few, which will serve as suggestions, 
 and direct the reader in examining the sub¬ 
 ject critically for himself. 
 
 Separate dwellings are, first, very expensive 
 on account of the immense number of useless 
 kitchens, cellars, garrets, internal and external 
 walls, chimneys, fire-places, cisterns, sinks. 
 
PRIVATE APARTMENTS. 
 
 23 
 
 and other fixtures, which they require. (We 
 call them useless, because in Association a few 
 large ones would replace them.) Second, 
 great cares and vexations are attendant upon 
 overseeing and managing them, to which are 
 to be added the trouble and losses arising from 
 the carelessness and faithlessness of servants. 
 Third, there are no proper places and conve¬ 
 niences for the healthy exercise and sports, 
 and the useful occupation of Children, and 
 they are, for these and other reasons, entirely 
 unsuited to them. Fourth, there is no conve¬ 
 nient and economical mode of heating them, 
 and supplying them with water. Fifth, they 
 absorb, in one ceaseless round of petty domes¬ 
 tic cares, the time and attention of Women, 
 who by this means are debarred from taking 
 part in active and productive pursuits, and are 
 forced to lead a confined life which entails 
 upon them physical Debility and Disease, with 
 their consequences—lassitude, fretfulness, list¬ 
 lessness, melancholy and mental prostration. 
 Sixth, they are unhealthy, as they have no 
 covered communications to protect people 
 from exposure in going from their warm 
 rooms into the open air; they are particularly 
 so in cities, where there is not a free circula¬ 
 tion of air, and trees and abundant foliage to 
 purify the atmosphere, and where the mias¬ 
 matic exhalations of innumerable sinks and 
 foul gutters must be inhaled by the inhabi¬ 
 tants. In the country, on the other hand, 
 they are lonely and solitary. 
 
 As regards economy in construction, the 
 contrast between a large and regularly planned 
 Edifice of an Association and a mass of three 
 hundred irregularly constructed houses, is most 
 striking. 
 
 Three hundred separate houses require at 
 least a thousand unnecessary walls, five or 
 six hundred chimneys, twelve to fifteen hun¬ 
 dred fire-places, stoves or grates, a thousand 
 or more stair-cases, three or four thousand 
 little windows and doors, hundreds of pan- 
 tries, coal-vaults, wells, cisterns, sinks, and 
 other constructions and fixtures, which cost in 
 the aggregate a vast amount and require con¬ 
 stant repairs. 
 
 The Edifice of an Association, on the other 
 hand, would save a great number of walls; it 
 would require but a few large chimneys, a 
 few grates or fire-places, and a comparatively 
 small number of wells, cisterns, coal-vaults 
 and similar fixtures;—its doors and windows 
 would be large and airy, its stair-cases spacious 
 and convenient, and while everything was 
 upon an extended scale and beautiful, it would 
 be methodical, economical and comfortable. 
 
 They who can divest themselves of the 
 prejudices and influence of habit and custom, 
 must perceive the immeasurable superiority 
 of the combined and unitary system of Archi¬ 
 tecture of Association over the incoherent, 
 isolated and fragmental constructions of the 
 present social Order. 
 
 The Spirit of a Society is stamped upon its 
 Architecture. 
 
 And what is the Spirit of the Society in 
 
 i which we live ? Look at its architectural 
 | constructions; they will answer the question. 
 
 In its isolated little Dwellings, well walled 
 | in, and well secured by bolts and bars,—you 
 ! have the symbol or typical designation of the 
 distrustful, selfish spirit of the isolated family, 
 j exposed to danger and encroachments from 
 j without, and disassociated in interests with 
 the rest of the world. 
 
 In its irregular and incoherent Cities, with 
 ; their houses of all forms, sizes and colors, and 
 l of all materials and modes of construction,— • 
 j you have symbols of the separation and con- 
 | flict of all interests, and the evidence of the ab- 
 
 > sence of all unity and concert of social action. 
 
 In its Jails and Penitentiaries, in its Dun- 
 5 geons, Scaffolds and Guillotines,—you have 
 $ symbols of the crimes which result from the 
 1 moral degradation of man, and the frightful 
 $ perversion of the passions. 
 
 I In its Poor-houses and lunatic Asylums,— 
 
 > you have symbols of the poverty and destitution 
 
 < which exist, and of the moral disease which 
 ) results from maddening violations of human 
 
 < nature. 
 
 <; In its Forts, Fortifications and Navies,—you 
 \ have symbols of the hatreds and dreadful 
 ; strife of nations. 
 
 In its confined and filthy Workshops and 
 
 < Manufactories,—you have symbols of the re- 
 \ lentless and merciless spirit of gain. 
 
 In its dens of Drunkenness, its Gambling- 
 
 i houses and other haunts of vice, and, descend¬ 
 ing into details, in its Stocks, Whipping-posts, 
 Treadmills, etc.,—you have symbols of the 
 various degrees and shades of violence, dis¬ 
 cord, depravity and crime, which darken the 
 social existence of mankind. 
 
 Yes, the Spirit of a Society is stamped upon 
 its Architecture. 
 
 Do not the inanimate constructions which 
 surround us proclaim the want of a new So¬ 
 cial Order?—Do they not speak to us in a 
 language not to be misunderstood, of the 
 falseness of Society, and the urgent necessity 
 of a great Social Reform ? And 'when every 
 thing is thus combined to prove the subver¬ 
 sion of all principles of truth, of order, of jus¬ 
 tice and harmony in the social World, why 
 cannot men of intelligence see it,—see and be 
 convinced of it, so that they may labor to lift 
 Humanity and themselves out of the social 
 \ quagmire in which, with apathetic resigna- 
 5 tion, they now live ? 
 
 PRIVATE APARTMENTS. 
 
 People are apt to imagine that if eighteen, 
 or even four, hundred persons were to live to¬ 
 gether in one Edifice—no matter how large 
 and commodious—the privacy and retirement 
 of domestic life would be destroyed, and in¬ 
 dividual liberty and independence lost. This 
 is a very great error: domestic privacy will 
 be fully preserved in Association, and those 
 who love retirement, will be able to enjoy it 
 to the full extent of their desires. The charms 
 
24 
 
 PRIVATE APARTMENTS. 
 
 of domestic privacy and the pleasures of social f 
 life must be in every way combined. Man j 
 requires them both, and with alternations l 
 from one to the other, as his feelings at dif- ) 
 ferent times may dictate. i 
 
 As regards living in one Edifice, let us ask, j; 
 cannot a person who has the means of taking j 
 a suite of rooms in a large and well-kept ho- s 
 tel, like the best in our cities, and who can \ 
 dine in his own apartments or at the public $ 
 tables as he wishes, live privately and enjoy ; 
 quite fully the pleasures of domestic life? 
 How infinitely superior is this mode of living 
 to that in which ninety-nine hundredths of 
 the population now live! How much prefer¬ 
 able to inhabiting, for example, lonely dwell¬ 
 ings, like our farmers, distant from neighbors 
 and cut off from the enjoyments of social and 
 public life—or to living in confined and mise¬ 
 rable tenements in cities, like the working 
 classes, harassed by all the cares, troubles and 
 vexations of the isolated household ! 
 
 The residence of an Association would, 
 however, be infinitely more pleasing and 
 agreeable than that of the best managed ho¬ 
 tels. The Edifice, surrounded by extensive 
 and beautiful fields and gardens, would com¬ 
 bine all the advantages, resources and enjoy¬ 
 ments of city and country life, and avoid the 
 disadvantages of both. 
 
 It is very true that hotels are in many re¬ 
 spects disagreeable: they are noisy; smoking 
 and drinking are carried on in them, and they 
 are occupied by persons who for the most part 
 are idle and are strangers to each other, and 
 a tone pervades them which is repulsive to 
 many; they are besides entirely unsuited to 
 children. 
 
 In an Association, on the contrary, all these 
 defects would be obviated: order and quiet 
 would be maintained in those parts of the 
 Edifice appropriated to the private residences; 
 occupation would be universal, and idleness, 
 and the lassitude and vicious habits which it 
 engenders, would not exist; the children would 
 be usefully and agreeably employed, and the 
 freest range for healthy sports and pleasures 
 would be provided for them, so jhat they would 
 occasion no disturbance. All these advantages 
 will give Association an incalculable superior¬ 
 ity over all our present modes of living—over 
 the hotel as well as the isolated household. 
 
 Besides the example of hotels, we see per¬ 
 sons of rank and fortune having apartments 
 and residing in palaces, like Windsor Castle 
 or the Palac # e of the Tuileries. Is the privacy 
 of domestic life destroyed because other per¬ 
 sons are living in the same Edifice? Certainly 
 not: why then should it be in an Association ? 
 
 With these preliminary remarks, we will 
 proceed to describe the arrangement of the pri¬ 
 vate apartments. Part of the first and most 
 of the second and third stories of the Edifice 
 will be reserved for the private apartments. 
 They will vary in size and price to suit single 
 persons or families, the fortunes of people and 
 the desire of economy. 
 
 There would be small apartments for single 
 persons, consisting of a single room with an 
 
 alcove, and large apartments, consisting of 
 parlors, drawing-rooms, sleeping-rooms, a li¬ 
 brary, etc. The rents would vary according 
 to the size and location of the apartments. 
 This variety must exist in Association in order 
 to satisfy all tastes and different degrees of 
 fortune; if a rich person wishes to economize 
 in rent and take a small apartment, he can 
 do so; and if a person in moderate circum¬ 
 stances is willing to pay more for his rooms 
 and economize in some other way, he also 
 can do so. 
 
 Care must be taken not to locate all the 
 cheaper apartments in one part of the Edifice. 
 There must be a regular alternation of higher 
 and lower priced suites of rooms, so that by 
 the side of one—the rent of which is fifty dol- 
 | lars a year, there may be located another, the 
 ] rent of which is a hundred dollars a year,— 
 thus, $50—100, 60—120, 80—160,100—200, 
 150—300, in an increasing progression. This 
 \ will prevent any part of the Edifice from being 
 lowered in public estimation. 
 
 < The private apartments will be separated 
 | by division walls, so that no noise can be heard 
 \ from one to the other. People can, by this 
 | means, live as isolatedly in the Edifice of an 
 | Association as they now do in cities, where 
 \ the houses touch, and are separated only by 
 > walls. They could, in fact, live more retiredly 
 \ in Association than they now can in cities. 
 
 | Individuals, having a taste for retirement, 
 
 ( i could take apartments in one of the extreme 
 i wings of the Edifice; they would not be in- 
 $ traded upon in their rooms, and in the more 
 
 < distant parts of the building, few persons would 
 l be passing, so that there would be no noise or 
 
 < confusion; the windows of the apartments 
 i would look out upon the fields and gardens, 
 
 \ where quiet would reign, and beautiful scenery 
 
 < would greet the eye—and not upon the back 
 yards of other houses, where the private oc- 
 
 < cupations of families are seen, or upon narrow 
 £ streets, where passing crowds, the din of carts 
 \ and the screams of street-venders, confuse the 
 
 I mind and stun the ear. 
 
 The entrances to the private apartments 
 will be from the large Corridor, instead of 
 from an exposed and dirty street, as at pre¬ 
 sent. 
 
 \ The private apartments will be rented by 
 \ the Council to the members, and the rents 
 > will be paid annually at the time of the ge- 
 \ neral settlement. 
 
 No restrictions of any kind will be put upon 
 \ individual liberty: people can rent such apart- 
 ? ments as they wish, and have their private 
 \ libraries, collections of paintings, baths, etc. 
 | in them as they now can in their houses; 
 | they can give parties, receive the visits of 
 ) friends and enjoy the family circle as freely 
 | as at present. The difference between Asso- 
 < ciation and the present social order in this 
 ? respect is, that the former will extend these 
 ; and other advantages, now limited to a very 
 | few, to all; and should there be some persons 
 \ who cannot go to the expense, for example, 
 i of private libraries or baths, there will be 
 \ public libraries and baths, which will be open 
 
TO ARTISTS. 
 
 25 
 
 to them, so that not a single pleasure, enjoy¬ 
 ment or privilege will be shut out from any 
 member of an Association, no matter how 
 moderate his fortune may be. 
 
 -o- 
 
 TO ARTISTS. 
 
 [We have endeavored throughout this pam¬ 
 phlet to divest our descriptions of everything 
 that might appear overcharged or imaginative, 
 and to confine them to the most obvious and 
 practical views; but before leaving the sub¬ 
 ject of architecture, which throws open so rich 
 a field to the imagination, we cannot refrain 
 for once from entering the realms of ideality, 
 and presenting to the reader a glowing and 
 brilliant sketch of the Architecture of the Fu¬ 
 ture. It may appear extravagant to, and dis¬ 
 please some minds, but it will please others 
 —the ardent and enthusiastic, who hope for 
 Mankind a Destiny of grandeur and exaltation 
 on this earth;—and as our object is to interest 
 as many persons as possible in the great cause 
 for which we are laboring —the moral, in¬ 
 tellectual AND PHYSICAL ELEVATION OF THE 
 Human Race— we must appeal to men of dif¬ 
 ferent spheres of thought and sympathy. 
 
 The sketch which we give, we translate 
 from a beautiful description of the architecture 
 of Association by Victor Consider ant, one 
 of the first and most ardent disciples of Fou¬ 
 rier and principal Editor of the Paris Phalanx. 
 We extract it from the part of his description 
 in which he appeals to Artists.] 
 
 Artists! Artists! you, men of brilliant ima¬ 
 gination, of hearts of poetry, here is a new 
 and noble sphere open to you. What are you 
 doing in this prosaic world ? do you feel your¬ 
 selves at ease in the industrial and commercial 
 society which surrounds you? What do you 
 gain by imprisoning your aspirations in its 
 stale and monotonous existence ? 
 
 The calculated parsimony of the merchant, 
 the narrow caprices of some parvenu of fi¬ 
 nance, the strict economy of the impoverished 
 descendant of an antique race,—all that suits 
 not art, all that opens no field to imagination 
 and conception! There is no longer any source 
 of wealth but in commerce, and commerce 
 does not love art. The money-making—the 
 industrial and commercial spirit of the age 
 has smothered the genius of art. It is dying 
 in lithography. What have you to do? there 
 lire no more cathedrals to build; the age calls 
 for no more vast and noble constructions, to 
 oe ornamented with statues and large paint¬ 
 ings, to be adorned with sculptures and fres¬ 
 coes ; there is no more canvass to be covered, 
 no more marble to be sculptured. Our wood 
 and plaster constructions, our papered walls 
 have replaced them all ... . 
 
 Do you wish that Architecture should rise 
 again ? Bring forth anew the conditions which 
 encouraged and sustained it formerly ; make 
 a new concentration of the will of Humanity. 
 
 And it will not be this time a concentration 
 
 4 
 
 i operated around a single point—political or 
 i religious: it will be the powerful and harmo- 
 nious fusion of all the elements of the human 
 / will; it will be a universal concentration, a 
 \ complete association of all the faculties and 
 ^ of all the passions; it will be Humanity united 
 in its force and in its wholeness; and the ar- 
 < chitecture which will grow out of this com- 
 
 > plete and unitary combination will, itself, be 
 \ as complete and unitary. 
 
 It will not be alone the cathedral or the 
 | town hall, the college, the theatre, the city 
 or country residence, the chateau, the manu¬ 
 factory, the exchange, or other of our isolated 
 constructions. . . It will be them all at once; 
 all collected, combined, united into one, form¬ 
 ing a whole with the contrasts and the thou¬ 
 sand harmonies of a world ! Such will be the 
 ' architecture of the future.—Compare the Pha¬ 
 lansteries, (the technical name given by Fou¬ 
 rier to the Edifice of an Association,) compare 
 the cities and the capitals, deriving from the 
 \ principle of Association—compare them with 
 5 our villages, our cities, our capitals, deriving 
 from the principle of isolation and disunited 
 effort: compare them and pronounce. 
 
 “ But this is too beautiful,” say wondering 
 simpletons; “ this is too beautiful and cannot 
 be realized. They are crazy, they who pre¬ 
 tend it can; they have been reading fairy 
 tales.” 
 
 Well, as we are on this subject, let us dis- 
 
 > cuss it for a moment. I could prove rigo- 
 | rously that the Phalansteries of a high state 
 
 > of Social Harmony—that the Phalansteries 
 l growing out of the opulence of the Combined 
 ^ Order, when that Order has taken possession 
 \ for some time of the earth, will leave far be¬ 
 hind them in magnificence, in brilliancy, in 
 color, in richness, those immense cathedrals, 
 
 \ surcharged by a treble portal, with shafts and 
 | with stone fret-work—those cathedrals, every 
 \ stone of which was stamped with the im- 
 \ press of art, and the windows, the arches, the 
 | columns and walls of which were, on the in¬ 
 terior and exterior, relieved by the most lively 
 | colors—vermilion, gold and azure, vying in 
 j splendor with the high altar and the stole of 
 the officiating priest.—For thus it was. 
 
 And behold the monuments with which 
 $ Europe was covered in three centuries ! Be- 
 £ hold what a single principle of union brought 
 l forth from amidst general disorder! behold 
 | what the religious sentiment has had the 
 power of extracting from the midst of a fa¬ 
 mished society ! If these things have been 
 \ produced in the midst of social chaos, think 
 | of the wonders which will follow social har- 
 1 mony; think of it, and logic will go farther 
 
 ! than your imagination, and you will not find 
 forms and colors enough to represent to your 
 mind the bright and resplendent future of the 
 transfigured globe. 
 
 The palaces of the Associations, artists, the 
 rural pavilions, the kiosks and bowers with 
 which their rich fields will be besprinkled, 
 the monumental cities and the capitals of the 
 globe—behold, artists ! what is well worth 
 j the prosaic constructions and contracted an- 
 
26 
 
 MODE OF LIVING AND PUBLIC TABLES. 
 
 cnitectural works of our societies. . . . There 
 will be wanted bold arches uniting massive 
 walls, cupolas, towers and up-shooting spires; 
 your genius will be at ease in those grand 
 lines, the forms and movements of which you 
 will have to combine. There will be wanted 
 portals to the palaces of the Associations, from 
 which seven horses abreast can pass out with 
 ease; there will be wanted windows broad 
 and open, by which the sun can enter into the 
 house of man to distribute liberally life and 
 color; there will be wanted corridors, bal¬ 
 conies and terraces, where the population of 
 the Phalanstery may spread out and form 
 around it bright garlands with its thousand 
 heads of women andjoyful children. . . There 
 will be wanted pictures on the walls of its 
 corridors and saloons, ornaments for its large 
 workshops, frescoes for its halls of the sacred 
 drama, and on its vaulted ceilings, frescoes 
 and sculptures; statues at its portals and on 
 its large stair-ways, statues on its entablatures 
 and among the trees of its shady gardens, or¬ 
 namented spouts at the angles of its cornices, 
 heads of bronze for its steam engines, marbles 
 for its basins, altars for its temples, and a 
 thousand works of art to cover and adorn it 
 worthily. 
 
 There, do you see, it will be necessary to 
 harmonize water, fire, light, granite, and the 
 metals: art will have in its large hands all 
 these elements to combine; it will be a cre¬ 
 ation ! 
 
 Then orchestras of a thousand parts, choirs 
 of a thousand voices; hymns and poems sung 
 by masses; ballets danced by populations. . . . 
 For the Combined Order, with its system of 
 unitary education, will raise every man to the 
 dignity of Artist, and if every man is not a 
 poet or a composer, every man at least knows 
 how to execute his part in the whole, each 
 man is a note in the great concert. 
 
 And who would take upon himself to affirm 
 that God has not given to each one of his chil¬ 
 dren a head which thinks, a heart which 
 beats, ears which love harmony and fingers 
 to produce it, a voice for song and eyes for 
 color, without permitting—without wishing 
 that one day all this should be so. Say, ar¬ 
 tist ! say, poets! feel you not there the destiny 
 of man ? Say, in all these wonders of social 
 harmony do you not feel the stamp of the 
 beautiful and the true, the type of which 
 exists in your souls ? Say, is all this false, 
 and is the true to be found in the contracted 
 and prosaic life, works and constructions of 
 the present—in the narrow, trading spirit, in 
 the conflicts and discords of civilized society? 
 Say, does not this suit your imaginations and 
 your hearts better than a pyramid of Egypt, 
 built by a people fed on onions and crushed 
 under the weight of stones, or the palace of a 
 Nero, or even the column of Vendome, built of 
 bronze that kills in battles ? Yes, yes, it is the 
 destinv of Humanity to be rich and happy, to 
 embellish its planet, to make it, with the thou¬ 
 sand rich and varied creations upon it, a resplen¬ 
 dent dress which will not render it ashamed 
 in the celestial ball, where it occupies in the 
 
 luminous round the place of honor beside the 
 sun! Yes, when Humanity will move in its 
 power and live according to its law, we shall 
 see many other wonders developed under the 
 influence of human power combined with the 
 vivifying power of the globe, and what I have 
 said is but poverty and littleness . . . The des¬ 
 tiny of man is there, onward! 
 
 But let us stop ... I forget that these words 
 are pronounced in a world of pain and misery, 
 where six thousand years of suffering have 
 blighted the hearts of men and dried up in 
 them all sources of hope. Evil has infiltrated 
 itself into the very marrow of their bones, 
 and has consumed even desire. All the dreams 
 —all the hopes of the future are limited at 
 present to the conquest of a cheap government , 
 administered according to the constitution / ... 
 Let us stop. 
 
 -o- 
 
 MODE OF LIVING AND PUBLIC 
 TABLES. 
 
 We must adapt Society, in all its architectural, 
 social and domestic arrangements, to the de¬ 
 mands and requirements of human Nature, and 
 respect individual Liberty to the fullest extent; 
 and not endeavor to adapt human Natuie, by 
 constraint or violence, to arbitrary rules and 
 regulations, and a false organization of So 
 ciety. 
 
 Association will, in the mode of living, 
 avoid all confused minglings of persons on the 
 one hand, and monotonous uniformity on the 
 other: it will secure to every person perfect 
 liberty, and the choice of the privacy of do¬ 
 mestic life and the sociability of public life, 
 with changes from one to the other, as the 
 feelings may dictate. 
 
 It will, perhaps, be supposed that the in¬ 
 habitants of an Association will all eat toge¬ 
 ther at one common table; this is a great 
 mistake. Association will avoid any such 
 monotony or sameness; it will combine va¬ 
 riety with order and refinement, and will 
 establish as great a diversity in its domestic 
 and social arrangements as there are diver¬ 
 sities of tastes and inclinations in men, so as 
 to open the broadest field to individual liberty 
 and the freedom of choice. 
 
 If we were to seat all the members of an 
 Association at one common table, we should 
 be certain of displeasing them at the end of a 
 week. The Combined Order must offer to 
 every person, first, the privilege of dining at 
 the public tables, in the small dining-rooms 
 adjoining, or in his own apartments; second, 
 the choice of company and changes of com¬ 
 pany ; third, the choice of a cheaper or dearer 
 mode of living, as fortune or the desire of 
 economy may require or dictate. 
 
 Man dislikes uniformity; he is only satisfied 
 when the greatest variety exists, and he pos¬ 
 sesses the right and libertv of following his 
 tastes and inclinations. People possess at 
 present scarcely any liberty of choice, and very 
 little variety in their mode of life; they have 
 but the uniformity of the isolated household. 
 
MODE OF LIVING AND PUBLIC TABLES. 
 
 27 
 
 except occasional parties and the interchange t 
 of the visits of friends, and this general uni- j 
 formity, together with the forced union of l 
 uncongenial or antipathetic characters, render ^ 
 life but too often a scene of fatiguing mono- } 
 tony, of dissatisfaction, contention and suf- i 
 fering. j 
 
 In a large Association, there will be tables < 
 at three different prices: in a small Associa- j; 
 tion, tables at two different prices may be 1 
 sufficient, although the greatest variety in this ? ? 
 respect is desirable. There will be large dining i 
 halls for the different priced tables, and by the 
 side of these large halls, there will be small > 
 dining-rooms, handsomely fitted up, where j 
 parties of friends can dine by themselves. By ij 
 this arrangement, a pleasing variety will be jj 
 offered to the members, and every one can \ 
 choose his company and vary it as he may s 
 desire. Besides this variety, which is infi- ? 
 nitely greater than that now enjoyed by the s 
 rich even, families can take their repasts in j 
 their private apartments—in which case, how¬ 
 ever, they will have to pay a slight additional 
 charge, as an additional trouble and expense 
 vvill be incurred. s 
 
 The mode of living in Association will, as j 
 we see, guaranty perfect freedom of choice; 
 and individual Liberty, instead of being re- j 
 stricted, will be greatly extended. So far from f 
 there being any confused minglings, forced 
 contacts or monotonous uniformity, that va- > 
 riety will exist which will allow of the nicest $ 
 discriminations and selections, according to << 
 tastes and feelings. Persons can dine in ji 
 public or private,—at the large tables, in the \ 
 small rooms adjoining, or with their families j> 
 in their own apartments; they can dine one < 
 day with one set of friends, another day with > 
 another set; they can invite or be invited, and < 
 enjoy the Privacy of domestic life or the Socia- > 
 bility of public life, precisely as may suit their i 
 tastes and inclinations;—and this liberty will \ 
 exist for all without exception. > 
 
 This Variety may displease some persons < 
 who have been drilled into the Monotony of > 
 our present mode of life, and they will be j 
 ready to exclaim against it, as they were be- j 
 fore ready to exclaim against the idea of all 
 eating together at one common table, but in 
 spite of present prejudices and habits, Asso¬ 
 ciation must observe two rules: it must put 
 no restrictions upon individual liberty, where 
 that liberty does not degenerate into license, \ 
 or annoy others; and it must avoid in every 
 way sameness and constrained contacts. 
 
 Some advocates of absolute Equality will 
 object to tables at different prices; their radi- < 
 calism misleads them: unless we can establish > 
 a perfect Equality of fortunes and Uniformity ] 
 of tastes, there must be different priced tables, \ 
 apartments, etc., and variety in the general 
 mode of life. The tables will not, however, \ 
 vary greatly in price, and the cheaper ones ;> 
 will be supplied with all that the Association < 
 produces, so that there will be very little dif- 
 ference in the fare. If a wealthy person wishes \ 
 to economize, and dine at the cheaper tables, ? 
 he can do so; and if a person in moderate { 
 
 circumstances prefers expending more for his 
 living and economizing in some other way, he 
 will possess the same liberty. There will he, 
 besides, a constant interchange of invitations 
 between members dining at the different ta¬ 
 bles, so that the difference of prices will pro¬ 
 duce no inequality and establish no difference 
 of classes. A principal object of this arrange¬ 
 ment is variety, without which, freedom in 
 the choice of company and social relations is 
 impossible. 
 
 When Association, with its vast Economies 
 and its system of attractive Industry, becomes 
 general, and its powerful means of production 
 are properly applied, fortune or an abundance 
 will be secured to all, and the scourge of poverty 
 will no longer exist; and when Man is mo¬ 
 rally and intellectually elevated, and high and 
 noble Pursuits engage his attention, instead of 
 the present grovelling Strife after money, then 
 the mere possession of riches will not confer 
 rank and distinction as at present; genius, ta¬ 
 lent, natural character, useful services, and 
 proficiency in Industry and the Arts and Sci¬ 
 ences, will be the avenues to honor and con¬ 
 sideration in Association. 
 
 What a contrast would there be between 
 the mode of living in Association and the pre¬ 
 sent Social Order! How do the vast majority 
 now live ? They eat in the same way, and 
 with little or no variety in food or company, 
 day after day the year through; they see 
 their wives obliged to drudge continually in 
 miserable little kitchens and at a round of 
 menial labor: there is no elegance in their 
 houses, furniture or other objects, which sur 
 round them; the kitchen and parlor are often 
 one, and they are frequently without a suffi¬ 
 ciency of the poor food upon which they 
 subsist. So live the mass in their isolated 
 Households in civilized Society, and they who 
 uphold this system of things, fear that in As¬ 
 sociation the Individual will be merged in 
 the Mass, and the liberty and dignity of Man 
 will be lost:—how prejudice can blind people ! 
 
 The Rich, who can employ servants to do 
 their household and menial work, and escape 
 the drudgery of domestic Labor, are of course 
 better off; but after all how monotonous,— 
 often how discordant and miserable is their 
 life in the isolated Household, and what du¬ 
 plicity is often resorted to in order to present 
 to the world an exterior, which gives the lie 
 to the private reality! 
 
 The mechanism of Association will, in every 
 ivay, be adapted to Man, and secure to him 
 the fullest personal liberty. They who love 
 privacy—can dine in their own apartments; 
 they who love sociability—at the public ta¬ 
 bles; they who wish the exclusive company 
 of friends—in the small dining rooms;—and 
 with changes and alternations as the feelings 
 may prompt. There is no legitimate taste or 
 desire, whether temporary or permanent, that 
 cannot be satisfied; and all these advantages 
 will be enjoyed without the care, the trouble 
 and the expense of the isolated household. 
 And as it is in the mode of living, so is it in 
 
28 
 
 IMAGINARY OBSTACLES TO ASSOCIATION. 
 
 the selection of pursuits and occupations, in 
 the choice of pleasures and social relations, 
 and in all things else in every sphere of life. 
 
 There will be no tyranny or dictation—no 
 control of the individual by the individual— 
 no disciplining by monastic rules and regula¬ 
 tions—no violation of individual will for the 
 pretended good of the community—no subjec¬ 
 tion of man to arbitrary systems;—but liberty 
 and independence—the satisfaction of all le¬ 
 gitimate tastes and inclinations, with variety 
 and change in order—unrestricted personal 
 freedom, when it does not degenerate into 
 license—free choice in occupations and social 
 relations—no sacrifice of the individual to the 
 mass—and adaptation of the social Organiza¬ 
 tion to Man. 
 
 -o- 
 
 IMAGINARY OBSTACLES TO ASSO¬ 
 CIATION. 
 
 Unity of Interests—Unity of Education—Unity 
 of habits and manners, are the foundation 
 upon which Social Concord and Harmony must 
 be based. 
 
 When the idea of Association is discussed, 
 a majority of persons feel towards it, at 
 first, instinctive dislike; the idea of forming 
 any close connection with their fellow-men, is 
 repulsive to them. Let us explain some of 
 the causes of this prejudiced feeling, and show 
 that, as it is the result of false social in¬ 
 fluences, it is ill-founded and may be removed, 
 and in its place a true and noble sentiment of 
 Union and Brotherhood awakened. 
 
 1st. Wherever there are assemblages of per¬ 
 sons at present, we find either strict discipline , 
 as in armies, monasteries and manufactories; 
 or rude disorder, as at public meetings, elec¬ 
 tions and in mobs. As strict discipline and 
 rude disorder are both repulsive to the human 
 feelings, and as people imagine erroneously 
 that one or the other must exist in Association, 
 they recoil with an instinctive aversion from 
 such contacts, and cling to the privacy of the 
 isolated household. 
 
 2d. Free Competition in Trade and Indus¬ 
 try, and the envious rivalry, opposition, over¬ 
 reaching, fraud and injustice to which it 
 gives rise, engender endless misunderstand¬ 
 ings, quarrels and discords among men; hence 
 repugnant feelings and antipathies are aroused, 
 and it appears impossible to them to associate 
 and live in peace and union together. But~ 
 free competition—that selfish strife or war in 
 Commerce and Industry which now exists— 
 will be replaced in Association by Unity of 
 Interests and Concert of Action, and as man 
 is a social being, he will, when the causes of 
 discord and disunion, which now divide So¬ 
 ciety, are done away with, regard Association 
 as the true order of Society. 
 
 3d. The Mass are now poor, dependent, and 
 have too many favors to ask—which render 
 close contacts disagreeable. The want, also, 
 of refinement in habits and manners among 
 them, repels the more polite and educated, 
 
 ! who think of Association only as an order of 
 j things in which they will be brought into 
 j contact with the poor and unrefined. But the 
 J Mass will be rendered independent in Asso- 
 j ciation, by its system of combined attractive 
 
 [ Industry, and will be refined and elevated by 
 the social advantages which they will enjoy. 
 
 4th. Differences in the tastes, habits, man¬ 
 ners and customs of people—resulting from 
 the isolation in which they live and differ¬ 
 ences of education—and the coarseness, bru- 
 talitv, drunkenness and other defects and vices, 
 
 I which exist unfortunately to such an extent 
 at present, render the society of individuals in 
 a vast many cases obnoxious, loathsome, and 
 often perfectly insupportable to each other. 
 These features of a false Society will not 
 $ exist in Association, for there a system of 
 > Universal Education—one and equal for all— 
 i and a high standard of, and unity in, habits, 
 
 '> manners and morals, will be established. 
 
 5th. Society is now split up into numerous 
 j sects and parties in Church and State, and 
 l party and sectarian Dissensions add to the 
 i flames of discord and disunion, and make con- 
 < cord and unity—and consequently association, 
 
 | appear utterly impossible. The want, also, 
 
 \ of a true standard of Morality, based upon a 
 \ scientific knowledge of Human Nature, and 
 ] comprehensive enough to embrace all the spi¬ 
 ritual Phenomena of man, gives rise to reci¬ 
 procal criticisms and condemnations of tastes, 
 j inclinations and manifestations of passion, and 
 l increases the repellant forces at work in so- 
 | ciety. 
 
 6th. The long continuance of depravity, vice 
 | and crime upon the earth, leads people to 
 suppose that they are inherent in the Nature 
 of Man, and will always exist; they believe 
 ] that these characteristics of past and present 
 | Societies can, under no circumstances, be era- 
 < dicated, and that they will be transferred into 
 Association. The idea of coming in contact 
 < with vicious and depraved beings, excites ab- 
 \ horrence, and Association is condemned from 
 \ an idle fear, which has no foundation in 
 
 I reality. 
 
 The error of the World—and a groundless, 
 superficial one it is—is to suppose that these 
 innumerable causes of Discord and Division, 
 which now separate men and repel the idea 
 and desire of Union and Association, are im- 
 
 I mutable and eternal, and can under no Order 
 of things, and with the aid of no new social 
 Combinations, be removed. Men are without 
 Hope for the future—without Faith in man: 
 firm in the belief that what is, always will be, 
 
 I and that what has not been, never can be, 
 they live under the dominion of blighting pre¬ 
 judice—of a fatal resignation to evil, which 
 kills desire and paralyzes action. 
 
 An Examination into the doctrines of Asso- 
 | ciation will show that all the objections which 
 < may be urged against it, are imaginary and 
 j groundless, and arise from a want of under- 
 j: standing of the subject, and false conceptions 
 \ regarding the nature of man and social des- 
 < tiny. The error which the world nowenter- 
 [ tains so generally that Selfishness and Social 
 
ELEVATION AND REFINEMENT OF THE MASS. 
 
 29 
 
 Discord are natural and unchangeable, and 1 
 that good Will among men and Social Har- j 
 rnony are impossible, will be dissipated:— \ 
 with the universal education, the universal j 
 independence and elevation, which the Com¬ 
 bined Order will secure to mankind—will j 
 come new social feelings, a new faith and > 
 new views upon all subjects. \ 
 
 \ t 
 
 -o- | 
 
 ELEVATION AND REFINEMENT OF \ 
 THE MASS. ^ 
 
 The error which the World commits is to judge S 
 Man as he is found in our false Societies—sunk ( 
 in poverty, ignorance and dependence, and his ? 
 nature perverted or degraded. We must se- > 
 parate him from the condition in which he i 
 now appears—separate the perversions of his < 
 Passions and Faculties from their real essence, l 
 their true nature—and study him as he comes ) 
 from the hands of God, uncorrupted by the 5 
 false social influences which surround him on 1 
 eveiy side from birth to death. In the undeve- s 
 loped beings which surround us, we no more < 
 see true Humanity—the real Man, than we ? 
 see in the rough block of marble the beautiful > 
 statue w'hich may be sculptured from it. j 
 
 Whenever the subject of Association is j 
 broached, the sensitive imaginations of people j 
 —of “ sterling Democrats” even—are haunted \ 
 with visions of degrading alliances and mean \ 
 intercourse: their sensibility is shocked at the \ 
 idea of association with those whom chance j 
 has placed in an humbler sphere of life than \ 
 themselves. Although this exclusive sensi- \ 
 tiveness does not sit very well upon the shoul- j 
 ders of men professing principles of “ Demo- <; 
 cracy and Equality,” we can forgive the \ 
 inconsistency between their doctrines and \ 
 practice, because it originates in a true senti- \ 
 ment, if they did not blindly attempt to sus- { 
 tain their prejudices against, their humble \ 
 fellow-men, by crediting the monstrous dogma \ 
 that “ one portion of the Human Race were \ 
 made for hewers of wood and drawers of wa- \ 
 ter for another portion,” or in other words, j 
 that the great majority of Mankind must be j 
 sunk in Poverty and Ignorance, and condemned 
 to a repugnant round of toil and drudgery to i 
 minister to the ease and enjoyment of a fa¬ 
 vored few. 
 
 As we said, we could tolerate and forgive 
 the injustice of the sentiment of exclusiveness, j 
 if it was placed simply upon the ground of the j 
 true and natural instinct of a cultivated mind j 
 to shrink from the contact of that which is $ 
 coarse, rude or vulgar; hut when it is at- \ 
 tempted to shelter it under the monstrous \ 
 falsehood that the Mass can never be elevated j 
 and refined, and that they were made to be f 
 drudges, we cannot help denouncing it in 
 terms which such ignorance and selfish pride 
 deserve. 
 
 But as we are not disposed to waste time > 
 and space, we will confine our remarks to > 
 plain reasoning, to satisfy sincere and unpre¬ 
 judiced minds that there is nothing to fear in j 
 Association from a contact with coarse, ig¬ 
 norant and vulgar persons, while in the pre- \ 
 
 sent state of society this contact is constant 
 and unavoidable. 
 
 It is a mistaken idea of People to suppose 
 that in Association there will be an indiscri¬ 
 minate herding of all sorts of persons in one 
 establishment, without any regard to moral 
 or personal fitness, and that then, because 
 there exists social equality, there will be re¬ 
 pugnant connexions. 
 
 We know perfectly well that Association, 
 when its immense advantages are once proved 
 by practical experiment, will spread most ra¬ 
 pidly ; still, in the formation of Associations, 
 People will come together from various cir¬ 
 cumstances of equality and similarity in con¬ 
 dition,— such as Fortune, Rank, religious 
 Opinions, etc., and in no case is it contem¬ 
 plated to mar the comfort and harmony of a 
 Community by the introduction of gross in¬ 
 congruities of character, habits and manners. 
 
 The great body of Mankind are uneducated, 
 and coarse in body and in mind; it will be the 
 work of time to elevate them to a standard in 
 Manners and Intelligence, that will fit them 
 for refined social intercourse. But Association, 
 with its superior system of Education, its sys¬ 
 tem of honorable Industry, and other means 
 of improvement and refinement, will elevate 
 rapidly the Mass, and the first Generation 
 born and brought up in Association will have 
 cast off all traces of the ignorance, coarseness 
 and vulgarity now entailed by a false Society 
 upon the multitude. 
 
 We are well aware that in the mean time, 
 social Equality cannot be established between 
 a low and ignorant population, and refined and 
 intelligent persons. The favored Classes will, 
 as soon as Association is established, make it 
 their pride and ambition to provide the means 
 for the gradual Elevation of their less favored 
 fellow-men, but they will not be called upon 
 to sacrifice their feelings and comfort in pro¬ 
 miscuous association. 
 
 We have made these general remarks to 
 show that people need not fear that Associa¬ 
 tion will disturb all their notions of propriety 
 in social intercourse by thrusting them among 
 a rude and heterogeneous Mass. 
 
 If then, in the organization of the first As¬ 
 sociations, people of Taste and Refinement 
 have nothing to fear from the contact of, and 
 intercourse with, Ignorance and Vulgarity, 
 they need have nothing to fear for the future. 
 
 No one will be fool-hardy enough to deny 
 that the thorough education, the enjoyment of 
 worldly comforts, the freedom from care, de¬ 
 pendence and harassing toil, and the other 
 advantages which Association will secure to 
 all, will soon change the Character of the 
 rising generations, and make them fit asso¬ 
 ciates for the most timid of our exclusives, 
 who are now afraid of contaminating inter¬ 
 course. The least reflection must satisfy us 
 that independence, education, intellectual de¬ 
 velopment, moral training, enjoyment of the 
 arts and sciences, and extended social inter¬ 
 course, are only necessary to elevate the whole 
 Human Race to that noble standard which 
 God intended they should attain. 
 
30 
 
 SYSTEM OF PROPERTY. 
 
 As a proof that the Mass can be elevated to 
 a high standard of refinement and intelligence, 
 we have but to remember that the polished 
 and aristocratic Classes of Europe' are de¬ 
 scendants of the rudest and most barbarous 
 Ancestors. How many of the Generals and 
 Marshals made by Napoleon rose from the 
 peasantry, who, without the opening offered 
 them by the French Revolution, would have 
 remained rude and uncultivated boors? As¬ 
 sociation will be a new and grand opening for 
 all Mankind! 
 
 Bur without going so far for our proofs, let 
 us look around in our own Country. We find 
 that many of the first families are descendants 
 of the dregs of European populations, a por¬ 
 tion of whom were transported to settle the 
 early Colonies. Look at our first Men,—look 
 at the Leaders of the fashionable circles in 
 our cities; many of them, who make the 
 greatest pretensions to, and who really pos¬ 
 sess refinement and intelligence, are removed 
 but one generation from persons who filled 
 the humblest walks of life—tailors, shoe¬ 
 makers, hostlers, hucksters, etc.; and if so 
 much has been done to elevate and refine 
 people in so short a time, under circumstances 
 which were not the most favorable, what 
 may not be expected from Association in its 
 effect upon the rising generation, when with¬ 
 out exception every Child will receive a supe¬ 
 rior practical and scientific Education—will 
 be blessed with Plenty to supply its physical 
 nature, with Attractive Industry to strengthen 
 and invigorate its frame, and with all the in¬ 
 fluences of the Fine Arts, and of pleasing and 
 extended social Relations, to refine and elevate 
 its mind ? 
 
 When the Mass are thus elevated to the 
 noble standard of true Humanity, when a high 
 tone is given to the feelings—and moral and 
 intellectual elevation is secured to all, who 
 then can fear that their “ respectability” will 
 suffer from a contact with them ? 
 
 And after all, what is the Elevation,—the 
 Respectability of our false Societies ? It is a 
 tame and enervating refinement, which rises 
 scarcely above a little delicate nervousness of 
 body—soft and effeminate manners—affected 
 politeness and sickly sentiment; it is the ex¬ 
 clusiveness of pride without merit; the low 
 ambition and anti-social spirit of caste without 
 real dignity.' All this is destined to sink into 
 utter insignificance before the elevated senti¬ 
 ments and manners to which Association will 
 give rise—before the noble pride, the true and 
 frank sociability of persons fully educated and 
 developed, and exalted by the feeling of being 
 members of a noble Race—of a great Brother¬ 
 hood, who have in their collective capacity 
 a high Destiny to fulfil upon the earth and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Look at Humanity!—examine the condi¬ 
 tion of nineteen-twentieths of the members 
 of the great family of Man upon the Globe 
 —destitute, half-famished, ignorant and de¬ 
 graded, and say whether the idea—the timid 
 fear that a Social Reform is fraught with 
 danger to the interests of the world, is not a 
 
 1 mockery upon common sense—upon sound 
 judgment^ and whether the spirit of social 
 Conservatism, which exists so generally at 
 present, is not utterly incompatible with broad 
 \ and comprehensive views upon political and 
 < social questions, and with true and generous 
 ; sympathies for Mankind ? Look, and answer. 
 
 | -o- 
 
 > 
 
 \ SYSTEM OF PROPERTY. 
 
 Fourier teaches us the secret of “ Attractive In¬ 
 dustry in which the riches of activity, and 
 l health of mind and body, are superior to those 
 
 of wealth alone, and he demonstrates that the 
 j richest individuals, in a true state of social 
 
 > Unity, are the most valuable and devoted ser- 
 
 > vants of Humanity, because they cannot spend 
 
 s their wealth upon themselves alone, and can 
 
 s enjoy the luxury of riches only in so much as 
 
 < they improve the pleasures and refinements of 
 
 ? the mass: and that the more a rich man has to 
 
 > spend, in such a state of things, the more he is 
 
 j> constrained to study the improvement of so- 
 
 < ciety, and labor for its welfare in his combina- 
 
 ? tions of expense and personal enjoyment. 
 
 ( Doherty. 
 
 > - 
 
 WITH regard to the system of property of 
 \ Association, we shall have numerous preju- 
 ; dices to combat and errors to rectify. The 
 \ false principles of a community of property' 
 l which have been promulgated, and connected 
 
 I unfortunately, to some extent, with the noble 
 doctrine of Association, lead people to suppose 
 that every system of Association must be based 
 upon similar principles. We must correct this 
 false view, and show that in the Combined 
 Order all individual Rights—the fundamental 
 one of which is the Right of Property—will 
 
 I be sacredly respected and strictly preserved. 
 The system of joint-stock or sharehold Pro¬ 
 perty of Association is one of its most beautiful 
 practical features, and will, when the highly 
 important results to which it leads are under¬ 
 stood, excite admiration. We will point out 
 a few of those results, which will be partially 
 l elucidated as we progress in cur explanation. 
 \ 1st. Effect a Unity of the individual with the 
 l collective interest, so as to render the interest 
 \ of the Individual the interest of the Mass, 
 
 ' and the interest of the Mass the interest of 
 l the Individual. This Unity must be esta- 
 : blished before we can conciliate private wel- 
 > fare with public good, and produce concert of 
 l action, and general good-will and union among 
 \ men. 
 
 ! 2d. Render real Estate moveable property, 
 saleable and convertible at will and without 
 loss into a cash capital. 
 
 3d. Prevent the numerous and ruinous liti¬ 
 gations and law-suits, which now grow out 
 of bad titles, foreclosures, boundary lines, 
 
 ] trespasses, etc. 
 
 i 4th. Unite the interests of Labor and Capi- 
 j tal, which are now divorced and in conflict, 
 s and prevent the unjust and tyrannical control 
 l which the Few, who own the land, workshops 
 > and other means of production, now exercise 
 < over the destitute Multitude, who must beg 
 I the privilege of working on and in them. 
 
 5th, Secure an efficient, uniform and scien- 
 
SYSTEM OF PROPERTY. 
 
 31 
 
 tific system of Cultivation, and its continuance l 
 from generation to generation, and guaranty ) 
 the prosecution of works and improvements \ 
 commence(f. <; 
 
 6th. Enable Mankind to put in practice \ 
 those cardinal precepts of Truth and Justice i 
 laid down by Christ,—such as: “Love thy \ 
 neighbor as thyself“ Do ye unto others as < 
 ye would wish that others should do unto > 
 you,”—precepts which, in the universal Con- \ 
 ilict of the individual with the collective inte- 
 rest that now exists, and in the envious strife 
 and opposition which reign throughout all the j 
 ramifications of business and industry, can be l 
 acted upon to but an extremely limited ex- \ 
 tent. The interests of men must be asso- j 
 ciated, blended and harmonized, before the < 
 social Sympathies can be developed, and the ) 
 commandments of Love and Brotherhood < 
 can be carried out in practice. 
 
 Let us now enter upon our subject. 
 
 The lands, edifices, flocks, implements, ma¬ 
 chinery and other property of an Association, 
 
 —that is, its personal and real Estate—will be 
 represented by stock, divided into shares, like 
 the capital of a bank or railroad. 
 
 There is no reason why this description of 
 property should not form the capital of a stock- 
 company or an association, and be represented 
 by vouchers or shares, as mines, manufac- j 
 tories, railroads, canals and all varieties of j 
 joint-stock property, or as moneyed capital in- < 
 vested in banks and insurance companies, now \ 
 are, and every owner of stock be paid interest j 
 upon his shares. By this means a reorgan- j 
 ization or remodelling of the present system s 
 of property could be effected without disturb- j; 
 ing a single vested right. Vested rights in s 
 property cannot be touched without under- i 
 mining the fabric of society, and producing $ 
 injustice, confusion, and, perhaps, bloodshed; j 
 they are sacred and must remain inviolate. < 
 
 People in Association will not own little \ 
 farms or separate workshops and manufac- j 
 tories as at present; they will own stock in j 
 an Association, and will be joint proprietors 
 of the entire domain and of all the workshops \ 
 and manufactures. By this means the land 
 cannot be cut up and sold, and the system of \ 
 cultivation and general management changed 
 with every change of owner; the stock, how¬ 
 ever, which represents it, can be sold, which 
 is the same thing for the holder. \ 
 
 If a member wishes at any time to leave j 
 the Association, he can do so; he can retain \ 
 his stock and receive interest upon it, or sell 
 it and obtain in cash its current value. If no 
 other member can purchase it of him at the 
 time, the Association, which will keep a re¬ 
 served fund on hand for the purpose, would \ 
 do so, and pay him interest for the part of the j 
 year which had expired. < 
 
 By rendering real estate Sharehold Pro - < 
 perty, we make it saleable at will , and convert- > 
 ible into a cash capital without loss or delay. j 
 This is an immense advantage, and one which 
 is not possessed at all at present. If a person 
 now owns lands, which he wishes to dispose \ 
 
 of, he must wait for months, often years, be¬ 
 fore he can find a purchaser, or sell at a 
 ruinous sacrifice. In Association, on the con¬ 
 trary, he could dispose of his stock at a day’s 
 notice and for its full value. 
 
 How will the interest be paid upon the 
 shares ?—it will be asked. We will explain 
 the manner. 
 
 One quarter of the total Product or Profits 
 of the Association, after taxes, repairs and 
 some other expenses are deducted—that is, 
 one quarter of the amount realized by the 
 sales of its products during the year—will be 
 reserved for this purpose, and paid as a divi¬ 
 dend to the stockholders. The other three 
 quarters will be paid to those who perform 
 the labor. We will illustrate this division by 
 an example. 
 
 Suppose an Association—the lands, edifices, 
 flocks, etc., of which are valued at $500,000— 
 grows grain, fruit and vegetables, raises ani¬ 
 mals and manufactures a variety of objects in 
 the course of the year, which, when sold, 
 amount to $200,000. Of this sum $50,000, 
 or one quarter, would be appropriated to the 
 payment of interest upon the Stock, which in 
 this case would be ten per cent. The re¬ 
 maining $150,000 would be paid to those who 
 performed the Labor. 
 
 The $150,000, or the shait paid to Labor, 
 would not be put into a common fund, out 
 of which all the members—the skilful as 
 well as the unskilful, the active as well as 
 inactive—will receive an equal share: on the 
 contrary, every one will be remunerated ac 
 cording to the time he has devoted to work, 
 and the skill with which he has worked. We 
 will explain fully hereafter this system for the 
 division of profits. 
 
 In awarding to Capital one quarter of the 
 profits, we do not give it, it must be borne in 
 mind, twenty-five per cent, interest; we give it 
 twenty-jive per cent, of the product, whatever 
 it may be. This proportion can be varied 
 somewhat, if experience proves it to be wrong. 
 A person on entering an Association fin d* 
 everything prepared for him; the fields and 
 gardens are laid out and under a fine state of 
 cultivation, the workshops and manufactories 
 are handsomely fitted up, and teams and im¬ 
 plements in abundance are provided: for the 
 privilege of working under such advantageous 
 circumstances, he gives to those who, by their 
 Capital or Labor, have organized the Asso¬ 
 ciation, one quarter of the product of his skill 
 and activity. This proportion will, we think, 
 be found just, and satisfy the Laborer. 
 
 Capital in Association will be safely and 
 profitably invested—which, on the other hand, 
 will satisfy the Capitalist: it will be safe, be¬ 
 cause it will be invested in productive real 
 estate, which cannot be stolen, wasted or 
 squandered; and it will be profitable, because 
 it will receive one quarter of the product of 
 the labor of a large body of men, who being 
 supplied with every means of production, and 
 whose efforts being skilfully and judiciously 
 directed, must necessarily produce a vast deal. 
 
32 
 
 MODE OF INVESTING CAPITAL IN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 MODE OF INVESTING CAPITAL IN 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 From Fourier. 
 
 All lands, machinery, implements, furni- <: 
 ture, or other objects brought by members i 
 into the Association, are appraised at their \ 
 cash value, aud represented, as well as the mo- s 
 neved capital paid in, by transferable shares, \ 
 which are secured upon the personal and real 5 
 Estate of the Association—that is, upon its < 
 domain, edifices, flocks, manufactories, etc. 
 The Council transfers to each person the va- \ 
 lue in shares of the objects which he has \ 
 furnished. A person may be a member with- ? 
 out being a stockholder, or a stockholder l 
 without being a member. 
 
 The annual profits of the Association are, 
 after the inventory is taken, divided into three \ 
 unequal portions, and paid as follows: 
 
 Seven-twelfths to Labor. 
 
 Three-twelfths to Capital. 
 
 Two-twelfths to practical and theoretical 
 Knowledge —or to Skill. \ 
 
 The Council, which has charge of the finan¬ 
 cial department, advances to those members 
 who do not possess any capital or fixed pro¬ 
 perty, food, clothing and lodging for a year. \ 
 No risk is run in making this advance, for it > 
 is known that the product of the labor, which \ 
 aach individual will perform by attraction <j 
 or pleasure, will exceed in amount the ad¬ 
 vances made to him; and that the Associa¬ 
 tion, on balancing its accounts at the yearly 
 settlement, will be debtor to the members to 
 whom it made the advance of a minimum. 
 
 This Minimum, or sufficiency of worldly 
 goods, will comprise: 
 
 Meals at the tables of the first price. 
 
 A decent dress, and working costumes; be¬ 
 sides all implements necessary to their indus¬ 
 trial occupations. 
 
 A room and bed-room for each individual, 
 and admission to the public hails and saloons, 
 and to all places of amusement. 
 
 Men most opposed to Association, will be 
 Capitalists and Landholders. We will enter 
 consequently into a short examination of the 
 mode of employing and investing capital in 
 Association, and of the value of real estate in 
 this new order. The advantages which As¬ 
 sociation offers in these respects, merit the 
 attention of those two classes, whose interests 
 suffer so much from the frauds, revulsions and 
 revolutions of civilized Society. 
 
 After a life spent in making a fortune, new 
 difficulties and anxieties arise in preserving 
 and guarantying it to children, who, after the 
 death of the father, are so often the victims 
 of frauds and bankruptcies, or of faithless or 
 careless guardians. These dangers will cease 
 the moment Association is organized, and this 
 advantage, it strikes us, is among the first to 
 be pointed out. 
 
 Land, in the Combined Order, will not be 
 
 owned without a guarantee of product, as is so 
 often the case at present. An Association, 
 cultivating a domain, becomes seourity to the 
 capitalist who owns stock, (which is the same 
 as owning the land and edifices, as they are 
 mortgaged to secure it,) and in case of da¬ 
 mage by the elements or other accidents, the 
 stockholder is sure to receive a minimum rate 
 of interest, which is guarantied to him by the 
 entire Association and by those of the district 
 around. In Combined Order, the Associations 
 will insure each other against such losses. 
 
 To hear people talk, it would be supposed 
 that they possess fine domains, superb landed 
 estates. But what interest do those estates 
 yield ? Hardly three per cent., after deducting 
 taxes, delays, thefts, accidental damages and 
 law-suits, which at present cannot be avoided, 
 for, according to the adage, “ who has soil has 
 turmoil.” There are, besides, years when 
 there is a complete failure of crops, and the 
 landholder receives nothing, which must be 
 taken into account. 
 
 If Capitalists understood the system of As¬ 
 sociation, they would feel no repugnance in 
 investing their property in the partnership of 
 an Association. Are they not at present in 
 copartnership with each of their tenants ? In 
 the Combined Order the entire Association is 
 in copartnership with them and becomes their 
 tenant. All its lands, edifices, flocks and ma¬ 
 nufactories are mortgaged to secure their 
 stock. Will they obtain any such security in 
 the present system? Will they see a hun¬ 
 dred families pledge themselves collectively 
 to guaranty them an income from their lands ? 
 To this security is to be added another ad- 
 •j vantage, which is unknown at present, and 
 \ which our financiers would never have suc¬ 
 ceeded in realizing; it is the power of render¬ 
 ing real estate transferable property, which 
 can be converted at will and without loss into 
 ’ a cash capital. 
 
 Every Association will, when called upon, 
 buy its shares at the valuation of the last in- 
 ; ventory, with interest for the part of the year 
 ? which has expired. Thus, did a capitalist 
 ; possess hundreds of thousands, he could realize 
 \ his fortune at a moment’s notice, and without 
 ■ loss or expense. 
 
 \ If an Association had not funds on hand to 
 purchase the shares of a large stockholder, 
 i the Council of the district or province in 
 \ which it was situated, would advance the 
 | money and take the stock, which in Associa- 
 i tion is considered as the best of investments. 
 
 An Association can in no case become bank- 
 5 rupt, or carry oft' its lands, edifices, manufac- 
 > tories and flocks, as could be done with the 
 < capital of a bank. As regards damage by the 
 ? elements, collective and reciprocal insurances 
 
 [ will exist. Conflagrations will be reduced to 
 almost nothing, owing to the precautions 
 which can be taken in the construction of the 
 edifices of Association, and in their supervision. 
 
 A minor will run no risk of losing his pro¬ 
 perty, or of being wronged in the management 
 of the principal or income: the administration 
 of it is the same for him as for the other stock- 
 
UNITY OF INTERESTS, ETC. 
 
 33 
 
 holders; if he inherits stock in divers Associa¬ 
 tions, the stock is registered on their books; it 
 bears the same interest for him as for others, 
 and can under no pretext be transferred for 
 him until he is of age, when he can dispose 
 of it as he chooses. 
 
 An Association in a body, directed by its 
 Council of experienced and practical men and 
 by the advice of neighboring Associations, will 
 not, like an individual, be exposed to impru¬ 
 dent speculations; and if any industrial opera¬ 
 tion, like the establishment of a new branch 
 of manufactures, the working of a mine or any 
 other experiment, be hazardous, care will be 
 taken to divide the risk among a number of 
 Associations, consult well beforehand, and 
 cover the risk by insurance. As to frauds, 
 none can exist. 
 
 -o- 
 
 UNITY OF INTERESTS, 
 
 RESULTING FROM THE SYSTEM OF JOINT-STOCK 
 PROPERTY OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The present Social Order is a ridiculous mecha¬ 
 nism, in which portions of the whole are in 
 conflict with, and acting against the whole. 
 We see each Class in Society desire, from in¬ 
 terest, the misfortune of other classes, and 
 place in every way individual interest in op¬ 
 position to public good. The Lawyer wishes 
 litigations and suits, particularly among the 
 rich ; the Physician desires sickness ; (the lat¬ 
 ter would be ruined if everybody died without 
 disease, as would the former, if all quarrels 
 were settled by arbitration ;) the Soldier wants 
 a war, which will carry off half his comrades, 
 to secure him promotion ; the Undertaker wants 
 burials ; Monopolists and Forestalled want fa¬ 
 mines, to double or treble the price of grain ; 
 the Architect, the Carpenter, the Mason, want 
 conflagrations, that will burn down a hundred 
 houses, to give activity to their branches of 
 business. Fourier. 
 
 Unity of Interest is the corner-stone of all 
 the Unities—social, political and religious. It 
 will unite the hearts of men in feelings of af¬ 
 fection and brotherhood, and in love to God and 
 to Humanity. 
 
 We will briefly explain the means by which 
 Association will effect a perfect Unity or Iden¬ 
 tity of the individual with the collective Inte¬ 
 rest. Unless we can render the interest of the 
 Individual that of the Whole, and the interest 
 of the Whole that of the Individual—or, in 
 other words, unless we can establish Unity in 
 the sphere of worldly interests, we can never 
 introduce practical Truth and Justice into the 
 relations of men, nor attain those higher Uni¬ 
 ties in Church and State, after which more 
 advanced minds—sick of strife, dissension and 
 controversy—are beginning to aspire. Let us 
 explain how this primary Unity will be at¬ 
 tained. % 
 
 The interest upon the stock of the members 
 of an Association, will not be paid out of the 
 product of this or that part of the domain, or 
 out of this or that branch of manufactures, 
 but out of the total product of the entire do¬ 
 main and all branches of manufactures. As 
 a consequence, every individual owning stock, 
 if it be but a single share, will wish that every 
 portion of the soil should be cultivated in the 
 
 S 
 
 best manner, and every branch of manufac¬ 
 
 tures prosecuted with the greatest skill and 
 judiciousness; the better all this is done, the 
 larger will be the interest which each indivi¬ 
 dual will receive; and as the desire of large 
 dividends will exist in Association as at pre¬ 
 sent, there will be, as a consequence, a general 
 desire on the part of all the members to ren¬ 
 der the Association in the highest degree pro¬ 
 ductive and prosperous. 
 
 Not only will every individual wish that all 
 branches of Industry should be prosecuted in 
 the best possible manner, but he will wish 
 that the edifices, tools, implements, flocks, 
 fences, etc. should be carefully taken care of 
 and preserved from injury or damage, for if 
 any damage were done to them, the expense 
 of repairs would have to be deducted from 
 the general product, which would lessen the 
 interest which he, in common with the other 
 stockholders, would receive. 
 
 What each individual Member will wish, 
 the entire Association will wish, and from 
 this Unity of Interests will result a concert of 
 action in prosecuting all branches of Industry 
 and a perfect unanimity of feeling in all tem¬ 
 poral affairs and interests. 
 
 No one can promote his own prosperity 
 without promoting at the same time the pros¬ 
 perity of all those around him, and no one can 
 injure his neighbor without injuring himself. 
 
 It is only in joint-stock Associations, where 
 each individual is interested in the entire ca¬ 
 pital invested, that a perfect Union of interests 
 can be established, and Man can be made to 
 desire truly and ardently the welfare and pros¬ 
 perity of his fellow-man. From this solidarity 
 —this reciprocal and mutual dependence, will 
 result a unity of feeling, which will soon ex¬ 
 tend from pecuniary affairs to political, reli¬ 
 gious, and other spheres of society. In such 
 an order of things how easy will it be to real¬ 
 ize practically the precept—“ Do unto others 
 as you would that others should do unto 
 you!” In fact, the practical operation of As¬ 
 sociation will lead to it, as the present system 
 of Society leads to a conflict of all interests 
 and to universal antagonism and enmity. 
 
 And when a body of persons, perfectly 
 united, are working for each other’s welfare, 
 how easy will it be also to put in operation 
 that other precept—“Love thy neighbor as 
 thyself!” 
 
 Man is not naturally selfish—far from it: 
 to love—taken in its widest sense—is the 
 first want of his nature. To bestow the Sen¬ 
 timents of friendship, paternity, love and other 
 social affections causes a Happiness as great 
 to him who gives, as to him who receives. 
 If men are now selfish, if they sacrifice the 
 love of God and the neighbor to worldly 
 ends and material wants, it is because they 
 are poor—harassed by cares and anxieties, 
 and because a thousand conflicts and discords 
 divide them, fill their souls with bitterness, 
 and smother the higher feelings of their na¬ 
 ture. But men are miserable when the higher 
 and nobler Sentiments and the social Sympa¬ 
 thies are not satisfied, and instead of finding, 
 
34 
 
 IMPOSSIBILITY OF ANY TYRANNY OF CAPITAL IN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 as the majority now hope, happiness and a \ 
 Paradise in their eager and exclusive strife ! 
 after worldly goods, and in their worship of j 
 selfish materialism, they sink for the most \ 
 part into a social Hell. j 
 
 What a contrast between the system of j 
 Industry, and particularly of Agriculture, of 
 Association and that of the present Social | 
 Order ! Suppose the lands of an Association j 
 were cut up into little farms, each cultivated j 
 and managed separately by a different owner 
 or family, instead of being represented by „ 
 stock, preserved in a body and subjected to a 
 unitary system of cultivation: what would 
 be the consequence? The different families 
 would, in the first place, be perfectly indifferent 
 as to the manner in which all the other farms 
 around them were cultivated, because they 
 would receive no part of the product; their 
 interests would be restricted to their own little 
 plots of land. In the second place, the con¬ 
 tiguity of numerous separate farms would 
 lead, as we see by experience, to misunder¬ 
 standings, quarrels and law-suits—growing 
 out of trespasses, petty thefts, breaking down 
 of fences, boundary lines, bad titles, competi¬ 
 tion in the sale of products, and other causes, 
 so that in time many of them would become 
 inimical and enemies to each other, and 
 be glad to see their crops fail, or other mis¬ 
 fortunes befall them. It is still worse with 
 those engaged in manufactures; they are mu¬ 
 tual enemies, opposed in interest and striving 
 to break each other down. Such are the re¬ 
 sults of the present system of isolated and dis¬ 
 associated Property: it is the source of endless 
 conflicts of interest, and of universal distrust 
 and selfishness. How beautiful in comparison 
 is the system of associated or shareliold Pro¬ 
 perty of Association, which, while it main¬ 
 tains individual rights in property, produces 
 Unity of interests and action, good will among 
 men, and concord and harmony in Society ! 
 
 How repulsive is the spectacle which So¬ 
 ciety now offers to the man who loves justice— 
 who loves generous dealing between man and 
 his fellow-man! Discord, conflict and envious 
 strife are rife among all classes and indivi¬ 
 duals—private interest is arrayed in opposition 
 to public good—every man’s hand is raised 
 against his neighbor—distrust and hatred fill 
 the world—and duplicity, over-reaching, ex¬ 
 tortion and fraud contaminate and degrade 
 the daily relations and transactions of the vast 
 majority. In Commerce and Industry, oppo¬ 
 sition and warfare are universal, and their 
 revulsions, ruin and anxiety kill more—and in 
 a more lingering manner—than the cannon or 
 the bayonet in the warfare of bloodshed. But 
 men are so accustomed to the moral atmo¬ 
 sphere of discord, strife and selfishness in 
 which they now live, that this state of things 
 appears natural, and blinds them to the ne¬ 
 cessity of a Social Reform. If they could, 
 however, be made to see Society as it is—see 
 its deformity and falseness, they would recoil 
 with disgust from it, and exert every nerve to 
 establish a true and just Social Order in its 
 place. 
 
 IMPOSSIBILITY OF ANY TYRANNY 
 OF CAPITAL IN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 God has given the earth to the Human Race and 
 to all generations of the Race, and no indivi¬ 
 dual should be excluded from the Usufruct of, 
 or the right of cultivating the Soil for the 
 purpose of producing the means of existence 
 and development, any more than he should be 
 excluded from the light of the sun or from the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 It is often asked, whether one or more ca¬ 
 pitalists will not become owners of the stock 
 of an Association, and exercise a tyrannical 
 control and dictation over its members and its 
 affairs. Nothing of the kind can take place; 
 i! to explain this, we will suppose an extreme 
 \ case—we will suppose that one individual has 
 
 ! become the proprietor of all the stock of an 
 Association. This monopoly will give him, 
 as we shall see, no arbitrary control over the 
 
 ! Association and its affairs. 
 
 The Council of Industry'—the members of 
 which will be elected by the inhabitants of 
 the Association—will have a general super¬ 
 vision of the domain, workshops and ma- 
 
 i nufactories, and the regulation of its industrial 
 affairs and interests. The person who owns 
 the stock may be elected a member of this 
 Council, and, as such, will have a voice in 
 the management of its affairs, but out of the 
 Council and as a private individual, he can 
 exercise no control; he cannot dictate, for 
 example, the system of cultivation which 
 shall be pursued, the crops which shall be 
 grown, the branches of manufactures which 
 shall be prosecuted, where the fences or hedges 
 shall be located, how the fields and gardens 
 shall be laid out and cultivated, or direct any 
 similar operations. All these details must 
 come under the direction of the Council, which, 
 composed of the most talented and experienced 
 members of the Association, will of course be 
 able to exercise a far more judicious control 
 than can a single individual. 
 
 No individual in Association wall possess 
 the absolute ownership of the soil, manufac¬ 
 tories and other means of production as at pre¬ 
 sent, “ to use and abuse them as he wishes,’ 
 and to prevent the rest of the members from 
 working upon or in them, if his caprice shah 
 so dictate; he will own the stock, which re¬ 
 presents them—a much more desirable form 
 of property—but the soil and manufactories 
 will remain under the control and direction of 
 the Association, and the Right of working 
 in or upon them will be secured to all its 
 members. We see this restriction upon capi¬ 
 talists in operation at present in stock com¬ 
 panies : a stockholder in a railroad cannot, for 
 < example, alter the direction or tear up a part 
 of the track equal in value to his stock, or 
 prevent travellers from going over the road, 
 —and this restriction is found advantageous 
 to all. 
 
 Capitalists will possess in Association very 
 great advantages: their money will be safely 
 \ invested ; they will be exempt from the frauds. 
 
IMPOSSIBILITY OF ANY TYRANNY OF CAPITAL IN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 35 
 
 revulsions and the numerous accidents of bu¬ 
 siness, which ruin upon an average three 
 fourths of them; they will be relieved from 
 the anxiety and the trouble of constant super¬ 
 vision, and as the profits of Association will be 
 large, they will receive a liberal interest on 
 their money. 
 
 But Capitalists in Association will not wish to 
 exercise any dictation or tyranny; they would 
 disgust their fellow-men by such a course, 
 who, being secured the Right of Labor or of 
 constant employment, would be pecuniarily 
 independent, and would not submit to any 
 imposition: should capitalists, however, en¬ 
 deavor to exercise any tyranny, the members 
 could move off in a body and leave their pro¬ 
 perty unproductive ;—and, besides, any arbi¬ 
 trary dictation on their part would derange 
 the operations of Industry, decrease produc¬ 
 tion, and lessen as a consequence their profits. 
 The Tyranny of Capital, one of the last relics 
 of tyranny, and the most repulsive, will be 
 swept from the face of the earth by Associa¬ 
 tion ! 
 
 If it be feared by some persons that a few 
 individuals in an Association will monopolize 
 the stock, and exercise an absolute control, it 
 is very confidently asserted by others that the 
 selfishness of men, and their rapacity to ac¬ 
 quire wealth, will be insurmountable obstacles 
 to social Union and Concord. Let us answer 
 this objection. 
 
 The reader will bear in mind that the inte¬ 
 rest upon the capital or shares will be paid out 
 of the total product of the Association, so that 
 no one can desire large profits for himself 
 without desiring the same for all the other 
 members. 
 
 Suppose then that there are some extremely 
 avaricious persons in an Association, who are 
 very desirous of accumulating wealth: what 
 means will they have to employ to attain their 
 end ? They will have to see that all parts of 
 the domain are cultivated in the best manner 
 —all branches of manufactures prosecuted ju¬ 
 diciously—that the edifices, implements, ma¬ 
 chinery, etc. are not injured, and that no waste 
 takes place. This is the policy which they 
 will have to pursue. They cannot, as a con¬ 
 sequence, promote their own prosperity with¬ 
 out promoting at the same time the prosperity 
 of all the other members; their thirst for gain 
 will not be satisfied, as at present, at the ex¬ 
 pense of their fellow-men, but will, on the 
 contrary, conduce to their welfare. By this 
 means individual selfishness will be neutral¬ 
 ized, and made to subserve the good of the 
 whole. 
 
 Under the present condition of things, the 
 injury done to others by extortion or fraud, is 
 individual gain; but in Association, where the 
 interests of the Individual and those of the 
 Mass are identical , no one can add to his own 
 store without adding to that of the rest of 
 the community. 
 
 If there were in an Association some of 
 those very parsimonious persons, who are now 
 looked upon with dislike, they would be found 
 quite useful. They would attend to all minor 
 
 1 details and minutiee, and see that nothing was 
 wasted or misapplied. The great majority of 
 \ persons would feel no inclination for such a 
 
 < careful supervision, but as they would see the 
 j importance of it, for little wastes lead to large 
 \ losses, they would feel indebted to those who 
 \ attend to such details and relieved them of 
 \ the task. In Association Selfishness will he 
 \ rendered Social, and be made to serve the 
 $ interests of the whole; at present, it is ex- 
 
 elusive or individual , and leads to the plun 
 
 > dering of the Mass. 
 
 \ “ The spirit of compound or associated Pro- 
 
 \ perty,” says Fourier, “ will be one of the most 
 : powerful means of conciliating the interests 
 i of the members, richer and poorer, of an As- 
 \ sociation. If a person possessed but a single 
 j share of stock, he becomes a joint owner of 
 5 the entire Association; he can say, our lands, 
 \ our edifices, our forests, our manufactories, 
 \ our flocks,—everything is his property; he is 
 | interested in the whole estate, real and per¬ 
 il sonal, of the Association.” 
 
 “ If a forest at present is cut up or injured 
 : by marauders or storms, a hundred peasants 
 | look on with indifference. The forest is sim- 
 
 < pie property; it belongs to the rich landholder 
 | alone; they rejoice at what may be of injury 
 ] to him, and endeavor clandestinely to increase 
 \ the damage. If the floods wash away the 
 | soil upon the banks of a stream, three quarters 
 ; of the inhabitants own no land upon it, and 
 
 < laugh at the damage; they are glad often to 
 see the patrimony of a rich neighbor injured, 
 whose property is simple, deprived of ties with 
 
 ' the mass of the inhabitants, in whom it in- 
 ) spires no interest.” 
 
 “ In Association, where all interests will be 
 ' combined, and where every person will be a 
 ' co-interested partner, be it only for the portion 
 
 < of the profits assigned to Labor, every one 
 
 < will desire the permanent prosperity of the 
 \ entire Association. Thus, from personal inte- 
 j rest, good-will will become general among 
 f the members; and for the reason that they 
 
 < do not work for wages or a salary, but are 
 
 > co-partners, knowing that any damage done, 
 
 < were it to the value of but twelve cents, will 
 ! take one half from those who, not being stock- 
 <! holders, receive only the part of the dividend 
 | allotted to Labor.” 
 
 It will, no doubt, be dreaded by many minds 
 \ that if in an Association there are persons who 
 s possess much capital or fixed property, and 
 others who possess little or none, or, in other 
 I words, if there are richer and poorer indivi- 
 | duals, differences of class or caste, with their 
 
 < odious distinctions and their repulsions and 
 \ discords, will arise, which will dissolve the 
 / social compact. 
 
 This dread is groundless: Association, with 
 j its system of Attractive Industry and its 
 vast Economies, will produce so much, and so 
 } fill the world with wealth, that the question 
 1 will be how to consume it all! When abun- 
 
 < dance and refinement are secured to all, the 
 l possession of more or less wealth will be a 
 
 < very minor consideration. “ All will be happy 
 \ in proportion to their health and spirits to 
 
36 
 
 UNION OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 
 
 enjoy the pleasures of both temporal and spi¬ 
 ritual Excellence, which will be abundant and 
 to spare, in endless change and diversity;” 
 and all will be honored and respected in pro¬ 
 portion to talent, genius, merit and useful 
 services to Humanity. 
 
 Let Association guaranty, as it will, equal 
 chances of a superior industrial and scientific 
 Education to all children;—and the right of 
 Labor, or a free and unrestricted choice of 
 occupations, with the profits and honors of the 
 same, to the grown person; let a broad field 
 of action, with proper social aid and encou¬ 
 ragement, be thrown open to all, and there 
 will be no longer those gross contrasts be¬ 
 tween poverty and wealth, between intelli¬ 
 gence and ignorance, which now exist,—but 
 universal elevation and the enjoyment by all of 
 every worldly blessing, based, however, upon 
 various and graduated degrees of fortune on 
 the one hand, and infinite diversity of talents, 
 capacities and shades of genius on the other. 
 
 “ The richer a man is in the Combined Or¬ 
 der, the greater are the duties he imposes on 
 himself in spending his own income, for he is 
 neither able nor inclined to spend it on him¬ 
 self alone when individual and collective inte¬ 
 rests are identical; and if he were inclined to 
 spend his money foolishly instead of usefully, 
 he would be deemed a simpleton by all his 
 friends and neighbors, and discarded from the 
 pleasures of society and friendship as an ani¬ 
 mal of an inferior intellect, whom nobody 
 would waste their time upon in social inter¬ 
 course of an inferior order. 
 
 “In external wealth or property, as it is 
 termed, it matters not how rich or poor a 
 man or woman be: the only riches of import¬ 
 ance to all persons are the active powers of 
 soul and body, health and vigor to enjoy the 
 infinite diversity of temporal and spiritual hap¬ 
 piness—the possession of external wealth con¬ 
 ferring liberty of action in proportion only to 
 the duty and responsibility of direct manage¬ 
 ment, responsibility to social sanction only, 
 and good sense, but not to arbitrary laws and 
 institutions.” 
 
 -o- 
 
 UNION OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 
 
 What can isolated and helpless I.abor do against 
 leagues of Capital and powerful Monopoly? 
 
 Capital and Labor are now divorced in 
 interest and are in opposition, and Capital 
 controls—often exercises an absolute tyranny 
 over Labor. Capital is held by a small mi¬ 
 nority, while the laboring multitude, deprived 
 of its possession, are, for the most part, the 
 dependent hirelings, the menial subjects of 
 capitalists. This unnatural relation must be 
 remedied, and means found of uniting Capital 
 and Labor in the same hands—that is, of ren¬ 
 dering Capitalists Producers, and Producers 
 Capitalists, so that there may no longer be 
 dictatorial tyranny on the one side, and slavish 
 subjection on the other. 
 
 | To attain this important end, we must, in 
 
 < the first place, render Industry attractive— 
 l make its pursuits avenues to fonune, rank 
 
 < and honor in society, as the military life or 
 
 > career, politics, banking, commerce and some 
 
 p of the professions now are, so that all classes* 
 will engage in them with energy, ardor and 
 \ pleasure; and, in the second place, we must 
 
 > establish a just and equitable division of fro- 
 
 i FiTs, so that those who have no property may 
 acquire it easily, if they desire, and become 
 capitalists in various degrees of wealth. As¬ 
 sociation will fulfil these two important con¬ 
 ditions, and unite Labor and Capital in the 
 same hands. To show the important results 
 which will grow out of this friendly union of 
 the two great productive Powers of society, 
 which are now in hostile conflict, we will 
 suppose that in founding an Association those 
 who are to live in it furnish the capital for its 
 organization. 
 
 1st. As Capitalists they will desire the most 
 judicious and economical application of their 
 money in the building of the edifice of the 
 Association; but as members of the Associa¬ 
 tion, they will also wish that it should be so 
 constructed as to be convenient, comfortable, 
 healthy and even elegant in its arrangements. 
 These divers interests acting together will pro¬ 
 duce strict justice, and be attended with the 
 happiest results. There will be no extravagant 
 waste and misapplication of money on the one 
 hand, and no disregard of general comfort from 
 \ a narrow spirit of parsimony on the other, 
 which wouV consult pecuniary interests alone, 
 and sacrifiT to them convenience, health and 
 > elegance. 
 
 < < What is the effect of capital acting for its 
 
 j own exclusive benefit ? Capitalists disregard 
 | entirely the comfort and health of those who 
 <; are to inhabit the buildings which they con- 
 5 struct, and consult pecuniary interests alone. 
 
 | In their own dwellings they may be liberal 
 > in their expenditures and make all beautiful 
 around them, but the buildings -which they 
 | erect to rent to others, they crowd together in 
 < the smallest space and build of the coarsest and 
 | cheapest materials, without regard to the con- 
 i venience and health of the tenants. In our 
 cities we see blocks of miserable houses, 
 i crowded together in narrow alleys with con- 
 ) fined yards which scarcely admit of a circula¬ 
 tion of light and air, or serve for domestic 
 j purposes, with damp cellars, ill-ventilated 
 j apartments, unfinished garrets, narrow, crook¬ 
 ed and rickety stairways, and every defect 
 which avarice can devise to save a penny,— 
 
 ^ none of which the Capitalist cares for, be- 
 | cause he is not to reside in the houses, and 
 / / knows that there are always those who, from 
 \ economy or necessity, must occupy them and 
 l pay him his rent, with all their wretched and 
 vexatious inconveniences. 
 
 Such is the result of Capital separated from 
 $ Labor in regard to the construction of the re- 
 \ sidence of man! 
 
 2d. The Founders of an Association, as Ca- 
 <; pitalists, will wish to obtain good rents as an 
 \ interest upon their capital, but as residents 
 
tJNION OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 
 
 37 
 
 and tenants who pay those rents, they will 
 desire to adjust them fairly and equitably. 
 Here, again, there will be an equilibrium of 
 interests productive of the best results. 
 
 At present, the landlord or capitalist is con¬ 
 stantly striving to force up rents, which in our 
 cities is done most effectually; and the great 
 body of tenants seem to labor for little else 
 than to pay their rents. 
 
 3d. The Founders of an Association, as Ca¬ 
 pitalists, will build the manufactories and 
 workshops, and fit them up with proper eco¬ 
 nomy ; but as Laborers or Workmen who will 
 occupy and be engaged in industrial pursuits 
 in them, they will desire them to be in every 
 way adapted to health, comfort and conve¬ 
 nience, and they will construct them large and 
 airy and make them complete and agreeable 
 in every respect. How will the beautiful 
 Halls of Industry, which they would build 
 for themselves to work in, replete with every 
 convenience, contrast with the gloomy, dirty 
 and ill-ventilated workshops and manufacto¬ 
 ries which Capitalists now erect—not to work 
 in them themselves, but for the laboring 
 Classes, who are forced by their dependent 
 poverty to work wherever they can find la¬ 
 bor, and submit to all the inconveniences and 
 repugnant conditions connected with it. 
 
 Uncontrolled License is now conceded to 
 those who possess capital, no matter how 
 jionstrous and infamous the abuses which 
 esult from the manner in which they employ 
 H,—and this license is decorated with the 
 ■Same of Liberty, and extolled as such. 
 
 4th. The Founders, as Capitalists, will wish 
 a liberal interest on .their investment; but as 
 Producers they will also desire to have Labor 
 fully and justly rewarded. This union of in¬ 
 terests will secure a just division of profits, so 
 that the Capitalist will receive a fair dividend 
 upon his capital, and the Laborer a fair reward 
 for his efforts. At present capital owns and 
 controls the products of industry, and absorbs 
 the profits—leaving to the laboring mass a 
 pittance barely sufficient to supply their phy¬ 
 sical wants. 
 
 5th. The Founders of an Association, as < 
 Capitalists, will use the utmost care and dis- !> 
 crimination in the establishment of schools, < 
 libraries, scientific collections, etc. etc., so that L 
 the money for these purposes shall not be $ 
 improperly expended; but as beneficiaries of f 
 their advantages, and participators in the in- < 
 tellectual pleasures and improvements which < 
 they will afford, and as parents who will de- > 
 sire to secure to their children the best and 
 most complete education, they will not be 1 
 parsimonious or mean, but liberal and gene- j 
 rous in their appropriations to these objects. f 
 
 The few examples which we have pre- \ 
 rented to the reader, are sufficient to show f 
 tie immensely important and valuable results, 
 nd the perfect concord and justice, which will \ 
 flow from the union of Capital and Labor in ;> 
 the same hands. How desirable is it that this 
 union of the two great productive Powers of \ 
 society should be effected, and the strife and \ 
 poverty, and injustice and misery which are \ 
 
 \ now entailed upon the great majority of man¬ 
 kind, in consequence of the division of Capital 
 and Labor, should be swept from the Earth! 
 
 To the Producing classes we say: Unite 
 and associate! combine your means and your 
 labor, and you will become strong! You are 
 now poor and dependent—often helpless and 
 miserable, because you are divided and live 
 isolatedly and separately ; your labor is badly 
 applied; a large share of the product goes to 
 the capitalist or employer, and the part which 
 you obtain is wasted in your separate house¬ 
 holds ! 
 
 Without ties of dose fellowship and union 
 among yourselves, you are divided in interest 
 and alienated in feeling;—you war with each 
 other by Free Competition, and strive selfishly 
 to wrest from each other the labor which the 
 capitalists or employers require; — you are 
 mutual enemies, and cut down wages and 
 lengthen the time of toil until you impose 
 upon yourselves a bondage worse than that of 
 the slave. You must unite and combine your 
 efforts and your means; if you will do so, you 
 can obtain the land upon which to locate, and 
 by your labor, you can build edifices, manu¬ 
 factories and workshops, and furnish them 
 with implements and machinery. You will 
 then own the Soil which you cultivate, and 
 the Machinery with which you work—and 
 owning these and reaping the fruit of your 
 labor, you will no longer have to contend with 
 your two terrible and powerful enemies:— 
 
 1st. Reductive and ruinous Competition. 
 
 2d. Monopolized Machinery, or, machi¬ 
 nery in the hands of capitalists, which works 
 against instead of for you. 
 
 In Association, you will be the masters of 
 your time and persons—now at the disposal 
 of those who can hire you; you will lay down 
 just and equitable laws for the regulation of 
 your industrial affairs and interests—enjoy the 
 product of your labor—choose such occupa¬ 
 tions and pursuits as suit you—sell your pro¬ 
 ducts to the greatest advantage, not being 
 obliged to dispose of them at a given time 
 and at a ’ sacrifice—purchase your goods at 
 wholesale and at first cost—settle all misun* 
 derstandings by arbitrations of friends, instead 
 of resorting to the expensive trickery and in¬ 
 justice of the Law—give to y r our children a su¬ 
 perior and thorough education—and achieve, 
 finally, your independence and social eleva¬ 
 tion. 
 
 “Ye toiling Millions! oppressed Victims 
 of honest and most honorable Industry! when, 
 will you learn to know that Labor is the source 
 of Wealth, and that monopoly alone, or leagues 
 of capital in different degrees of * legal’ or ‘ il¬ 
 legal’ privilege, deprive you and your chil¬ 
 dren of both health and wealth, and knowledge 
 and morality; and that your only remedy con¬ 
 sists in moral courage to assert the rights of 
 Labor as an element of the social compact, and 
 entitled to a due share of that which it pro¬ 
 duces for the good of all, and not alone the 
 vantage of a few ?” . 
 
 Union, Association, Concert of Action 
 
28 
 
 SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION OF THE SYSTEM OF PROPERTY. 
 
 must be your motto: let those charmed words 
 be inscribed upon your banner, and they will 
 elevate you from poverty, suffering and servi¬ 
 tude, to wealth, happiness and liberty ! 
 
 -o- 
 
 SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION OF THE 
 SYSTEM OF PROPERTY. 
 
 It seems to me that Eternal Wisdom could only 
 prescribe what was conformable to the Nature 
 of Man, and that she must have adapted her 
 laws to the being she had created. 
 
 Spurzheim. 
 
 God intended all the Creations in the ani¬ 
 mal, vegetable and mineral Kingdoms, as well 
 as the light of the sun and the vital atmo¬ 
 sphere, for universal use; they are necessary 
 to the Existence, Happiness and Development 
 of Man, and unless we deny his right to the 
 latter, we cannot deny his right to the former. 
 
 This is the collective and original Right of 
 the Human Race, and what is the collective 
 right of the Race is the right of each Indivi¬ 
 dual. 
 
 The question of the Right of Property in¬ 
 volves the consideration of two rights, which 
 form the two constituent parts or elements of 
 that great and fundamental Right. Let us 
 enter into a brief explanation of this important 
 subject, which is now involved in so much 
 obscurity, and endeavor to offer a clear and 
 definite solution, which we trust will satisfy 
 both the Conservative and the Reformer. 
 
 God has given the earth to the Human 
 Race and to all successive generations of the 
 Race, and not to some to the exclusion of the 
 others; and the human Species, in their col¬ 
 lective and individual capacity, have a full and 
 indisputable right to the Usufruct of the 
 earth—or right of using and cultivating its 
 surface for the purpose of creating the means 
 of existence and happiness. (Usufruct signi¬ 
 fies the use of the soil without the absolute 
 ownership of it: Usufructuary is an individual 
 invested with the right of Use without the 
 exclusive Ownership. AVe consider the flu- 
 man Piace as the Usufructuaries of the Globe.) 
 
 The earth is the joint Property of the hu¬ 
 man family, and no member of that family 
 should be excluded from the Usufruct of the 
 soil or the right of obtaining a livelihood from 
 it, any more than he should be excluded from 
 the light and air. 
 
 This is the original and natural right of all 
 men, and it can in no case be legitimately 
 confiscated or superseded by any other. 
 
 But to every Being belong exclusively the 
 objects which he may by his Labor and Ta¬ 
 lent produce or create, and he has a right to 
 the absolute ownership of them, and can dis¬ 
 pose of them as he wishes. 
 
 To base the Right of Property upon a true, 
 just and equitable foundation, we must devise 
 a system which will secure to the Race the 
 Right of Usufruct of the earth, and to the In¬ 
 dividual the product of his labor and intelli¬ 
 gence. We will explain the means by which 
 
 > this problem can be solved, but before so 
 
 ! doing, we will make an extract from the 
 | Paris Phalanx— the Organ of the doctrine of 
 j Association in France—which sets forth in a 
 ! very clear light the Right of Man to the Soil: 
 
 j “ The Human Race were placed upon the 
 ; earth to live and to develop the high life 
 
 < implanted in them. The Race are conse- 
 \ quently the Usufructuaries of the surface of 
 \ the globe. This right of Usufruct, belonging 
 \ to the Species, is the result of the relation 
 | which exists between the Human Race and 
 | the Earth.—The destiny of the Species is to 
 
 < live and accomplish its development, and the 
 
 < function of the latter is to furnish to the Spe- 
 l cies, individually and collectively, the means 
 \ of life and development. 
 
 i “Under the system of Property, as it is 
 | established in all civilized nations, the com- 
 \ mon stock to which the entire Species has the 
 
 ! < full right of Usufruct, has been usurped; it is 
 confiscated and monopolized by the few to 
 the exclusion of the many. Now, were there 
 but one being excluded from his right of Usu¬ 
 fruct to the joint property or common stock 
 by the present system of property, this exclu 
 sion would of itself constitute an attack upon 
 the original and natural Right, and the system 
 of Property which authorized it, wouli cer¬ 
 tainly be unjust and illegitimate. 
 
 “ Any man who, coming into the world in a 
 civilized Society, possesses nothing, and finds 
 the earth confiscated all around him, could he 
 not say to those who preach to him a respect 
 for the existing System of Property—alleging 
 as a reason, the respect which is due to the 
 sacred Rights of Property—could he not say: 
 
 ‘ Let us understand each other and distinguish 
 things. I agree with you that the Right of 
 Property must be revered and preserved, and 
 desire most ardently to respect it with regard 
 to others, upon the just condition that others 
 respect it with regard to me. Now, as a 
 $ member of the human Species, I have a right 
 5 to the Usufruct of the Soil, which is the com- 
 | mon property of the Species, and which Na- 
 > ture has not, as I know, given to some to the 
 | exclusion of the others. In virtue of the sys- 
 !> tem of Property, which I find established on 
 coming into the world, the common stock is 
 e confiscated, and perfectly well guarded. Your 
 { System of Property is consequently based 
 upon the spoliation of my Right of Usufruct , 
 l and of the Right of all those, and the number 
 is large, who are in the same position with 
 \ me. Do not confound the Right of Proper - 
 s ty with the particular System of Property , 
 
 ) which I find established by your factitious 
 \ Right, and agree that you reason very badly 
 !> when you ask me, in the name of the Right 
 $ of Property, to respect a System of Property 
 \ which begins by spoliating me and denying 
 | the principle. Find some other reason than 
 ; that of the Right of Property to induce me to 
 ; adopt your System; for the legitimacy of the 
 ; Right of Property, which you are imprudent 
 ; enough to invoke against me, is precisely what 
 ! arms me legitimately against you, who do not 
 
SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION OF TIIE SYSTEM OF PROPERTY. 
 
 39 
 
 appear to suspect that you are my spoliators, 
 and against your artificial Right, which pre¬ 
 tends to sanction the usurpation of which I 
 am the victim.’ 
 
 “ The present system of Property is conse¬ 
 quently illegitimate, and is based upon a fun¬ 
 damental spoliation. How could it be other¬ 
 wise in a Social Order, which has but just 
 emerged from the warrior Period, and under 
 a system of Legislation which can but be a 
 modification of the old Right of conquest. 
 
 “ The sentiment of this illegality has led 
 some theorists to the idea of an equal division 
 of the soil. But it is easy to see that this 
 system, which would be still a confiscation of 
 the earth, and would take from the individual 
 his Right of Usufruct of the common Property, 
 would not possess the merit even of being 
 conformable to the natural Right, in as much 
 as each individual could say: ‘ I do not accept 
 this little corner of land, which you wish to 
 force me to take in exchange for my natural 
 Right; I do not want the ownership of this 
 little patch, and I claim the Usufruct of the 
 common property.’ 
 
 “ The first principle, consequently, to be laid 
 down is, that the Usufruct of the earth be - 
 longs to each individual of the Species: it is 
 a natural, imprescriptible Right, and of the 
 same nature as the right to the sun and to the 
 air; for man, to accomplish his existence, re¬ 
 quires the fruits of the earth as much as he 
 requires light and air. We will suppose this 
 point well understood. To comprehend, in 
 the next place, the principle upon which in¬ 
 dividual Properly should be based and have 
 a legitimate existence, we must understand 
 the fundamental Principle of the Right of Pro¬ 
 perty. It is this: 
 
 “ Every Man possesses legitimately the 
 object which his Labor or his Intelligence— 
 or in more general terms—which his Activity 
 has created.” • 
 
 “ This principle is incontestable, and it is 
 well to remark that it contains implicitly the 
 acknowledgment of the Right of all to the 
 Earth. In effect, as the earth was not created 
 by Man, it results from the fundamental prin¬ 
 ciple of Property that the earth—the common 
 stock given to the Species—cannot in any 
 manner be legitimately the exclusive property 
 of such or such individuals, who have not 
 created that property.” 
 
 We have consequently two kinds of Pro¬ 
 perty to consider, and two rights, correspond¬ 
 ing to those two kinds of Property, to secure. 
 
 1st. The Earth, in its original and unim¬ 
 proved state, which is the joint Property of 
 the Species. 
 
 2d. The Improvements upon it, which are 
 the work of the Labor and Intelligence of 
 Man, and belong to the individuals who made 
 them. 
 
 These Improvements consist in clearings, 
 drainings, dikings, etc., in towns, cities and 
 edifices of every description, in roads, bridges, 
 canals and aqueducts, in vessels, steamboats 
 
 l and other water craft, in tools, implements 
 ^ and machinery, in flocks and domestic animals 
 ! i of every kind, in workshops and manufacto- 
 ( ries, in furniture, in works of art and science, 
 
 > and in accumulated cash capital. 
 
 These Improvements constitute the capital 
 \ of the world; they are the works of particular 
 j generations and individuals, and are the legi- 
 l timate property of those who made them, or 
 l those to whom they have bequeathed or 
 ; disposed of them; for every individual has the 
 l right of disposing of what is legitimately his 
 as he wishes. 
 
 These two kinds of Property—the Earth 
 | and the Improvements—cannot be separated, 
 
 > and the great question is to devise a System 
 ^ of Property, by means of which the right of 
 \ the human Species to the Soil, and the right of 
 
 I the Individual to the Product of his labor and 
 intelligence, will be fully maintained. This 
 is perfectly impossible in the present system 
 of Society; the earth goes with the improve¬ 
 ments, and becomes the exclusive property of 
 those who own them, and the original Right 
 \ of Man to the soil is confiscated. 
 
 | It is only in Association, with its system of 
 I Sharehold Property, that this difficulty can 
 | be overcome, and both kinds of property pre- 
 j served, and both rignts respected. To explain 
 J this clearly, we will suppose an Association 
 < of eighteen hundred persons residing on a do- 
 < main of six thousand acres, under a high state 
 l of cultivation, and provided with all improve- 
 \ menls necessary to the comfort of man, and 
 to enable him to apply his labor efficiently. 
 The increased value given to the soil by 
 '< cultivation and the improvements, will be re- 
 ^ presented by Stock divided into shares, which 
 j will be private property, and will be owned 
 | by those who are entitled to them. 
 
 * They who hold the Stock will not possess 
 < the absolute Ownership of the soil, manufac- 
 | tories, etc., and be able to exclude the other 
 ^ members from working on or in them. On 
 | the contrarv, every member will have the full 
 < right of cultivating the soil, and of using the 
 | improvements necessary thereto; so that the 
 ; original Right of Man to the Usufruct of the 
 \ earth will be respected. 
 
 The other right—the right of the Individual 
 ) to his improvements, will be secured by remu- 
 \ nerating him fairly and liberally for the use of 
 
 [ them; he will receive one quarter of the pro¬ 
 duct of the labor of those who, in cultivating 
 the soil, enjoy the great advantages and faci¬ 
 lities which the improvements must necessa¬ 
 rily afford. We said that every Individual 
 should possess the absolute Ownership of the 
 objects which he by his labor has created, and 
 | it may appear a restriction to represent the 
 \ improvements by Stock, instead of surrender- 
 t ing them to the entire control and disposal of 
 those who made them; but when objects, 
 
 { created by the labor of individuals, become 
 permanent improvements, the right to them 
 must be somewhat modified, otherwise the 
 original right of man to the Usufruct of the 
 earth would be destroyed. But Association 
 so modifies this right as to render it far more 
 
40 
 
 ATTRACTIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 2 
 
 advantageous than the absolute possession of 
 the improvements themselves, for by repre¬ 
 senting them by stock the individual is paid 
 for the use of them, which is all he can under 
 any circumstances expect or desire, and he is 
 saved the trouble of supervision, and the dan¬ 
 ger of losses by fire, thefts, trespasses, etc. 
 
 Association will secure to every member 
 of the human family the right of Usufruct of 
 the earth, and to every individual the right of 
 private Property. How impossible to conci¬ 
 liate and secure these two natural Rights in 
 the present social Order! and how easy and 
 simple the means by which it will be effected 
 in Association! The improvements made by 
 human labor are represented by stock, which 
 is held by those to whom they legitimately 
 belong—which secures the right of indivi¬ 
 dual property. Under this system of indi¬ 
 vidual property, there is no bar to the right 
 of Usufruct, and the fields, gardens, work¬ 
 shops and manufactories, with the use of tools, 
 implements and machinery, can be thrown 
 open to ail the members of the Association, 
 and the fullest right of cultivating and working 
 in them is extended to every person without 
 restriction. 
 
 We have spoken only of the objects created 
 by human labor, which have become improve¬ 
 ments ; whatever the individual may produce 
 that is of a moveable and saleable character, 
 and is not fixed or permanent on the land, he 
 can dispose of freely and in any way he thinks 
 proper. One quarter, however, as we have 
 explained, is deducted to pay the interest upon 
 the stock. This deduction is made for the 
 following reason: Man is entitled to the Usu¬ 
 fruct of the earth, it is true, but only in its 
 original and rude state as received from the 
 hands of the Creator, and not with the im¬ 
 provements upon it; if the improvements en¬ 
 able him to produce a vast deal more than he 
 could have done without them, they may be 
 justly considered a joint source of production, 
 and entitled consequently to a share of the 
 product; this share should, we estimate, be 
 about one quarter, but this proportion time 
 and circumstances may somewhat modify. 
 
 In a state of Nature, before any regular so¬ 
 ciety is constituted, we find that man enjoys 
 the fullest right to the Usufruct of the Earth. 
 The Savage can hunt and fish and gather 
 fruits—that is, use the forests and streams for 
 liis advantage, and enjoy whatever he may 
 by his efforts obtain. In a true system of 
 Society these natural rights should not be 
 abridged, as they are in the Barbarian and Ci¬ 
 vilized Societies, but greatly extended—which 
 they will be in the Combined Order. Not only 
 will that Order secure to all the right of Usu- 
 fruct of the earth, but the right to it under 
 a high state of cultivation and with every im- 
 provement necessary to enable Man to apply 
 his labor and intelligence in the most efficient 
 manner and to the greatest advantage. 
 
 In Europe the Soil was usurped and confis¬ 
 cated by military Chiefs or the Great Barons 
 after the downfall of the Roman power and 
 the invasions of the Barbarians: they entailed 
 
 [ it upon their descendants, in whose possession 
 
 > it has with some exceptions since remained, 
 ' and succeeding Generations have been robbed 
 5 of their right of Usufruct of the earth. In the 
 l United States, the Soil has been taken by the 
 } Government, and is being sold out in small 
 \ parcels to individuals. Although a funda- 
 | mental human Right is violated by this usur- 
 l pation, still it cannot be complained of, for 
 < Society not being so organized as to admit of 
 | the establishment of a true System of Pro- 
 | perty, it must be taken by some one, and it is 
 
 better, perhaps, that it should be by Govern¬ 
 ment than by squatters or others. 
 
 In concluding our observations upon this 
 | subject, we will remark that Politicians and 
 men of Science have not yet discovered the 
 theory of a true system of Property; and had 
 they discovered it, they could not have applied 
 it with the knowledge of social principles now 
 possessed, or in the present system of Society. 
 Now when they see that the Science of Asso- 
 \ ciation offers, not only an explanation of the 
 | most abstruse social principles, but the means 
 | of realizing them in practice, should it not 
 
 > command the attention of all earnest and 
 s thinking minds ? 
 
 > -o- 
 
 \ ATTRACTIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Up to the present time Politicians and Philo¬ 
 sophers have not dreamed of rendering Indus¬ 
 try attractive : to enchain the mass to labor, 
 they have discovered no other means, after 
 slavery, than the fear of want and starvation; 
 if, however, Industry is the destiny which i# 
 assigned to us by the Creator, how can we 
 think that he would wish to force us to it by 
 violence, and that he has not known how to 
 put in play some more noble lever, some incen¬ 
 tives capable of transforming its occupations 
 into pleasures 1 Fourier. 
 
 Labor! it is a vast question, which for its solu¬ 
 tion demands a new and a high -Science. 
 
 To assert that Labor is not the Destiny of 
 Man, is to deny evidence : to assert that Labor 
 is the Destiny of Man, and that it cannot be¬ 
 come for him a source of happiness, is to ca¬ 
 lumniate the Creator. 
 
 There must then be two laws for Labor: the 
 law of Constraint, which comes from human 
 ignorance ; the law of Charm and Attraction, 
 which is the intention of the Divinity ; hence 
 these two results—Misery or Riches, Oppres 
 sion or Liberty. C. Vigoureux. 
 
 LABOR—the source of all material riches 
 \ and temporal comforts, of health and vigor, 
 | and the means by which man fulfils his 
 function of Overseer of the Globe—Labor! 
 which is now repulsive, repugnant and de- 
 
 > grading —can, we assert, be dignified and 
 j ennobled, and rendered honorable and at- 
 ? tractive !! 
 
 Repugnant Industry is the fundamental 
 £ cause of the majority of Evils which afflict 
 
 > Mankind; it is the cause of Poverty and SelU 
 l ishness—of Debility and Disease—of Slavery 
 | and Servitude—of Fraud, Speculation and In- 
 { justice—of a misemployment and non-employ- 
 
 I ment of the Faculties and Passions—of social 
 Discord, and a bad Cultivation of the Earth. 
 This great practical truth has not been dis- 
 
ATTRACTIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 41 
 
 covered, because men have not carefully ana¬ 
 lyzed social Evils and traced out their primary 
 causes. 
 
 Man, considered as a being subject to phy¬ 
 sical Wants and as a Consumer, starts falsely 
 in his career. He requires the products of 
 Industry—he requires its riches, and the va¬ 
 ried means of comfort and enjoyment which 
 it procures, but he wishes to avoid the toil 
 and the drudgery of producing them. 
 
 This duplicity between the End and the 
 Means —between the object desired and the 
 labor of obtaining it, is the result and mon¬ 
 strous anomaly attendant upon a false and 
 unnatural system of Industry, and the imme¬ 
 diate cause of a part of the evils enumerated 
 above. In earlier Societies, when all power 
 was vested in the Sword, a few enslaved the 
 mass and forced them to toil in bondage, that 
 they might escape the burthen of labor and 
 live in idle ease. In modern civilized Socie¬ 
 ties, in which the power that controls Indus¬ 
 try and the laboring Mass is vested in Capital, 
 numberless and complicated are the commer¬ 
 cial schemes and speculations, the leagues of 
 privilege and monopoly, the deceptions, frauds, 
 impositions, extortions and plans of direct and 
 indirect plunder, which are resorted to for the 
 purpose of obtaining the products or riches 
 of Industry, without undergoing its repulsive 
 burthen. 
 
 Thus we see that ancient Slavery and mo¬ 
 dern Fraud have their origin in Repugnant 
 Industry. 
 
 Again, man must satisfy the wants of his 
 physical nature; he must eat and be clothed, 
 'and he must have a house to shelter him; if 
 these primary wants are not satisfied, he pe¬ 
 rishes. But they can be satisfied only by the 
 products of Industry, and as Industry is re¬ 
 pugnant, and all avoid it who can and produce 
 consequently nothing, and as they who cannot 
 avoid it, work with apathy and disgust and 
 produce but little, Poverty, as a consequence, 
 is general, and the great majority suffer all 
 the evils of physical privation. 
 
 This destitution and physical suffering smo¬ 
 ther the friendly feelings and social sentiments, 
 “ the love of the neighbor,” and the higher 
 aspirations of the heart, and engender that 
 material or sensual Selfishness which now 
 exists so generally in Society. The world 
 looks upon Selfishness as the main cause of 
 evil, but Selfishness is, to a great extent, the 
 result of privation, of the non-satisfaction of 
 the physical wants, and the constant strife 
 which is necessary to provide for individual 
 welfare—which in turn are the results of the 
 general Poverty that now exists—and this ge¬ 
 neral Poverty is itself the result of Repugnant 
 Industry, so that Repugnant Industry is the 
 cause of Poverty and Selfishness. 
 
 Again, they who can live without labor, by 
 living on the labor of others, and escape the 
 repulsive and oppressive burthen of our false 
 system of Industry, and pass their time in 
 idle ease, are, for the wfent of healthy and 
 active occupation, oppressed by lassitude and 
 ennui, and afflicted by debility and disease, 
 
 | and drag out an existence of physical suffer¬ 
 ing and discontent. The Faculties and Pas¬ 
 sions, being left comparatively inactive and 
 | having no field for development in the noble 
 sphere of Industry, seek for outlets in frivo¬ 
 lous and pernicious pursuits — in drinking, 
 gambling, and other kinds of debauchery and 
 
 ! dissipation. Thus disease, and misemploy- 
 ment and perversion of the Faculties and Pas¬ 
 sions are also results of Repugnant Industry. 
 
 If we take a general survey of Social Evils 
 and examine their causes, we shall see that a 
 majority of them have their source in Repug¬ 
 nant Industry! 
 
 It may be asked, why it is that the happi¬ 
 ness of man is so intimately connected with 
 Industry? Why the Creator has made its 
 J exercise a condition of his temporal welfare ? 
 ^ It would require much space to answer this 
 question, as it involves a solution of the pro- 
 ; blem of the Destiny of Man on Earth—a sub- 
 < ject which to “ mere practical minds” might 
 ) appear extravagant and visionary—but the 
 < “ fact” is evident and speaks for itself, which 
 l is sufficient, that Repugnant Industry, which 
 j divorces man from creative Labor, is the pri¬ 
 mary source of Social Evils. 
 
 Let Attractive Industry — the grandest 
 < practical conception of the human Mind—be 
 > realized in practice, as it will be by the me¬ 
 chanism of the Groups and Series in Associa¬ 
 tion, and the greatest and most beneficent 
 results will follow ! It will develop the ener- 
 | gies of Mankind, and regenerate them physic¬ 
 ally or corporeally;—it will secure Riches, or 
 ^ an abundance of worldly blessings and com¬ 
 forts to all, and sweep the scourge of Indigence 
 from the earth;—it will eradicate Selfishness 
 by freeing man from physical privations and 
 sufferings, and from harassing anxieties of 
 mind—without which the social sentiments 
 and feelings cannot expand and develop them¬ 
 selves freely;—it will replace disease and de¬ 
 bility, with their depressing and melancholy 
 influence, by health and vigor and elastic joy; 
 <1 —it will give freedom to the Victims of bond- 
 i age and servitude of every kind, for none will 
 < want dependent fellow-creatures to toil for 
 them, when Industry is rendered attractive, 
 > and its exercise has become a primary source 
 < of happiness;—it will open a new and vast 
 > career to the Genius and Energy of Man, and 
 < employ usefully the Passions, the activity of 
 ) which is now lost in monotonous idleness, or 
 j misdirected in false spheres of action;—it will 
 I render all men voluntary Producers, and do 
 \ away with the wish and necessity of specula- 
 \ tion, fraud, over-reaching, extortion and every 
 | variety of plunder, direct and indirect, to ob- 
 \ tain without labor the riches of Industry;—it 
 | will lead to a universal and thorough cultiva¬ 
 tion of the Globe, and the embellishment of 
 \ its surface, and will fulfil literally the prophe- 
 > cies of Scripture, that “the sword shall be 
 beat into the ploughshare, and the spear into 
 the pruning-hook ;” and that “ the wilderness 
 and the solitary place shall be glad for them * 
 and the desert shall rejoice and blossom ai, 
 the rose.” 
 
42 
 
 ATTRACTIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 WHY IS INDUSTRY REPUGNANT? 
 
 The idea of rendering Industry Attrac¬ 
 tive, is so entirely new, and so opposed to all 
 views hitherto held in regard to it, that we 
 need not be surprised if it should be declared a 
 delusive hope, a vain aspiration and a chimera 
 of the imagination. But it is not so—it is a 
 simple but noble Idea, founded in truth, and 
 may be easily rendered a practical reality. 
 How can we reconcile the idea of Industry 
 being naturally and inherently repugnant, de¬ 
 grading and brutalizing, with the goodness 
 and wisdom of the Creator, when it is, as we 
 see, the first want of Man, the essential condi¬ 
 tion of his Existence and Happiness ? 
 
 It is the circumstances under which Indus¬ 
 try has been prosecuted, that have impressed 
 the world with the erroneous opinion that it 
 is naturally and inherently repugnant. But a 
 slight examination of these circumstances will 
 account for this false and fatal belief. It has 
 in all past times been prosecuted by Slaves, 
 Serfs and hired Menials, and this has cast a 
 stigma upon it, and made it appear in the eyes 
 of the world dishonorable and degrading:—it 
 has, under every mode of prosecution, been 
 connected with poverty, ignorance and degra¬ 
 dation, which are all revolting to the feelings 
 of man—and these things, so abhorrent to the 
 instincts of the soul, have been confounded 
 with Industry itself, when, in truth, they are 
 the results of the false modes in which it has 
 been exercised:—it has always been ill-re¬ 
 quited or unrequited :—it has been prosecuted 
 in dirty workshops and manufactories, amidst 
 dust or filaments, or in lonesome fields with 
 exposure to the hot sun or to the rain:—it has 
 been prosecuted through long, monotonous and 
 dreary hours, day after day and year after year, 
 with but little relaxation, and little variety and 
 change:—it has brought neither honor, rank 
 nor wealth to the Laborer, who has ever been 
 subjected to the rapacity of masters and em¬ 
 ployers, but it has wasted his strength and 
 brutalized his mind in slavish Drudgery, and 
 placed him in the lowest rank in the scale of 
 social hierarchy. All these circumstances have 
 been connected with Industry, and is it sur¬ 
 prising that it should be viewed with repug¬ 
 nance and abhorrence, when these are consi¬ 
 dered necessary and unavoidable conditions of 
 its exercise ? 
 
 But may not Industry be prosecuted in an 
 entirely different manner from that in which 
 it now is, and ever has been ? May not an Or¬ 
 ganization be given to it which, differing in 
 every way from the false and vile modes hi¬ 
 therto employed, will strip it of its loathsome 
 and repugnant accompaniments, and in lieu of 
 them connect with it pleasing, honorable and 
 noble incentives ? Unquestionably, and in 
 confirmation of the fact, we will adduce a few 
 comparative illustrations. 
 
 What should we think of our most highly 
 prized pleasures—balls, operas, concerts, etc. 
 —if the same conditions, now connected with 
 Industry, were imposed upon them ? Suppose 
 
 a ball or an opera were held in a dirty and 
 gloomy room—that the guests were badly 
 dressed, rude in their manners and coarse in 
 their language, would it be attractive or agree¬ 
 able? And suppose, in addition, that they 
 had to attend it daily, and dance or listen 
 to music for twelve or fourteen hours with 
 scarcely any intermission, would they not sink 
 under the oppressive burthen and declare it a 
 dreadful and insupportable task ? And yet, 
 when all these causes of repugnance and dis¬ 
 gust, and others worse still, are connected with 
 the exercise of Industry, how can we expect 
 it to be agreeable and attractive—or even sup¬ 
 portable? We cannot; and it is evident that 
 an entirely new Organization must be given 
 to Industry, and new conditions and circum¬ 
 stances connected with it, before it can be 
 dignified and rendered attractive. 
 
 But balls and operas are agreeable—and 
 why ? Because they are held in elegant places, 
 with company gay and polite, and beautifully 
 dressed—because Music and the sister Arts 
 lend their charm and enliven the scene—be¬ 
 cause the social Feelings are called out and 
 wake up enthusiasm in the soul—and lastly, 
 and above all, because they do not last long 
 enough to fatigue the senses and become mo¬ 
 notonous and oppressive. 
 
 These are a few of the reasons why balls, 
 operas and parties are agreeable, and are at¬ 
 tended with delight. Now, if Industry were 
 conducted under similar conditions, could it not 
 be rendered equally as attractive? It could, 
 and, in fact, far more so, when all the incen¬ 
 tives applicable to this noble activity, so vast 
 and comprehensive in its range, embracing 
 the whole field of Nature, Art and Science, 
 are brought to bear. 
 
 We will point out a few of the conditions 
 which must be connected with Industry to 
 render it attractive. The fields and gardens, 
 which the whole population of an Association 
 will be more or less engaged in cultivating, 
 must be beautifully laid out and embellished 
 —the workshops and manufactories elegantly 
 fitted up and decorated, and everything con¬ 
 nected with them clean and perfect—the tools, 
 implements and machinery of the best quality, 
 labor-saving and convenient—the dresses tasty 
 and comfortable—the workmen polite and well 
 educated, and united in their respective occu¬ 
 pations by similarity of taste, by friendship, 
 sympathy of character and identity of interests 
 —the profits of labor awarded to the Producer 
 —rank and honors conferred upon those who 
 distinguish themselves by proficiency and use¬ 
 ful services, and finally, variety in occufa- 
 tions, so that Labor need not become irksome 
 and oppressive from monotony, long continued 
 exertion and fatigue. 
 
 We find various minor indications in So¬ 
 ciety w r hich tend strongly to confirm the idea 
 that Industry may be rendered attractive. 
 Take fox-hunting for an example; it is a la¬ 
 borious and even dangerous pursuit, and yet, 
 from the incentive?connected with it, it is ex¬ 
 tremely attractive, and for the wealthy even, 
 who possess every means of enjoyment that 
 
GROUPS AND SERIES. 
 
 43 
 
 society affords. Fire Companies are another j 
 and very striking example: the labor they > 
 require is excessive, and often dangerous, and j 
 connected frequently with the most disagree- < 
 able circumstances, such as requiring attention \ 
 on a cold winter’s night, and yet the members ; 
 of the Fire Companies devote themselves to ; 
 their duties with great energy and devotion, \ 
 and without any compensation. This effect - 
 is produced entirely by the manner in which \ 
 the labor is prosecuted, or in other words, the j 
 organization which is given to it. The mem- > 
 bers of volunteer military Companies, boat j 
 Clubs, etc., go through a great deal of laborious > 
 work in drilling, practising, etc., which they > 
 do from attraction, for they are neither con- } 
 strained to do it, nor are they paid for it— 
 the only means in the opinion of the world j 
 of inducing people to work. Many of our j 
 plays—cricket, bowling, etc.—which are la- ; 
 borious, are attractive merely on account of \ 
 the emulation or rivalry connected with them, \ 
 and the slight expansion they afford to the j 
 social feelings. 
 
 Commerce and Banking, which rank at 
 present among the most honorable pursuits, 
 because they are the two principal avenues 
 to Fortune, have been looked upon by the 
 world, until within a century or two, as quite 
 mean and contemptible occupations. There 
 is nothing whatever in the nature of their 
 pursuits to render them more honorable and 
 attractive than the commonest employments 
 of life, but they have become so, because they 
 lead to fortune—which, in this money-making 
 Age, possesses the highest claim to Rank and 
 Distinction. 
 
 But, as a conclusive proof that Industry can 
 be rendered attractive, let us look at War and 
 Carnage; this hideous and monstrous work of 
 bloodshed and destruction, naturally so repul¬ 
 sive to human nature, has been rendered 
 honorable and attractive by the organization 
 which has been given to Armies and the in¬ 
 centives which have been connected with it. 
 Now if these incentives—such as music, uni¬ 
 forms, banners, rivalries of masses, corporate 
 enthusiasm, honors, fame, rank and power, 
 the smile of beauty, the chant of the poet 
 and the blessing of the priest—have rendered 
 Carnage attractive, may we not suppose that 
 if applied to the great work of Production, they 
 would reader Industry attractive ? Who can 
 doubt it? And let these incentives and all 
 the resources of Art and Science be directed 
 to the organization and prosecution of Indus¬ 
 try as they have been to War; let it throw 
 open a similar field to honors, preferments and 
 fortune, and men will seek with avidity and 
 ardent enthusiasm its exercise as the means 
 of attaining those desires of the human heart. 
 The mighty energy which could thus be di¬ 
 rected to Industry, would increase Riches im¬ 
 measurably, and secure abundance and ease to 
 all. Sweep from the earth the scourge of In¬ 
 digence, with its blighting influences—igno¬ 
 rance, dependency and degradation—which 
 smother so frightfully the faculties and ener¬ 
 gies, and the higher aspirations of Man, and 
 
 who can estimate the high degree of Perfec • 
 tion and Greatness, to which he can attain 1 
 
 -o- 
 
 GROUPS AND SERIES. 
 
 The Series of Groups is the mode adopted by God 
 in the whole distribution of the Universe ; the 
 three kingdoms of Nature—the animal, vege¬ 
 table and mineral—present us only Series of 
 Groups. Naturalists, in their theories and ta¬ 
 bles, have unanimously followed this distribu¬ 
 tion ; they could not have departed from it 
 without deviating from Nature, and falling into 
 confusion. If the passions and characters were 
 not regulated, like the material kingdoms, by 
 Series of Groups, Man would he out of unity 
 with the Universe; there would be duplicity 
 of system and incoherence between the mate¬ 
 rial and the spiritual or passional world. If 
 man wishes to attain social Unity, he must 
 seek for the means in this Serial Order, to 
 which God has subjected all Nature. 
 
 Fourier. 
 
 Three different Systems of Labor have been 
 established up to the present time upon the 
 earth. 
 
 1st. Slavery: —It was almost universal in 
 Antiquity, but exists to a very limited extent 
 in modern civilized countries. It had its ori¬ 
 gin in a social period of war and carnage, 
 when Industry was in a rude and undeveloped 
 state—that is, when implements, machinery, 
 and other facilities for prosecuting it were not 
 invented, and its exercise was extremely dif¬ 
 ficult. Constraint and violence under their 
 rudest forms were necessary to force man to 
 labor, and the institution of slavery was en- 
 ' gendered by the combined influence of the 
 / dominion of brute force or the military power, 
 $ and repugnant Industry. 
 
 2d. Serfdom, or Feudal Bondage:—It was 
 
 < universal in Europe during the first and mid- 
 ; die Ages, and still exists in Russia, Poland 
 : and Hungary. Serfdom may be considered 
 ; as a transitional system between the direct or 
 \ personal dependence of Slavery and the in- 
 ; direct or pecuniary dependence of the Wages 
 
 system. 
 
 3d. Hired Labor, or Labor for wages:— 
 \ This system is the one now generally exist- 
 | ing among civilized nations, and has replaced 
 j Slavery and Serfdom. 
 
 Under the first system, man belongs to his 
 fellow-man with unqualified possession: un¬ 
 der the second system he is connected with 
 1 the soil as a fixture, and the right of the 
 \ master is not absolute: under the third sys- 
 i tem, he possesses a corporeal liberty, but 
 
 < being without capital—that is, without soil 
 \ to cultivate or manufactories in which to 
 ; work, he must sell his time and labor to, and 
 | become the dependent hireling of, those who 
 i own those means of production, and can em- 
 j ploy him. Under the two first systems, corpo- 
 j real punishments are the constraining means 
 s made use of to force Man to labor: under the 
 - last system, want and starvation are substi- 
 \ tuted in their place. 
 
 In no age or country have Statesmen and 
 ] Philosophers endeavored to effect an industrial 
 
44 
 
 GROUPS AND SERIES. 
 
 Reform—a reform m those three false systems j 
 of Labor, and to establish the natural system 
 of Industry in their place; they have looked j 
 upon Labor as an element of an inferior order < 
 in the social Organization,—as something se¬ 
 condary and unworthy of attention, and suf¬ 
 fered the Mass to be the victims of the false 
 and oppressive systems which accident and 
 ignorance have established. ) 
 
 To the genius of Fourier is due the disco- j 
 very of the true and natural system of Industry \ 
 —the associative and attractive system, which 
 is destined to replace the false and repugnant i 
 systems that now exist, and sweep indigence, j 
 servitude and dependency from the earth. ( 
 
 • Let us now proceed to explain the means \ 
 by which Industry will be rendered Attractive l 
 —that is, the organization which will be given \ 
 to it, or the system by which it will be pur- \ 
 sued to render its exercise pleasing and en- j 
 ticing. Fourier terms the system the Serial > 
 Mechanism, or the mechanism of the Groups j 
 and Series. We will commence by simple j 
 and elementary explanations of the nature and < 
 organization of the Groups and Series, which j 
 will not show at once how Industry can be \ 
 dignified and rendered attractive, but which 
 must be understood to see how those great > 
 ends can be attained. < 
 
 A Group is a body of persons united from 
 a taste for any occupation, whether of Indus- i 
 try, Art or Science, and who combine for the ? 
 purpose of prosecuting it. | 
 
 Fire companies, volunteer military compa- <; 
 nies, boat clubs and hunting parties offer 
 examples of imperfect Groups; they possess j 
 some of the characteristics of regular Groups, 
 such as identity of taste for the occupation, j 
 corporate spirit, emulation, and often sympa- > 
 thy of character between the members. 
 
 A full Group should be composed of at least > 
 seven persons, and form three divisions or j 
 three sub-groups, the centre one of which 
 should be stronger than the two wings or ex- i 
 tremes. A Group of seven persons will fur- \ 
 nish the three following divisions: 2-3-2 (two $ 
 persons at each wing and three in the centre). 
 Each division would be engaged with some | 
 department of the work with which the Group j 
 was occupied. j 
 
 In a Group regularly organized, the ascend- $ 
 ing wing should be stronger than the descend- \ 
 ing win", and the centre stronger than either. I 
 We will give examples of two Groups, one 
 composed of twelve, and the other of sixteen j 
 members. i 
 
 <T Ascending wing ... 4 i 
 
 Group of 12 members, 1 Centre. 5 < 
 
 l Descending wing . . 3 < 
 
 f Ascending wing .2-3 < 
 
 Group of 16 members, < Centre.2-3-2 ( 
 
 ( Descending wing 2-2 s 
 
 The object of these divisions will be ex¬ 
 plained hereafter. 
 
 A Series is distributed in the same manner 
 as a Group: the Series are composed of a 
 number of Groups, as Groups are composed 
 of individuals, and operate upon Groups as ( 
 
 Groups upon individuals. A Series must con 
 tain at least three Groups—a Centre and two 
 Wings: twenty-four persons is the least num¬ 
 ber with which a Series can be formed. The 
 central Group should be stronger than the two 
 Groups of the wings. As there will be a 
 strong emulation between the centre and the 
 wings, and as the wings will unite in their 
 efforts to excel the centre, the latter must be 
 more numerous in order to be able to vie with, 
 and equal the influence of the wings. The 
 ascending wing will be occupied with the 
 heaviest branch of a work, if the Series be 
 engaged in manufactures, and with the largest 
 variety, if engaged in the cultivation of grains, 
 fruits, vegetables or flowers; the centre will 
 be occupied with the most elegant and attrac¬ 
 tive branch or variety; and the descending 
 wing with the lightest and small est. We will 
 explain practically what we have here said by 
 some examples, as it will be the best means of 
 making the subject understood. 
 
 Suppose in an Association three varieties of 
 some species of a peach or pear are cultivated; 
 a Group would be occupied with each variety, 
 and the three Groups united would form a 
 Series of peach or pear Growers. The Group 
 engaged in the cultivation of the finest and 
 most beautiful variety, would form the centre 
 of the Series; the Group occupied with the 
 coarser variety, the ascending wing; and the 
 Group occupied with the smaller and most 
 delicate variety, the descending wing. If we 
 suppose a large Series, consisting of twelve or 
 more Groups, engaged in the cultivation of 
 three distinct species of peaches, instead of 
 three varieties of one species, the ascending 
 wing would probably be engaged with clings, 
 the centre with rare-ripes, and the descending 
 wing with fall peaches. 
 
 The members of an Association will choose 
 freely the Groups which they wish to join; 
 they will consult their own tastes, and no dic¬ 
 tation or control will be exercised by the As¬ 
 sociation. The members of a Group will be 
 equal, associated partners, united from a taste 
 for the occupation in which they engage, and 
 prosecuting it for their joint account and ad¬ 
 vantage. There will be no employer or master 
 at the head of the Group; no control of the 
 individual by the individual, as the system of 
 hired Labor will be done away with; the 
 members will choose the most skilful or ex¬ 
 perienced as Officers of the Groups and Series, 
 to whom titles like that of President and Vice- 
 President, or Foreman and Assistant Foreman, 
 will be given. 
 
 When a Series is regularly organized, and 
 the different Groups are engaged in the culti¬ 
 vation of their favorite varieties or species, or 
 the manufacture of their favorite objects, then 
 will a strong emulation be aroused between 
 them; they will vie with each other in giving 
 to their productions the greatest perfection, 
 and in endeavoring to prove their superior 
 usefulness, advantage or beauty. The wings 
 will unite in their endeavors to excel the cen¬ 
 tre, as singly they could not hope to vie with 
 it; the centre, on the other hand, will have to 
 
GROUPS AND SERIES. 
 
 45 
 
 withstand the united efforts of the wings and 
 balance the value or elegance of their produc¬ 
 tions by the superiority of its own. These 
 emulative rivalries and other incentives, which 
 we will point out later, and which the Groups 
 and Series will call out, will give a powerful 
 attraction to Industry, and do away with that 
 apathy and disgust, which we now see con¬ 
 nected with it—prosecuted as it is, monoto¬ 
 nously, solitarily and without change. 
 
 The emulation which will exist between 
 Groups and between Series in Association will 
 be noble and friendly, and will replace the en¬ 
 vious and hostile rivalry, called free competi¬ 
 tion. Various causes will prevent any hostile 
 feelings from growing out of the emulation of 
 the Groups and Series: it will, in the first 
 place, be corporate and collective, as it will 
 exist between Groups animated by a noble 
 corporate feeling, and not between individual 
 and individual. In the second place, every 
 person will belong to several Groups, and will 
 be engaged at different times in different 
 Groups; there will, consequently, be alterna¬ 
 tions or changes from corporate Rivalry to 
 federative Union—that is to say, if two per¬ 
 sons are engaged at one time in different 
 Groups as rivals, by a change of occupation 
 they are brought, together in the same Group 
 as friendly co-operators. In the third place, 
 each Association will vie with other and neigh¬ 
 boring Associations in giving perfection to their 
 branches of Industry and the Arts, and al¬ 
 though the Groups and Series in each will be 
 animated by corporate rivalry, and endeavor to 
 carry away the palm from each other, they 
 will be united as one man in their endeavors 
 to excel the Series of other Associations. 
 
 A full Series should contain seven Groups: 
 with this number each wing could contain two 
 Groups, and the centre three. A Series thus 
 organized would elicit much stronger emula¬ 
 tion and give a greater degree of zest and 
 attraction to its pursuits, and, as a conse¬ 
 quence, greater perfection to the branch of 
 Industry in which it is engaged. We will 
 recur again to a practical example to illustrate 
 this, and choose a Series engaged in some 
 agricultural pursuit. The ascending and de¬ 
 scending wings of the Series, instead of being 
 composed of a single Group occupied with the 
 cultivation of but one variety of a species—sav 
 of a fruit or vegetable, would be composed 
 of two Groups occupied with two varieties 
 of the same species, and the centre of three 
 Groups, cultivating three varieties of the same 
 or another species. 
 
 In a Series of three Groups there will be 
 emulation only between the two wings and 
 the centre, but with seven Groups, there will 
 be emulation, not only between the wings and 
 the centre, but between the two Groups of each 
 of the wings and the three Groups of the 
 centre: the emulation or rivalry will be raised 
 a degree, and instead of being simple will be 
 compound. The Groups of each wing, as well 
 as the wings themselves, will be rivals, but 
 they will be united in their endeavors to sur¬ 
 pass the centre. The three Groups of the 
 
 I centre will emulate each other in giving to 
 their favorite varieties the greatest perfection, 
 but they will be united in turn to excel the 
 win^s. The more closely the varieties and 
 species resemble each other, and the greater 
 the hesitation and indecision which are ex- 
 | cited on the part of judges as to which variety 
 or species the preference should be given, the 
 | stronger will be the emulation of the Groups, 
 j and the greater the zeal of each to obtain a 
 $ marked superiority. 
 
 Thus, in a Series properly organized, there 
 / will he Emulation between the Groups of the 
 centre and wings, and Federation between the 
 | Groups of the wings to excel the centre, and 
 \ between the Groups of the centre to excel 
 | the wings, and then a general federation be- 
 \ tween all the Groups of the Series to excel 
 jj the Series of the surrounding Associations. 
 
 But why not leave the Series, with their 
 s emulation and corporate enthusiasm aside, it 
 \ will be asked by persons who dread whatever 
 $ appears complicated and minute in its details, 
 
 < and pursue a simpler method ? The reason is, 
 \ because it is only by emulation, corporate en- 
 
 thusiasm and other incentives, which the Se¬ 
 ll ries call out, that Industry can be rendered 
 \ attractive; if we do not employ these means, 
 l we shall always have Repugnant Industry 
 \ with its fraud, misery and injustice. 
 
 From the preceding remarks the reader will 
 ^ be able to form an idea of a Series with its 
 
 < Groups;—we will define it once more. ASe- 
 ' ries is a league or union of several Groups, as 
 | a Group is a union of several individuals, dis- 
 1 tributed in an ascending and descending order 
 
 < —that is, with wings and a centre, united 
 5 from an identity of taste for an occupation, 
 | and applying a special Group to each branch 
 / of the work, or each variety of the species 
 [ with which it is engaged. If the Series is 
 | cultivating tulips or pears, wheat or potatoes, 
 
 < it must form as many Groups as varieties of 
 \ tulips or pears, wheat or potatoes, can be cul- 
 | tivated upon the lands of the Association. 
 
 I The Groups of a Series must be occupied 
 / with varieties o f a Species, and not with dis- 
 ] tincl Species. Emulation could not exist be- 
 \ tween three Groups breeding the Flanders 
 | horse, the Arabian horse and mules—or culti- 
 ' vating cling-stone peaches, rare-ripes and fall 
 peaches. Judges would say that they were 
 \ too dissimilar to allow of a comparison, and 
 > would give at once a preference to one or the 
 \ other; as a consequence, emulation could not 
 \ be called out. A large Series might be en- 
 | gaged with distinct species, in which case it 
 \ would apply the Groups of the centre and 
 wings to different varieties of each Species. 
 
 < Between Groups breeding three varieties of 
 jj the Arabian horse, or even three colors if there 
 
 < were not varieties, or cultivating three kinds 
 \ of the cling or rare-ripe peach, there would be 
 l a strong emulation, because differences of opi- 
 ^ nion as to superiority, and preferences for this 
 
 or that variety, would be elicited. 
 
 We will give examples of the distribution 
 of a few Series. With the aid of these ex- 
 [ amples, persons who are acquainted with 
 
46 
 
 GROUPS AND SERIES. 
 
 particular branches of Industry can easily di- j 
 vide their operations or functions into three ■ 
 or more parts, and apply a Group or a Series / 
 of Groups to them. 
 
 When a Species does not afford varieties \ 
 enough for a Series, then Species which closely \ 
 resemble each other must be taken. 
 
 ) 
 
 A Scries of 12 Groups cultivating Pears. 
 
 Asc. W. . 4 Groups cultivating 4 varieties of the early > 
 Bergamot. 
 
 Centre . . 5 Groups cultivating 5 varieties of the red < 
 Bergamot. > 
 
 Desc. W.. 3 Groups cultivating 3 varieties of the sum- j 
 mer Bergamot. \ 
 
 A Series of 9 Groups cultivating Apples. 
 
 Asc. W. . 3 Groups cultivating 3 varieties of the j 
 Greening. 
 
 Centre . . 4 Groups cultivating 4 varieties of the > 
 Pippin. ? 
 
 Desc. W.. 2 Groups cultivating 2 varieties of the j 
 Spitzenberg. 
 
 A Series of 9 Groups breeding Horses. > 
 
 Asc. W. . 3 Groups breeding 3 varieties of the Turk- i 
 ish barb. \ 
 
 Centre . . 4 Groups breeding 4 varieties f of the Ara- 
 
 bian horse. < 
 
 Desc. W.. 2 Groups breeding 2 varieties of the Blood 
 horse. 
 
 In the two last examples, the centre and \ 
 wings of the Series are occupied with differ- l 
 ent species; it is allowable in this case, as \ 
 the species closely resemble each other, but s 
 emulation would be stronger if the Series were l 
 occupied with different varieties of the same > 
 species—the pippin or greening, or the Ara- \ 
 bian or blood horse. i 
 
 A Series manufacturing Hats. < 
 
 Asc. W. . 2 Groups manufacturing 2 qualities of the ] 
 
 while fur. i 
 
 Centre . . 3 Groups manufacturing 3 qualities of the l 
 black fur. | 
 
 Desc. W.. 2 Groups manufacturing 2 qualities of the \ 
 black silk. > 
 
 We will give examples of two Series which j 
 jire defectively distributed, and between the j 
 centre and wings of which there would be j 
 very little emulation. 
 
 A Series of Pear Growers. j 
 
 Asc. W. . 3 Groups occupied with hard pears. s 
 
 Centre . . 4 Groups occupied with juicy pears. 1 
 
 Desc. W.. 2 Groups occupied with mealy pears. ] 
 
 A Series of Apple Growers. 
 
 Asc. W. . 3 Groups occupied with the bow apple. 
 Centre . . 4 Groups occupied with the pippin. 
 
 Desc. W.. 2 Groups occupied with the lady apple. 
 
 How will the Series be formed ? it will be \ 
 asked. By voluntary unions of individuals, $ 
 who, having a taste for some occupation, as¬ 
 sociate for the purpose of prosecuting it. Sup- j 
 pose thirty persons in an Association are fond < 
 of the pears, and unite for the purpose of cul- \ 
 tivating a pear orchard : they would organize j 
 themselves into a Series, divide into Groups, \ 
 and form the centre and wings; the Groups \ 
 would then select the different varieties of the 
 species of pear which the Series intended to \ 
 
 cultivate, and each Group would divide the 
 work which it had to perform into different 
 parts, and apply a sub-group to each part. 
 Every individual would choose the Group and 
 the kind of work which he preferred. The 
 members of the different Groups would choose 
 the officers of the Series and of their respec¬ 
 tive Groups, make laws for their government, 
 and regulate their interests as they thought 
 proper, and without interference from any 
 quarter. 
 
 In the Groups there will be no Employers 
 or hired Laborers; the members will, as we 
 said, be equal associated partners, who will 
 establish their own by-laws and regulations, 
 elect their officers, and divide equitably the 
 product of their labor, each receiving a share 
 proportioned to the part he has taken in cre¬ 
 ating it. Every Group will be an independent 
 body, and will be controlled by no power: it 
 will receive with deference the opinions of the 
 Council of Industry, but it will not be obliged 
 to follow them, as it will be considered the 
 most capable of conducting its branch of In¬ 
 dustry. 
 
 The system of Groups and Series will extend 
 Liberty to Labor, from which it is now ba¬ 
 nished. There is under the present organiza¬ 
 tion of Industry as much tyranny in Labor as 
 there is tyranny in Politics under the worst of 
 despotisms. As proof, look at the degrading 
 servitude to which the Laboring Classes are 
 subjected. They are the hirelings of capital¬ 
 ists and employers, of -whom they must beg 
 the privilege of toiling, and whose wink or 
 word they must obey; they are ordered about 
 like beings without a will; the kind of work 
 they shall pursue is pointed out, without re¬ 
 gard to health or inclination; the time they 
 shall devote to labor is prescribed; they are, 
 in many large manufactories, forbidden to 
 speak to each other, and are rung up by a 
 bell in the morning like animals. To add 
 humiliation to subjection, they must go on a 
 Saturday night and beg degradingly their pay, 
 as if the scanty stipend they received, was 
 more than a requital for the labor which they 
 had given. We have here the example of an 
 industrial bondage as intense and galling as 
 the political bondage of the vilest despotism! 
 What a mockery to talk to the Laboring 
 Classes of the Liberty and Equality which 
 they enjoy, when in all their industrial pur¬ 
 suits, which occupy the three-fourths of their 
 time, the most repulsive tyranny exists ! 
 
 This industrial bondage, this tyranny in la¬ 
 bor will cease to exist in Association. In the 
 Groups and Series perfect Liberty will be se¬ 
 cured; the Workmen will be their own mas¬ 
 ters ; they will fix upon their working hours, 
 choose their occupations, divide the profits of 
 their labor, and govern in every way their 
 own affairs. Thus Liberty will be extended 
 to Labor —which is the greatest and most im¬ 
 portant conquest that the toiling millions can 
 now achieve! 
 
 Every person m Association will belong to 
 several Groups, engaged in some pursuits at 
 one season of the year, and in others at ano- 
 
GROUPS AND SERIES. 
 
 47 
 
 ther; occupations will also be varied during 
 the day. This change and variety of pursuits, 
 and their prosecution with agreeable compa¬ 
 nions, will prevent the monotony and disgust of 
 prolonged and solitary Labor—will exercise 
 all parts of the body, develope all the faculties 
 of the mind, and lead every individual to form 
 ties of friendship with a large number of per¬ 
 sons. If, however, any person, engaged in 
 some special occupation which from its na¬ 
 ture required the attention of a single indivi¬ 
 dual and not of a Group, wished to continue 
 his labors longer, he would be perfectly free 
 to do so; no unnatural constraint, no arbitrary 
 laws will exist in Association, and all the rules 
 laid down for the regulation of labor must be 
 perfectly in accordance with the requirements 
 of human nature. 
 
 It will be objected that if an individual takes 
 part in so many branches of Industry, he will 
 become perfect in none; this difficulty will be 
 entirely obviated by the minute division of la¬ 
 bor which will take place, and by assigning 
 to each individual of a Group the perform¬ 
 ance of a detail of the work with which it is 
 engaged. In a Group of fruit-growers, for 
 example, a person will attend to the grafting; 
 now an intelligent person can learn to graft as 
 well in a few days as in a life-time, and his 
 knowledge in this branch will enable him to 
 belong to several Series of horticulturists. 
 Thus, while changes of scene and company 
 would prevent monotony and apathy, the same 
 detail of a work would be performed. A skil¬ 
 ful turner could belong to Groups of chair- 
 makers, table-makers and musical instrument- 
 makers, without varying materially the nature 
 of his work; a person skilled in working in 
 leather could belong to the Series of saddlers, 
 glove-makers and shoe-makers, and the part 
 in which he excelled, might be performed in 
 each of these branches of Industry. 
 
 The great majority of agricultural and me¬ 
 chanical occupations are not difficult to learn, 
 and in addition, as children would receive 
 in Association the most complete practical or 
 industrial Education—commencing as early as 
 the age of four and five years—they would ac¬ 
 quire with perfect ease a thorough knowledge 
 of, and great dexterity and skill in various 
 branches of Industry, or at least in a detail 
 of several branches. There is -not a gardener 
 or a mechanic that does not execute at present 
 twenty different kinds of work, and yet no 
 system of industrial education exists in society, 
 and no strong incentives are put in play to 
 induce the acquisition of superior industrial 
 skill and varied scientific acquirements. 
 
 It may, perhaps, be supposed that when a 
 Group has terminated its work, and left its 
 workshop for the day, another Group will 
 come in and continue the occupation in which 
 it was engaged with the same tools. In some 
 occupations this may be the case, when the 
 tools or machinery are of that character that 
 no injury can be sustained from being used or 
 managed by different persons, as in ploughing, 
 milling, etc., when one Group will merely re¬ 
 lieve another; but in general when the tools 
 
 < and work come more directly under the su- 
 l pervision of the individual, it will not be the 
 i case; if for example a Group of carpenters 
 l quits its work at 12 o’clock, another Group of 
 '/ carpenters will not come in and take up the 
 \ same work and use its tools;—the work and 
 | tools will remain as left until the same Group 
 
 returns to, and resumes its occupations. But, 
 
 > it may be said: here are tools and perhaps a 
 1 room lying idle—what a loss! They who 
 i raise this objection, could as well object to a 
 / person having books and paintings in his pri- 
 i vate apartments, because they could not be 
 | seen and used by all. An economy of this 
 $ kind would not be true economy, but stinting 
 \ parsimony, which Association should avoid. 
 
 Suppose, it will be asked, there are some 
 l lazy persons in a Group, who, although they 
 
 > attend regularly its meetings, avoid work as 
 much as possible: what will be done in such 
 
 1 a case ? They will be informed by the Se¬ 
 cretary of the Group that it wishes no mem- 
 I bers who do not take a strong interest in its 
 | branch of Industry, and feel a pride in its 
 i success, its prosperity and the superiority of 
 j its products, and they would in consequence 
 j; be invited to withdraw. Numerous other oc¬ 
 cupations, more suited to their tastes and 
 attractions, and which would awaken their 
 \ interest and call out their energies, would be 
 jl open to them; besides, no one in Association 
 | will join a Group without a decided taste and 
 { attraction for its pursuits. 
 
 There is another regulation which we will 
 \ mention. When persons apply to a Series for 
 
 < admission as members, they are received at 
 \ first, if they are ignorant of its branch of In- 
 ; dustiy, as candidates for admission—as learn- 
 • ers or apprentices, and they must go through 
 ; a term of initiation or apprenticeship. This 
 \ apprenticeship will be longer or shorter ac- 
 l cording as the work is more or less difficult; 
 " it would be longer, for example, in a Series 
 l of watchmakers than in a Series of fruit- 
 
 growers, because the former is a branch of 
 | Industry more difficult to learn than the latter. 
 | Persons during their initiation will not receive 
 full pay, but only a part of the share allotted 
 to Labor, and nothing of the share allotted to 
 i Skill. They will first receive an eighth, then 
 l a quarter, and so on as they advance and 
 \ their labor becomes productive. This will be 
 j no more than just, as their labor during their 
 apprenticeship can be but slightly productive. 
 Every person in Association will be paid ac- 
 ) cording to the time he works, and the skill 
 
 I with which he works—or in other words, 
 according to the Quantity and Quality of his 
 work. This will be strict Justice—of which 
 no one can complain. 
 
 It may be estimated that the seven-eighths 
 \ of occupations in Association will be perform- 
 \ ed by Groups, and one-eighth by Individuals 
 \ working isolatedly. Many branches of the 
 s Fine Arts and Sciences, and some delicate 
 \ kinds of mechanical work, will be attended 
 | to by Individuals. Painters, musical Com- 
 \ posers and Poets, will work probably alone at 
 | their compositions, devoting whatever time 
 
48 
 
 GROUPS AND SERIES. 
 
 they wish to them; but even in the Arts and 
 Sciences, the Groups can be quite extensively 
 applied: Chemistry, Astronomy, Medicine, 
 and all Sciences which require continued re¬ 
 search and experiments, could be prosecuted 
 far more successfully by Groups than by iso¬ 
 lated individuals. Some departments of lite¬ 
 rary labor, such as the composition of dic¬ 
 tionaries, encyclopedias, etc., would be per¬ 
 formed by Groups; even in painting, they 
 could be applied to a considerable extent; 
 as a proof we know that Raphael had his 
 works laid in by his pupils, and parts of his 
 pictures, such as architecture, musical instru¬ 
 ments and other accessories, were often exe¬ 
 cuted by mher artists. 
 
 If an individual were engaged in some iso- 
 lated occupation, he would not be prevented 
 from taking part in different Series. An Ar¬ 
 tist, for example, will rarely wish to be occu¬ 
 pied with his Art more than six hours a day, 
 particularly if he is enthusiastically devoted 
 to it, and applies himself with ardor; he will 
 have an abundance of leisure, and, when not 
 engaged in his favorite occupation, he can 
 take part in the active pursuits of Industry. 
 The refreshing exercise of the body will 
 give him vigor and health, so necessary to 
 strengthen the intellect and give brilliancy to 
 the imagination; and in the lovely scenes of 
 nature he will find types of Harmony and 
 Beauty, infinite in variety and number, which 
 to the poet and the painter are endless sources 
 of inspiration. A landscape painter, for exam¬ 
 ple, belonging to some of the Agricultural 
 Series, will have constant opportunity to study 
 the forms, colors and characters of the trees, 
 plants and flowers, and all the incidents of the 
 landscape; he will have living Nature before 
 him for a teacher, and when he returns to the 
 canvass, his mind will be filled with true 
 images, and refreshed by the loveliness of the 
 scenes with which he has mingled. 
 
 In an Association admission to the Series 
 will be open to all the members without ex¬ 
 ception. The only condition that will be re¬ 
 quired is, that the applicant shall possess 
 capacity and an inclination for the branch of 
 Industry with which the Series, to which he 
 or she applies for admission, is engaged; this 
 is necessary to the success, reputation and 
 prosperity of the Series: it could not admit 
 lukewarm members or persons incapable from 
 accident or other causes, but this will be a 
 rare exception. Admission to the Series being 
 guarantied, as a general rule, to every indivi¬ 
 dual, it follows that constant Occupation and 
 a choice of Pursuits will be extended to all. 
 Association will thus secure to Man his pri¬ 
 mary and most important Right— the Rtght 
 of Labor or Constant Employment— which 
 in the present system of Society he does not 
 possess. 
 
 Politicians and Statesmen, in their contro¬ 
 versies about the Rights of Man, have over¬ 
 looked entirely his two fundamental and pri¬ 
 mary Rights, without which all the others 
 avail him almost nothing. They are: 
 
 1st. The Right of the Child to the best in¬ 
 
 dustrial and scientific Education that Society 
 can give. 
 
 2d. The Right of Man to Labor or constant 
 Employment. 
 
 Man was placed upon the earth to live, and 
 to develope the high moral and intellectual 
 Powers—the rich and varied Faculties and 
 Talents with which he is endowed—for his 
 individual happiness and that of the Race, 
 and to make the earth a scene of a high and 
 exalted spiritual Life. Now Education and 
 Labor are the means by which these great 
 ends are attained ; they are the means of Ex¬ 
 istence and intellectual Development, and if 
 the Right to them be not secured to Man, he 
 grows up an ignorant and undeveloped being, 
 without any guarantee against poverty, pri¬ 
 vation and wretchedness. 
 
 Table of the Natural Rights of Man. 
 
 1. Right of collecting and gathering fruits and 
 other products of Nature. 
 
 2. Right of Pasturage. 
 
 3. Right of Fishing. 
 
 4. Right of Hunting. 
 
 5. Internal Federation. 
 
 6. Freedom from Anxiety. 
 
 7. External Appropriation (of objects out of the 
 horde or clan). 
 
 C Minimum, or ample sufficiency 
 
 Pivotal Rights. < of food, lodging, clothing, etc. 
 
 ( Lieerty. 
 
 These Rights, except the Minimum, are 
 possessed by Man in the savage State: a true 
 Social Order should secure him at least the 
 equivalent of them—which Civilized Society 
 does nor can not. 
 
 As we are engaged in general and cursory 
 remarks upon the Series, we will touch very 
 briefly upon the question of a division of pro¬ 
 fits, reserving a more complete explanation 
 for another place. 
 
 Suppose the labor of a Group is estimated 
 at the end of the year, when the general set¬ 
 tlement takes place, to be worth $6000. This 
 sum will be divided into three unequal parts, 
 as follows: 
 
 Three-twelfths, or $1500, will he appro¬ 
 priated to the payment of the interest upon 
 the Stock of the Association. The Members 
 of the Group will receive as laborers no part 
 of this sum. (They may, however, as stock¬ 
 holders.) We will remark that the Associa¬ 
 tion for this $1500 furnishes the Group with 
 land, teams, implements and everything ne¬ 
 cessary to the prosecution of its branch of 
 Industry. 
 
 Seven-twelfths, or $3500, will be paid to 
 manual Labor. 
 
 Two-twelfths, or $1000, to practical and 
 theoretical Skill .or Talent. 
 
 Thus the members of the Group will re¬ 
 ceive nine-twelfths of the whole amount, or 
 $4500. The $1000, or two-twelfths, will be di¬ 
 vided among the Officers of the Group and the 
 most experienced and skilful Members, who, 
 by their knowledge, render the Labor of the 
 Group much more productive than it would 
 be, if it were not directed by superior Skill. 
 The $3500 allotted to manual Labor, will 
 
GROUPS AND SERIES. 
 
 49 
 
 be divided among all the Members, the Offi¬ 
 cers as well as the others, according to the 
 time they have worked. If a member has 
 been absent six months, or one-half the work¬ 
 ing time of his Group, he will receive but 
 one-half of a full share; if three months or one 
 quarter of the time he will receive but one 
 quarter of a share. The Secretary of the 
 Group will keep a book and mark the absence 
 of any member at the meetings; if a person 
 misses even a day, it will be noted, and at the 
 yearly settlement a proportionate deduction 
 will be made. Thus every one will be paid 
 according to his Labor—according to his Skill 
 —and according to the amount of Capital in¬ 
 vested in the stock of the Association. 
 
 -o—• 
 
 THREE CONDITIONS TO BE FULFILLED IN THE 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE SERIES. 
 
 In the formation and distribution of Series, 
 the three following conditions must be strictly 
 observed: 
 
 1st. Compact scale among Groups. 
 
 2d. Short duration of occupations. 
 
 3d. Parcelled exercise in occupations and 
 functions. 
 
 We will first examine the third condition, 
 which consists in dividing each branch of 
 work or industry into as many parts or divi¬ 
 sions, as it will admit of. A Sub-group is 
 applied to each division of the work, or to 
 each of its minor functions. Let us take as 
 an example the cultivation of a fruit, vege¬ 
 table or flower; it will answer as a model for 
 other occupations. 
 
 The Group cultivating it has a diversity of 
 functions to perform, which we will divide 
 into three categories. 
 
 Tillage: to dig, hoe, manure and water 
 the earth, are so many different functions, 
 with each of which some members are occu¬ 
 pied, but not the entire Group, as a portion 
 of the individuals composing it would have 
 no taste for the exercise of all these functions. 
 
 Moveables and Utensils: care of tools and 
 implements, arrangement and setting of awn¬ 
 ings, care of the pavilion and the working 
 dresses, which are deposited in it. (Each 
 Series has a pavilion near the grounds it cul¬ 
 tivates.) 
 
 Gathering and Reproduction: gathering 
 and care of the fruits, vegetables or flowers, 
 collecting and preserving of seed, classifica¬ 
 tion and labelling of varieties. 
 
 Accessory Function: providing refreshments 
 and other minutiae. Here are at least a dozen 
 distinct functions. No member would wish 
 to attend to them all; he will only choose one 
 or two, or three at the most: it will be neces¬ 
 sary consequently to form a dozen Sub-groups, 
 devoted to each of these different occupations. 
 As Attractive Industry requires a minute di¬ 
 vision of labor—being always parcelled and 
 never integral—we should be certain of fa¬ 
 tiguing and disgusting the members, if each 
 of them had to attend to, and oversee the 
 
 7 
 
 I whole of these different functions; but the 
 Group, if composed of only twelve persons, 
 could easily form several sub-groups, each 
 consisting of three, four or five individuals, 
 with an inclination for one or more branches 
 { of the work. (The same individual may take 
 i a part in several Sub-groups, occupied conse- 
 < cutively r .) 
 
 J Let us examine how this Parcelled Exercise, 
 
 ! or minute division of Labor, will excite love 
 ^ and enthusiasm for Industry, and give perfec- 
 ( tion to all branches of work. 
 
 Each one of the Sub-groups will be ani- 
 | mated by a strong passion for the parcel or 
 | branch of Industry, which it has chosen, and 
 j will develope in its exercise the dexterity and 
 l intelligence which a favorite and attractive 
 / occupation always calls forth. The conse- 
 < quence is, that each of the Sub-groups will 
 j depend upon the others giving to their branches 
 < the greatest degree of perfection; each will 
 j! say to the others: “We will take the great- 
 ; est possible care of the part or parcel which 
 < we have chosen; take the same care of yours, 
 \ and the whole will be perfect.” 
 
 The greater the extension which is given to 
 \ this Parcelled Exercise, applying each indivv 
 \ dual to functions which he prefers and in 
 
 ! which he excels, the greater will be the con¬ 
 fidence, charm and friendship, which will 
 animate the Group. 
 
 Why is labor such a task in civilized So¬ 
 ciety, even in case it is naturally attractive? 
 It is because the master or principal is obliged 
 to oversee every part of the work. This is a 
 common complaint of florists forced to em¬ 
 ploy, for the laborious part of the work, hired 
 
 i hands, who neglect or pilfer the seed and 
 roots, if the care of planting and gathering is 
 confided to them, and who, so far from taking 
 any interest in the work, drag it along slowly 
 so as to be occupied a few days more. Thus 
 it happens that a man, who wishes to culti¬ 
 vate fruit or flowers, becomes disgusted; he 
 is aided awkwardly even by those hired per¬ 
 sons who are well disposed; his agricultural 
 < pursuits become for him a source of care and 
 s vexation, besides involving the risk of thefts. 
 >. There is an instance of a man who died of 
 > despair, because all the fruit of a garden, 
 < which he had cultivated himself, was stolen 
 ? in one night, just as it was ripening. 
 
 | Compare with the disgusts of this system 
 \ of frauds, which forms a part of civilized So¬ 
 il ciety, the pleasures of Industry exercised in 
 parcels and with friendly associates, in an or- 
 !: der of things where thefts and frauds are im- 
 \ possible; compare with the vexatious condi- 
 | tion of a civilized agriculturist, the pleasures 
 and satisfaction of the several Sub-groups, 
 each of which, sure to excel in its favorite 
 branch, depends upon the others to give to 
 their parts or parcels respectively that degree 
 of perfection to which it carries its own; and 
 ij decide after that, whether civilized Industry 
 | is compatible with the nature of man, who 
 | complains with reason that it is an abyss of 
 | deception, anxiety and misfortune. 
 
 This system of Parcelled Exercise will be a 
 
50 
 
 GROUPS AND SERIES. 
 
 source of great perfection and elegance in In- > 
 dustry. Each of the Sub-groups will strive to j 
 prove to the others that it is a worthy co- - 
 operator, and they will vie with each other 
 in giving the greatest neatness and elegance ; 
 to everything connected with their branches j 
 of work—to the tools, implements, awnings, 
 working dresses or uniforms of Industry, to j 
 the workshops, stables, etc.; hence will arise | 
 individual contributions among all the richer | 
 members of Groups for the purpose of em- j 
 bellishing and beautifving all branches of In- 
 dustry, and of communicating to its exercise $ 
 a refinement and charm that will excite a 
 strong enthusiasm for it. [We see some ex- 
 amples of this corporate Spirit—this love of ; 
 corporate elegance in Armies, Fire Compa- \ 
 nies and Boat Clubs; it will be universal in \ 
 the Groups and Series in Association, and will \ 
 induce the wealthy to take as much pride in 
 ornamenting and decorating their branches of 
 Industry as they now do in decorating their > 
 residences. The love of elegance and display < 
 will become corporate in the Combined Or- ? 
 der, whereas at present it is exclusively per - s 
 sonal or individual.'] > 
 
 Parcelled Exercise will connect witji Indus- > 
 try a double charm:—it will, first, charm the j 
 Senses by the elegance and display which it \ 
 will give to all branches of work; and, se- j 
 cond, charm the Mind bv the enthusiasm j 
 which it will excite in each Sub-group, de- i 
 lighted to be able to pursue its favorite branch 
 of work or function, with the certainty that \ 
 the others will be exercised by intelligent col- ; ; 
 leagues. 
 
 With the aid of Parcelled Exercise, or a \ 
 minute division of Labor, we shall see a ma- j 
 jority of women have a taste for domestic j 
 occupations, for which they feel at present a $ 
 repugnance. A woman who does not like the j 
 care of children, will take part in a Group $ 
 devoted to some branch of sewing; another 
 who detests cooking, may have a taste for > 
 the preparation of sweet-meats; she will join s 
 the Group occupied with this department, in \ 
 which she may excel and become the pre- j 
 siding officer, having nothing to do with other \ 
 branches of kitchen occupations. Women, in j 
 their household work, now meet only with j 
 trouble and vexation; and men, in their busi- j 
 ness, with frauds and disgust. No wonder 
 that all have an aversion for occupations, \ 
 which it is their natural destiny to fulfil. \ 
 
 COMPACT SCALE AMONG GROUPS. 
 
 The principal effect of the Compact Scale l 
 in the mechanism of the Series, is to excite \ 
 emulative rivalry between Groups, cultivating > 
 species near enough alike to excite hesitation j 
 %nd indecision in the opinion of judges as to i 
 superior excellence, and admit of active efforts i 
 on the part of Groups for superiority. 
 
 We will not see three Groups cultivating j 
 three varieties of a species of pear or other \ 
 fruit agree; these Groups, devoted to similar \ 
 varieties, are rivals, who differ in taste and 
 hi their pretensions. This emulative rivalry j 
 Hill always animate Groups occupied with \ 
 
 varieties or kinds very nearly alike in the ani¬ 
 mal, vegetable and mineral Kingdoms; the 
 Compact Scale with the emulation it pro¬ 
 duces, must be extended to all occupations 
 of Science, Fine Arts, Manufactures, and in 
 fact to all our relations. 
 
 These emulative rivalries cannot take place 
 between Groups occupied with distinct varie¬ 
 ties— between Groups, for example, culti« 
 vating the pippin and the bow apple. There 
 exists between these two kinds of apples too 
 great a difference to cause any hesitation on 
 the part of judges; they would say that both 
 were good, but not near enough alike to ad¬ 
 mit of comparison; consequently, emulation 
 and corporate spirit will not be aroused be¬ 
 tween the two Groups engaged in their culti¬ 
 vation. 
 
 It is necessary in all Series, therefore, what¬ 
 ever may be their occupations, to form a scale 
 of functions, contiguous in shades or varieties; 
 this constitutes the Compact Scale, or Scale 
 of closely compared varieties. 
 
 This is a sure means of giving an active 
 development to the passion of Emulation—of 
 carrying all products to a high degree of per¬ 
 fection—of exciting an extreme ardor in all 
 branches of work, and a great intimacy among 
 the members of each Group. 
 
 SHORT OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 We examine this condition last, because it 
 is the means of sustaining the other two. 
 Without a frequent change of occupations, it 
 would be impossible to keep alive the enthu¬ 
 siasm and emulation which arise from a 
 Parcelled Exercise in Industry, and from Com¬ 
 pactness of Scale. It prevents satiety and 
 monotony, and varies occupations before their 
 continuance produces slackness and disgust. 
 
 Short occupations of an hour and a half or 
 two hours at the most, would enable every 
 individual to take part in several occupations 
 during the course of the day, and vary them 
 by joining other Groups the day following. 
 This method is the desire of a powerful pas¬ 
 sion implanted in man, which impels him to 
 Variety and Change, and to the avoiding of 
 excesses—a defect which is constantly atten¬ 
 dant upon all occupations in civilized Society. 
 A labor is now prolonged for six hours, a ban¬ 
 quet for six hours, a ball during the entire 
 night, at the expense of sleep and health. 
 
 We insist upon the importance of change 
 and the necessity of short and varied occupa¬ 
 tions. This principle condemns entirely the 
 present system of Industry: let us examine 
 its effects in a material and an intellectual or 
 passional point of view. 
 
 Materially Short Occupations produce an 
 equilibrium of health, which is necessarily in¬ 
 jured if a man devotes himself for twelve 
 hours to a uniform labor, such as weaving, 
 sewing or writing, or any other which does 
 not exercise successively all the parts of the 
 body, all the faculties of the mind. In case 
 of a continued application to one occupation, 
 active labor, like that of agriculture, is inju¬ 
 rious as well as sedentary labor, such as of- 
 
BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY TO BE PROSECUTED, 
 
 51 
 
 fice duties; one overburthens the members > 
 and viscera, and the other vitiates the solids ; 
 and fluids. \ 
 
 The derangement is increased if this ac- ^ 
 five or sedentary labor be continued for en- > 
 tire months and years. We see in many 
 countries an eighth of the laboring popu¬ 
 lation affected with hernia, besides fevers, 
 produced from excess of labor and bad food. 
 Divers kinds of manufactures, like chemicals, 
 glass, steel and even cloths, cause the death 
 of the laborer, simply from their protracted 
 exercise. He would be exempt from danger, 
 if the condition of Short Occupations were 
 applied to those branches, and if they were 
 carried on for two hours at a time, and only 
 two or three times a week. 
 
 The rich classes, for want of this diversity 
 of occupations, fall into other diseases, like 
 apoplexy and the gout, which are unknown 
 to the poor laborer. Obesity or excess of 
 flesh, so common among the rich, denotes a 
 radical vice in the equilibrium of health—a 
 system contrary to nature in occupations as 
 well as in pleasures. The health of man is 
 promoted by this perpetual variety of functions 
 which, exercising successively all parts of the 
 body, all faculties of the mind, maintains ac- ; 
 tivity and equilibrium. 
 
 Intellectually, Short Occupations pro- j 
 mote the accord of characters which are na- j 
 turally antipathetic: for example, A and B j 
 are two persons of incompatible tastes, but it ] 
 happens that among a large number of Groups ! 
 which A frequents, there are a third in which j 
 his interests coincide with those of B, and in ! 
 which the tastes of B, although opposed to | 
 his, are of advantage to him. The same is 5 
 the case with the tastes of B as respects A. < 
 Consequently, without friendship existing be- < 
 tween them, they are courteous to and esteem ? 
 each other. < 
 
 Thus interest, which separates friends at < 
 present, will unite even enemies in the Com- \ 
 bined Order; it conciliates antipathetic cha- j 
 racters by indirect co-operation, which arises j 
 from connections and changes of functions, j 
 produced by short occupations. i 
 
 It is with the aid of a Passion in Man ] 
 which has been most condemned—the love \ 
 of change—that we shall solve those problems j 
 which have so long baffled human wisdom. 
 What an error has been committed in not j 
 going into a calculation of the importance of j 
 Short Occupations in Industry and all other j 
 pursuits, and the results which they would j 
 produce! We must be blind to Nature and \ 
 to palpable evidence to deny this want of \ 
 change and variety, which we see so essential \ 
 even in material matters. Any enjoyment \ 
 which is continued for too long a time, be- \ 
 comes an abuse, blunts the senses and destroys \ 
 its pleasure; a repast continued for hours will l 
 not be terminated without excesses; an opera \ 
 of four hours duration will end by becoming > 
 insipid to the hearer. Periodical variety is a < 
 want of the soul as well as of the body.— 
 Extract from Fourier's work —“ The New In - < 
 dustrial World*' 
 
 BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY TO BE 
 PROSECUTED. 
 
 The only real Wealth is Labor : everything: els« 
 is but the sign or abuse of it. 
 
 Lemontey. 
 
 In an Association of four or five hundred 
 \ persons, fifty Series, engaged in as many 
 J branches of Industry, Art and Science, could 
 be established, and this is the smallest num- 
 
 > ber of Series with which an Association can 
 l be properly organized. With fifty Series the 
 \ choice of a variety of pursuits can be offered 
 
 to all—occupations can be frequently varied, 
 | employment at all seasons secured, and the 
 industrial tastes, inclinations and capacities 
 I sufficiently satisfied to produce social Con- 
 | cord and Harmony. 
 
 > With eighteen hundred persons, four hun- 
 | dred Series can be organized, and with this 
 ■> number all varieties of tastes and inclinations, 
 
 > and all shades of talent and genius can be sa- 
 l tisfied, and the broadest field of action thrown 
 ■ open to human activity. It may appear strange 
 
 that with eighteen hundred persons, we can 
 ; organize four hundred Series, while with four 
 
 > hundred persons we can organize but fifty: 
 
 \ the reason is, because as we increase in num- 
 
 > bers we increase in combinations. We have 
 ; far more combinations with the number 8 
 
 > than with the number 4, although the former 
 | is only double the latter. 
 
 An Association is a Phalanx or a Series of 
 ! Series, as a piano-forte is a Series of octaves; 
 j and we can no more have social Harmony with- 
 ; out a sufficient number of Series, than we can 
 ; have musical Harmony without a sufficient 
 j number of octaves. The Science of Associa- 
 ; tion consists in forming, organizing and deve- 
 | loping with accord and order a Phalanx of 
 ; Series, and of applying them to the following 
 ; seven fundamental branches of human Acti- 
 : vity:—1st. Domestic Occupations; 2d. Agri- 
 ; culture; 3d. Manufactures; 4th. Commerce; 
 5th. Education; 6th. Study and application of 
 the Sciences; 7th. Study and application of 
 the Fine Arts. 
 
 To organize fifty Series, four hundred per¬ 
 sons, as we said, are necessary, and this is the 
 reason why four hundred is the smallest num¬ 
 ber with which an Association can be rightly 
 organized, and Social Harmony and Unity at¬ 
 tained. An Association, in which the Groups 
 and Series are not introduced, cannot properly 
 be called an Association; it is an aggregation 
 of individuals without organization. Hence 
 the establishments founded by the Shakers, 
 Rappites, O wenites, etc., do not merit properly 
 the name of Associations. 
 
 We will now proceed to enumerate the 
 branches of Industry which we would recom¬ 
 mend for a small Association in which fifty 
 Series are organized. Location and climate 
 will, of course, require various modifications. 
 
 Manufactures and mechanics should not 
 occupy more than a third or quarter of the 
 time of the members. “ Nature,” says Fou¬ 
 rier, “ has given to man a degree of attraction 
 
52 
 
 BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY TO BE PROSECUTED. 
 
 r or manufacturing labor, which corresponds to 
 a quarter of the time that he should devote to 
 Industry.” If the founders of an Association 
 were to make manufactures the principal oc¬ 
 cupation, they would fail in rendering Industry 
 Attractive, and would ruin their enterprise. 
 In establishing the first Association great care 
 must be taken in the selection of manufac¬ 
 tures to choose those which are the most at¬ 
 tractive, and they must be diversified in cha¬ 
 racter, so as to be suited to different ages and 
 both sexes. 
 
 We may estimate that there should be in 
 an Association of fifty Series, about— 
 
 8 Series devoted to the care of Animals. 
 
 22 Series to Agriculture. 
 
 10 Series to Manufactures and Mechanics. 
 
 4 Series to Art, Science and Education. 
 
 6 Series to Household or Domestic Labor. 
 
 Series engaged in the Animal Kingdom. 
 
 1 Series with horses. 
 
 1 “ “ horned cattle. 
 
 1 “ “ hogs. 
 
 2 “ “ poultry. 
 
 1 “ “ doves. 
 
 1 “ “ fish in streams, ponds and re- 
 
 servoi rs. 
 
 1 Series with singing birds and birds of 
 beautiful plumage. 
 
 The raising of singing birds in large and 
 elegant cages, spacious enough to contain 
 bushes and shrubbery, would furnish a pleas¬ 
 ing and attractive occupation, suitable for all 
 ages, and valuable as a school of ornithology 
 for children. 
 
 Series engaged in the Vegetable Kingdom. 
 
 The vegetable Kingdom furnishes species 
 and varieties of species of fruits, flowers and 
 vegetables in great abundance; the number 
 of agricultural Series which we have pointed 
 out is very small, and should if possible be 
 increased. The Green-houses will require at 
 least two Series. We will lay down a few 
 general instructions without entering into an 
 enumeration of the particular species which 
 might be cultivated. 
 
 Care must be taken to cultivate as many 
 varieties as possible of each species of vegeta¬ 
 ble, rather than different species. Instead, fofr 
 example, of cultivating two varieties of the 
 sugar pear, three varieties of the bergamot, 
 and two varieties of the winter pear, the pro¬ 
 per course would be to cultivate seven varie¬ 
 ties of the bergamot alone, or of that species 
 which thrives best upon the lands of the As¬ 
 sociation. 
 
 The Association should raise large quanti¬ 
 ties of fruit, for its cultivation is both attrac¬ 
 tive and profitable, and adapted to the labor 
 of men, women and children; the preserving 
 of it will also furnish an extremely pleasing 
 and lucrative occupation for the Series of con¬ 
 fectioners. 
 
 The peach, the pear, the apple and the 
 larger fruits generally, would occupy the at¬ 
 tention principally of grown persons of both 
 
 sexes, although children could attend to va¬ 
 rious minor details. The currant, raspberry, 
 strawberry and all the smaller fruits, would 
 occupy children, with a few experienced per¬ 
 sons as directors. 
 
 “Nature,” says Fourier, “must have cal¬ 
 culated upon an extended employment of chil¬ 
 dren in the vegetable kingdom, for she has 
 created in great abundance little fruits, vege¬ 
 tables and shrubbery, which should occupy 
 the child and not the grown person. The 
 greater portion of our gardens is composed 
 of little plants, which are adapted to the la¬ 
 bor of children. The whole system of agri¬ 
 culture is now deranged by the exclusion of 
 women and children from its occupations, to 
 whom Nature assigns so important a part. 
 Man is now obliged to abandon those branches 
 of agriculture which are specially designed for 
 him—the three principal ones of which are: 
 Works of Irrigation, Care of Forests, 
 Cultivation of Grains, tie cannot in the 
 present Social Order devote himself to the 
 two first branches, because he is occupied in 
 works which belong properly to Women and 
 Children, such as the care of small domestic 
 animals, of poultry, the gardens, etc.—cares 
 from which he should be relieved by those 
 two classes.” 
 
 Flowers should be extensively cultivated, 
 not only because they are a source of charm 
 in Industry, an ornament to the fields and 
 gardens, and will furnish attractive occupa¬ 
 tions to Groups of Florists, and others engaged 
 in the preparation of perfumery, but because 
 their cultivation will be an agricultural School 
 for Children. “ The interest which Children 
 will take in their industrial pursuits, exercised 
 in little Groups, will early accustom them,” 
 observes Fourier, “ to a speculating or investi 
 gating turn of mind. Thought and observa¬ 
 tion are very necessary in the cultivation of 
 flowers. What is more difficult to raise to 
 perfection than the jonquil, the narcissus, the 
 tulip, the varieties of the rose and hyacinth ? 
 If Nature requires so much knowledge in the 
 care of these flowers, it is because she wishes 
 to accustom the minds of children, who have 
 a taste for their cultivation, to a habit of ex¬ 
 amination and reflection. Association will 
 never give to the child any simple or one¬ 
 sided instruction. It will only initiate it into 
 one Science by combining that Science with 
 practical notions previously acquired in diffe¬ 
 rent branches of Industry, particularly in agri¬ 
 culture, carpentry and masonry.” 
 
 We would advise that in the first Associa¬ 
 tion—unless it is too distant from a market 
 for its fruits and vegetables — the heavier 
 branches of agriculture, such as the cultiva¬ 
 tion of grain, should receive but little atten¬ 
 tion. The rule to be followed in the com¬ 
 mencement is to choose the most attractive 
 branches of Industry, or those which are natu¬ 
 rally the most pleasing. The grand object 
 of the first Association is to render Industry 
 Attractive , and profit and other considera¬ 
 tions should be made subservient to that 
 aim. 
 
ADAPTATION OF THE GROUPS AND SERIES TO HUMAN NATURE. 
 
 53 
 
 Series engaged in Manufactures. { 
 
 In the choice of Manufactures, care must \ 
 be taken to make a selection suited to the ] 
 tastes and capacities of both sexes and all / 
 ages, and to reserve to each a part of the lu- $ 
 crative branches. A great many details, re- jj 
 lating to the selection of manufactures, could j 
 be given, but as they would not be interesting < 
 to readers in general, we will omit them. 
 
 We recommend the following branches of \ 
 Manufactures for the first Association. 
 
 Attractive Branches of Manufactures. < 
 
 1 Series occupied with Confectionary;— $ 
 suited to women and girls. < 
 
 1 Series engage in the manufacture of Mu- 
 sical instruments;—suited to men, women and ;> 
 children. \ 
 
 1 Series occupied with the Dairy; —suited < 
 to men, women and children. 
 
 1 Series engaged in Cabinet-making;—suit- 
 ed to men and boys. \ 
 
 Useful and necessary branches of Manufac- > 
 
 tures. <! 
 
 1 Series of workers in wood—Carpenters, j 
 Wagon-makers, Turners. 
 
 1 Series of workers in leather—Saddlers, l 
 Shoemakers, Glove-makers. 
 
 1 Series of workers in metals—Blacksmiths, i 
 Locksmiths, Tinsmiths. 
 
 1 Series of workers in cloths and other ; 
 stuffs—Tailors, Milliners, Hatters. 
 
 1 Series of Printers and Bookbinders. 
 
 I Series of Goldsmiths and Jewellers. 
 
 > 
 
 Series devoted to the Arts, Sciences and 
 
 Education. ] 
 
 1 Series of Doctors, Dentists, Nurses. 
 
 1 Series of Teachers.—This Series will in- ') 
 elude Instructors in the different branches of j 
 Industry, as well as in the Arts and Sciences. > 
 
 2 Series devoted to Music. \ 
 
 The Association should take great pains to \ 
 have a fine orchestra. The refining and ele- i 
 vating influence of this most beautiful branch > 
 of harmony will, in Association, be precious, 
 and all those who have a taste for it should ] 
 be induced to join these Series. 
 
 Series devoted to Household or Domestic \ 
 Labor. ] 
 
 2 Series of Cooks. $ 
 
 1 Series of Laundresses. 
 
 1 Series of Housekeepers, or persons having 
 the care and supervision of the private apart- t 
 ments. 
 
 1 Series engaged in a variety of minor em- 
 ployments—such as supervision of the build- : 
 ing at night, care of fires, baths, etc. etc. ; 
 
 1 Series of Pages. 
 
 The Series of Pages will be composed of 
 young persons of both sexes, under the age ; 
 of fifteen, who will perform various branches > 
 of domestic service. Some of the branches \ 
 will be done by boys and some by girls ex- > 
 clusively, and some by both together, like \ 
 
 waiting upon the tables. This Series will 
 comprise so many members that each will be 
 engaged but a small portion of his or her time 
 in the performance of its duties. The Pages 
 will serve the Association and not the Indivi¬ 
 dual, and in this character their service will 
 be considered honorable, as is that of a Na¬ 
 tion, the Officers of which are proud to call 
 themselves public servants.” To serve and 
 wait upon friends is a pleasure, and no one 
 feels demeaned by the act, and to serve a col¬ 
 lective or corporate Body becomes at once an 
 honorable and elevated duty;—it is indivi¬ 
 dual dependence and service only which are 
 repulsive and degrading, and even this kind 
 of service may be rendered honorable and be¬ 
 come attractive, as we perceive in the case of 
 pages and maids of honor in Royal families. 
 
 Isolated Groups. 
 
 There will be some single Groups, devoted 
 to functions which do not require the atten¬ 
 tion of a Series. For example: 
 
 1 Group of Book-keepers. 
 
 1 Group of Commission Merchants, having 
 the charge of the sales and purchases of the 
 Association. 
 
 1 Group having the care of the library, 
 reading-rooms, gallery of art and the scientific 
 collections. 
 
 There will be also some single Groups en¬ 
 gaged in industrial pursuits. 
 
 1 Group devoted to the care of Bees. 
 
 1 Group engaged in the preparation of Per¬ 
 fumery. 
 
 -o- 
 
 ADAPTATION OF THE GROUPS AND 
 SERIES TO HUMAN NATURE. 
 
 REASONS WHY THEY RENDER INDUSTRY AT¬ 
 TRACTIVE. 
 
 We have said that Industry will be Attrac¬ 
 tive when prosecuted by Groups and Series 
 of Groups, but it must not be understood that 
 the Attraction which Man will have for In¬ 
 dustry, and the delight which he will take in 
 its exercise, when prosecuted according to the 
 Serial Method, will arise from the mere me¬ 
 chanism or external organization of the Groups 
 and Series; it will not, but from their adapt¬ 
 ation to human Nature, and the complete sa¬ 
 tisfaction which they will give to the instincts, 
 tastes and sentiments in Man. The Groups 
 and Series will allow and elicit a free and full 
 expansion and development of all the true and 
 noble passions, sentiments, attractions and in¬ 
 stincts in the Soul, which seek restlessly some 
 means of manifestation and satisfaction, and 
 will, in opening to them outlets or a broad 
 field of action in the useful and noble sphere 
 of Industry, and the means of gratification in 
 its exercise, attract Man to it, and induce him 
 to engage voluntarily and ardently in its pur¬ 
 suits.—Thus the Serial organization will ren¬ 
 der Industry Attractive by directing the Pa&* 
 
54 
 
 ADAPTATION OF THE GROUPS AND SERIES TO HUMAN NATURE. 
 
 sions, such as ambition, friendship, the desire 
 of fortune and others, to Industry, and by satis¬ 
 fying them in its exercise. Let us explain this. 
 
 Man loves Nature: there is an intimate co¬ 
 relation, correspondency or analogy between 
 Nature and the human Soul—or between the 
 Instincts, Feelings, Sentiments and Tastes of 
 the Soul, and the Creations in the animal, 
 vegetable and mineral Kingdoms, in all their 
 infinite and varied beauty. With the fruits 
 and the flowers, and the thousand-fold useful 
 and lovely products of the earth and the living 
 creatures which inhabit it, Man is linked and 
 conjoined in a way that attracts and attaches 
 him sympathetically to them. He is drawn 
 to them by a strong and mysterious attraction, 
 the nature of which he does not comprehend. 
 He delights in communing and commingling 
 with, in caring for, in cultivating, rearing, de¬ 
 veloping, perfecting and in working the thou¬ 
 sand varied and beautiful creations of Nature 
 —the fruits, the flowers, the animals and the 
 metals—and the Activity or Labor, which is 
 necessary to do all this, constitutes the Exer¬ 
 cise of Industry . Now this Activity, this 
 Labor—that is Industry, which is from its 
 nature essentially Attractive, will become so, 
 when its mode of prosecution does not violate 
 essential desires, sentiments and requirements 
 of human Nature;—when, for example, it does 
 not violate the Social Sentiments, which re¬ 
 quire congenial companionship, by being pro¬ 
 secuted alone and solitarily;—when it does 
 not violate the sentiment of Friendship, which 
 requires sympathy of character, by being pro¬ 
 secuted in company with persons whom we 
 regard with indifference or dislike ;—when it 
 does not violate the passion Ambition, which 
 requires distinction, elevation and the just re¬ 
 ward of merit, by being prosecuted in such a 
 manner as to be degrading and dishonorable; 
 —when it does not violate the desire of riches 
 or temporal comforts, which are necessary to 
 independence, health and the satisfaction of 
 the material wants, by being prosecuted in a 
 way that subjects the Laborer to poverty, de¬ 
 pendency and privation;—when it does not 
 violate the desire of change and variety in 
 occupations, by being confined to one kind of 
 labor, and prolonged so excessively as to ex¬ 
 haust body and mind. 
 
 The Creations in the animal, vegetable and 
 mineral Kingdoms, delight the Senses of man 
 and minister to his Wants. Some with their 
 beautiful forms and colors, charm his sense of 
 sight; some with their delicate and fragrant 
 perfumes, please his sense of smell; some 
 with their luscious flavors, delight his sense 
 of taste; some with their pliant softness, their 
 genial warmth or refreshing coolness, gratify 
 his sense of touch; some produce melodious 
 vibrations of sound, which ravish the sense 
 of hearing;—and all serve collectively to mi¬ 
 nister to his Comfort and Health. 
 
 Thus the beautiful objects of Nature appeal 
 to Man and entice and attract him to the 
 work of producing, developing and perfecting 
 them—that is, to the great work of Industry, 
 and he would engage with ardor and delight 
 
 | in it, if, from the manner of conducting it, the 
 j violations of the passions, as above described, 
 
 < did not take place. 
 
 I The reflecting mind must see from these 
 / general remarks, that the Repugnance of In- 
 
 < dustry does not arise from the Labor which is 
 \ connected with Industry, but solely from the 
 s manner in which it is prosecuted, and the cir - 
 
 cumstances attendant upon it. 
 
 ;> To show more clearly how the mechanism 
 <j of the Groups and Series is adapted to the 
 
 > nature of Man, and will, by satisfying the 
 | Passions in the exercise of Industry, render it 
 | Attractive, we will enter into a slight exa- 
 \ mination of some of those springs of Action 
 \ in the human Soul. 
 
 > We find in Man certain spiritual or moral 
 \ impulses, springs of action or moving powers, 
 ] which are variously termed sentiments, feel- 
 ' ings, instincts, tastes and passions:—we give 
 
 to them the general name of Passions. 
 
 $ Among them we find : 
 
 1st. The Five Senses — Sight, Hearing, 
 : : Taste, Smell and Touch. Through them 
 | Man communicates with the outward world, 
 ; and is charmed and stimulated to action by 
 i its external or material Beauties and Harmo- 
 ^ nies:—harmonies of forms, lines and colors ; 
 l harmonies of sounds, perfumes and flavors, 
 
 > which are Types of original spiritual harmo- 
 •’ nies that exist in the human soul. 
 
 2d. The Moral and Social Sentiments— 
 
 </ such as Ambition, Friendship, Love, Pater- 
 
 < nity or Family Affection, Emulation, etc. 
 
 s 3d. Natural Tastes or Instincts for In- 
 
 < dustry, Art and Science. Every individual 
 ; has more or less of these tastes or instincts, 
 ; which lead him to engage with pleasure in 
 l particular occupations, but they are almost 
 \ completely smothered by our false and im- 
 \ perfect systems of education, and are not 
 | available with our wretched system of In- 
 \ dustry. 
 
 Whenever Man by the performance of an 
 5 Act, Deed, Work or Function, can satisfy any 
 / of the Passions, he performs it with more or 
 ^ less ardor, according as the passion is stronger 
 j or weaker. It is to satisfy Ambition that the 
 ] Warrior exposes himself to death, and under- 
 / goes the severest fatigue and the greatest. 
 \ privations. But War opens an avenue to 
 
 > distinction, rank and fortune, and its ar- 
 \ duous, dangerous and repulsive pursuits, be- 
 ' come in consequence Attractive. It is Ambi¬ 
 tion, with a mixture of Party-spirit or false 
 
 | Emulation, which induces the Politician to sit 
 
 < tedious hours day after day in Legislative 
 | Halls, engaged in stale formalities and trifling 
 | controversies, and to stoop to underhanded 
 \ intrigues; but he obtains distinction by these 
 \ means, and undergoes willingly the irksome 
 \ and demeaning tasks. It is the desire of For- 
 
 < tune which induces the Merchant to encoun- 
 
 I ' ter the risks, cares and anxieties that are con¬ 
 nected with commercial life, but how lightly 
 are they considered, as Fortune is the prize! 
 With regard to the influence which the Senses 
 exercise in inducing men to act, what efforts 
 < are not made by lovers of music, of painting, 
 
ADAPTATION OF THE GROUPS AND SERIES TO HUMAN NATURE. 
 
 55 
 
 of good living, etc., to gratify their particular 
 tastes ? 
 
 Thus it is evident that whenever Man, by 
 the performance of a function or labor, can 
 satisfy a Passion, he undergoes it willingly; 
 it becomes a sport or pleasure, and if the pas¬ 
 sion is intense, a charm and a delight. 
 
 From the preceding observations the reader 
 will, we trust, be convinced that if we can so 
 organize Industry, that in its exercise the pas¬ 
 sions, which we have enumerated, shall be sa¬ 
 tisfied, it will become Attractive—become a 
 pleasure and a charm, in which all will ea¬ 
 gerly engage. Let us now show how, by 
 means of Association and the Serial Mecha¬ 
 nism, the Passions can be satisfied. 
 
 I. MEANS OF SATISFYING THE SENSES. 
 
 To attract Man to the exercise of Industry, 
 by delighting and gratifying the Senses, the 
 outward world, or all the material arrange¬ 
 ments of the Association must be beautiful. 
 The Domain must present a charming scene 
 of agricultural unity and order: the fields, 
 gardens, orchards, lawns and woodlands, must 
 be tastefully and skilfully distributed and cul¬ 
 tivated, and intermingled with pleasing diver¬ 
 sity, and so as to combine the useful with the 
 beautiful. All this can easily be done, as 
 the lands of an Association would be culti¬ 
 vated as if they were the property of a single 
 individual. The productions in the animal 
 and vegetable kingdoms—the fruits, flowers 
 and vegetables, the flocks and all domestic 
 animals—must be of the finest species:—the 
 tools, implements and other accessories of In¬ 
 dustry, must be neat and convenient:—the 
 working dresses or uniforms of Industry, tasty 
 *nd handsome:—the workshops, or halls of 
 Industry, spacious and elegant, and decorated 
 with ornaments indicative of the branches of 
 work prosecuted in them:—and music must 
 enliven the occupations of Industry, as it now 
 enlivens our amusements, our festivities and 
 war. 
 
 “Could we see,” says Fourier, “on the 
 beautiful domain of an Association, cultivated 
 with the combined skill and science of an 
 intelligent population, the various Groups and 
 Series in activity, some engaged under co¬ 
 lored awnings, some working in scattered 
 companies on the hill sides and in the valley, 
 marching to the sound of instruments and 
 singing in chorus as they changed the location 
 of their work; then see the domain studded 
 with bowers and pavilions, with their colon¬ 
 nades and spires instead of huts and hovels, 
 and in the centre the Edifice of the Associa¬ 
 tion rising majestically above the whole, w r e 
 would believe the country enchanted—think 
 it a fairy scene, and acknowledge that the 
 earth, when governed according to the Com¬ 
 bined or Divine Order, will eclipse in beauty 
 all that our poets have imagined of the Olym¬ 
 pic abodes.” 
 
 When all these conditions of external ele¬ 
 gance and harmony are fulfilled, so as to at¬ 
 tract man to the exercise of Industry by 
 charming the Senses, then the first and pri- 
 
 I mary step towards rendering Labor Attrac¬ 
 tive will have been taken. 
 
 ir. means of satisfying the moral and so¬ 
 cial SENTIMENTS. 
 
 Ambition. The Groups and Series will eli- 
 j cit and satisfy Ambition, which, when rightly 
 developed and directed, is a noble Passion 
 that stimulates man to the performance of all 
 that is just, dignified and elevated. They 
 will satisfy Ambition, because they will have, 
 in the first place, their posts of honor—presi¬ 
 dencies, vice-presidencies, etc.—which will be 
 open to all and will be the reward of merit, de- 
 < votion and talent; and because, in the second 
 \ place, Skill, Proficiency and useful Services 
 \ in Industry, will be the avenues to distinc- 
 \ tion and consideration in the world, and will 
 \ constitute the highest claim to seats in the 
 \ Councils and to the Offices of Association, as 
 5 well as to the Legislative bodies and the 
 \ higher Offices of the State or Nation;—for 
 <; Government in the Combined Order will be 
 \ a Government of Industry, Art and Science, 
 
 I having for object the development and regu¬ 
 lation of these three great departments of 
 human activity, and will be composed of dis¬ 
 tinguished Industrialists, Artists and Men of 
 Science, celebrated for their acquirements, 
 genius and practical services, instead of wran¬ 
 gling lawyers and ignorant demagogues, who 
 | now govern and misguide the people. 
 
 Friendship — Paternity — Love. In the 
 < industrial unions of Association the greatest 
 decorum, politeness and urbanity of manners 
 will be observed, and by means of the organ¬ 
 's ization of the Groups and Series, both sexes 
 | and all ages can take part together in most 
 of its occupations; parents and children, 
 friends and lovers will be united in the same 
 I Groups, so that these three beautiful seuti- 
 j ments will be gratified jointly with the pro- 
 <; secution of useful pursuits. Combine the sa- 
 \ tisfaction of these endearing social affections 
 j with the exercise of Industry, and they will 
 \ give to it an indescribable charm. How little 
 \ can these conditions be fulfilled in our present 
 | rude and false system of Industry! 
 
 Emulation. The organization of the Groups 
 ' and Series will elicit and satisfy fully this pas- 
 \ sion (now misdeveloped in envious rivalry). 
 I There will be, first, Emulation or friendly ri- 
 > valry between the individuals of each Group, 
 ; then between the Groups, then between the 
 ; wings and centre of a Series, then between 
 j Series themselves, and then between Asso- 
 | ciations. These individual and corporate ri¬ 
 ll valries will call out a strong enthusiasm and 
 < exaltation, and give a zest and interest to In- 
 dustry of which we can now form no idea. 
 Love of Change and Variety. Change 
 \ and variety are not only desires of the human 
 $ heart, but absolute wants of the body. An 
 occupation continued for hours becomes a bur- 
 
 I then, and in the end a hateful task. If the 
 occupations of the Series were prolonged the 
 entire day through, as labor now is, emulation 
 would slacken, the spirits flag, the feelings be 
 blunted, and Industry lose all its charms. But 
 
56 
 
 ADAPTATION OF THE GROUPS AND SERIES TO HUMAN NATURE. 
 
 the frequent change of pursuits in the Groups 
 and Series, will satisfy fully the love of Change 
 and Variety, and prevent monotony and fa¬ 
 tigue. 
 
 III. MEANS OF SATISFYING THE INDUSTRIAL 
 TASTES AND INSTINCTS. 
 
 The Series of an Association will be nume¬ 
 rous, and will be devoted to a great variety 
 of branches of Industry, Art and Science— 
 admission to which will be open to all the 
 members. Every person will, consequently, 
 be able to select and pursue such occupations 
 as are suited and agreeable to his tastes and 
 inclinations. Each one can satisfy his tastes 
 for the care and cultivation of favorite spe¬ 
 cies in the animal and vegetable kingdoms 
 —for particular branches of the mechanical 
 arts—for scientific, artistic and literary pur¬ 
 suits, etc. 
 
 With what pleasure and energy men pur¬ 
 sue favorite occupations, when disagreeable 
 and repulsive circumstances are not con¬ 
 nected with their prosecution! How many 
 persons of wealth and rank have a taste for 
 mechanical pursuits, the exercise of which 
 they avoid because they are disreputable and 
 degrading. Association, by dignifying all 
 branches of human Industry and enabling 
 every individual to choose freely his occupa¬ 
 tions, will satisfy industrial Tastes and In¬ 
 stincts, and excite by this means a powerful 
 Attraction for Industry. 
 
 Desire of Fortune. Commerce, banking, 
 the law, speculation and various schemes of 
 fraud and injustice, all of which live upon 
 productive Industry and absorb its profits, are 
 at present the main avenues to Fortune. In 
 Association this will not be the case; there, 
 the avenues will be Industry and the Arts 
 and Sciences. Industry is the great source of 
 production or wealth, and it should, together 
 with those pursuits which enlighten, dignify 
 and elevate Mankind, lead to fortune. Let 
 social Justice be done—let productive Indus¬ 
 try become the principal avenue to wealth 
 and a sure means of its acquisition, and men 
 will engage in it ardently,—and one more in¬ 
 centive will be added to those already enu¬ 
 merated. 
 
 There are various other means—some of 
 an exalted character—which Association and 
 the Serial Mechanism will put in play to ren¬ 
 der Industry attractive. We will refer to one 
 only. When in Association man shall com¬ 
 prehend his Destiny and the purpose of his 
 creation,—when he comprehends that he is 
 the Overseer of the Globe and the creations 
 upon it—that his terrestrial Destiny or the 
 great Function assigned him upon earth, is to 
 supervise his planet, cultivate and beautify 
 it, and regulate its material harmonies,— 
 when he comprehends all this, and knows 
 also that Industry is the Means or the In¬ 
 strument by which he fulfils his high func¬ 
 tion and trust of Overseer, a halo will be 
 thrown around it, and a noble and a sacred 
 character will be given to it; he will then 
 look upon it as the most exalted of pursuits, 
 
 ] and will feel honored instead of degraded in 
 \ devoting himself to its exercise. 
 
 / Let us sum up in a few words what we 
 have said at length. The Groups and Series 
 \ are so adapted to human Nature as to allow 
 / a free and harmonious development of the 
 \ passions, attractions and instincts of the soul; 
 / and they will, when applied to Industry, 
 ji render it attractive, because they will adapt 
 t its mode of prosecution and its external ar- 
 j rangements to the demands and requirements 
 \ of the passions and attractions, and make its 
 | exercise the means or medium through which 
 | they will be satisfied. Wherever the Series 
 is put in action, and regularly organized cor¬ 
 porations or bodies are applied to any work 
 or function, as in the case of armies, although 
 - very imperfectly, and i»a manner still more 
 imperfect with fire companies, boat clubs and 
 \ hunting matches, the function or labor is ren- 
 
 i ' dered pleasing and attractive. 
 
 Before terminating this subject, we will an¬ 
 swer an objection which is frequently raised. 
 Some persons imagine that if Man, in Asso¬ 
 ciation, is supplied with abundance and is not 
 urged on to labor by want and necessity, 
 that he will sink into idleness and listless 
 apathy; others imagine that a low order of 
 equality and a uniformity of condition, without 
 f distinctions and other advantages derived from 
 J individual exertion, will exist, and that all in- 
 ij centives and inducements to action will, con¬ 
 sequently, be destroyed. 
 
 To show the falseness of these views, let 
 \ us point out briefly the difference between the 
 < springs of action which the present Social 
 l Order puts in play, and those which Associa¬ 
 tion will bring to bear. 
 
 The two principal and almost the only in- 
 \ ducements to action and exertion which now 
 \ exist, are: 1st. The desire of making Mo- 
 \ ney or acquiring Fortune; 2d. Want and Ne- 
 
 I cessity; the latter are the sole incentives of 
 the vast majority. Ambition and other pas¬ 
 sions stimulate an extremely small minority 
 of persons, but so few that they are scarcely 
 to be considered. 
 
 In the place of these two meager springs 
 of action—the second of which is so repulsive 
 j and degrading—Association will put in play 
 l a large number of powerful inducements to 
 / exertion, which will act more or less con- 
 ( stantly upon all individuals, and stimulate to 
 j the most indomitable energy. Wewillmen- 
 ; tion ten: the most of them will be understood 
 by preceding explanations. 
 
 | 1st. Desire of acquiring Fortune ; 2d. Am- 
 ) bition; 3d. Emulation; 4th. Corporate Spirit 
 / and Enthusiasm; 5th. Love of Nature and 
 | her material Harmonies; 6th. Satisfaction of 
 \ industrial Tastes and Instincts; 7th. Satisfac- 
 \ tion of the Social Sympathies; 8th. Impulse 
 \ communicated by public and collective feel- 
 ij ing and action, or from being surrounded by 
 \ a large and active population; 9th. Spirit of 
 Self-sacrifice or Self-denial (for an example of 
 this incentive, see Sacred Legion); 10th. Idea 
 j of being engaged in works of universal Utility 
 
INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS. 
 
 5 * 
 
 and Importance—the highest of which is that ] 
 of overseeing the Globe. 
 
 When all these incentives are brought to j 
 bear, what folly to suppose that man will be 
 idle in Association! Instead of the simple ! 
 stimulants to action of the present Social Or- j 
 der—the satisfaction of the material and sen- \ 
 sual wants which, when applied alone, are j 
 low and debasing—Association will apply a j 
 high order of compound stimulants—material 
 and moral—which, acting together, will be > 
 impellent in the highest degree, while they \ 
 are ennobling and elevating. \ 
 
 -o- < 
 
 > 
 
 INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS. \ 
 
 When will man be freed from the petty cares and 
 pitiful vexations of a pecuniary nature, to which 
 he is now subjected in all the daily business 
 affairs of life 1 
 
 The Association will open on its books an j 
 account with every member individually— \ 
 even with the child so soon as it begins to \ 
 produce. Every person will be charged the > 
 amount of his or her expenditures during the 
 year, and credited for the amount of his or i 
 her earnings, and interest upon Stock. The ; 
 debits of individuals will be, first, rent of \ 
 rooms; second, board; third, wearing apparel; ; 
 fourth, articles purchased for personal use; > 
 fifth, subscription to libraries, concerts, baths, < 
 etc.; sixth, cash advanced. The books will 
 be balanced once a year, and a general settle¬ 
 ment take place. 
 
 In order to explain this more clearly, we \ 
 will state the account of an individual as it < 
 may be supposed to exist. Suppose J. Jones 
 is a member; his account may be stated \ 
 thus:— | 
 
 J. Jones in account with the North American < 
 
 Phalanx. \ 
 
 Dr. 
 
 For Rent of rooms for one year .... $200 00 ? 
 
 “ Board. 175 00 ? 
 
 11 Wearing Apparel. 150 00 
 
 a Articles purchased. 250 00 < 
 
 u Subscription to library, concerts and 
 
 baths. 25 00 \ 
 
 11 Cash advanced.. . 250 00 / 
 
 (s Sundries. 50 00 > 
 
 _ 
 
 Total Debits .... $1100 00 S 
 
 Cr. \ 
 
 By Interest on Stock for one year . $400 00 
 “ Share of profits in Series en- j 
 
 gaged in works of Neces- 
 
 u Share of profits in Series en- 
 
 gaged in works of Useful- \ 
 
 ness. 300 00 \ 
 
 11 Share of profits in Series en¬ 
 gaged in works of Attrac- > 
 
 tiveness. 200 00 <; 
 
 Total Credits . . $1300 00 
 
 $200 00 
 
 This balance of two hundred dollars, due to 
 J. Jones by the Association on the settlement 
 
 8 
 
 of his Account, would be paid to him in cash 
 or placed to his credit to be used when he 
 wishes. In the case of minors, profits will 
 be kept for them by the Association until 
 they are of age. 
 
 In Association there will be, as a general 
 rule, no buying and selling between indivi¬ 
 duals—the fruitful source at present of so 
 much fraud, enmity, discord, slander and vio¬ 
 lence. The members will deal directly with 
 the Association. If a person desires, for in¬ 
 stance, to purchase a suit of clothes, he goes 
 to the Group of persons who have charge of 
 the clothing department and has them made, 
 but does not pay the Group; they are charged 
 to him on the books of the Association, with 
 which he will settle. Just prices will be es¬ 
 tablished for everything by the Council of 
 internal arrangements, and when an indivi¬ 
 dual wishes an article for private use—a 
 watch or a book—he would not have to bar¬ 
 gain for it, or be subject to the imposition 
 and extortion of a seller, but would take it at 
 the fixed price, sure of being dealt with on 
 fair and equitable terms. 
 
 Let the observing mind, which has time to 
 reflect upon such subjects, examine the quar¬ 
 rels and law-suits, the calumny and misrepre¬ 
 sentation, the waste of time and loss of money, 
 the antipathies, animosities and even crimes 
 of a fearful character, which grow out of the 
 present system of trading, trafficking and con¬ 
 tracting between individuals, for individual 
 gain and advantage, and it will turn from it 
 with disgust. All this strife and discord can 
 be obviated in the most simple and easy man¬ 
 ner in Association; the individual will deal 
 directly with the Association or the collective 
 body, between whom no misunderstandings 
 or quarrels can arise, as there will be no dis¬ 
 position or opportunity to overreach, defraud 
 or deceive, or take advantage in any way on 
 either side. 
 
 The tens of thousands of law-suits which 
 are constantly going on in the country, with 
 the waste of millions which they cause an¬ 
 nually, originate mostly in this incoherent 
 system of individual traffic. The advocates 
 of Law Reform, should see that the abuses 
 and disorders of the Law are effects , and 
 that to reform them they must do away 
 with the cause —do away with the system 
 which nourishes and sustains them, and this 
 is only possible with the system of whole¬ 
 sale and direct Trade, Unity of interests, 
 and other measures and institutions of Asso¬ 
 ciation. 
 
 Association, then, will render all business 
 matters easy and pleasant to transact, will do 
 away with the necessity for that mean and 
 miserable practice of higgling and jewing on 
 one side, and deception and extortion on the 
 other, now common in the purchase and sale 
 of all articles, even the smallest and most 
 trifling; and, in the settlement of Individual 
 Accounts, will banish the possibility of fraud 
 and injustice (as well as the desire), and ad¬ 
 just everything upon the most honorable and 
 equitable terms. 
 
58 
 
 DIVISION OF PROFITS. 
 
 DIVISION OF PROFITS. 
 
 Individual cupidity will be absorbed, because the 
 interests of each individual will be identified 
 with those of his Series and the entire Asso¬ 
 ciation ; and the pretension of a Series to an 
 exorbitant dividend, will be counteracted by 
 the individual interests of each of its members, 
 who will belong to a large number of other 
 Series. Fourier. 
 
 At the end of the year a general settle¬ 
 ment, as we have before stated, will take 
 place, when the total value of all that has been 
 produced by the Association, and consumed 
 in or sold out of it, will be ascertained, and 
 a division of profits made. Let us suppose 
 that in an Association of four hundred per¬ 
 sons, fruits, grains and vegetables have been 
 grown, animals raised and articles manufac¬ 
 tured, which have sold for $400,000. Of this 
 sum, one quarter, or $100,000, will be reserved 
 to pay interest upon the stock, or capital in¬ 
 vested, and the other three quarters will be 
 paid to those who have performed the Labor. 
 
 We will endeavor to explain in a clear and 
 concise manner the system by which the va¬ 
 rious branches of Industry, Art and Science 
 will be paid, and how the value of each 
 branch will be ascertained. The main point 
 is to understand the principle upon which' 
 Labor shall be remunerated, for the payment 
 of Capital and Skill is easily comprehended. 
 
 The various branches of Industry, prose¬ 
 cuted in an Association, will be divided into 
 three Classes, or rather classed in three Cate¬ 
 gories, and paid a larger or smaller dividend 
 or share of the general product, according as 
 they are—1st. Repugnant and Laborious; 
 2d. Useful ; 3d. Attractive. 
 
 1st Class, or Class of Necessity —compris¬ 
 ing works of a repugnant, laborious and ne¬ 
 cessary character. 
 
 2d Class, or Class of Usefulness —com¬ 
 prising works of a useful character. 
 
 3d Class, or Class of Attractiveness— 
 comprising works of a pleasing and attractive 
 character. 
 
 Each branch of Industry will be paid more 
 or less according to the Class to which it be¬ 
 longs. Works of Necessity, or those which 
 are laborious and repugnant, as well as occu¬ 
 pations which tend to strengthen social ties 
 and maintain social Unity and Harmony, will 
 rank in the first class and receive the largest 
 dividend. Works which are useful and which 
 possess but a moderate degree of attraction, 
 will rank in the second class, and will be paid 
 the next largest dividend or highest price. 
 Works which are naturally pleasing and 
 agreeable, like horticulture, will rank in the 
 third class, and will be paid the least. 
 
 As a general rule, the more attractive a 
 branch of Industry is, the less it will be paid; 
 and the more repugnant and laborious it is, 
 the more it will be paid. There are some 
 exceptions, however, to this rule: one applies 
 to works or functions which, although attrac¬ 
 tive, tend to maintain concord and harmony, 
 
 to strengthen the social affections and cement 
 the bonds of union. 
 
 The Series devoted to music and the culti¬ 
 vation of flowers will come under this excep¬ 
 tion ; it would seem, according to the rule laid 
 down above, that they should belong to the 
 category of Attractiveness, as they are ex¬ 
 tremely pleasing pursuits. Such, however, 
 will not be the case; the cultivation of flowers 
 requires great care and attention, and as this 
 branch of Industry will be important in many 
 respects, and will be, as we have explained, 
 an agricultural school for children, it must 
 rank in the category of Usefulness. The re¬ 
 fining, elevating and exalting influence of 
 Music and some of the Fine Arts connected 
 with it, will be found of such high import¬ 
 ance in producing industrial Attraction and in 
 maintaining social Unity, that they will pro¬ 
 bably be placed in the first category, or that 
 of Necessity. 
 
 The three classes or categories of Neces¬ 
 sity, Usefulness and Attractiveness, will each 
 be divided into three Orders, and in large As¬ 
 sociations into five, so that there will be a 1st, 
 2d, and 3d Order of the classes of Necessity, 
 Usefulness and Attractiveness. 
 
 Suppose the $300,000, which in the exam¬ 
 ple given above, are the part paid to Labor and 
 Skill, are divided among the various Series, 
 the following division, to make an approxi¬ 
 mate estimate, will take place:— 
 
 Works of the Class of Necessity will re¬ 
 ceive, say.$125,000 
 
 Works of the Class of Usefulness will re¬ 
 ceive, . 100,000 
 
 Works of the Class of Attractiveness will 
 
 receive . 75,000 
 
 The three Orders of each Class will alsc' 
 receive unequal portions: the $1125,000 paid 
 to works of Necessity will be divided as fol¬ 
 lows :— 
 
 1st Order will receive, say . . . . . .$52,000 
 
 2d u “ “ “ . 42,000 
 
 3d “ “ “ “ .31,000 
 
 These calculations are approximative; prac¬ 
 tical experience and observation tvill regulate 
 them according to strict justice. 
 
 Each Series will be paid out of the total 
 product of the Association the sum which is 
 due to it, and the members will divide this 
 sum among themselves according to the La¬ 
 bor and Skill of each. 
 
 “A Series,” says Fourier, “will be paid, 
 not out of the product of its particular work, 
 but out of the total product of the entire As¬ 
 sociation, and its compensation will be in 
 proportion to the rank it occupies in the list 
 of works or functions, divided into the three 
 classes—Necessity, Usefulness, Attractiveness. 
 For instance, a Series growing grain will not 
 receive the amount of sales of the grain it 
 raises; the grain will go into the mass of pro¬ 
 ducts to be disposed of or consumed in the 
 Association, and if the Series engaged in its 
 cultivation is considered of high importance 
 in Industry, it will receive a dividend of the 
 first Class. The Series of grain-growers will 
 
DIVISION OF PROFITS. 
 
 59 
 
 belong evidently to the first Class, that of 
 Necessity; but in this Class there are three 
 Orders, and it is probable that the Series en¬ 
 gaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, 
 oats and corn, will belong to the second and 
 perhaps even to the third Order. Ploughing, 
 sowing and reaping have nothing repulsive in 
 them, and should be ranked after uncleanly 
 and repulsive works which offend the Senses, 
 and which will be placed in the 1st Order of 
 Necessity. 
 
 “ It will require two or three years to clas¬ 
 sify properly the different branches of Indus¬ 
 try and the Series devoted to them, and to 
 ascertain the rank which each should hold. 
 If some mistakes are made in the beginning, 
 they can easily be rectified, and will lead to 
 no serious consequences.” 
 
 “ Three principal considerations are to be 
 observed in assigning to the Series the rank 
 which they shall hold: 
 
 “1st. Their influence in sustaining gene¬ 
 ral Concord and Harmony, and in removing 
 causes of disagreement, dissatisfaction and 
 discord.” 
 
 (The great object will be to sustain Asso¬ 
 ciation, from which so much wealth and 
 happiness flows. As a consequence, the most 
 precious Series will be that which —'productive 
 or unproductive —tends most efficaciously to 
 maintain social Harmony and Unity.) 
 
 “ 2d. Repulsive and laborious obstacles con¬ 
 nected with branches of Industry.” 
 
 (Such is the work of miners, of nurses hav¬ 
 ing the care of the sick and children, and all 
 uncleanly occupations and functions. Some 
 branches of Industry are laborious, like black- 
 smithing, without being repugnant; this alone 
 will not entitle them to priority of rank.) 
 
 “ 3d. The degree of Attraction which occu¬ 
 pations excite.” 
 
 (The more a work or function is pleasing 
 and attractive, the less will be its pecuniary 
 value, and as a consequence, its compensa¬ 
 tion.) 
 
 “ The three rules which we have here laid 
 down, must be duly considered in estimating 
 the class to which the different branches of 
 Industry, Art and Science shall belong.” 
 
 “ The cultivation of fruit trees offers us the 
 example of a work which will be classed low, 
 on account of the attraction connected with it. 
 In Association the fruit orchards will be de¬ 
 lightful places of resort; the elegance with 
 which they will be laid out, planted and de¬ 
 corated, the meetings of Series from neigh¬ 
 boring Associations, the pleasure of collations 
 served in the pavilions of the orchards, and 
 various other enticements, will excite in a 
 vast majority of persons, it is easy to conceive, 
 a taste for the work without regard to profit; 
 as a consequence, the Series of fruit-growers 
 will be placed in the class of Attractiveness, 
 and receive one of the least dividends.” 
 
 As a general rule, which we have already 
 stated, and which is easily understood, we may 
 say that the more a work is attractive, the 
 
 £ less it will be paid; and the more iabonous 
 ] and repugnant it is, the more it will be paid. 
 
 5 If injustice were involuntarily done to any 
 l Series, if it were ranked too low, it would 
 
 i * soon be perceived; there would be a slacken¬ 
 ing of attraction on the part of its members, 
 and the branch of Industry with which it was 
 engaged, would be abandoned. When this 
 happens it will be necessary to connect addi- 
 } > tional incentives with it—one of which will 
 l be the assigning it a higher rank, and in- 
 > creasing the dividend allotted to it. Suppose, 
 l for example, it were found that there was an 
 
 i indifference for the work of cooking, and that 
 the members of the Series devoted to it were 
 gradually abandoning it; measures would have 
 to be taken to increase the attraction for ihis 
 important occupation. The kitchens, for ex¬ 
 ample, could be more conveniently or ele¬ 
 gantly fitted up, the Series increased in num¬ 
 ber and the division of labor made more 
 minute, so as to require less time from each 
 member, and a larger dividend awarded to 
 the work. An analogous process would be 
 applied to any other branch of Industry which 
 was found to be declining. 
 
 Practical experiments will gradually show 
 [ the Class to which each branch of Industry 
 | should belong; if it were found that some 
 l branches drew a large number of persons to 
 < their exercise—more than were required— 
 i from the attraction inherent in them, the Se- 
 f ries devoted to them would be lowered in 
 i? rank and paid less. Suppose Confectionary— 
 | classed in the 3d Order of the category of 
 l Usefulness—attracted very strongly, it would 
 > be lowered to the category of Attractiveness, 
 
 I and receive a smaller dividend ; if Cabinet¬ 
 making—classed in the 1st Order of Useful¬ 
 ness— attracted more members than were 
 wanted, it would be lowered to the 2d, then 
 to the 3d Order of Usefulness, until some of 
 them left the work. By this and other means 
 $ equilibrium will be maintained in the exer* 
 \ cise of the various branches of Industry, and 
 < the prosecution of all will be secured. 
 
 In classifying the works and functions ot 
 < Association, many of the Professions, such as 
 | Medicine and Surgery, will belong to the first 
 Class, or that of Necessity; repugnant and 
 1 laborious Occupations, such as care of the sick 
 
 ! and children, mining, blacksmithing and ma¬ 
 sonry, will also belong to the Class of Neces¬ 
 sity: Works of importance to health and com¬ 
 fort, such as cooking, will rank in the same 
 Class; the care of Animals will belong, no 
 | doubt, to the classes of Usefulness and Attrac- 
 tiveness; Carpentry to the class of Useful¬ 
 ness ; Printing probably to the same class. 
 | But few branches of the mechanical Arts 
 \ would belong to the class of Attractiveness, 
 \ as they are naturally less attractive than agri- 
 | cultural and some other kinds of pursuits. To 
 \ all those branches of Industry and Professions, 
 \ which are naturally offensive or repulsive, ar¬ 
 il tificial incentives must be applied ; they must 
 l be paid more and more highly honored, and 
 \ upon those who exercise them, various privi- 
 \ leges must be conferred. 
 
6C 
 
 DIVISION OF PROFITS, 
 
 The members of an Association cannot fail 
 being satisfied in a pecuniary point of view, 
 as they will know beforehand the dividend or 
 share of the profits, which each branch of In¬ 
 dustry or Series will receive, and they will 
 be perfectly free to choose those Series which 
 they prefer. 
 
 It is in the important operation of a Divi¬ 
 sion of Profits that we shall see the necessity 
 of frequent changes of occupations, and of the 
 members of the Association belonging to se¬ 
 veral Series. “ If each individual,” says Fou¬ 
 rier, “ pursued but one branch of Industry; if 
 he was a carpenter, a gardener or a mason 
 only as at present, and took part in but one 
 Series, he would wish the Series of carpenters 
 to be paid the highest, if he was a carpenter, 
 and the Series of masons, if he was a mason; 
 but as he will belong to a large number of 
 Series, he will not desire that one among 
 them should be exorbitantly paid, as he would 
 lose in others by it; his interests will be ba¬ 
 lanced and equalized, and he will, from per¬ 
 sonal interest, be induced to speculate entirely 
 contrary to what people now do, and advocate 
 strict equity.” Besides, he will have friends 
 and relatives in numerous Series, whose inte¬ 
 rests he will wish respected; these various 
 considerations operating together will be prac¬ 
 tical means, which should always be combined 
 with moral considerations, of inducing him 
 to desire the most just and equitable Division 
 of Profits, and exact Justice in every respect. 
 
 All the Series of an Association will hold a 
 general meeting at the end of the year, or at 
 the annual settlement, when a general divi¬ 
 sion of the Product or Profits of the past year 
 will take place, and each Series will receive 
 that portion for its share to which it may be 
 entitled, and which will be regulated by the 
 three classes of Necessity, Usefulness and At¬ 
 tractiveness. Each Series will divide among 
 its Groups the amount awarded to it, and 
 each Group will, in turn, divide among its 
 members its particular share. 
 
 As Necessity, Usefulness and Attractiveness 
 are the three considerations which will be 
 taken into account in the payment of the Se¬ 
 ries, so Labor, Capital and Skill will be those 
 which will be observed in the payment of In¬ 
 dividuals. 
 
 The part awarded to Labor will be divided 
 among the members of the Groups according 
 to the time which each has worked, and the 
 value of his work. As has before been stated, 
 deductions will be made for time lost by ab¬ 
 sence from the Groups, and candidates for 
 admission or learners will receive but a frac¬ 
 tion of a full share. As the members of a 
 Group will work together, they will be able 
 to appreciate the services and the merits of 
 each respectively. 
 
 The part awarded to Skill will be divided 
 among the officers of the Groups, who will 
 possess the most talent or skill, and among 
 the older and more experienced members. 
 
 In organizing the first Association, some de¬ 
 viations from the system which we have here 
 laid down for the division of profits may take 
 
 ! place, and be continued for two or three years, 
 j until it is fairly in operation. We will men- 
 \ tion two. 
 
 To induce capitalists to furnish the means 
 | necessary to found an Association, a fixed rate 
 | of interest, which should be a little above 
 \ the legal rate, may be guarantied to them, 
 
 I I in the place of one quarter of the product. 
 A great many persons will prefer a mode¬ 
 rate certainty to the most favorable chances 
 of a large dividend; and a certainty as re¬ 
 gards interest may induce men of means to 
 take stock in Association, when they would 
 not otherwise listen to the proposition. At 
 the end of the year, when the amount of 
 s the total product is ascertained, and before 
 j; any division of profits takes place, a surn 
 > sufficiently large to pay the interest upon the 
 < investment or capital stock, will first be taken 
 > out of it and applied to this purpose. The 
 $ balance, whatever it may be, will be divided 
 \ among those who perform the Labor. 
 
 < A second deviation may take place in the 
 jj mode of paying the Series. If the founders 
 5 of an Association should find it difficult to 
 jj classify the Series according to Necessity, 
 > Usefulness and Attractiveness, they might 
 simply pay to each Series and to each Group, 
 
 i the value or amount of the sales of its pro¬ 
 duct. 
 
 Suppose, for instance, a Group of wheat- 
 growers raises five thousand bushels of wheat, 
 worth $6000. After deducting from this sum 
 commissions for sales, and $1500 or one quar¬ 
 ter to pay the interest on the Capital Stock, 
 the balance, about $4500, would be awarded 
 to the Group, which would divide it among 
 | its members according to Labor and Skill. 
 | Those Series engaged in branches which are 
 j not really productive, such as nursing and 
 j teaching, would be paid at a fairly established 
 I rate, according to the importance of their la- 
 l bor, out of a general fund, which would be 
 \ formed by deducting a certain per centage 
 | from the total product before any division 
 \ took place. 
 
 > This mode of division would simplify the 
 | operation, as each Group would receive what- 
 j ever it produced, but it would not answer for 
 s an Association fully established, as an equi- 
 \ librium in the prosecution of the different 
 \ branches of Industry could not be maintained; 
 l those which were the most profitable might 
 be the most attractive, and all others would 
 in consequence be abandoned for them. 
 
 We will answer two objections here, which 
 \ should have been mentioned in speaking of 
 i the Series. It may be objected that the fre¬ 
 quent changes of the Groups and Series will 
 $ cause a great loss of time. They will require 
 < from five to fifteen minutes—less than a quar- 
 | ter of an hour upon an average—for changes 
 i in agricultural pursuits, and half that time 
 l for manufactures and other occupations in the 
 \ Edifice of the Association. They who regret 
 ) this loss of time, might, wish to do away 
 \ with sleep, because it is time wasted. The 
 \ attractive Labor of Association will be ardent, 
 
 [ and it would lead to excesses, if it were not 
 
DIVISION OF PROFITS. 
 
 61 
 
 frequently tempered by relaxation between 
 changes. 
 
 The members of the Association will meet 
 in the afternoon daily at the Exchange, where 
 they will discuss and regulate various matters 
 of interest and pleasure—among others the 
 occupations of the Series for the following 
 days. By this means perfect order and regu¬ 
 larity will be preserved in all the operations 
 of Industry. 
 
 Another objection is, the size of the Do¬ 
 main. Being three miles square, it will be 
 too far, it will be averred, to go to the diffe¬ 
 rent kinds of work; but we must recollect 
 that as the Edifice will be located in the cen¬ 
 tre, it will only be a mile and a half to the 
 outer limits of the Domain; around the Edi¬ 
 fice will be located the gardens, some of the 
 fruit-orchards, the out-houses, and all branches 
 of Industry which require daily attention. The 
 grain fields, woodlands, etc., which require 
 attention at certain seasons only, will be lo¬ 
 cated at the more distant parts of the domain: 
 avenues, bordered with trees and flowers, will 
 wind through it, and some carriages, like our 
 omnibuses, will be in readiness to convey the 
 Groups to their respective positions. 
 
 -o- 
 
 REASON FOR THE DIVISION OF PROFITS BETWEEN 
 CAPITAL, LABOR AND SKILL. 
 
 We will point out briefly the reason why the 
 Profits of Industry are divided between Capi¬ 
 tal, Labor and Skill. It is based upon the 
 principle that whatever is produced should be 
 divided among the producing Powers; and 
 Capital, Labor and Skill being the three 
 sources of Production, or the powers that cre¬ 
 ate wealth, they are entitled to the wealth 
 which is produced. Let us explain this. 
 
 Capital is the accumulated product of past 
 Labor , or of Labor done. To understand this, 
 it is necessary to know in what Capital con¬ 
 sists. It consists in works, products and im¬ 
 provements of all kinds, (edifices, manufac¬ 
 tures, workshops, clearings of the soil, vessels, 
 rail-roads, tools, implements, machinery, me¬ 
 tals, flocks, etc. etc.,) which are the results of 
 human Industry. In speaking of Capital in 
 connection with Labor and Skill, we will call 
 it what it really is, past Labor , as it will 
 make our explanations more easily under¬ 
 stood. 
 
 When past Labor facilitates the perform¬ 
 ance and increases the productiveness of pre¬ 
 sent Labor, it should receive a part of its 
 product. We will make use of an illustra¬ 
 tion to prove this clearly. Suppose a body 
 of men settle upon a tract of land in a wild 
 state, which is covered with forest, and that 
 with labor they clear it, bring it under culti¬ 
 vation, erect buildings upon it, construct im¬ 
 plements, rear flocks and render it productive 
 and valuable. These improvements are the 
 results of past Labor, and constitute Capital. 
 When this work is accomplished, suppose a 
 second body of men join the first, and live 
 
 j with them upon the land: they find houses 
 | to inhabit, teams and implements to work 
 \ with, and the soil prepared for cultivation; 
 
 I with the aid of these improvements, which 
 are the product of past Labor, they can pro¬ 
 duce easily and abundantly from it, whereas 
 had they come upon it in the wild state with- 
 
 I out any improvements and facilities for apply¬ 
 ing their (present) Labor, they could have 
 produced nothing from it. 
 
 Would it not be just that the new comers 
 should give to those who had preceded, and 
 \ prepared all these facilities for them, a share 
 
 i ‘ of the product of their labor? Undoubtedly, 
 for the past Labor of the first settlers created 
 in reality a part of the product. 
 
 What should this share be ?—that is, what 
 portion of the product, should present Labor 
 give to past Labor for the aid lent to it ? 
 The answer to this question determines the 
 rate of interest to which Capital is entitled. 
 From our remarks on property and the divi¬ 
 sion of profits, it will be seen that we estimate 
 this share at about one quarter, or three- 
 twelfths. 
 
 If a Stock Company furnishes capital with 
 which to buy the land for an Association, to 
 erect buildings upon and stock it, those who 
 enter the Association will hold the same rela¬ 
 tion to the Company as the new comers did, 
 
 / in the case above, to those who had prepared 
 and improved the wild lands by their labor, 
 
 < and they should give to the Company an 
 ] equal share of the product or profits of their 
 labor—that is, about one quarter. 
 
 > Thus Capital or past Labor is entitled to a 
 s share of the product, because it aids and faci- 
 , litates present Labor in creating this product; 
 its right to a part of the product is perfectly 
 legitimate, and they who contest it, do not 
 1 understand clearly the sources of produc¬ 
 tion. 
 
 > We will explain in connection why Labor 
 and Skill should receive each a part of the ge- 
 't neral product; to do this we will recur again 
 < to a practical illustration. Suppose a number 
 \ of persons, forming a Group of grain-growers, 
 
 \ are engaged in cultivating wheat. Labor, 
 
 I which consists in ploughing, sowing, reaping 
 i and threshing, is the principal means of pro- 
 | duction, and should receive in consequence, 
 
 ! the largest share of the product, which we 
 | estimate at about seven-twelfths. 
 
 In the Group there are some members who, 
 
 ; we will suppose, possess superior knowledge 
 ! and skill; by means of their directions and ad- 
 ; vice, such excellent methods of cultivation are 
 j followed, and the Labor of the Group is sc 
 ; judiciously directed and efficiently applied, 
 
 I that it produces a great deal more than it 
 ; would have done, had not knowledge and 
 ; skill lent their aid. The members of whom 
 j we speak, may have spent years in acquiring 
 ; the experience and skill which they possess, 
 and as they have aided materially in increas¬ 
 ing the product, they should in strict justice 
 receive a part of the product. We estimate 
 ; the part at about two-twelfths. 
 
 To sum up— 
 
62 
 
 THE SACRED LEGION. 
 
 Capital, which furnishes the means, or I 
 prepares the way for producing, is the first 
 Source of wealth. 
 
 Labor, which creates the product, is the j 
 second Source. 
 
 Skill, which directs Labor wisely, judi- I 
 ciously and efficiently, and renders it addi- \ 
 tionally productive, is the third Source. (Skill i 
 comprises practical experience, natural talent j 
 and scientific acquirements.) 
 
 If we weigh duly the respective values of \ 
 these three great Sources of Production, taking $ 
 into consideration, first, the importance of the < 
 Improvements, which enable man to labor \ 
 advantageously; second, the absolute neces- j 
 sity of Labor to create or produce; and third, j 
 the value of Skill, which directs labor wisely ; 
 and efficiently, it will be found that the Im- '/ 
 provements or Capital should receive about \ 
 three-twelfths of the total product; Labor, ] 
 seven-twelfths;and Skill, two-twelfths. Prac- \ 
 tical experience will modify these proportions, <; 
 if found necessary. ' $ 
 
 -o- \ 
 
 THE SACRED LEGION. j 
 
 MEANS OF PERFORMING UNCLEANLY AND RE- l 
 PULSIVE BRANCHES OF WORK. I 
 
 There will be in Association—if not in the \ 
 first one, at least as soon as a perfect esta- 1 
 blishment is founded—a Series which will 
 take upon itself, from a sentiment of Devotion \ 
 or Self-Sacrifice, and from Social Charity and 
 Religious Philanthropy, the performance of \ 
 those functions and works which are in them¬ 
 selves repulsive and uncleanly, and which are 
 now looked upon as degrading. The repug- ) 
 nance of such works is now overcome by pay, < 
 and they are performed from necessity by de¬ 
 graded classes. In Association, no class or part 
 of the community must be abased to Jit them < 
 for the performance of repulsive and uncleanly > 
 functions; as a consequence, powerful in- \ 
 centives and inducements must be connected jj 
 with such functions, and their execution must <! 
 be induced by an appeal to the highest and | 
 noblest Sentiments in man—to Devotion and \ 
 self-sacrificing Love, so that they may be per- \ 
 formed with voluntary enthusiasm. \ 
 
 The Series, which will assume the perform¬ 
 ance of uncleanly and repulsive works and ? 
 functions, will be called the Sacred Legion. < 
 It will rank first in public estimation and will 
 take precedence of all other Series. It will 
 be composed principally of Boys of an ardent j 
 •temperament, from the age of nine to sixteen, j 
 Boys have at this age, as we know, no natu¬ 
 ral antipathy or repugnance to dirty or offen¬ 
 sive contacts. To compass a trick, they will 
 sometimes resort to the most filthy expedients 
 without any regard to personal considerations: 
 indeed, it may be said that a majority of them j 
 have a taste for dirt, and this inclination will 
 overcome any dislike for the uncleanly works 
 which they will assume in Association, and j 
 allow them to take part freely in the Series \ 
 
 or Corporation of the Sacred Legion, which 
 they will be induced to do from Devotion and 
 social Philanthropy, and from the high honor 
 and consideration which will be bestowed 
 upon its functions. 
 
 This Series must be numerous enough <to 
 require the attention of the members for but 
 an hour or two every other day, and admis¬ 
 sion must be made difficult, and considered a 
 signal favor. The works of the Sacred Le¬ 
 gion will not be productive, and yet they will 
 be considered the most valuable; for this no¬ 
 ble Corporation, in assuming from Social Cha¬ 
 rity and a spirit of Self-Sacrifice uncleanly and 
 repulsive occupations, will obviate and smo¬ 
 ther numerous causes of disagreement and 
 dissatisfaction, prevent the debasement and 
 lowering in public estimation of any Class, do 
 away with the spirit of caste and false dis¬ 
 tinction in Society, and maintain free inter¬ 
 course and friendly union between all its 
 members. 
 
 The members of the Sacred Legion will not 
 be degraded by the work which they will per¬ 
 form, because they will execute it from gene¬ 
 rous and noble sentiments and motives, which 
 will exalt and dignify in public estimation its 
 functions. 
 
 This reference to the Series of the Sacred 
 Legion will serve to answer the question, 
 which will be raised in many minds, as to 
 the manner in which all dirty or uncleanly 
 work, and repulsive and disagreeable func¬ 
 tions, will be performed in Association. The 
 performance of works and functions of this 
 class, now so degrading, will result from the 
 action of a passion in man which has not been 
 at all understood, but has been fully analyzed 
 and explained by Fourier; it is the passion 
 of Self-Sacrifice. This passion requires satis¬ 
 faction as much as any passion in the human 
 heart; it manifests itself by acts of devotion, 
 and delights in privations and self-imposed 
 labprs and dangers for the good of others; it 
 presents in Man what appears the strange 
 anomaly of satisfaction and pleasure being 
 found in discomfort, privation, and even sufi 
 fering. 
 
 This Passion is often exhibited at present 
 by Sisters of Charity, who devote themselves 
 to the care of the sick, by certain classes of 
 Missionaries, and the Forlorn Hope in Ar¬ 
 mies. 
 
 We find also in the Evangelists a typical 
 example of the performance of a lowly and 
 menial function being sanctified and exalted, 
 and the sacred obligation of its performance 
 inculcated by practical precept. The act to 
 which we refer may be considered as the 
 Type of a class of Functions and Duties, which 
 must be performed in human societies, and 
 the hand by which this act was performed, 
 should sanction the work in the eyes of the 
 Christian world. 
 
 lt Jesus riseth from supper, and laid aside his gar¬ 
 ments ; and took a towel, and girded himself. 
 
 “ After that, he poureth water into a basin, and 
 began to wash the disciples’ feet, and to wipe them 
 with the towel, wherewith he was girded. 
 
THE SACRED LEGTON. 
 
 “ Then came he to Simon Peter: and Peter saith 
 unto him, Lord, dost thou wash my feet? 
 
 « Jesus answered, and said unto him, what I do, 
 thou knowest not now; but thou shalt know here¬ 
 after. 
 
 « Peter saith unto him: Thou shalt never wash ; 
 my feet. Jesus answered him, if I wash thee not, 
 thou hast no part with me. 
 
 11 Simon Peter saith unto him, Lord, not my feet j 
 only, but also my hands and my head.” 
 
 ***** j 
 
 “ So after he had washed their feet, and had taken 
 his garments, and was set down again, he said unto 
 them, Know ye what I have done to you? 
 
 “ Ye call me Master and Lord: and ye say well; 1 
 for so I am. j 
 
 11 If I then, your Lord and Master, have washed t 
 your feet, ye also ought to wash one another’s feet, j 
 
 “ For I have given you an example, that you should l 
 do as I have done to you. | 
 
 “ Verily, verily, I say unto you, the servant is not j 
 greater than his Lord: neither he that is sent, ^ 
 greater than he that sent him. \ 
 
 “ If ve know these things, happy are ye if ye do \ 
 them.”— St. John xiii. 
 
 “ The whole system of Attractive Industry i 
 and Social Harmony,” says Fourier, “would \ 
 fall prostrate, if means were not found of con- ) 
 necting powerful incentives with the execu- | 
 tion of all uncleanly, repulsive and disgusting j 
 branches of work, the performance of which j 
 is now only procured by pay and the debase- <; 
 ment of a portion of our fellow-creatures.” 
 
 “If there existed in the Combined Order j 
 one single function, which was despised and 
 deemed ignoble and degrading for the persons 
 that exercised it, all inferior parts and duties \ 
 in the different branches of Industry—in the j 
 stables, kitchens, private apartments, manu- j 
 factories, workshops, etc. — would soon be 
 despised; this degradation would gradually j 
 extend from branch to branch; a contempt 
 for Industry would grow up again by degrees, 
 and the result would be that those persons 
 who produced nothing, who lived in idleness 
 and were of no service to Mankind, would 
 constitute as at present the polite and re- \ 
 spected Classes.” 
 
 “ It is reserved for the Sacred Legion to j 
 preserve the Social Body from thr» Contami- jj 
 nation, by taking upon itself from generous 
 Devotion and a spirit of Self-Sacrifice the per- j 
 formance of all uncleanly and despised works \ 
 and functions, which it will exercise for the \ 
 Mass and not for the Individual .” 
 
 “ To the labors of this noble Corporation l 
 will he due the maintenance of general Friend- j 
 ship and social Equality among all Mankind, j 
 which is one of the cardinal conditions of So¬ 
 cial Unity. The Sacred Legion will exercise 
 the only branch of Charity which will remain 
 to be performed in the Combined Order. There 
 will be no more Poor to succor, no more Cap- \ 
 tives to deliver, no more Slaves to free; the 
 performance of dirty and degrading functions 
 will consequently alone remain, and they will 
 be assumed by the Sacred Legion, composed 
 principally of youths.' This will be a charity 
 of a hi^h order, as it will prevent the social 
 inequality and abasement of any class of So¬ 
 ciety or portion of Mankind: it will establish j 
 that Fraternity — that free and friendly In - > 
 
 «3 
 
 tercourse between all Classes, which has so 
 long been the dream of politicians and philo¬ 
 sophers.” 
 
 “ The Sacred Legion will rank as the Ser¬ 
 vant of God in the maintenance of Indus¬ 
 trial Unity. Preserver of Social Honor, it 
 will crush the head of the serpent in a social 
 sense, for it will purge from Society a venom 
 worse than that of the viper. In assuming 
 all filthy and degrading occupations, it will 
 smother that Pride, which in undervaluing 
 any of the industrial classes, would destroy 
 general Friendship and establish anew dis¬ 
 tinctions of rank and the spirit of caste in 
 Society. It will be the centre of all the so¬ 
 cial virtues, and will furnish one of the four 
 supports (the third) on which Association will 
 rest • 
 
 “ Industrial Attraction. 
 
 “ Equilibrium in the Division of Profits. 
 
 “ Friendly Intercourse between all classes. 
 
 “ Equilibrium of Population without unna¬ 
 tural restraints.” 
 
 “ The Sacred Legion will be paid by ho¬ 
 nors without end! In important industrial 
 enterprises, it will take the lead, and receive 
 from the highest authorities the first salute. 
 In the church its place will be at the altar, 
 and in all ceremonies it will occupy the post 
 of honor!” 
 
 We will conclude this article by quoting a 
 few remarks from the London Phalanx by 
 Hugh Doherty, which explains beautifully 
 the principle of Self-Denial and Self-Sacri¬ 
 fice.— 
 
 “ Self-Denial is the essence of Religion, 
 the principle or bond of universal Unity. Ac¬ 
 cording to Fourier, it is the seventh note or 
 element of every principle of action in the 
 soul of Man in true development, and every 
 Corporation or Series in associative Unity 
 will contain a Group of votaries devoted to 
 the service of Religious Unity and Self-Denial 
 —temporal and spiritual—corresponding to 
 the Sabbath, or the seventh day of every 
 week, which God has set apart for worship 
 and religious contemplation.” 
 
 “ The law of life and universal Unity, ac* 
 cording to Fourier, is this: “ God distributes 
 to his creatures their particular Attractions 
 and Desires in due proportion to their Desti¬ 
 nies respectively, and the exception to this 
 law of distribution is, that Man, while here 
 on earth, aspires to heaven and a higher Des¬ 
 tiny than he can here enjoy. This being the 
 exception to the law of life which binds him 
 to the earth in his attractions and desires, is 
 then the link of universal Unity, which binds 
 the soul of Man to heaven while yet on earth, 
 and every seventh function in material and 
 spiritual life should be religious, and diverge 
 from earthly satisfaction to immediate hea¬ 
 venly aspiration as an act of self-denial and 
 devotedness, or sacrifice of self to God and 
 universal Unity. This is the principle which 
 leads Fourier to organize a Group of Self- 
 Denial in every corporation of Industrial Acti¬ 
 vity in a united body, as well as an especial 
 
64 
 
 SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. 
 
 corporation of the clergy as the Spiritual Pas¬ 
 tors of the flock. It universalizes the reli¬ 
 gious aspiration, and reduces it to practice as 
 a principle of self-denial and devoted ness in 
 every sphere of action in Society; so that self- 
 denial and religious purity will run through 
 all the veins of social life, and purify exist¬ 
 ence in its very source.” 
 
 “ This would be impossible in false and 
 individualized Society, as it exists at present, 
 but in genuine Associative Unity according to 
 the principles ordained by Providence, it is 
 not only practicable, but essential to the pu¬ 
 rity of life, both individually and collectively. 
 It is the bond of Universal Unity, the Chris¬ 
 tian principle of truth and heavenly self-denial 
 manifested in all Mankind, as Christ himself 
 was manifested individually in the flesh.” 
 
 -o- 
 
 # 
 
 GUARANTEE OF AN AMPLE SUFFI¬ 
 CIENCY. 
 
 An Ample Sufficiency, or the means of 
 supplying the physical wants and oi securing 
 health, comfort and agreeable recreation, must 
 be guarantied to every human being. This 
 provision is termed by Fourier the “Minimum,” 
 to which every being is entitled by virtue of 
 his humanity and his existence upon the 
 earth. It will comprise an abundant supply 
 of food, clothing, lodging and recreation;—or 
 more strictly defined, admission to the public 
 tables; the possession of a good apartment; 
 changes of comfortable and genteel clothing; 
 the privilege of entering and using the libra¬ 
 ries, reading-rooms, baths, etc., and the right 
 of attending concerts, festivities, the amuse¬ 
 ments of the Association, and social unions 
 and public assemblies. 
 
 Man without the full satisfaction of all his 
 physical wants, without an abundant supply 
 of the material comforts which his physical 
 nature requires, without freedom from care 
 and anxiety for himself and his family for the 
 present and the future, without pecuniary in¬ 
 dependence, cannot enjoy his most precious 
 rights, cannot possess perfect Liberty, for his 
 time and his person are not his own, and can¬ 
 not give freedom and expansion to higher 
 sentiments and feelings of his nature. 
 
 The guarantee to every individual of a Suf¬ 
 ficiency or Minimum, is consequently the first 
 condition of a true Social Order. Without it, 
 there is that frightful Uncertainty of the Fu¬ 
 ture with its harassing cares and slavish de¬ 
 pendency, which render it necessary for every 
 being to think exclusively of himself, to prac¬ 
 tice selfishness and smother the generous 
 feelings and affections of the soul. 
 
 The objection will be raised that if Asso¬ 
 ciation guaranties a Sufficiency to Man, he 
 will abandon Industry, and pass his time in 
 idleness: he would do so, if Industry were to 
 remain repugnant and degrading as it now is; 
 and hence the absolute necessity of rendering 
 Industry Attractive, so as to induce man to 
 devote himself with pleasure to its pursuits, 
 
 I and produce enough to secure to Society a 
 j reciprocal guarantee for its guarantee of a 
 < Sufficiency—that is, a return for its advances. 
 I “ There is,” says Fourier, “no real liberty 
 \ or independence, without the guarantee of a 
 
 I Sufficiency or Minimum. 
 
 “ There is no Sufficiency, without Attrac¬ 
 tive Industry. 
 
 “ There can be no Attractive Industry with 
 the present isolated and individual system of 
 Labor. 
 
 “ Consequently a Sufficiency, sustained by 
 a system of Attractive Industry, is the sole 
 | avenue to Liberty and Independence, 
 s “To enter this avenue, we must extricate 
 < ourselves from the present false and incohe- 
 \ rent system of Society called Civilization, and 
 < enter into the Combined or Associated Or- 
 $ der.” 
 
 This Institution of the Combined Order— 
 \ the guarantee of a “ Minimum”—will be the 
 j inauguration of a Social Providence in human 
 ; societies, and the practical realization of the 
 \ prayer of Christ, that Humanity should have 
 < its “daily bread.” It will correspond to that 
 l wish as the Sacred Legion will correspond 
 
 I to the act of humble devotion and charity re¬ 
 ferred to in describing that Corporation. It 
 could be shown that there will be in the 
 Combined Order, institutions and practical 
 arrangements which will correspond to or be 
 types of all the precepts and wishes of Christ. 
 
 ij -o- 
 
 \ SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN ASSO- 
 \ CIATION. 
 
 | [From Fourier.] 
 
 \ 
 
 i EDUCATION OF EARLY INFANCY, EXTENDING TC 
 i THE AGE OF TWO YEARS. 
 
 There is no problem upon which more 
 \ contradictory theories have been promulgated 
 \ than upon that of public instruction and its 
 methods. To see clearly in this confusion 
 
 I of systems, let us first determine the object to 
 be attained. 
 
 The object of the Education of Association 
 is Unity (in manners, language, habits, be¬ 
 lief, etc.), and a complete moral, intellectual 
 s and physical Development of all beings, 
 j To attain these ends it must: First, develope 
 i combinedly both the body and the mind: the 
 present systems of Education fulfil neither of 
 ; these two conditions; they neglect the body, 
 | and pervert the faculties of the mind and the 
 passions. 
 
 \ Second, it must embrace all parts ‘of the 
 \ body and all the passions of the soul, and 
 
 I give perfection to both. Our present systems 
 do not perfect the body, and they vitiate the 
 passions by selfishness and duplicity. 
 
 Internal Riches or Health, and External 
 Riches or the means of material Comfort and 
 Happiness, being the primary, though not the 
 first, wants of Man, the Education of Asso¬ 
 ciation should commence by directing th« 
 
SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. 
 
 65 
 
 child to productive Industry, which is the 
 source of both. To do so successfully, it must 
 destroy a shameful characteristic of civilized 
 Society, which does not exist in the Savage 
 state—that is, the coarseness and rudeness of 
 the poorer Classes, and the difference between 
 them and the richer Classes in language and 
 manners. 
 
 General Urbanity and Unity of language 
 and manners can only result from a uniform 
 system of education, which will give to the 
 poor child the manners and tone of the rich. 
 If there were in the Combined Order diffe¬ 
 rent systems of education for the Poorer and 
 the Richer as there are at present, the same 
 result which we now see—that is, incompati¬ 
 bility of classes and gross incongruity of man¬ 
 ners, would take place. Such an effect would 
 produce general Discord: it is consequently 
 the first defect which the policy of Associa¬ 
 tion should avoid; it will do so by a system 
 of education, which will be one and the 
 same for the entire Association, as well as for 
 the entire globe, and which will everywhere 
 establish Unity and Politeness of manners. 
 People in Association will feel as much friend¬ 
 ship for each other as they now feel indiffer¬ 
 ence, dislike or hatred. An Association will 
 consider itself as a single family perfectly 
 united:—now an opulent family cannot wish 
 that one of its members should be deprived 
 of the education which the others have re¬ 
 ceived. 
 
 We will remark before proceeding farther, 
 that the maintenance of the two extreme 
 ages—that is, of little children up to their 
 fourth year, and of persons extremely ad¬ 
 vanced in age or infirm, will be considered in 
 the Combined Order as a branch of Social 
 Charity: the Association will, in consequence, 
 bestow gratuitously every care upon the child 
 until it is four years old. The Association 
 will defray all the expenses of the nurseries 
 where the children are taken care of. (If this 
 gratuitous care be not extended beyond the 
 fourth year, it is because children after that 
 age will make themselves useful enough to 
 pay the slight expense of their maintenance.) 
 The Series of nurses and assistant nurses will, 
 like other Series, be paid by a dividend out 
 of the general product. 
 
 The Association will fit up in one of the 
 wings of the Edifice large, convenient and 
 healthy nursery-rooms, where the child will 
 n>e supplied with every comfort and conve¬ 
 nience that its tender age and well-being de¬ 
 mand. With our present defective methods, 
 a cradle only is provided for the child as a 
 place of repose; in addition to the cradle, the 
 child in the nursery of an Association will be 
 furnished with an elastic matress, on which 
 it can lay and roll; these matresses will be 
 separated by silken nets, so that the children 
 can see but not touch each other. The rooms 
 will be kept at the proper temperature, so as 
 to admit of the child being lightly dressed, 
 and to dispense with heavy swaddling clothes. 
 The doctors will visit the nurseries daily. 
 
 As perfect Liberty in all relations will exist 
 
 9 
 
 in Association, the Mother can, if she wishes, 
 have her child in her own apartments, and 
 take care of and bring it up as she desires; 
 or she can take part in the Series of Nurses, 
 and be with it in the large nurseries—aiding 
 in taking care of other children, and being 
 | well paid at the same time. Association will 
 | secure to mothers all the rights that they 
 j now possess, and will, in addition, offer them 
 5 the advantage of nurseries fitted up in the 
 | most complete and perfect manner, and re- 
 
 > lease them from the slavish duties which they 
 ■ now must often perform. 
 
 The Nurses will be in constant attendance, 
 \ they will be divided into Groups, and will 
 have their duty to perform by turns, so that 
 I they will be relieved every two hours. At 
 
 > no moment of the night or day must the nur¬ 
 series be without experienced overseers, who 
 are skilful in comprehending and satisfying 
 
 | all the wants of the children. The mother, 
 : if she chooses, has no other duty than to at- 
 ' tend at certain hours for the purpose of nurs¬ 
 ing her child. This duty performed, she can 
 devote herself to all the occupations of the 
 iSeries to which she belongs. 
 
 The Nurses and Assistant-nurses will rc- 
 ; ceive not only a large dividend for their labor, 
 
 ; but they will be paid high honors; they will 
 j be considered as common mothers, and hold 
 a high rank in all festivities. The combina¬ 
 tion of all these inducements is necessary to 
 organize a Series with a passion for a work 
 ; so little attractive in itself. 
 
 In Association, the most opulent mother 
 would not think of bringing up her child 
 isolatedly in her own apartments, although 
 ; she would have perfect liberty to do so. It 
 ; would not receive one quarter of the care, 
 
 \ which would be bestowed upon it in the large 
 nurseries; for with every imaginable expense, 
 
 ; a Series of intelligent Nurses, wnose charac- 
 : ters were adapted to those of the children, 
 
 > with a passion for their occupation, could not 
 be procured. The richest mother, with every 
 
 \ outlay, could not have a nursery of so uniform 
 
 > a temperature, with its conveniences, and 
 the company of other children of the same 
 
 : character, who would mutually divert and 
 amuse each other. It is particularly in the 
 Education of early Infancy that we shall see 
 how much better the children of a person in 
 
 > the most moderate circumstances in Associa¬ 
 tion will be educated, than can be those of the 
 
 > richest Potentate at present. 
 
 i Everything at present is so arranged as to 
 j make an infant the torment of an entire house, 
 
 : and at the same time a torment to itself. The 
 
 I child desires instinctively the arrangements 
 and comforts which it would find in the nur¬ 
 series of an Association, and for want of 
 them, it distracts by its cries, parents, ser¬ 
 vants and neighbors, while it injures its own 
 health. 
 
 We will refer briefly to the first germs of 
 intellectual Education, which will be given 
 in Association to the child during the first 
 and second years of its age. This primary 
 Education, the most wealthy Classes cannot 
 
66 
 
 SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. 
 
 now give to their children. A great expense l 
 is often incurred, and with no other result j 
 than to pervert the character of the child, l 
 misdirect its faculties and injure its health. { 
 At the age of six months, a period at which 
 at present not the least instruction is given to $ 
 children, the greatest care will be taken in ^ 
 Association to develope and refine their Senses, l 
 and to give them corporal Dexterity; the ex- 
 elusive use of one hand or arm, which renders \ 
 the other awkward and in part useless, will, 
 for example, be avoided. A correct ear for > 
 music will also be given to children by sing- \ 
 ing trios and quartettes three or four times a 
 day in the nurseries, and by teaching those 
 who are old enough, to march to the sound of ? 
 instruments. Methods will also be employed < 
 to add great delicacy and acuteness of hearing j; 
 to correctness of ear, and to perfect the other 
 Senses. \ 
 
 The profession of Nurse will, consequently, j 
 require numerous qualifications, and will not / 
 merely consist as at present in singing songs 
 out of tune, and in frightening children with jj 
 ghost stories to keep them quiet. The Nurses < 
 will study the means of preventing their cries, 
 as calm is necessary to their health. > 
 
 The noise of infants, which is such an an- < 
 noyance at present, will be very much dimi- 
 nished in the nurseries of an Association. < 
 Those of a restless intractable character will j 
 be less turbulent, less noisy than are at pre- 
 sent those of a good-natured character. What 
 means will be employed to pacify them? 
 Will the nature of these little creatures be I 
 changed? No; but diversions and amuse- \ 
 ments will be procured for them by placing \ 
 them in the company of children of sympa- 
 thetic characters. The most noisy will cease < 
 their cries, when they are placed with a 
 dozen other little creatures as intractable as j 
 themselves. They will silence each other by | 
 their screams, something like those bragado- > 
 cios who become perfectly mild and abandon j 
 their overbearing conduct, when they are in \ 
 the company of their equals. j 
 
 Other diversions which may be necessary 1 
 will soon be discovered by the Nurses. We > 
 will here merely lay down in principle the j 
 necessity of uniting children of sympathetic 
 character. The most screaming and intract¬ 
 able will become manageable by being classed 
 with their fellows, and will quiet each other j 
 not by threats or punishments, but by the j 
 effect of that corporate impression, which j 
 softens down the most turbulent being, when 
 he is brought into contact with persons like j 
 himself. This effect, neither the father nor j 
 the mother can produce: the child harasses j 
 them, and harasses itself. j 
 
 In concluding these preliminary remarks, 
 let us lay it down as a principle, that Man is | 
 a being made for Harmony and for all kinds 
 of Association: God has given to every age, 
 inclinations adapted to the means and re- j 
 sources of Association. These resources are j 
 wanting in civilized Society: both the Child j 
 and the grown Person are deprived of them; j 
 and as the Child, deprived of speech, cannot l 
 
 explain its wants, it, of all ages , suffers the 
 most by the absence of the Serial organization. 
 Infancy being less provided with reason than 
 mature Age, insists more strongly upon the 
 satisfaction of its instincts—for the gratifica¬ 
 tion of which no means now exist. It pro¬ 
 tests by its cries against its subjection to a 
 system contrary to Nature—cries which are 
 annoying to the Parent, and hurtful to the 
 Child. The education of Association in satis¬ 
 fying fully the infant, will relieve the parent, 
 and render two beings contented who are now 
 discontented. Thus, even in early infancy, 
 we find the pernicious action of our false sys¬ 
 tem of Society; it engenders double Evil in¬ 
 stead of the double Good, which Nature de¬ 
 signed for us. 
 
 -o- 
 
 EDUCATION OF THE SECOND ORDER OF CHILDREN, 
 FROM THE AGE OF TWO TO THREE YEARS. 
 
 We now arrive at the period, when the 
 initiation of the child into Industry, or the 
 awakening in it of a taste for industrial occu¬ 
 pations, commences. Unless the development 
 of industrial Tastes or Instincts be early com¬ 
 menced, the whole system of Education will 
 be a failure. 
 
 As soon as the child can walk and run 
 about, it will pass from the first Class of chil¬ 
 dren, whom we will call the Learners , to 
 the Class next in age. If the child has been 
 brought up from its birth in the nurseries of 
 an Association, and has enjoyed all the ad¬ 
 vantages of its superior methods, it will be 
 strong enough at the age of two years to join 
 the children of this class. 
 
 As soon as the child enters the class of 
 Learners, it is confided to the care of Indus¬ 
 trial Teachers, who have the instruction of 
 this age. They will take the child through 
 all the workshops of the Association, and to 
 all industrial assemblages of children; and as 
 it will find little tools and little workshops 
 placed alongside the large ones, where chil¬ 
 dren at the age of three years are taught to 
 perform some trifling branch of work, it will 
 wish to mingle with them in their occupa¬ 
 tions, and handle the tools; it will be easy, 
 in consequence, to discover at the end of a 
 couple of weeks, which are the workshops 
 that attract it the most, and for what branches 
 of Industry it shows a taste. 
 
 As the branches of Industry of an Associa¬ 
 tion will be extremely varied, it is impossible 
 that the child, surrounded by them, should 
 not find the means of satisfying several of its 
 predominant instincts; they will be awaken¬ 
 ed by the sight of little tools, handled by 
 children a few months older than them¬ 
 selves. 
 
 In the opinion of most parents and teachers, 
 children are “lazy little creatures:” nothing 
 is more false; children from two to three years 
 of age are very active, but we must know the 
 means and methods which Nature employs 
 to attract them to Industry. 
 
SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. 
 
 67 
 
 The predominant tastes or characteristics 
 in ali children, are : 
 
 1st. Propensity to pry into everything, to 
 meddle with and handle whatever they see, 
 and to vary continually their occupations. 
 
 2d. Taste for noisy occupations. 
 
 3d. Propensity to imitation. 
 
 4th. Love of little tools and workshops. 
 
 5th. Progressive influence of the older upon 
 the younger children. 
 
 There are many others, but we will men¬ 
 tion these five first, which are well known at 
 present. Let us examine the application to 
 be made of them to direct the child in its 
 early age to Industry. 
 
 The industrial Tutors will first avail them¬ 
 selves of the propensity of the child to pry 
 into everything, a propensity which is so 
 strong at the age of two years. It wishes 
 to enter everywhere, handle everything and 
 meddle with whatever it sees. This instinct 
 in the child is a natural incentive to Industry. 
 To awaken in it a taste for its occupations, it 
 will be taken to the little workshops, where 
 it will see children three years old capable of 
 handling little hammers and other tools. Its 
 propensity for imitation will be aroused, which 
 it will wish to satisfy; some little tools will 
 be given to it, but it will desire to take part 
 with the children a little older than itself, 
 who know how to work, and who in conse¬ 
 quence will refuse to receive it. 
 
 The child will persevere, if it has a decided 
 inclination or instinct for the branch of Indus¬ 
 try. As soon as the Tutor perceives this, he 
 will teach it some little detail connected with 
 the work, and it will soon succeed in making 
 itself useful in some trifle, which will serve 
 as an introduction. 
 
 In all branches some trifling details will be 
 left for childhood as a means of initiation into 
 Industry. For the child two years old these 
 occupations must be very easy of execution, 
 but in performing them, it will believe that it 
 has done something of consequence, and that 
 it is almost the equal of children some months 
 older than itself, who are already members of 
 Groups, and who wear their little ornaments 
 and uniforms, which inspire with profound re¬ 
 spect the young beginner. 
 
 The child of this age will find consequently 
 in the little workshops of an Association en¬ 
 ticing occupations, which are nowhere pre¬ 
 sented to it at present, and which will deve- 
 lope its tastes or instincts for Industry. These 
 instincts now either lie dormant or are en¬ 
 tirely smothered. 
 
 MEANS OF DEVELOPING VOCATIONS, OR A TASTE 
 FOR INDUSTRIAL OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 1st. Charm of little workshops and little 
 tools, graduated in size to suit the different 
 ages. 
 
 2d. Charm of ornaments and uniforms: a 
 feather at present often suffices to bewitch 
 the country lad, and induce him to enlist; 
 what then will be the power of handsome or¬ 
 naments and uniforms upon the child in in- 
 
 \ ducing it to take a part in gay and happy 
 I Groups with its equals ? 
 
 3d. Privilege of appearing on parade, and 
 j of using tools : we know how much such pri- 
 j vileges stimulate children. 
 
 4th. Gaiety and animation, which always 
 ) accompany assemblages of children, when 
 they are engaged in Occupations which are 
 pleasing and attractive. 
 
 5th. Propensity to imitation, or inclination 
 to follow the example of children a little 
 older than themselves, which is so strong in 
 the young age, and which acquires a ten-fold 
 intensity when their emulation is excited by 
 
 < the exploits of Groups of children a little 
 \ older than themselves. 
 
 6th. Full liberty in the choice of occupations 
 \ and in the duration of the same. 
 
 7th. Parcelled exercise, or the advantage of 
 choosing in each branch of Industry the detail 
 which pleases. 
 
 8th. Attractive effect of large assemblages, 
 j and influence of a regular gradation in uni- 
 
 < forms, tools, etc., adapted to merit and ages, 
 ( which is the only system that charms the 
 
 child and can call forth dexterity in Industry 
 \ and application in Study. 
 
 9th. Emulation between children of the 
 l same class or age, between Groups of a same 
 <j class or Series, and between divisions of a 
 | Group. 
 
 10th. Periodical chances of promotion to 
 
 < classes higher in age. 
 
 11th. Admiration for works which appear 
 | prodigies in their eyes, and which are per- 
 \ formed by groups of older children—the only 
 | beings whom the younger ones choose as 
 | models. 
 
 The combination of these incentives will 
 \ develope in the chi/d in less than a month 
 \ three or four of its primary tastes or inclina¬ 
 tions, which with time will call out others: 
 j inclinations for more difficult branches will be 
 \ awakened later. 
 
 Of all the means of awakening a taste in 
 \ the child for Industry, the one least known 
 ' and most perverted at present, is that which 
 5 we will term the Spirit of ascending Imita - 
 \ tion , or the tendency of the child to imitate 
 > those a little older than itself, to pay defer- 
 
 ! ence to their views and decisions, and to con¬ 
 sider it an honor to be associated with them 
 in their occupations and amusements. 
 
 This Spirit of ascending Imitation is per- 
 i nicious in its operation at present, because the 
 \ amusements of a band of children left free, 
 
 ^ are dangerous or useless; they play games in 
 ^ which they run the risk of maiming them- 
 < selves, acquire bad habits and learn vulgarity 
 $ of language and manners. In Association, 
 
 < with the incentives we have lust enumerated, 
 j these same children would be led to devote 
 1 themselves actively to acquiring industrial 
 
 i knowledge and skill. 
 
 The ignorance of the true application of 
 ascending Imitation shows the great defect of 
 all our present methods of education. 
 
 The child has no taste for the lessons or 
 instructions of the father, or a teacher under 
 
68 
 
 SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. 
 
 his orders; the child wishes to command and j 
 not to obey the parent. The leaders whom j 
 it chooses from passion, are always somewhat j 
 older than itself; for example: \ 
 
 At 18 months, it admires the child of two j 
 years, and chooses it as its guide. 
 
 At 2 years, it chooses the child of thirty \ 
 months. j 
 
 At 3 years, the child of four. 
 
 At 8 years, the child of ten. ^ 
 
 At 12 years, the child of fifteen. 
 
 This ascending deference will be greatly < 
 increased in strength, if the child sees chil- j 
 dren a little older than itself members of - 
 Groups, and enjoying a merited respect for t 
 their progress in Industry and Studies. 
 
 The natural instructors of children of each l 
 age are, consequently, those a little superior l 
 in age. But as children are, for want of pro¬ 
 per occupation to satisfy their love of inces¬ 
 sant activity, more or less inclined at present j 
 to mischief, and entice each other into it, it is i 
 impossible to establish among them a grada- \ 
 tion or ascending order of useful impulses and 
 make each age the guide of the next younger; 1 
 this can only take place in the Series, out of j 
 which any approximation to a system of na- | 
 tural education is impossible. j 
 
 This natural system of education will he \ 
 one of the wonders which will be admired in s 
 the first Association. The different Orders or j 
 Ages of childhood and youth will direct and \ 
 educate each other, as Nature wishes, by the ; 
 influence of ascending imitation , which can > 
 only lead to the good of the whole; for if the j 
 highest order or age, (from fifteen and a half \ 
 to twenty,) take a proper direction in indus- j 
 try, in studies and morals, it will influence ^ 
 and direct rightly the next younger age, (from , 
 twelve to fifteen and a half,) to which it will 
 serve as a model. The same influence will 
 be exercised by children of twelve upon chil- j 
 dren of nine; by children of nine upon chil- j 
 dren of six; and thus in a descending order 
 upon children of four, three and two years 
 of age. The different ages, directed by the \ 
 spirit of ascending imitation , will, although j 
 left to their full liberty, vie with each other 
 in excellence and activity in Industry and so- ij 
 cial Harmonies. On beholding this prodigy, 
 it will no longer be doubted that the moral 
 or passional powers in man, developed in Se¬ 
 ries, are the agents of the Divinity, directing 
 nim to his'greatest good. > 
 
 The function of industrial Tutor is of high j 
 importance, because it acts upon a decisive \ 
 epoch in the education of the younger age; j 
 if the child succeeds well in the commence- \ 
 ment of its industrial education, it will be a 
 guaranty of success for the entire career of its ; 
 childhood. Once initiated into a few branches j 
 of Industry, it soon will be into a large num- j 
 ber, and at the age of fifteen it will be ac¬ 
 quainted with the various branches of agri- \ 
 culture, manufactures, arts and sciences, with <; 
 which its own and the neighboring Associa- > 
 tions are engaged. Let us examine how this < 
 result will be effected. \ 
 
 A child, were it the son of a man of the 
 largest fortune, may at the age of three years 
 exhibit a taste for cabinet-making or shoe¬ 
 making, and wish to visit the workshops of 
 the cabinet-makers or shoe-makers, whose 
 pursuits will be in Association as respectable 
 as any other. If it be prevented from visiting 
 their workshops—if its inclination for shoe¬ 
 making, for example, be thwarted, under the 
 pretext that it is an occupation wanting in 
 intellectual elevation, it will take a dislike 
 for other branches of Industry, and will feel 
 no interest in those studies and occupations 
 which its parents wish it to pursue. But if 
 it be left to commence as attraction directs— 
 that is by shoemaking—it will easily be in¬ 
 duced to acquire a knowledge of tanning, then 
 of chemistry, so far as relates to the various 
 preparations of leather, and then of agricul¬ 
 ture, so far as pasturage and breeding of cattle 
 have an influence upon the quality of skins. 
 
 Thus the child by degrees will be initiated 
 into all branches of Industry, a result of its 
 primitive inclination for shoemaking. It is 
 of but little consequence how it commences, 
 provided it acquires in the course of its youth 
 a general knowledge of the various branches 
 of Industry of its Association, and that it con¬ 
 ceives a lively affection for all the Series from 
 which it has received instruction. 
 
 -o- 
 
 EDUCATION OF THE THIRD ORDER OF CHILDREN, 
 
 FROM THE AGE OF THREE TO FIVE YEARS. 
 
 In the development of capacities, the same 
 system will be applied to the third Order of 
 children—whom we will call the Initiated — 
 as to the second Order, the Learners, for there 
 are a great many branches of Industry en¬ 
 tirely out of the reach of a child of three 
 years, and for which its tastes cannot be 
 tested. There are branches of work which 
 it cannot undertake before the age of ten, 
 others before the age of fifteen. After the 
 age of five or six, emulation alone will be 
 sufficient to guide the child; but up to that 
 time, means of artificial development must 
 be employed. One means will be the em¬ 
 ployment of all those playthings which are 
 now useless, such as little wagons, wooden 
 horses, etc.— playthings which Association 
 will make use of to initiate children of three 
 and four years into Industry. An example 
 will explain this. 
 
 George and Raymond, who are nearly three 
 years old, are impatient to be admitted to the 
 class next above them in age—to the class of 
 the Initiated, who wear handsome dresses, 
 caps and plumes, and who have a place at 
 parades, but without taking an active part. 
 To be admitted to this corporation, they must 
 give proofs of skill and dexterity in various 
 branches of Industry, and to attain this end 
 they apply themselves diligently. These two 
 children are too young to take a part in gar¬ 
 dening. However on a fine morning a Tutor 
 takes them to the gardens, where a numerous 
 
SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. 
 
 69 
 
 assemblage of children, four, five and six years 
 old, have just made a collection of vegetables, 
 which they are loading upon little wagons, 
 drawn, perhaps, by dogs properly trained. In 
 this assemblage are two friends of George 
 and Raymond, who have been recently ad¬ 
 mitted among this class of children. 
 
 George and Raymond desire to take part 
 with these groups: this is refused them, and 
 they are told that they cannot make them¬ 
 selves useful. As a proof, to one a dog is 
 given to harness, and to the other some ra¬ 
 dishes to do up in a bunch; they cannot suc¬ 
 ceed in performing the task allotted to them, 
 and the older children reject them without 
 pity—for children are very strict with each 
 other as to the manner of performing work. 
 
 George and Raymond seek in their disap¬ 
 pointment their tutor, who promises them 
 that in three days they shall be admitted, if 
 they will take lessons in harnessing and doing 
 up vegetables. They afterwards see the train 
 of elegant little wagons depart: the groups 
 of children put on their belts aud plumes, and 
 forming in a column around the standard, fol¬ 
 low to the music of their little bands. 
 
 George and Raymond, rejected by this bril¬ 
 liant assemblage, return with tears in their 
 eyes to the Association, in company with their 
 tutor. Arrived there, he takes them to the 
 rooms where the playthings are kept; he 
 gives them a wooden dog and teaches them 
 to harness it to a little wagon; he afterwards 
 brings them a basket of radishes and onions, 
 made of pasteboard, and teaches them how 
 to put them up in bunches; he then proposes 
 to them to take another lesson the following 
 day. He stimulates them to avenge the af¬ 
 front they have received, and holds out to 
 them the hope of being soon admitted to the 
 groups which rejected them. The tutor af¬ 
 terwards takes them to some other assem¬ 
 blage of children, and intrusts them to the 
 care of a second tutor, after having finished 
 his two hours’ instruction. 
 
 The next day the two boys will wish to 
 see the tutor again, and repeat with him the 
 lesson of the previous day. After three or 
 four lessons of the kind, he will take them to 
 the groups employed in collecting the smaller 
 kinds of vegetables, in which they will know 
 how to make themselves useful, and by which 
 they will be received as candidates for admis¬ 
 sion. On return at eight, o’clock, the signal 
 honor of being invited to breakfast with the 
 group, will be conferred upon them. 
 
 Thus the company of older children will 
 direct rightly two younger ones, who in civi¬ 
 lized Society would be led by them to commit 
 all kinds of mischief. 
 
 We here see an example of. the useful ap¬ 
 plication of playthings in Association. Give 
 a child at present a little wagon or drum, and 
 it will be broken to pieces the same dav, or 
 if not, it will in no case be of any utility. The 
 Association will always be supplied with these 
 playthings, but they will be used only for pur¬ 
 poses of instruction, and as a means of mi¬ 
 nting the child into Industry. If it be per¬ 
 
 mitted to have a drum, it will be to enable it 
 to obtain admission to a band of young musi¬ 
 cians. Playthings for girls, such as dolls, etc. 
 will be in other ways of as much use as little 
 wagons and drums. 
 
 Critics will probably remark, that the work 
 done by the dozen little cars, could be more 
 economically performed with one large wagon. 
 It doubtlessly could; but for a trifling eco¬ 
 nomy of the kind, the advantage of an early 
 familiarity with agricultural occupations, such 
 as harnessing, loading and driving little wa¬ 
 gons, would be lost, besides the more impor¬ 
 tant advantage of exciting an interest in the 
 child for the various branches of cultivation 
 in which it takes a part by the performance 
 of these little details: this interest will be ex¬ 
 tended by degrees to Agriculture in general. 
 It w r ould be a misplaced Economy to neglect 
 such means of developing capacities, and ex¬ 
 citing an attraction for Industry. 
 
 Association can alone offer to children in 
 all branches of Industry an assortment of 
 implements and instruments, such as little 
 wagons, little spades and saws, graduated in 
 size to suit all ages. This adaptation of the 
 size of tools to the strength of the child, 
 charms the younger age, and it will be parti¬ 
 cularly by these means that the propensity to 
 imitation , which is so strong in children, can 
 be made use of to the greatest advantage. It 
 is hardly necessary to remark, that edged 
 tools of no kind will be entrusted to the three 
 •first orders of childhood. 
 
 Various little privileges w T ill be conferred 
 upon the different Orders of children, and a 
 variety of grades or ranks will exist in their 
 industrial Groups. The desire of obtaining 
 these distinctions as well as of being admitted 
 to the privileges of the higher Orders, will be 
 a powerful stimulus to children. The young 
 age being but little taken up by pecuniary 
 considerations and not at all by love, will be 
 alone occupied with objects like the above. 
 Every child will be impatient to rise from 
 grade to grade and from age to age, and 
 would anticipate the period of promotion, if 
 it were not restrained by strict examinations. 
 Each Order of children leaves the candidate 
 for admission to it the choice of the branches 
 of Industry in which it wishes to be exa¬ 
 mined, for it is of but little consequence what 
 groups it joins. The child has only to give 
 proofs of capacity in a certain number of 
 groups, which, in receiving it as a member, 
 certify as to its skill and acquirements. The 
 testimonials of a group are based upon prac¬ 
 tical examinations, and no favor can obtain 
 them, as the child must execute with skill 
 the branches of w ? ork in wffiich it is exa¬ 
 mined. 
 
 When children of the class of the Initiated 
 w r ish to obtain admission to the class of chil¬ 
 dren next above them, they will have to go 
 through an examination by the class they 
 wish to enter in regard to industrial Skill, 
 corporeal Dexterity and mental Acquire¬ 
 ments. 
 
 1st. They must possess testimonials of being 
 
70 
 
 SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Skilful in five groups, and Learners in seven l 
 others. j 
 
 2d. Undergo an examination in the per- \ 
 fcrmance of several industrial functions, such < 
 as the use of tools, driving and managing j 
 little wagons, performance of a part in the \ 
 little bands of music, and lighting and covering j 
 fire with intelligence and dexterity. (There s 
 are various reasons for the performance of this \ 
 last function.) 
 
 3d. Give proofs of corporal dexterity by 
 going through evolutions and exercises of dif¬ 
 ferent parts of the body. j 
 
 4th. Be examined on a scientific problem, | 
 like that of Economy of Means , which is a 
 primary principle in Nature, and most intelli- \ 
 gible to children of this age. 
 
 We have avoided all arbitrary dictation as \ 
 to the sentiments and opinions to be deve¬ 
 loped in early age. We shall not incur the 
 risk of falling into the contradictory views \ 
 and theories now entertained. To ascertain \ 
 a true system of Education, we have a sure 
 guide to consult, which is Attraction. 
 
 Where does Attraction (the sum or synthe- j 
 sis of the desires in man,) tend ? 
 
 1st. To Riches. 
 
 2d. To Social Affections. 
 
 3d. To Unity. 
 
 It is upon these general impulses that a j 
 true system of Education should be based, j 
 Our present systems wish first to teach the \ 
 child the sciences and principles of abstract. > 
 virtue, which it cannot comprehend; whereas, \ 
 following the primary and earliest tendency - 
 of Attraction, the child should be first directed j 
 to Compound Riches —that is: ] 
 
 To corporeal Dexterity and Health—which 
 are the source of Internal Riches. 
 
 To productive Industry—which is the source \ 
 of External Riches. 
 
 What connexion now exists between Health 5 
 and our schools, in which the child, impri- \ 
 soned and suffering constraint, is tormented 
 over the rudiments of grammar or latin ? i 
 Its mind is harassed and its body stunted. \ 
 Our systems of Education are consequently ) 
 opposed to Nature, for they violate the pri- i 
 mary requirements of Attraction, which tend 
 to Compound Riches. 
 
 Such will be the two ends of the early \ 
 Education of Association. It will first initiate / 
 the child into and induce it to exercise various 
 branches of Industry, develope methodically 
 different parts of the body, render itself useful 
 in various branches of work, and enable it to 
 obtain by the exercise of this variety of occu¬ 
 pations, possession of the two Riches —Inte- \ 
 gral Health and Industrial Skill. The / 
 child five years old must have fully attained \ 
 these two ends. 
 
 Up to the age of nine years - the education ' 
 of the child will be more industrial and cor- > 
 poreal, and after nine, more moral and intel- > 
 lectual. In early age the first object is to i 
 secure the complete action of the corporeal \ 
 functions, and simultaneous development of \ 
 all the organs. 
 
 We have given an example of the means 
 of interesting children in the occupations of 
 Industry; we will give another of the means 
 of interesting them in Studies. There is 
 hardly any fancy more general in parents 
 than that of having forward children ; hence 
 our modern systems of education endeavor to 
 initiate the child into scientific subtilities, to 
 teach it things at the age of six which it 
 should not commence before the age of 
 twelve. 
 
 Association will follow the natural order 
 of things, which is to perfect the body before 
 it educates the mind. We see that nature 
 produces the blossom before the fruit. Asso¬ 
 ciation will follow this progressive method in 
 education, and will make use of characters as 
 they are, without aiming at precocity. 
 
 Compound precocity, however, will be one 
 of its results; but to obtain it, children must 
 be induced from their early age to take a part 
 in Industry, which in the present system pos¬ 
 sesses no attraction. 
 
 Studies should follow second in order, and 
 a curiosity awakened by industrial occupa¬ 
 tions should lead to them. In childhood, 
 study must always be connected with Indus¬ 
 try, and the practical occupations of the latter 
 must a-waken in it a desire for the acquisition 
 of knowledge. 
 
 Edmund, for example, who is six years 
 old, has a passion for doves and violets, and 
 takes an active part in the groups which are 
 occupied with them. 
 
 To induce Edmund to attend the schools, 
 resort will not be had to paternal authority 
 or to the fear of punishment; the hope even 
 of rewards should not be held out. Edmund 
 and children of his age, must be induced to 
 solicit instruction. How can this result be 
 effected ? By exciting their curiosity and pro¬ 
 ducing an impression upon the senses, which 
 are the natural guides of the child. 
 
 The Tutor, who presides over the group of 
 children occupied with the care of doves, and 
 aids them with his advice, brings with him 
 to their meetings a large book containing co¬ 
 lored engravings of all the various species of 
 doves, among which are those of their Asso¬ 
 ciation. 
 
 Colored engravings are the delight of chil¬ 
 dren five and six years old,—they examine 
 them with eager curiosity. Under these 
 “ pretty pictures,” is a short description of 
 the birds; two or three are explained to the 
 children; they wish to hear the others read, 
 but the Tutor informs them that he has not 
 time to comply with their wishes. 
 
 It is understood by others to whom they 
 may apply, that they will not explain to 
 them what they wish to know ; the instruc¬ 
 tion which they solicit is adroitly refused 
 them, and they are told if they wish to know 
 so many things, they have only to learn how 
 to read; some children are pointed out not 
 older than themselves, who, possessing this 
 knowledge, are admitted to the library of the 
 younger age. 
 
 The Tutor then takes away the book con- 
 
SYSTEM OF INTERNAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 71 
 
 taining the “ pretty pictures,” which is wanted 
 .n the schools. The same means are used 
 with the children cultivating violets; their 
 curiosity is excited without being fully sa¬ 
 tisfied. 
 
 Edmund is piqued at the disappointment 
 which he has met with in the groups, and 
 wishes to learn how to read in order to gain 
 admittance to the library, and see the large 
 books which contain so many beautiful pic¬ 
 tures. Edmund communicates his project to 
 his companion Henry, and they together form 
 the noble plot of learning how to read. This 
 desire once awakened and manifested, they 
 will be aided in satisfying it; but in Associa¬ 
 tion means must be devised to induce them 
 to solicit instruction. Their progress will be 
 a great deal more rapid, when study is the 
 effect of attraction. 
 
 We have here put in play one of the pre¬ 
 dominant tastes of children—the love of co¬ 
 lored engravings, representing objects in which 
 they take an interest, because they are con¬ 
 nected with their industrial pursuits. 
 
 This means will be sufficient to awaken in 
 the child a desire of learning to read. If we 
 analyze it, we shall find four incentives—two 
 material and two mental—connected with it. 
 
 1. Material: Impatience of knowing the 
 explanation of so many pretty pictures. 
 
 2. Material: The relation between these 
 engravings and the animals and vegetables 
 with which the child, from passion, is occu¬ 
 pied. 
 
 3. Mental: The desire of admission to the 
 class of children six years old, who would 
 not receive him if he did not know how to 
 read. 
 
 4. Mental: The irony of the more forward 
 children of his own age, who, knowing how 
 to read, ridicule him for being backward. 
 
 Let these four-fold means of Attraction be 
 applied, and the progress of the child will be 
 as rapid as it will be slow and doubtful if re¬ 
 course be had to present measures—to the 
 commands of the father or a tutor, or to me¬ 
 naces and punishments. 
 
 The same system should be applied to all 
 branches of studies, such as writing, gram¬ 
 mar, etc. A double inducement, like con¬ 
 certed refusals and innocent stratagems, which 
 awaken emulation, will always be resorted 
 to. It is only for those branches of studies, 
 which are connected with the industrial oc¬ 
 cupations of the child, that this compound 
 interest can be awakened. The child , conse¬ 
 quently, should commence its education by the 
 practical pursuits of Industry. How defec¬ 
 tive and partial are our present methods, 
 which endeavor to make of the child a geo¬ 
 metrician or a chemist, before interesting it 
 in occupations which can awaken in it the 
 desire of acquiring a- knowledge of Chemistry 
 and Mathematics, and of combining those 
 theories with its industrial pursuits. It is, 
 consequently, in Agriculture, Manufactures 
 and the care of Animals, that the education 
 of the child should commence; it enters the 
 
 I schools only to complete the introductory 
 knowledge, which it has acquired in the in¬ 
 dustrial groups to which it belongs. 
 
 (Fourier has continued the subject of Edu¬ 
 cation through the different orders of childhood 
 and youth to the age of twenty; he has de¬ 
 voted nearly two hundred large octavo pages 
 | in his principal work to the subject; and has 
 treated it in the most complete and integral 
 manner, combining the greatest minuteness 
 i of detail with the highest and most universal 
 | views. The power of grasping the infinitely 
 | great and the infinitely small, is a striking 
 i characteristic of his genius. The condensed 
 £ extract which we have presented, of the edu- 
 f : cation of children up to the age of five years, 
 j gives but an imperfect idea of the complete- 
 / ness of the system which Fourier has elabo- 
 \ rated, but sufficient, we trust, to show its 
 \ immense superiority over all methods of in- 
 j struction at present employed.) 
 
 | -o- 
 
 SYSTEM OF INTERNAL GOVERN- 
 l MENT IN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Thf.re can be in Association no individual 
 ; control, dictation or tyranny. With the uni- 
 ; versal intelligence and independence which 
 <i will exist in the Combined Order, Govern- 
 \ ment—social, civil and religious—must be 
 the result of the colle'clive Will , expressed by 
 / vote, and as it concerns all alike, it must be 
 ' administered alike for the interests of all.* 
 
 <i * We cannot enter into a scientific explanation 
 ! of the Government of the Combined Order, for 
 
 < to do so, it would be necessary to explain the 
 
 > true function of Government, which is a question 
 { of an intricate and profound character: we will state, 
 ' however, in general terms that it is the securing a 
 j; full and harmonious Development and right direction 
 i of the moral Powers (the passions and the senti- 
 
 < ments) in the human soul, and that this is directly 
 
 < the converse of the function of Government in false 
 s and subversive Societies, which has for its object the 
 ) general repression and subjection of the human pas- 
 ; sions and sentiments. We have an illustration of the 
 \ nature of the function of true Government in the 
 
 < Clergy, whose office it is to develope, cultivate and 
 j exalt the Religious Sentiment. In the Combined 
 
 > Order there will be Officers whose functions in re- 
 l gard to the other radical spiritual elements in man 
 
 < —of which there are twelve—will be analogous to 
 \ that of the Clergy in regard to the Religious Senti- 
 \ ment. Every radical Passion, as well as the Pivotal 
 l one of Religion, will have its Institution and its 
 ( Officers, and the object of all will be a complete 
 \ moral, intellectual and physical development of Hu- 
 ( inanity. In the subversive societies of the world, 
 
 < under the period of social discord and incoherence, 
 
 < called the “ Curse,” which prevails during the in- 
 ) fancy or early ages of Humanity, and which is a 
 
 < lime of social weakness and ignorance, the passions 
 \ are in a general state of false action and disorder ; 
 ) they have then necessarily to be repressed, subdued 
 i and controlled, and to do this is the function of Go- 
 
 > vernment. The religious sentiment being the high* 
 est, and the tie of Unity between God and Humanity, 
 
 | has commanded respect, maintained its position, and 
 performed to a great extent, although not fully, its 
 true function, for it has had to take a part in the 
 general work of repression and subjection. 
 
 The function of Government in a false social order 
 \ being mainly the repression and subjection of mis- 
 
72 
 
 SYSTEM OF INTERNAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The industrial and business affairs of an 
 Association will be confided to Councils elect¬ 
 ed annually by the members. There will be 
 a Council at the head of each department of 
 general interests, composed of members best 
 qualified to fill the various departments. The 
 Council first in rank and importance, which 
 we will superficially describe, will be the 
 Council of Industry. This Council will 
 supervise the Industrial Interests of the As¬ 
 sociation. It will consist of those persons 
 who possess the most knowledge, skill and 
 experience in the various branches of Indus¬ 
 try, and in the Arts and Sciences. As in As¬ 
 sociation Women will take an active part in 
 various industrial pursuits, they will neces¬ 
 sarily form a part of the Supreme Council of 
 Industry. 
 
 The function of the Council of Industry 
 will not be mandatory but advisory in its cha¬ 
 racter. It will not direct and order what 
 shall be done, but counsel and advise with the 
 Groups and Series as regards the direction of 
 affairs. Composed of the heads of the Se¬ 
 ries, and the members most distinguished for 
 their practical and scientific attainments, the 
 suggestions and advice of this Council will 
 always be received with deference by'the va¬ 
 rious Groups engaged in Industry, but its opi¬ 
 nion will not be binding or obligatory. For 
 example, the Council of Industry may, from 
 various observations, inform a Series engaged 
 in growing grain, that Such or such a time is 
 the best for reaping; the Series will receive 
 with deference this advice, but it will not be 
 obliged to follow it, for as the responsibility 
 of success and the direct interest rest with 
 each Series, it must, of course, have the power 
 to consult its own wishes in regard to its own 
 branch of Industry, but as the general inte¬ 
 rests of the Council and the Series are iden¬ 
 tical, and as Science and true Principles will 
 always govern the enlightened Producers of 
 Association, the Series will seldom differ m 
 opinion with the Council, and never to the 
 sacrifice of important interests. 
 
 This example shows how the intelligence 
 and knowledge of the Council of Industry 
 will be brought to bear upon every industrial 
 
 f >ursuit, and confer advice that will be inva- 
 uable, wi thout being dictatorial, or interfering 
 with and superseding individual opinion and 
 action. Thus the workmen of every Series 
 in an Association will have at all times the 
 
 directed and misdeveloped human Passions, it must 
 have Officers whose functions shall correspond to 
 this work. This explains the existence of the Exe¬ 
 cutioner, of the Jailor, the Sheriff, the Gens-d’armes, 
 the Bailiff, the Police-man, the Judge, and other 
 Officers of Courts, together with Legislators who 
 enact criminal codes, and the Heads of Government 
 who supervise their execution. 
 
 The present system of Government offers us in its 
 general character a reversed image of the true sys¬ 
 tem of Government, and can be studied to advantage 
 by contrasts or opposites. 
 
 We have touched upon this subject to show that 
 the question of Government in Association is solved 
 by the social science discovered by Fourier, and that 
 it is based in Association upon scientific and natural 
 Laws. 
 
 I advantage of the advice and counsel of a body 
 
 < of experienced men, without being subject to 
 s arbitrary control or dictation. 
 
 - There are general interests, however, con- 
 / fided to the Council of Industry, in which it 
 
 < will have supreme control. With a complete 
 I knowledge of the qualities and capacities of 
 ; the soil of the Domain, by chemical analysis 
 I and other means, it will appropriate it to’dif- 
 : ferent uses according to its character, and the 
 l general scenic harmony to be maintained in 
 ; its distribution; it will point out,for example, 
 \ where fruit-orchards and vineyards, meadows 
 
 and woodlands, vegetable and flower gardens 
 { shall be located; where walls and hedges 
 
 < shall be placed, and the principal branches of 
 > Industry which shall be prosecuted; it will 
 j! ascertain the value and importance of all new 
 
 < inventions in the mechanical arts, in machi- 
 s nery and implements, new discoveries in agri- 
 ; culture and improvements of all kinds, and 
 j introduce them accordingly, and will take 
 ; measures to procure the best races of animals 
 
 < and the finest varieties of fruits, grains, vege- 
 
 < tables, flowers, shrubbery, etc. 
 
 I In manufactures the same general supervi- 
 
 I sion would be exercised by the Council of 
 Industry. It will be, so to say, the Industrial 
 College of the Association, and will shed the 
 light of its science and its array of talent over 
 all the industrial affairs of the community; 
 and at all times the Groups and Series will 
 $ find it an intelligent and faithful guide to aid 
 
 I and direct them in their pursuits. 
 
 As the Council of Industry governs and su¬ 
 pervises the Domain and the Industrial affairs 
 of the Association, other Councils will govern 
 and regulate other Departments, and nowhere 
 will individual Authority be exercised, or offi¬ 
 cial power be oppressive. 
 
 A Council of Internal Arrangements 
 $ would have the management of the internal 
 < affairs of the Association, such as letting the 
 | apartments, attending to the daily supplies of 
 < provisions, etc. 
 
 / A Council of Arbiters, who will settle 
 \ by arbitration all difficulties and differences 
 
 ! lhat may arise between individuals of the 
 Association, and judge all misdemeanors. 
 When Association becomes general, and the 
 system is fully carried out, this Council will 
 be done away with, and any infraction of the 
 
 I laws of social Harmony will be judged by the 
 Corporation or Series having the maintenance 
 of those laws. We will cite merely one ex¬ 
 ample—cruelty towards animals, which would 
 come before and be judged by the tribunal of 
 the Sacred Legion. 
 
 $ Until Association is fully established the 
 ) Civil Law of the land will remain in force. 
 
 \ A Commercial Council will effect the 
 < sales and purchases of the Association, keep 
 \ the Books or Accounts, and have charge of 
 i the Treasury. The members of this Council 
 j would be required to give security for the 
 ( faithful performance of their trusts and the 
 \ safety of the funds confided to their care. 
 
 | These Councils will be elected annually by 
 i the members of the Association. 
 
MEANS OF SPREADING ASSOCIATION AND RENDERING IT UNIVERSAL 
 
 73 
 
 GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The General Government of the Combined 
 Order will, like the Internal Government of | 
 single Associations, be Representative, and \ 
 will embrace and supervise all social interests \ 
 and departments of human activity. There ; 
 will be State, National and higher Legislative l 
 Bodies, of which the system of Government \ 
 of the United States, with its State and Na- \ 
 tional Legislatures, s>ives a general idea, j 
 These Legislative Bodies will be grand Coun- < 
 cils of Industry, Art and Science, and their <; 
 mission will be to develope the resources of ' 
 Nations, to supervise national improvements, \ 
 and to encourage and perfect Agriculture, j 
 Manufactures, and the Arts and Sciences, for 
 which now almost nothing is done by govern- < 
 ment, with the exception of a few partial and \ 
 indirect attempts to encourage Manufactures, j 
 The energies of Government throughout 
 the world are at present miserably paralyzed : 
 by party spirit, and wasted in party intrigues; ' 
 the political power is unfortunately too much ) 
 in the hands of selfish cliques and parties, and : 
 too much the servant of Trade, Capital, Pri- \ 
 vilege and exclusive interests. In the Go¬ 
 vernment of the Combined Order there will 
 be Unity of purpose, and the intelligence and 
 energy centered in it will be directed to the \ 
 encouragement and development of Universal j 
 interests. \ 
 
 --0- j 
 
 MEANS OF SPREADING ASSOCIATION > 
 
 AND RENDERING IT UNIVERSAL. 
 
 _ \ 
 
 And this Association is a simple thing; an easy > 
 thing; a harmless thing; a moral, an indns- i 
 trial, a refining thing; a divine, enthusiastic, \ 
 and religions thing. The “grain of mustard \ 
 seed, which indeed is the least of all seeds, hut >. 
 when grown, it is the greatest of herbs.” And > 
 Association , the smallest of all religious and ^ 
 political establishments, is, in spirit and in ^ 
 truth, like the kingdom of heaven ; and the l 
 germ of the highest and the greatest Institu- > 
 tions in both Church and State. f 
 
 Doherty. 5 
 
 v- : : 
 
 The idea of effecting a reform in the pre- j 
 sent organization of Society and of establish- j 
 ing a new Social Order in its place, appears \ 
 at first sight so vast and stupendous an under- ; 
 taking, that it is deemed impracticable, and : 
 beyond the means and power of Man. An j 
 examination of the subject, however, will sa- 
 tisfy the most incredulous and prejudiced 
 minds that it is neither wild nor impractica- > 
 ble, but, on the contrary, that it is feasible ; 
 and easy, and that Association offers us the ; 
 means of effecting peaceably and in the inte- 
 rest of all classes, a complete transformation 1 
 in the social condition of the world. j 
 
 The whole question of effecting a Social > 
 R.eform may be reduced to the establishment l 
 of one Association, which will serve as a mo- i 
 del for, and induce the rapid establishment of i 
 others. If one Association be established, and 1 
 it is of little consequence ivhers, which will j 
 
 10 
 
 prove practically to the world the immense 
 advantages of the system, its vast economies, 
 its safe and profitable investment of Capital, 
 and the prosperity, health and happiness 
 which it will secure to mankind, it will spread 
 with a rapidity which the most sanguine 
 cannot anticipate. 
 
 It will be with Association as with all those 
 great practical improvements, which are 
 adopted at once and by general consent and 
 approbation, when the immense benefits 
 which they confer are demonstrated by ex¬ 
 periment. The Steamboat offers among a 
 thousand others a striking illustration of this. 
 It was only necessary for Fulton to build one 
 steamboat, and to prove to the world by one 
 practical experiment the great advantages of 
 steam navigation, and soon the rivers, the 
 lakes and even the oceans of the world began 
 to be covered with them. It will only be ne¬ 
 cessary to establish one Association, and de¬ 
 monstrate by one successful experiment the 
 immense advantages which the system offers, 
 and the same results will follow, except that 
 Association will spread with infinitely more 
 rapidity than the steamboat, because it affects 
 directly all the interests and the happiness of 
 mankind. 
 
 An Association of eighteen hundred persons 
 is the primary and simplest element of the 
 social Organization which we advocate, and 
 is to the Combined Order what the Township 
 is to the present Social Order. 
 
 What is a Township? It is the smallest 
 element, germ or political compact of the 
 State. In what does it consist, and what is 
 its organization ? It consists in a tract of 
 land, varying considerably in size, but which 
 may be estimated upon an average at about 
 six miles square, and upon which reside a 
 greater or less number of isolated families, 
 living in separate houses, on separate farms, 
 and with interests separate and distinct from 
 each other; it has its civil or political organi¬ 
 zation, and is an independent little body poli¬ 
 tic in the larger one of the State or Nation. 
 The Township is nearly the same in all civi¬ 
 lized countries: in England it is called the 
 Parish; in France the Commune; in Ger¬ 
 many the Dorf; in Italy the Paese; and in 
 some parts of the United States the Hun¬ 
 dred, but generally the Township. 
 
 A State or Nation, however large, is but a 
 repetition of Townships, as a City is but a 
 repetition of Plouses. The United States, for 
 example, is composed of States, the States of 
 Counties, and the Counties of Townships; 
 thus the United States is but a repetition of 
 Townships. And as a City built of badly 
 constructed houses, is a mass of architectural 
 deformity and disorder, so a State or Nation 
 composed of falsely organized Townships, is 
 a mass of social and political discord and in¬ 
 coherence. Now if we can, with a know¬ 
 ledge of true architectural principles, build 
 one house rightly, conveniently and elegantly, 
 we can, by taking it for a model and building 
 others like it, make a perfect and beautiful 
 city: in the same manner, if we can, with a 
 
CITIES IN THE COMBINED ORDER. 
 
 m* ' 
 4 *± 
 
 knowledge of true social principles, organize < 
 one township rightly, we can, by organizing > 
 others like it, and by spreading and rendering <> 
 them universal, establish a true Social and j 
 Political Order in the place of the old and 
 false one. ij 
 
 It is in the defective organization of the > 
 township that we must seek for the causes of j 
 existing social Evils and Disorder—of repug- ^ 
 nant industry, of complication and waste, of \ 
 conflicts of the individual with the collective > 
 interest, of false and envious competition, of a i 
 bad application of labor and talent, and of < 
 poverty, destitution and suffering. These de- \ 
 fects, evils and disorders being common to all 
 the townships of a state or nation, the result \ 
 is universal social evil and disorder. 
 
 An Association such as we propose, is no- \ 
 thing more nor less than a rightly organized $ 
 township; it will require a tract ofland about \ 
 three miles square, on which about eighteen j 
 hundred persons or three hundred families j 
 will reside; and instead of living separately > 
 in isolated dwellings, they will live unitedly 
 in one noble edifice; there will be economy > 
 and order, there will be unity of interests, \ 
 concert of action, a judicious application of \ 
 labor, capital and skill, and general ease, in- '< 
 telligence and affluence. If we can substitute 
 peaceably and gradually Associations, or right - ; 
 ly organized townships, in the place of the > 
 present falsely and defectively organized j 
 townships , we can effect quietly and easily, ' 
 without commotion or violence, and to the ; 
 advantage of all classes, a social transforma- s 
 tion and a mighty reform. <; 
 
 By means of Association, we shall be able l 
 to establish order, prosperity and harmony < 
 of interests and action in the primary ele- > 
 ment—that is, in the foundation of society, < 
 and these characteristics being common to ? 
 all Associations or reformed townships com- 
 posing the state or nation, the result will < 
 be universal order, prosperity and social har- ;> 
 mony. \ 
 
 It is evident then, that the whole question 
 of a universal Social Reform and the esta- j 
 blishment of a true Social Order upon the \ 
 earth, resolves itself into the right organiza- \ 
 tion of one single township. If this organi- < 
 zation is known (and we declare that Fourier j 
 has discovered it), it is clear that there will \ 
 be no difficulty in reforming the present sys- < 
 tern of Society and establishing a true one in j 
 its place. \ 
 
 In concluding, let us point out briefly the 
 process which will be followed in spreading j 
 Associations and rendering them universal. i 
 A body of men, inspired by the great idea of < 
 a social reform, will unite, who will found a < 
 first and model Association; when the world ? 
 sees the incalculable advantages, which unity 
 of interests, truth in practice, attractive In- \ 
 dustry and a complete system of economies $ 
 secure to them, it will begin to imitate the \ 
 movement of the pilot band; a second, a > 
 third, a fourth, a fifth Association will be < 
 founded, until a district of country is covered; 
 we shall then see a large tract of country : : 
 
 spread over with Associations, instead of in¬ 
 coherently organized townships. 
 
 If a district can be covered with Associa¬ 
 tions, it is certain that by spreading them, a 
 State or Nation can be covered ; and if a Na¬ 
 tion can be covered, a Continent can be co¬ 
 vered; and if a Continent, the whole Globe. 
 The work of a universal social Reform, which 
 now appears gigantic and impracticable, will 
 in reality be simple and easy, and require but 
 a commencement upon a small scale—one 
 single Association, which will exhibit the 
 truth in practice and convince the world by 
 ocular demonstration. 
 
 -o- 
 
 CITIES IN THE COMBINED ORDER. 
 
 We have shown that Universal Association 
 is contemplated by its advocates, and that the 
 reform which will lead to it can be effected 
 peacefully and gradually, without injury to 
 any class or any interest in society". The 
 universal establishment of this new Social 
 Order, renders it necessary that Cities should 
 be provided for; the doctrine of Association 
 would be incomplete and imperfect, if it did 
 not provide for universal and collective ar¬ 
 rangements in Society, as well as for the de¬ 
 tails and minute arrangements of a single 
 Association. Cities are necessary parts of the 
 social machine, and we will briefly glance at 
 their construction and arrangement in the 
 Combined Order, for they must differ mate¬ 
 rially and widely from Cities of the present 
 social order. 
 
 The contrast between the Cities of the 
 Combined Order and the Cities of existing 
 society, will be as striking and as brilliant as 
 the contrast between the comforts and splen¬ 
 dours of an Association or combined house¬ 
 hold, and the inconveniences, monotony and 
 dulness of the single or isolated household. 
 
 What is the general character of a City in 
 civilized Society ? and what will it be in the 
 Combined Order ? A brief answer to these 
 questions may convey to the reader an idea of 
 the difference between them. 
 
 A City at present is a heterogeneous mass 
 of small and separate houses of all sizes, 
 shapes, colors, styles and materials, which 
 are crowded together without regard to ar¬ 
 chitectural unity or design, convenience or 
 elegance; it is cut up with irregular and nar¬ 
 row streets, dark lanes, confined courts, and 
 cramped yards and alleys; it has its dirty 
 and muddy streets, that annoy the inhabi¬ 
 tants; its filthy gutters that fill the atmo¬ 
 sphere with noxious exhalations which are 
 injurious to health, and presents a scene of 
 confusion, incoherence, waste and disorder. 
 
 A City of civilized Society is a vast and 
 crowded receptacle of human beings not con¬ 
 nected with each other in friendly union and 
 orderly association, but huddled together in 
 conflicting and antagonistic aggregation. It 
 is, for the most part, a sink of poverty, and 
 •with its isolated dwellings, the hiding place 
 
COMMERCIAL CITIES AND COMMERCE. 
 
 75 
 
 of a thousand vices and crimes. All that our 
 civilized Cities can hoast of in regard to riches 
 and splendor, intelligence, refinement and en- 
 jovment, serves but to render the poverty, 
 the ignorance, the degradation and suffering, 
 which abound in them, more hideous and 
 painfully disgusting. 
 
 The cities and capitals of Association must 
 contrast most powerfully with those of civi¬ 
 lized Society, and they will do so. A City in 
 the Combined Order will be a Group of mag¬ 
 nificent Associations, disposed with order and 
 unity of design, surrounded by noble and ex¬ 
 tensive gardens and grounds, for the recrea¬ 
 tion and healthy occupation of the inhabi¬ 
 tants, in which all the beauties of nature and 
 the perfections of art will be combined and 
 united to charm and delight. 
 
 For every twelve Associations there will be 
 one Association tvhich will be the Capital or 
 head of the twelve, corresponding in some 
 degree to the county town of a county. It 
 will be the administrative centre of the As¬ 
 sociated County, and at it will be held the 
 periodical exhibitions of Industry, Art and 
 Science, public celebrations, etc. 
 
 A District of country comprising several 
 Associated Counties, or about one hundred 
 and fifty Associations, will have a larger Ca¬ 
 pital, formed of a Group of Associations, as 
 above described. 
 
 A State composed of several Associated 
 Districts, will have a larger Capital, formed 
 of a Series of Associations, or of a number of 
 single Associations arranged in Serial order. 
 Nations and Continents will have, likewise, 
 their Capitals, which will be embellished and 
 adorned with all the resources of creative Art 
 and Industry, and the magnificence of which 
 can only be conceived when we consider the 
 wealth and power of Nations in Universal 
 Association, and the collective pride and inte¬ 
 rest which they will take in all grand unitary 
 arrangements. 
 
 The science of Association teaches us the 
 Unity of the Human Race, and that this unity 
 requires universal unitary arrangements—po¬ 
 litical, social and religious—corresponding to 
 their political, social and religious Unity, with 
 grand central Metropolises for the regulation 
 and government of the affairs relating to these 
 Unities. Thus the Cities of the Combined 
 Order will be great Centres—administrative, 
 scientific, industrial, artistic and religious—• 
 each for the region over which it presides. 
 There, the Legislative Bodies and great Coun¬ 
 cils of Industry, Art and Science, and the 
 great annual industrial, artistic and scientific 
 exhibitions will be held ; and there also will 
 be located the grand galleries of Art, the 
 scientific collections, the libraries, universi¬ 
 ties, etc., upon a scale much more extensive 
 and magnificent than those of single Associa¬ 
 tions. 
 
 The Cities in the Combined Order will be 
 centres of collective Knowledge, which they 
 will draw and collect in fragments from all 
 parts of the world, and again communicate 
 it to every Association, each to those of the 
 
 | region over which it presides, so that every 
 I new improvement, invention or discovery 
 / made of value to Mankind, may become at 
 < once universally known and available. 
 
 | -o- 
 
 \ COMMERCIAL CITIES AND COM- 
 * MERGE. 
 
 A Commercial City in Association will, like 
 | the Capitals we have described, be composed 
 
 > of a Group or a Series of Associations, and 
 l when properly situated, fulfil the function of 
 
 > Capitals. Each Commercial City will receive 
 
 I ' the products of the different Associations of 
 the region in which it is situated, and sell and 
 transmit them to other parts of the world, 
 and in turn it will receive the products of all 
 other regions and districts, and distribute them 
 among the Associations, of which it is the 
 commercial centre and entrepot, as required. 
 It will be their Factor or Commission Agent, 
 and it will open accounts with each one upon 
 
 I its books, something as an importing or whole¬ 
 sale house now does with country merchants; 
 it will credit them for products received and 
 debit them for products supplied, making an 
 annual settlement of accounts, when balances 
 will be paid in cash. It will have its vast 
 warehouses, each devoted to a particular class 
 < of products or goods—to woollens, to cottons, 
 ? silks, sugars, oils, spices, liquids, etc. etc.— 
 ') arranged with the most perfect system. 
 
 All trade in the Combined Order will be- 
 ; come Wholesale, and will be prosecuted in 
 j! the most direct and economical manner, and 
 j; upon Commission, and will be under the di- 
 < rection of Boards of Trade, vcho will be fully 
 jj informed of the commercial wants of the 
 > world, and thereby be enabled to give such 
 ^ advice to their respective Associations as to 
 jj preserve equilibrium, or proportion, between 
 ] Production and Consumption. 
 
 I Under these grand unitary arrangements, 
 in which economy and practical truth will be 
 secured by the highest collective wisdom, 
 Commerce will perform her true function of 
 distribution and exchange of the products 
 of Industry, and the various evils and dis- 
 | orders inseparably connected with the present 
 Commercial system, and which grow out of 
 the uncontrolled spirit of gain and irrespon- 
 | sible individual action, such as overstocking 
 | markets at one time and place, and scarcity 
 i of supplies at another, frauds, adulterations, 
 monopolies, and factitious and arbitrary prices, 
 j will all cease to exist, and ruinous fluctua- 
 < t tions and periodical revulsions in trade, be 
 
 I effectually guarded against. 
 
 All restrictions and prohibitions which fet¬ 
 ter and shackle the exchange of products 
 between Nations will be abolished in the 
 Combined Order, and universal free trade 
 will exist! 
 
 Connected with this subject, two consider¬ 
 ations arise, requiring a brief explanation. 
 Free Trade, the beau ideal of one class of 
 political economists and statesmen, will exist 
 
76 
 
 PREJUDICES OF THE WORLD AGAINST ASSOCIATION. 
 
 in the Combined Order, first, because it is j 
 just and equitable, and the true and natural j 
 law of industrial relations and intercourse; J 
 and, second, because the circumstances which 
 now prevent its being carried out and prac- j 
 ticed amongst nations will in that Order be 
 removed. j 
 
 Government in Association, will derive its 
 Revenue from direct taxation, now imprac- / 
 ticable, and the collection of it will be simple 
 and easy. Every Association will pay its 
 taxes to the General Government as a collec¬ 
 tive body; which will be taken out of the 
 general fund or product before a division of 
 profits among the members is made. This 
 will strip direct taxation of its onerous and 
 hateful character, by releasing the individual 
 from the assessment , and making it collective ; \ 
 and will render all the expensive machinery \ 
 of collecting the Revenue through Custom- \ 
 Houses, Tax-gatherers, etc., unnecessary, as < 
 dues will be paid directly into the National s 
 Treasury, without the intervention of collect- \ 
 ing officers. i 
 
 Eut the great principle of Free Trade will \ 
 be admissible in practice in the Combined 
 Order, for the two following reasons:— 
 
 1st. Every Association will prosecute ma- \ 
 nufactures as well as agriculture, so that $ 
 these two primary branches of Industry will \ 
 always be combined. Thus the people of all 
 countries will be able to produce the great 
 majority of the articles of consumption which i 
 they require, and exchanges will take place be- 
 tween localities, countries and zones of those 
 products only, which are peculiar to and are j 
 produced in the greatest perfection in each. 
 American talent and labor, for example, can 
 produce cloths, cottons, porcelain or cutlery, 
 as well as French or English talent and labor; j 
 and it is the height of absurdity to transport \ 
 such articles to a distance of four or five l 
 thousand miles, paying often more in trans¬ 
 portation and profits to commercial agents j 
 than the original cost of production. j> 
 
 2d. Attractive Industry will establish \ 
 throughout the world one uniform price for < 
 labor , and as a consequence one uniform price ? 
 M the products of Industry. As the system \ 
 of hired labor will be done away with—as ^ 
 machinery and the soil will not be monopo- $ 
 lized by the few, but will be open to all—as < 
 man will not be constrained to labor from po- > 
 verty and want, and as the Right of Labor \ 
 and the choice of occupations will be secured 
 to him, it follows that all Labor will be from 
 the spontaneous desire of man to be active, and 
 consequently that there will be one universal 
 standard of value for Labor, based upon the j 
 unity of human attractions. 
 
 Besides, there will be no impoverished and 
 degraded Laboring Classes in any country, 
 whose cheap productions, if introduced freely 
 into other countries, where the same Classes l 
 were more prosperous and in better condition, \ 
 would lower and degrade them to their own \ 
 level, or break up the Industry of those coun- { 
 *ries; there will be no necessity for prohi- / 
 Rory and protective tariffs and other com- \ 
 
 mercial restrictions. Excessive production in 
 some countries and the prostration of Indus¬ 
 try in others, will be prevented; that is to 
 say, equilibrium will be maintained in the 
 great work of Production, by means of At¬ 
 tractive Industry and the equal capacities of 
 mankind to produce. 
 
 Free, or more properly named, false and 
 anarchical Competition, is the foundation 
 upon which Industry and Commerce are now- 
 based ; and the great error is to wish to esta¬ 
 blish universal Free Trade upon this false 
 basis—this antagonism, conflict and disorder 
 in industrial and commercial relations. 
 
 Thus Association will effect a great com¬ 
 mercial reform, solve the great problems of 
 Free Trade and Direct Taxation, and end the 
 political strife and antagonism which they 
 generate—as it wull all other political discords 
 —by establishing justice, order and unity in 
 the elementary foundations of society. 
 
 It need not be feared that Commerce will 
 be diminished in the Combined Order, by 
 rendering manufactures universal in all na¬ 
 tions, and making it consist of exchanges in 
 the products of different localities, climates 
 and zones. On the contrary, Commerce will 
 be increased immeasurably. The poor, who 
 now compose the vast majority of mankind, 
 are but very limited consumers of foreign 
 products; consequently foreign commerce is 
 principally sustained by the wants of a small 
 minority. In Association, where all persons 
 will possess abundance, there will not be that 
 restricted consumption that there now is, and 
 all will become consumers of the products of all 
 the zones. In a Social Order which will en¬ 
 able every individual to enjoy the comforts and 
 delicacies of the world, a gigantic develop¬ 
 ment will be given to commerce, and the re¬ 
 lations between districts, nations and conti- 
 nents immensely extended. 
 
 -o- 
 
 PREJUDICES OF THE WORLD AGAINST 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Among the various prejudices which exist 
 against Association, we w T ill quote the two 
 following from Fourier. 
 
 o 
 
 1st. INFERENCE DRAWN FROM A SMALL OB¬ 
 STACLE TO A LARGER ONE. 
 
 2d. DAZZLING CONTRAST BETWEEN GOOD AND 
 EVIL. 
 
 1st. error. Inference drawn from a small 
 obstacle to a larger one. Since it is impossi¬ 
 ble to associate two, three, or four families, 
 or even ten to twelve, the conclusion has been 
 drawn that it would be still more impossible 
 to associate two or three hundred. 
 
 The world, in this opinion, may be com¬ 
 pared to the timid mariners, -who, before 
 Christopher Columbus, dared not advance 
 more than six or eight hundred miles into the 
 Atlantic, and who returned dismayed, declar¬ 
 ing that the ocean was an endless waste, and 
 that it was madness to venture upon it. Had 
 some bolder navigator extended his voyaere 
 
PROPOSALS FOR ORGANIZING AN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 77 
 
 twelve or fifteen hundred miles without find¬ 
 ing America, it would have been declared that 
 the hypothesis of a new Continent was with¬ 
 out foundation. If at length a vessel, with 
 still more temerity, had advanced westward 
 twenty-five or thirty hundred miles, it would 
 also have returned without success, and in 
 that case the existence of a new Continent 
 would have been declared a wild chimera : 
 however, to succeed, it was only necessary to 
 persist, push onward, and proceed a few hun¬ 
 dred miles further. 
 
 Such was the method to be followed in the 
 study of Association. It required no other 
 effort of genius than to persevere, go on and 
 not be discouraged by the failure of small 
 trials, but to continue gradually increasing 
 them. If trials with four families failed, we 
 should have speculated upon eight; failing 
 with eight, we should have speculated upon 
 sixteen; failing with sixteen, we should have 
 tried thirty-two; then sixty-four. Arrived at 
 this point, success would have followed, pro¬ 
 vided the law of the Groups and Series was 
 discovered—which discovery is easy, when 
 trials are made with three hundred and fifty 
 or four hundred persons. 
 
 2d. error. The dazzling contrast between 
 good and evil. This is an error common to 
 both the Learned and the Ignorant. The 
 Riches, Unity, and other immense results, 
 which Association promises, disconcert the 
 generality of Mankind, accustomed to the 
 miseries of our civilized society. They de¬ 
 clare that such results are chimeras ; that so 
 much happiness is not made for man; that 
 they are illusions of Harmony, which is not 
 possible. This contrast of a happy future 
 with the present miserable state, has become 
 a general obstacle to investigation, and it is 
 the second of inexcusable inadvertencies. To 
 appreciate its falseness, let us compare it with 
 some other erroneous prepossession of the 
 same kind, which experience has now dissi¬ 
 pated. 
 
 For four thousand years, the world did not 
 hope to discover a safe nautical guide, like 
 the mariner’s compass ; it did not even think 
 of searching for it, and navigators, although 
 victims of shipwrecks, had become accustom¬ 
 ed to consider them as an unavoidable Evil. 
 How many among them for the want of this 
 guide, the discovery of which was so easy, 
 must have murmured against Providence! 
 Now that w r e possess it, we see what dupes 
 the Mariners of Tyre and Carthage, who were 
 deprived of it, would have been, had they re¬ 
 fused to believe in the possibility of such a 
 discovery—as easy of being made then as in 
 the twelfth century. If some Inventor had 
 appeared among them with this inestimable 
 guide, promising to direct vessels in the dark¬ 
 ness of night as well as at noonday, how great 
 would their folly have been, had they answer¬ 
 ed, before any trial had been made, that it was 
 impossible; that so much happiness was not 
 made for Mariners. 
 
 The present Age falls into the same puerile 
 error respecting Association, declaring that it 
 
 is impossible; that so much happiness was 
 not made for Man. The scientific World 
 commits this mistake whenever speculations 
 of use to Mankind are entered into; it aban¬ 
 dons all search before the sage word Impossi¬ 
 ble. 
 
 The more an operation, the means of real¬ 
 izing which we are ignorant of, is proved use¬ 
 ful, the more firmly we should believe that 
 the Creator, convinced of its utility, would 
 have reserved measures for realizing it. This 
 conviction would have been a powerful stim¬ 
 ulus to investigation; but such a conviction 
 requires an age impressed with a true hope 
 in the Divinity, and a profound faith in the 
 Universality of his Providence. And what 
 will be the surprise of the present Age, when 
 it sees, that Association, which it declared 
 impossible, owing to the magnificence of its 
 results, is precisely the order, for which God 
 has created the kingdoms of nature, subject 
 to our Industry, and for which above all he 
 has made the Passions, now so rebellious 
 against our civilized system of industrial in¬ 
 coherence, and present social institutions. 
 
 A prejudice which has at times prevented 
 researches on Association, is the following:— 
 “ It is impossible to associate two or three 
 families without the breaking out of discord 
 at the end of a week, particularly among the 
 women; what folly then to attempt to asso¬ 
 ciate two or three hundred 1” 
 
 To this objection, we make the following 
 general answer. If great Economies, Unity 
 of interests, and Combined effort can only be 
 realized in large Associations, and not at all 
 in the system of isolated families, should it not 
 lead us to infer that the Creator—two of whose 
 attributes are Economy and Unity—has desti¬ 
 ned man to Association, and composed his 
 plan of Association, for a large number of per¬ 
 sons—two or three hundred families, and not 
 all for two or three, which from smallness of 
 number and inefficiency of efforts, would not 
 raise the profits of association to a thirtieth 
 part of what they would be in a union of from 
 fifteen to eighteen hundred persons ? 
 
 Unless we believe that the Creator did not 
 wish economy, order and unity in the social 
 affairs of men, we must suppose that He des¬ 
 tined us to Association, and that, if we know 
 of no means of associating two or three fam¬ 
 ilies, it is an indication which should lead us 
 to conclude, as economy and reason would 
 dictate, that He composed His plan of society 
 for a large and not a small number. This ob¬ 
 jection has not been made by timid theorists 
 and opponents; they have suffered themselves 
 to be discouraged by an apparent obstacle, 
 which, if duly weighed, should have sustained 
 their hopes. 
 
 The present System of Society is based upon 
 the smallest Association possible—a single 
 Couple with their children in a separate house 
 by themselves, which is the source of waste, 
 conflict of efforts and interests, and general 
 discord. Is any other proof necessary to show 
 the falseness of such a social organization ? 
 
MEMOIR OF CHARLES FOURIER 
 
 Charles Fourier was born at. Besangon (in France), 5 
 ou tne 7th of April, 1772, and died at Paris on the 10th of < 
 October, 1837. His father was a respectable merchant at \ 
 Besangon. Fourier received a collegiate education in > 
 liis native city, and distinguished himself in his studies. > 
 In his youth he was passionately fond of geography, and £ 
 spent all his money, it is stated of him, in the purchase [, 
 of maps and globes ; in this early taste the universality < 
 of his genius is strongly indicated. He had also, at an \ 
 early age, a great love for music and flowers. The \ 
 science of music may be considered an important part $ 
 of his education, as his perfect acquaintance with it 5 
 enabled him to apply it very usefully in elaborating his £ 
 science of Universal Analogy. < 
 
 Fourier was early engaged in commercial pursuits: < 
 he entered, at the age of eighteen, a commercial estab- > 
 lishment in Lyons as clerk, where he remained some ) 
 time, until a desire to travel, and an insatiable thirst for j 
 knowledge, induced him to become the travelling agent ( 
 for a large mercantile house, whose business extended < 
 over a great part of the continent of Europe, and af- 1 
 forded him the opportunity of visiting the principal ) 
 countries and places. It may be considered extremely 
 fortunate that so great and powerful a mind was thus < 
 early engaged and schooled in the practical pursuits of ^ 
 life, and directed to the observation of the gross defects, i 
 abuses, and errors existing in the foundation of society, ? 
 —that is, in Commerce and Industry. > 
 
 Fourier did not waste the energies of his genius in j 
 metaphysical subtleties, and abstract and vague philo- < 
 sophical controversy: he went to the point—to the dis- \ 
 covery of the means of effecting a practical reform in j 
 the present false social arrangements, and of substi- 5 
 tuting in their place a true Social Order, which would < 
 secure to mankind their happiness and elevation. 
 
 His doctrine does not float in the regions of vague and ) 
 abstract universalities, like the speculations of past phi- i 
 losophers, but is applicable to the earth and to the inter- 
 ests of mankind. Although based upon universal laws, \ 
 and explaining them and the system of Creation, he \ 
 applied it to this globe, and deduced from it, among other < 
 great practical truths, that Association, and not the sys- ) 
 tern of isolated families, is the true order of society and ? 
 the social destiny of man ; that Industry can be rendered ^ 
 ATTRACTIVE, and transformed from a repugnant bur- s 
 then, a degrading task, which it now is, into the most >, 
 pleasing and noble of human pursuits ; and that the ; 
 springs of action in the human soul—the passions and £ 
 instincts—now so deranged and perverted in their action i 
 as to appear depraved and vicious, like “tigers let s 
 loose,” are capable, if rightly directed and developed, of \ 
 order and Harmony, and will, in a true social order, lead ] 
 to as much good as they now lead to evil. j 
 
 The position of Fourier was a most favorable one as ? 
 regards the great work which he had to achieve. His ) 
 connexion with Commerce gave, in the first place, a S 
 practical direction to his studies ; and, in the next place, < 
 he lived in the midst, and was a witness of the dreadful < 
 scenes and excesses of the French Revolution ;—not ) 
 only a witness, but a sufferer, for he lost his fortune at j 
 the siege of Lyons (about a hundred thousand francs, > 
 which had been left him by his father, and which was in- ? 
 vested in colonial produce), and he came also near losing < 
 his life. Being obliged, in common with all able-bodied j 
 men, to take arms in defence of the city, he formed, on > 
 one occasion, part of a corps who were ordered to sally > 
 out and attack the besiegers, and was almost the only 5 
 man who ever returned. After the city was taken, he s 
 was thrown into prison, but escaped death by a series < 
 of most fortunate circumstances. I 
 
 The terrible events of that greatest of revolutionary > 
 tempests produced a powerful impression on his mind : s 
 he saw that human politics and legislation were a chaos < 
 of error and uncertainty; that the political leaders of ? 
 the present and of past ages possessed no exact Social > 
 Science, no fixed laws to guide them in governing so- S 
 ciety, and were operating ignorantly and blindly in s 
 human affairs. He remarked, in a conversation, to the < 
 writer of this memoir, that when a young man, he had ) 
 a strong conviction that some great discovery relating ? 
 to human Destiny and the decrees of Providence, re- ? 
 mained to be made, and that the darkness and uncer- > 
 tainty which hung over the social and moral world, and S 
 the ends and aims of Creation, would be dispelled. He < 
 had expressed this conviction to his friends, and they £ 
 would often ask him, deridingly, “ when his great dis- > 
 covery was coming.” He stated that at the time he was > 
 far from supposing that he should ever make it, and be S 
 the instrument of pointing out to the Human Race the s 
 means of bringing their Societies into harmony with < 
 the laws of universal Order. ? 
 
 Three circumstances combined to lead Fourier to the ? 
 great discoveries which he made. The first was the > 
 desire of effecting a commercial reform. Being daily > 
 witness of the frauds, extortions, monopolies and the s 
 general falseness of trade, he early conceived an ar- < 
 dent desire to introduce a reform into this branch of so- ? 
 cial affairs. He devoted some years to this subject, but ; 
 discovered at length that it could only be effected by ‘ 
 
 means of agricultural Association—by inducing isolated 
 families to form themselves into associations, and estab¬ 
 lish a system of direct and wholesale trade between 
 different Associations. Thus the desire of effecting a 
 commercial reform led him to speculate upon associa¬ 
 tion, and the difficulty of associating persons with di¬ 
 versities of tastes, characters, instincts and opinions, 
 forced him to the study of the grand problem of the 
 harmony of the passions, and to seek for the laws that 
 govern their action. The second circumstance was 
 the doubt and distrust (engendered by the aspect of the 
 excesses of the French Revolution) of the controver¬ 
 sial and uncertain sciences—politics, metaphysics, po¬ 
 litical economy, &c. —which directed that Revolution. 
 Fourier laid down two fundamental rules by which to 
 be guided in the prosecution of his investigations : first, 
 methodical Doubt of the controversial sciences, and sec¬ 
 ond, absolute Avoidance of all their doctrines and prin¬ 
 ciples. This course which he took in his studies, threw 
 him into a new field of investigation, which led direct to 
 the discovery of a new social Organization. The third 
 circumstance was the possession of a transcendent ge¬ 
 nius, which felt deeply the necessity of a Science that 
 would lift the veil that covered Human Destiny and 
 the ways of Providence, and enable mankind to extri¬ 
 cate themselves from the social abyss of misery, poverty, 
 suffering and discord, into which they are plunged. 
 
 Fourier is to be ranked among those great and original 
 geniuses who appear from time to time upon the earth, 
 to reveal to mankind parts of the scheme of universal 
 Truth and the decrees of Providence, to open new paths 
 of progress, and to give to Humanity an impetus on¬ 
 wards towards its destiny. The experience of past ages 
 has proved, that he who is thus in advance of his age, 
 and exposes its errors and ignorance, is condemned by 
 popular prejudice, and suffers a martyrdom more or less 
 terrible according to the spirit of the age. For forty 
 years, Fourier labored with patience and perseverance 
 at the Herculean task of discovering and developing Ihe 
 theory and practical details of the system which he has 
 given to the w r orld; and, for reward, he met only during 
 his life with neglect, calumny, and misrepresentation. 
 It is only those who can feel the ardent desire of a great 
 inventor to see his discoveries applied in practice, that 
 can appreciate this suffering of silent martyrdom of long 
 years of disappointed hope and expectation. 
 
 Fourier published four works during his life : the first 
 in 1808, entitled “ Theorie des Quatre Movemens '”—Theory 
 of the Four Movements—in one volume (see page 3 
 for an explanation of this ; in 1808, Fourier had not dis¬ 
 covered the aromal kingdom, and speaks, consequently, 
 of but four spheres or movements). The second work 
 in 1822, entitled, “ Theorie de V Unite Universelle ’—The¬ 
 ory of Universal Unity—In two large volumes ; a second 
 edition has just been published in four volumes octavo. 
 The third in 1829, entitled “ Le Nouveau Monde Indus - 
 trier’ —the New Industrial World—in one volume. The 
 fourth in 1835-6, entitled “ La Fausse Industrie , et VAn¬ 
 tidote, L’Industrie Naturelle ”—False Industry, and its 
 Antidote, Natural Industry—in two volumes. None of 
 these works have as yet been translated into English. 
 
 In these works Fourier gives but a brief sketch of the 
 higher parts of his discoveries, which relate to subjects 
 hitherto unexplored by science, such as the Theory of 
 the Immortality of the Soul, the Theory of Universal 
 Analogy, the Theory of Cosmogony, &c. Fourier has 
 restricted himself to a careful description of the various 
 parts and details of Association, and touched slightly 
 only, by way of indication of the extent of his discove¬ 
 ries, upon the higher parts of his vast Theory. He has, 
 however, left a large quantity of manuscripts, which 
 are in the hands of his disciples in Paris, but have not yet 
 been published. 
 
 We will make a few remarks upon Fourier’s personal 
 appearance, which may not be uninteresting. When 
 we became acquainted with him in 1832, he was about 
 sixty years old. He was of middle stature, being about 
 five feet seven or eight inches in height; his frame was 
 rather light, but possessing that elasticity and energy 
 which denote strength of constitution and great intel- 
 lectual'activity. His complexion was fair, and his hair, 
 when young, light brown. His forehead was very high, 
 and rather narrow,—appearing perhaps more so from its 
 great height; the region about the eyebrows, where 
 phrenologists locate the perceptive organs, was large 
 and full, and the upper frontal part of the forehead, 
 where the reflective organs, such as comparison, cau¬ 
 sality, &c., are placed, projected strongly and was 
 extremely developed. The development of the upper part 
 of the brain was very great, and the distance from the 
 ear to the top of the head was remarkable. The poste¬ 
 rior part of the head was comparatively small, particu¬ 
 larly the part where the organ of self-esteem is located ; 
 at the lower part and the base, the brain however was 
 larger. The mass of the brain, taking the head as a 
 whole, seemed to be set forward, throwing a large pro¬ 
 portion into the anterior region of the head. Such, at 
 least, is the recollection which we have of the confor¬ 
 mation of his head. His eyebrows were thin; his eyes 
 
MEMOIR OF CHARLES FOURIER. 
 
 79 
 
 were large, and of a mingled blue and grey, the pupil ? 
 extremely small, giving a look of great intensity to the > 
 face. His nose was large arid high, and rather thin, pro- S 
 jecting strongly at the upper part, and running straight j 
 to the point, which was quite sharp. His lips were £ 
 extremely thin, closely compressed, and drawn down at / 
 the corners, which gave a cast of reserved and silent ( 
 melancholy to his face. His features, except the mouth, s 
 were large and strongly marked, but delicately formed ( 
 and moulded. s 
 
 As we remember it, the expression of the countenance < 
 of Fourier was one of self-dependence, of great inten- <• 
 sity, of determined energy, and of inflexible firmness and > 
 tenacity, but softened by thoughtfulness and profound s 
 contemplation. He was entirely unassuming in his ? 
 manners ; his dress was plain like that of a country gen- ? 
 tleman, and he stooped slightly; his mien was that of ? 
 cold, unapproachable simplicity; he was thoughtful, re- \ 
 served and silent, which, together with his natural firm- ) 
 ness of character, Counterbalanced his unpretending ( 
 simplicity, and prevented all approach to familiarity, < 
 even on the part of his most devoted disciples. Not a <j 
 shadow of vanity, pride, or haughtiness, was perceptible / 
 in him ; his own personality seemed sunk and lost in the | 
 vastness and universality of the great truths which he > 
 had discovered, and which he was the instrument of < 
 making known to mankind. £ 
 
 If we were permitted to pass our judgment upon the ) 
 character of Fourier’s genius, we would say he possessed £ 
 three leading mental qualifications : First, great powers l 
 of perception,and observation, and a delicate sentiment £ 
 for all material harmonies, which generally accompanies ( 
 the possession of those powers. Nothing escaped his $ 
 observation ; he was attentive to the slightest details ; j 
 and, with a strong memory and a methodical classifica- l 
 tion of facts, he was master of everything he ever saw. ] 
 If he entered any building, he remarked the peculiarities £ 
 of distribution, its beauties, defects, wherein it could be i 
 improved, etc.; his walking-stick was regularly marked / 
 off in feet and inches, and everything remarkable which £ 
 met his eye was at once reduced to measurement and \ 
 calculation. Secondly, he possessed immense powers i 
 of reflection or powers of comparison, criticism and / 
 analysis, together with the power of combining and > 
 
 generalizing facts and results. His capacity for the 
 most minute analysis, and the broadest and most uni¬ 
 versal synthesis, was truly amazing, the proofs of wliich 
 are met with in almost every page of his works : he pos¬ 
 sessed also, to a remarkable extent, the faculty of ?'n- 
 tuitive conception (or which we will call such, for want 
 of a better name), which seems to be a gift accompanying 
 the highest order of Genius. Thirdly, he possessed in 
 an extraordinary degree the highest class of moral sen¬ 
 timents, such as benevolent sympathy, which extended 
 to the whole human race, and a love of justice, which in 
 him seemed universal. 
 
 Combining, then, strong perceptive faculties, superior 
 critical, analytical and reflective powers, and high moral 
 sentiments, which were crowned with an implicit Faith 
 in the love and wisdom of the Ruler of the universe, 
 Fourier was admirably fitted for the performance of the 
 great work which he seems to have been destined to 
 accomplish—the discovery of the Science of Attractive 
 Industry and Social Harmony. His fine moral sentiments 
 were violated and outraged by the falseness, the injus¬ 
 tice, oppression and misery which pervaded society uni¬ 
 versally , and whilst they impelled him to seek for a 
 remedy for these evils in a new Social Order, in which 
 the principles of truth and of justice and benevolence 
 could be realized in practice, and sustained him in per¬ 
 severing patience during long search and study, his 
 powerful perceptive faculties collected facts and details, 
 or the materials to work upon, and his truly gigantic 
 reflective powers collated and arranged them, and dis¬ 
 covered the laws and principles of order and harmony 
 upon which society should be based. 
 
 “ The principal features of Fourier’s private charac¬ 
 ter,” says the London Phalanx, “ were morality, justice 
 and the love of truth.” He had, in fact, a universal char¬ 
 acter, both grave and dignified, religious and poetic, 
 friendly and polite, indulgent and sincere, which never 
 allowed Truth to be profaned by libertine frivolity, nor 
 Faith to be confounded with austere duplicity. He was 
 a man of dignified simplicity, a child of Heaven, loving 
 God with all his heart, and all his soul, and all his mind, 
 and also loving as himself his neighbor, the whole 
 Human Family. 
 
 Social, Political and 
 Religious Unity. 
 
 Social Reform upon 
 peaceful and con¬ 
 servative Princi¬ 
 ples. 
 
 THE PHALANX, 
 
 O R 
 
 Right of Labor. 
 
 Social Liberty and 
 Equality. 
 
 Organization of In¬ 
 dustry upon the ba¬ 
 sis of Association 
 and united interests 
 
 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL 
 
 SCIENCE, 
 
 DEVOTED TO 
 
 THE CAUSE OF ASSOCIATION 
 AND THE SOCIAL ELEVATION 
 
 AND A SOCIAL REFORM, 
 OF THE HUMAN RACE. 
 
 The Phalanx will explain the system of Association, or principles of a true Social Order, dis¬ 
 covered by Charles Fourier, and will enter upon an Exposition of the higher and more scientific 
 parts of his discoveries, which as yet have not been made known in this country. 
 
 Political, Philosophical and Religious questions will be discussed on the broadest grounds of uni¬ 
 versality and impartiality, and with reference to their bearing upon the Social interests and welfare 
 of mankind. 
 
 The Phalanx will enter into a frank and impartial criticism of the present System of Society, called 
 
 Civilization,” and will analyze its evils and expose the defects of such of its institutions as are 
 false and require reform. Searching and thorough expositions will be made of our Repugnant Ill- 
 requited and Degrading System of Industry, and our menial system of Hired Labor, or Labor for 
 Wages—of Free Competition or false rivalry and envious strife and anarchy in the field of Commerce and 
 Industry—of our complicated and wasteful system of Commerce, and our desultory and imperfect system 
 of Agriculture ;—in short, every question concerning the interests and welfare of society will be dwelt 
 upon, for the purpose, not of exciting discontent and inflaming the passions of men, but of awakening public 
 attention to the causes of the evils which exist, aud pointing out a practical, safe and effectual REMEDY. 
 
 The Phalanx will contain regularly translations from the works of Fourier, the whole of which it is 
 designed to translate in time. The Phalanx will also contain extracts from the Paris and London Journals, 
 devoted to the cause of Association, and will keep a general record of the progress of the doctrine, of prac¬ 
 tical experiments, and of all movements connected with Association. It will in particular be the general 
 medium of communication between the Associations now formed and forming, and the Public. 
 
 The Phalanx will be published at $2 per annum—$1 for six months. Subscriptions can be sent free of, 
 postage through Postmasters. Address Editors of the Phalanx, or 
 
 J. S. REDFIELD, 
 
 Publisher and Bookseller, comer of Beekman and Nassau streets, New York.—General Depot for the 
 
 sale of works on Association by Fourier and his disciples 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Association. page 3 
 
 Human misery and necessity of a Social Reform . . 4 
 
 Individual property—Marriage and family Ties—Religion 9 
 
 Economies of Association.10 
 
 Non-producers in Society.13 
 
 PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Number of persons required .... . . 
 
 Contrast between Association and the present Social 
 order—the Domain—Location .... 
 Defects of the system of Isolated Households 
 
 General Contrast . . 
 
 Description of the Edifice of an Association 
 Defects of the present system of Architecture, and its 
 spirit ...... .. 
 
 Chapter to Artists .... . 
 
 Mode of living and public tables .... 
 
 Imaginary obstacles to Association 
 
 Elevation and Refinement of the Mass 
 
 System of property ....... 
 
 Mode of investing capital in Association . 
 
 Unity of interests resulting from the system of joint- 
 stock property of Association 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Impossibility of any tyranny of Capital in Association 34 
 
 Union of Capital and Labor.36 
 
 Scientific foundation of the system of property . 38 
 
 Attractive Industry.40 
 
 Groups and Series.43 
 
 Branches of Industry to lie prosecuted . . . .51 
 Adaptation of the Groups and Series to Human Nature 53 
 
 Individual accounts . 57 
 
 Division of profits.58 
 
 Reason for the Division of Profits between Labor, 
 
 Capital and Skill ..61 
 
 The Sacred Legion ... ... 62 
 
 Guaranty of an ample sufficiency ... 64 
 
 System of Education.64 
 
 System of internal Government .... 71 
 
 Means of spreading Association and rendering it uni¬ 
 versal .73 
 
 Cities in the Combined Order.74 
 
 Commercial Cities and Commerce . . . .75 
 Prejudices of the world against Association . . 76 
 
 Memoir of Charles Fourier, . . . 78 
 
■a 
 
 a 
 
 5^ 
 
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 CLINTON HALL—CORNER OF NASSAU AND BEEKMAN STREET 
 
 PUBLISHES AND HAS FOR SALE, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
 
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