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 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 101. 
 
 CROPS FOR THE SILO, COST OF FILLING, 
 
 AND EFFECT OF SILAGE ON THE 
 
 FLAVOR OF MILK. 
 
 BY WILBER J. PHASER. 
 
 URBANA, ILLINOIS, APRIL, 1905. 
 
SUMMARY OF BULLETIN No. 101. 
 
 ADVANTAGE OP SILAGE. Corn silage is, as a rule, the most economical succulent 
 food that can be obtained for dairy cows at a season when pasture is not available. 
 Although not a balanced ration in itself, it tends to heavy rnilk production and 
 economical milk can be made by feeding corn silage and a legume hay without the 
 use of much grain. Page 629 
 
 VALUE OF SILAGE IN PLACE OP SOILING. By helping the pasture out during 
 dry periods with partial soiling, more stock can be carried on a given area than by 
 pasturing alone. No crop will furnish more feed to the acre than corn, and with 
 the silo this can be utilized for soiling. Page 630 
 
 CROPS TO RAISE FOR THE SILO. In Illinois, corn seems to be the best single crop 
 for the silo, and by combining with it cowpeas or soy beans, the feeding value is 
 greater, ton for ton, than of corn alone. Page 632 
 
 INCREASE OF NUTRIENTS DURING MATURITY. When corn is fully tasseled it 
 contains less than one-fourth as much dry matter as when the ears are fully glazed. 
 From this stage to maturity the increase is but slight. Page 632 
 
 TIME TO HARVEST. That silage may keep well the corn should not be cut until 
 most of the kernels are glazed and hard; if too ripe the silage will not settle well 
 and the air will not be sufficiently excluded to prevent spoiling. Page 634 
 
 METHOD OF HARVESTING. The corn is most easily handled by cutting with a 
 corn binder, and using a silage cutter of large enough capacity to avoid the neces- 
 sity of cutting bands. Page 636 
 
 ESSENTIALS OF SILO FILLING. If silage is to keep well the leaves and heavier 
 parts must be kept thoroughly mixed, evenly distributed in the silo, and well 
 tramped next the wall. After filling, the top six inches should be wet once and the 
 whole surface tramped every day for a week to obtain a thin, compact layer of well 
 rotted silage which will exclude the air Page 636 
 
 COST OF FILLING. Records of the cost of silo filling were kept by the Experi- 
 ment Station on nineteen different farms in various parts of the State, and the cost 
 was found to range from 40 cents to 76 cents a ton, the average being 56 cents. 
 
 Page 638 
 
 EFFECT OF CORN SILAGE ON THE FLAVOR OF MILK. Of 372 comparisons made 
 between silage and non-silage milk, 60 percent were in favor of the silage milk, 29 
 percent were in favor of the non-silage, and 11 percent indicated no preference. 
 
 Page 644 
 
*CROPS FOR THE SILO, COST OF FILLING, 
 
 AND EFFECT OF SILAGE ON THE 
 
 FLAVOR OF MILK. 
 
 BY WILBER J. FRASER, CHIEF IN DAIRY HUSBANDRY. 
 
 ADVANTAGE OF SILAGE. 
 
 The digestive organs of animals that chew the cud are so formed as 
 to require comparatively juicy and bulky food. The cow cannot, there- 
 fore, thrive on exclusively dry food so well as can the horse. The nearest 
 an ideal food that can be obtained for the dairy cow is good pasture; 
 but for more than six months in the year green pasture is not available 
 in Illinois. The best substitutes to use during this period are corn silage 
 and such roots as mangels and turnips. Corn yields an average of twice 
 as much dry matter per acre as do root crops; and, since the latter require 
 much more labor, which in this country is relatively expensive, silage 
 is far more economical. 
 
 Making corn into silage is a means of preserving the grain as well 
 as the stalk in the best possible condition for feeding and without the 
 expense of shelling and grinding. In feeding whole corn, either in the 
 ear or shelled, many of the kernels are not digested. With silage, the 
 grain being eaten with the roughage, nearly all the kernels are broken 
 during mastication, and, since they are somewhat soft, are practically 
 all digested. 
 
 By the use of the silo the corn is removed from the field at a time 
 when no injury is done the land by cutting it up while soft. As the 
 corn is cut before the blades are dry enough to shatter, there is no waste 
 from weathering, and both stalk and grain being in good condition, 
 the whole crop is consumed by the stock; while with dry shock corn a 
 large percentage of the leaves and butts of the stalk is wasted. 
 
 * 
 
 *A bulletin on the construction of silos is now being prepared and will soon be 
 published. 
 
 629 
 
630 BULLETIN No. 101. [April, 
 
 It has been determined that one cubic foot of hay in the mow con- 
 tains about 4.3 pounds of dry matter, and that a cubic foot of silage 
 in a thirty-six foot silo contains about 8.9 pounds of dry matter. From 
 this it is evident that a cubic foot of space in a silo of proper depth will 
 hold more than twice as much dry matter as the corresponding space 
 in a mow. It is also true that on the average a larger amount of diges r 
 tible feed can be obtained from an acre in the form of silage than in 
 any other way at like expense. Making corn into silage is then both 
 an economical and compact method of storing feed. 
 
 Much damage has been done to the cause of silage by the extrava- 
 gant claims of its over-enthusiastic friends. Although corn silage is 
 not a complete and balanced ration in itself, it is so well relished that 
 large quantities are consumed. Being a succulent feed, it tends to heavy 
 milk production, and should be given an important place in the ration 
 of dairy cows. It has proved an important factor in steer feeding as 
 well as in milk production, but a steer cannot be finished on silage alone, 
 any more than a cow can produce her best yield of milk on such a ration. 
 To obtain the most economical returns, some dry roughage should be 
 fed in connection with silage, and a legume hay, as alfalfa, clover, or 
 cowpeas, is the best feed for this purpose, particularly for young stock 
 and cows. Economical milk can be produced from these feeds without 
 the addition of grain, if the cows are not giving more than two gallons 
 of milk a day, providing the corn was well eared and both the silage 
 and the legume hay are of excellent quality. Cows giving a larger yield 
 must have grain added to their ration. 
 
 VALUE OF SILAGE IN PLACE OF SOILING. 
 
 A pasture will carry much more stock during spring, early summer, 
 and fall, than it will through the hot, dry weather of midsummer. By 
 helping the pasture out at this season with partial soiling, the cattle 
 not only have better feed during this critical period, but more stock 
 can be carried on a given area than by pasturing alone. As land in- 
 creases in value and farming becomes more intensive, there is greater 
 need for soiling, and the most satisfactory method of providing a substi- 
 tute is by means of the silo. It requires too much labor to cut green 
 crops every day and haul them to the cows, and besides there is necessarily 
 a great loss in being obliged to feed the crops before they are fully mature 
 and after they are over-ripe. 
 
 No crop furnishes more feed to the acre than corn, and with the 
 silo it can be utilized for soiling, thus permitting the whole crop to be 
 harvested when at the right stage of maturity and fed when needed, 
 saving both feed and labor. 
 
1905.] 
 
 CROPS FOR THE SILO, COST OF FILLING. 
 
 631 
 
 fc 
 g 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
632 BULLETIN No. 101. [April, 
 
 CROPS TO RAISE FOR THE SILO. 
 
 In Illinois corn seems to be the best single crop for the silo. It 
 not only produces a large quantity of nutritious feed that is easily 
 placed in the silo, but it is of such a nature as to pack readily and keep 
 well. The large southern varieties of ensilage corn, which give enormous 
 yields in tons per acre, have been recommended for silage; but such 
 varieties do not produce much grain and the total nutrients are usually 
 less than from ordinary field corn. The best results are obtained with 
 some variety that will give a good yield of grain, and by planting some- 
 what thicker than for a grain crop. Under average conditions a larger 
 tonnage of feed can usually be obtained per acre by combining corn, 
 sorghum, and cowpeas or soy beans, but even with this combination 
 the greater part of the crop should be corn. 
 
 Legumes, as clover and cowpeas, have the power, through bacteria 
 on their roots, of utilizing the free nitrogen of the air and storing up 
 within themselves a comparatively large amount of that most necessary 
 constituent of food known as protein. By so doing they not only produce 
 a food rich in protein without exhausting the soil, but enrich the soil 
 by adding to its nitrogen. While they do not benefit the crop they are 
 grown with, they do benefit the succeeding ones. When either peas or 
 beans are grown with the corn and the entire crop is put into the silo, 
 the feeding value is greater, ton for ton, than that of corn alone. This 
 is a much more economical method of obtaining protein than by purchas- 
 ing it in high priced concentrates, as gluten meal, oil meal, etc. 
 
 If cowpeas are planted at the same time as the corn and in the rows 
 with it, they will usually make a fair growth, as shown in Cut 2. Since 
 the vines will run up the corn stalks, the entire crop can be cut with the 
 binder the same as corn alone, making practically no extra work in filling 
 the silo. The only difficulty in harvesting corn and cowpeas with the 
 corn binder is that, if the corn is missing for a rod in the row, there is 
 nothing to carry the peas back into the binder, and it is likely to clog. 
 Where there is a fairly uniform stand of corn, all can be readily bound 
 together. As the stalks of soy beans are much stiffer than those of 
 cowpeas, no difficulty is experienced in cutting them with the corn. 
 
 INCREASE OF NUTRIENTS DURING MATURITY. 
 
 It is of great importance to know at what stage corn should be cut 
 to secure the best results, how rapidly nutriment is stored up in the 
 corn plant as it approaches maturity, and when the maximum amount 
 is reached. The following table illustrates this point: 
 
1905.] 
 
 CHOPS FOR THE SILO, COST or FILLING. 
 
 633 
 
 o 
 I 
 
 hH 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
634 
 
 BULLETIN No. 101. 
 
 [April, 
 
 TABLE 1. WATER AND DRY MATTER IN CORN CROP AT DIFFERENT PERIODS AFTER 
 TASSELING. NEW YORK (GENEVA) STATION. 
 
 Date of 
 cutting. 
 
 Stage of growth. 
 
 Corn 
 per 
 
 Water 
 per 
 
 Dry 
 matter 
 per 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 acre. 
 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 July 30 
 
 Fully tasseled 
 
 9.0 
 
 8 2 
 
 8 
 
 Aug. 9 
 
 Fully silked 
 
 12.9 
 
 11 3 
 
 1 5 
 
 Aug. 21 
 
 Kernels watery to full milk. 
 
 16 3 
 
 14 
 
 2 3 
 
 Sept. 7 
 
 Kernels glazing 
 
 16 1 
 
 12 5 
 
 3 6 
 
 Sept. 23 
 
 Ripe 
 
 14.2 
 
 10.2 
 
 4.0 
 
 In the last column is shown the dry matter per acre in corn at dif- 
 ferent stages. When the corn is fully tasseled it contains but eight- 
 tenths of a ton of dry matter per acre, or only one-fifth what it contains 
 when fully ripe. When in the milk it contains nearly three times as 
 much dry matter as when fully tasseled. Only seventeen days were 
 occupied in passing from the milk to the glazing stage, yet in this time 
 there was an increase in the dry matter of 1.3 tons per acre. This shows 
 the great advantage of letting the corn stand until the kernels are glazed. 
 After this period the increase in dry matter is but slight. 
 
 TIME TO HARVEST. 
 
 To have the silage keep well the corn must be cut at the proper 
 stage of maturity. If cut before it is sufficiently matured, too much 
 acid develops. If too ripe, it does not settle properly and the air is not 
 sufficiently excluded to prevent spoiling. 
 
 Corn should not be cut until the ears are out of the milk and most 
 of the kernels glazed and hard. In Cut 3, ear No. 1 is in the soft dough 
 stage; No. 2 is beginning to dent; No. 3 is nearly all dented, but a few 
 kernels are still in the milk; No. 4 shows all of the kernels dented. When 
 corn is put into the silo it should usually be as ripe as ears No. 3 and 4. 
 In case the weather has been so hot and dry that the lower leaves have 
 fired, the corn should be cut before the ears are quite so far advanced. 
 Much riper corn will keep at the bottom of the silo than at the top be- 
 cause of the greater pressure which excludes the air more completely. 
 It is, therefore, important that the ripest corn be cut first and placed 
 in the bottom of the silo. 
 
1905.] 
 
 CROPS FOR THE SILO, COST OF FILLING. 
 
 635 
 
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 02 H 
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636 BULLETIN No. 101. [April, 
 
 METHOD OF HARVESTING. 
 
 The corn should be cut with a corn binder, as it is much more easily 
 handled when bound in bundles. If the silage cutter is large and the 
 work is pushed with a good force of men, the corn binder should have 
 a start of half a day. If enough horses are used on the binder to keep 
 it moving at a good pace the corn can usually be cut down as fast as it 
 can be put into the silo. 
 
 It is always wise to have a silage cutter of large capacity, as much 
 less labor is required in feeding it, and if the bundles are small, the bands 
 need not be cut. Using a small cutter with a large engine is dangerous 
 unless great care is exercised in controlling the power. Cut 1 shows a 
 small-sized cutter filling a silo in the center of a barn. The day follow- 
 ing the taking of this picture the machine was given too much power 
 and the cutter wheel exploded. A piece of the wheel was found twenty 
 rods distant and another piece was thrown through the inch siding of 
 the barn, but fortunately no one was injured. 
 
 The chain elevator] as shown in Cut 5, is still occasionally used, but 
 is likely to cause trouble. Where a carrier of this kind is desired, the 
 single chain gives the best satisfaction. The customary, and usually 
 the most satisfactory, way of elevating the cut material is by means of 
 the blower, as shown in Cuts 6 and 7. To obtain the best results and 
 not to be annoyed by clogging, the blower pipe should be run as nearly 
 perpendicular as possible. 
 
 ESSENTIALS OF SILO FILLING. 
 
 If silage is to keep well it must settle evenly. To this end the leaves 
 and the heavier parts of the corn must be kept thoroughly mixed and 
 evenly distributed in the silo. Owing to the great lateral pressure of 
 silage, friction with the sides of the silo has a tendency to make the 
 silage less compact at the edge, and^for this reason it should be kept 
 thoroughly tramped next the side. Every time three or four inches 
 of cut material is added to the silo it should be tramped thoroughly 
 around the edge, taking short steps and packing the silage as much as 
 possible next the wall. These precautions must be observed during 
 filling to obtain perfect silage. 
 
 If the corn is so ripe that none having green leaves at the bottom 
 of the stalk can be obtained to finish the last four or five feet at the 
 top of the silo, water should be run into the carrier and the corn well 
 soaked. If the corn is green, only enough water need be used to soak 
 the upper six inches of silage. 
 
1905.] 
 
 CROPS FOR THE SILO, COST OF FILLING. 
 
 637 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
638 BULLETIN No. 101. [April, 
 
 Many different forms of covering for silage have been advocated, 
 but it is usually found most practical to finish with the same material 
 as that with which the silo is filled. Frequently a saving can be made 
 by snapping off the ears and using the stalks alone, or by running enough 
 straw, chaff, or weeds through the cutter to cover the silage from four 
 to six inches deep. If pressure is available, water can be run into the 
 carrier to saturate this material. The top must be thoroughly soaked 
 once and the whole surface well tramped every day for a week to ex- 
 clude the air as much as possible. This tramping should be especially 
 well done around the sides, so that the air cannot gain access next the 
 wall. The object of wetting the surface is to obtain as quickly as pos- 
 sible a thin layer of thoroughly rotted silage, which will seal the top, 
 thus excluding the air and preserving the silage below. 
 
 If water is not added to the top, the heat dries out the silage, which 
 may then "fire fang" to considerable depth, entailing a great loss. 
 
 COST OF FILLING. 
 
 The data on the cost of filling silos, from which the Table 2 has 
 been prepared, were secured by representatives of the Experiment Sta- 
 tion, who went to different parts of the state when men were filling 
 silos and kept accurate records of the work in progress. 
 
 In these records the time work began in the morning and stopped 
 at night was noted, allowance being made for whatever time was taken 
 at noon. With the exception of a few cases on dairy farms, where some 
 of the men quit early to milk, no allowance was made for time lost after 
 the cutter started and men and teams were ready for work, a full day 
 being counted unless for some reason all work stopped and men and 
 teams were at liberty to leave. 
 
 To reduce the cost of filling the different silos to a like basis, the 
 charge made in these records for each of the various operations was 
 uniform, and as near as possible to the average price paid. The labor 
 of the men was charged at SI. 25 and of the teams at SI. 00 each for a 
 day of ten hours. This was considered a fair price, as the time of year 
 in which silos are filled is not usually an especially busy season on the 
 farm. In most cases the man who had the silo also owned an ensilage 
 cutter, and a uniform charge of S2.00 a day was made for wear on the 
 machine and interest on the money invested. The engine, including 
 the engineer, was charged for at $5.00 a day; fuel at $3.00 a ton for coal 
 and 15 cents a gallon for gasoline; twine at 11 cents a pound. The 
 charge for machine and engine, fuel, twine, and labor of men and teams, 
 gives the total expense of filling the silo. 
 
 To determine the capacity of the different silos the diameter of each 
 and the depth of the silage after settling forty-eight hours were care- 
 fully measured. From these dimensions the number of tons of silage 
 was estimated from a table on the capacity of silos. Having the acres 
 
1905.] CROPS FOR THE SILO, COST OF FILLING. 
 
 639 
 
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640 
 
 BULLETIN No. 101. 
 
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 BULLETIN No. 101. 
 
 [April, 
 
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1905.] 
 
 CROPS FOR THE SILO, COST OF FILLING. 
 
 643 
 
644 BULLETIN No. 101. [April, 
 
 cut, total cost of filling and tons of silage, the tons per acre and average 
 cost per ton of putting up silage were computed. 
 
 The cost of filling ranged from 40 cents to 76 cents per ton, the 
 average for the total number of tons put up being 56 cents. This varia- 
 tion was caused by the distance the corn was hauled, and the ability 
 of some farmers to arrange the work more systematically and push it 
 with greater energy than others. 
 
 EFFECT OF CORN SILAGE ON THE FLAVOR OF MILK. 
 
 Ever since silage has been used as a feed for dairy cows, there has 
 been more or less controversy over its effect upon the flavor of milk, 
 the objection being occasionally raised that milk from silage-fed cows 
 had an unpleasant, if not a disagreeable, flavor. To determine what 
 foundation, if any, there was for this belief, the experiment herein de- 
 scribed was undertaken and conducted in the following manner: 
 
 The University dairy herd was divided into two lots, one of which 
 was fed forty pounds of corn silage per cow per day, which is the maxi- 
 mum amount for economical feeding, together with a small amount of 
 clover hay and grain. The feed for the other lot consisted entirely of 
 clover hay and grain. 
 
 The milk from both lots was cared for in exactly the same manner, 
 being removed from the barn as soon as drawn and taken to the dairy 
 building, where it was cooled. After standardizing to four percent 
 butter fat, that there might be no difference in flavor of the milk from 
 the two lots on account of a variation in this respect, the milk was put 
 in half-pint bottles and sealed. 
 
 In each case, before asking for a comparison, a bottle of milk from 
 each lot of cows was agitated to incorporate the cream thoroughly, 
 and the milk in each bottle was poured into a separate glass. Three 
 questions were then asked the person whose opinion was desired: First, 
 "Is there any difference in the two samples?" Second, "Is there any- 
 thing objectionable about either?" Third, "Which do you prefer?" 
 The answers are summarized in Tables 3, 4, 5, and 6. In every case 
 the milk was known by number only and those whose opinions were 
 obtained were not told concerning the manner of production, that their 
 judgment might be unbiased by any prejudice they might have had 
 as to the use of silage in milk production. 
 
 The people whose tastes were consulted were divided into three 
 classes, ladies, men of the faculty, and men students. In the first case, 
 as reported in Table 3, the silage had been fed one hour before milking. 
 Of the 29 ladies, 10 preferred the silage milk, 14 the non-silage, and 5 
 had no choice. Of the men of the faculty. 27 preferred silage milk, 
 20 the non-silage, and 7 had no choice. Of the students, 20 preferred 
 silage milk, 4 non-silage, and 4 had no choice. 
 
1905.] 
 
 CHOPS FOK THE SILO, COST OF FILLING. 
 
 645 
 
 A preference for silage milk was indicated by 51 percent of the 111 
 tests made when silage was fed one hour before milking. When silage 
 was fed at time of milking, 71 percent preferred silage milk, and when 
 fed after milking, 51 percent reported the same preference. 
 
 The following tables give the time of feeding silage, class of people 
 tasting milk, number of tests made, and the milk preferred: 
 
 TABLE 3. SILAGE FED ONE HOUR BEFORE MILKING. 
 
 Number of people tasting milk. 
 
 Kind of milk preferred. 
 
 Silage. 
 
 Non- 
 silage. 
 
 No 
 choice. 
 
 Ladies 29 
 
 10 
 27 
 20 
 
 14 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 Men of the faculty. 54 
 
 Men students 28 
 
 Total Ill 
 
 57 
 
 38 
 
 16 
 
 TABLE 4. SILAGE FED AT TIME OF MILKING. 
 
 Number of people tasting milk. 
 
 Silage. 
 
 Non- 
 silage. 
 
 No 
 choice. 
 
 Ladies 30 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 
 Men of the faculty. 17 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Men students .121 . . 
 
 94 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 168 
 
 119 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 Kind of milk preferred. 
 
 TABLE 5. SILAGE FED IMMEDIATELY AFTER MILKING. 
 
 Kind of milk preferred. 
 
 Number 
 
 ol people tasting milk. 
 
 Silage. 
 
 Non- 
 silage. 
 
 No 
 choice. 
 
 Ladies 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 Men of the faculty. 
 
 43 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 Men students 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Total 
 
 93 
 
 47 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 TABLE 6. SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 
 
 lotal number of people tasting milk. 
 
 Silage. 
 
 Non- 
 silage. 
 
 No 
 choice. 
 
 Ladies 81 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 11 
 
 Men of the faculty .114 
 
 59 
 
 34 
 
 21 
 
 Men students 1 77 
 
 131 
 
 38 
 
 8 
 
 Total 372 
 
 223 
 
 109 
 
 40 
 
 Kind of milk preferred. 
 
646 BULLETIN No. 101. [April, 
 
 The summary of all results shows that of the 372 tests made, 223 
 or 60 percent, preferred silage milk; 40, or 11 percent, had no choice; 
 and 109, or 29 percent, preferred the non-silage milk. The people who 
 chose the non-silage milk were, as a rule, those who do not drink milk, 
 hence their opinion is not so important as is that of the people who 
 consume milk more freely. 
 
 Samples of silage and non-silage milk were sent to five milk experts 
 in Chicago and other cities, accompanied by a letter asking the same 
 three questions. One of these experts had no choice, one decided in 
 favor of the non-silage, and three preferred the silage milk. 
 
 It will be noticed from the tables that most people could detect a 
 difference in the flavor of the two samples of milk, but it was expressly 
 stated in every case that there was nothing objectionable about the 
 flavor of either sample. 
 
 To determine further whether the public generally objects to silage 
 milk, twelve half-pint bottles of such milk were delivered at the best 
 hotel in the Twin Cities each day for a month, making 360 samples in 
 all. These were served to guests who drank milk and no complaint or 
 criticism of any kind was made. 
 
 For the past nine years the Department of Dairy Husbandry at the 
 University has delivered from 100 to 150 quarts of milk a day to people 
 in the two cities. During this time the cows have been fed an average 
 of about forty pounds of silage per day, except when on pasture, and 
 no complaints of a bad flavor in the milk have been received. 
 
 Mr. H. B. Curler of DeKalb, who is one of the most progressive 
 dairymen of the state, has been producing certified milk for the past 
 ten years and selling it in Chicago at 12 cents a quart. All of this time 
 Mr. Gurler has been feeding silage to his cows, excepting during the 
 season of the year when pasture was abundant, and with the best of 
 results. 
 
 This is strong evidence that if the silage is of good quality and used 
 in reasonable amounts, in connection with other feed, it is one of the 
 best feeds obtainable for dairy cows when pasture is not available. It 
 must be remembered that in all of this work nothing but good silage 
 was fed and no spoiled silage was allowed to accumulate in or around 
 the silo. When silage imparts a bad or disagreeable flavor to the milk 
 produced from it, almost invariably the cause is that the silage has 
 not been fed properly, or that spoiled silage has been used. 
 
 It should not be understood from this discussion that the time of 
 day a food is fed which may impart a bad flavor to the milk is of no 
 consequence. All feeds of this nature should be fed after milking and 
 not before, to avoid the possibility of producing an unpleasant flavor 
 in the milk. 
 
1905.] 
 
 AUTHOR INDEX. 
 
 647 
 
 AUTHOR INDEX. 
 
 Crandall, Charles S., Curculio and 
 the apple, Bull. 98 466-560 
 
 Dietrich, William, Market classes 
 and grades of swine, Bull. 97.418-463 
 
 East, Edward M., Hopkins, C. G., 
 and Smith, L. H., Directions for 
 the breeding of corn, including 
 methods for the prevention of 
 
 in-breeding, Bull. 100 600-625 
 
 Structure of the corn kernel and 
 the composition of its different 
 parts, Bull. 87 77-112 
 
 Forbes, S. A., More important in- 
 sect injuries to Indian corn, Bull. 
 
 95 330-399 
 
 Notes on the insecticide use of the 
 gasoline blast lamp, Bull. 89. . 145-154 
 
 Eraser, Wilber J., City milk supply, 
 
 Bull. 92 252-272 
 
 Crops for the silo, cost of filling, 
 and effect of silage on the flavor 
 
 of milk, Bull. 101 628-646 
 
 Preventing contamination of milk, 
 Bull. 91 220-249 
 
 Glover, Arthur J., Records of indi- 
 vidual cows on dairy farms, 
 Bull. 85 1-44 
 
 Hopkins, Cyril G., Nitrogen bacteria 
 
 and legumes, Bull. 94 306-328 
 
 Soil treatment for peaty swamp 
 lands, including sand and "al- 
 kali soils," Bull. 93 274-303 
 
 Soil treatment for wheat in rota- 
 tion with special reference to 
 Southern Illinois soils, Bull. 88 
 
 ....113-143 
 
 and Readhimer, J. E., Soil treat- 
 ment for the lower Illinois gla- 
 
 ciation, Bull. 99 562-599 
 
 Smith, L. H., and East, E. M., Di- 
 rections for the breeding of corn, 
 including methods for the pre- 
 vention of in-breeding, Bull. 100. 
 
 r 600-625 
 
 Structure of the corn kernel and 
 the composition of the different 
 parts, Bull. 87 77-112 
 
 Hume, Albert N., Testing of corn 
 
 for seed, Bull. 96 400-416 
 
 Mosier, J. G., Climate of Illinois, 
 
 Bull. 86 45-76 
 
 Mumford, Herbert W., Fattening 
 steers of the various market 
 grades, Bull. 90 156-217 
 
 Readhimer, J. E., and Hopkins, C. 
 G., Soil treatment for the lower 
 Illinois glaciation, Bull. 99... 561-599 
 
 Smith, Louie H., Hopkins C. G., and 
 East, E. M., Directions for the 
 breeding of corn, including 
 methods for the prevention of 
 
 in-breeding, Bull, too 600-25 
 
 Structure of the corn kernel and 
 the composition of its different 
 parts, Bull. 87 77-112 
 
1905.' 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 649 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 The headings in capitals are the subjects of entire bulletins. 
 
 Acari 344 
 
 Acrididae 394-97 
 
 Agrotis herilis, see Feltia jaculifera. 
 
 saucia, see Peridroma margaritosa 
 saucia. 
 
 tricosa, see Feltia jaculifera. 
 
 ypsilon 351-53 
 
 Aleurone layer, see corn kernel. 
 
 Alfalfa 129 
 
 see also soil treatment for wheat. 
 
 Alfalfa bacteria 129, 296, 322-27 
 
 "Alkali" soils, treatment for 301-02 
 
 Altitude of Illinois 45 
 
 Anaphora popeanella 374 
 
 Anthonomus quadrigibbus 514-28 
 
 Anticyclones 46, 7 
 
 Ants and Indian corn 338, 39 
 
 destroying cttrculio 489 
 
 Aphis, leaf 342 
 
 root 339-44 
 
 woolly, and gasoline blast lamp. .. 152 
 
 Apple-curculio 514-28 
 
 Arctian caterpillars and gasoline 
 
 blast lamp 152 
 
 Army-worm 377-Si 
 
 Arsenical poisons, for curculio. . ..532, 53 
 See also Cridclle mixture. 
 
 Babcock milk test 6, 7, _66 
 
 Bacon hogs 442-48 
 
 Bacteria, see milk contamination, ni- 
 trogen bacteria. 
 Barns, see dairy barns. 
 Beetles, see corn, insects injurious to. 
 
 Bill-bugs 382-87 
 
 Birds destroy curculio 553 
 
 Blissus leucopterus 387-94 
 
 Blood, dried, see soil treatment. 
 Boll-weevil, see cotton boll-weevil. 
 Bone meal, see phosphorus, soil 
 
 treatment. 
 Bottling room, University of Illinois 
 
 .236-38 
 
 Bracket, G. C., Experiments with 
 
 London purple. .' 53 2 
 
 Breeding, see corn breeding. 
 
 Burrowing web-worms 374 
 
 Bugs 342 
 
 See also corn, insects injurious to. 
 
 Butcher hogs 425-31 
 
 Butter fat, amount, calculation of 
 
 average prices 5-18 
 
 Cabbage worms and gasoline blast 
 
 lamp 152 
 
 Carbohydrates, see corn, milk, ra- 
 tions, swine. 
 
 Caterpillars 340-41 
 
 Chinch-bug 387-94 
 
 Cholera, hog 460 
 
 CLIMATE OF ILLINOIS 45-76 
 
 Close pollination see corn breeding. 
 
 Cloudiness of Illinois 69, 70 
 
 Clover, red, bacteria 3H-I5 
 
 sweet, bacteria 322-27 
 
 Coleoptera 34^,2 
 
 Conotrachelus nenuphar 469-513 
 
 Corn breeding 600-25 
 
 feeding, excessive n 
 
 germ, see corn kernel. 
 
 insects injurious to, 33-99 
 
 references 399 
 
 CORN KERNEL, STRUCTURE 
 AND COMPOSITION OF 
 
 PARTS 77-112 
 
 root-worm 334 
 
 SEED BREEDING 600-25 
 
 selection 77.92-95 
 
 TESTS FOR 400-16 
 
 Cotton boll-weevil and gasoline blast 
 
 lamp 150-51 
 
 Co\v-pea bacteria 315-19 
 
 Cow-peas for silage 632 
 
 See also soil treatment. 
 COWS, RECORDS OF INDIVID- 
 UAL ON DAIRY FARMS. .. .1-44 
 
 silage as feed for 629-30, 644-46 
 
 See also Dairy barns, milk. 
 
 Crambus 366-74 
 
 Crickets 343 
 
 Cridclle mixture 395 
 
050 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 [April, 
 
 Crop rotation 597-99 
 
 See also soil treatment. 
 Cross-pollination, see corn breeding. 
 Crown starch, see corn kernel. 
 CURCULIO AND THE APPLE. . 
 
 465-560, index, 558-60 
 
 Curculio, apple 514-528 
 
 plum 469-513 
 
 Cutler soil experiment field 
 
 119-21, 587-91 
 
 Cutworms 347-66 
 
 Cyclones 45-47 
 
 Dairy barns. 255-259 
 
 bacterial condition of air in.... 229-36 
 
 See also cows, milk. 
 
 utensils, care of. 262 
 
 Detasseling corn 601-18 
 
 Diptera 339-4 
 
 Dragon-flies 344 
 
 Du Bois soil experiment field 584-86 
 
 Ear- worm 397, 98 
 
 Edgewood soil experiment field. . .564-74 
 Euxoa mcssoria 362, 63 
 
 ochrogaster 364,65 
 
 tessellata 364 
 
 Fall web-worms and gasoline blast 
 
 lamp 152 
 
 Fattening, see steers, swine. 
 
 Feeders, (steers) 157-217 
 
 (swine) 457 
 
 Feeds, cost of 181-83 
 
 efficiency of J 70-74 
 
 See also rations. 
 Feltia annexa : . 362 
 
 gladiaria 358-59 
 
 jaculifera 356 
 
 subgothica 356 
 
 Fertilizers, see soil treatment. 
 
 Fertilizers, mixed 136-40 
 
 Flies 339-40 
 
 Forbes, S. A., Experiments with the 
 
 curculio 497 
 
 Forbes scale and gasoline lamp 152 
 
 Frost in Illinois 66 
 
 GASOLINE BLAST LAMP AS 
 
 INSECTICIDE 145-54 
 
 Geneva tester 408-11 
 
 Germinating room 404-08 
 
 Gillette, C. P., Recorder of process 
 
 of oviposition of apple curculio. 516 
 
 Gortyna nit da 374-77 
 
 Governments 458-60 
 
 Grain and roughage, average prices 
 
 16, 18 
 
 Grasshoppers 343. 44. 394-97 
 
 Green Valley soil experiment field. . 
 
 294-96 
 
 Hadena arctica 351 
 
 devastatrix 347~50 
 
 lignicolor 361 
 
 Harlequin cabb'age-bug and gasoline 
 
 blast lamp 150 
 
 Heifers, selection of 7 
 
 Heliophila, unipuncta 377-8i 
 
 Heliothis armiger 397, 98 
 
 Hemiptera 342 
 
 Highs 45-47 
 
 Hogs, see swine. 
 
 Hominy mill products 108-10 
 
 Horny gluten, see corn kernel, 
 starch, see corn kernel. 
 
 Hydroecia nitela 374-77 
 
 Hymenoptera 338, 39 
 
 Hypoclopus mortipennellus 374 
 
 ILLINOIS, LOWER GLACIA- 
 TION, SOIL TREATMENT 
 
 FOR 562-99 
 
 See also Southern Illinois. 
 
 In-breeding of corn prevented 617 
 
 Indian corn, see corn. 
 Indiana experiment station, soil ex- 
 periments 290 
 
 Insects, see aphis, woolly ; corn in- 
 sects injurious to curculio; gas- 
 oline blast lamp. 
 
 Inspection, need of dairy 272 
 
 Jo Daviess county, altitude 45 
 
 Kainit 288-89 
 
 Kennicott, J. A., on the curculio. ... 471 
 
 Kenrick, on the curculio 470 
 
 Kerosene emulsion 394 
 
 Lard hog 421-23 
 
 Leaf-aphis 342 
 
 LeBaron on the curculio 515 
 
 Legumes for silage 632 
 
 See also crop rotation, soil treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Lepidoptera 340, 41 
 
 Leucania unipuncta 377-8i 
 
 Lice, plant 337,38 
 
 Lime, see soil treatment. 
 
 Lintner on the curculio 496 
 
 Locusts 343 
 
 London purple 532 
 
 Lows 45-47 
 
 Magnesium carbonate 301 
 
 Mamestra renigera 365, 66 
 
 Manito soil experiment field 288-90 
 
 Manure, see soil treatment. 
 
 Mascoutah soil experiment field.. 122-25 
 
 Melanoplus, different species 397 
 
1906.} 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 651 
 
 Meteorological summary for the 
 University of Illinois Agricul- 
 tural experiment station, 1889- 
 
 1902 72-76 
 
 Mexican boll-weevil, see cotton boll- 
 weevil. 
 Mildew and the gasoline blast lamp. 153 
 
 Milk, care of 259, 262 
 
 certified , 270 
 
 composition under different ra- 
 tions n-44 
 
 . CONTAMINATION OF supply. 
 
 221-49 
 
 effect of silage on flavor 644-6 
 
 record, sample 3 
 
 SUPPLY CITY 253-72 
 
 tests 2-9 
 
 See also Babock milk test, 
 variation in flow, and percent of 
 
 fat 7-9 
 
 Mites 344 
 
 Momence soil experiment field... .282-87 
 
 Multiplying plot 621 
 
 Myriapoda 344 
 
 Nitrogen, see soil treatment. 
 NITROGEN BACTERIA AND 
 
 LEGUMES 306-328 
 
 See also soil treatment. 
 
 Nephe^lodes minians 359-6 1 
 
 Neuroptcra 344 
 
 Noctua clandestina 361-62 
 
 c-nigrum 355-56 
 
 Odin soil experiment field. . 1 17-19, 575-83 
 Oil in corn, see corn kernel. 
 Orchards, cultivation of, as protec- 
 tion against insects 553-55 
 
 spraying 532-53 
 
 Orthoptera 343, 44 
 
 Ozark ridge ..-45, 62 
 
 Papaipema iiitcla 374-77 
 
 Parasites 310 
 
 Paris green, see arsenical poisons, 
 criddle mixture. 
 
 PEATY SWAMP SOILS 274-303 
 
 Pedigree register of corn 621,22 
 
 Pcridroma margaritosa saucia 353-5 
 
 Penholders 460 
 
 Petri dishes used in milk experi- 
 ments 224 
 
 Phosphorus, for Southern Illinois. . 596 
 See also soil treatment. 
 
 Pigs.... 452,53 
 
 following steers. 176 
 
 roasting 457 
 
 See also swine. 
 
 Plant food 291 
 
 circulation of 593,94 
 
 See also soil treatment. 
 
 Plum curculio 469-513 
 
 Plant-lice 337, 38 
 
 Pollination of corn, see corn breeding. 
 Potassium 297-301 
 
 See also soil treatment. 
 Prices, average, for butter fat 18 
 
 grain and roughage 16, 18 
 
 Profits, dairy 9-44 
 
 from fattening steers 181-98 
 
 Protein ........ 422 
 
 See also corn, milk, rations, swine. 
 
 Pseudanaphora arcanella 374 
 
 Quaintance, A. L., on the curculio. . 505 
 Rations for dairy cows n-39 
 
 for steers 167 
 
 Rainfall of Illinois 61, 62 
 
 Red clover bacteria 311-15 
 
 Riley, C. V., on the curculio..48o, 492, 515 
 Root-aphis 339-43 
 
 web- worm 366-74 
 
 Rotation of crops, see crop rotation. 
 San Jose scale and gasoline blast 
 
 lamp 147-150 
 
 Sandy swamp soil, treatment for... . 294 
 
 Say, on the curculio 514 
 
 Schistocerca americana 399 
 
 San Jose scale and the gasoline blast 
 
 lamp 147-50 
 
 Scurfy scales and the gasoline blast 
 
 lamp 152 
 
 Seed corn, see corn, seed. 
 Self-pollination, see corn breeding. 
 
 Separator, centrifugal 263, 266 
 
 Shipping steers 1 77-79 
 
 SILO, CROPS FOR, COST OF 
 FILLING AND EFFECT OF 
 SILAGE ON THE FLAVOR 
 
 OF MILK 628-46 
 
 Smith, Professor Frank, Tables of 
 analyses of individual ears of 
 
 corn 98-101 
 
 Smith, R. L, on the curculio 504, 5 
 
 Snout-beetles 382-87 
 
 Sod web-worm 366-74 
 
 Soil survey 302, 03 
 
 SOIL TREATMENT FOR 
 LOWER ILLINOIS GLACIA- 
 TION 562-99 
 
 FOR PEATY SWAMP SOILS.. 
 
 274-303 
 
 FOR WHEAT 1 13-43 
 
052 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 [April, 
 
 Southern Illinois, soil treatment.... 
 
 H3-43, 562-99 
 
 Soiling, silage in place of 630 
 
 Soy bean bacteria 319-22 
 
 Soy beans, see also soil treatment. 
 
 Sphagnum moss 276 
 
 Sphenophorus, different species.. ..382-87 
 
 Spraying orchards 523~53 
 
 Stalk-borer 374-77 
 
 Stags 454 
 
 Starch, white, see corn kernel. 
 STEERS, FATTENING OF... 157-217 
 
 shipping 177-79 
 
 Straw as fertilizer 143, 290 
 
 Sunshine in Illinois 69-70 
 
 Sweet clover bacteria 322-27 
 
 SWINE, MARKET CLASSES 
 AND GRADES OF 418-63 
 
 See also pigs. 
 
 plague 459,460 
 
 Symbiosis 310 
 
 Tampico soil experiment field 277-82 
 
 Temperature of Illinois 63-66 
 
 Tip cap of corn, see corn kernel. 
 
 Tile drainage 565, 570, 575 
 
 See also soil treatment articles. 
 Tip starch, see corn kernel. 
 
 Trichinae 460 
 
 Tuberculosis in swine 459, 60 
 
 Udders, washing of 237-249-259 
 
 Vienna soil experiment field 116, 17 
 
 Walsh, B. D., on the curculio 
 
 514,471,72 
 
 Web-worms 366-74 
 
 Webster, F. M., on the curculio 512 
 
 Weed, C. M., Experiment with Lon- 
 don purple 532 
 
 Wheat, soil treatment for 113-43 
 
 Whitewash as a disinfectant 258, 59 
 
 Winds in Illinois 67, 68 
 
 Windfalls, destruction of 544, 556 
 
 Wisconsin experiment station, soil 
 
 experiments 290 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA