m&M. u tt L I E> RAHY OF THE UN IVERSITY Of ILLINOIS ^73.27 G79o IUJN0IS HISTORICAL SUkVEY (j The Orderly Book of Colonel Henry Bouquet's Expedition Against The Ohio Indians, 1764 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/orderlybookofcolOOgrea THE ORDERLY "BOOK OF COLONEL HENRY BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 1764 ^ From the Original in the William L. Clements Library EDITED BY Edward G. Williams with Introduction and Explanatory Notes Privately printed for the author by MAYER PRESS, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA MCMLX Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-10193 1960, The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania 4338 Bigelow Boulevard, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. This edition limited to two hundred copies of which this is No. -£bl Printed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. JJJf ^*V. ^vV~ ( * ^ CONTENTS Introduction 3 The Orderly Book 13 Explanatory Notes 53 The Orderly Book of Colonel Henry Bouquet, 1764, first appeared in The Western Pennsylvania His- torical Magazine, Volume 42, in three installments. Many requests were received for this work and many suggestions that the three parts be brought together under one cover. This has been done, and thanks are due to the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania for per- mission to do this, so that it may be made available to more people interested in those early formative years of the independent spirit of America. The Editor Introduction rRANCis Parkman, in the preface to his Montcalm and Wolfe, sets forth one of the most brilliant approaches to historical investigation ever expounded, in these words: " .... I visited and examined every spot where events of any importance took place, and have observed with attention such scenes and persons as might help to illustrate those I meant to describe. In short, the subject has been studied as much in the open air as at the library table/' The key to a real understanding of historical events is, then, to surround one's self with the actual environment that influenced those events. Often one must visualize hills as covered by primeval forests instead of urban redevelopments, streams as of greater width than today, super highways and bridges as non-ex- istent. Modern transformations are making identification of historic spots ever more difficult. When the Orderly Book of Colonel Henry Bouquet's expedition against the Indians of Ohio turned up after a disappearance of one hundred and ninety-two years, 1 just such an opportunity presented itself for historical study "as much in the open air as at the library table." The Journal of the expedition, usually ascribed to Bouquet himself, 2 was contained in the history of the expedition entitled An Historical Account . . . . , now quite rare, by "a lover of his country," published first in Philadelphia (1765), then in London (1766) , 3 and later in Dublin and Amsterdam (in French) . A letter by Doctor William Smith, provost of the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) , to Sir William Johnson, found in the 1 Bouquet's Orderly Books Numbers 1 and 2 probably came from England in 1956 and are now in the William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan, by whose courtesy, through the Director, Mr. Howard H. Peckham, the present transcription is made possible. 2 William Matthews, American Diaries, University of California Press, 1945, p. 90. 3 The title page: An Historical Account of the Expedition Against the Ohio Indians, in the Year MDCCLX1V. Under the Command of Henry Bouquet, Esq. Colonel of Foot and now Brigadier General in America. Including his Trans- actions with the Indians, Relative to the Delivery of their Prisoners, and the Preliminaries of Peace. With an Introductory Account of the Preceeding Campaign, and Battle at Bushy Run. To which are annexed Military Papers, Containing Reflections on the Art of War with the Savages; a Method of forming Frontier Settlements; some account of the Indian Country; with a List of the Nations, Fighting Men, Towns, Distances, and different Routs. The whole illustrated with a Map and Copper Plates. Published from authentic Documents, by a Lover of his Country. Philadelphia, Printed: William Bradford MDCCLXV. (1765) The English edition adds: London, Reprinted for T. Jefferies, Geographer to his Majesty, at Char- ing Cross. MDCCLXVI. (176£> 4 BOUQUET S ORDERLY BOOK Force Collection in the Library of Congress, states his authorship of the book, and his use of Bouquet's papers as source material. Parkman accepted it as "sufficient proof that the credit belongs to him." 4 Since that time all index catalogues have listed the book under Dr. William Smith's name. An Historical Account also contained a map of the expedition drawn by Thomas Hutchins, the engineer of the army, that varied in the several editions only in minor details of arrangement. It is the amazing accuracy of this map when harmonized with a modern road map, and with details given in the Journal and the Orderly Book that is phenomenal when judged by today's standards of engineering. It is evident that the map as printed is a simplification of a detailed draft, since Dr. Smith says that it was "taken from actual surveys, of the road and adjacent country," 5 yet it contains none of the small windings and jottings that an actual survey would necessarily show. One sector, however, of this original draft by Hutchins turned up, just at this juncture, among the Hutchins Papers, 6 and a reprint of it is given following the Introduction. More will be mentioned later concerning this map. It has been a rare satisfaction to be able here to bring together under the same covers, after a wide separation for nearly two cen- turies, a journal, an orderly book, and a map so closely related in their origin. All three were compiled simultaneously in the same tight little army in the depths of the American wilderness in 1764. Together, they constitute the recorded details of Bouquet's expe- dition (the year following his victory at Bushy Run), to bring the Indians of Ohio and far places to abject submission and to exact from them the release of all their white captives. 7 Bouquet's expedition against the Ohio Indians has not been accorded the military fame it deserves, because no battles were fought, no dramatic moments occurred when the fate of the army hung suspended in the balance. In the light of facts of which we now 4 See Parkman's Preface to his edition of the An Historical Account, Cincinnati, Ohio, Robert Clarke & Co., 1868, xv. 5 Smith, London edition, p. 7; Parkman 1868 edition, p. 40. 6 Thomas Hutchins Papers; Pennsylvania Historical Society, Philadelphia, I, item no. 44. 7 Dr. William S. Ewing, "Indian Captives Released by Colonel Bouquet," Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 39, 187 ff, listed 348 prisoners found in the Gage Papers in the William L. Clements Library and in the British Museum Additional MSS, Bouquet Papers 21655, 250; but he has since found a list of 15 additional prisoners, bringing the total now known to 363 persons. INTRODUCTION O are in possession, however, we know that Bouquet's achievement was all the more remarkable because he accomplished his goal against tremendous odds, of which we have little idea today, with- out having to risk the success of the undertaking upon the precarious issue of battle. The true genius of Henry Bouquet as a military strategist and tactician is disclosed when we examine the "Reflections on War with the Savages of North America'' appended to the Historical Account. These, almost certainly, were written by Bouquet himself, since Dr. Smith was in no sense a military man, and his letter to Sir William Johnson says, "... which I drew up from some papers he favored me with." 8 The references in the "Reflections" to the Romans' meth- ods of combating the barbarians' fluid tactics point out that these have been common to all barbarians as well as to the American Indians. 9 That Bouquet was master of the proper means to combat them he demonstrated at Bushy Run by inflicting upon them their first great defeat in the West, which drove them in terror to abandon all their towns clear to the Tuscarawas. Concerning the life of Henry Bouquet prior to his coming to America only the barest facts are known. The French edition of An Historical Account, printed at Amsterdam in 1769 by C. G. F. Dumas, contained a biographical sketch of Bouquet, which was trans- lated by Parkman in his edition of 1868, and is the basis of most of our knowledge of his pre-Ameriean life. Dr. Egle adds a few details about the Bouquet family gleaned from the archives of the Canton of Vaud at Lausanne, Switzerland. 10 A brief resume of his life is here included for the benefit of our readers who have not had an opportunity to read either Dumas' or Dr. Smith's accounts. Born in Rolle on the shores of Lake Geneva, Switzerland, in 1719, Henry Bouquet entered the service of the Netherlands as a cadet at the age of 17. Having served through the wars of the Continent under the King of Sardinia, he again entered the service of the Prince of Orange as captain commandant in the Swiss Guards with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Bouquet now entered upon a phase of his career that made him one of the best informed military tacticians and strategists of his 8 This is the same letter to which reference is made, note 4, above. 9 An Historical Account . . . London edition, Appendix, "Reflections on the War with the Savages of North America," p. 45; Parkman's edition, 1868, p. 109. 10 Historical Register, Notts and Queries, Ser. 3, II, 80ff; also Pennsylvania History, XIX, with a very able Introduction by Donald H. Kent. O BOUQUET S ORDERLY BOOK day. For a few years he studied at the University of Leyden and there he enjoyed associations with some of the foremost mathe- maticians and natural scientists of the continent. Because of his knowledge of military science, Lord Middleton invited Bouquet to accompany him on a tour of historic battlefields of France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy. This further study, on the ground, broadened Bouquet's already wide understanding of practical military art. One other bit of experience in Holland fitted Bouquet for the role he was to play in the American theater. He was sent with two others, both general officers, as one of the Commissioners of Holland, to arrange for the return of prisoners which France agreed to give up as a provision of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. He did not then know that in a few years he was to repeat this perform- ance in the American wilderness far across the Atlantic. After the disaster that befell General Braddock's army in 1755, the British Parliament hastened to authorize the establishment of a new corps that should be trained for the type of open warfare peculiar to America. They accordingly passed the Act 29 Geo. II, c.V. entitled "An act to enable his Majesty to grant Commissions to a certain number of foreign Protestants." Sir Frederick York, British Ambassador to the Netherlands, induced a group of experienced officers, such as the Swiss Bouquet and Frederick Haldimand, to enter the British service, and arranged for their transfer, through the Princess of Orange, sister of King George II, also aunt of the Duke of Cumberland, Captain-General of all the British armies. Bouquet's commission as Lieutenant Colonel dated from Janu- ary 3, 1756, and Haldimand's from January 4th; and they arrived in New York in June. The new corps was styled "The Royal American Regiment" and was numbered the 62nd Regiment of Foot. More will be told regarding this regiment (see note 4 of the Orderly Book) which was to become the very life of Henry Bouquet from his coming to America until his untimely death in 1765. At first, Bouquet's time in the new country was spent in or- ganizing and training the new corps which was being raised mainly among the German and other foreign settlements of Eastern Penn- sylvania and Maryland, although recruiting progressed around Albany in Upper New York and in Virginia. In the autumn of 1756 he INTRODUCTION / went to Philadelphia with his First Battalion, where, after initial difficulty with the citizens over quartering his troops, he won his point with the Assembly and won their esteem as well. In fact, he became a social favorite in Philadelphia and the friend of such learned men as Dr. Smith of the University, and John Bartram, the naturalist. In May of 1757 a detachment of the Royal Americans was sent to South Carolina, and Bouquet went to command them, returning to Pennsylvania in time to prepare for the expedition assembling at Carlisle to march against Fort Duquesne, in the spring of 1758. As second-in-command to General John Forbes, who was an invalid during nearly all of the campaign, Bouquet was chief executive officer, and great credit is due him for bringing the expedition to a successful conclusion. For the next two years Bouquet was at different frontier posts, being several times in Pittsburgh, often at Forts Ligonier and Bed- ford, sometimes at Lancaster, and briefly at Philadelphia. He had time to fall in love with the fair Anne (Nancy) Willing. 11 When Pontiac's conspiracy (1763) set the frontiers aflame, Bou- quet was again at Carlisle with his First Battalion of Royal Americans, part of the Royal Highlanders (Black Watch), part of the Mont- gomery Highlanders, in all not exceeding 500 men. Detroit, Niagara, and Fort Pitt were the only strongholds that had not fallen, and Fort Pitt had to be relieved with men and supplies before it succumbed to the beleaguering horde of savages. Bouquet proceeded on this desperate undertaking; and en route, near Bushy Run, the little army with its large pack train was attacked and surrounded. The Indians were elated, for they were sure they had already achieved a repetition of Braddock's disaster. In the ensuing two-day battle, August 5th and 6th, 1763, Bouquet was completely victorious. His tactics there put in practice were in emulation of the Roman methods so well learned. After a time he gathered his forces upon a rounded elevation in a circular formation with the pack animals and the cattle in the center. 12 He here learned to build redoubts of his supply bundles, barrels, packsaddles, etc., supplemented by fallen tree trunks and rocks, and to fight from behind this protection in true Indian fashion. It was demonstrated that, of two nearly equal forces, that holding the inner circle has the advantage of a more 11 Refer to note 19 of the Explanatory Notes. 12 An Historical Account . . . London edition, Appendix, "Reflections on the War with the Savages of North America," p. 45; Parkman's edition, 1868, p. 109. 8 bouquet's orderly book consolidated position, while that on the outer perimeter must spread its strength more sparsely over longer lines. That this tactical pro- cedure became a rule-of -thumb with Bouquet is evident in his selec- tion of almost identical situations for every camping ground thereafter, as we shall notice again and again as the expedition to the Tuscarawas progresses. It was the summer of 1764 before sufficient forces could be raised to carry out the follow-up thrust that Bouquet knew would be necessary to give his victory permanent results. The savages had abandoned every village on the upper Ohio after their defeat at Bushy Run, and they had not stopped their retreat until they had crossed the Tuscarawas, nearly a hundred miles west of Fort Pitt. There they felt safe in the depths of the forests whither the white scourge could not follow, as they thought. In August, the army started from Carlisle, and on October 3rd crossed the Ohio (really the Allegheny). On the 14th, they crossed the Tuscarawas (called the Muskingum, Tuscarawas Branch) at present Bolivar, Ohio. On October 25th they arrived at the Forks of the Muskingum, across from the present Coshocton, about a mile from the confluence, where Bouquet by sheer iron will wrung from the savages, far and near, every surviving white captive in their possession, in addition to solemn promises of lasting peace, with hostages to insure proper performance of these conditions. General Gage, the new commander-in-chief in America, had planned a two-pronged offensive to put double pressure on the In- dians, so that those of the northerly country could not aid the tribes oi Ohio. Colonel John Bradstreet, conqueror of Fort Frontenac, commanded the northern expedition, and after crossing Lake Erie, advanced to Sandusky. Near PresquTsle (Erie, Pa.) he met In- dian deputies, who made promises of peace and amity which they did not pretend to keep, but continued their murderous attacks upon the frontiers. Bradstreet, however, sent messages to Bouquet stat- ing that he had taken care of everything and that Bouquet need take no further trouble. Note 5 of the Orderly Book gives further details on Bradstreet's relationship to this affair. Let us turn to a detailed consideration of Bouquet's expedition as shown by the Orderly Book, the Journal, and the Hutchins Map. The key to bringing these three elements together was Hutchins' map, and in order to test its accuracy, it was photographically brought INTRODUCTION V to the same scale as a modern Rand McNally map and Hutchins' line superimposed upon it by map drafting experts. Regular increments were carefully added to compensate for the curvature of the earth's surface, which was not taken into consideration in early surveys. This composite map was then carefully compared with U. S. Topographical Survey maps. Since Dr. Smith had stated positively that the line had been plotted by actual survey, and since the Journal gives very precise measurements, the scaled distances must check with the U. S. Topographical Survey. In order to give the reader a clearer pic- ture, the Journal has been fully quoted, in the footnotes, as it relates to progress from campsite to campsite, omitting details of speeches, etc., at Indian councils. Some totally unrelated sources came to prove the accuracy of Hutchins' work at different points. Hutchins' manuscript draft taken from survey notes made on the spot proved extremely accurate — in fact, more so than some modern maps of the area today. Note 30 of the Orderly Book gives in detail proofs by various checks at the point of the road's intersection with the present Penn- sylvania-Ohio State line, which was run many years later. Check points present themselves at the crossings of the Big Beaver and the Little Beaver. Descriptions of many campsites render them easily recognizable today. The crossing place of the Tuscarawas is definitely marked on the U. S. Topographical map at the point where the Greenville Treaty Line meets the Tuscarawas. It is also carefully marked on the survey maps of the U. S. Military District of Ohio. Hutchins' engineering skill, therefore, passed a severe test when his line, superimposed on the modern Rand McNally map, crossed the Tus- carawas one-quarter mile above the mouth of Sandy Creek, at ex- actly which distance (20 chains) it scales on the Military District survey. It is clear that, had Hutchins deviated a small fraction of a degree in his measurement of an angle at any point, the error would have become cumulative and his location of the strategic Tuscarawas crossing would not have so perfectly corresponded with today's map. Equipped with a transcript of the Orderly Book, a copy of the Journal, the composite map (Hutchins-Rand McNally) together with a photostat of the Hutchins MS. map, and the U. S. Topo- graphical maps covering the whole route, plus camera equipment and 10 bouquet's orderly book instruments for measuring, plotting, and scaling angles and lines, the author was able to proceed on the ground to an orderly study of the whole road. More than two years of careful study, checking, observation, and measurement have been expended in establishing and recreating what is here presented as the nearest approach to scientific truth that is possible today. It kindled the imagination to stand in the sunset-lit forest amid the flaming autumn colors and leafy odors, at the border of the rippling brook that watered the herds, in the chill shadows of gather- ing night, and thus to reminisce : Here near two hundred years ago stood the kilted sentry of Bouquet's outguard, his blood curdling at the howl of the wolves, his senses vibrant to every rustle in the thicket that might forebode the stealthy approach of a lurking savage foe. Here, by the campfire, the long forgotten hand penned the lines we yet scan so clearly. It is a pleasure to acknowledge gratefully my indebtedness to Mr. Howard H. Peckham, Director of the William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan, who generously has made available the Bouquet Orderly Book and has given of his time to review the manuscript; also to Dr. William S. Ewing, Curator of Manuscripts at Clements for helpful suggestions. I am grateful to Dr. Alfred P. James, Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Pitts- burgh, for encouragement and his time in reviewing the manuscript ; to Dr. Harry William Pedicord, himself an author and editor, for editorial advice. To Miss Prudence B. Trimble, Librarian of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania and Editor of the So- ciety's quarterly, I am particularly indebted for her kindly interest, helpful suggestions, and advice in trimming down an immense amount of material to the length that, it is hoped, may hold the reader's interest. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, kindly supplied the writer with a copy of Hutchins' original draft map, and the staff of the MS room made the Hutchins Papers avail- able for research. I wish to thank Mr. James Affleck of the Gulf Re- search Center for aid in having the Hutchins survey map scientifically superimposed upon the modern road map, for which Rand McNally & Company kindly gave their permission. During the investigation Mr. D. C. Meek of Coshocton, Ohio, rendered valuable assistance in studying the environs of the Forks of the Muskingum. The writer hopes that this presentation of the Orderly Book may contribute to placing Colonel Bouquet in the position he merits as one of America's greatest military leaders. vduV toA^tj 6> v /fz/r/t'^h )er(yyi///r4 *& if "*$>/*& tP^yK $&)/>&**? #£ Mutt*; ' $**•/• /^W^wft 0a/ //fr turf Myi' ( ' isiflo /f/6/, mtmVtvxj — - jhfamJb //is a / ; t£r/SOy /%/\f /J £% Reproduction of a page from Bouquet's Orderly Book. (William L. Clements Library) 30H0E8 OiVfSiQIiS •28 MILES lETWEgU ?0i8T$- The line of Bouquet's march from Fort Pitt to the Forks of tl Bouquet's Journal, his Orderly Book, and from surveys by Thorn! by tin OF MILES EL Jig. m. m ML 60 65 piTTtTTTT I ii ii T I rTT-tVn-T-fi-rn -fT- j _ . 70 fskingum, in 1764, was traced from information contained in Ixhins, the engineer of the Expedition. The route was retraced 53 £ B § c/) OJ C g o | o g *n a; u ^ V3 H s - '^V^ X . , #i— 'n « , pi * t ■* 7 J >» 1 %' . 1 *»i$r P«*ver Ore** r-M,l,< v.« The Orderly Book Orders commencing 2 d Oct r 1764 1 Mount Gage N°; 2— HeadOuarters Camp at Mont Gage On the western Bank of y e Ohio 2 Tuesday Oct r the 2 d 1764. Parole Muskingum Countersign Scioto Field Officer for tomorrow Major Prevost 3 Adj* and Q r M r 60 th Regim* 4 Col° Bouquet with Pleasure informs the Army he has the honor to Command that everything is now ready to [act] offensively against the enemy Indians in order to obtain satisfaction for the Murders and depradations they have committed against his Majestys Subjects, without the slightest provocation, cause, or pretence s The Savages now will find to their Terror, it is not helpless Women and Children they have to encounter, but men fird with resentment at so many Injuries received but not yet revenged 6 The success of the expedition depending now entirely (under God) upon the Bravery of the Troops which Col° Bouquet has the Highest appreciation of. He can with Confidence assure y m that this War will soon be terminated with honor to themselves and future safety to the Coun- try, providing the Men will be strictly obedient to Orders and by an unwearied Vigilance guard against the Surprises and sudden Attacks of a cowardly and treacherous enemy who will never dare to face British Troops openly The Distance to their Towns and the Difficulty of clearing the road, will necessarily require a considerable time ; And as the Troops have now no other Supplies to expect but the Ammunition and Provisions they carry with them every one must be sensible, that if through Neglect or any other Cause those valuable Stores should be lost, the Expedition must unavoidably fail, and the lives of so many brave men, fall a sacrifice through want in a Wilderness which can afford them no relief It becomes therefore incumbent upon every person in the Army not only to preserve with the greatest attention & [care], their own Ammunition and Provisions but also to prevent to the utmost of their Power, any Robberies Embezlements Waste or loss, whatsoever of any part of the Convoy. And whereas in total contempt of Orders Four Bags of Flour 14 bouquet's orderly book and two Sheep were stolen yesterday which is a Proof that there are some Villains lurking in this Army, it is expected that they will be discovered and expelled before they can renew their infamous Practices, & in order to deter for the future such Atrocious offend- ers devoid of all sense of Virtue & duty to God and their Country Col° Bouquet declares to every Individual in, and fol- lower of the Army that any Person or Persons of any Denomination whatever who during the Course of this Expedition, shall be con- victed of having stolen or embezled wilfully, or through Neglect to have wasted or lost Provisions, Arms, Ammunition, Horses, Oxen, Sheep or any kind of Public Stores belonging to the Army shall without a tryal be immediately hanged And any Person or Pers ns who shall have been found to have been aid ff or assisting in committing the said Crimes, and who know- ing the offender do not forthwith discover them, all such Persons shall be considered Accomplices and be punished accordingly This Order to be read at roll-calling this evening by the com- manding Officer of every Company in the Army to his Men, and to morrow to those who being now on Guard or other Duties shall not be present The Superintendants of Pack horses & Cattle will read them to their Horsemasters & Drivers (so) that no person may pretend to Ignorance, — The Orders of the 28 th Sep br7 forbidding the Troops to fire at any Indians continues in Force for the reasons therein assign'd The Army marches tomorrow morning, the General 8 to beat at daybreak, as soon as the horses are Collected and loaded the assembly will beat; the Guards will Join, and the whole will pro- ceed in the following Order. Viz* Lieu* Col M c Niel's 9 Corp of Virginia Volunteers advanced before the whole covering the Axe men ; Col° M c Niel will detatch, three scouting parties in his Van, one of which will be furnishd with a Guide, who will conduct the Party in a Single file in the route by which the Army is to proceed, the other two Parties will extend themselves in a line a breast on the right and left of the first mention'd party Any Discoveries of the Enemy made by the advanced Parties to be immediately reported The Axe-men (consisting of all the Artificers & two Companies THE ORDERLY BOOK 15 of light Infantry,) in three Divisions, to be directed by the Chief Engineer, 10 will follow & clear under cover of the Virginia Volun- teers three different Paths, by which the rest of the Troops and Convoy are to follow. The front Face of the Square compos d of the forty second Reg 1 1 1 will march in a Column two deep in the Center Path This Column to be followed by eight light Horse men rang'd equally on each side of the Center Path The right face of the square composd of the remaind r of the 42 d & 60 th Regiment, and the left face compos'd of the 1 st Batt n Pennsylvanians will follow the light horsemen marching each in a single File the former in the Path on the right & the latter in that on the left of the Center Path in which the Convoy moves between them The Corps de reserve composd of two platoons of Grenadiers or light Infantry, follows the right and left faces of the square And the 2 d Battalion of pensulvanians forming the rear face of the Square, follows the reserve; Each Equally Divided in a single file on the right and left hand of the paths and covering the Convoy which moves in the centre Path Eight light horsemen marching behind the rear face of the square, and are followed by Maj r Fields 12 or the 2 d Corp of Vir- ginia Volunteers forming the rear Guard and detatch g a Scouting Party to Scout the three Paths and follow at about a miles distance this party also, to report immediately any discoveries they make of the Enemy The Pensulvania Volunteers will divide themselves equally, in two divisions, each marching in a single file, at a proper distance to flank the right and left Faces of the Square, The Convoy covered as before mentioned will move in the Center Path in the following Order The Ammunition and Tools in the rear of the first Column or front face of the Square and followed by the Officers Baggage Tents, and hospital Stores The Oxen & Sheep will move behind the Baggage in separate Droves and properly guarded, The Provisions, will follow the Cattle in four Divisions, each conducted by a Horse Master, and consisting of four Brigades of Pack horses 16 bouquet's orderly book [In the Orderly Book at this point appear diagrams of the order of march and encampment. See facing page.] In Order to avoid the incumberance of a still greater Number of Horses It is found Necessary for a few days in the Beginning of the March to load 80 of the Horses now mounted by Lt Horsemen with Light Bags of Flour of 125 lb. wt. These loads to be first Issued & the Troopers will again Mount their Horses. The Officers of the Light Horse to be very attentive that the Flower their men are Intrusted w* is no ways damaged or Em- bezzeled. The former Order relating to the Mens Canteens being filled every morning before the March w* fresh Water is again repeated It is expected The Officers will see it strictly complyed with The Arms and Ammunition to be minutely Inspected every Morning by an Officer p r Company, And any defficiency Immedi- ately reported to the Commanding Officer of the Corps. The Troops to March in profound Silence, The Men at two Yards distance from one another Whenever the Line or any part of it Halts the whole Immediately Face outwards If the Army is Attackt on the March the whole to halt Immedi- ately and facing outwards to be in readiness to form the Square when ordered, The Riffelemen 13 to Join and also wait for Orders The Virginia & Pensylvania Volunteers will be posted at the Angles on the outside of the Square extending diagonally, The Light Horse will March into the Square w h the Cattle Provisions Ammunition and Baggage and Form as directed in the Orders of the 14 th Sep tr 14 The Troops will Encamp in the usual Form and in the same Order as at Mount Gage The first division of Provisions will be unloaded opposite the Angle of the Square and formed into Redoubts 15 which will be occupied and Guarded by the two Corps of Virginia Voluntiers The other Guards will consist of right Plattoons including the Re- serve The out Guards will be advanced from the Square at equal distance with the Redoubts, the Position of each will be marked • mzzzz.tzzzzji.. p t (frnsfitr/ (AtasK m pa p| eg pa ca ** ;/ £=» *=* =•* fc* taf oa eg •\ if — •" tv.:.v- J J| // •""fat pt pal Pi » « pB n b* W / w JF x. 1 B fl I I 8 * * * i 4 i S 1*1 I If Scakcffitt. ^F 2.£ujfitJi0ryt. ^ x..77rt\t'rw{V. us j? & * Ey cn s . -TrvopA 4^4rtqn\rnr. I 7 AesJ7anfors. I /Kwwkw. The above reproduction of a page from ^4w Historical Account of the Expe- dition Against the Ohio Indians in 1764 is a composite of diagrams appearing on separate pages of the Orderly Book. Notations in the accompanying text indicate where the proper drawing occurs in the original. 18 bouquet's orderly book by a Yellow Camp Collour, 16 They will be placed as follows at a Proportionable distance from each other & from the Redoubts Viz 1 Two Guards of a Plattoon each before the Right Face — Two before the Left. One in the Front & one before the Rear faces of the Square The Pennsylvania Volunteers Encamp w* the Plattoon on Guard opposite the Front Face of the Square The two Troops of Light Horse will Encamp Immediately behind the Rear Face of the Square where they will take charge of & Guard The Different Droves of Cattle The Reserve will be placed between the Light Horse and the Center and will Furnish all the Centries within the Square Those at the Angles on y e outside to come from the advanced Guards, each placing also a Number of Centries in their respective Fronts in proportion to their Numbers, As soon as the Centries are placed Each out Guard is to open a Communication to the one next to it on the Right which path will serve for the Rounds 17 The field Officer of the Day will make the Grand Rounds and fix the time at which every Officer on guard is to make the Visiting Round The Officers on Guard within the Square to Visit their own Sen- tries separately, The advanced Sentries will be placed beyond the Path for the Rounds. They are to keep Silent, not to walk, Facing outwards and Covered by Trees All the Guards to be under Arms every Morning from before Day break till after Sunrise during which The Field Officer of the Day will again visit them In Case of an Attack in the Night The whole to form Immedi- ately in perfect Silence in the Front of their Tents, And that the Men may not be unnecessarily exposed the Officers will Order them to lay down w* their Arms in their Hands and wait for further Orders [Rest of Page is diagram — Camp as before described. See page 17.] The Ground where every Corps will Encamp will be markd out by Camp Colours fixed for that purpose w* the Number or Rank of the Respective Reg 1 or Corps THE ORDERLY BOOK 19 Head Quarters Camp 3 miles from Fort Pitt Wednesday Oct r 3 d 1764 Parole 1 Onondago 18 Countersign J Ontario Field Officer for Tomorrow Lieu 1 Co 11 Francis 19 Adj* & Qu r M r 1 st Batt n Pensylvan- a The General to beat at day break to morrow And the Assembly as soon as the Horses are collected, when the Army and Convoy will proceed in the same Order & manner as this day The Light Horsemen having been ordered to execute the Es- sential & Necessary service of carrying Flower Baggs till Issued to the Troops by Cheerfully Submitting to this Order they merited Approbation — Colonel Bouquet is Astonished at the Unbecoming behavior of some persons who presumed to treat them with Derision, on this Occasion & he hopes that such an instance of Disrespect to public Orders will for the future never happen in this Army HeadQuarters at the 11 mile Encampment 20 Thursday October 4 1764 Parole Onida Countersign — Cadaraqui Field Officer for tomorrow Major murray 21 Adjutant & Quarter Master 2 d Bat Pensilvanians The General to beat at Day break tomorrow the assembly as soon as the horses are Loaded: when the whole will proceed Im- mediately. Three Drivers from Each Brigade of pack horses are from sun sett to sun rise to watch the flower baggs carried by their respective Brigades, and to be Answerable that none of the flower given to them in Charge, be either Stole, wasted, or Embezzeld. The Superintendants to Direct their horse masters Each in their turn, to take the Charge of placing & Inspecting these Guards of Drivers The Rations Issued to the Troops at fort pitt Consisted of 3 lib of beef & 9 lib bread per week, this quantity of bread was baked out of 7 lib and a Quarter of flower. It is now no Longer practicable to have bread baked therefore Every person in this Army will receive During the Expedition 9 lbs of beef & 7 3/4 lbs 20 bouquet's orderly book of flower pr week which makes an Addition Every seven Days of a pound of beef & half a pound of flower. This is Allowed to the Troops on Account of the fatigueing Service they are now Em- ployed in The Army to Draw this Evening beef for two Days beginning with Colonel M c Neals Virginia Volunteers & Ending with the Second Batt n of Pensilvanians. This Issuing Completes the whole till the 6 th Inclusive Head Quarters at the 20 mile Encampment Friday Oct r 5 th 1764. Parole Beaver Creek Countersign Logs Town 22 Field Officer for tomorrow L* Colonel Clayton 23 Adjutant And Quarter Master 42 d Regiment The General to beat at Break of Day tomorrow ; when the As- sembly beats the horses are to be Immediately Loaded and the whole to proceed as usual The Droves of Sheep for the future will in the Line of march between the rear Guard & the rear face of the Square, & Drove in the Center path to prevent their being Lost in the high weeds & bushy thicketts 24 The Ax men to parade when the General beats ; the Cap 1 Com- manding the Reserve, to have the Direction of the Duty within the Square The field Officer of the Day as soon as the Guards are placed, will see that the Communication between the out Guards are Cleared for the Rounds HeadQuarters at the 32 Mile 25 Encampment Saturday Oct r 6 th 1764 Parole Sandusky Countersign Osweegatchy Field Officer for tomorrow Major Dehaass 26 Adjutant & Quar- ter Master the 60 th Reg 1 The General to beat to morrow morning at Day break the horses to be Loaded when the Assembly beats & the whole to proceed as usual THE ORDERLY BOOK 21 The Troops to draw their Provisions for the future as fol- lows The first three days of the week every person receives four pounds of Beef and three Pounds three Quarters of Flour for the other four days five Pounds of Beef and four Pounds of Flour. The Army to draw immediately three days Provisions (begin- ning with Maj r Field's and ending with Lieu 1 Col m c Neil's Corp of Virginia Volunteers) which completes the whole till the 9 th Ins 1 inclusive. This issuing to be served out of the Bags carried by the light-Horse, an equal proportion from each Troop The Troopers whose horses will hereby be unloaded To reserve the flour Bags till by future issuings there be spare pack horses to carry them The Quarter m r of the day will attend at head Quarters every morning before the Army marches and receive directions from the A : D. Q r M r General, 27 to take charge of and regulate the Brigades of Pack horses carrying the Officers Baggage on the March Sunday Oct 1 " y e 7 th 7oClock in the morning If on the Army's being attack'd or otherwise the Square is ordered to form — on the March the Signal for that Maneuvre will be the Drums beating to Arms, — The front Column will thereupon immediately form the front face of the Square The left and right Faces marching in a Single file and cover- ing the Convoy will continue moving in the same Direction and in open Order till the front of each arrives at the rear of the front face already formed: They will then face to the right and left out wards and move briskly in a line abreast till the left of the right face & the right of the left face reach the right and left extremes of the front Face By which they are Immediately to dress 28 and stand fast The Officers taking particular care that the Men of their respective Plattoons & divisions do not croud but divide their Ground Equally as already directed at the distance of two paces from each other. The Corps de Reserve marches forward to the place allotted for it within The Square And the Rear Face in two Files in the Right & Left Hand Paths Continues in that Position Covering the Convoy till the whole is Marched within the Square; The Rear face will then Form and close the Square in the Usual Manner also dressing by the Extremeties of the Right & Left faces and dividing the Ground properly 22 bouquet's orderly book The A : D : Q : M : G : will give directions to the Superin- tendants of Pack Horses and their Horse masters to range and unload their Different Brigades of Pack Horses carrying the Powder Tools Stores for the General Hospital the Baggage & Tents of the Army and all the Provisions in separate Columns within the Square leaving proper & distinct spaces between each and also between them and the Troops The A:D:Q:M:G: will regulate These so as to leave Sufficient Room for the Light Horse & Cattle. The whole to be arranged in such manner as not to crowd one another nor to obstruct the Quick Conveyance of Orders to the Different parts of the Army. When it will be requisite to bring the two Corps of Virginia Voluntiers within the Square, The Signal for that Maneuvre will be a long Ruffle, 29 Upon which the four divi- sions of these Corps formed Diagonnaly on the outside of the Dif- ferent Angles of the Square are Immediately to face Inwards and . March in to the Square forming behind the Angles in the same manner as in the outside. Head Quarters at the 38 Mile 30 Encampment Sunday Oc br 7 th 1764 Parole ) Lancaster Countersign f Conecochegue Field Officer for tomorrow Lieu 1 Co 11 Reid n Adj' & Q r M r 1 st B: Pensylvanians The General to beat at day break Tomorrow morning the Horses not to be loaded till the Assembly beats & as soon as the Convoy is ready to move the whole will proceed as usual Some officer's Baggage horses have been observed to be greatly overloaded notwithstanding the Former Orders, specifying the weight of the heaviest load by no means to exceed 160 lb wt : as it cannot be suppos'd the officers would knowingly allow of such abuse and disregard to public Orders it must arise from some of the Soldiers or Drivers presuming to load the horses with their own Baggage without the officers' Permission To prevent this happening for the future it is expressly order'd that an officer p r Company will himself see the Tents and Baggage pack'd & the horses loaded; and that the loads do not contain, Provisions Kettles Baggage or Tent Pins belonging to the Soldiers THE ORDERLY BOOK 23 If on account of Sickness or particular duties it is found neces- sary to carry any of the mens Baggage there must be an order in writing for the Commanding Officer of the Corps, they belong to, specifying the reason of such Indulgence & directed to Cap 1 Ourry 32 A. D. Q r . M r . G 1 . The officer of Each Company who sees the Horses loaded, will be Answerable that this order is strictly Complyed with, The Light Horsemen who are again mounted, are now to re- sume the Guard of the Cattle, dureing the march. The Cap ts of the Troops of Light horse, to take this Duty in Charge Alternately, Detatching a sub n & ten troopers to Guard the droves of sheep which Continue to move in the front of the rear Guard, as formerly Dicerted [Directed] The Guard Driveing the Oxen, to march between the Axmen & the front Column, keeping always within Sight of the Latter Head Quarters at the 49 mile Encamp- ment, 53 monday, October 8 th 1764 Parole "1 Albany Countersign J Georgia Field Officer for to morrow major Provost Adjutant & Quarter Master 2 d batt Pensilvanians The General to beat to morrow morning at Eight, the horses are to be Collected at that hour. The Assembly will be beat when the Convoy is ready to move After the horses are Loaded they remain within the Square till the A D Q M G Directs them to be Ranged Propperly & in the order they are to Continue During the March Morning orders Tuesday Oct r : 9 7 OClock To Prevent Delay by Dispositions necessary to be made in case of a Sudden Attack from the Savages. The Different Divisions of the Army are put under the Immediate Command of the following field Officers Lieutenant Colonel Francis Commands the Left Face of the Square Composed of the 1 st & one Company of the Second battalions of Pensylvanians Lieutenant Colonel Clayton to command the rear face of the Square Composed of the Remainder of the 2 d batt. of Pensylvanians & one 24 bouquet's orderly book half of the 1 st batt; 60 th Reg* Major Prevost to Command the Right face of the Square Composed of the Remainder of the 60 th & of one half of the 42 d Reg*. Major Murray to command the front face of the Square Composed of the Remainder of the 42 d Reg*. These four field Officers Will Always March at the head of their respective Divisions Lieutenant Colonel Reid to do no more Duty in the Line, he is to serve as Coll°. During this Expedition And his Orders are to be Obeyed by Every Corps in the Army Colonel Reid will take under his particular direction the Ord- nance Stores, the Convoy of provisions. The Cattle, bat u baggage & pack horses: & all Reports from those Departments are to be made to him. Returns 35 to be given in Immediately to the Major of Brigade of the Number of Persons to be Victualled in every Corps of the Army ; That the Exact Quantity of Provisions to be Issued at every Draught may be ascertained and in order by That Means to prevent Effectually any Confusion, Errors or Embezzelments, in the Deliv- ries or Receipts of the Deputy Commissary of Provisions. There is reason to Suspect that a Quantity of Flower found deficient in the weight of a Bagg has been lately Stole, Co 11 Bouquet offers a Reward of 100 Dollars 36 for the Detection of this Theft or for the Discovery of any Person who hereafter either directly or Indirectly may be found Guilty of this unpardonable Crime He is determined to make an Examp le of the first Criminal of this Heinous Nature And by a Capital Punishment to Extirpate such Villains out of this Army. When the Troops and Convoy are Marching No Person what- soever to presume to pass the Van of the Virginians (who march in the front) without Orders, that their Scouts may the easier dis- cover the Tracts of the Enemy. Head Quarters at the 65 Mile 37 Encampment Tuesday Oct br 9 th 1764 Parole "I Saratoga Countersign j Suitara Field Officer for tomorrow L* Co 11 Francis Adj* & Qu r Master 42 d Reg* THE ORDERLY BOOK 25 The General to beat tomorrow at day break, The Horses to be Immediately collected and the Army to March as early as possible. — The Troops this Evening to draw four Days Provisions Be- ginning w* the Pensylvania Voluntiers and Ending w* Major Fields Corps of Virginians. This Issuing compleats the whole to the 13 th Inclusive. Before the Army Marches, the Baggage Horses of every Corps as soon as Loaded are to be properly Ranged and Conducted daily by the Reg 1 Qu r Masters to the Front Face of the Square where the A : D : Q : M : G : will place them in their several stations in the Line of March. All the Axes received by the Diff fc Corps to be returned to the Chief Engineer tomorrow morning. There will then be delivered New Axes in Lieu of these at the Proportion of two Per Company. A Court Martial of the Line to sitt tomorrow morning at seven Cap* Grant 38 of the 42 d Reg 1 President The 42 d & 60 th Reg ts & 1 st & 2 d Batt ns Penn s give each a Subaltern to sitt as Members, James Fleming of the Penns : Volun- tiers Confined on Suspicion of Firing contrary to repeated Orders is to be try'd by this Court. Evidences 39 will attend at the tryal. Head Quarters at the 62 mile Encamp* 40 Wednesday Oc br 10 th 1764 Parole ') Penobscot Countersign J Acadia Field Officer for tomorrow Maj. Murray Adj* & Qu r Master from y e 60 th Reg 1 The General to beat at Day Break and the Army to March tomorrow morning as early as possible The 42 d & 60 th Reg ts will for the future furnish all The Camp Guards The Penns a Troops will furnish daily two Companies Com- pleat in Men and Officers to be advanced under the Direction of the Chief Engineer; These Comp s to parade Immediately on the Beat- ing of the General. They will Each receive a Proportion of Tools for clearing the Road, 41 The A: D: Q: M: G: will order a Suffi- cient Number of Pack Horses to carry these Mens Packs that by 26 bouquet's orderly book •being disencumbered of any Loads they may the more speedily & Effectualy perform the necessary & Essential service they are to be employed on. Head Quarters at the 72 Mile Encampment 42 Thursday Oct br 11 th Parole | Madagascar Countersign j Batavia Field Officers for tomorrow U Co 11 Clayton Adj 1 & Qu r M r 1 st B. Pennsylva 8 The Gen 1 to Beat tomorrow at Day Break: and the Army to March as early as possible Head Quarters at the 83 Mile 4 * Encampment Friday Oc br 12 th 1764 Parole 1 Berwick Countersign J Tiviot Field Officer for tomorrow Major Dehaas Adj 1 & Q r M r 2 d Batt n Pensylvanians The General to beat at day break tomorrow, & the Army to march as early as possible. The Camp Guards for the future to be relieved in the Morning before the Army Marches, The Guards advanced before the Dif- ferent Faces of the Encampment to lead the Collumns formed by these Faces in the Line of March : and as some of the Army arrives at the Ensuing Encamping Ground, The Guards will File off from their respective Collumns and repair Immediately to the several Places they are to be Posted at: which the Officers will find dis- tinguished by the Camp Collours marked for that Purpose; and fixt at the different Stations of the Guards One Troop of Light Horse to perform daily the Duty of march- ing with and guarding the several droves of Oxen and Sheep, and to continue to protect those droves by a proper number of Centinels during the Night The Bullock and Sheep drivers to give all the assistance they can afford to the Light Horse men in this Service THE ORDERLY BOOK 27 The A : D : Q : M : G : will direct the Super Intendant of the Cattle to Order One Third of the Drivers who are Armed, to Mount Guard every Night and furnish a Proportion of Centrys for their own Security as also to watch the Cattle. Another Troop of Light Horse to parad[e] Every Morning at Head Quarters on y e beating of the Assembly before the army Marches. A party from This Troop to be detatched Early as an Escort to the Chief Engineer The Remaining Officers & Troops will be disposed of In the Line 01 March in Leading the diff 1 Collumns of Infantry, In Assisting to Protect The Convoy and in any other Incidental Services that may Occur w* the main Body of the Army The Troops of Light Horse to take alternately the above men- tioned dutys Morning Orders Saturday 13 th 8 br44 7AM The Army has already penetrated to the Heart of the Enemys Country These Perfidious Savages have recently and severly Experienced the Valor of Britons which must have struck them w* Terror as they now shun Encountring the same Gallant Troops that for- merly put them to flight, and this first Instance of so distant a Prog- ress of his Majestys successfull Arms In this part of the Vast Continent of N th America has hitherto met w* no serious opposition. Nor have the Barbarians (who Brutally destroy the Defenceless Inhabitants of the Back Settlements of our Collonies,) dar'd to Appear in the Face of this small but well composed Army in a hostile Manner. The Troops will this day proceed to Tuscarrawa a settlement (now abandoned) but formerly Inhabited by a Numerous Tribe of the Enemy Ind s From the Pacifick dispo[si]tion of several Savage Nations to the Northward who applied for and have had Peace Granted to them by S r Will" 1 Jonston 45 (His Majestys sole Agent & Super- Intendant For Indian Affairs) And from appearances lately in this Quarter, It is probable that a Deputation from the Shawanes, Dela- ware, and Mingo Nations will at Tuscarawa sue for Peace Co 11 Bouquet desires every Person in this Army may be acquainted it is his orders that to avoid unnecessary Blood shed The Troops are Generously to forbear treating the Savages hostilely till their Inten- 28 bouquet's orderly book tions are fully known And should they meanly and servily Attempt to recover the Favor and Countenance of any Person whatsoever It is positively Forbid to hold any kind of friendly Intercourse with them by speaking shaking of hand or otherwise, But on the Contrary to look on them w t utmost disdain and w* that Stern and Manly Indignation Justly Felt for their many Barbaritys to our friends and fellow Subjects. They will continue to be re- garded as Enemys till they submit to the Terms that will be offered them and till they have in some measure expiated the Horrid Crimes they have been Guilty of: by a Strict Compliance w* those Terms: in w c Ample Satisfaction will be demanded & Insisted on; for all possible reparation of wrongs and such satisfaction as will be adequate to the Spirit now exerted by an Injured People, and equally consistent with the Honor and Dignity of the British Em- pire. Should the Savages have the Audacity to dispute the access of this Army to Tuscarrawa, The Conduct and Bravery of the Officers and Men will soon retaliate their Crueltys on their Guilty Heads: In a Manner more be coming their Resentments: Altho repugnant to their Humanity. Head Quarters at Tuscarawa 46 or the twelfth Encampment from Fort Pitt 92 Miles distant Saturday Oc br 13 th 1764 Parole 1 Geneva Countersign j Danube Field Officer for toMorrow L* Co 11 Francis Adj* & Qu r M r from y e 42 d Reg 1 The Army halts tomorrow at this Encampment, Necessary Houses 47 to be erected Immediately at proper distances from the Diff* Faces of the Square, But within y e Advanced Centrys, The Quarter Masters of the Different Corps will receive Tools from y e Chief Engineer for that Purpose w c are to be returned as soon as the work is performed The Men's Arms to be Cleaned and put in Good Order, their Linnens washed, And the Ammunitions partic- ularly Examined. The Troops to draw three Days provisions tomorrow morning Beginning w* the Royal Artillery and Ending w 1 the Pennsylvania Volunteers This Issuing Compleats to the 16 th Inst In- clusive THE ORDERLY BOOK 29 A General Court Martial to sitt to morrow at 10 oClock. Lieu 1 Co 11 Clayton President 48 Maj r Prevost 60 th Reg\ /Maj r Murray 42 d Reg* Maj r de Haas 1 st B P RJ w I Cap 4 Wil m Grant 42 d R Cap 1 Piper 2 d B P R J jCap 1 Lems 2 d B P Reg* Cap 1 Ja s Irwin 1 st BP § NCap 1 Hendricks 1 st B P Lieu 1 Winter 60 th R 1 ) § /Lieu 1 Alex M c Kay 42 d Lieu 1 Cha s Stewart 2 d B P R/ \Lieu 1 Thomson 1 st B P R Lieut Alexander Frazer Deputy Judge Advocate This Court to try Ja s English Soldier in the 1 st Batt n Penn s Confined in the Provost Martials Guard for disobeying Orders Evidences will be ordered to Attend The Names & Rank of the Members The Names of the Evidences and the Prisiner's Name & Crime will be given in to the Judge Advocate this Evening The Prisoner to be acquainted of his Tryal that he may Prepare for it Head Quarters Camp at Tus[s]carrawa Sunday October 14 th 1764 Parole 1 Stirling Countersign J Tweed Field Officer for tomorrow Maj r Prevost Adj 1 & Qu r M r 60 th Reg 1 The General Court Martial of w c Lieu 1 Co 11 Clayton was President is disolved. The Prisoner James English Sold r In y e 1 st B Penns ns Tryed for disobeying the Orders against firing: is found Guilty, but being recommended to Mercy by the President & Members of the Court, Co 11 Bouquet has been pleased to pardon him & orders him to be releassd from his Confinement All The Officers & Men off Duty belonging to every Corps in the Line to be under Arms at Four this Afternoon Those En- camp 1 in the Square; to parade in Front of their respective Faces. The Two Corps of Virginia Volunteers to be formed be- hind the front and Rear faces. The two Troops of Light Horse to form in Rear of the Right & Left Faces. The Commanding Officers of Corps will receive directions at Head Quarters concerning the Manouvres to be performed by the Troops. 30 bouquet's orderly book His Majesty has been pleased to make the following Promo- tions in the Staff for North America. William Porter and ■ Stewart Gentlemen to be Deputy Commissarys of Musters. The Commander in Chief in North America has been pleased to Order That Returns be sent on the first of Nov r Ensuing from every Quarter to the Commissary General at New York: of the Quantity of Provisions Remaining at the Several Forts & Posts. The Army to be in readiness to March tomorrow morning The General to beat at Eight oClock. The Super Intendants of Pack Horses to have them collected at that hour. — As soon as the Horses are Loaded the whole will Move as Usual. Co 11 Bouquet has this day rec d Intelligence that a Numerous Deputation of Indians from the Shawanese & Delaware Nations are on their way hither to beg for Peace He orders that when they approach the Army (whether on the March or Encampt) No Insult be offered thier Persons. Head Quarters at the 13 th 49 Encampment on the Western Bank of the Muskingum River near Tuscarrawa 95 Miles from Fort Pitt Monday Oc br 15 th 1764 Parole ) Zurich Countersign / Rhine Field Officer for tomorrow Lieu 1 Co 11 Clayton Adju* & Qu mr 1 st Batt n Penns: The Army remains Encampt till further Orders Necessary Houses to be Erected & a proper spot to be cleared Immediately for a General Parade The Regimental Quarter Masters will receive directions & Tools for this Purpose. Every Person in the Army to be acquainted that none are to quit the Camp without Express leave or Orders. When the Indian Deputys arrive they are to be stopt by the Advanced Centinels and not admitted beyond the out Guards till Reported to the Field Officer of the Day who will be directed to conduct them to Head Qu rs THE ORDERLY BOOK 31 After Orders 7 in the Even* 8 br 15 th Several large Bodies of Ind s are within a few Miles of the Camp. They declare they are come for Peace Yet the many former Instances of the perfidy of these Savages gives reason to distrust their present Intentions, Co 11 Bouquet doubts not but that the watchfullness and Vigilance of the Troops will put it out of thier Power to practice any Treachery against this Army. He expects the Guards and Centries will be very alert, And Orders all the Men off duty in the Line may remain accoutred dur- ing this Night and Ready to turn out under Arms in an Instant if necessary. A party of two Captains four subalterns four sergeants & 100 Axmen from y e 1 st & 2 d Batt ns Penn s to parade at seven tomorrow morning, This party will receive directions from y e Chief Engi- neer. Head Quarters Camp near Tuscarrawa on y e western Bank of the Muskingum Tuesday 8 br 16 th 1764 Parole "1 Iceland Countersign J Hecla Field Officer of the Day tomorrow Major Murray Adj* & Qu r Master 2 d Batt n Penns The Army to draw tomorrow morning four days Provisions beginning w t the 42 d Reg* & Ending w* the Royal Artillery. This Issuing Compleats the whole till the 20 th Int* Inclusive The 1 st & 2 d Corps of Virginia Volunteers w* all the Light Horse and Light Infantry to be under Arms in the Front of the Line tomorrow morning at Nine, These Troops under the Command [of] Co 11 Reid Lieu* Co 11 Francis & Major Prevost are to March to the place appointed for holding a Congress w* the Chiefs of the Delawares, Shawanese and Mingo Nations of Indians Lieu 1 Co 11 Clayton & Major Dehaas to remain with & Command the Troops in Camp The Field Officer of the Day to be very Attentive that the Men of the Corps who remain be not permitted on any Account to quit their respective Encampments, that The advanced guards & Centries be strictly enjoyned to stop any who should attempt to 32 bouquet's orderly book pass their Posts during the absence of the Troops detatched to the Congress. Head Quarters Camp on the Western Bank of the Muskingum Wednesday Oc br 17 th 1764 Parole 1 Morea Countersign J Hellespont Field Officer for tomorrow Major Dehaas Adj* & Quarter Master 42 d Reg* Co 11 M c Neils Corps of Virginia Volunteers w* a Detatchment of a Cap* 2 Subalterms three Serg ts and Fifty Light Horsemen to parade at Nine to morrow morning in the Front of the 42 d Reg 1 and March under the command of the Field Officer of the Day who will receive Orders at Head Quarters Two Captains 4 Sub s 4 Serg ts and 100 Ax Men from the Pensylvania Reg 1 to Parade at the same time for work This Party will receive directions from the Chief Engineer The Captives delivered up this day by the Indian Deputys at the Congress to be Immediately furnished w* a Sufficient Quantity of Tents Kettles & Provisions A Guard of a Corporal & six Men to be detatched from y e reserve to protect & asist them. Head Quarters Camp on the Muskingum Banks Thursday Oc br 18 th 1764 Parole 1 Bermuda Countersign J S 1 Kilda Field Officer for tomorrow L* Co 11 Francis Adj* & Quartermaster 60 th Reg* A Working Party from the Pensylv a Troops consisting of the same Number of Officers & Men as ordered for this day: to parade to morrow morning at 7 in order to finish the Entrenchm* at y e Store House, where the Flower is to be Immediately Lodged ■ A guard of a Captain Subaltern 2 Sergeants & 40 Men to be mounted at That Post The Congress w* the Indian Chiefs having been Interrupted this day by the Badness of the weather, It will be Held tomorrow THE ORDERLY BOOK 33 morning at Ten oClock at the place formerly Appointed and where it was begun Yesterday The Bower errected for that Purpose to be Enlarged Co 11 Bouquet to be attended to the Congress by the Command- ing Officers of Corps A Body of Troops to March Thither at the same time under the Command of the Field Off r of the Day & Consisting of the Grend s 50 of the 42 d & 60 th Reg ts The 1 st & 2 d Corps of Virginia Voluntiers The Pensyl a Voluntiers & one Troop of Ligh* Horse Head Quarters Camp on the Western Bank of the Muskingum Friday Oc br 19 th 1764 Field Officer for tomorrow Maj r Prevost Adj* & Qu r Master 1 st B Penns ns The Corps who have any Sick or Lame Men unable to March to give a Return of their Members Immediately A Party of 100 Men with Officers in Proportion from the Penn a Troops to parade at Eight tomorrow morning for work. The Men to be Armed & Carry one Day's Provisions w 1 them. All the Virginia & Pennsylv a Voluntiers one Troop of Light Horse and a Detatchment of the Grenadiers and Light Infantry from the Line to be under Arms tomorrow Morn* at Nine, They will March to the Congress under the Command of the Field Officer of the Day Head Quarters Camp on the Muskingum Saturday Oc br 20 th 1764 Parole "1 New Orleans Countersign j Natchey Field Officer for tomorrow L 1 Co 11 Clayton Adj 1 & Qu r Master 2 d Batt n Penn s The Corps of Maryland Voluntiers arrived this day under the Command of Cap* M c Leland 51 will Encamp on the Ground marked out for that Purpose The Troops draw tomorrow morning early Three days Pro- visions beginning with the 60 th & Ending w* the 42 d Reg 1 This Issuing compleats the whole till the 23 d Inclusive 34 bouquet's orderly book The Army to be in readiness to March to Morrow. As Peace w* the western Indians is not yet concluded And that the Troops may still have occasion to Expend their Ammuni- tion against the Enemys of their Country, The Former express & frequent Order against firing is once more repeated, And it is expected that the Commanding Officers of Corps will see them strictly complyed w*. As soon as it can possibly (& consistant with prudence) There will be a Proportion of Marksman from every Corps Indulged with Liberty to go daily a Hunting till then no Person on pain of Death to presume Disobeying the absolutely necessary Orders against it. Head Quarters Camp on the Muskingum Sunday Oc br 21 st 1764 Parole ) Pondicherry Countersign j Ganges Field Officer for tomorrow Major Murray Adj* & Quarter Master 42 d Reg* The Army Marches from this Camp tomorrow morning. The Generall to beat at day break The Horses to be collected & loaded as Early as possible and the whole to proceed as hereto- fore directed. The Men reported sick of the Diff* Corps and those unfitt for service will be carried back to Pittsburgh by the discharged Horses with which a proportion of the Horse masters and drivers are to return at the same time. 17 of the Captives lately delivered Up by the Mingo & Delaware Indians & one who made his Escape before the Congress; will be also sent to Fort Pitt by this oppertunity A list of their Names will be given in to Lieu* Winter of the 60 th Reg* who with a De- tatchment from the Line is to Escort the whole w th w ch he is to proceed tomorrow morning. The Remmainder of the Captives will at their own request receive Arms & Ammunition and are to pro- ceed w* the Troops Lieu* Winters detatchment with the Convalescents Captives and Pack Horsemen he has under his Charge : must be furnished with a Weeks provision Exclusive of this days Issuing & with a pro- portion of Tents, and Axes to cut their fire wood. Lieu* Winter THE ORDERLY BOOK 35 will attend at Head Quarters before he Marches to receive further Instructions. A detatchment of 50 Men from the Line with Officers in Pro- portion; to remain under the Command of Cap* Schlosser of y e 60 th Reg 1 as a Garrison in y e Fort built to protect the Store Houses erected at this Post As a part of the Baggage, Tools Stores, Provisions and Cattle is to be left in Charge with Cap tn Schlosser 52 particular Returns, specifying the Quantity & number of each : to be given him before the Army marches. Morning Orders Monday October 22 d 1764 8 o'Clock A: M In the disposition for the March of the Army : The Mary- land Voluntiers will be placed In the following order. Cap* M°Lelands Comp yS3 will march in the Right Side of the Road in a Single File at a Proper distance from and parallel to; the Collumns formed by the 42 d & 60 th Reg ts The Men keeping at such distance from one another as will cover (in flanking these Collumns) The whole space of Ground they Occupy in the Line of March. The remaining Company of Mary d Commanded by Cap* Will- gamot 54 w* the Pennsylv a Voluntiers will on the Left side of the Road cover & flank in like manner the Left of the Front Collumn formed by the 42 d and the succeeding ones form'd by the 1 st & 2 d Batt ns Penn s The Droves of Oxen will for the future proceed in the Front Cover'd by y e Virg a Voluntiers, In the Van Guard moving at a proper distance between them and the Axmen. The Sheep to be drove between y e Rear of the Convoy & the Virginians on the Rear guard. On a signal for the whole to come within the Square when formed The Maryland & Penn a Voluntiers will Join the Reserve Disposition for the March of the Army Oc br 22 d [A revised diagram of the order of march appears here in the Orderly Book.] 36 bouquet's orderly book Head Quarters at the 14 th En= campment 105 Miles from Fort Pitt 55 Monday October 22 d 1764 Parole 1 Dantzick Countersign J Poland Field Officer for tomorrow Maj r Dehaas Adjutant & Qu r Master 60 th Reg* The General to heat at day break tomorrow and the Assembly precisely at 8 oClock, At w c time the Pack horses must be Collected & ready to Load. The Super Intendants of Pack Horses to Oblige their drivers to be more diligent for the future in Searching for their Horses That the Army may not be prevented by their delay from March- ing as early as possible. Head Quarters at the 15 th Encamp* 56 120 Miles from Fort Pitt Tuesday October 23 d 1764 Parole Countersign Field Officer for to morrow Lieu* Co 11 Francis Adjutant & Qu r Master 1 st Batt n Penn s The Army Halts at this Encampment till further Orders and will tomorrow morning draw four days Provisions, The Issuing beginning with the 1 st B. Penn s and Ending w* the 60 th Reg 1 The Troops will then be Victualled till the 27 th Inclusive Wednesday 24 th Oc br 8 oClock A M Lieu* Co 11 M c Neils Corps of Virginia Voluntiers . Four Com- panies of Penn a L* Infantry and Cap* M c Lelands Comp y of Mary- land Voluntiers to be in readiness to March as soon as they have received their Provisions They are to carry their Tents & Baggage w* them; their Batt Horses to be therefore Immediately Collected and sent to their respective Encamp ts by the Super Intendants of Pack Horses These Troops are to proceed this day w* the Chief Engineer to the Forks of the Muskingum River under the Command of the Field Off r on duty who will receive Orders at Head Quarters. Major Prevost & the Adj* & Q r M r of the 2 d Batt n Penn s to 1 Rigo sign J Courland THE ORDERLY BOOK 37 take the duty of the Line for this day in place of L 1 Co 11 Francis & the Adj 1 & Qu r M r of the 1 st Batt n Penn s who are to March as above ordered Head Quarters at the 15 th Camp 57 since the Army left Fort Pitt 120 Miles distance Wednesday Oc br 24 th 1764 Parole (Venice Countersign JDalmatia Field Officer for tomorrow Lieu 4 Co 11 Clayton Adjutant and Qu r M r 42 d Reg 1 The Army marches tomorrow morn g The General to beat at day break The Assembly at Eight oClock at w c time the Horses must be Collected & Loaded that the whole may proceed Immediately. Cap 1 Wolgamout's Company of Maryland Voluntiers to take the Van=Guard tomorrow in place of Co 11 M c Neils Corps which march'd this day, and the Pennsylvania Voluntiers will Flank the Right and Left faces as directed in the Disposition for the March of the Army before the Arrival of the Corps of Marylanders. As some Soldiers have been detected in disposing of their Necessarys to Indians Co 11 Bouquet desires All the Men in every Corps of the Army may be acquainted that he positively prohibits their purchasing or Exchanging anything whatsoever Either w* the Ind s who March as Hostages w 1 the Army or w* those who may at any time be allowed Access into the Camp. Head Quarters at the 16 th Encamp 1 58 since the Army passed the Ohio 130 Miles from Fort Pitt— Thursday Ocb r 25 Parole ) Wackatamacky Countersign / Custelogo Field Officer for tomorrow Major Murray Adj 1 & Qu r M r from the 60 th Reg 1 : The Army remains Encamp 1 till further Orders A Court Martial of the Line to sitt Immediately. Cap 1 Ethrington of the 60 th Reg 1 President Two Subalterns from y e 42 d Reg 1 & one from each Batt n of the 38 bouquet's orderly book Penn s members This Court will try a Pack Horse driver who is confined by Major Dehaas in the Provosts Marshals Guard The Prisoners Name: Crime & Evidences will be given in to the Presi- dent when the Court assembles. Morning Orders Friday S hr =26 th The Sentence past by the Court Martial of the Line of which Cap 1 Ethrington was President is approved of, The Corporal Punishment therein Expressed to be Inflicted on the General Parade by the Drummers of the Line at Guard Mounting No more Trees to be cut within the Square 5 All the Men of Duty in the Line w* Officers in Proportion to Parade (as soon as the Guards are relieved) for work. Head Quarters at the 16 th Encamp [m]ent Near the Forks (or Conflux = ence of the two Main Branches) of the Muskingum River, Situate between Wackatamacky & Custalogo 130 Miles distant from 'Fort Pitt Friday Ocb r 26 th 1764 Parole 1 Brasil Countersign f Oronoko Field Officer for to Morrow Major Dehaas Adj 1 & Qu r M r 1 st Batt n Penn s All the Men off duty in the Line with Officers in Proportion to Parade Immediately (The Chief Engineer will direct the Different Parties.) for Work to be Employed in Compleating the Redoubts at the Angles of the Square and those advanced before the different Faces, that were begun Yesterday, and where the Guards are to be posted, The Store Houses where the Provision is to be lodged, and the House ordered to be Erected for receiving the Indian Deputies & holding Conferences with them, are to be likewise finished as soon as possible Ovens are ordered to be built 60 in Front of the Encampment of each Corps A Proportion of Men to be also employed in this Necessary Service THE ORDERLY BOOK 39 Head Quarters at the 16 th Encamp 1 since The Army pass'd the Ohio Near the Forks (or Confluence of the two principal branches) of the Muskingum River situate between Wackatamacky and Custelago Two Delaware & Iroquois Settlements 130 Miles from Fort Pitt Saturday October 27 th 1764 Parole [ Cairo Countersign f Nile Field Officer for tomorrow Lieu 1 Co 11 Francis Adjutant & Qu r Master 2 d Batt n Penn s The Army to draw tomorrow three days Provisions beginning w t ye 2 d and Ending w 1 the 1 st Batt n Penn & This Issuing will com- pleat the whole to the 30 th Ins 1 Inclusive Divine Service will be performed tomorrow at Eleven oClock all the Men off duty to attend Head Quarters Camp near the Forks of the Muskingum Sunday 8 br 28 th Parole 1 Namur Countersign j Sambre Field Officer for tomorrow Maj r Prevost Adj 1 & Qu r Master 42 d Reg 1 All the Men of Duty in every Corps in the Line with Officers in Proportion to parade for Work tomorrow mor g as soon as the Guards are relieved. The Chief Engineer will direct the working Party as usual The Indian Allies that Joined the Army this day from Sandusky being composed of Chiefs and Warriors from the Cachnauago, Con- nesadago & Oswegatchie Villages of Canada, 61 are to Encamp ad- vanced before the Rear Face of the Square and to draw Provisions Immediately to the same day the Troops are victualed by this days Issuing 40 bouquet's orderly book Head Quarters Camp near the Forks of Muskingum Monday Oc br 29 th 1764 Parole [ Inniskilling Countersign j Antrim Field Officer for tomorrow Lieu* Co 11 Clayton Adj 4 and Qu r M r from y e 60 th Reg 1 The Corps of Troops serving in this Army from the Provinces of Virginia Pennsylvania & Maryland will be directed to construct & build Houses w l proper Fire Places spacious and Convenient enough to contain & lodge the Number of Captives of Different Ages & Sex that have been taken by the Shawanese Delawares & Mingo Nations 62 of Savages from the Frontiers of these several Provinces during this and the former War, and are now promised and expected to be delivered up daily by these Nations. Upon the Delivery of the Prisoners they are to be separated and sent to the Apartments alloted for each Sex. Exact and distinct Lists of their Names to be Immediately taken 63 , specifying their Age, Sex, where and when taken, &c And particular description of the Features, Complexion, Size & persons of Such as happened to have been taken so young and that have been so long w* the Savages as to have forgot their Native Language or have never learned to speak any other than that of the Barbarians they have lived among. These not being able to give proper Accounting of themselves must be discribed in such a manner that by a publication of their respective discriptions Their Parents relations or Friends may here- after be able to discover and Claim them. As soon as These Lists have been taken The Captives are to be Classed; for the different Provinces as above mention d Proper Persons will be appointed to take charge of them, and Guards will be ordered to each division who will be directed to afford them all the protection and assistance which Humanity requires to be ren- dered to persons in their Situation. As there will be many among them who are very much attached to the Savages by having lived w 1 them from their Infancy, These if not narrowly watched may be apt to make their Escape after they are delivered up: The Guards and Centinels therefore on this duty must be particularly attentive to prevent such accidents hap- pening 64 The Officers appointed to take charge of the Captives and those THE ORDERLY BOOK 41 commanding the Guards will be made answerable for the Vigilance and the good & decent behavior of the Men Head Quarters Camp near Wackatamacky at the Forks of Muskingum Tuesday October 30 th 1764 Parole ^ Kilmarnok Countersign j Air Field Officer for tomorrow Major Murray Adjutant & Quarter M r 1 st Batt n Pen* The Army to draw tomorrow four day s Provisions beginning w* the 1 st Corps of Virginians & Ending w* the 2 d Batt n Penn s This Issuing Compleats till y e 3 d November Inclusive The two Corps of Virginia Voluntiers and the Corps of Maryland & Penns a Voluntiers to be under Arms on the General Parade to- morrow morning at ten The Officers commanding these Corps Are desired to attend Co 11 Bouquet this Evening at Head Quarters. The Cochnauago, Connesadago, And Oswegatchey Warriors arrived from y e Army at Sandusky on y e 28 th Ins 1 will for the fu- ture be distinguished from y e Indians of Other Nations by Yellow Bands tyd round their Heads or Right Arms Such as carry this Mark of distinction are always to be admitted by the Centrys into Camp Nor are they to be denyed Access to any Officer in the Army Head Quarters Camp at the Forks of the Muskingum Wednesday Oc br 31 st 1764 Parole 1 Sunderland Countersign jTyne Field Officer for tomorrow Major Dehaas Adj 1 & Qu r M r 2 d Batt n of Penn s The 1 st and 2 d Batt n of Pennsyl* to be under Arms tomorrow morn- ing at Nine in the Front of their respective Encampments 42 bouquet's orderly book Head Quarters at the Forks of the Muskingum Thursday Nov r 1 st 1764 Parole | Annapolis Countersign f Maryland Field Officer for tomorow Lieu 1 Co 11 Francis Adju* and Qu r M r 42 d Reg 1 The 42 & 60 th Reg ts to be under Arms tomorrow morning at Nine in the Front of their Respective Encamps The 85 Captives delivered up by the Beaver's & Custaloga's Tribes of Delawares And the 31 delivered by the Mingos & Shawanese of Wackatamaky, and New Comers Towns and by The Wyandots of Sandusky to be Immediately distributed & Classed as already ordered The A :D :0 :M :G : will order the Provisions for them The Director of the Hospital will Order Medicines & proper Dyet for those that are Sick, Nurses will be also sent to attend the Sick and to take charge of the Young Children among the Captives whose Helpless Situation requires particular Care to be taken of them Head Quarters Camp at The Forks of the Muskingum Friday Nov r 2 d 1764 Parole Cachnawaga Counter^ 11 Montreal Field Officer for tomorrow Maj r Prevost Adjutant & Q r M r 60 th The Order that no person whatsoever belonging to this Army should quit the Camp without leave, has not been obeyd : It is therefore repeated. The rolls of every Comp y to be called three times a day: at 9 in the morning when the Assembly beats, at noon, and at Sunsett — All the officers without exception to be present when the Rolls are called and they are at least Once a day to examine minutely their Mens Arms and Ammunition. When any Defi- ciency is found or any of the Men are Absent they must be im- mediately reported Saturday Nov r 3 d Morning Orders 9 oClock A: M: A Court of Enquiry to sitt immediately Major Murray Presid* THE ORDERLY BOOK 43 The 42 d and 60 th Reg ts The 1 st & 2 d Batt ns Pens ns give each a Cap* to sitt as members of this Court Head Quarters Camp at the Forks of the Muskingum Saturday Nov r 3 d 1764 Parole I Shrewsberry Countersign J Trent Field Officer for tomorrow Lieu 1 Co 11 Clayton Adj* & Qu r M r 1 st Batt n Penn s The Army to draw tomorrow three days provision Beginning w* the 2 d and Ending w* the 1 st Corps of Virginia Voluntiers This Issuing Compleats till the 6 th Inclusive A General Court Martial to sitt at ten tomorrow Morning Major Prevost President Major Murray Major Dehaas 1 Cap* fr m y e 42 d Reg*, 1 Cap* fr m y e 60 th , 3 Cap ts fr m the I s * & 3 fr m the 2 d B Penn s , 1 Subaltern fr m y e 42 d & 1 fr m I s * B Penn s Members Lieu* Alex r Fraser Dep y Judge Ad* The Prisoners that will be bro* before this Court are to be tryed, Their Names and Crimes, The Names of the Evidences (who are ordered to attend at the Tryal) together w* the Names & Rank of the Members of the Court will be given in to the D: Judge Advocate this Evening, The Prisoners are to be acquainted they are to be tryed tomorrow that they may prepare for their defence Head Quarters Camp near Wackatamacky Sunday 4 th Nov r 1764 Parole 1 Anticosty Countersign J Quebec Field Officer for tomorrow Lieu* Co 11 Francis Adj* & Qu r M r 2 d Batt n Penn s His Majesty has been pleasd to make the following Promotions in the Army in North America Viz* 35 th Reg* of Foot 65 44 bouquet's orderly book Co 11 Henry Fletcher to be Co 11 In the Room of General Charles Ottway deceased. Lieu* Co 11 Thomas Hall to be Lieu 1 Co 11 in the room of Co 11 FJetcher preffered 42 d Reg* James M c Laggan (Clark) to be Chaplain in the Room of Doctor Ferguson, who retires. 60 th Reg* Major John Wilkins from half pay to be Major in the Room of 66 Major Herbert Munster who retires on Major Wilkins's half pay. — John Thomas (Clerk) to be Chaplain in the room of Doctor Gawton deceased. Head Quarters Camp near Wackatamacky, Monday Nov r 5 th 1764 Parole i Roterdam Countersign J Mais The General Court Martial of w c Major Prevost was President is disolved to morrow. Field Officer for the duty of the Line Major Prevost. Adj 1 & Qu r M r 42 d Reg* Ens 11 Thomas Camplin of the 2 d Batt n Penn s tryed by the above Gen 11 Court Martial is ordered to be sent to Pittsburgh w 1 the 1 st detatchment that Marches from the Army to that Fortress where he is to remain under Arrest til the Proceedings of the Gen 11 Court Martial that tryed him be transmitted to the Commander in Chief and his pleasure known thereupon. Head Quarters Camp near Wackatamacky at the forks of the Muskingum River Tuesday Nov r 6 1764. Parole 1 N orway Countersign J Bergen Field Officer for tomorrow L* Colonel Clayton Adjutant & Quarter Master 60 th Reg* The Army draws tomorrow four days provisions beginning with the Pensylvania Volunteers & Ending with the 2 d Corps of Virginians This Issuing Compleats the whole till the 10 th Instant Inclu- sive THE ORDERLY BOOK 45 Wednesday 7 th 8 o'Clock A : M : Morning orders A Court martial of the Line to Sitt Immediately to try the Prisoners in the Provost Marshals Guard. Captain Housecker 67 of the First Batt n Pensylvanians will be President of this Court A Subaltern from the 42 d : 1 from the 60 th & 1 from Each Battalion of the Pensilv as Members The prisoners to be acquainted of, & prepare for their Tryals. their names, & Crimes will be given to the president, where the Court Assembles, & evidences are order'd to Attend : Captain Wolgemot's Company of Maryland Volunteers; & the Pensylvania Volunteers, now Encamp'd (advanc'd) before the left face of the Square. to Strike their Tents immediately, & remove to the ground, where they will be directed to pitch them : They are to Join Captain McCleland's Company, Advanc'd opposite the right Face; & remain encamp'd there, 'till further Orders. 10 O' Clock A : M : A Soldier of Captain Kerne's 68 Troop of light Horse, has been kill'd this morning : his body found about three miles from Camp : As there is reason to Suspect the Murder has been Committed by some of the Savages: Col: Bouquet has Taxed them with it, & has told their Chiefs, he Insists, on their being Answerable, to discover, & deliver up the Murderer: Which they have promis'd to do, and are now in search of him: In the meantime, it is Expressly forbid, that any person in the Army should offer Violence, to any of the Indians on that account A Court of Enquiry, to Inspect Immediately, the body of the above mention'd murder'd Soldier; Major Dehaas; President & 2 Captains from each of the Pensylvania Batt ns Members : the Director of the Hospital, & two Surgeons from the Line to Attend the Examination. 46 bouquet's orderly book Head Quarters, Camp near Wackatomiky at the forks of Muskingum River Wednesday Nov r the 7 th 1764 Parole Paraguay } Countersign j- Peru Field Officer for to morrow, Major Murray Adj 1 & Q r M r 1 st Batt n Pensylvanians The proceedings of the Court Martial of the Line, of which Capt: Housecker was President, are approv'd of & the Sentence pass'd by that Court against John Thornton Soldier in the first Batt n Pensylvanians is ordered to be put in Execution on the General Parade to morrow morning att Guard Mounting It has been Repeatedly directed, that every public Order, Shou'd by an Officer per Company, be read and explained to the Men : It is expected, & requir'd that more Attention will be given, to the Observance of Orders, for the future. The following to be read daily at Roll-calling in the Morning, to every Corps & Company in the Army; that no person may have room hereafter, to plead Ignorance. No Trade, Trafficking, or dealings of any kind, to be carry 'd on with Indians, nor is any person to presume to go to their Encamp- ing places, without applying for, & obtaining leave from Colo Bouquet. It is also ordered that no person be allowed, to go from Camp, on pretence of hunting Stray'd horses, without Express leave or Orders for that purpose and in order to put an end, more Effectually; to the Infamous practice of horse stealing; Any person Detected for the future, in Actual possession of a horse, not his own whether he be a White man, or Indian will be Immediately Hang'd the Rolls are again order'd to be Call'd thrice a day, precisely at the hours before directed, and any man found absent without leave, to be immediately reported to the Major of Brigade 69 at Head Quarters, that Parties of light Horse & Indians, may be directly sent 5.n pursuit of them, with orders, to put them to death, in case they Attempt to resist, or make their Escape no person whatsoever, belonging to the Army, to be Allow'd to go into the houses, where the Captives, deliver'd up by the Indians, are Lodg'd, without leave, or orders from Col : Bouquet ; except THE ORDERLY BOOK 47 those who have been appointed to take Charge of them These Orders to be read daily to the Pack horsemen, that they may also Strictly Conform to them. Thursday Nov r 8 th 1764 Morning Orders at 10 O'Clock A Court Martial of the Line to sit Immediately, Consisting of Captain Brady 70 of the 2 d Batta n Pensylvanians President. A sub: from the 42 d : one from the 60 th : & one from each of the Pensylv a Batt ns Members. This Court, is to try two prisoners Confin'd in the Provost Marshals Guard : their names, & Crimes, will be given to the President The prisoners are to be aquainted of their Tryal, & the evi- dences against them Order'd to attend. Head Quarters Camp near Wackatom- iky, Thursday November the 8 th 1764 Parole } Holstein { Countersign } Baltick Field Officer for to morrow Major Dehaas Adj* & Q r M r of the 2 d Batt n Pensylvanians The proceedings of the Court Martial of the Line, of which Cap- tain Brady was President, are approv'd of: the Corporal punish- ment, express'd in the Sentence, pass'd by that Court on Thomas Robinson Soldier in the first Batt n Pensy as is order'd to be Inflicted to morrow morning at Guard Mounting. Col. Bouquet is sorry to observe, that some shamefull abuses have lately happen'd in this Army, by the Indiscretion of persons who have given & sold Liquor profusely to the Indians, the bad Conse- quences of such practices, are so obvious, that the Officers must be sensible how much it is their Duty, to Suppress them, it is therefore expected they will exert themselves, in discovering & punishing, Offences of this Kind. It is absolutely prohibited for the future, for any person whatsoever, to Give, Exchange, or Sell any Liquor to the Indians, without Leave or Orders. 48 bouquet's orderly book Head Qu rs Camp near Wackatomiky Friday Nov r y e 9 th 1764 Parole Tartary { Countersign } Japan Field Officer for to morrow Lieu* Col. Francis, Adj* & Q r M r 60 th Reg* A Court Martial of the Line, to sit to morrow morning at ten, Captain Hunter 71 of the first Batt n Pensylvanians President. Two Subalterns from the 42 d Reg 1 & one from each of the Pensyl- vania Battalions Members This Court is order'd to try a Prisoner in the Provost Marshals Guard of which he is to be aquainted, his name & Crime to be given to the President to morrow morning & the evidences against him ordered to attend, A Detachment of 50 men, with Officers in proportion, from the Virginia, & Pensylvania Troops to be in readiness to march to morrow morning at Day break. This Detachment, is to be Commanded by Captain Beauford 72 of the 2 d Corps of Virginians and is to Escort, one Hundred and Ten of the Captives, already deliver'd up by the Delawares, Wyandots. Mingos, & Shawanese; to Pittsburg, in order to assist in transport- ing the sick lame, & young Children among the Captives & also for Carrying the provisions to be Issued them, on the march A Num- ber of Discharg'd pack-horses, with a proportion of Drivers, are to proceed with the Escort, & to be under Captain Beaufords Direc- tion The whole to receive one days [provi] sion which with the Issuing, of the [6] tn Ins 1 Compleats them to the 11 th Inclusive a Sufficient quantity of Flour, and live Cattle, to be deliver'd, to victual them till their Arrival at Fort Pitt. Captain Beauford will attend this evening, at Head Quarters, where he will receive further Instruction. The Corps of Virginia, Pensylvania & Maryland Volunteers; & a Detachment of 200 men from the line with a proportion of Officers, to be under arms, this Evening, on the Grand Parade The Whole under the Command of the Field Officer of the Day, will march to the house on the plain towards the Confluence of the Rivers 73 where the Conference is to be held with the Indian Deputies, of Costologa's Tribe of Delaware Indians. THE ORDERLY BOOK 49 The Succeeding orders Inserted in a book Mark'd : N° : 3 74 — Commencg 9br nth Explanatory Notes 1 The complete Orderly Book is contained in two small leather bound books 8x4 7/16 inches, hinged at the top of the narrow dimension. The pages are foxed and water stained, but are quite well preserved. The first book covers the route of Bouquet's army from Carlisle to Pittsburgh along the already well established Forbes Road. The second is here printed in order to trace the route cut by Bouquet's army on his expedition against the Ohio Indians which had never been definitely located. The quaint spelling and abbreviations, with superior letters as well as punc- tuation, and other original forms have been retained as far as possible. The whole formal plan of the book follows the pattern of other orderly books of the British army. Methods of expressing the daily orders are stereotyped, yet this Orderly Book has a character all its own. The Orderly Book and the Journal, printed in Dr. Smith's book, agree that the army crossed the Ohio (Allegheny) River on October 3rd. The Orderly Book: Tuesday, October the 2nd 1764 The Army marches tomorrow morning. The General to beat at daybreak The Journal: . . . the army decamped from Fort-Pitt on Wednesday, October 3rd and marched about one mile and a half over a rich level country, with stately timber, to camp No. 2, a strong piece of ground, pleasantly situated, with plenty of water and food for the cattle. In the Gage Papers, in the Clements Library, however, there is a letter from Bouquet to Gage which begins as follows: Camp near Fort Pitt 2nd October 1764 Sir. I have the honor to inform your Excellency; — that the Army crossed the Ohio yesterday. This version would make the crossing on the 1st of October. It is highly probable that the first contingent of the army crossed on the 1st to guard the cattle and horses which had to be started over the river ahead of the main body, probably taking two days to swim them all across. They formed camp No. 1 at a convenient spot on the north side of the river to collect the animals and supplies as they were brought over. It must have been this movement that Bouquet reported to General Gage. On the 3rd the movement of the main body took place, and they marched directly to the place selected for the formation of encampment No. 2, in accordance with the lengthy orders of the 2nd of October, one and a half miles from the crossing. 2 It is noteworthy that Bouquet called the promontory above the North Side of Pittsburgh Mount Gage in honor of General Thomas Gage, only the year previously made commander-in-chief of all His Majesty's troops in North America. The hills, clothed in their growth of tall, virgin timber, appeared much more mountainous than now. On the Western slope of Mount Gage, between two small streams flowing down to the Ohio, was Camp No. 2, spreading over the triangle formed by California Avenue, Columbus Avenue, and Beaver Avenue in Pittsburgh's North Side. 3 Major Augustine Prevost was one of three Swiss brothers and one son who accepted commissions in the Royal American Regiment, regarding which see note 4. His commission bore date of January 9, 1756, and he it was who succeeded Bouquet in command of the First Battalion after that officer's decease. See Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critial History of America, VI, p. 699, quoting Gentlemen' s Magazine of January 1766. During the Revolution Prevost, still in the British service, distinguished himself by taking Pensacola, Fla., and Sunbury, Ga.; and for his gallant defense of Savannah, he was promoted Major General as of February 19, 1779. See British Army Lists, 1782, Library of Congress. He died in 1786. His Journal is printed in the Bulletin of the New York Public Library, vol. 37, 259-268. The General's son, Augustine, also in the Royal Americans, married Susannah, daughter of George Croghan, resigned from the army, and settled at Otsego, N. Y. Susannah died in 1790 and Prevost later married a member of the 54 bouquet's orderly book prominent Bogardus family of New York. He visited Bedford, Pa., in 1789, three years after his father's death. See Penna. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., vol. VIII, 305; George Croghan, Wilderness Diplomat, Nicholas B. Wainwright (1959), 307. 4 The 60th or "Royal American Regiment," originally the 62nd, was raised chiefly from German and other European settlers in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia by act of Parliament, 29 George II, c.V. (1755). See Beating Orders in Penna. Archives, ser. 2, vol. II, p. 700. In the reorganization of 1758, the 62nd became the 60th, which explains why the commissions of the early officers of the regiment bear designation of the 62nd. See W. C. Ford's British Officers Serving in America, 1754-1774, pp. 4 and 7; also Hadden's Journal and Orderly Book, Albany, 1884, lxii, and 555. Though called a regiment, each battalion was as large as a brigade in the British army, each numbering 1000 enlisted men. There were originally four battalions which were reduced to two in 1763. The 3rd and 4th were again added in 1778 and reduced again at the peace of 1783. During the wars of 1804-15 the number of battalions was increased to ten, later reduced again to two. See Hadden's Journal, p. 555. The name was changed to "The Duke of York's Own Rifle Corps" in 1825, and to 'The King's Royal Rifle Corps" in 1831. Ibid. 555. That the Royal Americans were not originally riflemen, in spite of so many assertions to the contrary, is attested by Bouquet himself in '"General Idea of the Establishment of Light Troops for the Service of the Woods," thus: "Their arms, the best that could be made, should be short fusils and some rifles, with bayonets in the form of a dirk." Bouquet's Orderly Book itself bears testimony that the Royal Americans were not riflemen at that time, for many explicit orders were given as to the position of the Royal Americans in the line of march, while the "rifle men" were directed to form on the flanks and to do special duty both marching and encamping. Similarly, General Forbes' "Orderly Book" (1758) takes special note of the riflemen apart from the Royal Americans and the rest of the army. Forbes' "Orderly Book," last page, Library of Congress. 5 Col. John Bradstreet, with a force of about 1200 New England men, advanced to Detroit and Michilimackinac for the purpose of cooperating with Bouquet by preventing aid being sent to the Shawanese and Delawares by the Wyan- dots, Ottawas, and Chippewas. He, however, made ineffectual treaties with them and retreated before Bouquet reached the Tuscarawas, thus nearly dooming the expedition. Accounts of this may be found in Winsor's Nar- rative and Critical History of America, 6, p. 698; John R. Alden's General Gage in America, p. 96: Dr. Smith's An Historical Account . . . , London, 1766, pp. 2-6: 19-20. There is a significant letter in the Gage Papers in the Clements Library, vol. 24; Gage to Bouquet dated New York, Sept. 25, 1764. " . . . . And if they find Colonel Bradstreet is to be thus Amused; They will deceive Him till it is too late to act and then insult Him, and begin their horrid Murders. There is nothing will prevent this, but the fear of Chastisement from you; And I think xMyself happy. That you are in a Condition to March against them." Nothing could express more clearly Gage's confidence in Bouquet. 6 Many of the men in the army had lost relatives through Indian attacks and longed for revenge. One such was Thomas Mitchell, Indian Trader, whose son, Thomas Mitchell, Jr., had been murdered in Wakatomica, one of the towns they were marching against. Mitchell was one of the four guides officially commissioned by Bouquet; and these commissions, neatly en- grossed, are in the Gage Papers, volume 24. Alexander Lowry was Chief Guide; Andrew Boggs, Samuel Brown, and Thomas Mitchell were Guides. All of them had been Indian Traders, and three of them had interesting sub- sequent careers, especially Lowry who became very wealthy, a Colonel in EXPLANATORY NOTES 55 the Revolution, member of Pennsylvania's Constitutional Assembly and Senator. Their knowledge of the Ohio country must have been superb, as will appear later. 7 The orders for the 28th stated (They appear near the end of the Orderly Book No. 1, to be subsequently printed), as follows: "Coll Bouquet having received advice that a Party of Mohawks and other friendly Indians are sent by Sir William Johnston to Join this Army. This Reinforcement being daily Expected, And to prevent any mistakes happening that might hurt our Friends it is at present expressly forbid to fire upon any Indians whatsoever that may appear on either side the River unless they fire first. This order however must not abate the Vigilance of the Troops nor prevent the Necessary Precautions being taken to guard against Stratagem or Sur- prise from the Enemy. " 8 The General was the drum signal to strike the tents and prepare to march. All of the signals and calls of the eighteenth century armies were given by the drum-beat. Bugles were not used until well in the 19th century, and trumpets resembling hunting horns were used only in dragoon or cavalry corps. The regular drum signals were: Reveille, the General, the Assembly, the Troop, the Retreat, the Tattoo. Early military works all support this statement: Bland, Simes, Duane, all of the manuals of arms. Not until the manual of 1836 are bugle calls given, as well as drum calls, in the American army. 9 Lieut. Colonel John McNeill was active in the frontier defence of Virginia, ac- companied Washington at Fort Necessity, was wounded at Braddock's defeat, was promoted captain-lieutenant to command Washington's own company in the Virginia Regiment, and commanded a company in Forbes' army. A certificate issued by the Lieutenant Governor and Council of Virginia testifies that he had served for many years as a brave, honest and gallant officer. He apparently went to Europe after this expedition with Bouquet. Virginia Magazine of History and Biog., 17, p. 292; D. S. Freeman, George Washington, II, 218, 370; Fitzpatrick, Writings of George Washington, I, 406, 441; Ibid. II, 55, 94. Stevens, Papers of Henry Bouquet, II, 24. 10 Lieutenant Thomas Hutchins, engineer of the expedition with rank in the army as Assistant Engineer, was born in 1730 and was commissioned an ensign in the Second Pennsylvania Regiment Nov. 1, 1756; lieutenant, December 18, 1757. Penna. Archives, 5th series, I, 90, 98, 184. He served through 1758-59 as a supply officer with Forbes. Papers of Henry Bouquet, 117, 122. He entered regular service as Ensign in the Royal American Regiment, March 2, 1762. In 1766 Hutchins accompanied Capt. Harry Gordon on a trip down the Ohio and Mississippi when he made his notes on The Courses of the Ohio River. Promotion to a lieutenancy, August 7, 1771, and to a captaincy in 1776 were well deserved. Army Lists, Library of Congress, 1772. He resigned his commission in 1777 rather than oppose his country and went to England where he published his Topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina. Hutchins was imprisoned for six weeks in London on suspicion of holding correspondence with Franklin in France. Upon his release he escaped to France, thence to Charleston, S. C, where he joined the American army under General Greene. According to Heitman Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army, he left the army November 3, 1783, and im- mediately thereafter he became Geographer, later Geographer General of the United States. To Hutchins goes the credit of having devised the rectangular system of surveying the great western lands known to the world as the American Land System. When Hutchins died in Pittsburgh, in 1789, aged 59, funeral rites were conducted by his old friend of frontier days, Rev. John Heckewelder. His 56 BOUQUET'S ORDERLY BOOK grave may still be seen amid a busy city in Trinity Churchyard. Cf. F. E. Hicks, "Biographical Sketch of Thomas Hutchins" in Reprint of Topograph- ical Description . . ., etc., Cleveland, 1904; also "Biography of Thomas Hutch- ins" by Anna M. Quattrocchi (Doctoral Dissertation). Carnegie Library. 11 The tradition of the Forty-Second Regiment of Foot dates from 1729. They were designated the Royal Highlanders, thus making them one of the regi- ments of the Royal Household, and they later became known as the Black Watch from the sombreness of their dark tartan in contrast to the brilliant colors of the clan tartans. On active duty in the woods they wore a flat blue bonnet (tarn) and laid aside the sporan, with both of which most artistic representations endow them. (Cf. A Representation of the Clothing of his Majesty's Household, and of all the Forces Upon the Establishment of Great Britain and Ireland; also James Laver in British Military Uniforms, London, 1942. The Black Watch has participated in every campaign in which Great Britain has been engaged since their organization to the present day. 12 Major John Field, an officer of the Virginia militia, was born in Culpeper County in 1720, and served on the Virginia frontiers. He served with both Braddock and Forbes, and, in Washington's words, was an "extremely active, brave, and zealous officer." See Fitzpatrick's Writings of George Washing- ton, I, 445; Freeman's George Washington, II, 201; III, 119. He served with Bouquet as a Major, and was commissioned colonel in 1766. Field com- manded the reserve of Gen. Andrew Lewis at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, where "every man was a hero," and, with Col. Charles Lewis was killed. Livia Simpson-Poffenbarger, The Battle of Point Pleasant, 1909. 13 This is a specific case where the "Riffelemen" are noticed in the same day's orders quite apart from the 60th Regiment. (See Note 4 ante.) Rifles had been in use on both sides earlier than has usually been sup- posed. In a letter to Governor Robert Hunter Morris, under date of "Lan- caster, 24th of April, 1756," Edward Shippen stated: "... The Indians make use of rifled guns for the most part, and there is such a difference between these sort of Guns and Smooth bored, that if I was in an Engagement with the Savages, that I would rather Stand my chance with one of the former sort." — Penna. Archives, II, p. 642. Among the Cumberland Papers in Windsor Castle is a letter of a British officer reporting on Braddock's battle: "They (the Grenadiers) re- turned the fire . . . which was return'd tho not in a regular manner, but like Popping shots, with little explosion, only a kind of whizzing noise; which is proof the Enemy's Arms were riffle barrels . . ." S. M. Pargellis, Military Affairs in North America, 1936, p. 115. 14 The orders of the 14th of September, issued at the camp near Fort Ligonier, as recorded in the Orderly Book No. 1 (which it is planned will be printed subse- quently). ". . . the Brigade of horses Carrying the powder in the rear of the Reserve. The Baggage of the army follows the powder. . . . sixteen brigades of pack Horses 72 in each Loaded with provisions in four Divisions ... A Company of Light Infantry followed by an Officer and ten Light horse men will Close the March. . . . The Remainder of the two troops of Light Horse to Guard the Oxen & Sheep." The packhorses for provisions alone thus numbered 1152. 15 Bouquet had learned by hard experience the value of improvised breastworks when he had had to use flour bags, packsaddles, and provision bundles as protection atop the hill at Bushy Run, August 5-6, 1763. He never forgot the lesson learned there, and at every encampment thereafter made use of the provisions to construct redoubts. The quantity of packs must have been con- siderable when we figure that 1152 pack animals each carried approximately 150 pounds, according to Dr. Smith's book, Appendix, "Reflections on the War with the Savages," London Edition, 1766, p. 53. 16 Among the British Royal Warrants of 1768 is found the following: "The camp colours to be eighteen inches square and of the colour of the facing of the regiment (i.e. the color of the lapels of the coats) and the number of the EXPLANATORY NOTES 57 regiment upon them. The poles to be seven feet six inches long . . ." Lefferts, Uniforms of the American, British, French and German Armies in the Revo- lution, New York Historical Society, p. 183. 17 The method of going and receiving the "Grand Rounds," or examination of the pickets and guards, is described in various of the early manuals and regula- tions. Major Enion Williams gives a graphic picture in his diary, 177S, of the Rounds conducted at Cambridge: "We found the sentries in general alert, but some had not the right countersign, for which the sergeants were severely reprimanded . . . The sentry next the general, on hearing us within 30 yards, hollows out "who goes there," Sergeant answers "Rounds." "What rounds," "The grand rounds." Sergeant "Advance and give the countersign." , , , The sentry then calls the Sergeant of the Guard. The Guard turn out under arms . . ." 18 The paroles and countersigns form one of the most interesting features of the Orderly Book. They demonstrate an array of Bouquet's geographical knowl- edge and the many associations that recalled scenes of the homeland or of far flung campaigns familiar to the cosmopolitan group of officers of the Royal Americans and the Royal Highlanders. Many of the paroles refer to now nearly forgotten Indian names: Onondago (a), the chief "Council Fire" of the Six Nations, where Syracuse, N. Y., now stands. Cataraqui, the Indian settlement and river of the same name that empties into Lake Ontario at Kingston, Ontario, then Fort Frontenac. Oswegatchy (-e), the river that joins the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg, N. Y. Cochnauago (Caughnawaga), town of the French Mohawks or "Praying Indians" near Quebec. Wackatamacky (Wakatomika), Shawnee town, now Dresden, Ohio. Custelogo (Custaloga), Delaware, chief of the Wolf tribe. Some of these names commemorate places dear to the Scotch, Swiss, and Irish. Still others are purely geographic: e.g., Hecla, volcanic peak in Iceland; the Hebridean island of St. Kilda; Pondicherry and Ganges, which indicate Bouquet's mindfulness of the British quest for empire at that very moment being carried on in far away India. 19 Turbutt Francis was one of the most colorful personalities of his day. His father, Tench, Sr., was the recognized leader of the Philadelphia bar and was uncle of Sir Philip Francis, reputed author of the "Letters of Junius." Tur- butt was brother-in-law to one (afterwards) Chief Justice of Pennsylvania and uncle to another. A nephew, Tench Tilghman, was the favored aide- de-camp to Washington who was chosen to carry the news of the Yorktown victory to Congress. Cf. Frank M. Eastman, Courts and Lawyers of Penn- sylvania, I, 253-254; J. C. Fitzpatrick, The Spirit of the Revolution, p. 83. He was also uncle to Margaret Shippen Arnold, wife of Gen. Benedict Arnold. Turbutt was commissioned ensign in the 44th Regiment, April 20, 1757; lieutenant, July 24, 1758. This he resigned, and he took service to command a battalion in the Pennsylvania Regiment after the retirement of Col. Conrad Weiser. A letter of Joseph Shippen to Col. James Burd among the Shippen Papers in the Clements Library details this move. An interesting sidelight is presented by the fact that Tench Francis, Jr., brother of Turbutt, a little more than a year prior to this expedition, had married Miss Anne Willing, to whom Col. Bouquet presumably had been engaged. See Penna. Mag. of Hist, and Biog. Ill, 112ff. Col. Francis became one of the largest land holders in Pennsylvania in consequence of his leadership of an organization of Bouquet's officers, formed on the return march from this very campaign, to petition the Colony Government to buy land from the Indians for these officers. The Purchase of 1768 resulted. Francis obtained 2775 acres on the eastern side of Susque- hanna, and, after purchasing adjacent land, he owned 18 miles of river front from Northumberland northward, including the land which the town of Milton, Pa., now occupies. See Bell's History of Northumberland County, p. 83fT. 58 bouquet's orderly book At the outbreak of the Revolution Col. Francis was an invalid suffering from inflammatory rheumatism. The diary of his nephew, the Tory, James Allen, states that he died in July of 1777. 20 The Journal, reported by Dr. Smith, states: Thursday, October 4th, having proceeded about ten miles, they came to the Ohio, at the beginning of the narrows, and from thence followed the course of the river along a flat gravelly beach, about six miles and a quarter; with two islands on their left, the lowermost about six miles long ... At the lower end of this island, the army left the river, ... to Camp No. 3; this day's march being nine miles and a quarter. The 11-Mile Encampment, by scaled distances, was at the present Glen Osborn, just above Sewickley, on the "second bank" at an elevation of about sixty feet above the river. 21 Major James Murray was commissioned Captain in the 42nd, Royal Highlanders July 20, 1757. His commission was just a year senior to Capt. William Murray, also of the 42nd. He apparently was made a major just prior to this expedition. See W. C. Ford, British Officers in America, 1754-1774, here- after referred to simply as Ford. Also see Papers of Col. Henry Bouquet, from British Museum MSS, Harrisburg, 1951, hereafter referred to as Papers of Henry Bouquet. 22 The Journal says: "Friday October 5th. In this day's march the army passed through Loggs- town, situated seven miles and a half, fifty-seven perches, by the path from Fort Pitt. This place was noted before the war for the great trade carried on there by the English and French; but its inhabitants, the Shawanese and Delawares, abandoned it in the year 1750." This is evidently a misreading of Hutchins' MS on the part of Dr. Smith, as it appears in all editions of his An Historical Account . . . , and forms the best proof that Smith followed the Hutchins MS. The writer has care- fully examined the Hutchins MS and found it to read unmistakably "1758," although rather indistinct. The full sentence in Hutchins' own handwriting reads: "This place was noted before the war of 1758 for the great trade . . . but its inhabitants . . . abandoned it in the year 175(?)" How could it have been "noted" up until 1758, if it had been abandoned in 1750? Hanna, in his Wilderness Trail, I, p. 377, says Logstown was occupied as late as August 23, 1758, when Christian Frederick Post stayed there over night. See Post's "Journal," R. G. Thwaites, Early Western Travels, vol. I, p. 201. The Journal continues: "Proceeding beyond Loggstown, through a fine country, . . . they came to Camp No. 4; on a level piece of ground, with a thicket in the rear, a small precipice around the front, with a run of water at the foot, and good food for the cattle. This day's march was nine miles, one half, and fifty three perches." The above exact distance, together with the next day's distances, when measured carefully, places this campsite on the ground now occupied by a drive-in theatre, just beyond the Mount Gallitzin Academy, below Baden, Beaver County. Evidence of the "small precipice around the front" of the campsite can still be seen where the remains of a ravine, small but deep, run from below the highway back toward the hill. This was certainly deeper at that time, having been partly filled by erosion, farming, and highway construction. 23 Asher Clayton, of Lancaster County, was commissioned Lieutenant in the Third Pennsylvania Battalion, May 24, 1756; and, according to Joseph Shippen's account book among the Shippen Papers in the Pennsylvania Historical So- ciety, Philadelphia, he was an adjutant at Fort Augusta (Sunbury) that year and the next. As Captain and Quarter-Master of the Second Battalion he marched with the Forbes expedition and was wounded at Grant's defeat, September 14, 1758. James Kenny, in his Journal, mentions Captain Clayton of New Jersey EXPLANATORY NOTES 59 at Mercer's Fort Pitt in 1759. Frank Mousley's Genealogical Notes (Micro- film), Pennsylvania Historical Society, show Asher Clayton, born Monmouth County, N. J., c. 1740. In October, 1763, Clayton, a major since April 12, 1760, was sent with a force of Lancaster County militia to drive out the Connecticut settlers from Wyoming. They found the savages had preceded them and had mur- dered the inhabitants. From July 2, 1764, Clayton was Lieutenant Colonel Commandant of the Second Pennsylvania Battalion and marched forthwith in Bouquet's ^ army to Ohio. Cf. Penna. Archives, Ser. 5, I, 336. He took an active part in the organization of officers to obtain land of the New Purchase until January, 1769. In 1771 he was living on his farm in the Wyoming Valley when the Connecticut forces attacked, and he was the leader of the Pennamites. In later life Col. Clayton is said to have suffered from his wound sustain- ed at Grant's defeat, hence took no part in the Revolution. He paid taxes in Turbutt Township, Northumberland County, until 1781. 24 The slowness of these herds of cattle and sheep greatly retarded the progress of the army and accounts for marches of only six to nine miles per day. It must be remembered that there were no motorized transports and no refrigera- tion to prevent provisions from spoiling. Fresh meat supplies had to be transported on the hoof. Bouquet's herds numbered 400 head of cattle (ac- cording to Dr. Johnson) and nearly as many sheep, all of which had to be forced to climb steep ascents, roll down precipitous descents, and to swim streams too deep to wade. The sound of their lowing and bleating could be heard for a very long distance through the forest. With the line of march covering well over a mile when in perfect marching order, this train of animals, plus twelve to fourteen hundred packhorses, was certainly a very serious encumbrance. 25 This camp was actually 32-1/4 miles and 53 perches (rods) from Fort Pitt, and according to the Journal was 7-1/4 miles and 57 perches (rods) west of the Big Beaver. The site of Camp No. 5 lies in the extreme north eastern corner of Ohio Township, Beaver County, Penna., a right angle triangular platform of land thirty feet above the surrounding creek bottom, comprising at least forty acres. It is today part of the beautiful Cook-Anderson dairy and stock farm. "Two miles beyond Beaver creek," says the Journal, "by two small springs, was seen the skull of a child, that had been fixed on a pole by the Indians. The tracts of 15 Indians were this day discovered." 26 John Philip de Haas, born in Holland c. 1735, settled in Lancaster County, Penna., c. 1750. He was appointed Ensign in the First Penna. Battalion January 3, 1758, and served with Forbes, with Bouquet at the Battle of Bushy Run in 1763, and as Major in 1764 against the Ohio Indians. See Penna. Archives, 2nd Ser., II, 558, 605, 612. He received lands in Buffalo Valley and Bald Eagle Valley to the total amount of 1734 acres. In the Revolution de Haas was Lieut. Colonel, then Colonel, of the First Penna. Battalion which became the 2nd Penna. Regiment, Continental Line, served through the Canadian campaign, promoted Brigadier General February 21, 1777. After serving in various capacities, he was afflicted severely with gout, which ended his military career. Died in Philadelphia, Jan. 3, 1786. Penna. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., vol. II, 345ff; Penna. Archives, 2nd Ser., vol. X, 405. 27 Assistant Deputy Quarter Master General. 28 Dress: to form in line and take proper distances. 29 Ruffle (of a drum): a low, vibrating beat, not so loud as a roll. Webster. 30 The 38-mile camp was designated No. 6 in the Journal. The location of the site has been a matter of conjecture for many years. Various writers have placed it where it seemed convenient to them, and local tradition has confused it with the site of an annual encampment of veterans of the Civil War held there for many years and called Camp Bouquet in honor of the first great 60 bouquet's orderly book leader of civilization in Columbiana County. Since, however, the very map drawn by the hand of Thomas Hutchins himself has come to light (see In- troduction), no further doubt can exist as to the precise spot. It is the original draft, plotted each evening as the expedition progressed, from the field survey notes of the day. It represents the sector from 1-3/4 miles before the crossing of the Big Beaver to approximately 3-5/8 miles west of the present Pennsylvania-Ohio line. It ends at a point in the creek bottom just below the Mount Zion Church in Middleton Township, Columbiana County, Ohio. Camps Nos. 5 and 6 are clearly drawn on this map, the scale of which is one mile to the inch, and which is also the scale (with slight correction) of the U. S. Topographical Survey maps. The accuracy of this Hutchins map is truly remarkable, being more perfect than modern engineers' maps of the area. From the crossing of the Big Beaver the road coincides with the present day road, except where it circumvents marshy land. Especially is this coinci- dence noticeable as one follows the present Tuscarawas Road along the crest of the long ridge west of the town of Beaver, thence by successive ridges to the end of the map. Trails of early times always followed the tops of ridges wherever possible to avoid marshy ground in the bottoms, stream crossings, and ravines in the sides of the hills. From the beginning it was apparent that such a detailed map of the whole route must have existed, from which the simplified map printed in all editions of Dr. Smith's book, was made. Still visible, sharply penciled over the ink drawing, are the sweeping directional lines which ignore the intricate jottings of the plotted course. It is the projection of these main directional lines which produced the simplified map as published. (See illustration fol. Introduction.) What a pity that only this one sector of the entire survey map has survived! Yet this one part has established the authenticity of the whole by its impeccable perfection and the evidence it bears of the method by which the whole was accomplished. A very close and critical check on the accuracy of Hutchins' work came from an entirely unrelated source, many years later. While assisting in the surveying and marking of the Pennsylvania-Ohio line, in 1785, General Andrew Porter kept a journal. In company with the distinguished scientist, David Rittenhouse, and the noted surveyor, Andrew Ellicott, General Porter of Revolutionary note, who once declined the secretaryship of War and was the father of a later governor of Pennsylvania, was serving as a commissioner to mark the boundary. Under date of September 5, 1785, we find this entry in General Porter's journal: "Corrected our Meridian the error was 1/4 of an inch east in 394 feet distance. Moved our camp to the intersection of the Tuscaraway Path with the line . . . planted a small stone marked On the East side P. Our present encampment is 7-1/2 miles north of the (Ohio) River." When Hutchins' line was superimposed on either the Rand McNally or the U. S. Topographical Survey map, the point of intersection with the State Line scaled exactly 7-1/2 miles north of the Ohio River. This pinpoint accuracy tends to support confidence in the whole work. The camp site of Sunday, October 7, 1764, is yet reminiscent of that far-off time. As the shades of night descend, though gone are the howling wolf and the lurking savage, yet an air of expectancy prevails. Were the wary sentries to return, they would find the nocturnal shadows as deep, the stars as brooding, the air as crisp, the environs nearly as wild today as on that frosty autumn night two hundred years ago. The army awoke before daylight on Mondav morning, October 8, 1764, with the drums beating the reveille, and at daybreak got under arms with the beating of the general, ready to move out when the assembly sounded. The Highlanders, Pennsylvanians. and Virginians marched in long files by the designated paths in their assigned' marching order with the cattle and pack horse train in the middle and flankers out in the woods on either side. By the time the last of these got under way, the head of the column was well EXPLANATORY NOTES 61 along down the slope to the crossing of the North Fork of the Little Beaver, about a mile and a quarter from the camp, and the sun was well up, dispers- ing the morning mists. The scene that greeted the eye on entering the narrow, wooded valley of the North Fork of Little Beaver that early autumn morning must have almost made the army forget their grim purpose. The slanting rays of the rising sun flashed back a glory of reflected color from the sides of the steep hill that rims the western side. The aura of pungent odors arising from the luxuriant vegetation in this sylvan vale is intoxicating at all seasons of the year. The rocky dirt road still winds down the side-hill slope exactly where Bouquet's woodsmen cut the path. Hutchins' map faithfully depicts it there. The creek, as the Journal states, then 8 perches (132 feet) across, has shrunk to a mere thirty feet in width. Only one who has visited this little bit of Eden on an early morning can picture its rare beauty. 31 Lieutenant Colonel John Reid was second-in-command of this expedition. See An Historical Account . . ., London (1766) edition, p. 33; Parkman's (1868) edition, p. 87; Thomas F. Gordon, History of Pennsylvania, 1829, p. 435. He was commissioned Captain in the 42nd, Royal Scots Highlanders, June 3, 1752; Major, Aug. 1, 1759; Lieut. Colonel, Feb. 3, 1762 (British Army Lists, Library of Congress, for 1763). He was on half pay, 1772-1773, and disap- peared from the Lists in 1775. Presumably he then died. Bouquet was high in his praise of "the particular merit of Colonel Reid" as his second-in- command. Due to his position, he was excused from duty as Officer of the Day, also from serving on Courts Martial. He, however, commanded all the supply and ordnance trains, but is seldom mentioned in orders. See morning Orders for October 9th. 32 Captain Louis Ourry, one of the Swiss officers of the Bouquet-Haldimand group, commissioned Lieutenant, Jan. 14, 1756, in the 62nd, Royal Americans; Captain-Lieutenant in the 60th, Aug. 29, 1759; Captain, Dec. 12, 1760; com- manded Fort Bedford 1762-63, Fort Littleton 1758. (Papers of Henry Bouquet, II, 565; ibid., 489. British Army Lists, L.C.) It is said he died in Ireland in 1779. Pennsylvania History, XIX, 242. 33 This was camp No. 7 in the Journal and was located on the hillside just east of U. S. Route 30, about 1.5 miles north of West Point (Power Point), Colum- biana County, Ohio. Quoting the Journal: "Monday 8th October, the army crossed little Beaver-creek, and one of its branches. This creek is eight perches wide, with a good ford, the country about it intersperced with hills, rivulets and rich valleys, like that described above. Camp No. 7 lies on a small run on the side of a hill, commanding the ground about it, and is distant eleven miles one quarter and forty nine perches from the last en- campment." This would place the site on a branch of Patterson's Run, conforming to the scaled distance on the U. S. Topographical map and agreeing with the above description. 34 Bat horses (often spelled batt) were horses for carrying the officers' baggage and effects and may have been extra mounts led by the servants of the officers. 35 Written reports were always called returns. The modern survival of the term is applied as election returns. 36 i.e., Spanish milled dollars. 37 This was Camp No. 8 in the Journal and was located just below the crossroads at Gavers in the extreme southern part of Columbiana County. The spot is easily recognizable from the description in the Journal in conjunction with the scaled distance on both the U. S. Topographical map and the Hutchins on Rand McNally map. Says the Journal: 'The Camp No 8 lies on a run, and level piece of ground, with Yellow-creek close on the left, and a rising ground near the rear of the right face . . . this day they proceeded only five miles, three quarters and seventy perches." 62 bouquet's orderly book The Journal, at this point, follows closely the description given in the Hutchins manuscript entitled, The Route from Fort Pitt to Sandusky . . . etc. Although the Journal calls the creek close by "Yellow Creek," the superimposition of Hutchins' map on the Rand McNally map shows the road following the north bank of the West Fork of the Little Beaver. Hanna (in The Wilderness Trail, II, 193, 196, note 2; 203, note 2) states repeatedly that there should be no confusion, as this fork of Little Beaver was called by that name at that time. (The present Yellow Creek flows in a parallel direction at this point, although several miles to the south.) Gist, in his Journal, also called it Yellow Creek. It is possible, with the imperfect knowledge of the country beyond a few miles of the Great Trail, that they confused it with Yellow Creek, since it flowed in the same direction. With the meticulous accuracy of Hutchins' engineering, both prior to and after this sector, we agree with Hanna that Little Beaver must have been meant. Continuing the Journal: "Tuesday, October 9th. In this day's march, the path divided into two branches, that to the south west leading to the lower towns upon the Muskingham. In the forks of the path stand several trees painted by the Indians in a hieroglyphic manner, denoting the number of wars in which they have engaged, and the particulars of their success in prisoners and scalps." Tracing the road upon the combined maps, from Camp No. 7, it is found to pass over Patterson Run and the range of hills into the narrow valley of Brush Run, which it crosses just where the Wayne-Madison Township line also crosses. This point is 400 yards south of the meeting point of Center, Elk Run, Madison and Wayne Townships, Columbiana County, Ohio. Ascending the wall of this valley and descending the long southern slope of the dividing hill, one now is in the broad valley of the West Fork of Little Beaver. It is on the slope of this hill where stood the painted trees in the forks of the path. This point of the forks was just three quarters of a mile from the creek. Hanna, Wilderness Trail, II, 193; also Hutchins Papers, A Description of Part of the Country Westward of the River Ohio with Distan- ces Commuted from Fort Pitt . . . (photostatic copy of the manuscript in the possession of the writer). An episode took place near this point during the field work of retracing the route, which in itself was interesting, but which served further to strengthen confidence in Hutchins' work. His map notes an Indian Camp just a mile past the forks of the path, near where the southern path crossed the stream, swung around the base of a high knob and up a hollow, now known as McCormick's Run; to gain the ridge it was necessary to follow toward the southwest where lay the Lower Town on the Scioto. Hutchins' map spots the camp in a curve of the creek, and just such a curve with a flat meadow in its bend occurs exactly here. Mr. George Stopper, owner of the farm, sat in a shady corner of his lawn on a warm summer afternoon. He had never heard of the Indian village, but he had plowed up many interesting Indian implements; no arrow heads at this place, but pounding stones or peckstones in large numbers, and a huge stone mall, which weighed 14 pounds 12 ounces. This mall is the largest stone implement we have seen and is deeply grooved to take the thongs that bound it to the hickory helve that must have hefted it for heavy work. Such implements could have been used only for domestic work and could not have been carried on the warpath. The location of the camp or village seems certain, and an additional confirmation of the trustworthiness of Hutchins' map must be conceded. 38 Captain William Grant was commissioned Lieutenant in the 42nd, Royal High- landers, November 22, 1746; Captain, July 23, 1758. He was at Ticonderoga with the "Black Watch," who also fought so valiantly with the ill-fated Major Duncan Campbell of Inverawe, on July 8, 1758. The 42nd participated in the siege of Havana, 1762, and what was left of them was back in the spring of 1763 to march with Bouquet to Fort Pitt and the Battle of Bushy Run. Captain Grant is credited with building at least three of the five re- EXPLANATORY NOTES 63 doubts at Fort Pitt in 1763. See Charles Stotz, Drums in the Forest, 1958, p. 174-176, 183. He was highly complimented by his commanding officer. The British Army Lists, Library of Congress, carry him under the list of Majors and as Senior Captain of the 42nd Regiment in 1776 and 1777. He disappears from the Lists in 1779, having died, and his uncle, Gen. James Grant, inherited his estates. 39 Evidences, i.e., witnesses. This was common usage at the time. 40 From Gavers the army proceeded westward by present Ohio route 518, crossing the West Fork of Little Beaver above the great bend, thence skirting the village of Dungannon on its southern edge, and via a dirt road to and across Ohio route 644. The Camp No. 9 was just southwest of the intersection of route 644 with dirt road, Augusta Twp. 257. It is on high ground in the forks of a small stream running around two sides of its base and is located in the very northeastern corner of Carroll County on the very line separating Hanover Township, Columbiana County, from East Township, Carroll County. The Journal says they crossed the creek about one mile from the camp No. 8 and marched seven miles and sixty perches to Camp No. 9. 41 On the previous day the Journal had stated: "The path after the army left the forks was so bushy and entangled, that they were obliged to cut all the way before them, and also to lay several bridges, in order to make it passable for the horses." Hence, these particular orders for clearing the road were neces- sary to pass that section between the forks, described in note 37, through the site of Camp No. 8 at Gavers to the site of Camp No. 9. 42 The road from Camp No. 9 follows the top of a long ridge extending nearly eight miles through what is today delightful farming country. The dirt road existing there is known as the Ridge Road, the continuation of which becomes Augusta Township route 257. It was successively the Great Trail, the Traders' pack horse path, the settlers' wagon road, then the stage road from Pittsburgh to Canton. It is the tradition among the farmers of the road, handed down by their grandfathers, that the stagecoaches passed their doors. Swinging to the right across the fields, past the Friends' cemetery to meet the Quaker Church Road, the line of march passed down its gradual grade. Instead of progressing on to East Rochester, it described a sweeping curve along the foot of the hills, past the village of Bayard, crossed Sandy Creek near the present bridge, on the track of Route 30, and, in Minerva, follows the creek to the left where route 80 leads southwestward. Camp site No. 10 on the outskirts of Minerva was a natural one, being a level, shelving plain 30 feet above the creek bed, where today are found several modern industrial plants. Keeping in mind that nearly fifty-eight acres, minimum, was needed within the picket lines of the outguards, one can visualize the accommodations this place offered the army. See diagram of camp, p. 17. The creek lay on the left, and the round hill, always an emergency feature for tactical advantage, was nearby on the right. The Journal thus describes the situation: "Thursday, October 11, Crossed a branch of Muskingham river (Sandy Creek) about fifty feet wide, . . . The camp No. 10, had this branch of the river parallel to its left face, and lies ten miles one quarter and forty perches from the former encampment." 43 On the slopes of the hills on the north side of Sandy Creek the going was less susceptible to bogging down in the marshy bottom land. One mile north of the present Magnolia, in the southwestern corner of Sandy Township, Stark County, is the site of Camp No. 11. It is near the sharp turn in the road to East Sparta, with the stream on the left and an oval hill on the right. An outguard undoubtedly was stationed on this hill, while the camp spread around its base. The Journal: "The camp No. 11 has the above mentioned branch of Muskingham (i.e., Sandy Creek) on the left, and is distant ten miles and three quarters from the last encampment." 44 8br is the Latin way of expressing October, 8th month of the Roman calendar, often found in writings of the period. Similarly were expressed 7br, for September, 9br, for November, etc. 64 bouquet's orderly book 45 Sir William Johnson, superintendent of Indian affairs in the Northern Depart- ment, with headquarters on the Mohawk. 46 Tuscarawas, or King Beaver's Town (present Bolivar, Ohio), had been an im- portant town of the Delawares, but was now abandoned. Here was the ancient fording place of the Tuscarawas Branch of Muskingham. From this place branched out the various paths from the Great Trail, which Bouquet had been following; that to Detroit, the path to the Lower Town on the Scioto, and the Cuyahoga Path. See Hanna, Wilderness Trail, II, 204 ff., reprinted from The Route from Fort Pitt to Sandusky, and thence to Detroit, Hutchins MSS (photostatic copy in possession of the author). Many notables of the frontier, both red and white, passed through this important junction point of early travel. Regarding this place, the Journal for this date is explicit: "Saturday 13th. Crossed Nemenshehelas (Nimi- shillen) Creek, about fifty feet wide, a little above where it empties itself into the aforesaid branch of Muskingham, having in their way a pleasant prospect over a large plain, for near two miles on the left. A little further they came to another small river (Bear Run) which they crossed about fifty perches above where it empties into the said branch of Muskingham. Here a high ridge on the right and the creek close on the left, form a narrow defile about twenty perches long. (There is today a small picnic park atop this ridge, and the defile is filled by the water from the Bolivar Reservoir, the dam of which spans the narrow passage here described.) Passing after- wards over a very rich bottom, they came to the main branch of Musking- ham, about seventy yards wide, with a good ford. A little below and above the forks of this river is Tuscarawas, a place exceedingly beautiful by situa- tion, the lands rich on both sides of the river; the country on the north-west side being an entire level plain, upwards of five miles in circumference. From the ruined houses appearing here, the Indians who inhabited the place and are now with the Delawares, are supposed to have had about one hundred and fifty warriors. This camp No. 12, is distant eight miles nineteen perches from the former." 47 Necessary houses were essential to the sanitation and health of the army, which remained here from Saturday afternoon till Monday morning. The building of these makes it appear that Bouquet at first intended stopping here to hold the preliminary parleys with the Indians. In the meantime his guides had found the spot ideally situated for defense, two miles below, with water available and the strategic round hill very near. Refer to note 49. 48 Lieut. Col. Asher Clayton, noticed in note 23; Major Augustine Prevost, noticed in note 3; Major John Philip de Haas, noticed in note 26. Captain William Piper was born in Ireland and came to Cumberland County, near Shippensburg, with his two brothers. His first military service in Pennsylvania seems to have been with Bouquet's 1764 expedition to Ohio (Penna. Archives, Ser. 5, I, 337), except frontier service. He was commis- sioned Captain in the 2nd Penna. Battalion, July 20, 1763, and was at Car- lisle with his company at the end of July, 1764, ready to march with Bou- quet's army. In consequence of obtaining land by the allotment to Bouquet's officers he moved his family to the banks of the Susquehanna in 1770. Capt. Piper received 616^ acres on the Susquehanna north of present Watson- town, Northumberland County, which was very fine farming land. Also, he received 540 acres on Bald Eagle Creek, which he sold to Major de Haas. Pennsylvania Historical Society Collections, I, 107, 109, 116. It was here that Philip Fithian found him in the summer of 1775, engaged in farming the land on the banks of the beautiful Susquehanna. Fithian's Journal, Princeton, 1934, Albion and Dodson, eds., p. 55. The family apparently moved to Bedford County after the Indian incursions, forcing all whites to leave the West Branch Valley during the Revolution. Frontier Forts of Penna., I, 486. Captain James Irvine (spelled Irwin in the Orderly Book, but Irvine in all official records, rosters, and minutes of meetings of Bouquet's officers), born in 1735, was commissioned Ensign in Col. James Burd's 1st Pennsyl- EXPLANATORY NOTES 65 vania Battalion, May 2, 1760; Captain, December 30, 1763. He commanded a company in Bouquet's 1764 expedition, and in consequence received 616^2 acres in Buffalo Valley and 540 acres on Bald Eagle Creek in 1770. In a letter to the Committee of Safety in 1775, Captain Irvine stated that he commanded the oldest company in the three battalions and had "enjoyed the same station in the actual defense of the Province." Penna. Archives, 2nd Ser., I, 548. He was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel of the 1st Battalion, Nov. 25, 1775; promoted to Colonel of the 9th Pennsylvania Regiment, Continental Line, Oct. 25, 1776; transferred to the 2nd Pennsyl- vania, March 12, 1777. Penna. Archives, 5th ser., II, 57, 66; III, 330. He resigned June 1, 1777. Ibid. II, 781. On August 26, 1777, Irvine was promoted Brigadier General of Penn- sylvania Militia, fought at Brandywine and Germantown, was wounded in the hand and captured at Chestnut Hill, Dec. 5, 1777; exchanged June 1, 1781. Heitman, 314; Penna. Mag of Hist, and Biog., XVII, 421. He was a Constitutionalist in politics, serving in the Assembly after 1786 and in the Senate 1794-96. In 1793 Governor Mifflin appointed him Major General of Militia. He died, aged 84, in Philadelphia, April 28, 1819, and was buried in Christ's Churchyard. P.M.H. and B., XVII, 333. A. T. F. Winter was commissioned Lieutenant in the Royal American Regiment, February 28, 1756, and remained on the Army Lists through 1766. He disappeared from the active list of 1767 and is not found on the half-pay list; hence, it is presumed that he left the army entirely or deceased. Charles Stewart was born in County Donegal, Ireland, in 1743, and in 1762 came to join his uncle, Samuel Hunter, of Revolutionary repute, in (now) Dauphin, (then) Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He purchased land in Cumberland County in 1763. See Meginness, Biographical Annals of the West Branch Valley, 65; Penna. Archives 3rd ser. XXIV, 757. On July 1763 he was commissioned Lieutenant in Capt. Timothy Green's company, from Cumberland County, 2nd Pennsylvania Battalion. Penna Archives; 5th ser., I, 336; Warner-Beers, History of Cumberland County (1886), 65. He marched with Bouquet into Ohio in 1764 and received 339-2/7 acres of land in Buffalo Valley and 297 acres in Bald Eagle Valley as a Lieutenant's share. In 1767 Stewart married his cousin, Elizabeth Hunter, and in 1783 sold his Cumberland County farm to move to the big bend of the Susquehanna River, now Lycoming County. There he employed several slaves on his large estates, which he continued to increase until his death in 1809. An effort has been made to connect him with the Charles Stewart asso- ciated with the Wyoming, Pennamite vs. Connecticut, troubles. This man, however, was from New Jersey and became Commissary General of the Con- tinental Army in the Revolution. Consequently they were not the same person. Christopher Lemms, of Cumberland County (this is the spelling of the official minutes of the meetings of officers) was commissioned Captain in the 2nd Pennsylvania Battalion, July 22, 1763. With other officers of the Ohio expedition he obtained land, 616-1/2 acres in Buffalo Valley and 540 acres in Bald Eagle Valley, all of which he immediately sold to Col. Turbutt Francis. Penna Archives, 5th ser., I, 337; Colls, of Pa. Hist. Socy., I, 94, 109, 116. He had purchased three 100-acre plots of land in Cumberland County in 1762 and 1766, and he presumably retired to farming after this expedition. See Pa. Archives, 3rd ser., XXIV, 705, 706. In 1768 he was appointed one of the commissioners to warn the settlers from the Indian lands. (The name appears as Lemer, but there is little doubt that this is an error in transcrib- ing the handwriting.) Colonial Records, IX, 481. No further record of his military activity is found. Captain James Hendricks appears on all rosters of officers of the First Battalion, but no date of commission is given. Since, however, all other officers' commissions bear dates of 1763 and early 1764, we may assume that 66 bouquet's orderly book Capt. Hendricks' was of the same time. In the allotment of land to the officers Hendricks received 616-1/2 acres in Buffalo Valley and 540 acres on Bald Eagle Creek, all of which he promptly sold to Col. Francis. Colls, of the Penna. Hist. Socy. I, 109, 116. Alexander McKay (Mackay on all official rolls, including the British Army Lists) was commissioned Lieutenant in the 42nd, August 1, 1757. The 42nd Highlanders fought valiantly with Abercromby at Ticonderoga in 1758, then went to the West Indies where their numbers were depleted by disease and hard fighting. They returned to march with Bouquet on the Ohio campaign and were broken up in separate detachments to garrison Fort Pitt, Fort Loudoun, Fort Bedford and intermediate stations to guard the road to the Ohio. See Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, II, 99ff (Holiday Edition). In 1766 Lieut. Alexander Mackay was sent with a detachment of the 42nd to Redstone Creek to warn the settlers off of the unpurchased lands west of the Allegheny Mountains. Penna. Archives, IV, 251; Waterman and Watson, History of Bedford and Somerset Counties, 60. The 42nd left Amer- ica in 1767. Captain Lieutenant March 24, 1770; Captain in the Army May 23, 1772; disappears from the Lists for 1774. Library of Congress; Ford, British Officers in N. Amer., 6. Lieutenant George Thompson was commissioned in Lieutenant Colonel Asher Clayton's company, commanded by Captain-Lieutenant William Maclay (later first U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania). This company was enlisted in Lancaster County. Thompson signed the articles of agreement between the officers of the Pennsylvania Regiment, Sept. 8, 1764; but he seems never to have participated further. In December, 1772, he entered a caviat against the surveys of the officers' lands, but this was overruled by the Governor and Executive Council in January, 1773. Nothing more is known of him. Penna. Archives, 2nd Ser., II, p. 613; Colls, of the Hist. Socy. of Pa., I, 95, 117. Alexander Frazer, commissioned Lieutenant January 22, 1757, was of the 78th Regiment of Foot, known as Frazer's Highlanders, commanded by the fa- mous Simon Frazer, Major Commandant, whose death at Saratoga during the American Revolution was lamented by both sides. The 78th had left America in 1763 (Ford, p. 7), but Captain Alexander Frazer, largely due to his knowledge of French, had been detached for special duty in the West. Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac (1920 ed.), II, 276, 286. In 1765 he accompanied George Croghan when he went as emissary to nego- tiate with the western Indians and to inform the French forts of the change to British control. With St. Ange he preceded Croghan, thus becoming the first British officer to penetrate so far into the western country. Croghan's Journal, Thwaites' Early Western Travels, I, 137, 138; Hanna, Wilderness Trail, II, 32, 33. At Fort Chartres he was threatened with death by Indians instigated by French traders, and through the help of Pontiac himself he escaped to New Orleans, thence to Mobile. Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac, II, 286, 287. Michigan Pioneer and Hist. Colls., X, 216 (Letter of a Frenchman). After this Alexander Frazer disappears from the Army Lists. 49 The Journal says: "Monday 15th. The army moved two miles forty perches further down the Muskingham to camp No. 13, situated on a very high bank, with the river at the foot of it, which is upwards of 100 yards wide at this place, with a fine level country at some distance from its banks, producing stately timber, free from underwood, and plenty of food for cattle. "The day following six Indians came to inform the Colonel that all their chiefs were assembled about eight miles from the camp, and were ready to treat with him of peace, which they were desirous of obtaining. He re- turned for answer that he would meet them the next day in a bower at some distance from the camp. In the mean time, he ordered a small stockade fort to be built to deposit provisions for the use of the troops on their return; and to lighten the convoy." EXPLANATORY NOTES 67 At exactly the above distance below the Crossing is the site now marked by monuments commemorating Fort Laurens of the Revolution. It was built by Gen. Lachlan Mcintosh upon the very spot and enclosing the remains of Bouquet's fort. See Gen. Mcintosh's official report from Fort Pitt, Dec. 29, 1778, to Vice-President George Brian, of Pennsylvania, Penna. Archives, VII, 131 ff; also see "Frontier Advance on the Upper Ohio," Louise P. Kellogg, Wisconsin Hist. Soc. Publications, Draper Series, IV, p. 183, n. 3, states there were barracks for 200 men within the large stockade fort; Lieutenant McReady's Journal states under date of November 18, 1778; "The Army marched about twelve o'clock and arrived at the banks of the Tuscarawas ... we Encamped round our Brethren and Included the place where Col. Bouquet had formerly erected a Block House." Hence it is certain the Fort Laurens site is also the very site of Camp No. 13. 50 The abbreviation is for grenadiers. In accordance with the organization of the British army of that time and of the period of the American Revolution, each regiment had two "flank companies," namely, a light infantry and a grenadier company. 51 Lieutenant McClellan is meant. See note 54. 52 Captain John Joseph Schlosser, commissioned Lieutenant, December 27, 1755, was one of the first officers in the Royal American regiment. W. C. Ford, p. 90. He succeeded to the command of the company of Baron Munster when that officer was promoted to Major in the 4th Battalion. See Major Tulle- ken to Bouquet, Aug. 2, 1758, British Museum, Add MSS 21643, f. 167, printed in The Papers of Henry Bouquet, Harrisburg, 1951, 309. Capt. Schlosser was wounded at Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758. (Promoted for bravery July 20, 1756.) On campaign with Haldimand to capture Fort Niagara, in 1759, Schlosser was the officer sent to rebuild a French fort just above Niagara Falls, which received the name of Fort Schlosser. Near it occurred one of the most terrible Indian massacres in history. Parkman's Conspiracy of Pon- tiac, 269. Bulletin of the W . L. Clements Library, 1944, p. 15. When Baron Munster decided to retire, in 1764, Schlosser was one of the officers refusing to purchase his commission, though he and several more were senior to Captain Bayard, who purchased it. Letter, Bouquet to Gage, Oct. 21, 1764, from the Camp at Tuscarawas. Gage Papers, Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., vol. 24. He was living in Lancaster, Penna., in 1765. Lily Lee Nixon, James Burd, 127. He is not found on the British Army Lists of 1773; nor is he on the list of half-pay officers. 53 and 54 "In Col. Bouquet's expedition against the Mingoes, Delawares, and Shawanees in 1764 there were two companies of Maryland volunteers, one consisting of forty-three brave woodsmen, besides officers, all of them well equipped with good rifles, and most of them born and bred on the frontiers of Frederick County, one under the command of Capt. William McClellan, and the other under the command of Capt. John Wolgomatt," J. T. Scharf, History of Western Maryland, Philadelphia (1882), pp. 100-101. This Mary- land contingent caught up with the expedition at the Tuscarawas and, thus, participated for the period from October 20 till the army arrived back at Fort Pitt on November 28. 55 The Journal takes up the narrative: "Monday October 22d. The Army attended by the Indian deputies, marched nine miles to Camp No. 14, crossing Margaret's creek (present Sugar Creek) about fifty feet wide . . ." The road follows the present road, Tuscarawas County route 102, from the camp site No. 13 to and across U. S. 250 near Strasburg, thence via Tuscarawas County route 78 to the village of Winfield. Four hundred yards southwest of the village is a shelf of level land thirty feet above the creek bottom, in a fork of Broad Run, with an oval-shaped hill rising back of it. There was the site of Camp No. 14. 56 Camp No. 15 was at the present village of Chili (pronounced locally Chie-lie). Here among the steep and rolling hills is found the only ideal location for 68 bouquet's orderly book accommodation of such a camp that can be found for many miles around. It fits the pattern perfectly. The trail, after leaving the spot near Winfield, led up the valley of Broad Run, across Ohio route 39 and straight through the Union Churchyard and cemetery. Thence it crossed Tuscarawas County route 46 to the ridge beyond. The road then followed the top of the long ridge that divides the beautiful Pleasant Valley from Sugar Creek till, skirting the present town of Baltic, it came down to follow Brush Creek and Ohio route 93 for two miles. A primitive dirt road today marks the course of the trail up the side of a narrow hollow to gain the ridge near Halifax Church cemetery. This crest leads to the vicinity of Chili, where the trail descended to the West Fork of White Eyes Creek. A shelving plain of fifty acres forms the toe of a rounded knob that rises in the fork of the stream that watered the herds and pack animals of the army. All of the requisite elements of defense, by Bouquet's standards, were there represented. True, the site is overlooked by surrounding hills, but in that day it was out of reach of all but extreme rifle range. The Journal adds: ". . . they proceeded sixteen miles one quarter and seventy seven perches to Camp No. IS and halted there one day." 57 The army spent two days at this camp, possibly due to bad weather at that time of year. It is more likely, however, that the animals were fatigued from traveling this rugged country. The grades had been steep and numerous since leaving Brush Creek and the subsequent events show the wisdom of Bouquet in accepting the advice of his guides in leaving the supplies for the return trip at the stockaded fort, the site of later Fort Laurens, under com- mand of Captain Schlosser. 58 The Journal reports: "Thursday 25 {i.e., October 25th). They marched six miles, one half and sixteen perches to Camp No. 16, situated within a mile of the forks of Muskingham; and this place was fixed upon instead of Wakautamike, as the most central and convenient place to receive the prisoners; for the principal Indian towns now lay around them, distant from seven to twenty miles; excepting only the lower Shawanese town situated on Scioto river, which was about eighty miles; so that from this place the army had it in their power to awe all the enemy's settlements and destroy their towns, if they should not punctually fulfil the engagements they had entered into. — Four redoubts were built here opposite to the four angles of the camp; the ground in the front was cleared, a store-house for the provisions erected, and likewise a house to receive and treat of peace with the Indians, when they should return. Three houses with separate apartments were also raised for the reception of the captives of the respective provinces, and proper officers appointed to take charge of them, with a matron to attend the women and children; so that with the officers mess houses, ovens, &c this camp had the appearance of a little town in which the greatest order and regularity were observed." The foregoing explains the last part of the Morning Orders of the 26th, that "All men off duty in the line ... to parade ... for work." They must have worked with a will, since already the orders were for "no more trees to be cut within the square." The reader will notice that the Journal enters under date of the 25th events that did not come to pass, according to the Orderly Book, until the 29th, namely the erection of the storehouses and shelter for the different classes of captives, as well as redoubts and fortifications. Obviously the trees that were cut within the enclosure, and for some distance around it, were used to construct stockades, four corner redoubts forward from the faces of the square, conference house, "apartments" for the returned prisoners, etc., leaving the area clear of shelter for enemies and a clear range of vision for firing, if necessary. The tall straight timber needed for these purposes was not the type that flourished on the rich, luxuriant bottomlands, where tree trunks attained enormous girths and the branches peeled off from the trunks close to the ground. It was on the high ground EXPLANATORY NOTES 69 atop the hills that the right kind of trees grew; and there Bouquet's guides found a flat-topped hill just suited to their designs. In the summer of 1912, Mr. Clifford Miller, farm owner, Mr. J. W. Preston, and Mr. D. C. Meek, all of Coshocton, Ohio, together with Dr. Mills, then Director, and Dr. Shetrone, afterwards Director of the Ohio State Historical Museum, viewed and marked the site of extensive remains atop the hill on the Miller farm. These comprised, at that time, earth em- bankments about two feet in height enclosing an area about three hundred yards by two hundred yards. Along one side were found large, flat stones laid in rectangular forms as if they had served as foundations for the ovens and fireplaces mentioned in the orders and in the Journal. The fireplaces themselves were probably constructed of sticks and clay, as was the frontier fashion. Handmade nails were found at the time of the aforementioned visit and are exhibited today in the Museum of the Coshocton Historical Society. Here, at first glance, seems to appear the first discrepancy in Engineer Hutchins' work; but on closer scrutiny, however, we find the logical expla- nation of the fact that this spot is now about two and a half miles from the present confluence of the Tuscarawas with the Walhonding. On studying the ground still further, we find unmistakable and very clear depressions of the old river bed running close under the hill and meeting the Walhonding at a very flat angle rather than at the very long, acute angle formed today. All the publications of Hutchins' map agree on an extremely obtuse angle of meeting. Moreover the junction of this "swale" with the Walhonding is exactly one mile from the foot of the hill where the remains were found. There is no record in the annals of white men in this part of Ohio con- cerning the existence of any other fortifications. What appeared like earth- works may have been remains of the embankments of earth taken from trenches in which the butt ends of the stockade logs were set, the earth having been thrown up and tamped around them. On the other hand, in all publications of the map the scaled distance of Camp No. 16 is two and one-half miles from the confluence, in spite of the Journal's clear statement that it was within one mile. This can only be ex- plained by reasoning that a temporary camp must have been established until the fortified camp could be built on higher ground. That the Journal anticipated events by several days has already been noticed. The engineer plotted the location on his map when the army halted, while the journalists forecast the building of the four redoubts and houses. The last paragraph of the Orderly Book probably holds the best answer when it commands that "... a Detachment of 200 men . . . with Officers, to be under arms . . . The Whole . . . will march to the house on the plain towards the Confluence of the Rivers where the Conference is to be held with the Indian Deputies . . ." Writing in the Magazine of Western History in 1884, p. 284, the Rev. William E. Hunt, then of Coshocton, wrote that Bouquet "encamped in the high ground between the rivers." In a statement to Mr. Hill, historian of Coshocton County, he once said that as late as 1850 remains still existed. The exact location has long been a controversial question, but the evidence mentioned above seems to carry some weight. Certain it is that the Journal heretofore in agreement with the map and the Orderly Book here has dis- agreed by four days from the orders as issued. The map that has come through so many tests must not be abandoned as untrustworthy. It is also certain that the Council House was nearer to the confluence than was the camp. There is strong probability that Dr. Smith misinterpreted the evidence submitted to him; since it was the council house that stood within a mile of the Forks while the fortified camp stood at a greater distance. If the camp did stand within the mile, then the river must have occupied the swale men- tioned above. Under the present ownership no excavating is permitted at the presumed site of the camp. It is hoped that at some future time conclu- sive evidence may turn up to dispel the mists of antiquity that have enshroud- ed this historic spot in uncertainty. 70 bouquet's orderly book On October 15, 1959, the author, with Mr. George Swetnam and Mr. William Stewart of Pittsburgh, visited the site of the camp described above. The remains were as visible and prominent as at the earlier time. It is hoped that permission may be gained to perform some excavation at an early date. 59 See note 58 for the Journal's description of cutting trees for building the re- doubts, houses, etc. 60 See note 58 for discussion of the remains of these ovens and the Journal's description. 61 Cachnauago is no doubt the phonetic spelling for what is otherwise spelled Cognawago or Caughnawaga, the town of the French Mohawks, or ''Praying Indians," located near Quebec. Hanna, Wilderness Trail, I, 177; II, 163, 255. Rochefaucauld de Liancourt, Travels in the U. S. of North America and Upper Canada, 1801-2, I, p. 450, calls it Canawaga. Connesadago is phonetic spelling for what Conrad Weiser called Canas- sategy in his report of 1753. Hanna, Wilderness Trail, II, 254. It was the chief town of the Senecas and occupied the site of present Geneva, N. Y., at the northern tip of Seneca Lake. It was destroyed by Sullivan's army in Sep- tember, 1779. Lieut. William McKendry, in his journal under date of Sept. 19, 1779, spells it Cannondesago; Dr. John Campfield, on the same date, Conadesago; Lieut. Col. Henry Dearborn, Kannadasegea; Map 103-C in the Simeon DeWitt Collection in the New York Historical Society gives it as Kanadesago. There were as many spellings as people writing. 62 See Note 58 for the Journal's description of these houses. 63 The originals of these lists are in the Gage MS Papers in the William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan, where the author inspected them. They are printed in W.P.H.M., vol. 39 (1956), p. 187fT, 'Indian Captives Released by Colonel Bouquet," by Dr. William S. Ewing. These lists give a total of 260, inclosed in letters of Bouquet to Gage, November 29 and 30, 1764, plus 88 given in British Museum Additional MSS, 21655, f296 (Mimeographed Transcription, Bouquet Papers, 21655, 250). He has since found a list of 15 in the New York Mercury, No. 691, for Jan. 21, 1765. This makes a total of 363 captives listed, although Dr. Ewing states ". . . we cannot presume to say when or if the prisoners were surrendered." 64 Dr. Smith describes the scenes enacted daily as the captives were brought in and delivered, as follows: "Fathers and mothers recognizing and clasping their once-lost babies; husbands hanging around the necks of their newly-recovered wives; sisters and brothers unexpectedly meeting together after long separation, scarce able to speak the some language, or, for some time, to be sure that they were children of the same Parents! . . . "The Indians too, as if wholly forgetting their usual savageness bore a capital part in heightening this most affective scene. They delivered up their beloved captives with the utmost reluctance; shed torrents of tears over them, recommending them to the care and protection of the commanding officer . . . They visited them from day to day; and brought them what corn, skins, horses and other matters, they had bestowed on them, while in their families; accompanied with other presents, and all the marks of the most sincere and tender affection. Nay they did not stop here, but, when the army marched, some of the Indians solicited and obtained leave to accompany their former captives all the way to Fort Pitt, and employed themselves in hunting and bringing provisions for them on the road. A young Mingo car- ried this still further, and gave an instance of love which would make a figure even in romance. A young woman of Virginia was among the captives, to whom he had formed so strong an attachment, as to call her his wife. Against all remonstrances of the imminent danger to which he exposed him- self by approaching to the frontiers, he persisted in following her, at the risk of being killed by the surviving relations of many unfortunate persons, who had been captivated or scalped by those of his nation." Touching instances of recovery of children by their mothers after long EXPLANATORY NOTES 71 separation are told by Dr. Smith. Many children had lived so long with the Indians as to know them only as their relatives, and the Shawnees were forced to bind some of the persons to be surrendered, several of the women actually escaping and returning to the savages. 65 The 35th Regiment of Foot, at least part of it, came to America in June, 1756, with Generals Webb and Abercromby. Parkman, Montcalm and Wol\e, I, 412. W. C. Ford, British Officers in America, p. 5, reports the regiment came to America in 1758, which is evidently two years late. Rufus Putnam mentions the 35th at Fort William Henry, June 23, 1757. Lieut. Colonel Munro commanded the part of the 35th at Fort William Henry when it fell. In 1758 and 1759 it was at Louisburg and, in September, 1759, was with Wolfe at Quebec. In June of 1761 Amherst sent it as part of a detachment of 2000 to Guadeloupe and in January, 1762, it was at Fort Royal, Mar- tinique. Fortesque, History of the British Army, I, 477; Ibid. II, 306, 316, 361, 374, 541. According to Ford, p. 5, it was in British Florida in 1764. The 35th arrived in Boston five days prior to the Battle of Bunker Hill in June, 1775, in which its grenadier and light infantry companies participat- ed. It sailed to the West Indies in 1778. Baurmeister's Journal, Oct. 28, 1778, in Uhlendorf's Revolution in America. Rutgers, 1957, p. 222. He re- ported the regiment at St. Lucia in August, 1779. Ibid. 293. Henry Fletcher was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel in the 35th Reg- iment, Feb. 16, 1758. Ford, 39. Lieut. Col. in the Army, June 20, 1762, and Colonel of the Regiment to replace Charles Otway, deceased, August 10, 1764. He last appeared on the Army List of 1767 and did not appear on the Half Pay List. Army Lists, NYPL. Charles Otway was born in 1686, probably in Middlesex where his father, Charles Otway, had married Amy Nash three years previously. The son, Charles, entered the army and fought under Lord Peterborough in the War of the Spanish Succession. He rose to the rank of Colonel of his reg- iment, the 35th Foot, at the age of 31, in 1717. By 1745 Otway was Lieu- tenant General, being senior to Abercromby by 14 years, Amherst by 16 years, and to Loudoun and Gage by many more years. W. C. Ford is thus in error in including him in the list of Officers in America, as he would have superseded immediately any of these officers as commander-in-chief upon setting foot in America. This he never did. No history of these times mentions his having been in America. Cf. Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, V and VI; also Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe. Otway's regiment was at Fort William Henry commanded by Lieut. Col. Monro in 1756 and part of it was at Louisburg in 1757. Putnam's Journal mentions Otway's 35th Regiment at Fort Edward and Fort William Henry under date of June 23 and October 10, 1757. Joseph Shippen, Jr., in a letter to Capt. Thomas Lloyd, Lancaster, June 9, 1757, mentions a friend hav- ing joined Otway's regiment. Shippen Papers, Penna. Hist. Socy., MS Room, Philadelphia. Otway became a full general March 8, 1761. He retained the colonelcy of his 35th Regiment until his death, which occurred at Willes- den, Middlesex, 1764, at age 78. Thomas Hall was commissioned Ensign in the 42nd Regiment, October 22, 1762, and seems not to have advanced. There was a Thomas Hall who was a Lieutenant Colonel in another regiment within two years after the first named was an ensign. It is not reasonable to suppose the same man to have been eligible to purchase such a commission. He disappears from the Army Lists by 1770. James MacLagan was commissioned Chaplain in the 42nd, Royal High- land Regiment, June 15, 1764, and remained with the regiment during their tour of duty in Western Pennsylvania and Ohio until its return to the British Isles in 1767. He was conducting regular services at Fort Pitt when the Rev. Charles Beatty and the Rev. Mr. Duffield arrived there in Septem- ber, 1766. Chaplain MacLagan invited the Rev. Mr. Beatty to preach in the Fort while the Rev. Mr. Duffield preached in the town. He returned with 72 bouquet's orderly book the regiment in the summer of 1776 and served through all the major cam- paigns of the American Revolution until August 1787. John Wilkins was commissioned Major in the Royal Americans, June 9, 1762, having been a captain in Lord George Howe's 55th Regiment since De- cember 30, 1755. After the reduction of 1763 he retired on half-pay, but was put on active duty again as of August 15, 1764, exchanging status with Herbert Munster. He was in Lancaster with the Royal Americans in 1765, according to Col. James Burd's account book, quoted by Lily Lee Nixon, James Bard, p. 127. He commanded Fort Chartres in 1768 and disappeared from the British Army Lists entirely in 1777. John Thomas was commissioned Chaplain in the 60th Regiment, Aug. 15, 1764, but was replaced by William Winder, April 4, 1765. British Army Lists. Dr. Thomas Gawton was commissioned Chaplain in the 62nd Regiment (60th) December 25, 1755, and served till his death in 1764, as here re- corded. Ford, British Officers in America, 43. Dr. Adam Ferguson, of Perthshire, Scotland, was graduated from the University of St. Andrews and was appointed Deputy Chaplain of the 42nd Black Watch Regiment in 1745. "His life comprised varied incidents. He was a fighting Chaplain at Fontenoy and a diplomatist in the wilds of America." W. B. Reed's Life of Joseph Reed, I, 425 ff. He left the clerical profession in 1759 to become a librarian and professor of natural philosophy at Edinburgh University. He was author of various works, including a History of the Roman Republic. During the American Revolution he was Secretary to the British Commissioners for reconciliation, a famous episode. He died in 1816 at the age of 93. Reed's Reed, I, 422 ff.; Journal of Ambrose Serle, Secretary to Lord Howe, 308, 309. He was an uncle of the famous Major Patrick Ferguson, inventor of the Ferguson breech-loading rifle, killed at the battle of Kings Mountain. Eric Robson, Letters from America, 1773-1780 (being letters of Sir James Murray), 45, n. 2; Lyman C. Draper, Kings Mountain and Its Heroes, 211, n. citing Dr. Adam Ferguson's Biographical Memoir of Lieut. Colonel Patrick Fer- guson, Edinburgh, 1817. He was also a kinsman of Hugh Henry Ferguson, whose wife carried the notorious letter from George Johnstone, commissioner for reconciliation, to Joseph Reed, President of Pennsylvania. B. J. Lossing, Field Book of the American Revolution, II, 144 n3; Wm. B. Reed, Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed, I, 381 ff. 66 This exchange of commissions is interesting in that it was the subject of a round of correspondence found in the Gage Papers, in the William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan, vol. 24. In his letter dated at New York, September 25, 1764, to Bouquet, Gage says: "Baron Munster is to sell to Captain Bayard for £3500 or Guineas. If his senior Captains refuse. I believe Captains Prevost & Etherington now with you, are both Elder than Captain Bayard. Be so good as to send me their Acceptance or Refusal of the Offer under their own Hands." On October 21, from the Camp near Tuscarawas, Bouquet replied to Gage that Major Prevost and Captain Etherington both declined, likewise Captain Schlosser; saying, ''Captain Bayard will meet with no difficultys." Gage's letter to Bouquet dated New York, November 11, contains the following statement: ". . . Baron Munster has exchanged with Major Wilkins, So there is an End of his Purchase; And I am sorry to Acquaint Capt. Prevost, that the King is come to a Resolution to let no Officer Sell his Commission who did not purchase it." (Prevost was one of the Swiss brothers of the name' who had been granted commissions under the Act Geo. II., 29 c. V.) Strangely, here Bouquet's orders of November 4 state a fact that Gage did not write to him till November 11. Also, singularly, Gage could not yet know that by letter dated at the Camp on Muskingum, October 26, J. Mark Prevost had requested leave simply to retire from the Service. All are in Vol. 24 of the Gage Papers. EXPLANATORY NOTES 73 67 Nicholas Houssegger (Haussegger) was first commissioned Lieutenant in Cap- tain Samuel Atlee's company of Col. Burd's First Battalion, May 6, 1760; Captain in Col. Turbutt Francis' 1st Battalion, November 11, 1763. On Bouquet's expedition to Ohio he commanded a company and obtained a captain's share of the land allotment in 1772. The 616-1/2 acres he obtained on the Susquehanna River comprised the land above the mouth of Warrior Run where the town of Watsontown now stands. He also obtained 540 acres in Bald Eagle Valley. Both tracts he immediately sold to Thomas Willing of Philadelphia, father of Nancy Willing Francis, one-time fiancee of Bouquet. Penna. Hist. Socy. Colls., I, 107, 109, 116; Pa. Arch., Sth ser., I, 312, 335. On June 4, 1776, Houssegger (Haussegger in all official records) was commissioned Major in Col. Anthony Wayne's 4th Battalion and was pro- moted to Colonel of the newly raised German Regiment, July 17, 1776; ordered to Philadelphia. Pa. Arch., Sth ser., II, 141; Ibid. sec. ser., X, 121. He was at the battle of Trenton, and at Princeton was taken prisoner "under suspicious circumstances." D. S. Freeman, George W ashington, IV, 343. Alexander Graydon, in his Memoirs, 238, calls Haussegger "a soldier of fortune and a true mercenary" and accuses him of receiving special favors of the British. Reed, I, 286, says he ". . . had never been able to divest himself of the ideas he had acquired in the British army." Nevertheless, he returned to his farm near Lebanon, where he died in 1786. Pa. Arch. 2nd ser. XI, 79; Heitman, 280. 68 Jacob Kern came of a family of early settlers in (then) Northampton County. In October, 1757, we find him at Harris' Ferry and Fort Hunter, on the Susquehanna, with Captain Busse as Ensign. Pa. Arch., 1st ser., Ill, 393; letter of Conrad Weiser. He was Adjutant with rank of Lieutenant in Franklin's chain of forts, 1758. As of April 20, 1760, he was Captain in Col. Hugh Mercer's 2nd Battalion; and in June, 1764, he was on the Bucks County frontier. Pa. Arch., 1st ser., Ill, 339-40; ibid. 293; Sth ser. I, 337. On the Ohio expedition, according to Bouquet's Orderly Book, he com- manded one of two troops of horse. As one of the association of officers, he obtained 616-1/2 acres of land in Buffalo Valley and 540 acres in Bald Eagle Valley. He also bought both shares of Lieut. John Nice, so that he then owned 1792-f- acres. Penna. Hist. Socy. Colls., I, 107, 116. He was associated with Edward Biddle in 1785 in an iron mine company in North- umberland County. 69 Major of Brigade: E. S. N. Campbell, A Dictionary of the Military Science, London, 1830, p. 29. An officer appointed to assist the General commanding a brigade in all his duties. No officer under the Rank of Captain is eligible to hold this situation; nor can effective Field Officers of Regiments be ap- pointed Majors of Brigade. Ibid., p. 135. Major of Brigade is the channel through which all orders are received and communicated to the troops; he is considered as an Officer attached to the Brigade, not personally to the Officer commanding it. He inspects all Guards, Outposts, and Picquets, furnished by the Brigade, and is responsible that they are withdrawn when the Brigade is to march. No person under the rank of a General Officer, unless commanding a Brigade, the Adjutant General excepted, has any right to give directions to the Major of Brigade on the General Parade, or to interfere with any party he is parading, until the Brigade Major delivers it over to the Officer who is to command it. 70 John Brady was born in 1733 in Delaware and, with his parents, moved to Shippensburg, Pa., at an early age. He became a surveyor and on July 19, 1763, received a captain's commission in Col. Asher Clayton's Second Pennsylvania Battalion. In 1764 he commanded a company of the same battalion in Bouquet's expedition to Ohio. About 1765 he moved to Stand- ing Stone (Huntingdon, Pa.), where he was a surveyor. He sold his land there to Dr. William Smith, Provost of the College of Philadelphia (now 74 bouquet's orderly book the University of Pennsylvania), and in 1769 moved to the Susquehanna opposite the site of Lewisburg, then to Muncy in 1775. Capt. Brady was one of the surveyors to lay off the land for Bouquet's officers in Buffalo Valley and on Bald Eagle Creek. His surveying book and field notes, as well as his axe, are preserved in the Muncy Historical Museum. See Now and Then, VI, 200. He obtained land in this grant, 540 acres in Bald Eagle Valley and 616-1/2 acres in Buffalo Valley, the latter of which he promptly sold to Captain, afterwards Colonel and Judge Plunket. Penna. Historical Socy. Colls. I, 107, 109, 116. In the Revolution Captain Brady commanded a company in Col. John Cook's 12th Regiment, Pennsylvania Line, and fought valiantly through the campaigns in New Jersey, was wounded at Brandywine and was sent home by order of Washington to help organize the defense of the frontiers. On April 11, 1779, he was ambushed and killed by the Indians on Wolfe Run near Fort Muncy. Capt. John Brady's son, Capt. Samuel Brady, swore vengeance and became the most celebrated Indian fighter of all time. Another son, Hugh Brady, became a Major General in the U. S. Army. General Hugh Brady's Narrative is printed in Meginness' Otzinachson, History of the West Branch Valley, 347-348, from which most of these facts have been gathered. 71 Samuel Hunter was born in County Donegal, North of Ireland, in 1732. With his father, Samuel Hunter, Sr., and his relatives, the Chamberses, he came to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (this part now Dauphin), in 1750. In Paxtang Township, on the Susquehanna River, the Chamberses built a mill, which later became Hunter's Mill and, being stockaded, became Fort Hunter, one of Franklin's Chain of Forts. In 1758-1759 Hunter served with Col. Hugh Mercer's Third Pennsylvania Battalion on the Forbes expedition. On May 2, 1760, he was commissioned Lieutenant in Capt. Joseph Scott's company of the same regiment. He was with his company at Fort Augusta in 1763 and accompanied Major Asher Clayton to Wyoming. On November 10, 1763, he was commissioned Captain in Col. Turbutt Francis' Battalion and on July 23, 1764, he was in Lancaster preparatory to marching with Bouquet to Ohio. From 1768 he remained at Fort Augusta, where he was commandant. The first court in Northumberland County was held in the commandant's house, April 9, 1772. Member of the Assembly, 1772-75, Member of the Committee of Public Safety, commander of the local militia, 1776-1777, he was appointed County Lieutenant with rank of Colonel. He continued to live at Fort Augusta until his death in 1784. 72 This was undoubtedly Capt. Abraham Buford (the au is written above the u in the Orderly Book), as he is the only officer of the name at that time in Virginia records. He was Major of the 14th Virginia in 1776. As Lieutenant Colonel he was active in the Carolinas under Lincoln, and at Waxhaws on May 29, 1780, the notorious Col. Tarleton massacred his whole corps after their surrender. Stedman, History of the American War, II, 193, states: "The virtue of humanity was totally forgot." See also Baurmeister's Journal B. A. Uhlendorf, ed. (1957), 363; Henry Lee, Memoirs of the War . . . R. E. Lee, ed., 164. 73 Refer to Note 58. 74 Orderly Book No. 3 has never been found. It would be interesting if it should turn up at a future time.