LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 977.86 H62 1958 111. Hist. Surv Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/historyoffrankliOOcape HISTOEY OF HiNKLlN, JSFFIBSON, WaSHINSTON, CRAWFORD | GASCONADE COUNTIES, MISSOURI. lOM THE Earliest Time to the Present; Together with Sundry Personal, Business and Professional Sketches and Numerous Family Records; Besides a Valuable Fundof Notes, Original Observations, Etc., Etc. IIL.niiXJSTR.^TEID. MISSOURI Originally published by GOODSPEED PUBLISHING COMPANY Chicago 1888 /^s-p PREFACE. This volnme has been prepared in response to the prevailing and popular demand for the preservation of local history and biography. The method of preparation followed is the most successful and the most satisfactory yet devised — the most successful in the enormous number of volumes circulated, and the most satisfactory in the general preservation of personal biography and family record conjointly with local history. The number of volumes now being distributed seems fabulous. Careful estimates place the number circulated in Ohio at 50,000 volumes; Pennsylvania, 60,000; New York, 75,000; Indiana 40,000; Illinois, 40,000; Iowa, 35,000; Missouri, 25,000; Minnesota, 15,000; Nebraska, 15,000, and all the other States at the same pro- ^ portionate rate. 'The southern half of Missouri has as yet scarcely ^ been touched by the historian, but is now being rapidly written. "^ The design of the present extensive historical and biographical Ci research is more to gather and preserve in attractive form, while fresh ^ with the evidence of truth, the enormous fund of perishing occurrence, ^ than to abstract from insufficient contemporaneous data remote, doubt- ^ ful or incorrect conclusions. The true perspective of the landscape of life can only be seen from the distance that lends enchantment to the ii} view. It is asserted that no person is competent to write a philo- ^ sophical history of his own time; that, owing to imperfect and '*^ conflicting circumstantial evidence, that yet conceals, instead of reveals, the truth, he cannot take that correct, unprejudiced, logical, luminous and comprehensive view of passing events that will enable him to draw accurate and enduring conclusions. The duty, then, of a histo- rian of his own time is to collect, classify and preserve the material for the final historian of the future. The present historian deals in fact; the future historian in conclusion. The work of the former is statistical; of tne latter, philosophical. (^^ To him who has not attempted the collection of historical data, . the obstacles to be surmounted are unknown. Doubtful traditions, '^ conflicting statements, imperfect records, inaccurate public and private correspondence, the bias or untruthfulness of informers, and the gen- eral obscurity which, more or less, envelops all passing events, com- ^•bine to bewilder and mislead. The publishers of this volume, fully aware of their inability to furnish a perfect history, an accomplishment vouchsafed to the imagination only of the dreamer or the theorist, make no pretension of having prepared a work devoid of blemish. They feel assured that all thoughtful people, at present and in future, will recognize and appreciate the importance of their undertaking, ^ and the great public benefit that has been accomplished. IV PREFACE. In the preparation of this volume the publishers have met with nothing but courtesy and assistance from the public. The subscription list was smaller than the publishers hoped and expected to receive; and although the margin of profit was thus cut down to the lowest limit, no curtailment or omission of matter was made from the origi- nal extensive design of the work. No subject promised is omitted, and many not promised are given. The number of pages given ex- ceeds the number promised by over 400 — a volume alone. The extreme difficulty of securing the correct spelling of German proper names, must be the excuse of the publishers for the few mistakes of that character to be found in this volume. The publishers disclaim responsibility for the substance of the matter contained in the Bio- graphical Appendix, as the material was wholly furnished by the sub- jects of the sketches. May, 1888. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. PAKT I.— HISTORY OF MISSOURI. PAGE. Attitude of Missouri before the War 94 Article XV 147 Amendments to tlie State Constitution 149 Attorney Generals 164 Auditors of Public Accounts 165 Boone's Lick Country 61 Black Hawk War 67 Beginning of Civil War 92 Boonville 113 Belmont 126 Battle of Pea Ridge V27 Battleof Kirksville 130 Battle at Independence 131 Battles of Ix)ne Jack and Newtonia 182 Battle of Cane Hill 133 Battles of Springfield, Hartsville and Cape Girardeau 133 Battles in Missouri, List of 142 Baptist Church 159 Clay Compromise, The 65 Constitutional Convention of 1845 74 Campaign of 1861 113 Carthage 115 Capture of Lexington 123 Campaign of 1862 127 Compton's Ferry 131 Campaign of 18G3 133 Campaign of 1864 137 Centralia Massacre 140 Churches 159 Christian Church 159 Congregational Church 160 Conclusion 197 Dred Scott Decision, The 87 Death of Bill Anderson 141 Drake Constitution, The 143 Divisions in the Republican Party 147 Dates of Organization of Counties with Origin of Names, etc 181 Early Discoveries and Explorers 44 Early Settlements 47 Earthquakes at New Madrid 58 Enterprise and Advancement 62 Events Preceding the Civil War 89 Eftbrts toward Conciliation 1()4 Emancipation Proclamation and Xlllth Amendment Ill Execution of Rebel Prisoners 132 Election of 1884, The 156 Early Courts, The 157 Episcopal Church IGo French and Indian War 48 Founding of St. liouis, The 49 From 1785 to 1800 ?5 First General Assembly 66 Fremont in the Field 125 Friends' Church 160 Fire at St. Louis, The Great 79 Geology 12 Gov. Jackson and the Missouri Legislature 97 Gov. Crittenden's Administration 151 Governors 1C3 PAGE. Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Contro- versies 152 Indian and Other Races 42 Israelite Church 160 Jackson Resolutions The 80 Judges of Supreme Court 165 La Salle 46 Louisiana, District and Territory of 56 Louisiana Purchased by the United States.. 55 Lewis and Clark's Expedition 57 Lutheran Church 161 Lieutenant-(iovernors 164 Iklinerals and Mineral Springs 23-38 Manufacturing 39 Marquette 45 Missouri a Territory 59 Mormons and Mormon War, The 71 Mexican War, The 75 Martial Law Declared 123 Murders at Gun City 149 INIethodist Ei)iscopal Church 161 Methodist Episcopal Church .South 162 Missouri's Delegation in the Confederate Congress 168 Organization of Kansas and Nebraska 82 Operations against Guerrillas 129 Order No. 11 134 OtRcern Previous to State Organization 162 Otficers of State (iovernment 163 Pontiac, Death of 51 Public and Private Schools 157 Presidential IClections 169 Proclamation by Gov. Jackson 105 Resources 11 Rock Formation 15 Railroads 40 Revision of the State Constitution 150 Representatives to Congress 166 Reliel Governors 169 .Soils, Clays, etc 13 State Organization 63 State Convention 64 Seminole War 68 Secession 90 Surrender of (amp Jackson 98 Slate Convention, The 109 Springfield 125 Shelby's Raid 137 State Constitutional Convention 143 Secretaries of State 164 State Treasurers 164 Salaries of State Otticers 181 Uniteil States Senators 166 Votes by Counties at Presidential Elections from 1836 to 1884 171-181 Wealth 41 War of the Revolution, The 52 War with Great Britain in 1812 60 Western Department, The 117 Wilson Creek 118 Year of the Great Waters 54 VI CONTENTS. PART IL— HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. PAGE. Ancient Inhabitants 214 Boundary 203 Berger Ml Caves 211 County Officers 287 Sheritis 237 Circuit Court Clerks 237 Circuit Attorneys 238 Treasurers 238 Collectors 238 Surveyors 238 County Court Clerks 238 School Commissioners 238 Assessors 238 Representatives 239 Circuit Court Proceedings 270 Criminal Record 279 Hanging of Edward D. Worrell 279 Murder of Andrew McCreary 280 Lynching of William L. Hall 280 Murder of ^Irs. Matilda Haase 282 Killing of Owens 230 Killing of Alexander McVickers 282 Lynching of Eli, a Slave 283 Sundry Violations of Law 283 County Court Proceedings 284 and 288 Cities, Towns and Villages 295 Catawissa 340 Dundee 341 Early Society, Customs, etc 215 Early Spanish Surveys 221 Election Returns 239 For President 239 For Governor 240 For Congressmen 241 Events Preceding Civil War 243 Early War Incidents 24G Educational and Scholastic History 200 Etlah 341 Ecclesiastical History 342 Catholic Churches 342 Baptist Churches 348 Christian Churches 351 Lutheran Churches 352 Methodist Churches 356 Cumberland Presbyterian Churches 358 Presbyterian Churches 359 First Settlers 222 Formation of Townships 235 Formation of School Districts 260 Farmers' Mutual Insurance Company 294 Grain 206 General Statistics 292 Gray's Summit 338 Jeffries' Letter 219 Judiciary 270 Justices of County Court 288 Land Entries 226 Legal Fraternity 284 Labaddie , 339 Mineral Wealth 20i; Mines 208 Military Events 243 Miscellaneous 292 Moselle 340 New Haven 331 Location, etc 331 Original Name and Additions 331 Early Residents and First Buildings 331 Present Business Interests 332 Secret Societies 332 The Press 333 PAGE. Incorporation 333 Organization of County 231 Olticial and Political 237 "aktjeld 341 Physical Description, etc 203 Probate Court, The 292 Population 292 Productions 293 Pacific City 317 Early Name and History 317 Additions 317 First Residents 318 Secret Societies 319 Present Business 322 Newspapers 325 Schools 268 Proceedings of Town Board 325 Incorjjoration 326 Election of Trustees 326 Removal of County Seat 233 Resources of County 294 Railroads 294 Reedville 338 Robertsville 340 Streams 204 Soil 205 Settlement of County 214 Survey of County 23'1 School Statistics 262 St. Clair 333 Early History 333 Present Conditions 334 Surroundings 334 Secret Societies 335 Sullivan 335 Additions 336 Growth 336 Present Interests 336 Lodges 337 Shot well 337 Stanton 339 Sundrv Villages and Postoffices 341 Topography 203 Timber 205 Township Organization 236 Troops from County in War 245 Union, History of. 295 Original I'lat and Boundary 295 Additions 295 First Business Men and New Buildings. 296 Professional 298 (uowth and Development 298 Present Business 298 Schools 266 Incori)oration 299 Town Officials 299 Newspapers 300 Valuation of Property in County 293 Washington, Hisstory of 301 Original Name 301 Original Boundary 302 Additions 303 Early Settlers 303 The "Firsts" 305 Growth 306 Present Business 307 Schools 263 Miscellaneous 309 Secret Societies 309 Incorporation 310 Town Otticials Elected 311 Newspapers 316 CONTENTS. VII HISTOKY OF JEFFEESON COUNTY. PAGE. Agricultural Interests, etc 380 Agricultural Society 381 Attorneys of the County 414 Boundary, Topography, etc 363 Bushberg 446 County Court Organized 387 County Officials 399 Circuit Court Judges 399 Circuit Court Clerks 399 County Court Clerks 399 Sheriffs 399 Collectors 400 Recorders 400 County Treasiirers 400 County Court Justices 400 County Court Judges 401 Probate Judges 401 Representatives 401 Prosecuting Attorneys 401 County Court 404 Criminal Record 404 Trial of Pierre Auguste Labaume 404 Murder ot Mr. Jeude 405 Murder of John G. Koenig 405 Killing of "Free Jack" 405 James Bridgeman killed by James Ed- monds 406 Murder of Lucas Bauer 407 Murderof Alex. Walker 407 Murder of Hiram Wright, Sr 407 Hiram E. Reppy Stabbed 408 Killing of Louis Merrill Taylor 408 Murder of Richard Bilecke 409 States. William Hilderbrand 409 Guy-McPete Affray 409 Ezekiel Whitner Shot 410 Andrew Wilson and Martha Shultz Shot 410 Murderof James Yerger 411 Murder of Thomas Davis 411 Murder of the Bonacres 411 State V5. Barney B. Smith 411 State vs. Thomas Moss, c/ aZ 411 Courts, The 402 Crystal City 436 History of The Plate Glass Works 436 Crystal Heights 442 Churches in County 452 Methodist 452 Baptist 454 Presbyterian 455 Episcopal 456 German Methodist 456 German Evangelical 457 Christian 457 Roman Catholic 458 Sundry Organizations 458 Dairies 383 DeSoto, History of 431 Location 431 Early Settlement 431 Growth and Development 431 Car Works and Machine Shops of Iron Mountain Railroad 432 Present Business Interests 434 Early History 373 Early Customs 377 Elections » 397 Early Wars, The 414 First Settlers 372-377 First Court 386 Festus 440 PAGE. Settlement 440 Improvement 441 Present Condition 441 Geology 364 Glenwood 446 Horticulture 383 Highways 393 Herculaneum, History of. 426 Hillsboro 429 First Buildings and Settlers 429 First Merchants 429 Business Directory 430 Societies 430 Horine 444 Hanover 445 Hematite 445 House's Springs 446 Indians and Wild Animals 369 Illinois 446 Jefferson County Bar 412 Jefferson 446 Kimmswick, History of. 442 Location and Organization 442 Early Business 442 Present Interests 443 Mineral Wealth 366 Mines 367 Mills, etc 384 Municipal Townships 391 Miscellaneous Items 393 Military Record 414 Mass Meetings Preceding Civil War 415 Montesano Springs 443 Natural History 363 New Hartford 426 Organization 384 Public Lands and Land Entries 378 Public Buildings 389 Poor Farm 390 Population 397 Political and Official 397 Probate Court, The 404 Pevely, History of 444 Press of Jefferson County, The 446 Removal of County Seat 388 Regiments from County in Civil War 416 Sixth 416 Thirteenth 418 Thirty-first 420 Forty-seventh 421 Eightieth 424 Fifth Cavalry 419 Settlement 369 Spanish Colonization 369 Settlements Under Spanish Authority 369 Sundry Military Proceedings 423 Sulphur 444 Silica City 444 Sundry Villages and Postoffices 446 School History 448 Early Schools and Teachers 449 Sale of School Lands 449 School Townships Organized 449 Free SchoolSystem 450 Scholastic Population and Statistics 451 School Funds 452 Taxation and Finances 396 Towns and Villages 426 Victoria 445 Vineland 445 Windsor Harbor 443 VIII CONTENTS. HISTOEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. PAGE. Agriculture, Stock-raising, etc 476 Boundary, Streams, etc 459 Bar of Washington County 499 Belgrade °22 Bellevue Collegiate Institute 527 County Seat Selected 482 County Officers 489 County Court Clerks 489 Circuit Court Clerks 489 Sheriffs and Collectors 490 County Surveyors 490 Circuit Attorneys 497 Countyor Prosecuting Attorneys 497 Courts, The 494 Common Pleas Court 494 County Court 495 Circuit Court 497 Criminal Record 499 John Smith T. Indicted for Murder 499 Perry Killed by Hill 500 Peter Valle Killed by Wideman 500 Murder of Thomas Byrd 500 Crime of Wm. Campbell 500 Wm. Sanchagree Stabbed 500 Richard Pierce Killed 500 Murder of Roseburg 500 Crimes in 1860 501 Wisdom-Huff Affray 501 Wisdom's Subsequent Death 601 Crime of Antoine Reando 501 Killing of Moses Baker 501 Murder Committed by James Jamison... 502 Mercer Accidentally Shot 502 Murder of Geo. W. Simms 502 James Quick's Crime 502 Murder of Frank Saltmarsh 502 Murder of the Lapine Family 502 Execution of Armstrong and Jolly 503 Crimes Committed Since 1870 503-506 Caledonia 522 Location and Early History 522 The "Firsts" 522 Present Merchants 523 Societies 523 Cadet 523 DraftsDuring War 515 Early Settlers 464 Early Boundary Lines, etc 480 Election Returns 488 Educational Affairs 525 Common Schools 526 School Funds 526 Statistics 527 French Explorers and Miners 462 Formation of County 480 Game 461 Highways 483 Hopewell 524 Industries 471 Iron Banks and Furnaces 475 Irondale, History of 524 Original Plat 524 Growth 524 Present Interests 524 Population 534 Lodge 524 PAGE. Kingston 524 Land Entries 466 Lead 471 Loyalty and Disloyalty in 1861 506 Minerals 461 Mines, List of 472 Mine-a-Breton 462 Manufacturing Interests 479 Municipal Townships 487 Miscellaneous Topics 488 Military Affairs 50& Mineral Point, History of. 524 Natural Features, Wild Animals, etc. 459 Old Mines Grant 465 Organization, etc 480 Old Mines 524 Primitive Marriage Under Difficulties, A 469 Public Buildings 484 First Courthouse 484 Present Courthouse 485 Present Jail 486 Poor Farm 486 Presidential Elections 489 Population 490 Probate Court 498 Potosi, History of 515 Origin 515 Early History 516 First Merchants and Business Men 516 First Buildings 516 Present Business Directory 517 Societies 518 Cemetery 519 Fires 519 The Press 520 Potosi Academy 525 Moses Austin 520 b'rancis Breton 521 Col. Michael Taney 522 Palmer 525 Railroad 480 Richwoods 525 Religion 529 Catholic Churches 529 Methodist Churches 530 Presbyterian Churches 533 Cumberland Presbyterian Church 534 Baptist Church 534 Sundry Church Organizations 534 Soil .: 460 Settlement 462 Spanish Grants 463 Supreme Court at Potosi 498 Shibboleth 525 Timber 460 Taxation and Finances 491 Troops from Washington County in War 507 Sundry Commands Organized 507 Thirty-first Regiment 510 Thirty-second Regiment 511 Fiftieth Regiment 513 Towns, Villages, etc 515 War Operations Commenced 50o Washington County of 1888 535 Zinc 474 HISTOEY OF OEAWFOED COUNTY. PAGE. ArG£i etc.. •■•••••••••••••••• •••••• ••••••••• ooT Anthony's Mills, History of. 599 Name 599 The '• Firsts" 599 Churches 600 Business Interests 600 PAGE. Bourbon, History of. 599 Situation and Name 599 First Settlers 599 School, Church, etc 599 Present Business Men 599 Courts, The 548 CONTENTS. IX PAGE. County Court, Proceedings of 548 Courthouse 551 Circuit Court, The 552 Circuit Court, Early Proceedings of 553 Criminal Record 561 Cuba, History of 592 When Laid Out 593 Early Boundary and Survey 592 First Settlers 593 Early Business Interests 593 Growth and Development 593 Fires 593 Business and Professional Directory 594 Cuba as a Shipping Point 595 Postmasters 595 Lodges ;;; 595 Incorporation 597 Now a City of Fourth Class .,. 598 Present Officials 598 Early Settlers 543 Events Preceding Civil War 573 Ecclesiastical History 601 Baptist Churches goi Cumberland Presbyterian Churches 604 Presbyterian Churches 607 United Presbyterian Churches 607 Methodist Episcopal Churches 608 Episcopal Churches 610 Catholic Churches 610 Educational Interests 610 First Action Toward Establishing Schools 610 Sale of Sixteenth Section 611 School Townships Organized 611 Increased Interest 612 Statistics of Present Condition 613 County School Commissioners 614 Public Schools 614 General Statistics, Assessments, etc......,."..!', 566 Land Entries, First 544 Location of County Seat 546 Leasburg, History of 598 Location ' 593 First Merchants .'.*.*!.'.*,'.'... 598 Present Condition ".."*.' 599 Minerals 539 Mines 540 Miscellaneous Items .'.*".. 566 Military History .'.'.....'. 573 Midland, History of. 600 I T J.. PAGE. Location />/^fv When Started ."!.*.'.'.*.*.'.*."! poO Present Interests qoq Blast Furnace Comp.auy k^^ Natural Features "* ^7 Organization ^i Official Directory ZZ''^^ 5^0 Circuit Court Clerks Pi^A Sheriffs ;;;.; g^JJ Prosecuting Attorneys " n'rn County Court Clerks 579 Assessors 57^ Collectors .'.'.*.*.*.'..'.*.,.*.* 571 Treasurers ..„........!.. 571 Coroners .V.V..Z** 571 Surveyors "*7.T 571 Representatives '... k7-» Organization of A. O. U. W " r^an Oak Hill, History of. gOO Established qqq Early Interests 600 Commercial Concerns «nn Probate Court, The '" " 551 Political Statistics ["",[[ 572 Vote for President '." 573 Vote for Governor ."".. 573 Vote for Congressmen .'.*.....'„. 572 Railroads 5g7 Regiments from Crawford in Civil War.!."."! 573 Streams ^gr, Soil .!,,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 533 Settlement !,^^^ * 54Q Steelville, History of .....L. 530 Original, Location !!!!!!."! 580 First Settlers and Buildings 530 Growth and Development 581 Incorporation ...." 53,3 Town Trustees !!!!!*! 534 Change to City of Fourth Class !! 585 Boundaries Enlarged 586 Secret Societies !!!!!! 535 Present Business 539 Bank, Newspapers, etc ! 591 Steelville Academy 614 Sundry Villages, Postoffices, etc ,',',"." 601 Topography 537 Townships Organized .!!!!!!!!,.!!!!!!! 547 Township Bonds "*"" 568 Towns and Villages ..,..*,'.....'.! 580 HISTOEY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. . PAGE, ^^ea 617 Assessment 638 g^y-v !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ek g,urbois 685 ^land ... 686 ^em 687 Caves 618 County Seats, The !!."',* 629 County Officials .,.!!!!!!!!!!!,.!!! 634 Circuit Court Clerks !!.""! 634 Sheriffs 634 Circuit Attorneys !! 634 County Court Clerks '.'.'."""'.""! 634 Assessors 635 Surveyors ■■.','."■,■,',""!'.■.!■,■.■; 635 Collectors 635 Treasurers !.'.!!!!!!,'.*,**.'!! 635 Public Administrators .............'..*.".! 635 Representatives 635 County School Commissioners !!! 636 Courts, The 641 County Court, The '.',..'. 641 First Entry .....,.....! 641 Early Proceedings .*.*... ,...,.! 641 Commissioners Appointed 642 Members of Court 642 Circuit Court, The 646 Proceedings from 1821 to 1888,.'.*!!!!!.*.'.'"!! 646 Criminal Record 648 Killing of William Burchard !!*.'.','.'.'" 649 Hallenscheid-Alband Murder 651 Sundry Crimes Q4g Cities, Towns and Villages '.'..'.',! 657 Cleaverville 535 Canaan ..,.!,!!!!1!!1'!! 687 Drake gg^ Early Settlements ^ 520 Early Land Entries !.*.*..!.! " 622 Early Public Buildings „.Z.. 632 Election Returns !!! 636 For Pr esiden t ..!.'„,.*..'..! 636 For Governor !!!!!!!!!!! 636 For Congressman ! 637 Educational Matters !"'.*. ggg School Districts Organized .....! 696 Statistics for 1848 ,,,...,.! 699 Later Statistics !.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 699 Schools of Hermann !! 70c CONTENTS. PAGE, First Settlers 619 Pirst Commissioners 623 Formation of Townships 625 First Deed 633 Fourth of July, 1876 640 Fredericksburg 684 Gasconade County Agricultural Association 639 Gasconade County Bridge Disaster 640 Gasconade City, History of. 683 When Located 683 Early Business Interests 683 The "Firsts" 683 The Town in 1888 683 Gebler 688 Herman, History of. 657 Location 657 Additions 657 Settlement by Germans 658 Deed to Land 659 Deutsche Ansiedlung Geschellschaft 658 First Settlement 663 Early Settlers 664 Early Business Interests 666 The "Firsts" 667 Present Interests 668 Seicret and Other Societies 669 Stone Hill Wine Company 672 Business Directory ~ 673 Incorporation 675 Town Trustees 677 Little Berger 683 Lange Store 684 Leduc 686 Miscellaneous Items 629 Municipalities 657 Morrison History of 682 Situation 682 PAGE. First Settlers 682 Early Merchants 682 Present Business Men 682 Lodge 682 Organization of County 623 Original Boundary 623 Oldenburg 688 Physical Description 617 Population 638 Probate Court, The 646 Palestine 688 Red Bird 687 Religious History 689 Catholic Churches 689 Evangelical Churches 693 Methodist Churches 694 Presbyterian Churches 695 Baptist Churches 695 Christian Churches 696 Streams 617 Soil 618 Settlement 619 Selection of County Seat 625 Swiss. . 684 Stone Hill 685 Topography 617 Taxation 639 Voters in 1828 622 Valuation of Property in 1887 638 War History 652 Companies from Gasconade County 652 Gasconade County Battalion 653 Second Gasconade County Battalion 654 Dallmeyer's Battalion 654 Fourth Infantry Missouri Volunteers... 656 Fifty-fifth Regiment Missouri Militia.... 657 WooUam 685 BIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. Franklin County Jefferson County Washington County 707 Crawford County 852 Gasconade County 966 Index to Names 1021 1070 1133 PORTRAITS, VIEWS, ETC. Charles Alder John M.Bailey August Boeger Simon Boeger Tliomas G. Brent J. L. Denton Charles D. Eitzen T. A. Gibson Rudolph Hirzel 328 J. E. Hollow 1033 601 Stephen Hug 362 761 C.S.Jeffries 202 697 William S. Jewett 865 864 Z.T.Maxwell 1032 600 C . A. Newcomb 329 1131 G.W.Schweer 200 536 Residence-Chas. F.Goodrich 10 760 Vineyards of Stone Hill 672 PART I. HISTORY OF MISSOURI, History of Missouri, INTRODUCTOKY. MISSOURI, the eighth State of the Union in size, the seventh in wealth, and the fifth in population and politi- cal power, lies in the very heart of the Mississippi Valley. Extend- ing from the thirty-sixth nearly to the forty-first degree of north latitude, it has considerable diversity both of soil and climate. Its eastern limit is marked from north to south by the great " Father of Waters," and the Missouri washes its western bound- ary, from the northwest corner southward about 250 miles to the mouth of the Kansas, and thence flows south of east through the heart of the State, and joins its muddy torrent with the waters of the Mississippi. These two mighty rivers have many tributaries which are, to a greater or less extent, navigable for steamboats, keelboats and barges. The extreme length of the State is 328 miles; the extreme breadth, in the southern part, is 280 miles; and the average breadth 250 miles. Missouri has an area of 65,350 square miles, or 41,824,000 acres. It has 18,350 more square miles than the State of New York, is nearly nine times the size of Massachusetts, and exceeds in extent all of the New England States combined; There is no State in the Union which surpasses Missouri in respect to geographical situation and natural resources. Other Note.— In the compilation of the 8tate History the authors consulted, among others, the following authorities: "State Geological Reports;" "Charlevoix's Journal of a Voyage to North America in 1721," Stoddard's "Historical Sketches of Louisiana;" Schoolcraft's " Narrative Jour- nal," Breckenridge; Pike's "Expedition;" Switzler's "History of Missouri;" Bradbury's "Trav- els;" " Lilliman's Journal;" "American Cyclopedia;" Beck's "Gazetteer of Indiana and "Missouri," 1823; Wetmore's " Gazetteer of Missouri," 1837; Shebard's "Early History of St. Louis and Mis- souri;" Parker's " Missouri As It Is in 1867," Davis & Durrie's " History of Missouri," 1876. 12 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. regions may boast of delightful climate, rich and productive soil, abundant timber, or inexhaustible mineral deposits, but Mis- souri has all of these. She has more and better iron than England and quite as much coal, while her lead deposits are rivaled by that of no other country of equal area upon the globe. The population of the State, according to the census of 1880, was 2,168,380, showing an increase of 25.9 per cent within the preceding decade. GEOLOGY. The stratified rocks of Missouri may be classified as follows, enumerating them from the surface downward: I. Quaternary or Post Tertiary. — Alluvium, 30 feet thick. Soils — Pebbles and sand, clays, vegetable mold or humus, bog iron ore, calcareous tufa, stalactites and stalagmites, marls; bot- tom prairie, 35 feet thick; bluff, 200 feet thick; drift, 155 feet thick. II. Tertiary. — Clays, shales, iron ores, sandstone, fine and coarse sands. III. Cretaceous. — No. 1, 13 feet, argillaceous variegated sandstone; No. 2, 20 feet, soft bluish brown sandy slate, con- taining quantities of iron pyrites; No. 3, 25 feet, whitish brown impure sandstone, banded with purple and pink ; No. 4, 45 feet, slate, like No. 2; No. 5, 45 feet, fine white siliceous clay, inter- stratified with white flint, more or less spotted and banded with pink and purple; No. 6, 10 feet, purple red and blue clays. En- tire thickness, 158 feet. IV. Carboniferous. — Upper carboniferous or coal measures, sandstone, limestone, shales, clays, marls, spathic iron ores, coals. Lower carboniferous or mountain limestone, upper Archimedes limestone, 200 feet; ferruginous sandstone, 195 feet; middle Ar- chimedes limestone, 50 feet; St. Louis limestone, 250 feet; oolitic limestone, 25 feet; lower Archimedes limestone, 350 feet; encrinital limestone, 500 feet. V. Devonian. — Chemung group: Chouteau limestone, 85 feet; vermicular sandstone, 75 feet; lithographic limestone, 12.5 feet. Hamilton grpup: Blue shales, 40 feet; semi-crystalline limestone, 107 feet; Onondaga limestone, Oriskany sandstone. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 13 VI. Silurian. — Upper silurian: Lower Helderberg, 350 feet; Niagara group, 200 feet; Cape Girardeau limestone, 60 feet. Lower silurian: Hudson River group, 220 feet; Trenton limestone, 350 feet; Black River and Birdseye limestone, 75 feet; first magnesian limestone, 200 feet; saccharoidal sandstone, 125 feet; second magnesian limestone, 230 feet; second sand- stone, 115 feet; third magnesian limestone, 350 feet; third sand- stone, 60 feet; fourth magnesian limestone, 300 feet. VII. Azoic Rocks. The Quaternary rocks, the most recent of all the formations, contain the entire geological record of all the cycles from the end of the Tertiary period to the present time ; and their economical value is also greater than that of all the other formations com- bined. This system comprises the drift and all the deposits above it. There are, within the system, four distinct and strongly defined formations in the State, namely: Alluvium, bottom prairie, bluff and drift. SOILS. Soils are a compound of pulverized and decomposed mineral substances, mingled with decayed vegetable and animal re- mains, and containing all the ingredients necessary to the sus- tenance of the vegetable kingdom. The soils of Missouri have been produced by the mixing of organic matter with the pulver- ized marls, clays and sands of the Quaternary deposits which are found in great abundance in nearly all parts of the State, and are of material best designed for their rapid formation. For this cause the soils of the State are marvelously deep and pro- ductive, except in a few localities where the materials of the Qua- ternary strata are very coarse, or entirely wanting. CLAYS. Clays are dark, bluish-gray strata, more or less mixed with particles of flint, limestone and decomposed organic matter. When the floods of the Mississippi and the Missouri subside, lagoons, sloughs and lakes are left full of turbid water. The coarser substances soon subside into a stratum of sand, but the finer particles settle more slowly and form the silico-calcareous 14 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. clays of the alluvial bottom. Thus, after each flood, strata of sand and clay are deposited, until the lakes and lagoons are filled up. Then a stratum of humus, or decayed vegetable matter, is formed by the decomposition of the annual growth and of the foreign matter which falls into the water, and every succeeding crop of vegetation adds another such stratum. Thus are rapidly formed thick beds of vegetable, mold, yielding support to the magnificent forest trees which grow upon the sites of those ancient lakes and morasses. In this manner have been formed the vast, alluvial plains bordering upon the Missouri and Missis- sippi Rivers, which comprise about 4,000,000 acres of land, based upon these strata of sand, clays, marls and humus. The soil formed upon these alluvial beds is deep, rich and light almost beyond comparison, and is constantly increasing by the filling up of lakes and sloughs as above described. THE BLUFF OR LOESS. This occurs in the Missouri bluffs forming a belt of several miles in width, extending from the mouth of the Missouri to the northwest corner of the State, where it is found just beneath the soil, and also in the bluffs of the Mississippi from Dubuque to the mouth of the Ohio. Thus while the bottom prairie occupies a higher geological horizon, the bluff is usually several hundred feet above it topographically. The latter is generally a finely comminuted, siliceous marl, of a light, brown color, and often weathers into perpendicular escarpments. Concretions of lime- stone are often found, and to the marly character of these clays may be ascribed the richness of the overlying soil. It is to this formation that the Central Mississippi and Southern Missouri valleys owe their superiority in agriculture. Where it is best developed in Western Missouri the soil is equal to any in the country. DRIFT. This formation exists throughout Northern Missouri. The upper members consist of stiff, tenacious, brown, drab and blue clays, often mottled and sometimes containing rounded pebbles, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 15 chiefly of granite rocks. The lower division includes beds of dark blue clay, often hardening on exposure, frequently overlaid and sometimes interstratified with beds and pockets of sand, sometimes inclosing leaves and remains of trees. Good springs originate in these sand beds, and when they are ferruginous the springs are chalybeate. TERTIARY SYSTEM. There is a formation made up of clays, shales, iron ores, sandstone, and a variety of fine and coarse sand, extending along the bluffs, and skirting the bottoms, from Commerce, in Scott County, westward to Stoddard, and thence south to the Chalk Bluffs in Arkansas. The iron ore of these beds is very abundant, and exceedingly valuable. The spathic ore has been found in no other locality in Southeastern Missouri, so that the large quantity and excel- lent quality of these beds will render them very valuable for the various purposes to which this ore is peculiarly adapted. The white sand of these beds is available for glass making, and for the composition of mortars and cements. The clays are well adapted to the manufacture of pottery and stoneware. CRETACEOUS ROCKS. These strata are very much disturbed, fractured, upheaved and tilted, so as to form various faults and axes, anticlinal and synclinal; while the strata, above described as tertiary, are in their natural position, and rest non conformably upon these beds. In these so called cretaceous rocks no fossils have been observed. CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. This system presents two important divisions: The upper carboniferous, or coal measures ; and the lower carboniferous or mountain limestone. The coal measures, as seen by the table, are composed of nu- merous strata of sandstone, liinestone, shales, clays, marls, spathic iron ores and coals. About 2,000 feet of these coal measures have been found to contain numerous beds of iron ore, and at least eight or ten beds of good, workable coal. Investigation shows 16 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. a greater downward thickness of the coal formation in Southwest Missouri, including beds whose position is probably below those of the northern part of the State. These rocks, with the accom- panying beds of coal and iron, cover an area of more than 27,000 square miles in Missouri alone. The geological map of the State shows that if a line were roughly drawn from Clark County on the northeast to Jasper County in the southwest, most of the counties northwest of this line, together with Audrain, Howard and Boone, would be included in the coal measure. There are also extensive coal beds in Cole, Moniteau, St. Charles, St. Louis and Callaway Counties. The Missouri coal basin is one of the largest in the world, including besides the 27,000 square miles in Missouri, 10,000 in Nebraska; 12,000 in Kansas; 20,000 in Iowa, and 30,000 in Illi- nois; making a total of about 100,000 square miles. The fossils of the coal measure are numerous, and distinct from those of any other formation. This latter fact has led to the discovery of the existence of coal measures and the coal beds contained in them, over an area of many thousand miles, where it had been supposed that no coal measures and no coal existed. Of the lower carboniferous rocks, the upper Archimedes lime- stone is developed in Ste. Genevieve County. The ferruginous sandstone is generally found along the eastern and southern limit of the coal fields, passing beneath the coal formation on the west. It varies from a few feet to 100 feet in thickness. In Callaway it occurs both as a pure white sand- stone, a ferruginous sandstone, and a conglomerate. In Pettis and Howard Counties we find it a coarse, whitish sandstone. In Cedar, Dade and Lawrence a very ferruginous sandstone, often containing valuable deposits of iron ore. In Newton County it occurs in useful flaglike layers. The St. Louis limestone, next in descending order, forms the entire group of limestone at St. Louis, where it is well marked and of greater thickness than seen elsewhere in this State. It is more often fine grained, compact or sub-crystalline, sometimes inclosing numerous chert concretions, and the beds are often separated by thin, green shale beds. Its stratigraphical position is between the ferruginous sand- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 17 stone and the Archimedes limestone, as seen near the Des Moines, and near the first tunnel on the Pacific Eailroad. It is found in Clark and Lewis Counties, but, as has been said, attains its greatest development at St. Louis — hence its name. The most characteristic fossils yet described are palcechinus muUi'pora, lUhostroUon canadense, Echinocrinus nerei, Poterio- crinus longidactylus and Airypa lingulata. The lower Archimides limestone includes the " arenaceous bed," the " Warsaw or second Archimedes limestone," the mag- nesian limestone, the " Geode bed," the " Keokuk or lower Archim- edes limestone" of Prof. Hall's section, and the lead-bearing rocks of Southwestern Missouri; which last, though different from any of the above beds, are more nearly allied to them than to the encrinital limestone below. All of the above beds are easily recognized in Missouri, except, perhaps, the Warsaw limestone, which is but imperfectly represented in our north- eastern counties, where the "Keokuk limestone," the "Geode beds," and the magnesian limestone are well developed. This formation extends from the northeastern part of the State to the southwest, in an irregular belt, skirting the eastern border of the ferruginous sandstone. The extensive and rich lead deposits of Southwestern Missouri are partly in this forma- tion, these mines occupying an area of more than one hundred square miles, in Jasper, Newton, and the adjoining counties. The upper beds of encrinital limestone are gray and cherty. The top beds in St. Charles County include seventeen feet of thin chert beds with alternate layers of red clay. The middle beds are generally gray and coarse, the lower ones gray and brown with some buff beds. Crinoid stems are common in nearly all the beds, hence it has been appropriately termed encrinital limestone. The lower beds often abound in well preserved crinoidce. This rock occurs at Burlington, Iowa, Quincy, 111., Hannibal and Louisiana, Mo., and is well exposed in most of the counties on the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, and from the western part of St. Charles to Howard County. South of the Missouri River and along its southwest outcrop it is not generally well developed. 18 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. In Green County it is quite cavernous. It has not been rec- ognized east of Illinois, and is not separated from other carbon- iferous stones of Tennessee. DEVONIAN ROCKS. The devonian rocks occupy a small area in Marion, Ralls, Pike, Callaway, Saline and Ste. Genevieve Counties ; also narrow- belts along the carboniferous strata to the south and west. In the Chemung group, the Chouteau limestone, when fully developed, is in two divisions. Immediately under the encrinital limestone, at the top of the formation, there are forty or fifty feet of brownish gray, earthy, silico-magnesian limestone in thick beds, which contain scattered masses of white or transparent calcareous spar. The upper division of the Chouteau limestone passes down into a fine, compact, blue or drab, thin-bedded limestone, whose strata are considerably irregular and broken. In the northeast- ern part of the State, the Chouteau limestone is represented only by a few feet of coarse, earthy, crystalline, calcareous rock, like the lower division of the encrinital limestone. THE VERMICULAR SANDSTONE AND SHALES. The sandstones of this division are generally soft and calca- reous. They are easily recognized, being ramified by irregular windings throughout, resembling the borings of worms. This formation attains a thickness of seventy five feet near Louisiana in Pike County. It is seen in Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, Cedar and Greene. The lithographic limestone is a fine grained, compact lime- stone, breaking with a free conchoidal fracture into sharp, angu- lar fragments. Its color varies from a light drab to the lighter shades of buff and blue. It gives out, when struck with the ham- mer, a sharp, ringing sound, and is therefore called "pot metal" in some parts of the State. It is regularly stratified in beds varying from two to sixteen inches in thickness, and often pre- sents, as in the mural bluffs at Louisiana on the Mississippi, all the regularity of masonry. Where elsewhere seen, it somewhat resembles the upper beds HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 19 of the group. At Taborville, St. Clair County, it is of a salmon drab color, occurring in thick beds having an open texture, and contains a characteristic fossil — Peniremites Rcemeri. This lime- stone is found in Pike, Kails, St. Clair, Cedar and Greene Counties. THE HAMILTON GROUP. This is made up of some forty feet of blue shales, and 107 feet of semi-crystalline limestone, containing Dalmania, CallUe- les, Phacops hufo, Spirifer mucronatus, S. sculpUlis, S. Congesta, Chonetes carinata and FavosUes hasalUca. The Hamilton group is found in Balls, Pike, Lincoln, "Warren, Montgomery, Calla- way, Boone, Cole and probably Moniteau ; also in Perry and Ste. Genevieve. ONONDAGA LIMESTONE. This formation is usually a coarse gray or buff, crystalline, thick bedded and cherty limestone, abounding in Terebratula, reticularis, Orthis resupinata, Chonetes nana, Productus subacu- leatus, Spirifer euruteines, Phacops hufo, Cyathophyllumrugosum, Emmonsia hemispherica, and a Pentamerus like galeatus. Gen- erally it is coarse, gray and crystalline; often somewhat com- pact, bluish and concretionary, having cavities filled with green matter or calspar; occasionally it is a white saccharoidal sand- stone; in a few localities a soft, brown sandstone, and at Louis- iana a pure white oolite. ORISKANY SANDSTONE. In spite of its name, this is a light gray limestone, containing the Spirifer arenosa, Leptoma depressa, and several new species of Spirifer, Chonetes, Illoenus and Lichas. SILURIAN ROCKS. This system is divided into the upper and lower silurian. Of the former are the following: The lower Helderberg group, which is made up of buff, gray, and reddish cherty, and argilla- ceous limestones, blue shales, and dark graptolite slates. The Cape Girardeau limestone, found on the Mississippi Biver, about a mile above Cape Girardeau, a compact, bluish gray, frangible limestone, with a smooth fracture, in layers from two to six inches in thickness, with thin argillaceous partings. 20 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. There are at least ten formations belonging to the lower Silu- rian series. There are three distinct formations of the Hudson Eiver group, as follows: First — Immediately below the oolite of the Onondaga limestone, in the bluffs both above and below St. Louis, there are forty feet of blue, gray and brown argillaceous, magnesian limestone. Above, these shales are in thick beds, showing a dull, conchoidal fracture. Below, the division becomes more argillaceous, and has thin beds of bluish-gray crystalline limestone. Second — Three and one-half miles northwest of Louisiana, on the Grassy River, some sixty feet of blue and pur- ple shales are exposed below the beds above described. Third — Under the last named division are, perhaps, twenty feet of ar- gillo-magnesian limestone resembling that in the first division, and interstratified with blue shales. These rocks crop out in Ralls, Pike, Cape Girardeau and Ste. Genevieve Counties. On the Grassy, a thickness of 120 feet is exposed, and they extend to an unknown depth. Trenton Limestone. — The upper portion of this formation comprises thick beds of compact, bluish gray and drab limestone, abounding in irregular cavities, filled with a greenish substance. The lower beds abound in irregular cylindrical pieces, which quickly decompose upon exposure to the air, and leave the rocks perforated with irregular holes," resembling those made in tim- ber by the Toredo navalis. These beds are exposed between Hannibal and New London, north of Salt River, and near Glen- coe, St. Louis County.- They are about seventy-five feet thick. Below them are thick strata of impure, coarse, gray and buff crys- talline magnesian limestone, containing brown, earthy portions, which quickly crumble on exposure to the elements. The bluffs on Salt River are an example of these strata. The lowest part of the Trenton limestone is composed of hard, blue and bluish-gray, semi-compact, silico-magnesian limestone, interstratified with soft, earthy, magnesian beds of a light buff and drab color. Fifty feet of these strata crop out at the quarries south of the plank road bridge over Salt River, and on Spencer's Creek in Ralls County. The middle beds sometimes develop a beautiful white crystalline marble, as at Cape Girardeau and near Glencoe. The Black River and Birdseye limestones are often in even HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 21 layers ; the lower beds have sometimes mottled drab and reddish shades, often affording a pretty marble. Near the base this rock JB often traversed by vermicular cavities and cells. These may be seen from Cape Girardeau to Lincoln, and in St. Charles, Warren and Montgomery Counties, thinning out in the latter. The First Magnesian Limestone is generally a buff, open-tex- tured, thick and even bedded limestone, breaking readily under the hammer, and affording a useful building rock. Shumard es- timated its thickness in Ste. Genevieve County to be about 150 feet. In Warren County, in North Missouri, it is Seventy feet thick. It is found in Balls, Pike, Lincoln, St. Charles, Warren, Callaway and Boone. Southwesterly, it is not well marked — in- deed it seems to be absent in some counties where, in regular sequence, it should be found. It occurs in Franklin, St. Louis, and southwardly to Cape Girardeau County. Saccharoidal Sandstone is usually a bed of white friable sand- stone, sometimes slightly tinged with red and brown, which is made up of globular concretions and angular fragments of limpid quartz. The formation is well developed in Lincoln, St. Charles, Warren, Montgomery, Gasconade, Franklin, St. Louis, Jefferson, Ste. Genevieve, Perry and Cape Girardeau Counties. Besides the above, it is also developed in a more attenuated form, in Callaway, Osage, Cole, Moniteau and Boone. This sandstone is probably destined to be one of the most useful rocks found in Missouri. It is generally of a very white color, and the purest sandstone found in the State, and is suitable for making the finest glassware. Its great thickness makes it inexhaustible. In St. Charles and Warren Counties it is 133 feet thick, and in Southeast Missouri over 100 feet thick. The Second Magnesian Limestone ocgvlts in all the river counties south of Pike as far as the swamps of Southeast Missouri, and is more often the surface rock in all the counties south of the Mis- souri and Osage Rivers, to within fifty miles of the western line of the State. It is generally composed of beds of earthy mag- nesian limestone, inter stratified with shale beds and layers of white chert, with occasionally thin strata of white sandstone, and, near the lower part, thick cellular silico-magnesian limestone beds. The layers are more often of irregular thickness and not 22 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. very useful for building purposes. It is often a lead-bearing rock, and most of the lead of Cole County occurs in it. It is from 175 to 200 feet thick. The second sandstone is usually a brown or yellowish brown, fine-grained sandstone, distinctly stratified in regular beds, vary- ing from two to eighteen inches in thickness. The surfaces are often ripple- marked and micaceous. It is sometimes quite fri- able, though generally sufficiently indurated for building pur- poses. The upper part is often composed of thin strata of light, soft and porous, semi-pulverulent, sandy chert or hornstone, whose cavities are usually lined with limpid crystals of quartz. The Third Magnesian Limestone. — This also is an impor- tant member, occurring in nearly all the counties of Southern Missouri. It is generally a thick-bedded, coarsely crystalline bluish gray, or flesh-colored magnesian limestone, with occasional thick chert beds. It is the chief lead-bearing rock of South- east and Southern Missouri. In some counties it is as much as 300 feet thick. The Third Sandstone is a white, saccharoidal sandstone, made up of slightly-cohering, transparent globular and angular par- ticles of silex. It shows but little appearance of stratification. The Fourth Magnesian Limestone. — This formation presents more permanent and uniform lithological characters than any other of the magnesian limestones. It is ordinarily a coarse- grained, crystalline magnesian limestone, grayish-buff in color, containing a few crevices filled with less indurated, siliceous matter. Its thick, uniform beds contain but little chert. The best exposures of this formation are on the Niagara and Osage Rivers. This magnesian limestone series is very interesting, both from a scientific and an economical standpoint. It covers a large part of Southern and Southeastern Missouri, is remarkable for its numerous and important caves and springs, and comprises nearly all the vast deposits of lead, zinc, copper, cobalt, the limi- nite ores of iron, and nearly all the marble beds of the State. The lower part of the first magnesian limestone, the saccharoidal sandstone, the second magnesian limestone, the second sand- stone, and the upper part of the third magnesian limestone be- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 23 long, without doubt, to the age of the calciferous sand rock; but the remainder of the series to the Potsdam sandstone. AZOIC ROCKS. Below the rocks of the silurian system there is a series of siliceous and other slates, which present no remains of organic life; we therefore refer them to the Azoic age of the geologist. They contain some of the beds of specular iron. In Pilot Knob we have a good exposition of these Azoic strata. The lower fossi- liferous rocks rest non-conformably on these strata. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS. Aside from the stratified rocks of Missouri, there is a series of rounded knobs and hills in St. Francois, Iron, Dent and the neighboring counties, which are composed of granite, porphyry, diorite and greenstone. These igneous and metamorphic rocks contain some of those remarkable beds of specular iron, of which Iron and Shepherd Mountains are samples. This iron ore often occurs in regular veins in the porphyry. HISTORICAL GEOLOQY. When the continent of North America began to emerge from the primeval ocean, Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain and the neighboring heights were among the first bodies of land that reared themselves above the surrounding waters. When Pilot Knob thus grew into an island, it stood alone in the ocean waste, except that to the northwest the Black Hills, to the northeast a part of the Alleghany system, and to the southwest a small cluster of rocks lifted their heads out of the flood. These islands were formed in the Azoic seas by mighty internal convulsions that forced up the porphyry and granite, the slates and iron beds of the great ore mountains of Missouri. COAL. The Missouri coal fields underlie an area of nearly 25,000 square miles, including about 160 square miles in St. Louis County, eight square miles in St. Charles, and some important outliers and pockets, which are mainly cannel coal, in Lincoln, 24 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Warren and Callaway Counties. This area includes about 8,400 square miles of upper coal measures, 2,000 square miles of exposed middle, and about 14,600 square miles of exposed lower measures. The upper coal measures contain about four feet of coal, in- cluding two seams of one foot each in thickness, the others be- ing thin seams or streaks. The middle coal measures contain about seven feet of coal, including two workable seams of twenty-one and twenty-four inches, one other of one foot, that is worked under favorable cir- cumstances, and six thin seams. The lower measures contain about five workable seams of coal, varying in thickness from eighteen inches to four and one half feet, thin seams varying from six to eleven inches, and sev- eral minor seams and streaks, in all, thirteen feet, six inches of coal. We therefore have in Missouri, a total aggregate of twenty- four feet, six inches of coal. The thinner seams are not often mined, except in localities distant from railroad transportation. All beds over eighteen inches thick are workable coals. The area where such may be reached within 200 feet from the surface is about 7,000 square miles. Most of the State under- laid by the coal measure is rich farming land. That under- laid by the upper measure includes the richest, which is equal to any upon the globe. The southeastern boundary of the coal measure has been traced from the mouth of the Des Moines through Clark, Lewis, Scotland, Adair, Macon, Shelby, Monroe, Audrain, Callaway, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, Benton, Henry, St Clair, Bates, Vernon, Cedar, Dade, Barton and Jasper Counties into the Indian Territory, and every county on the northwest of this line is known to contain more or less coal. Great quantities exist in Johnson, Pettis, Lafayette, Cass, Chariton, Howard, Put- nam and Audrain. Outside the coal fields, as given above, the regular coal rocks also exist in Kails, Montgomery, Warren, St. Charles, Callaway and St. Louis, and local deposits of cannel and bituminous coal in Moniteau, Cole, Morgan, Crawford, Lincoln and Callaway. In 1865 Prof. Swallow estimated the amount of good available coal in the State, at 134,000,000,000 tons. Since then numerous other developments have been made, and that es- timate is found to be far too small. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 25 LEAD. This mineral occurs in lodes, veins and disseminations, which are, as yet, only partially determined. Enough, however, is known of the number, extent, dip and thickness of these de- posits to show that their range and richness exceed those of any other lead-hearing region in the world. Galena occurs in this State in ferruginous clay, that becomes jointed, or separates into distinct masses, quite regular in form, when taken out and partially dried; also in regular cubes, in gravel beds, or with cherty masses in the clays associated with the same. These cubes in some localities show the action of at- trition, while in others they are entirely unworn. Lead is found in the carboniferous rocks, but perhaps the greater portion is ob- tained from the magnesian rocks of the lower silurian, and in one or two localities galena has been discovered in the rocks of the Azoic period. At Dugals, Reynolds County, lead is found in a disseminated condition in the porphyry. THE SOUTHEAST LEAD DISTRICT. The Mine La Motte region w^as discovered about 1720 by La Motte and Ptenault. Jt was not, however, until this territory was ceded to Spain that any considerable mining for lead was done in this part of Missouri. Moses Austin, of Virginia, secured from the Spanish Government a large grant of land near Potosi, and sunk the first regular shaft ; and, after taking out large quantities of lead, erected, in 1789, the first reverberatory furnace for the reduction of lead ever built in America. In all this region are found crystallized cubes of galena in the tallow clay, occurring as float. In Franklin, Washington and Jefferson Counties galena is found in ferruginous clay and coarse gravel, often associated with small masses of brown hema- tite iron and the sulphuret of iron; sometimes lying in small cavities or pockets. The Virginia mine in Franklin County has produced by far the greater portion of lead from this section. At the Webster mines, the silicate and carbonate of zinc are found always accompanying the lead. At the Valle mines silicate of zinc and baryta occur, as well as hematite iron ore. The 26 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Mammoth miue was a succession of caves, in which millions of pounds of lead were found adhering to the sides and roof, and on the bottom was mixed with clay and baryta. The Frumet or Einstein mines are the most productive ever opened in Jefferson County, and yield also large quantities of zinc ore. There are other valuable mines, in some of which sil- ver has been found. In Washington County lead mining has been carried on un- interruptedly for a greater length of time, and more acres of land have been dug over that have produced lead than in any other county in the State. In St. Francois County, lead deposits are found in the fer- ruginous clay and gravel. These mines formerly produced many millions of pounds, but have not been extensively worked for many years. Over portions of Madison County considerable lead is found in the clay. There is lead in several locations in Iron County. In Wayne, Carter, Reynolds and Crawford Counties lead has been found. Ste. Genevieve has a deposit of lead known as the Avon mines on Mineral Fork, where mining and smelting have been prosecuted for many years. In this vicinity lead has also been found as "float" in several places. Lead exists in the small streams in several places in the western part of Cape Girardeau County. In the region above described at least 2,000 square miles are underlaid with lead, upon which territory galena can be found almost anywhere, either in the clay, gravel openings, or in a disseminated condition. The Central Lead district comprises the counties of Cole, Cooper, Moniteau, Morgan, Miller, Benton, Maries, Camden and Osage. During later years the lead development of Cole County has been more to the northwestern corner, passing into Moniteau and Cooper Counties. In the former several valuable mines have been opened. The West diggings have been extensively developed and proved rich. The mineral is found in connected cubes in lime- stone rock, and lies in lodes and pockets. Lead has been found HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 27 in several places in Cooper and Osage Counties. The later dis- coveries in that vicinity, although not yet fully developed, give promise of great richness. Camden County possesses considerable deposits of lead; a number of mines have been successfully worked, and, as the en- tire northern portion of the county is underlaid with the mag- nesian limestone formation, it may be discovered in many places where its existence has never been suspected. Miller County is particularly rich in galeniferous ore. Paying lead has been found north of the Osage River. On the Gravois, Big Saline, Little Saline and Bush Creeks, and the Fox, Walker, Mount Pleasant and Saline Diggings have yielded millions of pounds of lead. Benton County contains a number of lead deposits, the most important being the Cole Cany mines. Lead has been found as a "float" in many localities. Morgan County, like Washington, can boast of having lead in every township, either as clay, mineral, "float," or in veins, lodes, pockets and caves. The magnesian limestone series of Morgan, in which the lead ores now are, or have all existed, are the most complete and well defined of any in Missouri. Tlie most extensive deposits of lead in Morgan County have been found south of the center of the county, yet in the north- western part are several well known lodes. We can not even name the hundreds of places in the county where lead is found in paying quantities. There seems to be a region, covering 200 square miles, entirely underlaid by lead. These wonderful deposits are as yet but partially worked. The Southern Lead Begion of the State comprises the coun- ties of Pulaski, Laclede, Texas, Wright, Webster, Douglas, Ozark and Christian. The mineral deposits of this region are only partially developed. In Pulaski County lead has been discovered in several localities. Laclede County has a number of lead deposits: one about eleven miles from Lebanon, where the ore is found in a disseminated condition in the soft mairne- sian limestone. In the southwestern part of Texas County, along the headwatei's of the Gasconade Biver, there are considerable deposits of lead ore. Wright County has a number of lead 28 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. mines almost unworked, which are situated in the southeastern part of the county, and are a continuation of the deposits in Texas County. In Douglas County, near the eastern line, and near Swan Creek, are considerable deposits of galena. Ozark and Christian Counties have a number of lead deposits, zinc being invariably found in connection. The Western Lead District comprises Hickory, Dallas, Polk, St. Clair, Cedar and Dade Counties. In Hickory County quite extensive mining has been carried on, the larger deposits having been found near Hermitage. In the northern part of the county and along the Pomme de Terre River, lead occurs as "float," and in the rock formation. The more prominent locles are found in the second magnesian limestone, with a deposit occurring in the third. The lead deposits of Hickory County are richer and more fully developed than any other in this district. Dallas County has a few deposits of lead, and float lead has been found in various localities in Polk. In St. Clair County the galeniferous deposits are in the second sandstone, and in the ferruginous clay, with chert, conglomerate and gravel. Cedar County presents a deposit of lead, copper and antimony. Galena is found in the clay and gravel. In Dade County a considerable quantity of galena has been found in the southeastern corner of the county. The Southwest Lead District of Missouri comprises the coun- ties of Jasper, Newton, Lawrence, Stone, Barry and McDonald. The two counties first named produce more than one-half of the pig lead of Missouri, and may well boast their immense deposits of galeniferous wealth. The lead mining resources of Jasper and Newton Counties are simply inexhaustible, and new and rich deposits are continually being found. Lead ore seems to have been obtained here from the earliest recollection, and furnished supplies to the Indians during their occupation. Formerly, smelted lead, merchandise and liquor were the principal return to the miner for his labor, as the distance from market and the general condition of the country precluded enlarged capital and enterprise. Since the war capital has developed the hidden wealth, and systematized labor, and rendered it remunerative. This, with the additional railroad facilities, has brought the county prominently and rapidly before the public as one of the HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 29 most wonderful mining districts of the world. The total produc- tion of lead in Jasper County for the centennial year was, accord- ing to the estimates of the best authorities, over half the entire lead production of the State, and more than the entire lead produc- tion of any other State in the Union. Later statistics show a steady and rapid increase in the yield of these mines. One fact, worthy of notice, is, that Jasper County, the great- est lead producing county of the greatest lead producing State, raises every year, upon her farms, products of more value than the lead dug in any one year from her mines. IRON. In the mining, shipping, smelting and manufacturing of the ores of iron, there is, perhaps, more capital invested and more labor employed than in all the other metal industries of our State combined. There are three principal and important iron regions in Mis- souri, namely: The Eastern Region, composed of the southeastern limonite district, and the Iron Mountain specular ore district. The Central Region, containing principally specular ores. The Western or Osage Region, with its limonites and red hematites. These three principal regions combined form a broad ore belt running across the State from the Mississippi to the Osage, in a direction about parallel to the course of the Mississippi River from southeast to northwest, between the thirtieth and fortieth township lines. The specular ores occupy the middle portion of this belt, the limonites both ends of it. The latter are besides spread over the whole southern half of the State, while these sub- carboniferous hematites occur only along the southern border of the North Missouri coal field, having thus an independent dis- tribution, and being principally represented in Callaway, St. Clair and Henry Counties. Iron Mountain is the greatest exposure of specular iron yet discovered. It is the result of igneous action, and is the purest mass or body of ore known. The work of years has only just un- covered the massive columns of specular ore that seems to pass 30 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. (lown through the porphyry and granite to the source of their exist- ence. The region about is covered with the ore debris. The broken masses have the same general color and quality as the vein ore of Iron Mountain. The fresh fracture presents a ligh t gray, tinged distinctly with blue. The crystallization is often coarse, presenting an irregular fracture. All the ore is more or less mag- netic. The streak is a bright cherry red, and possesses the hard- ness of 6. Analysis shows it to contain from 65 to 09 per cent of metallic iron. The ore of Shepherd Mountain is called a magnetite. In some portions of the veins it shows itself to be granular, brown in color, and to have a clear black streak. Other portions present all the qualities of a specular ore. In portions of the specular, as well as magnetite, beautiful crystals of micaceous ore are found. The streak of this specular and micaceous is a dark red ; the hardness is about 5, with from 64 to 67 per cent of metallic iron. The magnetic qualities of this ore are quite variable, usually the strongest at or near the surface, but this is not the case in all the veins. The ore of Shepherd Mountain is superior to any yet developed in Missouri, not quite as rich as that of Iron Mountain, but so uniform in character, and devoid of sulphur and phosphoric acid that it may be classed as supe- rior to that, or any other ore that we have. The ore of Pilot Knob is fine grained, very light bluish gray in color, and with a hardness representing 6, with a luster sub- metallic. There is a most undoubted stratification to the de})OSi- tion, occurring as before indicated. The ore of Pilot Knob gives from 53 to 60 per cent metallic iron, and is almost free from deleterious substances. The ore below the slate seam is much the best, containing only about from 5 to 12 per cent of silica, while the poorer ores show sometimes as high as 40 per cent. ' There have been more than 200,000 surface feet of ore de- termined to exist here. The Scotia Iron Banks, located on the Meramec River, in Crawford County, are most remarkable formations. Here the specular ore is a deep, steel gray color, with a metallic luster. The crystals are fine, and quite regular in uniformity. This ore is found in the shape of boulders, sometimes small and sometimes HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 31 of immense size, resting in soft red hematites, that have been pro- duced by the disintegration of the specular ores. These boulders contain a great number of small cavities in which the ore has as- sumed botryoidal forms ; and upon these, peroxide iron crystalliza- tions are so formed that a most gorgeous show of prismatic colors is presented. The hardness of this ore is about 6; the soft red ore, in which it occurs, not more than 2|. In these banks there are some carbonates and ochraceous ores, but not in any quantity to deteriorate or materially change the character of the other ores. Many of the boulders present a soft red mass with a blue specular kernel in the center. This ore is found to be slightly magnetic, and gives from 58 to 69 per cent metallic iron. Simmons Mountain, one-half mile south of Salem, Dent County, is about 100 feet high, and covers nearly forty acres. The second sandstone is the country rock and at the summit is uncovered, and mixed with specular and brown ores. Down the elevation larger masses of ore are met with that have the appear- ance of being drifts from the main deposit higher up. Shafts have been sunk in this elevation determining more than thirty feet of solid ore. The ore is a splendid, close, compact, brilliant specular, very hard and free from deleterious substances. The ores of this mountain do not show nearly as much metamorphism as many of the other banks in the second sandstone of this re- gion. The ore is quite strongly magnetic, and gives a bright red streak. This is the largest specular iron deposit, with the exception of Iron Mountain, that is known in the State. Some of the most extensive red hematite banks in Missouri are located in Franklin County. Along the Bourbense there are thirteen exposures of fine red hematite iron ore. Near Dry Branch Station is an elevation, capped at the summit with saccha- roidal sandstone, beneath which there is a large body of red and specular ore. The red hematite, however, predominates, and is remarkably pure and free from sulphur or other deleterious sub- stances. The sinking of a number of shafts upon this hill reaches the deposits in several places, in all of which the red hem- atite shows itself to be the prevailing ore. This ore will be found to work well with the hard specular and ores of the siliceous character, like Pilot Knob. 32 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. In Miller, Maries, Cole and Camden Counties, also in Bol- linger, Stoddard and Butler Counties, along the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Bailroad, there are a number of red hematite banks of considerable promise. There are simi- lar banks in the northern part of Texas and Wright Counties, and in Morgan, Benton, Cedar and Laclede. In Wayne County there are over seventy different limonite ore banks. In Miller, Maries, Camden, Cole, Moniteau and Cal- laway Counties there are very extensive banks of the same kind. In Morgan, Benton, St. Clair, Cedar, Hickory and Vernon Coun- ties, considerable brown hematite has been found. In Franklin, Gasconade, Phelps, Crawford, Laclede, Chris- tian, Webster and Green Counties, large limonite beds have been found. In the Moselle region very large deposits have been opened and worked for many years. In Osage County there are a number of promising brown ore banks, as well as fine specular and red hematite. It is impossible, in the brief space at our command, to de- scribe the number of banks, rich in iron ore, which are situated in the above and other counties of our State; but a glance at the tables found in the works of prominent geologists of the State, will give some idea of the resources of Missouri as an iron pro- ducing region. ZINC. The ores of zinc in Missouri are almost as numerous as those of lead. They are distributed throughout almost all the geolog- ical strata, and scattered through nearly every mineral district; but the principal supply of the metal for commercial purposes is obtained from a very few ores, the more important of which are zinc blende (sulphuret of zinc), the silicate of zinc and the carbonate of zinc, and these are furnished by a comparatively few localities. In reference to their geological position, the ores are in two classes: The first class includes all zinc ores which occur in the regular veins of the older rocks, and hence are associated with other metalliferous ores. The second mode of occurrence, and the ore by far of paramount importance in Missouri, is that of the third magnesian limestone of the lower silurian series, where HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 33 it usually occurs in association with galena in the cave formation. Zinc blende abounds at Granby and Joplin, and is found at many other mines of the southwest. It also occurs at the lead mines of Franklin and Washington Counties, and at some other points in Southeast Missouri. The pockets of coal in Central Missouri nearly all contain zinc blende. The lead mines of the same section also sometimes carry it. There are quantities of silicate of zinc at Granby and Joplin, and the ore is foand at most of the lead mines of the southwest, and occasionally in Central and Southeast Missouri. Carbonate of zinc occurs at Granby, Joplin, Minersville and Valle's mines. It is in the Granby, Joplin and Valle mining districts that zinc ore is principally worked. COPPER. Several varieties of copper ore exist in the Missouri mines. The copper mines of Shannon, Madison and Franklin Counties have been known for a long time. Some of those in Shannon and Franklin were once worked with bright prospects of success, and some in Madison have yielded good results for many years. Deposits of copper have been discovered in Dent, Crawford, Benton, Maries, Green, Lawrence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, Reynolds and Wright Counties, but the mines in Franklin, Shan- non, Madison, Crawford, Dent and Washington give greater promise of yielding profitable results than any other yet dis- covered. NICKEL AND COBALT. These ores abound at Mine La Motte and the old copper mines in Madison County, and are also found at the St. Joseph mines. Sulphuret of nickel, in beautiful hair-like crystals, is found in the limestone at St. Louis, occupying drusy cavities, resting on calcite or fluor spar. MANGANESE. The peroxide of manganese has l)een found in several locali- ties in Ste. Genevieve and other counties. 34 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. SILVER AND GOLD. Silver occurs to a limited extent in nearly all the lead mines in the State. Gold, though found in small quantities, has never been profitably worked in any part of Missouri. MARBLE. Missouri has numerous and extensive beds of marble of vari- ous shades and qualities. Some of them are very valuable, and are an important item in the resources of the State. Fort Scott marble is a hard, black, fine-grained marble, with veins of yellow, buff and brown. It receives a fine polish, and is very beautiful. It belpngs to the coal measures, and is common in the western part of Vernon County. There are several beds of fine marbles in the St. Louis lime- stone, of St. Louis County. The fourth division of encrinital limestone is a white, coarse- grained crystalline marble of great durability. It crops out in several places in Marion County. The lithographic limestone furnishes a fine, hard-grained, bluish-drab marble, that contrasts finely with white varieties in tessellated pavements. The Cooper marble of the devonian limestone has numerous pellucid crystals of calcareous spar disseminated through a drab or bluish-drab, fine compact base. It exists in great quantities in some localities of Cooper and Marion Counties, and is admira- bly adapted to many ornamental uses. There are extensive beds of fine, variegated marbles in the upper silurian limestones of Cape Girardeau County. Cape Girardeau marble is also a part of the Trenton limestone, located near Cape Girardeau. It is nearly white, strong and durable. This bed is also found near Glencoe, St. Louis County. In the magnesian limestone series there are several beds of very excellent marble. Near Ironton there are beds of semi- crystalline, light-colored marbles, beautifully clouded with buff and flesh colors. In the third magnesian limestone, on the Niangua, is a fine-grained, crystalline, silico-magnesian limestone, light drab, slightly tinged with peach blossom, and beautifully clouded with deep flesh-colored shades. It is twenty feet thick, and crops out in the bluffs of the Niangua for a long distance. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 35 There are numerous other beds in the magnesian limestones, some of which are white and others so clouded as to present the appearance of breccias. The Ozark marbles are well known, some of them having been used to ornament the Capitol at Washington. Wherever the magnesian limestones come near the igneous rocks, we may expect to find them so changed as to present beds of the beautiful variegated marbles. SULPHATE or BARYTA. In its pure white form, this mineral is very abundant in Mis- souri. It occurs in large beds in the mining regions, as the gangue of our lead veins, and as large masses, especially in the magnesian limestone of the lower silurian rocks. It is utilized as a pigment in connection with lead, and may be made valuable for the same purpose in connection with some of our ferruginous and argillaceous paints. CLAYS. Fire clays, possessing refractory qualities, suitable for making fire brick, occur beneath most of the thicker coal seams. Potter's clay is abundant, especially among the coal measure clays. It is also sometimes found associated with the lower car- boniferous rocks. Kaolin is only found in Southeast Missouri, where porphyries or granites prevail. Brick clays have been found and worked in nearly all the counties where there has been a demand for them. The argilla- ceous portions of the bluff formation make good brick, as shown in the brick yards all along our large rivers. Some of the ter- tiary clays will make the very best brick. CAVES, ETC. There are several very interesting and quite remarkable caves in the State. Hannibal Cave, situated one mile below the city of Hannibal, and about a quarter of a mile from the Mississippi Kiver, is approached through a broad ravine, hemmed in by lofty ridges, which are at right angles with the river. The ante- chamber is about eight feet high and fifteen feet long. This 3g HISTORY OF MISSOURI. descends into the Narrows, thence through Grand Avenue to Washington Avenue, and through the latter to Altar Chamber. This is a ferruginous limestone formation, and crystal quartz, carbonate of lime and sulphate of magnesia abound. Stalactites and stalagmites are continually forming by limestone percola- tions In Bat Avenue Chamber the bats may be seen hanging from the ceiling in clusters, like swarms of bees, some of them fifteen inches from tip to tip. Washington Avenue, over sixteen feet high with long corridors of stalactites and stalagmites, is the largest division of the cave. It contains a spring, and a deep pool, in which are found the wonderful eyeless fish. The Devil a Hall Alligator Rock, Elephant's Head, two natural wells failed with' limpid water. Table Rock, and numbers of other curiosities, will amply repay the tourist for his exploration. Cliff Cave, thirteen miles below St, Louis, has been utilized by the Cliff Cave Wine Company as a wine cellar. There are several caves in Miller County, the largest of which is on Big Tavern Creek, in the bluff near its confluence with the Osage River The entrance is about twenty-five feet square, and is situated thirty or forty feet above the river, in a solid lime- stone bluff. During the civil war it was used as a retreat by the bandit Crabtree. The stalactite formations are of strange and fantastic appearance, some of them looking like colossal images of marble, and the whole effect by torchlight is weird and solemn. , Phelps County contains several interesting caves, the most accessible of which is Freide's Cave, about nine miles northwest of RoUa Its mouth is 00 feet in width and 35 feet in height. It has been penetrated to a distance of three miles without find- in- any outlet. The Stalactite Chamber is a beautiful apartment •200 yards in length, varying from 15 to 30 feet in width and from 5 to 30 feet in height. The Bat Chamber contains thou- sands of wagon loads of guano, which is extensively used by the farmers of the neighborhood. The cave also contains quantities of saltpetre, and during the war large amounts of powder wer, manufactured there. . . i There are also caves in Christian County. The principal one is two and a half miles northeast of Ozark. Its entrance is HISTORY 07 MISSOURI. 37 through a rock arch 50 feet across and 80 feet high. About 400 feet from the entrance, the passage is so contracted that the ex- plorer must crawl through on his hands and knees. A fine stream of water, clear and cold, gurgles down through the cave. About twelve miles south of Ozark, near the Forsyth road, on the top of a very high hill, is a small opening, which, about 100 feet from the surface, expands into a hall 30 feet wide and about 400 feet long, the sides and top of which are of rock lined with beautiful stalactites. In Stone County at least twenty-five caves have been explored and many more discovered. One mile from Galena is an exten- sive cave from which the early settlers procured saltpetre in large quantities. About two and a half miles above this is a smaller one of great beauty. From the ceiling depend glittering stalac- tites, while the floor sparkles with fragments of gem-like luster. A pearly wall, of about half an inch in thickness and 15 inches high encloses a miniature lake, through whose pellucid waters the wavy stalagmite bottom of this natural basin can be plainly seen. The sacred stillness of the vaulted chamber renders its name, "The Baptismal Font," a peculiarly fitting one. A cave about twelve miles from Galena is well known among curiosity seekers in the adjacent country. The entrance cham- ber is a large dome-shaped room, whose ceiling is very high ; a glittering mound of stalagmites rises in the center of the room, nearly one-third the height of the ceiling; stretching out at right angles from this are long shining halls leading to other grand arched chambers, gorgeous enough for the revels of the gnome king, and all the genii of the subterranean world. One can not but think of the Inferno, as,wandering down a labyrinth - ian passage, he reaches the verge of an abyss, striking perpen- dicularly to unknown and echoless depths. The name, " Bot- tomless Pit," is well bestowed on this yawning gulf. Knox Cave, in Green County, about seven miles northwest of Springfield, is of large dimensions, and hung in some parts with the most beautiful stalactites. Fisher's Cave, six miles southeast of Springfield, is of simi- lar dimensions, and has a beautiful stream of water flowing out of it. 38 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. There are a number o£ saltpetre caves along the banks of the Gasconade, which were once profitably worked. Some of these caves are large and interesting, consisting frequently of a succession of rooms joined to each other by arched halls of a considerable height, with walls of white limestone, upon which, as well as upon the floors, the saltpetre is deposited, and is gen- erally so pure as to need but one washing to prepare it for use -or export. When these caves were first discovered, it was not unusual to find in them stone-axes and hammers which led to the belief that they had formerly been worked for some un- known purpose by the savages. It is doubtful whether these tools were left there by the Indians or by another and more civil- ized race which preceded them. There are numerous caves in Perry County, two of which penetrate beneath Perryville. Connor^s Cave, seven miles southeast of Columbia, has an en- trance twenty feet wide and eight feet high, and has been ex- plored for several miles. There are extensive and beautiful caves in Texas, Webster, Lawrence, Laclede, Oregon and several other counties. MINERAL SPRINGS. Salt springs are exceedingly abundant in the central part of the State. They discharge vast quantities of brine in Cooper, Saline, Howard and the adjoining counties. These brines are near the navigable waters of the Missouri, in the midst of an abundance of wood and coal, and might furnish salt enough to supply all the markets of the continent. Sulphur Springs are also numerous throughout the State. The Chouteau Springs in Cooper, the Monagaw Springs in St. Clair, the Elk Springs in Pike, and the Cheltenham Springs m St. Louis County, have acquired considerable reputation as me- dicinal waters, and have become popular places of resort. There are similar sulphur springs in other parts of the State. Chalybeate Spring s.--Theve are a great many springs m the State which are impregnated with some of the salts of iron. Those containing carbonates and sulphates are most common, and several of these are quite celebrated for their medicinal properties. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 39 Sweet Springs on the Blackwater, and the Chalybeate Spring in the University campus, are perhaps the most noted of the kind in the State. The Sweet Springs flow from cavities in the upper beds of the Burlington limestone. The hill is here forty- seven feet high above water in the Blackwater, spreading out at the back in a flat table-land. The spring itself is about twenty- feet above the river, and has a sweetish alkaline taste. It is use- ful as a promoter of general good health, and is much resorted t<:> at the proper season. The water is used for ordinary cooking and drinking purposes, except for making tea. Petroleum Springs.— These are found in Carroll, Kay, Ean- dolph, Cass, Lafayette, Bates, Vernon and other counties. Many of these springs discharge considerable quantities of oil. The variety called lubricating oil is the most common. It is impossi- ble to tell whether petroleum will be found in paying quantities in these localities, but there is scarcely a doubt that there are reservoirs of considerable quantities. MANUFACTURING. The State of Missouri presents every facility for extensive and successful manufacturing; abundant timber of the best quality, exhaustless deposits of coal, iron, lead, zinc, marble and granite, unmeasured water power, distributed over the State, a home mar- ket among an industrious and wealth-accumulating people, and a system of navigable rivers and railway trunk line and branches, that permeate, not only the State, but reach out in direct lines from gulf to lake, and from ocean to ocean. Of the manufacturing in Missouri over three-quarters of the whole is done in St. Louis, which produced in 1880, $114,333,375 worth of manufactured articles, thus placing her as the sixth manufacturing city in the Union, being surpassed only by New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Brooklyn and Boston. The leading manufacturing counties of the State are St. Louis, Jackson, Buchanan, St. Charles, Marion, Franklin, Greene, Cape Girardeau, Platte, Boone, Lafayette, followed by Macon, Clay, Phelps, St. Francois, Washington and Lewis. The subjoined table, arranged from the tenth United States census, will give the reader a comprehensive view of the pres- 40 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ent state of manufacturing in Missouri, and its variation during- recent years. No. Es- tablish- ments. 1 Average Number of 1 Hands Employed. Total Amount Paid in Wages During the Year. Value of Materials. Year. 1 Males Above 16 Years. Females Above 15 Years. Children and Youths. Value of Products. 1850 1860 1870 1880 2,923 3,157 11,871 8,592 * 8,576,607 i 14,880 20,034,220 1 18,628 80,257,244 j 55,904 72,507,844 1 54,200 928 1,053 3,884 5,474 5,566 4,321 $ 4,692,648 6,669,916 31,055,445 24,309,716 S 12,798,351 23,849,941 115,533,269 110,798.392 S 24,324.418 41,782,731 206,213,429 165,386,205 The products of the principal lines of manufacturing inter- ests, for the year 1880, are as follows: flouring and grist mills, $32,438,831; slaughtering and meat packing, $14,628,630; tobac- co, $6,810,719; iron, steel, etc., $5,154,090; liquors, distilled and malt, $5,575,607; clothing, $4,409,376; lumber, $6,533,253; bag- ging and bags, $2,597,395; saddlery and harness, $3,976,175; oil, $851,000; foundry and machine shop products, $6,798,832; printing and publishing, $4,452,962; sugar and molasses, $4,475,- 740; boots and shoes, $1,982,993; furniture, $2,380,562; paints, $2,825,860; carriages and wagons, $2,483,738; marble and stone works, $1,003,544; bakery products, $3,250,192; brick and tile, $1,602,522; tinware, copper ware and sheet-iron ware, $1,687,- 320; sash, doors and blinds, $1,232,670; cooperage, $1,904,822; agricultural implements, $1,141,822; patent medicines, $1,197,- 090; soap and candles, $1,704,194; confectionery, $1,247,235; drugs and chemicals, $1,220,211; gold and silver reduced and re- fined, $4,158,606. These, together with all other mechanical industries, aggre- gate $165,386,205. RAILROADS. Since 1852, when railroad building began in Missouri, be- tween 4,000 and 5,000 miles of track have been laid. Addi- tional roads are now in process of construction, and many others in contemplation. The State is well supplied with railroads which tread her surface in all directions, bringing her remotest districts into close connection with St. Louis, that great center of western commerce. These roads have a capital stock aggre- gating more than $100,000,000, and a funded debt of about the same amount. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 41 The lines of roads which are in operation in the State are as follows : The Missouri Pacific, chartered May 10, 1850; the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, which is a consolidation of the Arkansas branch; the Cairo, Arkansas & Texas Railroad; the Cairo & Fulton Railroad; the Wabash Western Railway; the St. Louis & San Francisco Railway; the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Railroad; the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad; the Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas Railroad; the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad; the Keokuk & Kansas City Railway Company ; the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad Company ; the Missouri & Western; the St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwest- ern Railroad; the St. Louis, Hannibal & Keokuk Railroad; the Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska Railway; the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad ; the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad. STEAM CRAFT. In 1880 there were 167 steam crafts owned in Missouri, in- cluding sixty passenger steamers, thirty-seven ferry-boats, thir- teen freight steamers, forty-six tow boats and eleven yachts. Their combined tonnage was 60,873.50; their total value, $2,098,800; their crews numbered 2,733 persons, whose wages amounted to $1,423,375, or an average of $281.13 to each per- son during the season; the number of passengers carried was 642,303; the freight in tons 2,556,815; coal used for fuel, 399,659 tons; wood used for fuel, 25,085 cords; gross earnings of all the steam crafts, $5,560,949. WEALTH. The total valuation of Missouri real estate and personal property, according to the census of 1880, was $532,795,801; of which her real estate was valued at $381,985,112, and her personal property at $150,810,689. At that time the bonded debt of the State was $55,446,001; the floating debt, $2,722,941; the gross debt, $58,168,942; the sinking fund, $681,558, and the net debt, $57,487,384. 42 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. THE INDIANS. When Christopher Columbus set sail from the port of Palos, it was with no expectation of finding a new continent, but with the hope of discovering a direct western route to those far-famed Indies whose fabulous riches were the unfailinor theme of travel- ers and geographers. Even to the day of his death the illus- trious explorer had no suspicion of having discovered other than the remote islands and shores of the old world, and, accordingly, he called all the inhabitants of the mysterious country "Indians " — a name which has not only outlasted the error of early navi- gators, but is destined to cling to this unhappy race as long as a vestige of it remains. Whence they came, and to what other family of the earth they are allied, or whether they were origi- nally created a distinct people in the forest wilds of America, have been questions much mooted among the learned and unlearned of modern times, but thus far have elicted only hypotheses in reply. The most common sup{)osition is, however, that the Indians are a derivative race, sprung from one of the more ancient people of Asia, and that they came to this continent by way of Behring's Strait, and this, doubtless, is the true theory. The tribes with whom the first settlers of Missouri came principally in contact were the Pottawattomies, the lowas, the Kickapoos, the Sacs and the Foxes. OTHER RACES. The ancient cities of Central America, judging from their magnificent ruins, consisting of broken columns, fallen arches and the crumbling walls of temples, palaces and pyramids, which, in some places, bestrew the ground for miles, must have been of great extent, magnificent and very populous. When the vast period of time necessary to erect such colossal structures, and the time required to reduce them to their present ruined state are considered, something can be conceived of their antiq- uity. These edifices must have been old before many of the ancient cities of the Orient were built, and they point, without doubt, to a civilization at once considerably advanced and very far removed from the present. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 43 THE MOUND-BUILDERS. Of a much less degree of culture, but reaching back into an antiquity so remote as to have left behind no vestige of tradi- tion, the Mound-Builders present themselves to the archaeologist as a half-civilized people who once occupied Missouri and vari- ous other parts of the country now included in the United States. This pre-historic race has acquired its name from the numerous large mounds of earth left by them. Eemains of what were ap- parently villages, altars, temples, idols, burial places, monuments, camps, fortifications and pleasure grounds have been found, but nothing showing that any material save earth was used in the construction of their habitations. At first these works were sup- posed to be of Indian origin, but careful examination has re- vealed the fact that — despite several adverse theories — they must have been reared by a people as distinct from the North Ameri- can Indian as were those later people of Central America. Up- on making excavations in these mounds, human skeletons were found with skulls differing from those of the Indians, together with pottery and various ornaments and utensils, showing con- siderable mechanical skill. From the comparatively nude state of the arts among them, however, it has been inferred that the time of the^'r migration to this country, if indeed they did mi- grate, was very remote. Their axes were of stone, their raiment, judging from fragments which have been discovered, consisted of the bark of trees interwoven with feathers, and their military works were such as a people would erect who had just passed to the pastoral state of society from that dependent alone upon hunt- ing and fishing. They were, no doubt, idolaters, and it has been conjectured that the sun was the object of their adoration. The mounds were generally built in a situation affording a view of the rising sun; when enclosed in walls their gateways were toward the east; the caves in which their dead were occasionally buried always opened in the same direction ; when bodies were buried in graves, as was frequently the case, they were laid in a direction east and west, and, finally, medals have been found representing the sun and his rays of light. The mounds and other ancient earth-works constructed by this people are far more abundant than is generally supposed, 44 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. from the fact that while some are quite large, the greater part of them are small and inconspicuous. Along nearly all tlio water courses, that are large enough to be navigated by a canoe, the mounds are almost invariably found, so that when one j)]aces himself in such positions as to command the grandest river scenery he is almost sure to discover that he is standing upon one of these ancient iiiiiuiU, or in close proximity thereto. St. Louis was originally known as the " Mound City," from the extent and variety of the curious monuments found there, and although these, as well as numbers of others scattered over vari- ous parts of the State, have been defaced or entirely obliterated, Missouri still presents an unusually fruitful field of investigation to the arclneologist. This is particularly true of the southeastern counties, especially in the region of New Madrid. Mr. Breckenridge, who examined the antiquities of the West in 1817, speaking of the mounds in the Mississippi Valley, says: " I have sometimes been induced to think, that, at the period when they were constructed, there was a po])ulation here as nu- merous as that which once animated the borders of the Nile or Euphrates, or of Mexico. I am perfectly satisfied that cities similar to those of ancient Mexico, of several hundred thousand souls, have existed in this country.'' EARLY DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORERS. Ferdinand De Soto, a Spanish cavalier, wdio had been associ- ated with Pizarro in the conquet of Peru, but whose and^ition and cupidity were only increased by his success in that country, determined to possess himself also of the boundless we?dth re- puted to lie hidden in the mines of Florida. Undismayed by the fate of other adventurers, he equipped at his own expense a band of 700 men, or more, and landed in Tampa Bay, in the spring of 1539. Thence, in spite of hostile Indians, he forced his way to the northwest, and, although not finding gold or precious stones, he made himself immortal as the discoverer, in 1541, of the Mississippi Kiver. The point at which De Soto first saw the Mississippi was at the lower Chickasaw Bluffs, a few miles below Memphis. There he constructed boats, and, after crossing the stream, proceeded up its west bank, and made his way into the re- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 45 gion now known as New Madrid, in Missouri. At this point therefore, and at this time, the first European set foot on the soil of Missouri. In 1542, overcome by disease, privation and dis- couragement, De Soto died, and those of his followers who re- mained, having secretly sunk his body in the Mississippi, lest the Indians should discover his death, floated down the river to the Gulf of Mexico, and returned to their homes. The design of the expedition had been conquest as a means of acquiring gold, and it left behind no traces of civilization. MARQUETTE. While Spain had turned her attention to the conquest of Mexico, South America, the West Indies and Florida, and En- glish colonists had made feeble beginnings in Virginia and New England, the French, advancing still farther north, had possessed themselves of the St. Lawrence River, and were fast pushing their way into the interior by way of the great lakes. Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, belonging to an ancient family of France, arrived in Canada at a time when the public mind was much exercised upon the subject of exploring the Mississippi River. A plan of operations was accordingly arranged, and Louis Joliet, a native of Canada, joined Father Marquette at the Jesuit mission on the Straits of Mackinaw, and with five other Frenchmen and a simple outfit, the daring explorers, on the 17th of May, 1673, set out on their perilous voyage to re-discover the great river. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Mich- igan they entered Green Bay, and passed thence up Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Muscatines ("Mascou- tens") and Miamis, where great interest was taken in the expe- dition by the natives. Procuring guides they proceeded up the river. Arriving at a portage between the Fox and Wisconsin, they soon carried their light canoes and scanty baggage to the latter stream, about three miles distant. Their guides now refused to accompany them further, and endeavored, by reciting the dangers incident to the voyage, to induce them to return. They stated that huge demons dwelt in the great river, whose voices could be heard a long distance, and who engulfed in the raging waters all who came within their reach. They also rep- 40 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. resented that if any of them should escape the dangers of the river, fierce tribes of Indians dwelt upon its banks ready to com- plete the work of destruction. The explorers proceeded on their journey, however, and on the 17th of June, with joy inexpressi- ble, pushed their frail barks out on the bosom of the stately Mis- sissippi, 132 years after its first discovery by De Soto. Journey- ing down the mysterious stream, which Marquette named the "Conception," they passed the mouth of the Illinois, Missouri and Ohio, landing at various places, and, after proceeding up the Arkansas a short distance, at the advice of the natives, they turned their faces northward. After several weeks of hard toil they reached the Illinois, up which stream they proceeded to Lake Michigan, and entered Green Bay in September of the same year, having traveled a distance of 2,500 miles in a little more than four months. LA SALLE. About the time of Marquette's return, Robert de La Salle, a native of Normandy, set aVjout discovering a northwest passage to China and Japan, the scientific men of that time generally coinciding in the belief that such a passage existed in the direc- tion of the Great Lakes. He was accompanied from France by an Italian named Tonti, and was joined in his enterprise by Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan friar of a bold and ambitious disposi- tion. After various hindrances and perils, they arrived at the present site of Peoria on the Illinois River, where they built a fort, which, on account of their many vicissitudes, they named Creve Coeur, or Broken Heart. There they separated, H^ennepin turning northward to discover, if possible, the source of the Mis- sissippi; La Salle, after visiting Canada, to perfect his arrange- ments, descending that river in search of its mouth, and Tonti remaining at Creve Coeur in command of men and supplies left at that point. La Salle reached the junction of the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, in February, 1682, and, on the 5th of April fol- lowing, passed safely through one of the three channels by which the latter stream discharges its waters into the Gulf of Mexico. Three days afterward, with the most imposing ceremonies, La Salle took formal possession of the country in the name of Louis XIV, the reigning king of France, in whose honor he named it HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 47 Louisiana. The region thus acquired by the French embraced territory on both sides of the Mississippi, and, comprising rather indefinite limits, included the present States of Louisiana, Mis- sissippi, Tennessee, Arkansas and Missouri. La Salle subsequently returned to Canada, thence to France, and led an expedition to the Gulf of Mexico for the purpose of entering the Mississippi at its mouth, and establishing settle- ments in Louisiana. Being unable to find the mouth of the river, he landed upon the coast of Texas, and, after some fruitless wan- derings, was shot by one of his own disaffected followers. How- ever, he had effectually opened the way for the French occupancy of the Mississippi Yalley. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. Within a few years after the death of La Salle forts and colo- nies were located at Biloxi Bay, Mobile, Natchez, New Orleans and other points farther north. It is a fact worthy of notice that the first French settlements, all of which were projected in the in- terest of gold and silver mining, were confined entirely to the eastern bank of the river. It was not until 1705 that the Mis- souri Eiver was explored as far as the mouth of the Kansas. In 1720 Renault, the son of a French iron founder, came to Louisiana for the purpose of engaging in gold and silver mining. He brought with him from France 200 miners and artificers, and purchased 500 slaves at the island of St. Domingo. Pro- ceeding up the Mississippi River, he established himself at Fort Chartres, about ten or fifteen miles above the present site of Ste. Genevieve, on the opposite bank of the stream. From this point he dispatched miners to "prospect" for the precious metals, and they crossed the river to the west bank, and explored what is now Ste. Genevieve County. Although Renault failed to discover either gold or silver, he found lead ore in great abundance, and having built rude furnaces for smelting it, conveyed it on pack- horses to Fort Chartres, and thence by boat to New Orleans and France. The date of the actual settlement of Ste. Genevieve is dis- puted by historians, though all agree that it was the first in the State of Missouri. There is some evidence to support the theory 48 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. that there might have been inhabitants at this place as early as 1735. The cultivation of tobacco, indigo, rice and silk had al- ready been introduced into the southern part of the province of Louisiana, the lead mines of Missouri were opened, and the cul- ture of wheat was commenced in Illinois. In the meantime the French were firmly establishing their power in the Northwest. By the middle of the eighteenth century (1750) they had control of all the water routes leading from the great lakes to the valley of the Mississippi. They had more than sixty military stations from Lake Ontario by way of Green Bay and the Illinois River, the Wabash and Maumee Rivers, down the Mississippi to New Orleans. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The French had formed the grand design of establishing a magnificent empire in the interior of the continent, which should have abundant and uninterrupted intercourse with the outside world by means of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers. The English, whose colonies were scattered up and down on the Atlantic coast, claimed the right to extend their possessions as far westward as they chose. As long as the latter nation confined itself to the eastern part of the country there was little reason for controversy. As soon, however, as the English became acquainted with the beautiful and fertile Mis- sissippi Valley, they not only learned the value of the vast terri- tory, but also resolved to set up a counter-claim to the soil. The French, besides establishing numerous military and trading posts from the frontiers of Canada to New Orleans, in order to confirm their claims to jurisdiction over the country, had carved the lilies of France on the forest trees, or sunk plates of metal in the ground. These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations; and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm should burst upon the frontier settlement. The French based their claims upon discoveries, the English on grants of territory extending from ocean to ocean, but neither party paid the least attention to the prior claims of the Indians. From this position of affairs, it was evident that actual collision between the contending parties would not much HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 49 longer be deferred. The English Government, in anticipation of a war, urged the governor of Virginia to lose no time in building two forts, which were equipped with arms from England. The French anticipated tlie English, and gathered a considerable force to defend their possessions. The governor determined to send a messenger to the nearest French post, to demand an explanation. This resolution brought into the history of our country, for the first time, the man of all others whom America most loves to lionor, namely, George Washington. He was chosen, although not yet twenty-one years of age, as the one to perform this deli- cate and difficult mission. With five companions he set out on November 10, 1753, and after a perilous journey returned Janu- ary 0, 1754. The struggle could not, however, be averted by diplo- macy. It commenced, continued long, and was bloody and fierce; but on October 10, 1765, the ensign of France was displaced on the ramparts of Fort Chartres, by the flag of Great Britain. This fort was the depot of supplies, and the place of rendezvous for the united forces of the French, and was then the best built and most convenient fort in North America. In subsequent years the Mississippi reached and undermined its west wall; the inhabit- ants of Kaskaskia carried away much of the remaining portions for building material, and at the present day nothing remains of it but a ruin in the midst of a dense forest. Although, as has been already seen. Fort Chartres was not occupied by the English until 1765, the treaty which terminated what is known as the French and Indian War had been arranged late in 1762. According to its stipulations France ceded to Eng- land all of her possessions in Canada and east of the Mississippi, and to Spain all that part of the province of Louisiana lying west of the same, which, although really belonging to Spain, remained under French laws and jurisdiction until 1768. THE FOUNDING OF ST. LOUIS. In the year 1762 M. D'Abadie, who was at that time director general and civil and military commandant of Louisiana, granted to a certain company the exclusive right to trade with the- Indians of Missouri, and indeed of the whole northwest, for a term of eight years. At the head of this company was M. 50 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Pierre Laclede Liguest, Laclede as he is generally known, a man of ability, foresight and experience. He left New Orleans in August, 1763, and arrived in Missouri the following November. It will be remembered that all the French settlements except that at Ste. Genevieve were on the east side of the river, and consequently included in the territory ceded to England. At the one small village west of the Mississippi there was no build- ing large enough to contain one quarter of M. Laclede's mer- chandise. M. De Neyon, the commandant at Fort Chartres, hear- ing of Laclede's dilemma, offered him room for his goods until the occupation of the fort by the English. Laclede readily availed himself of this generous offer and repaired to Fort Chartres, where he deposited his effects, and then turned his attention to finding a site, near the Missouri River, suitable for his enterprise. Ste. Genevieve he rejected both on account of its distance from that stream and its unhealtful situation. Accom- panied by his stepson, a lad of fourteen named August Chouteau, he explored the region thoroughly and fixed upon the place of his settlement. Upon returning to the fort, he assured De Neyon and his officers that he had found a situation where he would form a settlement, which might become, hereafter, "one of the finest cities of America." Thus readily did his sagacious mind appre- ciate the advantages of this location. Navigation being open, early in the February of 1764 Laclede sent thirty men in charge of Chouteau to the place designated, with orders to clear the land, build a large shed to shelter the tools and provisions, and also erect some small cabins for the men. On the 14th of February the work was commenced. Early in April, Laclede himself arrived, chose the place for his own house, laid out a plan for his village and named it Saint Louis, in honor of Louis XV, not knowing that the territory had already been transferred to Spain, and then hastened back to Fort Chartres to remove his goods, as the En- glish garrison was daily expected. When, in 1765, Capt. Sterling in command of the English troops, a company of highlanders, actually took possession of the fort, St. Ange, French commandant at the time, removed with his officers and men to St. Louis, which was recognized as the capital of Upper Louisiana. M. D'Abadie had died, and HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 51 M. Aubry was acting governor at New Orleans. Receiving, probably, the sanction of this latter gentleman, St. Ange at once assumed the reins of government at St. Louis, and so liberal was the spirit in wliicli he conducted affairs that a stream of immigra- tion soon set in from Canada and Low^er Louisiana. DEATH OF rONTIAC. At the time of the founding of St. Louis, the Ottawa chieftain, Pontiac, was in the enjoyment of his greatest fame. At the breaking out of the war between France and England, he had allied himself with the former country, which had at all times followed a conciliatory policy with the Indians, and he had achieved some brilliant exploits at the ambuscade near Pittsburgh (1755) Avhicli resulted in Braddock's defeat, and on other occa- sions. He had subsequently formed a confederacy of all the western tribes, and hadendeaAored, by one general and combiiied movement to sweep the English settlers from the country west of the Alleghanies. In tliis effort he was so far successful that, at one time, every English fort in the west, except Niagara, Fort Pitt and Detroit had fallen into the hands of the savages. St. Ange, hating the English and dreading their encroachments, was proportionately friendly to Pontiac, whom he invited to St. Louis in 1709. Here the chief was received in the most flatter- ing manner, and was warmly w^elcomed by the principal citi- zens. Soon, however, it became apparent that Pontiac's plans were doomed to failure. Tribe after tribe had forsaken him; his powerful allies, the French, were conquered, and his most trusted friends among the latter counseled him to give up the unequal contest. He en- deavored to drown his disappointment in drink, and in spite of the remonstrances of St. Ange, sank lower and lower in debauch- ery. Finally, while in a state of intoxication, he was assassinated at Cahokia by a Kaskaskia Indian. His body was interred with great pomp near the tower at the intersection of AValnut and Fourth Streets. St. An^j^e, himself, lies buried near, but nothinyrd; New Madrid— .Tohu Shrader and Samuel Phillips. W. ('. Carr be- came speaker and Andrew Scott clerk. Council: St. Charles County — James Maii-^herty and [?enj;'- min Emmons; St. Tvouis County - August*^ Cii' iileau, .^r., and Samuel Hammond; Ste (Jenevieve^ John Scott and James Maxwell; Cape Girardeau— William Neeley and George Caveuer; New Mad- rid—Joseph Hunter. 60 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ernor, Legislative Council and House of Kepresentatives. By the same act the Territory was authorized to send one delegate to Congress. In October of the same year the four districts, by proclamation of Gov. Howard, were reorganized into live counties, the fifth being called New Madrid, and included Arkansas. An election of a delegate to Congress, and members of the Territorial House of Representatives was held in the following November. Capt. William Clark, the associate explorer of Capt. Lewis, was appointed by the President as Governor, and entered upon his duties in 1813. He continued to occupy the gubernatorial chair until the admission of the State into the Union, and died in St. Louis in 1838. Edward Hempstead was chosen the first delegate to Congress. It was mainly owing to his efforts that an act was passed by that body confirming to the people of Missouri the titles of their lands derived from Spanish grants, and also providing that '' all village lots, out lots, or common field lots " held by them at the time of the cession of Louisiana to the United States, should be retained for school purposes. The real estate thus secured to the city of St. Louis alone, for educational purposes, was valued at $1,25'2,- 895.79. Col. Thomas F. Riddick, who first originated the prop- osition, rode to Washington on horseback to aid Mr. Hempstead in obtaining the ratification of Congress. WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN IN 1812. Although the inhabitants of Missouri were far distant from the principal scenes of conflict during the War of 1812, they par- ticipated in many engagements with the Indians, and were obliged to exercise ceaseless vigilance against their insidious foe. For several years British traders had incited the savages against the settlers, and had supplied the former with arms and ammunition. In July, 1810, W. I. Cole and two other men at Loutre Island, were killed while attempting to rescue property stolen by the Pottawattomies. In 1815 the Sac and Fox Indians, who had stolen horses from the same settlement, were followed by a party of " rangers," with Capt. James Callaway, a grandson of Daniel Boone, in command. Four of the pursuers, including Capt. Callaway, were killed. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 61 In 1813 Fort Madison, Iowa, was abandoned by its garrison, and burned, to save it from Indian occupation. During the same year the scattered settlements in the present counties of Montgomery, Lincoln and Pike were often plundered by the Indians, under the renowed Black Hawk and other noted chiefs. In St. Charles County there were many massacres, but at length a number of forts were erected, which proved a sufficient protec- tion against further outrages. The Boone's Lick country was constantly harassed by tribes, who stole horses and murdered the inhabitants. Living beyond the jurisdiction of any organized county, these pioneers built forts, and defended themselves. Sentinels kept guard while the fields were plowed, sown and harvested, and upon the appearance of danger the people were notified by means of signals, and hastened to the shelter of the forts. At Cote Sans Dessein (now Barkersville), on the Missouri River in Callaway County, three men and two women successfully withstood a protracted and determined siege of the Indians. Of all the murders committed by the savages, none aroused more indignation than that of Capt. Sarshell Cooper, who was shot while sitting at his own fireside in Cooper's Fort, in the Boone's Lick country, in 1814. An Indian crept to the wall of Cooper's cabin, which also formed one side of the fort, and made a small opening between the logs, through which the fatal shot was fired. THE " BOONE's lick COUNTRY." Daniel Boone, famous in the annals of Kentucky and the West, came to Louisiana about the year 1797. He renounced his allegiance to the United States, became a Spanish subject, and was appointed by Delassus commandant of the Femme Osage District. When the province was transferred to the United States, he again became an American citizen. At some time between the years 1804 and 1808 he may very probably have hunted through Howard County, and discovered the salt springs there. During the summer of 1807, Boone's sons, Nathan and Daniel M., visited these springs and manufactured salt there, but there is no evidence that the elder Boone ever resided, even temporarily, at the place. The settlement afterward made was called Boone's Lick and a ()2 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. large region in that pai't of the State, the " Boone's Lick Country.'^ Boone County, organized in 1820, was named after the great frontiersman, who died in September of that year at the residence of his son, on Femme Osage Creek, in St. Charles County, aged eighty -eight years. ENTERPRISE AND ADVANCEMENT. In 1814 the population of the Territory was about 25,000. The country was rapidly settled and new counties were organized. The Legislature of 181G-17 incorporated a board of trustees for superintending schools in the " Town of St. Louis," the beginning of the school system of that city. At the same session the old " Bank of Missouri " was chartered, and in the fall of 1817 the two banks, "St. Louis" and "Missouri," were issuing bills, the former having gone into operation in 1814. The first newspaper west of the Mississippi was published at St. Louis, July 12, 1808. It was called the Missouri Gazette, and was a diminutive sheet, measuring 12x16 inches. Although this paper has undergone several changes of title it still lives and flourishes as the Missouri Republican. The first newspaper west of St. Louis was the Missouri Intelligencer, established at Old Franklin, by Nathaniel Patton, in 1819, and subsequently removed to Fayette. In 1818 a cathedral was commenced at St. Louis, on the site of the old log church which had been erected by the early French inhabitants, and in the same year the first Protestant Church (Baptist) was built. The first steamboat which ascended the Mississippi, above the mouth of the Ohio, was the "Gen. Pike," Capt. Jacob Read, which landed in St. Louis at the foot of Market Street August 2, 1817, and was received with every demonstration of delight. The next was the "Constitution," Capt. R.T. Guyard, which arrived in the October following. In 1819 the " Independence," Capt. Nelson, from Louisville, Ky., navigated the Missouri as far as Old Chariton, an abandoned town a short distance above Glas- gow, and returning to Franklin took freight for Louisville. The first steamboat on the Upper Mississippi was the "Gen. Putnam," Moses D. Bates, captain, which made several trips between St. Louis, and Galena, 111., during the summer of 1825. HISTORY OF MISSOUEI. 63 In 1818 the Government of tlie United States projected the celebrated Yellowstone expedition, the objects of which were to ascertain whether the Missouri was navigable by steamboats, and to establish a line of forts from its mouth to the Yellow- stone. This expedition left St. Louis in June, 1819. In the same year Arkansas was formed into a separate Territory. For convenience of reference a short table is appended of the early settlements of Missouri, with the date of the establishment of each in cases where it has been determined. Names of Settlements. j^ Ste. Genevieve -^,^og / ^x St. Louis 17fi4. Near St. Charles 1765 Portage des Sioux __ -^r^^g New Madrid * ' .^^g^ New Bourbon \' -^^gg Potosi Big River Mills, St. Francois County .''.*.".... . . . . .1796 Near Farmington, St. Francois County '' 1797 Perry Coun ty ...!!..' .1796 Bird's Point ^qq^ ^"'^f^ ■■••;.' .':;:^'.'.':;:.':;::.':.'.':i8oo S^"'«^^^°" 1801 Warren County jgQ. Parkersville (Cote Sans Dessein) .'.' .'^ ..'...".' * ." . ' 1801 Loutre Island -,0^-7 Boone s Lick. -^g^^ Cooper's Bottom, Franklin County .1810 STATE OEGANIZATION. In 1818, John Scott being delegate to Congress, the inhab- itants of Missouri petitioned for admission into the Union of States. The House of Kepresentatives passed a bill to admit the State without slavery, but, as the Senate refused to concur in this anti-slavery clause, the bill failed. Subsequentlv the meas- ure was amended so as to provide for the gradual restriction of involuntary servitude, but tlie Senate refusing to endorse any anti-slavery proviso whatever, and the House insisting on that provision, the bill again failed. In 1820, while the matter was still under discussion, Jesse B. Thomas, of Illinois, presented an amendment, which settled for the time all differences between the two Houses, and allowed Missouri to enter the Union with 64 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. slavery. That amendment, famous in history as the " Missouri Compromise," is as follows: An Act to Authorize the People of the Missouri Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the Admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the Original States, and to Prohibit Slavery in certain Territories — Adopted March 6, 1820. ********** Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty- six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not inchided within the limits of the State contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be and is hereby forever 'proJiiuited. Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or services as aforesaid. Such was the " Missouri Compromise," one of the most im- portant acts of American legislation. The pro-slavery senators consented to this measure because they saw by the determination of the House that they would be unable otherwise to secure the admission of Missouri. STATE CONVENTION. Under the act of Congress, the people of the Territory of Missouri, then organized into fifteen counties, were authorized to hold an election in May, 1820, to choose representatives to a State convention whose object should be the framing of a constitution. Accordingly, forty-one representatives thus chosen convened at St. Louis on June 12. The following are the names of the members of the convention, together with the counties which they represented: Cape Girardeau — Stephen Byrd, James Evans, Richard S. Thomas, Alexander Buckner, Joseph McFerron. Cooper — Robert P. Clark, Robert Wallace, William Lillard. Franklin — John G. Heath. Howard— Nicholas S. Burkhartt, Duff Green, John Ray, Jon- athan S. Findlay, Benjamin H. Reeves. Jefferson — Daniel Hammond. Lincoln — Malcolm Henry. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 65 Montgomery — Jonathan Ramsey, James Talbott. Madison — Nathaniel Cook. New Madrid — Robert D. Dawson, Christopher G. Houts. Pike — Stephen Cleaver. St. Charles — Benjamin Emmons, Nathan Boone, Hiram H. Barber. Ste. Genevieve — John D. Cook, Henry Dodge, John Scott, R. T. Brown. St. Louis — David Barton, Edward Bates, Alexander McNair, William Rector, John C. Sullivan, Pierre Chouteau, Jr., Bernard Pratte, Thomas F. Riddick. Washington — John Rice Jones, Samuel Perry, John Hutch- ings. Wayne — Elijah Bettis. David Barton was elected president of the convention and William G. Pettis, secretary. The constitution which the convention formed took effect from the authority of the body itself, no provision having been made to submit it to the vote of the people. It withstood, the mutations of parties and all efforts at material amendment from the time of its adoption till the convention of 1865. THE CLAY COMPROMISE. On the 16th of November, Mr. Scott laid before the House of Representatives at Washington a copy of the constitution of the new State, whereupon a fresh debate arose, first, because the con- stitution sanctioned slavery and, second, because one of its ar- ticles especially enjoined that such laws should be passed as might be necessary to prevent free mulattoes and negroes from nd laws of the United States, in respect to fugitives from service, are to be carried into faithful execution in all the organized Territories, the same as in the States. The section of the bill which prescribed the qualifications and mode of election of a delegate to Congress from each of the Territories was as follow^s: Sec. 2. And belt futher enacted, * * * * rpj^^^ the constitution and laws of the United States, which are not locally applicable, shall have the same force and effect within the said Territory of Kansas as else- where within the United States, except the eight sections of the act preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the Union, approved March 6. 1820, which was superseded by the principles of the legislation of 1850, commonly called the compromise measures, and is declared inoperative. The debate which ensued upon the introduction of this bill, known as the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill," was conducted with great ability, and lasted several weeks. On February 6 Hon. S. 84 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. P. Chase, a senator from Ohio, who was afterward Secretary of the Treasury under Lincoln's administration, and finally chief justice of the United States, moved to strike out so much of the bill as declared the Missouri Compromise " superseded " by the compromise of 1850, but the motion was defeated. On February 15 Mr. Douglas moved to strike out the clause objected to by Mr. Chase, and insert the following: " Which being inconsistent with the principle of non-interven- tion by Congress with slavery in the States and Territories, as recognized by the legislation of 1850 (commonly called the com- promise measures) is hereby declared inoperative and void; it being the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any Territory or State nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the constitution of the United States." This amendment embodied what was afterward known as the doctrine of " squatter sovereignty." It was at once adopted by the Senate ; but Mr. Chase and others, not having full confidence that it was not the true intent and meaning of the act " to legislate slavery into any Territory or State," moved to add, after the words " United States," the following: " Under which the people of the Territories, through their appropriate representatives, may, if they see fit, prohibit the existence of slavery therein." Mr. Chase's amendment was voted down. From January until May, Mr. Douglas' report was debated in Congress. By the Kansas- Nebraska bill the Missouri Compromise was virtually repealed, and the old settlement of the slavery question over- thrown at a sinorle blow. All the bitter sectional animosities of o the past were aroused in full force. The bill was violently opposed by a majority of the representatives from the East and North; but the minority, unitiiig with the congressmen of the South, enabled Douglas to carry his measure through Congress, and in May, 1851:, the bill received the sanction of the President. Kansas itself now became a battlefield for the contending parties; whether the new State should admit slavery or not depended upon the vote of the people. Both factions made a HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 85 rush for the Territory in order to secure a majority. The people of Missouri were especially -interested in the situation. Appre- hensive that Kansas would become a free State, and that Mis- souri would in the future occupy the position of a slave-holding peninsula, jutting out into a sea of free soil, with Illinois and Iowa at the east and north, and Kansas and Nebraska on the west, many of her citizens, especially on the Kansas border, became seriously alarmed for the safety of their slaves, and in the excitement of the conflict were induced without authority of law to cross over into Kansas, and, carrying ballots in one hand and arms in the other, to coerce the new State into the Ujiion with a pro-slavery constitution. Meanwhile the Northern States were not idle. Massachu- setts had chartered a wealthy corporation, called the Emigrant Aid Company; Connecticut followed soon after with a similar company. The New York Tribune, edited by Horace Greeley, opened a Kansas contribution, and aid societies sprang into activity at hundreds of points in the Northwest. Thus stimulated, the people of the free States flocked to Kansas in such numbers that in a few months they constituted a decided majority of the actual settlers. The Missourians with force and arms attempted to carry out their measures, and prevent Northern and Eastern settlers from passing through their State, but the emigrants then wound around through Iowa, thus circumventing their plans. The struggle between the hostile parties in Kansas and on the Missouri border resulted in a series of desultory but blpody encounters, some of which assumed the proportions of battles. Large and fiercely excited public meetings were held in Missouri, and at times in some localities a reign of intolerance and pro- scription prevailed. This was intensified in that portion of the State bordering on Kansas. An election held in the new State in November of 1854 resulted in the choice of a pro-slavery delegate to Congress, and, in the general territorial election of the following year, the same party was triumphant. The State Legislature thus chosen assembled at Lecompton, organized the government, and framed a constitution permitting slavery. The Free Soil party declar- ing the general election to have been illegal, on account of fraud- 86 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ulent voting, assembled in convention at Topeka, September 25, 1855, framed a constitution excluding slavery, and organized a rival government. Civil war broke out between the factions. From the autumn of 1855 until the following: summer the Territory was the scene of constant turmoil and violence. The people of the North held meetings to enlist additional settlers, cash poured into the Tribune fund, and food, clothing, seeds, arms and money were sent in quantities to the Free Soil settlers. On September 8, 1856, John W. Geary, of Pennsylvania, was appointed governor. He issued a proclamation of peace, and promised the settlers protection in their persons, pursuits and property. They therefore laid down their arms. This was no sooner done than an army from the Southern States attacked Lawrence, which had before been the scene of much violence ; but Gov. Geary, calling out the United States troops, finally induced the invaders to retire. On January 26, 1857, the free legislature met at Topeka, but was dispersed by the United States marshal, who captured several members and threw them into jail at Tecumseh. The pro-slavery people now met in legis- lature at Lecompton and adopted a resolution calling a convention to frame another State constitution. Gov. Geary resigned because the pro-slavery United States Senate refused to uphold some of his measures, and Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, was appointed to succeed him. Gov. Walker guaranteed protection to the settlers on election day, re- jected fraudulent returns, condemned both the Lecompton consti- tution and the methods of promulgation, and started for Wash- ington to prevent Congress from accepting it. The President had officially signed the instrument before the arrival of Gov. Walker, and the latter promptly resigned. J. W. Denver of Cal- ifornia was appointed to succeed him. An election was held for the rejection or adoption of the pro-slavery clauses of the Lecompton constitution, December 21, 1856. The Free-State men did not go to the polls, and the fraud- ulent instrument was therefore adopted by a vote of 6,113 to 569. The pro-slavery legislature ordered a vote for Stale officers under the Lecompton constitution, January 4, 1858. The settlers' legislature then submitted that constitution to the people, as a HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 87 whole, to be accepted or rejected, this election also to take place OD January 4, 1858. It was rejected by a majority of 10,226. Congress, after a long discussion, again sent the Lecompton con- stitution to a vote of the people, and again it was rejected by a majority of 10,000 votes, on August 3, 1858. Gov. Denver then resigned, and Samuel Medary, of Ohio, succeeded him. The settlers' legislature submitted another constitution, which was adopted. Some portions of it proving unsatisfactory, another convention was called, and at last the new constitution, forever prohibiting slavery, was promulgated at Wyandotte, July 4, 1859, and was adopted in October by a 4,000 majority. On December 6, 1859, a State election was held under the new constitution, and Charles Kobinson, who had been chosen governor under the first Topeka constitution, in 1850, was once more elected to that office. January 29, 1861, Kansas came into the Union as a free State, and ultimately Nebraska was admitted upon the same conditions. The facts thus briefly stated constitute the civil history of the struggle in Kansas. A fratricidal war raged over her rich plains for three years. Bloodshed, robbery, devastation and fire spread like a pestilence through her humble settlements, and but a faint shadow of the fearful events of that period is cast upon these pages. In the final adjustment of these questions in Congress, Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and James S. Green, of Missouri, played a prominent part. Senator Green opposed the views of Mr. Douglas, and, as the acknowledged leader of the pro-slavery party, maintained his ground with rare ability and eloquence. Coming into the Senate, in 1857, during the discussion of the question of the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton con- stitution, he supported the policy of the administration in speeches distinguished not only by perspicuity of style, but by powers of argument which called forth commendations, even from those who did not share his convictions. "THE DRED SCOTT DECISION." A few days after the inauguration of President Buchanan (1857), the Supreme court of the United States delivered the celebrated opinion known in American history as "The Dred Scott Decision." 88 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Dred Scott was a negro slave belonging to Dr. Emerson, who was a surgeon in the army of the United States. In 1834 Dr. Emerson took Scott from the State of Missouri to the military post at Rock Island, 111., and held him there as a slave until April or May, 183G. At the time last mentioned, Dr. Emerson removed Scott to Fort Snelling, Minn., and there held him until 1838. At the latter place Scott was married to a colored woman who had been taken to Fort Snelling by her master in 1835, and had been subsequently sold there to Dr. Emerson. Two children were born of this marriage, and then the whole family were taken back to St. Louis and sold. Dred thereupon brought a complaint of assault and battery against John F. A. Sandford, the purchaser of himself, his wife and children, which was tried in the United States Circuit court for the District of Missouri. Before beginning this suit Scott had brought another in the State courts of Missouri for his freedom, on the ground that hav- ing been a resident of a free State and a fre^ Territory, he thereby relieved himself from the chains of bondage and became a citizen of the United States. The inferior court gave judg- ment in his favor, but on a writ of error to the Supreme court of the State the judgment was reversed and the case remanded for a new trial. By consent this action was continued to await de- cision on the suit for assault and battery against Sandford, brought in the Federal court. At the conclusion of the trial Scott's attorney asked the court to charge the jury, on the agreed statement of facts, to find for the plaintiff. This was refused, and the jury being instructed that the law was with the defendant, was ordered so to find. The verdict accordingly was that the plaintiff, his wife and chil- dren were slaves, as alleged by Sandford, and that therefore they had no rights in the court, and no redress against their master for personal violence. Scott's attorney filed a bill of exception to the charge of the court, and thereupon carried the case by writ of error to the United States Supreme court. After a delay of nearly three years a decision was finally reached in March, 1857. Chief Justice Taney, speaking for the court, decided that negroes, whether free or slave, were not citizens of the United States, and that HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 89 they could not become such by any process known to the con- stitution; that under the laws of the United States a negro could neither sue nor be sued, and that therefore the court had no juris- diction of Dred Scott's cause; that a slave was to be regarded in the light of a personal chattel, and that he might be removed from place to place by his owner as any other piece of property ; that the constitution gave to every slave holder the right of removing to or through any State or Territory with his slaves, and of returning with them, at will, to a State where slavery was recognized by law ; and that therefore the Missouri Compromise of 1820, as well as the compromise measures of 1850, was uncon- stitutional and void. In these opinions six of the associate justices of the Supreme bench — Wayne, Nelson, Grier, Daniel, Campbell and Catron — concurred; while two associates — Judges McLean and Curtis — dissented. The decision of the majority, which was accepted as the opinion of the court, gave great satis- faction to the ultra slave-holding people of the South. Observ- ing that the control of Congress and the Government was slowly passing out of their hands by the tremendous expansion of the North, and the growth of the spirit of freedom, they hoped, before it was too late, to so wall in and hedge about their pecul- iar institution, that future Congresses would be unable and would not dare attempt to reach it by legislative enactments. At the North, on the contrary, the decision excited thousands of indignant comments, and much bitter opposition. This indig- nation could not be expended in mere words, but crystallized into a well-grounded determination to resist in the free States the enforcement of the laws of the slave States which contravened or were repugnant to their own. EVENTS PRECEDING THE CIVIL WAR. The presidential campaign of 1800 must ever be regarded as one of the most important in the history of the republic, as the canvass of that year was one of the most exciting. Four candi- dates were in the field. The Republican party nominated Abra- ham Lincoln, on a platform in which opposition to the further extension of slavery was declared to be the vital issue. The Dem- ocratic convention, assembled at Charleston, divided on the 90 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. question of slavery in the Territories, and, after a long and stormy session, the party was disrupted, and the "Southern Rights" delegates withdrew from the convention. They met first at Richmond and afterward at Baltimore, where they nomi- nated for president John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. The squatter sovereignty Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas — the apostle of popular sovereignty. Still another — the "Ameri- can" party, or Constitutional Unionists — chose John Bell, of Tennessee, as their candidate. The contest resulted in the election of Mr. Lincoln. The leaders of the South had declared that his election would be con- sidered as a just cause for the dissolution of the Union. The Government was under the control of the Douglas Democrats, but a majority of the cabinet and a large number of members of Congress in both Houses were supporters of Mr. Breckinridge, and the advocates of disunion. It was now evident that under the new administration all the departments of the Govern- ment must pass into the power of the Republican party. Dis- union was now possible, but the opportunity would shortly be past. The attitude of President Buchanan favored the measure. He was not himself a disunionist, but he did not consider that he had the constitutional right to coerce a sovereign State. The interval, therefore, between the presidential election of November, 1860, and the inauguration of the following March was improved to its full extent by the political leaders of the South. SECESSION. On the 17th of December, 1860, a convention assembled at Charleston, S. C, passed a resolution declaring that the union hitherto existing between that State and others, under the name of the United States of America, was dissolved. The cotton -growing States were almost unanimous in support of the measure. By the 1st of February, 1861, six other States — Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas — had withdrawn from the Union. Nearly all the senators and representatives of those States resigned their seats in Congress, and joined the disunion cause. In the secession conventions there was little opposition to the HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 91 movement, although in some instances a large minority vote was cast. A few of the speakers denounced disunion as wrong in principle and tending to certain ruin. Alexander H. Stevens, afterward vice-president of the Confederate States, while advo- cating the doctrine of State sovereignty and the right of seces- sion, spoke against the latter as a practical measure on the ground that it was impolitic and disastrous. Not a few promi- nent men at the South held similar views, and yet were governed by the opinion of the majority. On the 4th day of February, 1861, delegates from six of the seceded States met at Montgomery, Ala., and formed a new government under the name of the Confederate States of America. On the 8th of the same month, the government was organized by the election of Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as provisional president, and Alexander H. Stevens as vice-president. In 1850 when the representatives of the slaveholders de- clared in Congress, that, unless California should be admitted as a slave State, they would break up the Union, albeit they would doit " calmly and peaceably," Daniel Webster arose in his maj- esty and uttered this remarkable and prophetic warning : — "I hear with pain, anguish and distress the words secession; peaceable secession! Sir, your eyes and mine are never destined to see that miracle — the dismemberment of this vast country — without convulsion! The breaking up of the fountains of the great deep without ruffling the surface! Who is so foolish as to expect to see such a thing ? Sir, he who sees these States now revolving in harmony around a common center, and expects to see them quit their places and fly ofP without convulsion, may look the next hour to see the heavenly bodies rush from their spheres and jostle against each other in realms of space, without producing the crash of the universe. There can he no such thing as peaceable secession. Peaceable secession is an utter impossibility. Is the great constitution under which we live here, cov ering the whole country, is it to be thawed and melted away by secession, as the snows of the mountains melt under the influence of the vernal sun, disappear almost unobserved and die off? No sir! No sir! I see it as plainly as I see the sun in heaven. I see disruption must produce such a war as I will not describe in its tico-fold character ^ 92 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. THE BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES. The American nation seemed on the verge of ruin. The Government was for the time being paralyzed. The army was stationed in scattered detachments on remote frontiers. The fleet was dispersed in distant seas. President Buchanan was distracted with hesitancy and the contradictory counsels of his friends. With the exception of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in Charleston Harbor, Fort Pickens near Pensacola, and Fortress Monroe in the Chesapeake, all the important posts in the seceded States had been seized and occupied by the Confederates, even before the organization of their government. In vain had Gen. Scott, lieutenant-general of the United States army, observing the energy of the Secessionists, repeatedly urged upon the President that strong garrisons be sent to the imperiled fortresses, some of which were indifferently occupied and some not at all. Scott was not allowed to do anything to save the United States forts, or even to send a warning to the hand- fuls of soldiers who garrisoned them, until it was too late to avail. Early in January, 1861, the President made a feeble effort to re- inforce and provision the garrison at Fort Sumter. The steamer " Star of the West " was sent with men and supplies, but upon ap- proaching Charleston harbor it was fired upon by a Confed- erate battery, and was obliged to return without performing its mission. In March Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as President of the United States, and entered upon the duties of his office. William H. Seward, of New York, was chosen Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, of Oliio, Secretary of the Treasury; Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of War, succeeded in the following January by Edwin M. Stanton, and Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy. Lincoln declared, both in his inaugural address and in his early official papers, that the efforts of the new administration would be directed to the re- covery of the forts, arsenals and other public property which had been seized by the Confederate authorities, and it was with this intention that the first military preparations were made. With the second attempt of the Government to reinforce Fort Sumter came the actual beginning of hostilities. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 93 The defenses of Charleston Harbor were held by Maj. Rob- ert Anderson with only seventy-nine men. He had deemed it prudent to evacuate Fort Moultrie and retire to Sumter, which was situated on an island in front of the city but at some dis- tance. That occupancy having been decided to be "a menace to the free people of the State," Fort Sumter was attacked by Gen. Beauregard, April 12, 1861, on the order of George W. Randolph, secretary of war for the Confederacy. On the 14th, Maj. Anderson and his gallant little band were forced to sur- render, and thus were the fountains of the great deep broken up, deluging the South in blood, and turning her smiling fields to desolation. On the 15th of April, Lincoln issued a proclamation declar- ing the South to be in a state of rebellion, and calling for 75,000 militia " to repossess the forts, places and property seized from the Union." He also summoned both Houses of Congress to assemble in extraordinary session on July 4, 1861. The War of the Rebellion now began in earnest. With the firing on Fort Sumter a radical change took place in the senti- ments of a large portion of the Democracy of the North. Every free State, and the slave States of Delaware and Maryland, pledged men and troops to suppress the Rebellion, and such Democratic leaders as Stephen A. Douglas, Matthew H. Carpen- ter, Daniel S. Dickinson, John J. Crittenden and Benjamin F. Butler announced their hearty support of the President. Jef- ferson Davis also issued a proclamation, two days later than that of Lincoln, calling upon the "good people of the Confederacy" to rally and drive out "the invaders." On the same day Vir- ginia seceded from the Union; on May 6 Arkansas followed her example, and then North Carolina on the 20th of the same month. In Tennesseee, specially East Tennessee, there was a strong opposition to disunion, and it was not until the 8th of June that a secession ordinance could be passed. The people of Maryland were divided in their opinions, but the disunion senti- ment prevailed largely. In Missouri, as will presently be seen, the movement resulted in civil war, while in Kentucky the authorities issued a proclamation of neutrality. On the 19th of April some Massachusetts regiments, pass- 94 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ing through Baltimore on their way to Washington, were attacked by the citizens with stones and fire-arms, and three men were killed. This was the first bloodshed of the war. On the preceding day a body of Confederate soldiers advanced on the armory of the United States at Harper's Ferry. The officer in charge destroyed a portion of the vast stores collecte d there, and then escaped into Pennsylvania. On the 20th of the month, another company of Virginians attacked the great navy yard at Norfolk. The Federal officers commanding fired the buildings, sank the vessels, spiked the guns, and withdrew their forces. Most of the cannons and many of the vessels were afterward recovered by the Confederates, the property thus captured amounting to fully $10,000,000. The Southern forces poured into Virginia in such numbers that for a time the city of Washington seemed in danger. May 3 the President called for 83,000 more soldiers, whose term of enlistment should be for three years, or during the continuation of the war. Lieut. -Gen. Winfield Scott was made comman- der-in-chief of the United States forces. As many war ships as could be mustered were sent to blockade the Southern harbors. In the seceded States, also, there were tireless preparation and activity. Kichmond was chosen as the capital of the Confeder- acy. Mr. Davis and the officers of his cabinet had already re- paired thither, for the purpose of directing the affairs of the government and the army. So stood the opposing powers in the beginning of the summer of 1861. It was now evident that a great war, perhaps the greatest in modern times, was about to break over the American nation. Having thus outlined the causes of the war, and the breaking out of actual hostilities, let us turn to our own State and see what part she bore in the mighty conflict. THE ATTITUDE OF MISSOURI. The people of Missouri had been, as we have seen, deeply in- volved in the agitation caused by the territorial questions con- nected with the subject of slavery. Moreover, the State was largely populated by emigrants from Kentucky, Virginia and other Southern States, or by their descendants, and naturally HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 95 there was a widespread sympathy with the secession movement. Nevertheless there was much intelligent conservatism among the people, and they were not, in the language of Gov. Stewart's last message, to be frightened from their property by the past un- friendly legislation of the North, or dragooned into secession by the restrictive legislation of the extreme South. The General Assembly met in Jefferson City on December 31, 1860, under peculiarly embarrassing circumstances. Ten days before it convened South Carolina had passed an ordinance of secession, and before the 20th of January four other Southern States had followed her example. Besides this, the preceding national and State canvass had resulted in returning to the State Legislature representatives of each of the four political parties into which the people were divided. There were, in each branch of the General Assembly, Breckinridge Democrats, Douglas Democrats, Union or Bell-Everett men, and Republicans, and in neither Senate nor House was any one of these parties domi- nant. January 4, 1861, Claiborne F. Jackson, author of the famous " Jackson Resolution, " was inaugurated as governor, having been elected by the Douglas Democrats. While Gov. Stewart's farewell message concluded with an eloquent appeal for the maintenance of the Union, as he depicted the inevitable ruin and bloodshed that must attend secession, Gov. Jackson's inaugu- ral insisted that the interests of all the slave-holding States were identical ; that in case the Union were really divided, it would be the duty and privilege of Missouri to stand by the South ; that the State was in favor of remaining in the Union as long as there was any hope of maintaining the guarantees of the constitution, but that, in any event, he was utterly opposed to coercion. Believing that Missouri was entitled to a voice in the settle- ment of the questions then pending in the country, he recom- mended the immediate call of a State convention^ that the will of the people might be ascertained. Such a convention was called by Gov. Jackson, in accordance with an act of the Legislature, and met at Jefferson City, February 28, 1861. Each senatorial district sent to this convention three times as many delegates as the number of members in the State Senate to which said district was entitled. In all ninety-nine members were present, and the 96 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. conveution was permanently organized by the election of the fol- lowing officers: Sterling Price, of Chariton County, president (he was then regarded as a decided Union man) ; Robert Wilson, of Andrew County, vice-president; Samuel A. Lowe, of Pettis, secretary; Robert A. Campbell, of St. Louis, assistant secretary; C. P. Anderson, of Moniteau, door-keeper; B. W. Grover, ser- geant-at-arms. On March 9, during an adjourned meeting at St. Louis, Mr. Gamble, chairman of the Committee on Federal Relations, re- ported from the majority of that committee a list of resolutions, which, after some amendments were adopted by the convention, which thus refused to pass the ordinance of secession. The amended resolutions are as follows: 1. Resolved, That at present there is no adequate cause to impel Missouri to dissolve her connection with the Federal Union, hut on the contrary, she will labor for such an adjustment of existing troubles as will secure the peace, as well as the rights and equality of all the States. 2. Ilcsolved, That tlie people of this State are devotedly attached to the insti- tutions of our country, and earnestly desire that by a fair and amicable adjust" ment all the causes of disagreement that at present unfortunately distract us as a people, may be removed, to the end that our Union may be preserved and per- petuated, and peace and harmony be restored between the North and South. 3. ResoUed, That the people of this State deem the amendments to the Con- stitution of the United States, proposed by the Hon. John J. Crittenden, of Ken- tucky, with the extension of the same to the territory hereafter to be acquired by treaty, or otherwise, a basis of adjustment which will successfully remove the causes of difference forever from the arena of national politics. 4. Resolved, That the people of Missouri believe the peace and quiet of the country will be romoted by a convention to propose amendments to the Consti- tution of the United States, and this convention therefore urges the Legislature of this State and the other States to take the proper steps for calling such a con- vention in pursuance of the fifth article of the constitution ; and by providing by law for an election by the people of such number of delegates as are to be sent to such convention. 5. Resolved, That in the opinion of this convention, the employment of mili- tary force by the Federal Government to coerce the submission of the seceding States, or the employment of military force by the seceding States to assail the Government of the United States, will inevitably plunge this country into civil war, and thereby entirely extinguish the hope of an amicable settlement of the fearful issues now pending before the country ; we therefore earnestly entreat, as well the Federal Government as the seceding States, to withhold and stay the arm of military power, and on no pretense whatever bring upon the nation the horrors of civil war. And in order to the restoration of harmony and fraternal feeling between the different sections we would recommend the policy of with- drawing the Federal troops from the forts within the borders of the seceding States, when there is danger of collision between the Stpte and Federal troops. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 97 The sixth and seventh resolutions we omit because they have no reference to war questions. Two of the resolutions will at- tract the attention of every intelligent reader: the first, contain- ing the explicit declaration that there was no adequate cause to impel Missouri to dissolve her connection with the Federal Union ; and the fifth wherein the convention took uncompromising ground against the employment of military force by either the seced- ing States or the nation. It was with the earnest and patriotic purpose of averting civil war that the Union men of Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and other slave States entreated the Federal Government not to resort to military force, but after the firing upon Fort Sumter and other violent and unmistakably rebellious acts, these patriots as- sumed more extreme views. GOV. JACKSON AND THE MISSOURI LEGISLATURE. Upon President Lincoln's call for 75,000 men, Simon Cam- eron, Secretary of War, issued a telegram to all of the loyal and doubtful States, requesting each of them to detail from the mili- tia of the State a certain number of men, as infantry or riflemen, for a period of three months. Missouri's quota was fixed at four regiments, which Gov. Jackson was requested to furnish. The following was his reply: Executive Department of Missouri, ) Jefferson City, April 17, 1861. j" To the Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C, Sir: — Your dispatch of the 15th inst., making a call on Missouri for four regiments of men for immediate service has been received. There can be, I apprehend, no doubt but these men are intended to form a part of the Presi- dent's army to make war upon the people of the seceded States. Your requisi- tion, in my judgment, is illegal, unconsfitutional and revolutionary in its objects, inhuman and diabolical, and cannot be complied with. Not one man will the State of Missouri furnish to carry on such an unholy crusade. C. F. Jackson, Governor of Missouri. Pursuant to a proclamation of Gov. Jackson, the State Legis- lature convened in extra session May 2, 1861. In his mes- sage to that body, the Governor reiterated the declaration that the interests and sympathies of Missouri were identical with those of the slave-holding States, and recommended the pol- icy of arming the people and placing the State in an attitude of defence. 98 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. The Legislature responded by passing several important measures, among which were the following: To authorize coun- ties to loan money, not exceeding $30,000 each, to the State ; to authorize the Banks of Missouri to issue $1, $2, and $3 notes to the amount of $1,500,000, instead of the same amount of larger notes; to authorize the Governor to purchase or lease David Ball- entine's foundry at Boonville for the manufacture of arms and the munitions of war; to authorize the Governor to appoint one major-general, who, in time of insurrection, invasion, or war, should command the entire military force in the field ; to author- ize the Governor, whenever in his opinion the security and wel- fare of the State might require it, to take possession of the rail- road and telegraph lines within the State ; to provide for the organization, government and support of the "Missouri State Guard;" and to authorize the Governor to borrow $1,000,000 to arm and equip the militia of the State to repel invasion, and pro- tect the lives and property of the people. SURRENDER OF CAMP JACKSON. Into the midst of this body of husj legislators dropped the news of the capture of Camp Jackson, at St. Louis. By order of Gov. Jackson, the United States arsenal at Liberty, Clay County, had been seized April 20, 1861, and on the same day of the Governor's proclamation calling an extra ses- sion of the General Assembly the following general military order was issued by Warwick Hough, then adjutant general of Mis- souri : ( General Orders Ko. 7. ) Headquarters Adjutant General's Office, Mo., ) Jefferson City, April 22, 1861. i" First. To attain a greater degree of efficiency and perfection in organiza- tion and discipline, the commanding officers of the several military districts in this State, having four or more legally organized companies therein, whose armories are within fifteen miles of each other, will assemble their respective commands at some place to be by them severally designated, on the 3d of May, and to go irito an encampment for the period of six days, as provided by law. Captains of companies not organized into battalions will report the strength of their companies immediately to these headquarters, and await further orders. Second. The quartermaster-general will procure and issue to the quar- termasters of districts, for those commands not now provided for, all necessary tents and camp equipage, to enable the commanding officers thereof to carry the foregoing orders into effect. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 99 Third. The light battery now attached to the Southwest Battalion, and one company of mounted riflemen, including all officers and soldiers belonging to the First District, will proceed forthwith to St. Louis, and report to Gen. D. M. Frost for duty. The remaining companies of said battalion will be dis- banded for the purpose of assisting in the organization of companies upon that frontier. The details in the execution of the foregoing are intrusted to Lieut. - Col. John S. Bowen, commanding the battalion. Fourth. The strength, organization and equipment of the several com- panies in the districts will be reported at once to these headquarters, and divis- ion inspectors will furnish all information which may be serviceable in ascer- taining the condition of the State forces. By order of the Governor. Warwick Hough, Adjutant- General of Missouri. Pursuant to this order, the military encampment of Camp Jackson, at Lindell's Grove, St. Louis, was organized May 3, by Brig. -Gen. Daniel M. Frost, of the Missouri Militia. Its object, as stated above, was said to be the attainment of greater efficiency in the organization and drill of the State troops, but there seemed to be reason for the suspicion, entertained by officers of the United States Army, that Gov. Jackson, Gen. Frost and their confreres, had some ulterior purpose in view. This purpose was believed by many to be nothing less than the seizure of the United States arsenal at St. Louis, and the military con- trol of the State by those who, notwithstanding the anti-secession voice of the people, were determined to link her destinies with the Confederacy. The stars and stripes floated over Camp Jackson, yet Capt. Nathaniel Lyon, commandant of the arsenal, had in view the sentiments of Gov. Jackson's inaugural and of his more recent message to the Legislature, his response to the requisition of the Secretary of War, the seizure of the arsenal at Liberty, and the fact that two of the streets in the new camp were called "Davis" and "Beauregard," after two of the most prominent leaders of the Rebellion. Also Capt. Lyon discovered that cannon and mortars in boxes, marked "Marble," and shot and shell in barrels, had been landed at the St. Louis wharf and hauled to Camp Jackson. On the morning of May 10, Gen. Frost having been informed that the United States troops were preparing for an attack upon his camp addressed the following note to Capt. Lyon : 100 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Headquarters, Camp Jackson, ) Missouri Militia, May 10, 1861. f Gapt. N. Lyon, Commanding United States Troops in and about St. Louis Arsenal, Sir:— I am constantly in receipt of information that you contemplate an at- tack upon my camp, whilst I understand that you are impressed with the idea that an attack upon the arsenal and United States troops is intended on the part of the militia of Missouri. I am greatly at a loss to know what could justify you in attacking citizens of the United States who are in the lawful performance of duties devolving upon them under the constitution in organizing and instructing the militia of the State in obedience to her laws, and therefore have been disposed to doubt the correctness of the information I have received. I would be glad to know from you, personally, whether there is any truth in the statements that are constantly pouring into my ears. So far as regards any hostility being intendent toward the United States, its property, or representatives by any portion of my command, or as far as I can learn (and I think I am fully informed) of any other part of the State forces, I can positively say that the idea has never been entertained. On the contrary, prior to your taking command of the arsenal, I proffered to Maj. Bell, then in command of the very few troops constituting its guard, the services of myself and all my command, and if necessary, the whole power of the State, to protect the United States in the full possession of all her property. Upon Gen. Harney's taking command of this department, I made the same proffer of services to him, and authorized his adjutant-general, Capt. Williams, to communicate the fact that such had been done to the war department. 1 have had no occasion since to change any of the views I entertained at that time, neither of my own volition nor through orders of my constitutional commander. I trust that after this explicit statement we may be able, by fully under- standing each other, to keep far from our borders the misfortunes which so unhappily affect our common country. This communication will be handed to you by Col. Bowen, my chief of staff, who will be able to explain anything not fully set forth in the foregoing. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Brig. -Gen. D. M. Frost, Commanding Camp Jackson M. V. M. On the day o£ this commuuication, and perhaps at the very hour of its writing, Capt. Lyon was making active preparations to march upon Camp Jackson. It was said that he refused to receive the communication from Gen. Frost. Between 2 and 3 o'clock, on the afternoon of the same day, Gen. Frost received a note from Capt. Lyon as follows: Headquarters United States Troops, ) St. Louis, Mo., May 10, 1861. J Gen. D. M. Frost, Commanding Camp Jackson, Sir: — Your command is regarded as evidently hostile toward the Govern- ment of the United States. It is, for the most part, made up of those secessionists who have openly avowed their hostility to the general Government, and have been plotting at the seizure of its property and the overthrow of its authority. You are openly HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 101 in communication with the so-called Southern Confederacy, which is now at war with the United States, and you are receiving at your camp, from the said Confederacy, and under its flag, large supplies of the material of war, most of which is known to be the property of the United States. These extraordinary preparations plainly indicate none other than the well known purpose of the Governor of this State, under whose orders you are acting, and whose purpose, recently communicated to the Legislature, has just been responded to by that body in the most unparalleled legislation, having in direct view hostilities to the general Government, and co-operation with its enemies. In view of these considerations, and of your failure to disperse in obedience to the proclamation of the President, and of the imminent necessities of State policy and warfare, and the obligations imposed upon me by instructions from Washington, it is my duty to demand, and I do hereby demand of you an immediate surrender of your command, with no other conditions than that all persons surrendering, under this demand, shall be humanely and kindly treated. Believing myself prepared to enforce this demand, one-half hour's time before doing so will be allowed for your compliance therewith. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, N. Lyon, Capt. Second Infantry, Commanding Troops. Capt. Lyon's o^mmand numbered between 6,000 and 7,000 men, and about twenty pieces of artillery. With this force he rapidly invested Camp Jackson, planting batteries on the over- looking heights, and allowing none to pass the lines thus formed. Many of the citizens seized whatever weapons they could lay their hands upon, and rushed to the assistance of the State troops, but were, of course, foiled in their design. Men, and numbers of women and children, flocked to the neighboring hills, wishing to obtain a view of the scene, and thinking themselves out of harm's way. Upon the receipt of Capt. Lyon's communication. Gen. Frost called a hasty consultation of the officers of his staff, and as resistance seemed mere recklessness, a surrender upon the proposed terms was quickly agreed to. The State troops were therefore made prisoners of war, but an offer was made to release them on condition that they would take an oath to support the constitution of the United States, and would swear not to take up arms against the Government. All but eight or ten men refused to accede to these terms, on the ground that having already sworn allegiance to the United States and its Government, repeating their oath would be to ad- mit that they had been in rebellion, which they would not con- cede. About half past five o'clock the prisoners of war left their 102 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. camp, and entered the road, the United States soldiers enclosing them by a single file on each side of their line. Suddenly the report of fire-arms was heard from the front of the column, which was then opposite a small hill, on the left as one approaches the city. It seems that some members of the United States com- panies, upon being pressed by the crowd and receiving some blows from them, turned, and without orders, discharged their pieces. No one was injured, and the offending soldiers were im- mediately placed under arrest. Hardly, however, had quiet been restored, when repeated volleys of musketry were heard from the extreme rear ranks, which were still at the entrance to the grove, and the crowd of spectators were seen running wildly from the spot. Many, even while escaping, were shot down, and the wounded and dying made the late beautiful field look like a bat- tle-ground. The total number of citizens killed was twenty- eight, including two ladies ; the wounded numbered about twenty- five. On the part of the Federals, one officer, Capt. C. Blandow- ski, and one private were killed and a dozen men were wounded. As in the disturbance at the other end of the line, the arsenal troops were attacked with stones, and shots were discharged at them before they fired. Not until he himself had been seriously wounded did Capt. Blandowski give the order to fire on the mob.* Gen. Frost's command was marched to the arsenal, and there remained, as prisoners of war, until the following day. They were then released, every man, Capt. Emmet McDonald excepted, subscribing to the following parole: St. Louis Arsenal, May, 11, 1861. We, the undersigned, do pledge our words as gentlemen that we will not take up arms nor serve in any military capacity against the United States, dur- ing the present civil war. This parole shall be returned upon our surrendering ourselves, at any time, as prisoners of war. While we make this pledge with the full intention of observing it, we hereby protest against the injustice of its ex- action. The following letter, written by Gen. Frost to Gov. Jackson, and dated January 24, 1861, was afterward captured with other Con- federate records. It pours a flood of light upon the events which ♦In his report of the affair (ien. Lyon says: "The sad results are much to be lamented The killing of innocent men, women and children is deplorable. There was uo intention to fire upon peaceable citizens. The regular troops were over in the camp, beyond the mob, and in range of the firing. The troops manifested every forbearance, and at last discharged their guns in simply obey- ing the impulse, natural to all, of self-defence. If innocent men, women and children, whose curi- osity placed them in a dangerous position, suffered with the guilty, it is no fault of the troops." HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 103 transpired previous to the beginning of the war in Missouri. Maj. Bell, it will be remembered, was superseded by Capt. Lyon, as commandant at the arsenal : St. Louis, Missouri, January 24, 1861. His Excellency, C. F. Jackson, Governor of Missouri, Dear Sir: — I Lave just returned from the arsenal, where I have had an interview with Maj. Bell, the commanding officer of that place. I found the Major everything that you or I could desire. He assured me that he considered that Missouri had, whenever the time came, a right to claim it as being upon her soil. He asserted his determination to defend it against any and all irre- sponsible mobs, come from whence they might, but at the same time gave me to understand that he would not attempt any defense against the proper State authorities. He promised me, upon the honor of an officer and a gentleman, that he would not suffer any arms to be removed from the place without first giving me timely information; and I, in return, promised him that I would use all the force at my command to prevent him being annoyed by irresponsible persons. I at the same time gave him notice that if affairs assumed so threatening a character as to render it unsafe to leave the place in its comparatively unpro- tected condition, that I might come down and quarter a proper force there to protect it from the assaults of any persons whatsoever, to which he assented. In a word, the Major is with us, where he ought to be, for all his worldly wealth lies here in St. Louis (and it is very large), and then, again, his sympathies are with us. I shall, therefore, rest perfectly easy, and use all my influence to stop the sensationalists from attracting the particular attention of the Government to this particular spot. The telegraphs you received were the sheerest "canards" of persons who, without discretion, are extremely anxious to show their zeal. I shall be thoroughly prepared with the proper force to act as emergency may require. The use of force will only be resorted to when nothing else will avail to prevent the shipment or removal of arms. The Major informed me that he had arms for 40,000 men, with all the appli- ances to manufacture munitions of almost every kind. This arsenal, if properly looked after, will be everything to our State, and I intend to look after it — very quietly, however. I have every confidejice in the word of honor pledged to me by the Major, and would as soon think of doubting the oath of the best man in the community. His idea is that it would be disgraceful to him as a military man to surrender to a mob, whilst he could do so, without compromising his dignity to the State authorities. Of course I did not show him your order, but I informed him that you had authorized me to act as I might think proper to protect the public property. He desired that I would not divulge his peculiar views, which I promised not to do except to 3'ourself. I beg, therefore, that you will say nothing that might compromise him eventually with the general Government, for thereby I would be placed in an awkward position, whilst he would probably be removed, which would be unpleasant to our interests. Grimsley, as you doubtless know, is an unconscionable jackass, and only desires to make himself notorious. It was through him that McLaren and George made the mistake of telegraphing a falsehood to you. 104 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. I should be pleased to hear whether you approve of the course I have adopted, and if not, I am ready to take any other that you, as my commander, may suggest. I am, sir, most truly, Your obedient servant, D. M. Frost. Upon the capture of Camp Jackson, and the consequent dis- astrous collision between some of the United States troops and the people, the wildest excitement prevailed throughout the State. The most sensational reports flew abroad of the brutal murder of men, women and children by an infuriated soldiery, of their charge with fixed bayonets upon an unoffending crowd of citizens, and of their committing the most horrid outrages upon these innocent victims. People in various localities rose to avenge the reported terrible slaughter, and the whole State was in a frenzy of indignation. FINAL EFFORTS TOWARD CONCILIATION. Two days after the capture of Camp Jackson, Brig. -Gen. William S. Harney, commandant of the department, returned to St. Louis from Washington, and issued a proclamation, in which he called upon the people to resume their accustomed peaceful vocations, and assured them that he would only use "the military force stationed in this district in the last resort to preserve the peace." After two more days. Gen. Harney issued a second procla- mation in which he characterized the " Military Bill," passed by the recent Legislature, as " an indirect secession ordinance, ignoring even the forms resorted to by other States," and as unconstitutional and void. He spoke approvingly of the over- throw of Camp Jackson, upon the ground that it had been "organized in the interests of the secessionists," the men openly wearing the dress and badge of the Southern Confederacy ; and that arms had been received into the camp which had been unlawfully taken from the United States arsenal at Baton Kouge, and shipped up the river in boxes marked "marble." He declared that " no government in the world would be entitled to respect, that would tolerate for a moment, such openly treasonable preparations;" but added that it was but simple justice to suppose HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 105 that there were many loyal men in the camp who were in no way responsible for its treasonable character. He disclaimed all intention of interfering with the prerogatives of the State, but expressed in plain terms that the " supreme law of the land must be obeyed, and that no subterfuges, whether in the form of legislative acts or otherwise," could be permitted to har- ass the law abiding people of Missouri. He promised that his authority should be used to protect their persons and property, and that he would suppress all unlawful combinations of men, formed under any pretext whatsoever. Gen. Harney's policy was to preserve peace as long as it could be done, and the authority of the national Government preserved. Accordingly he held a conference at St. Louis, May 21, 1861, with Gen. Sterling Price, whom Gov. Jackson had placed at the head of the Missouri State Guard, which resulted in an amicable agreement, signed by both generals, which undertook to calm the popular excitement and prevent further bloodshed. The authorities at Washington disapproved of the Harney- Price compact, and they had already given orders that Capt. Lyon should succeed the former general in command of the de- partment. Before, however, the order for his displacement reached him. Gen. Harney, in consequence of his agreement with Gen. Price, removed the Federal troops from the suburbs of St. Louis, Col. Sigel's regiment remaining at the arsenal. Gov. Jackson and Gen. Price, on their part, disbanded the State troops at Jefferson City and St. Joseph, and ordered them home, there to drill and receive military instruction. Another conference was held in St. Louis between Gen. Lyon, Col. Frank P. Blair, Jr., and Maj. F. A. Conant, on the one side, and Gov. C. F. Jackson, Gen. Sterling Price and Col. Thomas L. Snead, on the other. The interview lasted six hours, but re- sulted in nothing except to make the terrible truth evident that their differences could not be peaceably adjusted. This final effort at conciliation having failed. Gov. Jackson and his associates left for Jefferson City the same night, burning railroad bridges and cutting the telegraph wires behind them. PROCLAMATION BY GOV. JACKSON. On the next day (June 12) Gov. Jackson issued a procla- 106 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. mation, calling into active service 50,000 State Militia "for the purpose of repelling invasion, and for the protection of the lives, liberty and property of the citizens of this State." He instructed the people that their first allegiance was due to their own State; that they were "under no obligation, whatever, to obey the unconstitutional edicts of the military despotism which had enthroned itself at Washington, nor submit to the infamous and degrading sway of its wicked minions in this State." He de- clared that no brave and true-hearted Missourian would obey the one or submit to the other; and he called upon them to rise and "drive out ignominiously the invaders who have dared to dese- crate the soil which your labors have made fruitful, and which is consecrated by your homes." This proclamation was the signal for civil war in Missouri, and immediately upon its publication active military movements within the State began. THE LEGISLATURE AGAIN. The "Missouri State Guard" bill was before the Legislature, and was meeting with much opposition, when the news of the attack on Camp Jackson so affected the minds of the legislators that they passed the act in less than fifteen minutes. About 11 o'clock the same night the whole city of Jefferson was aroused by the pealing of bells and the shouts of men sum- moning the Legislature to the Capitol. There they went into secret session until past 3 o'clock in the morning. The cause of this sudden panic was the reception of a telegram, afterward asserted to be bogus, to the effect that 2,000 Federal troops would leave St. Louis that night for the express purpose of cap- turing the Governor, State officers and members of the Legis- lature, then convened at Jefferson City. To prevent this antici- pated raid the railroad bridge across the Osage Eiver was burned, and the next day 12,000 kegs of powder were sent off in wagons to secret places of safety, while the money in the State Treasury was moved out of town to keep it out of the hands of the expected marauders. When the truth became known, comparative quiet was restored. In accordance with the power conferred upon Gov. Jackson by an act of the Legislature before mentioned, he appointed Sterling Price major-general of the Missouri State Guard. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 107 On the day before the final adjournment, Mr. George G. Vest, now a resident of Kansas City and a United States senator, made the following report to the House of Representatives from the Committee on Federal Eelations. Whereas, We have learned with astonishment and indignation that troops in the service of the Federal Government have surrounded and taken prisoners of war the encampment of State militia lately assembled near the city of St. Louis, in pursuance of law and by command of the Governor, for the purpose alone of military instruction; And Whereas, The United States troops aforesaid, assisted by a mob armed under Federal authority, have also murdered with un- paralleled atrocity, defenseless men, women and children, citizens of Missouri, lawfully and peacefully assembled. Now, therefore. Resolved by the House of RejjresentatiTes, the Senate concur ring therein, That we, the representatives of the people of Missouri, in general assembly convened, do hereby protest to the civilized world, and especially our sister States, against this illegal, unchristian and inhuman violation of our rights by the capture of our militia, assembled under the constitution of the United States, and the constitution of the State, and the murder of our defenseless people; Resolved, Second, That whilst Missouri has '»een loyal to the Government, struggling for its reconstruction, and is now sincerely desirous of an honorable adjustment of existing diflaculties, she has received as reward for her fidelity from persons assuming to act under Federal authority, unparalleled insult and wrong. An armed despotism, under infuriated partisan leaders, has been inaugurated in our midst, controlled by no law but passion, and actuated by the deepest hate against the people of Missouri and their institutions. Our railroads are now under military occupation. The steamboat " C. E. Hilman" engaged in trans- porting goods from the city of St. Louis to the city of Nashville, has been seized by Government troops within the jurisdiction of this State,and the cargo taken out. The capitol of the State is openly threatened with capture, and our session is now being held in the midst of armed citizens hastily assembled for defense. Resolved, Third, That it is the unquestioned, constitutional right of the State to arm, equip and organize her militia for defense against aggression from any quarter; and the attempt by Capt. Lyon, acting, as he says, under author- ity from Washington, to use the exercise of this right as an excuse for his con- duct, evinces but too clearly a disposition upon the part of the authorities at Washington to disregard and trample upon the sacred rights of the people of Missouri. Resolved, Fourth, That the charge of Capt. Lyon in his letter to Gen. Frost, that the proceedings of the State authorities or of this general assembly, at any time, furnished a pretext for the course pursued by him, is entirely gratuitous and false. Resolved, Fifth, That the Governor of the State be hereby directed to make demand of the President of the United States, whether these outrages have been authorized by the Government, and for the immediate return of the arms, camp equipage and other property belonging to this State, lately taken from our military near St. Louis, and for the unconditional release of our State troops. Resolved, Sixth, That the Governor be requested to take instant action by calling forth the militia of the State for the purpose of defense; and that the 108 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. people of Missouri should rally as one man to perish, if necessary, in defending their constitutional rights. Resolved, That the governor be requested to furnish a copy of the foregoing preamble and resolutions to the President of the United States, and to the Governor of each of the States. That these resolutions were passed in the House without a single dissenting vote is an evidence of the extraordinary excite- ment which prevailed, not only among the people, but also in the Legislature. Immediately upon the adjournment of that body, Gov. Jack- son and the larger part of the State officers abandoned the capi- tol, believing that delay would probably result in their falling into the hands of the United States militia and becoming prison- ers of war. In September Gov. Jackson issued a proclamation, calling the General Assembly to meet in extra session at Neosho, Newton County, on the 21st day of October. At the time this official act was performed the Governor was a fugitive from the State capitol, and the State Convention, on the 31st of July, had declared his seat vacant, together with those of the members of the Legislature; and on the same day had invested Hamilton K. Gamble with the authority and obligations of Governor of Missouri. Gov. Jackson's proclamation declared that the United States authorities had " — in violation of the constitution of the United States, waged a ruthless war upon the people of the State of Missouri, murdering our citizens, destroying our property, and, as far as in their power lay, desolating our land. I have in vain endeavored to secure your constitutional rights by peaceable means, and have only resorted to war when it became necessary to repel the most cruel and long-continued aggressions. War now exists between the State of Missouri and the Federal Gov- ernment, and a state of war is incompatible with the continuance of our union with that Government. Therefore, for the purpose of giving to the representatives of the people of Missouri an op- portunity of determining whether it be proper now to dissolve the constitutional bonds which binds us to the Government of the United States, when all other bonds between us are broken, I, Claiborne F. Jackson," etc. In response to this proclamation, thirty-nine members of the HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 109 House and ten members of the Senate assembled at Neosho in October. The proceedings of the Senate, afterward captured, sliow that during the first few days nothing was done but bring in absent members. In order to consitute a quorum there must have been present sixty-seven members of the House and seven- teen members of the Senate. As it was impossible to muster that number, Gov. Jackson's message was read to those ^ho were present. He recommended the passage of an ordinance of seces- sion, and also the passage of a law authorizing the election of senators and representatives to the Confederate Congress. An act, declaring the union between Missouri and the United States dissolved, passed both houses of this fragmentary Legis- lature, and as far as that body was concerned the connection be- tween the State and the general Government was broken. This Senate met again at Cassville, Barry County, October 31, 1861, and November 7, adjourning to meet at New Madrid on the first Monday in March, 1862; but that meeting was never held. Gov. Jackson's death occurred December 6, 1862, at a farmhouse on the Arkansas River opposite Little E-ock. THE STATE CONVENTION FURTHER TRANSACTIONS. On the 31st of July, 1861, this body elected Hamilton B. Gamble, Willard P. Hall and Mordecai Oliver, respectively Gov- ernor, Lieutenant-Governor and Secretary of State, to succeed Claiborne F. Jackson, Thomas C. Reynolds and Benjamin F. Massey, whose seats had been declared vacant. At another session held in St. Louis, and beginning October 10, 1861, the board of public works and the offices of State superintendent of public schools and county school commis- sioners were abolished, the salaries of all civil officers were re- duced 20 per cent, and test oaths of loyalty for civil officers and citizens were authoritatively promulgated. On June 2, 1862, the convention assembled at Jefferson City, declared vacant the seats of Sterling Price, late president of the con- vention, and of others who had joined the secessionists; laid upon the table an ordinance offered by Mr. Breckinridge providing for the gradual emancipation of the slaves in the State; passed an ordinance continuing the provisional government until August, 110 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 1864, at which time, according to arrangements already made, their successors would be elected and qualified, and provided that no person should vote at any election thereafter held in the State, under its constitution and laws, who should not previously take the following oath : I, do solemnly swear (or aflSrin as the case may be) that I will sup- port, protect and defend the constitution of the United States, and the consti- tution of the State of Missouri, against all enemies or opposers, whether domes- tic or foreign; that I will bear true faith, loyalty and allegiance to the United States, and will not, directly or indirectly, give aid or comfort, or countenance to the enemies or opposers thereof, or of the provisional government of the State of Missouri, any ordinance, law or resolution of any State convention or Legis- lature, or of any order or organization, secret or otherwise, to the contrary not- withstanding; and that I do this with a full and honest determination, pledge and purpose, faithfully to keep and perform the same, without any mental res- ervation or evasion whatever. And I do solemnly swear (or aflSrm) that I have not since the 17th day of December, A.D. 1861, wilfully taken up arms, or levied war against the United States, or against the provisional government of the State of Missouri, so help me God. A similar oath was prescribed for all civil officers, and for jurymen and attorneys. On June 15, 1863, pursuant to a proclamation from Gov. Gamble, the convention met to devise measures for the gradual emancipation of the slaves. Without especially noting the action of the convention on the various propositions submitted, or the several amendments to these propositions, it is enough to say that on July 1, the fifteenth day of the session, the ordinance as amended was passed^ It is as follows : Be it ordained by the people of the State of Missouri in convention assembled: Section 1. The first and second clauses of the twenty-sixth section of the third article of the constitution are hereby abrogated. Sec. 2. That slavery and involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, shall cease to exist in Missouri on the 4th day of July, 1870, and all slaves within the State at that day are hereby declared to be free; Provided, however. That all persons emancipated by this ordinance shall remain under the control, and be subject to the authority of their late owners or their legal representatives, as servants, during the following period, to- wit: Those over forty years for and dur- ing their lives; those under twelve years of age until they arrive at the age of twenty-three years, and those of all other ages until the 4.th of July, 1870. The persons or their legal representatives, who, up to the moment of the emanci- pation were the owners of the slaves thus freed, shall, during the period for which the services of such freed men are reserved to them, have the same au- thority and control over the said freed men for the purpose of receiving the pos- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Ill session and service of the same, that are now held absolutely by the master in respect to his slave. Provided, however, That after the said 4th day of July, 1870, no person so held to service shall be sold to a non-resident of, or removed from the State of Missouri, by authority of his late owner or his legal representatives. Sec. 3. That all slaves hereafter brought into this State, and not now be- longing to citizens of this State, shall thereupon be free. Sec. 4. AH slaves removed by consent of their owners to any seceded State, after the passage by such State of an act or ordinance of secession, and hereafter brought into this State by their owners, shall thereupon be free. Sec. 5. The General Assembly shall have no power to pass laws to emanci- pate slaves without the consent of their owners. Sec. 6. After the passage of this ordinance no slaves in this State shall be subject to State, county or municipal taxes. Wednesday, July 1, 1863, the convention, after having held various sessions, since its first meeting, February 28, 18G1, adjourned sine die. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION AND THE XIIITH AMENDMENT. In connection with the emancipation measures of the State of Missouri, it may not be amiss to give a brief recital of the various means by which slavery in the United States was finally ob- literated. President Lincoln's policy was for some time criticised as timid and slow. His more hardy and aggressive advisers de- manded that the negroes be either emancipated or declared con- traband of war at once, as the Southern armies could never be beaten while 4,000,000 of blacks, without cost or remuneration, were at home tilling the soil for the support of the whites in the field. After waiting long enough to see that the South did not want peace upon any terms save a permanent withdrawal from the Union, and recognition by the North as an independent, sovereign power, he issued a provisional proclamation of emanci- pation on September 22, 1862. On the 1st of January, 1863, the President issued one of the most important documents of modern times — the emancipation proclamation. This could have been de- fended throughout the world as an act of progressive and civilized humanity, but it was in reality a war measure, it having become necessary to strike an effective blow against the labor system at the South, and as such was fully sanctioned by the laws and usages of nations. This proclamation is here given in full: Whereas, On the 22d day of September, 1862, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing among other things the fol- lowing, to wit: 112 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. " That on the 1st day of January, 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebell- ion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward and forever free, and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such per- sons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they make make for their actual freedom. "That the Executive will, on the 1st day of January, aforesaid, by proclama* tion, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States, and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto, at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have par' ticipated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States," Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by vir- tue of the power in me vested as commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and Government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, 1863, and, in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaim for the full period of 100 days from the day first above mentioned, order and designate, as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaque- mine, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terra Bonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Caro- lina and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accormac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Ports- mouth), and which excepted parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are and henceforward shall be free ; and that the Executive Govern- ment of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons. And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free, to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense, and I recommend to them that in all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable con- dition will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God. i HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 113 In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my name, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, [l. 8.] in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty- three, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty- seventh. Abraham Lincoln. By the President: William H. Seward, Secretary of State. As the State of Missouri was loyal to the Union, and was at the time of the proclamation represented in Congress by her chosen representatives, the provisions of that document had no efPect upon slavery within her borders. As has been seen, the people of the State, through their legislators and their State convention ordinances had adopted emancipation, but that action was superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment to the constitu- tion of the United States, which was ratified by thirty-three States, including Missouri, ratified conditionally by Alabama and Mississippi, and rejected only by Delaware and Kentucky. As the permission of three-fourths of the States was all that was necessary for the adoption of the amendment, it was declared in force by President Johnson in 1865, although Lincoln himself lived to see it proposed. It is as follows: ARTICLE XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punish- ment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Thus, after an existence of more than two hundred and forty years, the institution of African slavery in the United States was swept away. Although it was the purpose of the general Gov- ernment to discriminate carefully between Union and non-Union slave holders, and to sufficiently indemnify the former class against all losses occasioned by the freeing of their slaves, yet in many cases loyal men were ruined financially in this great over- throw of Southern institutions, and all classes suffered together, CAMPAIGN OF 1861. — BOONVILLE. Jackson and Price had collected, at Boonville, a military force of from 3,000 to 4,000 men. This force was poorly 114 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. armed, possessed of but a single piece of artillery, undisciplined^ and deficient in organization and competent officers, yet they were eager to meet the troops, which under command of Lyon and Blair were coming up the river to attack them. On the eve of battle, Price was taken seriously ill, and was obliged to go home; therefore the Confederates marched under command of Col. John S. Marmaduke, to meet the advancing column of Lyon's forces. The latter had disembarked at Rocheport, and were ad- vancing with six pieces of artillery in the direction of Boonville, when they encountered the State troops about midway between the two places. Capt. Totten, of the Unionists, opened the en- gagement by throwing a few nine-pounder explosives into tho State ranks, while the infantry of the former filed obliquely, right and left, and commenced a terrific volley of musketry, which was at first vigorously returned. Col. Marmaduke was stationed in a lane, leading toward the river from the road by which the United States troops were advancing, and in a brick house on the northeast corner of the two roads. A couple of shells were thrown into the house, dispersing the State troops in great con- fusion. This, together with the well-directed fire of the infantry from the right and left, soon forced Col. Marmaduke's men to fall back, but they again formed in line of battle, and advanced a few feet to meet the Union forces. The cannon were now brought into requisition, and the State troops opened a galling musketry fire from a grove on the left of Lyon's center, and from a shed still further to the left. The skirmish now became a battle. Lyon's force was 2,000 in all, but not more than 500 were at any one time engaged. There were 1,500 of the State troops, but neither were they all continu- ally in the conflict. Lyon brought his artillery to bear with deadly effect, and a forward movement on the right decided the engagement, the State forces retreating in great disorder. Such was the confusion of this retreat that this battle is often jocularly styled " the Boonville Races. " The Federal forces took possession of "Camp Vest" and the city of Boonville. At the former there were found twenty or thirty tents, fifty guns, a large number of shoes and other cloth- ing, a quantity of blankets and ammunition and two secession flags. HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 115 CARTHAGE. The lead mines in the southwest part of the State became an object of great importance to the Confederate Government, which, hoping to secure them, dispatched large bodies of troops from Arkansas and Texas. On July 5, a scouting party, sent out by Col. Franz Sigel, encountered, about two miles from Carthage, a picket guard of the State troops, who were taken prisoners. As soon as possible Col. Sigel prepared to advance, expecting to find the State troops some distance west of the town. About half-past 9 o'clock the armies met in an open prairie, seven miles beyond Carthage. The State forces numbered per- haps 5,000 men, mostly cavalry, but had a battery of five cannon. Col. Sigel' s command comprised his own regiment of two bat- talions, and Col. Salomon's detached regiment, with several pieces of artillery, under command of Maj. Backoff. Col. Sigel' s and Col. Salomon's men numbered together 1,100. Gens. Par- sons and Bains were in command of the State troops. Maj. Backoff, by direction of Col. Sigel, opened fire, and in less than two hours the battery of the opposing forces was silenced. The superior arms of the Federals enabled them to maintain a situa- tion of comparatively little danger. The State ranks were twice broken, but rallied, and held their position until their guns gave out, when their column was again broken. At this time a large body of the Confederate cavalry was sent back to cut off Sigel's transportation train. Seeing this movement, he ordered a retreat, and sent word for the wagons to advance as quickly as possible. By keeping up an incessant fire with the infantry, and using the artillery whenever practicable, Sigel managed to retard the advance of the cavalry, and to fall back in good order, some three and a half miles, to the baggage train. The wagons were then placed in the center of the column in such a manner that there were artillery and infantry forces both in front and rear. At this the State forces retreated, and attempted to surround the entire column, taking a position upon some bluffs overlooking a creek. There was but one road across this stream, and, to change his position without further retreat, it was necessary for Sigel to cross the hill where the State cav- alry were mainly stationed. 116 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Maj. Backoff ordered two of the artillery pieces in front to oblique to the left, and two to the right, and at the same time a corresponding movement was made from Sigel's battalion. This maneuver led the State troops into the belief that the Federals were seeking to outflank their cavalry. Accordingly the forces on the bluffs closed up to the right and left, when, on reaching a point 300 yards from them, Backoff's artillery was ordered to transverse oblique, and immediately opened a terrible cross-fire with cannister. At the same time the Federal infantry charged at double quick, and in ten minutes the State troops were dis- persed in every direction. This engagement, with the maneuvering, occupied about two hours. The State cavalry were poorly armed and mounted, and having no cannon on the bluffs could make but little resistance to the attacks of Col. Sigel. Forty-five men and eighty horses were taken by the Federals, also a quantity of double-barreled shot- guns and some revolvers and bowie-knives. The loss of the State troops was estimated at 250 or 300 men. However these forces still prevented SigePs advance over the creek, and that officer was compelled to retreat in the direction of Carthage, the State troops following and surrounding the column on three sides, although kept at a distance by the infantry fire. Sigel's command reached Carthage at half past six o'clock, and at once attempted to enter the woods about a mile distant. This movement the State cavalry resisted, knowing that they could do nothing in the timber. An effort to rally the cavalry to a charge was made, which brought the whole of Sigel's infantry into action. After some hard fighting that officer got his men into the woods and forced the State troops to relinquish the pur- suit. The latter returned to Carthage intending to renew the battle in the morning. In this last engagement the State troops lost ten killed and sixty-four wounded. The dispatchers of Col. Sigel placed his loss during the whole day at thirteen killed and thirty-one wounded. Notwithstanding the terrible fatigue of the day — his men having been in action nearly twelve hours — Sigel continued his retreat. A forced march was made to Sarcoxie, in the south- east corner of the county (Jasper), a distance of twelve or four- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 117 teen miles. There the Federal troops went into camp at 3 o'clock in the morning. On the following afternoon the retreat was con- tinued to Mount Vernon, Lawrence County, where, for a time, Sigel established his headquarters. THE WESTERN DEPARTMENT. On July 3, 1861, the Western Department was created, com- prising Illinois and the States and Territories west of the Missis- sippi and east of the Rocky Mountains, including New Mexico. The headquarters of this department were at St. Louis, where, previous to its establishment, Gen. Harney, and, afterward, Gen. Lyon, were in command. Gen. John C. Fremont, who was a son- in-law of Senator Benton, and had been a candidate for the pres- idency in 1856, was appointed to the command of the new depart- ment, and assumed the duties of his office on the 26th of July. The authorities at Washington, perplexed by the disastrous defeat at Bull Run, were so absorbed with the defenses of the National Capital, and with military operations at the East, as to be unable to give necessary aid to the Western Department. Fremont finally obtained $100,000 from the National sub-treas- urer at St. Louis, with which he proceeded to secure the re-enlist- ment of many of the three months' men, whose terms had expired, and to fortify the city against any probable attack. Harassed by a lack of resources, Fremont was soon placed in a dilemma, oc- casioned by the exigencies of the campaign in Missouri. The Confederate general, Pillow, was reported to be advancing with a large number of troops against Cairo and Bird's Point, while Gen. Hardee was pushing into the interior of Missouri to annoy Gen. Lyon's flank and rear. In addition to all this, Lieut.- Gov. Reynolds, Gov. Jackson being temporarily absent, elated with the Confederate victory at Bull Run, issued a proclamation to the people of Missouri, in which he alluded to the State con- vention as merely a tool in the hands of their enemies, assured them that peace and security could only be obtained through union with the South, and called upon them to rally as one man to the standard of the State, and aid Gen. Pillow in expelling the invader from their borders. In view of this variety of changes. Gen. Fremont decided to 118 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. secure Bird's Point against the attack of Gen. Pillow, but upon sending an expedition to that place, found that the menace against it was merely intended as a diversion. Meanwhile, after the battle of Boonville, Gen. Lyon, with a force of nearly 3,000 men, four pieces of artillery and a long bag- gage train, left that place, and followed in pursuit of the State troops, who were reported to have fled to Syracuse and beyond. At Grand Eiver, a branch of the Osage, in Henry County, he was reinforced by 3,000 Kansas troops under command of Maj. S. D. Sturgis. When within eighty miles of Springfield, Lyon heard of Sigel's battle at Carthage and determined to change his course and march to his relief. Notwithstanding the intensely hot weather, and the fatigue of his infantry, early on the morn- ing of July 10 Lyon's army moved from their encampment and forced their way among the hills, gorges and forests that lay in their path. After they had proceeded fifty miles, a messenger from Sigel brought definite information of the desperate en- counter at Carthage, and that Sigel's little army was now at Springfield. Therefore Lyon, marching more leisurely, accom- plished the remaining thirty miles of the journey in two days. Encamped near Springfield, he now prepared to meet the enemy who were his superior in numbers and constantly increas- ing. It was now that he repeatedly called upon Gen. Fremont for those reinforcements which the latter failed to supply. Near the close of July, Gen. Lyon was informed of the con- centration of the Confederate forces at Cassville, and of their de- sign of attacking his camp. Therefore, although their numbers were much greater than those of his army, he determined to an- ticipate their attack by an advance of his own troops. Late on the afternoon of August 1, his entire army, consisting of 5,500 foot, 400 horse and 18 guns, moved toward Cassville and biv- ouacked that night on Cave Creek, ten miles south of Springfield. The next morning they marched to Dug Springs, in Stone County, nineteen miles southwest of Springfield. Here they en- countered and defeated a body of Confederates under Gen. Kains. Wilson's creek. On August 6, Gen. Lyon returned with his army to Spring- field. The entire Confederate force was now concentrated near HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 119 Crane Creek, in the northern part of Stone County. Believing that Lyon's army was much larger than their own, a disagree- ment arose between Price and McCulloch as to the expediency of 'an advance toward Springfield, the former counseling a for- ward, and the latter a retrograde movement. Finally an order was received from Maj.-Gen. Polk, ordering an advance upon Lyon. A council was at once held, in which McCulloch expressed his willingness to march upon Springfield, provided he were granted the chief command. Price, to whom that distinction, perhaps, rightfully belonged, consented to the terms of McCul- loch, hoping that Lyon might be defeated, and driven from the State. A little after midnight on Sunday, August 4, they took up the line of march, and reached Wilson's Creek, ten miles southwest of Springfield, on the 9th. Here they encamped, determining at 9 o'clock that night to march in four separate columns against Springfield, surround the place, and begin a simultaneous attack at daybreak. A threatened storm caused Gen. McCulloch to countermand his order, and morning found his entire army, consisting of 5,300 infantry, fifteen guns, and 6,000 cavalry, besides a large number of unarmed horsemen, encamped upon the field. But the night was neither too dark nor stormy for Gen. Lyon. At 5 o'clock P. M. of August 9, he marched in two columns from Springfield, making a detour to the right, and notwithstanding the darkness and storm at 1 o'clock found himself within sight of the Confederate guard fires. Here he called a halt, and his soldiers lay on their arms until dawn, when they formed in battle line and advanced. Lyon's effective force was 5,200 men, including infantry and cavalry, and three batteries of sixteen guns. The two columns of the Federal army were commanded by Lyon and Sigel, and their early attack was a complete surprise to the Confederates, McCulloch, trusting for security to the darkness and storm, having withdrawn his advanced pickets. The Federal forces in command of Lyon formed a line of battle at daybreak, closely followed by Totten's battery, supported by a strong reserve, and with skirmishers thrown out in front. After driving in the enemy's outposts, a ravine was crossed and a high ridge gained, when a large force of the Confederate skir- 120 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. mishers came in view. Very severe fighting ensued, and it be- came evident that Lyon's column would soon reach the strong- hold, where the main battle would take place. A few shells cleared the front, and the First Missouri and First Kansas moved forward, supported by the First Iowa and Totten's battery. The Second Kansas, Capt. Steele's battalion and Lieut. Dubois' bat- tery, were held in reserve, so as to bear upon a powerful bat- tery of the enemy, which was stationed in front, on the opposite side of Wilson's Creek. The Confederates now rallied in large force near the foot of the slope, opposite Lyon's left wing, and along the slope in his front and to his right. During this time, Capt. Plummer, with four companies of infantry, had moved down a ridge a few hundred yards to Lyon's left, and found at its terminus a large body of the enemy's infantry, which arrested further progress in that direction. Directly artillery firing was begun at the point, about two miles distant, where it was expected that Sigel's column would encounter the enemy. Lyon's whole line now moved with great impetuosity toward the Confederate position ; and the roar of musketry increased and became continuous. Totten's battery came into action, as the nature of the ground would permit, and made great havoc in the opposing ranks. After half an hour's fierce fighting the Con- federates retired in great confusion, leaving Gen. Lyon in' pos- session of the field. Meanwhile, Capt. Plummer had been com- pelled to fall back, but Lieut. Dubois' battery, supported by Capt, Steele's battalion, opened upon the enemy in that direction, and soon drove them from the cornfield, where they had intrenched themselves. There was now a momentary cessation of firing along the whole line, except on the right, where the First Mis- souri was still engaged against superior numbers. The Second Kansas was ordered to the support of this regiment, which must otherwise have been destroyed while unflinchingly holding its position. During this time Capt. Steele's battalion, which had been detailed to the support of Dubois' battery, was brought for- ward to the support of Totten's, and soon the Confederate force reappeared along Lyon's entire front, marching toward each flank. The battle again began with great fury, and became general along the whole line. The ranks of the opposing sides were sometimes HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 121 within thirty or forty yards of each other, when charges upon Totten's battery were made. For more that an hour the conflict was carried on with great slaughter on both sides, and so equally balanced were the opposing forces that neither were gaining any decisive advantage. Early in this desperate engagement. Gen. Lyon's horse was killed, and he himself received a wound in the leg and one in the head. He then mounted another horse, and, swinging his hat, called upon the nearest troops to follow him. The Second Kan- sas gallantly responded, but their commander. Col. Mitchell, soon fell severely wounded, and, at about the same time, Gen. Lyon received a mortal wound in or near the heart. Maj. Sturgis then succeeded to the command. The Confederates had been driven back, and for twenty minutes there was a lull in the battle, during which Sturgis summoned his officers for a consul- tation. Lyon's column had been dreadfully shattered, and the leader killed. For nearly thirty hours the men had been with- out water, and a supply could not be had short of Springfield, which was ten or twelve miles away. Their ammunition was nearly gone, and should they, by slackening fire, reveal this fact to the enemy, annihilation seemed inevitable. Sigel, meanwhile, had not been heard from; but the consul- tation of officers was soon brought to a close by the advance of a heavy column from the direction whence Sigel's guns had been at first heard. These troops carried a banner resembling the American flag, and their dress resembled that of Sigel's brigade. Hoping to effect a junction with that officer, Sturgis formed his line for an advance. Suddenly from a hill in Stur- gis front a battery began to pour into his line shrapnel and cannister, and at this moment the on-coming Confederate forces, for such they were, displayed their true colors, and the fiercest engagement of the day immediately commenced along the en- tire Union lines. Totten's battery, in the center, supported by the Iowa and regular troops, was the main object of attack. The Confederates were often within twenty feet of the battery, and the smoke of the opposing lines was so intermingled as to appear made by the same guns. Notwithstanding the com- plete rout of the Confederate front, they continued to hold the 122 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. field. Finally, therefore, the Federal forces were ordered to retreat. They moved slowly to the open prairie, about two miles from the battlefield, and thence to Springfield, which they reached at 5 o'clock that afternoon. Their total loss was 223 killed, 721 wounded, and 292 missing. SigePs column, in the meantime, had marched within a mile of McCulloch's camp at daybreak, and planted four pieces of artillery on the left, the infantry advancing toward the point where the Fayetteville road crosses Wilson's Creek, and the two cavalry companies guarding his right and left. His artillery fire was so destructive that the enemy were soon driven from their tents, and retired toward the northeast part of the valley. The Third and Fifth Missouri Infantry (Union) had passed the creek, and formed almost in the center of the camp. As the enemy were now rallying in front, Sigel ordered the artillery to be brought forward and formed in battery across the valley, with the Third and Fifth to the left, and the cavalry to the right. At the end of half an hour the enemy retreated into the woods and up the adjoining hills. By the firing in the direction of Gen. Lyon's column, it now became evident that he had engaged the enemy along the whole line ; therefore, to give him the greatest possible assistance, Sigel left his position in the camp and ad- vanced to attack the enemy's line of battle in the rear. In pur- suance of this design, Sigel' s column struck the Fayetteville road, and, following it to Sharpe's farm, planted his artillery on the plateau, and the two infantry regiments on the right and left, across the road, while the cavalry was stationed on its flanks. The firing in the direction of Lyon's column had then almost entirely ceased. Supposing that Lyon had repulsed the Confed- erates, and that his forces were coming up the road, the com- manders of the Third and Fifth Eegiments gave orders not to fire upon troops advancing from that direction. Very unexpect- edly, two Confederate batteries opened fire upon them, one in front on the Fayetteville road, and the other from the hill, where it was supposed Lyon's forces were victorious, while a strong column of infantry, mistaken for the Iowa regiment, advanced from the Fayetteville rokd and attacked Si gel's right. Conster- nation and frightful confusion at once ensued. Sigel's men, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 123 thinking that by some mistake Lyon's troops were firing upon them, could hardly be induced to serve their guns until it was too late. The Confederates arrived within a few paces of SigeFs cannon, killed the horses, turned the flanks of the infantry, and forced them to fly. In this retreat Sigel lost five cannons, of which three were spiked, and the colors of the Third Kegiment. The total Federal loss was 258 killed, 873 wounded, and 186 missing; in all, 1,317. The Confederate loss was 279 killed, 951 wounded, and G8 prisoners; total, 1,298. Upon the arrival of the shattered Federal forces at Springfield, the command of the whole was entrusted to Col. Sigel, who ordered a retreat to Kolla, Phelps County, 125 miles distant. The retreating army reached this place, August 19, having safely conducted a govern- ment train five miles in length, and valued at $1,500,000. After the Federal defeat at Wilson's Creek, Gov. Gamble issued a proclamation calling into service 42,000 of the State militia to serve for six months, unless peace in the State should be sooner restored. MARTIAL LAW DECLARED. Gen. Fremont, on the 30th of August, inaugurated a new remedy for the lawlessness which prevailed, and the almost abso- lute impotence of the civil authority. He declared martial law and appointed J. McKinstry, major United States army, provost- marshal-general of the State. CAPTURE OF LEXINGTON. Contrary to the expectations of both armies, McGulloch and Price failed to pursue their victory at Wilson's Creek by follow- ing Sigel in his retreat to Kolla, and McCulloch soon left Mis- souri with all his forces. Taking advantage of the favorable impression made upon the people by his success. Gen. Price issued a proclamation in which he declared that his army had been organized for the maintenance of the rights, dignity and honor of Missouri, and was kept in the field for these purposes alone. The citizens of the State now flocked to his standard in considerable numbers, and in a few weeks he had collected a large force. He now pressed northward across the State to Lex- ington, on the Missouri Eiver. This place was defended by a 124 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. force o£ Federals, 2,600 strong, commanded by Col. Mulligan. In anticipation of an attack, intrenchments had been thrown upon Masonic College Hill, an eminence overlooking the Missouri River. Mulligan's fortifications were most skillfully planned, but his men had only about forty rounds of ammunition each, six small brass cannon and two howitzers, the latter of which were useless because of the lack of shells. At dawn of Septem- ber 12, Gen. Price drove in the Union pickets, and, from a position within easy range of Mulligan's intrenchments, opened a cannonade from four different points. The assault and defense were kept up during the entire day, when Price withdrew to await the arrival of his wagon train and reinforcements. Mulli- gan's men worked night and day to strengthen their fortifications, and anxiously expected reinforcements, for which a courier had been dispatched to Jefferson City. This messenger was cap- tured on the way and, of course, no relief came. On the morning of the 18th Gen. Price, who had been rein- forced, and now had from 15,000 to 25,000 men, began a final attack upon Mulligan's works, cutting off the communication of the beleaguered garrison with the city, stopping their supply of water, seizing a steamboat laden with stores, and occupying a building which commanded the position of the Union forces. A most stubborn defense was made, which continued for fifty- two hours. During the afternoon of the 20th Gen. Price pro- cured numerous bales of hemp, and with these, wetted to resist hot shot, he caused movable breastworks to be constructed, be- hind which a large body of the Confederates advanced within ten rods of Mulligan's works. The latter officer saw that further resistance was madness. To retreat was impossible. His men had no water except that which had been caught in blankets during a passing shower, and afterward wrung out; and the stench from the carcasses of horses and mules killed within the intrenchments was insufferable. Accordingly the white flag was raised, and the siege of Lexington was ended. The men laid down their arms and became prisoners of war. As the fruits of this victory there fell into the hands of Gen. Price six cannon, two mortars, over 3,000 stand of infantry arms, a large number of sabers, about 750 horses, wagons, teams, ammunition, and HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 126 $100,000 worth of commissary stores. On the Union side 40 men were killed and 120 wounded. The Confederate loss was 20 killed and 65 wounded. FREMONT IN THE FIELD. Gen. Fremont, deeply chagrined at the Federal reverses, and fearing that Gen. Price would advance upon the State capital, or intrench himself at some central point upon the Missouri River, determined to take the field in person, with the hope of defeating Price before McCulloch, who had been recruiting troops in Arkansas, could return to his aid. With this intention he di- rected toward Southwestern Missouri an army of more than 20,000 men, arranged in five divisions, under command of Gens. Hunter, Pope, Sigel, McKinstry and Asboth. These troops were accompanied by eighty-six pieces of artillery, many of which were rifle cannon. On the 28th of September Fremont, with his fa- mous body-guard, commanded by Maj. Zagonyi, a Hungarian, reached Jefferson City, and commenced vigorous measures to overturn the plans of Gen. Price, and drive him from the State. On the 30th of the month Price abandoned Lexington, leaving a small force of 500 men to guard such prisoners as had not been paroled. On the 16th of October Maj. White, with his "Prairie Scouts," consisting of 185 cavalry men, surprised this garrison releasing the Union prisoners, capturing seventy of the Confed- erates, and dispersing the rest. He then rejoined Fremont's army. SPRINGFIELD. Maj. White was now ordered by Gen. Sigel to reconnoiter near Springfield, and if advisable to attack the Confederate force in camp there. The major was seriously ill at the time, but im- mediately set his command in motion, accompanying them in a carriage. On the evening of the same day, October 24, he was over- taken by Maj. Zagonyi, with the "bodyguard," and he, under orders from Fremont, took command of the combined force. The Confederates, mostly cavalry, and numbering something more than 1,000, were encamped about a mile west of Springfield, on the Mount Vernon road, and were under command of Lieut. -Col. 126 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Cloud. The attack of Zagonyi proved a complete surprise. His men dashed down a lane under fire of the enemy, who had hastily formed a line along its north side. At this first onset a large number of the Confederates ran in every direction, but the remainder stood their ground. The Union soldiers swept past the Confederate camp, demolished a rail fence, entered the field where the enemy then were, and formed in line in a ravine about 200 yards away. They again charged with drawn sabers, but were repulsed with considerable loss. Falliug back to the ravine they repeated the charge a second and third time with a like re- sult. The Union loss in the engagement was Zagonyi's " body guard," 15 killed, 27 wounded and 10 taken prisoners — -52 ; White's "Prairie Scouts" killed, wounded and prisoners, 33; total 85. After the ensfaorement the Confederates withdrew to Price's headquarters at Neosho, and Zagon} i also fell back until he met Sigel's advance. Gen. Fremont was just upon the eve of an attack upon Price, who, it was reported, reinforced by McCulloch, was moving on Springfield with 40,000 men, when he was superseded by Gen. Hunter. The latter, after retreating to St. Louis, was in turn superseded by Gen. Halleck on the 18th of November. BELMONT. The only remaining movement of importance was at Belmont on the Mississippi. The Confederate general, Polk, acting under orders of his government, had, notwithstanding that State's neutrality, entered Kentucky with an army, and had captured the town of Columbus. Batteries planted here commanded the Mississippi. The Con- federates gathered in force at Belmont, on the opposite bank. In order to dislodge them. Gen. Fremont sent Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, with a brigade of 3,000 Illinois and Iowa troops, into Missouri by way of Cairo, On the 7th of November, Grant made a vigorous and successful attack on the Confederate camp, but Gen. Polk sent reinforcements across the river, the guns of Columbus were brought to bear on the Union position, and Grant was obliged to retreat. The total loss on the Federal side was 108 killed, 353 wounded and 121 missing; total, 582. The Con- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 127 federate loss was 105 killed, 419 wounded and 117 missing ; total, 641. In addition to the engagements already described, quite a large number of raids, surprises and skirmishes — some of them important enough to be accounted battles — occurred in Missouri during 1861. They will be found mentioned in chronological order in the list of battles on another page. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1862. The beginning of the year found Missouri comparatively quiet. Gen. Price had concentrated about 12,000 men at Spring- j&eld, intending to remain there all winter, but Gen. Halleck massed his forces, comprising the troops of Asboth, Sigel, Davis and Prentiss, at Lebanon, under command of Gen. Curtis. On February 11 this army moved against Springfield, and on the following night Gen. Price retreated to Cassville. Curtis pur- suing him, he withdrew still further across the Arkansas line to Cross Hollows, thence to Sugar Creek, where, reinforced by McCulloch, he gave battle, and was defeated February 20. Price again retreated to Cove Creek, and then halted, leaving Missouri with no large organized Confederate force within her borders. Nevertheless, it was evident that the rebel general, sheltered in the defiles of the " Boston Mountains," was only gathering strength for more vigorous operations; therefore Curtis retraced his steps, and fell back to Pea Ridge, among the mountains in the northwestern part of Arkansas. Here he received intelli- gence that Price and McCulloch had been reinforced by Gen. Van Dorn, and that their combined force under command of the latter officer would soon attack his position. BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE AN ELKHORN TAVERN. This engagement commenced on the morning of the 6th of March, 1862. The Confederate force aggregated about 25,000 men as follows: McCuUoch's troops from Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas, 13,000; Gen. Pike's command, consisting of Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw and other Indians, and some white troops, 4,000; Price's Missouri troops, 8,000. The Federal force con- sisted of 10,500 men, including cavalry and infantry, forty-nine pieces of artillery and one mountain howitzer. 128 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. After a hard-fought battle, which lasted for two days, the Federals were victorious. The Confederate generals, McCulloch and Mcintosh, were both killed. Van Dorn withdrew to the in- terior of Arkansas, and Curtis marched slowly southward. The Federal loss in the battle of Pea Ridge was 203 killed, 972 wounded, and 176 taken prisoners; total, 1,351; Confederate loss about the same. VARIOUS WAR MEASURES. Meanwhile, in Missouri, Provost-Marshal-General Farrar issued an order requiring the publishers of newspapers in the State, with the exception of St. Louis city papers, to furnish a copy of each issue, for inspection at the marshal's office. Gen. Halleck issued an order requiring the officers of the Mercantile Library Association and of the Chamber of Com- merce to subscribe to the oath prescribed by the convention ordi- nance of October 6, 1861, under peril of arrest and imprison- ment. The same order also forbade the display of secession flags in the hands of women or on carriages — the carriages to be con- fiscated and the women arrested. A similar order was issued to the presidents and directors of all railroads in the State, and to the president, professors, curators and other officers of the State University at Columbia. This order required all clerks, agents and civil employes in the service of the United States to take the oath prescribed by act of Congress, and recommended that all clergymen, teachers, officers of benevolent institutions, and all engaged in business and trade, who were loyal to the Union, should voluntarily take the convention oath, in order that their patriotism might be known. At different times men were tried and condemned to be shot upon charges of railroad and bridge burning, but these sentences were mitigated to imprisonment, or in some cases the culprits were released upon their taking the oath of allegiance, and giving bond in the sum of $2,000 each, for future loyalty to the Govern- ment. Edmund J. Ellis, of Columbia, editor and proprietor of The Boone County Standard, was found guilty, and sentenced to ban- ishment from the State, during the war, on the several charges of giving information to the enemy, encouraging resistance to the HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 129 Federal Government, and inciting persons to rebellion against the same. His printing materials were confiscated and sold. Early in April, Gen. Halleck went to Corinth, Miss., and left Maj.-Gen. Schofieldin command at St. Louis. OPERATIONS AGAINST GUERRILLAS. — COL. JO. C. PORTER. Gov. Gamble, desiring to repress the numerous guerrilla organizations in the State, authorized Gen. Schofield to organize the State militia into companies, regiments and brigades, and to call a force into the field sufficient to quell the marauders and secure the people of the State in their persons and property. In the series of skirmishes and fights which occurred between the State militia and the Confederate guerrillas, the most brilliant and im- portant were those connected with the pursuit and final overthrow of Col. Jo. C. Porter. His force was first engaged July 1, at Cherry Grove, Schuy- ler County, by Col. Lipscomb, with about 450 of the State militia. After a small fight the Confederates retreated, and were pursued as far as Newark, Knox County. The next important encounter with Porter's forces was at Pearce's Mills, on the Middle Fabius, Scotland County, where, on the 19th of July, a pursuing force, under Maj. John Y. Clopper, of the Merrill Horse, and Maj. John F. Benjamin, of the Eleventh Missouri State Militia, was ambus- caded, and sustained a loss of eighty-three men, while the Con- federates lost but half a dozen. Porter, however, retreated toward the west and south, and in less than twenty-four hours was at Novelty, Knox County, sixty-four miles distant. Still going southward, they passed through Marion County to Florida, in Monroe, where they attacked and defeated a small detachment of the Third Iowa Cavalry, under Maj. H. C. Caldwell, and then hurried on to the heavily-wooded country near Brown's Spring, ten miles north of Fulton, in Callaway County. Ascertaining their position. Col. Guitar, of the Ninth Missouri State Militia, started in pursuit, July 27, with about 200 men and two pieces of artillery. On the preceding day Lieut. -Col. Shaffer, of Merrill's Horse, left Columbia upon the same errand, with 100 men, and was joined at Sturgeon by Maj. Clopper, with as many more. Maj. Caldwell, with a detachment of the Third Iowa, also started 130 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. from Mexico. These two latter columns marched toward Mt, Zion Church, in the northeast part of Boone County, believing that Porter was encamped there. Not finding the object of their search, they pursued their way into Callaway County, and, on the afternoon of the 28th, heard Guitar's cannon four or five miles distant. Shaffer and Caldwell hastened forward, and arrived in time to assist in the hard-fought battle at Moore's Mill, July 28 wherein Porter was defeated with a loss of 32 killed and 125 wounded, while Guitar lost 13 killed and 55 wounded. BATTLE OF KIRKSVILLE. Porter now retreated northward, through Monroe into Marion County. Here he received a large number of recruits. On the 1st of August he attacked and captured Newark, Knox County, with its garrison of seventy-five men, under Capt. Wesley Lair, of the Eleventh Missouri State Militia, and pushed northward to Short's well, in the southern part 'of Scotland, where he was joined by a considerable detachment under Col. Cyrus Franklin and Lieut. -Col. Frisby H. McCuUough. The rebel forces were closely pursued by Col. John McNeil. Porter and Franklin turned west from Short's well, and reached Kirksville on the morning of August C. a few hours in advance of their pursuers, and, ordering the citizens to evacuate the town, posted their troops in the courthouse, seminary, stores and private residences, and thus entrenched awaited the coming Unionists. Porter had about 2,800 men, all mounted, but many were without arms, and nearly all without experience. Col. McNeill, approaching from the eastern side of the town, drew up his forces before it. Not knowing the exact position of the enemy, he ordered ten men, under Lieut. John N. Cowdry, of Merrill's Horse, to ride through the town and discover their places of concealment. They obeyed the order, and the rebels in their eagerness fired upon them from houses, stables and other places affording them protection from the missiles which were shortly to be poured upon the town, McNeill now opened the battle with his cannon, and, under cover of his artillery fire, advanced his dismounted men, and soon the Confederates began to give way. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 131 In three hours the town was in possession of McNeill, and the forces of Porter and Franklin were in full retreat toward the Chariton Kiver. The Confederate loss in this engagement was between 200 and 300 killed, wounded and captured ; the Federal loss was killed and 33 wounded. COMPTON's ferry YELLOW CREEK. On the following day Col. Guitar, who had been ill at Jef- ferson City, entered upon preparations for the pursuit of a considerable rebel force in Chariton County, under Col. J. A. Poindexter, and, on the 8th of August, landed from a steamer a considerable force at Glasgow. He overtook Poindexter at 9 o'clock on the night of the 11th, at Compton's Ferry, on Grand Kiver, in Carroll County. Part of Poindexter's men had crossed the river before his arrival, but a large number, with all their baggage, horses, wagons, etc., had yet to cross. Guitar ordered a charge, and at the same time opened upon the fleeing rebels with two pieces of artillery. The result was a great panic and considerable destruction. Many of the Con- federates, in their eagerness to escape, threw away their guns, and forced their horses into the river, but the animals, in many instances, became unmanageable, and returned to the same shore whence they started. Some were drowned. A large num- ber of prisoners, and all the baggage, together with horses, mules, guns and wagons, were captured. Poindexter marched as swiftly as possible to the northward, reaching the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad at Utica on Tues- day morning, the 12th. Near here he was intercepted and driven back by Gen. Lyon. Retreating south he was met by Guitar on the 13th, at Yellow Creek, in Chariton County, and again routed, his band being scattered and broken up. Guitar then returned to Jefferson City and was promoted by Gov. Gamble to be briga- dier-general of Enrolled Missouri Militia. BATTLE AT INDEPENDENCE. The next important engagement in the State occurred at Inde- pendence very early in the morning of August 11. The town was garrisoned by about 150 Federal troops, comprising infantry 132 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. and cavalry, under Lieut. -Col. J. T. Buell. The Confederates, commanded by Col. John T. Hughes, of Clinton County, and G. W. Thompson, numbered from 600 to 800. They were fairly in- side the town, and had commenced a vigorous attack before their approach was suspected. Col. Buell was at once surrounded at his headquarters, thus preventing all communication between himself and his men; nevertheless his soldiers fought bravely; but so completely were they surprised that the best they could do was to retreat into the fields, where they formed for defense be- hind a stone wall. While the rebels were charging upon this position Col. Hughes was killed. Col. Buell, finding that his camp was in the hands of the enemy, and that extrication was hopeless, raised the white flag and surrendered the post. Both sides suffered heavy losses. BATTLES OF LONE JACK AND NEWTONIA. At Lone Jack, a village in Jackson County, a rebel force (3,000 strong) under Cols. John T. Coffee, Yard. Cockerill,S. D. Jackman and D. C. Hunter, attacked 800 State militia under Maj. Emory Foster, of the Seventeenth Missouri State Militia on August 16. The Federal loss was 43 killed, 154 wounded and 75 missing; the Confederate casualties were about the same. The Federals were defeated and lost two pieces of artillery. The rebels hearing their adversaries were to be reinforced retreated southward. On September 13, 1862, an engagement took place at New- tonia, Newton County, between about 5,000 Kansas, Wisconsin, Missouri and Indian troops, under Gen. Salomon, and a Confed- erate force of 8,000 or 10,000 under Col. D. H. Cooper. Num- bers were killed and wounded on both sides, and the Federals were compelled to retreat as far as Sarcoxie, fifteen miles distant. EXECUTION OF REBEL PRISONERS. At Macon, Mo., on thQ 25th of September, ten rebel prisoners were executed on the charge of repeated violations of their paroles, and on October 18 a similar number was shot at Palmyra, in retaliation for the abduction and murder of Andrew Allsman, a Unionist of Marion County. After the battle of Kirksville, HISTORY or MISSOURI. 133 sixteen were executed for violating their paroles, and Col. F. H. McCullough was shot for recruiting within the lines. BATTLE or CANE HILL, ARKANSAS. The last great battle of the year in which Missourians had a part was fought at Cane Hill, near Fayetteville, Ark., on Sunday, December 6, 1862. The Confederate forces under Gen. Hind- man, of Arkansas, and Marmaduke, of Missouri, were defeated by the Unionists under Gen. Blunt of Kansas. The following is the official report of the engagement, sent by Gen. Blunt to Maj.- Gen. Curtis, commandant of the department of Missouri : Prairie Grove, December 10, 1862. Maj.-Oen. S. R. Curtis: The enemy did not stop in their flight until they had crossed the Boston Mountains, and are probably ere this across the Arkansas River. The enemy's killed and wounded is between 1,500 and 2,000 — a large proportion of them killed. One hundred of their wounded have died since the battle, and a large proportion of the others are wounded mortally, showing the terrible effects of my artillery. My casualties will be about 200 wounded. Most of the wounded will recover. The enemy have left their wounded on my hands, and most of their dead, uncared for. They are being buried by my command. Hindman admitted his force to be 28,000. Maj. Hubbard, who was a prisoner with them all day of the fight, counted twenty regiments of infantry and twenty pieces of artillery. They had no train with them, and muflaed the wheels of their artil- lery in making their retreat. Four caissons filled with ammunition were taken from the enemy. The Twentieth Regiment of Wisconsin Volunteers, in addi- tion to those mentioned yesterday, suffered severely in charging one of the enemy's batteries, which they took, but were unable to hold. James G. Blunt, Brigadier- General. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1863. — BATTLES OF SPRINGFIELD, HARTSVILLE AND CAPE GIRARDEAU. In the early part of this year, the Confederates, led by Gens. Marmaduke and Price, resumed activity in Arkansas and Southern Missouri. On the 8th of January, with a force of 2,500 or 3,000 men and three pieces of artillery. Gen. J. S. Marmaduke attacked Springfield, which was occupied by Federal troops under Gen. E. B. Brown, commander of the Southwestern Department of Missouri. The fighting continued from 1 o'clock P. M. until after dark. Gen. Brown, having been severely wounded, the command devolved upon Col. B. Crabb. The Confederates re- treated the following morning, going to Marshfield and Harts- 134 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ville. Their loss was 42 killed and 60 wounded who were left on the field. The Federal loss was 18 killed and 110 wounded. Three days afterward, at the town of Hartsville, Gen. Marmaduke, having united near Marshfield with a force under Col. Jo. C. Porter, and moving thence southward, attacked a Federal force under Col. Samuel Merrill of the Twenty-first Iowa, and after a bloody little engagement drove them from the field. On April 26, Gen. Marmaduke attacked the post at Cape Girardeau, on the Mississippi, but the garrison, under Gen. John McNeill, succeeded in driving the Confederates away. During the last week in August, Col, Woodson of the Third Calvary Missouri State Militia, surprised and captured Gen. Jeff. Thompson, known as the " Swamp Fox," together with his staff officers, at Pocahontas, Ark. The prisoners were sent to St. Louis, and committed to Gratiot prison. ORDER NO. 11. On the 25th of August, Gen. Thomas Ewing, of the Eleventh Kansas Infantry Volunteers, afterward a Democratic member of Congress from Ohio, issued the following order, which, as it was productive of much suffering at the time in the counties indicated, and has been commemorated by George C. Bingham in the cele- brated painting entitled: "Order No. 11," we copy in full: General Orders No. 11: Headquarters District op the Border, ) Kansas City, Mo., August 25, 1863. f First. All persons living in Cass, Jackson and Bates Counties, Missouri, and in that part of Vernon included in this district, except those living within one mile of the limits of Independence, Hickman's Mills, Pleasant Hill and Harrisonville, and except those in that part of Kaw Township, Jackson County, north of Brush Creek and west of the Big Blue, embracing Kansas City and Westport, are hereby ordered to remove from their present residences within fifteen days from the date thereof. Those who, within that time, establish their loyalty to the satisfaction of the commanding officer of the military station nearest their present places of resi- dence will receive from him certificates stating the fact of their loyalty, and the names of the witnesses by whom it can be shown. All who receive such certificate will be permitted to remove to any military station in this district, or to any part of the State of Kansas, except the counties on the eastern border of the State. All others shall remove out of this district. Officers commanding companies and detachments serving in the counties named, will see that this paragraph is promptly obeyed. Second. All grain and hay in the field, or under shelter, in the district from which the inhabitants are required to remove, within reach of military stations, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 135 after the 9th day of September next, will be taken to such stations and turned over to the proper ot!icers there, and report of the amount so turned over made to district headquarters, specifying the names of all loyal owners and the amount of such produce taken from them. All grain and hay found in such district after the 9th of September next, not convenient to such stations, will be destroyed. Third. The provisions of General Orders No. 10, from these headquarters, will be at once vigorously executed by officers commanding in the parts of the district, and at the stations not subiect to paragraph first of this order, and especially in the towns of Independence, Westport and Kansas City. Fourth. Paragraph three, General Orders No. 10, is revoked as to all who have borne arms against the Government in this district since August 20, 1863. By order of Brig.-Gen. Ewing. H. Hannahs, Adjt. Gen. Schofield, at that time commandant of the Depart- ment of Missouri, has since the war approved and defended this order, on the ground that a savage guerrilla warfare had raged on the border for two years, nearly depopulating the farming districts on the Missouri side, and that all the inhabitants who remained were obliged, whether rebel sympathizers or not, to furnish shelter and supplies for bands of marauding' outlaws. He said that it was imperative that this border war should be suppressed, and that the fiendish massacre of 140 persons at Lawrence, Kas., on August 13, by the guerrilla Quantrell and his band, rendered immediate and decisive action neces- sary in order to prevent a succession of such horrors. To increase the military force in the district was impracticable, and the only alternative was to remove the means by which these guerrillas were sustained. He stated, further, that no serious in- convenience was inflicted upon any one by the execution of the order, but that the necessities of the poor people were provided for, and none were permitted to suffer. In reply to this statement of Gen. Schofield, which ap- peared in the St. Louis daily Republican of February 21, 1877, Hon. George C. Bingham, an old citizen of Jackson County, and a strong Union man during the war, prepared a counter statement which was published in the same paper on the 2Gth of the month. He denounced the order as an act of purely arbitrary power, directed against a disarmed and defenseless population. He declared that it put an end to the predatory raids of Kansas *' red-legs and jay-hawkers," by simply giving them all that they desired at once, that it gave up the country to Confederate bush- whackers, who, until the close of the war, stopped stages, robbed 136 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. mails and prevented any one wearing a Federal uniform from entering the district. Mr. Bingham says he was in Kansas City when the order was enforced, and that he knew personally of the sufferings of the unfortunate victims. Men were shot down while obeying the order, and their effects seized by their murderers; dense columns of smoke rising in every direction marked the con- flagration of dwellings; large trains of wagons extending over the prairies for miles, moved toward Kansas, freighted with every description of household furniture and clothing belonging to the exiles; women and little children barefooted and bare- headed, exposed to burning heat and choking dust, tramped wearily along, to whom neither aid nor protection was afforded by the authorities who had driven them from their homes, and who were indebted to the charity of steamboat conductors who took them to places of safety. Mr. Bingham admitted that guerrilla warfare had been waged for two years in the counties embraced by the order, but denied that this region was by any means depopulated, or that the re- maining farmers were supporting these outlaws. He said that the larger portion of the marauders were Kansas "jay hawkers and red-legs," with no authority of law either military or civil, yet countenanced and protected by Gen. Ewing and his predecessors from the State of Kansas; that the others, consti- tuting the more desperate class, were chiefly Missouri bush- whackers, acting under Confederate authority; that the inhab- itants of the counties had been disarmed, as Gen. Schofield admitted, and were unable to resist the demands made upon them, but that the bushwhackers were insignificant in numbers compared with the Federal troops who were stationed there, and that twenty if not fifty times as much produce was furnished to the latter as to the former. To this reply of Mr. Bingham, neither Gen. Schofield nor Gen. Ewing made any response. Order No. 11 belongs to that extensive list of war measures which, wise or unwise, necessary or unnecessary, was viewed in a very different light by those who were, on one hand, personally aggrieved and injured, and by those who, on the other hand, were looking from afar at the great end in view, namely, the overthrow HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 137 of the Rebellion. In the border States, where Unionists and Dis- unionists lived side by side, numerous complexities arose, height- ened by personal animosities and old family feuds ; and in many cases loss of life, and especially loss of property, fell upon parti- sans indiscriminately, verifying the old, sad maxim that where transgression enters, the innocent must often suffer with the guilty. Shelby's raid. In September, Gen. Blunt drove the Confederate forces under Gen. Cabell and the Creek chief. Stand Watie, into the Choctaw reservation, and took possession of Fort Smith. As the autumn advanced and Cabell's supplies began to run low, a part of his command under Col. Jo. O. Shelby undertook a raid into Mis- souri. They crossed the Arkansas River, a little east of Fort Smith, and pushed rapidly northward as far as Crooked Prairie, in the southwestern part of this State, when they were joined by Col. Coffee. At Boonville, where Shelby expected to meet a large number of recruits, but was disappointed, his men secured from stores and dwelling houses $100,000 worth of property, after which they moved westward. On October 12 and 13, how- ever. Gen. Brown encountered these forces at Marshall and de- feated them, with a loss of fifty men killed, wounded and prisoners. Shelby hastily returned to Arkansas. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1864. Several sanguinary engagements were fought in Missouri during this, the closing year of the war. The Union troops, chiefly Missouri State Militia and Enrolled Missouri Militia, were engaged in the effort, at many times unsuccessful, to defend the lives and property of the people from the roving bands of bush- whackers and guerrillas that infested all parts of the State, but particularly the western and river counties. Late in January Gen. Rosecrans arrived at St. Louis, succeed- ing Gen. Schofield as commander of the Department of Missouri. No event of importance occurred until the following autumn, when Gen. Price made his last grand raid into the State with the intention of capturing St. Louis, and other important points. Having been informed early in September of Prices' medi- 138 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. tated invasion, Rosecrans forwarded the information to head- quarters, and Gen. A. J. Smith, then ascending the Mississippi with about 6,000 troops, was ordered to proceed to St. Louis. Gen. Rosecrans had previous to this only about 6,500 mounted men in his whole department, and these were scattered at various points — at Springfield, Pilot Knob, Jefferson City, Rolla and St. Louis, guarding military depots and railway bridges against the hordes of guerrillas who swarmed through the country. These troops were concentrated as quickly as possible when Price's in- tended route was ascertained, but he had already entered South- eastern Missouri, and reached Pilot Knob before he was met by any considerable opposition. At that place a single brigade was stationed, under command of Gen. Thomas Ewing. This force was intrenched in a little fort with some rude earthworks, but it made a gallant resistance, and repulsed two assaults of the Con- federates, inflicting upon them a loss of 1,000 men. Gen. Price's men now took positions which commanded the entire fort, and Gen. Ewing, seeing that further resistance was hopeless, spiked his guns, blew up his magazine, and retreated, by night, toward Rolla where Gen. McNeil was stationed. After accomplishing a march of sixty miles in thirty-nine hours, the exhausted troops were overtaken at Harrison, by a large force under Shelby. Al- though short of ammunition. Gen. Ewing held his ground for thirty hours, when he was reinforced by troops sent from Rolla, after which he drove Shelby away, and continued his retreat in safety. At St. Louis, Gen. Smith's infantry, 4,000 or 5,000 strong, was joined by eight regiments of the Enrolled Militia of the State and six regiments of Illinois Militia. At Jefferson City Gen. E. B. Brown had been reinforced by Gen C. B. Fisk with all available troops north of the Missouri River, and the citizens of that region promptly aiding the military, the capital was soon well fortified. Gen. Price advanced by way of Potosi to the Meramec River; crossed it, and took position at Rich woods, within forty miles of St. Louis. Evidently fearing to attack that city, he burned the bridge at Moselle, and then pushed rapidly toward the capital of the State, followed by Gen. Smith and his entire command. i HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 139 Gen. Price, after having burned bridges behind him, and done all in his power to hinder his pursuers, arrived before Jefferson City on the 7th of October. Gen. McNeill and J. B. Sanborn, with a force of mounted men, chiefly Missouri State Militia, had just reached there by a forced march from Rolla. Squads of cavalry had been sent out to guard the fords and ferries on the Osage Eiver, and, if not able to prevent the Confederates from crossing, to give timely warning of their approach. The railroad bridge across the river nine miles east of the city had been burned. Several small engagements and skirmishes took place, and the Confederates partly surrounded the city with a semi-circular line nearly four miles in length, the wings resting on the Mis- souri River. Finding the place well prepared for an attack, Price sent his trains westward and followed with his army. A large force now started in pursuit of the Confederates, led by Federal cavalry under immediate command of Gen. Alfred Pleasanton, who arrived at Jefferson City on the day of Price's departure. The latter general, growing bold as he marched westward, sent Gens. Jo. Shelby and John B. Clark, Jr., to attack Glasgow on the Missouri River, in Howard County. The town was garrisoned by a part of the Forty-third Missouri, and small detachments of the Ninth Missouri State Militia and the Seven- teenth Illinois Cavalry, under command of Col. Chester Harding. After a spirited resistance Col. Harding was obliged to surrender. His assailants then marched back and joined their main army, which was still hastening westward. Gen. Price left Lexington just as Pleasanton's advance reached that place October 20. At Little Blue Creek he met Blunt's Kansas troops, under command of Gen. Curtis, who, after a sharp fight which lasted for several hours, fell back to the Big Blue Creek and there awaited another attack. Meanwhile, Pleasanton reached the Little Blue, and found the bridge destroyed and the Confederate rear-guard prepared for battle. They were soon driven away, and Pleasanton continued his course to Westport, then occuj)ied by the enemy. He captured the place by a brill- iant charge in which he routed the Confederates, and took two of their guns. 140 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Gen. Price had expected to receive at least 20,000 recruits during the progress of his raid, and perhaps to permanently occupy the State; instead, only about 6,000 Missourians came to his assistance, and he fled into Arkansas as rapidly as possible, having accomplished nothing of importance. THE AFFAIR NEAR ROCHErORT. September 23, 1864, a train of Government wagons started from Sturgeon, Boone County, for Eocheport, in charge of seventy men of the Third Missouri State Militia, under Capt. McFadin. The train stopped near sunset at a pond about seven miles northeast of Rocheport, in order that the horses might be watered. Here it was suddenly attacked by 150 guerrillas under George Todd, who put the escort to flight, robbed the wagons of everything that they could conveniently carry away, and burned what remained. Eleven Federal soldiers were killed, and three negroes. THE CENTRALIA MASSACRE. Among the revolting and horrible crimes of the war, the Cen- tralia massacre stands prominent for its dastardly and cold- blooded atrocity. Monday night, September 26, Anderson's guer- rillas, in numbers estimated from 200 to 400, encamped about three miles southeast of Centralia, which is situated on the North Missouri Railroad, in Boone County. About 10 o'clock Tuesday morning, 75 or 100 of this band went into the town, and com- menced plundering the stores and depot, breaking open boxes and trunks, and appropriating whatever suited them. At 11 o'clock the stage-coach arrived from Columbia with eight or nine passengers. These gentleman being unarmed were quickly re- lieved of their money and valuables, but were allowed to go to the hotel. At 11.30 the passenger train from St. Louis came in sight. Immediately the guerrillas formed into line, and as the train neared the depot, commenced throwing obstructions on the track and firing at the engineer. The cars having been stopped, the robbers rushed upon the passengers, men, women and children, taking money, watches and jewelry, together with the contents of trunks, and valuables from the express car. Twenty-three Fed- eral soldiers who were on board the train were marched into town» HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 141 placed in lines, and shot down. The guerrillas burned the rail- road depot and six cars standing near. After murdering the sol- diers and robbing the passengers and the citizens of the town generally, they set fire to the rifled train, and started it on the road toward Sturgeon. It ran about three miles, and then stop- ping was entirely consumed. Meanwhile the frightened passen- gers, glad to escape with their lives, went on their way as best they could, in wagons, on horseback, and on foot. About 3 o'clock of the same afternoon, Maj. A. V. E. John- son, of Col. Kutzner's regiment of Missouri Volunteers (the Thirty-ninth), arrived at Centralia with 155 mounted infantry. An engagement took place in an open field southeast of the town. Maj. Johnson's men, being armed with long guns, were ordered to dismount. Their horses became unmanageable, and many of them ran away, leaving the soldiers on foot in the middle of the prairie. They had fired but one volley when the guerrillas dashed among them, splendidly mounted, and carrying three or four re- volvers apiece. Part of Johnson's men who were still on horse- back attempted to escape, but were overtaken and shot down. Maj. Johnson himself was killed, together with 122 men of his small command. Four or five of the remaining few were wounded. The guerrillas had but three killed and seven wounded. After the murderers had left town the citizens of Centralia gathered the dead bodies together, and placed them near the railroad. Many of them were taken to Mexico for burial that very evening, and seventy-nine were interred in a trench in the eastern part of town. Afterward this trench was enclosed by a fence, and at the head of it was placed a limestone monument, fifteen feet high, with the following inscription: "The remains of Companies A, G and H, Thirty-ninth Regi- ment, Missouri Volunteer Infantry, who w^ere killed in action at Centralia, Mo., on the 27th day of September, 1864, are interred here." Since the close of the war the remains have been dis- interred and re-buried in one common grave in the National Cemetery at Jefferson City. DEATH OF BILL ANDERSON. After the horrible massacre at Centralia, the subsequent burning of Danville and the depots at New Florence, High Hill 142 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. and Renick, Bill Anderson and the most of his men went into Ray County. On the 26th of October, Lieut. -Col. S. P. Cox, of the Thirty-third Enrolled Missouri Militia, learning Anderson's whereabouts, made a forced march to meet him. On the follow- ing day, just one month after the Centralia massacre, Col. Cox came in contact with the guerrilla pickets, and drove them before him into the woods. He then dismounted his men, threw an infantry force into the forest, and sent forward a cavalry advance which soon engaged Anderson's main body and fell back. The guerrillas now charged, and Anderson was killed, while his men were forced to retreat at full speed, hotly pursued by the Union cavalry. Upon the body of Anderson was found $300 in gold, $150 in treasury notes, six revolvers, and several orders from Gen. Price. Early in December, 1864, Gen. Rosecrans was relieved of the command of the Department of Missouri, and Gen. Granville M. Dodge, of Iowa, succeeded him. LIST OF BATTLES IN MISSOURI. Necessarily there has been omitted from this brief review even a mention of many of the minor battles of the Civil War, which were fought upon the soil of Missouri. For convenient reference a complete list of these engagements, together with the dates at which they were fought, is herewith appended: 1861 — Potosi, May 14; Boonville, June 17; Carthage, July 5; Monroe Station, July 10; Overton's Run, near Fulton, July 17; Dug Springs, August 2; Athens, August 5; Wilson's Creek, August 10; Morton, August 20; Bennett's Mills, Sep- tember; Drywood Creek, September 7; Norfolk, September 10, Lexington, September 12, 20; Blue Mills Landing, September 17; Glasgow Mistake. September 20; Osceola, September 25; Shanghai, October 13; Lebanon, October 13; Big River Bridge, October 15; Linn Creek, October 16; Fredericktown, October 21; Springfield, October 25; Belmont, November 7; Piketon, November 8; Little Blue, November 10; Clark's Station, Novem- ber 11; Mount Zion Church, December 28. 1862 — Silver Creek, January 15; New Madrid, February 28; Pea Ridge, Ark., March 6; Neosho, April 22; Cherry Grove, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 143 July 1; Pierce's Mill, July 18; Kose Hill, July 10; Florida, July 22; Moore's Mill, July 28; Chariton Kiver, July 30; New- urk, August 1; Kirksville, August 6; Compton's Ferry, August 8; Independence, August 11; Yellow Creek, August 13; Lone Jack, August 16; Newtonia, September 13. 1863 — Springfield, January 8; Cape Girardeau, April 29; Marshall, October 13. 1864 — Pilot Knob, September 27 ; Moreau Kiver, October 7 ; Prince's Ford, October 5; Glasgow, October 8; Little Blue Creek, October 20; Big Blue, October 22; Westport, October 23; Newtonia, October 28; Albany, October 27; near Eocheport, September 23; Centralia, September 27. STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. The delegates chosen to this body assembled in Mercantile Library Hall, St. Louis, Friday, January 6, 1865. The objects of the convention were: First, " to consider such amendments to the constitution of the State as might be deemed necessary for the emancipation of slaves;" and second, " such amendments to the constitution of the State as might be deemed necessary to preserve in purity the elective franchise to loyal citizens, and such other amendments as might be deemed essential to the pro- motion of the public good. " On January 11, the following ordinance was passed by the Convention : AN ORDINANCE ABOLISHING SLAVERY IN MISSOURI. Be it ordained hy the People of 'the State of Missouri, in Convention Assembled, That hereafter, in this State, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary serv- itude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves are hereby declared free. Emancipation in Missouri was thus established by law, al- though it had practically existed for some time previous. THE DRAKE CONSTITUTION. It soon became apparent that mere amendments to the con- stitution would not satisfy the leading members of the convention, prominent among whom was Mr. Drake, of St. Louis, who had been chosen vice-president. A complete remodeling of the or- 144 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ganic laws of the State seemed to many not to fall within the authority of the convention, moreover they believed that the time had not come for that dispassionate and statesmanlike legislation which so important a measure demanded. However, the conven- tion proceeded with its sweeping work of reform, until it had made new provisions in every article of the fundamental law. Section 3 of Article XI, on the " Right of Suffrage, " which was the ob- ject of the most angry and exciting debate in the convention, and a prolific source of strife and division afterward, is here tran- scribed. Sec. 3. At any election held by the people under this constitution, or in pursuance of any law of this State, or under any ordinance or by-law of any municipal corporation, no person shall be deemed a qualified voter who has ever been in armed hostility to the United States, or to the lawful authorities thereof, or to the Government of this State; or has eyer given aid, comfort, coun4;enance or support to persons engaged in any such Jiostility; or has ever in any manner adhered to the enemies, foreign or domestic, of the United States, either by contributing to them, or by unlawfully sending within their lines, mon- ey, goods, letters, or information; or has ever disloyally held communication with such enemies; or has ever advised or aided any person to enter the service of such enemies; or has ever, by act or word manifested his adherence to the cause of such enemies, or his desire for their triumph over the armies of the United States; or his sympathy with those engaged in exciting or carrying on rebellion against the United States; or has ever, except under overpowering compulsion, submitted to the authority, or been in the service of these so-called " Confederate States of America; " or has ever left this State, and gone within the lines of the armies of the so-called " Confederate States of America," with the purpose of adhering to said States or armies; or has ever been a member of, or connected with any order, society or organization inimical to the Govern- ment of the United States, or to the Government of this State; or has ever been engaged in guerrilla warfare against loyal inhabitants of the United States, or in that description of marauding commonly known as "bushwhacking;" or has ever knowingly and willingly harbored, aided or countenanced any per- son so engaged; or has ever come into or left this State for the purpose of avoid- ing enrollment for or draft into the military service of the United States; or has ever, with a view to avoid enrollment in the militia of this State, or to escape the performance of duty therein, or for any other purpose, enrolled himself, or authorized himself to be enrolled, by or before any officer, as disloyal or as a Southern sympathizer, or in any other terms indicating his disaffection to the Government of the United States in its contest with rebellion, or his sympathy with those engaged in such rebellion; or having ever voted at any election by the people in this State, or in any other of the United States, or in any of their Territories, or under the United States, shall thereafter have sought or received, under claim of alienage, the protection of any foreign government, through any consul or other officer thereof, in order to secure exemption from military duty, in the militia of this State, or in the army of the United States; nor shall any such person be capable of holding, in this State, any office of honor, trust or HISTORY OF MISSOURI. l-iS profit under its authority; or of being an oflScer, councilman, director, trustee, or other manager of any corporation, public or private, now existing, or hereafter established by its authority: or of acting as a professor or teaclier in any edu- cational institution, or in any common or other school; or of holding any real estate or other property in trust for the use of any church, religious society, or congregation. But the foregoing provisions in relation to acts done against the United States shall not apply to any person not a citizen thereof, who shall have committed such acts while in the service of some foreign country at war with the United States, and who has, since such acts, been naturalized, or may hereafter be naturalized, under the laws of the United States; and the oath of loyalty hereinafter prescribed, when taken by any such persons, shall be con- sidered as taken in such sense. Section 4 provided for a registration of the names of qual- ified voters, and section 5 required that the oath indicated in the third section shoukl be taken by every voter at the time of his registration. Taking the oath slioukl not, however, be deemed conclusive evidence of the right of a person to vote, supposing such right could be otherwise disproved. This section also pro- vided that evidence for or against the right of any person to vote should be heard and passed upon by the registering officers and not by the judges of election. These officers should keep a list of the names of rejected voters, and the same were to be certified to the judges of elections who were to receive the ballot of any such rejected voter, marking the same as a rejected vote; but even with these precautions the vote was not to be received unless the party casting it should, at* the time, take the oath of loyalty. Under the ninth section no person was permitted to practice law, "or be competent as a bishop, priest, deacon, minister, elder or other clergyman of any religious persuasion, sect or denomi- nation, to teach or preach, unless such person shall have first taken, subscribed and filed said oath." While the article upon the " executive department " was pend- ing, an efPortwas made to introduce an amendment by which any citizen of the State, white or colored, male or female, would be eligible to the office of governor, but the amendment was rejected by a tie vote, as also a similar proposition in reference to the "Legislative Department." It is but just to say, in this connection, that the new constitu- tion, objectionable and stringent as it was in many particulars, was 146 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. admirable in respect to its provisions for public instruction, and was conceded to be so by its bitterest enemies. The constitution was adopted April 8, and two days after- ward the convention adjourned sine die. An election had been appointed for the 6th of June, 1865, to submit the new constitution to the people for their indorsement or rejection, but it had also been provided that no person should vote at that election, except those who would be qualified as voters under the second article thereof. The canvass which fol- lowed was naturally one of the greatest bitterness. Although the war was nominally over, and all the strong- holds of the Rebellion were in the hands of the United States authorities, yet there were fragmentary guerrilla bands still roaming through various sections of the country, and the war spirit continued in undiminished force. Multitudes of taxpayers in the State, not a few of whom were honored and influential citizens, and had been noncombatants during the war, were disfranchised by the third section, and denied the privilege of voting upon the adoption or rejection of the code of laws which was to govern them and their children. On the other hand it was maintained with vigor that citizens who had attempted to destroy their Gov- ernment, who had committed treason either by open deeds of rebellion, or by encouragement, sympathy and aid given to those in rebellion, had forfeited all rio^ht to assist in conductino^ the affairs of State. The election resulted in a majority of 1,862 for the constitution, which accordingly went into effect July 4, 1865. The next General Assembly which convened at Jefferson City, on November 1, proceeded to enact a registry law, which, on account of its stringency, occasioned much violence and dis- order in its enforcement. The " Casting Ordinance," for vacat- ing certain civil offices, was also attended with unpleasant results. That portion of the ninth section in regard to ministers, lawyers and teachers excited so much trouble in the State that B. Gratz Brown, Carl Sohurz and other leading Rspublicans set on foot December, 1866, a movement which had for its object universal amnesty and enfranchisement. The movement soon became popu- lar throughout the State, and, in his message to the Twenty- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 147 Fourth General Aesembly, January, 1867, Gov. Fletcher recom- mended an amendment to the constitution, striking out the ninth section of the second article. At this session of the Legis- lature a constitutional amendment was submitted to the people proposing to strike the word " white " from the eighteenth sec- tion of the second article, and thus inaugurate negro suffrage in Missouri. While this amendment was under consideration in the House, Mr. Orrick of St. Charles proposed to strike out not only the word " white " but also the word "male." This effort in behalf of female suffrage was rejected; and at the election of the people in November, 1868, negro suffrage was also defeated by a majority of 18,817 votes. The adjourned session of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly, which met on January 5, 1870, accomplished important work in several directions. Gov. Joseph W. McClurg recommended in his message the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the constitution of the United States, passed by Congress on February 27, 1869, and transmitted to the General Assembly at the same time a copy of the amendment as follows: ARTICLE XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropri- ate legislation. Immediately upon the reading of the amendment, a joint res' >- lution ratifying it was introduced into the Senate, and was speed- ily adopted by both Houses of the Legislature. DIVISIONS IN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. The differences of opinion regarding universal amnesty and enfranchisement were rapidly assuming the proportions of dis- cord and disintegration ; and the Eepublican party in the State became divided in sentiment as well as in name, being known re- spectively as Radicals and Liberals; the former maintaining a severe, and the latter a more magnanimous policy toward those who had complicity with the Rebellion. The Democrats, owing to the stringent registry laws, were in a hopeless minority, and 148 HISTORY OP MISSOURI. SO attached themselves to the Liberal Republicans, believing that by this course they might best aid their disfranchised brethren* and eventually gain control of State politics. The State Nomi- nating Convention, which met at Jefferson City on August 31, 1870, witnessed the final division of the Eepublicans. The plat- forms of the two branches of the party, differed chiefly in regard to enfranchisement, and the articles embodying their respective sentiments were as follows: MAJORITY OR LIBERAL PLATFORM. Fourth. That the lime has come when the requirements of public safety, upon which alone the disfranchisement of a large number of citizens could be justified, has clearly ceased to exist, and this convention, therefore, true to the aolemn pledges recorded in our National and State platforms, declares itself une- quivocally in favor of the adoption of the constitutional amendments com- monly called the suffrage and oflBce-holding amendments, believing that under existing circumstances the removal of political disabilities, as well as the exten- sion of equal political rights and privileges to all classes of citizens, without distinctions, is demanded by every consideration of good faith, patriotism and sound policy, and essential to the integrity of Republican institutions, to the welfare of the State, and to the honor and preservation of the Republican party. MINORITY OR RADICAL PLATFORM. Third. That we are in favor of re-enfranchising those justly disfranchised for participation in the late Rebellion, as soon as it can be done with safety to the State, and that we concur in the propriety of the Legislature having submitted to the whole people of the State the question .whether such time has now arrived; upon which question we recognize the right of any member of the party to vote his honest convictions. The two reports being before the convention, the report of the minority was adopted, whereupon about 250 delegates, friends of the majority report, led by Mr. Schurz, withdrew, organized a separate convention, and nominated a full State ticket, with B. Gratz Brown as a candidate for Governor. The other convention also nominated a full ticket, headed by Joseph W. McClurg for Governor, at that time incumbent of the office. The election of November, 1870, resulted in the choice of the B. Gratz Brown ticket by a majority of over 40,000 Liberal and Democratic votes. This election marks the period at which the Republicans, who had been for eight years in the ascendency, surrendered the power which they have since been unable to regain. HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 149 THE MURDERS AT GUN CITY. During the administration of Gov. Brown, a bloody infraction of the public peace occurred at Gun City, a small station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Eailroad, in Cass County. Judge J. C. Stevenson was one of the judges of the late county court of Cass County, that had made a fraudulent issue of bonds in the name of the county, thereby imposing heavy burdens upon the taxpayers. James C. Cline was county attor- ney, and was implicated in the swindle, and Thomas E. Detro was one of Cline's bondsmen. Both Stevenson and Cline had been indicted, and were under heavy bonds to answer for the offense with which they were charged. All of these men, to- gether with Gen. Jo. Shelby, were on the eastern bound train which reached Gun City on Wednesday, April 24, 1872. At this place logs, rails and rocks were found piled upon the track, and seventy or eighty masked and armed men compelled the en- gineer and fireman to leave the locomotive, and then commenced a terrible fusilade into and around the captured train. Loud cries were made for Cline, who stepped out on the platform, and was instantly riddled with bullets. The murderers then rushed through the train calling for the "bond robbers." They shot Judge Stevenson down in the car, and afterward dragged him out on the grass. Mr. Detro they found in the mail car, and, after severely wounding him, threw him on the roadside, where he was allowed to bleed to death. The gang then called for Gen. Jo. Shelby, but his intrepidity saved him, as he coolly kept his seat, replying, " Here I am; if you want me come and get me." Gov. Brown at once took measures to bring the murderers to justice, but they were never discovered. No further disturbance occurred, however. AMENDMENTS TO THE STATE CONSTITaTION. At an adjourned session of the Twenty-sixth General Assem- bly, which convened December 6, 1871, two constitutional amendments had been submitted to the votes of the people. These were ratified at the November election in 1872. The first increased the number of supreme court judges from three 150 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. to five, fixing their term of office at ten years, and providing that two additional judges should be elected at the general election in 1872, and one judge at each general election, every two years thereafter. The second provided that no part of the public school fund should ever be invested in the stock or bonds or other obliga- tions of any other State, or of any county, city, town or cor poration; that the stock of the bank of the State of Missouri, held for school purposes, and all other stocks belonging to any school or university fund, should be sold in such manner and at such time as the General Assembly should prescribe; and the proceeds thereof, and the proceeds of the sales of any lands or other property which belonged or might hereafter belong to said school fund, should be invested in the bonds of the State of Missouri, or of the United States, and that all county school funds should be loaned upon good and sufficient and unincum- bered real estate security, with personal security in addition thereto. REVISION OF THE STATE CONSTITUTION. During an adjourned session of the Legislature, which met on January 7, 1874, a law had been passed authorizing a vote of the people to be taken at the general election in November, 1874, for and against calling a convention to revise and amend the constitution of the State. This convention was agreed to by a majority of only 283. An election for delegates took place on January 26, 1875. On May 5 of the same year the convention assembled at the Capitol. It consisted of sixty-eight members, sixty of whom were Democrats, six Republicans, and two Lib- erals. A thorough revision of the entire organic law was made, both in committee and in convention. Every department of the State Government passed under review, and many important changes were made, which can not be discussed here, but they are familiar to every well-informed citizen of the State. The bill of rights occasioned much discussion. County rep- resentation, which has been a feature of every State constitution, including the first, was still maintained in spite of opposition. Carefully prepared and stringent limitations on the powers of the General Assembly were engrafted on the new instrument. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 151 Sessions of the Legislature were made biennial, and the guber- natorial term changed from two to four years. The formation of new counties was made extremely difficult or impossible. The power of the Legislature, and of counties, cities, towns and all other municipalities, to levy taxes and contract debts, was hedged about with limitations and safeguards. Extra mileage and per- quisites to officials were laid under embargo. Our system of free public schools, embracing a liberal policy for the mainte- nance of the State University, received recognition in the article on education. The final vote on the adoption of the constitu- tion as a whole stood — ayes, sixty; noes, none; absent, eight. October 30, 1875, the people ratified the constitution by a major- ity of 76,688, and on the 30th of November, 1875, it became the supreme law. GOV. Crittenden's administration. In 1880, Thomas T. Crittenden, of Johnson County, received the Democratic nomination for Governor of Missouri, and was elected in November of that year. Gov. Crittenden's competitors for the nomination were Gen. John S. Marmaduke, of St. Louis, and John A. Hockaday, of Callaway County. In his inaugural address, he recommended refunding at a lower rate of interest all that part of the State debt which could be thus refunded; some measures for the relief of the docket of the supreme court of the State, and a compromise of the indebtedness of several counties. He also condemned in the strongest terms the doctrine of repu- diation. Gov. Crittenden is by birth a Kentuckian — a direct descend- ant of the old Crittenden stock so long and deservedly prominent and popular in the State of Kentucky. Though himself a slave- holder, at the outbreak of our Civil War he espoused the cause of the Union, and no braver officer than he ever faced an army. At the close of the war he was found in the front rank of the con- servative portion of the people, who contended that peace should prevail, and the bitter animosities of the yjast be forgotten. He was sent to Congress, where, in more than one instance he proved his integrity. Throughout his entire career, no stain of venality adhered to his fair name, and no act of violence char- acterized his discharge of any duty. 152 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Under his guiding hand, the credit of the State advanced to a par with that of the Federal Government ; the debt of the State gradually diminished, and all of her educational interests fos- tered and nourished. When Gov. Crittenden took charge of the helm of State, a por- tion of the border was infested with a lawless band of thieves and murderers, known as the " James Gang, " who murdered without pity, and robbed without regard to person. He resolved to dis- band them. Soon some of the most desperate of the gang were in the hands of the officers, and, in one instance, when resistance and rescue were threatened, Gov. Crittenden attended the trial in person, with a few chosen friends, determined to defend the supremacy of the law with his life if necessary. One by one, the members of this gang were hunted down and sent to the penitentiary, and finally Jesse James was shot at St. Joseph by the " Ford Boys, " former comrades, who had been employed to capture him. HANNIBAL & ST. JOSEPH RAILROAD CONTROVERSY. By continued legislation, commencing with the act approved February 22, 1851, and ending with that of March 26, 1881, the State of Missouri granted liberal aid in the construction of rail- roads within her boundaries. The Hannibal & St. Joseph Eail- road was among the enterprises thus assisted, and, for its con- struction, bonds of the State amounting to |3,000,000, bearing in- terest at 6 per cent per annum, payable semi-annually, were issued. One-half of these bonds were issued under the act of 1851, and the remainder under the act of 1855. The former were to run twenty years, and the latter thirty years. Some of these bonds have since been funded and renewed. Coupons for the interest of the entire $3,000,000 were executed and made payable in New York. The acts under which the bonds were issued contain vari- ous provisions designed to secure the State against loss and to make it certain that the railroad company would be bound to pay the principal and interest at maturity. It was especially made the duty of the railroad company to save the State from any and all loss on account of said bonds and coupons. The State treas- urer was not to advance any money to meet either principal or HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 153 interest. The State contracted with the railroad company for complete indemnity. Neither was she required to relinquish her statutory mortgage lien, except upon the payment into her treas- ury of a sum of money equal to the entire indebtedness incurred by the railroad company on account of the issue and loan of her bonds. In June, 1881, the railroad company, through its attorney, George W. Easley, Esq., paid into the State treasury $3,000,000, and asked for a receipt in full of all dues to the State. The treasurer, Mr. Philip E. Chappell, refused to give such a receipt, but instead gave a receipt for the sum "on account." Although the debt was not due, the officers of the railroad wished to pay it at this time in order to save the interest. They first asked for the bonds of the road, but these the State refused to give up. They then demanded that the $3,000,000 be paid back, and this demand was also refused. The railroad company then brought suit in the United States Court for an equitable settlement of the matter in dispute. The $3,000,000 had been deposited in a bank by the State authorities, and was drawing interest at the rate of only one-fourth of one per cent. The railroad company asked that this money should be invested so as to yield a larger amount of interest, which interest should be allowed to its credit, in case anything should be found due from it to the State. Justice Mil- ler, of the United States supreme court, who heard the case upon preliminary injunction in the spring of 1882, decided that the unpaid and unmatured coupons constituted a liability of the State, and a debt owing, though not due, and that until these were pro- vided for, the State was not bound to assign her lien upon the road. Another question which was raised but not decided was whether any, or if so, what account the State ought to render for the use of the money paid into the treasury by the complainants, June 20; and whether she could hold so large a sum of money, refusing to make any account of it, and yet insisting that the railroad company should make full payment of all the outstand- ing coupons. Upon this subject Justice Miller, in the course of his opin- ion said: "I am of the opinion that the State, having accepted 154 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. or got this money into her possession, is under a moral obligation (and I do not pretend to commit anybody as to how far its legal obligation goes) to so use that money as, so far as -possible, to protect the parties who have paid it against the loss of the inter- est which it might accumulate, and which would go to extinguish the interest on the State's obligation." February 25, 1881, Gov. Crittenden sent a special message to the Legislature in which he informed that body of the intention of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company to discharge the full amount of what it considered its present indebtedness to the State, and advised that arrangements be made for the profit- able disposal of the sum as soon as paid. In response to this message the Legislature passed an act March 26, the second section of which is as follows: Sec. 2. Whenever there is sufficient money in the sinking fund to redeem or purchase one or more of the bonds of the State of Missouri, such sum is hereby appropriated for such purpose, and the Fund Commissioners shall im- mediately call in for payment alike amount of the option bonds of the State, known as the "5-20 bonds," provided, that if there are no option bonds which can be called in for payment they may invest such money in the purchase of any of the bonds of the State, or bonds of the United States, the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad bonds excepted. On the 1st of January, 1882, the regular semi-annual payment of interest on the railroad bonds became due, but the company refused to pay, claiming that it had already discharged the principal, and consequently was not liable for the interest. There- upon, according to the provisions of the aiding act of 1885, Gov. Crittenden advertised the road for sale in default of the payment of interest. The company then brought suit before United States Circuit Judge McCrary at Keokuk, Iowa, to enjoin the State from selling the road, and for such other and further relief as the court might see fit and proper to grant. August 2, 1882, Judge McCrary delivered his opinion and judgment as follows: " First. That the payment by complainants into the treasury of the State of the sum of $3,000,000 on the 26th of June, 1881, did not satisfy the claim of the State in full, nor entitle complain- ants to an assignment of the State's statutory mortgage. " Second. That the State was bound to invest the principal Bum of $3,000,000 so paid by the complainants without unneces- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 155 sary delay in the securities named in the act of March 26, 1881, or some of them, and so as to save the State as large a sum as possible, which sum so saved would have constituted as between the State and complainants a credit 2)^o tanto upon the unmatured coupons now in controversy. " Third. That the rights and equity of the parties are to be determined upon the foregoing principles, and the State must stand charged with what would have been realized if the act of March, 1881, had been complied with. It only remains to con- sider what the rights of the parties are upon the principles here stated. " In order to save the State from loss on account of the default of the railroad company, a further sum must be paid. In order to determine what that further sum is, an accounting must be had. The question to be settled by the accounting is, how much would the State have lost if the provisions of the act of March, 1881, had been complied with? * * * * i think a perfectly fair basis of settlement would be to hold the State liable for whatever could have been saved by the prompt execu- tion of said act by taking up such 5-20 option bonds of the State as were subject to call when the money was paid to the State, and investing the remainder of the funds in the bonds of the United States at the market rates. " Upon this basis a calculation can be made, and the exact sum still to be paid by the complainants in order to fully indemnify and protect the State can be ascertained. For the purpose of stating an account upon this basis, and of determining the sum to be paid by the complainants to the State, the cause will be referred to John K. Cravens, one of the masters of this court. In determining the time when the investment should have been made under the act of March, 1881, the master will allow a reasonable period for the time of the receipt of the said sum of $3,000,000 by the treasurer of the State — that is to say, such time as would have been required for that purpose had the officers charged with the duty of making said investment used reasonable diligence in its discharge. " The Hannibal & St. Joseph Eailroad is advertised for sale for the amount of the installment of interest due January 1, 1882, 156 HISTOBY OF MISSOURI. which installment amounts to less than the sum which the com- pany must pay in order to discharge its liabilities to the State upon the theory of this opinion. The order will therefore be that an injunction be granted to enjoin the sale of the road upon the payment of the said installment of interest due January 1, 1882, and if such payment is made, the master will take it into account in making the computation above mentioned." THE ELECTION OF 1884. The campaign of 1884, both nationally and in the State, was the most hotly contested of any this country has ever seen. In Missouri an alliance was effected between the Eepublican and Greenback parties, and a ticket headed by the name of Nicholas Ford, of St. Joseph, and called the " Anti-Bourbon ticket," was put into the field against the Democracy, headed by Gen. John S. Marmaduke, of St. Louis. A third party, known as Prohibition- ists, exercised considerable influence in the canvass. The "Anti- Bourbon " party made their fight against the record of the Democrats, who had been in uninterrupted power for twelve years, and especially against the tendency of the Democracy to recognize and reward men who had been in rebellion during the Civil War. This plea, owing to the nomination of Marmaduke, who had been a Confederate general, was of considerable service to the opponents of Democracy, and came near securing the defeat of the party. The campaign on the part of the Democrats was mainly a defensive one; while John A. Brooks, the Prohibi- tion candidate, urged that neither Ford nor Marmaduke should be elected, pledging himself in favor of submitting a constitutional amendment to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors. Mr. Brooks made a strong fight, and polled nearly 10,000 votes. Marmaduke was elected by a majority of less than 2,000, although the Cleveland electors carried the State by about 30,000. All of the Democratic State ticket was elected by vary- ing majorities, and also twelve out of fourteen congressmen were chosen by the same party. Nothwithstanding the opposition manifested toward him Gov. Marmaduke made an excellent career as an Executive, discharg- ing his duties in an impartial, conservative manner. On Tues- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 157 day, December, 27, 1887, news of the sudden and serious illness of the Governor was spread over the country. This was soon followed, on the evening of December 28, by tidings of his death. Lieut. -Gov. Morehouse subsequently qualified as Governor of the State, and is the present incumbent of the position. THE EARLY COURTS. As the District of Louisiana was for many years under the dominion of Spain, it became necessary for the early lawyers to acquaint themselves with Spanish civil and criminal laws. This they uniformly did, and even after the district came into the pos- session of the United States the rules which obtained in the Spanish and French courts were still clung to. Until the District was purchased by the United States, the administration or execu- tion of the laws was in the hands of the civil and military com- mandants, who in most instances were both ill-informed and arbitrary. In 1804 Congress extended the executive power of the Territory of Indiana over that of Louisiana, and the execu- tion of the laws of what is now Missouri fell to William Henry Harrison, Governor, and Griffin, Vanderburg and Davis, judges. The first courts were held in the winter of 1804-05 in the old fort near the junction of Fifth and Walnut Streets, St. Louis, and were called courts of common pleas. In March, 1805, the District of Louisiana was changed to the Territory of Louis- iana, and James Wilkinson became Governor; Frederick Bates, secretary; and James Wilkinson, Eeturn J. Meigs and J. B. C. Lucas, judges of the superior court of the Territory. At this time the executive offices were in the old government build- ing called La Place dC Armes, St. Louis. The districts of the Territory were changed to counties. Territorial courts superseded the commandants, and the rules of the English common law soon banished those of France and Spain. Courts of common pleas were established by the Territorial Legislature in 1813. Since the formation of the State Government the constitution and the Legislature have provided the number and character of the State courts. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. The public school system of Missouri is similar to that of other States. The first constitution of the State provided that 158 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. " one school or more shall be established in each township as soon as practicable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught gratis." It was not until 1839 that the school system was divest- ed of the clause limiting its benefits to the poor. At that date provision was made for a State superintendent of public instruc- tion, for a county board of education, and for a township board. From that time forward the system has steadily grown in useful- ness and power. Its greatest growth succeeded the Civil War. Now not less than 25 per cent of the State's revenue, exclusive of the sinking fund and interest, is devoted to the support of the public schools. Before the establishment of the free school system, education throughout the State was obtained wholly from private institu- tions of learning. The University of Missouri was founded about the time the State was admitted to the Federal Union, when two townships of land were granted for the support of a seminary of learning. In 1832 this land was sold for less than $75,000, but by 1839 this amount had grown to over $100,000. In the latter year the site was selected for the University at Col- umbia, which offered a bonus of $117,500 to secure the location — a remarkable offering for that day. The corner-stone was laid in 1840, and John H. Lathrop, D. D., became the first president. To this institution the following departments have since been added: normal department, 1868; agricultural and mechanical college, 1870; schools of mines and metallurgy, 1871, at Eolla; college of law, 1872; medical college, 1873; department of analyt- ical and applied chemistry, 1873; architecture, engineering, mechanical and fine arts, etc. The State may well be proud of this institution. St. Louis University was established in 1829, and has become one of the best educational institutions of the country. Since the war the State has founded an educational institution for colored people — Lincoln Institute, at Jefferson City — which is sup- ported by an annual appropriation. Several normal colleges have also been established by the Legislature, which contribute mate- rially toward the elevation of the standard of education in the State. In nearly every county is a seminary, academy, college, or university, supported by tuition or endowments, and controlled HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 159 by some sectarian organization, or by a non-sectarian association. In 1817 the Legislature incorporated the board of trustees of the St. Louis public schools, and this was the commencement of the present system. The first board was Gen. William Clarke, William C. Carr, Thomas H. Benton, Bernard Pratt, Auguste Chouteau, Alexander McNair and John P. Cabanne. Much should have been, and was, expected of this board, owing to their prominence and ability, but they did little or nothing, and it was not until twenty years later that the system sprang into life. CHURCHES. Baptist — The first Baptist Church organized in what is now the State of Missouri was founded near the present site of Jack- son, Cape Girardeau County, in 1806, under the labors of Bev. D. Green. The growth of the denomination has been marked. It has gone steadily on in its increase, until now it marshals a great host, and it is still rapidly enlarging in numbers, and ad- vancing in intelligence and general thrift. The annual report of the Baptist General Association of Missouri, for 1875, gives the following statistics: 61 district associations; 1,400 churches; 824 ordained ministers; 89,650 members. The Bible and Publication Society, with headquarters at Philadelphia, has a branch house at St. Louis which has become one of the chief book establishments of the State. The Baptist periodicals of the State are the Cen- tral Baptist and Ford's Repository, both published in St. Louis. The Baptist seats of learning in Missouri are William Jewell College, Liberty; Stephens' College, Columbia; Mt. Pleasant College, Huntsville; Baptist Female College, Lexington; La Grange College, La Grange ; Baptist College, Louisiana ; Liberty Female College, Liberty ; St. Louis Seminary for Young Ladies, Jenning's Station; Fairview Female Seminary, Jackson; Boon- ville Seminary for Young Ladies ; North Grand Eiver College, Edinburg; Ingleside Academy, Palmyra. Christian. — This is one of the largest denominations in Mis- souri; it has more than 500 churches and nearly 100,000 mem- bers. The literary institutions of the denomination are Christian College, Columbia; Christian University, Canton; Woodland College, Independence; Christian Orphan Asylum, Camden 160 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Point. The publications of this denomination in Missouri are; The Chrlsiian, The Little Watchman^ The Little Sower, and The Morning Watch, all published at St. Louis. Congregational. — The first Trinitarian Congregational Church was organized in St. Louis, in 1852, Eev. T. M. Post, D. D., pas- tor. The church in Hannibal was organized in 1859. In 1864-65 fifteen churches were organized in towns on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad. In 1875 the denomination had 5 dis- trict associations, 70 churches, 41 ministers and 3,363 members. There are two Congregational colleges in the State — Thayer Col- lege, at Kidder, and Drury College, at Springfield. Episcopal. — The first service of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Missouri was held October 24, 1819, and Christ Church, St. Louis, was organized as a parish November 1, of the same year. The Rev. John Ward, previously of Lexington, Ky., was the first rector. Six persons united in the first service. In 1875 there were in the city of St. Louis 12 parishes and mis- sions and as many clergymen; while, taking all parts of the State, there were about 5,000 communicants, 51 ministers, 48 church buildings, 57 Sunday-schools with 4,000 scholars, and 475 teachers. The denomination controlled 4 secular schools. The Diocese of Missouri is conterminous with the State of Missouri. Friends. — The following are the approximate statistics of this denomination in Missouri: Number of organizations and edifices, 4; sittings, 1,100; value of property, $4,800. Israelite. — There is scarcely a county in the State of Mis- souri where at least one dozen Jewish families are not settled. Jefferson City, Sedalia, Springfield, Rolla, Washington, Macon City, Louisiana, Hannibal and several other places, have wealthy, influential Jewish citizens, but too few in numbers to form inde- pendent religious communities. In St. Louis, St. Joseph and Kansas City they have established congregations. Sabbath- schools, houses of worship and institutions of charity. The oldest Hebrew congregation in Missouri was organized in 1838, at St. Louis. The following summary gives an approximate statement of the Israelite congregations in Missouri: congrega- tions, 8 ; members, 557 ; ministers, 8 ; houses of worship, 7 ; Sab- bath-schools, 9 ; with 12 teachers, and 574 scholars. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 161 Lutheran. — The first Lutheran Church organized in Mis- souri was founded in St. Louis in 1839. The number of churches is now about 92. The Lutheran educational institutions of the State are Concordia College and a high school, both at St. Louis. The charitable institutions are the Lutheran Hospital and Asy- lum at St. Louis, and the Lutheran Orphans' Home in St. Louis County. At St. Louis are also located the Lutheran Central Bible Society, and the Lutheran Book Concern of the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other States. The following Lutheran periodicals are published in St. Louis: Der Luther a7ier, Die Abendschule, Lehreund Wehre, and the Evangel Lutheran Schublatt German Evangelical. There are, in Missouri, perhaps 45 churches of this denomination, comprising 7,500 members. The Friedenshote is the name of a newspaper published under its patronage. Evangelical Missouri College is the theological seat of learning in this synod, and is located in Warren County. Methodist Episcopal. — The Methodist Episcopal Church in Missouri dates from an early period in the history of the State. Indeed, several societies were formed before it became a State, and these were a part of the old Illinois Conference. When the separation of 1844-45 took place, and the Methodist Episcopal Church South was formed, the societies in Missouri were broken up with few exceptions, and the members either joined that organization or remained unable to effect a reorganization of their own until 1848, when the Missouri Conference resumed its ses- sions. During the Civil War the preachers and members were driven from nearly all the stations and districts. There were probably less than 3,000 persons in actual fellowship in 1861 and 1862. In May, 1862, the general conference added Arkansas to the Missouri Conference, and it bore the name of " The Mis- souri and Arkansas Conference," until 1868, when it was divided, the societies north of the Missouri Kiver retaining the old name, Missouri Conference; and the societies south of the river, and those in Arkansas, being formed into the "St. Louis Conference." In 1872 the societies in Missouri, south of the river, became the St. Louis Conference, those in Arkansas the Arkansas Con- 162 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. ference. The two conferences of Missouri now comprise about 375 churches and 30,000 members. They have several flourish- ing schools and colleges, the principal of which are Lewis College, Glasgow ; Johnson College, Macon City, and Carleton Institute in Southeast Missouri. The Western Book Depository is doing a large business in St. Louis, and its agents also publish the Central Christian Advocate. Methodist Episcopal Church South. — The first preaching by a Protestant minister in this State was by a Methodist local preacher, John Clark by name, who resided where Alton now stands, and who occasionally crossed the river to a settlement of Americans near Florissant. The first regularly appointed Methodist preacher was Rev. John Travis, who received an appointment from Bishop Asbury in 1806. He formed two circuits, and at the end of the year returned 100 members. These circuits were called " Missouri " and "Meramec," and at the conference of 1807, Jesse Walker was sent to supply the former, and Edmund Wilcox the latter. From this time preachers were regularly appointed, and in 1820 there were, in Missouri, 21 traveling preachers, and 2,079 members. In 1821 Methodism proper was introduced into St. Louis by Eev. Jesse Walker, who secured the erection of a small house of worship on the corner of what is now Fourth and Myrtle Streets, and returned 127 members. MISSOURI GOVERNORS — UNDER THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT. Commandant — April 9, 1682, Robert Cavalier de La Salle. Gover7iors.—W9S to July 22, 1701, Sauvalle; 1701 to May 17, 1713, Bienville; 1713 to March 9, 1717, Lamothe Cadillac; 1717 to March 9, 1718, Del'Epinay; 1718 to January 16, 1724, Bienville; 1724 to 1726, Boisbriant; 1726 to 1733, Perier; 1733 to May 10, 1743, Bienville; 1743 to February 9, 1753, Vaudreuil; 1753 to June. 29, 1763, Kerlerec; 1763 to February 4, 1765, D'Abadie; February, 1765, M. Aubry, acting. Commandant.— July 17, 1765, to May 20, 1770, Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, de facto. I HISTOBY OF MISSOURI. 163 UNDER THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT. Lieutenant Governors. — May 20, 1770, to May 19, 1775, Pedro Piernas; 1775 to June 17, 1778, Francisco Cruzat; 1^78 to June 8, 1780, Fernando De Leyba; 1780 to September 24, 1780, Silvio Franc. Cartabona; 1780 to November 27, 1787, Franc. Cruzat; 1787 to July 21, 1792, Manuel Perez; 1792 to August 29, 1799, Zenon Trudeau; 1799 to March 9, 1804, C. Dehault Delassus. UNDER THE UNITED- STATES GOVERNMENT. Commandant. — March 10, 1804, to October 1, 1804, Capt. Amos Stoddard, who was also agent and commissioner of the French Government for one day, from March 9 to March 10, 1804. UNDER THE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA. Governor. — October 1, 1804, to March 3, 1805, William Henry Harrison. UNDER THE TERRITORY OF LOUISIANA. Governors. — 1805 to 1806, Gen. James Wilkinson; last part of 1806, Joseph Brown, acting; May, 1807 to October, 1807, Frederick Bates, acting; 1807 to September, 1809, Merriwether Lewis; September, 1809 to September 19, 1810, Frederick Bates, acting; 1810 to November 29, 1812, Benjamin Howard, acting; 1812 to December 7, 1812, Frederick Bates, secretary and acting governor. TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. Governors. — Frederick Bates, secretary and acting Governor^ 1812-13; William Clark, 1813-20. Delegates to Congress. — Edward Hempstead, 1811-14; Eufus Easton, 1814-17; John Scott, 1817-20. OFFICERS OF STATE GOVERNMENT. Governors. — Alexander McNair, 1820-24; Frederick Bates, 1824-25; Abraham J. Williams, vice Bates, 1825; John Miller, vice Bates, 1826-28; John Miller, 1828-32; Dunklin resigned; appointed surveyor general of the United States, 1882-36; L. W. Boggs, vice Dunklin, 1836; Lilburn W. Boggs, 1836-40; 164 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Thomas Keynolds (died 1844) 1840-44; M. M. Marmaduke, vice Eeynolds; John C. Edwards, 1844-48 ; Austin A. King, 1848-52; Sterling Price, 1852-56; Trusten Polk, resigned, 1856-57; Han- cock Jackson, vice Polk, 1857 ; Kobert M. Stewart, vice Polk, 1857-60; C. F. Jackson (1860), office vacated by ordinance; Hamilton E. Gamble, vice Jackson — Gov. Gamble died 1864; Willard P. Hall, vice Gamble, 1864; Thomas C. Fletcher, 1864- 68; Joseph W. McClurg, 1868-70; B. Gratz Brown, 1870-72; Silas Woodson, 1872-74; Charles H. Hardin, 1874-76; John S. Phelps, 1876-80; Thomas T. Crittenden, 1880-84; John S. Mar- maduke (died 1887), 1884-88 ; A. P. Morehouse, vice Marmaduke. Lieutenant Governors. — William H. Ashley, 1820-24; Ben- jamin H. Reeves, 1824-28; Daniel Dunklin, 1828-32; Lilburn W. Boggs, 1832-36; Franklin Cannon, 1836-40; M. M. Marma- duke, 1840-44; James Young, 1844-48; Thomas L. Rice, 1848- 52; Wilson Brown, 1852-55; Hancock Jackson, 1855-56; Thomas C. Reynolds, 1860-61; Willard P. Hall, 1861-64; George Smith, 1864-68; Edwin O. Stanard, 1868-70; Joseph J. Gravelly, 1870-72; Charles P. Johnson, 1872-74; Norman J. Coleman, 1874^76; Henry C. Brockmeyer, 1876-80; Robert A. Campbell, 1880-84; A. P. Morehouse (appointed Governor), 1884. Secretaries of State. — Joshua Barton, 1820-21 ; William G. Pettis, 1821-24; Hamilton R. Gamble, 1824-26; Spencer Pettis, 1826-28; P. H. McBride, 1829-30; John C. Edwards (term ex- pired 1835; re-appointed 1837, resigned 1837), 1830-37; Peter G. Glover, 1837-39; James L. Minor, 1839-45; F. H. Martin, 1845-49; Ephraim B. Ewing, 1849-52; John M. Richardson, 1852-56; Benjamin F. Massey (re-elected 1860 for four years), 1856-60; Mordecai Oliver, 1861-64; Francis Rodman (re-elected 1868 for two years), 1864-68; Eugene F. Weigel (re-elected 1872 for two years), 1870-72; Michael K. McGrath (re-elected 1884 for four years), 1874-84. State Treasurers. — Peter Didier, 1-820-21; Nathaniel Simonds, 1821-28; 'James Earickson, 1829-33; John Walker, 1833-38; Abraham McClellan, 1838-43; Peter G. Glover, 1843-51; A. W. Morrison, 1851-60; George C. Bingham, 1862-64; William Bishop, 1864-68; William Q. Dallmeyer, 1868-70; Samuel HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 165 Hays, 1872; Harvey W. Salmon, 1872-74; Joseph W. Mercer, 1874-76; Elijah Gates, 1876-80; Philip E. Chappell, 1880-84; J. M. Seibert (present incumbent), 1884. Atiorney -Generals. — Edward Bates, 1820-21; Kufus Easton, 1821-26; Kobert W. Wells, 1826-36; William B. Napton, 1836-39; S. M. Bay, 1839-45; B. F. Stringfellow, 1845-49; William A. Eobards, 1849-51; James B. Gardenhire, 1851-56; Ephraim W. Ewing, 1856-59; James P. Knott, 1859-61; Aik- man Welch, 1861-64; Thomas T. Crittenden, 1864; Eobert F. Wingate, 1864-68; Horace P. Johnson, 1868-70; A. J. Baker, 1870-72; Henry C. Ewing, 1872-74; John A. Hockaday, 1874-76; Jackson L. Smith, 1876-80; D. H. Mclntire, 1880-84; D. G. Boone (present incumbent), 1884. Audiiors of Public Accounts. — William Christie, 1820-21 ; William V. Eector, 1821-23; Elias Barcroft, 1823-33; Henry Shurlds, 1833-35; Peter G. Glover, 1835-37; Hiram H. Baber, 1837-45; William Monroe, 1845; J. R McDermon, 1845-48; George W. Miller, 1848-49; Wilson Brown, 1849-52; William H. Buffington, 1852-60; William S. Moseley, 1860-64; Alonzo Thompson, 1864-68; Daniel M. Draper, 1868-72; George B. Clark, 1872-74; Thomas Holladay, 1874-80; John Walker (re-elected in 1884, for four years), 1880-84. Judges of Supreme Court — Matthias McGirk, 1822-41; John D. Cooke, 1822-23; John K Jones, 1822-24; Ruf us Pettibone, 1823-25; George Tompkins, 1824-45; Robert Wash, 1825-37; John C. Edwards, 1837-39; William Scott (appointed 1841 un- til meeting of General Assembly in place of McGirk resigned; reappointed), 1843; P. H. McBride, 1845; William B. Napton, 1849-52; John F. Ryland, 1849-51; John H. Birch, 1849-51; William Scott, John F. Ryland and Hamilton R. Gamble, (elect- ed by the people for six years), 1851; Hamilton R. Gamble (re- signed), 1854; Abiel Leonard (elected to fill vacancy of Gam- ble) ; William B. Napton (vacated by failure to file oath) ; Will- iam Scott and John C. Richardson (resigned, elected August, for six years), 1857; E. B. Ewing (to fill Richardson's resigna- tion), 1859; Barton Bates (appointed), 1862; W. V. N. Bay, (appointed), 1862; John D. S. Dryden (appointed), 1862; Bar- 166 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ton Bates, 1863-65; W. V. N. Bav (elected), 1863; John D. S. Dryden (elected), 1863; David Wagner (appointed), 1865; Wallace L. Lovelace (appointed), 1865; Nathaniel Holmes (ap- pointed), 1865; Thomas J. C. Fagg (appointed), 1866; James Baker (appointed), 1868; David Wagner (elected), 1868-70; Philemon Bliss, 1868-70; Warren Currier, 1868-71 ; Washington Adams (appointed to fill Currier's place, who resigned), 1871; Ephraim B. Ewing (elected), 1872; Thomas A. Sherwood (elect- ed), 1872; W. B. Napton (appointed in place of Ewing, de- ceased), 1873; Edward A. Lewis (appointed in place of Adams, resigned), 1874; Warwich Hough (elected), 1874; William B. Napton (elected), 1874-80; John W. Henry, 1876-86; Kobert D. Kay succeeded William B. Napfcon, 1880; Elijah H. Norton (appointed in 1876), elected, 1878 ;T. A. Sherwood (re-elected), 1882; F. M. Black, 1884. United States Senators. — T. H. Benton, 1820-50; D. Barton, 1820-30; Alexander Buckner, 1830-33; L. F. Linn, 1833-43; D. K Atchison, 1843-55; H. S. Geyer, 1851-57; James S. Green, 1857-61 ; T. Polk, 1857-63 ; Waldo P. Johnson, 1861 ; Kobert Wil- son, 1861 ; B. Gratz Brown (for unexpired term of Johnson), 1863; J. B. Henderson, 1863-69 ; Charles D. Drake, 1867-70 ; Carl Schurz, 1869-75; D. F. Jewett (in place of Drake, resigned), 1870; F. P. Blair, 1871-77; L. V. Bogy, 1873; James Shields (elected for unexpired term of Bogy), 1879; D. H. Armstrong (appointed for unexpired term of Bogy) ; F. M. Cockrell (re-elected 1881), 1875-81; George G. Vest (re-elected in 1885 for six years), 1879-1885. Representatives to Congress. — John Scott, 1820-26; E. Bates, 1826-28; Spencer Pettis, 1828-31; William H. Ashley, 1831-36; John Bull, 1832-34; Albert G. Harrison, 1834-39; John Miller, 1836-42; John Jameson (re-elected 1846 for two years), 1839-44; John C. Edwards, 1840-42; James M. Hughes, 1842-44; James H. Kelfe, 1842-46; James B. Bowlin, 1842-50; Gustavus M. Bower, 1842-44; Sterling Price, 1844-46; Will- iam McDaniel, 1846; Leonard H. Sims, 1844-46; John S. Phelps, 1844-60; James S. Green (re-elected 1856, resigned), 1846-50; Willard P. Hall, 1846-53; William V. N. Bay, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 167 1848-61; JohnF. Darby, 1850-53; Gilchrist Porter, 1850-57; John G. Miller, 1850-56; Alfred W.Lamb, 1852-54; Thomas H. Benton, 1852-54; Mordecai Oliver, 1852-57; James J. Lind- ley, 1852-56; Samuel Caruthers, 1852-58; Thomas P. Akers (to fill unexpired term of J. G. Miller, deceased, 1855; Francis P. Blair, Jr. (re-elected 1860, resigned), 1856; Thomas L. Ander- son, 1856-60; James Craig, 1856-60; Silas H. Woodson, 1856-60; John B. Clark, Sr., 1857-61; J. Eichard Barrett, 1860; John W. Noel, 1858-63; James S. Kollins, 1860-64; Elijah H. Norton, 1860-63; John W. Keid, 1860-61; William A. Hall, 1862-64; Thomas L. Price (in place of Keid, expelled) 1862; Henry T. Blow, 1862-66; Sempronious T. Boyd (elected in 1862, and again in 1868, for two years) ; Joseph W. McClurg, 1862-66; Austin A. King, 1862-64; Benjamin F. Loan, 1862-69; John G. Scott (in place of Noel, deceased), 1863; John Hogan, 1864-66; Thomas F. Noel, 1864-67; John E. Kelsoe, 1864-66; Eobert T. Yan Horn, 1864-71; John F. Ben- jamin, 1864-71; George W. Anderson, 1864-66; William A. Pile, 1866-68; C. A. Newcomb, 1866-68; Joseph J. Gravelly, 1866-68; James E. McCormack, 1866-73; John H. Stover (in place of McClurg, resigned) 1867; Erastus Wells, 1868-82; G. A. Finklenburg, 1868-71; Samuel S. Burdett, 1868-71; Joel F. Asper, 1868-70; David P. Dyer, 1868-70; Harrison E. Havens, 1870-75; Isaac G. Parker, 1870-75; James G. Blair, 1870-72; Andrew King, 1870-72; Edwin O. Stanard, 1872-74; William H. Stone, 1872-78; Eobert A. Hatcher (elected), 1872; Eichard B. Bland, 1872; Thomas T. Crittenden, 1872-74; Ira B. Hyde, 1872-74; John B.. Clark, Jr., 1872-78; John M. Glover, 1872; Aylett H. Buckner, 1872; Edward C. Kerr, 1874-78; Charles H. Morgan, 1874; John F. Phillips, 1874; B. J. Franklin, 1874; David Eea, 1874; Eezin A. DeBolt, 1874; Anthony Ittner, 1876, Nathan Cole, 1876; Eobert A. Hatcher, 1876-78; E. P. Bland, 1876-78; A. H. Buckner, 1876-78; J. B. Clark, Jr., 1876-78; T. T. Crittenden, 1876-78; B. J. Franklin, 1876-78; John M. Glover, 1876-78 ; Eobert A. Hatcher, 1876-78; Charles H. Mor- gan (re-elected in 1881 and 1882), 1876-78; L. S. Metcalf, 1876-78; H. M. Pollard, 1876-78; David Eea, 1876-78; S. L. 168 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. Sawyer, 1878-80; N. Ford, 1878-82; G. F. Kothwell, 1878-82; John B. Clark, Jr., 1878-82; W. H. Hatch (re-elected in 1884), 1878-84; A. H. Buckner (re-elected in 1882), 1878-82; M. L. Clardy (re-elected in 1882 and 1884), 1878-82; E. G. Frost, 1878-82; L. W. Davis (re-elected in 1882), 1878-82; K. R Bland (re-elected in 1882 and 1884), 1878-82; J. E. Waddell, 1878-80; T. Allen 1880-82; E. Hazeltine, 1880-82; T. M. Eice, 1880-82; E. T. Yan Horn, 1880-82; J. G. Burrows, 1880-82; A. M. Alexander, 1882-84; Alex. M. Dockery (re-elected in 1884), 1882-84; James N. Burns (re-elected in 1884) 1882-84; Alexander Graves, 1882-84; John Cosgrove, 1882-84; John J. O'Neill (re-elected in 1884), 1882-84; James O. Broadhead, 1882-84; E. W. Fyan, 1882-84; John B. Hale, 1884; William Warner, 1884; John T. Heard, 1884; J. E. Hutton, 1884; John M. Glover, 1884; William J. Stone, 1884: William H. Wade, 1884; William Dawson, 1884. CONGRESSMEN ELECTED IN 1886; TERMS EXPIRE IN 1889. First District, William H. Hatch; Second District, Charles H. Mansur; Third District, Alex. M. Dockery; Fourth District, James N. Burnes ; Fifth District, William Warner ; Sixth Dis- trict, John T. Heard; Seventh District, John E. Hutton; Eighth District, John J. O'Neill; Ninth District, John M. Glover; Tenth District, Martin L. Clardy; Eleventh District, Eichard P. Bland; Twelfth District, William J. Stone; Thir- teenth District, William H. Wade; Fourteenth District, James L. Walker. The supreme judge elected in 1886 was Theodore Brace, in room of John W. Henry; the superintendent of public schools was William E. Coleman, re-elected. MISSOURI'S DELEGATIONS IN THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS. 1861-63— Senate, John B. Clark, Sr., E. L. Y. Peyton. House, W. M. Cooke, Thomas A. Harris, Aaron H. Conrow, Casper W. Bell, George G. Vest, Thomas W. Freeman, John Hyer. i HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 169 1864-65 — Senate, Waldo P. Johnson, Eev. L. M. Lewis. House, Thomas L. Snead, N. L. Norton, John B. Clark, Sr., A. H. Conrow, George G. Vest, Peter S. Wilkes and Eobert A. Hatcher. REBEL GOVERNORS. 1861-62 — Claiborne F. Jackson; lieutenant governor, Thomas C. Eeynolds. 1862-65 — Thomas C.Eeynolds; lieutenant governor, vacancy. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. Following is the aggregate vote of the State at every presi- dential election since the admission of Missouri into the Union: 1824 — Andrew Jackson, Eepublican, 987; John Quincy Adams, Coalition, 311; Henry Clay, Eepublican, 1,401; Clay's majority, 103. Total vote, 12,699. Number of electoral votes, 3. 1828 — Andrew Jackson, Democrat, 8,232; John Quincy Adams, National Eepublican, 3,422; Jackson's majority, 4,810. Total vote, 11,654. Number of electors, 3. 1832 — Andrew Jackson, Democrat, had a majority over Henry Clay, National Eepublican, of 5,192. Number of electors, 4. 1836— Martin Van Buren, Democrat, 10,995; William H. Harrison and Hugh L. White, Fusion, 8,337; Van Buren's ma- jority, 2,658. Total vote, 19,332. Number of electors, 4. 1840— Martin Van Buren, Democrat, 29,760; William Henry Harrison, Whig, 22,972; Van Buren's majority, 6,788. Total vote, 52,732. Number of electors, 4. 1844 — James K. Polk, Democrat, 41,369; Henry Clay, Whig, 31,251; Polk's majority, 10,118. Total vote, 72,620. Number of electors, 7. 1848 — Lewis Cass, Democrat, 40,077; Zachary Taylor, Whig, 32,671; Cass's majority, 7,406. Total vote, 72,748. Number of electors, 7. 1852 — Franklin Pierce, Democrat, 38,353; Winfield Scott, Whig, 29,984; Pierce's majority, 8,369. Total vote, 68,337. Number of electors, 9. 1856 — James Buchanan, Democrat, 58,164; Millard Fill- more, American, 48,524; Buchanan's majority, 9,640. Total vote, 106,688. Number of electors, 9. 1 1 170 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 1860 — Stephen A. Douglas, Democrat, 58,801; John Bell, Union, 58,372; John 0. Breckinridge, Democrat, 31,317; Abra- ham Lincoln, Republican, 17,028 ; Douglas' plurality over Bell, 429. Total vote, 165,518. Number of electors, 9. 1864 — Abraham Lincoln, Republican, 72,750; George B. McClellan, Democrat, 31,678 ; Lincoln's majority, 41,072. Total vote, 104,428.* Number of electors, 11. 1868— U. S. Grant, Republican, 86,860; Horatio Seymour, Democrat, 65,628; Grant's majority, 21,232. Total vote, 152,- 488. Number of electors, 11. 1872 — Horace Greeley, Liberal Republican, 151,434; U. S. Grant, Republican, 119,196; Charles O'Conor, Democrat, 2,429; Greeley's majority, 29,809. Total vote, 273,059. Number of electors, 15. 1876— Samuel J. Tilden, Democrat, 203,077; R. B. Hayes, Republican, 145,029; Peter Cooper, Greenbacker, 3,498; Green Clay Smith, Temperance, 64; scattering, 97; Tilden over all, 54,389. Total vote, 351,765. Number of electors, 15. 1880— Winfield S. Hancock, Democrat, 208,609; James A. Garfield, Republican, 153,567; James B. Weaver, Greenbacker, 35,045 ; Hancock's plurality, 55,042. Total vote, 397,221. Num- ber of electors, 15. 1884 — Grover Cleveland, Democrat, 235,988; James G. Blaine, Republican, and Benjamin F. Butler, Greenbacker, (Fusion electors) 202,929; John P. St. John, Prohibition, 2,153; Cleveland's plurality, 30,906. Total vote, 441,070. Num- ber of electors, 16. In 1884 the vote for governor resulted: JohnS. Marmaduke, Democrat, 218,885; Nicholas Ford, Fusion, 207,939; John A. Brooks, Prohibition, 10,426; Marmaduke over Ford, 10,946; over all, 520. Total vote, 437,250. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 171 THE VOTE BY COUNTIES AT THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OP 1836-40-44. Counties. Adair. Andrew Audrain Barry Bates Buchanan Benton Boone Callaway Camden Caldwell Cape Girardeau Carroll Chariton Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Daviess Decatur (now Ozark) Franklin Gasconade Greene Grundy Henry (called Rives in 1836-40). Holt Howard Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson La Fayette Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison Marion Miller Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid Newton 1836. No re 4 714 446 No re 140 33 84 No re 282 48 73 No re 59 No re 133 81 11 40 354 183 89 78 165 197 275 No re No re No re No re 343 No re 280 169 51 No re m a turn New c New c 131 55 75 567 616 tu rn 435 142 188 turn 347 129 576 turn 86 turn 338 115 140 108 619 489 138 240 294 298 236 turn turn turn turn 338 turn 317 92 216 turn 1840. cq a New c 340 150 1,112 881 New c 133 455 112 246 240 457 127 348 778 240 New c 170 New c 355 136 279 New c 291 New c 753 457 New c 298 255 500 542 462 93 249 374 152 827 21 815 334 167 363 178 ounty ounty 122 436 ounty 1,118 501 500 626 ounty 154 764 182 391 206 649 288 962 694 264 ounty 264 ounty 552 636 452 ounty 421 ounty 901 711 ounty 321 374 475 602 543 235 487 500 275 534 317 618 262 494 194 630 1844. 204 384 175 142 206 599 252 1,190 940 70 129 518 242 371 225 765 310 418 901 237 255 318 57 386 71 351 346 280 185 1,013 614 155 327 367 820 380 578 269 198 327 183 1,017 74 792 359 262 298 189 172 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. THE VOTE BY COUNTIES AT THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OP 18dQ-40-U.— Concluded. 1836. 1840. 1844. Counties. 11 li H Kg > ¥ 11 3 O m a "el f Niangua (now Dallas) New c New c 459 319 156 732 241 196 400 515 432 15 586 New c 221 170 2,515 375 New c 284 New c 233 69 41 208 342 479 57 New c ounty ounty 968 339 262 746 860 720 335 405 563 325 459 ounty 199 223 1,874 322 ounty 500 ounty 226 308 258 360 348 514 211 ounty 76 120 900 385 228 861 273 86 422 596 599 31 480 177 301 193 3,688 591 317 258 57 244 115 36 257 364 613 86 97 345 Osasre 434 Platte 1,386 Perry 17 64 405 65 49 122 195 232 2 282 173 161 415 80 230 151 399 221 70 237 463 Pettis 319 Pike 809 Polk Pulaski , 636 325 Ralls 322 Randolph 571 Ray 734 Ripley 266 St. Charles 503 St. Clair 342 St. Francois 144 47 843 135 197 97 618 178 234 Ste. Genevieve 245 St. Louis 3,329 Saline Scotland 446 442 Scott No re turn 480 Shannon 271 Shelby 31 17 No re No re 150 245 No re 63 170 turn turn 376 311 turn 209 Stoddard 323 Taney 297 Van Buren fnow Cass^ . . ... 443 Warren 341 Washington Wayne 588 366 Wriffht 486 Total 7,337 10,995 22,972 29,760 31,251 41,369 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1848. 173 Counties. Adair Andrew Atchison Audrain Barry Bates Benton Boone Buchanan Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau. . Carroll Cass (Van Buren) Cedar Chariton Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt Howard Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox. La Fayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison _^ ^ u.^ § « a 03Q H o" 110 200 384 689 77 136 135 166 55 217 146 186 208 382 1,102 588 704 1,055 128 168 349 631 155 282 485 709 266 298 270 410 116 271 414 577 284 242 626 418 290 286 277 581 813 633 263 275 166 306 105 283 269 358 37 146 339 680 87 349 152 396 401 825 225 187 63 144 274 239 98 224 148 248 801 888 695 954 161 294 246 311 334 451 196 197 915 585 170 374 479 479 566 696 230 297 195 373 360 470 231 377 Counties. Marion Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery. . Morgan New Madrid. . . Newton Nodaway Osage Oregon Ozark Perry Pettis Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois . . . Ste. Genevieve. St. Louis Saline Schuyler Scotland Scott Shannon Shelby Stoddard Sullivan Taney Texas Warren Washington . . . Wayne Wright Total Majority 1,046 144 76 133 161 807 379 167 323 161 43 92 7 69 322 230 793 1,102 231 124 74 397 607 509 21 14 477 148 285 142 4,827 586 204 131 147 35 175 97 154 54 82 351 473 91 72 32,671 40,077 7,406 174 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. VOTE BY COUNTIES AT THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF 1852-56-60. 1852. 1856. I860. Counties. if ja 8^ f! aa a o 1 1 r a § 3 a go a Adair 113 466 106 200 72 Newc 104 167 28 1,112 712 16 157 670 67 328 239 201 784 150 160 253 ounty 116 328 112 613 857 26 209 493 109 487 286 283 428 132 565 148 53 255 159 199 1,329 768 34 237 1,095 210 664 399 410 889 345 521 488 64 409 467 413 958 1,036 143 295 805 269 898 659 616 819 645 289 257 107 511 574 250 578 1,626 235 263 839 269 543 752 4 242 324 692 120 542 528 368 430 988 169 283 225 692 207 239 150 With 888 188 873 298 416 910 623 298 453 939 136 349 1,095 407 490 617 293 677 165 580 333 76 386 306 166 1,671 1287 88 367 1,306 224 651 552 16 715 266 608 342 752 1,045 674 226 952 353 406 288 545 243 243 209 Ozark 577 157 517 986 507 319 703 197 348 920 176 194 1,473 424 416 1,224 339 319 63 206 286 93 348 100 99 652 614 17 186 472 132 325 276 83 607 277 295 308 497 305 314 487 281 192 305 172 265 338 213 79 185 Andrew 97 Atchison 68 Audrain 1 Barry, 1 Barton 28 Bates 30 Benton 74 Bollinger 23 Boone Buchanan . Butler 12 452 1 Caldwell 43 Callaway 15 Camden Cape Girardeau 6 175 Carroll 3 Carter Cass 228 65 348 337 162 498 596 163 440 561 391 559 23 Cedar 4 Chariton 1 Christian Clark 325 626 283 216 645 240 175 102 296 74 66 No 289 406 290 462 535 378 376 344 351 96 167 return 721 756 406 259 787 460 333 132 380 77 172 101 587 675 397 552 778 434 418 454 572 396 336 147 277 Clay Clinton Cole 11 114 Cooper 20 Crawford 35 Dade , 8 Dallas 20 Daviess 33 Dent 7 De Kalb 7 Dunklin Douglas . Franklin 277 89 133 484 215 111 266 75 189 675 619 304 233 920 184 164 245 194 291 762 531 220 396 1,003 350 318 402 130 240 798 846 403 757 1,029 335 495 369 333 409 867 108 51 259 414 190 50 232 143 171 247 91 36 943 192 155 527 494 Gasconade 433 Gentry 201 Greene 42 Grundy 129 Harrison Henry 297 16 Hickory 15 Holt 202 Howard Howell 1 Iron .... 108 Jackson 728 169 172 360 858 355 310 456 894 294 523 844 1,168 398 387 540 191 Jasper 38 Jefferson 149 Johnson 18 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 175 VOTE BY COUNTIES AT THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OP lS52-5&-Q0.~Contmued. Counties. Knox Laclede La Fayette Lawrence Lewis, Lincoln Linn Livingston McDonald Macon Madison Maries Marion Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery. . . Morgan New Madrid. . . Newton Nodaway Oregon Osage Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis Phelps Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois. . . Ste. Genevieve. St. Louis Saline Schuyler Scotland , Scott Shannon Shelby Stoddard 1852. 210 71 303 168 398 440 249 251 63 355 117 New c 894 186 62 117 189 760 386 133 93 107 61 11 143 32 57 171 245 803 910 260 39 135 341 476 483 5 16 378 149 250 122 4,298 514 177 216 59 207 116 g a 255 184 532 390 408 587 282 321 194 473 259 ounty 751 186 279 168 353 611 265 278 32 323 111 95 372 57 34 213 301 758 1,060 504 169 156 278 502 618 98 83 598 225 529 165 5,826 443 222 283 97 9 328 177 1856. o S'/. Clair — Organized January 29, 1841. Named for Gen. Arthur St. Clair, of the Revolution. Osceola, named for the noted Seminole chief, became the county seat in 1842. St Francois — Organized December 19, 1821. Named for the river. Farmington, the present county seat, was not laid out until 1856. Ste. Genevieve — One of the original "districts." Organized October 1, 1812. Named for the town, which was founded, prac- tically, in 1763, although settled probably in 1735. St. Louis — One of the original "districts." Organized Oc- tober 1, 1812. Named for the town, which in turn was named for King Louis XY of France, having been founded by Pierre Laclede, in 1764. Clayton was made the county seat in 1875. Saline — Organized November 25, 1820. County seats in their order have been Jefferson, Jonesboro, Arrow Rock and Mar- shall. The county was named for its salt springs. Schuyler — Organized February 14, 1845, and named for Gen. Philip Schuyler of the Revolution. The first county seat was at Tippecanoe; Lancaster, the present capital, was laid out in 1845. Scotland — Organized January 29, 1841. Named by Hon. S. W. B. Carnegy, now of Canton, in honor of the land of his ances- tors. He surveyed and named the town of Edinburg in this HISTOEY OF MISSOURI. 193 county, and also the town of Edina, in Knox County. The first courts in Scotland were held at Sand Hill, but in 1843 the county seat was located at Memphis. Scott — Organized December 28, 1821. Named for Hon. John Scott, the first congressman from Missouri. The first county seat was at Benton. Shannon — Organized January 29, 1841. Named for Hon. George F. Shannon, a prominent lawyer and politician of the State, who dropped dead in the courthouse at Palmyra, in August, 1836. Shelby — Organized January 2, 1835. Named for Gen. Isaac Shelby, who fought at King's Mountain, in the Kevolution, and was subsequently Governor of Kentucky. The first county seat was at Oak Dale, but was located at Shelby ville in 1836. Stoddard — Organized January 2, 1836. Named for Capt. Amos Stoddard^ of Connecticut, who took possession of Missouri in the name of his government after the Louisiana purchase. Stone — Organized February 10, 1851, and named for the stony character of its soil. Galena, the county seat, "was so named for the presence of that mineral in the vicinity. Sullivan — Fully organized February 16, 1843, and named by Hon. E. C. Morelock far his native county in Tennessee. In the preliminary organization, in 1843, the county was named High- land. The first courts were held at the house of A. C. Hill, on the present site of Milan, which became the county seat in 1845. Taney — Organized January 6, 1837, and named for Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. Forsyth, the county seat, located in 1838, was named for Hon. John Forsyth, of Georgia, who was Secretary of State of the United States from 1834 to 1841. Texas — Organized February 14, 1845, and named for the Lone Star State. Houston, the county seat, was named for Gen. Sam Houston, the "hero of San Jacinto." Vernon — Organized as at present February 27, 1855. Named for Hon. Miles Vernon, a member of the State Senate from La- clede County, who fought under Gen. Jackson at New Orleans, and who presided over the Senate branch of the "Claib Jackson Legislature," which passed the "Ordinance of Secession," at Ne- osho, October 28, 1861. Nevada, the county seat, was originally 194 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. called Nevada City, and named by Col. D. C. Hunter for a town in California. Warren — Organized January 5, 1833, and named for Gen. Joseph Warren, who fell at Bunker Hill. Warrenton became the county seat in 1835. Washington — Organized August 21, 1813, and named for the "Father of His Country." It is claimed that Potosi, the county seat, was first settled in 1765. Wayne — Organized December 11, 1818, when it comprised the greater part of the southern one-third of the State. It was formerly called by the sobriquet of "the State of Wayne," and latterly "the Mother of Counties." It was named in honor of Gen. Anthony Wayne, of the Eevolution, the famous " Mad An- thony" of history and legend. Greenville, the county seat, was laid out in 1818, and named for the scene of Gen. Wayne's treaty. Webster — Organized March 3, 1855, and named for Daniel Webster. The county seat, Marshfield, was named for Webster's country seat. Worth — Organized February 8, 1861, and named in honor of Gen. William Worth, one of the prominent American command- ers in the Mexican War. Grant City was laid off in 1864, and named for Gen. Grant. Wright — Organized January 29, 1841, and named in honor of Hon. Silas Wright of New York, a leading Democratic states- man of that period. Hartville was named for the owner of the site. There have been attempts at the creation of other counties from time to time. Dodge County, named for Gen, Henry Dodge, was organized in 1851, with a county seat at St. John, but in 1853 it was disorganized and its territory included within the limits of Putnam, of which county it had formed the western part. The organization of Donaldson, Merrimac, and perhaps two or three otlier counties, was never perfected. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 195 POPULATION OF MISSOURI BY COUNTIES. The annexed table shows the population of the State by the counties in ex- istence at the several periods mentioned. The population of the Territory in 1810 was 20,845. Counties. 1821. 1830. 1840. I860. I860. 1870. 1880. Adair 2,342 9,433 1,648 3,506 3,467 8,531 11,850 4,649 8,075 7,995 1,817 7,215 9,072 7,371 19,486 23,861 2,891 5,034 17,049 4,975 15,547 9,763 1,235 9,794 6,637 12,562 5,491 11,684 13,023 7.748 9,697 17,356 5,823 7,072 5,892 9,606 5,224 5,654 2.414 5,026 18.035 8,727 11.980 13,186 7,887 10,626 9,866 4,705 6,550 15,946 3,169 5.842 22,896 6.883 10,344 14,644 11,449 15.137 8,440 12,307 10,373 5,087 15.960 11 322 15,190 16 318 Andrew Atchison 14 556 Audrain 1,949 4,795 19,732 14,405 10 332 Barry Barton Bates 3,669 5,015 25 381 Benton 4,205 12'.^flfi Bollinger 8 I62I 11 130 Boone Buchanan 3,692 8,859 13.561 6,237 14,979 12,975 1,616 2,316 13.827 2,338 13,912 5,441 20,765 25,422 35 109' 49 792 Butler 4^298 6^011 11,390 13.646 19,202 23.670 6 1081 7 266 Caldwell 1,458 11,765 Callaway ... 1,797 6,102 Camden Cape Girardeau. . . Carroll 7,852 7,430 9,359 2,433 17.558; 20,998 17,445 23,274 1,455 2,168 19 296 22 4.R1 Carter Cass 4,693 6.090 3,361 7,514 Cedar 9.474 19,135 6,707 13,667 15,564 14,063 10,292 20.692 7.982 8.683 8,383 14,410 9.858 6.357 3,915 5,982 23,098 11,093 11,607 21,549 10,567 14,635 17,401 6,452 11,652 17,233 4,218 6.278 55,041 14,928 15,380 24.648 10 741 Chariton 1,426 1,776 4,746 25 224 Christian 9 628 Clark 2.846 8,282 2,724 9.286 10,484 3,561 5.527 10,332 3,786 6,696 12,950 6,397 4,246 3,648 5,298 2,075 15031 Clay 5,342 15 572 Clinton 16.073 15,515 21.596 10 756 Cole 1,028 3,483 3,006 6.910 1,709 Cooper Crawford Dade 12 557 Dallas 9 263 Daviess 2,736 19 145 De Kalb 13 334 Dent 10 646 Douglas 7 753 Dunklin 1.220 11.021 4,996 4,248 12,785 3,006 2.447 4,052 2.329 3,957 13,969 9 604 Franklin 1.928 1,174 3,431 1,548 7,515 5,330 26 534 Gasconade Gentry 11.153 17 176 Greene 5,372 28 801 Grundy 15,185 Harrison 20 304 Henry ....... 4,726 23,906 Hickory: 7 387 Holt 15.509 Howard 7,321 10,314 13,108 18 428 Howell 8 814 Iron 8 183 Jackson 2,822 7,612 14,000 4,223 6,928 7,467 82 325 Jasper 32 019 Jefferson 1,838 2,586 4,296 4,471 18 736 Johnson 28 172 196 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. POPULATION OF MISSOURI BY COUNTIES.- Continued. Counties. 1821. 1830. 1840. 1850. I860. 1870. 1880. Knox 2,894 2,498 13,690 4,859 6,578 9,421 4,058 4,247 2,236 6,565 6,003 8,727 5,182 20,098 8,846 12,286 14,210 9,112 7,417 4,038 14,346 5,664 4,901 18,838 9,300 6,812 4,859 10,124 14,785 9,718 8,202 5,654 9,319 5,252 3,009 7.879 2,447 2,962 9,128 9,392 5,714 18,417 18,350 9,995 3,835 9,207 8,592 11,407 14,092 3,173 3,747 16,523 6,812 4,249 8,029 190,524 14,699 6,0971 8,873: 5,247 2,284 7,301 7,877 2,400 9,198 3,576 6,067 10,974 9,380 22,628 13,067 15,114 15,960 15,900 16,730 5,226 23,230 5,849 5,916 23,780 11,557 6,616 4,982 11,375 17,149 10,405 8,434 6,357 12,821 14,751 3,287 10,793 3,363 2,059 9,877; 18,706 10,506 23,077 17,352 12,445^ 4,714! 11,217! 10,510 15,908 18,700 3,756: 3,175! 21,304 6,747; 9,742' 8,384' 351,189! 21,672 8,820 10,670 7,317 2,339 10,119 8,535 3,253 11,907 4,407; 9,618' 13,047 11,524 25,710 17,583 15,935 17.426 20.016 20,196 7,816 26,222 8,876 7,304 24,837 14,673 9,805 9,270 14 346 Laclede La Fayette Lawrence 1,340 2,921 6,815 Lewis 6,040 7.449 2,245 4,325 Lincoln 1,674 4,060 Linn Livingston McDonald Macon 6,034 3,395 Madison 2,371 Maries Marion 1,907 4,839 9,623 12,230 2,691 3,834 3,123 6,004 10,541 5,486 4,650 5,541 4,268 2,118 1,432 6,704 2,294 Mercer Miller 2,282 Mississippi Moniteau Monroe "3,966 9,505 4,371 4,407 4,554 3,790 19 071 Montgomery Morgan 2,032 16,249 10 132 New Madrid Newton 2,445 2,351 7,694 18,947 29,544 Nodaway Oregon 5 721 Osage 11.824 Ozark 5 618 Pemiscot 4 299 Perry 1,599 3,371 5,760 2,930 7,215 5,150 11,895 Pettis 27,271 Phelps 12,568 Pike 2,677 6,122 10,646 8,913 8,449 6.529 13,609 16,845 6,186 3,998 1,657 6,151 9,489 10,353 1,849 2,830 11,454 3,556 4,964 5,313 104,978 8,843 3,287 3,782 3,182 1,199 4,253 4,277 26,715 Platte 17,366 Polk 15,734 Pulaski 7,250 Putnam 13,555 Ralls 1,684 4,346 2,942 2,658 5,670 7,198 6,053 11,838 Randolph 22,751 Ray 1,789 20,190 Reynolds 5,722 Ripley 2,856 7,911 5,377 St. Charles yt. Clair 4,058 4,822 23,065 14,125 St Francois 2,386 2,000 14,909 2,182 3,211 3,148 35,975 5,258 13,822 Ste. Genevieve St. Louis 3,181 8,190 1,176 10.390 382,406 Saline 29,911 Schuyler 10,470 Scotland 12,508 Scott 2,136 5,974 8,587 3,441 Shelby 3,656 3,153 14,024 Stoddard 13,431 Stone 4,404 Sullivan 2,983 4,373 2,313! 1 10,569 Taney 3,264 5.599 Texas . 12.206 1 HISTOBT OF MISSOURI. 197 POPULATION OF MISSOURI BY COVI^TIEQ.— Concluded. Counties. *1821. 1830. 1840. 1850. I860. 1870. 1880. Vernon 4,850 8,339 9.723 5,629 7,099 11,247 9.637 11,719 6,068 10,434 5,004 5,684 19 369 TVarren 4,253 7,213 3,403 5,860 8,811 5,518 10^806 12,896 9.096 12 175 Washington Wayne Webster 3,741 1,614 6.779 3,254 Worth 8 203 Wright 3,387 4,508 9,712 Total 70,647 140,304 383,702 682,043 1,182,012 1,721,295 2,168,380 CITIES AND TOWNS. The following table shows th& population of cities and towns in the State with a population of 4,000 and upward in 1880, compared with the census of 1870: Towns. Carthage Chillicothe . . . Hannibal Jefferson City. Joplin Kansas City... Louisiana 1870. 3,978 10,125 4,420 32,260 3.630 4,167 4,078 11,074 5,271 7,038 55,785 4.325 Towns. Moberly St. Charles. . . St. Joseph.. . St. Louis Sedalia Springfield. . . Warrensburg. 1870. 1,514 5,570 19,565 310,864 4,560 5,555 2,945 6,070 5,014 32,431 350,518 9,561 6,522 4,040 CONCLUSION. Such, in brief, is the History of Missouri, one of the foremost of the States of the Union in everything that goes to make up our Commonwealth. While there may be spots and flaws in the early records of its pioneer settlers, yet with them all this early and later history is one that must stir the blood and quicken the pulse of him who reads. Its institutions of civil and religious freedom, guaranteeing the rights of citizenship, education and worship, extending the blessings of beneficent law silently, and extensively as the atmosphere about us, demand our love. Then, too, it is a State of innumerable and as yet undeveloped resources. Its soil yields almost an infinite variety of production. Within its bosom lie hid many minerals, and its forests are rich in ex- 198 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. haustless stores of timber, while its prairies are made to " bud and blossom like the rose." It is a State of the free school, the free press and the free pulpit, a trio the power of which it is im- possible to compute. The free schools, open to rich and poor, bind together the people in educational bonds and in the common memories of the recitation-room and the play grounds. The free press may not always be altogether as dignified or elevated as the more highly cultivated may desire, but it is ever open to the com- plaints of the people; is ever watchful of popular rights and jeal- ous of class encroachments. The free pulpit, sustained not by legally exacted tithes wrung from an unwilling people, but by the free-will offerings of loving supporters, gathers about it the thousands, inculcates the highest morality, points to brighter worlds, and when occasion demands will not be silent before po- litical wrongs. Its power simply as an educating agency can scarcely be estimated. These three grand agencies are not rival but supplementary, each doing an essential work in public cult- ure. Above all this is a State of homes. Here there is no system of vast land-ownerships, with lettings and sub-lettings, but, on the contrary, the abundance and cheapness of land gives a large proportion of the population proprietary interests. To all this, add the freedom of elective franchise which invests the humblest citizen with the functions of sovereignty, and is there not reason for loving such a State? The Missouri of to-day is not the Missouri of a decade ago. A dark period followed the- close of that bitter internecine strife, so fatal to this locality, but notwithstanding all this, prosperity and progress beyond former precedents are now her portion. The area of land under cultivation is greater than ever before, and the census of 1890 will exhibit an astounding increase in every department of material industry and advancement; in a great in- crease of agricultural and mechanical wealth; in new and im- proved modes for production of every kind, in the universal activity of business in all its branches; in the rapid growth of cities and villages; in bountiful harvests, and in unexampled material prosperity prevailing on every hand. Colleges and schools of every class and grade are in the most flourishiug con- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 199 dition ; benevolent institutions, State and private, are well main- tained, and, as one has aptly said, " In a word our prosperity is as complete and ample as though no tread of armies or beat of drum had been heard in our borders." Surely these are not the ordinary indices of exhaustion! As to resources for the future struggle, the resources of the State will meet each legitimate call. Guiding all these is the intelligent purpose of a people whose ambition, laudable indeed, is to make Missouri in reputation what she is in reality — one of the very richest States of the Union. ^y''Z^€^^yQ^ FRAN HUN COUNTY. PART II, COUNTY HISTORY, .^vp^: 'S'k ^ i^.^.//--^ rf?/»WKt/A/ QQ^^^'f- Franklin County PHYSICAL DESCPvIPTION, ETC. Bounddvij. — Franklin County is situated in the eastern part of Missouri. It is bounded on the north by Warren and St. Charles Counties, separated from them by the Missouri Piver; on the east by St. Louis and Jefferson Counties; on the south by Washington and Crawford Counties, and on the west by Gascon- ade County. Its extreme length from north to south, near the west boundary line, is a trifle over thirty-three miles; its shortest distance from north to south is about twenty-two miles; from east to west its greatest breadth is thirty-three miles, and the shortest breadth is the southern boundary line, thirty-one miles. The area of the county is al)out S50 scjuare miles, or 544,000 acres. Topogvdphij. — Topographically, the county is divided into well defined systems of uplands and valleys. The principal ridge enters the county from the east, north of Pacific, as an extension of the Ozark range of hills, and extends, by way of Gray's Summit, westwardly to Maune's Store; thence southwest- wardly, by Jeffriesl)urg ; thence westwardly, north of Beaufort, and thence southwestwardly into Gasconade County, west of Shot- well. A short ridge extends from New Haven southwestwardly into Gasconade County, n(^rthwest of Boeuf Creek. A point near the Canaan road, in Section 20, Township 43, Pange 3 Avest, is the highest point of land in the county. Keizer's Knob, (.]• Flat Knob, as it is otherwise called, about three miles soutln\ (st of Etlah, is the second highest point in the county, and is nhout 20-4 HISTORY OF FUANKLIN COUNTY. 1,000 feet above the level of the sea. Newport is about one-half mile north of another high point. A high ridge extends from near Moselle southwestwardly, leaving the county in the south- west corner of Meramec Township, near Sullivan. This ridge is traversed by the St. Louis & San Francisco Railway, the heights above the sea of various points on which are, according to data furnished by Mr. James Dun, chief civil engineer of that road, as follows: The east end of the Sullivan switch, the highest point on the road, in Franklin County, 983 feet above the sea; one mile west of Pacific, the lowest point in the county, 468 feet above the sea; Sullivan, 981 feet; the Meramec bridge at Moselle, 498 feet, and Pacific, 472 feet. In the southeastern part of the county, in Prairie Township, occurs again the high and broken land. The elevations above the sea, along the line of the new rail- road, the St. Louis, Kansas City & Colorado, are as follows, according to Joseph Eckert: Labaddie*, 522 feet; Wood's Sum- mit, five miles east of Union, on the St. Louis rock road, 708 feet; Bourbeuse River, at Union, 480 feet; Union, 557 feet; Jef- friesburg, 750 feet; Flint Hill, near Beaufort post-office, 798 feet, and the crossing of the Springfield road and the Franklin County line, 890 feet. Streams. — The Meramec bottom is usually about one-half a mile wide, the Bourbeuse the same. Boeuf Creek averages over half a mile, and in some places is a mile and a half. Big Berofer and St. Johns Creek bottoms, about one-fourth of a mile. Following are the names of the principal rivers and creeks: Meramec River, a large, crooked and beautiful stream, enters the county in Section 13, Township 40, Range 2 w^est, and pur- sues a general northeast direction until it leaves the county just south of Pacific, in Section 13, Township 43, Range 2 east. The tributaries of the Meramec, from the southeast, are Big Calvey Creek, Little Meramec River, Rye Creek, Gibson's Branch, Big Indian Creek, and two others, which are not named. Its tributaries from the northwest are Brush Creek, the Bourbeuse River, another Brush Creek, and Hoosier Creek. The Bourbeuse * This name is often spelled with one d. In this volume two are used, which is better orthog- raphy, and just as correct as the other. STATE OF MISSOURI. 205 River enters the county from Gasconade County, in Section 27, Township 41, Range 4 west, and follows an exceedingly tortuous course, northeast by east, until it unites with the Meramec, in Section 11, Township 42, Range 1 east. Its tributaries from the south are Birch Creek, Hamilton Creek, Hamilton branch. Spring Creek, Boone Creek and Little Bourbeuse. From the north, the tributaries of this river are Pin Oak Creek, Flat Creek, Schiller Creek, Voss Creek, Clates Creek, Big Creek, Little Creek, and Red Oak Creek. The northern part of the county is drained by the Missouri River. The tributaries of the Missouri River from Franklin County are Big Tavern Creek, Ridenhour Creek, La- baddie Creek, Dubois Creek, St. Johns Creek, Boeuf Creek and Berger Creek. Soil. — The soil on the uplands varies largely in different parts of the county. In the northern portion, to a distance of about ten miles back from the Missouri River, it is a very rich clay loam. On the ridge from Gray's Summit westward it is in places rather thin, and, though mainly clayey, is also to some extent sandy. The ridge between the Bourbeuse and Meramec is of a rather thinnish clay soil, underlaid with a hardpan subsoil, and in the southeastern portion of the county, in Prairie Township, there is a good deal of rich land. In the valleys of the rivers and creeks the soil is a vegetable mold, varying in depth from one foot to ten feet, averaging probably about four feet in depth. Gener- ally speaking, in the southern part of the county on the ridges the soil is not so fertile as in the northern portions, in the low lands of which are large areas of humus. Nutritious wild grasses grow luxuriantly, and the celebrated blue grass, wherever opportunity offers, springs up without effort on the part of the farmer. This is the best grass for pastures afforded by this climate. Timothy, clover and red-top appear to be the most valuable of the cultivated grasses, affording abun- dant crops of hay, as well as being well adapted to pastures. Timber, — About two-thirds of the county is as yet covered with timber, thin timber lands being, however, in greater propor- tion in the southern than in the northern portions. The hills in the southern portion are mostly covered with a variety of scrub oak and post oak, growing to a height of from ten to twenty-five feet. 200 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. Besides tliese kinds of oak there is considei'a])le black jack, and occasionally some white oak, growing larger in the valleys than on the hills. In the bottoms, ash, walnut, elm, hickory, birch, and sycamore grow. In the northern portion there is plenty of linn, black walnut, elm, mulberry, white oak, hickory, cotton- wood, gum, sassafras, Spanish oak, black hard oak, and soft maple, pecan, sycamore, poplar and other varieties. About one-fifth of the northern portion of the county is yet timber land, and about one-third of the county is under cultivation. Grain. — Wheat is mainly relied upon as a money-making crop, and the soil is well adapted to its growth, the yield rang- ing from six to forty bushels per acre. Corn is also a valuable dependence of the farmer, the yield varying from twenty-five to fifty bushels on the uplands, and from fifty to seventy-five in the valleys; oats, rye and other cereals are raised to some extent. Fruits of all kinds grow abundantly on the hill tops and ridges, and in most parts of the county vegetables and root crops richly repay the labor of the husbandman. The climate of the county is for the most part mild and healthful; but little snow falls in winter, which is usually short and not severe, but in summer the heat is often quite intense. Malaria is rapidly disappearing before the advance of civilization and improved methods of cultivating and draining the soil. Mineral Wealth. — In the southeastern part of the county commences the rich mineral region of Southeast Missouri and Northern Arkansas; lead, iron and copper ores crop out of all the hills find bluffs, and also show on the surface of the valleys. The southeastern lead region of Missouri comprises, besides Franklin County, Jefferson, AVashington, St. Francois, Madison, Ste. Genevieve, Crawford and Bollinger. The productive geo- logical formation of this area is the third magnesian limestone, which, generally speaking, is the great lead-bearing series of the State. It is nearly a true dolomite, containing the calcite and magnesian carbonates in equal proportions. It is believed that where entire this formation is upward of 500 feet in thickness. The first and second magnesian limestones crop out on the surface. The first is a kind of bastard limestone, and as a metal-bearincr rock is of but little value; the second carries STATE or MISSOURI. 207 with it galena, and is about 150 feet in thickness, and the third is found at a depth of about 650 feet, and is about 400 feet thick, according to the opinion of Prof. Swallow. Prof. Swallow also estimates that there is a sandstone below the third magnesian lime stone from 150 to 200 feet in thickness, and a fourth formation of matrnesian limestone below this of about 800 feet in thick- ness, richer even than the third in lead. The iron found in Franklin County lies in the southwest part of the county in the vicinity of Dry Branch and Sullivan. There is also a small quantity in the western part of the county in a sandstone formation. Copper is found in two localities, but has been worked in only one. The Stanton copper works ran for a number of years and a large amount of copper was produced and hauled to St. Louis in wagons. This difficulty in getting the ore to the works and the unskillful manner in which it was w^orked after reaching the works, caused the entire business to be unprofitable, and hence its abandonment. But little copper has been mined in this county for about twenty-seven years. The indications are that iron sur- rounds the localities in which copper is found. Where the Boone copper mine is located, after working it a short time the copper turned out to be iron. This mine is being worked at the present time. What is known as the Park mine, which has been worked to some extent, lies partly in Washington County. There is but little coal in Franklin County, and that little is in Township 42, Eanges 3 and 4 w^est, close to the Gasconade County line, in which county coal has been mined for a number of years. Limestone fit for building purposes is found in the vicinity of Union and near the Missouri Eiver, along the line of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Colorado Railroad. On the line of the St. Louis & San Francisco Railway there is a very excellent quality of sandstone. It is good for building, but not for orna- mental work. There are indications of granite near Reed's Landing, on the former of the two above named railroads, but it can not be said that the granite is of any special value. There are deposits of fire clay near Washington and New Haven and in 208 HISTOKY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. and around the town of Union, and any amount of building brick clay along the Missouri River. The deposits of white sand in and near Pacific, and along the Missouri River, and about one and a half miles south of Union, are remarkable for the extreme fineness and clear grit of the sand. It varies somewhat in color, some of it being slightly tinged with yellow, and other portions being very nearly pure white, as the little mountain of it south of Union. It is exceedingly valuable in the manufact- ure of fire brick, glass, etc. Mineral paints are found in three or four different localities. They have not yet been brought into market, owing to the expense of transportation. When the St. Louis, Kansas City & Colorado Railroad shall have been com- pleted through the county, it will pass very near a valuable deposit of these paints. Zinc is found north of Dry Branch, bat it has not yet been developed. Barytes is also found in the rich- est portion of the mineral belt. The principal portion of this mineral belt of Franklin County is about eighteen miles long, by twelve in width. The townships and ranges comprised within its limits are Townships 40, 41 and 42, and a part of 43, and Ranges 1 east and 1 west. There are but small quantities out of this area. Following are some facts and figures with reference to the various lead, iron and copper mines that either have been or are now in operation. The true fissure or vertical lead mines are the Virginian mine, in Section 16, Township 41, Range 1 east. The depth reached in this mine is about 480 feet, and about 15,000 tons of galena have been taken out. The ore is, as nearly as possible, an exact counter- part of that of the famous Cornwall mines of England. Mount Hope mine is in Sections 3 and 4, Township 41, and Section 28, Township 42, Range 1 east; Caswell mine is in Section 3, Town- ship 40 and Section 34, Township 41, Range 1 east; and Cove mine is in Section 34, Township 42, Range 1 east; from these three mines about 15,000 tons of ore have been extracted. North- umberland mine is in Section 5, Township 41, and Section 32, Township 42, Range 1 east. It has been mined to the depth of about 100 feet, and has yielded about 500 tons of ore. Evans mine is in Section 33, Township 42, Range 1 east, and has been mined to the depth of about eighty feet. The yield STATE OF MISSOURI. 209 has not been ascertained. It is not now in operation. Silver lead mine is in the same section, has been mined to the depth of 110 feet, and has yielded a large amount of ore. North Virginia mine is in Section 9, Township 41, Kange 1 east. It has been worked to the depth of about 260 feet, and has yielded about 5,000 tons of ore. South Virginia mine is in Section 21, Township 41, Range 1 east, has been worked to the depth of about seventy-five feet, and has yielded 25,500 tons of ore. Giles mine is in Sec- tions 32 and 33, Township 41, Range 1 east, and has been mined to the depth of about forty feet. Skinner mine is in Sections 19, 30 and 31, Township 41, Range 1 east, and has been worked to the depth of about seventy-five feet. Piney mine is in Sections 8 and 17, Township 41, Range 1 east. It has been mined to the depth of about forty feet, but is not now in operation. Jeffries mine is in Section 21, Township 41, Range 1 east, and has been mined to the depth of about fifty feet. Otten mine is in Section 3, Township 42, Range 1 east. It has been but recently opened. Knuckles mine is in Section 28, Township 41, Range 1 east and has been mined to the depth of about twenty-five feet, and Gol- conda mine is in Township 43, Range 1 east, and has been mined to the depth of about 150 feet. Neither of the last two mines is now in operation. The lead mines in horizontal strata are the following: The Thomas mine in Section 5, Township 40, and Section 32, Town- ship 41, Range 1 west. This mine is on Survey 3279, granted to Gabriel Cerre, as mentioned below. It has yielded about 2,500 tons. Appleton mine is in Section 5, Township 40, Range 1 west. Its yield has been about 1,000 tons of ore. EUett mine is in Section 6, Township 41, Range 1 west; Hamilton mine is in Section 31, Township 42, Range 1 west, and Patton mine is in Section 30, Township 42, Range 1 west. These three mines have yielded about 1,500 tons. Wicker mine is in Section 5, Township 41, Range 1 west. Its yield has been about 100 tons. Shotwell mine is in Section 32, Township 42, Range 1 west. It yielded about seventy -five tons during the last six months of 1887. Peninsula mine is in Sections 15 and 16, Township 42, Range 1 west. It has been in operation about forty years, and has yielded about 600 tons. Jack mine is in Section 24, Town- 210 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. ship 4'2, Range 2 west, and lias yielded about fifty tons. Bins- backer mine is in kSection 36, Township 42, Eange 2 west. It has recently been discovered; and the Highland Mining Com- pany's mine is in Section 21, Township 42, Eange 1 west. The iron mines located in the county are as follows: Judah Spring mine, on Section 19, Township 41, Range 1 west. Its yield has recently increased from fifty tons to 100 tons per day. Booth Bank is in Section 27, Township 41, Range 1 west, two and a half miles from Dry Branch. The ore is a red hema- tite, and it has yielded since L'SS2, when it was opened, about 2,000 tons. The Moselle Iron Furnace is located on Section 14, Township 42, Range 1 east, within three-fourths of a mile of Moselle Sta- tion. It was built in 184U, by F. A. Evans and George L. Huckles, i7i the interest of parties residing in Kentucky. The ore used was in part from the Benton Creek l^ank, in Crawford County, but a brown hematite was also used, found in the vicin- ity of the furnace. In 1850 the furnace was started on the cold- blast process of making iron. The output was small, about five or six tons per day, which was hauled to the Missouri River and shipped to markets along the rivers below the mouth of the Mis- souri. Limited demand and low prices did not justify the cost of production, and, as a consequence, the property changed hands. About 1850 or 1857 it was purchased by a party, who operated the works a few years. Henry T. Childs and Walter C. Carr were the principals. The former, as manager of the works, was assisted by his nephew, T. C. Childs, now a resident of Mahon- ing County, Ohio. Mr. Childs devoted much of his time to the works, making iron successfully. Many of the older residents of Franklin County still remember him as an upright, generous, liberal-minded gentleman. The furnace remained idle from about 1859 to 1860, when the property, together with the furnace prop- erty south of the Meramec River, known as the Stella ville Fur- nace and lands, was purchased by a company consisting of Joseph H. Brown, Richard Brown, William Bonnell, Abraham Powers, Will- iam Powers, E. J.Warner and John Craig Smith. The furnace was in operation most of the time from 1867 to 1874, under the man- STATE OF MISSOURI. 211 agement of the last nanned gentleman, who, by raising the furnace stack to the height of thirty-four feet, putting up brick and iron hot-blast ovens, and remodeling the machinery, largely' increased its capacity, making from twenty to thirty tons per day of hot- blast foundry iron, which, in quality, equaled anything produced from Missouri ores; but the revolution in iron making from char- coal to coke as fuel came, and again, owing to low prices of pig metal, caused by Eastern competition and the extremely high railroad freights on ore which was required from points along the line, principally as a mixture, as well as market freights on pig metal, it was thought advisable to shut down the works. Accordingly they were left idle, in charge of employes, who have since been making agricultural improvements on the property. Four of the owners named above have since died — Joseph H. Brown, William Bonnell, Abraham Powers and William Powers. They Avere men of practical experience and extensive business, principally in coal and iron, in Ohio and Pennsylvania. The firm name in this county was originally J. H. Brown William Fullarton, 640 acres. Township 44, Range 1 east; Sur- vey 977, Smith Collum, 600 arpents, Townships 43 and 44, Range 1 east; Survey 1910, John Chandler, 600 arpents. Township 44, Range 2 west; Survey 1912, Ezekiel Rogers, 600 arpents. Town- ship 44, Range 1 west; Survey 1914, Robert Young, under John Day, 240 arpents, Township 44, Range 1 east; Survey 1919, John S. Farrar, 350 arpents. Township 43, Ranges 1 east and 1 west; Survey 1921, Robert Ramsey, 350 arpents. Township 44, Range 2 east; Survey 1922, Kincaid Caldwell, 710 arpents. Township 44, Range 1 west; Survey 1925, William Massey, 490 arpents, Township 44, Range 1 west; Survey 1931, Alexander McCourt- ney, 600 arpents, Township 44, Range 1 east; Survey 1942, John Stephenson, 316 arpents, Township 44, Range 1 east; Survey 1964, James Cowan, 640 acres. Townships 43 and 44, Ranges 1 east and 1 west; Survey 1984, John Phillips, 640 acres. Town- ship 44, Range 2 west; Survey 2044, Hugh Stephenson, 400 222 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. arpents, Townsliip 44, Range 1 west; Survey 2577, Louis Dubois, 640 acres, Townsliip 44, Range 1 east; Survey 2687, John F. Cliatingny, 640 acres. Township 44, Range 1 east; Survey 2686, James Smith, 640 acres. Township 44, Range 1 east; Survey 3025, Bazile Desnoyers, 640 acres. Township 42, Range 1 east; Survey 3279, Gabriel Cerci, 400 arpents. Townships 40 and 41, Range 1 west; Survey 17(]8, Peter Chouteau, under Etienne St. Pierre, 6,002.5 acres. Township 45, Range 3 west; Survey 2981, Etienne St. Pierre, 14,751.3 acres, Township 45, Range 3 west; Survey 3029, Sylvester Labaddie, 13,821.98 acres, Townships 44 and 45, Ranges 2 and 3 west; Survey 3030, Baptiste Duchou- quet, 6,987.66 acres, Townships 44 and 45, Range 3 west; Sur- vey 3129, James Mackay, 10,340 arpents. Township 42, Range 2 west; Survey 3031, James Mackay, 5,280 arpents, Township 44, Ranges 1 and 2 west; Survey 3132, John Long, 5,000 arpents. Township 44, Range 1 west; Survey 3133, John Long, 5,000 arpents, Townships 43 and 44, Range 1 west. A triangular portion of Survey 909, confirmed to William Bell, occupies the extreme northeast corner of the county. It is believed that the last of these grants was made in May, 1804, as some whose destination was this portion of what was then the St. Louis District, who came here in the fall of that year, were too late to secure grants, or "headrights," as the 640 acre surveys were called. Fii-sf Scfilers. — It is generally conceded that Kincaid Caldwell was the first American settler in Franklin County. He located in Section 6, Township 44, Range 1 west, in 1803, and it is probable that later in the same year he was joined by a few other families. Although Ambrose Boles was probably not the next American settler, yet he appears to be the next the year of whose arrival is known, he having settled in this county in 1804. Will- iam M. Fullerton and John Ridenhour must have come in also about the same time, as the latter at least, as may be seen above, had made a selection of one of the grants, which was confirmed to his widow and children. Ridenhour Creek was named for him. It is believed that he was the only white settler killed in the county by the Indians, one of whom sliot him while he was watering his horse at a spring not far from Labaddie, and near the line of the STATE OF MISSOURI. 223 present St. Louis, Kansas City & Colorado Railroad. John Mordecai, Philip Bell, Henry Steele, John Decker and Thomas Henry, the latter of whom was the first surveyor of the county, were among the early settlers in the same neighborhood with Mr. Boles. Mosias Maupin came to St. Louis County in 1804, just too late to avail himself of the "grants," and to Franklin County in 1800; he was the father of a large family: George (now of Callaway County), James M. (now of Cole County), Thomas, William, Lewis, Daniel and John. After Mosias Maupin's death, his widow married Benjamin Brown, and by him had seven chil- dren, named: James, Silas, Irvin, Nancy, Hannah, Ellen and Lucy. John Maupin, son of Mosias, was killed by the explosion of a powder mill, and Benjamin Brown came very near losing his life by the same accident. John Maupin's children were John, Amos, Wilkinson, Daniel and two daughters, one of whom mar- ried James Heatherly, and the other William McDonald. Ben- jamin Heatherly came from Kentucky to Franklin County in 1806 or 1807. His children were James, Osias and Leonard besides other sons, and his daughters became Mrs. Amos Mau- pin, Mrs. James Orchard and Mrs. James Snelson. Amos Rich- ardson came from Kentucky in 1806; his sons were Benjamin and Clayton, and his daughters became Mrs. Richard Phillips and Mrs. William Hammack. About the same time there came into the county three brothers, also from Kentucky: James, Enoch and William Greenstreet. James' children were Clayton, Irvin, Jefferson, John and Mary, the latter of whom married a Mr. Clark. The names of Enoch's children were not ascertained. William's were Polly, Delilah (who married a Mr. Thompson), one who married Zachariah Smith, another girl, and two sons named James and Joseph. Samuel and William Hutton, two brothers, came from Kentucky in 1806. Samuel's family con- sisted of six children: William, Jacob, Samuel, Thomas, Eliza and Elizabeth. The names of William's children were not ascer- tained. Returning to the Maupin family, a very prolific one, Thomas, William, Daniel and Lewis, it will be remembered, were sons of Mosias, the original settler. The children of Thomas Maupin were Boyd, Irvin, Jacob, Lindsey, Enoch, Mary and Nancy; of William: John, Elisha, Amos, Sarah and Ellen; and 224 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. of Lewis: James, Lewis, Mrs. Kourtjohame, Mrs. John Patton and another daughter. Daniel Maupin's children were Sarah, John, Wyatt, Margaret, Elvira and James. Michael Shookman was an- other old settler ; his sons were George and Nicholas. Michael and Thomas Rowark also came in at an early day, and lived on Berger Creek. Philip Bell and John Bell, brothers, came from Vir- ginia in 1808 ; the former settled near Labaddie, and the other near South Point. Philip's children were John K., Andrew, Philip, Elizabeth and Sarah, and John's were William, Mordecai, Ninian, John, David, Daniel, James and Elizabeth. Jacob Cole settled near South Point in 1808 ; his family consisted of his wife and four children — two daughters, Lydia, and another, who became Mrs. Pine, and two sons, James and Jasper. James Snelson came from Tennessee in 1810, a single man, but was soon afterward married. Nathan Richardson came into the county in 1806 ; his family consisted of his wife and ten children. Wilson Hiatt came about 1812, as also his nephews, John and Thomas. Sutton Farrar and his three brothers, Richard, Perrin and Robert, were also early settlers. Malcolm Wheeler settled nearly south of the Meramec; his family consisted of his wife, two sons, William L. and Henry, and two daughters, Mrs. Benjamin Beazley and Mrs. Isaac Evans. Jesse McDonald and his two brothers came from Kentucky in 1808. Ute Music came into the county in 1808; he had two brothers, one, Uri, who lived in St. Louis County, the other, Uel, who lived in Gasconade County. Hartly Sappington was one of the early settlers, coming into the county in 1806, and settling about two and a half miles up the Missouri River from the present site of Washington. He built the first horse mill west of St. Louis. Leonard Heatherly arrived in the vicinity of Miller's Landing in 1808, and upon his arrival found there the following persons: John Cantley, William Clark, John Nichols, William Laughlin, John and Charles Phillips, Joshua Massey and William Dodds, all of whom had made considerable improvements, and the indications were that some of these set- tlers had been there several years. James Pritchett settled near Boles, at a very early day, prob- ably about 1808, as also did Michael Crowe, father of M. L. G. Crowe. Michael Crowe had not been in the county long I STATE OF MISSOURI. 225 before he met with an accident in hauling logs, about the 1st of March, 1818, which, in a few clays, terminated his life. While lying on his bed, between the day of the accident and that of his death, he made his will, which w^as probated in St. Louis County, Franklin County not yet having been organized. In this connection, attention may be called to the singular will of Pres. G. Kule, one of the early merchants of both Newport and Union. He recorded his reason for making his will as being the injustice of civil law in the disposition of property. Then this "item," followed: I request that my body be buried in a plain and decent manner, hereby desir- ing and most earnestly requesting my friends not to mourn or grieve after me, knowing as they must, by a moment's reflection, that it is in conformity to the law of nature that my body ceases to move, to the end that some other more important machinery may be put in motion, and all the parts of nature's works more completely harmonize; and I most specially request that no funeral ora- tion be pronounced over my remains, deeming it to be an idle, foolish and heathenish practice. M. L. G. Crowe, son of Michael Crowe, above mentioned, although not the first child born in the county, was yet among the first, being born August 12, 1818; he has filled several of the county offices; he was elected justice of the peace in 1848, assessor in 1852, county judge in 1858, and county clerk in 1859, serving in this latter capacity eleven years; he is still living in Union, hale and hearty, Adam Zumwalt arrived in the same year with Michael Crowe, 1808. Judge Keed, father of B. F. Keed settled on Ridenhour Creek in 1814. Joseph C. Brown came from Virginia in 1815, and through his influence Henry Brown, Russell Brow^n and Burrill Adams came from the same State in 1817. James North, who built the first water mill in the county, came in 1818, and was drowned in the creek near his mill in 1823; he was the father of Flavins J. North. Dr. Peter Kincaid, a Scotchman, and a very prominent physician and sur- geon, who had served under Napoleon Bonaparte, settled on the Missouri River in 1818, and in 1837 laid off St. Alban's, which was washed away by the great flood o^ 1844. Achilles Jeffries came from Warren County, N. C, in 1819. Charles and Cuth- bert Williamson, Zachariah Hale and Ambrose Ranson also came about the same time. David Cole and John Adams made loca- 226 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. tions ill the Labaddie bottom the year before. Bracket Barnes, Andrew Coleman (father of Judge Anderson J. Coleman), James Bibb, Thomas Wood, John D. Perkins, G. F. Barnes, John Barnes, Louis Munn and Dr. John H. Thompson were all early settlers. Robert Brock was the first teacher in the community near Labaddie and Boles. Robert Frazier, otherwise called the "Wild Irishman," was likewise an early settler; he was a noted Indian fighter, and had accompanied Lewis and Clarke in their tour of exploration in 1803 and 1804. The following old settlers located in or about 1819 in Lyon Township: Robert Green street, Absalom Greenstreet, James Greenstreet, William and James Hammack, Robert and William Larimore, Enoch Greenstreet, and Richard Richardson. Prairie Township was occupied about 1820 by American settlers, among them the following: Thomas Boyd, John King, William and Jesse Woodcock, Plato Cole, Richard Pierce, William C Bailey, William Peak, Jeremiah Hamilton, John Wall, John Jones, John White, Patrick Napier, William Thornhill, John and Berry Romaine, Lemuel Boyd, Isaiah Moore and William Mur- phy. Central Township, originally named Galena, had as early inhabitants the following persons: Ephraim Jam- ison, William Osborne, Hubbard Jamison, Jesse Pritchett, Louis Regen, Samuel W. Short, George Fryer, John Hinton, Joseph Funk, Charles Welch and John Thompson. Boone Township was early inhabited by the following persons: Ira and Eli Valentine, Mathew Blackwell, Mathew Blankenship, John Nance, Allen Yinyard, William Vinyard, Benjamin Richardson, Aaron Richardson, Daniel Richardson, John Brown and Francis Conway. Land Eniries. — Other early settlers' names may be found in the following list of land entries, which will also serve to show where the first comers made their selections; no entry is given for any year later than 1819, the year when the county became fully organized. The first entry was made by Samuel Cantly July 13, 1818, the northeast quarter of Section 18, Township 44, Range 2 west. The following were made next day: Eliza D. Taylor, the northeast and the southeast quarters of Section 25, Township 43, Range 1 west; Joshua Brock, the northwest STATE OF MISSOURI. 227 quarter of Section 26, Township 44, Range 1 west ; Elisha Estis, the southeast quarter of Section 27, Township 44, Range 1 west; Hiram Estis, the southwest quarter of Section 34, same town- ship and range ; Jesse McDonald, the southeast fractional quarter of Section 11, Township 44, Range 2 west; James Brown, the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 31, Township 45, Range 2 west; William Davis, the southwest quarter of Section 32, Township 45, Range 2 west; John Davis, Sr., the southeast fractional quarter of Section 32, Township 45, Range 2 west ; William Greenstreet, the northwest quarter of Section 12, Town- ship 44, Range 3 west; and William Maupin, the southeast quar- ter of the same section. On the 15th of July the following entries were made: William Osborne, the southwest quarter of Section 1, Township 43, Range 1 west; Leah Maupin, the north fractional one-half of Section 6, Township 44, Range 1 west; Philip Miller, the southwest fractional quarter of the same sec- tion; Benjamin Brown, the northeast fractional quarter of Sec- tion 7, same township and range; Thomas Brown, the southwest quarter, same section ; Isaiah Todd, the north half of Section 8, Township 44, Range 1 west; Hartly Sappington, the southwest quarter same section; John Magill, the southeast, southwest and northwest quarters of Section 15, Township 44, Range 1 west; Hartly Sappington, north half of Section 17, same township and range; Clayton B. Hinton, the east half of Section 19, same township and range; Daniel Richardson, northwest quarter of Section 19, same township and range; Gideon Richardson, the northwest quarter of Section 20, same township and range ; Eph- raim Jamison, the northeast quarter of Section 35, same town- ship and range; Leah Maupin, the northeast fractional quarter of Section 1, Township 44, Range 2 west; Philip Miller, the southeast quarter, same section ; John SuUins, southeast quarter Section 2, Township 44, Bange 2 west; James Greenstreet, the south fractional half of Section 4, and the northwest fractional quarter of Section 9, Township 44, Range 2 west; Enoch Green- street, the southeast quarter of Section 10, Township 44, Range 2 west; James McDonald, the north half and the southwest quarter of Section 11, Township 44, Range 2 west; Philip Miller, northeast quarter of Section 12, Township 44, Range 2 west; 228 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. David Caldwell, northwest quarter of Section 14, Township 44; Range 2 west; John Simpson, west half of southwest quarter, same section: Caleb Bailey, northeast quarter of Section 15, Township 44, Range 2 west, and William Hensley, the west half of the southwest quarter of Section 35, Township 45, Range 3 west. On July 16, 1818, the following enteries were made: Isaac Murphy, fractional Section 9, Township 44, Range 1 west; Samuel K. and Matthew Caldwell, northwest quarter of Section 34, Township 44, Range 1 west; and John Nichols, southeast quarter of Section 17, Township 44, Range 2 west; July 17, 1818, Joshua Mussey made entry of the southeast quarter of Section 7, Township 44, Range 1 west; August 3, 1818, Thomas Henry entered the northwest quarter of Section 26, Township 43, Range 1 west; August 5, 1818, Hugh Heatherly entered the northwest quarter of Section 21, Town- ship 45, Range 2 west; and John Cantley, Sr., the southeas quarter of Section 19, Township 44, Range 3 west; August 26, 1818, Samuel Dent, southeast quarter of Section 5, Township 43, Range 1 west, and the northeast quarter of Section 6, same township and range; August 27, William West, part of the northeast quarter of Section 4, Township 42, Range 1 west; Nathan Richardson, southwest quarter of Section 5, Township 43, Range 1 west; William Osborne, northeast quarter of Sec- tion 11, Township 43, Range 1 west; John Thompson, east half of the northwest quarter of Section 12, Township 43, Range 1 west; Jacob Mets, northeast quarter of Section 18, Township 44, Range 1 west; and Zachariah Sullins, the northeast quarter of Section 4, Township 44, Range 2 west; August 28, James McDonald, south half of Section 7, Township 44, Range 2 west; September 5, 1818, William G. Pettus, the northeast fractional quarter of Section 10, Township 44, Range 2 west ; September 19, William Pry or, fractional Section 1, Township 45, Range 4 west; September 22, John Breeding, part of Section 34, Town- ship 46, Range 4 west; and Peter and David Massey, part of Section 35, same township and range; October 8, 1818, Isaac Murphy, northeast quarter of Section 1, Township 42, Range 1 west; Spencer Estes, Lot 1, northwest quarter of Section 6, Town- STATE OF MISSOURI. 229 ship 43, Range 1 west; and Isaiah Todd, the southeast quarter of Section '27, Township 43, Range 1 west; December 10, 1818, Ephraim Strickland, northwest quarter of Section 5, Township 43, Range 1 west. On January 5, 1810, William Lewis, northwest quarter of Section 25, Township 43, Range 1 west, and William Hensley, part of Section 27, Township 45, Range 3 west; February 4, 1819, Sylvester Lanham, southwest quarter of Section 27, Town- ship 43, Range 1 west; March 1, William Campbell, south- east quarter of Section 12, Township 43, Range 1 west; March 17, Andrew King, southwest quarter- of Section 12, Township 43, Range 1 west ; Vincent Lewis, west half of the southwest quarter of Section 23, Township 43, Range 1 west; April 2, 1819, Louis Maupin, southwest quarter of Section 22, Township 43, Range 1 west. Other EarJij Sdilcrs. — In this connection it may be stated that, in point of fact, the first white men who came into this county were French hunters and traders who gave names to many of the streams which are evidently French. A few of these early French hunters secured valuable land grants. Daniel Boone and some of his companions lived for a few years in the southwest part of the county, but in 1803 he moved on to War- ren County, in which county one of the highest elevations is known as Boone's Knoll, as in Franklin County there is Boone Township. John Julius is one of the oldest residents of the county, though not one of the oldest settlers, having come into the county in 1856, direct from Germany. Previous to leaving his native country he served as a soldier in her army, and while thus serv- ing he had a remarkable altercation with young Prince William, the late venerable Emperor William of Prussia. The Prince was Julius' superior officer, and one day, while in camp, kept molesting Julius, punching him with his sword, most probably in a spirit of mischief, but much to Julius' annoyance and dis- comfort. At last Julius warned the young Prince that he must either desist or take a slapping, and, as good as his word, the next prod from the Prince's sword brought Julius to his feet, and he struck out, slapped the Prince with his bare hand, and 230 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. laid him flat upon the ground. For this breach of discipline, if it may so be termed, Julius was summoned before a kind of a court-martial, where, in the presence of Prince William, he stated the facts, substantially as above narrated, the truth of the statement being admitted by the Prince, and, after a few words of admonition, both culprit and Prince were set at liberty. Killing of Owens. — William G. Owens was killed November 16, 1834, the circumstances leading up to the killing being as follows: He was clerk of the circuit court of Franklin County for some years previous to his death, and John J. Porter was his deputy. John Porter, father of John J. Porter, came to Missouri some time after his son became deputy clerk, and bought a small farm near the Bourbeuse, south of Union, at what is called Porter's Ford. When the deed was executed young Porter wanted it made out to himself, John J. Porter, but his father would not consent to this, and had it made to himself, John Porter. One day, after the old gentleman was buried, young Porter said to one Pritchett that it was lucky he had had the deed made to himself, which rather surprised Pritchett, as he knew the deed had been made to John Porter, the father ; and, in conversation with Owens, this subject was mentioned, and upon an examina- tion of the records it was found that the name in the deed was John J. Porter; the "J," however, as could then, as now, be plainly seen, had been inserted, as it was in a different hand- writing, and in darker colored ink. About this time there was a split between the McCoys and Owenses, and Mr. Owens circulated a paper for signatures, which was an agreement by those sign- ing it not to associate with the McCoys. This paper Mr. Owens presented to John J. Porter for his signature, and Porter began looking at and carefully reading the names. This made Owens angry, and he jerked the paper out of Porter's hand, and said to him: " By God! young man, you can't sign it." Porter then went over to Washington and joined the McCoy party. There was a good deal of politics mixed up in it, and a division was made in the county on this personal issue, most of the Dem- ocrats going over to Owens' side. Soon after Porter was indicted for forgery, and, when brought to trial, succeeded in having his case continued until the next term of court, and, just STATE OF MISSOURI. 231 before the beginning of the next term of the circuit court, Owens was killed. Owens would have been the most important witness against John J. Porter, the defendant. It was never definitely ascertained who the murderer was. There was in the county, at the time, a man named Jones, who was supposed to be a deserter from the United States army, and it was thought by some that Jones actually did the shooting, but the animus was evidently with John J. Porter and the McCoy party. Porter, Veech, Wyatt and McCoy were indicted for the murder, but they all managed to make their escape from the country, and as they were never brought back, Owens' murder was not avenged. William G. Owens, the murdered man, came to Franklin County from Kentucky in 1818, and he was, up to the time of his death, one of the most prominent citizens. The names of his children were Mary, Amanda, Sarah, James W., Harriet and Eliza. James W. Owens was afterward circuit court judge, and a prominent soldier in the Union army. ORGANIZATION. Organization of the County. — In 1812, when Missouri Terri- tory was organized, it contained but five counties: St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. In 1820, when Missouri was admitted into the Union as a State, the number had increased to fifteen. The new counties organized between 1812 and 1820 were Washington, in 1813; Howard, in 1816, and Jefferson, Franklin, Wayne, Lincoln, Madison, Mont- gomery, Pike and Cooper, in 1818. The original boundaries of Franklin County were as follows: "All that part of St. Louis County bounded as follows : Beginning on the Missouri River, at the second range line east of the fifth principal meridian ; thence with said range line to the corner of Townships 42 and 43 in Range 2, and Townships 42 and 43, in Range 3, east of the fifth principal meridian ; thence in a direct line to that point on the county line between the counties of St. Louis and Washington, where said county line running from the mouth of Mineral Fork changes its course to the southwest ; thence west to the middle of the river Meramec; thence south 22° 30' west to the Osage River ; thence down the Osage River to the Missouri, and thence 232 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. with the Missouri to the place of beginning; provided, however, that if the said Washington County line, extended westward, shall not strike the Osage River, the said county line shall be the boundary of the proposed county, until the same strikes the Osage boundary line, and thence with said boundary line to the Osage River, and down the same to the place of beginning, as aforesaid, is hereby laid off as a separate and distinct county, by the name of Franklin County; and all that part or tract of country lying between the northwestern boundary of Washington County, as heretofore established, and the said county of Frank- lin, as herein established, shall hereafter be attached to and form a part of Washington County." This act was approved December 11, 1818. David Edwards, Philip Boulware, Sr., William Laughlin, Daniel B. Moore and William Harrison were appointed commis- sioners, with full power and authority to fix upon the most suit- able place in the county whereon to erect a court-house and jail, and the act declared that the place upon which they or a majority of them should agree should be the permanent seat of justice of the county. The same act also provided that the first courts should be held at the house of Hartley Sappington, in St. Johns settlement, unless the commissioners should previously a'ppoint a different place, which, it will be observed, by reference to the history of the circuit court, they did not do. The same commis- sioners were also appointed commissioners of the court-house and jail, and were authorized to purchase or receive by donation a title to such parcel of land as they, or a majority of them, might deem most convenient as a site for the aforesaid public building, the parcel of land to contain not less than fifty acres, nor more than 200 acres. In case of vacancy in any of the offices of the above commissioners the circuit court was authorized to fill the vacancy by appointment, as will be observed was done by the circuit court in two or three instances. The offices of the commissioners all being filled, the commissioners proceeded to select the old town of Newport as the county seat. Newport is situated near the Missouri River, in St. Johns Township. Here the court-house and other public buildings were duly erected, and Newport remained the county seat until 1826, when STATE OF MISSOURI. 233 it was removed to Union. The old court-house in Newport is still standing, and is in use as a private dwelling. At Union a log court-house was erected in 1828, which cost $844.79. It stood within the present court-yard, and was used until 1849, when a new brick court-house was erected. Removal of County Seat. — January 22, 1825, an act was passed by the Legislature to remove the seat of justice of Frank- lin County, which was in part as follows: Whereas, a majority of the citizens of Franklin County, having petitioned for the removal of the seat of justice to the center of the county, therefore Beit enartcd, etc. First. That John Brown, of St. Louis Count}', Benja- min Horine, of Washington County, and William T. Lammie, of Montgomery County, ])e, and they are hcrebj', appointed commissioners with full power to point out and select the most eligible situation which can be procured, at the center of said county of Franklin, or within three miles thereof; and the place where they, or a majority of them, shall agree on shall be the permanent seat of justice for said county of Franklin. Sec. 3. Barnabas Stickland, Moses Whitmire and Bracket Burnes, or a ma- jority of them, are hereby appointed commissioners of the courthouse and jail, whose duty it shall be to purchase or receive as a donation the land, including the site selected by the first named commissioners, for the permanent seat of justice of said county of Franklin, the said land, lot or parcel of ground, not to contain less than fifty nor more than one hundred and sixty acres, and it shall be their further duty to take to them and their successors in office, for and to the use of said county of Franklin, from the person or persons from whom they may purchase or receive a donation of land, a good and sufficient warrant}' deed or deeds in fee simple, which deed or deeds shall be made to them in trust for the said county of Franklin. This land was required to be laid off into lots and squares, and sold on a credit not exceeding six, twelve and eighteen months, except such as w ere reserved for the erection upon them of the necessary public buildings. The money received for the lots when sold was required by this act to be expended in the erection of public buildings, after paying for the land if that should be necessary, and the balance to be appropriated by the tribunal transacting county business to the building of bridges, and the improvement of roads and high^Vays in the county of Franklin. The several courts then being held in the town of Newport were to continue to be held there until the commissioners ap- pointed to superintend the courthouse and jail should notify the circuit and county courts of the county that a courthouse had 234 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. been provided at the new seat of justice, from and after wliicb time tliey should be held at the new seat of justice. The commissioners to select the county seat were required by the thirteenth section of this act to meet at the house of Joseph Welch on or before the 10th of March, 1825, and perform the duties required of them by the act. The ninth section of the act made the south boundary of Frank- lin County " a line running due west from where the present south boundary of said county of Franklin strikes the Meramec until the same strikes the boundary line between the counties of Gasconade and Franklin." Survey of County. — July 12, 1819, the surveyor of Franklin County made his report of the survey of the county line between Franklin and Washington Counties, ordered to be made on March 8, preceding.* It was as follows: Monday, April 5, 1819. In conformity with an order of the circuit court, March term, commenced to survey and mark a line dividing the counties of Franklin and Washington, beginning at the northwest corner of Washington County, at a Spanish oak standing on the bank of a small branch, and thence running due west three miles twelve chains and fifty links to a road leading from the rich woods to Hamilton's on the Meramec. In camp, Tuesday morning, the 6th, continued crossing, same course three miles four chains to Little Indian Creek, same course four miles, forty chains and fifty links to Big Indian Creek, crossing, same course one mile and five chains to a branch and encamped. Wednesday, 7, morning, proceeded from camp on the same course five miles four chains and twenty-five links to the middle of the Meramec; thence south 22^30^ west, up and in the Meramec, sixty-two chains, same course, and leaving the river some small distance to the right, thirty-nine chains five links to the river, four chains ninety links cross the river; encamped. Thursday morning, 8th, pro- ceeded from camp same course two miles fifty nine chains and fifty links to the river, six chains and ninety-three links wide, same course three miles fifty-five chains and fifty links to the river; encamped. Friday morning, 9th, proceeded with the same line across the river, five chains fifty-one links wide, same course one mile three chains. Boone's Lick road, at forty chains, the river running east and eight chains forty-three hnks wide, at three miles fifty-two chains and fifty links, Courtway's fork. By striking off Gasconade County from Franklin, the area of Franklin was considerably reduced, and in 1815 the boundaries of the county were established, as follows : " Beginning at the northwest corner of St. Louis County, at a point in the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River; thence south along the *See history of Circuit Court. STATE OF MISSOUIII. 235 line between Ranges 12 and 8 east, to the line between Townships 42 and 43; thence in a direct line to the northwest corner of Washington County, a point sixteen chains north of the quarter section corner in the line betw^een Sections 14 and 15, in Township 40 north, Kange 2 east; thence west to the middle of Range 4 west; thence north to a point in the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River, and thence down said channel to the beginning." These are the boundaries of Franklin County at the present time. Formation of Townships. — July 12, 1819, the report of the commissioners dividing the county into townships was received. It was as follows : We, the said commissioners of the county of Franklin, David Edwards, William Lau^hlin and Thomas Buckner, met on tlie 9th day of March, 1819, and proceeded to business, and agreed to lay the county off in townships, as follows: To begin at the northeast corner of said county on the Missouri River, and run- ning up said river till it intersects the range line between 1 and 2 west; thence with the range line south until it intersects the township line between Town- ships 41 and 42; thence east with said line until it intersects the old Indian trace leading from the " Shawney" village on the" Burbus " River to the Gasconade; thence east with said trace leading to St. Louis until it intersects the county line, not far below Henry Reed's; thence with the county line to the beginning; which shall form one township, to be called and known by the name of St. Johns Township. All the rest of Franklin County lying south of the aforesaid township, and south likewise of the "Burbus" River, above Range 1 west, and up the said river to the main source, thence due west to the dividing ridge between the Gas- conade and Burbus Rivers, thence with the said ridge south until it intersects the Washington County line, shall form another township to be called and known by the name of Meramec Township. And all that part of the county of Franklin lying west of the Township of St. Johns, and north of the Township of Meramec, and as far west as the range line between Ranges 4 and 5, to form another township to be called and known by the name of "Beff" Township. And all that part of Franklin County lying west of the aforesaid townships shall form another township to be called and known by the name of Gasconade Township. Thomas Smith was appointed constable of Boeuf Township, Philip Boulware, of Gasconade Township; William A. Hardin, of Meramec Township, and Lewis W. Mansker, of St. Johns Township, each constable giving bond in the sum of $1,000. On March 15, 1820, all the southern part of Gasconade Town- ship lying south of the Potosi road was struck off from Gascon- 230 HISTOUY UF FRANKLIN COUNTY. ade Township, as previously created, and erected into a separate township and named South Gasconade Township, the remaiuing portion, north of the Potosi road, to be known as North Gascon- ad© Township. April 23, 1821, it was ordered by the county court, that all that part of Meramec Township lying east of the middle of Range 1, east of the fifth principal meridian, should be formed into a distinct township, to be called and known by the name of Calvey Township. On the same day the court ordered that " all that part of St. Johns Township beginning within one mile below the fifth principal meridian on the Missouri River and running south par- allel with said line to Meramec Township, all east of said line to form a separate and distinct township to be known and called Boles' Township." TowjisJiip Orgcinization. — After numerous changes in the municipal townships of the county, which it would be tedious to trace with precision, the question of township organization came up in 1872. May 25 a petition was presented to the county court looking toward township organization, but, as there was no evidence before the court that a majority of the signers were legal voters, no action was taken. But on August 10 following, on the petition of 100 legal voters in the county, an election was ordered to be held on this question November 5. November 14, 1872, Green B. Wade and William P. Springgate, judges of the court, counted the votes cast November 5, on this question, and found that the whole number of legal votes cast was 3,482, and that of these votes 1,007 were in favor of township organization and 924 against it, and, as it appeared that a majority of the legal voters did not vote for township organization, the court found that township organization was not adopted. August 4, 1847, a petition was presented to the county court signed by Jesse Shel- ton, W. A. Magann, Isaac A. Gray, S. H. Ileff, W. H. Thurmond, and others, to the number of over 100, praying that the question of township organization be submitted to a vote of the people, in accordance with an act approved March 24, 1873, at the next gen- eral election in November, 1874. The petition was granted, and at the election there were 1,770 votes cast in favor of township STATE OF MISSOURI. 237 organization to 4,573 against it. Thus, at length, township organization won, and on the first Tuesday in April, 1875, elec- tions for township officers were held at the following places in each township, respectively: Boles Township, Gray's Summit; St. Johns Townsliip, Cleves' mill; Washington Township, Wash- ington ; Calvey Township, Catawissa ; Prairie Township, Prairie scliool-house; Central Township, St. Clair; Meramec Township, Stanton; Boone Township, Japan; Lyon Township, Port Hudson post-office; Boeuf Township, Blish's mill; New Haven Township, New Haven; Union Township, Union. Officers were elected in each township, who served one year, by the end of which time the experiment of township organization became unsatisfactory and was abandoned. The municipal townships of the county remain as named above. OFFICIAL AND POLITICAL. Connlij Officers. — The various county officers of Franklin County since its organization have been as follows: Sheriffs. — Benoni Sappington, appointed by Frederick Bates, as first sheriff of the county, commenced to serve in March, 1819; Sumner Bacon, "to be sheriff during the pleasure of Benoni Sappington," commenced to serve in November, 1819; James Kegans, March, 1821; Kobert Brock, November, 1822; Reuben Harrison, 1827; C. S. Jeffries, 1830; Achilles W. Jeffries, 1834; AVilliam Campbell, 1838; Stephen W. Wood, 1840; John L Hamilton, 1844; Achilles W. Jeffries, 1846; Green B. Wade, 1850; Richard R. Jones, 1854; A. W. Maupin, 1858; Robert Buckner, 1862; August Brinsick, 1864; Julius Wilhelmi, in the fall of 1864; Stephen M. Jones, 1868; John T. Crowe, 1872; Robert M. Armstrong, 1876; William M. Terry, 1880; Joseph Noelke, 1884; and Oscar Ehlers, 1886. Clerks of the Circuit Court. — Isaac Murphy, appointed by the governor of the Territory, 1819; William G. Owens, 1820; C. S. Jeffries, 1836; E. Butler, Jr., 1859; A. W. Maupin, ap- pointed in 1865, Mr. Butler having retired from office under the vacating ordinance; John C. Weimer, elected in 1870, having served as deputy since May 1, 1865; Joseph M. O'Shea, 1874; and John C. Weimer, present clerk, in 1882. 238 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. Circuit Attorneys. — Joseph Barton, 1819; Edward Bates, 1820; James H. Peck, 1821; Kobert C. Farris, 1823; Hamilton E. Gamble, 1829; Philip Cole, 1835; John S. Brickey, 1838; Daniel Q. Gale, 1850; David Murphy, 1865; Daniel Q. Gale, 1867; N. G. Clark, 1869; John P. Coleman, 1870; A. J. Seay, elected in 1870; John W. Booth, 1872; E. H. Jeffries, 1876; J. C. Kiskaddon, 1880; and C. F. Gallenkamp, the present prose- cuting attorney, in 1884. County Treasurers. — Clayton B. Hinton, 1825; Jesse Mc- Donald, 1826; Ambrose Ranson, 1838; Samuel S. Kennett, 1850; James Halligan, 1855 ; Charles Eeinhard, 1868 ; John Dugge, 1872; B. D. Dean, 1874; Robert Hoffmann, 1878; F. W. Rein- hard, 1882; Adolph Ruge, present treasurer, 1886. Collectors. — The sheriff was ex officio collector until 1872, when H. R. Sweet was elected collector; Robert Hoffman was elected in 1874; township organization came into effect in 1875, under which each township had its own collector. This system was abandoned in 1877, when R. W. Booth was appointed; Bern- hard Cleve was elected in 1878, Robert Hoffmann in 1882, and the present collector, William M. Terry, in 1884, and again in 1886. County Surveyors. — Thomas Henry, appointed by the circuit court, March 8, 1819; Edward J. Goode, elected about 1830; George B. Green, 1847; David W. Goebel, 1849; Gert. Goebel, 1851 ; Joseph E. Robertson, 1860. Upon Mr. Robertson's re- tirement from this office to serve in the rebel army, Theodore Mader was appointed, in 1861; Francis Wilhelmi, 1872; F. W. Chiles, 1876; Joseph Eckert, 1880; and F. W. Chiles in 1884. County Court Clerks.— William G. Owens, 1827; S. Mans- field Bay, 1835; C. S. Jeffries, 1836; Martin L. G. Crowe, 1860; Charles T. McCune, 1870; and Herman Wiesel, 1882. County School Commissioners. — Amos P. Foster, James Breck- enridge. Dr. M. Moore, Martin L. G. Crowe, T. A. Lowe, Felix Bautson, Julius Kahmann, Squire Cahill, , Rudolph Ritter, Otto Brauer, and S. W. Allen. Assessors. — Benoni Sappington, 1819; William S. Burch, 1821; John Sappington, 1822; Robert Brock, 1824; Reuben Har- rison, 1827. The later ones have been: — Whiting, 1862; Herman STATE OF MISSOURI. 239 Wiesel, 1864; C. W. Wade, 1868 to 1874— township assessors under township organization, 1875 and 1876; C. W. Wade, 1876 to 1880; Philipp Gerber, 1880 to the present time. Represenf (dives. — Commencing with 1836, the representatives from this county in the State Legislature have been: Samuel Mansfield Bay, and George F. Burnes, elected in 1836; F. E. Chiles and W. D. Hurt, in 1840; William V. N. Bay and Will- iam Brown, 1842; William V. N. Bay, and F. P. Chiles, 1844; William Y. N. Bay, 1846; C. B. Hinton, 1848; John D. Steven- son and T. K. Lewis, 1850; John D. Stevenson and F. J. North, 1852; E. B. Jeffries and G. B. Green, 1854; Edward W. Murphy, 1856; James AV. Owens and Robert A. King, 1858; James W. Owens and W. J. Brown, 1860; Gert. Goeble and E. W. Murphy, 1862; Thomas Crowe and John Dugge, 1864; Henry Huhn and E. H. Farrar, 1866; James M. Ming and E. B. Denny, 1868; James M. Ming and Allen P. Eichardson, 1870; F. J. North and Joseph Burger, 1872; John E. Martin and F. AV. Pehle, 1874; G. O. Hardman and F. W. Pehle, 1876; John W. Booth and F. W. Pehle, 1878; James M. Ming, 1884, and John ^Y. Booth in 1886. Election Rehirns. — Following are some of the election returns from the earliest attainable to the present time, commencing with those for President of the United States: For President. — In 1836, Henry Clay, 133; Martin Van Buren, 338. Li 1840, AVilliam Henry Harrison, 355; Martin Van Buren, 552. In 1844, Henry Clay, 386; James K. Polk, 796. In 1848, Zachary Taylor, 339; Lewis Cass, 680. In 1852, Winfield Scott, 277; Franklin Pierce, 619. In 1856, Millard Fillmore, 531; James Buchanan, 846. In 1860, Abra- ham Lincoln, 494; John Bell, 577; John C. Breckinridge, 108 Stephen A. Douglas, 888. In 1864, Abraham Lincoln, 1,717 George B. McClellan, 401. In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant, 1,624 Horatio Seymour, 1,146. In 1872, Ulysses S. Grant, 1,725 Horace Greeley, 1,582. In 1876, Eutherford B. Hayes, 2,149 Samuel J. Tilden, 2,294. In 1880, James A. Garfield, 2,647 Winfield S. Hancock, 2,262; and in 1884, James G. Blaine, 2,931 Grover Cleveland, 2,290. It will be observed from the above statistics, that previous to 1864, Franklin County was uniformly 240 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. Democratic, and that, beginning with 1804, it has been Repub- lican except in 1870, when it gave a majority of 145 votes to Samuel J. Tilden. For Governor. — The votes cast in 1830 for Lilburn W. Boggs, who was elected governor, and for William H. Ashley, who was defeated, could not be ascertained. In the entire State the former received 14,315, and the latter 13,057, a total vote of 27,372, while the total vote for President, cast three months later, was only 18,332. Neither could the vote cast in 1840 for Thomas Reynolds, who was elected governor, by a total vote in the State of 29,025 votes, nor for John B. Clark, who received 22,212 votes, be found, though in 1844 John C. Edwards, who was elected governor, received in Franklin County 745 votes, to 383 cast for Charles H. Allen. In 1848 Austin A. King was elected governor of the State over James S. Rollins, but the vote in Franklin County was not ascertained. In 1852 Sterling Price was elected governor over John H. Winston, the former receiving, in Franklin County, 717 votes to the latter's 209. In 1850 there were three candidates for governor, Trusten Polk, Robert C. Ewing and Thomas H. Benton, receiving in Franklin County the 'following votes, respectively, 308, 451 and 974. In 1800 there were four candidates for governor, Claiborne F. Jackson, who was elected; Hancock Jackson, both Democrats; Sample Orr, Opposition, and James B. Gardenhire, Republican ; the latter receiving but 0,135 votes in the State. The vote on governor in Franklin County could not be found. Thomas C. Fletcher was elected governor in 1804 over Thomas L. Price, the Democratic candidate, by a vote not varying materially from that cast for a constitutional convention, which was, in Franklin County, for the convention 1,017, against, 327. In 1805, on the adoption of the new constitution, the vote stood, for adoption, 847; against it, 838. In 1808 the vote stood for governor, «Ioseph W. McClurg, who was elected, 1,538, and for John S. Phelps, 1,201. On the ques- tion of amending the State constitution, striking the word "white" out of it, and by so doing extending the elective franchise to the colored man, the vote stood, for extending the suffrage, 770; against it, 1,840. In 1870 the vote for governor was, for Joseph W. McClurg, 552, and for B. Gratz Brown, 1,944. In 1872 the STATE OF MISSOURI. 241 vote for governor was, for Silas Woodson, Liberal Republican, 1,768 votes, and for John B. Henderson, Republican, 1,715. In 1874 Charles H. Hardin was elected governor, receiving in Franklin County 1,895 votes to 1,819 cast for William Gentry. In 187(3 the vote for governor was, for Finkelnburg, 2,233, and for Phelps, 2,209. T. T. Crittenden was elected governor in 1880, receiving 2,254 votes to 2,000 cast for D. P. Dyer, and 17 for L. A. Brown, and in 1884, John S. Marniaduke, receiving in Franklin County, 1,973 votes to 3,105 cast for Nicholas Ford, Brooks, Prohibitionist, receiving 31. C(}ng)'ess)nru. — For a number of years after Missouri was ad- mitted into the Union, its members of Congress were all elected on a general ticket, in a manner similar to that in which presidential electors are now chosen. The iirst election returns on congressmen, available, are those for 1838, when the Democratic candidates, John Miller and John Jameson, were elected, receiving, in Frank- lin County, 473 and 471 votes, respectively, to 354 and 347, cast, respectively, for Beverly Allen and John Wilson, Whig candi- dates. In 1840 John Miller and John C. Edwards were elected, Init the vote by counties can not be found. By 1842 what was called the single district system of electing members of Congress l^egan to become un[)0])ular, and it was denounced b}- Gov. Thomas Reynolds, in his message to the Legislature. In 1844 Missouri Avas entitled to five congressmen, and the Democrats elected John S. Phelps, James B. Bowlin, Sterling Price, James H. Relfe and Leonard J. Sims, the Whigs declining to make nominations on the ground that to elect congressmen on a gen- eral ticket was illegal. Li 1840, at the August election, a large majority of the electors voted for districting the State, but, not- withstanding this, when they came to vote upon the adoption of the constitution containing this as one of its provisions, the con- stitution was voted down by a majority of about 9,000, and at the same time the following congressmen at large were elected: James B. Bowlin, John Jameson, James S. Green, John S. Phelps and Willard P. Hall. The State was, however, divided into five congressional dis- tricts by an act of the Legislature, approved in 1848, and, under this act, Franklin County was placed in the Second District, 242 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. along with Crawford, Gasconade and Washington, and twelve others, Jefferson County being placed in the First District. The congressmen elected that year were James B. Bowlin, AVilliam V. N. Bay, James S. Green, Willard P. Hall and John S. Phelps ; William V. N. Bay receiving, in Franklin County, 914 votes to 328 cast for Porter. In 1850 Porter received in this county 148 votes; Henderson, 261, and Hunt (Benton Democrat), 269. In 1852 the vote w\as, for Porter, 255, and for Alfred W. Lamb, 625. In 1853 the State was redistricted, Franklin, with Crawford, Jefferson, Washington, and eighteen other counties, being placed in the Seventh District. In 1854 the vote stood for Samuel Car- uthers, 481; and for Jones, 1,013. In the entire district Car- uthers (Whig) received 8,045 votes, and Jones (Benton Dem- ocrat) received 5,625. In 1856 Caruthers received in the county 281 votes to Ferryman's 420 votes, but in the entire district I'Gceived 8,291 to Ferryman's 4,883. In 1858 Zeigler received 1,012 votes, and Noell^ 767 ; but in the district Noell received 10,404, while Zeigler received but 5,808. In 1860 the vote stood for Ferryman, 583; for Noell, 932, and in the district, for Fer- ryman, 4,007, and for Noell, 11,191. In 1864 Franklin County was in the Second District, with Crawford and Gasconade and six others. Henry T. Blow was the Radical candidate, and received 1,698 votes to 19 cast for E. Stafford, the Independent Union candidate. In the entire district Blow received 6,180 votes, and Stafford, 1,253. In 1866 the vote in the entire district for the Radical candidate was 9,564, and for the Conservative candidate 6,254. In 1868 G. A. Fink- elnburg received 1,591 votes, and James J. Lindley, 1,192. In the district Finkelnburg received 11,506, and Lindley, 8,280. In 1870 Finkelnburg received 1,678 votes, and A. Van Wormer, 408, and in the district the former received 12,708 votes, and the latter, 1,359. In 1872 the county was in the Fifth District, and R. P. Bland received 1,629 votes and A. J. Seay, 1,746. In the entire district Bland's vote was 9,974, and Seay's, 8,820. In 1874 Bland received in the district 11,350, and Seay, 8,929. In 1876, Bland received in the district 14,599 votes and J. Q. Thompson, 11,434. In 1878 Bland received in the district 11,291, and Ware, 8,022. In 1880 Bland received in the district 12,977, and Palmer, 10,799. STATE OF MISSOURI. 243 MILITARY. Evoifs Preceding the Civil TFc/r. — The foregoing Btatistics show sufficiently the character of the county politically up to the present time. The most exciting times, and those which most "tried men's souls," were connected with the breaking out of the war, in 1861. In 181)0, at the presidential election, the vote for the different candidates stood — Lincoln, 494; Bell, 577; Breck- inridge, 108, and Douglas, 888. The combined vote against Lincoln was 1,573, and the combined vote against Breckinridge was 1,959, so that, if the combined vote against Breckinridge be taken to represent the Union sentiment in the county, it will be seen to have been overwhelmingly strong. However, it was, prob- ably, somewhat more evenly balanced than that. In fact, in the latter part of 1800 and in the early part of 1801, the political cal- dron was in a state of ferment, and excitement ran very high. Squads were drilling in different parts of the county as early as January, 1801, the secessionists, of course, commencing first, as was generally the case thrcnighout the South. The Legislature of the State had passed a resolution or ordinance, January 10, call- ing a convention to meet Fe]:)ruary 28, "to consider the relations between the Government of the United States, the people and Governments of the different States, and the Government and peo- ple of Missouri:" or, in other words, to determine whether Mis- souri should secede. An election of delegates to this convention was held in Franklin County, February 22. The secession ele- ment in the county was extremely active, and at the court-house in Union took advantage of the absence of some of the leading Republicans, who were at dinner, and organized the meeting by selecting Edward J. Goode, a Southern sympathizer, as chairman, and appointed twelve others of like views as a committee on reso- lutions. At this juncture the absent Republicans, having heard what was going on, came into the court-house, and, on motion of A. W. Maupin, Asa Breckinridge, E. W. Murphy and E. B. Ham- mack, were added to the committee. On motion of J. W. Owens, A. AY. Maupin was also added to the committee. The committee retired, and, while they were considering their resolutions, an im- mense meeting of citizens from all parts of the county was ad- dressed by William J. Brown, then a member of the Legislature 244 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. from Franklin County, on the part of the secessionists, and ])y J. AV. Owens, on the part of the Union men. The committee hekl a stormy meeting, lasting nearly two hours. Upon going into com- mittee it was found that the majority was already provided with a set of resolutions, which were ingeniously constructed with tlie view of deceiving the people, but which really meant secession and disunion. It was found impossible to agree upon a report, and two reports were therefore made to the meeting, the majority report being made by the chairman of the committee, and the minority report by W. A. Maupin. This report consisted of a series of ringing resolutions in favor of the Union. When the report of the majority was read Maupin offered the minority re- port as a substitute. A vote was taken which was so evenly di- vided that the chairman could not decide which had a majority of votes. A division of the meeting was therefore called for, all of those in favor of the Union being required to go to the west side of the court-room, and those in favor of the dissolution to the east side. Upon making the division intense excitement reigned in the court-house, and for some time it was difficult to determine which side was in the majority. At this critical juncture James White, an office boy of A. W. Maupin, who was then sheriff of the county, ran down to the sheriff's office, jerked off from the door a small Union flag, and, running back up stairs, handed the flag to Sheriff Maupin. Maupin immediately jumped upon a bench, waved the flag, and cried out to the crowd, calling upon all who were in favor of standing by the Union to rally round the flag. Every one instinctively knew what it meant to rally round the flag, and there was a great rush from the rebel to the Union side of the court-room, leaving the rebel element in a hopeless mi- nority. This exposure of their weakness was keenly felt by the secessionists, and occasioned no little excitement. An attempt was made to seize the flag, but unsuccessfully, and when the rebel element became convinced that they were beaten and that they could not intimidate those who loved the Union, order was restored and the minority report declared adopted, by at least four to one. This was the first political contest in Frank- lin County in the great struggle of the next four years. The election came oft' in due time, and the Union delegates to the STATE OF MISSOURI. 245 State Convention of February 28, were elected: A. W. Maupin, of Franklin County; Charles D. Eitzen, of Gasconade County, and Zachariah Isbell, of Osage County, as members from the Twenty- first Senatorial District, against C. S. Jeffries, of Franklin County, Edward Luster, of Gasconade County, and William Mor- row, of Osage County. It is well to note in this connection that one of the resolu- tions reported by the minority was to the effect that those in favor of the minority report would stand by the Union, right or wrong, and that secession was no remedy for the evils com- plained of by the secessionists. First Troops. — Meetings continued to be held in different parts of the county, and the interest in the question of secession remained intense. About the middle of April Union men in the county were advised by F. P. Blair, of St. Louis, that the arsenal there was in danger, and he called upon them to send in troops to its defense. In a few hours a company of men, under com- mand of Capt. David Murphy, were on their way to St. Louis. They took the train at Washington, Mo., and, by arrangements with Conductor Charles White, the train was stopped at Twenty- second Street, and the company alighted from the train, unob- served, and virtually stole their way, one by one, until they reached the arsenal, and were the fourth company in the State outside of St. Louis to reach the arsenal. A regiment was immediately formed, under authority of Capt. Lyon, and placed under the command of J. W. Owens. This company was for some time secretly drilling with shotguns and rifles, getting ready to aid in the defense of their country. Col. Owens and A. W. Maupin applied in St. Louis, to Capt. Lyon, for muskets and ammunition, and their application was complied with on the condition that they would be personally responsible. Two hun- dred and fourteen muskets were sent out by Capt. Lyon to Washington, Mo., on the night of June 11, 1861, and with them were armed two companies, commanded, respectively, by Capt. Wilhelmi and Capt. Maupin. The former company, upon receiv- ing their muskets, immediately took possession of Washington, and the latter marched to Union. Upon approaching the town, Capt. Maupin took the precaution to place guards on every road 246 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. leading out of Union, and then marched into town, the glistening bayonets of his 100 men making a brilliant spectacle. There were then about ten rebels in Union, and, upon seeing the approach of the " lightning rods," these rebels attempted to make their escape, but found every road closed against them, and were captured on different roads, and brought back into town. They were admonished to desist from all attempts to interfere with the Government in defending its existence. At that time there were seven secession flags flying in the county, but before night every one of them was taken down by the seces- sionists themselves. Early War Incidents. — From this time on the county itself was in comparative peace during the war, except during Price's raid, which was made in 1864. Price's army entered the county September 30, and remained in the county until October 4. It consisted of about 16,000 men, and, at alow estimate, the amount of property destroyed, including horses and mules driven away, amounted to $500,000. The number of men killed by his army was never definitely ascertained, but it was estimated at about sixty. Previous to Price's raid there were five men killed in Frank- lin County by Union soldiers. Morton Bournes was killed by Home Guards for resisting arrest. Benjamin Horine was killed by some troops from Jefferson County. August Dolle killed two of Capt. Maupin's men who had been discharged and were on their way home. He was afterward captured near Kolla, by Union troops, and sent home to be tried; but, upon arriving within the county, he was taken charge of by the militia and killed. Capt. James H. Barnes was taken out in 1863, four miles south of Union, by Capt. Fink's company, and was shot. The troops reported that he was shot in an attempt to escape, but his friends thought that he was murdered. Capt. Murphy and Herman Gehlert were afterward indicted for the killing of Barnes by the grand jury of Franklin County, and, on the application of Murphy, the case was transferred to the United States Court at St. Louis. Murphy was discharged upon pleading the constitution of the State of Missouri of 1865, which provided that no soldier should be punished for acts committed in the service of the United i STATE OF MISSOURI. 247 States, and Gelilert's indictment was nolle prosequicd. But the severest crime committed in Franklin County, during and on ac- count of the war, Avas the killing of Maj. James Wilson and six of his men, on or near the farm now owned by AVilliam H. Bolte, by Tim Keeves' band of soldiers, to whom Maj. AVilson and his men had been turned over by Gen. Sterling Price, and most likely with the knowledge, or at least reasonable ground for suspicion, as to the fate in store for them. While Tim Beeves and his men were never directly punished for this cruel and cowardly murder, yet Maj. Wilson's fate did not go unavenged, for, later, in St. Louis, six rel:»el soldiers were, by order of Gen. Bosecrans, executed in retaliation for Beeves' crime. Companies Reused. — Company K, of the Eleventh Infantry, was raised in Franklin County. Its commissioned officers were as follows: Captains — William S. Stewart, commissioned Decem- ber 31, 1801, and resigned April 30, 18(U; Cyrus D. Kendall, commissioned May 3, 1804, and mustered out at expiration of term of service, June 18, 1805 ; and D. E. Coogan, commissioned June 18, 1805. First lieutenants — W. A. Duggins, commissioned December 31, 1801, resigned June 18, 1802; Charles H. Foster, commissioned July 7, 1802, mustered out in 1804; and George C. Bobinson, commissioned June 28, 1805. Second lieutenants — Charles H. Foster, commissioned December 31, 1801, promoted first lieutenant June 19, 1802; Cyrus D. Kendall, commissioned July 7, 1802, promoted captain May 3, 1804; D. E. Coogan, commissioned March 29, 1805, declined; George C. Bol)inson, commissioned June 17, 1805, promoted first lieutenant June 28, 1865; and William Snow, commissioned June 28, 1805. Of Company H, Capt. W. AV. Boatright v/as from this county. He was commissioned July 12, 1802, and transferred to the Seventy-first U. S. A. D. Infantry, March 20, 18()4. This regiment was raised in Missouri and Illinois, between the middle of June and the 1st of August, 18()1, as a rifle regiment, at the request of and for Capt. Bufus Saxton, of the regular army ; but, as Capt. Saxton was promoted and sent to another department soon afterward, he never took command. The regiment was organized August 1, 1801, at the United States Arsenal, at St. Louis, and Capt. David Bayles took com- 24:8 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. mand as its colonel, and on the 6tli of August, started with it to Cape Girardeau, arriving there on the 7th, and going into camp. On the 28th of the same month it was ordered on an expedition to Perry ville. Mo., and was gone about seven days, capturing quite a number of rebels, breaking up quite a number of rebel recruiting stations, and marching about seventy-five miles. On its return it went into camp, and, on the 30th of September following. Col. Plummer succeeded Col. Bayles in command. The regiment had an extremely eventful and useful history, serving with credit and distinction to the end of the war. The Twenty-sixth Regiment of Infantry was raised largely in Franklin County. Benjamin D. Dean was its colonel, com- missioned June 13, 18G3, and mustered out at the expiration of term of service, January 9, 18G5. Part of Company A was raised in Franklin County, and about one-half of Company C. All of Company E was raised in this county. Its commissioned officers were as follows: Captains — Robert C. Crowell, commis- sioned May 26, 1862, and promoted major June 1, 1863; Robert P. Denny, commissioned September 30, 1863, and mustered out at ex- piration of term of service, in December, 1864. First lieutenants — Robert P. Denny commissioned July 5, 1862, and promoted captain June 2, 1863 ; Frederick Zender, commissioned Septem- ber 30, 1863, and mustered out in December, 1864. Second lieutenant, John T. Crowe, commissioned July 5, 1862, and pro- moted to first lieutenant of Company I, December 1, 1862, and mustered out at the expiration of term of service, December 25, 1864. Company F was also raised in Franklin County. Its com- missioned officers were: Captains — Benjamin D. Dean, commis- sioned January 13, 1862, to rank from December 20, 1861, and promoted to colonel May 28, 1863; William L. Wheeler, com- missioned June 22, 1863, and mustered out at expiration of term of service, December, 1864. First lieutenants — B. C. Anderson, commissioned January 17, 1862, to rank from October 2, 1861, and resigned March 29, 1862; William L. Wheeler, commis- sioned May 26, 1862, promoted captain June 1, 1863; John W. Maupin, commissioned August 22, 1863, and resigned April 20, STATE OF MISSOUllI. 249 1864; and Isaac Evins, commissioned October 22, 1864, but not mustered. Second lieutenants — William L. Wheeler, commis- sioned January 17, 1862, to rank from November 2, 1861, and promoted to first lieutenant, March 29, 1862; E. M. Koninzes- kie, commissioned April 26, 1862, and died June 30, 1862; John W. Maupin, commissioned July 23, 1862, and promoted first lieutenant June 2, 1863. Company I was also raised in Franklin County. Its com- missioned ofticers were: Captains — John McFall, commissioned January 17, 1862, to rank from November 25, 1861, and pro- moted to lieutenant-colonel February 1, 1863; John T. Crowe, commissioned August 22, 1863, and mustered out at the expira- tion of term of service, December 25, 1864; John W. Reece, commissioned March 14, 1865, and promoted major June 12, 1865; John S. Price, commissioned June 12, 1865, and mustered out as first lieutenant August 13, 1865. First lieuteiiants — Wiley C. Wiseman, commissioned January 17, 1862, to rank from September 21, 1861, and died of chronic diarrhoea, November 18, 1862; James T. Berry, commissioned January 26, 1863, to rank from January 8, 1863, and promoted quartermaster January 8, 1863; John T. Crowe, commissioned June 22, 1863, and promoted captain, June 23, 1863; Ernest A. Solf, commissioned August 22, 1863, and mustered out at ex- piration of term of service December 30, 1864; John S. Price, commissioned June 6, 1865, and promoted captain June 12, 1865. Second lieutenants — William Gilcrease, commissioned January 17, 1862, to rank from September 21, 1861, and resigned March 29, 1862; E. M. Koninzeskie, April 26, 1862, and transferred to Company F; James T. Berry, commissioned May 26, 1862, and promoted to first lieutenant January 8, 1863; John S. Price, commissioned October 22, 1864, and promoted to first lieutenant June 6, 1865; and Benjamin Wheeler, commissioned June 12, 1865, but not mustered. Companies A, B, C, D, E, F and G, of this regiment, were mustered out at the expiration of their term of service, in January, 1865. The remaining companies, which were composed of recruits, were mustered out August 13, 1865, their services being no longer required. This regiment was organized in December, 1861, and soon 250 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. afterward joined the expedition against New Madrid under Gen. Pope. It took part in the battle of Tiptonville, April 9, 1862; of Farmington, April 22, 1862; of Corinth, September 19, 1862; Port Gibson, 1863, and in those of Raymond, Jackson, Champion's Hill, Black River, Yicksburg and Missionary Ridge and in Sher- man's march to the sea. It also participated in the several bat- tles in the Carolinas, was present at the grand review in Wash- ington, and thence marched home, and was mustered out. Companies G and H, of the Thirtieth Regiment of Infantry, were raised in Franklin County. The commissioned officers of Company G were: Captains — George A. Munroe, commis- sioned October 31, 1862, and resigned December 5, 1862; Amos P. Foster, commissioned February 25, 1863, and mustered out December 10, 1864. First lieutenants — Daniel Harvey, com- missioned October 31, 1862, promoted to captain. Company F, September 30, 1861, transferred to Company C, consolidated battalion, and mustered out August 21, 1865. Second lieuten- ants — Joseph H. Porter, commissioned October 31, 1862, and resigned December 19, 1862; William J. Lack, commissioned February 25, 1863, and promoted to captain Second Mississippi Artillery, A. D., October 28, 1863. Company H. — Commissioned officers: Captains — Elias Boyd, commissioned October 31, 1862, and resigned February 9, 1863; Richard R. Hopkins, commissioned March 9, 1863, and mustered out December 10, 1864. First lieutenants — A. C. Stewart, commissioned October 31, 1862, and resigned March 20, 1863; Timothy Collins, commissioned April 7, 1863, promoted to cap- tain of Company D, June 30, 1864, and mustered out February 25, 1865. Second lieutenants — Timothy Collins, commissioned October 31, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant February 21, 1863; Joseph Paxton, commissioned April 7, 1863, and resigned the following year. Company G, Thirty-first Infantry, was raised in this county. Its commissioned officers were: Captains — William Osterhorn, commissioned September 15, 1862, and honorably discharged by Special Order No. 47, January 30, 1865; Matthias Neuner, commissioned August 17, 1864, and transferred to consolidated battalion, Thirty-first and Thirty-second Infantry. First lieu- STATE OF Missoum. 251 tenants — Charles C Huge, coinmissioned Se})teiij])er 15, 1S02, and resigned March 12, 1any F, Second Cav- alry, was from Franklin County. He was commissioned Febru- ary 11, 1804, promoted to first lieutenant. Company D, Novem- ber 17, 1804, transferred to field and staff as adjutant same day, and mustered out September 19, 1805. About one-half of Bowen's battalion, Missouri Volunteers, was from Franklin County. AVilliam D. Bowen was captain, and was commissioned lieutenant-colonel July 3, 1802, and transferred to the Ninth Cavalry the same day, the battalion being then merged into the Ninth Cavalry, and on December 4, 1802, six companies of this regiment and six companies of the Tenth Cavalry were consolidated, and subsequently known as the Tenth Cavalry Mis- souri Volunteers. Of this regiment F. M. Cornyn was colonel, commissioned December 11, 1802, and killed by Lieut.-Col. Will- iam D. Bowen, August 10, 1803. Company O, of the First Artillery, was in part raised in Frank- lin County. Lorenzo D. Immell, from this county, was first lieu- tenant; commissioned August 31, 18()3, and mustered out July 28, 1805. Part of Company E, Second Artillery, was also from Franklin County, and about one-half of Company M, of the same regiment. Capt. Hermann Hartman of Company F, Second Infantry, was from Franklin County; commissioned June 25, 1802, and died December 7, 1803, of wounds received at the battle of Mis- sionary Piidge. Adjt. Edward F. Furber, of the Eighth Infantry, was from this county; commissioned August 8, 1802, transferred STATE OF MISSOURI. 255 to the Forty-seventli Infantry, and mustered out at the expira- tion of his term of service, in April, 1805. Maj. Francis Wilhelmi, of the Seventeenth Infantry, was from this county; commissioned July 11, 1804, and mustered out at the expiration of his term of service, September 28, 1804. Capt. August Fisher, Company E, of this regiment, was from Franklin County; com- missioned December 10, 1803, and mustered out September 20, 1804. Capt. A. G. Huile, of Company I, Thirteenth Infantry, was commissioned September 1, 1801, and died of wounds received at the battle of Pittsburg Landing. Capt. John Creagan succeeded Capt. Huile, commissioned May 8, 1802, and transferred to Ohio, June 17, 1802. First-Lieut. James L. Ferris was commissioned January 18, 1802, and resigned March 10, 1802. The entire company was raised in Franklin County. James Wilson, major of the Third Cavalry, Missouri State Militia, was captured at the battle of Pilot Knob, September 27, 1804, and with six of his men murdered by Tim Reeves in Franklin County, October 3, 1804, an account of which may be found on a previous page. The statistics for the Twenty-sixth Regiment of Infantry are as follows: It was a three-years' regiment; the number of officers killed was 5, and, of men 15, 1 officer and 55 men died of wounds, 2 officers and 111 men of disease, 121 men deserted, 27 officers and 450 men were honorably discharged, 134 men were discharged for disability, 1 officer was dismissed and 20 resigned, 10 men were missing in action, 2 were dishonorably discharged, and 12 were drowned. The Forty- seventh Regiment was a six-months' regiment. The casualties in the regiment were as follows: Two men were killed, 34 died of disease, 10 deserted, 30 officers and 330 men were honorably discharged, 7 men were discharged for disability, 3 officers resigned, and 1 officer deserted. Of the Enrolled Missouri Militia the Fifty-fourth and Fifty- fifth Regiments were both raised in Franklin County. The regi- mental officers of the former were: Colonels — George Krumsick commissioned September 22, 1803, vacated March 12, 1805; and Daniel Q. Gale commissioned September 29, 1804, vacated March 12, 1853. Lieutenant-colonel — Morris D.Reese, commissioned Sep- 256 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. tember 22, 1803, vacated March 12, 1805. Major — Augustus Spin- ner, commissioned December 15, 1802, vacated March 12, 1805. Adjutants — John M. Menkbam, commissioned December 15, 1802» resigned March 22, ISOI; Julius AVilhehni, commissioned March 21, 1804, vacated March 12, 1805. Quartermasters — Daniel Crosby, commissioned October 28, 1802, resigned March 22, 1804:; L. Wattenburg, commissioned March 21,1804r,vacated March 12, 1805. Surgeons — F. C. Schweikart, commissioned December 3, 1802, resigned October 10, 1804; Charles Serger, commis- sioned October 10, ] 804, vacated March 12, 1805. Assistant surgeons — E. S. Detweiler, September 30, 1804, resigned October 19, 1804; John Dugge, commissioned October 21, 1864, vacated March 12, 1805. Company A. — Captain — Robert Reichard, commissioned October 31, 1804, vacated March 12, 1805. First lieutenants — Robert Reichard, commissioned September 10, 1802, promoted to captain; Helmuth Mayne, commissioned October 31, 1804, and vacated March 12, 1805. Second lieutenants — Helmuth Mayne, commissioned September 10, 1802, promoted to first lieutenant; Joseph Remme, commissioned October 31, 1802, vacated March 12, 1805. Company B.— Captain, Henry Detmer; first lieutenant, Ger- hard Hagebush; second lieutenant, Henry Beincke; all commis- sioned September 10, 1802, and commissions vacated March 12, 1865. Company C. — Captain, William H. Bolte; first lieutenant^ George Bergner; second lieutenant, Philipp Gerber; all commis- sioned September 25, 1802, and vacated March 12, 1805. Comj)any D. — Captains — Augustus Spinner, commissioned September 25, 1802, and promoted to major; Julius Wurill, com- missioned November 3, 1804, vacated March 12, 1805. First lieu- tenants — Adolphus Fricke, commissioned September 25, vacated by Special Order No. 120; William Ehlers, commissioned October 21, 1804, and vacated March 12, 1805. Second lieutenants — Julius Wurill, commissioned September 25, 1802, and promoted to captain; Guardian Busch, commissioned November 3, 1864, and vacated March 12, 1805. Company E. — Captains — Silas Hall, commissioned October STATE OF MISSOURI. 257 IG, 1862, and vacated by Special Order 126; George Wiser, com- missioned October 31, 1864, and vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenants — James Mclntire, commissioned October 16, 1862, and vacated by Special Order No. 126; Charles Schaub, commis- sioned October 31, 1864, and vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenant — George April, commissioned October 16, 1862, and vacated March 12, 1865. Company F. — Captain, Tobias Stantenburg; first lieutenant, Leonard Toustevan; second lieutenant, John Gruther; all com- missioned September 10, 1862, and all vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company G. — Captains — Christian Weber, commissioned January 15, 1865, and vacated March 12, 1865; Frederick Palide, commissioned September 10, 1862. First lieutenant, Christian AVeber, commissioned September 10, 1862; second lieutenant, Henry Dravell, commissioned September 10, 1862, the last three all vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; second lieutenant, Herman Flur, commissioned January 15, 1865, and vacated March 12, 1865. Company H. — Captains — Ethan A. Clark, commissioned Sep- tember 11, 1862, and vacated by Special Order No. 126; John D. Miller, commissioned October 31, 1864, and vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenants — Otto Erfert, commissioned September 11, 1862, and vacated by Special Order No. 25, 1865; Joseph Weiss, commissioned January 15, 1865, and vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenants — Benjamin Buse, commissioned Sep- tember 11, 1862, and vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; and William Stutmahrn, commissioned October 31, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Company I. — Captains — Peter King, commissioned Sep- tember 10, 1862, and killed by guerrillas ; Michael Bauer, com- missioned November 5, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenants — Michael Bauer, commissioned June 24, 1863, pro- moted to captain; Henry Lohmeyer, commissioned November 5, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenant — Henry Pull- man, commissioned September 10, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. Company K. — Captains — George Kunkle, commissioned October 16, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; G. 258 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. Hausgen, commissioned January 15, 1865, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenant, Henry Krog, commissioned October 16, 1862; second lieutenant, H. Poppenhusen, commissioned same day, and both the last vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company L. — Captain, Bernhard Cleve, commissioned Sep- tember 10, 1862. First lieutenant, John B. Basch ; second lieu- tenant, Louis Wehrman ; both lieutenants commissioned June 24, 1863, and all vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company M. — First lieutenant, Austin AVilkes; second lieu- tenant, G. H. Stohlman; both commissioned January 15, 1865, and vacated March 12, 1865. Fifty-fifth Eegiment, Enrolled Missouri Militia. — Colonel, August Krumsick, commissioned September 22, 1863, vacated March 12, 1865; lieutenant-colonel, Louis Johnson, commissioned September 22, 1863, vacated March 12, 1865; major, Philip Schenck, commissioned December 3, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; adjutant, William Meyersieck, commis- sioned January 10, 1863, vacated March 12, 1865; quartermaster, Charles Keinhard, commissioned January 10, 1863, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; surgeon, H. T. Gilbert, commis- sioned May 1, 1863, vacated March 12, 1863. Company A. — Captain, Reuben H. Farrar, commissioned September 11, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865; first lieutenant, David M. Kerr, commissioned September 11, 1862; second lieu- tenant, Benjamin E. Anderson, commissioned May 12, 1863; both vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company B. — Captain, William Dress, commissioned De- cember 24, 1862; first lieutenant, Charles Hugo, commis- sioned August 16, 1862; second lieutenant, Arnold Beiner, com- missioned December 24, 1862; all vacated March 12, 1865. Company C. — Captain, Andrew Fink; first lieutenant, Philip Briglett; second lieutenant, Herman Gehlert; all commissioned September 10, 1862, and all vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company D. — Captain, James H. Crews, commissioned October 16, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865; first lieutenant, Abra- ham Gilcrease; second lieutenant, Robert V. Wood; both com- missioned October 16, 1862, and vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. STATE OF MISSOURI. 259 Company E. — Captain, Henry Gillliause, commissioned Sep- tember 10, lf^l)2; first lieutenant, Austin Wilkins; second lieu- tenant, Henry Hemper; both commissioned November 18, 18G2, and all vacated ])y Special Order No. 120, 1801. Company F. — Captain, T. AV. Witbington; first lieutenant, Henry Ditmer; second lieutenant, John McDaniel; all commis- sioned October 10, 1802; the captain's commission vacated March 12, 1805; both lieutenants by Special Order No. 120, 1804. Company G. — Captain, Charles Dauz; first lieutenant, Henry Schniler; second lieutenant, John P. Roeder; all commissioned September 10, 1802, and all vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company H. — Captain, August Hauschen; first lieutenant, William A. Hartman; second lieutenant, John Schuster; all com- missioned October 10, 1802, all vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company I. — Captain, Matliew Kochele, commissioned Janu- ary 10, 1803, first lieutenant, John Weiss; second lieutenant, William Stuhlman; both commissioned October 10, 1802, all vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1804. The Eighth Eeo^iment, Missouri Militia, was raised in Frank- lin County. Its officers were: Colonel, Daniel Q. Gale, commis- sioned March 25, 1805; adjutant, John T. Crowe, commissioned July 10, 1805. Company A. — Captain, Michael Bauer; first lieutenant, Henry Lohmeyer; second lieutenant, Henry Schmidt; all commissioned May 25, 1805. Company B. — Captain, Benjamin E. Anderson; first lieuten- ant, George W. Francis ; second lieutenant, John S. Stephens, all commissioned August 24, 1805. Company C. — Captain, AVilliam H. Bolte, commissioned June 23, 1805; first lieutenant, George Bergner, commissioned December 29, 1805; second lieutenant, Philipp Gerber, commis- sioned June 23, 1805, commission vacated by Special Order No. 158. Company D. — Captain, Andrew Fink: first lieutenant, Philip Briegleb; second lieutenant, William M. Ferry ; all commissioned June 23, 1805. 260 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. Company G. — Captain, William Maupin; first lieutenant, Charles L. Eimbeck; second lieutenant, M. A. Coleman; all com- missioned December 29, 1865. Company K. — Captain, William H. Mengel; first lieutenant, August Fisher; second lieutenant, William J. Lack; all commis- sioned August 16, 1865. Company L. — Captain, Bernard Cleve; first lieutenant. Guar- dian L. Busch; second lieutenant. Christian Ehlers; all commis- sioned July 18, 1865. Company M. — Captain, Austin Wilkins; second lieutenant, Thomas B. Jackson ; both commissioned July 18, 1865. About 600 citizens of Franklin County joined the rebel army, to whom befell the usual fortunes of war. All who returned home, after the cause for which they fought was lost, have accepted the situation with various degrees of gracefulness, and many of them are well satisfied that it was lost, and are as good citizens as any in the county. After the War. — One feature of the "reconstruction period' in Missouri was that quite a number of individuals in each of many of the counties was indicted for preaching and for teach- ing without taking the oath of loyalty, as required by the Drake constitution. Edward Faltman was indicted for thus preaching, April 1, 1867, and also for solemnizing the marriage ceremony. Similar indictments were also found against James E. Godby, James McGehee and Greenberry Mitchell. In all these and other similar cases, however, as also was the case with those indicted for teaching without having first taken the oath of loyalty, th© indictments were quashed, or the cases 7iolle prosequied. EDUCATIONAL— SCHOOLS. Formation of School Districts. — The first action taken by the county court with reference to schools was on April 23, 1821, when Achilles Jeffries, William Gibson, Philip Miller and William S. Birch were appointed commissioners to attend to the sale of all the lands donated to school purposes. The next action was taken August 19, 1823, when Caleb Baley and John Obanion were appointed commissioners of all the school lands in Boeuf Township; Isaiah Todd and John Caldwell, commissioners STATE OF MISSOUHI. 201 of the school hinds in 8t. Johns Township; Hugh Bartley and James North, in Boles Township; William Giljson and William Spencer, in Meramec Township; and Robert Berry and Samuel Short, in Calvey Township. August 11, 1835, the following entry is found on the county records. Now at this day, upon the petition of upward of two-thirds of the house- holders of Congressional Township 41, Kangc 1 east, in this county, praying that the school district in said township ])e organized, and that the inhabitants of said township ])e incorporated ])y the name of "The Inhabitants of the Mineral School District," and that the court appoint a board of trustees, to consist of tive members, to ])e vested with the corporate powers of said school district; and it ap])earing to the satisfaction of the court that at least two-thirds of the householders, inhabitants of said district, have signed said petition, and that the prayer of the petitioners is otherwise reasonable, it is ordered that the prayer of the petitioners be granted, and that the inhabitants of said school district be incorporated by the name and style of "The Inhabitants of the Mineral School District," as prayed for in their i)etitiou; and it is further ordered that Joseph Funk, John Williamson, William Hearst, William Gibson and Samuel S. Gibson be appointed a board of trustees for the said school district. On September 5, 1840, William Campbell, late sheriff of the county, reported the sale of Section 16, Township 42, Range 3 west, at §1.25 per acre, and on the same day reported the sale of Section 33, Township 44, Range 1 east, selected in lieu of Section 16, a part of this sale having been made at $1.25 per acre, a part at §2.09 per acre, a part at §2.30 per acre, and a part at §2.50 per acre, and still other portions at other prices. The school lands were sold as fast and at as high a rate as possible, and thus a school fund established, which has become very large. In 1842 it had reached §2,501.30; in 1843, it was §4,829.84^; in 1846, §8,178.24; in 1850, §9,326.64; in 1851, §10,530.89; Tn 1852, §11,578.14; in 1853, §13,805.89; in 1854, §14,205.89; in 1855, §23,116.89; in 1856, §23,623.89; in 1858, §23,773.89, etc. The record of the organization of School District No. 2 shows that it was organized November 5, 1839. It comprised Congres- sional Township No. 44, Range 2 west. Jesse McDonald was appointed commissioner, and Seth Clutwood and Joshua Pinks- ton, inspectors. The first meeting of the inhabitants was to be held at Newport, December 21, 1839. School District No. 3, Congressional Township 44, Range 1 west, was organized on the same day as No. 2 ; Clayton B. Hinton 262 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. was appointed commissioner, and Joseph B. Hardin and Caldwell C. Byrnside, inspectors. The first meeting of the inhabitants was appointed at Washington on December 21, 1839. School District No. 0, Congressional Township -42, Range 1 east, was organized May 6, 1841 ; William R. Ellett was appointed commissioner, and Henry Cheatham and William N. Patton, in- spectors. The first meeting of the inhabitants was appointed on the third Saturday in June, 1841, at Perrin Farrar's. School District No. 7, Congressional Township 42, Range 3 west, was organized February 6, 1840, Lewis C. Frazier being appointed commissioner, and John Bailey and Peyton Sawyers, inspectors. The first meeting of the inhabitants was appointed for the last Saturday in March, 1840, at William Skinner's house. This order not being complied with, a new order was issued May 7, 1840. Lewis C. Frazier having removed from the county, Ira Valentine was appointed; the same inspectors were re- appointed, and the first meeting of the inhabitants appointed at William Skinner's house, for the first Saturday in July, 1840. Thus township after township was organized into a school district as fast as circumstances required. The statistics for 1850 show that then there were nineteen public schools in the county, and nineteen teachers; and that there were of white adults who could not read and write — males, 135, and females, 203. School Siatisfics, etc. — Following are some of the statistics of Franklin County schools: Increase of public school funds, from fines, penalties, swamp land sales, etc., for 1877, $475; 1878, $407.11; 1879, $454; 1880, 8398.55; 1881, $427; 1882, $1,479; 1883, $1,192; 1884, $1,492.75; 1885, $4,376.55; 1886, $910.40. Report of County Clerk for 1885. — Enumeration: Whites — males, 5.181, females, 4,691, total 9,872; colored — males, 365, females, 326, total, 691 ; total enumeration, 10,563. State moneys, $1,083; direct tax, $26,407.11; total receipts, $41,731.81; total expenses, $32,225.33. Cash on hand July 1, 1886, $9,506.48; county funds, $31,099.18; township funds, $37,670.15; total of all funds, $68,769.33. Enrollment: Whites— males, 2,705, fe- males, 2,233, total whites, 4,938; colored — males, 179, females, 143, total colored, 322; total enrollment, 5,260. The total num- STATE OF MISSOURI. 263 ber of days attendance was 319,166; average number of days attendance, 61; average number of pupils, 2,732; number of teachers, 122; average salary, §38.90; number of rooms occupied 121; seating capacity of all school-rooms, 5,977; number of white schools, 106 ; number of colored schools, 9 ; average cost of tui- tion per pupil per day, 5 cents; value of school property, $55,288; assessed valuation of property in the county, $4,338,04:5. The county paid out for new buildings during the year ending July 1, 1886, $1,468.26. The number of third grade certificates issued during the year was 136 ; of second grade, 12 ; and of first grade, 1. Washingfon ScJwols. — It was not long after the incorporation of Washington before school matters began to receive the serious consideration of the board of trustees. On April 12, 1845, N. S. Graves, Elijah McLean and Godfrey Beyreis were appointed a committee to select a suitable site for a school-house, and they were empowered to contract for and superintend the building thereof, to examine teachers, and to do all other things required of them as school trustees. May 31, 1846, an ordinance was introduced by John F. Mense to the effect that a committee be appointed to secure a suitable site for a schoolhouse, to con- tract for and superintend the building of the same. The chair- man of the board appointed John F. Mense, John L. Hamilton and John Lay the committee in accordance with the ordinance, and a second committee, consisting of Elijah McLean and Stephen W. Wood, was appointed to examine candidates for the position of teacher, to issue certificates according to their own judgment. This committee was required to procure a school-house and employ a teacher. In April, 1853, the Rev. J. F. Fenton was engaged to teach the public school, and on October 15, of that year, presented his account to the board for teaching from April to September, 1853, amounting to $502.10, which' was paid. In March, 1856, a Mr. Cowan was employed to teach the school at $45 per month, one-half out of the public fund, the other half to be collected by Mr. Cowan from the children. On September 1, 1856, J. P. Johnson presented his report as teacher of the public school for three months, ending September 2, 1856. He received for his services $45 per month. Mr. Mur- phy was instructed to employ a suitable person to succeed Mr. 264 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY, Johnson, and on October 27, 1856, tlie same salary was offered to Amos P. Foster, but, as he would not teach for that sum, he was offered §50 per month, which he accepted, January 10, 1857. Mr. Foster reported that the school was too large for him to man- age alone, and the board authorized him to employ a competent female assistant. Miss Moulton was employed, and the tuition for scholars coming from outside the district was fixed at $1.25 per month. August 27, 1858, Mr. Foster was engaged to teach, and to have the lower room of the town hall. Miss Ware to have the upper room. In 1859 school trustees were elected as follows: A. H. Downer, D. T. Peistrup and S. M. Jones. April 15, 1859, the upper room of the town hall was rented to Dr. McLean for school purposes, at $5 per month for the balance of Mr. Crosby's school term. In 1860 the school trustees were A. S. Bryan, Abner Hall and Louis Johnson. In 1861 they were Bernhard Wiese, Louis Johnson and Francis Lange. From this time on for about ten years the records could not be found. In 1871 the trustees were Hoffman, Heining and Busch, and B. S. Neulon was the principal of the school. The corner-stone of the new school building was laid September 30, 1871, the Masonic fraternity being invited to perform the ceremony and the Odd Fellows to participate. B. S. Neulon resigned as principal September 25, 1871, and an election for his successor was postponed until after the completion of the new school building, for which bonds to the amount of $6,000 were issued. Thomas "W. Manly was engaged to teach the colored school September 30, 1871. July 1, 1872, Rev. F. W. G. Smith was engaged as principal of the public school for $100 per month. July 10, 1872, a teachers' examination was held in the new school building, Mrs. Mary E. Glenn, Mrs. Wilson, Mr. Ganse and Mrs. Reiser being employed as teachers. October 14, 1872, Prof. Smith resigned and Amos P. Foster was engaged in his place. A further issue of $4,500 in bonds was made to complete payment for the new school build- itig. In 1873 the board of directors were S. M. Jones, John D. Grotham, Henry Sultrop, S. Ruge, F. Nierdick and William Stumpe. April 28 a census report was made to the board show- ing 1,149 white school children and fifty-eight colored in the dis- trict. August 2, 1873, the teachers employed were John Dugge, STATE OF MISSOURI. 265 principal, at $80 per month; Mrs. Mary E. Glenn, second teacher, and N. C. Plageman, third, each at 850 per month; October 7, Miss Kate Cowley as fourth teacher at $40 per month, and Mary Rice, of the colored school, at $25 per month. On August 30, 1872, bonds to the amount of §4,500 were issued to retire the last mentioned issue of like amount because of some supposed technical illegality connected therewith. October 21, 1874, Charles Heerey was employed as principal at $80 per month, and February 20, 1875, his salary was raised to $100 per month. July 14, 1875, it was resolved by the board to employ a teacher to teach German exclusively. The teachers employed this year were Mrs. Mary E. Glenn, Miss Emma Sterigere, Miss A. Murphy and Miss Belle McDonald, and W. A. Lawrence for the colored school. In 187G the teachers employed were Rudolph Ritter, prin- cipal, at $75 per month, Mrs. Mary E. Glenn at $00, Miss Alice Coleman at $50, Miss Belle McDonald at $50, and Mrs. Sarah K. Wilson at $50, and Miss Fannie Kloentrup for the colored school. In 1877 the teachers engaged were Rudolph Ritter, principal, $75 ; Mrs. MaryE. Glenn, Miss Alice Murphy, Miss Annie Thomas and Miss Fannie Kloentrup. In 1879, Rudolph Ritter, $65 per month ; Mrs. Glenn, $40; Miss Mary Krog, Miss Annie Thomas, Miss Fan- nie Kloentrup, Miss Annie Murphy, and Miss Ellen Smith for the colored school. In 1880 the enumeration of school children was taken by H. H. Thias. The result showed, of whites — males, 922 ; females, 894; colored — males, 65; females, 52; total enumeration, 1,938. The teachers engaged were Rudolph Ritter, Mrs. Glenn, Alice C. Murphy, Fannie Kloentrup, Ella McDonald, Annette B. Coleman, Ellen S. North for the colored school. In 1881 the teach- ers engaged were Rudolph Ritter, at $75; Mrs. Glenn, $60; Ella McDonald, $60; Alice C. Murphy, $40; Otto Brauer, German, $60; Fannie Kloentrup, $40; Mamie F. Jones, colored school, $30. September 7, 1881, W. S. Allen was elected to fiUthe vacancy caused by the death of Rudolph Ritter, but as he could not be released from his contract in New Haven, G. W. Smith was elected in his place. In 1882 the teachers engaged were G. AY. Smith, at $90; H. A. Polack, $70 ;S. C. Murphy, $50; Mrs. Glenn, Fannie Kloentrup and Annette B. Coleman, each $40; Mamie F. Jones, colored school. Mrs. Glenn and Mr. Polack resigned, 17 266 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. and Charles Debus was cliosen first assistant, and Miss Mary Krog was elected to Mrs. Glenn's place. In 1883 the teachers chosen were G. W. Smith, Thomas Cochran, Alice C. Murphy, Fannie Kloentrup, Mary Krog and Annette B. Coleman. In 1884: the teacliers were Thomas Cochran, A. Kramer, Joseph Eckert and Miss Brauer, as also in 1885. In 1886 they were W. S. Allen, Thomas Cochran, C. F. Brandt (German), Miss Alice C. Murphy, Fannie Kloentrup, Louisa Brauer and Mary Krog, and in 1887 B. J. Specking, Thomas Cochran, C. F. Brandt (German), Miss Alice C. Murphy, Miss Fannie Kloentrup, Miss Louisa Brauer and Miss Mary Krog; Hardy O. Jones, colored school. The enumeration for 1887 was: Whites — males, 810; females, 858; colored — males, 71; females, 60; total enumeration 1,790. The assessed valuation of school property in the district is §10,000, and the assessed valuation of property is §528,595. The present board of directors consists of William G. Kuge, H. J. Dickbrader, H. H. Eeinke, AVilliam Stumpe, F. H. Thias and F. W. Stumpe. The Washington High School was incorporated December 9, 1886, the number of stockholders being thirty-nine. The first board of directors were John A. Collins, P. F. Peitz, James I. Jones, L. Wattenberg, John Isbell, F. W. Stumpe and E. Hoff- man. The original capital stock was §6,000, since increased to §7,200. A school building was erected in 1887. It is a two-story brick structure 32x61 feet, and contains four large, well-lighted and ventilated recitation rooms. It stands in Garfield Park, for- merly a public square, on the east side of Locust Street, between Second and Third Streets. The school opened September 5, 1887, with thirty-four pupils; the second term commenced February 1, 1888, with forty-three pupils. Prof. W. S. Allen is the principal of the school, and Prof. Beeson, assistant. There are two courses of study — preparatory and high school. The high school course embraces four years' study, the studies for the fourth year being trigonometry, English literature, ancient history, chemistry, astronomy, general history, mental science, and the completion of four books of Virgil's iEneid. Union Schools. — From the failure to find early records of the proceedings of the board of education of Union, it is almost im- possible to give more than a meager history of the Union public STATE OF MISSOUIII. 267 schools. The lirst records that coukl be found show that on April 4, 1870, Charles Eeinhard, John H. Pugli and O. Wengler were elected directors of the school. In 1871 the same directors were elected, except that Thomas Bruch was chosen in place of Mr. Wengler. In 1872 the directors elected were B. D. Dean, F. W. Eeinhard, and Henry Gerken; in 1873, F. W. Eeinhard, A. A. Vitt and John H. Pugh. In 1874 a change in the method of electing directors went into effect, under which T. A. Lowe was elected for three years, John G. Keller for tw^o years and Michael Montier for one year, and since then it has been necessary to elect but one director annually except in case of a vacancy. In 1875 J. Schlagenhauf was elected; in 1876, Charles E. Stierberger; in 1877, John W. Booth for three years and A. A. Vitt for two years; in 1878, Eobert HofPman for three years and J. Schlagenhauf to fill a vacancy; in 1879, John T. Crowe; in 1880, Thomas Bruch; in 1881, John H. Pugh for three years and A. A. Vitt to fill a vacancy; in 1882, A. A. Vitt; in 1883, William M. Terry; in 1885, J. F. Hein ; in 1886, H. W. Clark, and in 1887 the board consisted of .H. W. Clark, J. F. Hein and J. Schlagenhauf. In 1870 the teachers were L. Frank Parker, for six months, at §85 per month, and Miss Virginia Menkins at $50 per month. In 1871, L. Frank Parker at §75 and Louis Hugo at §50; in 1872, Louis Hugo at §65, and Mrs. S. Frazee at §35; in 1875, Felix W. Baudessin at §70 ; Josephine N. Maupin at §40, and Mollie Mudd at §30; in 1876, Felix W. Baudessin at §70, and Miss Mollie Mudd at §40; in 1881, H. C. Calkins, §55, and Miss Minnie Marsh, §33 ; 1882, W. S. Allen, §70, and Mrs. F. M. Frazee at §35 ; 1883, W. S. Allen at §85, Cora Maupin at §40, G. A. Maston at §35; 1884, W. S. Allen, §85, Mrs. Sue L. Allen, §35, and Miss Cora Maupin at §35; 1885, W. S. Allen, §85, Miss Jennie M. Marion, §35, and Miss Cora Maupin at §35; 1886, Mrs. Sue L. Allen, §65, H. W. Pugh and Miss Georgia Terry; 1887, Herman G. Kiehl, Miss Mary Bernertt and Miss Eose McSpadden. Since 1884, so far as the records show, the colored school has had the following teachers: in 1875, Ella Gibbs at §35; 1876, same teacher, same salary; 1882, G. A. Maston, §35; 1884, same teacher, same salary; 1885, 1886 and 1887, Miss Minnie Jones. In 1870 the enrollment of the whole school was: males, 81; 268 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. females, 98 ; colored school — males, 22 ; females, 3G. In December, 1887, the enrollment in the intermediate department of the white school was: males, 35; females, 18; in the primary department, males, 46 ; females, 30 ; in the colored school, males, 17 ; females, 22. The report of Herman G. Kiehl, principal of this school, for the month ending January 27, 1887, showed thp number of pupils en- rolled: males, 126; females, 87; number in attendance, 158. In 1887 a fine, large two-story brick school-house was erected, one of the finest in this part of the State. It is sixty-five feet front by thirty-nine feet deep; the cellar is eight feet high, the two stories each twelve feet. It is surmounted by a slate roof, and cost $6,950. Pacific Schools. — The first school meeting in Pacific (Frank- lin then) of which there is any record was held at Thomas Watson's store, September 10, 1855. A motion was made that a school-house be built on Lots 16 and 17 of the plat of the town of Franklin, the house to be a frame one, 24x36, and twelve feet high between floors; $1,000 to, be borrowed from the county school fund to pay for the building of the house ; this sum to be paid back out of the taxes of the district (No. 2, Town- ship 43, Kange 2 east). William C. Inks was excused from the payment of this tax because he had made a deed to the district for Lots 16 and 17. These are the lots on which the colored school is now located. The names of the voters in this school district, March 17, 1856, were Jesse Lolar, George King, Andrew P. Cowan, John Pyeatt, Eobert Stanton, T. M. Ault, William Keatly, A. McCane, G. Primming, James Muckie, A. Boastler, Philip Schenck, James B. Hopkins, William Sled, all of whom voted for William Mauthe as trustee that day. At a meeting of the citi- zens of the district, held January 25, 1856, it was decided to raise $800 for the building of a school-house, and to negotiate with the Freemasons in the district with reference to uniting the school-house aud a hall, the latter for the Masons, under the same roof. On February 4, inasmuch as the negotiations with the Masons had fallen through, it was decided to erect a one- tor y building, and a proposal was received to build the house, seat it and plaster it for $800. With reference to levying a tax upon the district, a spirit of opposition manifested itself, and, in STATE OF MISSOURI. 209 order to be sure they were in tlie right, the trustees tliought it best to obtain the sense of the whole district, so circulated a petition with the object in vieAv of ol)taining the approval of a majority of all the legal voters in the district. The result was that thirty-two names w^ere secured to the jjetition. On May 1, 1850, the following receipt was given: Received, Franklin, May 1, 185(), eii^ht hundred dollars ($800), in full pay- ment for building a school-house in the town of Franklin, Township 4:5, Range 2 east, District No. 2. [Signed] James Dawson. James H. Chambers. 11. Young. The first meeting at the school-house of the qualified voters of the district was held pursuant to a call of the county com- missioner, Saturday, January 28, 1800, when T. M. Ault, AV. Keatly and Daniel Eeed were elected trustees for the new year. The first teacher's name found n the record was tliat of Frank Laird, who, on September 28, 1857, received f(^r one quarter's service as teacher, §110.35. The second name is that of O. C. Williams, who, on August 12, 1858, received for serv- ices as teacher, $50. In April, 1859, a Mr. Leavensworth received §00. 8 J:; on August 12, Hattie Gasset received 850; on November 18, §55, and on July 10, 1800, §1)5.30. On this same day Hiram Calvin received §50. The annual report for 1800 showed, male pupils, 02 ; females, 08 ; school lasted nine months ; one male and one female teacher employed; salary for the form- er §32.10 per month, for the latter, §35. During the war, or until 1804, the school was in session but part of the time, and there were no funds, but the report made in A])ril, 1804, showed the number of children to be males, 88; females, 77; and the number taught during the year to have been, males, 18 ; females, 15. There had been one male teacher at an average salary of §40 per month. Julius Kahrmann was engaged to teach in the fall of 180)7, at an annual salary of §050. An addition to the school-house was erected by B. Langenbacher, for which he was paid §025, and for seats, desks, etc., §54.35. A special meeting of the district was held at the school-house, on Saturday, March 25, 1S71, to take into consideration the erection of a new and suitable school- 270 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. house, at which it was resolved to erect a new and separate building, and a committee of five was appointed, consisting of L. L. Seaburn, H. AV. Close, Dr. Calkins, Philip Schenck and William Mauthe, to prepare plans and to make an estimate of the C(^st of the proposed building. A school-house site was purchased of two lots from J. H. Morley for §275, and of one lot from A. Sage for §250. H. W. Close took the contract to build the school-house, and received for his work and materials §5,474.70, making the land and the building cost §5,099.79. In addition to this sum enough additional wa^ expended to bring the cost up to §7,000. The building is of brick, two stories high, and well and substantially built. Since 1870 the principals in this school have been Julius Kahrmann, 1871; Thomas Cochran, 1872-70; C. B. Isham, 1870-78; John T. Pope, 1878-80; J. W. Marion, 1880-82; William S. Anderson, 1882-83; E. B. McDonald, 1883-85; A. C. Brown, 1885-88. The text books used are the following: McGufPey's readers, Webster's spellers, Piay's, Felter's and Quackenbos' arithmetics; Pinneo's grammer, Quackenbos' composition, and history, and the Eclectic geography. The report for April, 1887, showed an enumeration of males, 270; females, 200. A separate school is sustained for colored pupils, the enumeration of which was, males, 74; females, 00; making a total of 010 scholars in the district. The cor[)s of teachers at present is A. C. Brown, principal; Miss Katie Cleve, first assistant; Mrs. T. ^Y. North, second assistant, and Miss Mary Scott, third assistant; J. B. Bailey is teacher of the colored school. JUDICIARY. TJic Circuif Court. — Ecirhj Procrcdinf/s.— This court was established under the territorial laws of Missouri. The first entry upon the records for Franklin County is as follows: Missouri Tkrkitoky Noktiieun Circt-it, March 8. 1819. At a court held for tlie county of Franklin, in the territory and circuit aforesaid, at the house of Hartly Sappin!j:ton,in the said county; present, Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, judf^e of the courts of the Northern Circuit. Bcnoni Sappiugton, Esq., presented a commission signed by Frederick Bates, STATE OF MISSOURI. 271 Esq., secretary and acting governor of the Territory of Missouri, appointing him sheriff of the county of Franklin, and took the oath of office, and the oath to support the Constitution of the United States, whereupon it is ordered that the said commission be recorded. Benoni Sappington, sheriff of the county of Franlvlin, appeared in open court, and took the oath required by law as assessor of the county. Ordered that the rates of taxation in the county of Franklin for the year 1819, be as follows: On each horse, mare, mule or ass, above three years old, 25 cents; on all neat cattle above three years old, 6i cents; on each stud horse, the sum for which he stands the season; on every negro or mulatto slave between the ages of sixteen and forty-five years, 50 cents; for each billiard table, $25; on every able-bodied man of twenty-one years old and upward not being possessed of property of the value of S200, 50 cents; and on water grist-mills and saw- mills, horse-mills, tan-yards and distilleries, in actual operation, 40 cents on every $100 of their valuation." Benoni Sappin^ton then filed his bond as sheriff of the county, in the sum of §10,000 with Isaac Murphy, Joshua Brock, Hartly Sappington and Thomas Henry as securities. Two of the commissioners appointed by the Legislature, in the act crea.ting the county, to locate the seat of justice in the county, William Laughlin and David Edwards, then took the oath re- quired, and as William Harrison, the other commissioner ap- pointed by tlie same act, refused to serve, the court appointed Thomas Buckner to act in his stead. David Edwards was then appointed guardian of Samuel, Barbara, Isaac, Sarah and Susan Crowe, orphans of John Crowe, deceased. On a ])etition of twelve householders for a road to lead from Murphy's ferry on the Mis- souri to the county line in the direction of Potosi, John Stanton, Matthew Caldwell and William Osborne were appointed com- missioners to view the ground, and Andrew Clements, Caleb Bailey and William West were appointed to perform a similar service for a road from Sullin's ferry, on the Missouri Biver, in the direction of Potosi ; and it was then ordered that Daniel B. Moore and Philij) Boulware, Sr., two of the commissioners ap- pointed to locate the seat of justice of the county, appear at the next term of court, and either take upon themselves or renounce the duties of the office. Privilege was then granted Isaac Murphy to keep a ferry at his landing on the Missouri Eiver at the follow- ing rates: for every man and horse, 5t) cents; for every single horse, 50 cents; for every foot passenger, 25 cents; for every car- riage, 50 cents per wheel; for all merchandise and baggage, 6;| 272 HISTORY OF FEANKLIN COUNTY. cents per hundred weight; for every head of neat cattle, 25 cents; for every heed of sheep, goats and hogs, ()\ cents; said Murphy paying for the privilege the sum of §5. Thomas Henry was then appointed surveyor of Franklin County. Edwin Simon was licensed to keep a ferry across the Gasconade Eiver, at his residence, by giving bond and paying §5 for the privilege, the rates being generally half of those charged by Isaac Murphy as above inserted. The last order of the court, on this its first day's session, was that the surveyor of Franklin County, in conjunction with the sur- veyor of Washington County, proceed to run the dividing line be- tween the two counties, " Beginning at the north corner of Wash- ington County, and running thence in the course prescribed by law to the middle of the Meramec Kiver, and thence in the course prescribed by law as far as Cotinay's fork of the Meramec," and that he commence the said duty "at the first named point on the first Monday (5th) in April." The next term of this court commenced July 12, 1819, with the same judge presiding. Isaac Murphy presented his commis- sion signed by William Clarke, governor of the Territory of Mis- souri, as clerk of the circuit court. The sheriff, in obedience to a writ of venire facias^ returned into court a panel of twenty-three persons to serve as grand jurors: James Kegans, foreman; Lewis Maupin, John Cheatwood, John Sullins, Jr., Clayton B. Hinton, Jesse McDonald, John Woollams, Samuel Cantly, Hissome Estes, John Burnsides, John Sullins, Sr., Zackariah Sullins, Edmund Anderson, William King, Isaiah Todd, David Hubbard, Gilbert Hodges, James Brown, Patrick Spencer, John Cantly, Newman Pound, Andrew Clements and Benjamin Heatherly, who, being sworn and charged, retired to consider of their presentments. The first indictment found by this first grand jury of Frank- lin was " The United States vs. William Bray, assault and bat- tery." The defendant pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to pay a fine of S5 and costs. A singular entry appears on the records for this day, namely: " Ordered that George T«liomas Bailey be bound to Charles Col- lard to learn the trade of a farmer." George Thomas Bailey was the orphan of George Bailey under four years of age. David Ed- STATE OF MISSOURI. 273 wards, a justice of the peace in St. Joliiis Township, was ordered to lay off the township into road districts, and apportion the lands therein ; David B. Moore was ordered to perform similar work for Meramec Township; Joseph Reavis for Beouf Township, and Samuel Kegans for Gasconade Township. William Osborne Avas appointed overseer of the first district of the public road leading from St. Louis to the great Osage River; Tyce McDonald of the second district, Samuel Cantly of the third district and Benja- min Simpson of the fourth district of the same road. Edward Bates and John G. Heath, licensed attorneys and counselors at law, were admitted to practice in this court, and Edward Bates was received as deputy circuit attorney in place of Joshua Bar- ton, circuit attorney, absent. The grand jury then came into court with an indictment against David Shelton for stabbing. David Shelton appeared by his attorney, John G. Heath, and pleaded not guilty, and was tried before the following jury: James Simpson, John Cantly, William Maupin, John Wyatt, Thomas Henry, Amos Richardson, John Davis, Sr., Jacob Hinton, William Doherty, Peter Massie, John Breeding, and Sylvester Lauham, who brought in a verdict of " guilty in manner and form as charged upon him in the in- dictment." The court thereupon sentenced him to pay. a fine of SI and to be imprisoned three months. The next term of this court commenced November 8, 1819, but nothing of importance was done, except that the first petition for divorce was presented to the court by Nancy Edds vs. John Edds. The plea was filed and continued. At the March term, 1820, the Hon. Alexander Gray pro- duced his commission as judge of the Northern Circuit from Frederick Bates, secretary of the Territory. James H. Peck was admitted to practice in the court, as was also David H. Conrad. In the case of Charles Phillips vs. John Davis, the defendant was found guilty of trespass and ejectment, and a writ of possession was issued to the plaintiff who was adjudged to recover his costs and charges in the suit. The divorce case of Nancy Edds vs. John Edds was tried March 14, 1820, before a jury which de- cided that John Edds did not withhold all support from and did not threaten the life of said Nancy, and by mutual consent of 274 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. tlie [)arties the jury was discharged from rendering any verdict on the first and second issues. The first case of "assumpsit" was tried March 15, 1850, and was entitled Elijah R. Worthing- ton vs. Joshua H. Burckhardt. Defendant made default, and the judgment was that the plaintiff recover against defendant his debt and damages | amount left blank in the records]. Sumner Bacon, as sheriff, was allowed by the court, for taking the census, §82.08. Court adjourned to meet at the town of Newport. At this place the term commenced on the second Monday (10th) of July, 1820, the Hon. Alexander Gray, judge. After a couple of indictments for assault and battery, the case of Nancy Edds rs. John Edds, for divorce, was tried on the other two issues, and the jury decided that John Edds did turn his wife Nancy out of doors, and that he did ill treat her. The case was dismissed by the judge, except as to her costs, which were held under advisement until the next term, but no further record in the case could be found. On the same day the first slander suit was tried, that of John Stanton vs. Uriah Burns, wherein the jury found for the plaintiff, and assessed his damages at §50 and costs. After various ordinary cases, court adjourned. It was the last circuit court held in the county before Missouri was ad- mitted into the Union. The next term commenced on the second Monday (12th) in March, 1821, the Hon. Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, judge of the Tliird Judicial Circuit, the judge, the sheriff of the county and the circuit court clerk all having l)een appointed and com- missioned by the Hon. Alexander McNair, governor of the State of Missouri. Benjamin D. AYright was admitted to practice law in this court. Among the cases tried at this term was one for slander by Thomas Antrobns vs. Spencer Estes, in which the jury found for the plaintiff, and assessed his damages at 8150, costs and cliaro;es. In another suit the defendant in the above case sued the plaintiff for false imprisonment, but as he did not appear he was nonsuited, and Anfrobus was awarded his costs. A number of cases followed of assault and battery, maiming, affray, etc., in most of which the verdict was guilty, and the appro- priate punishment infiicted. Hon. Nathaniel Beverly Tucker presided at the term com- STATE OF MISSOURI. 275 meiicing July 0, 1821. The first case of retailing spirituous liquors without a license was tried that day, and resulted in John J. Wright, the defendant, being fined §100 and costs. At the previous term Charles Heiskell was indicted for selling liquor to an Indian, and at this term an alias capias was awarded return- able to the next term of the court. Cases of assault and battery, debt and attachment, continue to engage the attention of the court through the term. November 12, 1821, was the first day of the next term — tlie Hon. Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, judge. John S. Brickey was admitted to practice in the court. A nolle j^^'oscqni was entered in the case of Charles Heiskell, mentioned above. The court convened next at Newport, March 18, 1822, the Hon. Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, judge. Assault and battery, appeal and assump- sit cases occupied his attention. The same judge presided at the November term, 1822. The next term commenced July 21, 1823, the Hon. Alexan- der Stuart, judge. At this term the first indictment for murder in the county was found, *tlie defendant being Thomas Palmer, but when the case came on to be tried the circuit attorney entered a nolle prosequi. The next term commenced November 17, 1823, at the court- house (the first time the court-house is mentioned) at Newport, the Hon. Alexander Stuart, judge. None but ordinary cases engaged the attention of the court. The same judge presided at the next term which commenced March 25, 182-4, and also at the term commencing July 10, 1824. At this term the first divorce was granted, in the case of Susannah McDonald vs. Ben- jamin McDonald, on the ground of willful and unjustifiable desertion for more than two years. At the November term, 1824, Judge Alexander Stuart presiding, the first trial for hog stealing was had, but, as the jury disagreed, no further notice of the case is deemed expedient. The same judge presided at the term commencing June 13, 1825, and also at that commencing February 13, 1820. On the next day, in the petition of John H. Garvin, it was ordered by the court that the clerk issue a writ of ad quod damnum (the first writ of the kind issued), directed to the sheriff of the county, commanding him to summon twelve 276 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. fit persons to meet upon the land of the petitioner on the third Monday in March next, to inquire what damage might and would result to the lands of other persons, etc., by the petitioner building a dam across a creek, as the said petitioner proposed. The next term commenced June 12, 182G, the Hon. Alexander Stuart judge, and at that commencing October 9, 182G, the Hon. William C. Carr was judge. The following entry appears on this day: "The commissioners of the court-house and jail for the county of Franklin having notified the judge, as the law requires, that a house had been procured at the county seat for the use of the courts, it is therefore ordered that this court, at the end of this term, be adjourned to the county seat, and in future be liolden there." The Hon. William C. Carr also presided at the term commencing February 12, 1827, court being held at the house of Ambrose Hanson. Court was also held at the house of Mr. Hanson in the town of Union, presided over by the same judge, during the term commencing June 11, 1827. On this day Hugh Arbuckle, aged thirty-eight years, a native of Scotland, and a subject of George IV, king of Great Britian, came ii)to court and declared his bona fide intention and wish to become a citizen of the United States of America, and tliat he had been an inhabitant of the United States ten years and upward. The next term commenced October 8, 1827, at the house of Ambrose Ranson, in Union, the Hon. William C. Carr, judge, and the next on February 11, 1828, at the same place with the same judge. On the next day came the first indictment for manslaughter, against Calvin Johnston, who gave bail for his appearance in June following, in the sum of §1,500. On June 9th, in the court-house before the same judge, tlie defendant appeared and gave bail for continuance in the same sum. Tiie twelve good and fit persons whom the sheriff was commanded to summon to meet on the land of John H. Garver, to judge of the damages that would result from his building a dam across a certain creek, do not appear to have made any return to the court, but on June 11, 1828, another writ of ad quod damnum was issued, directed to the sheriff, commanding him to summon twelve fit persons to meet on the land of the same petitioner, July 22, 1828, to inquire what damage might result from his building a dam across the STATE OF MISSOURI. 277 Bourbeuse River, the jurors to report at the next court. This term commenced October 13, 1828, the Hon. AVilliam C. Carr, presid- ing. On this day the trial of Calvin Johnston was terminated by a nolle 2^'^'oscqui\ on the part of the circuit attorney, and the judge decided that he go hence without day, and that the county of Washington pay the costs. The report of the second set of jurors summoned in the case of the petition of John H. Garvin for the privilege to build a dam across Bourbeuse River was made October 13, 1828, as was likewise a report on a similar petition by James North, according him the privilege of building a dam at the place selected by him, as was also the case of Mr. Garvin, notwithstanding the remonstrance of Thomas Henry, county surveyor. The Hon. William C. Carr presided at the next term, commencing July 6, 1829. The next morning, on the motion of Hamilton R. Gamble, James L. Murray was admitted to practice in this court. At the next term, commencing November 2, 1829, the same judge presided, and Hamilton R. Gamble was circuit attorney. The same judge continued to preside in this court until the May term 1831, when the Hon. David Todd took his seat upon the bench. This change w^as occasioned by Franklin County having been, by an act of the Legislature approved Jan- uary 17, 1831, attached to the First Judicial Circuit, over which Hon. David Todd had presided since December, 1822, and who continued to preside in Franklin County until the close of the October term, 1832. July 2, 1833, the Hon. Charles H. Allen, judge of the Sixth Judicial District, presided, and continued to preside until the close of the March term, 1835. Next came the Hon. William Scott, judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, who first presided August 3, 1835, and continued to ])reside until the close of the term commencing December 5, 1836. During this term Lewis Y. Bogy was enrolled as an attorney in this court. He was followed by the Hon. Henry Shields, judge of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, who first sat on this bench February 27, 1837, and then the Hon. James Evans, March 3, 1837, judge of the same circuit, who continued to preside until the close of the November term, 1838. The Hon. David Sterigere commenced to preside in this court June 17, 1839, and continued to preside until August, 1843. From 1830 to 1843 this court was mainly 278 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. occupied with the ordinary cases of appeal from courts of justices of the peace, and from the county court, of deht, of assault and battery, of attachment, of trespass, of assumpsit, of replevin, of selling merchandise without a license, of selling spirituous liquors without a license, etc. There appear to have been but two indictments for murder, and in one of these cases the defendant was dischar<^'ed and the other was transferred to Washino-ton County. This period was remarkble for the large number of persons being naturalized as citizens of the United States. Subsequent Tei-ms of Circuit Court. — The Hon. John H. Stone, commissioned by Gov. Thomas lieynolds as judge of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, presided during the term commencing January 29, 1844, and continued to preside until the fall of 18G2. During his term of service as judge a somewhat noted trial came off for passing counterfeit money, that of Logan Norton, who, on December 12, 1815, was found guilty of forgery in the second degree, his punishment being left to the discretion of the court, which was by the court fixed at seven years' confinement in the State penitentiary, besides the costs and charges of the pros- ecution. Similar punishment was adjudged against Norton B. Pioyce for a similar crime, April 7, 1847. An interesting item of information is found in these records in connection with a petition to admeasure dower, that of Calvin Atkins and wife vs. Louiza A. Cole and Alstorphus W. Cole, the petition being for the admeasurement of dower in the lands of Wesley Cole, deceased. According to the county surveyor's observations, the variation of the magnetic needle, March 31, 1851, at the location of the survey of the lands, on the southeast quarter of Section 24, Town- ship 44, Kange 2 west, was eight degrees east. The Hon. James W. Owens became judge of this circuit in the spring of 1803, began to hold court in Franklin County April 0, 1863, and remained on the bench until July 13, 1808. The Hon. Daniel Q. Gale commenced to preside July 20, 1808, and,witli the exception of a few days in April, 1801), when, by the request of Judge Gale, the Hon. T. M. Rice, judge of the First Judicial Circuit, held court, continued on the bench until 1874, when the Hon. A. J. Seay was elected at a special election, and by re-election served until January 1, 1887. The Hon. Rudolph Hirzel, elected in the fall of 1880, has since been judge of the Ninth Judicial Circuit. STATE OF MISSOURI. 279 Criminal Record. — There has been but one man hanged in Franklin County for murder, according to the forms of law. This was Edward D. Worrell. He and William H. Bruff, the former as principal and the latter as aider and abettor, were in- dicted in AVarren County, May 5, 18 50, for the murder of Basil H. Gordon, January 25, 1856. On a change of venue, the case was brought to Franklin County, where the trial commenced on Monday, January 19, 1857, before the Hon. JohnH. Stone. The Hon. Daniel Q. Gale appeared for the State, and the Hon. John D. Coalter, Hon. W. V. N. Bay, and Maj. Uriel Wright ap- peared for the prisoner. A severance of the prisoners jointly in- dicted had been granted. A motion for continuance was over- ruled, and upon a plea of " not guilty " the trial was conducted before the following jury: Joseph P. Woodruff, Thomas E. Benick, David M. Tyree, Burrell Bowland, Beuben Bledsoe, Dorsey Waters, William A. Trouhitt, George Woodcock, Moses y. Keen, Jeremiah Pierce, William T. O. Dickinson and Jer- emiah H. Williams; which, after a prolonged trial, on January 31, 1857, brought in the following verdict: "We, the jury, find the prisoner guilty of murder in the first degree, in manner and form as charged in the indictment." Sentence was passed upon the prisoner February 2, 1857, and was to the effect that he be hanged by the neck until he was dead, on Tuesday, March 17, 1857. Maj. Wright, his counsel, took an appeal to the supreme court, and obtained a stay of execution until the de- cision of that court should be rendered. This appeal, however, did not result in a new trial, and Edward D. Worrell was hanged by Sheriff R. B. Jones, in June, 1857, on a scaffold erected in what is now the west part of the corporation of Union, near the present intersection of Locust and Washington Streets, and in the presence of about 500 people, including the father and mother of the condemned. There was no special excitement ex- hibited by those present. Although Worrell made no public confession, he did say privately to Deputy Sheriff A. W. Maupin, who had charge of him previous to his execution, that the sen- tence was just, and that Bruff was equally guilty with himself. Bruff, however, was acquitted, and afterward taken back to the United States army, from which he was a deserter at the time of the commission of the crime, and within three months afterward was 280 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. shot dead in a second attempt to desert, at Fort Leavenworth, Kas. The capture of Worrell and Bruff was one of the jfinest pieces of detective work ever performed in this country. Tlie^^ them- selves had given the clue at the Planters' House in St. Louis as to the identity of the murderers, which was so skillfully followed by Capt. J. D. Couzins that both Worrell and Bruff were ar- rested within the same hour on one February day in 1856, the former in Dover, Del., and the latter in Macon, Ga., and immediately after the arrest each one was induced to confess by representations to him that the other had already confessed. On January 4, 1858, Nelson Cross was indicted for the mur- der, in 1857, of Andrew McCreary, in Prairie Township. The jury before which he was tried was composed of Alonzo Williams, Squire Brammel, William T. Greenstreet, Alfred M. Chiles, Valentine Johnson, Jordan M. Glenn, William T. Jones, Hol- come P. Watkins, Moses J. Kobertson, Joseph E. Robertson, Hichard Ferguson and John Conally. The verdict of this jury, rendered January G, 1858, was: "We, the jury, find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, as charged in the indictment." The sentence of the court was delivered on the IGth, and was that Nelson Cross be hanged until he was dead, on the 26th of February, 1858. An appeal was taken to the supreme court, and a new trial granted, and, finally, on the 7th of April, 1859, the defendant pleaded guilty, and put himself upon the mercy of the court. The court therefore found the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree, and sentenced him to twenty -five years in the penitentiary. William L. Hall ran the most remarkable career as a mur- derer of any one ever in Franklin County. On January 18, 1858, he was twice before the following jury for the murder by stabbing of Andrew Bullock: William W. Johnson, William E. Bronk, Henry Anderson, James Park, John Evans, Thomas Woodcock, Joseph J. Brown, William Reynolds, William P. Lemmon, James Waggoner, John D. Carter and George W. McCullough. This jury brought in a verdict of " guilty of mur- der in the first degree, as charged in the indictment," on the date named above. On January 19, a new trial was granted, and a change of venue to Washington County also granted. STATE OF MISSOURI. 281 The result of the trial in Washington County was that Hall was sentenced to fifteen years in the penitentiary. The defense in his case in both trials was insanity, and, after serving about two years in the penitentiary, he was transferred to the asylum for the insane at Fulton, Mo., where he remained about ten months, and was discharged as restored to reason. He returned to Franklin County, and soon afterward went to St. Louis County, and taught a term of school, after which he returned to Franklin County, and boarded for a time at the Washington House, Wash- ington, Mo. Soon after coming to Washington he went out to his father's house, about ten miles west of Union, where his father was lying on his death bed, and, approaching the house, shot his sis- ter, who was watching by her father's bedside, through the open window, killing her instantly, and the shock to his father was so great that he died within six hours. After the commission of this murder Hall went to his brother John's house, within about four miles of Washington, and called to him to come out of doors, but the brother, prevailed upon by his wife not to respond to the summons, thereby saved his own life, as it was Hall's intention, as he afterward said, to kill him also, and thus become sole heir to his father's estate. Hall then went on to Washington, where he was arrested and brought back to Union. Here he was placed in jail to await his preliminary examination, and, while undergoing this e xamination before Squire Stover in the room in the court-house now occupied by William M. Tei vy, county collector, he was seized by about fifty, quiet, determined, silent, unmasked men, taken to a wagon standing at the north court-house door, and, despite his protestations and appeals for justice and a fair trial, to which no answer whatever was returned, was taken to the southeast part of town, where a rope was fastened about his neck, the other end thrown over the limb of a large elm tree and fastened, and the wagon driven out from under him, and he left to choke to death. The crowd of silent men all returned to- the court-house yard and dispersed. Hall's body was left to hang about three hours, when it was cut down and buried in the old graveyard about one-third of a mile northeast of Union. There is no doubt in the minds of many of the best citizens that the victim of this lynching was insane, 18 282 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. Perhaps the most atrocious murder ever committed in Frank- lin County was that of Mrs. Mathilda Haase, by her husband, Fritz W. Haase, and a young woman named Catharine Hotfert. This murder was perpetrated August 28, 1880, by cutting Mrs. Haase's throat, and beating her on the head with a thick stick. Haase and the young woman, Catharine Hoffert, were improperly intimate, and desired to put Mrs. Haase out of the way. They were l)oth indicted in November, 1880, and tried for murder in the first degree, before the following jury: Horace Stewart, Pleasant Bay, C. E. Frost, George Nicholson, David Smith, A. M. Groff, W. H. H. Stanley, Livingston Gall, Frank Piontek, James Dickinson, John S. White and John W. Dowdall. At the close of the trial the jury rendered the following remarkable ver- dict with reference to each of the accused: "We, the jury, find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree, and assess his (or her) punishment at twenty years' imprisonment in the penitentiary." The judge, therefore, sentenced them both to serve twenty years in the penitentiary, the term to commence December 8, 1881. Fritz W. Hasse is still in the penitentiary, l)ut both Catharine Hoffert and her child are dead. The expla- nation of the above remarkable verdict is that one of the jury expressed doubts as to their guilt, as against the other eleven, who were in favor of a verdict of murder in the first degree, of which Haase and Miss Hoffert were certainly guilty if they were not innocent, and held out until the eleven jurymen consented to a verdict of guilty in the second degree, in order that a verdict might be brought in. The last murder trial in the county was that of AVebster Jackson, who was indicted November 20, 1880, for the killing of Alexander McYickers, October 22, 1886. Jackson's plea was "not guilty," made January 12, 1887. As he was in indigent circumstances, the Court appointed as his attorneys J. C. Kis- kaddon, James W. Owens and James Booth. The jury ])efore whom he was tried were M. S. Payne, F. C. Fisher, John Cunio, Thomas Evans, A. J. Gilcrease, James W. Jeffries, Luther Lack, John Bruns, Hermann W^edepohl, Pvobert Buckner, George W. Faughuder and Louis Gehlert. On September 24, 1887, the jury brouu-ht in a verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree. Sen- STATE OF MISSOURI. 288 tence was declared October 8, 1887, that the condeiinied be haijged November 25, 1887. An appeal to the supreme court was granted October 8, 1887, and a stay of execution was ordered Novom}>er 22, 1887. Besides the lynching of William L. Hall, above narrated, there was one other lynching, in April, 1847. This was that of Eli, a slave, who had made an attempt to commit an outrage upon the person of a Mrs. Teaman, and had afterward killed her, and had made an attempt to kill her young son, Henry. Eli was indicted March 30, 1847, for murder, but before the trial could be had he was taken from jail, in broad daylight, and hanged, a little to the northeast of the present post-oftice building. The above are all the hangings that have occured in Franklin County. Other Violations of LciiD. — An examination of the records of the circuit court seems to shoAv that the period from 1855 to 1861 was the most lawless one of the county's history. The passions of men then ran high because of the general disturb- ance of the public mind throughout the country on the slavery question, and especially in Missouri, over the unholy attempt of the administration of Mr. Buchanan to introduce slavery into Kansas. Fighting, shooting and stabbing, resulting too fre- quently in the death of some one of the participants, were of almost daily occurence; however, the final abolition of the iniquitious system of slavery, as one of the beneficent results of the War of the Eebellion, brought order out of cliaos, and gave to society a healthfulness of tone, which, without such abolition, it never could have known. One other peculiar feature of the violation of law in Frank- lin County was the strangely numerous indictments for selling liquor as a dramshop keeper without having first taken out a license to sell intoxicants. This state of affairs lasted from long before the war until about the year 1887, and, generally speaking, was the result of the imposition of low fines by the courts upon violators of the law, aided by the infrequency of indictments by grand juries; thus making it cheaper to pay fines than to take out licenses. The existence of the gallon law was also an element in producing this condition of things. But in Mar(*li, 1887, an act was approved which repealed the gallon law, and 284 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. contained the following clause with reference to merchants' licenses: "No such license shall authorize any merchant to sell vinous, fermented or spirituous liquors, in any quantity, to be drank at his store, stand, warehouse or other place of business, nor in any quantity less than five gallons for any purpose what- ever." The penalty for the violation of this law is from $100 to $500 for the first offense, and for the second offense the same penalty and the revocation of his merchant's license. This law has very largely reduced the number of those who sold whisky throughout the county, and recently higher fines have been in- flicted upon those who venture to sell without a license; the result being a more healthy tone in the liquor trade. The last and one of the greatest of Franklin County horrors was connected with the name of William Rowe, who with his family lived in a tent near the Bourbeuse Eiver, and about three-fourths of a mile from Union. It is generally believed that he was guilty of improper intimacy with his own little twelve-year old daughter, who, through grief, at such inhuman treatment, threw herself into the Bourbeuse River in December, 1887, and was drowned. Rowe was arrested and tried soon after for wife-beating, and was serving out his sentence for this crime, when he escaped on January 11, 1888, from the guard, but was pursued and shot by a negro named Dave Osborn, by authority of M. W. Bauer, be- cause he would not stop when ordered to do so. The wounded man died a few days afterward. Legal Fraternity. — The lawyers in Franklin County at the present time are as follows: John R. Martin, who commenced to practice in the county in 1866 ; Abraham J. Seay, who com- menced in 1868; J. W. Booth, who commenced in 1869; John H. Pugh, in 1865 ;T. A. Lowe, in 1866; T. W. V. Crews, in 1863; Thomas Crowe, 1860, but who has not practiced since 1868 ; J C. Kiskaddon, 1868; Charles F. Gallenkamp, 1877; James W. Owens, 1878; James Booth, 1887; James S. McLean, 1887; Stephen Frazee, 1876; E. H. Jeffries, 1871; Rudolph Hirzel, 1874; T. R. Webb, 1885, and A. W. Maupin, 1872. The County Court. — Early Proceedings. — The first entry on the records of the county court is as follows: *' January term, 1821. At a county court, begun and held in STATE OF MISSOURI. 285 the town of Newport, County of Franklin, on Monday, the 22d day of January, 1821 ; present, Henry Brown and Kincaid Cald- well, justices; James Kegans, sheriff, and William G. Owens, clerk, pro tern." William G. Owens was appointed clerk of the county court, David Waldo, collector ; Caleb Bailey, constable of Boeuf Township, and Beuben Harrison, constable of St. Johns Township. Achilles Jeffries was then appointed guardian of James Crowe, William Greenstreet was allowed §2 as overseer on road, and the court adjourned until next day at 10 o'clock in the morning. The next day Benoni Sappington was appointed overseer of the first road district in St. Johns Township; Mathew Caldwell was appointed to lay off St. Johns Township into road districts, and Hugh Bartly was appointed overseer of the second road dis- trict; William AVest was appointed overseer on the first road district in Meramec Township, and Samuel Short, overseer of the second road district. Jesse McDonald was appointed to lay off Boeuf Township into road districts; John Simpson was ap- pointed overseer of the first road district in Boeuf Township, and Benjamin Alexander, overseer of the second road district. The road from Murphy's ferry toward Potosi was vacated as a public road: Hartly Sa})pington, John Sullins, Sr., and Ephriam Jami- son were appointed viewers of a road along the most practicable route from the point where the Potosi road intersected the main old road, to intersect the Murphy's road at the big spring beyond the Bourbeuse, and Gideon Kichardson, Hartly Sappington and Benoni Sa2)pington were appointed to ascertain the most practi- cable route for a road from Murphy's ferry to intersect the road leading from Newport to Potosi, near Nathan Richardson's. Tlie old St. Louis road from the Ball Hi]l, near the Widow Eichardson's, to Capt. James Brown's, w^as discontinued, and William T. Birch was appointed to assess the property of the citizens of Franklin County. The next term of this court was held April 23, 1821, at New- port ; present, Kincaid Caldwell, Henry Brown and John Stan- ton, justices; Kincaid Caldwell was appointed presiding justice of the court. It was then ordered that Achilles Jeffries lay off Boles Township into road districts. At the term commencing 286 HISTORY OF FIIAXKLIN COUNTY. July 28, 1821, Beujamin Heatherly was allowed §213 for keeping a pauper, the first reference to a pauper iu the records, and on the next day the court allowed William Laughlin 81^2, David Edwards, $86.25, and Philip P. Boulware, 888.07, as commis- sioners, presumably, although it is not so stated in the records, for locating the count}^ seat. William Hensley was then licensed to keep a ferry across the Missouri River, at his landing opposite the town of Pinckney, by paying the sum of $5 and giving bond in the sum of eSoOO. The first judgment rendered by the county court was rendered July 24, 1821, in the case of the governor of Missouri vs. Sum- ner Bacon, late sheriff of the county, and was in the following words: 'Mt this day, Sumner Bacon, former sheriff and collector of Franklin County, being called in pursuance of an order of the last term of this court, to make a settlement with said court as collector of the county tax for the year 1820, comes not but maketh default, therefore, it is considered by the court that the said A. McNair, governor of the State of Missouri, recover of the said Sumner Bacon and Isaac Murphy and John Sapping- ton, his securities, for the use of the county of Franklin, the sum of §509.08 1, and that he have therefor execution." John Sullius was then licensed to keep a ferry across the Missouri Piiver at his landing, by paying a tax of $5, and by giv- ing security in the sum of §500; and on the 22d of October, 1821, Michael Lone was licensed to keep a tavern in the town of Newp(jrt, by paying a tax of §10. The next court was held February 18, 1822, iu Newport, Kincaid Caldwell and Henry Brown, justices, and William G. Owens, clerk; John J. W^right was licensed to sell wine and spir- ituous liquors in Newport, by his paying $10 for six months. At the covirt begun August 22, 1822, the justices were Henry Brown and Mathew Caldwell ; John Caldwell was licensed to keep a ferry at Washington, on the Missouri River, by paying a tax of §5.50, and by giving bond in the sum of §150. On the 20tli of November, 1822, Pres. G. Rule was licensed to sell spirituous liquors for six months by paying §5 and giving bond, and Thom- as Turner was licensed to sell spirituous liquors at his house on the Meramec, on the same terms. The court then settled with STATE OF MISSOURI. 287 the collector of the county, the collector " paying into the treasury $250, the full amount of the county tax." At the court commencing May 17, 1824, the justices were Henry Brown, Mathew Caldwell and John Gall. At this term the collector paid into the treasury $408.98, "the full amount of the county taxes for 1823." At a called court held June 23, 1824, it was ordered that collections be held in Boeuf Township, at the court-house, in Newport; in St. Johns Township, at the house of George Burrows ; in Boles Township, at the house of Henry Stells; in Calvey Township, at the house of Jonathan Potts ; and in Meramec Township, at the house of James Marquis. " On Monday, the loth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five, Jesse McDonald, Samuel Short, Jonathan Potts and John Caldwell, justices of the peace, in and for Franklin County, according to notice issued by the clerk of the county court, convened at the court-house in Newport, and agreed among themselves that they would hold the county courts for the county aforesaid for the term of one year." Jesse McDonald was appointed president of the court. At this term, Robert Brock was allowed $C)0 for enumerating the inhabitants of the county in the year 1824, and $76 for assessing the county in 1825. On the 5th of December, 1825, the follow- ing justices convened in accordance with the notice of the clerk: Jesse McDonald, Samuel C. Owens and Samuel Short. February 20, 1826, a majority of the justices of the peace of the county convened at Newport, and designated Hugh Arbuckle, Arm- strong Hart, Robert Duncan and Thomas Blair, to serve as jus- tices of the county court for the ensuing year, who, upon taking their seats, elected Hugh Arbuckle, president. The county court met for the last time at Newport, on Novem- ber 7, 1826, and for the first time at Union, at the house of A. Ranson, June 25, 1827. The justices of the county court were Jesse McDonald, Ephrai'm B. Strickland and Henry Brown. Henry Brown was made presiding justice of the court. On this day Alexander Chambers was licensed to keep a tavern at his house in Union, by paying the sum of $10, and Ephraim Jamison and William G. Owens, commissioners of the new court-house and jail at Union were allowed $30 for services up to that date, 288 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. and tliey were also allowed ^18 for completing the survey of the town of Union. Justices. — The first term of the court held in the court-house at Union, commenced June 16, 1828, only Jesse McDonald and Ephraim B. Strickland being present. Since that time the justices of the county court have been: In 1831, Matliew Cald- well, John Gall and Reuben Harrison; 1833, Mathew Caldwell, John Gall and William R. EUett; 1835, John Goode, Hugh Arbuckle and John D. Perkins; 1837, Hugh Arbuckle, Joseph Frank and David H. Bishop; 1839, Hugh Arbuckle, Allen Twitty and C. B. Hinton ; 1810, Allen Twitty, C. B. Hinton and D. Q. Gale; 1817, Allen Twitty, C. B. Inge and John Q. Dickinson; 1851, C. B. Inge, Francis Becker and Green C. Terry; 1854, Green C. Terry, Francis Becker and George W. Hawkins; 1858, Francis Becker, M. L. G. Crowe and William P. Springgate; 1859, Francis Becker, William P. Springgate and Green B. Wade; 1863, Francis Becker, Green B. Wade and John Wall; 1864, John T. Vitt, James Moore and John Wall; 1866, John Wall, Amos P. Foster and Francis Becker; 1870, William P. Spring- gate, Amos P. Foster and Green B. Wade; 1872, William P. Springgate, Green B. W^ade and John D. Grothans; 1874, Green B. Wade, John D. Grothans and J. Clark DaVis; 1875, R. B. Denny, G. M. Ransom, J. C. Davis J. T. Connelly and Green B. Wade; 1877, Green B. Wade, R. B. Denny and Andrew McAl- lister; 1878, Henry W. Terschluse, Andrew J. Coleman and James M. Ming; 1884, Henry W. Terschluse, Marshall A. Cole- man and James M. Ming; 1885, Henry W. Terschluse, Marshall A. Coleman and Bernhard Cleve; 1887, Marshall A. Coleman, Bernhard Cleve and Charles Borberg — present court. Ads of County Court — County Roods. — In a county of the size and importance of Franklin, it will readily be seen that the county court is an important body, and often has to a consider- able extent the weal or woe of the inhabitants at its disposal. When thinking of the county roads every citizen of several years' residence perceives the force of this statement at a single, pain- ful, retrospective glance. A brief history of the construction of rock roads in this county is here perforce introduced. The principal one of these roads is that extending from Union by STATE OF MISSOURI. 289 way of Gray's Summit to the St. Louis County line, to connect with the Manchester road running into St. Louis. This is called the St. Louis road. There is also a rock road from Washing- ton to Union, one from Washington toward Campbellton, and the Port Hudson road — all the latter ones being built at a cost of about §10,000 per mile. The St. Louis road is twenty-two miles long in Franklin County, and its original cost was about 8252,000. The work upon it was done in a very unworkmanlike manner, huge stones being piled up in the middle of the road, and broken stones being placed upon them, which soon wore away, rendering the road almost impassable. It was the original design of the county court to build a double track road from Union to the county line, but the plan was afterward changed to a single track. When the double track road was decided upon, the county court consisted of Judges J. T. Yitt, John Wall and James Moore, but almost immediately after the court was changed, Francis Becker taking John T. Vitt's place. The reason for the change is not easy to state with certainty, but it is thought by some that Washington's interests actuated a portion of the court, the object being to prevent as much of Union's trade as possible from going to St. Louis. At any rate, the value of the St. Louis road to the people was, by the change, materially diminished, though the cost of construction was not reduced in like propor- tion, and thus the change inured only to the benefit of the con- tractors. Some time in 1807 Judge Wall resigned, and Judge Yitt was appointed by the Governor to fill the vacancy. This was after the road had been built and accepted by the county court. Soon after its acceptance, and the issue of the bonds of the county in payment for its construction, a petition was presented to Judge James W. Owens, of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, of which Frank- lin County formed a part, by Frederick Steines and other prom- inent citizens of the county, to enjoin and restrain the county court, or its agents, and the contractors from negotiating, trans- ferring or making sale of the bonds. This injunction was refused by Judge Owens, on the ground that the bonds had been filed by petition as required by law. A suit was then brought in the name of the same parties, Frederick Steines and 500 others, to set aside, cancel and hold for naught the bonds issued 290 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. to Budd and Decker, for building the road. This suit was tried in St. Louis before Judge Smith, and after a careful trial a judg- ment was rendered in favor of the bondholders, on the ground that the bonds having been negotiated and gone into the hands of innocent parties, their negotiation, transfer or sale could not be enjoined. The case was then appealed to the supreme court of the State, where the above judgment w^as affirmed. It was taken successively but not successfully to the United States District Court, Circuit Court and Supreme Court, in each of which the judgment of Judge Smith was affirmed in all its bear- ings. Then a proceeding was commenced in the name of Craig and Ritchey, to set aside and annul the bonds. This suit went through all the courts to the supreme court of the United States, the bonds being still in every case held to be valid. Various attempts were then made to enforce payment on the coupons' accrued interest, continuing from 1873 or 1874 to 1881. The debt had now become so large that it became neces- sary to compromise the bonded indebtedness of the county. A proposition to compromise was submitted to the people and was rejected, many of them adhering to the hope or notion that, not- withstanding the courts had repeatedly, frequently and uniformly decided that the bonds were valid and must be paid, there yet must be some way of avoiding payment. This state of affairs continued some three years. Various efforts were made on the part of the taxpayers and the bondholders, but no agreement could be arrived at. Finally the bondholders obtained a judg- ment ordering the county court to levy a tax sufficient to pay the accrued interest, which order the county court refused to obey. The court was then composed of James M. Ming, Anderson J. Coleman and H. W. Terschluse. They were arrested and imprisoned for two or three months. During this time a propo- sition was made by the bondholders to accept new bonds to the amount of §325,000, bearing 6 per cent interest, for their claims against the county, or for the old bonds and accrued interest, which then amounted to nearly if not quite 8540,000. This prop- osition was submitted to a vote of the people April 12, 1881, and was approved by them by a vote of 1,813 votes in favor of to 733 against. The proposition involved the issuance of bonds in STATE OF MISSOURI. 291 the following manner: $25,000 iu bonds payable in ten years, $100,000 payable in fifteen years, and $200,000 payable in twenty years, all to be dated, and to bear interest from February 1, 1881. This eomproraise was so important, affecting as it did so great a redaction in the county's indebtedness — a reduction in the principal of about §215,000, and a reduction in the annual interest of 4 per cent, the rate on the old bonds having been 10 per cent, that one very important item was lost sight of, or rather was not estimated at its true value — that of issuinof renewal bonds due twenty years after date, and payable five years after date, or, in other words, issuing five twenty-year bonds. This plan, had it been adopted, would have enabled the county, after the lapse of five years, to buy bonds according to its ability at its pleasure, and thus to avoid the accumulation of money in the treasui'er's hands, which must lie there useless, and upon which interest must be paid, until snch time as the bonds mature. A careful computation shows that under the plan adopted the §325,000 in bonds can not be paid off at much if any less than §060,000. But there is no doubt, anywhere, that the county court, upon the members of which rested, in great part, the responsibility of reduy the figures, the farms of the county were worth six times what they were in 1850. In 1880 the live stock alone was worth nearly as much as all the farms were in 1850. The number of horses had nearly doubled, and the mules and asses were seventeen times greater. Other animals had increased in numbers from 50 to nearly lOO per cent, and the value of the live stock had trebled. Of the cereal and vegetable productions, the yield of wheat was nearly twenty-five times as great, and of Indian corn nearly three times as great. Further comparisons are left to the intelligent reader. When the census of 1890 slinll be published, a w^onderful increase during the decade of the eighties will undoubtedly a})pear. AgricuUural Socicffj. — On the 2d of April, 1800, James O. 382 HI8T0BY OP JEFFERSON COUNTY. Williams, William Klipper, John L. Thomas, Samuel A. Beppy and fifty-six other freeholders of Jefferson County presented to the county court thereof a petition praying "to be organized and incorporated as a body politic and corporate, under the style and name of the Jefferson County Agricultural and Mechanical Society, for the purpose of improving in agriculture, manufact- ures, and raising of stock within Jefferson County." The prayer of the petition was granted, and the society incorporated accordingly. The first ofi&cers of this society were D. W. Bryant, president; Gust. Hamil, treasurer, and W. S. Jewett, secretary. After some controversy as to where the annual exhibitions of the feociety should be held, De Soto was selected as the place, and on the 9th of November, 1866, Edwin Boyne and wife, for the sum of $400, conveyed by deed to D. W. Bryant, M. A. Douthett, H. S. Christian, Henry Kettleman, Williard Fussell, Anton Yerger, and other directors of the society, a tract of land at De Soto, consisting of ten acres, for a "fair ground." Afterward the society purchased other lands, and enlarged the grounds to twelve acres. An agricultural hall and other buildings were erected, and the grounds enclosed and fitted up, and the first exhibition was held in 1867. Annual exhibitions followed, but the society was not successful financially, in consequence of which a new society, bearing the original name, was incorporated by the county court on the 11th of July, 1881, in answer to the prayer of the petition of Joseph Hopson and more than fifty other freeholders of the county. Becoming involved in debt, the society borrowed $1,000 of the congressional township school fund, and gave a mortgage on the fair grounds, dated December 6, 1884, conditioned for the payment of the money one year after date. Not being successful, the society failed to make the pay- ment, in consequence of which the fair ground was forfeited to the State, and sold by the sheriff of the county, on the 14th of September, 1887, to S. W. Crawford and others to reimburse the school fund. The cause of the failure was a lack of patron- age by the people of the county; and the reason for this is because De Soto is located too near the city of St. Louis, where the people prefer to attend the annual fairs, rather than to spend their money to sustain a fair at home. The city has many STATE OF MISSOURI. 383 attractions, and of course much more can be seen there than at a country fair. Horticulture. — Formerly the farmers of Jefferson County paid much attention to horticulture. Extensive orchards were planted, and fruits of all kinds were extensively raised to supply the St. Louis market. For a number of years last past the yield of fruits, especially in regard to peaches, has been so limited that the farmers have become somewhat discouraged, and have partially relaxed their efforts to produce them. The climate being moderately mild, and the soil and locations so well adapted to the growing of orchards, and good markets so near at hand, with constantly increasing demands, there is no doubt but that horticulture will soon become a leading and profitable industry of Jefferson County. For many years past, and at the present time, grapes have been and are now extensively cultivated. The most numerous and most extensive vineyards exist in the north- eastern part of the county and along the line of the Iron Moun- tain Kailroad. In Rock Township, which lies nearest to the city of St. Louis, nearly every farmer has a vineyard. This industry was introduced and has been followed mostly by the German citizens. The leading varieties of grapes cultivated are the Con- cord, Northen's Virginia Seedling, and Ives Seedling. The first is cultivated both as a table and wine grape, and the other two mostly for wine. A very large quantity of domestic wine of superior quality is annually manufactured in the county; the greatest amount at any single point being made at Bushberg, on the Mississippi, and on the railroad twenty-five miles from St. Louis. Facilities for propagating grape vines and for the man- ufacture of wines have existed at this j^lace and been successfully operated for many years. Dairies. — Another important industry of Jefferson County is the dairy business. Along the line of the Iron Mountain Rail- road there are extensive dairies, and vast quantities of milk, cream and butter are shipped daily to the city of St. Louis. The most extensive of these dairies exist in the vicinity of Peverly. The '' Jersey Dale Dairy," located on the line of the railroad, two miles west of Peverly, and managed by Mr. H. W. Douglas, has over one hundred registered Jersey cattle. The proprietors 384 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. of this dairy furnish milk and cream to the Southern Hotel, in St. Louis, on a contract, for §7,000 per year. Mr. Douglas has recently erected the largest barn in the county, it being two stories high, and 80x124 feet in size. The lower story is built of stone, and the upper of brick. It has stalling capacity for over 100 head of cattle. Aside from this is the old barn beloner- ing to this dairy farm, with stalling room for over fifty head of cattle. In addition to the milk shipped from this dairy, there are over 200 gallons shipped daily from Peverly by other parties. C. H. Kerckhoif, who has a dairy in that vicinity, keeps about 100 cows, and during the past winter (1887-88) he has man- ufactured 350 pounds of butter per week. Other extensive dairies exist. Mills, cfc. — Since tlie completion of the Iron Mountain Rail- road, the cutting and shipping of cord-wood to St. Louis has been and still continues to be a permanent industry all along the line. Along the immediate line of the railroad the supply of w^ood is being exhausted, but vast quantities still exist remotely from the line. A few portable sawmills are used in the county, wdiere timber in suitable quantities exist, but the cutting of lumber is mostly for home use, and is not a very prominent industry. The county is well supplied with gristmills, the most of which are along the line of the railroad, and on Big River. Along the course of the latter, beginning at the north, is the mill of James Byrnes, three miles northwest of House's Springs; another, owned by Henry Vandecrusen, on House's Springs Branch, one mile west of the village; then comes the mill of Michael Byrnes, five miles southwest from House's Springs; and next, Lewis Snair's mill, one mile farther in the same direction; then comes John H. Morse's mill, at the southern terminus of the Big River gravel road, and seven miles northwest of Hillsboro. Another mill, and one of the oldest in the county, is Cole's mill, on Joachim Creek, near Valle Mines. Pleasant Valley Mills are located near Peverly. ORGANIZATION. Jefferson County was organized by an act of the Legislature of the Territory of Missouri, approved December 8, 1818, as may be seen by the first section, thereof, which reads as follows : STATE OF MISSOURI. 385 Section 1. All that ])art of the county of St. Louis, and all that pari of the county of Ste. (Tenevicvc, hounded as follows, to wit: Beginning' at a point in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River op])Osite the mouth of a creek on the west hank of said river called Isle au Bois; llicnce to the mouth of said creek, and ui)the principal northern hrancli thereof to its source; thence in a direct line to the source of a creek known l)y the name of Hazel Run; thence in a direct line so as to leave Dogget's Mines, \n the county of Ste. Genevieve, to Grand River; thence down the said river to the moutli of the creek called Mineral Fork; thence with the county line between the counties of St. Louis and Washington to that point where said county line changes its course to the southwest; thence from that point to the corner of townships 42 and 43 in Range 2, and Townships 42 and 43 in Range 3 east of tlie tifth principal meridian; thence with the range line between Ranges 2 and 'A east of the fifth principal meridian to a point in the middle of the main channel of the Mei'amec; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to a jH)int wiiere the township line between Townshii)S 43 and 44 north crosses the said river; thence due east with the said township line to a point in the middle of the main channel of said river Meramec; thence down the said river, in the middle of the main chanel thereof, to a point opposite the mouth of 1 lie said river Meramec, in the middle of the main channel of the Mississi])pi River; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the begiiming, is hereby laid off and erected into a separate county, which shall be called and known by the name of Jefferson County. L. B. Boyd, Thomas Evans, Jacob Wise, William Bates, William Null, Peter McCormack and Henry Metz were appointed by this act commissioners, with full power and authority to select and fix upon the most suitable place in the county where- upon to erect a courthouse and jail; and it was declared that the place agreed upon by them, or a majority of them, should be the permanent seat of justice for Jefferson County. The same commissioners were appointed commissioners of the courthouse and jail, with authority to purchase or otherwise acquire title in fee simple to a suitable tract of land on which to erect said buildings. They were fully authorized to sell town lots, and appropriate the proceeds derived therefrom to the construction of the public buildings. In case of any of the offices of the above named commissioners becoming vacant, it was made the duty of the circuit court to fill such vacancies by appointment. The act also provided that the first court should be held at Hercu- laneum, and afterward at such places as the court might select until a courthouse could be constructed, and that the county should belong to the Northern Judicial Circuit. Although the county of Jefferson was thus created December 8, 1818, it was 386 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. not invested with full powers as a separate county until after January 1, 1819. Some slight but no extensive changes have been made in the boundary lines of Jefferson County since its organization. The laws of 1870 give a more definite description of the boundary, but make so little change in the original that it is not necessary to insert the new description here. Following is a copy of the caption of the record of proceedings of the first court held in Jefferson County : Missouri Territory, } NORTHERN CIRCUIT. f " At a court held in the count}' of Jefferson, in the town of Herculaneum, on Monday, the twenty-second day of March, one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, being the fourth Monday of said month— present, Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, judge of the courts of the Northern Circuit. The court being convened, Samuel AYoodson and Andrew Scott presented their commissions from Frederick Bates, acting governor of Missouri Territory, the former as clerk, and the lat- ter as sheriff of Jefferson County, and at once assumed the duties of their respective ofiices. Joshua Barton, circuit attorney for the Nortliern Circuit, not being present, Edward Bates was recognized as his deputy, and thus the court was fully organized. William Bates, Peter McCormack, Thomas Evans, Henry Metz, Jacob Wise and William Null, sixof the commissioners appointed by law to select the site for the county seat, then presented to the Court their written report, fixing the town of Herculaneum as the permanent seat of justice for the county of Jefferson. These commissioners then resigned their office, and the Court appointed James Rankin, John Geiger and John Finley as county seat commissioners in their stead. At the same time James Ran- kin was appointed surveyor of the county. Elisha Ellis was authorized, upon the payment of $10, to keep a ferry across the Mississippi for one year, at his landing, opposite the town of Harrison, and his charges for ferriage were established as follows : Each man and horse, 75 cents ; each footman, 25 cents ; each single horse, 50 cents ; each wheel carriage, 50 cents per each wheel ; each head of neat cattle, 50 cents ; each hog, sheep or goat, OJ cents. Mr. Ellis was also licensed, for the sum of $10, "to keep a tavern at his house in Herculaneum" for the STATE OF MISSOURI. 387 period of one year. On the same coDdition James Rankin was licensed "to ke6p a tavern at his house in the town of Hercula- neum." After transacting other business, which will be mentioned elsewhere, the Court adjourned to term in course. James Bryant and Emily, his wife, donated the east half of Lot No. 129, in the town of Herculaneum, to the county of Jeffer- son, as a site on which to erect the public buildings, and on the 24th of March, 1820, they executed a deed for the lot thus donated to James Rankin, John Geiger and John Finley, the county seat commissioners. Organization of Couniy Couri. — During the first year of the existence of Jefferson County, and until Missouri was admitted into the Union as a State, the circuit court had jurisdiction of and transacted all the county business. When the State was admitted, the law provided for the organization of a county court in each county, and L. B. . Boyd, Elias Bates and Samuel Hammond were appointed and commissioned by the Governor the first justices of the county court of the county of Jefferson. These officers met and organized their court, and held their first session in the town of Herculaneum commencing on the 14th of May, 1821, it being the second Monday of said month. James Rankin, deputy clerk, acted as clerk, and John Finley, coroner, acted as sheriff. All county business pending in the circuit court was transferred to the county court, and the circuit court had no further jurisdiction thereof. Among the transactions of business at this term, William Bates was licensed to sell merchandise for six months, upon his paying into the treasury the sum of §15, and Elisha Ellis was licensed to keep a ferry across the Mississippi at Herculaneum for one year, and Lawson Lovering was licensed to keep a ferry for the same length of time across the Meramec on the St. Louis road. The latter licenses cost §10 each. The first jail in Jefferson County was built by Josiah Craft, on the site for the public buildings at Herculaneum, and at this first term of the county court, James Rankin and John Gei- ger, two of the county seat commissioners, reported the jail com- pleted, and then resigned their offices. The jail consisted of a small log building. John Finley, coroner, was allowed $6 for 388 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. rent of his house, used by the court. After transacting the necessary county business the court adjourned to the next term in course. Subsequently Benjamin Johnson, Sr., and Clement B. Fletcher, were appointed commissioners of the county seat, vice Rankin and Geiger, resigned. Removal of the County Seat. — Inasmuch as no steps were taken for the building of a courthouse at Herculaneum for a number of years after the county was organized, it seems evi- dent that an early removal of the county seat was anticipated. On the 9th of May, 1832, the Court appointed Minor Moth- ershead, Thomas Hurst, William Hurst, Jesse Phillips and Paschal Detchemundy commissioners to consider the question of moving the county seat to a more central point. On the first Monday of August, following, an election was held at the several voting places in the county to decide the question of moving the seat of justice to the east half of the northwest quarter of Sec- tion 3, Township 40 north. Range 4 east, it being the site of the present town of Hillsboro, and the place selected by the commis- sioners. The returns of this election were not canvassed by the county court (as it appears by the record) until February, 1833, when they were canvassed and disapproved. Afterward, at the September term, 1834, of the court, the returns were again examined, and it was then declared " that a majority of the qual- ified voters of the county voted in favor of the removal of the county seat to the place selected." Charles Mothershead was appointed commissioner of the new county seat, and afterward, at the August term, 1835, of the county court, Clifton Mothershead was appointed to "lay off and sell the lots at the new county seat, vice Charles Mothershead, resigned." In July, 1836, Bailey G. Martin was appointed to let the contract and superintend the building of a courthouse at Monticello, the name then given to the present site of Hillsboro, or rather the hill just south thereof. The building was ordered to be constructed of hewed logs, and to be 20x25 'feet in size, and one and a half stories in height, and $400 was appropriated for its construction ; but it was never constructed. Strong opposition to the removal of the county seat was made, and the project thus delayed. Finally Hugh O'Neil and Samuel STATE OF MISSOURI. 389 Merry, the owners of the site selected, donated the same to the county and passed the title thereto by deed of conveyance dated April 7, 1838. The tract thus conveyed consists of fifty acres, and lies in the northern part of Section 3, Township 40 north, Range 4 east, and is the site of the present county seat. The deed from O'Neil and Merry was accepted by the county court, and ordered to be recorded. Here the matter of the removal of the county seat seemed to rest, and, notwithstanding all the foregoing, the question was not definitely settled until it w^as declared by an act of the Legislature of the State approved Feb- ruary 8, 1839, that " the seat of justice of Jefferson County is hereby established at a place commonly called Hillsboro, the place heretofore selected for the seat of justice of said county, situated on a tract of land heretofore conveyed by Samuel Merry and Hugh O'Neil to said county for that purpose." This act settled the question, and the date of its approval maybe taken as the time when the change of the location of the county seat was legally made. The act also provided that, until the necessary county buildings could be constructed, the county business should continue to be transacted at Herculaneum. The removal of the county seat was now undertaken in earnest, and in June, following, the town of Hillsboro, by order of the county court, was surveyed and laid out by George W. Waters, the county surveyor. John J. Buren was then appointed commissioner of the new county seat and public buildings. In July, 1839, the contract for the building of the new courthouse was awarded to Messrs. Roche & Erisman for the sum of §3,800. The building was com- pleted in time for the county court to hold its first session therein in April, 1840, when it was accepted from the hands of the con- tractors, who were then allowed §500 over and above the contract price, for extra work. The furnishing of the building cost about $300 more, making the total cost thereof §4, GOO. This court- house was a small brick structure, and stood near where the pub- lic schoolhouse now stands, in the west part of town. In April, 1841, the contract for the building of a jail was awarded to John W. Winer, for the sum of §1,500. This jail was erected on a lot near the courthouse, and was accepted from the hands of the con- tractor in August, 1842. In 18G3 it became necessary to take 390 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. steps for the construction of new county buildings, and a new location for them was also desired. Consequently, the county court, at its August session of that year, appointed J. L. Thomas and E. T. Honey to examine title, and contract for the purchase of suitable lots on which to erect the new buildings. Block 13, as shown by the plat of Hillsboro, was selected and procured. In October, following, the contract for the construction of a new courthouse and jail (the present buildings) was awarded to Charles H. Pond, for the sum of $16,500.73, and on the 5th of July, 18G5, the commissioner reported the buildings completed and ready for occupancy, and they were then accepted by the court. The courthouse is a plain and substantial two-story brick building set upon a stone foundation, and is 40x00 feet in size. The first story contains the county offices, hall and stairs, and the second the court room, one office, a jury room and library. The first story of the jail is built of stone, and contains six prison cells; the second story is of brick and contains the jailer's residence. The whole building is surrounded by a solid stonewall about twelve feet in height. Poor Farm. — In December, 1851, the county court appointed Philip Pipkin, William S. Howe and B. Johnson commissioners " to select a suitable site for a poor farm." These commissioners selected the site of the present poor farm, a portion of which was purchased from the heirs of William Lemmons, deceased, and the balance from Philij) Pipkin and others. The deed by the Lem- mons heirs was dated August 27, 1852, and the deed made by Pipkin was dated December 21, 1853. The farm consists of 160 acres — 120 of which lie in Section 5, and the balance in Section 8, in Township 4:9 north, Bange 4 east, being about two and a half miles west of Hillsboro. The buildings consist of a comfort- able frame house for the dwelling of the superintendent, and a large two-story hewed-log asylum for the paupers, and some other buildings, in all with sufficient capacity for the care of thirty paupers. The average number of inmates of the poor asylum is from twenty -two to twenty-five. The expense of the poor farm, including all the poor therein contained, for the year 1887, was $1,767.57, and the relief granted to poor persons "butside of the poor asylum amounted to $1,209.72. This latter sum is several STATE OF MISSOURI. 391 hundred dollars more than the annual average amount expended for those not confined in the asylum. Municipal Townships. — When JeflPerson County was organ- ized, its territory consisted of the municipal townships of Joa- chim, Plattin and Big River as they had been formed in the old counties. The Jefferson County Court at its first term held in May, 1821, divided Big Eiver Township by an east and west line " taking its departure from the south side of James Gil- more's plantation," and all that part of the old township lying south of that line retained the name of Big River Township, and all north thereof was named Meramec Township. This then made the county consist of four municipal townships. Afterward, in June, 1834, the county court divided Plattin Township by a line commencing at the "nine-mile house on the road leading from Herculaneum to Potosi, thence southerly to the dwelling house of Thomas Strickland, running on the west side of said house, thence still southerly along the west side of the house of Alexander Boyd, until it intersects the county line." This cer- tainly was a very indefinite description. All of Plattin Township lying east of this line retained the original name, and that part lying west thereof was named Valle Township. At the same time the court ordered that so much of the old townships of Meramec and Joachim as lay north of the line dividing Town- ships 41 and 42 north, and east of the line dividing Ranges 4 and 5 east, should constitute a new township to be called Little Rock. This, then, made the county consist of six municipal townships. In October, 1838, the county court made the following entry on the record of its proceedings, to wit: "In consequence of the burning of the clerk's office in Herculaneum some years ago, and the burning of the State house in Jefferson City last year, the records of the lines of the several townships in Jefferson County have been lost, and the Court therefore considers it best to lay off the county into six townships, as follows: " Little Rock Township : Commencing on the river Meramec, at the northeast corner of Congressional Township 43, in Range 5 east; thence west with the line of St. Louis County until it intersects the range line between Ranges 4 and 5 east; thence 392 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. south with said range line until it intersects the southeast corner of Township 42, Kange 5 east; thence east with the township line between Townships 40 and 41, Eange 5 east, and Townships 40 and 41, Kange 6 east, until it strikes the Mississippi Kiver; thence with said river and the river Meramec to the place of beginning. "Meramec Township: Commencing at the northwest corner of the township of Little Rock; thence west with the line of St. Louis County to the Meramec River; thence with said river to where it intersects the Franklin County line; thence with said line until it intersects the township line between Townships 40 and 41, Range 2 east; thence with said township line until it intersects the range line between Ranges 4 and 5 east; thence north with said range line to the place of beginning. " Big River Township: Commencing at the Franklin County line where it intersects the line between Congressional Town- ships 41 and 42, Range 2 east; thence with said county line until it intersects the Washington County line; thence with said county line until it intersects the sectional line between Sections 4 and 9, in Congressional Township 39, Range 3 east, the corner to be the southwest corner of said Section 4; thence with said section line east until it intersects the sectional line between Sections 3 and 4, in Township 39, Range 4 east; thence north with said sectional line until it intersects the sectional line between Sections 16 and 21 of Township 40, Range 4 east; thence east with said sectional line until it intersects the sec- tional line between Sections 14 and 15 of Township 40, Range 4 east; thence with said sectional line until it intersects the township line between Townships 41 and 42, Range 4 east; thence with said township line to the place of beginning. " Valle Township: Commencing at the southwest corner of Big River Township, at the Washington County line; thence with said county line to the line of St. Francois County; thence with said county line until it intersects the sectional line between Sections 8 and 9 of Township 38, Range 5 east; thence north with said sectional line until it strikes the sectional line between Sections 14 and 23, in Township 40, Range 5 east; thence west with said sectional line until it intersects the line of Big River STATE OF MISSOURI. 393 Township at the corner between Sections 15 and 21 of Town- ship 40, Eange 4 east; thence south with said sectional line until it intersects the sectional line at the corner of Big Kiver Town- ship between Sections 4 and 10 of Township 39, Range 4 east; thence west with said sectional line to the place of beginning. " Plattin Township: Commencing at the St. Francois County line at the intersection of sectional line between Sections 8 and 9, Township 38, Range 5 east; thence east with said county line until it intersects the line of Ste. Genevieve County; thence with said county line to the Mississippi River ; thence with said river to the mouth of the Plattin Creek; thence up said creek until it intersects the section line between Section 18 and 19 of Township 40, Range east; thence west with said section line until it intersects the sectional line between Sections 20 and 21 of Township 40, Range 5 east; thence with said sectional line to the place of beginning. "Joachim Township: Commencing at the mouth of Plattin Creek ; thence up said creek until it intersects the section line between Sections 18 and 19 in Township 40, Range 5 east; thence west with said line until it intersects the section line between Sections 14 and 15 in Township 40, Range 4 east; thence north with said line until it intersects the township line between Townships 41 and 42, Range 4 east; thence east with said township line until it intersects or strikes the Mississippi River; thence with said river to the place of beginning." In April, 1842, Central Township was created to embrace Con- gressional Townships 40 and 41 north, in Range 4 east. In March, 1887, the line between Yalle and Central Townships was changed from the south to the north line of Sections 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36, in Township 40 north. Range 4 east, and Sec- tions 19, 20, 29 and 30 in Township 40 north. Range 5 east, were taken from Valle and added to Central Township. MISCELLANEOUS. Highways. — The first road or trnil fry the [massage of travelers has been mentioned in connection with the settlement of the county. A few routes were marked out from one neighborhood 25 394 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. to another and traveled by the early settlers before the county was organized. To the first court held in the county, it being in March, 1819, petitions were presented for the establishment of the following highways: One leading from Herculaneum to the county line in the direction of Ste. Genevieve; another leading from Herculaneum in the direction of Potosi, in Washington County, to intersect a road at Big River; another leading from Hercula- neum to a point on the Meramec, in the direction of St. Louis, to connect with the St. Louis road on the opposite side of the river. The first and last of these routes were on the line of the old "King's trace," and the second was on the route over which immense quantities of lead had previously been hauled from Potosi to Herculaneum in the " barefooted wagons," that is wag- ons or carts with wooden tires. On the first of these proposed roads Jacob Horine, John Sturges and Peter McCormack were appointed commissioners to lay out and make the route, and report their doings at the next term of the court; on the second, Samuel McMullin, John Null and George Hammond were appointed commissioners, and on the last St. Amant Michau, Mathias Brindley and Elisha Ellis were made the commissioners. From this time forward public roads were established from point to point throughout the county to suit the convenience of the increasing population. After the close of the Civil War the question of constructing gravel roads at the expense of the county began to be agitated, and was finally submitted to a vote of the people, who decided it in the aftirmative. In 1807 work was commenced simultaneously on the Hills- boro and Lemay Ferry, and the Morse's Mill, Big Eiver and Fenton gravel roads. The former was completed in 1873 and the latter in 1879. T!n 1869 work was commenced on the Hills- boro and Victoria gravel road, and it was finished in 1871. The work on the De Soto and Victoria gravel road was commenced in 1873 and finished in 1875. The construction of the De Soto and Valle Mines gravel road, only two miles of which were built next to De Soto, was begun and finished in 1871. The House's Springs and Rockford Bridge gravel road, being about a mile in length, was built during the time of the construction of the Morse's Mill, Big River and Fenton road. The length of these STATE OF MISSOURI. 395 roads are, in round numbers, about as follows: Hillsboro and Lemay Ferry, 21 miles; Morse's Mill, Big Kiver and Fenton, 22 miles; Hillsboro to De Soto, via Victoria, 8 miles; De Sot(i and Valle Mines, 2 miles; House's Springs and Kockford Bridge, 1 mile. This makes a total of 54 miles of gravel road within the limits of the county. About nine miles of the south end of the Morse's Mill, Big River and Fenton road were built by the " House's Springs, Big River Valley Macademized and Gravel Road Company," of which John H. Morse was president, and was purchased by the county from that company on the 2d of May, 1882, for the sum of $15,000. The whole of these roads are now owned and kept in repair by the county, and all are free for public traveling, there being no toll gates nor toll col- lected. In reference to the cost of these roads, the following editorial, published in the Democrat^ at Hillsboro, August 24, 1887, is here inserted: The question is often asked, "What have the gravel roads of this county cost?" County Clerk Donnell has lately figured up the cost, so that the ques- tion can be answered. There have been built about fifty miles of road; there was paid in cash, at various times, to contractors, $75,992.05, and bonds issued amounting to $183,891. There has been paid to this date, as interest on said bonds, the sum of $182,220.03, and interest on warrants, $1,500. This foots tip: Cash, $ 75,992 05 Bonds 183,891 00 Coupons received 182,220 03 Interest on warrants, 1 ,500 00 Total $443,603 08 To which must be added interest on outstanding bonds, which will yet have to be paid, amounting to $5,160, which will make the grand total of $448,763.08, or an average of $8,573.26 per mile. These figures look startling, but are correct. The county has already paid $423,703.08, and has $25,060 yet to pay. Of this debt there is due in principal and interest, in 1888, $9,990; in 1889, $3,190; in 1890, $990, and 1891, $10,890. On account of issuing bonds at a time when they had no market value, the contract price of building roads was much higher than it would have been for cash. The contract prices amounted to $258,883.05, or an average of $5,187.66 per mile, while the interest paid on the debt created will be $188,880.03, or an average of $3,777.60. It is pretty safe to calculate that if cash had been paid for the work as it was done, and the work contracted for on a cash basis, there could have been at least 128 miles built. Everybody recognizes the fact that going in debt for roads was a mistaken and almost ruinous policy, and we refer to the fact now only for the purpose of bringing the lesson fresh to the memory, so that in future such work will be done only when there is money to pay for it. Since the publication of the foregoing article, the balance of 396 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. the bonded debt has been reduced to $20,000 as shown by the financial report of the efiicient county court clerk, E. W. Don- nell, for the year ending February 28, 1888. The first county bonds for the construction of these roads were issued May 19, 1868, and the last were issued January 21, 1873. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway was completed through Jefferson County in 1858. It enters the county from the north, after crossing the Meramec River near its mouth, and follows down the Mississippi to Illinois Station, then bears to the right, leaving the river and soon striking the valley of the Joachim, which it follows in a southwesterly direc- tion to the city of De Soto, and, continuing nearly the same direction, it leaves the county on the south, in Sections 30, 39 and 4. Its length in the county is thirty-three miles, and in this distance it has thirteen stations. [For another railroad see Crys- tal City.] Taxation and Finances. — The rates of taxation for Jefferson County for 1819, the first year of its existence, were as follows : On each horse, mule or ass above three years old, 25 cents ; on each head of neat cattle above three years old, 6:j cents ; on each stud liorse, the price charged for the season ; on each slave be- tween sixteen and forty-five years of age, 50 cents ; on each billiard table, $25 ; on every able-bodied single man of twenty-one years of age and upward, not possessed of $200 worth of property, 50 cents ; on water gristmills, sawmills, horsemills, tanyards and distilleries in actual operation, 40 cents on each $100 of their valuation. From the foregoing it will be seen that the taxes were at that time mostly a specific charge upon the individual thing instead of upon its value, as they were subsequently charged. It is to be regretted that the early abstracts of the tax books have not been preserved. The following table will show the assessed value of the taxable property of Jefferson County and the amount of taxes charged thereon for the years noted, commencing with 1861, which is as far back as the abstracts are found to be on file. Year. Taxable Property. Total Taxes. 1861 §l,730,01i 00 $12,216 40 1866 1,978,537 00 42,400 81 1870 3,686,599 00 66,158 75 1880 3,164,506 00 53,138 58 1887 3,621,983 00 39,840 89 STATE OF MISSOURI. 397 It is somewhat startling to observe the difference in the amounts of taxes charged for the years 1861 and 1866, but for the year 1866 there was charged a military tax of $13,214.67. The largest amount of tax is shown to have been charged in 1870, but of this amount $25,806.19 was charged for gravel road purposes. In 1880 the gross amount of taxes charged was much less than in 1870, but of the amount charged $25,316.05 was for the payment of gravel road bonds. In 1887 the gross amount of taxes charged was much less than in 1880, there being only $7,243.99 charged to redeem gravel road bonds. These bonds being now all redeemed but $20,000, the taxes must continue to grow lighter, as they have done since they reached such a high point in 1870. The financial condition of Jefferson County is v^ry good, there being an indebtedness only of the $20,000 above mentioned, and $6,211.25 which she owes to her own school fund. Her orders on the treasury are cashed as fast as issued. Populaiion. — The following shows the white, colored and total population of Jefferson County at the end of each decade, as shown by the United States Census: 1820— White, 1,620; colored, 212; total, 1,832. 1830— White, 2,344; colored, 236; total, 2,580. 1840— White, 3,960; colored, 324; total, 4,284. 1850— White, 6,407; colored, 512; total, 6,919. 1860— White, 9,763; colored, 564; total, 10,327. 1870— White, 14,617; colored, 763; total, 15,380. 1880— Total, 18,736. 1888— Estimated total, 22,000. The whole number of colored people, as shown in the fore- going, up to and including the year 1860, were slaves, the free colored not being included. POLITICAL AND OFFICIAL. Elections. — Judge Thomas, in his centennial address, said: "Politics did not trouble our fathers much. Prior to 1804 there was no voting in this section. The King of Spain governed us, or, rather, let us alone. After 1804 the capital of the country was 1,000 miles from them, and the way to it was through a trackless wilderness. The news of the election of Thomas Jeffer- son as President of the United States did not reach the people 398 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. here for four months after the election. There was no news- paper published within hundreds of miles of them." From the time the United States became possessed of the Ter- ritory until the county of Jefferson was organized, elections were held to elect local officers, first in the assessment districts and afterward in the townships, as they formed parts of St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve Counties. The first general election in Jefferson County was held in August, 1821. The county court, at its May term of that year, appointed John Wiley, John McCulloch and Berry Hansel as judges of the election in Big Eiver Township; Joseph Henderson, Thomas Johnson and Abraham Hilderbrand for Meramec Township; Samael McMullin, James Donald and William Bartlett for Plattin Township ; and Clement B. Fletcher, Benjamin Johnson, Sr., and James Stevenson for Joachim Town- ship. From this time forward elections have been held regularly, and for reference the names of the most important officers elected have been inserted on another page. To show the political phase of Jefferson County, and the increase in her voting population, the number of votes cast for each presidential candidate, commencing with the year 1840, which is as far back as the returns have been found on file, are here given: 1840— William Henry Harrison, 298; Martin Yan Buren, 321. 1844— James K. Polk, 349; Henry Clay, 327. 1848— Zachary Taylor, 246; Lewis Cass, 311. 1852— Franklin Pierce, 310; Winfield Scott, 172. 1856— James Buchanan, 387; Millard Fillmore, 523. 1860— Abraham Lincoln, 143; John Bell, 416; John C. Breckinridge, 155; Stephen A. Douglas, 490. 1864— Abraham Lincoln, 915; George B. McClellan, 323. 1868— U. S. Grant, 796; Horatio Seymour, 833. 1872— U. S. Grant, 878; Horace Greeley, 1,240. 1876— Eutherford B. Hayes, 1,157; Samuel J. Tilden, 1,853. 1880— James A. Garfield, 1,501; Winfield S. Hancock, 2,012; Gen. Weaver, 62. 1884— Grover Cleveland, 2,272; James G. Blaine, 1,858; John P. St. John, 48. STATE OF MISSOURI. 399 Vote for members of Congress, 1884 — Clardy, Democrat, 1,946; Morse, Federal, 2,059; Jackson, Greenback, 17. 1886— Clardy, Democrat, 1,959; Ledergerber, Kepublican, 1,638; Eatchford, 494. Vote for judge of the circuit court, 1886 — Thomas, Democrat, 1,896; Williams, Independent Democrat, 2,135. Vote for representatives in 1886 — Eeed McCormack, Demo- crat, 2,055; Theophilus W. Guy, 2,079. Circuit Court Judges. — Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, 1819-22; Alexander Stuart, 1822-26; William C. Carr, 1826-34; Luke W. Lawless, 1834-35; William Scott, 1835-36; Henry Shurlds, 1836-37; James Evans, 1837-38; David Steriger, 1838-44; John H. Stone, 1844-62; James W. Owens, 1862-66; James H. Vail, 1866-73; Louis F. Dinning, 1873-81; John L. Thomas, present incumbent, continuously since 1881. Circuit Court Clerks. — Samuel Woodson, 1819-23; Samuel W. Lewis, 1823-26; John Bent, 1826-27; Chauncey Smith, 1827-34; Samuel Woodson, 1834-36; Henry P. Bates, 1836-38; John S. Mathews, 1838-45; J. L. Dunklin, 1845-46; J. H. Alford, 1846-49; T. C. Fletcher, 1849-57 ; E. F. Honey, 1857-65; Sam- uel A. Keppey, 1865-67; E. F. Honey, 1867-71; W. S. Boyce, 1871-75; C. T. Horine, 1875-87; D. B. Veazey, 1887— present incumbent. County Court Clerks. — Prior to and up to 1857 the circuit court clerks were ex officio county court clerks, and performed the duties of both offices. A. P. Hesser, 1857-62; Samuel A. Keppey, 1862-65; K. W. McMullin, 1865-71; W. K. Donnell, the present incumbent, has served continuously since 1871. Sheriffs. — Andrew Scott, first half of 1819; George Hammond, from July, 1819, to 1822; Joseph Boring, 1822-26; William Ellis, 1826-28; Isaac Roberts, 1828-29; G. J. Johnson, 1829-30; Amnion Knighton, 1830-34; James S. McChristian, 1834-40; John Hammond, 1840-41; Mark Moss, 1841-44; John Hammond, 1844-48; Joseph A. Hammond, 1848-49; G. J. Johnson, 1849-50; James McCulloch, 1850-54; Augustine AViley, 1854-58; Oscar Dover, 1858-62; J. B. Dover, 1862-64; C. C. Fletcher, 1864-66; John Williams, 1866-68; Fred Luchtemeyer, 1868-70; John Williams, 1870-72; T. B. Moss, 1872-76; John Williams, 400 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 1876-78; Thomas J. Jones, 1878-82; John L. Weaver, 1882-84; Henry Hurtgen, 1884-8(3; George W. McFry, 1886— present incumbent. Collectors. — From the organization of the county to 1857, the sheriffs were ex officio collectors. William Skell, 1857-62; John C. Power, 1862-64; C. C. Fletcher, 1864-66; J. N. Whitehead, 1866-68; John Williams, 1868-72; Samuel Byrns, 1872-73; Alfred Mitchell, 1873-74; Willis Mitchell, 1874-75; T. N. Don- nell, 1875-77; James T. Moss, 1877-83; Jacob N. Douglas, 1883-85; Thomas E. Moss, 1885-87; William Brackman, present incumbent, assumed the duties of the office early in 1887. Recorders. — Prior to 1871 this office was combined with the office of circuit clerk, and since that time the recorders have been as follows: George L. Johnson, 1871-82; Patrick Cashels, 1882-84; E. G. Honey, 1884-86; A. L. Colman, present incum- bent, elected in 1886. County Treasurers. — Beginning in 1856, Louis J. Eankin, 1856-62; Frederick Bold, 1862-66; Henry Stillbrink, 1866-80; William Clark, 1880-84; K W. McMullin, elected in 1884, and re-elected in 1886 — present incumbent. County Court Justices. — L. B. Boyd, Elias Bates, Abner Van- zant and Samuel Hammond, 1821-24; James Bankin and Chaun- cey Smith, 1824-27; Ben. Johnson, Jr., William Boli, Ben. T. Hansel and Samuel McMullin, 1825-27 ; George Hammond, 1825-34; Young Guffee and Ben. Owens, 1826-27; Jabez War- ner, 1827-28; Ben. Johnson, Sr., 1827-30; Joseph Evans, 1828-31; J. W. Denniston and Hugh P. Lucus, 1830-31; John Gamble and Clifton Mothershead, 1831-34; John Speed and Abraham Hilderbrand, 1834-36; Kobert Whitehead, 1836-38; Abram Jarret, 1836-37; Sanders Burgess, 1836-39; Reuben Pounds, 1837-38; Julius Higgins and Ezekiel Dugan, 1838-39; John W. Strickland, 1838-46; G. J. Johnson, 1842-73; William Ogle, 1842-45; M. W. Horine, 1845-49; C. S. Rankin, 1846-47; W. S. Howe, 1847-49; C. B. Fletcher, 1849-50; John Dover, 1849-54; C. S. Rankin, 1850-61; A. C. North, 1854-58; James McCulloch, 1858-61; J. F. Van Pretres, 1861-65; I. J. Beckett, 1863-67 ; Isaac Sullens and William Hendrickson, 1865-67 ; W. S. Howe, 1867-70; A. Yeager, 1867-78; William Hendrickson, STATE OF MISSOURI. 401 1870-71; E. P. Childs, 1871-72; Gust. Hamel, 1872-73; J. P. Cape and AV. R Williams, 1873-78. Conniy Court Judges.— At large~C. C. Fletcher, 1878-82; Jolin Williams, 1882-80. James Hopson, present incumbent, elected in 188G. Associaie Judges.— In First District— M. F. Byrne, 1878-80; AVilliam J. Kirk, 1880-82; Patrick Byrne, 1882-84; Henry Seckman, 1884, re-elected in 1880, present incumbent. Sec- ond District— Reed McCormack, 1878-80; Willis J. Williams, 1880-82; R. G. Madison, 1882, re-elected in 1884, and again in 1880 — present incumbent. Probate Judges. — Jabez Warner, 1820-27; Hon. A. Green, a few months in 1872 by appointment; J. J. Williams, 1872-70; R. W\ McMullin, 1870-80; Richard A. Elkins, present incumbent, first elected in 1880, and twice re-elected since. Representatives in Legislature. — * * * Falkland H. Martin, 1828-32; * * * Johnson H. Alford, 1830-38 ; Ben- jamin Hunt and Jonathan Smith, 1838-40; Jonathan Smith and Philip Pipkin, 1840-42; Hugh P. C. Lucas, 1842-44; George W. Waters, 1844-40; A. Bowles, 1840-50; John Hammond, 1850-52; James S. Brown, 1852-54; James McCuUoch and James S. Brown, 1854-50; Albert G. Haile and F. J. Smith, 1850-58; A. Bowles, 1858-00; Francis Hagin, 1800-02; Henry P. Bates, 1802-04; C. A. Newcomb, 1804-07; Charles C. Fletcher, 1807-09; Thomas Byrns, 1809-71; John L. Thomas, 1871-73; Ferdinand B. Kennett, 1873-75; E. F. Frost, 1875-77; Samuel Byrns, 1877-79; James H. Waggoner, 1879-81; Joseph J. AVilliams, 1881-83; John O'Fallon, 1883-85. Reed McCor- mack, present incumbent, elected in 1884 and re-elected in 1880. Prosecuting Attorneys. — Abner Green, 1872-70; Joseph J. Williams, 1870-78; Thomas H. McMullin, 1878-80; James F. Green, present incumbent, first elected in 1880, re-elected and served continuously ever since. The present incumbents of the other offices of the county are as follows: G. M. Mockbee, coroner; J. B. Dover, surveyor; C. H. Kleinschmidt, public administrator; C. W. Vogt, as- sessor. 402 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. THE COUKTS. Circuit Court — The circuit court was the first court organ- ized and held in Jefferson County; audits first term, as has been noted, was held in March, 1819, on which occasion the organiza- tion of the county was effected, after which Elisha Ellis was appointed guardian of Amon Biron. These persons constituted the first guardian and ward in Jefferson County. The last will and testament of Peter Coleman, deceased, was then proven in open court by David Stanley and John Fleming, and ordered to be recorded. This was the first will probated in the county. The first grand jury was then selected, as follows: Jacob Horine, Timothy N. Withers, George Horine, Lewis Bigelow, John Huskey, William Moss, Isham Williams, Abner Vanzant, Isaac Ogle, James Foster, William Null, Francis Minea, William Brady, Santimo Michau, Thomas Evans and Samuel McMullin — sixteen in all. After being duly empaneled and sworn the grand jurors retired to deliberate, and finding no business, they returned into court, reported that fact and were discharged. At this term Ebenezer Martin produced to the court a license to practice law, and was accordingly admitted to the Jefferson County bar as a counselor and attorney at law. The second term of this court was held in July following, when the second grand jury was empaneled. After retiring for deliberation this jury returned into court and presented a num- ber of indictments — one each against James Thomas and John T. Guyard for assault and battery, one each against Baptiste Cote Pichel and Ersus Shaw for larceny, and one each against Jim and John, two slaves, for larceny. This grand jury also presented to the court the following political document, which, on account of its antiquity, and the curiosity of its having been prepared by a jury whose jurisdiction consisted only of an inquiry into the crimes and misdemeanors of Jefferson County, is here inserted: The grand jury empaneled and sworn to inquire for the body of the county of Jefferson, believing it to be their duty to present all matters of public grievance to their fellow citizens, do respectfully represent that, although they have ever felt the greatest respect for and placed the utmost confidence in the Government of the United States, yet they cannot remain silent when they see, or believe they see, an attempt to infringe the rights of the States or the people. STATE OF MISSOURI. 403 We have beheld with equal surprise and regret the attempt made in the last Congress to dictate to the people of Missouri an article in their constitution pro- hibiting the further introduction of slavery in their State, or debar them from the rights of State sovereignt}^ if they would not submit to such a restriction. That slavery is an evil we do not pretend to deny, but, on the contrary, would most cheerfully join in any measure to abolish it, provided those means were not likely to produce greater evils to the people than the one complained of; but we hold the power of regulating this, of applying a remedy to this evil, to belong to the States and not to Congress. The Constitution of the United States which creates Congress gives to it all its powers, and limits those of the States; and although that constitution empowers Congress to admit new States into the Union, yet it neither does, by express grant nor necessary implication, authorize that ])ody to make the whole or any part of the constitution of such State. Whenever a new State is admitted into the Union it comes in under the Fedeial Constitution, becomes one of the United States, and consequently must possess the sovereign power of regulating all matters not delegated to Congress by the Federal Constitution; and as the toleration of slavery is a subject left to be entirely regulated by the old States, if Congress takes from a new State the right of sovereignty over this subject, it is clearly a violation of the constitution, and an attack upon State sovereignty and the rights of the people. The right of holding slaves, although it may not be a natural right, is one which is allowed by the Federal Constitution, is one which those States that would take from us the power of exeicisiug our own discretion on the subject can resume at pleas- ure, and being derived to us under the laws of the country, when in possession of Spain and France, is also secured by the treaty of cession. We do therefore consider that if Congress should impose the contemplated restriction it would be transcending theirconstitutioual powers, depriving the people of Missouri of their interest and constitutional rights, and breaking the pledge of faith of the nation. William Bates, Foreman. Evidently this grand jury had one or more well educated members Avho had been brought up "under the strict sect" of the Calhoun political school. Among other business transacted at this term of court, Jim, one of the slaves indicted for larceny, was tried and sentenced to receive upon his bare back twenty-five lashes, and the costs of the prosecution were entered up against his owner. At the July tei'm, IS 20, of this court, Henry M. Mor- fet produced a license as a " counselor and attorney at law," and was admitted to the bar. At the same term the first indictment for horse stealing in Jefferson County was found against Lind- say Copland, but it does not appear that he was arrested and tried. The first term of the Jefferson County Circuit Court, after Missouri became a State, was held in March, 1821. This county, under the State organization, was made to compose a part of the Third Judicial District. 404 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. County Court. — The organization of this court has been given in connection with the organization of the county. It was com- posed of county court justices, either appointed by the governor or elected by the people, and continued to be so composed until the new law, approved April 12, 1877, provided that each county in the State should be divided into two districts, and that each district should elect a county court judge, and that the county should elect one at large, the district judges to serve two years, and the one elected at large to serve four years, and to be ex officio the presiding officer, and all to be styled " county court judges." In accordance with this act the county of Jefferson was divided, in March, 1878, into two districts. Rock, Meramec and Big River Townships were made to constitute the first dis- trict, and Central, Joachim, Plattin and Valley Townships, the second. Probate Couri. — Prior to 1872, when the present probate court was established by law, the probate business of Jeffer- son County, with the exception of the time the county existed before a county court was organized, and of about one year, in 1826-27, when a probate court existed, was all transacted in the county court. The probate court of this county as now or- ganized has been in existence since 1872. It has jurisdiction over all probate business. [For a list of the judges and other officers of the courts see county officers. ] Homicides, Murder Trials, etc. — As heretofore stated, a number of persons were killed by the Indians in the territory of Jefferson County during its early settlement; but the first trial that took place in the county for the crime of murder, as shown by the records, was that of Pierre Auguste Labaume, who was indicted and tried some time in March in the year 1825. The jurors before whom he was tried were David Bryant, Peter Stroup, William G. Walker, Claiborne Thomas, Richard Hen- drickson, Philip Felton, Joseph Fitch, William Herrington, Francis Minea, Roland B. Holmes and Hugh P. Lucas. Their verdict was "not guilty as charged in the indictment." The costs in this case, amounting to $227.75, were afterward charged up against the State. Following this for several years the county was infested with horse thieves, as shown by the fact that STATE OF MISSOURI. 405 a number o£ men were then indicted, and some arrested and tried for the crime of horse stealing. About the year 1842 a Mr. Jeude, living near the present village of Peverly, was murdered by a negro, who killed him for the purpose of getting his money. The negro was not annoyed with a trial as the citizens caught him and hung him until he was dead. Sfafe vs. Sam, a Slave. — On the morning of December 21, 1844, the house of John G. Koenig, otherwise called George Kimmick, was found to have been burned to ashes during the previous night, and upon examination, human bones, supposed to be the remains of Koenig, were found in the ruins. In March, 1845, the grand jury indicted " Sam," a slave belonging to John^ P. Appleberry, for the murder of Koenig, charging that the mur- der was committed with a club. " Sam " was arrested, and tried on the 31st of May following, and acquitted. On the trial it was proven that the accused had in his possession, soon after the murder was committed, a pistol, some calico, and other articles which witnesses recognized as having been the property of Koenig. This, however, was only circumstantial evidence, which seems not to have been sufficient to establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, the guilt of the prisoner. Stafe vs. John, a Slave. — On the 7th of February, 1852, John, a slave belonging to Paschal H. Buren, clubbed and killed " Free Jack," a free colored man, and at the following May term of the circuit court he was indicted for the crime of murder. On being arraigned for trial he plead "guilty," whereupon the Court pronounced the following sentence: "That said defendant receive on his bare back thirty-nine stripes, and that the sheriff execute this sentence." The costs of prosecution were charged to Mr. Buren, the owner of the slave. In this case a peculiar char- acteristic of slavery is observable. Jack, the free negro, repre- sented no value, while John, the slave, did represent value, and his execution for the crime would have been the destruction of so much property — hence the apparent reason for his being allowed to plead guilty and to escape with a whipping, which, it is pre- sumed, did not materially injure the property. Sfafe vs. James Edmonds. — According to the evidence in this case, the facts were, in substance, as follows: On the night of 406 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. the 22d of August, 1862, James Edmonds and James Bridge- man went together to the house of B. D. Massey, where Mrs. Mary Massey, her daughter, Margaret, and other women were at the time. No men were there. On approaching the house Edmonds hurrahed for Jeff. Davis, and on entering he asked Mrs. Massey if there were any Jeff. Davis ladies therein. On being answered in the negative he became boi-sterous, and pointing his gun toward the women, threatened to shoot them. Bridgeman then entreated his comrade to desist, and not to disturb the women, and he, Bridgeman, started away; whereupon, Edmonds shot at him, and ordered him back into the house, and to make a search to see if any militiamen were in the house. This being done, Bridgeman again started away, at the same time entreating his comrade to follow. At this juncture Edmonds shot Bridge- man, who died in the yard where he fell, in about half an hour thereafter. Edmonds then forced the daughter, Margaret Mas- sey, being "twelve years of age and upwards," as stated in the indictment, to accompany him from the house, and kept her out about three hours. On the following day Edmonds was arrested and given a preliminary examination before Squire A. Stewart, by whom he was committed to jail to await the action of the grand jury. At the following January term of the circuit court he was indicted for the murder of Bridgeman, and also for the crime of rape. On the 22d of January, 1863, he was arraigned for trial on the first indictment, and the following jury was empan- eled and sworn to try him : Israel D. Waters, George Wiley, Eob- ert N. Hunt, Samuel Prentiss, William H. Washburn, Thomas Lanham, Thomas A. Williams, Russel Landers, Henry Wash- burn, James Jackson, Samuel Wright and Leonard Metts. After hearing the evidence, argument of counsel, and the charge of the court, the jury retired, and after deliberation returned the follow- ing verdict: We, the jury, find the defendant guilty of murder in the degree in manner and form as charged in said indictment. [Signed,] Samuel Prentiss, Foreman. The court then ordered that the prisoner be remanded to jail at St. Louis, there to remain until March 5, following, "and that on that day he be taken thence to Jefferson County, and that on STATE OF MISSOURI. 407 the 6th day of March, 1863, between 10 o'clock, A. M. and 3 o'clock P. M., he be hanged by the neck until he is dead! dead! dead! and that the sheriff of Jefferson County be charged with the execution." The following, which completes the history of this case, is a copy of the sheriff's return: This execution came to hand March 3, 1863, and I executed the same on the 6th day of March, 1863, by taking the body of the within named James Edmonds, and hanging him with a roi)e by the neck until he was dead! dead!! dead!!! and buried him near the Hillsboro graveyard, on the day above written, and this execution is returned satisfied in full. [Signed] Jerome B. Dover, Sheriff. Siaie vs. John Miller. — On the 18th of August, 1868, Lucas Bauer, living near De Soto, was shot and killed with a rifle gun. John Miller, being suspected of the commission of the crime, was arrested and taken before Squire B. S. Beppey, and there given a preliminary examination. On the 27tli of the month he was committed to jail to await the action of the grand jury; but before the next term of court he was taken on a writ of habeas corpus before Judge G. J. Johnston, by whom he was released on the ground that the evidence given at the preliminary examina- tion was not suflicient to hold him. Miller than ran away. In November following he was indicted by the grand jury for the murder of Bauer, but has never since been apprehended. Slate vs. Charles H. Bickforcl— In 1868 Alexander Walker lived alone in a cabin near Vineland, in Jefferson County. He and Charles H. Bickford had a business difficulty which led to a lawsuit, decided in favor of Walker. Afterward, on the night of the 3d of November, of that year. Walker was called to his door, and then and there shot and killed. In the same month Charles H. Bickford was indicted for the murder of Walker, and was arrested and lodged in jail at Hillsboro. Subsequently he was taken out of the jail and hung, at the same time and by the same parties that took Quick from the Hillsboro jail and hung him. Quick was under indictment for the murder of Mr. Higgin- botham, of Washington County, an account of which can be seen by reference to the history of that county elsewhere in this work. Stale vs. Hiram Wright, Jr.— On the 21st of July, 1869, one Hiram Wright, Sr., was shot and killed in Jefferson County, and Hiram Wright, Jr., was arrested for the crime, and given a 408 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. preliminary examination before Squire William Mockbee, by whom he was caused to be held to await the action of the grand jury. In November following he was indicted for the murder, and on being arraigned for trial pleaded " not guilty." He then asked for and received a change of venue to St. Louis County, where he was finally tried and acquitted. Staie vs. George Beppey. — On the 27th of September, 1870, Hiram E. Reppey was stabbed with a knife in a saloon at De Soto, from the effects of which he died two days later. On the 4tli of October following George Reppey was arrested and taken before Judge G. J. Johnston and given a preliminary examination on the charge of killing Hiram E. Reppey, and was held for the action of the grand jury. On the 25tli of March following he was indicted for the murder, and before that term of court closed was tried and acquitted. Siaie vs. Rosahelle Rebecca Boliinghouse and Charles E ads. — At the January term, 1876, of the Jefferson Circuit Court, the defendant, Boltinghouse, was indicted as the principal for the mur- der of Louis Merrill Taylor, a youth whom she had taken to raise, and defendant, Eads, was indicted as accessory after the act. The charges were that Mrs. Boltinghouse, on the 1st of April, 1872, with an ax handle, struck and killed young Taylor, and that Eads afterward assisted her in concealing the body. A change of venue was taken to St. Francois County, where Mrs. Boltinghouse was tried on a defective count in the indict- ment, found guilty of murder in the second degree, and sentenced to a term of twenty years in the penitentiary. On motion, and the pointing out of the defect in the count on which she was tried, the judgment was arrested and both she and Eads were remanded back to Jefferson County to await the further action of the grand jury. At the January term, 1877, of the Jefferson Circuit Court, another indictment was found against Mrs. Boltinghouse for the same offense, but no further indictment being found against Charles Eads, he was released. Afterward a change of venue was granted Mrs. Boltinghouse to Iron County, where she was tried and found guilty of murder in the second degree, and sen- tenced to serve ten years in the penitentiary. State vs. Gustave Dugge. — In September, 1874, the dead body STATE OF MISSOURI. 409 of Richard Bilecke was found in an upper room of the house of Gustave Dugge. A coroner's inquest was held over the body and the verdict of the jury was that the deceased came to his death by a wound inflicted by a shotgun. On the 21st of the same month Gustave Dugge was indicted by the grand jury of Jefferson County for the murder of Bilecke. His trial was con- tinued from term to term until December, 1875, when he was tried, and the jury disagreed and failed to find a verdict. The defendant then plead guilty of manslaughter in the third degree, and was fined $500 for the offense. He at once paid $100 of the fine, and upon learning of his insolvency, the court commuted the other $400 to imprisonment in the county jail for five days. Sicde vs. William HiJdcrhrand. — On the 29th of August, 1878, Hugo Veth, of Jefferson County, was shot with a rifle, and died the next day from the effects of the wound received. On the 12th of January following, William Hilderbrand was indicted for the murder of Veth, and on the 13th of May, 1881, he was tried for the offense and acquitted. State vs. Monroe Guy, Colored. — On the 25th of December, 1878, Monroe Guy and Aaron McPete, both colored, had an alter- cation at the Christmas festival at the colored church in De Soto, and the former shot and killed the latter on the outside of the church and near the door. Guy was arrested and taken before Squire J. O. French, by whom he was committed to jail to await the action of the grand jury. At the following January term of the circuit court Guy was indicted for the murder of McPete and tried on the 5th of January following. The verdict of the jury was as follows: We, the jury, find the defendant, IVIouroe Guy, guilty of murder in the first degree. [Signed] Alfred Stewart, Foreman. The next day the prisoner was brought into court, when the following sentence- was pronounced by the judge: "That the defendant, Monroe Guy, be hung by the neck till he be dead, by the sheriff of Jefferson County, in the State of Missouri ; that said execution take place at said county of Jefferson, in or near the town of Hillsboro, on Friday, the 14th day of March, 1879, between the hours of 9 A. M. and 4 P. M." An appeal was then 26 410 HISTORY OF JEFFEESON COUKTY. taken to the supreme court of tlie State, whereupon the court ordered that the execution of the sentence shoukl be stayed until the 6th day of June following. On the 19th day of May, 1879, the State and prisoner were both represented in the supreme court by their respective attorneys. Having heard the argument of the counsel, the supreme court, after due deliberation, con- firmed the judgment of the lower court. The prisoner, Monroe Guy, was executed in accordance with the foregoing sentence, on the 6th day of June, 1879. He was defended by Messrs. Joseph J. Williams and James F. Green, attorneys. Sicde vs. John Vaughn. — On the 3rd of January, 1881, John Vaughn and Ezekiel Whitner quarreled in the town of Festus about a blanket. The latter was shot on the sidewalk in front of a store, on that occasion, and three days later died from the effects of the wound then received. When he was picked up from the street two revolvers and a bottle of whisky were found on his person. At the Jefferson Circuit Court, held in that month, the grand jury found an indictment against John Vaughn for the murder of Whitner, and on the 17th of May, following^ Vaughn was tried and acquitted. It seems that the parties were in a drunken row when the killing took place. On the 7th of March, 1881, a log cabin near Peverly, with Frank Spaulding and Peter Drendel who lived therein, was con- sumed by fire. Four men had been in the house a short time before it burned, but two had left, and they claimed that the house must have been set on fire after they left. No one was ever arrested for the crime. Sfafe vs. Milliard Huskeij and Elias Huskcy. — On the 5th of September, 1880, Andrew Wilson and Martha Shultz were both shot and killed while riding in a wagon near Ware post- office, in the western part of Jefferson County. On the 17th of the same month Milliard Huskey and Elias Huskey were indicted for the murder of these persons, and on being arraigned for trial they pleaded "not guilty." Separate trials were ordered, and Milliard w^as tried and acquitted, and Elias was recognized to appear at the next term of court, at which time the prosecution as to him was 7iolle iwosequied. Slate OS, Mattheiv H. Marsden. — At the May term, 1883, of STATE OF MISSOURI. 411 the JefFerson Circuit Court, Matthew H. Marsdeii was indicted for the murder of Anson A. VaiL The charge was in sul)stance that the defendant, on the 12th of November, " did choke, suffo- cate and strangle " the said Vail, and thereby caused his instant death. Marsden was tried for the offense in July, 1883, and found " not guilty." Siaie vs. Fidclo Bogers.— On the 10th of March, 1882, after nightfall, the house of Joseph Yerger, a merchant at Antonia, was set on fire. Discovering that the house was on fire, Yerger rushed to the well, which was near by, to get water, and while there he was shot and killed by an unknown party, who evidently had set the house on fire, in order to get him out where he could shoot him from a concealed position. The house, which consisted of a store and dwelling combined, was consumed by the fire. On the loth of September, 1884, the grand jury for Jefferson County indicted Fidelo Rogers for the murder of Joseph Y^er- ger, and on the 14th of January following the prosecuting at- torney, Mr. James F. Green, dismissed the case for want of evi- dence to sustain the charge in the indictment. Siaie vs. James Sirickland. — On the 18th of September, 1883, Thomas Davis was shot and killed in De Soto. James Strick- land was arrested for the crime, and taken before Squire Elias F. Honey for preliminary examination. At the following January term of the circuit court he was indicted for the murder of Davis, and was tried in February following and acquitted. Murder of ilie Bonacres. — In January, 1884, Mr. Bonacre and wife, young married people living near High Ridge, in the north- ern part of JefFerson County, were brutally murdered with an ax, in their house. The perpetrator or perpetrators of this horrible crime have never been discovered so as to be apprehended. Siaie vs. Barney B. Smiili. — On the 20th of December, 1885, certain parties at Crystal City indulged in drinking intoxicants, and while thus engaged, Martin Thorp was shot and killed. On the 20th of January, following, one Barney B. Smith was in- dicted for the murder of Thorp. On being arraigned for trial he plead " not guilty," and the case was continued until March, fol- lowing, when he was tried and acquitted. Siaie vs. Thomas 3Ioss et. al. — On the 29th of August, 1883, 412 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. Matthew H. Marsden and Allen Hensley, while riding in a wagon on the gravel road, about a mile and a half north of Antonia, in Jefferson County were both shot by parties that lay concealed by the roadside. Marsden was instantly killed, and Hensley lin- gered until the next day and then died. Thomas H. Moss, James Moss and Allen Marsden were arrested for this double murder, and on the 3d of September following they were given a preliminary hearing before Squires C. T. Rankin and D. D. Goff, by whom they were discharged. Afterward at the Sep- tember term, 1884, of the circuit court, these same parties were indicted for the murder of Matthew H. Marsden and Allen Hen- sley, but did not have their trial until June, 1880, when they were tried and acquitted on account of insufficient evidence to convict them. It is not pretended that all the homicides committed in Jef- ferson County have been mentioned in the foregoing; but in nearly all instances where the supposed guilty parties have been arrested and tried mention has been made. It will be observed that a large majority of the persons indicted and tried for the crime of murder have been acquitted. Of course it is presumed that the parties acquitted were either not guilty, or that the evi- dence against them was not sufficient to establish their guilt; however, the fact still remains that the murders were committed, and that the majority of them have been committed since the outbreak of the Civil War. It would seem from this fact that feuds were engendered during the war period, which finally cul- minated in murder, or that the war begat with some persons a disregard for human life. Jefferson County, however, has suf- fered no more from crimes committed by lawless individuals than her sister counties in Missouri. Jefferson Couniij Bar. — Prominent among the Jefferson County bar may be mentioned the following: Hon. James A. Beal was admitted to this bar in November, 1840, and became a prominent and able lawyer. During the Civil War he left the county and located in the city of St. Louis, where he practiced until he retired from professional life. Hon. Abner Green, a native of Virginia and brother of Senator James Green, was admitted to the Jefferson County bar November 25, 1844. STATE OF MISSOURI. 413 He became very prominent in his profession, and was the leading member of the bar for many years, and was much esteemed by all who knew him. He died at Victoria, in this county, July 2, 1876, being nearly sixty-seven years of age. Hon. Philip Pipkin was admitted to the bar of this county on the 25th of May, 1847, and became a prominent character in the history of the county. Prior to his admission to the bar he had represented the county in the Legislature. He was an able lawyer and efficient officer. He died in this county in 1886. Gov. Thomas C. Fletcher was born and raised in Jefferson County, and was admitted to the bar thereof in May, 1857. He is a son of the old pioneer, Clement B. Fletcher, who was prominent among the early settlers of the county. Gov. Fletcher is still living, and has become a promi- nent character in the history of Missouri. Hon. Francis Hagan was admitted to the Jefferson County bar on the 25th of May, 1858, and soon became an able and leading lawyer. In 1800 he represented the county in the Legislature, and being a Southern sympathizer, he left the county when the Federal army took possession, and afterward located in Louisville, Ky. Hon. Henry F. Ahlvers, a prominent attoriiey of Jefferson County, was admitted to the bar May 8, 1867. He died at Hillsboro in 1877 or 1878. Hon. Thomas H. McMullin, brother of K. W. McMullin, the present county treasurer, was born and raised in Jefferson Coun- ty, and was admitted to the bar on the 12th of January, 1875, and soon became prominent in his profession. In 1882 he moved to La Foon, Faulk Co., Dak., and from there to Prescott, Ark., and, after practicing there for a time, he went to Arizona, where he abandoned the legal practice and went into the minis- try, and is now preaching in the Christian Church. Judge John L. Thomas is a native of Iron County, Mo. He graduated from the Arcadia High School in 1853, at the age of twenty. In 1855 he was admitted to the bar in Crawford County, where he prac- ticed law until 1858, and then moved to Jefferson County, where he still resides. In 1870 he was elected representative of Jeffer- son County, and served as such in the twenty-sixth General As- sembly. In 1880 he was elected judge of the twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, and in 1886 he was re-elected to the same 414 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. office, which he now holds. His election and re-election to this important office bespeak his ability as a lawyer and jurist. The following is a list of the names of the present members of the Jefferson County bar, with date of admission annexed: Joseph J. Williams, June 15, 1860; W. H. H. Thomas, June 15, 1860; C. Thomas Horine, March 27, 1871; James F. Green, present prosecutor, January 19, 1878 ; C. K. Kleinschmidt, May 8, 1882; Fred. Wislizenus, May 10, 1876; J. T. Tatum, ; F. E. Bearing, May 7, 1887; J. S. Stephens, May 12, 1887; Charles C. Booth, September 13, 1887. [For further mention of ihe members of the bar see biographical department.] MILITAKY KECOKD. The Early Wars. — Prior to the late Civil War no organized bodies of soldiers were raised in Jefferson County; but of the early pioneers Benjamin Johnston, Jr., Landon Williams, Will- iam Moss, Claiborne Thomas, William Huskey, John Ogle, Thomas Print, James Pounds and James McCulloch, Sr., served in the war with Great Britain, in 1812, from this county. When the news of Jackson's victory at New Orleans, in 1815, reached here, the old town of Herculaneum was illuminated, as was also Harrisonville, on the Illinois side of the river. It is probable that a few men of Jefferson County served in the Florida and Mexican Wars. On the approach of the war of 1861-65, be- tween the States of the Union, it is believed that a large majority of the people of Jefferson County were in favor of State sov- ereignty, and were in sympathy with the Southern cause, but not to that extent as to make them in favor of secession. At the election held on the 18th day of February, 1861, to elect dele- gates to a State convention, to " consider the then existing rela- tions between the United States, the people and government of the different States, and the government and people of the State of Missouri; and to adopt such measures for vindicating the sovereignty of the State and the protection of its institutions, as shall appear to them to be demanded," the Union delegates car- ried Jefferson County by an overwhelming majority, thus show- ing a strong opposition to secession. The people of Jefferson I STATE OF MISSOURI. 415 County preferred to remain in the Union, and, if possible, main- tain State sovereignty and State neutrality. Mass Meeiings. — With these preferences in view, a meeting of the citizens was held at Hillsboro early in the spring of 1861, when speeches were made and a flag, with a State's rights motto inscribed upon it, was raised. Great excitement then prevailed, and the news soon spread abroad that a secession flag had been hoisted at Hillsboro. This was believed by many who were not in attendance at the meeting and who were not acquainted with the facts. After the National flag had been fired upon at Fort Sumter, and President Lincoln had issued his first call for troops, the sympathy in favor of the South grew stronger, and a call was made for a public meeting to be held at De Soto, on the 16th day of May following. A pole was raised, and on that day a flag, with a single star, emblematic of State sovereignty, was to be suspended thereon. It was understood that this meeting was to be composed of those who were in deep sympathy with the southern cause. Accordingly, on the morning of the day appointed, the citizens began to assemble at De Soto, and a com- pany of seventy-five mounted men, from St. Francois County, were on hand. At this juncture a railroad train, with a company of Union troops, under command of Capt. Nelson Cole, arrived from St. Louis. When these soldiers began to emerge from the cars the men from St. Francois County mounted their steeds and quietly retired, and thus avoided a collision. The flag had not yet been raised, but the soldiers at once cut the pole down, and then began a search for the flag, and the meeting called for the occasion was " declared off." The flag was finally found, after a lady, who was trying to conceal it, had sat on it nearly all day. On the same occasion a detachment of Cole's company went to Hillsboro to capture the so-called secession flag that had pre- viously been raised at the former meeting held at that place, and when they found it they declared it was not a " secession flag," and that it was good enough for them, and at once ordered it to be raised with the injunction that it should be protected. After being much worn it was taken down, and having become historic, it passed into the possession of the ladies of the vicinity, many of whom soon had a piece of it in their bed quilts. 416 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. Capt. Cole's men were the first soldiers who performed service in Jefferson County during the Civil War. No organized body of men went into the Confederate army from Jefferson County during the struggle, but it is estimated that nearly 200 individ- uals, from first to last, went out of the county and joined various Confederate commands, including those who went into the State Guards, where they served only a short time. TJie Si.rtJi Eefjimoif. — The early and subsequent occupation of the county by the Federal authorities gave an opportunity for the formation of companies for the United States' service, the first one of which was organized in June, 18G1, and mustered into the service as Company B, Sixth Infantry, Missouri Volun- teers. The following is the roster of the officers of the company, showing names, dates, promotions, resignations, etc: Captains — John W. Fletcher, commissioned December 20, 1861, promoted major January 2-1, 1862; Charles C. Fletcher, commissioned March 5, 18()2, resigned February 5, 1863; T. L. Harrington, commissioned February 18, 1863, resigned Jan- uary 31, 1865; Wesley Starkley, commissioned June 12, 1865, mustered out August 17, 1865. First lieutenants — Charles C. Fletcher, commissioned December 26, 1861. promoted captain March 5, 1862; T. L. Harrington, commissioned March 5, 1862^ promoted captain February 6, 1863; Joseph F. Dutch, commis- sioned February 18, 1863, mustered out on expiration of term; Wesley Starkley, commissioned April 21), 1865, promoted captain; Fred. AV. Yemier, commissioned June 12, 1865, mustered out August 17, 1865. Second lieutenants — Elwood AV. Miller, com- missioned December 26, 1861, transferred to First Missouri Artillery; Thomas J. King, commissioned March 5, 1862, pro- moted first lieutenant Company C, March 5, 1862; J. G. Ehome- berg, commissioned July 6, 1862, promoted first lieutenant Company I, February 2, 1863; Philip H. Snider, commissioned February 18, 1863, died of wounds, May 14, 1861. Maj. John AV. Fletcher resigned his commission on June 6, 1862. Eev. Samuel Hoffman of Jefferson County was mustered into the service as the first chaplain of this regiment, and served as such until September 7, 1862, when he resigned the office. The Sixth Regiment of Infantry, Missouri Volunteers, was STATE OF MISSOURI. 417 raised at St. Louis, Mo., in the months of May and June, 1861. On about July 10 it was ordered to Pilot Knob, Mo. ; from there it marched to Greenville, Mo., on a reconnoitering expedition. It returned to Pilot Knob in the month of July, where it remained until the middle of September ; from there it proceeded to JeflPer- son City, Mo., via St. Louis Arsenal; from there it marched to and encamped at Tipton, Mo., where it remained until the march of the noted Fremont expedition to Springj&eld, Mo., in October, ISGl. It returned to Tipton in the latter part of November; from there it marched to Lamine; thence proceeded with the command of Gen. Pope to Johnson County, Mo. It then returned to Lamine cantonment; thence to Tipton, Mo., where it remained a few days only, and returned to Lamine again; there it was assigned the duty of guarding the Pacific Kailroad from Syracuse to Jefferson City. The regiment was again assembled at Jeffer- son City in April; from there it proceeded via St. Louis to Corinth, Miss., wdiere it arrived in time to participate in the engagements and skirmishes at that place in June, 1862. On its arrival before Corinth it was attached to Gen. Sher- man's division, which marched from Corinth to La Grange, Tenn., from there to Holly Springs, Miss., then back to La Grange. The division then marched to Moscow, Tenn., on July 8, 1862; from there it marched to Memphis, Tenn., where it remained until October. There it was attached to the Fifteenth Army Corps, which marched to Oxford, Miss., where it remained a few days, and then returned to Memphis, where it embarked for Yicksburg in December, 1862; it took a very prominent part in the assault on Chickasaw Bluffs on the 29th of that month, then embarked and proceeded to Arkansas Post, where it occupied a conspicuous position and suffered severely ; from there it returned to Yicksburg, and was engaged in the siege of that place; thence it moved to Jackson, Miss., and from there back to Big Black, where it encamped until September. It then moved by way of Yicksburg to Memphis, Tenn., and from there marched across the county to reinforce Bosecrans at Chattanooga, where it arrived in time to take an active part in the engagements of Look- out Mountain and Missionary Kidge on November 24 and 25, 1863. Afterward it moved to Larkinsville, Ala., and from there to 418 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. Knoxville, Tenn. lu February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted and went home to St. Louis on veteran furlough. Having returned to the field, it took its position, and was with its corps in the general advance in the beginniiig of the Atlanta campaign, and was engaged in the battles of Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro and many lesser engagements during that great campaign. After the capture of Atlanta it went into camp at East Point, Ga. In October, following, it pursued Gen. Hood's army as far as Little Eiver, Ala., and then returned to Atlanta, and on November 15 it started with Sherman's army on the famous march "from Atlanta to the sea." It helped to capture Fort McAllister, Savannah, and other points in Georgia, Beaufort and Columbia, in South Carolina, arriving at the latter place February 17, 1805. Leaving Columbia on the 20tli of the same month, it marched toward Fayetteville, N. C, where it arrived eight days later. On March 20 it assisted in the capture of Bentonville, N. C. Afterward the regiment was present at Raleigh, when the rebel army under Gen. Johnston surrendered to Gen. Sherman. The regiment then moved via Richmond to Washington, where it participated in the grand review, after which it proceeded with the army of the Tennessee to Louisville, Ky. It left Louisville on May 24, and moved to Little Rock, Ark., arriving there July 6, 1805. On August 17, 1865, just four years and two months from the date of muster into service, the regiment received orders to be mustered out. It then moved to St. Louis, Mo., where it arrived on the 23d of the same month, and after a very handsome public reception, was paid off and discharged. None of the Missouri reo^iments did more honor to the service, and none hold a higher place in the history of the war. The Thirieenih Eeguiicitf. — A portion of Company I, of the Thirteenth Infantry, Missouri Volunteers, was raised in Jefferson County. The following is the roster of the officers of the com- pany: Company I. — Captains — A. G. Haile, commissioned Septem- ber 1, 1861, died of wounds received at Pittsburg Landing; John Creagan, commissioned May 8, 1862, transferred to Ohio, June 17, 1862. First lieutenant, James L. Ferris, commissioned January STATE OF MISSOURI. 419 18, 18G2, resigned March 16, 1862. Second lieutenant, John Creagan, commissioned October 1, 1861, promoted to captain, April 30, 1862. The following is the order transferring this regiment to the State of Ohio: Headquarters State op Missouri, Adjutant-General's Office, ) St. Louis. June 17, 1862. f Special Orders, No. 80. In accordance with General Orders, No. 18, current series, from the War Department, and instructions from the adjutant-general's oflBce at Washington, the regiment of infantry known heretofore as the Thirteenth Missouri Volun- teers is hereby transferred to the State of Ohio. By order of commander-in-chief. William D. Wood, Acting Adjutant- General. In accordance with this order the regiment was transferred to and consolidated with the Twenty-second Ohio, with which it served thereafter. The Fifth Cavalry. — Company G, of the Fifth Eegiment Cav- alry, Missouri State Militia, was raised in Jefferson County in the spring of 1862. The following is the roster of the officers thereof: Compayiy G. — Captains — James D. Walters, commissioned April 28, 1862, resigned May 29, 1863; Thomas Thomas, commis- sioned June 13, 1863, Eureka, Mo., dismissed by Special Order No. 11, adjutant-general's office, Mo., January 21, 1864; John Bracher, commissioned February 18, 1864, mustered out on expiration of term, April 13, 1865. First lieutenants — Thomas Thomas, com- missioned April 28, 1862, promoted captain Company G, June 8, 1863; John Bracher, commissioned June 13, 1863, promoted cap- tain Company G, February 4, 1864; Henry T. Dugan, commis- sioned February 18, 1864, mustered out on expiration of term, April 13, 1865. Second lieutenants — John W. Garrett, commis- sioned April 28, 1862, resigned July 15, 1862; John Bracher, commissioned July 30, 1862, promoted first lieutenant, June 8, 1863; Adam Hellerich, commissioned July 6, 1863, Kolla, Mo., transferred to consolidated command. This regiment was originally organized at Boonville, in May, 1862, as the Thirteenth Kegiment of Cavalry, Missouri State Militia, with Albert Sigel as colonel and Joseph A. Epp- 420 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. stein as lieuteuant-colonel. When organized it consisted of Com- panies A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. In February, 1863, the company of cavalry, Missouri State Militia, known as the " Scho- field Hussars," commanded by Capt. Napoleon Westerberg, was attached to the Thirteenth as Company I; and at the same time the number of the regiment was changed by general order from the State adjutant-general's office to the Fifth Regiment of Cavalry, Missouri State Militia, the former Fifth having been mustered out. Five companies were then taken from the Twelfth Missouri State- Militia and so consolidated with the Fifth as to make it a full cavalry regiment. Soon after the regiment was organized at Boonville its headquarters were established at Waynesville, in the RoUa District, and remained there until the spring of 1863, when it was moved to Rolla, where it remained until the regiment was mustered out of service. This regiment dyi a great deal of scouting in Missouri, and had many skirmishes with roving bands of the enemy, bushwhackers and rebel recruiting parties. During the Price raid into Missouri, the regiment was engaged with the enemy at Jefferson City, California, Boonville, Lexington, Big Blue, Independence, Hickman Mills, Maries-des- Cygnes and Fort Scott. Its casualties in all these engagements were slight. November 15, 1864, the regiment returned to Rolla, after a forty-eight days' active field campaign, having marched upward of 1,100 miles. The last companies of the regiment were mustered out in April, 1865, at which time the recruits whose term of service had not expired were consoli- dated into one company, designated M, which remained in the service until July following, when it was mustered out. The Thiriy-first Regimeni. — Company A, Thirty-first Infan- try, Missouri Volunteers, consisting of 101 men, was raised in Jefferson County, in the summer of 1862. The following is the roster of the officers of the company : Captains — Oscar Dover, commissioned August 25, 1862, resigned February 20, 1863; George A. Maguire, commissioned April 9, 1863, resigned February 17, 1864; Anton Yerger, com- missioned March 11, 1864, refused by governor ; J. F. Hendrick- son, commissioned June 16, 1864, discharged August 3, 1864. First lieutenants — John Reed, commissioned August 25, 1862, STATE OF MISSOURI. 421 promoted captain Company I, August 1, 1863; J. F. Hendrick- son, commissioned August 15, 1863, promoted captain Company A, June 16, 1864; John F. Webber, commissioned June 16, 1864, mustered out November 9, 1864. Second lieutenant — John Will- iams, commissioned August 25, 1862, resigned June 19, 1863. There were also about twenty-five Jefferson County men in Company I of this regiment. [For a brief sketch of the history of this regiment see Washington County. ] A few Jefferson County men enlisted in the Sixth Eegiment Cavalry, Missouri Volunteers, two battalions of which were mus- tered out of the service at the expiration of term, in December, 1864, and January, 1865, and the other battalion, composed of the veterans and recruits of the regiment, was mustered out September 12, 1865. The Forty-sevenih Regiment. — Jefferson County furnished a portion of the men composing Company B, of the Forty-seventh Infantry, Missouri Volunteers ; also the first colonel, a lieutenant- colonel and adjutant of the regiment. The following is the ros- ter of the officers of Company B: Colonels — Thomas C. Fletcher, commissioned September 16, 1864, resigned November 18, 1864; Amos W. Maupin, commis- sioned November 25, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, March 28, 1865. Lieutenant-colonels — Amos W. Maupin, com- missioned September 16, 1864, promoted colonel; John W. Fletcher, commissioned November 26, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, March 30, 1865. Major — John W. Emerson, commissioned October 8, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, March 30, 1865. Adjutants — David Murphy, commissioned August 3, 1864, promoted to lieutenant-colonel Fiftieth Missouri Infantry; Edwin E. Furber, commissioned November 18, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, April 1, 1865. Quartermas- ters — John W. Fletcher, commissioned August 3, 1864, promoted to lieutenant-colonel; Samuel B. Rowe, commissioned November 28, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, March 29, 1865. Surgeon — J. H. Stumberg, commissioned November 2, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, March 28, 1865. Assistant surgeon — J. M. Youngblood, commissioned October 22, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, March 30, 1865. Captain — 422 HISTORY OF JEFFEESON COUNTY. William J. Buxton, commissioned August 25, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, March 29, 1865. First lieutenant — John C. Hamel, commissioned August 25, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, March 29, 1865. Second lieutenant — Ben- jamin F. Butler, commissioned August 25, 1864, mustered out at expiration of term, March 29, 1865. In August, 1864, Gen. Eosecrans requested Col. Thomas C. Fletcher to organize in Southeast Missouri a regiment of infan- try for service in that vicinity. Col. Fletcher was then but recently from Sherman's army, where he had commanded a bri- gade. Procuring the assistance of experienced officers, whom he chanced to find unemployed, among whom was Maj. John W. Fletcher, who had served in the Sixth Infantry, and also in the Thirtieth, he at once set about to raise the regiment. The loyal men of Southeast Missouri responded to the call, and soon enough men enlisted to form two regiments — the Forty-seventh and Fiftieth. As soon as the Forty-seventh Eegiment was organized (early in September) the companies were sent to their respective counties, as follows: Capt. Weber to Perry County, Capt. St. Gem to Ste. Genevieve, Capts. Mace, McMurtry and Powers to Wayne County, Capt. Adair to St. Francois, Capt. Buxton to Jefferson, Capt. Dinger to Ironton, Capt. Bradley to Fredericktown and Capt. Maupin to the Iron Mountain Eailroad to guard bridges. On the approach of Price on his raid into Missouri, in September, 1864, Capt. Weber's company marched to strengthen the garrison at Cape Girardeau. Capts. McMur- try, Mace and Powers bravely fought the enemy at Patterson, and fell back on Pilot Knob. Capt. Bradley also fell back to that place. Capt. Dinger's company, after being badly cut up at Ironton, joined the others at Pilot Knob, where the captain was captured. Companies A, F, G, H and I, being concentrated at Pilot Knob, participated in the gallant defense of Fort David- son. Col. Fletcher was in command of the regiment. All the officers and men of the regiment bravely performed their duties. Col. Fletcher, Adjt. Murphy and Lieut. -Col. Maupin were men- tioned in general orders of Gen. Eosecrans in the highest terms. On the retreat from Pilot Knob to Leasbarg, a distance of sixty miles, the six companies of the regiment, with the other STATE OF MISSOURI. 423 parts of Gen. Ewing's command, arriving at the latter place tired and hungry, hastily threw up slight works, and for two days de- fied the whole force of a division of the enemy far superior in numbers. Being reinforced, they pursued their march to Rolla, and there joined Gen. McNeil's cavalry force, consisting of 3,500 men, and moved on to the City of Jefferson, and contributed largely to the safety of the capital. Capt. Maupin with his com- pany (D) had fallen back, and was sent up the Missouri River on a steamboat, on the important and dangerous mission of pre- venting the enemy from crossing the river. Capt. Buxton with his company (B) had marched to Franklin on the Pacific rail- road, and having mounted his men, reported to Gen. Pleasanton, in command of cavalry, and did good service scouting, and par- ticipated in some lively skirmishing with the enemy's rear near Franklin. After the enemy had passed beyond the reach of infantry, the companies were again sent to their respective counties. Afterwards the regiment was consolidated, and on December 12, 1864, it started to Nashville, Tenn., and arrived there three days after the battle between Thomas and Hood; thence it marched to Spring Hill, Columbia and Pulaski, Tenn., and guarded the communications of Gen. Thomas until about March 15, 1865. On the 29th and 30th of the same month the regiment was mustered out at Benton Barracks, and the men who had made historic the mountains in sight of their dwellings re- turned to their homes and resumed their duties as citizens. Sundry MilUary Proceedings. — No regular engagements be- tween the contending armies took place in Jefferson county dur- ing the war. Late in 1861, Jeff. Thompson, of Confederate fame, with his command, burned the Iron Mountain Railroad bridge across Big River, on the line between Jefferson and Washington counties. A very slight skirmish took place on the occasion. Though the county was occupied nearly all the time by the Federal authorities, an occasional Confederate scouting party passed through it. In the fall of 1864, when Price made his raid into Missouri, a small command from his army took posses- sion of De Soto and destroyed some property, and then left with- out further damage. During the war some atrocious things were done by certain Union troops, among which was the killing 424 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. of Duguid Pitzer, on Medley Hill, while seated in bis wagon on the way to St. Louis, and the killing of Thomas Wall, on Dry Creek, and of Ira D. Drake, on Plattin Creek, and of the two Gamel boys, who had returned from the rebel army. A stranger was also killed at Victoria, as he was passing through. He was supposed to have been engaged in the business of carrying mail to and from the Confederate army. On another occasion, when Capt. Buxton was in the northwest part of the county with his company, or a portion thereof, some of his men shot and killed Noah Wise and James B. Simpson, and seriously wounded Hiram Hilderbrand, Noah Rowe and a Mr. Davis. This took place on Big River, near the Maddox mill. All of the persons mentioned were killed and wounded for no other crime, it is said, than that of being Southern sympathizers ; and the atrocious act of inflicting such punishment was and has always been condemned by all good citizens of both contending parties. The Eightieth Regiment of Enrolled Missouri Militia was organized in Jefferson County, and the following is the roster of the field and company officers : Colonels — C. A. Newcomb, commissioned December 31, 1864. vacated March 12, 1865; L. J. Rankin, commissioned October 15, 1863, resigned December 8, 1864. Lieutenant-colonels — Joseph P. Hesser, commissioned October 29, 1863, discontinued June 14, 1864, for disloyalty; Anton Yerger, commissioned September 29, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Major— C. C. Fletcher, commis- sioned September 29, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Adju- tants — J. C. Hamel, captain, commissioned September 16, 1863, resigned October 7, 1864; Fred Bohl, captain, commissioned Oc- tober 10, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Quartermasters — W. J. Mitchell, captain, commissioned September 16, 1863, vacated Octobers, 1864; H. Kattlemen, captain, commissioned October 8, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Surgeon — William Evans, commissioned September 23, 1863, vacated March 12, 1865. Company A. — Captain — William A. Jackson, commissioned June 12, 1863, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenant — John Vineyard, commissioned August 27, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenant — George Wiley, commissioned August 27, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. STATE OF MISSOURI. 425 Company B. — Captain — David W. Bryant, commissioried March 12, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenants- David W. Bryant, commissioned August 27, 1862, promoted cap- tain May 12, 1864; George Whitehead, commissioned Novem- ber 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenant — George E. Whitehead, commissioned August 27, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant. Company C. — Captains — Henry C. Bonacker, commissioned October 22, 1863, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; Henry C. Bonacker, commissioned November 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenants — Martin Swaney, commissioned Septem- ber 11, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; Koman Spitz, commissioned November 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenants — D. A. Sullens, commissioned September 11, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; Michael Boly, commissioned November 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Company D. — Captain — Christian Lepp, commissioned Sep- tember 19, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenant — Herman Hamel, commissioned September 16, 1863, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenant — Henry C. Lahay, commis- sioned November 25, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. Company E. — Captain — William H. Washburn, commissioned August 23, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenants — Frederick Bohl, commissioned September 9, 1863, promoted to adjutant October 7, 1864; John Williams, commissioned Novem- ber 7, 1 864, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenant — E. H. Hoard, commissioned September 9, 1863, vacated March 12, 1865. Company F. — Captains — Anton Yerger, commissioned Sep- te mber 11, 1862, promoted to lieutenant-colonel September 29, 1864; Florence Arnold, commissioned November 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenants — Henry Kattleman, commis- sioned June 30, 1863, promoted to captain and quartermaster; Eugene Armor, commissioned November 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenants — Anton Herman, commissioned September 11, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; George Martin, commissioned November 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Company G. — Captain — W. J. Baxton, commissioned May 16, 27 420 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 1863, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenant — Henry F. Dittmers, commissioned May 16, 1863, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenants — Gustav Duggie, commissioned May 16, 1863, resigned July 9, 1864; John McDaniel, commissioned July 11, 1864, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company H. — Captains — Peter Fridertze, commissioned Oc- tober 8, 1863, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; William J. Kirk, commissioned November 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865, First lieutenants — Jacob Hampel, commissioned October 8, 1863, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; Wendlin Bender, commis- sioned November 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieu- tenants — Michael Blaeis, commissioned October 8, 1863, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; Philip Steuber, commissioned November 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Company I. — Captain — William F. Ottomier, commissioned February 4, 1865, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenant — Jo- seph Bechter, commissioned February 4, 1865, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenant — B. Schweitzer, commissioned Feb- ruary 4, 1865, vacated March 12, 1865. This regiment was raised for home service, and was composed of good citizens generally. It has been jocosely remarked of them that " they had no duties to perform except to guard bridges and steal chickens." Some of them claim to have had to guard an iron bridge to keep it from burning even though it was rain- ing at the time. Laying all jokes aside they were good citizens and demeaned themselves with honor. TOWNS AND VILLAGES. New Hartford. — A town was established about the year 1805, on the west bank of the Mississippi, at or near the present rail- road station, known as Illinois. It was named New Hartford, and Christian Wilt and John W. Honey erected a shot tower there, and opened a store — the first one ever established in the county. This was the probable extent of the place. Herculaneiim. — This town, which subsequently became the first county seat of Jefferson County, was laid out in 1808 by Moses Austin and S. Hammond. It was located at the mouth of Joachim Creek, midway between St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve. STATE OF MISSOURI. 427 It was the shipping point for the lead smelted at Valle's Mines, Eichwood's, Old Mines, Potosi, and the balance of the mines in Washington County, and soon became quite a thrifty town. Two shot towers were erected there at a point where the rock overhangs the bottom. On this rock a building was erected, and other works prepared for smelting and casting the lead, and it was then dropped through copper sieves into a receptacle with water below, where there was another building in which the polishing of the shot was performed. At one time this town contained thirty-five houses, and a population of 150, four stores, a postoffice, jail and schoolhouse. It also contained a commodious warehouse for storing lead and merchandise, then kept by Elias Bates. The first postoffice in the county was established at this place, and it remained the only postoffice in the county until 1837, when Hills- boro was located and an office established there. The people from Big River and Day Creek, and everywhere else in the county, went to Herculaneum for their mail and what goods they wanted to buy. After the county seat was moved to Hillsboro, Herculaneum began to decline, and so continued until, like the celebrated city for which it was named, it became numbered among the things of the past, and nothing now remains to mark its former site save the chimney of the old Fletcher mansion, in which Gov. Fletcher was born. In 1819 John W. Honey, an early merchant at Herculaneum, and a very prominent early settler, made a trip to New Orleans as captain of the steamboat "Maid of Orleans.*^ His certificate of appointment as such captain, as recorded in his log book still in existence, is as follows: St. Louis, Missouri Territory, August 3, 1819. By virtue of instructions received from Mr. John K. West, of the city of New Orleans, agent of the steamboat " Maid of Orleans," of which the annexed is a copy, I do hereby appoint John W. Honey to the command of said steam- boat, which is to leave this place with possible dispatch, and on her way to stop at the mouth of the Ohio, there to receive such articles as may be put on board by Mr. Ober, and from thence to a place below, called Lucas' Landing, and to make inquiry if a quantity of tobacco is near that place to be shipped, if so, to receive it at the fate of $6 per hogshead; touching again at Natchez for such freight as may be procured without delay. For and in consideration of the services of the said John W. Honey, in behalf of the owners of said steamboat, I do agree to pay him $100 per month, and 2i per cent on all freights. Which 428 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. contract shall have its full force by the power now vested in me; but if, at any- time, any difficulty should arise relative to this agreement, I do not hold myself responsible for the payment of the same, but refer the said John W. Honey to the agent of the said steamboat for a full compliance of this agreement agreeably to the annexed instructions transcribed from the original: When you have discharged, dispatch her immediately to New Orleans to my address, and if your business will not permit your returning in her, you will employ the most suitable person you can procure at St. Louis to take command of her, taking care, if possible, that he is a good pilot. [Signed] H. W. Turner. Elijah Chaddick, the pilot on the up trip, was engaged at the rate of $100 per month, to pilot the boat back to New Orleans, and a crew of laborers were employed at $25 per month each. Passage from St. Louis to New Orleans was engaged by Joseph Wiggin, Dr. Francis Armstrong, Manuel Castando, John Chenard and D. H. Yaughan, at $50 each. Berthold and Chouteau, and other merchants of St. Louis, shipped on this vessel a large amount of buffalo robes, beeswax, raccoon and muskrat skins, etc., all con- signed to parties in New Orleans. Hubert Gouion, of St. Louis, shipped a quantity of apples to Madam Superior Gensone of the Ursalin Convent at New Orleans. All through freight was charged at the rate of 1 cent per pound. All being ready, the "Maid of Orleans" departed from St. Louis at 1 o'clock P. M.? August 3, 1819, and arrived at Herculaneum at 5 o'clock the same day, and remained there over night. Soon after the vessel reached this place, a constable went on board and arrested Mr. D. H. Vaughan, one of the passengers, for a debt said to be due some person in St. Louis, and took him ashore. Omitting inci- dents by the way which are very interesting, but not admissible here for the want of space, the log for each day's travel from St. Louis to New Orleans was as follows: Miles. August 3, St. Louis to Herculaneum 30 August 4, thence to a point five miles below Cape Girardeau 112 August 5, thence to Ramsay's Landing, seven miles below the mouth of the Ohio 51 August 6, thence to point of anchor 120 August 7, thence to Island No. 50 122 August 8, thence to anchor one mile below Island No. 68. ,. 115 August 9, thence to point of anchor 123 August 10, thence to point one mile above Island No. 105. . 128 August 11, thence to Ellis Cliffs (distance not given) STATE OF MISSOURI. 429 August 12, the " Maid of Orleans " overtook the steamboat "Henderson" and set out to beat her to the city, passed her and arrived at NeAv Orleans at 5 o'clock P. M. on the 13th, the " Hen- derson " arriving about two hours later. After discharging the cargo, Capt. Honey engaged to serve on the " Maid of Orleans" as master for SCO per month, in which capacity it is presumed he made his return trip. In 1823 he and Elias Bates were merchants in partnership at Herculaneum, and did the wholesale business at that place. HUJshoro. — The origin of Hillsboro, the county seat of Jef- ferson County, and the erection of the first and subsequent pub- lic buildings, has been given elsewhere. A Mr. Henson built the first house in Hillsboro. It was a log cabin, and stood on the northwest corner of the present courtyard. He also opened the first brickyard and made the first brick for the town. The first tavern in the town was kept by Mr. Gains, near the town spring; a portion of the old house is still standing. The next Avas the Red Line Tavern, which stood where the courthouse now stands. About the same time (near the year 1840) John Hammond built a large, double log house on the corner east of and opposite the northeast corner of the courtyard. This building faced to the west, and in it the third hotel was opened. Afterward, Eugene Amor purchased the property, and added a large frame building, facing the street on the north, and kept a hotel and a saloon, and sold general merchandise, and did an extensive business for many yeais. The whole building burned down November 28, 1885, after it had passed into the hands of Jacob Douglas, who was then keeping a hotel and saloon in it. The first store in Hillsboro was opened by Michael Horine, in the valley near the spring. Soon thereafter he erected the first brick house in the town, it being the old store-room on the north side of the street and near the west end, and moved his store therein. Afterward L. J. Rankin, now of De Soto, bought the property of Horine, and kept a store there about seventeen years, and did an extensive business. Thomas C. Fletcher built the residence on the w'est side of the street, near the town spring, where Mrs. Honey now lives. He was then clerk of the circuit court. Soon after the county seat was established at Hillsboro, 430 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. the whole of the Fletcher family resided there for a number of years. Among the early merchants was Charles Williams, who sold goods for a number of years on the corner where the brick hotel now stands. The first blacksmiths in the town were William AValker and Charles Pooley. The hotel known as the Huskey House was erected about the year 1848, and stood directly opposite the old Horine & Rankin store building. The first schoolhouse was a log cabin, and stood in the valley, just west of town. It was also used as a "meeting house." The Catholic Church was built before the war, but was not long used as a church. It stands idle at present. The following is a directory of the business of the town at the present writing (March, 1888): General stores — J. J. Hoe- kin, Mrs. E. Volner and J. W. Garrison; drugs — Dr. T. S. Brewster; furniture — B. Lackamp; wagon shop — Charles Yeager ; blacksmith shop — Henry Hurtgen ; shoe shop — Andrew Reisch ; printing ofiices — Jefferson Democrai and Crystal Mirror \ phy- sicians — T. S. Brewster and G. M. Mockbee; stage lines — R. Marsden and Henry Stelbrink, These stages make four trips daily to and from the railroad at Victoria. J. J. Hoeken is the postmaster. There are also two title abstract ofiices, and a third one under process of completion, owned respectively by Thomas & Horine, Ed. Walker and Kleinschmidt & Booth. There are also a number of law offices in the town, where the leading mem- bers of the bar reside. Societies. — Joachim Lodge, No. 1G4, A. F. & A. M., chartered in May, 1856, has a present membership of about 50; Hillsboro Lodge, No. 179, A. O. U. W., was organized January 31, 1880. The present membership is about 40. The first Masonic lodge in Jefferson County, known as the old Joachim Lodge, was organized at Herculaneum soon after that town was established. It received its charter from the Grand Lodge of Tennessee, and was one of the first three Masonic lodges organized in the Territory of Missouri. When Herculaneum ceased to be a town, the charter of this lodge was surrendered, and its name was given to the Masonic lodge in Hillsboro upon its organization. STATE OF MISSOURI. 431 The town also coutaius a Union Protestant Cliurcb, in which different denominations worship. Hillsboro is pleasantly located on an elevated and healthful position near the center of the county, and contains a number of good brick buildings and fine residences. In consequence of the budding of the Iron Mountain Eailroad, and the springing up of a number of villages along that line, Hillsboro has always remained, and seems destined to remain, a small village. De Soto. — This is the largest town in Jefferson County. It is located on Joachim Creek, and on the St. Louis, Iron Mount- ain & Southern Eailway, forty-two miles from St. Louis. It was laid out in September, 1857, by Thomas C. Fletcher (later gov- ernor) and Louis James Eankin. Afterward a number of ad- ditions thereto were laid out on adjoining territory by various parties. The first house on the site of De Soto was built in 1855 by Col. John W. Fletcher, who, in the same year, erected a steam sawmill near where the railroad machine shops now stand. The first store was opened in 1857 by E. M. Boli, and the next mer- chants were B. S. Eeppey and D. Cohen. In 18 GO there were three general stores, kept, respectively, by Boli & Moon, B. S. Eeppey and D. Cohen. The first blacksmith in the town was George Flint. The first brick house was built by D. Cohen. At the outbreak of the Civil War the town contained not over 200 inhabitants. At the close of the war John Hamel purchased the first stock of drugs, and formed a partnership with J. C. Kruse, who had been a hospital steward in the army, and to- gether they opened the first drug store. Afterward Gust Hamel bought his brother John^s interest, and soon thereafter Mr. Kruse died, and then Gust Hamel became sole owner of the store. The present Commercial Hotel building was erected in 1858, and the first hotel was opened therein by a Mr, Ellroth. The De Soto House (east of the railroad) was built during the war, and opened by M. A. Douthett. The postoffice was established soon after the town was laid out, and the first postmaster was C. B. Fletcher, father of Gov. Fletcher; his successors have been William North, Frank Smith, and the present incumbent, J. W. Clarke. After the close of the Civil War the town improved quite rapidly, and on the 12th of February, 1809, it was incorpo- 4-32 HISTORY OF JEFFEP.80N COUNTY. rated by the county court under the name and style of "The Town of De Soto." Early in 1S72 negotiations were opened with the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Soutliern Railway Company, in regard to securing the location of their main machine shops at De Soto, resulting in a pro})osition by the company, made May 7 of that year, conditioned that if the town would donate to the company a certain tract of land within its corporate limits, and by legal process exem])t it and their improvements made thereon from town taxes, the company, on their part, would erect and maintain upon it the principal machine shops of their North- ern Divisioii. This was accepted by the town authorities subject to a vote of the citizens, and in order to comply with the rer^uirements to exempt the donated property from taxes, on petition the town of De Soto was disincorporated August 12, 1872, by the county court, and reincorporated under the same name, with the bound- aries so fixed as to exclude the lands intended to be donated, and to include a large body of land, not platted into town lots, and being in large part farming lands, not included within the limits of the former town. Under this corporation an election was held AuiT^ust 31, 1872, Avliich resulted in authorizing: the board of trustees of the town of De Soto to purchase and donate to the said raihvay company the lands agreed upon. Bonds to the amount of $25,000, bearing 10 per cent interest, payable semi-annually, were issued October 1, 1872, and were used to purchase the lands desired. In March, 1878, the town of De Soto was merged under the general laws of the State of Missouri into a city of the fourth class, and April 2, following, the officers were elected. Steps were immediately taken to adjust the existing debt by issuing new 6 per cent funding bonds, and exchanging them for the 10 per cent outstanding bonds. Six per cent bonds were then issued to the amount of §9,300, and exchanged for §8,000 of the old bonds and the accrued interest thereon, the latter being canceled and destroyed, leaving §16,000 of the 10 per cent bonds, and the new issue of the §9,300, 6 per cent bonds, making a total of §25,300 outstanding. In May, 1882. on quo ivdrvdiiio proceed- ings brought by C. C. Fletcher, George Rathbun and others in STATE OF MISSOURI. 433 the circuit court of the county, a judgment was rendered declar- ing that the city of De Soto, as then incorporated, had no legal existence whatever by virtue of the fact that when the incorpora- tion of the town of De Soto was declared, the boundaries thereof included farming lands, and therefore no legal corporation in fact had been formed. This was equivalent to a decree that the cor- poration that issued the ])onds had no legal existence. The officers of the city then ceased to exercise their functions, and all machinery of corporation stopped. Up to this time the in- terest on the bonds had been paid, and a sinking fund was being created, but since then no interest has been paid or provision made for its payment. On the 10th of February, 1883, De Soto was incorporated as a fourth class city, and Herman Hamel was appointed mayor, and William C. Huff, marshal. Aldermen were also appointed for the several wards, and on the first Tues- day of April, folloAving, a full set of officers was elected by the people at the first annual election. Suit has been brought in the United States Circuit Court, and judgments rendered against the present city for interest cou- pons due on some of the bonds referred to. The present city, however, has no debt of its own creation. It has a surplus of 82,000 in its treasury, and is financially sound. The disposition of the citizens generally is to pay the debt outstanding, but it is claimed that to levy a tax and collect it, to pay the interest on the bonds as they now stand, with the judgment in the circuit court of the county as rendered, would be almost an impossibil- ity. The city seems to have no recourse but to refuse payment, except judgments, until a mutual agreement resulting in a fund- ing of the debt is reached. The present officers of the city of De Soto are as follows : H. N. Jenkins, mayor ; D. M. Park, city clerk; AV. Dearing, marshal. The Rdih'oad Ccir Works and Machine Shojys. — The build- ings of these shops, which are very extensive, covering several acres of ground, were erected in 1879 and 1880, and were put in full operation in 1882. In the "car works" department 150 men are employed, and the pay roll amounts to §8,000 per month, and in the "machine shops" department 250 men are employed, and the pay roll amounts to $14,000 per month, thus making the 434 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. total number of men employed 400, and the total monthly pay roll $22,000. In addition to the men employed in these works there are about 150 road engineers and firemen who reside in the city. In these works passenger and freight cars of first-class workmanship are built from the ground up. From twelve to fifteen passenger cars and from five to six hun- dred freight cars are run through the car shops for general repairs each month, entailing an expenditure of about $5,000. The principal work in the machine shop consists in repairing locomotives, entailing an expenditure of from §10,000 to $12,000 per month. A great many of the employes have their homes in De Soto, and are interested in the welfare of the city. The officers in charge prefer to employ such men as come to De Soto to live instead of the transient class. The following is a directory of the business of De Soto, aside from the car and machine shops, at the present writing (March 1888): General merchandise — Henry Moehlman, W.P.Gra- ham, H, Stall, B. Manheimer, H. Hoenthal, F. Aubuchon & Son; dry goods — C. Ostertag; groceries — William Walker, Chapman & Freeman, Thomas & Son, Charles Biesbarth, John Freeh, Fauber & Son, F. Kelm and Mrs. Manion; drugs — Miller & Co., Dr. W. H. Farrar, Hamel & Son; dry goods, groceries and mil- linery — Mrs. K. T. Taylor; millinery — Mrs. Kate Primm ; boots, shoes and gents furnishing goods — Maguire Bros. ; hardware — Hamel & Cunningham, N. Slawson & Co. ; clothing — A. & H. Lederer; harness and saddles — H. Hamel, John Klenn; furni- ture — Lewis Rieber, Turner & Co., R. Coxwell & Son (the latter are also funeral directors) ; jewelry — A. Pecaut, E. Donaldson and William Lackey; restaurants — C. W". McDowell, Turner & Bogard, J. R. Cunningham and J. W. Jones; meat shops — M. Nolen, F. Kelm, Otto Kohlfing, J. Whitney and P. Steinman ; feed stores — Henry Lepp, Joseph Walter, A. L. Freeh, E. P. Morgan; boots and shoes — Fred Walther, F. Mohrer, Z. A. Gierth, H. Jahnsen, M. V. Schuman and Frank J. Knapp; agri- cultural implements — Randle Kempe; tailors — Jacob Miller & Son, H. P. Decker, Peter Berg; bakeries — B. Charpie, John Theobald; confectionery — George Mahn, D. F. Richards; news dealers — W. L. & G. D. Stone, J. R. Serrin; hotels — Rankin STATE OF MISSOURI. 435 House, Commercial House, De Soto House, Jefferson House, City Hotel; livery — Watt Staples, T. O. Smith and William Thomason; tiouring-mills — Hopson & Sherlock, J. Coleman (both steam power) ; manufacturers — Gust Hamel is the pro- prietor of Hamel's School Desk Factory, and has a lumber yard, sawmill and planing-mill in connection therewith. He does an extensive business in the manufacture of school desks and reclining cliairs, both of his own invention, and of which he is the patentee. Fred Hacke does an extensive business in tlie manufacture of wagons. A. Pecaut runs the electric light ma- chine by which the city is lighted. E. Hirsch is the proprietor of the De Soto Marble Works, and does a good business in his line. S. A. Thomas is the proprietor of the cigar factory, and does a very satisfactory business. The De Soto Bottling Works, in which ginger ale, sarsaparilla, lemon and strawberry soda syrup, etc., is manufactured and bottled, is owned and operated by Will- iam J. Mauther. Physicians — James Keaney, William Keaney, T. A. James, F. A. Brickey, William H. Farrar, D. H. Miller, J. S. Deaderick; dentists — C. H. Williams and H. E. Zorn. P. C. Zollmann is a dealer in stationery, a notary public, insurance agent and justice of the peace, and W. L. Stone is a real estate and insurance agent, a notary public and justice of the peace. In addi- tion to the foregoing business enterprises there are a num- ber of barber shops, two picture galleries, a number of me- chanic's shops and other industries, and six saloons. The town contains a fine large brick opera house, in the upper story of which is the Masonic Hall, and in the basement story the W. C. T. U. reading rooms. There are also a large number of boarding houses in De Soto. The churches are Baptist, Methodist Epis- copal, Methodist Episcopal South, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Eoman Catholic, Congregational, German Methodist and Evan- gelical; also two colored churches — Methodist and African Methodist. The large and commodious public schoolhouse on the western heights is a structure of which the citizens may well be proud. De Soto has a lodge of each of the following secret orders: Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Knights of Honor, Grand Army of the Pvepublic, Ancient Order of United 436 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. AVorkmei], Chosen Friends, Locomotive Engineers and Fireman's Brotlierliood. The A. O. U. W. has two lodges. Banks. — "The Jefferson County Bank " was established May 3, 1885, by Bakewell & Munroe, its present owners. It is a pri- vate bank, with a capital stock of $5,000. The " People's Bank of De Soto" was also established in 1885. Its first president was E. N. Carver. Its present officers are as follows : L. J. Ean- kin, president; Charles Beisbarth, vice-president; John L. Bug- gly, second vice-president; Henry Lepp, cashier; M. S. Coxwell, assistant cashier. The capital stock of this bank is $10,000. Both of these banks do a f^^eneral bankinof business. The railroad machine shop and the business portion of De Soto and some of the residences are located in the valley, while the schoolhouse and the churches and the greater portion of the finest residences are located on the heights west of the main Inisiness street. On the whole the location of the city is roman- tic and pleasant. Standing on the heights, by the schoolhouse, one obtains a magnificently grand view of the city in the valley beneath, and of the residences and native forests on the hills sur- rounding. De Soto, witli its population of from 3,500 to 4,000, is certainly a pleasant })lace in which to live. Crijsfal C'liij and The Plrde Glass Works. — Sometime in the tliirties a few capitalists formed a company in New Haven, Conn., called the " Missouri and Illinois Mineral and Land Company" to look out and enter such mineral, agricultural and timber lands as might become valuable as the country improved. It was com- posed of John Tappins, W. H. Bidwell, Charles Stoddard, James A. Smith, John S. Cavender and others. They sent out Forrest Shepherd, a mineralogist and geologist, to find, examine and locate such lands in the West as lie might believe would be valu- able. He located Shepherd's Mountain (named in his honor), the Muddy coal diggings, a large amount of lead and pine lands, as also the silica or sand rock on the east side of Plattin Creek near its mouth. After some thirty-five or forty years, when the company had disposed of nearly all of its property, the stock was put up and sold to Dr. W. H. Bidwell (editor of the Eclccfic Magazine, N. Y. ) as the highest bidder. Late in the fall of 1868, Bidwell, Shepherd and Prof. Vincent, of London, England, STATE OF MISSOURI. 437 came west to examine the different properties, first visiting Iron, St. Francois and Ste. Genevie^'e Counties, and lastly Plattin Rock, in Jefferson County. On viewing the sand ])aidvs here it was proposed to build two plate glass factories forthwith. Prof. Yin- cent, on viewing the crystals sparkling in the sun, thought they were the most beautiful he had ever seen, while Shepherd said that " it was only a question of time when a great industry would spriiig up here." How true the pro[)liecy ! Prof. Vincent started the next morning to England, after which Mr. W, S. Jewett, who resides near the sand l)anks, shipped, by request, two casks of sand to the Thames Glass AYorks in England, where it was tested and found to be of superior quality. During the winter following Dr. Bidwell proceeded to get up a stock company in London of some $400,000 capital — having the charter duly recorded, etc. A manager, Obed Blake, and a num- ber of skilled workmen were then engaged to come over the next sj)ring to help build the works, after which they were to have regular employment in their several vocations. Meanwhile, some of the London stockholders learned from correspondents at St. Louis that the Drake Constitution required that a person investing a dollar in manufacturing should give security for two more under the "double liability clause." Learning this, the Englismen left Dr. Bidwell and his sand banks severely alone. The years 1809 and 1870 passed away with nothing accomplished. Li 1871 the St. Louis " Board of Trade " undertook to assist the Doctor, but failed to do so. The scheme was then brought to the attention of Capt. E. B. Ward, of Detroit, Mich., a man of large capital and much enterprise, who bought Dr. Bidwell's claim and other avail- able adjoining lands, and at once organized the "American Plate Glass Company," of Detroit, Mich., with a capital of §150,000. In May, 1872, Capt. Theodore Luce, as superintendent, com- menced operations, and by the 4th of July had one house nearly completed. There were many obstacles to overcome, the brush to be cleared off, plans to be made, houses to be built for the men, and supplies of all kinds to be obtained. The company be- ing envied by St. Louis, did all their business in Detroit, and drew all their supplies and machines from that city, and employed Detroit mechanics as much as possible. They even named the 438 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. new city " New Detroit," but at their first annual meeting at the main office in Detroit, in answer to the question of how the natives liked the name of the new town, it was replied that they had a name of their own, "Crystal City," which seemed so appropriate that it was at once adopted, and " New Detroit " was dropped. The §150,000 having been exhausted, the capital was in- creased $100,000, and when that was absorbed bonds to the amount of $200,000 were issued and mostly spent. In the sum- mer of 1874 they had a small box furnace in operation, and made glass, but it was off color and was not a success. In the mean- time Capt. Ward died, and their glassmaker was sunstruck so as to be incapable of business, and it was hard to fill their places. In consequence of this and the financial panic of 1873 the glass works had to succumb, and finally the trust deed which had been given to secui:e the bonds issued was foreclosed, and the prop- erty sold for $25,000 to a new organization called the Crystal Plate Glass Company. [For the history of this enterprise, to this point, the publishers of this work are indebted to Mr. AV. S. Jewett, of Crystal Heights, who has lived there and been familiar with it from its inception. ] The Crystal Plate Glass Company, under the presidency of Ethan Allen Hitchcock, of St. Louis, resumed operations under the able management of Supt. George F. Neale. The ma- chinery was overhauled, and the works enlarged until they are now the largest and most extensive in the country. The capital stock of this company is $1,500,000, and it owns 700 acres of land, of which 200 acres represent a deposit of sand, inexhausti- ble in quantity and absolutely pure in quality, there being over 99 per cent of it pure silica. The buildings cover an area of fourteen acres, the main line being 1,200 feet long, and 120 feet wide. The company has in operation four 16-pot Sie- men's regenerative gas furnaces, and a fifth of 20-pot capacity. The combined capacity of these five furnaces represents over 8,500 feet of glass per day, to receive which there are 94 annealing ovens. For preparing the glass for market after it leaves the ovens there are 20 grinding machines, 48 smoothing machines and 30 polishing machines. The company has 20 steam boilers and 20 different steam engines, and a complete machine shop for I STATE OF MISSOURI. 439 repairs to the engines and machinery, also an iron and brass found- ry in which they do their own casting. The company retains absolute ownership and control of Crystal City, and has provided over 300 suitable cottages for its operatives, at an average rental of $6 per month for three rooms, while from its general store sup- plies of all kinds are furnished to its employes at St. Louis prices, it being optional with employes to purchase at the company's store or elsewhere. The company also contributes to the main- tenance of two schools, one for the children of the white and the other for the children of the colored people. After the State has run these schools six months in the year the company runs them four months longer. The company also has a large and hand- some two-story frame building, containing a library and gymna- sium, for the use of its operatives. The store building is a large two-story brick structure, over a basement story, and contains, be- sides the general store, the superintendent's offices on the first floor, and a hall on the second. George F. Neale is the postmas- ter. A railroad, three and a half miles long, owned and operated by the glass company under another corporate name, connects Crys- tal City with the Iron Mountain Kail way at Silica. The com- pany also operates a railroad one and a third miles long, which connects the works with a coal landing on the Mississippi. The railroad to Silica was completed as a narrow gauge road in 1878, and has since been changed to a broad gauge. The glass com- pany employs about 1,200 men, and its pay roll runs from 824,000 to $30,000 per month. There is no church in Crystal City, but a foundation is laid for a brick and stone edifice lar^re enousrh to seat 300 persons, and the building will soon be completed. It will be free for all Christian denominations. Meanwhile, relief- o ious services are held in the hall over the company's store. The residence portion of Crystal City is beautifully laid out on an elevated tract of land overlooking the glass works, and the valleys of the Plattin and the Mississippi, and the streets and all are fenced in from the public. The company employs more men than they can as yet supply with houses, consequently many of their em- ployes live at Festus and on Crystal Heights. About 1,100 in- habitants reside in Crystal City proper. There are two secret 440 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. societies in this young city — the "American Legion of Honor," with 142 members, organized in 1881, and the " Order of the Sons of St. George," open only to English and Welsh. The lat- ter society was organized in 1886, and has about fifty members. Both officers and operatives of the glass works belong to these societies. The great success of the Crystal Plate Glass Works has given an impetus to improvement throughout the country, and where but a few years ago the wild animals of the forest and mountain were a terror in their depredations, the roar of im- mense machinery is now heard, and all is progress in the busy hum of human industry. The company, having absolute control of Crystal City, allows no saloon or dramshop to exist therein, but it has been considerably annoyed with saloons which have been established "just beyond the border." Festus. — The town of Festus was established on the Crystal City Railroad, about one mile west of the glass works, in 1878. The first lots, about twelve in number, and embracing the east central part of the present town, were laid out by W. J. Adams, and called "Adams' Subdivision of United States Survey No. 315." The northeast part of the town was afterward laid out by D. McAlister. Subsequently W. J Adams surveyed and platted all that part of the town lying south of Main and east of Mill Streets. Another part of the town was laid out in May, 1883, by Alfred F. Sherlock, and named " Derby City." On the Stli of Febru- ary, 1887, a petition signed by John V. Haefner and 121 others, was presented to the county court, whereupon the whole town, including Derby City, was incorporated as a fourth-class city, under the name and style of the " City of Festus," and the fol- lowing officers were appointed: Zeno La Rose, mayor; John Davis, marshal; and H. E. McClanahan, James Brierton, J. v.* Heafner and F. W. Brickey, Jr., aldermen. By common consent the town was originally named "Tanglefoot" on account of the whisky that was sold to certain parties, who, in conse- quence, got their feet tangled in the brush returning to their homes. As the town became populous tiie inhabitants disowned the vulgar name of "Tanglefoot" and named the place " Limit- ville," this name being suggested by the fact that the eastern boundary of the town was the western boundary of the lands of STATE OF MISSOURI. 441 the Crystal City Plate Glass Company, and, consequently, its expansion toward Crystal City was limited. By the latter name the town was known until it was called Festus. The first house in this town was a log cabin built by a colored man named Charley Conners. It stood just back of the i\dams House. The next liouse was erected on what is now the corner of Adams and Haefner Streets, by Nicholas Bearing, who com- menced business therein as a baker, to supply bread for Crystal City. The next was a dwelling house erected by David Stewart, the original proprietor of the land on which the town is [)rinci- pally located. T. J. Lovelace opened the first store in 1870 or 1S77. These improvements were made before any town lots were platted. Lovelace was charged with selling the licjuid that caused the men to get their feet tangled. As a storekeeper he was succeeded by J. V. Haefner A: Co., and they by the present merchants. Brierton & Aul)uch()n. S. T. Waggener was tlie first postmaster. The roller fiouring-mills of Brickey & Co. were })ut up by Alfred Sherlock, their first owner. In the few yenrs of its existence the town has grown until it contains a population of about 1,2()0, and the following is its l)usiness directory: General stores — S. T. Waggener &: Co., H. (\ Lfi Bose. Patrick Gorman and Brierton A: Aubuchon; gents' furnishing store — B. Sweitzer; millinery — H. Singer and Miss Jennie Holmes; groceries — AVilliam Boyer; drugs — Mitchell tV Cape: tinner — Joseph Palmer: restaurant and boarding house- — Charles Gray: hotel — W. J. Adams: livery — Peter Eosengrant and W. J. Ad^ims: bakeries — Nicholas Bearijig and Henry Daniels: bbicksniith shops — J. O. Johnson and Philip M}ers; nieat shops — [. F. Hague and Charles Millei-; undertakers — Charles AYhitehead and J. I. Branch; brickyard — Charles Miller : saloons -four in num- ber, and also a brewery depot kept by paities in St. Louis: boots and shoes- Richard Sherlock; barber shops — Herman Poesch.AV. J. Adams and E. Gorbacli; lund)er yards — James Brierton and S. T. AVaggener; flouring-niills Brickey hington County, as established by the surveyors of the counties of Franklin 482 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. and Wasliin£;ton, being a point sixteen chains north of the quarter section cor- ner, on the line between Sections 14 and 15, in Township 40 north. Range 2 east, thence due west to the middle of Meramec River; thence due south to the mid- dle of Township 35, Range 2 west; thence due east with subdivisioual lines in the middle of Township 35 to the range line between Ranges 3 and 4 east; thence due north by said range line to the middle of Big River, in Township 39; thence by said river to the place of beginning. Big River, in the last description of the boundaries of the county, and Grand River, in the original description, are one and the same. According to the Government survey of the public lands, Washington County embraces lands in Townships 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 and 40 north, and in Ranges 1, 2 and 3 east of the fifth ])rincipal meridian, and in Ranges 1 and 2 west thereof, the strip in Range 2 west being less than a mile in width. In accordance with the foreofoinc]^ act establishinof Washino:- ton County, a majority of the commissioners appointed to select a site for the county seat thereof met some time prior to the first Monday in January, 1814, and, as a preliminary step toward the permanent location of the seat of justice, designated the village of Mine-a-Breton as the temporary seat of justice. Then, on the first Monday of January, 1814, Martin Ruggles, William Sloan and John Stanton, who had been commissioned by Gov. William Clark as the first judges of the common pleas court of Washington County, met in the village of Mine-a-Breton, and opened the first court ever held in the county. John Brickey then produced his commission as clerk of the court, and entered upon the duties of his ofiice, and David Barton produced his commission as attorney-general, and Lionel Browne produced his commission as sheriff of Washington County, and thus the organization of the first court of the county was completed. The county then comprised the municipal townships of Breton, Bellevue and a portion of Big River, as they had been organized in the original county of Ste. Genevieve, and the court appointed Joseph Boring assessor for the township of Breton, and Moses Bates as constable for the same, and Joshua Morrison assessor for Bellevue and all that part of Big River Township in the coun- ty, and Miles Goforth as constable. i Couniy Seat. — On the 20th of February, 1814, a majority i of the county seat commissioners met at the village of Mine-a- STATE OF MISSOURI. 483 Breton, and, after having viewed the different sites proposed for the permanent seat of justice, selected a tract of land containing fifty acres immediately adjoining the village of Mine-a-Breton on the northwest, forty acres of which were donated to the county by Moses Austin, and ten acres by John B. Jones, in consideration that a town and the county seat be established thereon. Deeds for the same were afterward obtained from the donors. This tract of land was then laid out by the commissioners into a toAvn containing a public square and twenty-two other blocks or 147 lots in all, with appropriate streets and alleys, and named Potosi, and now the old village of Mine-a-Breton and the additions thereto, together with the additions to Potosi, all go under the latter name. Highways. — At the first term of the court of common pleas a petition was presented to " open a road from the house of Moses Bates, at the Mine-a-Breton, and running on the ridge which passes the house of John F. V. Prater to the east of Joseph Deal's, Solomon Daily's, Nicholas Wilson's and Abraham Brinker's,until it intersects the road leading to the new diggings east of the plan- tation of Baptiste Mishoes." Moses Austin, Benjamin Elliott and David Wheeler were appointed commissioners, with William Perry, surveyor, to view and survey this proposed road, which they did at once, and made their report to the court, and the road was es- tablished at the same term. A petition to open a road on the following route was then presented : " Beginning at Moses Bates', to run northwesterly, according to the nature of the ground, until it intersects the road leading to the Mineral Fork." John Perry, Jr., John W. Hopkins and David Wheeler were ap- pointed commissioners, with William Perry, surveyor, to view and mark out the proposed road, and to report their proceedings at the next term of the court. Another petition was presented for a road "beginning at the Mine-a-Breton, running the nearest and best way through Bellevue to John Lewis'." John Lewis, Eobert Reed and William Hughs, with William Stevenson as surveyor, were appointed to view the said proposed road. Benjamin Crow, Joseph Reed and John Hughs, with William Stevenson as sur- veyor, were appointed to view the following proposed road : " Be- ginnino^ at Thomas Reed's mill, in Bellevue, to the mouth of Flat 484 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. River, near William Montgomery's, so as to intersect the road lead- ing from Mine-a-Breton to John Lewis'." These roads, as herein described, were afterward established on receipt of the reports of the commissioners. Solomon Dally was then appointed supervisor of the road leading from Mine-a-Breton to Ste. Genevieve as far as the Glade Spring, and Abraham Brinker and John Hawkins were appointed assessors for that road ; John Baker was appointed su- pervisor of the same road from the Glade Spring to the county line between Washington and Ste. Genevieve Counties, and Isaac Baker and Thomas Eads were appointed assessors for same. Subsequently other highways were laid out and established on various routes throughout the county to suit the convenience of the growing population. Public Buildings. — A subscription being circulated for the purpose of raising funds with which to build a temporary jail, the county court,* at its March term, 1815, appointed Lionel Browne to receive said subscription and collect the same, and to let out the building of the jail to the lowest bidder and superintend the building thereof; the jail to be of hewed logs thirteen feet long and one foot square, the floors above and below to be laid of hewed logs of the same size, and if the amount of the subscrip- tion was not sufficient to complete the jail, Lionel Browne was authorized to draw upon the treasury of the county for the bal- ance. Accordingly the jail was erected, and at the next term of the court Mr. Browne was allowed the sum of $114 out of the public treasury to finish paying for the same. This jail was erected near the public square in the original town of Potosi, and, being only a temporary structure, it was not continued many years. First Courthouse. — On the 5th, 6th and 7tli days of July, 1814, the county seat commissioners sold seventy-nine lots in the town of Potosi for the sum of $5,080. They then advertised for bids for the building of a courthouse, and on the 15th of October, following, they let the contract to Nehemiah Cravens for the sum of $5,595, and took a bond with secur- ities from the contractor for the completion of the work by De- *N0TE— This was the first term of the County Court which succeeded the common pleas courts, [See courts.] STATE OF MISSOURI. 485 cember 1, 1815. At the expiration of the time the work was not completed, and the contractor found himself unable to complete it at all. According to the plans and specifications, the building was to consist of a large two-story frame structure, and two wings, each one story in height, and the whole to be set on a stone foundation; also with a large porch in front with brick pillars extending from the foundation to the roof. As the town of Potosi was then competing with other points in the Territory of Missouri for the capital, this building was designed to be con- structed in anticipation of its being the future capitol of the State ; and, consequently, on account of its size and ornamentation it could not be erected for the amount of the contract price. The sureties on the contractor's bond afterward finished the wings for the county offices, and the first story of the main building for a courtroom, and the second story never was fin- ished. The building stood until 1840, when it was taken down, and the material used, so far as it was suitable, in the construc- tion of a new courthouse, which is still standing. In 1848 Washington County purchased, for the sum of $750, the tract of land (being 150 feet square) on which the court- house noAv stands, it being a part of the Austin grant, in the town of Potosi, and procured a deed for the same from John Deane and Mary, his wife; the deed was dated December 13, 1848. In February, 1849, the county court appointed Matthew Webber commissioner to superintend the building of the courthouse. At the same term the contract for the building was let to Henry Wright, for the sum of $10,000. On the 29th of April, 1850, the court accepted the building from the hands of the con- tractor, and ordered the public records to be moved therein. The building, which is still standing in a good state of preservation, is a large and substantial two-story brick structure, set upon a stone foundation, and has the offices of the county and circuit court clerks, probate judge, grand jurors and sheriff and collector, together with a hall and stairs on the first floor, and the court- room and two jury rooms on the second. The first permanent jail was built in an early day, when the temporary jail building before mentioned was abandoned. It stood near the old court- house, and was a small, two-story brick structure, lined on the 486 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. inside with square pine timbers. Some time during the thirties it was set on fire by an insane negro, who was confined therein, and both the jail and the negro were consumed. The present county jail, which is a one-story brick building, with iron cells, and stands on the same lot with the courthouse, was erected in the year 1868. Messrs. Singer & Emelauer had a contract for the brick and wood work for $2,390, and Morris Pawly had a contract for the iron work for $2,218.65. Both fulfilled their contracts, and received their respective amounts for the same. These two amounts, together with other necessary expenditures, made the jail cost in the aggregate about $5,000. Poor Farm and Buildings. — On the 30th of May, 1882, the county court purchased of L. B. Higginbotham and wife, for the sum of $4,000, a farm containing 320 acres lying about six miles northwest from Potosi, and received a deed for the property from the grantors on the same day. On the 18th of August, following, the court entered into a contract with Joseph Guthrie, for the erection of a suitable house on the farm for a home for the dependent poor or paupers of the county — the house to be a one-story frame building, sixty feet long, with a hall running- lengthwise therein, with rooms on each side, and a large dining- room at one end, and the whole to be completed for the sum of $1,890, and to be ready for occupancy on or before October 28? of the same year. It was erected according to contract, and the court then entered into an agreement with the aforesaid L. B. Higginbotham, whereby he became superintendent of the poor farm, and agreed to provide food, clothing, beds, and everything necessary for the comfort and health of the paupers confined by the authority of the court in the poorhouse. In compensa- tion therefor the court agreed to and did let to Mr. Higgin- botham the said county poor farm, under certain restrictions ; he to have the use of the same and all the proceeds therefrom, and in addition the court agreed to pay him the sum of $4.50 per month for each and every pauper entrusted to his care. This contract was to run from November 1, jl882, to March 1, 1884, at the end of which time it was renewed for one year, and then re- newed for four years, so it will not expire until March 1, 1889. In 1883 Mr. Higginbotham, by order of the court, erected STATE OF MISSOURI. 487 an asylum (which is a small building about 24x28 feet) on the farm for the confinement of the incurably insane paupers belong- ing to the county. There are, at this wiiting, twenty paupers in the poorhouse, and two in the asylum, and this is about the average number from year to year. The superintendent is allowed additional compensation for the care of insane paupers. The cost to the county for the support of her paupers for the year 1887 was §1,477. Prior to the purchase of this farm and the erection of the poorhouse thereon, AVashington County sup- ported her paupers by hiring one or more responsible persons to provide and care for them for a stipulated price. Municipal Toiunships. — The original municipal townships of the county, together with those that were afterward formed dur- ing its early history, were very indefinitely bounded, natural objects being mentioned here and there on the lines as landmarks. On account of these indefinite boundaries difficulties sometimes arose in regard to the extension of road districts, and to remedy this the county court, at its January term, 1852, reorganized the townships and described their boundary lines with reference to the public surveys of the lands. The townships thus described, and then comprising the territory of the county as it then existed, were Kichwoods, Johnson, Union, Liberty, Breton, Concord, Bellevue and Harmony. Since that time some changes have been made and new townships formed, so that the subdivision of the county into municipal townships at the present writing stands as follows: Johnson Toimiship, in the northwest corner of the county, comprises Townships 38, 39 and 40 north, in Kange 1 west, and the west one-third of Townships 39 and 40, in Kange 1 east. Richivoods Township, in the northeast corner of the county, is bounded north and northeast by county boundary, southeast by Kingston Township, south by the line dividing Townships 38 and 39 north, and west by Johnson Township. Kiiujsion Toivnship is bounded north and west by Kich- woods Township, east by the eastern boundary of the county, and south principally by the line dividing Townships 38 and 39 north. Union Township is bounded north by Kingston, east by the 488 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. eastern boundary of the county, south by the line dividing Town- ships 37 and 38 north, and west by the western line of the " Old Mines grant" and the ]ine between Sections 25 and 26, and 35 and 36, Township 38 north, Range 2 east. Liberty Townshij) lies west of Union, and comprises all the balance of Township 38 north, lying within the county and east of the fifth principal meridian, except a portion of the " Moses Austin grant " which extends into that township. Breton Township includes the whole of the Moses Austin grant and all of Township 37 north, lying within the county east of the range line dividing Ranges 1 and 2 east. Walton Township comprises all of Township 37 north, lying within the county west of Breton Township. Harmoni/, Belhjrade, BeUevue, and Concord Townships com- prise all the balance of the county lying south of the line divid- ing Townships 36 and 37 north, Harmony on the west, Bellgrade next on the east, Bellevue next, and Concord to the eastward. MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS. Elections. — At the July term, 1814, of the court of common pleas, Joseph McCormack, Salmon Ruggles and James Robinson were appointed judges of the election to be held in Bellevue Township for the purpose of electing a representative to the Leg- islature and a delegate to the Congress of the United States, the election to be held at the house of Edward Johnson ; and for the same purpose the following judges of elections were appointed for the following places: John W. Hopkins, Jesse Blackwell and Jacob Jones for the township of Breton, the election to be held at the house formerly owned by John F. V. Prater; and Ezekiel Estis, John Baker and Thomas Eades for Big River Township, the election to be held at the house of Isaac Baker ; and John Horine, Thomas Heret and Moses Ferguson for Richwood Township, the election to be held at the house of Benjamin Horine. This was the first election held in the county. The lists of county officers, given elsewhere in this work, will show who were elected to all the principal offices at all subsequent elections. The vote of the county at the presidential elections of 1880 and 1884 was as follows : STATE OF MISSOURI. 489 1880— Hancock, 1,489; Garfield, 775; Weaver, 78. 1884 — Cleveland, 1,438; Blaine and scattering vote for But- ler, 987; St. John, 30. Vote for representative in Legislature in 1886 — William E. Goodykoontz, Democrat, 1,225; Edgar C. Baugher, Republi- can, 1,110; H. W. Cook, 121. Vote for judge of the Twenty-Sixth Circuit, in Washington County— D. Thomas, 1,391; I. D. Williams, 924. Vote for members of Congress in 1886 — D. Clardy, Demo- crat, 1,391; Ledergerber, Republican, 1,059; Ratchford, 33. Presideniial Elections. — The following is the vote cast in Washington County for each presidential candidate, beginning with the year 1836: 1836— Martin Van Buren, 311; Henry Clay, 245. 1840 — William H. Harrison, 479; Martin Van Buren, 514. 1844— Henry Clay, 613; James K. Polk, 588. 1848— Zachary Taylor, 473; Lewis Cass, 423. 1852— Winfield Scott, 360; Franklin Pierce, 334. 1856 — James Buchanan, 578; Millard Fillmore, 487. 1860— Abraham Lincoln, 28; John Bell, 493; John C. Breck- inridge, 62; Stephen A. Douglas, 635. 1864— Abraham Lincoln, 788; George B. McClellan, 239. 1868— Horatio Seymour, 722; U. S. Grant, 419. 1872— Horace Greeley, 878; U. S. Grant, 641. 1876— Samuel J. Tilden, 1,607; R. B. Hayes, 759. 1880— James A. Garfield, 775; W. S. Hancock, 1,489; John P. St. John, 30. 1884— Grover Cleveland, 1,438; James G. Blaine, 983. County Officers. — The various county ofiicers of Washington County since its organization have been as follows: Count fj Court Clerics — John Brickey, 1813-20; John C. Brickey, 1820-42; Samuel Harrison, 1842-60; Moses Brook, 1860-65; Samuel Harrison, 1865-67; C. B. Smith, 1867-87; W. T. Hunter, 1887. The latter is the present incumbent. Circuit Court Clerks — John Brickey, 1815-22; John Jones, 1822-28; Israel McGready, 1828-48; William A. Matthews, 1848-65; William T. Hunter, 1865-67; J. B. Bell and William T. Hunter were opposing candidates for the office at the election 31 490 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. in 1866. Bell was declared elected, and took possession of the office January 1, 1867. Hunter contested the election, and it was decided that he was the person rif^htfully elected and therefore entitled to the office, the duties of which he again assumed May 1, 1867, and served up to January 1, 1871; then as follows: Will- iam E. McGready, 1871-75; Andrew R Casey, 1875-79; Will- iam E. McGready, 1879-83; Andrew F. Casey, the present incum- bent, was elected in 1882 and re-elected in 1886. Slicrif/s and Collccfors — Lionel Browne, 1813-15 ; Daniel Dunklin, 1815-21 ; Andrew Miller, 1821-23; Samuel P. Brown, 1823-29; Andrew Miller, 1829-31 ; Jesse H. Mcllvain, 1831-33; James C. Johnson, 1833-34; William W. Smith, 1834-37; A. C. Hinkson, 1837-41; R P. Brickey, 1811 to October; W. A. Mat- thews from October, 1841 to 1844; S. E. Roussin, 1844-46; Luke W. Burris, 1846-50: Samuel A. Reyburn, 1850-54; M. A. Todd, 1854-58; James Long, 1858-63; Thomas D. Castleman, 1863-65; James C. Libby, 18()5-67; John C. Breckenridge, 1867-71; John T. Clark, 1871-73; John M. Anthony, 1873-77; Harrison Wal- lace, 1877-81; L. B. Higginbotham, 1881-85; John O. Long, 1885-87 ; L. B. Higginbotham, the present incumbent, was elected in 1886. Counfij Surveyors — John Hawkins was the first surveyor of the county. No records of the surveys of the county surveyors prior to 1824 have been preserved. The surveyors since that date have been as follows; Samuel P. Brown, 1824-30; Mason Frissell, 1830-34; John Stewart, 1834-36; Eugene O'Mara, 1836-54; W. Sholar, 1854-56; Charles T. Manter, 1856-58; I. K. Walker, 1858- * * George C. Breckenridge, 1864-72; Frederick W^ill, the present incumbent, was elected in 1872, and has served by continued re-elections ever since. The present officers of the county not mentioned elsewhere are T. A. Waring, treasurer; Eugene O'Mara, assessor; B. Fox, school commissioner; Frederick Will, public administrator, and Dr. W. R. Goodykoontz, of Caledonia, representative in the Leg- islature. Populaiion. — The following table shows the population of Washington County as compiled from the reports of the United States census: STATE OF MlSbOUllI. 491 "Year 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. Whites. Colored. 2,769 425 6,784 1,202 7,213 965 i 7,713 1,098 9,723 1,053 10,748 971 11,558 1,038 Total. 3,194 7,986 8,178 8,811 10,776 11,719 12,596 The foregoing includes both the slaA^es and free negroes as they were enumerated when slavery existed. The free negroes were enumerated as follows: 1830, 31:; 1810, 12; 1850, 23; 1860, 25. All of the other colored people were slaves up to and in- cluding the census of 1860. The population of the county at the present writing is probably about 13,500. Taxaiion and Finances. — At a special term of the common pleas court, held in the clerk's office in the village of Mine-a-Bre- ton (Potosi), beginning on June 20, 1811, with William Sloan and Martin Kuggles, judges present; Joshua Morrison, assessor for Bellevue and Big River Townships, made return of all taxa- ble property therein, and Joseph Boring, assessor of the township of Breton, made return of all taxable property in his township. Thereupon the court made a calculation of the probable amount of expenditures for the year 1811, and levied taxes for county purposes as follows: "On each mare, horse, mule or ass, above the age of three years, the sum of 37^ cents ; on each head of neat cattle above the age of three years, the sum of 10 cents ; on each stud-horse, the rate he stands the season; on every bond- servant or slave between the ages of sixteen and forty-five years, the sum of §1; on every able-bodied single man of the age of twenty-one years and upward, the sum of §1; on all other taxa- ble property to the county, the sum of 200 cents for every $200." After making a calculation at these rates, the court found that the taxable property of the county, as returned by the assessors, would produce the sum of §600.18 for county purposes, and, according to the levies of the Legislature, it would produce the sum of $303.12, for the territorial government. Joseph Boring was then allowed for his services as assessor the sum of $15, and Joshua Morrison the sum of §16.50. The tax rates charged for the year 1820 were as follows: 492 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. On each horse, mare or ass over three years old, 25 cents; on each stud-horse, the sum charged for the season; on each slave between sixteen and forty-five years of age, 50 cents; on every able-bodied single man of twenty-one years of age and upward, not possessed of property to the value of $200, 50 cents ; on water gristmills, sawmills, horsemills, tanyards and distilleries in actual operation the sum of 40 cents on each §100 of their assessed value; on all neat cattle above three years of age, 6J cents each. Upon a calculation it was found that the gross amount of taxes charged on the taxable property of the county for the year 1820, amounted to $557.57 for county purposes, and $669.24 for State purposes, the State being admitted into the Union in July of that year. Thus the increase in taxation for the first six years of the existence of the county was only $323.21. Passing down to the year 1829, it is found that the amount of taxes charged in the county for county purposes was $2,047.54, and for State purposes, $1,023.78, making an aggregate of $3,071.32. Then, as the county increased in population, it also increased in wealth, and the amount of taxes charged and collected annually became pro- portionately larger. In 1860, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War, the taxable property of Washington County and the taxes charged thereon as shown by the records of that date, were as follows: 361,629 acres of land and 390 town lots, valued at $1,014,975; 975 slaves valued at $455,860; personal property, valued at $219,215; cash, notes and bonds, valued at $401,630; 51 mills, furnaces, machines and tanyards, valued at $53,600; making a total of the assessed value of taxables of $2,145,280. There were also 1,385 taxable polls, and the total taxes charged on property and polls for that year, for State purposes, amounted to $7,313.75, and for county purposes, $5,882.57, making a grand total of taxes charged for both State and county purposes of $12,196.32. To show the increase of the taxable property of the county since the year 1860 the following table, with the several items of property and their assessed value, as shown by the tax books for the year 1887, is here inserted. Number of acres of land, 460,967 $1,635,090 Number of town lots, 1,350 183,120 STATE OF MISSOURI. 493 Money, bonds and notes $141,985 Insurance companies 2,125 Other property : 316,940 Number of merchants 70, merchandise 85,150 St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway.... 302,964 St. Joe Railroad 15,628 Western Union Telegraph 3,445 Total assessed value of taxable property $2,686, 447 While these figures do not show a very material increase in the taxable wealth of the county over that of 1860 it must be remembered that in that year there were 975 slaves, valued at S455,860, which, with the abolition of slavery, ceased to be prop- erty. The receipts and expenditures of Washington County on account of county and road funds for the year 1886, as shown by the report of the county court clerk, is as follows: RECEIPTS. Balance in treasury March 1, 1886 $1,498 25 Back tax received 879 99 Dramshop and peddlers' licenses 1,455 51 Merchants' licenses 334 28 Railroad and telegraph 1,250 74 Revenue for 1886.. 7,715 05 Total $13,133 82 EXPENDITURES, General warrants paid $11,224 41 Interest paid on warrants 365 00 Jury certificates paid 678 20 Witness certificates paid 223 55 Balance in treasury 642 66 Total $13, 133 82 Of the county road fund there was in the treasury, March 1, 1886, the sum of §422.82, and there was received in addition thereto the sum of §481.75, making a total of §904.57, of which $603. 39 was expended and §301.18 left in the treasury. There was also the sum of §1,887.57 of road tax collected and paid over to the road overseers. The same report gives the statement of the county debt as follows: 494 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. COUNTY DEBT. Amount of outstanding warrants and script $1,104 89 Cash in treasury 642 66 Balance of debt 562 23 Washington County has no bonded debt, and the small balance shown above was her total indebtedness at the date of the last financial report. THE COUKTS. Common Picas Court. — The court of common pleas had juris- diction over all county business, and even criminal business, and for the first year of the county's existence, 1814, it was the only court in the county, its last term being held in November of that year. Its organization has been given in connection with the organi- zation of the county. At its first term held in January, 1814, the fol- lowing named gentlemen were selected, tried and sworn as the first grand jurors of Washington County: Andrew Henry, Abraham Brinker, Solomon Dally, John Perry, Jr., John Hopkins, Joshua Morrison, Philip McGuire, Joseph Cross, Nicholas Hays, John Hughs, Zopher P. Evans, Josiali H. Bell, David Smith, William Hughs, David Wheeler, John W. Weber, Peter W. Lore, Edward Cheatham and Moses Bates. The first named was appointed foreman. Then came Moses Austin, who presented a petition for a partition of the tract of land known as the Austin grant between himself and John Rice Jones, according to their respective interests. William Stephenson, Benjamin Elliott and James Wilkerson were appointed commissioners to make the division. The grand jury then returned into court and filed presentments in the name of the United States against John Cavender, James Hewitt and Seth Hyatt for an "affray," and against John O'Donald, James Willoughby and Alexander W^il- loughby for "robbery." This was the beginning of the crim- inal business in the county. At the April term, 1814, of this court, a civil case had been filed, entitled Robert Hinkson vs. Thomas Hargis, and the following is a copy of the entry of rec- ord made by the clerk: "This day came the plaintiff in his proper ]:)erson and dismisses his plaint against said defendant;" then follows the order of court taxing costs, etc. At the July STATE OF MISSOURI. 495 term, 1814, of this court, John O'Donald, James AVilloiighby and Alexander Willoughby, being charged with "robbery," were arraigned for trial, and the following named gentlemen were selected, tried and sworn as the first petit jury of AVashington County: Jol) "Westover, Jacob Wood, Kobert Andrews, Daniel Robinson, George Jamison, Strother Covington, John Mcllvain, John S. Brickey, Isaac Jamison, John Robinson, James Silvers and Joseph Boyer. After trial this jury returned their verdict finding the defendants "guilty as charged in bill of indictment." This was the first jury trial in the county. Couniy Couri. — The common pleas court was superseded by the county court, which was composed of county court justices. The caption of the record of the proceedings of the first term of the county court held in Washington County reads as follows : " At a county court begun and held in the town of Potosi, in and for said county, on the third Monday in March, being the twentieth day thereof, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and fifteen — present James Austin, John Andrews, George Ashbrook and Josiah H. Bell, Esquires, justices of the peace in and for said county, the following proceedings were had." John Brickey, formerly clerk of the common pleas court, was then appointed clerk of the county court and gave bond as such, and assumed the duties of his office. At a subsequent term Burwell I. Thompson and Solomon Dally became county court justices, and served with the foregoing justices of the court until the close of the January term in 181(3, at which time the county court was suspended, and the business transferred to the circuit court. All the county business was then transacted in the circuit court until 1821, when the county court was re-established, and its first term held in February of that year. As I'eorganized, it consisted of three county court justices elected at large, and so continued to be composed until the year 1879. The following is a list of the names of the county court justices for that period, with date of service annexed: John Perry, Jr., 1821-25; George McGahan, 1821-22; George Breckenridge, 1821-23; Thompson H. Ficklin, 1822-20; Daniel Dunklin, 1822-28; Risdon H. Price, 1822-25; Henry Shurlds, 1825-26; Alexander Starbuck, 1825-29; Robert M. Stevenson, 1825-29; 496 HISTOllY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Andrew Gofortli, 1826-30; Abraham Brinker, 1826-27; Elijah ^Y. Hudspeth, 1826-27; George Jamison, 1826-27; Orsamus A. Belknap, 1826-27 ; John Brickey, 1827-42; Joseph N. Keybimi, 1830-31; Amos J. Bruce, 1830-38; James M. White, 1830-42; David Hanger, 1838-51 ; David E. Ferryman, 1842-45; Napo- leon B. Norvell, 1842-46; Joseph Simpson, 1845-46; S. M. Allison, 1846-50; Ransom Batterson, 1849-50; William Lucas, 1850-54: B. K. Hersey, 1850-54; John Deane, 1851-54; James H. Relfe, 1854-57; George B. Cole, 1854-60; N. B. Norvell, 1854-55; Peter E. Bean, 1855-57; William S. Murphy, 1857-65; William E. Brady, 1857-58; Mortimer F. Williams, 1858-66; John Teasdale, 1860; C. A. Edmunds, 1865-66; John T. Robinson, 1865-66; A. R.Eaton, 1866-69 ;F. K.Boyd, 1866-74; Jephtha B. Johnson, 1866-73; Thomas Higginbotham, 1869-74; M. F. Williams, 1873-79; AVilliam M. Thomas, 1874-77; John Teasdale, 1874-79; Thomas S. White, 1877-79. In 1877 a law was passed by the Legislature changing the formation of the county court, requiring the county to be divided into two districts, so as to divide the population as nearly equal as possible without dividing any municipal township, and that thereafter there should be a county judge elected in each of the districts, and one to be elected at large, the latter to be the presiding officer, and that the judges so elected should be styled " county court judges." Accordingly, in 1878, at the February term of the county court, the county was divided into two districts, the first to consist of the municipal townships of Breton, Union, Kingston, Richwoods and Johnson; and the second of Liberty, Walton, Harmony, Belgrade, Bellevue and Concord. Then, at the general election of 1878, John Teasdale was elected as judge of the county court in the First District; George C. Breckenridge, in the Second, and Thomas S. White, at large. Since that time the judges have been as follows: First District— John Teasdale, 1879-81; E. E. Curtis, 1881-82; Hyr- canus Hawkins, 1882-84; McKinzie Burton, 1884-86. Second District— George C. Breckinridge, 1879-82; Allen M. Goforth, 1882-84; Joseph H. Walton, 1884-86. At large— Thomas S. White, 1879, until his death in 1881; John Teasdale, by appoint- ment, 1881-82; R. H. Dearing, 1882-86. The present judges of STATE OF MISSOURI. 497 the court were elected in 1881) as follows: McKinzie Burton, in the First District, Joseph H. Walton, in the Second, and Hyrca- nus Hawkins, at large. Circuit Court. — The following is a copy of the caption of the record of the proceedings of the first term of the circuit court of AYashington County: ''At a circuit court opened and held in the town of Potosi, in and for the county of Washington, at the courthouse, on the fourth Monday of April in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifteen — present the Hon. David Barton, judge of the Northern Circuit, and the Hon. Richard S. Thomas, judge of the Southern Circuit." It appears from the record that these judges served together up to July of that year, and then Barton served alone until 1818, and from that time forward and down to the present writing the judges named in the following list have presided over this court for the terms shown by the dates annexed to their names: First, Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, 1818-20; Alexander Gray, 1820-21 ; Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, 1821-23; Alexander Stuart, 1823-26; William C. Carr, 1820-31; John D. Cook, 1831-33; Charles H. Allen, 1833-35; William Scott, 1835-37; Henry Shurlds, 1837-39; David Steriger, 1839-44; John H. Stone, 1844-62; James W. Owens, 1862-64; AVilliam Carter, 1864-66; James H. Vail, 1866-72; Philip Pipkin, 1872, one term; James H. Yail, 1872, one term; Louis F. Dinning, 1873-81; John L. Thomas, the present incumbent, has served continuously since 1881. The following is a list of the names of the circuit attorneys and also of the county or prosecuting attorneys: Circuit Attorneijs. — Henry S. Geyer, 1815-21; James H. Peck, 1821-22; Eobert P. Farris, 1822-29; Hamilton R. Gamble, 1829-31; Greer W. Davis, 1831-36; Philip Cole, 1836-37; John S. Brickey, 1837-49; John D. Stevenson, 1849-50; Daniel Q. Gale, 1850-65; John B. Robinson, 1865-66; A. H. Smith, 1866- 68; Ira E. Leonard, 1868-70; George D. Reynolds, 1870-72. County or Prosecuting Attorneys. — W. S. Relfe, 1872-74; Frank Harris, 1874-78; W. E. Hemmingway, 1878-81; Frank Harris, 1881-82; Henry S. Evans, 1882-84; Frank Harris, 1884 until May when he died; Henry S. Evans, the present incum- 498 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. bent, succeeded Harris and has served ever since — to present writing (1888). Probate Court. — The probate court was established in accord- ance with an act of the Legislature passed in 1877, the first sec- tion of which reads as follows: "A probate court, which shall be a court of record, and consist of one judge, is hereby established in the city of St. Louis, and in every county in the State." The act provided that at the general election in 1878, and every four years thereafter, a judge of the probate court should be elected, to serve four years from the first day of Janu- ary ensuing his election. Accordingly, at the general election in 1878, John L. Detchemendy was elected judge of the probate court in Washington County. He qualified and held the office four years, and in 1882 Andrew Casey was elected his successor. The latter held the office four years, and in 1886 was elected his own successor, and is now serving his second term. This court has jurisdiction over all matters pertaining to probate business, and its regular terms commence on the second Mondays of Feb- ruary, May, August and November of each year. Supreme Court at Pofosi. — By an act of the Legislature, approved January 21, 1837, the State of Missouri was divided into four judicial districts, in each of which two terms of the supreme court were to be held annually. The Fourth District was composed of the counties of Franklin, Gasconade, Pulaski, Crawford, Washington, Perry, St. Francois, Ste. Genevieve, Jef- ferson, Ripley, Wayne, Cape Girardeau, Scott, Madison, Stod- dard and New Madrid. And for this district the terms of the supreme court were to be held at Potosi in Washington County, beginning on the fourth Mondays of May and September in each year. Under this act two sessions of the supreme court were held annually at Potosi until another act of the Legislature entitled " An act to concentrate the supreme court" approved February 24, 1843, went into effect. By this act the supreme court of tlxe State was concentrated and caused to be held twice a year at the City of Jefferson only; and the clerks of said court in the aforesaid judicial districts' Avere required to transmit all papers, pleadings and records of their respective districts to the clerk of the supreme court at Jefferson City at once. STATE OF MISSOURI. 499 Washingion Couniy Bar. — Washington County has produced a number of very prominent men, whose reputations have not been confined to its limits. Among the number, in addition to those elsewhere named, may be mentioned Israel McGready, who repre- sented this part of the Territory in the first General Assembly of the Territory of Missouri, and in the second he represented the new county of AYashington ; also Daniel Dunklin, who was an early sheriff of AVashington, and afterward governor of the State of Missouri, and subsequently surveyer-general of the United States; also David E. Ferryman, a noted criminal lawer. Other prominent early members of the bar were John S. Brickey, John Brickey, Philip Cole and Judge Henry Shurlds. The Washington County bar at the present writing is composed of Judge Louis F. Dinning, Samuel Byrns, John L. Detchemendy, G. I. Van Allen and William S. Anthony of Potosi, and Henry S. Evans, of Caledonia. [See biographical department.] Criminal Record. — Washington County has had a full share of homicides, some justifiable but mostly unwarranted. A number of willful murders have been committed, and the offenders in some instances have gone unpunished. A brief mention of homicides will be made, but space will not admit the giving of all the details thereof. It seems from the records that the first indictment in the Washington Circuit Court for the crime of murder was found in July, 1821, against the notorious John Smith T. for the murder of Richard Rose. Smith then lived at Shibboleth, and was the owner of a number of slaves. He charged that Rose was trying to persuade some of his slaves to leave him, and for that reason shot and killed Rose, on one occasion, when they met in Samuel Thompson's stillhouse, four miles northeast of Potosi ; he was never punished for the deed. John Smith T. was a notorious character, who came to this county from Tennessee near the beginning of the present century. In order to distinguish himself from the many John Smiths he annexed T. to his name, and was always thereafter called John Smith T. (John Smith from Tennessee.) On coming to this county he became the possessor of a number of Spanish grants, and soon became wealthy; and, while it is said that he was kind and good to the poor, it was claimed, also, that he was 500 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. generally feared on account of his success as a duelist. He finally went to Mississippi to establish a plantation, and there died, and his body was brought back to Missouri for interment. William Perry, of Potosi, and one Hill were in dispute about a mining claim at Lambert's Diggings, and on the 17th of September, 1825, they met at the disputed claim, when Hill shot and killed Perry. In 1831 Edward Wideman and Peter Valle quarreled at a grocery in Richwoods Township, and the former struck the lat- ter on the head with a plow-beam and killed him. Wideman was indicted for the murder, arrested and tried in July of that year, and the jury disagreed. He was again tried in November, fol- lowing, and found guilty. On motion, the verdict was set aside and a new trial granted. The case was continued, and Wideman gave bond for his appearance, and was released from custody. He then ran away, and was never re-arrested. In 1845 James H. Miner was indicted for the murder of Thomas Byrd. He was afterward arrested and arraigned for trial in June, 1848, and granted a change of venue to St. Francois county, where he was tried and acquitted on the ground of self-defense. Also, in June, 1845, William Campbell was indicted for the murder of one Wisdom at Palmer (Webster). On being arraigned for trial, Thomas C. Johnson and Francis L. Wiatt were appointed counsel for the defendant. He was tried, found guilty of murder in the second degree, and sentenced to serve ninety-nine years in the penitentiary. In 1847 Patrick O'Hanlen stabbed and killed William Sanchagree at Potosi. He then fled the country, and was never apprehended. About the year 1850 Andrew Silvers, on election day, in August, killed one Stacey. He was arrested and lodged in jail, from which he made his escape, and was never re- arrested. On December 18, 1855, Thomas Fillibrown shot and killed Richard Pierce. He was tried on the 2d of May, fol- lowing, found guilty of murder in the second degree, and sen- tenced to serve twelve years in the penitentiary. In 1858 Ben- jamin Talbot stabbed and killed a Mr. Rosebury at a circus at Old Mines. On the 12th of November of that year he was indicted for the murder, but made his escape from jail and went into the rebel army, where he was killed near the close of the war. STATE OF MISSOURI. 501 In 1860 Rufus Hopkins and one Johnson quarreled at the house of a Mr. Roderique, on Arnault Branch, and the former struck the latter with a rock and killed him. Hopkins was indicted for the murder, arrested and arraigned for trial, and was granted a change of venue to St. Louis County, where he was tried and acquitted. The same year, 1860, William Spencer was indicted for the murder of his mother-in-law, Mrs. Presnell. He was tried in December of that year and acquitted on account of insufficient evidence to sustain the charge. He was defended by Judge David E. Ferryman. In 1861 Jack Wisdom and Joseph Huff quarreled at the place known as Hicks' Diggings, and the former stabbed and killed the latter. Wisdom w^as indicted for the murder in De- cember of that year, and was arrested, and the case continued until May following, when he was tried, found guilty and sen- tenced to be hung July 18, 1862. Gov. Gamble commuted the sentence to imprisonment for life, and afterward pardoned him to go into the Federal army. Afterward, in 1877, Wisdom was stabbed and killed at C. D. Smith's mill, near Lost Creek, by a person against wdiom no prosecution was ever commenced. Wis- dom is said to have been a desperate fellow^ and it seems that the public justified the action of the man who killed him. In 1863 Antoine Feando and Benjamin Davis had an altercation at Old Mines, and the former stabbed and killed the latter. Feando was indicted May 27, and was tried June 2 of that year, and sentenced to serve three years in the penitentiary. He, too, was pardoned to go into the Federal army. The same year Richard Marshall killed Moses Baker, in Johnson Tow^nship. November 27 Marshall was indicted for the murder, and in May, 1864, he was tried, found guilty and sentenced to be hung July 9, follow- ing. The sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life, after which he was pardoned to go into the army. He threatened to kill a man ayIio was an important witness against him on the trial, and after the war closed he met this man in Franklin County, and by him was shot and killed. The man had heard of his threats, and on meeting him killed him to save his own life. In December, 1863, James Jamison w^as indicted for the murder of a paroled rebel soldier (name unknown) whom he met in the 502 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. road. JamisoD, then a militiaman, was arrested, and, on being arraigned for trial, was granted a change of venue to Iron County, where he was acquitted. In June, 1866, John Northcut was indicted for the murder of Mercer, at a point on Indian Creek about sixteen miles north of Potosi. He was afterward tried and acquitted, his defense being that the shooting of Mercer was accidental. It seems to have occurred in a drunken row. On October 27, 1867, Thomas E. Wortham was indicted for the murder of George W. Simms, in Concord Township. AVortham was arrested and incarcerated in the Iron County jail, from which he escaped, and has not been re-arrested. At the April term, 1868, James Quick was indicted for the murder of George W. Higginbotham. Quick was arrested and arraigned for trial, and granted a change of venue to Jefferson County; and some time thereafter. Judge Lynch and his disciples took him (Quick) from the Jefferson County jail and hung him without the sanction of law. Higginbotham was sup- posed to have had a considerable amount of money on hand at the time, and he was killed in his own house by Quick who was seek- ing the money. The latter had an accomplice, who assisted him on the occasion, but this man escaped arrest. On November 11, 1868, Jesse Glore was indicted for the murder of Frank Salt- marsh. In April, 1869, he was tried and the jury disagreed. He then entered a plea of " guilty of manslaughter in the third degree," whereupon he was sentenced to a term of three years in the penitentiary. The most extensive, most horrible and outrageous crime ever committed in Washington County was the murder and burning of the Ijapine family.* This family consisted of David Lapine and Louisa, his wife, and their infant son, about eighteen months of age, and Mary Christopher and her infant daughter, a baby, and they lived in a log cabin about one mile northeast of Potosi. The murderers were John Armstrong and Charles Jolly, Jr., who lived in the same neighborhood. On the evening of November 19, 1870, these men, being under the influence of liquor, took with them a lad named Leon Jolly, and went to the house occu- pied by the Lapine family, and there, according to the evidence * The name was commonly called Lago. STATE OF MISSOURI. 503 of young Leon Jolly, Charles Jolly, Jr., shot David Lapine through a crack in the wall of the house, and then John Arm- strong rushed into the house, with an ax in hand, and with it severed the head of David Lapine from his body, then turned and severed the heads of the two women from their bodies, and then struck each of the infants on the head with the edge of the ax. The terrible deed was done! A family of five persons was slain, and the heads of three were severed from their bodies! Was ever the demon of destruction more hellish? Not being satisfied with their work, the fiends then set fire to the house, thinking, perhaps, that it might be made to appear that the family burned to death. The house was consumed by the fire, as was mostly the bodies of the victims of the murderers. After committing the terrible crime the murderers, with the boy, went on to town where they got more whisky, and then returned to their homes. They were soon suspected and arrested, and on the 24th of the month they were given a preliminary examination before Squire M. Malony, who committed them to the care of the sheriff to await the action of the grand jury. Accordingly, on the 13th of December, following, the grand jury found a bill of indictment against them for the murder as stated. On being arraigned for trial, and having no counsel. Judge J. H. Vail, who was then presiding, appointed the Hon. Joseph J. Brady as counsel for the defendants. The plea of not guilty was then entered, and the issues joined for trial. Hon. George D. Reynolds was then the circuit attorney, prosecuting on behalf of the State. Armstrong and Jolly were tried for the crime on the 21st of December, 1870, and were found guilty. The next day they were sentenced to be hung until dead, between the hours of 9 A. M. and 4 P. M., on the 27th of January, 1871. A gallows was ei'ected between the courthouse and jail, in the town of Potosi, and on the appointed day, at about 1 o'clock P. M., John Armstrong and Charles Jolly, Jr., were executed thereon, in accordance with the foregoing sentence. There was a sleet upon the ground at the time, and the roads were very bad, yet people came from a distance of forty miles to witness the execution. On the 20th of July, 1870, Hiram Talbott shot and killed 504 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Jasper Vandiver at a shooting match at Coleman's store, on the Arnault Branch, in Washington County. He was afterward indicted for the murder of Vandiver, tried and found guilty of manslaughter in the second degree, and sentenced to serve three years in the penitentiary, but was pardoned before the term expired. October 3, 1871, William McCarron stabbed Samuel Herring- ton, constable of Concord Township, from the effects of which the latter died the next day. The same month William McCarron, together with Patrick and James McCarron, John R. Fatchett and James Carr, who were charged with being present, aiding and abetting, were all indicted for the murder of Herrington. On the 8th of December, following, Patrick McCarron was tried, found guilty of murder in the second degree, and was sentenced to fifteen years in the penitentiary. The case was appealed to the supreme court, where the judgment was reversed and a new trial granted. All the other defendants were granted a change of venue to St. Louis County, where James McCarron was tried and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment in the penitentiary. His case was also appealed to the supreme court, where judgment was reversed and a new trial granted. William McCarron died of small -pox while in jail at St. Louis. The cases of all the other defendants, including the two that were tried as aforesaid, after being con- tinued from time to time, were finally dismissed by the State. The trial of James McCarron was the first one held in the new criminal courtroom at the Four Courts, in St. Louis. In June, 1874, Henry C. Howard was indicted for shooting and killing Pinkney Harold at a horse race on the Imboden race track, near Caledonia. Howard was afterward arrested in Texas, and brought back and tried September 2, 1S7G, and acquitted on the ground of self defense. In February, 1870, George Dearing was indicted for the murder of Stephen Bequette. It was alleged that Dearing stabbed and killed Bequette on the 14th of Jan- uary of that year. He was tried and found guilty of murder in the first degree. An appeal was taken to the supreme court, and a new trial granted. He was again tried in April, 1878, and ac- quitted on the ground of self defense. In June, 1870, William M. Settle was indicted for the murder of Nathan Cowell. The STATE OF MISSOURI. 505 indictment charged that on the Oth of May, 1876, he shot and killed Cowell at the railroad depot in Potosi. He was tried October 21, following, and acquitted on the plea of insanity. On the 11th of October, 1878, George Wallen was indicted for shoot- ing and killing La Fayette McVay, at Irondale. He was tried October 11, 1879, and acquitted. In October, 1879, Joseph Degonia was indicted for the murder of Jules Polite, which occurred about a mile northeast of Potosi, and his brothers, Frank and Antoine, were indicted as accessories. The two brothers plead guilty as accessories, and were sentenced to serve ten years each in the penitentiary. Joseph Degonia, the principal, was tried October 19, 1878, and found guilty of murder in the first degree, and on the 20th of the same month he was sentenced to be hung on Friday, December 6, 1878. He was taken to the St Louis County jail for safe keeping. An appeal was taken to the supreme court, where the judgment of the lower court was affirmed, and he Avas re-sentenced to be hung June 27, 1879. Near the appointed time, a gallows was erected, and on the day set for the execution Sheriff Wallace, while on his way from St. Louis with his prisoner in charge, received a telegram at De Soto, from the governor, that the sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life. Degonia, after serving some time in the penitentiary, was pardoned by the governor. On the 5th of February, 1884, Samuel Cook (colored) was indicted for killing his lady-love, Emma Shore (colored). He shot her July 5, 1883, while she was in the company of another colored man. He was tried on the 15th of April, 1884, found guilty of murder in the first degree, and was sentenced to be hung on the 6th of June following. An appeal was taken to the supreme court, where the judgment was aftirmed. Gov. Marmaduke then com- muted his sentence to imprisonment for life. Marvin McCabe and Robert Wigger, between whom a feud had long existed, were neighbors living in the vicinity of Mineral Point. They met at Mineral Point on election day in November, 1886, and then and there Wigger shot and killed McCabe. Charles McCabe, a son of Marvin McCabe, being present, in turn shot and killed Robert Wigger. On the 6th of April, following, Charles McCabe and his two brothers, James and John, who were charged with aid- 32 506 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. ing and abetting, were indicted for the murder of Robert Wigger. They were tried in June, 1887, and each was sentenced to ten years' servitude in the penitentiary. Previous to this affair these parties all sustained good reputations. MILITARY AFFAIRS. Loyaliy and Disloyalty. — In the spring of 1861, when it became certain that a war between the United States and the several States that had passed ordinances of secession was inev- itable, the people of Missouri, and especially of AVashington County, were generally in favor of armed neutrality. AVliile they were not in favor of secession, they were at the same time unwill- ing to take up arms against their Southern brethren, and, conse- quently, favored neutrality, and were wilJing to maintain it, even by force of arms. Early in May a meeting of the citizens of Washington County w^as held in the courthouse in Potosi, which was addressed by Hon. George B. Clark and others, who made strong arguments in favor of armed neutrality. An effort was then made to organize a large company, under the leadership of Capt. John Casey, for that purpose. A muster-roll was opened, and some sixty names were enrolled; but following this, and before the organization of the company was completed, a small battalion of Federal soldiers, under command of Capt. Cole, came out from St. Louis and took possession of Potosi, on the 16th of the same month. A number of citizens, who were either known to be or were suspected of being in full sympathy with the Southern cause, were arrested by this band, and about a dozen of them were taken back to St. Louis, and held for a time as prisoners of war, and then released. Hostilities Begun. — This action on the part of the Federal authorities put a sudden stop to all efforts to maintain armed neutrality in Washington County. Men had to take sides either for or against the Union, or maintain individual neutrality as best they could. At this juncture it became evident that a majority of the citizens were in sympathy with the cause of secession; but as the county was, as it may be said, within the Federal lines, no company or body of troops was organized within it for the Confederate army. On the contrary, several companies STATE OF MlSSOUia. t)U7 were afterward organized therein for the United States army. Capt. John Casey, however, recruited a company in September, 1861, from Washington, St. Francois and Iron Counties, of whom more than one-half were from Washington, and Richard Berry- man, Mack Cook and Samuel Long were the lieutenants of the company, ranking in the order named. This company joined the State Guards, as they were named, under the call of Gov. Clai- borne Jackson, and was at first attached to the Seventh Arkansas Cavalry, and remained with it until October, 1861, when it joined Col. Jack Smith's Missouri Regiment, in Jeff. Thompson's divis- ion of the State Guards, and there served until it was mustered out, in December following. It was not engaged in any battle, but participated in a few light skirmishes. After it was dis- banded, Capt. Casey, with a few of the men as a nucleus, organ- ized another company from Washington, St. Francois and Rey- nolds Counties, with only about fifteen men from Washington, The organization of this company was completed in August, 1862,. the lieutenants of which were Frank Clark, Seth Farris and James B. Crowder, ranking in the order named. It joined Col. Green's Missouri Regiment of Cavalry, and was sworn into the Confederate service, and with its regiment was engaged in the battles of Springfield and Hartsville, and the attack upon Cape Girardeau, in Missouri, and then moved to Arkansas, and was engaged, July 4, 1863, in the fight at Helena, and afterward in the battle of Little Rock, assisting in repulsing Gen. Steele's advance at Arkadelphia, and was in many skirmishes in that State. In September, 1864, it moved back into Missouri, to Pilot Knob and other places, and afterward to Kansas, and thence through the Indian Territory to Clarksville, Tex. ; thence to Lisbon, La., where it remained until the close of the war, and then went to Shreveport and surrendered to Gen. Canby. In August, 1862, Capt. James Carson, of Caledonia, raised a company of soldiers in Washington and Iron Counties, about thirty of the men being from Washington. The lieutenants of this company were Richard Berryman, Neeley and Rufus Beard, ranking in the order here named. It joined Col. White's regiment of Missouri Volunteers, in Parson's brigade, and was sworn into the Confederate army, where it served until the close 508 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. of the war. About the same time that the last mentioned com- pany was organized another was raised by Capt. William Talbert and Lieut. John B. Ross, of Washington County, from the coun- ties of Washington, Iron and Reynolds, with about twenty men from Washington. This company also joined Col. White's regi- ment, and served therein to the close of the war. It is estimated that, with the men who served in the foregoing companies, together with those who joined other commands not here enumer- ated, there were about 125 Washington County men who served from first to last in the Confederate army. Early in the summer of 18G1 a company of loyal Home Guards was organized in Potosi. They kept their guns in the building now known as the Douglass Hall, at the upper end of High Street, where they made their headquarters. The building was then called the "arsenal." On one occasion, in August of that year, when most of the men composing the Home Guards had retired from the "arsenal" to get their suppers, leaving only a few in the building to keep watch, Col. White, with a company of Confederate cavalry, rushed into the town and through it. As White's command approached, the guards in the building fired upon it, and the absentees, those at supper, lied for safety. In the skirmish, while White's command was passing through the town, Andrew Kerns, Alexander Fortune, Benjamin Kendall and Thomas Renfro, of the Home Guards, were wounded, and of the Confederates, William Holloman was killed and Dr. James Hill severely wounded. Col. White did not stop to occupy the town, but passed on, and left the Home Guards in possession. Soon thereafter this company of Home Guards was disbanded, and four other Union companies were organized in the county to act as Home Guards, and were mustered into the State's service in or a})Out September, 1861. One of these companies was mounted and was commanded by Capt. T. D. Castleman, who held his headquarters at Potosi, and performed his duties by sending scouting detachments through the country to watch the move- ments of the enemy. The other three companies mentioned were infantry, and one of them was commanded by Capt. Hulsey, who quartered his men in the courthouse at Potosi, and did post duty. Another was commanded by Capt. Stephen L. Page, who STATE OF MISSOURI. 509 held his headquarters at the Bretou Hotel, in Potosi, and had his company divided into detachments guarding bridges along the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Kailroad. The other one of the four companies was commanded by Philip R. Van Frank, with headquarters at Hopewell, where it did post duty and also guarded railroad bridges south of that place. These four com- panies, being only in State service, and having been mustered only for six months, were mustered out in December, 1861, before the expiration of their term, and their places were occupied by troops belonging to the United States army. After being mustered out William T. Hunter, who had served as a member of Capt. Castleman's company, and who, at the present writing, is clerk of the county court of Washington County, obtained permission from the proper Federal authority, and raised and organized in this county a company of cavalry, of which he became captain, and which was afterward, on the 8th of May, 18G2, mustered into the United States service as Company H, of the Twelfth Cavalry, Missouri State Militia. Thomas H. Macklind and Jesse Corum were mustered with the company as first and second lieutenants. The company served with this regiment until it was broken up, in February, 1863, and the companies thereof distributed to other regiments. At this time Capt. Hunter's company was in winter quarters at Jackson, the county seat of Cape Girardeau County. It was then consoli- dated with and became Company M of the Third (originally the Tenth) Cavalry, Missouri State Militia, and served with that regiment to the close of the war, being nearly all of the time on out-post duty in Missouri and Arkansas. The following is the roster of Capt. Hunter's company: Captain — Wm. T. Hunter, Potosi, commissioned May 13, 1862, mustered out at expiration of term, 1865. First lieutenant — T. H. Macklind, St. Louis, commissioned May 13, 1863, promoted captain cons. Company A, Third Cavalry, Missouri State Militia. Second lieutenant — Jesse Corum, Potosi, commissioned May 13, 1862, mustered out at expiration of term, 1865. Brevet adjutants — H. C. Campbell, lieutenant, commissioned May 24, 1862, mus- tered out; J. F. L. Jacoby, lieutenant, commissioned May 19, 1862, mustered out. 510 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. With the exception of recruits, the regiment was mustered out at the expiration of its term, in the months of January, February and March, 1865. The recruits were consolidated into one com- pany (A), of which Lieut. Macklind, formerly of Company M, became the captain. This company was not mustered out until July 13, 1865. Tlie Thirty -first Regiment. — In the summer of 1862, Capt. William H. Evens raised and organized a company in Washington County, which was mustered into the service as Company C, Thirty-first Regiment Missouri Volunteer Infantry. This regiment was organized in St. Louis, Mo., on the 7th of October of that year, and afterward moved to Ste. Genevieve, and from there to Helena, Ark., and then went into camp on the Mississippi side of the river, and there became a part of Gen. Blair's brigade. It served with great distinction to the close of the war, and its history in detail would fill a volume. The following is a list of the principal battles and skirmishes in which the Thirty-first Missouri participated: Chickasaw Bayou, Miss., December 27, 28 and 29, 1862— battle. Arkansas Post, Ark., January 11, 1863 — battle. Jackson, Miss., May 11, 1863 — skirmish. Yicksburg, Miss., May 18 to July 4 — siege. Jackson, Miss., July 10 to 17 — battle. Brandon, Miss., July 19, 1863 — skirmish. Cherokee, Ala., October 24 and 25, 1863 — skirmish. Tuscumbia, Ala., October 27, 1863 — battle. Lookout Mountain, Tenn., November 24, 1863 — battle. Missionary Ridge, Tenn., November 25, 1863 — battle. Ringgold, Ga., November 27, 1863 — battle. Buzzard's Roost, or Rocky Face Ridge, Ga., February 25, 26, 27, 1864— battle. Resaca, Ga., May 13, 14 and 15, 1864— battle. Dallas, Ga., May 27, 28 and 29, 1864— battle. Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., June 10 to July 3, 1864 — siege. Nickajack Creek, Ga., July 11, 12, 13 and 14, 1864 — skirmish. Atlanta, Ga., July 22 to August 28, 1864— siege. Jonesboro, Ga., August 31 and Sept. 1, 1864 — battle. STATE OF MISSOURI. 511 Lovejoys, Ga., September 3, 4 and 5, 1864 — skirmish. Taylor's Gap, Ala., October 16, 1864 — skirmish. Griswold Station, Ga., November 22, 1864 — battle. Ogeecliee Kiver, December 6, 1864 — skirmish. Savannah, Ga., December 9 to December 22, 1864 — siege. Combahee Kiver, S. C, January 25 and 27, 1865 — skirmish. Salkehatchie, S. C, February 4, 1865 — skirmish. Columbia, S. C, February 14 and 15, 1865 — battle. Bentonville, N. C, March 21 and 22, 1865— battle. Neuse River, N. C, April 10, 1865 — skirmish. This regiment traveled, from the time of its organization to its muster out, 1,200 miles by railroad, 2,500 miles by water, and marched over 3,000 miles on foot, fought in seven of the rebel States, marched through eleven States in rebellion, and was engaged in twenty-nine battles and skirmishes and sieges, making an aggregate of 166 days under fire. That portion of the regiment that enlisted prior to October 1, 1862, was mustered out at Washington City on the 13tli of June, 1865, the remaining part, about one company, at Louisville, Ky., on the 18th of July, 1865. The following is the roster of the colonel and lieutenant- colonel of this regiment, and of Capt. Evens' company: Colonel — Thomas C. Fletcher, commissioned October 9, 1862, resigned June 16, 1864. Lieutenant-colonel — Samuel P. Simpson, commissioned September 16, 1862, transferred to consolidated battalion Thirty-first and Thirty-second Regiment Infantry Vol- unteers. Company C. — Captains — William H. Evens, commissioned September 5, 1862, resigned August 10, 1863; William H. Judd, commissioned September 17, 1868, transferred to consolidated battalion Thirty-first and Thirty-second Regiment Infantry. First lieutenant — William H. Judd, commissioned September 5, 1862, promoted captain Company C, August 11, 1863. Second lieuten- ants — F. D. Heaton, commissioned September 17, 1863, mustered out November 9, 1864; Henry C. Beckett, commissioned Sep- tember 8, 186ii, resigned March 24, 1863. Tlic Tlurty -Second Enrolled Militia. — The Thirty- second Regiment Enrolled Missouri Militia was raised and organized in 512 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Washington County, and was used principally to keep peace and order at home, but did some active service during Price's raid into Missouri in 18GJ:. The following is the roster of the field and company officers: Colonels — Thomas J. Whitely, commissioned April 23, 1S63, resigned April 1, 1804; P. H. Van Frank, commissioned April 30, 1864, resigned October 4, 1864; William H. Evens, commis- sioned October 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Lieutenant- colonel — Irwin K. Walker, commissioned October 21, 1862, killed October, 1864. Major — James Cooke, commissioned October 21, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. Adjutant — B. W. Robinson, com- missioned August 9, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Surgeon — John B. Bell, commissioned September 29, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company A. — Captains — William A. Johnson, commissioned November 15, 1862, resigned January 27, 1864; Charles E. Godet, commissioned May 13, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenant — Charles B. Gray, commissioned November 15, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenant — Jacob B. Boyer, commissioned May 13, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Company B. — Captain — Joseph AVilkinson, commissioned Au- gust 15, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. First lieutenant — Peter Haynes, commissioned November 15, 1861, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. CompKiny D. — Captain — A. R. Eaton, commissioned May 3, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenants — Felix Barron, commissioned August 21, 1862, resigned May 20, 1864; John W. Yeargain, commissioned May 25, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenant — A. R. Eaton, commissioned August 21, 1862, promoted to captain April 16, 1864. Company E. — Captain — Charles AV. Fitch, commissioned No- vember 15, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. First lieutenants — Edwin C. Roll, commissioned November 15, 1862, vacated by special order June 30, 1864; John Dinsbur, commis- sioned July 8, 1864, resignation accepted by Special Order No. 139, 1864. Second lieutenant — Robert Close, commissioned May 18, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Company F. — Captain — William H. Evens, commissioned May STATE OF MISSOURI. 513 18, 1804, promoted to colonel. First lieutenants — William Jink- erson, commissioned August '21, 1862, resigned by special order, July 28, 1861; John Henry, commissioned August 8, 1861, vacated March 12, 1865. Second lieutenants — Elbert Thompson, commissioned August 21, 1862, resigned May 20, 1861; Henry C. Beckett, commissioned May 25, 1861, killed October, 1861. Compcinij G. — First lieutenant — Charles D. Smith, commis- sioned October 2, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1861. Second lieutenant — Samuel Weast, commissioned October 2, 1861, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1861. Compcoifj H. — Captain — Andrew J. Harris, commissioned April 30, 1861, killed October, 1861. First lieutenant— Charles AV. League, commissioned September 10, 1863, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1861. Second lieutenant — F. N. Thomas, commis- sioned October 2, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1861. Company I. — Captains — S. G. Breckenridge, commissioned October 2, 1862, resigned May 6, 1863, Special Order No. 1, 1861; John A. Harris, commissioned May 18, 1861, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenant — John H. Tennison, commis- sioned February 22, 1863, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1861. Second lieutenants — William Weddle, commissioned Feb- ruary 22, 1863, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1861; William F. McMurtry, commissioned September 7, 1861, vacated March 12, 1865. The Fiftieih Rcgimenf. — Company E, of the Fiftieth Regiment Infantry, Missouri Volunteers, was raised in Washington County in the summer of 1861. At the same time Company F of that regiment, which was raised in Iron County, was composed partly of recruits from Washington County. The Fiftieth Regiment was not organized until after Price made his raid into Missouri, in the summer of 1861, and until after the battle of Pilot Knob, but company F, being fully organized, with Robert L. Lindsay as captain,and Henry O. Clarke and William J. Counts as lieutenants, and being at Pilot Knob, participated in that battle before it was mustered into the United States service. Company E, which was also fully organized and equipped and stationed in the court- house at Potosi, but not yet mustered into the service of the United States, resisted the advance of Price's army under the 514 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. command of Gen. Joe Shelby, who moved on to Potosi on the 27th of September, 1864, and gallantly maintained their position until the courthouse was bombarded from cannon which was planted near the railroad depot. After being compelled to surrender the men were marched out and inspected, and, as stated in the official report, "some of those who had, by their devotion to the Union and the flag, rendered themselves obnoxious to the rebels, were taken out in front of the company and deliberately shot down in cold blood. Robbed of money and stripped of clothing, shoes and blankets, the remainder of these brave men were then marched off as prisoners of war, and compelled to submit to out- rages of the worst description." They were afterward released on parole of honor not to take up arms against the Confederate government until exchanged. The men then returned home, and considered their paroles binding, but, upon the issue of Gen. Rosecrans' order repudiating and ignoring all paroles of such character, the men reported and were mustered into the United States service, and resumed their position as company E, in the Fiftieth Regiment as aforesaid. Capt. Cook, wdio commanded the company in the defense of Potosi, being ill and confined to his bed at the time of the muster, another officer was commis- sioned and mustered as captain. After the battle of Pilot Knob Capt. Lindsay's company reassembled at that place, and were mustered into the service as company F, of the Fiftieth Regiment. The several companies composing this regiment performed service in the vicinity of their respective counties in Southeast Missouri until June, 1865, when they were concentrated at St. Louis for reorganization, at which time a part of the regiment w^as mustered out, and the bal- ance remained in Camp Lincoln doing garrison and guard duty until about the 1st of August, 1865, when it was mustered out of the service. The following is the roster of the officers of Com- pany E, of that regiment. Captains — H. Hannahs, commissioned November 12, 1864, promoted to major December 28, 1864; Arthur Wilkinson, com- missioned January 21, 1865, mustered out August 11, 1865. First lieutenant — William Moran, commissioned November 22, 1864, mustered out at exjnration of term May 25, 1865. Second STATE OF MISSOURI. 515 lieutenants — Andrew Bean, commissioned July 18, 1805, not mustered; William Weddle, commissioned November 21, 1804, resigned July 18, 1805. On the occasion referred to, when Gen. Joe Shelby attacked and captured Potosi, John E. Myers, an old citizen o£ the town, seeing a column of the enemy's troops passing his residence, seized his gun and rushed to his porch, and at once fired on the passing column. For this rash act he was shot dead on his own porch. Among the killed of Capt. Cook's men, who so bravely defended the courthouse were Grenia, F. M. Jamison and Isaac Jamison. Thomas Casey and John Eoacli, not members of Capt. Cook's company, but who were actually in sympathy with the Southern cause, were also deliberately shot and killed by the rebel forces after they were taken as prisoners. Other persons who were killed in Washington County during the continuance of the Price raid, were Lieut. -Col. Irwin K, Walker, of the Thirty-second Regiment, East Missouri Militia; Capt. Andrew J. Harris, and Lieut. Henry C. Beckett, of the same regiment, and Jones Tennison, David C. Mason and Peter AVelker. The First Missouri Artillery, Eleventh and Fourteenth Mis- souri Volunteer Cavalry, Thirty-third Infantry, Missouri Volun- teers, and the First Regiment Missouri State Militia, each had a few men from Washington County. Draffs. — In the fall of 1804 a few of the citizens of Wash- ington County were drafted into the United States army ; and in the spring of 1805 another draft was ordered, but the citizens were relieved from its enforcement by an order of the county court, issued April 10 of that year, to give a bounty of §100 to each volunteer who should enlist for the purpose of relieving the county from the pending draft. Accordingly a county war- rant for the sum of $100 was issued to each of fifty-six volunteers, who at once enlisted, and thus saved the county from the enforce- ment of the draft. TOWNS, VILLAGES, ETC. Poiosi. — The origin of Mine-a-Breton, subsequently Potosi, has been fully given in connection with the settlement and or- ganization of the county. 516 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Particulars o£ its earliest history have not all been preserved. Wilson's " History of Southeast Missouri " says : "The population of Potosi in 1818 was about 500, and it had a neat and thriving appearance, and contained several handsome edifices; among them was the dwelling of M. Austin, Esq., and the courthouse, a building erected at the expense of $7,000, and decorated with columns of the Doric order. It then had two flourmills, two dis- tilleries (one run by steam), three stores, one sawmill, nine lead furnaces, and a postoffice, with a mail from Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis once a week, and one from Boone's Lick (Franklin) once a fortnight." The residence of Moses Austin was known for many years before its destruction as Durham Hall, so named after Austin's native place, Durham, Conn. In 1820, prior thereto, and for some years following, the business of the town was nearly all located on Jefferson Street, south of the creek, and the merchants were Samuel Perry, who kept a store in the house where William E. McGready now lives, John and William Perry, who kept a store in the next house west (near the Perry graveyard), and James F. Perry, who kept a store in the old building opposite the residence of Mr. McGready. An immense amount of business was transacted by these merchants, as Potosi was then the trading point for all the country south of it and extending down into Arkansas, from where people with their pack-mules came to trade. On some days a hundred pack-mules and ponies, some of which came from a great distance and many of them belonging to Indians, could be seen tied on the street. Other early merchants who followed the Perrys were Mr. Hast- ings, who kept a store on the corner between the courthouse and Breton Hotel, John Bice Jones in the room next adjoining the hotel, Luke Bisley, who kept a store east of the hotel, and Smith & Glenn, who later kept a store on the corner. Some of the above merchants continued in business dur- ing the thirties, and were joined by John Brickey, who did business in the house now occupied by Dinning & Byrns as a law office. J. W. B. Covington kept a store in the house on the opposite diagonal corner. At the same time Henry Pease kept a store in the old house on Missouri Street, just above the Breton Hotel corner, and as far back as 1823 Firman STATE OF MISSOURI. 517 Desloge opened a store in the building where Dr. L. T. Hall now lives, and continued in business for many years. The first hotel in Potosi is believed to have been kept by William Ficklin, in the house now occupied by Mrs. Stratton ; another was kept on the upper end of Jefferson Street by Daniel Dunklin, and another was kept some time in the twenties, and perhaps later, by Thomas Devine, in a building near Dr. L. T. Hall's resi- dence. The Breton Hotel was built about the year 1825, by Zopher P. Evans, and a Mr. Bingham was the first landlord. He was succeeded by William F. Eoberts, who kept the house in 1829. Among the early physicians of Potosi, and probably the earliest, were Dr. Israel McGready, Dr. Joseph Brown and Dr. William P. Harrison. As the older merchants and business men retired, others followed, and the business increased until the outbreak of the Civil War. The war paralyzed the business gen- erally, and for a time completely suspended the mining industry, which had always been the leading business of the town. For a time after the war closed, while the timber surrounding the town was so extensively sawed into lumber and shipped away, busi- ness revived, and when the lumber trade declined the business declined until it is thought by some that it is not as extensive now as before the war. A sufficient amount of capital invested to successfully operate the extensive lead mines in the vicinity would soon revive business and make it far exceed that of former times. The following is a complete directory of the business of the town at the present writing (February, 1888): General stores — James Long, R. M. Bugg & Co., John Teasdale, Joseph Connolly and J. Block; drug stores — T. A. Waring and W. T. Woolford (the latter also deals in clocks, watches and jewelry) ; groceries — John Murphy and C. S. Holman; millinery — Miss Margaret Mundy; harness, saddles and sewing machines — W. J. Slais; stoves and tinware — George M. Howell; restaurant — A. Brown; meat market — B. E. Flynn; agricultural implements — Edmund Casey ; lumber — Bean & Casey ; hotels — Breton Hotel, by Mrs. W. D. Hornsey, and Potosi Hotel, by C. A. Hemenway ; livery stables — Morgan A. Casey and Casey & Flynn; wagon shops — Hugh Murray, and Bernard Flynn; undertakers — Hugh Murray 518 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. and Michael E. Flynn; boots and shoes — Gus. Hunn, J. W. Flynn and Patrick Dallen; grist mill — Long & Bust; furniture — J. Block, and G. Hemenway; tailor — S. W. Walker; barber — Charles Williams; carpenter shops — J. A. Shepard, Walter Browning and Frank Ellis; blacksmith shop — Ben Davidson; also a number of dress makers and other mechanics; physicians — Lemuel T. Hall, James H. Hall, Jr., Austin F. Watkins and J. B. Bell; dentist — E. W. Bliss; postmaster — John Teasdale. Societies. — During the thirties and forties the people of Potosi suffered somewhat on account of the intemperance of many individuals. This was during the days of free whisky. Though it was free from taxation, it could only legally be sold under a license, and during these times many men were indicted, as shown by the records, for selling it without license. A reaction and a change of public sentiment took place in 1847 and 1848, when a very large temperance society, known as the Sons of Temperance, was organized. This society, in 1849, purchased a lot extending from Breton to High Streets, and erected thereon the large two- story brick building, now known as the Masonic Hall and Opera House, the first story being fitted up as an opera house and the second as a lodge room. Before the building was completed the exodus from Potosi to the gold regions of California began, and continued until it took so many members from the society that it was finally broken up. A debt of several hundred dol- lars remained on the property, which was assumed and paid by a few individuals who acquired title thereto, and afterward sold it to the Masonic Hall Association, a body incorporated in May, 1868. This association continues to own the prop- erty, which includes the Methodist Episcopal Church built thereon, facing High Street, and the cemetery lying between the church and the hall. Potosi Lodge, No. 131, A. F. & A. M. was chartered May 10, 1851, with Solomon Brown, W. M. ; W. F. Koberts, S. W., and Samuel Irvin, J. W. The present officers of the lodge are as follows: E. W. Bliss, W. M. ; K. S. Brown, S. W. ; Millard F. Williams, J. W. ; Ben. Davidson, Treas. ; W. T. Hunter, Sec. ; and Joseph C. Bass, Tyler. This lodge has about fifty members, is out of debt and has money loaned out. It also owns a house and lot in town, and is in a prosperous condition. STATE OF MISSOURI. 519 Potosi Lodge, No. 200, A. O. U. W., was chartered October 2, 1880, with the following charter members: L. T. Hall, P. M. W. ; W. E. Hemenway, M. W. ; Ben. Davidson, Foreman ; AVilliam Eiehl, Overseer; E. B. Smith, Eecorder; James R. Shields, Financier; A. L. Edwards, Receiver; W. R. Pearson, Guide; T. A. Waring, I. W. ; C. D. Smith, O. W. ; R. M. Bugg, Thomas O. Hudson, Elisha Boyor, Charles H. Mallory, Thomas P. Poston, A. W. Scott, Charles Williams, John Blakemore, Samuel T. Richeson, and C. W. White. The present member- ship of this lodge is twenty-six. It is out of debt, and in a pros- perous condition. Both of these lodges meet in the hall previously mentioned. Cemetery. — In 1831 William Milam proposed to donate to the citizens of Potosi a lot between Breton and High Streets for a cemetery, and a subscription was at once commenced to raise funds to clear and fence the lot. John S. Brickey, John C. Brickey, John Brickey, James F. Perry, A. Jones, and Alexan- der Taylor each subscribed $5 ; Abraham Brinker, %1 ; Smith & Glenn, and J. B. Bruffee, $3 each ; Israel McGready, A. Jett, George Edgar and Reuben Bush, S2 each ; Andrew Casey. G. W. Wallace, L. A. Edgar, Henry Shurlds, John Swan, S. H. Mcll- vaine, Daniel Lanius, Henry Pease, James B. McHenry, P. P. Brickey, R. P. Harrison, Philip Cole and H. R. Edgar, ^1 each; William H. Banford, William Houston and William Whaley, 50 cents each. On the 29th of March, 1842, a meeting of the subscribers was held at the house of Mr. Lewis Edgar, and John Brickey, George Edgar, John C. Brickey, James Glenn and John S. Brickey were elected trustees to receive and hold the deed for the lot from the donor thereof. The deed was obtained, and the lot afterward cleared, fenced and fitted up for a cemetery. It adjoins the Presbyterian Church, and also the cemetery mentioned as belonging to the Masonic Hall Association. Fires. — In 1871 Potosi was visited with a disastrous fire, which consumed the Austin mansion and a building on High Street, op- posite the courthouse, and all the buildings from there southeast- ward between High Street and the creek, up to and including the one where the Connoly store building now stands, nine separate buildings, and also two stables on the creek bank. Another fire, 520 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. which occurred April 17, 1881, consumed all the buildings on the northeast side of High Street between the east bank of the " hollow " and the present drug store of W. T. AYoolford, being about twelve buildings in all. New buildings now occupy the greater part of these burnt districts. Other fires have occurred in Potosi from time to time, but none so disastrous as the two here mentioned. The Press. — The first newspaper published in Washington County was the Miner'' s Prospect, which was established at Po- tosi in September, 1846, by Messrs. Philip G. Ferguson and F. A. Dalian. The paper was neutral in politics, and its publica- tion was continued until 1849, and then suspended. The next was the Washingion Coiuiiy Miner, which was established at Potosi in 1850, by Napoleon B. Buck, who continued its publica- tion until the outbreak of the Civil War, in 1861, when it was suspended. It was Democratic in politics. The next was the Washingion County Journal, established in Potosi in 1867, by Maj. George B. Clark, who published it until November, 1872, when Eli D. Ake took charge of it, and continued its publication ujitil 1873 or 1874, and then moved it from the county. The Potosi Independent was established in 1873, by Frank Harris, who continued its publication until his death, which occurred in 1886, since which time the paper has been, and still continues to be, published by his widow, Mrs. E. D. Harris, and edited by Henry C. Bell. It is a thirty-two-column paper, independent in politics, and at the present writing the only one published in the county. According to indications, another paper will probably be published at Potosi, by the time this work reaches the reader. The Free Press Avas established in the spring of 1886, by Jesse W. Hobman, who issued a few numbers, and then became ill, and discontinued it. The Potosi Republican was established September 22, 1887, by Oliver F. Utt, who continued its publi- cation until December of the same year, and then abandoned it. Aloses Austin, of whom much has already been said, was the most prominent and perhaps the most useful early citizen of Mine-a-Breton and Potosi. After erecting his mansion, and sinking his shaft for lead, and building a shot tower, and other- wise improving his " Spanish grant," he was instrumental in the STATE OF MISSOURI. 521 organization of Washington County, and donated forty acres for the site of the county seat. He was a public- spirited and adven- turous pioneer, and. after seing the settlement of Potosi perma- nently established, he sought a new field of adventure. In 1820 he went to Bexar, Tex., where he obtained from the Mexican authorities permission to colonize 300 families in some part of Texas. He died soon after, and the plan was carried out by his son, Stephen F. Austin, who settled and established the first American colony in Texas, and founded the city of Austin, the capital thereof. " Setting out from Natchitoches, July 5, 1821, to follow up the grant previously issued to his father, authorizing the formation of a colony, he went to the City of Mexico, where it was specially confirmed, February 18, 1823." All the arrange- ments and the plan for planting this colony in Texas were con- ceived and matured by Moses Austin in his mansion at Potosi; and many of the colonists emigrated therefrom when the son car- ried the plans into execution. Moses Austin was born in Dur- ham, Conn., and before coming to Missouri he followed mining for a time in Virginia. He died at Tar Blue, in St. Francois County, Mo., June 10, 1821, where he was buried. His body was subsequently exhumed and moved to the old Presbyterian Cemetery at Potosi, where it reposes in a grave enclosed with a stone wall, and over which a wild cherry tree with two trunks, eighteen inches in diameter, have since grown. After removing the body it was reported that it was petrified — had become a solid substance — and some unknown parties, with speculative intent, opened the grave and the coffin also, and, finding the report false, did not further disturb it. Francis Breton,^ the discoverer of Mine-a-Breton (according to a sketch published in 1818, in the St. Louis Enquirer, by Thomas H. Benton), was a Frenchman, born in Northern France in the early part of the eighteenth century, and afterward served as a soldier in the low counties under Marshal Saxe. " He was at Fontenay when the Duke of Cumberland was beaten by that marshal. He was at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, and assisted in the assault of that place when it was assaulted by a division of Saxe's army under Count Lowendahe. He also served *The name was Breton instead of Burton as it is frequently called. 33 522 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. upon the Coutinent. He was at the building of Fort Chartres, on the American bottom, and was present at Braddock's defeat/' From the life of a soklier he passed to that of a hunter, and, as has been noted, was pursuing a bear when he located the lead mines in and about Potosi. After discovering these mines and operating them for a time, he settled near Ste. Genevieve, where he was visited in 1819, by Schoolcraft, who was sent there as an aofent of the United States Government. Breton was then one hundred and nine years of age. Col. Michael Taney, a brother of Roger B. Taney, chief justice of the United States, was among the very early settlers of Potosi. He was a bachelor, and followed mining for a liveli- hood. When operating a mine he lived in a cabin near by it, and had a negro family to keep house for him and cook for his hands. He lived a secluded life, was an unsuccessful financier, and died at the hotel in Potosi in the year 1848, unattended by a single relative, and left nothing to defray his funeral expenses. He was attended during his illness by Dr. John G. Bryan, who afterward sent a bill for his services to Chief Justice Taney, who paid it. He was buried by his friends, in the Roman Catholic cemetery, at Potosi, and his resting place is unmarked. Belgrade, on Big River, about twelve miles southwest of Potosi, contains two general stores kept, respectively, by W. H. Townsend & Bro. and F. M. Adams, and one millinery store, postoffice and a blacksmith shop. Geo. E. Bryon Post, No. 284, G. A. R., organized in September, 1886, now has a membership of about fifty. Caledonia, twelve miles south of Potosi, in a fine agricultural region, had its origin in a blacksmith shop and a whisky distil- lery built near the big spring, Thomas Sloan fitting up the former? and Ferges Sloan and Joshua Morrison the latter. After them came Alexander Craighead, who put up the first store as early or perhaps earlier than 1817. His store was a double cabin, one end being used for a dwelling. The first dwelling house was built by Robert Sloan where the Presbyterian Church now stands, being a hewed-log house. When Caledonia was platted, in 1819, and the lots offered for sale, it was announced that he who bid the highest and became purchaser of the first lot should STATE OF MISSOURI. 523 have the honor of naming the town. Alexander Craighead was the purchaser, and named the place after Caledonia in Scotland. The land on which the town is located was secured to Miles Goforth, in 1804, by the Spanish Government; Goforth taught the first school in Bellevue Valley in 1804: (now in Iron County). The first school taught in Caledonia seems to have been in a round-log house, built prior to and near the situation of the first Methodist Church. The place is still a small village of less than 400 inhabitants. The merchants are E. E. Southall, A. F. Carr, J. B. Headlee, S. McSpaden and C. Goodykoontz. The physi- cians are W. K. Goodykoontz, J. S. Eaton and G. A. Eversole. There are two churches — Methodist and Presbyterian — the Belle- vue Collegiate Institute, a public school, the flouring mill of Harvey & Casey, which was erected in 1875, at a cost of §12,000, the blacksmith and wagon shop of Frank P. Morrow, and a black- smith shop by James Jennings (colored). There are also two secret societies at Caledonia as follows: Tyro Lodge, No. 12, A. F. & A. M.,was organized November 10, 1824, and received its charter in April following. Its first officers were: Martin Kuggles, W. M. ; William H. Thomas, J. W. ; T. H. Ficklin, S. D. ; A. Janes, J. D. ; H. Loomis, Sec. ; J. Kobinson, Treas., and J. Eversole, Tyler. On the 12th of April, 1826, permission was given by the Grand Lodge to remove Tyro Lodge to Potosi, where it remained until April, 1830, when it was moved back to Caledonia. About 1847 the lodge purchased their hall, which is a two-story frame building. There are about forty members at present writing. Caledonia Lodge, No. 181, A. O. U. W., was chartered March 1, 1881, with the following named officers: Dabney S. Martin, P. M. W. ; Dr. A. W. Milster, M. W. ; Eobert B. Cowan, F. ; Dr. W. E. Goodykoontz, O. ; E. E. Southall, Eecorder; Isaac B. Head- lee, Financier ; George P. Harvey, Eeceiver ; James C. Smith, G. ; Jesse J. Taylor, I. W. ; Eobert A. Moore, O. W. In addition to the foregoing there were three other charter members : A. E. Suth- erland, Eiley Eucker and Nicholas Sohn. The lodge is com- posed of good, substantial men, though only sixteen in number. Cadet, a station on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Eailway, three miles north of Mineral Point, is an important 524 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. shipping point for mineral products, and contains the railroad depot, the store of Albert Long and a postoffice. Hopewell^ also on the Iron Mountain Railroad, five miles south- east of Mineral Point, was laid out in 1858, by Hon. John Evens. It consists of the railroad depot, the general store of R. H. Evens, a postoffice, one union church and three dwelling houses. Irondale, on the same railroad, nine miles southeast of Mineral Point, was laid out in 1858 by Hon. John G. Scott. It was here that the Irondale Furnace was located and operated for a number of years, the property now being owned (that is, the real estate) by the Irondale Cattle Company, mentioned elsewhere in this work. The place now contains three general stores kept, respectively, by Felix Barron, Justice Bean and W. E. Butler, a drug and grocery store by S. M. Donnell & Son, the extensive buildings of the cattle company, a hotel, three churches — Catho- lic, Methodist Episcopal and Methodist Episcopal Church, South — and a public school. The population is about 350. Irondale Lodge, No. 143, A. F. & A. M., was organized under a dispensation August 20, 1863, and received its charter afterward. The first officers were A. R. Eaton, W. M. ; David S. Hobbs, S. W. ; John G. Scott, J. W. ; Joseph Keil, S. D. ; James D. Evans, J. D. ; Hays Wollen, Treas. ; W. E. McGready, Sec. ; Joseph Kincade, Chap., and A. Cunningham, Tyler. The present membership of the lodge is thirty-nine. Kingston, near the Mineral Fork, in Kingston Township, is an old village, and consists now of the store of Robert H. Brown, a public schoolhouse and a gristmill. Mineral Point, on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway, at the junction of the Potosi branch, and three and one- half miles east of Potosi, was laid out in 1858 by William C. Inks, and at the present writing it contains three general stores, kept, respectively, by Mesplay & Daniels, A. J. Norwine and J. F. Richardson; also a family grocery by John Wallace, and a public schoolhouse. Old Mines is a straggling village on the creek of that name, commencing about five miles north of Potosi, and following down the branch about two miles. It contains, first, the lead furnace of the Union Mining & Smelting Company, and their store and a STATE OF MISSOURI. 525 postoffice; next below, the lead furnace of James D. Lowry; the Catholic Church and public schoolhouse; the store of Owen Camp- bell; the Baptist Church, next the stores of John B. Koss and Adrian Coleman, and the store and postoffice kept by C. B. Gray. It is an old village, established in a very early day on the Old Mines concession. Palmer (Webster), fifteen miles southwest of Potosi, was laid out in 1830, and is now owned by the Palmer Lead Qom- pany. It contains a store, blacksmith shop and postoffice. Richivoods, a village in the northeastern part of the county, contains the stores of J. and M. M. Flynn, and E. C. Baugher, a postoffice, two blacksmith shops, a wagon shop and a public schoolhouse. Shibboleth, one and a-half miles northwest of Cadet, contains a large brick dwelling house and store room erected in 1823 by John Smith T., who formerly resided there. It is a mining cen- ter, and contains a store kept by the company operating the mines. There are a few other post hamlets in the county containing a store and postoffice, etc. EDUCATION. Potosi Academy. — The first steps in behalf of education in Washington County were taken in 1816, by some prominent cit- izens, who contributed the means and caused to be erected two frame schoolhouses, near the site of the present railroad depot at Potosi. They then secured the passage of an act of the Ter- ritorial Legislature entitled "An act to establish an academy at Potosi," approved January 30, 1817. By the act William H. Ashley, Lionel Browne, John B. Jones, Moses Austin, David Wheeler, Moses Bates, Benjamin Elliott, James Austin, William Perry, John Mcllvain, Andrew Scott, John Hawkins and Abra- ham Brinker were constituted a board of trustees, and they and their successors to be a body politic and corporate. The Potosi Academy was then opened in the buildings mentioned, and among the early teachers there were John Brickey, Uriah J. Devore, Mason Frizzell, Eugene O'Mara and Jesse O. Norton. This school was sustained until some time during the forties, when it was discontinued, and a school was opened elsewhere in the town. 526 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Common Schools. — Ou the 4tli of March, 1854, the inhab- itants of Township 38 north, Eange 2 east, met at the store house of George Cresswell, and organized a meeting, and resolved as follows : First — " That we, the inhabitants of said Congressional Township No. 38, will now proceed to organize a common school." Second — " That we are of the opinion that but one common school is necessary to be established in the township at this time, and that we will have but one school." They then pro- ceeded to hold an election, for the purpose of electing school officers, which resulted in the election of Elias Horine for town- ship clerk; F. Lord, Smith Jackson and Elias Horine as school trustees, and Michael Flynn, collector. This was probably the first common school organized in Washington County. After the passage of the "act to provide for the organization and government of common schools," approved March 27, 1845, the county court began to organize school townships in accord- ance therewith, and completed the organization of the last one in 1853. Meanwhile, a nominal system of common schools was established, but only a few schools were opened, and those only at the villages, as the only means for the support of the common schools was a nominal sum received annually from the Sbate treasury by each school township, together with the interest which was collected annually from borrowers of the proceeds of the sale of the school lands, being the sixteenth section in each congressional township, which w*as donated by the United States to the inhabitants of the township for educational purposes. These revenues were not sufficient, on an average, to sustain a single school in a school township for a term of three months per year ; consequently, no adequate system of common schools existed in Washington County prior to the inauguration of the present school system, which was established after the close of the Civil War. The school lands in the county have not quite all been sold, but the total amount of the township fund derived from the sales thus far is $27,495.90. School Funds. — The county school fund, which is derived from the accumulation of fines, forfeitures, swamp land sales etc., amounted in the aggregate, according to the official report of the county court clerk for 1886, to $11,190.80, which, added to the STATE OF MISSOURI. 527 township fund, makes a grand total of the principal of the per- manent school funds of the county at that date of §38,680.70. The township fund may be slightly increased by the sale of the small balance of the unsold school lands, and the county school fund will always continue to increase from year to year by the accumulation of fines, forfeitures etc. The principal of these funds is loaned to individual borrowers, and the interest thereon only is a})propriated to the sup]x)rt of the schools. Sffffisfics. — -To show how the present public school system is sustained in AVashington County, the following statistics are com- piled from the official report of the superintendent of the public schools for the year ending June 30, 1886, the report for 1887 not as yet having been received. Enumeration: White — males, 1,613, females, 1,565. total, 3,178 ; colored — males, 153, females, 119, total, 272. Enrollment: White — males, 976, females, 971, total, 1,947; colored — males, 99, females, 90, total. 189. Number of teachers employed, 53; average salary of teachers per month, 831: number of rooms occupied, 45; number of white schools, 40; number of colored schools, 5; cost per day per i)Upil, 5 cents; value of school property, §13,374; amount paid to teachers, §4,088.33. According to the foregoing only ()1 per cent and a frfiction over of the white scholastic population attended or were enrolled in the pu])lic schools, and al)out 69^ per cent of the colored scholastic population were en- rolled in the public colored schools. The report shows only one graded school in the county, and that is the public school at Potosi. There were 287 white and 58 colored children enumerated in the Potosi school district, and 184 white and 44 colored were enrolled in the |)ublic schools. This shows that 103 white and 14 colored children enumerated were not enrolled in the public schools. The Potosi schools were taught eighty days during the year, and there were four teachers employed, and the salary of the principal was §300 for the year. There were two schools — one white and one colored. Bcllcvitc ColI('gi((f(' Insfiiiiic. — In 1867 the people of Cale- donia and vicinity detei'mined to found an institution that would furnish opportunities for the higher education of their children. A joint stock company was formed, and soon §6,000 was sub- 528 HISTORY OF ^YASHINGTON COUNTY. scribed. A brick building, containing four rooms and a base- ment, was erected, and the school opened the same fall, in charge of B. S. Newland, A. M. In 18()S the St. Louis conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South appointed a committee to locate a conference school, giving it discretionary power. The committee decided that the location should be contingent upon the financial aid offered. Caledonia and Arcadia were the com- peting points. The former offered about $20,000, including the building before mentioned. This beintj the larger donation offered, it was accepted, and Caledonia was selected as the site. In 18G9 the committee received from the board of the Bellevue Academy, as it was then called, the property and subscription list. An order was made, upon request by the circuit court, in 1870, to incorporate the institution under the name of the Belle- vue Collegiate Institute. On behalf of the conference, the com- mitted proposed to raise §15,000. Relying on this and the former subscriptions, a large two-story addition, 40x80 feet, was erected. The promises failing, debt followed, and ruin seemed inevit- able. Discouragement followed failure; the school dwindled to nothing in 1870, and the conference authorized the sale of the property. It must have gone down had not a few men taken the load on themselves. Their names deserve preservation, and are here given ^ George Goody koontz, Stewart McSpaden, J. B. and J. H. Headlee. In the winter of 1876-77, the doors were closed save to a private school ; but through earnest labors of friends it w^as opened again in September, 1877, with F. M. Finney, D. D., as president. The income not being sufficient for a support, he resigned in 1880, and W. D. Vandiver, Ph. B., was chosen in his stead. By persistent effort he had secured about §5,000, from such men as Samuel Cupples, R. M. Scruggs, W. P. Donnell, of St. Louis, and others. A mansard story has been added to the main building, thus giving it greater capacity, and adding much to its architectural appearance. The faculty of the institute as shown by the catalogue for 1880-87 is as follows: W. D. Vandiver, president, professor of physical and moral sciences; John W. Shipp, A. M., vice-presi- dent, professor of languages and literature; George B. Deuel, Ph. STATE OF Missourvi. 529 B., professor of mathematics and bookkeeping; Miss Carrie L. Evans, principal of music department; Mrs. J. H. Headlee, matron. Total number of pupils enrolled for 188G--87 was 152. The institute is now in a prosperous condition, and is doing excellent work in the cause of education. EELIGION. The Roman Catholic Church. — Kev. Father John Tyman, C. M., who died bishop of Buffalo, N. Y., was the first priest to organize the Catholics at Potosi, Mo. ; and it was probably between the years 1826 and 1829 when he effected the organiza- tion, and began the movement for the building of a church. In 1829 Key. Father Jean Boullier was appointed the first resident priest of Washington County. He located at Old Mines, where he organized a society, and began the construction of a church. In 1830 he went to France, and Rev. Father Philip Borgnia took his place during his absence. On the 9th of October, 1830, the church at the Old Mines, being completed, Avas consecrated by Bishop Joseph Bosati, Bev. John Tyman preaching the English sermon, and Bev. Father Bonds the French sermon. In 1831 Father Boullier returned from France, and in 1833 and 1831 had his assistant priest, Bev. Father Joseph M. I. St. Cyre, the latter being the priest who built the first Catholic Church in Chicago, 111., some time in the year 1834: or 1835. On the 9 th of May, 1811, the first Catholic Church in Potosi was consecrated by Bishop Joseph Bosati, and placed under the care of Father Boullier. In 1835 Bev. Father Lewis Tucker, a native of Perry County, Mo., was placed as parish priest of Potosi — he being the first priest appointed for the church at Potosi. Prior to those times the priest at Ste. Genevieve visited Old Mines some three or four times a year, on mission work only. Father Tucker remained in charge of the church at Potosi until 1815, and his successors have been as follows: Father J. V. Wiseman, 1845-46; John F. Higginbotham, 1846-48; Joseph M. I. St. Cyre, 1848-50; James Fox, 1850-52; John J. Hogan (present Bishop of Kansas City), 1852-54; S. A. Grugan, 1854- 56; Eugene O'Hea, 1856-57; attended by priest from Old Mines, 1857-66; Michael O'Beilly, 1866-72; P. Bing, 1872-74; 530 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Conneyes, Mulholland and Hayes, 1874-75; Owen J. McDonald, 1875-84; Kobert Healy, 1884-85; L. J. Cernan, 1885-86; F. J. Jones, 1886-87. The present priest, Kev. Father William Noonan, took charge in July 1887. The present large and handsome church at Potosi was erected in 1862, and the parsonage in connection therewith in 1866. The name of the church is St. James, and the membership includ- ing all ages is about 350. The old church stood by the Catholic cemetery, which latter was established when the church was built. The first Catholic Church at Old Mines was a log cab- in, and was replaced in 1830 with a large brick edifice called St. Joachim Church. The membership of this church extends into the thousands, and is composed mostly of French, many of whom live at a great distance and seldom attend service. The St. Stephen's Catholic Church at Richwoods was erected about 1840, and about the year 1878 it was replaced with a large frame edifice, and the membership at that point numbers about the same as Potosi. St. Columkill Catholic Church, at Irondale, con- sistinor of a frame buildinor ^yas erected in 1860. The member- ship at that point is small, being only about twenty. The services there are conducted by Father Noonan, of Potosi, who also conducts services alternately in the public schoolhouse at Mineral Point. The Methodisf Episcopal Church. — The Missouri conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church was organized by the gen- eral conference at Baltimore, Md., in May, 1816, and the first session of the conference was held at Shiloh meeting house, near Belleville, 111. At this session the Bellevue and Saline Circuit * including Washington County, or rather the Methodists therein, was organized, and John C. Harbison and Jose]^h Beeder were appointed ministers. These, then, were the first circuit riders. They, however, had been preceded by pioneer ministers wlio had opened up the way. This circuit retained the name of Bellevue and-Saline until 1820, when the last name was dropped, after which it was known as the Bellevue Circuit. Following Harbison and Reader, its " circuit riders " were for a series of years as follows: Thomas Wright, 1817; Joseph Piggott and Thomas Rice, 1818; Joseph Piggott and John McFarland, 1810; STATE OF MISSOURI. 531 John Harris, 1820; Samuel Glaize, 1821; John Glanville, 1823; James Bankson and Andrew Loop, 1825, These were the pio- neer Methodist ministers of Washington County. Organizations of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Washington County were either in existence in 1816 or were then organized by Harbison and Keeder. The first meetings were held in private houses, and at Potosi they were held in the courthouse as soon as it was finished. The first church at the latter place, which has since been enlarged, and is still standing, was erected by the Meth- odists some time between 1825 and 1830. The deed, however, for the lot on which it stands was not obtained until May 8, 1829, when it was executed by the commissioners of Potosi, to George Wallace, John Brickey, Lemuel L. Johnson, Kobert C. Bruffee and John S. Brickey, trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Among the early members of the Bellevue Church near Caledonia were Dr. James Kelfe, James S. Evans, Will- iam Woods, George Goodykoontz, Archibald Goodykoontz, Brother Myers and their wives, and Dr. Bruffee. Other churches of this denomination were afterward organized, and all labored harmoniously until 1844-45, when the question of slavery divided the church and caused the Methodists in the slave holding States to organize the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. This, however, caused no great commotion in Washing- ton County, as nearly all the individual members were in sym- pathy with the new organization and went into it -in a body. The old church — the Methodist Episcopal — was then left with- out an organization in the county. The Methodist Episcopal Church South continued to increase, so that at the present time there are three circuits in the county — viz. : Potosi, Caledonia and Irondale, and Bellevue and part of another circuit belonging to another charge. The Potosi Circuit consists of churches at Potosi, Hopewell, Eock Spring, Randolph and Mineral Point, the latter place hav- ing no church edifice. The membership of this circuit is 218, according to minutes of the annual conference of 1887, and the ministers are J. H. Headlee and J. M. England. The Caledo- nia and Irondale Circuit consists of a church at each of these villages. The membership of the circuit is ninety-six, and the 532 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. minister is A. T. Tidwell. The Bellevue Circuit consists of five churches, viz. : Allen Cave, Cedar Grove, Belgrade and Thomas Chapel in Washington County, and one church outside of the county, with a total membership of 355 — Eev. W. C. Enochs, minister. There are also two other churches of this denomina- tion in the county, one at Richwoods, with a very small member- ship, and Soule Chapel on Fourche-a-Renault Creek — the latter with a membership of about thirty. These two churches are connected with the Richwoods Circuit, which belongs to another ciiarge. During the late war, and at the close thereof, an effort was made to reorganize the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Wash- ington County. Classes were organized at Potosi, Irondale and Belgrade, at each of which places a church edifice was erected. The effort, however, was not very successful, as the church at Potosi has been abandoned, and preaching is only occasionally held at the other two places. Annual Conferences. — The fourteenth session of the Mis- souri conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church was held in Potosi, Washington County, commencing September 10, 1829, with Bishop Soule presiding, and James Bankson, secre- tary. With reference to this conference, Jerome C. Berry man, who was present, says: " The church held at that time a large membership in Potosi and in the valley of Bellevue, a few miles distant. A camp meeting held in connection with the confer- ence was attended by a great number of people, and resulted in the conversion of many souls. The preaching was all done at the camp ground, but the conference held its sessions in the church." The preachers at this conference were Jerome B. Berry man, Jesse Green, Andrew Monroe, Benjamin S. Ashby, Joseph Edmondson, Urial Haw, Cassell Harrison, Thomas John- son, William Heath, N. M. Talbotfe, Parker Snedecor and John Kelly, and the bishop and secretary. The nineteenth session of the Missouri Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church was held at Bellevue Camp Ground, near Caledonia, in Washington County, commencing September 10, 1831, with Bishop Roberts presiding, and William W. Redman and John K. Lacy, secretaries. There were thirteen elders and eight deacons present at roll-call.* ♦McNally, Vol. I. STATE OF MISSOURI. 533 Bellevue Presbyferian Church, Caledonia, Mo. — The first Presbyterian Church west of the Mississippi was organized August 3, 1816, by a colony from North Carolina, which settled at and about the site of Caledonia. On the record appears the names of twenty original members, as follows: R. M. Steven- son and Rebecca, his wife, William Sloan and Jane, his wife, Robert Sloan and Martha, his wife, A. Alexander and Mary, his wife, John P. Alexander and Caroline, his wife, James Robinson and Jane, his wife, Thomas Bare and wife, A. Boyd and wife, Joseph McCormack, John Bare, Miss Jane Alexander and Miss Jane Robinson. Joseph McCormack, R. M. Stevenson and Will- iam Sloan were chosen ruling elders. Tradition says they were ordained in their native State with a view to organization in their western home. The organization was effected by Rev. Salmon Giddings, taking the name of Concord Church. Its first pastor was Rev. Thomas Donnel. A beautiful site in the valley of Bellevue was selected, on which a log house was erected. On two sides wings were extended, so as to accommodate a large audience. Owing to some church difficulties the St. Louis Pres- bytery ordered the session of the Concord Church to meet that body in Caledonia the Saturday before the fourth Sunday in April, 1841. At that meeting the following resolution was passed: Resolved, That from and after the time of the election and installation of elders the church shall be known by the name of Bellevue Presbyterian Church. In 1871 a new church house was built in Caledonia, a brick, 36x60 feet, with audience room and basement, at a cost of about $6,000. The building was dedicated August 11, 1872, by Rev. W. H. Parks. In connection is a parsonage, built at a cost of some §1,800. The present membership numbers 105. A list of the pastors is here appended, the first of whom held pastoral relations twenty-five years: Thomas Donnel, J. T. Cowan, A. A. Mathews, G. C. Crow, Julius Spencer, T. C. Barrett, A. W. Milster, H. B. Barks, H. C. Brown and Joseph T. Leonard. The Preshyierian Church of Poiosi was organized July 21, 1832, and the constituent members were Henry Pease, Mary Ann Pease, James Wouarton, Ann Wouarton, Mary McGready and Emily Dunklin. The first elder was Henry Pease, and the fol- 534 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. lowing is a list of names of the pastors that have officiated from the organization of the church to the present time, viz. : W. S. Potts, C. U. Allen, John F. Cowan, F. H. L. Laird, D. A. Wil- son, T. C. Barrett, A. Munson, Eobert Morrison, W. M. Stratton, William McCarty and S. W. Mitchell. The present church edi- fice, which is a brick building, was built during the thirties. In March and April, 1887, a revival meeting of twenty-two days' duration was held in this church, which resulted in seventy-nine new accessions to the membership of the church, the member- ship at the present writing being 110. A Sunday-school is taught in connection with the church, and it has an average attendance of about fifty persons. The Cumberland Presbyterian Church has an organization at Irondale. Baptist Church. — On the 21st of August, 1833, William Milan donated and conveyed to James Glenn, P. P. Brickey and John C. Brickey, trustees of the Baptist Church, a lot on Breton Street, in Potosi, for the purpose of having a church erected thereon. The brick church, which is still standing on the lot, was erected soon after, and regular service was held therein until the outbreak of the Civil War, since which time services have only been occasionally held, and for several years last past not at all, there being now no Baptist organization in Potosi. About the time that this church was built the Baptists built one of hewed pine logs on Fourche-a-Renault, about eight miles northwest of Potosi. It was taken down, after another had been built in its stead. In the same neighborhood where the pine log church stood a famous camp meeting ground was established in an early day, and annual meetings were held there for many years. One of the first Sunday-schools in the county was taught in this church. The church organization in that neighborhood still exists. The Baptists have a church at Old Mines, one in the Breckenridge neighborhood, in Belgrade Township, and others at other points in the county. In addition to the foregoing there are a few colored church organizations in the county. In 1850 there were only ten churches of all denominations in the county — two Baptist, three Methodist, two Presbyterian and three Koman Catholic. There are now STATE OF MISSOURI. 535 more than double that number. All the churches in the villages and some of those in the country maintain Sunday-schools, except- ing the Roman Catholic, which, instead, gives instruction in the catechism. The morals of the people of Washington County are of the highest order. Intemperance, however, has prevailed to some extent, but perhaps not more so than in other counties, especially in mining districts. Until recently a few saloons or " dram- shops " existed. Under the new law, allowing the electors of each county to decide for or against the sale of intoxicating liq- uors, an election was held at the several voting places in Wash- ington County, on December 17, 1887, and 763 votes were cast in favor, and 987 against the sale, thus making a majority of 214 against the sale of intoxicating liquors. In consequence of this action, there is not now a saloon or " dramshop " in the county. The people are generally courteous, hospitable and kind. Crawford County NATURAL FEATURES. Area, efc. — Crawford County is situated in the east-central part of Missouri. It is bounded on the north by Gasconade and Franklin Counties ; on the east by Washington and Iron Counties ; on the south by Reynolds and Dent Counties, and on the west by Dent, Phelps and Gasconade Counties. It is thirty-three miles in extreme length north and south, and its greatest width is twenty-four miles. Its area is 711 square miles, or 455,040 acres. Topography. — The surface of the county is considerably varied. A range of hills extends in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction across the north end of the county to the northwest of and nearly parallel with the Meramec River, and another range extends south from the Meramec to the south end of the county, east of Steelville. The former ridge is traversed by the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, the elevations along which above the level of the sea are as follows: Bourbon Station, 9(32 feet; Leas- burg, 1,030 feet; Cuba Junction, 1,025; Cuba Station, 1,034 feet; Knob View, 1,070 feet. The highest point along the railroad in this county is three-fourths of a mile east of Knob View, 1,133 feet above the sea, and the lowest point is one mile east of Bour- bon, 909 feet above the sea. Along the St. Louis, Salem & Lit- tle Rock Railroad the elevations are: At Cuba Junction, as given above, 1,025 feet; at Halbert's, six miles south, 720 feet; at Mid- land, 723 feet; at Sankey, 738 feet; at Steelville, 759 feet; at Roswell, 853 feet; at Highway, 1,020 feet; at Keysville, 904 feet; at Canal, 876 feet; at Boaz, 874 feet; at SJigo, 894, and at Cook's Station, 900 feet. Streams. — The watercourses in Crawford County are both numerous and important. The largest stream is the Meramec, 34 538 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. which enters the county from Phelps on the west, just north of the township line between Townships 37 and 38, and follows a general northeastward course until it reaches the northeast corner of the county, where it enters Franklin. Its extreme length in Crawford County is about sixty miles. The subordinate streams are Crooked Creek, Dry Creek, Courtois, Huzzah, Brazil and Brush Creeks. These are all streams of clear water, flowing through rich valleys, and are capable of supplying water power sufficient to run a large number of manufacturing establishments. There are water falls that could be utilized at Wilson's mill, at Earney's mill, all along Crooked Creek, and at many places on the Meramec. At Green's mill and below the Berry farm are locations suitable for Avoolen factories. At the Wisdom mill is another fine location, and along Brush Creek, and the Huzzah and other streams are excellent points where Nature's power is going to waste for want of the proper enterprise and civilization to harness them to the needs of man. Soil, etc. — The soil of this county along the streams and in the lowlands generally is fertile and productive, but on the higher elevations it is frequently thin and poor. The valleys are well adapted to the usual growth of corn and the cereals, while the uplands are well suited to the growth of fruit. On some of these uplands the timber is small and short, like that described in the southeast part of Franklin County; but there is an abun- dance of good timber and good timber land in Crawford County. In the vicinity of most of the places indicated above as furnishing fine water power there is an abundance of oak timber that could be manufactured into furniture and agricultural implements. Besides oak the timber lands supply walnut, cherry, beech, birch, ash, maple (both hard and soft), hickory, locust, linden, cedar, Cottonwood, chestnut, gum, cypress, sycamore and other valuable varieties. The wild grape is especially abundant in this county, indicating the superior adaptability of the climate to the culture of the vine; and also indicating that the manufacture of wine could be made especially profitable in this county. The richest upland regions are those where grow in greatest profusion the blackberry, honey locust, wild cherry and chestnut. Lands not so valuable are those producing the black walnut, elm, red-bud and blue ash. STATE OF MISSOUIU. 539 Fishing Sj^ring. — One of the most remarkable natural curi- osities in this county, and perhaps in the State, is what is known as Fishing Spring, situated two miles north of Steelville. At the mouth of a large cavern on the Meramec Kiver an immense spring discharges its waters into a basin some fifteen or twenty feet in diameter, near the bed of the river. The water is thrown up through three apertures in the bottom of the spring. What is peculiar about this spring is, as its name indicates, its abound- ing in fish which belong to the perch family. To be successful the fisherman drops his line, heavily weighted, down into the spring and through one of the apertures mentioned above (which are not more than three or four inches across) some eight or nine feet into depths which have, for obvious reasons, never been explored except by fish. From out of the depths of this subter- ranean cavern or lake the fisherman draws forth the fish, if they bite. On some days not a single fish can be obtained, on others hundreds are caught by those who are expert. The fish weigh about half a pound each. Tons of fish have been carried away from this spring, and the supply is apparently inexhaustible. Tt is altogether probable that an immense subterranean lake extends beneath the adjoining bluff. Minerals. — Crawford County is especially rich in minerals. It is a common saying that "every hill in Crawford County contains some kind of mineral." Iron ore is the staple mineral of the county. The ore is found in " banks " not " mines." The pecu- liar formation is in part at least explained by the term. The ores are heaped up or banked up in various shapes and sizes. There are no veins. The banks sometimes project a little above the surface, and a great deal of ore has been picked up on top of the ground. Usually, however, the process is to strip off a few feet of earth and rock, and then take the ore out of a kind of crater. This is well illustrated at the Cherry Valley bank, which is reached by the Cherry Valley Railroad, about six miles long, branching off from the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad at Midland. It is owned and worked by the Meramec Iron Min- ing Company, the chief stockholders in which are J. W. Lewis & Sons, and the Dunns, of Illinois. The superintendent at the bank is E. T. Herndon, and about seventy-five men are employed. 540 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. He owns about 1,000 acres around tliis bank, which, as a kind of mineral wonder, ranks with Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob. Mining commenced here about eight years ago. When work was first begun there was a low hill where the big hole is now. A shaft eighty feet deep was first sunk, and iron ore was found all the way down. A space of four acres in extent was then uncovered to the depth of three or four feet, and ore was found everywhere within these limits. There were large lumps of blue ore scattered through the soft, clay-like red ore, some of the blue lumps being so large that it was necessary to reduce the fragments by blasting before they could be handled. The red ore is shoveled into cars like dirt. The ore is in steady demand, and is shipped to the Midland Furnace, in Crawford County, to Sligo, in Dent County, and to other furnaces, and the supply is apparently inexhaustible. Iron Kidge is, next to Cherry Valley, the most noted iron ore bank in the county, but interest in it is rather historical than practical. It is situated a little north of the St. Louis & San Francisco Kailroad, and is reached by a short spur from Knob View. It is estimated that about 200,000 tons of ore have been taken out of this bank. William C. Evans, the present circuit court clerk of the county, once bought this property for §607, and two days later sold it for §775, thus clearing for the time he owned it §84 per day. He thought that was doing well. Since then there has been taken out of this about §100,000 worth of ore. B. W. Alexander & Sons, William M. Senter, and Murat Halstead have been at different times owners of this bank. At the present time, to all appearances, there is little left here except the hole out of which the ore was dug. Following is a list of the iron ore mines in Crawford County, with their locations: The Scotia Iron Mine — Section 1, Township 38, Range 3 west ; Iron Eidge — Section 29, Township 39, Range 5; Cherry Valley — Section 4, Township 37, Range 3; Steel- ville — Section 5, Township 37, Range 4; Grover — Section 21, Township 37, Range 4; Rovold — Section 26, Township 36, Range 4; Key & Anderson— Section 27, Township 36, Range 4: Clark's— Section 26, Township 38, Range 4; Raiboad— Section 14, Township 38, Range 4; Clapp's — Section 13, Town- STATE OF MISSOURI. 541 ship 38, Kange 4; Card & Zane — Section 13, Township 88, Kange 5; Preston — Section 32, Township 39, Eange 5; Chap- man — Section 12, Township 38, Kange 2; Carson — Section 13, Township 35, Range 3; Mountain — Section 16, Township 35, Range 3; Anderson & Clark — Section 34, Township 36, Range 5; Clark & Halbert — Section 25, Township 38, Range 5; Seay & Marsh — Section 5, Township 37, Range 4; Knox No. 1— Sec- tion 26, Township 38, Range 3; Knox No. 2 — Section 28, Town- ship 39, Range 2. Lead Mountain is near the Washington County line, along the Courtois Creek. Considerable lead has been secured from this mountain by means of a kind of cave or crevice, and the lead has so far been taken to Potosi. It is found in loose chunks or nuggets, smooth, as if by long exposure to dripping water. The Lead Mountain Mining Company has recently been organized, and is boring a tunnel into the mountain at such an angle that the cave will be intersected at about 200 feet from the surface. The com- pany is composed of J. G. Anderson, William C. Devol and somo Maryville men. King's Mineral Mountain is in the same region, eleven miles east of Steelville. It is owned by a Mr. King, of Brooklyn. The ore is being mined on royalty by individual miners, but on rather a small scale. Wheeling's Lead Mines and Furnace, owned by J. H. Wheeling, are situated in Section 13, Township 37, Range 2, fifteen miles east of Steelville. The Parker Lead Mines are about two miles south of the Lead Mountain and King's Moun- tain; they have been, but are not now Avorked; and the Judge Trask Mines are in the same vicinity. The Arthur Lead Mines are in the southeastern part of the county. Some time the lead mining industry of Crawford County will be of great importance. There are large quantities of copper also in Crawford. For- merly it was extensively mined in the northern parts of the county. Eight miles from Steelville is a deposit of copper owned by A. J. Seay, but at the present time nothing is being done in the way of mining copper. In the southeast corner of the county are thousands of acres of red granite of excellent quality, and fire clay is found in nearly all parts of the county, while in some places onyx of various and beautiful colors is found in 542 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. caves. Some of it is white and some of it beautifully veined. This is a rare and specially valuable stone. Coal is also one of Crawford County's valuable minerals. A coal mine was discovered by accident by the owners of some land, who, thinking they had red oxide of iron, sunk a shaft three-fourths of a mile from the railroad. At the depth of about fifty feet a bed of coal nearly six feet thick was found. Below this coal there was a layer of blue clay eighteen inches in thick- ness, and then another vein of coal, which was found to be twenty one feet in thickness in the direction of the shaft. As the vein of coal, however, is not horizontal its perpendicular thickness is somewhat less than this. After reaching the bottom of the coal vein, a drift was made to one side twenty-seven feet, and about 150 tons of coal were taken out and piled around the shaft. But little has as yet been done in the way of mining coal in Crawford County. The coal alluded to lies in Union Township. The first iron furnace in Crawford County was established in 1818. It was located in the northeast part of the county on Thickety. Keeves & Harrison were the proprietors. In 1828 the Meramec Iron AVorks were established, and turned out at different periods of their operations from nine to twenty tons of iron per week. At the present time there is but one iron fur- nace in Crawford County, and that is the Midland. It is situated at Midland on the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad, two miles north of Steelville. Midland Blast Furnace Company was incorporated in January, 1874, with a capital stock of $125,000, which was subsequently increased to §150,000, and later to §300,000, the present capital of the company. The first directors were G. W. Parker, W. H. Lee, E. C. Sterling, A. A. Blair, L H. Clark, M. D. Collier and I. E. Mills, and the officers first elected were E. C. Sterling, president; G. W. Parker, vice-president, and W. H. Lee, secre- tary. The directors at present are W. H. Lee, I. H. Clark, A. Lee, I. F. Lee, E. A. Hitchcock, I. L. Blair and T. F. Turner, and the officers are W. H. Lee, president; E. A. Hitchcock, vice- president, and T. F. Turner, secretary. Mr. B. B. Reagan, the present superintendent, first entered the company's service in STATE OF MISSOUIII. 543 1875, and, after filling other positions, was appointed superin- tendent in March, 1881. The furnace was completed in April, 1875, made a run of a few months, was blown out, and remained idle until April, 1877, since which date it has run continuously, being idle only when repairs were necessary. From the begin- ning to March 1, 1888, the furnace has used 225,465|-|^J tons of ore, and has produced 127,G19 tons of pig iron. SETTLEMENT. The names of the first settlers in Crawford County, together with the dates and order of their arrival, could not be definitely ascertained, though there seems no room for doubt that William Harrison was either the first or very nearly the first, in 1821. The best that could be done in this respect was to make out as full a list as practicable of those in the county at the time of its organization, January 24, 1858. This list is as follows: James Sanders, who came from Kentucky; Peter Brickey, from Tennessee; John Sanders, from Kentucky; Marion AV. Trask, Eichard Kice, Elias Matlock, William Britton, Mark Kamsey, Levi L. Snelson, Obadiah Key, AVilliam, Lewis and Elijah Key, Washington Carter, John Carter, and Beuben A. Carter, John P. Webb, Sr., William Harrison, Sr., Lewis Harrison, John Wright, Theophilus AVilliams, William Crow, John Hyde, Aristides Harrison, Silas P. Brickey, John Dobkins, B. C. Murray, Jeremiah Brickey, Simeon Frost, Henry E. Adams, Abner McCave, Mark AValker, Parson King, Henry W. Benton, Samuel Lofton, J. S. Brinker, William Hudspeth, Joseph, Jeremiah, John and George Trombrough, James Shipman, Mat- thew Shipman, Samuel Bunyard, Presley Anderson, Putnam Trask, Joseph Campbell, Joseph Palmer, William, David, Dan- iel, John and Martin Fullbright, Littleton Lunceford, John Gar- rison, Moses Scott, a Mr. McLaughlin, and a large number of Harrisons, William, Benjamin, Hugh, Batteal, Andrew and John; Hartwell Parsons, Henry Brown, James Dobkins and Kichard Turner. There was doubtless a large number of others, but the above were all the names that could be ascertained. Additional names of early settlers in Crawford County may 544 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. be found in the list of first land entries: Wm. Harrison, Septem- ber 20, 1823, entered the southwest quarter of Section 15, Town- ship 39, Kange 2 west, and tlie west half of the northwest quar- ter of Section 22, same township and range, besides other entries ; William Crow, September 20, 1823, a part of Section 3, Town- ship 39, Eange 2 west; John Wright, Sr., September 20, 1823, the west fractional half of Section 21, same township and range; Andrew Miller, October 24, 1823, the southeast fractional quar- ter of Section 4, Township 38, Kange 3 west, and on February 3, 1824, the southwest fractional quarter of the same section; Reeves & Harrison, September 27, 1823, Lot 1, northeast quarter of Section 2, Township 39, Range 3 west; William Fullbright, November 13, 1823, part of Section 17, Township 37, Range 2 west; Peter Brickey, November 13, 1823, the west half of the northeast quarter of Section 20, Township 37, Range 2 west; William Haverstick, December 4, 1823, part of Section 32, Township 37, Range 2 west; John Twitty, May 14, 1825, the east half of the southwest quarter of Section 14, Township 39, Range 2 west; John Wright, Jr., April 10, 1824, the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 20, Township 39, Range 2 west; John Hughes, December 8, 1824, the northwest fractional quar- ter of Section 35, Township 40, Range 2 west; Slots & Rice, August 29, 1825, the northwest fractional quarter of Section 10, Township 38, Range 3 west; Thojnas P. Shore, June 8, 1825, Lot 5, the northeast quarter of Section 3, Township 39, Range 2 west; January 15, 1825, Uriah Burnes, the southwest fractional quarter of Section 13, Township 40, Range 2 west; Bartlett Martin, March 17, 1825, the southwest quarter of Section 25, Township 40, Range 2 west; Massey & James, June 14, 1826, the east half of the northeast quarter and the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 7, Township 37, Range 5 west, be- sides a large number of other entries on the same day and after- ward; John S. Ferguson, October 11, 1826, the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 8, Township 39, Range 2 west ; A. Harrison, March 29, 1826, the east half of the northwest quarter of Section 27, Township 39, Range 2 west; M. W. Trask, Decem- ber 18, 1826, the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 25, Township 38, Range 3 west; John Givens, October 27, 1827, STATE OF MISSOURI. 545 the east half of the southwest quarter of Section 31, Township 37, Range 4 west; and James Sanders, January 26, 1828, the west half of the southwest quarter of Section 21, Township 37, Range 2 west. These are believed to be all the land entries before the organization of the county, January 29, 1829. ORGANIZATION. Organization. — An act to organize the county of Crawford, was passed January 23, 1829, and was in part as follows: Section 1. All the territory heretofore attached by law for civil and mili- tary purposes to the county of Gasconade be and the same is hereby declared to be erected into a separate and distinct county, to be called the county of Crawford, which is hereby attached to the Fourth Judicial Circuit in this State, and that all rights and privileges guaranteed by law to separate and distinct counties be and the same are hereby extended to the said county of Crawford. Sec. 2. John Staunton, of the county of Franklin, James Dunnica, of the county of Cole, and Hugh Barclay, of the county of Gasconade, are appointed commissioners for the purpose of selecting the seat of justice for said county, and the said commissioners are hereby vested with all the po wers granted under the law, entitled "an act to provide for organizing counties hereafter estab- lished," approved January 14, 1825. Section 3 provided that Crawford County should belong to the Third Judicial District, and that the circuit court should be held on the first Mondays of February, June and October, and Section 4 provided that the courts should be held at the house of James Harrison until a temporary seat of justice was fixed upon by the tribunal transacting the county business. Section 6 attached Crawford County to the Seventh Senatorial District, with Cole, Gasconade and Franklin. The next legislation with respect to the limits of Crawford County was taken January 4, 1831, when an act more effectually to define the boundaries of Craw- ford County was passed by the Legislature. This act was in the following language: Section 1. Be it Enacted, etc., That all that portion of territory included in the following boundaries, to-wit: beginning at the southwest corner of Wash- ington County, running west to the middle of Range 7 west; thence south on the dividing ridge between the headwaters of Current and Gasconade Rivers to the dividing ridge between the headwaters of Eleven Point and Gasconade Riv- ers; thence in a straight line to a point where the township line dividing Town- ships 33 and 34 north crosses the main fork of the Niangua River; thence down said river to the mouth of the same; thence down the Osage River in the mid- dle of the main channel thereof to the line of Gasconade County; thence east with the township line between Townships 39 and 40, to the county line of 54:6 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. Washington County; thence south with said line to the beginning, is hereby declared to be the permanent boundaries of the said county of Crawford. On January 18, 1831, a resolution was passed by the General Assembly that all that portion of territory lying south and west of Crawford County which was not included in the limits of any county should be attached to the county of Crawford for civil and military purposes, until otherwise provided by law. With reference to the county seat of Crawford County, an act was passed by the General Assembly February 13, 1833, to authorize the county court of Crawford County to fix the temporary seat of justice of the county, in the following language: Be it Enacted, etc. That the county court of Crawford County be and they are hereby authorized to select a suitable place for holding the courts of said county; which place shall be as near the center of population of said county as circumstances will permit. On March 3, 1869, an act relating to county boundaries was approved, one section of which was as follows. Be it Enacted, etc., That Section 60, Chapter 34, of the general statutes be so amended as to read as follows: Section 60. — Crawford, beginning at a point in the middle of the main channel of the Meramec River, where a line running due west from a point six- teen chains north of the quarter section corner on the line between Sections 14 and 15, Township 40, Range 2 east, to the middle of Range 4 west, intersects the same; thence due south with the western line of Washington County to the town- ship line between Townships 34 and 35; thence west to the southwest corner of Township 35, Range 3 west; thence north with the range line between Ranges 3 and 4 west, to the southwest corner of Township 36, Range 3 west; thence west with the township line between' Townships 35 and 36, to the southwest corner of Township 36, Range 5 west; thence north with the range line betweeti Ranges 5 and 6 to the northwest corner of Section 18, Township 40, Range 5 west; thence running due east nine miles to the northeast corner of Section 16, Range 4 west, and thence to the northwest corner of Franklin County, being a point on the sectional line between said Section 16 and Section 15, Township 40, Range 4 west, thence due east to the place of beginning. From the history of the county court it will be seen that the first records of that court cannot be found, and hence it is im- possible to state when the county was divided into municipal townships, but from the records preserved it is readily inferrable that the townships in existence when they began (at the February term, 1835) were as follows: Meramec, Liberty, Cotoway, John- son and Skaggs. At the May term of this court, 1836, it was ordered that Meramec Township be divided into two separate parts, the dividing line to commence at Thomas F. Clayton's, at STATE OF MISSOURI. 547 the Little Prairie; run thence to West Maulclin'son the Dry Fork of the Meramec, to include said Mauldin in Meramec Township; from West Mauldin' s to Peter PinnelPs on the main Meramec, to include said Pinnell in Meramec Township; from said PinnelPs southeast to the county line; the northeast half to be still Mera- mec Township, and the southwest half to be Watkins Township ; elections in AYatkins Township to be held at the house of James Wright, living at the north of Little Spring Creek, and those in Meramec Township at the courthouse in Steelville. Judges of election in the various townships were appointed at the May term, 1836, as follows: Meramec — Joseph England, Joseph Collins and Noyes Mc- Kean. Liberty — Arthur McFarland, John Twitty and Battle Harri- son. Courtois — Moses Scott, Silas B. Brickey and Peter Brickey. Johnson — AbsalomDuson, William Montgomery and Benja- min Boussett. Skaggs — Lewis Bridges, John Duncan, Sr., and Samuel Brown. Osage Township was organized November 11, 1847, with the following boundaries: Commencing on the west side of Courtois Township, on the section line between Sections 6 and 7, in Town- ship 36, Range 3 west; thence due east with said section line to the county line between Washington and Crawford Counties; thence south with said county line; thence west with said town- ship line to where it joins Watkins and Meramec Townships; thence iiorth to the place of beginning. Boon Township was organized August 14, 1848, with bound- aries as follows: Commencing at the southeast corner of Gas- conade County, running thence east with the township line divid- ing Townships 39 and 40 to the Springfield & St. Louis Rail- road; thence to Harrison's Mill, on Thickety Creek; thence with the road leading from Jefferson City to Potosi to the Meramec River; thence due east to the Washington County line; thence north to the northeast corner of Crawford County ; thence west to the Gasconade County line, and thence to the place of beginning. In 1870 the townships were Osage, Courtois, Liberty, Boon, 548 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. Oak Hill, Benton, Meramec, Knob View and Union, the same as now. THE COUKTS. The County Court. — The first records of this court cannot be found, but it is believed that William Montgomery, Barney Lowe and John Duncan were the first justices of the court, commissioned on the same day the act organizing the county was approved, January 29, 1829. The first entry upon the records that is to be found is as follows: At a county court began and held at Liberty Hill, it being the place ap- pointed by the court for holding courts in said Crawford County, on the last Monday (23d) of February, 1835— present Asa Pinnell. Esq., president of the court, William Crow, Esq., and Leyi L. Snelson, Esq., and James Harrison, clerk. Andrew Craig presented a petition from sundry citizens of Johnson Town- ship, praying a division of said township, but the court did not consider it expe- dient. Andrew Craig, upon the petition of George F. Kitchens, Arthur McFar- land and William Coppedge was appointed assessor for 1835. James Harrison was granted grocer's license, at the rate of $5, to bear date December 5, 1834; Brinker & Brickey were also granted grocer's license, at the rate of $5, to bear date December 18, 1834, and Wherry & Mills, at the same rate, to bear date December 13, 1834. On the next day, the 24th, the court ordered, in conformity with the act of the General Assembly to encourage the killing of wolves, which act was to take effect from the first day of April, 1835, a bounty of $1 for every wolf killed. Samuel Bunyard, West Moulding and James Benton were appointed commissioners to view a road, lay it out and mark it, from Peter Brickey's house to the Lick settlement, in Skaggs Township. The place of hold- ing elections in Liberty Township was fixed at the house of William Atchison. William Harrison, Kichard Kice and Marion W. Trask Were appointed judges of election. On this day Will- iam Clinton was fined $2 for contempt of court. At the August election of 1845 Henry E. Davis was elected clerk of the circuit court. Carter T. Wood clerk of the county court, Levi L.- Snelson justice of the peace in Meramec Town- ship, Watson Cole and William Paul in Liberty Township, James Sanders and John Stuart in Cotoway Township, Keuben Bailey and James G. Sweaney in Johnson Township. No report appears to have been made of the election of justices of STATE OF MISSOURI. 549 the peace in Skaggs Township. At this term of the court Will- iam H. Phillips was permitted to make settlement with the court, and turned in §258.02 in wolf scalps. November 30, 1835, the court, consisting of the same justices, met at Liberty Hill. December 1, on motion of sundry citizens, a road was ordered to be viewed and marked out from the Meramec Iron Works to the Gasconade River, near where the township line between Town- ships 38 and 39 crosses the said river, and from the crossing of that river to the line of Crawford County, in a direction to meet or intersect the road leading from Boonville to the mouth of Big Tavern Creek. Samuel Blain, Matthew Gorman, George W. Brown, John Coyle and George Snelson were appointed reviewers. At the May term, 1836, a petition was granted for a public wagon road from the Meramec Iron Works to William E. Hawkins', on the Spanish Needle Prairie; then to the county line between Gasconade and Crawford Counties, in the direction of D. B. Wherry's mill, on the Gasconade River, in Gasconade County. Matthew Gorman, Martin Miller and James Montgomery were appointed reviewers of this road. At this term it was ordered that Meramec Township be divided into two townships. June 1, 1836, James Steel resigned as commissioner of the town of Steel- ville, and Simeon Frost was appointed in his place, and it was ordered by the court that the said commissioner proceed to lay off the town as follows: Commencing at a stake at the south- west end of the town survey ; thence lay off Main Street, with a line of stakes set up in a northeastwardly direction with said stakes through the whole length of the tract of land belong- ing to the county of Crawford, for the town of Steelville, lay- ing off Main Street on the north side of the above named stakes; the public square to be one whole block, to be laid off on the south side of Main Street; the town to be laid off in blocks, fronting 165 feet on Main Street, and running back 264 feet, the public square to be the first block, commencing thirty feet from the southwest end of the town survey; Main StreBt to be sixty feet in width, the cross streets to be thirty feet in width, the alleys to be fifteen feet in width, and each alter- nate cross street to be an alley, except those on each side of the public square, which were to be cross streets of thirty feet in 550 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. width ; the blocks to be subdivided into lots containing one-fourth part of an acre. The commissioner was to lay off these blocks on each side of Main Street as far as whole blocks could be laid without fractions. On July 4, 1836, Simeon Frost presented his plat of the town, which was received by the county court. On this same day Simeon Frost presented a petition for a public highway from Steelville to Massey's (the Meramec) Iron Works, by the way of John B. Brinker's. Joseph Collins, Henry Benton and Robert L. Bamsey were appointed commissioners to view the road. July 5 the commissioner was ordered to adver- tise the sale of lots in Steelville, by means of three advertise- ments in each township in the county, and in some newspaper, and at the September term the commissioner was ordered to lay off the balance of the lots, south of those already laid off. At the November term, 1836, the justices were Asa Pinnell, George H. Coppedge, and Levi L. Snelson. At the February term, 1838, they were Levi L. Snelson, Richard Rice and John M. A. England. At the November term, 1838, they were Levi L. Snelson, Obadiah Key and William Marcie; at the February term, 1842, William Marcie, Obadiah Key and James Sanders. At the August term, 1842, they were William F. Cole, Obadiah Key and John F. Mudd; May term, 1843, Obadiah Key, John E. Davis and John F. Mudd. Obadiah Key died in May this year, and at the November term the members were John F. Mudd, John E. Davis and Jacob Devolt. November, 1846, the justices were William Marcie, G. C. Brackenridge and S. B. Brickey. February term, 1848, the court was composed of the same justices. September 21, 1850, the court consisted of George C. Brack- enridge, A. N. Johnson and John Hyde. March 6, 1851, Mr. Brackenridge resigned, and a special election was held April 12, to fill the vacancy, and also to fill the vacancy caused in the office of public administrator by the death of William E. Hawkins. At the May term of the court it consisted of A. W. Johnson, John Hyde and Martin Earney. At the November term, 1852, the court was A. W. Johnson, Martin Earney and J. E. Davis; at the November term, 1854, Martin Earney, Jonathan Clinton and Hiram Lane. At the May term, 1855, a report of the county STATE OF MISSOURI. 551 revenue showed that tlie total income for the year was $2,1:42.01, and the expenditures $2,050.75, leaving a balance on hand of $385.80. In 1850 there were nine townships. Dry Fork being one. December 21, 1857, the court was Martin Earney and Jona- than Clinton. Hiram Lane's seat being vacant, he having been cut off in the new county, J. E. Coleman took the vacant chair February 1, 1858. In September, 1858, the court was James Sanders, John E. Coleman and William E. Halbert; November 5, 1800, James Sanders, John E. Coleman and W. A. Spencer; August 29, 1805, W. H. Pidcock, William Fort and John H. Chapman; February 4, 1807, D. E. Dunlap, A. H. Trask and John W. Harmon; February 1, 1800, A. H. Trask, John W. Harmon and James B. Smith; May 1, 1871, John W. Harmon, James B. Smith and D. E. Dunlap; February 25, 1873, D. E. Dunlap, James B. Smith and John P. Farrow; February, 1875, D. E. Dunlap, John P. Farrow and John B. Vance; May 5, 1877, John P. Farrow, John B. Vance and William Key; Feb- ruary 3, 1879, Martin Earney, William Key and B. F. Smith; November 1, 1880, A. H. Trask, William Key and B. F. Smith; February 1, 1881, A. H. Trask, A. J. Lamar and xllexander Berry; March, 1883, B. F. Smith, Thomas E. Carr and P. H. Newman; February, 1885, B. F. Smith, George D. Day and J. M. Eaton, and January, 1887, William E. Hibler, Samuel Snoddy and J. M. Eaton, present court. The Prohaie Court of Crawford County was established by an act of the General Assembly approved March 9, 1849. The court first transacted business on the first Monday in March, 1851, Lyle Singleton, judge; W. J. Devol was elected probate judge in 1854; A. W. Johnson in 1858; J. E. Davis, 1800; W. J. Devol, 1803; A. B. Harrison, 1805; P. J. Johnson, 1807; Will- iam M. Eobinson, 1870; E. A. Pinnell, 1882, and William Halli- burton, present judge, in 1880. Conrilwuse. — In 1857 a brick courthouse was ordered to be built, two stories high, with a stone foundation, 30x48 feet in dimensions. At the May term of this year, $0,000 was appro- priated w4th which to carry out the order. The courthouse was built and used until 1873, when it was burned down February 15. A called term of the county court commenced March 10, fol- 552 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. lowing, at which time §10,000 was appropriated for the purpose of rebuilding the courthouse. Joe Davis was appointed to superintend this work. Propositions were received from vari- ous parties to do the work, ranging from §7,875 to §11,300. The former bid was made by Tliomas Niven, and the contract was awarded to him, provided he should file a satisfactory bond, but on the 22d of April Mr. Niven notified the court that he would not file a bond as required by law, and as Israel P. Brickey, the next lowest bidder at §8,880, also refused to file a bond, the contract was awarded to A. E. Dye & Sons, the lowest bidders at §9,775, who were willing to comply with the law in the matter of filing a bond. The county bonds were issued June 3, 1873, as follows, all to bear date and draw interest from Feb- ruary 1, 1874: Nos. 1 and 2, due in two years from that date, each for §1,000; Nos. 3 and 4, each for §1,000, due in four years; Nos. 5 and 0, each for §1,000, due in six years; No. 7, for §1,000, due in eight years ; Nos. 8 and each for §500, due in eight years; and Nos. 10, 11, 12 and 13, each for §500, due in ten years; the interest on the bonds to be 10 per cent. The Circuit Couri. — Crawford County was attached to the First Judicial Circuit by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 29, 1831. The county w^as organized by the act of January 29, 1829, and the place for holding court was fixed at the house of James Harrison. By an act of January 19, 1831, the time of holding the first circuit court in this county was set for May 19, 1831. On this day David Todd, Esq., judge of the First Judicial Circuit, opened court in Crawford County. Judge Todd's commission was signed by Gov. Alexander McNair, and the evidence of his qualification to the ofiice was recorded in the record books of the court. The first order made by the court was to appoint James Har- rison clerk and recorder, James Campbell produced, in court, his commission from the governor, appointing him sheriff of the county. Robert B. Harrison was appointed deputy clerk. Rob- ert W. Wells, attorney-general of the State, was prosecutor on this circuit ex officio. On motion, it was ordered that John S. Brickey, Robert W. Wells, Robert A. Ewing, Philip Cole, David Sterigere, John Jamison, William Scott and John Wilson be STATE OF MISSOURI. 553 admitted to practice as attorneys and counselors at law. A grand inquest for the body of the county was empanelled as follows: David Lenox, foreman; Absalom Cornelius, James O. Gillespy, George Henson, Isaac Brown, Wilson Lenox, John Hillhouse, John Duncan, Sr., Thomas Johnson, James Lester, James Ben- ton, William Britton, John Lamb, Asa Pinnell, Cury Duncan, William Coppedge, John Housiuger, Humphrey Yowels and John Carter. The following persons were returned by the sheriff as being duly summoned on the grand jury, but who, being sol- emnly called, came not, but made default: Samuel King, Achrey B. Hart, Thomas Stark, Leonard Eastwood, Jolm Skaggs, James Wilson, William Beatly and Stephen Dickson. Then came on for trial the first case in this court: The State of Missouri vs. James Wilson, on a recognizance for grand larceny, and the following entry was made in connection therewith: " This day came the counsel of the defendant into court, and moved the court to quash the recognizance, himself being surety for his appearance at the next term to answer an indictment to be pre- ferred to the grand jury, and the State, by her attorney, defended the said motion, and, the same being argued and considered by the court, it is ordered that the said motion be overruled at the costs of him, the said defendant." Then followed a number of cases of appeals from justices of the peace, and after they were disposed of James Wilson's case, for stealing a horse, came on for trial, in connection with which the following entry was made: " This day came the attorney- general, prosecuting for the State, and the defendant having been recognized for his appearance before the court on this day to answer the indictment, with Henry Pinnell and Solomon B. Wil- son his sureties, the said defendant was then solemnly called and failed to appear to answer. The sureties were then in due form, by proclamation, required to produce the body of the defendant, and they failed to do so." The next case was The State vs. Alfred Spruce, for assault and battery, who gave bail for his appearance in the sum of $200, and the court adjourned until next day, when, after a few trivial cases of appeal, came the case of James Newberry, for assault and battery, who, pleading not guilty, was tried before the following 35 554 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. jury, the first jury to try a case in Crawford County: Anthony Kitchen, Jokn B. Harrison, Larkin Bates, John Vest, Joseph C. Hawkins, James Dodd, William Leek, Josiah Dodd, George P. Kitchen, Edward Clayton, Noah Strong and William Knox. The verdict of this jury was as follows: "We, the jury, say that the defendant is guilty in manner and form as charged in the indict- ment, and assess his fine at $1 and costs." Then followed an indictment against George Carrico, for stealing a pair of shoes; one against John Baldridge, for assault and battery on Thomas Baldridge ; one against Micajah Morris, for trespass, breaking a lock and forcible entry. The next day George Carrico gave bond for his appearance at the next term of court, in the sum of $300; John Baldridge, in the sum of $100, and Micajah Jones was discharged. The next term of court commenced on the first Thursday after the third Monday in September, 1831, the same judge as before, and Eobert A. Ewing was appointed prosecuting attorney, in the absence of the attorney-general. John Wilson was admitted to practice law. John Baldridge was found not guilty of assault and battery, Alfred Spruce was found guilty of assault and bat- tery, and fined $8.50 and costs, and George Carrico was found not guilty of stealing a pair of shoes. On the 24th of September quite an important case came be- fore this court, that of Thomas McCasebolt vs. Crawford County, in arrest of proceedings of the county court in enforcing the payment of taxes levied and assessed on his property in the year 1880. The decision of this court was: "First, that the county of Crawford had no power through her county tribunals or officers to assess, levy or collect from any persons who did not reside in said county any revenue taxes whatever for any property which did not lie nor was found within the county of Crawford ; second, that if any such tax was imposed the proceedings of all officers concerned were void, and the person taxed was not bound to appeal for correction of the tax list; third, that the act of the last General Assembly, purporting to legalize the proceedings of civil officers who may have acted without the bounds of their justification, if it has even that effect, only legalizes acts which are done, and does not justify in doing illegal acts when the STATE OF MlSSOUllf. 555 original right did not exist and the original act was void; and it is the opinion of this court that said act only releases penal- ties to which the officers were subject; fourth, that the officers of Crawford County can not now enforce any taxes of 1830 upon persons who were not subject at that time to be taxed by a resi- dence within the bounds of the county, or having property within the same subject to taxes; fifth, that the matter of fact whether the present petitioner at the time of being subject ta taxes, resided out of the bounds of Crawford County, or the ter- ritory attached thereto, and having all his property without is left to be found by the county court, and if they find him in another county, they will release him and suspend all proceed- ings of collecting such taxes other than on property found within the county, and the clerk is directed to certify the foregoing to the county court of Crawford County." The first petition for divorce was filed in this court February 12, 1832, by Margaret Franklin against Thomas Franklin, who not residing within this State, it was ordered that the defendant be notified by publication according to law. The ground upon which the petition was based was that the defendant had aban- doned the plaintiff for more than two years, and had failed to contribute anything toward her support. At the May term notice was published, and at the September term, Thomas Frank- lin not appearing, it was adjudged by the court that the petition of the plaintiff was taken for confessed and final hearing of the case for the next term of court. At the August term, 1833, the bonds of matrimony were dissolved at the defendant's cost. The second petition for divorce was by Aaron Spann vs. Anna Spann, presented May 25, 1832, and at the September term following, the divorce was granted on the ground of adultery; thus, this was the first divorce granted. By an act of the General Assembly approved February % 1833, Crawford County was attached to the Sixth Judicial Dis- trict, and on the 5th of August, 1833, this court was held at the house of James Harrison, Charles H. Allen, judge. His com- mission and the evidence of his qualifications to the office were ordered to be recorded, but they were not recorded. The first case in this court after the transfer to the Sixth Judicial Circuit 556 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. was an action in assumpsit, entitled Massey & Jame's vs. Levi L. Snelson. The defendant moved the court to rule the plaintiff to furnish a bill of particulars. The motion was sustained, the bill was furnished, the plea made was "not guilty," and the case was continued. At this same term in an action of assumpsit, David Blankenship vs. Sandy Carter, the jury, not being able to agree before the hour of adjournment, was permitted to disperse and to meet again next day at the convening of the court. On reassembling they found that David Blankenship was indebted to Sandy Carter in the sum of $32.75, and in addition thereto his costs and charges in the suit. This was rather a stormy term of the court. Levi and Mortimore Brashear were indicted for lar- ceny; James Newberry, Sr., for disturbing a religious congrega- tion; Henry Burton and Nancy Clinton, for fornication and adultery; Reuben B. Vest, for horse stealing; Aristides Harri- son, for mismarking hogs; George W. Brown, for breaking the Sabbath. Levi Brashear gave bail for his appearance at the next term in the sum of $500; James Newberry, in the sum of $100; George W. Brown pleaded guilty and was fined $1 and costs. Aristides Harrison, at the December, term gave bail in the sum of $250 ; a nolle prosequi was entered in the case of Levi Brash- ear; James Newberry pleaded not guilty, was tried by a jury, who found him guilty, and assessed against him a fine of $50, and charges; a nolle prosequi was entered in the case of Nancy Clinton. On December, 3, 1833, James Harrison presented a seal purporting to be a seal of the circuit court, which, upon being examined, was approved. This seal had upon it the follow- ing inscription: "Crawford County Circuit Court, Missouri," and an eagle volant engraved thereon; and it was ordered to be used by the court from and after the 1st of January, 1834. On this day, December 3, 1833, the case of Massy & James vs. Levi L. Snelson, assumpsit, trover and conversion, was decided by the jury, adversely to Massey & James, and Mr. Snelson was allowed his costs and charges. On April 7, 1834, came on the case of Aristides Harrison, for mismarking hogs, which was continued, he giving bail in the sum of $300. At the August term, 1834, the case was tried, and the defendant found not guilty; thus the name Aristides was found unsullied. On this same day was STATE OF MISSOURI. 557 brought in the first indictment for murder: " The State vs. Ben, a Slave," but at the December term following a nolle prosequi was entered, and Ben was acquitted and discharged. The August term, 1835, of this court was held on the first Thursday after the second Monday of that month, at the house of John Brinker — William Scott, judge. The April term, 1836, was held at Steelville, the permanent seat of justice of the county, commencing April 14 — same judge. A special term was held August 16, 1837, agreeable to the order of James Evans, judge of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, for the purpose of trying Mary, a negro girl, for murder. Mary was a slave owned by John Brinker, at whose house the circuit court in August, 1835, had held its session. Upon the expectation of being sold by her master, she had drowned one of his children, hence the trial. She pleaded not guilty, and the sheriff was directed to summon thirty- two good and lawful men before the court, as a special venire, to try the issue between Missouri and Mary. As Mary was a slave, and unable to employ counsel, the court appointed Philip Cole, John S. Brickey and Mason Frizzell to defend her. Mary selected the following persons before whom she was willing to be tried: Wiley J. England, William Pinkett, Hiram Clay, Michael Woolf, Kiley Britton, James Agers, James Agers, Jr. At this point the venire was exhausted and twenty-four talesmen were ordered to be summoned. On August 17, the following were added to the jury: Nathan Gilbert, James Arthur, Baker Pid- cock, Peter Brickey, and Jonathan Ague. On the next day the jury returned into court with the follow^ing verdict: " We the jury find the prisoner guilty in the manner and form in which she stands charged in the indictment, murder in the first degree." A motion was made for a new trial, and for arrest of judgment. On the 19th the motion for a new trial was overrulo^:!, and Mary's counsel filed a bill of exce])tions to the ruling of the court. The motion for arrest of judgment was overruled, and a bill of exceptions was filed to the opinion of the court; judgment was then rendered as follows: "It is considered by the court now here, that the said Mary, a slave, the prisoner, be confined in custody until the 30tli of September, 1837, and that day she be taken by the sheriff of Crawford, between the hours of 11 558 HISTOKY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. o'clock iu the forenoon and 2 o'clock in the afternoon of said day, to the place of execution, in the town of Steelville, and there be hanged by the neck until she is dead." An appeal was then taken to the supreme court, and on November 6, 1837, a change of venue was granted to Gasconade County, the trial to take place there on the third Monday in December, 1837. On March 8, 1838, James Evans, judge, ordered that the order granting a change of venue to Gasconade County be set aside, and that the case be tried in Crawford County as if the change of venue had not been granted. Mary's counsel then moved that the case be stricken from the docket on the ground that the venue in the said cause had been, by order of the court, changed to Gasconade County, and that in consequence of said change of venue the circuit court of Crawford County was ousted of its jurisdiction. This motion was not sustained, and on the next day Philip Cole and Mason Frizzell were appointed her attorneys, and the case con- tinued to the next term. The jury on the second trial were Samuel Patterson, Philip Gatch, Luke Stricklin, Dana Kobert- son, Thomas Coleman, William A. Bryan, George W. Butt, S. M. Dillinger, Thomas Whitehead, Charles B. Wilkinson, Jesse Baily and Edmund Kennedy. This jury brought in a verdict of guilty in manner and form as charged in the second count of the indictment, and therefore that the State have judgment against the said Mary, the prisoner. The sentence this time was: " It is considered by the court that the prisoner be confined in cus- tody in the county of Crawford until August 11, 1838, and that on that day she be taken by the sheriff of the county of Craw- ford, between the hours of 11 o'clock in the forenoon and 2 o'clock in the afternoon, to the place of execution, in the town of Steelville, and there be hanged by the neck until she is dead." From this sentence there was no appeal, and the said Mary was hanged in accordance therewith. November 8, 1838, James Evans was judge. Thomas M. Cox and Charles were indicted for peddling clocks without license. They gave bail jointly in the sum of $150, and indi- vidually in the sum of $400, for their appearance at the next term of the court. William Hughes and Thomas Kinsey were indicted for selling corrupt beef. STATE OF MISSOURI. 559 March 6, 1839, David Sterigere was judge; March 7, a demur- rer was filed to both indictments for peddling clocks without license, and Thomas Kinsey gave bail in the sum of $300, for his appearance at the next term of the court. On March 8 Cox and Page gave bail jointly in the sum of $250, and individually in the sum of $800, to appear at the next term. July 1, 1839, the demurrer in each case was overruled, and on trial Charles Page was found guilty and fined $225, and the fine ordered to be paid into the treasury of Crawford County, to the use and benefit of the cause of education. Thomas Cox was found not guilty. Hughes and Kinsey were each found not guilty of sell- ing corrupt beef. July 6, 1840, William Evans, who landed in Baltimore in 1829, and had resided most of the time since in Crawford County, declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States. November 11, 1841, John Taylor was indicted for murder, and his case continued to the next term of court, in March, 1842. At this term Charles H. Allen was judge, and Taylor's trial post- poned to the next term. John Inman and Mary Farris were indicted for adultery, the case continued, and an alias awarded against Inman to Pulaski County, and against Mary to Crawford County. At the July term William Evans was admitted to full citizenship, and on the 13th of the month John Taylor was found guilty of murder in the first degree, and on the 14th sentenced to be hanged August 19, 1842. On the 16th of November, 1842, William Tansey was indicted for killing a mule, and an alias capias issued directed to the sheriff of Shannon County, against the said William Tansey, returnable to the next term of court. At the April term, 1843, numerous indictments were found against parties for dealing as dramshop keepers without license, and at the October term, 1843, a nolle prosequi was entered in the case of John Inman and Mary Farris. At the April term, 1844, William Tansey gave bail for his appearance at the next term of the court, and Conrad Myers was tried for the murder of Samuel B. Wingo, sheriff of Shannon County, and found guilty of murder in the first degree. Myers was sentenced to be hanged on May 24, 1844, between 11 and 3. April 18, 1844, John Taylor, who had escaped from custody between the day of his sentence and 500 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. the day set for his execution, was l^rought into court, and liis sentence renewed, the day for his .execution bein^ set this time, May 3, 1844. By shrewdness, however, and ])y pLaying upon the sympathies of his guards, he managed to escape a second time, and Avas not recaptured. April 18, 1844, William Tansey pleaded guilty to the charge against him of killing a mule, and was fined $5 and costs. At tlie April term, 1845, James B. Bunyard was found guilty of shooting a l)ull and was fined 810 and costs. At the Septeml)er term, 1840, Daniel M. Leet was judge, and at the May term, 1840, alarge number of indictments for gaming were brought in, and as a general thing, those, who did not plead guilty were found guilty and fined §10 and costs. A special term commenced March 14, 1850, Judge Leet of the Fourteenth Judi- cial Circuit presiding, for the purpose of trying Andrew J. Mears, who was in custody on the charge of a felonious assault, and Robert Hughes, on the charge of resisting an officer. Mears' case was continued until the next term and the indictment against Hughes quashed. Four indictments for gaming were brought in, and the court adjourned. The jury before whom A. J. Mears was tried failed to agree, but a second jury found him guilty as charged, and assessed his punishment at imprisonment in the penitentiary for two years. A new trial was granted, and Mears gave bail for his appearance at the next term in the sum of §1,000, and at the September term he was found not guilty. A special term was called for December 9, 1850, to try Andrew Silvers, indicted in Washington County for the murder of Albert Stacy, and brought to Crawford County on a change of venue. Silvers was admitted to bail in the sum of $2,000. In 1852 and 1853 a large number of cases came into this court for keeping a dramshop without a license, selling as a mer- chant without a license, disturbing religious worship, grand lar- ceny, gaming, slander, etc., and at the November term, 1854, an indictment was found against Thornton, a slave, for grand larceny. Upon his pleading guilty it was ordered by the court that he should be returned tothe jail,and there remain until such time as the sher- iff should take him out to some retired place and give himj:wenty- nine lashes on the bare back well laid on, when he should be discharged from custody. STATE OF MISSOURI. 561 November 22, 1854, came the first writ of ad quod damnum — John McDade the petitioner. The report of the jury summoned by the sheriff was in substance as follows: "We the jury do hereby say that we proceeded to the point mentioned on the 22d, of No- vember, 1851, and do find that by a deed accompanying the peti- tion, dated March 22, 1854, Ireneus Whittenburg did convey all of his interest in and to the said water privilege in the east half of the northeast quarter of Section 34, Township 38, Range 4 west, and also in the southeast quarter of Section 27, Township 34, Range 4 west, and we do further find that the mansion house and the house curtilages, orchards and any lands overflowed or injured by the erection of said dam or mill, and the ordinary passage of fish is not obstructed nor the health of the neighborhood mate- rially annoyed by the erection of said dam, and that no injury is sustained in consequence thereof." This verdict was approved by the court. At the March term, 1857, John Garrett was tried for murder in the first degree, and after a long trial the jury found him not guilty of murder in the first degree, nor in the second degree, but of manslaughter in the first degree, and assessed his punishment at six years in the penitentiary. June 11, 1858, Henry Hicks was found guilty of murder in the first degree, and on the next day he was sentenced to be hanged August 12, 1858, but afterward an appeal was granted to the supreme court. At the May term, 1858, P. H. Edwards was the judge, and at the October term, 1859, on account of P. H. Edwards, the judge, having been pre- viously engaged as counsel for Henry Hicks, a change of venue was granted to Washington County, in the Ninth Judical Circuit, Hicks giving bail in the sum of $10,000. James H. McBride was judge on this circuit October 24, 1859, and John S. Waddle, April 21, 1862; W. G. Pomeroy was judge in September, 1862, Aaron Yan Wormer, May 9, 1864. At the August term, 1865, John R. Woodside, John E. Thomas, E. A. Seay, and B. S. Ferguson came into court and petitioned for relief from the disabilities im- posed upon them by the constitution of the State, the third section of the second article. All four of them were relieved according to their petition on Saturday, September 2, 1865. July 25, 1866, Malachi P. King was found guilty of burglary in the second degree, and for this crime his punishment was 562 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. assessed at three years in the penitentiary, and also of grand lar- ceny, for which his punishment was assessed at two years in the penitentiary. John King was also found similarly guilty, and was similarly punished. September 18, 1866, James W. Owens was the judge. On this day John W. Martin and John Campbell were indicted for preaching without having taken the oath of loyalty. Other causes were misdemeanor in office, disturbing religious wor- ship, burglary, grand larceny, etc. On the 28th of this month Charles Drenen and Thomas Evans were indicted for preaching without having taken the oath of loyalty, and Susan Downing for teaching without having taken the oath of loyalty. On the 29th Ann Fort was similarly indicted, and V. S. Carter, for preaching. On March 19, 1867, the cases against J. W. Martin and John Campbell were dismissed at the cost of the State, and also those against Charles Drenen, Thomas Evans and V. S. Carter. On the 21st the case against Ann Fort and one against Jane Hight were continued, but were afterward dismissed. September 21, 1868, D. Q. Gale was judge. He was succeeded by Elijah Perry, judge of the Eighteenth Circuit. A petition came before this judge from the St. Louis, Salem & Little Kock Railroad Com- pany, for appointment of commissioners to assess damages done by the construction of said road through the lands of certain par- ties, to whom the commissioners appointed, George Treece, Lewis Key and D. J. Puckett, awarded damages as follows : John Flem- ing, 8600; N. G. Clark, $90; H. T. Mudd, $5; William James, $20 John Jackson, $150; H. H. Webb, $200; W. J. England, $100 Henry T. Mudd, $75 ; Mudd & Carroll, $75 ; William Stilwell, $200 E. Halbert, $87.50; James Y. Halbert, $70; and P. J. Johnson, $200. Their decision was arrived at April 27, 1872. On June 17, 1872, at a special term called for the purpose of trying James Clark and James Harris, for grand larceny, the former pleaded guilty and was sentenced to two years in the penitentiary at hard labor, and James was found not guilty. December 21, 1872, William Carroll was found guilty of horse stealing, and was sen- tenced to the penitentiary for two years. V. B. Hill became judge March 2, 1875. Thomas Shaver was found guilty of murder in the second degree, March 24, 1880, and was sentenced to the penitentiary for ten years, but, upon consideration of the fact that he was under eighteen years STATE OF MISSOURI. 563 of age at the time of _ committing the crime, his punishment was commuted to imprisonment in the county jail for one year. At this same term John Kelley, Robert Ramsey and John Thurmond were all indicted for murder in the first degree. At the Sep- tember term, 1880, Robert Ramsey secured a change of venue to Dent County. John Kelley was found guilty of murder in the sec- ond degree, and sentenced to the penitentiary for thirty-one years ; and on March 21, 1881, J. R. Webb was appointed counsel for John Thurmond. On this day Charles C. Bland presided in this court for the first time, and on May 4 came on the contested election case of Joseph B. Carson vs. James C. Whitmire, who had been elected to the office of sheriff of the county. This case presented some novel features. At the election as returned by the various judges of election James C. Whitmire and Joseph B. Carson, received a nearly equal number of votes. On Thurs- day, November 18, 1880, a contest of the election being in con- templation, several gentlemen interested therein repaired to the office of the county clerk, Thomas R. Gibson, for the purpose of inspecting the ballot. These gentlemen were C. D. Jamison, Joseph B. Carson, G. D. Clerk and Alexander Gibson. The ballots cast were there inspected and examined, and several other gentlemen attracted by the light in the county clerk's room, entered the room, but were requested to withdraw. As it was unknown then to the public, generally, that there was any legal authority for the opening of the ballot box, this strange proceed- ing excited unfavorable comment upon the course of County Clerk Gibson, who had the ballots in his keeping. In justifica- tion of his course, County Clerk Gibson published in the Senti- nel of November 26, 1880, the following: Editors Sentinel:— In this week's Mirror B. F. Russell, editor, makes a direct charge against my official conduct in the contest case of Carson- Whit- mire; asserted that the ballots cast at the late election were tampered with and changed. In reply to the charge, I will say that the ballots were opened and inspected by C. D. Jamison and G. D. Clark, attorneys for Carson, under my supervision, in obedience to the following order from Judge V. B. Hill: State of Missouri, ) county op crawford, f Joseph B. Carson, plaintiff, contestant against James C. Whitmire, contestee. 564 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. Whereas, it appearing to the satisfaction of the judge of the Eighteenth Judicial Circuit, in said State, that said Joseph B. Carson is contesting the elec- tion of said James C. Whitmire to the oflSce of sheriff of said county, at the late general election, and that an inspection of the ballots cast at said election is necessary to the case of this contestant, and that said ballots are desired to be inspected by said contestant, that they may be used in evidence in said cause, this is therefore to direct the clerk of the county of Crawford aforesaid, to permit said Carson and his attorneys to open and inspect said ballots, he, the said clerk, using such precaution as will insure the care and safe keeping of said ballots. V. B. Hill, Judge of the Eighteenth Judicial Circuit of Missoiwi. November 16, 1886. The following certificate was published in connection with the above order.- State of Missouri, county of crawford. I, Thomas R. Gibson, clerk of the county court, within and for said county and State, hereby certify that the above is a true copy of the order of V. B. Hill, judge, as the same now appears on file in my office. Witness my hand and official seal, at my office in Steelville, Mo., this 25th day of November, 1880. Thomas R. Gibson, Clerk of County Court. In performing my duty as clerk, I desired to shield from the public, as far as I was able, the ballot or ticket voted by each man in the county, hence the order "No Admittance." Had I permitted the presence of citizens during the inspection of the ballots, my office would have been filled to such an extent that the ballots would have become public property, and the whole list might as well have been published in our county papers. I handled the tickets myself, and kept my eyes on each ticket that Mr. Jamison or Mr. Clark examined, and I assert to the honest people of our county that no tampering or other illegal means to change or to modify the votes, as cast at the election, was done, or attempted during the inspection, etc. Thomas. R. Gibson, Counti/ Clerk. The papers in this contest were filed, in the circuit court, November 22, 1880, by C. D. Jamison, and endorsed by him, as attorney for Joseph B. Carson, and, as a result of the inspection of the ballots, the votes of 263 voters, many of whom had voted in the county unchallenged for over thirty years were rejected. This resulted in the court finding for the defendant, James C. Whitmire, except that ten votes were found to be fraudulent. Novem}>er 8, 1881, Thomas J. Phillips was tried for rape before the following jury: G. W. Isgrig, Thomas Adams, Philip Smith, Thomas Clouts, Andrew Marsh, Perty Halbert, John Kel- ley, Moses Farrar, J. H. Godby, Ellis Angle, Benjamin Ogle and K. M. Dennis, and was by them found guilty, and his punish- STATE OF MISSOURI. 565 ment assessed at imprisonment in the penitentiary for ten years. March 21, 1883, John Thurmond was found guilty of felonious assault and sentenced to the penitentiary for three years. Charles C. Bland still continues to be judge on this circuit. At the September term, 1887, there was a large number of indict- ments. Thomas Christopher was found guilty of seduction under promise of marriage, and was sentenced to imprisonment in the county jail for one month, and to pay a fine of §200; Julia McAl- tee was found guilty of infanticide, and sentenced to imprison- ment in the penitentiary two years. Elbertson Clouts and Will- iam Hafee was found guilty of slander, and fined each §100; America Clay was divorced from Charles Clay, and William Cole- man from Jennie Coleman. Cornelius Brickey, against whom there were twenty-five indictments for selling liquor illegally, pleaded guilty and was fined §40 and costs, and Edward Bande pleaded guilty of grand larceny and was sentenced to the peniten- tiary for two years. Seven indictments were brought against John Hill, for selling whisky without license, and he, pleading guilty, was fined $100 on each, but, being unable to pay the fine, the fine was in each case commuted to ten days' imprisonment in the county jail. The most terrible crime ever committed in Crawford County was the killing of Malcolm Logan and his family, consisting of his wife and four children, the eldest six years of age and the youngest ten weeks; the setting fire to Logan's house, and the burning of the bodies of Mrs. Logan and the children in the flames. When the fire was discovered it was too late to save either house or bodies. Malcolm Logan's body was found after- ward about a mile away, where he had been brutally murdered. Pat Wallace was suspected of this crime, and was arrested and put in jail at Steelville. So certain was the populace of his guilt that, on Tuesday morning, October 7, 1886, soon after midnight, a crowd of people took possession of the town of Steelville, and went to Sheriff Taylor's room and demanded the keys to the jail. He refused to deliver them or tell where they were. They there- fore left Taylor under guard, stationed guards at the corners of the streets, and went to the jail and broke down the doors with heavy sledge hammers. They then took the prisoner out of the 566 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. jail, mounted him on a horse and marched silently away. Upon arriving at the bridge over the Meramec, two miles north of Steelville, they pinioned Wallace's feet and told him to pre- pare for death. Pat denied the crime, but his denial was of no avail. He intimated it was committed by a certain colored man living in the county, but gave no name, and while it is believed, in some places, that the colored man was an accomplice and perhaps equally guilty, yet no steps have been taken to punish any one but Wallace, who after being pinioned was hanged to the railroad bridge. His body was afterward taken down and buried near the grave of Mary, a slave. The last crime of this kind committed in this county was the assassination of David Miller on January 9, 1888. He had paid a part of his taxes on Saturday previous, and upon leaving home on Monday morning told his wife that he had agreed to meet Lewis Davis at an old house at the foot of Pound's field and there was to receive a small amount due him. Davis had told him to bring with him what money he had, as it would be neces- sary to change a $50 bill. He therefore took with him about $40, and as he did not return home that night nor next day Mrs. Mil- ler became alarmed, and when it was learned that he had not been to Steelville, a search was immediately began. On Thurs- day the body was found near the residence of Elliott Davis, just below the upper Matlock Ford, lying face downward in a narrow path running through a thicket toward the river. Upon examin- ation it was found that Miller had been shot in the back of the head, and his pockets rifled of their contents. Lewis Davis was arrested on suspicion and lodged in jail at Steelville to wait his trial at the March term (1888) of the circuit court. MISCELLANEOUS. General Statistics. — The population of Crawford County in 1840 was 5,330. In 1850, 6,397— whites, males, 3,189, females, 2,923 ; colored, males, 144, females, 141. In 1860— whites, 5,640 ; colored, 183. In 1870— whites, 7,896; colored, 86. In 1876, the centennial population was, males, under ten, 1,530; between ten and eighteen, 880; between eighteen and twenty-one, 302; be- tween twenty-one and forty-five, 1,426; above forty-five, 543; STATE OF MISSOURI. 567 total males, 4,788; females under ten, 1,463; between ten and eighteen, 914; between eighteen and twenty-one, 307; between twenty-one and forty-five, 1,363; over forty-five, 497; total females, 4,526; colored population, 77; total population, 9,391. In 1880, the population was 10,756. In 1850 the number of acres of improved land assessed was 26,910, of unimproved, 39,564; the cash value of farms was $278,175; of farming implements and machinery, $38,492. In 1869 the number of acres was 213,792, value, $924,848; town lots, number 588, value $3,720; value of all personal property, $396,812; total assessed valuation, $1,325,380. Taxes— polls, 1,029, $1,029; State revenue, $3,398.70; State interest, $3,398.70; county revenue, $9,554.50; total taxes, $17,380.90. In 1887 the number of acres on the tax book was 460,692; value, $1,049,590. Town lots— number, 528; value, $96,945; value of real estate, $1,146,535. Personal property — horses, number, 2,984; value, $104,735; mules, 1,642; value, $60,915; asses and jennets, 46; value, $1,995; neat cattle, 18,511; value, $109,375; sheep, 4,695; value, $5,275; hogs, 19,462; value, $11,350; moneys, etc., $105,786; all other personal property, $115,330; total personal property, $516,511; total property, $1,663,046. Following the same rule as that observed in Frank- lin and Gasconade Counties, as to the actual value of property in Crawford County, the real estate is found to be actually worth $3,439,605, and the personal property $1,291,277, making a grand total of $4,730,882. County revenue for 1887 — State tax, $6,149.38; county tax, $7,267.05; courthouse tax, $661.69; county road tax, $817.67; school tax, $7,266.22; railroad tax, Benton Township, $772.09; Meramec Township, $1,787; Union Township, $1,562.62; mer- chant's tax, $1,844.30; total amount of tax levied for 1887, $28,128.02. Railroads. — Crawford County has three railroads, the St. Louis & San Francisco, having a length within the county of 26.55 miles, and valued by the railroad commissioners at $264,440, including the buildings; the St. Louis, Salem k Little Kock Kailroad, extending from Cuba Junction, in a southerly direction through the county, to Salem, in Dent County, and the Cherry 568 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. Valley Railroad, extending from Midland to Cherry Valley Iron Mines. The St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad Company was organized in 1871. The president was A. L. Crawford, of New Castle, Penn., and other members of the company were Thomas A. Scott, J. N. McCullough (first vice-president of the Pennsyl- vania Company) andAV. L. Scott^ of Erie, Penn., now member of Congress, and of the committee of ways and means. On April 4, 1871, a vote was taken in three townships in Crawford County upon the question of voting township bonds to aid in the con- struction of this road, resulting as follows: Benton Township, to issue in bonds §15,000 — yes, 81; no, 13. Meramec Township, $35,000— yes, 131; no, 6. Union Township, $20,000— yes, 86; no, 26. On the 19th of December, 1871, the county court or- dered that bonds of the denomination of §1,000, bearing interest at the rate of 10 per cent, be issued for each of the above three townships, and placed with the county treasurer, to be delivered to the above named railroad company ; monthly estimates to be made by the engineers and reported to the county clerk, and bonds should be issued at the rate of 50 per cent of the work done, but not to be delivered in smaller sums than §1,000. The construction of the road was commenced in the spring of 1872. J. W. Blanchard was superintendent of construction, and E. B. Sankey, chief engineer. The road was completed to Salem by July, 1873, from Cuba Junction, forty-one miles, and to Sim- mons' Iron Mountain, one mile south of Salem, at a cost of about §1,250,000. It was operated by the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad Company until December 1, 1887, when it passed into the hands of the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad Company, and is now owned and operated by that company as the Salem branch of the " Frisco " Line. This county, or the townships in this county which issued railroad bonds, found it necessary to compromise. About the first of the year 1880 the holders of the bonds made a proposi- tion to the townships as follows: 1. The townships to pay the judgments rendered against them on interest coupons, in cash, on or before April 1, 1880. 2. The county to issue compromise bonds, to be dated Feb- STATE OF MISSOURI. 509 ruary 1, 1880, to bear interest at 6 per cent, to run fifteen years, and to be redeemable at the option of the townships five years from date, the new bonds to be for 50 per cent of the old ones. 3. The proposition to be voted on by the people of the town- ships. 4. Taxes sufficient to be collected each year to pay the interest on the compromise bonds. The election was held January 27, 1880, and resulted as fol- lows: Union Township, for compromise, 97, against 6; Meramec Township, for compromise, 137, against, 26; Benton Township, for compromise, 118, against, 12. The length of railroads in each township, as given in connec- tion Avitli these proceedings, w^as: In Benton, 3.93 miles, value, §11,790; Meramec, 8.33 miles, value, $25,050; Union, 15.01: miles, value, 8^5,120; in Steelville, .56 miles, value, §1,680. At the time the compromise was voted on the bonded indebt- edness of each of these three townships stood as follows: Benton — principal, §12,000; unpaid interest, §3,816; judg- ments, §1,288 ; interest on judgments, §137.38; total indebted- ness, §17,241.38. Union — principal, §20,000, unpaid interest, §6,360; judg- ments, §2,146.62; interest on judgments, §228.97; total indebt- edness, §28,735.59. Meramec — principal, §22,000; interest, §6,996; judgments §2,369.34; interest on judgments, §252.73; total indebtedness §31,618.07. The total indebtedness of the three townships was §77,595.04; but by the acceptance of the proposed compromise the debt was reduced to §6,000 for Benton Township, §10,000 for Union Town- ship and §11,000 for Meramec Township, an aggregate of §27,000, bearing interest at 6 per cent. The last of the rail- road bonds will be paid in 1888, by the tax levy for 1887, and thus the county will be entirely free from debt. The Cherry Valley Eailroad was built in 1877. On July 30 of that year there were filed for record in the office of the circuit clerk of this county the articles of association of this road. The directors were W. Nichols, J. O. Perry, D. K. Ferguson and W. 36 570 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. W. Ater, of St. Louis, and Don McN. Palmer, of Palmer, Mo., the capital stock being ^60,000. The road branches off from the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad, one-half mile south of Midland, and extends to the Cherry Valley Iron Mine or Bank, a distance of seven miles. Officers. — The various officers of this county have been: Circuit Court Clerks. — James Harrison, 1831, resigned in 1835, and Carter T. Wood aj^pointed; Henry E. Davis, 1836, resigned in July, 181:0, and Carter T. "Wood appointed to his place; Henry E. Davis, 1846; Lyle Singleton, 181:7; James J. Halbert, 1856; Azro Emory, 1857; James B. Braley, 1865; R. W. Dunlap, 1867, and William C. Evans, present clerk, in 1874. Sheriffs. — James Campbell, 1831; John S. Burnett, 1833; Mark Sullivant, 1835; Joseph G. England, 1837; Austin Clark, 1838; C. H. Frost, 1840; Joshua Sanders, 1842; Simeon Frost and C. H. Frost, Elisors, July term, 1842; Benjamin F. Nun- nally, 1844; William J. Devol, 1846; William Marcie, 1849; Harrison R. Webb, 1850; Albert W. Johnson, 1854; J. R. Pum- phrey, 1858; R. W. Dunlap, 1862; H. H. Pierce, May, 1865; Joseph Davis, August, 1865; W. H. Ferguson, 1867; W. W. Mattox, 1871; W. H. Ferguson, 1872; J. C. Whitmire, 1878; J. D. Taylor, 1882, and H. P. Farrow, 1886, present sheriff. Prosecuting Attorneys. — Robert W. Wells, attorney-general, 1831; Robert A. Ewing, September, 1831; Thomas J. Givens, 1833; Samuel M. Bay, 1834; Philip Cole, 1835; John S. Brickey, 1838; E. L. Edwards, 1841; P. O. Minor, 1844; Wil- liam Cunningham, 1849; John E. Davis, temporarily, March 1850; John R. Woodside, at the May and September terms, 1850; Peter Whittlesbury, at the special August term, 1851; William Smith, at the October term, 1852; J. R. Arnold, special July term, 1854; Julian Frazier, 1858; E. G. Mitchell, 1859; Isaac Warmoth, 1852; B. L. Ferguson, 1864; John W. Stephens, 1865; A. J. Seay, appointed for the August term, 1865; Elijah Perry, pro tem, July, 1866; D. Q. Gale, 1867; A. J. Seay, 1868; N. G. Clark, 1869; J. M. Seay, 1872; A. G. McDearmon, 1878, and F. M. Jamison, 1879. County Court Clerks. — James Harrison, February, 1835; John B. Brinker, May, 1835; Carter T. Wood, August, 1835; Lyle STATE OF MISSOURI. 571 Singleton, 1846; James J. Halbert, 1850; J. G. Anderson, 1859; G. W. Sanders, 1867; George W. Orine, 1874; Hermon Fergu- son, 1878; David LaKue, 1879; Thomas K. Gibson, by appoint- ment, November, 1880; Hermon Ferguson, 1881, present clerk. Assessors. — Andrew Craig, 1835; William H. Phillips, 1836; Thomas Kinsey, 1838; James W. Jamison, 1840; C. H. Frost, 1843; Lyle Singleton, 1845; Martin Glenn, 1849. In 1858 the county was divided into four assessor's districts, and in 1859 the assessors were, for the First District, R. W. Dunlap; Second District, Isaac J. Hibler; Third District, J. G. Anderson; Fourth District, W. H. Ferguson. In 1859, First District, George W. Sanders; Second District, Preston Halbert; Third District, Rufus Hickman; Fourth District, N. G. Clark. In 1860 the district system was abandoned, and Thomas M. Hal- bert was assessor; William Harrison, 1866; Newton Jones, 1868; James N. Johnson, 1872; James H. Jamison, 1874; Elbertson Clouts, 1878; James N. Johnson, 1880; A. W. Key, 1882; J. E. Davis, 1884 and 1886. Collectors. — Thomas Eldredge, 1878; died in November, 1880, and W. H. Ferguson was appointed; then George W. Sanders was appointed to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. Eldredge, and was elected in 1882 and 1884. Benjamin Lea, present collector, was elected in 1886. Treasurers. — Joseph G. England, 1836; Wiley J. England, 1838; Azro Emory, 1847; Robert P. Jamison, 1850; H. E. Davis, 1862; S. F. Dunlap, 1872; John H. Wheeling, 1874; George W. Sanders, 1876; George W. Matlock, 1878; James N. Johnson, 1882; Eugene Trask, 1882. Coroners.— T>. B. Walker, 1842; I. J. Hibler, 1856; James R. Herrington, 1861; A. W. Cole, 1872; S. S. Harris, 1874; S. H. McManigle, 1876; Samuel J. Williams, 1878; J. P. Bowers, 1882; E. J. Johnson, 1884; Robert E. Jamison, 1886. Surveyors.— M. W. Trask, 1840; William A. Butt, 1868; W. H. Ferguson, 1872; George Cresswell, 1874; L. W. C. Smith, 1880. Represeniaiives. — Joseph Weaver, 1832; Benjamin Harrison, 1834; John Duncan, 1836; Samuel Frost, 1838; Henry E. Davis, 1840; John Hyer, 1842; M. W. Trask, 1844; Levi L. Snelson, 572 HISTORY OF CKAWFORD COUNTY. 1846; John Hyer, 1848; William J. Devol, 1850 and 1852; H. H. Webb, 1854; Lyle Singleton, 1856; Eobert P. Jamison, 1858; William J. Devol, 1860; Kobert P. Jamison, 1862; N. G. Clark, 1864; William Key, 1866 and 1868; John S. Doak, 1870; N. G. Clark, 1872; Newton Jones, 1874 and 1876; Joseph Crow, 1878; Frank B. Webb, 1884; Z. T. Maxwell, 1886. Politics. — Political statistics for the county have been as fol- lows: For President in 1836 Martin Van Buren received 86 votes and William Henry Harrison, 59. 1840 — Martin Van Buren, 264; William Henry Harrison, 249. 1844— James K. Polk, 367 ; Henry Clay, 237. 1848— Lewis Cass, 275; Zachary Taylor, 263. 1852— Franklin Pierce, 278, Winfield Scott, 240. 1856 — James Buchanan, 434; Millard Fillmore, 460. 1860 — Abraham Lincoln, 35; John Bell, 353; John C. Breckinridge, 192; Stephen A. Douglas, 169; 1864— Abraham Lincoln, 297; George B. McClellan, 307. 1868— Horatio Seymour, 431; U. S. Grant, 385. 1872— Hor- ace Greeley, 677 ; U. S. Grant, 524. 1876— Samuel J. Tilden, 1,036; Kutherford B. Hayes, 754. 1880— W. S. Hancock, 1,099; James A. Garfield, 805. 1884 — Grover Cleveland, 1,106; James G. Blaine, 1,053. Vote for Governor: 1840 — Thomas Keynolds, 250; John B. Clark, 243. 1814— John C. Edwards, 294; Charles H. Allen, 293. 1848— Austin A. King, 379; James S. Eollins, 308. 1852— Sterling Price, 215; John H. Winston, 173. 1856— Trusten Polk, 518; Kobert C. Ewing, 403; Thomas H. Benton, 79. 1868— Joseph W. McClurg (K), 383; John S. Phelps (D), 433. 1870— Joseph W. McClurg (K), 360; B. Gratz Brown (L. E), 485. 1872— Silas Woodson (D), 708; John B. Hen- derson, 519. 1874— Charles H. Hardin (D), 844; William Gentry, 553. 1876— John S. Phelps (D), 1029; Gustav A. Finkelnburg, 759. 1880, Patrick Dyer, 799; T. T. Crittenden, 1 100; L. A.Brown, 70. 1884— John S. Marmaduke, 1,012; Nich- olas Ford, 1,053. Commencing at 1848, the first election after the State was divided into congressional districts: That year Crawford County Avas a part of the Second District, together with fifteen other count- ies, including Franklin, Gasconade and Washington. The vote STATE OF MISSOURI. 573" of the county for Porter was 300, for Bay, 384; while the vote of the district was for Porter, 6,968, and for Bay, 8,394. In 1850, Crawford gave for Porter 359 votes, and Henderson (anti-Ben- ton), 413; in 1852, for Porter, 194; for Lamb, 215; in 1854, Crawford was a part of the Seventh District, and gave for Caruth- ers (Whig) 402 votes, and for Jones (Benton-Democrat), 271; the district gave Caruthers 8,045, and Jones, 5,625; in 1856, Caruthers, 516, Perryman, 399, and in the district, Caruthers, 8,291, and Perryman, 4,883; in 1858, Crawford County, Zeigler, 150, Noell, 423; in the district, Zeigler, 4,596, Noell, 10,404; in 1860, Perryman, 326, Noell, 250; in the district, Perryman, 4,007, Noell 11,191; in 1862 Crawford County was in the Second District, and gave for Blow 120 votes, and for Allen, 400. The- district gave Blow 7,154, Allen 2,984, and Nelson, 153. In 1864, the county gave Blow 489, and Stafford, 195; in 1868, Fin- kelnburg received 384 votes and James J. Lindley, 433; in 1870, Finkelnburg, 482, A. J. Seay, 306, and Van Wormer, 47 ; in 1872, Crawford County was a part of the Fifth District, and gave to E. P. Bland 705 votes, and to A. J. Seay, 513; Bland received in the district 9,974 votes, Seay, 8,820; in 1874, Bland, 874, Seay, 539; in 1876, Bland, 1,031, J. Q. Thompson, 748; in 1884, Bland, 1,100, W. Q. Dallmeyer, 1,019; in 1886, Bland, 1,096, L. F. Parker, 1,027. In 1861 the votes for delegates to the State convention were for W. C. Pomeroy, 609, W. W. James, 568, John Holt, 266, R. R. P. Todd, 341, E. B. Headier, 148, Y. B. Hill, 78, T. T. Taylor, 66, S. H. Heoln, 2, J. Frazier, 5. For members of the State constitutional convention, November 8, 1864, Ellis G. Evans, 403, David Henderson, 402, S. C. Herndon, 40, R. P. Jamison, 31, R. P. Faulkner, 184. MILITARY MATTERS. In 1861 there was great excitement over the breaking out of the war, and as a natural consequence the lines between those favoring the Union and those favoring the dissolution were sharp- ly drawn. A meeting was held at Cuba by some of those coun- tenancing secession, at which strong sentiments were expressed, and resolutions embodying these sentiments were adopted with 574 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. but one dissenting voice, and that was the voice of E. A. Pinnell, who, strange to note, was the only one of the sixty present at the meeting to enter the regular service of the Confederate States. E. A. Pinnell was a captain of Company D, First Missouri Bri- gade, and served in that capacity from first to last throughout the war. The other officers of his company were: first lieuten- ant, William Smith; second lieutenant, Thomas W. Dolson; third lieutenant, Francis M. Eagan. To this company belonged 5 sergeants, 3 corporals and 149 enlisted men, 28 of whom died in the service, 2 were discharged for disability and 1 from Crawford County. John D. Davis, of Cuba, was killed April 9, 1864, at the battle of Pleasant Hill, La. One other member of the company, James L. Boyd, of Virginia, was killed at Jenkins' Ferry, on Saline Kiver Fork, April 30, 1864. Eight were wounded at Pleasant Hill, and one at Jenkins' Ferry. This company was engaged in the following battles: Prairie Grove, December 7, 1862; Pleasant Hill, April 9, 1864; Jenkins' Ferry, April 30, 1864, and was mustered out of service April 30, 1865, with 3 commissioned officers, 5 sergeants, 4 corporals and 44 enlisted men. Lieut. Kagan resigned December 19 , 1864. The first military organization in Crawford County was Bennight's Home Guards, commanded by J. Wesley Ben- night, and having their headquarters at Bennight's Mill, near the southern line of Crawford County. This was early in 1861. They were attacked one night by Tom Freeman's men, who kept up a hideous yelling during the firing. Thomas Howe, of Howe's Mill, was wounded, and, being disabled, lay there and answered the yelling of Freeman's men by hurrahing for Lincoln. An attempt was made to organize a Home Guard Company at Steelville, and many citizens met weekly for drill and muster. Their intention was to stand neutral between the two contending parties, and beat back the North as well as the South if either presumed to venture on the soil of Meramec Township. They, however, had no flag, and how to get over the difficulty they did not know for some time; but finally some mischievous per- son suggested that a flag be secured with nothing on it but stars and stripes, that would answer every purpose. William Adair thereupon obtained the loan of such a flag belonging to E. G. STATE OF MISSOURI. 575 Evans, and stepped into line. Upon seeing this flag a half dozen members of the company stepped out of the line, declaring that was a Lincoln flag, because it belonged to a Lincoln man. The idea of armed neutrality did not last very long. The first volunteers from Crawford County went into Bowen's battalion in August, 1861, most of the men entering Companies A and B. The commissioned officers of Company A were : Cap- tain, John W. Stephens, commissioned January 15, 1862, to rank from October 9, 1861, and transferred to the Ninth Cavalry ; first lieutenant, Edward Madison, commissioned January 15, 1862, to rank from October 9, 1861, and resigned October 10, 1862; sec- ond lieutenant, Pierre F. Bushnell, commissioned January 15, 1862, to rank from October 9, 1861, and transferred to the Ninth Cavalry. Company B of this battalion was commanded by the Rev. Stanford Ing, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, who traveled the Cuba Circuit until warned by secessionists to desert. He then recruited a company for the Union army, determined to fight if he could not preach, and reported at Rolla, Mo. He is still a member of the St. Louis Conference. He was commis- sioned January 15, 1862, to rank from August 1, 1861, and re- signed June 9, 1862. He was succeeded as captain by Amos P. Curry, commissioned October 7, 1862, and transferred to the Ninth Cavalry; first lieutenant, E. S. Dickinson, commissioned October 7, 1862, and transferred to the Ninth Cavalry; second lieutenant, Amos P. Curry, commissioned October 7, 1862, and promoted to captain. This battalion was merged into the Ninth Cavalry, and sub- sequently into the Tenth. Company A, of the Tenth Cavalry, contained many Crawford County men, who, with their regiment, marched with Sherman to the sea. The company was dis- tinguished by having charge of cavalry howitzers, and was always in advance of the great army. Lieut. Henry H. Treece, of Cuba, Crawford County, generally commanded the company until promoted captain of Company D. In the fall of 1861 a company was raised in Steelville for Phelps' Regiment Missouri Volunteers, of which John S. Phelps was commissioned lieatenant-colonel November 10, 1861, and 576 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. promoted to colonel December 31, 1861, and mustered out May 13, 1862. This company (C) was officered as follows: Captain, W. F. Geiger, not commissioned as such but promoted to major, and commissioned December 31, 1861, and mustered out May 13, 1862; Gideon T. Potter was commissioned captain December 31, 1861, and killed at Pea Eidge, March 7, 1862; Abraham J. Seay then became captain, but was not commis- sioned, and was mustered out April 8, 1862. The first lieuten- ants were: Gideon T. Potter, not commissioned but promoted to captain; Abraham J. Seay, commissioned December 31, 1861, promoted to captain; Joe Davis, not commissioned, and mus- tered out April 8, 1862. Second lieutenants — Abraham J. Seay, not commissioned but promoted to first lieutenant; Joe Davis, commissioned December 31, 1861, but promoted to first lieu- tenant; Joseph R. Collins not commissioned, mustered out April 8, 1862. W. F. Geiger was judge of the circuit court in Southwest Missouri after the war. In September, 1862, a company was mastered into the Union service at Cuba, afterward known as Company F, of the Thirty- first Regiment Missouri Volunteers. This regiment was com- manded by Col. Thomas C. Fletcher. The officers of Comj^any F were: Captains — Egbert O. Hill, commissioned September 15, 1862, and resigned February 29, 1864; J. Evenden, commis- sioned March 24, 1864, and mustered cut November 9, 1864. First lieutenants — James McDaniel, commissioned September 15, 1862, and dismissed by Special Order No. 139, of the War Department, March 25, 1863; D. H. Middendorf, commissioned September 17, 1863, and transferred to consolidated- battalion Thirty-first and Thirty-second Infantry Missouri Volunteers. Second lieutenant, William R. Vaughan, commissioned Septem- ber 15, 1862, and resigned August 21, 1863. In October, 1862, four companies were raised in Crawford County and became part of the Thirty-second Missouri Vol- unteers. They were Companies C, E, F and I. The commis- sioned officers of these several companies were: Company C. — Captain, Joe Davis, commissioned December 10, 1862, and dismissed by Special Order No. 139 of the war depart- ment, June 21, 1864. First lieutenants: J. A. McArthur, commis- STATE OF MISSOURI. 577 sioned December 10, 1862, promoted to captain Company I, Sep- tember 23, 1863; George L. Clouts, commissioned April 6, 1864, mustered out November 9, 1864. Second lieutenants: George L. Fant, commissioned August 1, 1862, and promoted to captain Company K, December 8, 1862, and resigned July 28, 1863; C. S. Stevenson, commissioned December 10, 1862, and resigned August 21, 1863. Company E. — Captains: N. G. Clark, commissioned Decem- ber 10, 1862, and resigned August 21, 1863; Kobert M. Askin, commissioned April 6, 1864, and transferred to consolidated battalion Thirty-first and Thirty-second Eegiment Infantry, and mustered out July 18, 1865. First lieutenants: Joseph E. Collins, commissioned December 10, 1862, and resigned January 29, 1864; Beverly A. Davis, commissioned May 3, 1864, and trans- ferred to consolidated battalion Thirty-first and Thirty-second Infantry, promoted captain Company H, June 12, 1865, and mustered out as first lieutenant Company E, July 18, 1865. Sec- ond lieutenants: J. O. Butler, commissioned August 1, 1862, pro- moted to first lieutenant Company B, and died at St. Louis, May 10, 1863; Kobert M. Askin, commissioned December 10, 1862, and promoted to captain April 6, 1864. Company F. — Captains: Jesse N. Self, commissioned Decem- ber 10, 1862, and died March 26, 1863; Andy B. Treece, com- missioned April 6, 1864, transferred to consolidated battalion Thirty-first and Thirty- second Infantry, promoted to major, June 12, 1865, and mustered out July 18, 1865; Charles G. Warner, commissioned May 3, 1864, transferred to consolidated battalion and promoted to captain, June 12, 1865, and mustered out July 18, 1865. Second lieutenant, George L. Clouts, commissioned December 10, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant, Company C, April 6, 1864, and mustered out November 9, 1864. Company I. — Captains: Asa A. Lawrence, commissioned December 10, 1862, transferred to Independent Corps, Septem- ber 22, 1863; J. A. McArthur, commissioned February 1, 1864, and resigned November 16, 1864. First lieutenants: F. Manche, commissioned December 10, 1862, and resigned August 10, 1863; Fred. J. Stebbins, commissioned May 3, 1864, and mustered out November 9, 1864. Second lieutenant, N. W. Wilson, commis- sioned December 10, 1862, and resigned June 21, 1863. 678 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. The Thirty-first Eegimeut was one of the famous regiments from Missouri in the war. From the time of its organization at St. Louis, October 7, 1862, to its muster out at Washington, D. C, June 13, 1865, it traveled by railroad 1,200 miles, by water 2,500 miles, and it had marched over 3,000 miles ; it fought in seven of the rebel States, marched through eleven rebel States, was engaged in twenty-nine battles, skirmishes and sieges, and in all was under fire 166 days. The casualties in the regiment were: Officers killed, 2; men, 20 ; officers died of wounds, 2 ; men, 26 ; officers died of disease, 3; men, 212; men deserted, 140; officers honorably discharged, 19; men, 265; officers discharged for disability, 1; men, 134; officers dismissed, 3; resigned, 25; men missing in battle, 52; men dishonorably discharged, 4; men killed by sunstroke, 1. The Sixty-third Regiment Enrolled Missouri Militia was raised mostly in Crawford County. John E. Davis was its first colonel. He was followed by Col. Isaac S. Warmoth, who was commissioned October 13,' 1863, and vacated March 12, 1865. Lieutenant-colo- nels: H. F. Fellows, commissioned November 17, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; J. G. Anderson, commission dated August 29, 1864, declined; J. C. Wheeling, commissioned September 15, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Majors: John Ellis, commissioned November 17, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; W. G. Clark, commissioned November 23, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Adjutants: W. H. Davis, commissioned August 20, 1863, resigned September 6, 1864; M. L. Truman, commissioned October 27, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Quar- termasters: Ezra Tiffany, commissioned November 17, 1862, vacated by special order March 29, 1864; H. W. Eggleston, commissioned March 28, 1864, resigned September 19, 1864; H. F. Fellows, commissioned September 19, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Surgeon, John A. J. Lee, commissioned November 14, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. The commissioned officers of the various companies were as follows : Company A. — Captain, Abraham Johnson; first lieutenant, Robert A. Love; second lieutenant, W. W. Miller — all commis- sioned November 6, 1862, and commissions vacated March 12, 1865. STATE OF MISSOURI. 579 Company B. — Captain, A. W. Thompson; first lieutenant, W. J. Estis; second lieutenant, T. B. Duncan — all coijamissioned September 21, 1862, all vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company C. — Captain, John Thompson; first lieutenant, W. C. Harges; second lieutenant, Jacob McMiller — all commis- sioned September 21, 1862, all vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company D. — Captains: James B. Smith, commissioned De- cember 10,1864, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; Charles P. Gould, commissioned September 23, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. First lieutenants: O. Wilcox, commissioned December 10, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; George Trute, commissioned November 4, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Sec- ond lieutenants : William L. Wheeler, commissioned December 10, 1864, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; Stephen Sweetin, commissioned November 4, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Company E. — Captain, H. H. Pierce; first lieutenant, W. H. Hewitt — both commissioned December 10, 1862, and vacated March 12, 1865. Company F. — Captain, J. C. Wheeling, commissioned Decem- ber 10, 1862, and promoted to lieutenant-colonel September 15, 1864; first lieutenant, Azle Wood, commissioned December 10, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865; second lieutenant, J. B. Kelly, commissioned December 10, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864. Company G. — First lieutenant, J. P. Demott, commis- sioned October 16, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; second lieutenant, John G. Meyers, October 16, 1862, and promoted to captain Company L. Company H. — Captain, Peter C. Roberts; first lieutenant, N. B. Daniels; second lieutenant, William Monks, all com- missioned October 16, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. Company I. — Captain, W. H. Ferguson; first lieutenant, E. H. Castor; second lieutenant, G. W. Bullock, all commissioned December 10, 1862, vacated March 12, 1865. Company K. — Captains: C. Hart, commissioned October 23, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; J. A. Lofton, com- missioned December 23, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. First 580 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. lieutenants: E. Strutton, commissioned October 23, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; W. M. Walls, commissioned December 23, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865; Secopd lieuten- ants: J. Allen, commissioned October 23, 1862, vacated by Special Order No. 126, 1864; William H. Cypert, commissioned Novem- ber 12, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Company L. — Captain, John G. Meyers; first lieutenant, Arcephus Higgins; second lieutenant, Charles M, Hamill, com- missioned June 7, 1864, vacated March 12, 1865. Company A of this regiment was transferred with its officers as given above to the Eighty-ninth Kegiment, as Company A of that regiment, by Special Order No. 31, 1864. The Sixty -third Eegi- ment did considerable service, being called out occasionally for guard duty, though, as there were other military organizations performing similar duties in the county, their labors were not so arduous as they otherwise would have been. In May, 1865, Capt. N. G. Clark's Crawford County com- pany, numbering eighty-nine men, was called into existence by General Order No. 3. There was also Capt. W. H. Ferguson's company of provis- ional militia, which was officered by himself and Lieuts. Joseph R. Collins and Henry H. Pierce. TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Steelville is the county seat of Crawford County. The orig- inal town is located on the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 34, Township 38, Range 4 west. The first set- tler on the town site was William Britton, who came to this spot in 1833, and built a little log house, 14x16 feet in size, and a little gristmill on what is now known as the Yadkin Creek, which flows through the town, at a spring about forty yards from the original town site. The mill was in a little log building, and where it stood a small piece of the dam is yet to be seen. To this mill people came with their grists for a distance of fifteen miles, and it served them for a period of about ten years, when Mr. Britton moved westward about six miles and put up a larger mill on the Meramec River, which he ran until some time during the war, when he died, and the mill property passed into the hands of a Mr. McAtie, and has since been known as the McAtie Mill. STATE OF MISSOURI. 581 James Steel was, it is believed, the next settler to come to this place. He built a small store ou what is now Main Street, about 1835, having purchased forty acres of land of the Govern- ment and sold it to the county court of Crawford County, Decem- ber 16, 1835, for $50. By this time a little settlement had sprung up, and the county court named the town Steelville in honor of James Steel. The deed was recorded on the 18th of December, 1835. The town was platted and lots sold soon after- ward. The first deed to lots in Steelville was given to Lewis Pinnell, August 7, 1837, Lots 3 and 4, Block 3. Mr. Pinnell had paid §12 for the lots, May 11, 1837. Elias Matlock bought two lots, 1 and 2, in Block 11, paying therefor §20, and received his deed for them on August 7, 1837. Among those coming early into Steelville were Peter Whittenburg, Simeon Frost and James Davis. Mr. Whittenburg opened the second store in the place (Mr. Steel's being the first), in the Steel building, in 1842, about the time Mr. Steel left the town, and ran it until about 1846, when he sold out. He died of consumption in 1853. James Davis kept the first hotel in the town, erecting a brick building and a log building adjoining; the brick portion is still standing as a part of the present Steelville Hotel. Mr. Davis kept this hotel four or five years, when he sold it to Thomas Fisher. Mr. Fisher sold out to Halliburton & AVilson in 1848, and they to E. C. Dunlap, in 1851. Simeon Frost, mentioned above, served the county as one of its early representatives in the Legislature. The third storekeeper in the town was Christopher Smith, who commenced independently about 1845, before Mr. Whittenburg retired from business, and was the principal nxerchant of the town up to the war. James N. Johnson came to Steelville in 1838, and has resided here ever since. He was the first saddler and harness- maker in the town, and while engaged in conducting this busi- ness he was also carrying on a farm. He was continually in the harness-making business until 1877. The first blacksmith was A. W. Johnson, who commenced in 1847, and carried on the trade here until 1853. The first carpenters were John E. and James Davis. The next was L. S. Thompson, and these three did all the building in the town up to 1855. The first frame house built was that now occupied by Andrew Jackson as the -582 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. postoffice. The second was built by John E. Davis, for Azaro Emery, who moved into this place from Ohio, about 1846. The first tailor, a Mr. Vanburg, came here about 1844. He was killed at a large Democratic barbecue, during the presidential campaign of 1848, by the explosion of an anvil. Thomas Smith was the first shoemaker. The first wagon shop was started in 1849, by B. H. Johnson. It was at the upper end of the town, where W. C. Devol now lives. Mr. Johnson carried on the trade about two and a half years, when he went to Dent County, was elected sher- iff, and soon afterward died. Drugs were sold in the general stores until 1858, when Alexander Gibson opened the first regu- lar drug store in the town. He is the father of Thomas R. Gib- son, cashier of the Steelville Bank. One of the first regular physicians was R. G. Dunlap, who came to Steelville in 1841 ; another was Dr. Mansfield. The latter died about 1847, and the former practiced until 1851. The first preachers were those who, it may be said, accidentally and only occasionally visited this part of the country. Parson E. R. Fort was a Baptist missionary. Rev. James Halbert was here in 1839 and 1840, from St. Fran- cois County. Among the early Cumberland Presbyterians were Rev. Frank Braley, Rev. James B. Braley (still residing in Steel- ville), Rev. John Braley^ Rev. Jacob Clark (of Sullivan), and Rev. Isaac Eaton (who lived eight miles east of Steelville). The first school of any note was taught by a Mr. Bryant, from "Washing- ton. It was a subscription school, kept in a small house standing near the east end of Main Street. Mr. Bryant is now considered to have been a good teacher. About thirty-five scholars attended his school, which he kept about eighteen months, and for tuition charged each pupil $1.25 per month. The first person buried in the Steelville Cemetery was Mrs. Simeon Frost. The first church building was erected in 1850, by the Cumberland Presbyterians. It stood where the present brick public school building stands, and was, in fact, more of a seminary building than a church, though religious services were held therein on Sundays. It was used for both seminary and church until about 1871, when the Cumberland Presbyterians retired to a rented hall. The town was laid out, as stated above, in 1835, the plat consisting of thirty-six blocks, each full block having four lots; STATE OF MISSOURI. 583 Main Street runs east and west, with a variation of about 33° toward the southwest, Seminary Street running at right angles with Main Street. S. B. Brickey's addition to the town was made in November, 1871. It extends from Seminary Street eastward to Sycamore Street, and lies mainly north of the rail- road. It was made by Silas B. Brickey and Jemima Brickey, his wife. The first incorporation of Steelville occurred May 4, 1859, when the following proceedings were had in the county court. Now at this day comes Silas B. Brickey, and presents to the court a petition with the names of a majority of the inhabitants of the town of Steelville in Crawford County, Mo., praying the county court to incorporate the town of Steelville. It is therefore ordered by the court that the town of Steelville, in Crawford County, Mo., be and the same is hereby incorporated, according to the bounds of said town, as it is shown upon the plat of said town on file in the office of the county clerk. Thereupon the court proceeded to appoint R. P. Jamison, Silas B. Brickey, William G. Pomeroy, John Halbert and Will- iam M. Robinson, a board of trustees for said town for one year from date. If these officers served the town as trustees, it was only for a very short time, and the town was thenceforward, as before, without an organized government until 1873, in the August term of which year the county court again incorporated the town. Fol- lowing is the entry on the record of the county court: Incorporation of Steelville.— At the adjourned August term, 1873, the county court in the matter of the incorporation of the town of Steelville. Now at this day, R. W. Dunlap presents a petition to the court, praying for an order incorporating the town of Steelville, and that the metes and bounds of said town be as follows: Beginning at the southeast corner of the northwest quar- ter of Section 34, Township 38, Range 4 west, of the fifth principal mer- idian; thence north to the northeast corner of said tract of land; thence east to the southeast corner of the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 34, Township 38, Range 4 west; thence north to the north side of High Street, in S. B. Brickey's addition to the town of Steelville; thence south- west with the north side of said High Street to the west side of Seminary Street; thence southeast on the west side of Seminary Street to where it intersects the northern boundary of the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 34, Township 38, Range 4 west; thence south 2UO west, to where it intersects the south boundary of the northeast quarter of the south- east quarter of Section 34, Township 38, Range 4 west; thence east to the place of beginning; and that they may be incorporated, and a police established for 584 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY, their local government, and for the preservation and regulation of any commons appertaining to the town, and Whereas, said petition coming on to be heard, and the matter and things being fully understood by the court, and satisfactory evidence being produced to the court that two-thirds of the taxable inhabitants of said town have subscribed their names to the same, it is considered and ordered by the court that the said town of Steelville be and the same is hereby declared incor- porated by the name and style of the inhabitants of the town of Steelville, and b}^ that name they and their successors shall be known in law, have perpetual succession (unless disincorporated), sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and be defended, in all contracts and in all actions, pleas and matters whatsoever; and further that the limits of said town shall extend as above described; and for a local government of said incorporation the court doth appoint the following persons trustees to wit: William M. Robinson, R. W. Dunlap, William Adair, Joseph M. Seay and Lemuel Self. This order was certified to September 14, 1873, by George W. Sanders, clerk of the court. These trustees served for a year or thereabouts, and the inhabitants permitted the election of trustees to go by default, with occasionally a partial revival of the incorporation, until 1879, when the following trustees were elected: W. C. Evans, Thomas Everson, Hermon Ferguson, Thomas R. Gibson, and J. C. Whitmire. In 1880 the following were the trustees: G. D. Clark, chairman; W. C. Evans, clerk; Thomas Everson, Hermon Ferguson and W. T. Key. In 1881, G. D. Clark, chairman; W. Haley, clerk ; E. A. Bass, Z. T. Ives and AY. T. Key. Later in the year, J. R. Pumphrey took the place of Z. T. Ives, and became chairman on the resignation of G. D. Clark. On Janu- ary 9, 1882, saloon licenses were fixed at $100 per annum. In April, 1882, the trustees elected were Thomas R. Gibson, chair- man; J. C. Whitmire, clerk; W. T. Key, treasurer; J. J. Upchurch and Wilson Haley; John F. Ambeck was elected marshal and assessor. In 1883, trustees, B. F. Russell, chairman; G. W. Sanders, clerk; J. C. Whitmire, treasurer; Thomas Baas, Sr., street commissioner, and AVilson Haley, F. W. Summers, mar- shals. In 1884, trustees, Thomas Bass, Sr., chairman; J. C. Whitmire, clerk; Wilson Haley, treasurer; R. H. Houston, street commissioner, and J. N. Johnson, C. H. Hibler, marshals; In 1885, the usual officers were elected and served a short time, when, a desire developing for a different form of government, an ordinance was passed by the board of trustees, April 13, 1885, as follows : STATE OF MISSOURI. 585 Whereas, by an act of the Legislature of the State of Missouri, providing that any city, town or village may become a city of a higher class if the citizens thereof desire, and if they believe from the last census, State or National, there has been a sufficient increase in population, may, by ordinance, cause to be taken a census thereof: therefore Be it Ordained by the Board of Trustees of the Town of Steelville, That the board of trustees of the town of Steelville do appoint Z. T. Ives to take the census in accordance with said act, and to return a list of the names of the in- habitants to the board of trustees on the 20th day of April, 1885. On the 20th of April, 1885, it was ordained by the board of trustees that Whereas, Z. T. Ives, census taker, has this day returned to the board of trustees a list of the inhabitants in accordance with Chapter I, Section 1, of an ordinance adopted by the board April 13, 1885, and the board being satisfied from the return of said census that there are over 500 inhabitants; therefore, under and by authority of the provisions Of Article I, Chapter LXXXIV, of the Revised Statutes of Missouri, it is ordered by the board of trustees that the town be incorporated as a city of the fourth class, provided, that at an elec- tion to be held May 19, 1885, this ordinance be sustained. J. J. Upchurch, J. K. Pumphrey and William M. Eobinson were appointed judges of election, and the town was by the same ordinance divided into two wards, the First Ward consisting all of that part of the town west of Seminary Street, and the Second Ward all that portion east of Seminary Street. At the election held on May 19, 1885, the vote on changing the town of Steelville to a city of the fourth class showed a majority in favor of it. A procla- mation was issued immediately by John E. Eoberts, chairman of the board of trustees, to the effect that the ordinance changing the town of Steelville to a city of the fourth class was ratified by a majority of the voters of the town on the 20th of May, 1885, and on the same day, as justice of the peace, called a special election for the election of a mayor, marshal and four aldermen, two from each ward, and appointed Andrew Jackson, E.W.Dunlapand G.W.Paul, judges of election in the First Ward, and in the Second Ward, William M. Robinson, J. R. Pumphrey and William Adair. This election was held June 2, 1885. William M. Eobinson was chosen mayor, and from the First Ward Thomas E. Gibson and E. W. Dunlap were chosen aldermen, and from the Second Ward, Hermon Ferguson and Charles Everson, and upon organization Mr. Fer- guson was elected president of the board of aldermen. William Turner was elected marshal, E. W. Dunlap was chosen clerk, G- 37 Dm HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. W. Matlock, treasurer, and C. H. Hibler, street commissioner. April 6, 1886, an election for city officers resulted as follows: For mayor, J. K. Pumphrey, 39 votes; J. J. Upcliurch, 26; all others 15; total vote for mayor 80. Aldermen elected were: For the First Ward, Wilson Haley and J. C. Whitmire; Second Ward, Charles Everson and W. H. Davis; treasurer, W. H. Davis; marshal, W. A. Page ; Charles Everson was elected president of the board, and J. C. Whitmire, clerk. April 19, 1886, Mayor Pumphrey asked the board to pass an ordinance allowing him §10 per month sal- ary, and as the board refused to pass such ordinance, tendered his resignation, which was unanimously accepted. An election to fill the vacancy thus caused was ordered for May 4, 1886, and this election resulted in John Eoberts being chosen. A. D. Day resigned as street commissioner, January 3, 1867, and Thomas Bass, Sr., was appointed. On March 27, 1886, an ordinance was introduced enlarging the boundaries of the city of Steelville, as follows: Section 1. That tlie limits of the city of Steelville are hereby changed so as to include all the territory known and described as follows: The east half of the northeast quarter and the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 33, and the west half of Section 34, Township 38, Range 4 west, not heretofore included within the city limits. An election on the adoption of this ordinance was held April 8, 1886, which resulted in there being cast for the extension, 63 votes; against it, 6; total, 69 votes. Lebanon Lodge, No. 77, A. F. & A. M., was chartered October 14, 1846, (A. L. 5846,) with the following charter members: John Orchard, W. M. ; W. A. Anderson, S. W. ; H. E. Edgar, J. W. ; and several others whose names could not be ascertained. The present officers are J. M. Sanders, W. M. ; Thomas E. Gibson, S. ^Y. ; J. M. Hamil, J. W. ; J. B. Smith, S. D. ; A. C. Coppedge, J. D. ; J. C. Whitmire, Sec. ; G. W. Matlock, Treas. ; C. H. Hibler, Tyler ; John M. Eaton, S. S. ; Samuel Darst, J. S. The present membership of the lodge is fifty-one. Meetings occur on the Saturday on or before the full moon each month. They own a large two-story hall, in the upper story of which they have a very neat and nicely furnished lodge-room. The lower story has been frequently used by the several Christian denominations for religi- ous worship. STATE OF 3il«S0Ui;i. 587 Founder's Lodge, No. 224, A. O. U. W., named after J. J. Upchurcli, the founder of tlie order, was organized Saturday, July 30, 1880, with fourteen members and the following officers: W. C. Evans, P. M. W. ; John A. Headrick, M. W. ; Fred Gruel^er, F. ; I. P. Brickey, O. ; O. Everson, Kecorder; J. H. Boggs, G. ; D. J. Puckett, Keceiver; G. B. Holmes, I. W. ; Thomas W. Holmes, O. W., and Dr. J. T. Coffee, Med. Ex. The present officers are: Henry Hibler, P. M. W. ; J. C. Jadwin, M. W. ; AV. A. Upchurch, F. ; Charles Bunyart, O. ; John A. Headrick, Kecorder; Thomas R. Gibson, Treas, ; Charles Everson, Fin. ; J. C. Upchurcli, G. ; Patrick Slack, I. W. ; Andrew Pabst, O. W. ; trustees— B. F. Russell, Henry Hibler and Rev. P. D. Cooper. The lodge meets each second and fourth Saturday evening in the month, in Johnson's building, over Dr. Gibson's drug store; the member- ship now is about sixty, and the financial condition good. In connection with the sketch of the above lodge of the A. O. U. W., it is deemed appropriate to introduce a brief account of the origin of the order itself in the United States, inasmuch as the founder of it, Mr. J. J. Upchurcli, for some years before his death, resided in Steelville. In June, 1864, while Mr. Upchurcli was at work on the Mine Hill & Schuylkill Haven Railroad, the train hands demanded an increase of 50 cents per day in their wages. Mr. Upchurch advised the president of the road of their demand, and was directed by him to give them an advance of 40 cents per day. This proposition was received with great derision. Their union had directed them to demand 50 cents advance and to accept nothing less, and, unless the 50 cents advance was given them, they were to go out on a strike. Mr. Upchurcli at once saw the great injustice done the train men by the society to which they belonged, which thus assumed to direct them in a matter of vital importance, while the union knew but little, if anything, about the difficulty between the railroad company and its employes. However, the men went on the strike, as they were ordered to do, and were out two weeks, when the Secretary of War sent a corps of engineers and firemen and placed them in Mr. Upchurcli' s charge, and with this force he operated the road two weeks, in the interest of the Government of the United States. At the 588 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. end of this time the men, having lost a month's time, were ready to return to work at the advance of 40 cents per day. The ques- tions that arose in the mind of Mr. Upchurch was, " What right has a body of men, styling themselves a union, to dictate to others what wages they shall receive?" " Whence their power to control the will of workmen?" It appeared plain that great injustice was done, not only to the laboring men, but also to their employers, and he was convinced that the societies, in the way in which they were being managed, were exercising a baneful influ- ence on the business interests of the country. He, therefore, determined to institute an order which, if possible, should unite employer and employe, in an organization obligating them to the same great principle, " The greatest good to the greatest number." In 1865 Mr. Upchurch mentioned the trouble then agitating the country between capital and labor to Capt. Francis J. Keffer, and disclosed to him his plan of uniting them both into one great organization. Capt. Keffer was so fully and favorably impressed with the value of the plan that, at the first opportunity, he became a Grand Master Workman. In June, 1868, at Meadville, Penn., Mr. Upchurch joined the " League of Friendship Supreme Mechanical Order of the Sun," and soon discovered that the order was working in the dark, being unable to obtain any informa- tion from the " Grand Council," without taking the degree called the " Knight of the Iron Ring" and the payment of an extra $5, and he came to the conclusion that the entire order was of no practical benefit, that it was in fact organized for the purposes of fraud. Other members agreed with him, and hence the w^ay was easily opened to explain to the dissatisfied ones his new idea to benefit the workingman. At a meeting of the League held Sep- tember 29, 1868, the following resolutions were adopted: Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed to revise and remodel the work of the order, together with the constitution and by-laws; and that the com- mittee correspond with the Grand Council, asking for their approval. Resolved, That, if the Grand Council will not approve of our revised work, we will return to them our charter, moneys, etc., and at once proceed to the organization of a new order. Resolved, That the Honorable Master, J. J. Upchurch, be the chairman of said committee. STATE OF MISSOURI. 589 The following members were then appointed as the committee of revision: J. J. Upchurch, chairman; J. R. Umberger, W. W. Walker, M. H. McNair, H. C. Deron, A. Klock and J. R. Hulse. This committee on the evening of October 11, 1868, expressed their willingness to leave the work in the hands of the chairman. October 17, 1868, the constitution and the first degree were ready, the charter, etc., of the League was removed, the constitution was read and adopted by acclamation, and the obligation of the first degree was administered by Mr. Upchurch, to thirteen persons besides himself, viz. : J. J. Upchurch, A. Oaster, P. Linen, T. F. Upchurch, W. C. Newberry, AV. S. White, J. R. Hulse, M. H. McNair, H. C. Deron, J. R. Umberger, S. Rositer, P. Lawson, A. B. Ogden and J. R. Tracy, and thus was the An- cient Order of United Workmen organized. The first officers elected were J. J. Upchurch, M. W. ; J. R. Umberger, C. P. ; J. A. Tracy, overseer; M. H. McNair, secretary ; J. R. Hulse, treas- urer ; Henry Deross, guide ; A. P. Ogden, chaplain ; W. S. White, O. W. ; S. Rositer, I. W. ; W. C. Newberry, T. P. Upchurch and P. Linen, trustees. Business in Steelville is now being conducted by the follow- ing individuals and firms: Dry goods, groceries and ready-made clothing, Scott, Bass & Co., Matlock & Haley, Davis & Hamble, James Key and R. H. Houston; drug stores, W. A. Martin, Eugene Trask and A. Gibson & Sons; harness-maker, R. H. Bau- com; shoemaker, Andrew Pabst; blacksmiths and wagon-makers, Swack and J. P. Webb ; blacksmith, Brandle ; barber, John Starks ; carpenters, Upchurch Bros. ; The Steelville Hotel, kept by William D. Bass ; postmaster, Andrew Jackson ; physi- cians and surgeons. Dr. J. T. Coffee and Drs. Gibson and Met- calf, all allopathists ; lawyers, G. D. Clark, E. A. Pinnell and B. F. Russell; abstractors, Pinnell & Ramsey; livery stable, Bass & Bros.; meat market, Pinson & Myers; marble works. Cook & Hopkins ; insurance and real estate agents, Ferguson & Russell ; jeweler, William Halliburton; lumber yard, J. M. Sawyer; agri- cultural implements, Upchurch Bros. The town has a Cumber- land Presbyterian, a Methodist and a Baptist Church, a Masonic Lodge, an Odd Fellows Lodge, and a lodge of United Workmen. The Evans' Flouring Mill is located one and a half miles 590 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. southeast of Steelville. It was erected in 1883-84, and was a two-story frame building, 22x38 feet in size, and contained two runs of bulirs. The machinery was propelled by water power, and had a capacity of about thirty barrels of flour per day, The mill race was dug part of the way through solid rock, from a spring large enough to supply water for a twenty-horse-power water wheel. W. C. Evans and W. E. Evans, brothers, were the pro- prietors. September 23, 188G, this mill was burned down, caus- ing a loss to Evans Bros, of about §0,000, there being no insurance on the property. W. E. Evans then retired from the firm, and W. C. Evans soon commenced to rebuild. The new building is the same size as the former one, but is three stories high instead of two, alcove a basement. It is a frame building, and is supplied with four and a half sets of double rollers, having a capacity of about twenty-five barrels of flour per day. A tur- bine water wheel propels the machinery. Steelville Mill was built in 1879, by E. Hiller, being a three- story and basement building. Its walls are constructed on the elevator plan. It was simply a buhr mill until 1880, when Jacob R. Hiller, son of the founder put in two double sets of rollers. The capacity of the mill now is about twenty barrels of flour per day, and is propelled by water power. The cost of the present mill was about 810,000. The Steelville Bank commenced business in October, 1884, and was incorporated about the same time. There were originally twelve stockholders — W. H. Lee (of St. Louis), J. T. Coffee, AV. C. Devol, L. H. Scott, Thomas Everson, J. D. Taylor, E. A. Bass, M. D. Jamison, G. W. Matlock, G. W. Sanders, W. H. Ferguson and Thomas B. Gibson. The directors were W. H. Lee, J. T. Coffee, W. C. Devol, W. H. Ferguson and G. AV. Mat- lock, and the first officers were G. W. Matlock, president; J. T. Coffee, vice-president, and Thomas R. Gibson, cashier. The officers are still the same. The original capital stock was §10,000, which remains unchanged, but the surplus is now §5,300. A two-story brick building, 30x24, was erected at a cost of §1,900. A general banking business is carried on; deposits are received to any amount, upon which 5 per cent annual interest is paid semi- annually. The bank has now about §10,000 on deposit. STATE OF MISSOURI. 591 The Crawford Mirror was established May 4, 1872, by Thomas H. Roberts, and was printed in a little log cabin four miles distant from Steelville, for two years. It was then removed to Cuba, and })ublislied there by Mr. Eoberts, the mechanical work being done from the first by his two daughters, who also contributed largely to its columns. One of these daughters be- came Mrs. Dr. P. Watson, of Kirkwood, and the other Mrs. D. L. Grace. In March, 1870, the Mirror was purchased by B. F. Russell, who moved it to Steelville, where he commenced the publication of a Republican paper. After some months a mortgage which was held on the office by several prominent Republicans of Steelville, was purchased by John H. Wheeling in behalf of the Democratic party of the county, and Mr. Russell, not being able to redeem the mortgage, was com- pelled in order to sustain the interest he had in the paper to pub- lish an independent paper. Mr. Wheeling retired about 1878, but the Mirror has ever since continued to be independent. The circulation of the Mirror now is about 1,400, and it is a six -column quarto, half ready print. Since the Mirror was established there have been a number of other papers established in the county, all of which have suspended publication. The Craicfo7'cl Couniy Express was started in 1872 by Marcy k Scott, and was sold to John Ellis in 1874, and its publication continued until 187G. The Shield and Tewperance Advocaie was published at Cuba in 187G and 1877. Next came the Crawford Seniinel, by Stewart Bros., one year (1879-80), purchased by Watson & Ives, published by them a few months, and sold to Roberts & Watson. About April, 1884, the Maries Couniy Democrat was moved from Vichy Springs to Cuba, and there called the Cuba Democrat. Its proprietor ran it about a year, and left the place. Millard Goodwin took possession of the office, changed the name of the paper to the Cuba Champion, and ran it nearly a year, when John E. Roberts took charge and run it through the campaign. The Sentinel was then run as the Crawford Sentinel, and as such pub- lished at Steelville until April, 1886, when it was leased to G. D. Clark as the Crawford Sentinel until August, when the publica- tion was suspended, and the material of the office sold to Ferguson 592 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. & Martin. Tbo material of the Champion was bought by Oliver F. Utt, who ran it as a Republican paper about a year, when it was leased to John E. Roberts, who ran it about three months, when he turned it over to Oliver F. Utt, who moved it to Potosi. Cuba was laid out and surveyed in December, 1857, by M. W. Trask and W. H. Ferguson. The plat contained thirty-two blocks, and each block four lots, except those on each side of Main Street, each of which contained six lots, four of the six fronting on Main Street, on which the railroad survey had been completed a short time previously, and which was 200 feet wide, and 100 feet each way from the center of the railroad. North of Main Street and parallel therewith were Washington and Spencer Streets ; south of Main Street and parallel therewith were Monroe and Myrtle. The streets perpendicular to the above and south of Main Street were Phelps, Tyce, Evans, Pond, Meramec, Prairie, Liberty, Canal and Fleming; north of Main and perpendicular thereto were Green, Hickory, Smith, Buchanan, Fillmore, Wall, Maiden Lane, Franklin Avenue and Park Place. The survey of the town, according to the description on the plat, "commenced at a stone at the southeast corner of the north- east quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 31, Township 39, Range 4 west, and proceeded north twenty-four and three- fourths degrees, west twenty-one and a half chains to the north- east corner of Block No. 17, in Cuba; thence south westward with a street parallel with the railroad, then to the cross street south, nineteen degrees east." It will be observed that this is only a par- tial description. Each block was 160x262 feet, and each lot 80x130 feet, except those fronting on Main Street, which were 30x130 feet. At the time the town was surveyed there was no house within one-half mile, the nearest one being George M. Jamison's, at which he kept a postoffice, named Amanda, after his wife. His house was west of the town site. William Simpson lived three- fourths of a mile north, John Fleming three-fourths of a mile northeast. This locality had been known for twenty years as Simpson's Prairie, named after James B. Simpson, father of Will- iam Simpson. In 1860 the following persons built houses on the STATE OF MISSOURI. 503 town site of Cuba: George M. Jamison, Wesley Smith, Tyce Smith and Isaac B. Tyler. AVesley Smith and George M. Jamison — Monroe Jamison, as he was generally known — each had a general store, the latter moving his postoffice, Amanda, to the new town, and had its name changed to Cuba. Barnabas Smith owned that portion of the prairie south of the town, and had fine improvements. He was a thorough-going Yankee, a farmer, and a dealer in stock and produce. As the town grew and other stores were needed they were established by other persons, one of them being a drug store by John Kesler. Jerome Calkins bored artesian wells, usually going down through the solid rock underlying a part of Cuba about sixty feet, and getting plenty of water. In the southeast part of the town, however, water was obtained by dig- ging wells about eighteen feet deep. A hotel was kept by one of the Tylers up to the beginning of the war. In 1862 E. G. Evans took charge of it and the postoffice at the same time, keeping the former about a year, and then moved the postoffice to his own house in Block 9, and kept it there for several years. At the first sale of lots in Cuba the east half only of the blocks along the railroad were sold, the other half being held for advance in prices. The first physicians in Cuba were Dr. A. B. Moore, who came in 1860, and Dr. T. P. Martyn, who came in 1863. The town at the beginning of the war had some seventy-five inhabitants, and during the war it about held its own, but did not grow. The depot and Stephen Sweetin's house were the only buildings burned down by the rebels during the war, and these in 1864. From the year 1870 the town grew in size, and improved in the character of its buildings, until at the present time it has about 600 inhabitants, and is surrounded by a country that will support it without its being the county seat. Cuba has twice severely suffered by the fire fiend. October 31, 1878, a fire originated in Kessler's drug store, in Block 10, crossed over to Block 11, and consumed the principal hotel of the place, the American House, Fred Gerkin's shoe shop, Newman & Jones' general store, a large brick building, all the buildings on the east side of Smith Street and north of Main. The esti- mated loss was $35,000, on which there was insurance of about half that amount. 594 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. A second fire visited the place January 7, 1886, likewise entailing heavy loss. It started in Smith's saloon, and consumed, in Block 10, Blair's saddlery shop, the telephone office, Newman & Jones' general store, thence across Washington Street, north, into Block 7, where it destroyed the Parks House. The loss at this time was $20,000, on which there was an insurance of $10,000. Following is a list of the business and professional men of Cuba: General stores, Newman & Jones, J. M. Wallace, Clark & Co., M. J. Dooley, C. Ettinger and J. H. AVheeling 40, Range 5 west. The original membership of the church was about thirty, and their first building (a frame one) was erected at a cost of $350. The first minister was a Rev. Mr. David, and the present minister is the Rev. Benjamin Leach. Bethel Missionary Baptist Church was organized in 1846, by Rev. R. S. D. Caldwell, with the following members: Rev. R. S. D. Caldwell, Obadiah Ferguson and W. J. Devol, and their wives. A log house of worship Avas built immediately upon organization, which, with an addition, is used to the present time. Its location is Keysville. Bethel is the mother church of nearly all the Baptist Churches in Crawford County, and of many in other counties, and she has now about thirty members. Her pastors have been Rev. E. A. Hight, for about twenty years; Revs. J. R. Hamlin, C. H. Smith, Robert Fortune, P. D. Cooper and T. E. Carr. First Baptist Church of Cuba was organized December 17, 1870, by Rev. W. O. Gibson, Joseph Steel and William Deffebach, with the following members: James B. Simpson, Mary Simp- son, D. B. Snody, Mary A. Snody, J. H. Short and Nancy J. Short, in a log schoolhouse, one and a half miles northeast of the present town of Cuba. At that time the little log schoolhouse was surrounded by forests. Religious services were held in pri- vate houses until the Presbyterian Church edifice was built, wdien that was used for some time, but,owing to what the Baptists consid- ered too high rent, services were then held again in private houses and other places until the completion of the present church building, by this organization, in 1885-86. It was dedicated by Rev. S. M. Brown, assisted by Rev. T. A. Bowman, Rev. C. A. Cooper and Rev. W. D. Turner. The building is a frame one, 21x4:0 feet in size, and cost about $800. The pastors have been Rev. W. O. Gibson, commencing in 1870; Rev. N. O. Sow^ers, 1874; Rev. A. M. Johnson, 1876; Rev. George W. Boulsher, 1877; Rev. J. H. Hamlin, 1880; Rev. T. A. Bowman, 1886; and Rev. J. A. Hamlin, August, 1887. At present the membership is about twenty-eight. The Sunday-school was organized im- mediately after the dedication of the new church building. Its first superintendent was Mrs. Mary A. Snody, and its present 604 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. superintendent is William Jesturs, who has been church clerk since 1874. The assistant superintendent is Z. T. Maxwell. There are four officers, three teachers and about thirty scholars. Cook's Station Baptist Church was organized March 8, 1879, by Rev. A. F. Randall, T. E. Carr and John Godby. The fol- lowing were the first members: Richard Roberts and wife; Will- iam Taff; C. B. Vaughan and wife; John B. Roberts and wife; Thomas M. Roberts and wife; Mrs. Sarah Roberts; T. E. Carr and wife; Charles H. Lay and John M. Lay. The schoolhouse in District No. 1, Township 36, Range 5 west, is used for relig- ious worship. The pastors have been Revs. T. E. Carr and John Oodby. The membership is now twenty-four, and, though com- posed of men of wealth, the congregation has been for some time without a minister. The following summary of the Baptist Churches in Crawford County Avas furnished by Rev. J. R. Hamlin: "The Meramec Baptist Association, the first in Crawford County, and a part of Washington County, was organized November 11, 1870, with six churches, three ordained ministers and 143 members. At that time there were but five Baptist Church buildings in Crawford County, worth about $1,100. At the present time the association has twenty-one churches in her fellowship, thirteen ordained ministers and 869 members; and in Crawford County there are twelve church buildings, worth $63,000, and there are seven Baptist Churches worshiping in schoolhouses, and in union church buildings." The Meramec Association has been in ex- istence eighteen years, and of this time Rev. J. R. Hamlin has been moderator twelve years. Cumberland Prcshytericm. — Steelville Cumberland Presbyte- rian Church was organized about 1845, by the Rev. John E. Braley, with R. C. Dunlap and Samuel Lofton as elders. Up to 1850 religious services were held in the courthouse, except that occasionally they were held in the schoolhouse which stood in the south part of the town. The seminary building was erected in 1851, under the authority of the St. Louis Presbytery of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church, and this seminary building was used as a sanctuary on Sundays until 1868, when the basement of the Masonic Hall was rented and fitted up as a church. Here STATE OF MISSOURI. 605 services were held until the completion of the present frame church building, standing on Seminary Street north of the rail- road, erected in 1874, at a cost of about $2,500. It is 35x55 feet in size, and was dedicated in 1874, by Dr. C. H. Bell, of St. Louis. The first pastor of this church was the Rev. John E. Braley, who- was succeeded by his brother, the Rev. James B. Braley, in 1844, who remained until 1851. The succeeding pastors, with the dates of the commencements of their pastorates, have been the Revs. I. B. Allen, 1852; James B. Braley, 1855; W. P. Renick, 1859; James B. Braley, 1867; E. M. Johnson, 1875; James B. Braley, 1877; W. T. Rogers, 1883; J. P. Campbell, 1884; and W. D. Hawkins, 1887. The membership of the church at present is eighty-one. Services are held every second and fourth Sunday in each month. The Sunday-school was organized in 1883. Of this school J. C. Jadwin is the superintendent. Previous to 1883 the children attended the Union Sunday-school. Pleasant Point Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organ- ized in 1858, by Rev. James B. Braley. The original members were Addison Adams and wife, Mrs. Elizabeth Palmer, Mrs. Eliza J. Kessler, Joseph Collins, Mrs. Emeline Haley, Mrs. Margaret Laney, and J. A. Key and wife. The first place of meeting wa& Pleasant Point schoolhouse, near which, in 1882, a neat one- story box church building, having a capacity of 250, was erected at a cost of $300. It stands on Section 1, Township 37, Range 5 west, and was dedicated in 1883 by Rev. J. M. Phillips. The pas- tors have been Revs. James B. Braley, I. C. Ritchey, I. G. Eaton, E. M. Johnson, W. D. Hawkins, J. M. Phillips, W. T. Rogers, J. P. Campbell and, at the present time, Rev. W. D. Hawkins. The present membership is 115, and the church is in an active, pros- perous condition. Crooked Creek Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organ- ized about 1834, by Frank Braley. The first members were J. Givens and wife, Obadiah, William, Elijah and John Key, John Dunlap and wife, W. Carter and wife, Mary Key, Richard Staf- ford and wife, and Reuben Vaughan and wife. Originally the Baptists and Presbyterians built a union log house, but disagree- ing, the Presbyterians built a church of their own, also a log house, in which they have worshiped about forty-eight years. 606 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. The pastors have been the Revs. Jonathan Burris, Jacob Clark, Solomon Brown, John E. Braley, I. C. Ritchey, E. M. Johnson, George Brown, A. A. Johnson, J. W. Dobbs, James B. Braley and Isaac Eaton. The membership now is about thirty-five. Canaan Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organized about 1862. It is located in the southwest part of the county, on the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad, near the county line. Rev. E. R. Jones was probably the first pastor. Originally the church had about thirty members, and started off quite vigorously, and until within about a year had regular preaching. Rev. E. M. Johnson became pastor about 1876, and conducted a series of very interesting meetings. He remained some eighteen months, and was succeeded by Rev. W. D. Hawkins, who remained about two years. Then followed the Rev. J. W. Ritchey, for three years; Rev. W. D. Hawkins, for three years, and then the Rev, J. M. Phillips. The membership is about twenty. The church building erected in 1881 is a tw^o-story frame, the upper story being used for a Masonic Hall, and cost about $500. Union Cumberland Presbyterian Church is located on Huzzah Creek, twelve miles east of Steelville, and was organized about the same time with the Steelville Church, by Rev. I. B. Allen, who was a very efficient worker. At the present time the church has about sixty members, but has no regular preacher, though it is in a very sound financial condition. Black Jack Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organized in 1878, by Rev. James B. Braley, who preached for about a year, built and dedicated the church edifice. He was followed by G. W. Dobbs. who remained about six months, and was fol- lowed by the Rev. W. D. Hawkins, who also remained nearly six montlis. Since then there has been no regular preaching. At the present time the church has about twenty members. The most noted character connected with this church is Mrs. Martha Cop- pedge, who was the principal actor in securing the erection of the church edifice. Bethesda Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organized in the fall of 1844, by a division of the Meramec congregation, the line dividing the two congregations being the line dividing Frank- lin and Washington Counties, some four or five miles below the STATE OF MISSOURI. 607 Bethesda camp ground. The first elders were Bartlett Martin and William Crow, and the pastor Jacob Clark, who had been the pastor before the division. The members thus organizing Be- thesda Church numbered thirty-three. Kev. James B. Braley was pastor in 1854, and A. O. Melvin in 1865. This church was after- ward absorbed by the Boone Creek congregation. Presbyterian. — The First Presbyterian Church of Cuba re- sulted from efforts begun in August, 1865, by Rev. S. B. Shaw, then preaching in Crawford, Phelps, Dent and Franklin Counties. Interest was so awakened that by June 10, 1866, enough persons were found willing to organize themselves into a church. The following were the members: Rev. S. B. Shaw, and Mrs. Mary Ann Shaw, his wife; John and Eliza Fleming, Armstrong Glassey, J. N. Amsden, Isaac Glassey,Miss Hannah McCartney, Samuel Wil- son and Mrs. Jane Greig. A confession of faith, and a covenant and a constitution were adopted. On October 7 Mrs. S. Wilson and Archibald Fleming were admitted into the church. The first elders elect of the church were John Fleming, William McMullen and Isaac Wiley, but Mr. McMullen declining to serve, there were but two or- dained on November 20, 1868. The church was incorporated by the county court November 11, 1867, with twenty-six members. A frame church building was erected in 1870, costing §2,100, and is still used by the congregation. Rev. S. N. Mitchell came to this church as pastor in August, 1871; Rev. J. N. Annon in No- vember, 1880, and is still the pastor. The membership of the church at present is about forty. C. R. Hitch is the superintend- ent of the Sunday-school, which has ten teachers, four officers and about forty-five scholars. UnHed Preshyterian. — Pleasant Ridge United Presbyterian Church was organized by the Rev. N. A. Whitehill, with John W. Hamilton and wife, Thomas B. Hamilton and wife, Eliza Morgan, T. N. Barnes and wife, Fannie Edwards and A. W. Grossman and wife as members. A frame church building- was erected in 1887, for $500. It stands on Section 2, Township 39, Range 5 west. The present membership is thirty. The first oflicers were N. A. AVhitehill, pastor; Thomas B. Hamilton, trustee; A. B. Hamilton, secretary and treasurer, and A. M. Munrow and John W. Hamilton, elders. The present officers are N. A. 608 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. Whiteliill, pastor; A. B. Hamilton, Thomas M. Barnes and H. M. McCoukey, trustees; and A. M. Munrow and John W. Hamil- ton, elders. Methodist. — The First Methodist Episcopal Church was or- ganized in 1872 ; a class, however, had been organized a number of years before the war by the Rev. J. S. Harris, with about twelve members, as follows: Dr. T. P. Martyn and wife, John Poor, Miss Mollie Poor, Mrs. Roderick, Louisa Poor and Eliza Poor, Mrs. Elizabeth Harris, Miss Emma M. Harris, Samuel Curtis, Philip Reser, Albert Crandall and wife, and Mr. Kimball and wife. Services were held in the grove when the weather would permit, in private houses, in the Presbyterian Church, and other places, until August, 1885, when the present frame church building Avas erected. It is 28x50 feet in size, and cost about ^1,500. The pastors have been the Revs. N. H. Buck, 1872; Melancthon Smith, 1873; J. S. Harris, 1874; J. N. Moore, 1875; A. H. , 1876; W. V. Hamil, 1878; Charles S. Revelle, 1880; John Clark, 1882; N. E. Boyce, 1884, and G. A. Glens, 1886. The present membership of the church is forty-seven. The Sunday-school was organized in 1885, with Samuel Curtis, superintendent, and who is now the superintendent. It now has twelve officers and teachers, and about sixty-five scholars. Union Chapel, Methodist Episcopal, Oak Hill Township, was established about 1840, by James R. Burke. The first members were John Taylor and wife, H. R. Pinnell, William Spencer and two sisters. Wesley and Arthur Hawkins, Mary Hancock, Ellen Burke and a few others. The first church building was a log one erected in 1841. Built by the neighbors, it cost but little money, though it was a large, good building. The present frame structure was erected in 1876, at a cost of $600. It stands in Section 34, Township 40, Range 5 west, and was dedicated by John C. Williams, in 1883. The pastors have been Revs. D. F. Renfroe, AV. F. Young, J. M. Peace, John Dennis, Mr. Adkison, Andrew Fen ton and J. W. Johnson. The present membership is about sixty-five, and there is a flourishing Sunday-school con- nected with the church. The site of this church has been a noted camp-meeting ground. There are seven acres of ground devoted to this purpose, and from 1842 to 1885 camp meetings were held STATE OF MISSOURI. 609 annually, lasting about two weeks each time. In 1845 the camps were destroyed by fire, but the church soon rebuilt them, and car- ried on the work until 1885, since when it has been abandoned. Providence Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1860 by Eev. A. J. Fields; Jacob M. Baker and Josiah Wilson were the stewards, and G. W. Forbes, class leader. The full membership was James Baker, John Baker, Martha Baker, John Kellison, Jonah Willison and wife, James Willison and wife, Thomas Smith and wife, Mary Smith, John Poor and three daughters, Aury Boehm and Kebecca Eussell. The present mem- bership is ten. Other Methodist Episcopal Churches located in Crawford County are the Barnacle Methodist Episcopal Church, Wilson's Mills Methodist Episcopal Church, Delhi Methodist Episcopal Church, Knob View Methodist Episcopal Church, Iron Center Methodist Episcopal Church, and Davisville Methodist Episcopal Church. One of the incidents connected with the ministry of this church in Crawford County, worthy of preservation, is the follow- ing: Rev. Stanford Ing was accustomed to preach at Cuba pre- vious to the war. Just at the breaking out of the war, when ex- citement ran high against the Methodist Episcopal Church, on account of its attitude toward slavery and secession, it was un- derstood that it was the intention of those opposed to Mr. Ing's preaching to mob him on a certain Sunday. He took his place in the pulpit, however, on that Sunday, his parishioners and friends arming themselves in anticipation of trouble, and taking their seats in the congregation. A spy sent to the church to learn the situation of affairs, reported the armed condition of the congregation, and no attack was made. But the Rev. Mr. Ing, tired of annoyances and persecutions of this kind, said that if he could not be permitted to preach, he would fight, and went into the Union army, serving with distinction as captain through the war. The Methodist Episcopal Church South, of Steelville, was organized in May, 1886, with thirteen members. A church building was erected at a cost of $1,100, Rev. S. Richmond being pastor at the time. The building was dedicated in May, 1887, by -610 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. Dr. F. E. Hill. The membership of the church is now twenty- six, and the pastor, Rev. L. F. Aspley. James N. Johnson is the superintendent of the Sunday-school, which has about forty scholars. Episcopal. — St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, of Cuba, was or- ganized in 1880 by Bishop Robertson, who appointed George S. Robertson, warden, and J. E. Hollow, secretary and treasurer. The first members of this church were Mrs. E. H. Newman, Ramsey Robertson, Mrs. S. D. Green, Daniel Curtis and Mrs. Georgiana Hollow. Services were held in private houses, in a room over a store, in the Presbyterian Church, in the United Brethren Church and other places until 1883, when a frame church building, 22x42, was erected, at a cost of $800. It stands on the southwest corner of Block 52. The rectors have been the Rev. Mr. Dun- lap, from Kirkwood, and the Rev. William Johnson, of Rolla, who is now the rector. The members now number about seven- teen. The children attend the Union Sunday-school. Cafholic. — The Catholic Church of Cuba was established be- fore the war, from which time until about 1879, mass was cele- brated every three or six months by various priests from different cities. In this year a church building was erected — a frame, 20x60 feet in size — which cost about §600, and would seat 300 people. Soon after the building was accepted from the carpen- ter it was blown down by a cyclone, but since then it has been rebuilt at a cost of §700. At the present time ten or twelve families belong to it, and it is attended from Rolla by Rev. Father O'Laughlin. The Catholic Church at Leasburg was organized in 1860 by Father Galaher, the members being Patrick Fitzgerald, Dennis Mullin, John O'Brien, William AVallace, Patrick Mullin, John Irvine, Ed. Irvine and Patrick McGrath. In 1881 a frame church building was erected at a cost of §500. Twelve families now belong to this church, and the pastor is Father O'Laughlin. SCHOOLS. The first action taken by the county court in reference to school matters was on August 8, 1838, wlien the sheriff was ordered to sell, at the following November term of the circuit STATE OF MISSOURI. 611 court, the sixteenth section of Township 37, Range 4 west. On May 8, 1841, the school fund, y\'hich had accumulated from the sale of the sixteenth section in the county, was as follows: Township 37, Range 3 west, $708.15, interest, §70.-81; Town- ship 39, Range 2 west, §645.09, interest, $41.40; Township 37, Range 4 west, $60.50, interest, $3.02; Township 38, Range 6 west, $100, interest, $8.33; total principal, $1,514.34; total inter- est, $123.56. On May 1, 1842, the total amount of school fund was $2,297.43. Congressional Township 39, Range 2 west, was organized for school purposes November 20, 1843. William Harrison was appointed commissioner, and William Crow and Theophilus Williams, inspectors. The first meeting of the inhab- itants was appointed for December 23, 1843, at the house of William Harrison. The sixteenth section of Township 39, Range 5 west, was ordered to be sold about this time. School Town- ship 35, Range 5 west, was organized November 11, 1847, with Lewis Dent, commissioner, and Benjamin Cooksey and Samuel Shoemate, directors. The first meeting was appointed for Janu- ary 10, 1848, at the house of Benedict Plank. School Township 36, Range 3 west, was organized February 19, 1848, Martin Earney, Esq., being appointed commissioner, and G. W. Edgar and J. W. Martin, directors. The first meeting of the inhab- itants was to be held March 25, 1848, in the Seminary school- house. School Township 38, Range 7 west, was organized Feb- ruary 14, 1850, with B. Wishor, commissioner, and Archibald Jones and Michael Durnvin, directors. The first meeting was appointed at the schoolhouse in said township for April 6, 1850. School Township 37, Range 3 west, was organized November 16, 1850, with Thomas Kelly, commissioner, and Samuel Bunyard and John Carroll, inspectors. The first meeting of the inhab- itants was set for December 21, 1850, at the schoolhouse. School Township 39, Range 2 west, was organized February 10, 1852, with John W. Harrison, commissioner, and Batteal Harrison and Benjamin B. Ruggles, directors. The first meeting was ordered to be held at Liberty schoolhouse on the fourth Saturday in March. In May, 1856, the school fund had reached $8,340, besides interest due, $767 ; and in 1860 it had become $7,480 with 612 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. $509 interest due; and in 1865 it was $8,200 with $1,060 interest due. Until within recent years the common schools of Crawford County made slow progress, which was matter of grave concern to many of the citizens, who could but feel much mortification and chagrin at the unfavorable comparison sometimes made between Crawford and other counties in this respect. On the 4th of April, 1873, the Mirror, in a leading editorial on the sub- ject of common schools, said: " The people of the county will soon have an opportunity to make preliminary arrangements for having public schools opened in the various school districts; and it rests with the residents of each separate locality to provide themselves with good schools, and to enjoy all the advantages resulting therefrom, or, by follow- ing the apathetic course of the past, to still permit their county to linger in the rear of others of comparatively recent growth. " During the present month directors are to be chosen for vari- ous sub-districts, and on the selections then made much of the suc- cess or failure of the schools of each locality will depend. When earnest friends of education are secured for these positions there will be a marked improvement on the past. Much of the com- plaint against our school law arises from a dereliction or neglect in the officers selected to carry out its provisions, added to the indifference on the subject of popular education on the part of many of the citizens, and a distinct opposition on the part of others, with a constant repugnance to paying school tax. " By statistics of the county for 1872, as given by John Mon- teith, Crawford County, one of the oldest in the State, cut a sorry figure on the subject of education. The population of the county was 7,982, and the school population was, white children, 3,269, colored, 45; the number attending school, 1,149, and the average daily attendance, 996. The number of school districts was 73, number of schoolhouses, 66, and the number of schools, 63. There was'no report from the county superintendent of Crawford County to the State school superintendent, and no teachers' insti- tute reported. Steelville Academy is the one bright oasis in the desert of popular ignorance in Crawford County." Since then there has been great improvement in the common STATE OF MISSOURI. 613 schools of the county, and probably greater improvement than the reports from the clerks of the sub-districts throughout the county would seem to show. For these various clerks are usually men whose opportunities for securing education in their youth were not of the best, and thus, while the schools improve, the reports made out by the same men as in former years, or by similar uneducated men, show the same deficiencies. And because of these defects, with respect to which Crawford County is by no means alone in this State, it has been until within very recent years next to impossible for any county school commissioner to present to the State school superintendent a report from which an accurate idea could be obtained of the condition of the schools of his county. The improvement in the schools have been largely caused by the increased interest in the cause of education taken by the teachers themselves, and in this county, as well as in Gasconade, Franklin, Washington and Jefferson Counties, teachers' institutes have been numerous, well attended, and of great benefit to the teachers, in giving to them clearer and more enlarged views of their duties as teachers, and in awakening in them a more intense enthusiasm for their profession. The following statistics from the latest report accessible shows the condition of the schools at the present time: Increase in the public school fund since 1876 from fines, penalties, swamp land sales, etc.— 1877, $94,20; 1878, $273.10; 1879, $137; 1881, $529; 1882, $205; 1883, $27.55; 1884, $420; 1885, $482.97. For the year ending July 1, 1886 — State moneys, $3,402.55; county moneys, $470.35; township moneys, $1,631.50; direct tax, $8,763.39; total receipts, $21,778.19; total expenditures, $13- 998.78; cash on hand, $7,779.41; county funds, $3,738.50; town- ship funds, $15,870.80; total funds, $20,609.30. Enumeration: whites — male 2,178, female 1,949, total, 4,127, colored — males 17, females 10, total 27; total enumeration 4,154. Enrollment: whites — male 1,453, female 1,133, total, 2,586; colored, none enrolled. Average number of days' attendance for each child, 62 ; average number in attendance each day, 2,144; number of teach- ers, 80; average salary, $32.25; number of schoolrooms occupied, 87; seating capacity, 4,280; number of white schools, 80; colored schools, none; cost of education per day per pupil, 5 cents; value 614 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. of school property, §24,975; assessed value of property in the county, §1,619,580. County school commissioners: Rev. E. R. Fort, 1872; Walter F. Chapman, 18G5; D. L. Grace, 1878; E. A. Evans, 1880; W. L. Cowden, 1882; Job AVood, 1884; J. C. Jadwin, 1886. Steelville Academy was established under the authority or auspices of the St. Louis Presbytery of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church, in 1851. A two-story brick building was erected at a cost of about §2,000. The institution was chartered by the Legislature of Missouri, in an act approved February 3, 1853. Marvin W. Trask and Silas B. Brickey were clothed with authority to appoint three other persons who, together with their two selves, should constitute a body politic and corporate, and be known as the " Trustees of Steelville Academy," to have perpetual succession and a common seal. The capital stock of the institu- tion was fixed by this act at §15,000, to be divided into shares of §5 each. It was also provided that no influence in favor of the principles of any religious denomination should be taught or tolerated in the academy, but moral discipline should be provided for. It was likewise provided by the statute that the capital stock of the incorporation and its property should be exempt from taxation, so long as it was used for educational purposes. The first principal of this academy was Prof. Stacey, who had one assistant; and about forty pupils attended the institution the first year. The course of study embraced the higher English branches, and occasionally a student pursued the Latin and the Greek. Prof. Stacey remained one year, and was followed by Eev. I. B. Allen, who a part of the time had two assistants. The number of scholars increased to about fifty, quite a number com- ing from abroad. Prof. Wilson succeeded to the principalship in 1854; Rev. W. P. Renick, in 1856; Prof. William T. Stewart, in 1858; Rev. W. P. Renick, again in 1864; Prof. William H. Lynch, in 1867 ; and then quite a number of others served in that capacity, each for a short time, until in 1872 Prof. T. A. Gayman took charge. One other principal followed him, and then finally, the property was sold to the school district. Records of the proceedings of the school board of this dis- trict, previous to 1883, could not be found. In 1882 the teachers STATE OF MI8S0UBI. 615 for 1882-83 with their salaries were: Silas Dinsmore, principal, $65; Miss Ella Metcalf, $35; Miss Zora Halbert, $25. In March, 1883, Preston Halbert was president of the board of edu- cation, and Hermon Ferguson, secretary. April 9, G. D. Day and Eugene Trask had become members of the board. In June, Prof. Landrum was elected principal of the school for six months, at $65 per month and half the outside patronage. Miss Dora Sloan, of Cape Girardeau, was chosen first assistant, at $40 per month, and Miss Lillie Trask, of Steelville, second assistant, at $25. In April, 1884, E. A. Bass, G. W. Matlock and E. A. Pin- nell were elected members of the board ; E. A. Pinnell was made president, Hermon Ferguson, secretary, and E. A. Bass, treasurer. J. C. Jadwin was elected principal of the school, at $65 per month, and has served ever since at the same salary; Miss May Halbert, first assistant, at $35, and Miss Delia Adair, second assistant, at $30. In April, 1885, E. A. Pinnell, G. D. Clark and J. C. Whitmire were elected members of the board. Nan- nie Marsh was chosen first assistant, at $35, and Miss Delia Adair second assistant, at $35. On March 12, 1886, an order was made by the board to sub- mit to the voters of the school district, at an election to be held April 6, following, the question of borrowing $3,000, on ten twenty-year bonds, to draw 6 per cent interest, for the purpose of building a new brick schoolhouse. This proposition was carried by a vote of 57 to 25 — more than a two-thirds majority. The plan adopted by the board was that of a building, 26x40 feet, of brick, ceilings to be twelve feet high, the old building, formerly owned by Steelville Academy, to be torn down to the first story, and then rebuilt to correspond with the new building, all to form one building when completed. The proposition of S. J. Frazier to put up the new schoolhouse for $2,650 was accepted, $125 was allowed him for extra work, and the furniture and apparatus cost $225, making the total cost of the building, ready for occupancy, $3,000. In May, 1886, Miss Cora Metcalf was engaged as first assist- ant, at $35 ; Miss Delia Adair, as second assistant, at $35, and Miss Fannie Braley, as third assistant, $35. That spring Preston Halbert, E. A. Bass and W. C. Devol were the new directors, 616 HISTORY OF CRAWFORD COUNTY. the board for 1887-88 being E. A. Pinnell, president; G. D. Clark, vice-president; E. A. Bass, treasurer; W. C. Devol, secretary, Preston Halbert and W. H. Davis. The teachers engaged in 1887 were J. C. Jadwin, principal, at $65 per month; Rev. W. D. Hawkins, first assistant, at $40; Miss Ura Halbert, second assistant, at $35, and Miss Fannie Braley, third assistant, at $30. The principal's report of the school for October, 1887, showed the attendance to have been, males, 76; females, 90; the average number in attendance each day was 141, and the average num- ber of days' attendance by each pupil was 17, the month consist- ing of twenty days. Gasconade County, PHYSICAL DESCKIPTION. Area, etc. — Gasconade County is situated in the east central part of Missouri, and is bounded as follows: On the north by Montgomery and Warren Counties, separated from them by the Missouri Eiver ; on the east by Franklin County ; on the south by Crawford and Phelps Counties, and on the west by Maries and Osage Counties. It is fifteen miles in width from east to west, extending from the middle of Range 4 west of the fifth principal meridian to the range line between Ranges 6 and 7 west; and it is in extreme length nearly thirty-six miles ; thus having an area of about 510 square miles or 326,400 acres of land. Topography. — This county has all the varieties of surface known in the State, except that the hills are not so high as in many portions, viz. : bluffs, ridges, prairie and bottom lands. The northern part of the county, for a little over one-third of the dis- tance back from the Missouri River, is quite hilly and broken, and was, in the early day, covered with heavy timber ; but now the more gentle slopes have been cleared and are under cultivation. The southern portion forms a kind of plateau, and contains sev- eral small prairies, which are separated from the streams by steep hills, bluffs or gentle slopes. Streams. — The streams of the county are the Gasconade, which enters it from Osage County on the township line between Town- ships 43 and 44, and, soon turning north, runs in a general north- wardly direction until it empties into the Missouri River, very near the middle of Range 6 west; the Bourbeuse* enters the county from the south from Phelps County, near the middle of Range 6 west, and flows in a northeastwardly direction into Frank- * Spelled also Bourbois. 39 618 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. Hd County. Frene Creek enters the Missouri at Hermann, and Little Berger, Boeuf, First Creek, Second Creek and Third Creek are the only other streams of note in the county. Soil. — The soil of the bottom lands is extremely fertile; then in degree of fertility come the gentler slopes, especially where covered with white oak, black and white walnut, shell bark hick- ory, etc. ; prairie lands and those covered with pin oak are next in fertility ; then come the lands covered with white and black oak and white hickory; the post oak table-lands belong to the fifth class, and the black jack with white clay subsoil to the sixth, the darker the subsoil the richer the soil. All along the tributaries of the Gasconade River the rock is limestone, but elsewhere it is sandstone or flint. The timber of the county, as indicated above, consists of oak, hickory, walnut, black jack and several other valuable varieties, and the grasses are the same, both wild and cultivated, as those in the neighboring .counties. Saltpeter Caves. — Formerly there was a number of saltpeter caves* along the Gasconade Eiver, and small quantities of saltpeter were made and shipped to St. Louis, but most of that made was used in other portions of the state in the manufacture of gun- powder. Some of the caves in the country are large and quite interesting, consisting frequently of a succession of rooms, connected with each other by arched halls and passage ways of various heights and sizes. The walls are of limestone, and in many cases present a beautiful appearance. Originally it was not an uncommon thing to find in these caves Indian axes and hammers, from which it was inferred by the discoverers that the saltpeter had been taken out by the savages them- selves for some purpose which could not be conjectured. But as these tools may have been left there by an antecedent and more civilized race than the Indian, such conjectures with reference to the Indian are of not much value, and the sup- position that they did belong to an anterior race is strength- ened by the existence of the ruins of an ancient town, which were found near the Gasconade Eiver, a short distance from the * In the spring of 1810 James McDonald, of Bonhomme, and his two sons went to some caves on Gasconade River to make saltpeter, and in three weeks returned to St. Louis with 3,000 pounds. No doubt some of these caves were in Gasconade County. STATE OF MISSOURI. 619 road leading to St. Louis. This ancient town was laid out with great regularity, and the dimensions of some of the squares and streets, and even of some of the houses, were discernible. Stone walls were found in different parts of the area covered by huge heaps of earth. Ten or twelve miles lower down the river a kind of stone work or fort or mound was found, which was about thirty feet square. It is on a high bluff, and thus commands a fine view of the surrounding country. From this stone work a small foot- path leads to the cave, in which were found a number of axes. On Dry Fork are two natural curiosities of considerable interest — Bear Cave, which has been penetrated to quite a distance, and Beaver Pond, whose margin is decorated by small islands sup- posed to have been the work of beavers. SETTLEMENT. One of the first of the settlers in the county, if not the first, was Isaac Best, who owned and ran a horse mill somewhere in the northwest part of the county. For protection from the Indians he built a block-house, and had about a dozen dogs, which he had trained to give the alarm upon the approach of savages. One day, while grinding at his mill, his faithful sentinels attracted his attention by their uneasiness, and himself and his companion, Callahan, sallied forth to learn the cause. A shot from the Indians disabled Callahan, and compelled both to retreat to the block-house. Here they made good use of their rifles, but the Indians, nevertheless, captured the two horses with which the mill was propelled. Mr. Best, unwilling to risk another attack from the Indians, abandoned the mill and with his family and friend, paddled down the river to the nearest settlement. His family being now in comparative safety, he returned to his mill and cabin to recover some of his property, and was again attacked by the Shawnees. Being pressed too severely he jumped into the Missouri River, and, saving his rifle by placing it upon a cake of ice, " performed the almost incredible feat of swimming with the cake to Talbot's Forts, a distance of eight miles," and, after gaining terra firma, his clothing froze upon his person before he could reach the forts, 200 yards back from the river. The above story is related by different authorities, substan- 620 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. tially as given above ; but some locate it on the north side of the Missouri River, just opposite the mouth of the Gasconade. The time of its occurrence was most probably in the fall of 1811. The first permanent settlers, it is believed, came into the county in 1812, and among them were Henry Reed, on the Bour- beuse, James Roark, three miles southeast of Hermann, and Isaac Perkins, William West, N. Riggins, and a few others who made their living principally by hunting and trading with the Indians. Some of these others were George Packett, Philip Boulware, and the Pryors, Pointers and Schockleys, John G. Heath, James Kegans, the Ridenhours, the Strains, James Crider, the Maupins, and a Mr. Wallace. Almost every one of the early settlers, as was the most natural and indeed necessary thing for them to do, settled on the bottom lands, near a small stream or good spring. No attempt was made to settle on the prairie until 1838, when Uriah Shockley located on Douglas Prairie, but, owing to the absence of water, and the difficulty of breaking new prairie land, abandoned his claim to Samuel Burchard, who, in his turn, was succeeded by Fred Douglas, after whom the prairie was named Douglas Prairie. At that time those who followed stock raising (and the num- ber was few), kept them during the winter on the bottom lands, along the Missouri River below Morrison, and along the Gas- conade. These bottom lands were then covered with rushes and wild but nutritious grasses, upon which stock could not only live but keep fat without other feed during that season. After the In- dians had been removed, and had " gone West," many of the farm- ers and settlers made a profitable business of rafting pine lumber from the Upper Gasconade River to St. Louis, while others found profit in hauling iron from the Massey Iron Works in Crawford County to Hermann, and in hauling provisions from Hermann to the works, as is mentioned in the sketch of the town of Her- mann. The following information about the early settlement of Gas- conade County was furnished by E. R. Bowen, of Red Bird, and is inserted almost verbatim as written by him: On March 3, 1829, Isaiah Bowen, familiarly known as Col. Bowen, and family, pitched their tents on the banks of the Bourbeuse, about one STATE OF MISSOURI. 621 and a half miles southeast of the present site of Eed Bird. The Colonel came to Missouri as an employe of Samuel Massey,* the founder of the Meramec Iron Works, in 1828, and superintended the building of the first gristmill at that place; and while he was employed with Mr. Massey he selected the location above referred to with the view of building a mill of his own. He continued to work at the iron works, at his trade, while his boys were engaged in clearing his land near Red Bird, what is now known as the old Bowen farm, which is owned at the present time by J. D. Faris. The Colonel, after finishing his day's work at the " Works," would, on Saturday evening, shoulder his trusty rifle [which is an heirloom in the family of E. R. Bowen, in memory of his grandfather], and set out for his Bourbeuse home, on foot, taking the North Star for his guide, as there were then no roads to follow. Wolves and bears were quite plentiful then, and the wild Indians, though not numerous, were yet frequent visitors at the Colonel's home, as it was near their trail leading ta St. Louis. Later on, when the country began to settle up, Col. Bowen built his first mill on the Bourbeuse, which, owing to the sandy formation of the banks of the river, washed away a few years later. After this he built a second mill, about half a mile lower down the river, at the mouth of Bowen's Creek. This mill was a great success, and was patronized by the scattered popula- tion of an extensive territory. It was the only mill in that part of the county until some time in the seventies, when the Red Bird Mill was built. The present location of Red Bird was first set- tled, about 1840, by James Miller, who opened up a small farm and started a tannery. At this tannery Mr. Miller tanned hides on shares for the people, who either made their own shoes or took the leather to a neighbor, and had shoes made by him. After some years Mr. Miller quit the tanning business, and soon after this died. His family remained here, however, several years. In or about 1874 Wellington Henderson bought the farm, and started a sawmill, intending to add other improvements, but himself died in a short time, and the property fell into the hands of N. G. Clark, of Cuba, Mo., who erected a first-class grist- mill and added other improvements. In 1883 Red Bird Postoffice was established, the name "Red Bird " being selected by E. R. * Spelled also Massie. 622 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. Bowen, because he thought it would be easy to spell and remember. Following are some of the early land entries in Gasconade County, which will serve to show the names of early settlers and their choice of lands. No entries are here introduced except those made previous to the organization of the county, November 25, 1820. The following were made September 17, 1818: Joel Starky, Section 19, Township — , Eange G; William Clark, Section 0, Township 45, Kange 6; James Kegans, Section 10, Township 45, Range 6, also a portion of Section 11, Township 45, Range 0; and William West, Section 15, Township 45, Range 6. October 14, 1S18, Angus L. Langham, Section 3, Township 45, Range 6. October 20, 1818, Robert Thobe, Section 5, Township 45, Range 6; Thomas F. Reddick, Section 12, Township 45, Range 6. Oc- tober 28, 1818, Samuel Merry and Richard Graham, Section 2, Township 45, Range G. October 29, 1818, William C. Rector and Robert C. Wightman, Section 4, Township 44, Range G- November 4, 1818, Philip Tackett, Section 15, Township 44, Range G; November 25, 1818, Section 17, Township 43, Range 6. December 3, 1818, George Poynter and John Phillips, Sec- tion 32, Township 44, Range G. February 5, 1819, Edmund Anderson, Section 5, Township 43, Range G. February 27, 1819, Joseph Poynter, Section 10, Township 44, Range G. February 1, 1819, William Pryor, Section 32, Township 44, Range G. March 6, 1819, John Phillips, Section 17, Township 44, Range 6. March 19, 1819, James Clay, Section 22, Township 44, Range G. June 25, 1819, Robert and J. G. Heath, Section 11, Township 45, Range G; and, October 24, 1819, William G. Pettus, Section 6, Township 43, Range G. The following statement of voters, in Gasconade County, was filed June G, 1828: Roarks, 3; Jarvis, 1; Breeding, 1; Chrismans, 2; Phillips, 1; Bromley, 1; McManus, 1; Hilton, 1; Chuisin, 1; Grada, 1; Robertson, 3; West, 1; Tackett, 4; Hill, 3; Kirby, 3; Pryor, 3; Boulware, 1; Perkins, 5; Shockley, 3; Cox, 3; David, 1; Inslow, 1; Massie, 4; Wyatts, 2; Bittick, 1; Starkey, 1; Renfro^ 1; Crider, 4; Howard, 4; Reed, 2, Watson, 2; Wur, 1; Cowan, 1; Holden, 1 ; Burchard, 3 ; Babarick, 1 ; Skaff, 1 ; Rufro, 1, Pound, 1 ; Lane, 1 ; Walter, 1 ; Hincles, 5 ; Nasset, 1 ; Cliuus, 1 ; Rollins, 1 ; STATE OF MISSOURI. 623 Waldo, 3 ; Kians, 1 ; AVarsley, 1 ; Scott, 1 ; Keeney, 1 ; Hoops, 2 ; Barclay, 1 ; Glasgow, 1 ; Buckis, 1 ; Burns, 1 ; Francis, 1 ; Owens, 1 ; Watkins, 1 ; Holbavor, 2 ; Casons, 4 ; Case, 1 ; Sulbound, 1 ; Mil- lions, 1; Evans, 2; Dinous, 3; Kailles, 2; Graw, 2; Fief, 1; Jiuv, 1; Labuss, 1; Laster, 2; Heatherly, 1; Edds, 1; Gibson, 3; Laugh- lins, 4 ; Poynter, 1 ; Abbott, 1 ; Morrow, 1 ; Jeans, 1 ; Hull, 1 ; Shobe, 3; Alker, 1; Willow, 2; Dubois, 2; Dodds, 1; Lively, 1; "C & N," 2; Parson, 1; Taylor, 1; Hughs, 2; Maysen, 2; Simp- son, 2 ; Foulks, 1 ; Wrattly, 1 ; Jefferson, 1 ; Hoffmann, 2 — total voters, 163. Counting six inhabitants to each voter, as it is prob- ably safe to do in a country as new as Gasconade County was then, there were 978 inhabitants in the county at that time, June 6, 1828. OKGANIZATION. The Organization of the County. — Gasconade County was or- ganized by an act approved November 25, 1820. The boundary lines of the county, as originally made, embraced " all that part of the county of Franklin included within the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mis- souri Kiver opposite to the termination of the sectional line, which forms the middle line in Eange No. 4 west of the fifth principal meridian; thence south to said line, and along said line south to the corner in the township line of 41, north of the base line; thence west along the line of Township 41, to the corner in the range line in Eange No. 8, west of the fifth prin- cipal meridian; thence north along said range line to the Mis- souri Biver, and due north to the middle of the main channel thereof; thence along the middle of the main channel of the Mis- souri Kiver to the beginning." The act of organizing the county was to go into operation January 1, 1821. All that portion of Franklin County, which lay west of Gas- conade County, t^s above described, and west of the line running south through Range 4 and south of Gasconade County, was attached to Gasconade County for civil, military and judicial pur- poses, until such time as it should be erected into one or more -counties. Daniel M. Boon, John McDonald, Patrick Cullins, Moses Welton and Edward Simons were appointed commissioners of the 624 HISTOKY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. public buildings to be erected in Gasconade County, any three of whom were authorized to act, and they were authorized to purchase or receive by donation any number of acres of land from fifty up to 200, upon which to fix the seat of justice of said county. Meanwhile, until a courthouse should be erected on this tract of land selected by the commissioners, the courts were required to be held in the town of Gasconade. On January 14, 1825, an act was passed by the Legislature of Missouri with reference to the boundaries of Gasconade County, as follows: Whereas, The citizens of the county of Gasconade have petitioned this General Assembly to pass a law to alter and define the limits of said county, and to authorize the removal of the seat of justice thereof; therefore, Be it Enacted, etc., That the county of Gasconade shall hereafter be bounded as follows, to wit: Beginning in the main channel of the Missouri River, north of the termination of the sectional line, which forms the middle of Range 4 west of the fifth principal meridian; thence due south to the township line between Townships 39 and 40; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges 11 and 12; thence north with said range line to the middle of the main channel of the Osage River; thence down the middle of said river to the mouth thereof; thence due north to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River; thence down the middle of the main channel of said Missouri River to the beginning. A glance at the map will show that the above boundaries included a part (twenty-seven square miles) of what is now Crawford County, a part (seven and a half townships) of what is now Maries County, and the whole of what is now Osage County. Section 2 of the act quoted above appointed James Williams, Asa Pinion, James Parsons, Joseph Morrow and Louis David, of the county of Gasconade, commissioners, with power and author- ity " to point out and fix upon the most suitable site on the Gas- conade Eiver whereon to erect a courthouse and jail for said county, and the place whereon they, or a majority of them, shall agree, shall be the permanent seat of justice for said county of Gasconade, provided said site shall be the nearest suitable site on said river to the center of said county." By Section 4, William Bumpass, Joel Starkey, Sr., and Ben- jamin Simpson, of Gasconade County, were appointed commis- sioners of the courthouse and jail; and Section 7 provided that STATE OF MISSOURI. 625 the several courts then held in the county should be held thence- forward at the dwelling house of Isaac Perkins, until the com- missioners of the courthouse should notify the proper officers that a courthouse had been provided at the new seat of justice of the county. Section 9 made it the duty of the commissioners to select the seat of justice of the county, to meet on the first Mon- day (the 7th) of March, 1825, and then proceed to perform the duties required of them under the act. As will be seen in another part of this sketch, Gasconade City, or the town of Gasconade, was selected as the first county seat of the county. An act was approved January 29, 1841, which considerably reduced the area of Gasconade County. Section 40 of this act was as follows: All that portion of territory included within the county of Gasconade, be- ing west of the range line dividing Ranges 6 and 7, is hereby created a separate and distinct county, to be called and known by the name of Osage. March 3, 1869, a statute on county boundaries was approved, of which Section 2 reads as follows: That Section 67, Chapter 34, of the general statutes be so amended as to read as follows: Section 67, Gasconade County; Beginning at a point in the mid- dle of the main channel of the Missouri River, where the prolongation north of the subdivisional line dividing equally into two parts Range 4 would intersect the same; thence south to the northwest corner of Section 16, Township 40, Range 4 west; thence west with section lines to the range line between Ranges 5 and 6; thence south with said range line to the township line between Townships 39 and 40; thence west with said township line to the northwest corner of Township 40, Range 6 west; thence north with the range line between Ranges 6 and 7, to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River; thence down said river in the middle of the main channel thereof to the place of beginning. These are the boundaries of the county at the present time. On the first day the county court was in session it passed an or- der dividing the county into three townships, as follows: The first to extend back the whole extent of the county to the line of Township 43, north of the base line, which should be called and known by the name of Clark Township; the second to extend back south the whole extent of the county, to the base line, and to be called and known by the name of Bbulware Township; the third to extend back south to the southern boundary line 626 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. of the county, and to be called and known by the name of Boon Township. Kobert Fowler was appointed constable of Clark Township; Philip Boulware of Boulware Township, and Abraham Clements of Boon Township. Skaggs Township was laid off January 21, 1822. Its bounda- ries included all that part of Boon Township bounded as follows: Beginning at the Franklin County line, where the base line crosses the same ; thence along said base line due west until said line crosses the Osage River ; thence up said Osage River with the meanders thereof until it intersects a line drawn due west from the mouth of Big Spring Fork of Gasconade River to the Osage River; thence due east to the mouth of Big Spring Fork; thence due east to the county line of Washington County; thence along said line and the Franklin County line to the beginning; the rest to remain Boon Township. Gibson Township was laid off May 7, 1822, as follows: Be- ginning at a point in the middle of the main channel of the Mis- souri River, opposite the range line between Ranges 7 and 8 ; thence south along said line to the township line between Town- ships 43 and 44; thence west along said line to the middle of the main channel of the Osage River ; thence down the same to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River, and thence down the same to the place of beginning. Gray Township was laid off the same day, as follows : Begin- ning at the point where the Potosi road crosses the Gasconade and Washington County line; thence westwardly with the road aforesaid to the place where William Bumpass now lives; thence in a direct line to the lower part of David Perkins' farm, and continuing in the same direction until it intersects the township line between Townships 43 and 44; thence west along said line to the middle of the main channel of the Osage River; and thence up the same to the point where the base line crosses the said Osage River; thence east along said base line to Washington County; thence north with the Washington County line to the beginning. Cullins Township was laid off the same day, as follows : Be- ginning at the mouth of Big Spring Fork of the Gasconade STATE OF MISSOURI. 627 River; thence due east along the Skaggs Township line to the road leading from Benjamin Skaggs' to Col. Daniel M. Boon's mill; thence along said road southerly to Spring Creek; thence down the same to its mouth ; thence a straight line to the point where Roubidoux Creek first sinks; thence from the sinks a course so as to include all the waters of the Gasconade River above the mouth of the Roubidoux aforesaid to the southern extremity of the county; thence with said extremity westerly to the Osage River ; thence down the same in the middle of the main channel thereof to the point where the base line crosses the said river, and thence east with Skaggs Township line to the beginning. Bourbois Township was organized May 5, 1828, and was bounded thus : Running from William Bumpass' due east to the county line ; thence south to Skaggs Township ; thence west with Skaggs Township line to where the county road leading to the sawmills crosses said line; thence northwardly witli said road to the above named William Bumpass'. Maries Township was organized June 18, 1832, being struck off from the southwest corner of Gray Township, and being bounded as follows: Commencing at the Osage River opposite Prince's Landing, and running thence in a direction to where Al- exander Hill lives, leaving said Hill to the right; thence a straight line to the county line passing by Charles Lane's on the Gasconade River, leaving said Lane immediately to the right, and all the extent of country south of said line and within the limits of Gasconade County. Roark Township was organized July 7, 1834: Beginning at the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River, at the corner of Gasconade and Franklin Counties ; thence up said river with the Gasconade County line to the mouth of the Gasconade River; thence up the said river in the middle of the main chan- nel thereof to the township line between townships Clark and Boulware ; thence east to the line of Franklin County, and thence north to the beginning. Osage Township was organized May 6, 1839; commencing at the mouth of the Osage River ; thence up said river to the mouth of Maries Creek; thence up said creek to the mouth of Rush Creek ; thence up said creek to the line between Ranges 8 and 9 ; 628 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. thence along said line to the Missouri River ; thence up said river to the beginning. March 8, 1841, after the creation of Osage County, Gascon- ade County was divided into four municipal townships, as follows: Bourbois to extend from the south line of the county north to the line between Sections 7 and 18 on the west side of said county, and Sections 9 and 16 on the east side of said county in Township 41. Third Creek Township to commence at the north line of Bourbois Township, and to extend north to the line between Sec- tions 30 and 31, on the west side of the county, and Sections 28 and 33, on the east side of the county, in Township 43. Boulware Township, commencing at the north line of Third Creek Township, and to extend north to the line between Sections 6 and 7 on the west, and Sections 4 and 9 on the east side of the county, in Township 44. Roark Township to include all the territory in the county north of Boulware Township. Allotting justices were appointed as follows: Roark Town- ship, Julius Leopold; Boulware Township, Burton Cooper; Third Creek Township, Thomas Hibler, and Bourbois Township, Sam- uel Burchard, Canaan Township was organized November 14, 1846, begin- ning at the line dividing the county of Gasconade from Franklin, and extending west for eight miles, to include all the territory within said limits that had before been in Third Creek Township. Richland Township was organized July 20, 1846, commenc- ing at the northwest corner of Gasconade County, and running with the county line south to the Boulware Township line ; thence east to the range line between Ranges 5 and 6; thence north with said line to the Missouri River, and thence up the said river to the beginning. Brush Creek Township was organized May 14, 1858, by the division of Bourbois Township into two townships by a line run- ning north and south, one mile east of Range 6. The townships at present in the county are Roark, Boeuf, Canaan, Brush Creek, Bourbois, Third Creek, Boulware and Richland. Township organization has not been experimented with in Gasconade County. STATE OF MISSOURI. 629 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. The Couniij Seeds. — Gasconade City was the first county seat of Gasconade County. According to the plat of the " City" made by John G. Heath, surveyor, this place was located in lati- tude 38^ 28' north, and in longitude 14:' 7' west from Washing- ton. D. AYaldo assisted Mr. Heath to lay out the town. Accord- ing to the field notes of the surveyor the boundaries of the town were as follows : Beginning at a stake from which is a hackberry tree north 13° west, 8 links, and an elm south 11° east, 17 links, 2 feet in diameter; thence east 1,250 links to the banks of a "sloo;" thence south to the Gasconade; thence soath 32^ west, 3,024 links; thence west 20 chains to a hackberry from which there is an elm south 24° west, 27 links, 18 inches in diameter, and a pin oak north 58° west, 13 links (3 inches in diameter; thence north 40 chains to the beginning. The second description of the town plat was as follows: Beginning at the section corner between Sections 10 and 11; thence 2° 3' east 56 poles to a stake, the corner of K. & T. Heath's, continuing 50 poles to a " sloo" bank; thence south 50° east with the bank of the sloo, 56 poles; south 60° east, 57 poles to the Gasconade; thence south 32° west, 98^ poles; thence south 35° west, 32 poles, the water line of said town; thence west 80 poles to a hackberry 10 inches in diameter; thence north with section line 160 poles to the aforesaid stake on the east and west line between Sections 11 and 2, 56 poles from the section corner. This town was laid out into 169 lots; the streets running one way were Virginia, Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, and those running the other, Main, First, Second, etc., up to Sixth. The public square lay on both sides of Virginia Street, and between Fourth and Fifth, and contained four lots on each side of Vir- ginia Street. The courthouse was to be erected on the south side of Virginia Street. Gasconade City remained the county seat until 1825, Avhen, on account of a flood, it was deemed advisable to remove it, hence, Bartonville, a more central location, was chosen. Follow- ing are some of the proceedings in reference to moving to Bar- tonville: On October 7, 1825, the commissioners of the county seat, William Bumpass and David Waldo, gave bond in the sum 630 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. of $16 to James Crider, to execute to him a deed to Lot No. 57, in the town of Bartonville, as soon as they showed a patent, and payment for the lot, A similar bond was given to James Harri- son, in the sum of $11, to execute a deed to him to Lot No. 8. The following due bill was recorded: Due Philip P. Boulware, |53.21, being the balance of the principal of a note given to him by Bumpass & Waldo, commissioners of Bartonville, at 20 per cent interest; also the further sum of |4.70, being the amount of the balance of the interest on said note, calculated to the 7th of April, 1828. Witness our hands and seals this 26th day of March, 1828. David Waldo, Coiiwiissioner of the Seat of Justice. There was due on this note May 14, 1829, when the money was tendered Mr. Boulware by David Waldo, $58.28. Bonds were given other individuals for deeds to lots which they had selected in Bartonville, as quite a number seemed anxious to be among the first to acquire property in the new county seat. Following are some of the names of those who thus purchased lots there, with the numbers and prices of the lots: Peter Massie, Lot 5, $25.12, and Lot 6, $10; William Clark, Lot 7, $10.25; J. Harrison, Lot 8, $11.25; J. T. Pryor, Lot 9, $9.25; J. Stephens, Lots 10, 11, 12, 13, at $5.25, $5.31, $5.37, and $4; John Pryor, Lot 16, $4.50; Thomas Baskett, Lot 15, $3; Capt. Duncan, Lot 14, $3; Charles Massie, Lot 4, $16.12J; Lewis David, Lots 2 and 3, $13.25; Robert Shobe, Lot 88, $19.95; Peter Massie, Lot 56, $10.50; Philip Boulware, Lot 89, $20.62; Robert Shobe, Lot 117, $11.25; Philip Boulware, Lot 116, $11.37^; Thomas Edmunson, Lot 87, $10, and James Crider, Lot 57, $8. This town was located on the Gasconade River, in Township 43, Range 7 west, and was, therefore, in what is now Osage County. It remained the county seat until 1828, when it was, like its pre- decessor, Gasconade City, visited by a flood, and hence was not a comfortable place for the county seat. At the May term, 1828, the county court appointed William C. Carr, Robert P. Farris, AVilliam M. Lucas, William G. Owens and David Sterigere com- missioners for selecting a " scite," whereon to locate the seat of justice in Gasconade County, their meeting to be at the house of Isaac Perkins, June 5, 1828, and the following notice was pub- ished: STATE OF MISSOURI. 631 The people of Gasconade Coiint}^ are hereby notified that the commission- ers to select the most suitable place for public ])uildings in said county, within one mile of Thomas Shockley's, will be at the house of Isaac Perkins, on the 5th day of June, 1828, to perform their duty. By order of the justices of the county court. E. Wamsley, Sheriff. Joseph Waldo, Deputy Shenff\ These proceedings were had in obedience to a petition as follows : To the Honorable the Judges of the County Court of the County of Gasconade: Whereas, We had two locations of the seat of justice in said county, in both of which we have been swamped, and Whereas, Thomas Shockley and Isaac Perkins have bound themselves to deed and give to the said county fifty acres of land suitable, central and in every respect appropriate for a county seat, commanding a fine view of the Gascon- ade River, and possessing a noble, bold and durable spring, that bids fair to be permanent as the bluff upon which it will be located, being very near in a direct line from Union in Franklin County, to the seat of Government, with a large eddy for boats, and an excellent place for a ferry; we therefore pray your honors to take the legal steps to l)ring about this object of our wishes, l)eing entirely in favor of the removal from Bartonville. This petition was filed April 19, 1828, and signed by the fol- lowing persons: David Waldo, Thomas Baskett, Joseph Waldo, Philip Boulware, Samuel Duncan, Isaac Perkins, John Preston, Henry Hill, George Evans, Jesse Evans, Joseph Revau, Louis R. Hathe, Francis Fief, Charles Ruil, Podlett Danice, Gabriel Marstow, Francis D. Moyer, Battice Grayin, Sr. and Jr., Battice Danice, Edward Cason, Seth Cason, Pemberton Cason, William Cason, James Sullivant, Emanuel Case, E. AVamsley, Daniel Waldo, John Tackett, Aaron Night, B. Hinch, Ezekiel Hinch, John Scott, Hardy Keeners, Robert Rollins, Hugh Barclay, James Glasgow, James Roark, Henry Francis, James Burns, Thomas L. Walker, Joel Starky, Jr., Daniel Crider, Sr. and Jr., Joseph Crider, Fred Barbank, Edward Million, William Watson, N. Watson, Samuel Burchard, Leonard Reed, Sr. and Jr., Henry Cowan, Henry Holder, William AVeir, Henry Reed, Anthony Margraves, Daniel Simpson, Moses Simpson, John Capehart, William L. Margraves, William Hughes, John Gilson, John Hughes, McCramy Hughes, Thomas Capehart, A. Eattles, Luke Jefferson, Lewis Davall, Fred Capehart, Jacob Foulks, Benjamin Ecot, James Cox, William Todds, George W. Burchard, Joseph M. Morrow, William Laughlin, John Hough mann, Sr. and Jr., and John Persiter. 632 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. The commissioners met at the house of Isaac Perkins on the day namedabove, and proceeded to select a "scite " for the seat of jus- tice of the county, and found one on the banks of the Gasconade River, which they believed would answer every purpose. The place selected is sometimes known as Shockley's Bluff, and at others, as Starky's Bluff. It was known as Starky's Bluff from the fact of Joel Starky having entered the land, and received a patent from the United States Government, dated May 10, 1825, and signed by John Quincy Adams, to the northwest quarter of Section 20, Township 20, Range 6 west. Joel Starky deeded the land to Thomas Shockley, July 14, 1825, and as Mr. Shock- ley lived there, it was, by some, called Shockley's Bluff. Isaac Perkins' title to the portion of the " scite" sold to the county for a seat of justice was a patent from the United States Gov- ernment, dated October 1, 1819, to the southwest quarter of Sec- tion 17, Township 43, Range 6 west, and the commissioners who made the selection of Starky's Bluff for a "scite" for the seat of justice of Gasconade County were William G. Owens, David Sterigere and William Lucas. The courthouse erected in Mount Sterling was of logs, 20x24 feet in size; the under floor was dressed, laid down and staid, joined and nailed. There were two batten doors, two windows below and one above, each with twelve panes of glass, and a shin- gle roof. There was a judge's seat, two feet high and four feet wide across the end of the house; a jury seat, and stairs running from the judge's seat to the upper floor; a stone chimney and two fireplaces — one above, the other below — chinked and daubed with plaster and lime, and the building was underpinned with stone. On March 31, 1832, Joshua Cox, the contractor for the building of the courthouse, was paid §303.12^. The county seat remained upon its " scite " at Mount Sterling until 1842, when an election was demanded and held upon the ques- tion of its removal to Hermann, that city having proposed to render substantial financial assistance to the county toward its removal. The election was held March 14, 1842. In Roark Township there were 21)7 votes in favor of the removal, and none against it. The judges were Thomas Roark, Jacob Schiefer and D. Wid- ersprecher. Among those who voted on this question were Cath- STATE OF MISSOURI. 683 erine Bayer (widow), Martha Hoehn, Caroline Pom mer (widow), Charlotte Massie (widow), Paulina Pommer and Catherine Hul- ion (widow). The election was held at the house of James A. Mat- thews, in Third Creek Township, the vote standing, for Hermann, none; against Hermann, eighty-six. The judges here were Thomas Hibler, Abraham Wiseman and Henry Graf. Lots 4, 5, T) and 7, valued at §3,000, were deeded to the county by the inhab- itants of Hermann, for the location of the courthouse and jail. These lots are on a high bluff just east of the foot of Market Street, and from the large, two-story brick courthouse, erected on the top of this bluff, a fine view of the Missouri River Valley and the country for miles around is obtained. Thus the county seat became permanently located in Hermann. Owensville, how- ever, is now auticipating two events in her own future, viz., the completion of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Colorado Railroad through her limits, and then the removal of the capital of the county to Owensville. The first bond for a deed given in Gasconade County was by Angus L. Laugh am and Elias T. Langham, in the sum of $2,000, to make a deed to Benjamin Laughlin for 254.79 acres of land, the fractional half of Section 1, To wu ship 45, Range No. 8 west, for which land Laughlin agreed to pay $318.61 in hand, the like sum on (n- before the 1st of June, 1821, and the like sum on or be- fore the 1st of December, 1822, for all of which sums Mr. Laughlin executed his promissory notes, under date of October 20, 1820. The above bond, the first on the deed records of the county, was recorded January 19, 1821. April 3, 1821, Robert A. Heath, John G. Heath and Esther Heath (wife of John G. ), made an indenture with Moses Welton, Edward Simons and Daniel M. Boon, commissioners of the pub- lic buildings of Gasconade County, agreeing to sell to them, for the use of the county, etc., fifty acres of land, near the mouth of the Gasconade River, for the sum of $10. One of the early purchases of land in this county was that by Robert A. and John G. Heath, of 160 acres of land on the Big Island, opposite Cofe Sans Dcssein, of Joseph Rassene. who claimed preference to purchase by reason of actual habitation and cultivation, agreeable to several acts of Congress, which pref- 40 634 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. erence he transferred to Robert A. and John G. Heath, Decem- ber 21, 1818, for §300. Tliis preference Joseph Rassene (or Rassein) acquired by marrying the Widow Paraw, she having acquired the right when sole survivor and widow of Jean Bap- tiste Paraw. The Big Island was situated at the mouth of Osage River, opposite Coie Scdis Dcssein. Couniy Officers. — The officers of the county have been as follows : Circuii Court Clerks. — Samuel C. Owens, 1821; David Waldo, 1822; John B. Harrison, 1833; E. McJilton, 1838; John B. Harrison, 1840; James Arrott, 1853; Wesselhoeft, 1865; Jasper C. England, 1866; Julius Hundhausen, 1871, and August Meyer, present clerk, 1879. Sheriffs.— J)amel Waldo, 1821; William Clark, 1823; Samuel Burchard, 1826; Elijah Wamsley, 1827; Abraham Clements, 1828; John B. Harrison, 1829; John Scott, 1832; John Prior, 1832; William David, 1836; Madison Shaw, 1839; Gideon P. AVyatt, 1841; Burton Cooper, 1847; Silas Hall, 1851; Robert Allen, 1853; Burton Cooper, 1856; Kasten Buschmann, 1860; William Bergner, 1864; Christopher Kuhn, 1868; William S. Cooper, 1872; Theodore Bergner, 1875; Conrad Klinge, 1880; Theodore Bergner, 1882; F. W. Hueller, elected in 1884, and again in 1886. Circmt AHorneys. — John G. Heath, May 28, 1821; Stephen W. Foreman, September 17, 1821 ; James Devore, February 18, 1822; James McCall, June 17, 1822; Robert P. Farris, June 9, 1825; John Bant, 1828; Hamilton R. Gamble, July 2, 1829; Robert A. Ewing, appointed October 29, 1829; James L. Murray, appointed October 29, 1830; Robert AY. Wells, 1831; Thomas J. Givens, 1834; William Scott, August 1. 1834; Philip Cole, 1835; William N. Napton, attorney-general, August 21, 1836; Samuel M. Bay, August 5, 1839; John S. Brickey, 1841; John D. Stephenson, 1849; D. Q. Gale, 1850; David Murphy, 1865; George W. Hopkins, 1866; D. Q. Gale, 1867; William H. McCullough, 1868; N. G. Clark, 1869; A. J. Seay, 1870; Josej^h M. Seay, 1871; Peter W. Burchard, 1875; Louis Hoffman, 1879; Ed. Neuenhalm, 1883; E. M. Clark, 1884; Robert Walker, 1886. Couniy Court Clerks. — David Waldo, J. B. Harrison, William STATE OF MISSOURI. 635 Biimpass, 1830; E. McJilton, 1887; J. B. Harrison, 1841; James Arrott, 1848; William Wissellioeft, 1865; E. Kelir, 1866; William C. Boeing, 1870, and Conrad Klinge, 1882, present clerk. Assessors. — Philip P. Boulware, appointed by the county court January 15, 1821, and on May 28, 1821, he returned into court his assessment, and received $60 for thirty days' work; David Waldo, 1822 to 1827; William Coppedge, 1828; John Scott, 1830; J. B. Harrison, 1831 and 1832; Samuel Burchard, 1834; David Hooper, 1835; William Breeding, 1839; Benjamin F. Williams, 1841; William Bumpass, 1842; Thomas Boark, 1845; Silas Hall, 1848 to 1852; G. H. Gentner, 1860. Mr. Gentner was assessor continuously for many years, and systema- tized a plan of assessing which, in all probability, is not excelled in the State. Surveyors. — John G. Heath was appointed by the county court in January, 1821 ; E. H. Wyatt was appointed July 27, 1833; Francis W. Bumpass, 1840; Hermann Bock, 1844; Will- iam C. Boeing, 1858; William Gensert, 1866; Rudolph Poser, 1873. Collecfors. — The sheriff was ex officio collector until 1871, since when Ed. Koeller, August Begemann and George Kraettly have been collectors, the latter being the incumbent at present. Treasurers. — David Waldo, 1824; Samuel Harrison, 1832; John W. Hawkins, 1834; AVilliam Bumpass, 1836; H. AV. D. AVidesprecher, 1842; Daniel S. Lowry, 1843; Robert J. Skinner, 1845; George Klinge, 1856; H. Rutemayer, 1862; R.C. Schlender, 1870; E. Koeller, 1878; R. C. Schlender, 1880; William Klin- ger, 1882, and Charles Fugger, 1886. Public Administrators [list in part). — William Bumpass, 1836, and appointed in 1860; F. W. Wolking, 1866; Wesley Massie, 1870; Charles Hoffmann, 1876; Gustav Kirchhoff, 1880; John Henry Meyer, 1884. Representaiires. — Jonathan Holloway, 1832; Hugh Barclay, 1836; Burr Harrison, 1838; A. Alexander, 1840; Isaiah King, 1842; James A. Matthews, 1844; William B. Pannell, 1846; AVilliam L. Walton, 1848; Burton Cooper, 1850 and 1852; James O. Silton, 1854, 1856 and 1858; L. D. Wyatt, 1860; C. C. Man- 636 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. waring, 1862; AY. O. Dallmeyer, 1864 and 1866; Constance Riek, 1868; Benjamin Leach, 1870; Dean W. Tainter, 1872; Henry Read, 1874; C. D. Eitzen, 1876; AVilliam A. Cooper, 1878; * * Joseph Leising, 1884. County School Commissioners. — Chapman, 1856; E. J. Sorrell, 1858; Rabenan, 1864; Dr. J. D. Howard, 1866; Samuel Baker, 1868; Leander Baker, 1870; Henry Read, 1872; George H. King, 1874 and 1876; August Meyer, 1877; A. Lab- hardt, 1879; Louis Schaumburg, 1883; L. C. Ott, 1877, present commissioner. Eleciions. — Presidential votes: In 1836 the vote for Presi- dent was, William Henry Harrison 81, Martin Yan Buren 115; 1840, William Henry Harrison 136, Martin Yan Buren 636; this, it will be remembered, was for what was afterward, in 1841, Osage County also; 1844, Henry Clay 71, James K. Polk 326; 1848, Zachary Taylor 87, Lewis Cass 349; 1852, Winfield Scott 89, Franklin Pierce 304; 1856, Millard Fillmore 220, James Buchanan 403; 1860, Abraham Lincoln 433, John Bell 157, John C. Breckinridge 51, Stephen A.Douglas 188; 1864, Abra- ham Lincoln 862, George B. McClellan 185; 1868, Ulysses S. Grant 1,074, Horatio Seymour 135; 1872, U. S. Grant 878, Hor- ace Greeley 276; 1876, R. B. Hayes 1,158, Samuel J. Tilden 558; 1880, James A. Garfield 1,512, W. S. Hancock 487; 1884, James G. Blaine 1,523, Grover Cleveland 548. On governor the vote since 1840 has been as follows: 1840, Thomas Reynolds (Democrat) 644, John B. Clark (Whig) 175; 1844, John C. Edwards (Democrat) 392, Charles H. Allen (Whig) 71; 1848, Austin A. King (Democrat) 426, James S. Rollins (Whig) 93; 1852, Sterling Price (Democrat) 348, John H. Winston (Whig) 59; 1856, Trusten Polk 52, Robert C. Ewing 207, Thomas H. Benton 491; 1860, Claiborne F. Jackson (Democrat) , Hancock Jackson (Democrat) , Sample Orr (Opposition) , James B. Gardenhire (Republican) ; 1864, Thomas C. Fletcher (Republican) -, Thomas L. Price (Democrat) ; the vote for a constitutional convention was 120, against it, 70; in 1865 the new constitution received 508 votes, while 346 were cast against it; 18()8, Joseph W. McClurg (Republican) 927, John S. Phelps (Democrat) 307; 1870, STATE OF MISSOURI. 637 Joseph W. McClurg (Eepublican) 283, B. Gratz Brown 779; 1872, Silas Woodson (Liberal Republican) 321, J, B. Henderson (Republican) 933; 1874, C. H. Hardin 168, Wm. Gentry 1,036; 1876, G. A. Finkelnburg 1,200, John S. Phelps 520, Alex- ander 1; 1880, Thomas T. Crittenden 478, David P. Dyer 1,521, L. A. Brown 4; 1884, John S. Marmaduke — , Nicholas Ford — . Commencing with 1848, the congressional district to which Gasconade County has belonged and the congressional vote have been as follows: In 1848 Gasconade County was a part of the Second District, and cast for William V. N. Bay 436 votes, to 84 for Porter; in 1850 the vote was, for Henderson 253, Porter 97; in 1852 Alfred W. Lamb (Democrat) received 326 votes, and Porter (Whig) 99; in 1854 this county was in the Sixth District, and gave for John S. Phelps (Anti-Benton) 542 votes, and for Johnson (Benton Democrat) 90; in 1856 the vote stood, for John S. Phelps 324, for Emerson 364, and for Larrimore 1; in 1858, for Phelps 245, for Richard- son 541; 1860, Phelps 606, Rains 134; in 1862 Gasconade County was in the Second District, and gave to Henry T. Blow 856 votes, to Allen 95; in 1864 Blow received 988 votes and Stafford 31; the vote for 1866 could not be found; in 1868 it was, for Gustav A. Finkelnburg 1,057, for Lindley 176; in 1870, for Finkeln- burg 1,034, for A. Van Wormer 5; in 1872 this county was a part of the Fifth District, and the vote stood, for R. P. Bland (Democrat) 349, for A. J. Seay 900; in 1871, for Bland — , A. J. Seay, vote not found; 1876, for Bland 554, Jolm Q. Thompson 1,167; in 1877 the county became a part of the Eleventh District, with Carroll, Saline, Howard, Boone, Callaway and Osage, the vote of the district as thus constructed being, in 1876, Hayes 8,960, Tilden 17,964; in 1878 the vote was, for Clark 372, and in the entire district for Clark 16,600, scattering 182, majority for Clark 16,418; in 1880, for Clark in the entire district was 17,921, for Heberling 7,370; in 1884, for Dallmeyer the vote in the county was 1,501, for Bland 563, and in the entire district, Dallmeyer 14,288, Bland 16,959; in 1886 the vote in the entire district for Parker was 13,996, and for Bland l(v594, while the vote of the county at the same time for Cravens, for judge of the supreme court, was 1,674, and for Bruce 420. 638 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. Population. — The population of Gasconade County at differ- ent periods has been: In 1850, 4,996; in 1860, total 8,727, of whom 76 were slaves; in 1870, 10,093; in 1876, whites 11,059, colored, 91, total, 11,150; in 1880, 11,153. Assessment — Following is the assessment list of 1822, that for 1821 not being found: Clark Township — names 87; slave owners: John Estes, Sr., 1 (over three years old), value $400; Hugh Heatherly, 1, $400; Jane Hull, 12, $2,395; Benjamin Laughlin, 2, $700; John Phillips, 1, $150; James Parsons, 5, $1,350; N. Shobe, 2, $700; S. Shobe, 1, $10; Moses Welton, 12, $3,450; total number of slaves in Clark Township, 37; value, $9,555. Boone Township — names 70; slave owners: Alexander Bald- xidge, 1, $400; Daniel M. Boon, 2, $700; Sylvester Patty, 2, $400; total number of slaves in Boon Township, 5; value $1,500. In Bourbois Township there were 67 names, and in Skaggs, 31; no slaves in either. James Kegans had a mill in Clark Township valued at $50, and a distillery valued at $200. Neck- len and Clark had one mill in the same township valued at $150. These were the mills in the county that were assessed, and the only distillery. In 1887 the assessed value of property in the county was: acres of land 319,905.26; value $1,379,665; town lots in Her- mann 2,111, value $234,022; in Gasconade City 170, value $1,409; total value of real estate $1,615,096. Personal prop- erty: Horses — number 2,853, value $104,144; mules — number 2,208, value $94,063; asses and jennets — 20, value $895; neat cattle— 11,306, value $103,221; sheep— 6,604, value $7,288; hogs— 11,912, value $15,903; moneys, etc., $546,297; brokers and Hermann Savings Bank, $28,600; corporations, $10,122; all other personal property, $225,897; railroad property, $286,180; total of all property in the county, $3,037,706. Calling railroad property real estate and adding to the above $1,615,096, and then multiplying the sum by 3, as in the case of Franklin County, to obtain the actual value of the real estate, the amount obtained is $5,703,828, and considering the assessed value of personal property two-fifths of its real value, the real value STATE OF MISSOURI. 639 becomes $2,841,075, or an actual value of all property in the county of $8,544,913. Taxation. — The taxes for 1887 were as follows: Eailroad taxes, $3,631.22; county tax, $8,284.76; school tax, $9,810.42; road tax, $2,320.74; State revenue, $5,519.28; State interest, $5,519.28; merchants and manufacturers' county tax, $386.47; stray tax, $69.19; dramshop licenses, county, $5,145.41; State, $562.87; merchants and manufacturers' State license, $600.28; total income of the county treasury, $41,849.92. The Gasconade Couniy Agricultural Association was incor- porated May 22, 1876, by the following persons: Bernhard Petrus, Louis Meyer, B. A. Niehoff, Henry Luebbe, Henry Bensing, Michael Jordan, H. P. Bensing, Charles C. Kropp, J. C. Christel, A. Good, Charles Teubner, John Mueller, Nicholas Bensing, Louis Poeschel, M. Romeiser, Henry Henae, John Scherer, Michael Poeschel, August Begemann, R. H. Hazenrit- ter, S. W. Maushund, A. C. Leismer, Charles Beckmann, F. Val- let, Daniel Haid, Melchior Poeschel, Theodor Poeschel, J. G. Mueller, Charles Beifsteck, John Neidhart, J. M. Yoight, David Wittmann, Christian Eberlin, Sr., Gottlieb Grossmann, C. Shu- bert, F. G. Teubner, William Klenk, William Klee, August Smith, M. D. ; Henry Heeneck, Ed. Koeller, F. Koeller, Conrad Hum- burg, Julius Koeller, John Pfautsch, Henry German, Charles Hansen, August Neuenhalm, Dr. John Feldmann, Julius Hund- hausen, and a few others. The object this association had in view was to improve agriculture, manufactures, stock raising, etc. The first officers of the association were Michael Poeschel, president; Rudolph Hirzel, secretary; Bernhard Petrus, treas- urer; J. G. Christel, collector. There has been a fair held every year since the organization, except 1886 and 1887, and the annual premiums average about $500, of which $100 is given by the county. The association in 1876 bought 6.11 acres of ground, which was improved, and upon which necessary buildings and a secretary's office were erected at an aggregate expense of about $1,500, and on the whole the cause of agriculture has been largely subserved. The present officers are William Herzog, president; William C. Boeing, secretary; Hugo Krogg, treas- urer ; Oswald Fluhr, collector, and William Poeschel, commissioner. 640 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. The Gasconade Bridge Disaster occurred November 1, 1855. In this accident thirty-three persons were killed and a large num- ber wounded. Capt. Klinge and his company of militia were on board the train, having received from the officers of the railroad company an invitation to accompany them to Jefferson City on their first trip over the road. The bridge itself was not com- pleted, and the temporary trestle work constructed underneath to sustain it was found to be inadequate to the support of the train. It is now stated that the engineer made the attempt to cross the bridge under protest, and only opened the throttle of his engine upon being peremptorily ordered so to do. Charles D. Eitzen and August Neuenhalm were in the first car, but experienced one of those "miraculous" escapes which are of such frequent occur- rence. Mr. Eitzen was slightly injured about the head, and Mr. Neuenhalm had his arm broken in three places; Joseph Lessel, Jacob Rommel and Charles Boelm had broken legs. The Centennial Fourth was celebrated in an appropriate man- ner by the patriotic citizens of Gasconade County. The central committee consisted of F. H. Hilker, F. L. Wensel and Joseph Leising. A Fourth of July military company was organized, of which George W. Tainter and George W. Schuert were the com- manders. At a meeting of the central committee held June 21, all citizens of Hermann were requested to illuminate their houses in the evening of July 3, and it was decided to have a torchlight procession at 9 P. M. Afterward there was to be an address at the courthouse by Dr. John Feldmann, and a song by the Har- monie. On the morning of the Fourth the artillery began to fire a salute of thirty-eight shots at intervals of fifteen minutes; the bells chimed from 4 to 5 A. M., and the reveille and national airs were played by the band, and a song was sung by the Har- moine. A grand procession was formed on Market Street at 10 A. M., which proceeded to the fair grounds. Here the Declara- tion of Independence was read by George H. King, a national hymn was sung by the Harmonie, a German oration was delivered by Frederick Muench, an English oration was delivered by J. Ed. Belch, and a historical sketch of Gasconade County was read by George H. King. In the evening the celebration closed with a grand display of fireworks. STATE OF MISSOURI. 641 THE COUKTS. The County Court. — The first entry upon the records of this court is as follows: State of Missouri, ) county op gasconade, ) " Be it remembered that on this 15th day of January, in the year of our Lord 1821, being the day directed by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, in an act entitled an act erecting circuit and county clerks, for holding a county court in and for the county of Gasconade, and being the third Monday in Jan- uary, Moses Welton, John Woolams and William Dodds appeared, produced their commissions, with a certificate endorsed thereon by a judge of the Supreme Court of the State of Missouri, as justices of the county aforesaid, and took their seats as such. The first business was to elect Samuel C. Owens, clerk ; James Kegaus was appointed elisor, to act in place of sheriff until a sheriff could be duly commissioned and qualified. David Poin- ter's will was then admitted to probate. It was ordered that the county be divided into three townships. On the next day a peti- tion was presented for a road to lead from the mouth of the Gas- conade River to Patrick Cullen & Co.'s mill. The prayer of the petition was granted, and William West, William Hughs, Sam- uel Duncan, Daniel M. Boon and Benjamin Skaggs were ap- pointed viewers to lay off said road, and to report at the next term of the court. On this day Moses Welton and Daniel M. Boon produced their commissions as justices of the county court. John G. Heath was then licensed to keep a ferry over the Gas- conade River, " at the place known by the name of Gasconade," by paying a tax of $2.50. His rates of ferriage were fixed as follows, by the court: For every wagon and team, |1; for every man and horse, 25 cents; for a single horse, 12^ cents; for every footman, 12^ cents ; each head of neat cattle, 6 cents ; every 100 pounds of freight, 10 cents. A petition then came in for a road leading from the town of Gasconade through the big bottom the whole length, and thence the nearest and best way to the mouth of the Osage River. William West, Robert Shobe, John Nichols, William Laughlin and Samuel Gibson were appointed viewers. On the 16th of April, 1821, the court met at the house of John G. Heath, the justices being Moses Welton, William Dodds and John Woolams. On this date the road leading from this- 642 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. place to the mouth of the Osage Eiver was discontinued, and James Kegans was certified to the governor as a proper per- son to be appointed justice of the peace. John Woolams was appointed to lay off Boulware Township into road districts, David Edwards to lay off Clark Township, and Patrick Cullins to lay off Boon Township. The seal of the county was approved by the court. It had a scale and a barshare plow on its face. January 21, 1822, the same court met and laid off Skaggs Township. James Williams was licensed to keep a ferry across the Osage Kiver near his residence by paying $3 for the year, at the following rates: For every wagon and team, $1.50; for every man and horse, 37^ cents ; for every footman, 18| cents ; for every head of neat cattle, 10 cents; for every horse, ISf cents; for every 100 pounds of freight, 12^ cents; for every pleasure carriage, $1.50; for every cart or tumbril, $1. His bond was fixed at $100. His ferry was to be kept where the Potosi road crosses the Osage Biver. John G. Heath was licensed to keep a ferry over the Gasconade Biver at Gasconade, and John Woolams over the same river at his residence. This court, which consisted of Moses Welton, William Dodds and Abraham Derriberry, met at Gasconade City, February 3, 1823. June 9, 1825, the court, consisting of William Bumpass, Bobert Shobe and William Laughlin, met at the house of Isaac Perkins. July 4, 1825, the court comprised William Bumpass, Joseph M. Morrow and David Hoops; October 6, 1825, William Bumpass, Bobert Shobe and David Hoops; June 8, 1826, AVilliam Bum- pass, Bobert Shobe and James Harrison; February 5, 1827, William Bumpass, David Hoops and William Brown; August 6, 1827, William Bumpass, David Hoops and Asa Pinnell. May 5, 1828, these same justices met at the house of David Waldo, "lately built by him near Isaac Perkins." Court met at the house of David Waldo August 3, 1829. Present, David Hoops and Hugh Barclay. On this day the fol- lowing interesting entry was made. State of Missouri, { county of gasconade. ) On this 3d day of August, 1829, personally appeared in open court in this county, held at the house of David Waldo, Ezekiel Hinchy, aged seventy-five years, December 25, 1838, resident in the township of Gray, in the county of STATE OF MISSOURI. 643 Gasconade, etc., first being duly sworn according to law, doth make the follow- ing declaration, in order to obtain the provision made by the acts of Congress of March 18, 1818, and of May 1, 1820, that he served in the Revolutionary War in the capacity of a private soldier, in Capt. William Little's company of infantry, in regiment commanded by Col. Dixon (Christian name he thinks was James), number of regiment not recollected, in the North Carolina line, in the Conti- nental establishment; that he enlisted in said company in the spring of the year 1779, and was discharged from service in the fall of the year 1781, and I, the said Ezekiel Hinchy, do solemnly swear that I was a resident citizen of the United States on the 18th day of March, 1818, and that I have not since that time by gift, sale, or in any other manner disposed of m}^ property, or any part thereof, with intent thereby so to diminish it as to bring m3-self within the provisions of the act of Congress entitled " an act to provide for certain per- sons engaged in the land and service of the United States in the Revolutionary War." passed March 18, 1818, and that I have not nor has any person in trust for me any property except wearing apparel, or securities, contracts or debts due to me, nor have I any income whatever; and that it is not in my power to produce any other testimony to the facts set forth in this declaration. Ezekiel Hinchy. This declaration was attested by the affidavit of David Hoops, and endorsed by the court, which ordered the clerk to certify to the Secretary of War of the United States a copy of the record in this case of Ezekiel Hinchy. On this same day the commis- sioner of Mount Sterling produced in court the plat of the town of Mount Sterling, which was as follows: Lots OSx-iO^ feet; size of large streets, 49^ feet; of small streets, 33 feet; of alleys, 8 feet. The plat was approved, and Thomas Henry was allowed $48.70 for surveying the town. Court convened November 2, 1829, at the house of David Waldo. William Bumpass was appointed commissioner of the courthouse and jail, and he was ordered to give a credit of six and twelve months to purchasers of lots in Mount Sterling. The county court met at the "courthouse" February 1, 1830, consist- ing of William Bumpass, Hugh Barclay- and David Hoops. On this day they ordered the su]^)erintendent of the courthouse in Gas- conade County to have the courthouse built in Mount Sterling, the building to be as follows: " twenty-two feet square, one-story high, to be hewed down inside and out after it was put up, clap- board roof well nailed on, a window at each side containing twelve panes of glass, a chimney at one end to be cut out eight feet wide, back and jambs to be built of rock and run out with stick and clay, two plank Hoors, the under floor to be jointed and nailed down, and the upper floor laid down loose." 644 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. The court further ordered that the building should be valued by two disinterested men when done, and to be paid for as the public property of said county is disposed, if the fund was then sufficient to discharge the same. On the 25th of October, 1830, the justices were William Bumpass, David Hoops and Anthony Margrave. On the 2d of November, 1830, court met at the house of David Waldo, and under this date the following entry was made: "The court directs the commissioner of Mount Sterling to receive $63. 31 J of Tarlton Massie for Barton ville place, the balance to be paid on old lots in Bartonville, the amount being $61.75. The court convened at the courthouse January 31, 1831. In July, this year, the court consisted of William Bumpass, David Hoops and Hugh Barclay; July 25, 1831, David Hoops, Hugh Barclay and Samuel Burchard were the commis- sioners. January 30, and likewise on April 30, the court met at the house of David Waldo, and on this day the superintendent of the public buildings laid before the court his proceedings con- cerning them, and the valuation of the courthouse. Upon exam- ination the courthouse was received, and the court adjourned to meet at the courthouse. April 7, 1834, the court consisted of David Hoops, Hiram Pinnell and Samuel Burchard. Some time later in this year the court consisted of William Clark and Joshua Cox. February 2, 1835, Joshua Cox and Joseph Hawkins recom- mended Anthony Margrave as a suitable person to take the place of William Clark, deceased. February 1, 1836, the court consist- ed of the above named persons. February 4, 1839, the court was Joshua Cox, Thomas Koark and Francis C. Wallace, and on this day Hermann was incorporated by the county court. Feb- ruary 3, 1840, the court consisted of Joshua Cox, F. C. Wallace and Anthony Margrave. February 1, 1841, William B. Pannell was in the place of Anthony Margrave. March 8, 1841, the court divided Gasconade County into four municipal townships, that is, what was left of it after Osage County was struck off into a sep- arate county. On March 19, 1842, the county court proceeded to count up the votes cast at the recent election on the question of removing the county seat to Hermann, and, being satisfied that a majority of the votes cast had been cast for the removal to Her- mann, they ordered that the several courts of Gasconade County STATE OF MISSOURI. 645 be notified of the same, that a suitable house for hohliiig courts should be provided at the town of Hermann, and that all books, records, papers and furniture belonging to the county be removed to Hermann with all convenient speed. Fred. W. Pommer was then appointed commissioner of the new county seat. August 5, 1842, the court consisted of John G. Heath, James A. Mat- thews and AYilliam B. Pannell. May 2, previous, it was ordered that the commissioner of the public buildings proceed to erect the same on the four lots owned by the county, and fronting on Wharf Street, the buildings being estimated to cost §4,000, §3,000 of W'hich was due the county from the inhabitants of Hermann, and §1,000 was to be paid out of the county treasury. April 22, 1844, Thomas Hibler and Samuel Burchard were the only mem- bers of the court on hand for ])usiness. October 28, 1844, Lewis David was also present with the other two. July 28, 1845, Bur- ton Cooper, commissioner to sell the county property at Mount Sterling, reported that lie had sold the county's right to fifty acres there to Rebecca Perkins for §408. Monday, November 2, 184G, the court consisted of Samuel Burchard, Solomon Kinsey and Nimrod Eldredge. February 15, 1847, the court consisted of the same persons. In May, 1851, James Greenstreet, Samuel Burchard and Nimrod Eldredge; in May, 1855, James A. Matt- hews, Julius Hundhausen and ; in June, 1850, Julius Hundhausen, Samuel Smith and James A. MattheAvs; February. 1861, James A. Matthews, Samuel Smith and Joseph Kessler; 1863, James A. Matthews, Joseph Kessler and Daniel Strain; 1864, James A. Matthews, Joseph Kessler and Preston H. Collier; 1865, Joseph Kessler, Green C. Terry and Kasten Buschmann ; 1866, Green C. Terry, John SuUins and Constance Riek; 1867, Samuel Smith, Constance Ptiek and D. W. Turnure; 1868, Sam- uel Smith, D. W. Turnure and Dan W. Tainter; 1870, William Bergner, Samuel Smith and Dan W. Tainter; 1871, Samuel Smith, E. B. Hensley and William Bergner; 1873, F. W. Boeing, E. B. Hensley and Henry Frechmann; 1874, William Bergner, E. B. Hensley and H. Frechmann; 1876, AVilliam Bergner, Henry Frechmann ; 1877, Francis Oncken, Henry Frechmann and August Riek; 1879, F. H. Wolking, W. W. Deppe and William Toedt- mann; 1881, F. W. Wolking, William Toedtmann and C. M. 646 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. Matthews; 1883, C M. Matthews, William A. Cooper and Con- rad Hamburg; 1884, C. M. Matthews, William A. Cooper and William Meyer; 1886, C. M. Matthews, Goerge W. Sewell and August Eiek, present court. The Prohaic Couri was established by an act of the Legisla- ture approved March 12, 1870, separate and apart from the county court, which up to that time had transacted all probate business. The judge was to be, under this act, elected by the people, and to hold his office from the 1st of January next after the election. The judges of this court have been Francis W. Boeing, William Berger, and, since 1876, the present judge, Francis Oncken. The Circuii Couri. — Alexander McNair, governor of the great State of Missouri, nominated and appointed Rufus Pettibone, Esq., circuit judge of the Second Judicial Circuit, "in testimony whereof I have hereto affixed my private seal, there being no seal of the State yet provided," December 4, 1820. The first circuit court began and was held at John G. Heath's, on the Gasconade, on the fourth Monday of July, 1821 — present Bufus Pettibone, judge; Daniel Waldo, sherifP, and Samuel C. Owens, clerk. " There being no causes at issue, and no business coming before the court, the court adjourned until court in course, without day." The next term commenced May 25, 1821, the same judge, sheriff and clerk being present. John G. Heath was appointed circuit attorney p?-o iem. Following are the names of the first grand jury: William Laughlin, foreman, John Morrow, Lewis Hall, Lewis Devall, John Hughes, Samuel Shobe, Joseph Poynter, William Clark, John M. Knowles, William Hughes, Joel Robertson, William Tacket, Philip Boulware, Jr., John Phillips, Jeffrey Sively, Robert Shobe, John Hoffmann, James Miller, James Woodsides, Willis Lay, Benjamin Laughlin and James Simpson. The first attorney admitted to practice in this court was Stephen W. Foreman, and the second, Everard Hall, both on May 25, 1821. The first cause then came on to be heard, and was entitled " The State of Missouri vs. John McDonald, assault and battery," upon Hiram' Scott. Mr. McDonald gave security, Daniel M. Boone, for his appearance at the next term of court. The second STATE OF MISSOURI, 647 cause then came on — Alexander Wattles vs. James Parson, on appeal from Franklin County Circuit Court, and was tried before a jury, the first jury in Gasconade County, viz. : John Baldridge, William Prior, John Woolams, Philip Boulware, William Laugh - lin, Hiram Scott, Archibald McDonald, Benjamin Heatherly, Grove Cook, John Hamilton, AVilliam S. Bursh and John Mc- Donald. Their verdict was in favor of the plaintiff for §40 and costs in Franklin County, $74,50, and for costs in Gasconade. The first divorce case in this court was that of Nancy Edds vs. John Edds, in which a summons was issued against the defendant, returnable to the next term of court. Nel Willson and John G. Heath were admitted to practice in this court, and on September 17, 1821, John McDonald was discharged because Hiram Scott did not appear against him. This court began at Gasconade City, the first county seat of the county, February 18, 1822. Nancy Edds on this day was successful in securing her divorce on the ground of cruel and barbarous treatment, $100 to be paid her for the support of the children, and $50 annually, besides her costs and charges. A number of cases of assault and battery were disposed of, most of the defendants pleading guilty and paying $5 fine and costs. The next term of the court began at Gasconade City, June 17, 1822 — same judge; Daniel Waldo, sheriff, and David Waldo, clerk. James McCampbell was admitted to practice in the court. Nancy Edds acknowledged that she had received full satisfaction for her decree in a warranty deed of 100 acres of land on Bailey's Creek, and John Edds was discharged, happy to be at the end of his marital troubles. The next term commenced October 22, 1822. James Stephens pleaded guilty to neglect of duty as overseer of the road, and was fined $10 and costs. The first slander suit then came on — James Miller vs. James Stephens — which was noUed at defendant's costs. Rufus Pettibone resigned as judge, and the Governor appointed Nathaniel Beverly Tucker to serve until the next session of the General Assembly, and to preside at the term which began at Gasconade City June 16, 1823. Next term com- menced at the same place, October 20, 1823. The case of James Stewart, indicted for larceny, was nolJed. On the 16th of Octo- ber, 1824, Nathan Beverly Tucker, presiding, David Sterigere was admitted to practice in the court. 648 HISTORY OF GASCONADE COUNTY. June 9, 1825, court began at the house of Isaac Perkins — Hon. Alexander Stewart, judge. February 0, 1826, same judge. June 7, 1827, William C. Carr, judge of the Third Judicial Cir- cuit, presided in this court. The first indictment for manslaugh- ter was brought in October 4, 1827, against John Tacket. On the next day he was tried before the following jury, his plea be- ing not guilty, and for his trial put himself upon God and his country. The jury were Thomas Bittick, Lewis David, Harney Keeney, Peter Walters, Philip P. Boulware, Daniel Boulware, Elijah Bradshaw, Charles Massey, Henry Cowan, Alexander Hill, David Massie and Henry J. Hall. The verdict of this jury was: " We find the defendant guilty of feloniously slaying Samuel Gibson, Sr.," and it was considered that the said John Tacket, convicted of manslaughter, as aforesaid, be committed to the cus- tody of the sheriff, to await judgment. A motion for a new trial was overruled, and he was sentenced to pay a fine of §50, and to be imprisoned in the common jail of Gasconade County, or some other county, for one year and one day. David Perkins was then found guilty of larceny by the following jury: Josiah Turpin, John Dennison, Sr., John Lewis, Newman Pounds, John B. Waldo, Daniel Waldo, John Duncan, Jr., William Baker, Charles Stuart, John Housinger, Hiram Kobertson and Obadiah Lee- David Perkins had stolen a hog, which was adjudged to be worth $6; but as the hog had been returned to its owner, Perkins was committed to the custody of the sheriff to await sentence. June 5, 1828, court met at the house of David Waldo, and also October 9, same year. May 16, 1831, Hon. David Todd pre- sided, as also May 21, 1832, court being held this time at Mount Sterling. July 26, 1833, Charles H. Allen presided, judge of the Sixth Judicial Circuit. The first indictment for perjury was brought in November 29, 1833, as likewise the first for gambling. William Scott, judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, presided in 1835. The first declarations of intention to become citizens of the United States were made this year by Wimmar Gotzen and Kirmann Scheuler, John P. M. Haslach and Heinrich P. K. Huker, all natives of Prussia. August, 1836, the case of Mary, a slave, indicted for murder, and brought to Gasconade County on a change of venue, was STATE OF MISSOURI. 649 remanded back to Crawford County, because the change had been im providently made. In 1839 there were numerous indictments for betting at cards and for selling liquor without a license. David Sterigere was judge in this circuit June 14, 1841, and in 1844 John H. Stone, judge of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, presided. On March 14, 1848, William Fisher was tried for murder be- fore the following jury: Christian Kuntz, Daniel Campbell, John M. Frakes, Thomas Meuse, Joseph Heath, Robert J. Heath, George W. Wilson, George W. Massie, John Kesseburg, Gottlieb Straub, Nelson Jarvis and Jackson Fowler. The verdict was "guilty of manslaughter in the first degree," and the court fixed the punishment at five years in the penitentiary. In the circuit court, April 23, 1802, Fritz Heil, indicted for the murder of Mathias Croner, was found not guilty of murder in the first degree, but guilty of murder in the second degree. Thereupon the counsel for the State declined to further prosecute the defendant on the charge of murder in the first degree, and submitted the matter to the court. The court. Judge John H. Stone, thereupon adjudged that the defendant undergo imprison- ment in the penitentiary for thirty years, and pay the costs of the prosecution. James W. Owens was judge of this court, commencing Sep- tember 14, 1803; Daniel Q. Gale, August 3, 1808; A. J. Seay, April, 1875, and Eudolph Hirzel, the present judge, in May, 1887. One of the most atrocious murders that have occurred in Gas- conade County was that of AVilliam Burchard, at Bem, May 10, 1883. The circumstances leading up to and connected with the murder were somewhat as follows: Two men went to the house of AVilliam Collier and ordered breakfast. While Mrs. Collier was preparing the meal she overheard remarks which led her to believe that the robbery of the store at Bem, kept by Burchard