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 I: 
 
 EXTRACTS OF LETTERS 
 
 POOR PERSONS 
 
 WHO EMIGRATED LAST YEAR 
 
 
 CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE LABOURING POOR, 
 AND THEIR FRIENDS IN THIS COUNTRY, 
 
 By G. POULETT SCROPE, Esq. 
 
 F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. 
 
 Second Edition, with Additions. 
 
 LONDON: 
 JAMES RIDGWAY, PICCADILLY. 
 
 M.DCCC.XXXri. 
 ' m * Price Sixpence each, or Five Shillings per Dozen. 
 
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 O^j , I 
 
 SSefSet 
 
 
 r 
 
 TlILINfi, PRINTER, CHBLSKAt
 
 EDITORS PREFACE. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 In printing a Second Edition of these Letters, 
 I take the opportunity of saying a few words 
 on the general question of Emigration. There 
 are some persons, 1 believe, who still treat its 
 advocates as visionary schemers. To such I would 
 respectfully suggest the following simple consi- 
 derations. 
 
 The population of these kingdoms is noto- 
 riously excessive as compared with the demand 
 for labour. The consequence is, that many an 
 able-bodied man, anxious to support himself and 
 his family by his industry, is unable to obtain 
 employment, and reduced to pauperism here, to 
 mendicancy in Ireland; becoming a burden to 
 his country instead of a valuable instrument of 
 production. Large numbers of these persons 
 are every winter on the verge of starvation, pro- 
 tracting a life of misery on an average allowance 
 from their parishes of 2^d. per day to each in- 
 dividual in a family. 
 
 Now, so long' as there exist, within a few days* 
 sail, parts of the British Dominions where the 
 labour of these persons is in such demand that 
 they could obtain by it for themselves and their 
 families an abundance, not only of necessaries, 
 but of comforts even, and luxuries — and to which 
 they may be conveyed for less than the cost of 
 keeping them in idleness and misery during one 
 twelvemonth in this country — it does appear 
 
 a 2 
 
 p 35360
 
 1Y 
 
 evident that their removal to such a comparative 
 paradise at so small a cost, should they be willing 
 to go, (and how many of them would refuse ?) 
 is the simplest and most eligible means for im- 
 proving their condition. It is clear, too, that 
 their removal in this manner would equally re- 
 lieve their fellow-labourers who remain at home, 
 and whom their competition in the labour-market 
 now depresses to one common level of pauperism 
 — would free the country from the burden of 
 supporting a large body of unprofitable, and 
 often criminal and turbulent, because unem- 
 ployed and miserable, paupers — in short, would 
 put an end to all the evils that are confessedly 
 occasioned by the redundancy of our labouring 
 population, and replace them by the benefits 
 which must accrue to Britain from a rapidly in- 
 creasing and prosperous colonial population, 
 employed in growing food for us on the rich 
 soils of America, and exchanging it with our 
 home manufacturers for the produce of their 
 labour. 
 
 Whether the existing redundancy may or may not 
 be likewise more or less removed by legislative or 
 financial improvements, such as would diminish the 
 burdens and stimulate the exertions of the pro- 
 ductive industry of this country, is what I do 
 not here attempt to determine. I propose Emi- 
 gration as a sure and easy relief to redundancy, 
 whenever and wheresoever it is found to exist, 
 as it confessedly does at present in Britain and 
 Ireland ; should circumstances alter, and the re- 
 dundancy disappear, the process of Emigration 
 may be laid aside until it is again required. 
 But so long as the real wages of labour, that is, 
 the quantity and quality of food and clothing 
 which a labourer can obtain for his services, 
 continue (as they are at present) in one part of 
 th« British dominions from ten to twenty times
 
 as much as they are in another — so long, indeed, 
 as the difference is at all considerable — so long 
 will the most obvious mode of improving the 
 condition of the labourer in the latter part, be 
 to assist him to remove to the former. The 
 comparative rate of wages is, indeed, the true 
 test of the advantages of Emigration, and of the 
 expediency of giving that direction to our efforts 
 for the relief of the poor. 
 
 Let us remember that Emigration is nothing 
 more than the simple spreading of population, 
 as fast as it increases inconveniently in any li- 
 mited district ; that it is the natural process by 
 which the world has been hitherto peopled, so 
 far as it has yet been peopled — which is to no 
 great extent, as compared with its almost bound- 
 less resources for the support of man ; — that it 
 is the only way of fulfilling the Divine command,, 
 " Increase and multiply, and replenish the 
 earth, and subdue the uttermost parts of it ;" 
 and that if former generations had felt the same 
 foolish prejudices against Emigration which many 
 persons have lately evinced, all America would 
 have remained abandoned to savages — 4ti stead of 
 containing the thirty millions of civilized whites, 
 who are now settled, and rapidly increasing 
 upon it ; — nay, that had our early forefathers, 
 when they felt their numbers increasing beyond 
 their means of subsistence, directed their efforts, 
 according to the advice of the Malthusian phi- 
 losophers, to check the increase of their numbers, 
 what is called " prudential restraint," or any 
 other means, instead of spreading over distant 
 soils in search of an increase of food, the whole 
 human race might, perhaps, at this moment, have 
 been limited to a single patriarchal family, occu- 
 pying a single island or valley, — while the re- 
 gions now swarming with happy and industrious 
 beings — beings bom for immortality, and everv 
 
 a 3
 
 VI 
 
 day improving in knowledge and civilization — 
 would be a wilderness of jungle and morass, 
 tenanted only by reptiles and brutes ! 
 
 These plain considerations lead me at least to 
 the conclusion, (a conclusion in accordance with 
 all our conceptions of the wisdom and benevo- 
 lence of the Creator,) that if want afflict the 
 inhabitants of any of the older states, if their 
 numbers at any time press injuriously on their 
 means of providing subsistence, it is owing, not 
 to any inherent law of Nature, (such as the antipo- 
 pulationists have for years past paraded as a bug- 
 bear before a too credulous public,) but only to the 
 misdirection of their means; and, above all, to 
 their neglecting to avail themselves of the re- 
 source of Emigration to the fertile and yet un- 
 cultivated wastes of the globe, whence their 
 labour, aided by the knowledge of the arts of 
 civilized life which they bring with them, would 
 extract abundance; — that nothing is easier than 
 to cause subsistence to increase faster than can 
 population ; that there exists no necessity for 
 placing any restraint on the natural and provi- 
 dential tendency of mankind to increase; but 
 that, on the contrary, by a wise, and timely, 
 and prudential direction of their efforts, indivi- 
 dual and collective, the happiness of the human 
 race may be made to increase with, and in pro- 
 portion to, its numbers. 
 
 " Spatium Natura beatis 
 Omnibus esse dedit, si quis cognoverit uti." 
 
 G. P. S. 
 
 Castle Combe, 
 January 1, 1832.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In the beginning of last year (1830) a strong desire 
 to emigrate to America, shewed itself among the 
 labouring population of the parish of Corsley, 
 near Warminster, in Wilts. They, like their fel- 
 low labourers throughout the south of England,, 
 had been long suffering from want of work and 
 low wages. It happened that a certain Joseph 
 Silcox, the brother of a respectable farmer of that 
 parish, had lately returned from Canada, after a 
 residence there or two or three years ; and being 
 a dissenting preacher, he had frequent opportu- 
 nities of holding forth to his neighbours on the 
 vast difference between the condition of industri- 
 ous labourers in this country and in America, and 
 on the advantages they would derive from emi- 
 grating there. He declared his own intention of 
 returning immediately ; and a considerable num- 
 ber of his neighbours became desirous of following 
 his example. 
 
 With this view some labourers who possessed 
 property sold it in order to pay the expences of 
 their voyage. Others, who had not wherewithal 
 to do this, resorted to the parish, and begged 
 earnestly to be assisted to remove from a place 
 where they could not obtain a living and were a 
 burden to their neighbours, to one where they 
 understood that by honest industry they might 
 maintain themselves and their families in comfort 
 and independence. 
 
 The parish officers, being thus importuned, and 
 being also of opinion that the removal of several 
 families who had long been, and would, most pro- 
 
 a 4
 
 bably, long continue to be, a heavy and still-in- 
 creasing charge upon their rates, must prove as 
 great a relief to the rate-payers as to the poor 
 themselves, consented to give the aid that was 
 asked of them : and for this purpose raised a sum 
 of a few hundred pounds, partly by the sale of 
 two houses belonging to the parish, and partly by 
 subscription ; the Marquis of Bath, the principal 
 landed proprietor in the parish, contributing £50. 
 The expences of some families and single labourers 
 were paid in full. To others partial assistance 
 was given according to their circumstances. In 
 the whole sixty-five individuals left the place, and 
 embarked for. Canada, in a vessel which sailed 
 from Newport, in Glamorganshire, the 7th of 
 April, 1830. 
 
 Accounts have since been received from many 
 of the emigrants, by letter to their friends in 
 Corsley and the neighbourhood ; and the following 
 are extracts from several of these, the originals 
 of which are in the hands of respectable persons 
 of Corsley, and may be seen by those who desire 
 it. The reason why it has been thought advisable 
 to publish only a selection of passages from these 
 letters, instead of the whole, is that the greater 
 part of them is made up of repetitions of informa- 
 tion already given, of remembrances to friends in 
 England, and other matters of no public interest, 
 which it would have been a useless expence to 
 print. But there has been no concealment of un- 
 favourable passages or accounts. In fact, I am 
 assured, that no such accounts have been received 
 at all, directly or indirectly, from any of the emi- 
 grants. The tenor of all their communications 
 has invariably been to the effect that, though 
 those ivho are foolishly home-sick, may be dispirited 
 for the first few weeks, and those ivho will not 
 work arc not likely to be better off in that country 
 than in any other, any labourer or mechanic, who
 
 is willing to exert himself, may be sure of obtain- 
 ing full employment at high wages, and the very 
 best of living ; employment, not for the man only, 
 but for every member of his family likewise, down 
 to children of six years old ; with the prospect of 
 purchasing land on exceedingly cheap terms, out 
 of his savings, if he choose to set up as an inde- 
 pendent farmer on his own property. 
 
 It may be added that, encouraged by these 
 favourable accounts, similar emigrations have taken 
 place in the spring of this year, from the neigh- 
 bouring parishes of Westbury, Frome, and War- 
 minster ; and the accounts that have arrived from 
 the emigrants immediately upon their landing, 
 are as favourable as could have been hoped for.* 
 
 The expence of the voyage and outfit of these 
 persons, including 20.9. or 30s. given them upon 
 landing, to find their way farther up into the 
 country, where work is most plentiful, amounted, 
 on an average, to about Six Pounds a head. The 
 voyage to New York, and other parts of the United 
 States, may be effected something under that cost ; 
 but common labourers are more in demand in 
 Canada than in the United States. Mechanics of 
 all sorts, manufacturers, and gardeners, however, 
 may go out to either country, with a certainty 
 of employment, at high wages. Unless the emi- 
 grants have some little money at their command, 
 it is not advisable for them to go out in the au- 
 tumn. But by starting early in the spring, they 
 will find the demand for lal}ourers every where 
 very brisk immediately on their arrival. 
 
 * By accounts received by Government, it appears, that 
 though upwards of fifty thousand emigrants landed during the 
 last summer at Quebec, and Montreal alone, they have all 
 been taken into employment up the country, without even 
 occasioning any fall in the high price of labour, which is still 
 as much in demand as before. In fact, labourers there so 
 soon become capitalists, and employers of labour, that the 
 demand increases with the increase of the supply.
 
 10 
 
 The passage is usually from three to six or 
 eight weeks. It is best for emigrants to take but 
 little baggage with them beyond their wearing 
 apparel, bedding, and utensils for cooking on the 
 passage. They should also lay in their own pro- 
 visions. If they contract for their food with the 
 captain of the vessel they embark in, it is not 
 likely to be of so good a quality. The kind of 
 stock recommended by those who have made the 
 passage, is flour, potatoes, bacon, and, perhaps, a 
 little salt beef, rice or oatmeal, tea, sugar, coffee, 
 apples, or other fruit ; some or all of these things, 
 according to the taste of the parties. The flour 
 can be baked into fresh cakes when wanted, which 
 are much more agreeable and wholesome than sea 
 biscuits. 
 
 Merchants at Bristol, or any other of the prin- 
 cipal shipping ports, will contract to carry out 
 emigrants, with parties in this country who may 
 be willing to pay for their passage. But there is 
 every reason to believe that the Government Com- 
 mission, lately appointed for the purpose of assist- 
 ing voluntary emigration, will be able to offer 
 more advantageous and satisfactory terms than 
 any private individuals. Those who wish to 
 make arrangements with, or obtain information 
 from this Commission, should address their letters, 
 * To the Emigration Commission, the Secretary of 
 State for the Colonies, London/ 
 
 The following remarks upon Upper Canada, the 
 Colony to which most of the Corsley emigrants 
 proceeded, and which on the whole offers the 
 greatest advantages, are collected from the best 
 and most recent authorities on the subject. 
 
 Upper Canada is a British Province in North 
 America, within a few weeks sail of this country, 
 and subject to the same government and laws. 
 The climate is good, and nearly the same as in 
 England ; the summer is warmer, and the winter,
 
 1] 
 
 perhaps, a little colder. All the fruits, grain, and 
 vegetables of England thrive well, with the addi- 
 tion of some, as Indian wheat, which cannot be 
 grown with the certainty of ripening in this coun- 
 try. Peaches and apricots ripen on standard trees 
 in the orchards, and the apples are remarkably 
 fine ; melons likewise grow luxuriantly in the 
 open air. Samples of the wheat of Canada are 
 not inferior to the best English. 
 
 The country is well adapted for farming pur- 
 poses, the land being generally level, covered with 
 large timber of a variety of very useful qualities, 
 and watered by fine streams and several navigable 
 lakes. The soil is light and easily worked, yet so 
 rich, being a deep black mould composed of 
 decayed vegetables, as to bear plentiful crops for 
 many years in succession without manure. 
 
 Freehold land of the best quality, and in favour- 
 able positions is to be purchased in any quantities, 
 large or small, at from 5s. to 20s. per acre ; one 
 fifth of the money only being paid down, and the 
 remainder in small annual instalments which a 
 settler is well able to clear out of his crops within 
 four or five years, besides maintaining himself and 
 family, and increasing his stock. 
 
 The population of the province consists almost 
 wholly of persons from Great Britain who have 
 gone there to settle. The English language is 
 universally spoken. Society is on the best footing. 
 The utmost kindness, hospitality,, and good fellow- 
 ship, exists among neighbours, as might indeed be 
 expected in a country overflowing with an abun- 
 dance of the substantial blessings of life, and 
 where there is room for every one to follow his 
 own business without jostling or interfering with 
 his neighbours. The taxes are very trifling, and 
 there are no tythes or rates. There are churches 
 and meeting-houses for all persuasions in every 
 town, and in most villages; and service is regu-
 
 12 
 
 Iarly performed in them. The wages of labourers 
 are very high, and they are usually boarded by 
 their masters, taking their meals at the same ta- 
 ble with them, and eating and drinking the best 
 of every thing. The earnings of mechanics of all 
 descriptions are still higher in proportion, as may 
 be seen from the table in the last page of this 
 publication, which contains also a statement of 
 the market prices of most articles of consumption. 
 These are as remarkably low. 
 
 It appears, indeed, extraordinary, and, at first, 
 almost incredible, to those who are accustomed to 
 judge of other countries by their experience in 
 this, that wagres should be so hi^h as thev are 
 represented to be in America, whilst agricultural 
 produce of all kinds sells at so low a rate as com- 
 pared to prices here. And many will suppose 
 that on this account, however favourable such a 
 country may be to labourers, it cannot be equally 
 so to fanners. But, on the contrary, the great 
 and increasing- demand for labourers and mecha- 
 nics proves, beyond question, that farmers do find 
 it very profitable to employ them, even at high 
 wages, and in spite of the seemingly low prices 
 they obtain for their produce. The key to ths 
 riddle is the exceeding natural fertility of the 
 soil, which needs only to be cleared from trees, 
 scratched over by the plough, and the seed roughly 
 thrown in, to produce crops of 5 or 6 quarters 
 to the acre ; and this for ten years together with- 
 out any rest or manure. Where land, such as this 
 is to be bought in fee for a few shillings the acre, 
 and cultivated free of rent, tythes, rates, m % taxes, 
 it may be easily understood that what we in Eng- 
 land should call very low prices, may be high there, 
 and enable the cultivator to pay high wages, and 
 yet to reap an equally high profit on his capital. 
 The settlers in fact do thrive very rapidly. As 
 Mr. Beilby asserts in the last ' of the following
 
 13 
 
 extracts, — and the fact is confirmed by many 
 other authorities — " there are persons to be met 
 with who came from England ten years ago with- 
 out a shilling, and who now possess farms with 70 
 or 80 acres of land cleared, eight or ten stacks 
 of corn, besides well-filled % barns, horses, horned 
 cattle., sheep, hogs, and poultry, — every thing in 
 short that is wanted to render them contented and 
 happy/' More than one of the following letters 
 exhibit the English pauper turned into an inde- 
 pendent fanner, cultivating his own land., at the 
 end of a short half-year from his quitting his na- 
 tive parish in a stale of destitution. 
 
 Indeed, supposing a labourer to put by Ss. a 
 day, which is less than half of his harvest wages, 
 he will have saved £27. in six months ; which 
 is sufficient to pay the first instalment on a farm 
 of 50 or even 100 acres, and to purchase the ne- 
 cessary seed and stock, and maintain him, (work- 
 ing out occasionally for his neighbours,) while 
 he is getting his land in order, and preparing 
 his first year's crops. After this, every thing is 
 smooth before him, and, with industry and pru- 
 dence, his prospects must be getting brighter, and 
 his property on the increase, every succeeding 
 year. And this happy position (the happiest 
 perhaps the world affords) is attainable by any 
 labourer in this country, possessed of health and 
 strength, who can procure the small sum neces- 
 sary to take him out, either from his own re- 
 sources, or through the kindness of his friends, and 
 those who interest themselves in his welfare. 
 Even if he have a family, though the expence of 
 his voyage is increased, the advantages he can 
 obtain on his arrival in Canada are increased in 
 proportion ; for in that country a family, instead 
 of being a burthen to a man, is a source of profit 
 and wealth to him, as well as of domestic hap- 
 piness.
 
 EXTRACTS 
 
 OF 
 
 LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 
 
 N.B. The spelling is corrected. The wording left as in the originals. 
 
 1. From W. Clements, {day-labourer, of Corsley, 
 Wilts,) dated Port Talbot, Upper Conada, 
 Oct. 10, 1830. 
 
 " My dear Father, I thank God I am got to 
 the land of liberty and plenty. I arrived here on 
 the 9th July. I had not a single shilling left when 
 I got here. But I met with good friends that 
 took me in ; and I went to work at 65. per day 
 and my board, on to this day. And now I am 
 going to work on my own Farm of 50 acres, which 
 I bought at <£55., and I have 5 years to pay it in. 
 I have bought me a Cow and 5 pigs. And I have 
 sowed 4| acres of Wheat, and I have 2 more to 
 sow. I am going to build me a house this fall, 
 if I live. And if I had staid at Corsley, I never 
 should have had nothing. I like the country very 
 much. I am at liberty to shoot turkeys, quail, 
 pigeon, and all kinds of game which I have in my 
 back wood. I have also a sugar bush, that will 
 make me a ton of sugar yearly. The timber is 
 very fine. We sow but one bushel of wheat to 
 an acre, and the increase is about 50. One single 
 grain will bring from 30 to 60 ears. The land in 
 general is black peat and sandy loam. My wife 
 and two sons is all well and happy, and thankful 
 that they are arrived over safe ; and wish father
 
 15 
 
 and mother and all the family were as well pro- 
 vided for as we be. If the labouring men did but 
 know the value of their strength, they would 
 never abide contented in the old country. Cows 
 are worth from 50s. to £3. 10s. Sheep, large and 
 fat, is worth 10s. 6d. Oxen from £5. to £6. No 
 poor-rate, no taxes, no overseer, no. beggars. 
 The wheat that is left in the fields would keep a 
 whole parish. Several of thein that came out 
 with us are near, Joseph Silcox within 2 miles, 
 &c." 
 
 2. From James Treasure, (shoemaker,) 
 Yarmouth, U.C. August 9th, 1830. 
 
 " I see plainly there will be work enough if I 
 had two or three hands. I have a great deal 
 more than I can do now, and they tell me it will 
 come in faster after harvest ; but there is no pos- 
 sibility of getting hands. I have 13s. 6d. for 
 making a pair of Wellington boots, the leather 
 being found me. This will go nearly as far again 
 in provisions here as at home. The price for 
 making men and women's shoes is both alike, 
 4s. 6d, for light and 3s. 6d. for strong. They find 
 their own thread too. I can now save money very 
 fast, and shall soon be able to buy my own leather, 
 which will be more profitable. The neighbours 
 are very kind. They all want us to visit them. 
 We have as much as we like fetching of potatoes, 
 french beans, green peas, onions, cucumbers, &c< 
 from any of the neighbours with a hearty welcome. 
 The best mutton is 2^d. per pound. Veal 2d. 
 Butter 6d. We have all, through mercy, enjoyed 
 excellent health. The Climate is perhaps a little 
 warmer here than at home, but I don't find any 
 great difference. Flour, I should have said, is 
 three farthings per pound. Land is from 9s. to 
 18s. per acre. All who came over with us like 
 the country very well." " There is not a doubt
 
 16 
 
 but all who are willing to work would get a plenty, 
 and good pay. Mechanics, they say, are wanted 
 very bad. I have no doubt, but after we are a 
 little more settled, we shall be able to save 30s. a 
 week. The people here wonder that more do not 
 come. We were told at New York, that 7,000 had 
 landed there in about four or five weeks, and 200 
 families were landed at this creek this summer ; 
 but they are all lost like a drop in a bucket. 
 We are a great deal better and comfortabler than 
 we expected to be in so short a time. I want to 
 advise you all to come, for here we are all free 
 from anxiety as to getting on. I should be happy 
 to hear that two or three thousand was coming 
 from Frome. It would be the best thing in the 
 world for them. Here would be plenty for them 
 to do, and plenty to eat and drink. In this there is 
 no mistake. I seem now to want to tell this, that 
 and the other story, about men who came here 
 without a single shilling, but have now good farms 
 of their own, but they would be too numerous. I 
 can only say that all the- good accounts I have 
 heard of America, I now believe to be correct, 
 &c." 
 
 3. From Philip Annett (day-labourer, of 
 Corsley) Port Talbot, U. C. May 24th, 1830. 
 " I think you was better sell your house and get a 
 little of the parish, and come to Canada whilst you 
 have a chance. If you don't come soon it is likely 
 you will starve, and if you don't, your children 
 will ; whilst if you was to come hither with your 
 family, any one would be glad to take 1 or 2 of 
 them and keep them as their own children, until 
 of age, and then give them 100 acres of land and 
 some stock besides. I was agreeably surprised 
 when I came here to see what a fine country it 
 was. It being excellent land, bearing crops of 
 wheat and other corn for 20 or 30 years without
 
 17 
 
 any dung. Here you have no rent to pay, no 
 poor-rates, and scarcely any taxes. No game- 
 keepers or Lords over you. Here you can go 
 and shoot wild deer, Turkeys, Pheasants, Quails, 
 pigeons, any other sort of game, and catch 
 plenty of fish without molestation whatever ; 
 here you can raise every thing of your own that 
 you want to make use of in your family. You can 
 make your own soap, candles, sugar, treacle, and 
 vinegar, without paying any duty. Clothing is 
 as cheap as in England. Wages is high. A man 
 can get two bushels of wheat for a day's work in 
 harvest time. We have plenty of fruit here, such 
 as plumbs and grapes, and peaches. Cyder is 
 sold at 5s. per barrel ; it is a land of liberty and 
 plenty. I think no Englishman can do better than 
 come as soon as possible, if it cost them every 
 farthing they have, for 1 would rather be so here 
 than in England with £100. in my pocket. Robert 
 can come and get a good farm here in the course 
 of 3 or 4 years at shoemaking. I think he could 
 earn and save beside keeping himself £60. a year. 
 1 am sure he could. It grieves me concerning 
 you in England in poverty and hard labour. A 
 man can earn enough in 3 days to last him all the 
 week. I am satisfied with the country, and so is 
 Luesa, for we are so much respected here as any 
 of our neighbours, and so would you if vou come, 
 &c." 
 
 4. From Joseph Silcox, (glazier, of Corsley, and 
 dissenting preacher , — paid his own passage) 
 Southwold, near Port Talbot, Upper Canada, 
 May 26, 1831. 
 
 " We are enjoying a very good state of health 
 and spirits, and are doing extremely well. We' 
 have planted and sowed to oats, potatoes, and 
 Corn, about 18 acres. I have eight acres of Indian 
 corn and three of wheat, which looks well. My
 
 18 
 
 prospect is very good. The boy 9 chopped off 9 
 acres last winter, which we are now just going to 
 clear off. We shall sow this fall as much as 19 
 acres of wheat, if we have our health during the 
 summer to clear off the land and get our fallow in 
 order. I have purchased 50 acres of land for the 
 sum of £43. 15s., with 14 acres of improvement 
 on it, where I have sowed my peas and oats, and 
 where T shall mow hay enough to winter my cat- 
 tle. My stock consists at present of one yoke of 
 oxen, two Cows, one yearling heifer, one mare 
 and colt, four spring calves, two breeding sows, 
 11 pigs, 32 geese, and a few sheep, &c. The boys 
 are all extremely well satisfied with the country, 
 do get on well with their work (with looking after.) 
 They say, if Lord Bath was to give us Corsley farm 
 rent free, they would rather stay here on our own 
 land than live in Eugland. John he says he would 
 not regard the journey back provided his father 
 and mother would return with him. My wife 
 desires me to persuade any or all of her friends 
 to come, being confident in her own mind they 
 would be satisfied here, as she likes the country 
 better than she do England, providing her friends 
 were here. For my part I am of the same opinion, 
 altho' I do not persuade any one to leave England 
 because 1 have left it. But a well-stocked farm 
 of 200 acres rent free in England would be no 
 temptation to me to leave America. If any of my 
 relations or friends think proper to come, I will 
 make them as comfortable as possible, and if they 
 come out next springs I shall, if Providence bless 
 me with an increase, have plenty for 5 or 6 fami- 
 lies. The best way is to ship at Bristol for New 
 York, and there take a passage in the Channel 
 boats for Buffalow, and then cross the lake to 
 Kettle Creek, which is in the Township we live 
 in." .
 
 19 
 
 5. From Thomas Lister, {weaver, of Westbury) 
 Philadelphia, United States, April 26, 1830. 
 
 " I hope brother William and family will come 
 all together, for they can get spinning here. I 
 have just begun to work in a broad loom, and I 
 think I shall get on with it. There is hundreds 
 of factories here, both cotton and woollen, and 
 some weavers wanted in the same shop with me. 
 It is a very pleasant country as ever I saw. Clear 
 days for weeks together, not a cloud to be seen. 
 I hope brother James and wife will come, if he is 
 married, for a shoemaker can do very well here. 
 Meat is very cheap, about two-pence half-penny 
 per pound, and flour. A pint of gin for three- 
 pence, and there is no complaining in our streets." 
 
 6. Axford, mechanic. 
 
 " Got work in a Coachmaker's shop, at Quebec, 
 for 2 dollars a day, (11*.) I know it is a nice 
 place for Blacksmiths and Shoemakers. We get 
 all sorts of liquors at 6d. per quart. 
 
 7. From John Down, (weaver, of Frome) New 
 
 York, United States, Aug. 12, 1830. 
 
 " My dear wife, 
 
 " I have got a situation in a Factory, in a 
 very pleasant vale about 7 miles from Hudson, 
 and I am to have the whole management of the 
 factory, and the master is going to board me till 
 you come in his house/' " A Farmer took me one 
 day in his waggon into the country, from Hudson, 
 to see a factory, and I dined with him, and he 
 would not have a farthing, and told me I was 
 welcome to come to his house at any time ; they 
 had on the table puddings, pyes, and fruit of all 
 kind that was in season, and preserves, pickles, 
 vegetables, meat, and every thing that a person 
 could wish, and the servants set down at the same 
 
 b2
 
 20 
 
 table with their masters. They do not think of 
 locking the doors in the country, and you can 
 gather peaches, apples, and all kinds of fruit by 
 the side of the roads. And I can have a barrel of 
 cider holding 32 gallons, for 4s., and they will 
 lend me the barrel till I have emptied it. And 
 I can have lOOlbs. of Beef for 10s. English money. 
 Lamb is about five farthings the pound, and the 
 butcher brings it to your door. And as for the 
 bullocks' heads, sheep and lambs', they are thrown 
 away, no one will eat them. I went into the 
 market yesterday at New York, and on the out- 
 side of the market there was bullocks' and sheep 
 and lambs' heads laying under foot like dog's 
 meat. They cut the tongue, and throw the rest 
 away. And I can go into a store, and have as 
 much brandy as I like to drink for three half-pence, 
 and all other spirits in proportion. If a man like 
 work he need not want victuals. It is a foolish 
 idea that some people have, that there is too many 
 people come here, it is quite the reverse ; there 
 was more than 1000 emigrants came in the day 
 after I landed, and there is four ships have arrived 
 since with emigrants. But there is plenty of room 
 yet, and will for a thousand years to come. My 
 dear Sukey, all that I want now is to see you, and 
 the dear Children here, and then I shall be happy, 
 and not before. You know very well that I should 
 not have left you behind me, if I had money to 
 have took you with me. It was sore against me 
 to do it. But I do not repent of coming, for you 
 know that there was nothing but poverty before 
 me, and to see you and the dear children want 
 was what I could not bear. I would rath'.r cross 
 the Atlantic ten times than hear my children ay 
 for victuals once. Now, my dear, if you can get the 
 Parish to pay for your passage, come directly ; for 
 I have not a doubt in my mind I shall be able to 
 keep you in credit. You will find a few inconve-
 
 21 
 
 niences in crossing the Atlantic, but it will not 
 be long, and when that is over, all is over, for I 
 know that you will like America. America is not 
 like England, for here no man thinks himself your 
 superior. There is no improper or disgusting 
 equality, for Character have its weight and influ- 
 ence, and the man which is really your superior 
 does not plume himself upon being so. An Ame- 
 rican, however low his station, never feels himself 
 abashed when entering the presence of the highest. 
 This is a country where a man can stand as a man, 
 and where he can enjoy the fruits of his own exer- 
 tions, with rational liberty to its fullest extent. 
 There is as much attention paid to dress as at any 
 of the watering places in England. Out in the 
 country where I have been, you see the young 
 women with their veils and parasols, the lowest 
 that I saw. Poverty is unknown here. You see 
 no beggars. Give my kind love to Father, and 
 tell him if he was here he could soon kill himself 
 by drinking if he thought proper, but I hope he 
 is more steady. Give my kind love to Mother, 
 and tell her I do not expect to see her ever any 
 more in this world, but hope I shall meet her in 
 the next, where the wicked cease from troubling, 
 and the weary are for ever at rest. Give all the 
 little ones a kiss for me, &c." 
 
 8. C. Hbnitage, {day-labourer, from Corslet/) 
 October 4th, 1830. 
 
 ' f I have a good place of service, and have a 
 good master. I lives 7 miles from New York. 
 He keeps a tavern and take in drivers. I have 
 bargained with him against Christmas, at six 
 dollars a month, and I get five dollars more, that 
 runs to £2. 2s., and I do have my board and wash- 
 ing and lodging in to it. I do sit down to table 
 with my master every day, and now I can have a 
 glass of wine or two every day, and not cost me 
 
 b3
 
 22 
 
 nothing. It is a line country and a free country. 
 For the carpenters 10s. a day here, and the 
 wheelers get about the same. But the people 
 tell me that they get more farther up the country. 
 Don't you be afraid to come, for you do better 
 with £2. here than you will with £4. in England, 
 for things are cheaper here. And poor men get 
 good wages, for I could have five places if I was 
 a mind, now I am got known by the people, but 
 I have a good place and shall stay. This is the 
 place for people to come to if they do try, for here 
 is plenty of work here, for people don't buy things 
 here and not pay for it. I hope 1 shall have a 
 little land myself soon as well as he, and I hope 
 I shall pay for it. This is the place to live in if a 
 man is steady. If people did but know how people 
 do get on here, you would all come to America, 
 &c. &c." 
 
 9. James Watts, {day-labourer, of Corsley) 
 Lancaster, U. C. Oct. 28th, 1830. 
 
 " We had a middling good passage, and got to 
 Quebec the 6th day of June, then I set out for 
 Upper Canada to the above place, where I have 
 been ever since, working at making roads at 8 
 dollars a month, or £l. 16s. of your money (besides 
 board.) Will Singer and Thomas Singer are along 
 with me upon the same wages, but William Ayls- 
 bury left this place on purpose to go home to his 
 wife and family. Whether he will get home I 
 don't know, but if he should, you will get all the 
 news better than I can write. As far as I can 
 learn and as far as I have seen, it is a good 
 country, for any industrious man coming to this 
 country; and if he can bring some money he will 
 get land upon very reasonable terms, and in the 
 course of a few years may make a very comfort- 
 able living/'
 
 23 
 
 10. N.B. The William Aylsbury mentioned in this 
 letter, returned to his parish, Corsley, last winter. 
 The overseers had refused to assist him to emigrate, 
 and he had in consequence raised some money by 
 sale of a few goods, and started by himself, leaving 
 his wife and family chargeable to the parish. He 
 arrived at Quebec on the 6th of June, he had then 
 twenty shillings in his pocket ; he took the steamer 
 to Montreal, and proceeded thence on foot to 
 Cornwall, in Upper Canada, where he arrived with 
 only a shilling. He found immediate employment, 
 together with the writer of the last letter and 
 others whom he had accompanied from England, 
 on the Government Roads. His wages Mere 9 
 dollars per month besides his bed and board. He 
 lived on pork, beef, mutton, potatoes, green peas, 
 bread, cheese, and butter. Hands were in great 
 request, winter as well as summer; the winter 
 wages being 5 dollars with bed and board. Wheat 
 was 4s. 6d. a bushel. Tea 3s. 6d. per pound. A 
 church in the town where service was performed 
 regularly. He came away on the 1st of November 
 with nearly £7. in his pocket, with which he paid 
 his passage home, where he arrived without having 
 entirely emptied his purse. This account is taken 
 from Aylsbury's own lips, and is worthy of atten- 
 tion, as shewing that the savings that can be made 
 from a labourer's wages for about, four months' 
 work in Canada, will amply pay the expences 
 of his passage out from his parish in England. 
 Aylsbury is anxious to take his family back with 
 him, having returned only to fetch them, but 
 cannot persuade his wife to overcome her fears 
 of the voyage. 
 
 11. From Thomas Hunt, {day-labourer, of Chap- 
 manslade, in the parish of Corsley,) dated 
 Nelson, U. C. Nov. 14th, 1830. 
 
 " We are in a good country for poor folks • we 
 have plenty of good fire and grog. Wheat 4s. 
 
 b 4
 
 24 
 
 4>er bushel, good boiling peas 3s. 6d. Rye .6#. 
 
 Buck wheat 2.9. 6d. Indian Corn 2s. 6d. Oats 2s., 
 Potatoes Is. 3d. Rum ~LQd. per quart. Good 
 Whiskey 7^d. Brandy 9d. per quart. Port 
 Wine 1.9. 3d. Tea 3s. (yd. per pound. We make 
 our own sugar, our own soap, candles, and bake 
 good light bread. Beef and mutton 2d. per pound, 
 &c. Fat geese Is. 6d. Best fowls 1.9. 3d. per 
 couple. Wages £3. per month and our keep. ' We 
 dine with our masters. Women 2s. 6d. a day and 
 good keep. Good apples Is. per bushel, &c. The 
 price of land is about £1. per acre near the roads, 
 some way back it is cheaper. No poor-rates, nor 
 taxes of any consequence. I see in the paper great 
 lamentations for our departure from Chapmans- 
 lade. More need to rejoice* We three brothers 
 have bought 200 acres of land at 12.9. 6d. per acre. 
 We have paid £25. and have £100. to pay in five 
 years, that is, £20. a year, between three, that is 
 £6. 13.9. 4d. each. It is in Nelson, District of Gore, 
 about 5 miles from Street, with a pretty good 
 road to our lot. Only nine miles to Lake Ontario, 
 a good sale for all grain. A grist mill and a saw 
 mill within 25 chains, which is a great advantage. 
 A good river runs right through our lot of land, 
 and good springs rise on it. VVe shall never want 
 for water, nor timber. VVe have several adjoining 
 houses, chiefly English people. We can raise up 
 a good house in a little while at little expence. 
 We have thousands of tons of timber, and good 
 
 * This is the Emigrant's pithy reproof of the maudlin senti- 
 mentalities of those persons whoso pathetically deprecate the 
 " tearing away of our peasanty from their homes — the snapping 
 asunder the ties of country, kindred, &c," and who wax indig- 
 nant at what they call " the atrocious cruelty" of the advocates 
 of Emigration. Mighty cruelty, to be sure, the assisting families 
 whose labour will not keep them from pauperism and misery in 
 this country, to remove to another part of the British dominions 
 where they may command all the comforts and many of the lux- 
 uries of life, and look forward to still higher prospects. Great 
 cause of grief and lamentation this! ' More need to rejoice' as 
 Thomas Hunt says. Editor.
 
 25 
 
 stone for building. It is called the healthiest 
 place in Upper Canada. We have no sickness 
 since we have been here. Stouter than we was 
 in England. Sarah wishes to see all her friends 
 here. We expect to clear 20 acres by next har- 
 vest. We cut the trees about 3 feet above ground, 
 and put fire to it, and burn it root and branch. 
 We are about 700 miles from Quebec. That is 
 but little here. Sarah Hunt and her five children 
 is all well ; she was confined on the river St. 
 Lawrence. She had a very good time. She and 
 all is very stout, never wishing to return to 
 England, but rather all friends was here, for here 
 is plenty of work, and plenty to eat and drink. 
 Thank God we are here. TVe all wish that our 
 Fathers, and mothers, and brothers, and sisters was 
 here, for here is plenty of room for all there is in 
 England. They that think to work may do well. 
 But if our fathers and mothers was here, they 
 should never be obliged to do a hard day's work, 
 for we would keep them without work if they 
 were not able. But if any of you should come, 
 they must make up their minds not to be faint- 
 hearted. You may expect rocking, but I don't 
 fear the raging seas. For more may come as safe 
 as we, for the God that rules the land rules the 
 sea. There is some come this year turned back 
 before they knew whether 'tis good or bad. But 
 I thank my God that we are here. Thomas Hunt, 
 James Hunt, Jeremiah Hunt. 
 
 12. Esau Prangley, (butcher, of Coi'sley) Port 
 Talbot, U. C. Oct. \0th, 1830. 
 " We arrived last July, and like the country well. 
 Clements and I have bought 100 acres of land 
 between us. I have about 25 acres cleared on my 
 50, for £70. I have paid down £12. 10s. and have 
 five years to pay the remainder in. I have a house 
 and barn on the place ready to go into. I have 
 sowed 4k acres of wheat, &c.'' " Charles is doing
 
 26 
 
 well, he is hired by the year for £12. 10s., with 
 board and lodging. Men's wages is from 3s. to 
 5«. per day, take the year round, with board. 
 Clements and I cut and thrashed and winnowed 
 in 4 days, 84 bushels of Peas, and for our wages 
 got 21 bushels, being one quarter, and boarded 
 into it. Wheat here sells for 3s. the bushel. We 
 have a very healthy country, &c." 
 
 13. From George Lewis, {day labourer, ofCor- 
 
 sley) Dundas, U. C. July 11th, 1830. 
 
 " We are very well provided for, with regard 
 to a situation. We have a very good house and 
 our fire found us, and George has wages 100 
 dollars a year, and all his keep ; which is much 
 better than ever I should have found in England. 
 My master is an Englishman, and a very good 
 master, for he makes every thing to my satisfac- 
 tion, and I am very happy to think the Lord has 
 provided me so well, and I have to inform you I 
 never desire to come to England any more, for 
 we found it a troublesome journey to that happy 
 spot where we are now situated. I have to inform 
 you that we need not go to bed a-cold nights for 
 want of something to keep us warm, for we can 
 get good liquors very cheap, good rum at bd. per 
 pint, whiskey 7^d. per quart, &c." 
 
 14. From William Snelgrove, {day-labourer, 
 o/Corsley) Dundas, U.C. Sept. 3d, 1830. 
 
 " Dear friends, This comes with my kind love 
 to you, hoping it will find you in good health, as 
 it leaves us at present. Thanks be to God for it. 
 Health is a beautiful thing ; and it depends upon 
 God alone to give it. Was it in the hands of man, 
 health would decline, as many other things have 
 in England, as labour and victualling, which, if 
 the good God give us our health, is as plentifully 
 with us as the scarcity is with you. We have 
 plenty of good beef, and mutton, and pork, and
 
 27 
 
 flour, fish, fowl, and butter; and I'm happy to state 
 that by one day's work, a man can supply himself 
 with sufficient of all these necessaries for 3 days. 
 You have a good many cold bellies to go to bed with, 
 I know, or things is greatly altered from the state 
 that it was when I was with you. But if you were 
 with us, if you liked, for three half-pence your belly 
 would be so warm that you would not know the way 
 to bed. With regard to work, harvest work is one 
 dollar a day and board, other work is three fourths 
 of a dollar and a pint of whiskey. Wheat is from 
 3s. 9d. to 5.s. per bushel. Butcher s meat 2d. to 
 3d. per lb. Cousin Henry, you may depend that 
 all is here said is true, so that you see here is all 
 the chance in the world for a poor man to live, &c." 
 
 15. From William Singer, (bricklayer, of Cor- 
 sley^) Bark Street, Southwold, U. C. 15th 
 March, 1831. 
 
 " I have worked some at my trade. A person 
 that can work well can get a dollar and a half 
 a day, and in the harvest fields a dollar. I like 
 this part of the country very well, and intend 
 staying here this summer. I have been working 
 on a farm chopping, and other work, but have 
 been very unfortunate, I have cut myself four or 
 five times. You must not think that I dislike the 
 country on account of my misfortunes, for if I was 
 to cut my leg right off, I should never think of 
 returning to Corsley again, for I could do much 
 better here with one leg than in Corsley with two. 
 We can always have plenty of work here. We 
 board and lodge with the person we work for. 
 If any of my old acquaintance is got tired of being- 
 slaves and drudges, tell them to come to Upper 
 Canada to Wm. Singer, and he will take them by 
 the hand and lead them to hard work and good 
 wages, and the best of living. Any of them could 
 do well here. Old George Silcox likes the country 
 well; but if any of you was coming out he wishes
 
 28 
 
 you to bring him a quart of James Knight's strong 
 beer, as we cannot get any so good here. We 
 can get whiskey at half a dollar per gallon, as 
 strong as the Gin you get in England. We have 
 eight English families within about 2 miles, all 
 from Westbury or Corsley. They are all well, 
 and doing well, busy making sugar this last week. 
 This part of the country is very fine. The winter 
 has been more than commonly severe, but I have 
 not found it colder than in England, &c." 
 
 16. From John West, (shoemaker, of Corsley) 
 Germantown, near Philadelphia, V. S. May 
 20th, 1831. 
 
 " I wish, and do often say that we wish you 
 were all in this happy land. We have good food 
 and raiment, and all the comforts of life, &c." 
 ' * I have not heard one person say it was bad times 
 since I have been here. There is a Poor-house 
 here. Twenty-five old men and women is the 
 greatest number in the winter,, the main of whom 
 are now gone. There are none paid out of the 
 house. There is a great many ill-conveniences, 
 but no empty bellies. 'Tis no good for a man to 
 come here without he work hard. Farmer's men 
 work from sunrise to sunset, all the year round ; 
 they get from 10 to 12 dollars per month and their 
 board, or three fourths of a dollar per day. A 
 carpenter's and a masons trade is a very good 
 trade here. But they must not toss and turn a 
 brick so many times as James Singer do. A 
 Brick -maker is a very good trade. 1 was told 
 that a brick-maker will earn two or three dollars 
 a day at New York and Philadelphia. A man 
 can do better here with a family than with none. 
 For children at 6 years old can work and get some 
 money. A man nor woman need not stay out of 
 employment one hour here. No war nor insur- 
 rection here. But all is plenty and peace.
 
 '29 
 
 11. From Thomas Hunt, (the writer of No. 11.) 
 Nelson, U. C. May 18*/*, 1831. 
 " Have built us a House on our land, and are 
 all in a good growing state. We do think to get 
 us a plough of oxen this summer, and a cow or 
 two. We have got our wheat sowed. We do 
 think to sow about 12 or 14 acres of wheat next 
 fall. In about two years we shall be able to work 
 all of our time on our farm, but now buying our 
 seed and stock, we have to work out some times. 
 We have neither wanted for food nor fire, for we 
 have wood a plenty and to spare. We have had 
 cold, but not suffered with it so much as we should 
 in England. This is a country for labouring men 
 to get their bread ; but some as will not work is 
 poor here, and give the country a bad name. 
 But I never wish to come to England any more. 
 We have meeting-houses not far off. A plenty 
 of neighbours round, &c." 
 
 18. From James Watts, {day-labourer) Lancas- 
 
 ter, U. C. 
 
 " As for the country, I think it a very good 
 place for any one that wishes to have land of his 
 own, for you can get land in different places from 
 5*. to 20s. per acre, and time to pay for it by 
 paying one fifth of the purchase money, and the 
 remainder in five years, by paying 6 per cent, 
 interest, &c." 
 
 19. The following passages, and a list of prices 
 and wages in Canada, are extracted from a 
 letter of Mr. Richard Beilby, an intelligent 
 
 farmer, who lately emigrated to that country. 
 It is dated York, Upper Canada, Nov. 9, 1830, 
 and has been published by the Canada Com- 
 pany. 
 
 " Religion in this country is entirely freed from 
 restraint. Every man is allowed in this respect
 
 30 
 
 to think as he pleases, and to attend what minister 
 and what place of worship he may choose to pre- 
 fer. So long as he conducts himself in obedience 
 to the laws, which are precisely the same as those 
 of England, he is at liberty to act as his conscience 
 may direct. 
 
 " Wherever my business has led me I have found 
 friends and acquaintances, and it has been a great 
 satisfaction to meet many of my old neighbours, 
 whom I had known long and intimately before ei- 
 ther they or I had thought of crossing the Atlantic 
 Ocean. Old country people form a great propor- 
 tion of the inhabitants, and their numbers are daily 
 increasing. It is with gratitude I mention the 
 kindness shewn me in every part of the country 
 through which I have travelled. 1 have been 
 made welcome in all places, and have never 
 wanted a meal or a lodging. 
 
 " It now only remains for me to speak with 
 respect to your plan of coming out to this country. 
 I will not advise you directly to do so ; because we 
 often think so differently upon a subject, that what 
 pleases one may perhaps displease another, and 
 because men sometimes allow their hopes and ex- 
 pectations to be raised to such a height as cannot 
 be reached by anything in nature. But I can 
 scarcely foresee any disappointment to you : on 
 the contrary, I feel confident that every sober and 
 industrious man, however poor he may be on 
 arriving here, will, in the course of a few years, 
 find himself in comfort and independence, if not in 
 affluence. 1 have met with persons who came from 
 England ten years ago without a shilling, and who 
 now possess farms with 70 or 80 acres cleared, 
 eight or ten stacks of corn, besides well-filled 
 barns, horses, horned cattle, sheep, hogs, and 
 poultry — every thing that is wanted to render 
 them contented and happy. I have, on the con- 
 trary, met with men, who, whatever they may 
 have had originally, are beggars now, and ever
 
 31 
 
 will be beggars. But these are characters whose 
 disgusting intemperance makes them a disgrace 
 to themselves as well as to their country, aud who 
 must be despised and shunned by all sober men. 
 Many inconveniences must be suffered, many diffi- 
 culties overcome, both in the voyage from England 
 and in the first settlement on lands here. But 
 these once over, an establishment once effected, 
 and I have little doubt that, with prudence and 
 economy, the emigrant will receive a fair return 
 for his toil and privation. 
 
 " I annex a more particular statement of the 
 present prices of farm produce in this town, and 
 also of the common rate of wages for journeymen 
 of different trades. You will see by these that 
 very great encouragement is offered to industrious 
 men generally, and to mechanics in particular.' 1 
 
 MARKET PRICES AT CANADA. 
 
 Wheat, pr bushel, 4s. Sd. to 5s.=37s. 6d. to 40s. pr 
 
 Barley ... 3s. 2d. =2bs. 4d. [quarter. 
 
 Rye . . . 3s. 3d. =26s. . . . 
 
 Oats . . . ls.6d. =12.9. , . . 
 
 Indian Corn . 3s. 9d. =30s. . . . 
 
 Peas . . . 3s. 2d. =25s. 4d. . . 
 
 Flour 25s. per barrel of 1961b. 
 
 Beef, per lb. 3d., or by the quarter, 22s. 6d. per 
 
 Mutton, ditto, 3d. [1001b. 
 
 Pork, ditto, 3d., or 25s. per 1001b. 
 
 Tallow, ditto, 4±d. rough. 
 
 Lard, ditto, bd. 
 
 Butter, ditto, 9d. fresh, 7±d. salt. 
 
 Cheese, ditto, bd. 
 
 Eggs, per dozen, 9d. 
 
 Geese, per couple, 3s. 9d. 
 
 Ducks, ditto, Is. lOd. 
 
 Fowls, ditto, Is. 3d. 
 
 Turkies, ditto, 3s. 3d. 
 
 Hay, per ton, £2. 10s.
 
 32 
 
 WAGES BOARD NOT FOUND. 
 
 Stonemasons earn from 65. 3d. to 7s. 6d. a day, or 
 
 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. per toise of work. 
 Bricklayers earn from 7s. 6d. to 8s. 9c?. a day, or 
 
 12s. 6d. to 15s. per thousand bricks laid. 
 Brickmakers, 5s. to 7s. 6d. per day. 
 Plasterers, 7s. 6d. a day, or 9d. to lOd. per square 
 
 yard of work. 
 Carpenters and Joiners, 6s. 3d. a day. 
 Cabinet-makers, 7s. 6d. 
 Sawyers, 7s. 6d. a day, or 7s. 6d. per 100 feet of 
 
 pine ; and 8s. 9d. per 100 feet of oak. 
 Painters and Glaziers, 5s. a day. 
 Coopers, 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. ditto. 
 Shipwrights, 7s. 6d. to 10s. ditto. 
 Blacksmiths, 5s. ditto. 
 Wheelwrights, 5s ditto. 
 Waggon-makers, 5s. ditto. 
 Saddlers, 5s. ditto. 
 Curriers, 5s. ditto. 
 Tailors, £1. for making a coat, 5s. trousers, and 
 
 5s. waistcoat. 
 Shoemakers, £1. 2s. 6d. for making a pair of top 
 
 boots, 13s. 9d. for a pair of Hessian boots, and 
 
 12s 6d. for a pair of Wellington boots. 
 Labourers and farm servants, 3s. 9d. a day. 
 in harvest time, 6s. 3d. ditto. 
 
 Reaping an acre of wheat, 12s. 6d. 
 Cradling ditto ditto, 6s. 3d. 
 Mowing ditto hay, 5s. 
 Ploughing an acre of land, 6s. 3d. 
 Harrowing ditto ditto, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Tilling, Printer, CheUea.
 
 1
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 
 3 0112 084206116