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 /
 
 
 I
 
 COLONISTS' HANDBOOKS, 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 CANADA, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 STATISTICAL AND OTHEE INFOEMATION 
 PROM GOVERNMENT SOURCES, 
 
 AND 
 
 USEFUL COUNSELS TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 NEW EDITION, 
 REVISED THROUGHOUT AND BROUGHT UP TO DATE. 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE TRACT COMMITTEE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 SOCIKTY FOR PEOMOTIXG CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE; 
 
 XOHTHU.AIBKRLAND AVENUE, CHARING CROSS, W.C. ; 
 
 43, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.C. ; 
 26, ST. GEORGE'S PLACE, UrOE PARK CORKER, S.W. 
 
 BRIGHTON : 135, korth street. 
 1883.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 MAP OF CANADA. 
 
 ^ PAGE 
 
 Chapter I. — A Few Words to Emigrants. — 1, Introductory ; 2, Reasons for Emi- 
 grating; 3, Qualifications of an Emigrant; 4, Choice of a New Country; 
 5, The Emigrant leaving Home and on the Voyage; 6, Arrival ; 7, Health; 
 8, Education; 9, The Emigrant as a Member of Society and of the State; 
 lb, The Emigrant as a Churchman 3 
 
 Chapter II. — Some Account of the Dominion of Canada. — 1, Description ; 2, Popu- 
 • lation; 3, Government; 4, Education; 5, Militia; 6, Trade; 7, Climate; 
 8, Means of Communication ; 9, Postal and Telegraph Arrangements ; 10, 
 Emigration to Canada,— (a) Classes of Emigrants ; (6) Time to Emigrate 1 C 
 
 Chapter III. — The Provinces of Canada. — A. Manitoba and the North-West 
 Territories. — 1, General Description; 2, Free Grants of Land; 3, The New 
 Dominion Lands Act ; 4, Guides ; 5, Capital Required ; 6, Cost of Breaking 
 up Land ; 7, Improved Farms ; 8, Cost of Living, demand for Labour and 
 Wages paid; 9, Fuel; 10, Routes and Internal Communication; 11, Canadian 
 Pacific Railway ; 12, Climate ; 13, Soil ; 14, Average Crops ; 15, Homestead 
 Exemption Law 23 
 
 B. Ontario. — 1, Free Grants of Land ; 2, Price of Lands ; 3, Soil; 4, Climate; 
 
 5, Means of Communication; 6. Education; 7, Cities and Towns; 8, 
 Minerals; 9, Manufactures and Exports; 10, Cost of living, and rate of 
 wages; 11, Testimony in favour of Ontario 33 
 
 C. Quebec. — 1, Free Grants of Land; 2, Homestead Law; 3, Education; 4, 
 The Soil and its Productions; 5, Agriculture and Colonization; 6, Means 
 of Communication ; 7, Cities ; 8, Mines and Fisheries ; 9, "Wages, Cost of 
 Board, and House Rent 42 
 
 D. New BrunstoicTc. — 1, Free Grants of Land; 2, Soil and Production; 3, 
 Manufactures; 4, Climate; 5, AVages, Cost of Board, and House Rent 44 
 
 E. Nova Scotia. — 1, Land ; 2, Soil; 3, Fisheries; 4, Minerals; 5, Education; 
 
 6, Railways; 7, Wages, Cost of Board, and House Rent 46 
 
 F. Prince Edward Island. — Price of Land 47 
 
 G. En'^isft ColMmbto.—l, General Description ; 2, Land 47 
 
 Chapter TV. The Church and Education in Canada. — 1, Ecclesiastical Infor- 
 mation ; 2, The System of Education ; 3, Church of England Settlers' Society- ; 
 ■ 4, Ontario Agricultural College 48 
 
 Chapter V. Cost of Passage to Canada, ayid General Information. — 1, Rates of 
 
 Passage ; 2, Ofiices of the Dominion of Canada in Great Britain ; 3, Agents 
 of the Canadian Government in Canada ; 4, Agents in England for the British 
 Colonies generally 52 
 
 Chapter YI.— Simple Hints for Preserving Health.— 1, The Ventilation of your 
 House; 2, Cleanliness of your Rooms; 3, Cleanliness and Dryness about 
 your House ; 4, Hints on the Water you Use ; 5, How to make a Filter ; 6, 
 What to Drink; 7, Food; 8, Closets 55 
 
 Appendix A. — Commendatory Letter 59 
 
 Appendix B.— Prayers for the Use of Emigrants 59 
 
 Late Archbishop's Letter 64 
 
 i
 
 A FEW WOEDS TO EMIGEANTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 1. It may be taken for granted that the reader of this 
 little book has, for some reason or other, made up his mind 
 to emigrate — to leave, either alone or with his wife and 
 children, his own country and his present way of living, 
 and to seek a new country and enter upon a new way of 
 living elsewhere. He will find in this book, in simple 
 form, a large amount of accurate information on Canada, 
 which is one of the countries offering itself to his choice. 
 This information is supplied by the kindness of the Cana- 
 dian Government, and may be thoroughly relied upon. 
 
 We propose to introduce this by a few friendly sugges- 
 tions to the emigrant on his Reasons for Emigrating ; the 
 Qualijicaiions essential to his Success ; his Choice of the 
 Country best suited to him. 
 
 2. Reasons for Emigrating. — Every emigrant, of 
 course, proposes to " better " himself. He wishes to find 
 better — that is, more regular and constant — work ; or better 
 wages, or a better position — that is, a position in which he 
 may be his own master, and have his own land or his own 
 business ; or a better climate — i.e., a climate more suited to 
 his health. He may have found the competition and the 
 struggle too severe in the old country, and have failed to 
 find anything to do, and he looks, perhaps, for an opening 
 where men are scarcer. Last of all, he may be one who, 
 through idleness, or folly, or vice, or crime, has lost his 
 money, his friends, his character, and has •ruined all his 
 chances of success and liappiness in this land, and who 
 wishes to lead a better life, and thinks he will have a better 
 chance of a fresh start in a new country. All these classes
 
 Advice to JEmigrants. 
 
 of persons proposing to emigrate may be nearly sure of 
 finclino- what they want in one part or another of the 
 earth's surface. Many people, however, emigrate from 
 En "-land every year who have no good reason for doing so 
 with hope of success. Some are actuated by mere restless- 
 ness and love of change ; others have been deceived by 
 hio-hly-coloured reports, or unwisely suppose that they are 
 sure to succeed, because some one else, whose circumstances 
 may be quite different, has succeeded. One of the objects 
 of this book is to enable its readers to judge beforehand 
 whether there is any good reason for hoping that they 
 Avould succeed if they were to emigrate. We desire to 
 prevent disappointment as well as to give sound advice. 
 
 3. Qualifications of an Emigrant. — Probably, those 
 who thus wish to leave their country are not men of large 
 capital. Capital, whether large or small, is, of course, a 
 very valuable qualification for an emigrant. But it may 
 be said generally that the classes of emigrants, with or 
 without capital, to whom the Colonies offer the best 
 promise of success, are Farmers, Agricultural Labourers, 
 and Mechanics. A Farmer with a small amount of capital 
 
 say £150 to £500 — would naturallj^ look to Canada as 
 
 his future home. And, though it is not intended to claim 
 for Canada alone advantages which other countries may 
 possess equally with it, his ready money, would, probably, 
 find a quicker and better return in that great country 
 than in any other of our more distant possessions. 
 Besides Farmers and Agriculturists, it should be pointed 
 out that Domestic Servants of good character can almost 
 always find employment in the colonies. The want of 
 female labour is strongly felt in a new colony, and such 
 labour is accordingly valuable and well paid. It may be 
 observed as a fact, whatever may be the worth of it, that 
 a laro-e portion of girls of good character, emigrants from 
 Eno'land, marry soon after their arrival ; though it would, 
 of course, be rash to go out with such a view. Strong 
 arms and quich hands are of themselves good capital in 
 most new countries, especially if they are accompanied by 
 a shrewd head, which knows how to use them. But the 
 
 most important of all are the moral qualifications. The 
 
 ,.: ■■ s 
 
 t uiucT
 
 Choice of a New Country. 
 
 emigraiit must have a cheerful industry ready to turn itself 
 to anything, not above any kind of honest work ; he must 
 have patience to wait for success, and courage to persevere 
 in spite of difficulties and occasional failuics; he must 
 have temperance and sobriety to keep his body and mind 
 fit for his work ; he must have frugality, to lay by for bad 
 seasons, or sickness, or old age ; and he must have self- 
 dependence, as he will have to think and act for himself 
 far more in a new country than in an old. 
 
 4. Choice of a New Country. — Sut though persons 
 with such qualifications as those spoken of may be en- 
 couraged to emigrate, it is rash and foolish to think that 
 any country out of England will give equal advantages to 
 all classes of emigrants, or to suppose that it does not 
 much matter where a person goes, whether to Canada, or 
 the United States, or Australia, or New Zealand, if only 
 he emigrates. Many have come back to this country 
 bitterly disappointed, and have said that emigiation is a 
 mistake ; whereas the mistake has been their own, in not 
 considering carefully w^here they would find the circum- 
 stances best suited to them. Emigration is a step 
 generally taken once for all. It can only be retraced with 
 great loss and difficulty, and, therefore, the greatest care 
 should be used that it be not a false step. An intending 
 emigrant should not be satisfied with hearing that So- 
 and-so went out to Australia and made his fortune. He 
 must consider his own wants, and what his means and 
 powers are ; and then find out where he can employ those 
 means and powers to the best advantage. Now, there is 
 a large number of new countries open to a man, each of 
 them, perhaps, having something to recommend it. How 
 can he find out which Avill suit him ? If he has sensible 
 friends who have already gone out, who know what he is 
 and what he can do, they may be able to advise him. But, 
 failing this, there are in London representatives of nearly 
 all the English colonies and dependencies, and the foreign 
 countries, which have openings for emigrants. Most of 
 these publish short papers giving the latest information 
 about the state of the countries which they represent, 
 showing what inducements are offered to emigrants in the
 
 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 way of free grants of land or a free or assisted passage, 
 ■what tradesmen or mechanics are most likely to find 
 employment, what is the current rate of wages, what food 
 is to be had, and what is the price of it and of the other 
 necessaries of life. Besides this present book, others will 
 shortly be issued from the same source with information 
 about other countries. Government or other official 
 advertisements are from time to time inserted in the news- 
 papers asking for mechanics or men skilled in certain 
 trades who are especially wanted in one colony or another, 
 and pointing out the advantages offered in the way of 
 a free or assisted passage, and the wages to be earned. 
 Articles are occasionally printed in the Times and other 
 newspapers by persons who have visited or resided in 
 some of the countries open to emigrants, from which much 
 may be learnt about the prospects of trade, or agriculture, 
 or other industries in those countries. If the person 
 intending to emigrate has not the opportunity of seeing 
 these papers, and does not himself know how to get the 
 information which he needs, he should not hesitate to go 
 to tbe clergyman of his parish, or any clergyman of whom 
 he knows anything, and ask his assistance in learning what 
 he wants. The Eev. J. Bridger, Emigrants' Chaplain, St. 
 Nicholas' Church, Liverpool, will also answer as far as 
 possible inquiries addressed to him by intending emigrants, 
 or by clergy on their behalf. 
 
 5. The Emigrant leaving Home] and on the 
 Voyage. — Let it be supposed that the emigrant has 
 chosen his new country, and secured his passage. From 
 the information he has obtained he will, according to his 
 means, have provided himself with the most useful tools, 
 utensils, and other necessaries for his new home. He 
 should certainly not forget to take a Bible and Prayer 
 Book, and two or three other good books. He will have 
 time to use them on the voyage out. He will find it very 
 useful to provide himself with a letter of commendation 
 from his clergyman to be presented to any clergyman who 
 may be nearest to the spot in which he settles. A form 
 for such a letter will be found at p. 59 of this book. A 
 clergyman would readily copy it out and fill up the
 
 Arrival. 7 
 
 blanks ; or he miglit get a form from the Society which 
 publishes this book, the address of which is to be found 
 on the title-page. With such a letter, which he should 
 take care to use at once, he will always make sure of a 
 friend ready to welcome him on his arrival, and a friend 
 who is likely to be well-informed, and sure to be dis- 
 interested and trustworthy. He may also have the 
 advantage of a chaplain on the ship. Let him by all 
 means make a friend of him. He will certainly have 
 many idle hours on his hands during the voyage, and will 
 find himself in the midst of very varied company, some of 
 it not very good. If he has any money, or money's worth, 
 he will very likely be invited to gamble it or drink it 
 a*?vay on the ship or as soon as he lands ; or he may be 
 persuaded to join in some speculation or scheme or 
 adventure, honest or dishonest, in which he is told that he 
 is sure to make his fortune, but in which he will have to 
 begin by parting v/ith what he has. He must take care 
 not to be caught in any of these traps. He will have 
 many opportunities of showing that he is made of good 
 stuff by obeying all rules and regulations made by the 
 ship's officers. Let him determine to show himself always 
 for the side of order, good humour, unselfishness, friendli- 
 ness. Above all, if he has the happiness of being a 
 religious man, let him not be ashamed of it, but so show 
 it that he may encourage others. 
 
 6. Arrival. — On his arrival and during his land journey 
 the emigrant is sure to be beset by a host of so-called 
 agents. It is to be hoped that he will have made up his 
 mind beforehand where to go and what to do, and that he 
 will not allow himself to be turned aside from his plan. 
 He should push forward to his destination, so as to waste 
 no time or money on the way. He will find it quite long 
 and costly enough. If he should be in any doubt, he 
 should look out for a clergyman, who will be sure to advise 
 him well. If he should happen to be going to Manitoba 
 or the North-west he will find a society with man}^ officers, 
 whose express object is to befriend in every possible way 
 new settlers like himself. He will find particulars of this 
 society, which is called the Church of England Settlers'
 
 Advice to Immigrants. 
 
 Society, on pp. 49-52. He will be sure of a friendly Land 
 from members of this society. It may be hoped that 
 similar societies will soon be formed all over the world. 
 
 7. Health. — The climate and the open air life he will 
 lead will be in favour of the emigrant's health. But he may 
 be far away from any doctor or medicine, and illness to him- 
 self or his family would be a far more serious calamity 
 than in the old country. A few hints will be found at 
 p. 55, attention to which may save him from some dangers. 
 
 8. Education. — The emigrant with a family should 
 not be so cruel to his children as to allow them to grow 
 up without education. Happily in Canada, as is shown at 
 p. 49, there is an opportunity of giving this advantage ij^ 
 life to all of them. 
 
 9. The Emigrant as a Member of Society and of 
 the State. — There may be some temptation to a man who 
 has come to win a living and a home for himself and his 
 family in a new land to think of that, and that only, and 
 to forget that he is a part of a new society, and a new 
 nation. He should, of course, not waste his time or 
 neglect his business. But it is not good for man to live 
 alone. Men are made for mutual help, and to form 
 societies. They can do things when they are working 
 together that none can do alone. The new-comer ought, 
 therefore, from the first, to try to establish and maintain 
 friendly intercourse with his neighbours ; to take and give 
 help ; to interest himself in all that concerns and interests 
 them ; to use his vote, if he has one, or whatever power 
 he has, for the good of the State to which he belongs, and 
 of his fellow-citizens; to do all he can to support and 
 maintain a good and orderly Government ; to show him- 
 self a true patriot, by helping to get righteous laws and 
 worthy institutions, and to form good customs for those 
 that shall come after him. 
 
 10. The Emigrant as a Churchman. — In whatever 
 other sense he is a Churchman, there can be scarcely a 
 doubt that the reader has received baptism from the 
 Church, and thus been made a " member of Christ " and of 
 His Church. Hehas, perhaps, been married in church.
 
 The Emigrant as a Churchman. 9 
 
 He has grown up within sight or sound of a parish church, 
 and has had the right to the services of his clergyman — 
 one who really belonged to him and in whom he had a 
 right — whether he chose to use them or not. He will not 
 find an established church in his new country. He will not 
 find the old ivy-grown village church, or the handsome 
 town church, with its bright decorations and beautiful 
 singing, and its doors open to all. But he will find the 
 Church everywhere — that great body, with its bishops 
 and clergy, who have had their commission handed down 
 to them from Christ Himself, who minister the sacraments 
 which He ordained and all other means of grace. As a 
 Chnrchman,'i the emigrant should not think that the 
 " Church " is only a religion for England, and that he 
 must look out for another religion in Canada or other 
 places. Let him be staunch and faithful to his Church 
 and its Lord. He will find that he has his bishop and his 
 Church clergyman wherever he goes (see " Ecclesiastical 
 Information," p. 48). And if the latter lives a long w^ay 
 off", and there is no church building and no regular service 
 yet established where he is, he should join with those 
 living near him to get one as soon as they can. Till they 
 get their own church and regular service, they should 
 arrange to meet in each others' houses Sunday by Sunday, 
 and read through the service together. He will be a true 
 friend to his neighbours who has the courage to start this 
 habit. Let the Sunday be regularly and religiously 
 observed. It has been found by experience to be almost 
 as great a temporal blessing as it is a spiritual. Our 
 advice would be : — Go regularly to church, and especially 
 to the Holy Communion. Take the earliest opportunity 
 of having your children baptised. Let your children go to 
 Sunday School, if there be one within reach ; if not, teach 
 them the Catechism and give them a Bible lesson at home. 
 Have your children confirmed as soon as they are old 
 enough. Gather your family together for family prayer 
 every morning and evening. Never omit your own daily 
 private prayer (for some prayers for your own use see pp. 
 59-64) and the daily reading of the Bible, if it be but a 
 few verses. Bring up your children in the habit of prayer
 
 10 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 and Bible reading. Support and help your bishop and 
 clergy in all their efforts for your own and your neigh- 
 bours' good. Religion will bring brightness and comfort 
 to your own heart and home, and a strong church wdll be 
 a strong backbone to the nation. 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DOMINION OF 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 1. Description. — The Dominion of Canada is bounded 
 on the south by the United States of America, and extends 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Its area is 
 3,470,392 square miles, and its most southern point reaches 
 the 42nd parallel of latitude. • It possesses thousands of 
 square miles of the finest forests on the continent, widely 
 spread coal fields, extensive and productive fisheries, and 
 rivers and lakes that are among the largest and most 
 remarkable in the world. The country is divided into 
 eight provinces, the names of which are given below : — 
 
 1. Nova Scotia ... ... containing 20,907 sq. miles. 
 
 2. New Brunswick ... „ 27,174 „ 
 
 3. Prince Edward Island „ 2,133 
 
 4. Quebec „ 188,688 
 
 5. Ontario „ 101,733 
 
 G. Manitoba „ 123,200 
 
 7. North-West Territories „ 2,665,252 
 
 8. British Columbia ... „ 341,305 
 
 2. Population. — According to the census taken in 1881 
 the population of the Dominion . at that time numbered 
 4,324,810. Of these Nova Scotia contained 440,572 ; New 
 Brunswick, 321,233; Prince Edward Island, 108,891; 
 Quebec, 1,359,027; Ontario, 1,923,228 ; Manitoba, 65,954; 
 North-West Territories, 56,446 ; British Columbia, 49,459. 
 The origins of the populations are returned as follows : — 
 891,248 English and Welsh, 957,408 Irish, 699,863 Scotch,
 
 Dominion of Canada. 11 
 
 1,298,929 French, 254,319 German. The balance is made 
 up of Dutch, Scandinavians, Italians, etc. The tables of 
 the birthplaces of the inhabitants show that there are at 
 the present time living in Canada 77,753 persons who 
 were born in the United States. 
 
 3. Government. — The government of the country is 
 administered by a representative of her Majesty, whose 
 official title is Governor-General. The tenure of the office 
 is six years, and the expenses are borne by the Dominion. 
 The Federal Parliament includes a Senate and a House of 
 Commons, and legislates upon all questions affecting the 
 general welfare of the country. The members of the 
 Senate are elected for life, but they can resign at any 
 time. The House of Commons is composed of representa- 
 tives from every part of Canada. The government is con- 
 ducted on the English basis of the responsibility of the 
 Ministers to Parliament, which is elected for a term of five 
 years. The government of the Provinces is carried on by 
 Lieutentant-Governors, appointed by the Governor-Gene- 
 ral in Council, and local legislatures, which deal with civil 
 rights and property, the administration of justice, and 
 local matters, such as education, control of lands and muni- 
 cipal institutions, prisons, asylums, etc. The Provinces 
 are further subdivided into counties and townships, with 
 local boards and councils for regulating taxation for roads, 
 schools, and municipal purposes. The franchise is prac- 
 tically extended to every householder. 
 
 4. Education. — The educational system is under the 
 control of the various provinces. Free schools are pro- 
 vided, and facilities are afforded to successful pupils for 
 obtaining the highest education. (See also p. 49.) 
 
 5. Militia. — The defence of the country is entrusted to 
 the militia, which consists of two forces, the active and the 
 reserve. The strength of the former is fixed by law at 
 40,000, service in which is voluntary. In the latter all 
 male British subjects between the ages of 16 and CO, not 
 exempted or disqualified by law, are liable to be called 
 upon to serve in case of emergency. The active militia, 
 armed with breech-loading rifles, is equipped in much the
 
 12 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 same manner as the volunteers and the militia of England, 
 and can be placed in the field at a short notice. It is 
 called out for a number of days' drill every j'ear, for which 
 the officers and men are paid. Commissions are given to 
 persons who have graduated in the military colleges, and 
 to persons who have the necessary experience, and are 
 able to pass the qualifying examinations. The force is 
 under the command of a general officer of the English 
 army. In many of the universities, colleges, normal and 
 high schools, associations are organized for the purposes of 
 military drill. Thej^ are supplied by the Government 
 with arms and accoutrements. Instruction is given in 
 military drill and training onl}^ and the companies so 
 formed are not to be employed in active service. Xo 
 person can be appointed an officer in the active militia, 
 except provisionall}", until he has obtained a certificate of 
 fitness from one of the military schools of the Dominion or 
 a board of officers of the active militia to be constituted as 
 her Majesty may appoint. There is a military college 
 for the education of cadets (with a four years' course of 
 study) at Kingston, and schools of gunnery at Quebec and 
 Kingston. 
 
 6. Trade. — Every facility is offered for securing patents 
 for inventions, the fees being very moderate, while the 
 protection is as eifective as in other countries. 
 
 The following figures show the imports and exports of 
 Canada for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1881 : — 
 
 Imports 591,611,604 
 
 Exports 98,290,823 
 
 The exports are divided thus : — 
 
 Produce of the mines 52,916,254 
 
 „ „ fisheries 6,898,884 
 
 „ „ forests 25,709,848 
 
 Animals and their products ... 22,665,610 
 
 Agricultural produce 31,294,127 
 
 Manufactures " 4,043,123 
 
 Miscellaneous articles, coin and 
 bullion, and estimated amount 
 
 short returned at inland ports 4,962,977
 
 Dominion of Canada. 13 
 
 Agriculture forms the principal weal tli of the Dominion 
 at the present time ; but it will be seen that Canada is 
 taking a place as a manufacturing country, and its re- 
 sources are such as to justify the statement that its growth 
 in this respect is likely to continue. Since 1878 the 
 value of the imports from Gre^t Britain has increased 
 from S37,431,000 to ^43,583,000 in 1881, and they are 
 equal now to about £2 sterling per capita, as compared 
 with 14s. 9d. per capita in the United States. The pro- 
 portion in favour of Canada would be still greater if 
 manufactures only were taken into consideration, showing 
 the relative importance of the development of Canada to 
 Great Britain, both as providing homes for her surplus 
 population and an extended market for her manufactures. 
 
 7. Climate. — In a country like the Dominioji of 
 Canada, extending northward from the 42nd parallel 
 of latitude, and east to west for 3000 miles, the climate is 
 naturally variable ; but, to speak generally, the summers 
 are hotter than in England, and the winters colder. But 
 neither the summer heat nor the winter cold are disad- 
 vantageous to the inhabitants or to the productiveness of 
 the land. The warmth^ .of the summer months extends 
 the range of production in grains from oats and barley 
 to wheat and maize ; in fruits, from ajDples and pears to 
 peaches, grapes, melons, nectarines, and apricots ; and in 
 vegetables, from potatoes, turnips, carrots, and cabbages, 
 to the egg plant and tomatoes. The winter temperature 
 cannot properly be measured by the thermometer for 
 purposes of comparison with that of other countries. It 
 is at times much below zero; but the air is so dry, and so 
 exhilarating, that its effect upon the body is not nearly 
 so great as a much higher temperature would be in a 
 more humid climate. To agriculture, snow and ice are 
 no great drawbacks. They mean protection to the land 
 almost as valuable as a covering of manure. They con- 
 vert the surface of the earth into roads equal to turnpikes 
 in any direction, over which millions of tons of produce 
 of all kinds are transported at a minimum cost, affording 
 employment for men and horses when cultivation is 
 arrested by the frost. Besides, from an agricultural point
 
 14 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 of view, whether the thermometer is at freezing point or 
 whether it is below zero is a matter of small moment. 
 The winter in Canada has little or no effect upon vegeta- 
 tion. The fruit trees remain practically uncared for 
 during the season ; ferns, flowers, and shrubs appear 
 every spring as regularly as they do in England, and the 
 woods and valleys abound in wild fruits. Grape vines in 
 the Ottawa valley and in the Toronto and other districts 
 are left unprotected during the winter without injury. 
 It is also stated that Canada cannot be a cattle-raising 
 country. Yet not only does it produce sufficient for its 
 four and a half millions of inhabitants, but large numbers 
 are exported every year. It should be borne in mind in 
 this connection that cattle are not permitted to enter 
 Canada from the United States, except pedigree stock for 
 breeding purposes, and this concession has only been 
 granted a few months. This does not apply to Manitoba 
 and the North- West Territories, from which, however, no 
 cattle are at present exported; but there are in those 
 districts ranches containing many thousand head of stock 
 which are not sheltered during the winter. The follow- 
 ing figures show the export of Canadian cattle, horses, 
 and sheep, during the last thred%ears : — 
 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 1879 
 
 46,569 
 
 16,629 
 
 308,093 
 
 1880 
 
 54,944 
 
 21,393 
 
 398,746 
 
 1881 
 
 62,277 
 
 21,993 
 
 354,155 
 
 Blodgett, the American climatologist, speaking of the 
 climate of Canada says : — 
 
 " But the lower annual mean detracts little or nothing 
 from the productive capacity of Canada, the greater heat 
 of summer fully compensating for the cold of winter ; and 
 there are large districts in the East, with still greater 
 areas on the Pacific Coast, which possess all the advan- 
 tages of full maritime climates. Xova Scotia, with a 
 portion of New Brunswick and several ^adjacent islands, 
 possess what may be called a full maritime climate, or 
 one with a very moderate curve of changes in successive 
 months, and no conspicuous extremes of heat and cold. . . .
 
 Dominion of Canada. 15 
 
 Another most important and distinctive climatological 
 district is found on the plains east of the Eocky Moun- 
 tains, in which the maritime features blend with a 
 continental, affording a climate analagous to that of the 
 plains of South Eussia, and highly favourable to agri- 
 culture and fixed occupation of the soil. The modified 
 climate extends westward from Lake Superior and Lake 
 Winnipeg to the Eocky Mountains, and indeed bej^ond 
 them in various cultivatable valleys; the general area 
 being a triangle, with its base along the 49th parallel, 
 its western arm along the 122nd meridian of longitude 
 from 49° to 60° north latitude, from which point a nearly 
 right line to Fort William would form its north-easterly 
 arm . . . over which the general climate is as favourable 
 as that of Prussia, or as that of South Eussia from 
 Moscow to the Black Sea." 
 
 It.is not necessary to point out that the winter cold in 
 Canada is greater than in England. That is an admitted 
 fact ; but it is not disadvantageous. The houses in 
 Canada, and the clothes worn, are adapted to the weather, 
 and it is well known that Canadians prefer their dry, 
 clear, winter weather, to the damp, cutting temperature 
 that prevails in England. It is said that farmers cannot 
 work in winter, and that labour is at a standstill. A 
 greater mistake could not be made. A farmer, in Canada, 
 does very much the same work in the winter as an 
 English farmer in the same season and in wet weather. 
 While the frost stsijs actual cultivation, which at the 
 outside is only about five months, and often less — in 
 1881, ploughing was being done in the Ottawa district 
 on the last day of December — employment is found for 
 men and horses in carting, and in many other ways. 
 Lumbering is also done during the winter, and absorbs a 
 large number of men. Mechanics can continue work during 
 the season, excepting such men as masons and bricklayers, 
 and even they can do inside work. But if a man goes to 
 a colony, he must be prepared to take what work is avail- 
 able, and, in Canada, no difficulty in securing employment 
 will be found by any man who is willing to work. 
 
 8. Means of Communication. — Canada has an ex-
 
 16 Advice to Ijmigrants. 
 
 tensive railway system. There are about 8000 miles in 
 operation, affording means of communication from the 
 province of Nova Scotia to the western portions of On- 
 tario, and again from the western shores of Lake Superior 
 into Manitoba and the North- West Territory. The 
 Canadian Pacific Eailway — one of the greatest national 
 undertakings of the age — is being rapidly constructed. 
 It is already in operation from Thunder Bay on Lake 
 Superior to Winnipeg and 50O miles west of that city, 
 and from Winnipeg south to the international boundary, 
 where it connects wdth the United States railways. It is 
 confidently expected that in 1886 there will be a railway 
 from the Maritime Provinces to the Pacific Coast entirely 
 through Canadian territory, the importance of which to 
 the country and to the British Empire it is impossible 
 to exaggerate. The Canadian Pacific Eailway deserves 
 special mention. Prior to 1880 the work of making a 
 connection between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts was 
 being carried out by the Government ; but in that year 
 it was transferred to a syndicate, which is now engaged 
 in rapidly constructing the line. There are 1000 miles 
 of it in operation at the present time, and the track has 
 been laid during the past season at the rate of between 
 two and three miles per day. It is now open to within 
 300 miles of the Eocky Mountains, and the difficult work 
 in British Columbia and on the northern shore of Lake 
 Superior is also being accelerated as much as possible. 
 The line, when complete, will be 2600 miles long. This 
 does not include the brandies that will be inevitable. 
 The public importance of the railway will be understood 
 when it is stated that a subsidy in already completed 
 works and in cash, equal to nearly eleven millions sterling, 
 and twenty-five millions of acres of land, was voted by 
 the Canadian Parliament to enable the contract to be 
 carried out. The land will of course be sold by the Com- 
 pany for colonization purposes. 
 
 The inland navigation of the Dominion has cost a large 
 sum of money, but it is a work of which the country may 
 well be proud. Vessels of 600 tons can proceed from the 
 western end of Lake Superior, and from the United States
 
 Dominion of Canada. 17 
 
 ports of that vast inland sea, to Montreal by way of Lakes 
 Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and the river St. 
 Lawrence — a distance of nearly 1300 miles. The- locks 
 on the Welland Canal connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario 
 — rendered necessary by the Niagara Falls — have recently 
 been enlarged, and are now 270 feet long, 45 feet wide, 
 and 14 feet deep. Vessels of a still larger size will there- 
 fore be used to carry produce direct from Western Canada 
 and the United States to the St. Lawrence route, which 
 will tend to cheapen the cost of transport. The Canadian 
 route from the lakes to the ports of transhipment com- 
 pared with that to New York and other American ports 
 possesses some advantages. Take, for instance, the dis- 
 tance from Chicago. It is 150 miles less to Montreal 
 than it is to New York, via Buffalo and Erie Canal, and 
 there are sixteen more locks and 89^^ feet more lockage by 
 the American than by the Canadian route. In addition, 
 Montreal is 300 miles nearer to England than New York. 
 To show the improvement that has taken place in the 
 navigation of the St. Lawrence, it may be stated that in 
 1850 the channel between Quebec and Montreal was only 
 11 feet deep; it has o;Tadually been increased to 26 feet. 
 Atlantic steamers of 5000 tons can now be moored along:- 
 side the wharves at the latter city. 
 
 9. Postal and Telegraph Arrangements. — Canada 
 possesses excellent postal arrangements, a post-office being 
 found in almost every village ; and every place of any im- 
 portance is connected with the electric telegraph. 
 
 10. Emigration to Canada. — (a) Classes of Emi- 
 grants. — Emigration into Canada for some years past has 
 been of a very satisfactory character. The figures given 
 below will show the number of persons who have left Great 
 Britain for Canada since 1879. They do not include those 
 who travelled direct from the Continent of Europe to Canada; 
 those who travelled via New York ; or those who left the 
 United States to take up their homes in the Dominion. 
 
 1880 29,202 
 
 1881 34,239 
 
 1882 (up to September 30th) ... 46,739 
 
 c
 
 18 Advice to JEmigrants. 
 
 The increase in the mimbers from year to year is in 
 itself evidence of the great prosperity which the Colony 
 is enjoying. For some time past it has been a fallacy 
 that a very large emigration takes place from Canada to 
 the United States. This has arisen from the publication 
 of statistics from American sources. The statements 
 have been analysed in a report made to the Canadian 
 Government by the Secretary of the Department of Agri- 
 culture, and recently presented to both Houses of Parlia- 
 ment in England. It shows conclusively that the figures 
 are based upon incorrect information, and cannot be sup- 
 ported. There is naturally a considerable movement of 
 people between Canada and the United States, as the 
 countiies adjoin one another, but any emigration from the 
 one is counterbalanced by the emigration from the other. 
 The contrary impressions promulgated have tended to 
 prejudice Canada in the ej^es of intending emigrants, but 
 without much effect, as the foregoing figures demonstrate.' 
 
 The classes recommended to emigrate are as follows : — 
 
 1. Tenant-farmers in the United Kingdom with suffi- 
 
 cient capital to enable them to settle on farms may 
 be advised to go with safety, and with the cer- 
 tainty of doing well. The same remark applies to 
 persons able to adapt themselves to agricultural 
 pursuits, and having sufficient means to purchase 
 farms. 
 
 2. Persons with capital seeking investment. 
 
 3. Male and female farm labourers, female domestic 
 
 servants, mechanics, and labourers, to whom as- 
 sisted passages are granted. 
 
 The classes warned against emigration are females 
 above the grade of servants, clerks, shopmen, and persons 
 having no particular trade or calling, and unaccustomed 
 to manual labour. To these Canada offers but little en- 
 couragement. 
 
 Questions are frequently asked as to the prospects of 
 civil engineers, surveyors, doctors, and clerks in Canada, 
 and as to commissions in the Canadian Militia, the batteries 
 of Artillery, and the North- West Mounted Police. Gene- 
 rally speaking, professional gentlemen, and those follow-
 
 Dominion of Canada. 19 
 
 ing the lighter callings, are not advised to proceed to 
 Canada on the chance of securing employment of the kind 
 they have been accustomed to. It is found that the supply 
 of such persons is equal to the demand, and some hesita- 
 tion is felt in recommending them to go out, unless to fili 
 appointments they have previously secured. This is a 
 general statement, and instances could of course be pro- 
 duced where sij<3h men have gone to the country and 
 succeeded. But very much depends upon the persons 
 themselves. A doctor will find no difficulty in practising 
 in Canada if he has an English diploma, and the same 
 remark applies to a surveyor, civil engineer, or a barris- 
 ter ; but they should have some money to rely upon for a 
 time. English solicitors have to serve for a year in an 
 attorney's office before being allowed to practise. With 
 regard to commissions in the Militia and Artillery of 
 Canada, such appointments are generally given to persons 
 who have passed through the Canadian Military Colleges, 
 or to those possessing local influence and the necessary 
 knowledge, a qualifying examination having to be passed. 
 The North-West Mounted Police is recruited solely in 
 Canada. It numbers from 400 to 500 'men, and its duty 
 consists in keeping order in the North-West Territories 
 of Canada. Eecruits must be unmarried, not less than 
 18 years of age, and not more than 40. The minimum 
 chest measurement is 35 inches, and the maximum weight 
 175 pounds. The pay ranges from 40 cents per day to 
 70 cents, according to service. The engagement is for 
 five years. The force is clothed, mounted, and maintained 
 by the Government. Commissions are, as far as possible, 
 given according to merit ; but such appointments are also 
 given to cadets of the Military Colleges, and to other 
 persons whose experience especially qualifies them for the 
 duties. 
 
 The classes of men particularly wanted in the Do- 
 minion are agriculturists, farmers, farm labourers, general 
 labourers, navvies, mechanics, and last, but not least, 
 domestic servants. Persons with capital will find oppor- 
 tunities for the safe investment of money, not excelled in 
 any other part of the world. Manufacturers receive every
 
 20 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 encouragement from nmnicipalities in the establishment 
 of factories, and in many cases are exempted from taxation 
 for a time; while the general information conveyed in 
 this pamphlet shows the prosj)ects that are open to the 
 other classes. With regard to domestic servants, the 
 following extracts from letters from the Government 
 agents in the different parts of Canada will be interest- 
 ing :— 
 
 Toronto. — " The average wages paid to general servants 
 are ^7 per month, the higher being about ^8 and the 
 lower ^5. The demand for servant girls is very large." 
 St. Johriy N.B. — "Girls capable of becoming general 
 domestic servants, and able to do plain cooking, washing, 
 sweeping, etc., in small families where only one servant is 
 kept, can obtain wages ranging from ^6 to ^8 per month. 
 The demand for this class of servant is large. Cooks 
 command from ^S to ^12." — Montreal. — " I am enabled 
 to report that wages range as follows, good servants being 
 in great demand : — Good cooks, Kl4 to ^16 per month; 
 plain cooks, ^10 to ^12 ; parlour-maids, ^8 to ^10 ; 
 house and parlour-maids, ^7 to ^9 ; head nurses, ^9 to 
 JS12; second nurses, ^5 to H7 ; good general servants, 
 ^8 to BlO; kitchen maids, ^Q to §S ; laundresses, JS9 to 
 Sl2 ; maids and general country servants, H6 to KlO. 
 We could place a great many in this district." Hamilton. 
 — " During the last season we have been unable to supply 
 the demand, hundreds of applicants being disappointed. 
 One train arriving here brought thirty girls. We found 
 situations for the whole of them within one hour, and 
 could have disposed of double the number. Wages — 
 Inexperienced girls, for country, ^3 to ^5 per month ; 
 fair general servants, for cit}^ ^5 to ^7 ; good general 
 servants, ^8 to ^9; cooks, ^8 to ^10; housemaids, ^7 
 to K8." Winnipeg, Manitoba. — " Servants who understand 
 or who are willing to learn work in a Canadian house are 
 in great demand, and find employment as soon as they 
 arrive, at wages from ^10 to ^15 per month in private 
 houses. In boarding houses and hotels some servants 
 secure from ^12 to ^30 per month; experienced cooks 
 get from ^15 to ^25, while in hotels, ^25 to ^35 is paid,
 
 Dominion of Canada. 21 
 
 but the demand is limited. Dressmakers are paid from 
 K25 to ^40 per mouth, but have to provide for them- 
 selves." London, Ontario. — " A large number of female 
 domestic servants could secure situations in this district. 
 It would be desirable to bring testimonials. Wages — Cooks, 
 ^8 to KlO per month; housemaids, K5 to ^7; general 
 servants, ^6 to K8 ; laundresses, ^10 to ^12 ; nurse girls, 
 ^3 to ^5 ; sewing girls get from 60 to 60 cents per day." 
 Ottaioa. — "The demand for female domestics amounted 
 this season to 750 applications, the supply was only 126. 
 Wages range from ^4 to ^10 per month, according to 
 value of service rendered. Intelligent girls, accustomed 
 to household duties, such as washing, ironing, and plain 
 cooking, readily command H6 to ^8 per month, and good 
 fair cooks from ^8 to ^10." Kingston. — "It is impossible 
 to state the number of well-trained and competent female 
 servants that could find employment, being urgently 
 needed in every city, farm, and village, and in the rural 
 districts among the farming community, and might be 
 numbered by thousands. Wages, according to capacity, 
 from K4 to ^8 per month. Average wages, say from 
 ^5.50 to K6 per month." 
 
 It must be stated in regard to these figures, as well as 
 those relating to rates of wages and cost of living under 
 the heading of the dilBferent provinces, that thev are 
 subject to alteration from time to time, as in every "other 
 country. They are only published so as to give a general 
 idea upon the matter to persons who frequently ask for 
 such information. 
 
 (h) Time to Emigrate. — The best time to leave Great 
 Britain for Canada is about the middle of Aj)ril. This 
 applies more particularly to persons who have no friends 
 in the country. Those who have, may be safely advised 
 to go out earlier. They will no doubt be informed upon 
 this point, and receive direct information for their guid- 
 ance. Persons are not encouraged to emigrate to Canada 
 in the winter, for the reason that business of all kinds 
 is slacker during that season than others, just the same as 
 in any other country. In the spring everything is active, 
 and permanent employment obtainable.
 
 22 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE PROVINCES OF CANADA. 
 
 It is now proposed to offer a few remarks on each of the 
 different provinces of which the Dominion of Canada is 
 composed. 
 
 (A) MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 1. General Description. — The country now univer- 
 sally known under the above names, was granted by 
 Charter to the Hudson Bay Company in 1670, during the 
 reign of Charles II., as a hunting and trading ground, 
 and was held by it, and by the North-West Company 
 (the two corporations amalgamated in 1821) until 1870, 
 when their rights were surrendered to the Dominion. 
 It has been a matter for surprise that so fertile a region 
 should, for a long period, have been comparatively lost 
 to the world, but the facts that are mentioned will, no 
 doubt, enable an intelligible conclusion to be arrived at. 
 However, since the transfer took place, the country has 
 been advancing by leaps and bounds, and, in 1882, must 
 contain nearly 200,000 people. In 1870 it had no railway' 
 communication, practically no towns or villages, few post- 
 offices, and no connection with the telegraph. Now every- 
 thing is changed. Its principal city, Winnipeg, contains 
 probably 25,000 people, and there are many other places 
 rapidly rising into prominence, with populations ranging 
 from a few hundreds to thousands. The province has 
 two railway lines running south, connecting with the 
 Dnited States systems, and one line to Thunder Bay, on 
 Lake Superior, and the Canadian Pacific Railway is con- 
 structed 500 miles west of Winnipeg. Besides, the Eed 
 Eiver is navigable for a considerable distance ; there are 
 1200 miles of navigation on the Saskatchewan, and vessels 
 trade on the Assiniboine River as far as Fort Ellice. 
 There are nearly 200 post-offices in the country, and 
 telegraphic communication. Manitoba is the name of a
 
 Manitoba and the N.-W. Territories. 23 
 
 province formed out of the North- West Territories. It 
 is situated between the parallels 49°-50° 50' latitude N., 
 and 89°-102° west longitude, in the centre of the American 
 continent. It contains about 123,200 square miles, or 
 78,000,000 acres of land. An Order in Council was passed 
 during the year 1882, dividing the North-West Territories 
 beyond the confines of Manitoba into four new districts, 
 or, more properly speaking, territories, as follows : — 
 
 Assiniboia, containing about 95,000 square miles, is 
 bounded on the south by the international boundary, on 
 the east by the western boundary of Manitoba, on the 
 north by a line drawn near 52° latitude, and on the 
 west by a line drawn between 110° and 111° west longi- 
 tude; Saskatchewan, containing 114,000 square miles, 
 is bounded on the south by Assiniboia, on the east by 
 Lake Winnipeg and Nelson Eiver, on the north by a 
 line drawn near 55° latitude, and on the west by a con- 
 tinuation of the line marking that boundary of the pre- 
 vious district ; Alberta, containing 100,000 square miles, 
 is bounded on the south by the international boundary, 
 on the east by Assiniboia and Saskatchewan, on the west 
 by British Columbia, and on the north by the continua- 
 tion of the line bounding Saskatchewan ; Athabasca, con- 
 taining about 122,000 square miles, is bounded on the 
 .south by Alberta, on the west by British Columbia, on 
 the east by the line bounding Assiniboia to the west 
 until it intersects Athabasca Eiver, then by it and the 
 lake of the same name, and following Slave Lake to a 
 line near 60° latitude, which forms the northern boundary. 
 To sum up, Saskatchewan district includes the towns of 
 Battle ford, Carleton, and Prince Albert. Assiniboia in- 
 cludes Qu'appelle, South Saskatchewan and Souris Rivers, 
 and Forts Pelly and Ellice. The principal town is Re- 
 gina, on the Wascana River, and is estimated to contain 
 nearly 1000 people. The site was only selected this year. 
 Alberta includes the Battle, Bow, and Belly Rivers, the 
 cattle ranche district, the towns of Edmonton, Calgary, 
 and Fort McLeod ; and Athabasca takes in the celebrated 
 Peace River district. The division of the vast country, 
 hitherto known as the Great North West, will have the
 
 24 idvice to JEniigrants. 
 
 effect of localizing points wliicli hitherto were very in- 
 definitely comprehended, and, by having each its capital 
 assigned it, will form nuclei for settlements. 
 
 2. Free Grants of Land. — Any male or female who is 
 the head of a family, or any person who has attained the 
 age of 18 years, can obtain a free grant of a quarter 
 section of 1 60 acres ; and can also make an entry for pre- 
 emption rights to the adjoining quarter section, at the 
 Government price ranging from ^2 per acre upwards. 
 
 3. The New Dominion Lands Act. — The following is 
 a summary of the latest regulations for the disposal of pub- 
 lic lands in Manitoba and the Xorth-West Territories : — 
 
 The country is surveyed into " townships " of six miles 
 square, each containing 36 square mile lots or sections. 
 These sections are numbered consecutively 1 to 36 ; two 
 in each township are reserved to defray the expenses of 
 education, and are sold by auction from time to time, 
 and two others belong to the Hudson Bay Company, 
 which Corporation offers its lands for sale at prices rang- 
 ing from 14s. to 24s. per acre, on deferred payments. The 
 London office of the Hudson's Bay Company is at 1, Lime 
 Street, E.C. For 24 miles on each side of the railway 
 (now being made) across the continent, the remainder of 
 the odd-numbered sections in each township belong to 
 the Canadian - Pacific Bail way Company, who dispose of 
 their large land grants on favourable terms of purchase. 
 Full particulars can be obtained at the London office of 
 the Company, 101, Cannon Street, E.C. The remaining 
 even-numbered sections in each township (16) are held 
 exclusively by the Government for free grant and pre- 
 emption purposes. These sections are each subdivided 
 into four quarter sections of 160 acres, two being avail- 
 able for free grants, and two for pre-emptions. Any male 
 or female who is at the head of a family, any male mem- 
 ber of a family 18 years old, or any other person who 
 has attained that age, can obtain a free grant of 160 
 acres, and can also make an entry for pre-emption rights 
 to the adjoining 160 acres at the Government price of 
 S2.50 per acre, payable in cash at the end of three years.
 
 Mayiitoba and the N.-W. Territories. 25 
 
 For office fees to cover the cost of survey, documents, etc., 
 a charge of ^10 is made in each case at the time of 
 entry. Outside the railway belt alluded to above, the 
 even-numbered sections are also held for free grants and 
 pre-emptions, the odd-numbered being designated " public 
 lands." Such pre-emptions and public lands are offered 
 for sale by the Government at §2 per acre, the money 
 in the former case being paid at the end of three years, 
 and in the latter at the time of purchase. The title to 
 the free grant is given at the end of three years. The 
 conditions to be fulfilled are : residence on the land six 
 months annually for three years; the erection of a house; 
 and the general cultivation of the land, but the settler is 
 not bound to put any specified quantity under crops. 
 
 Settlers having no wood on their lands are permitted to 
 purchase timber lots in area not exceeding 20 acres, at 
 ^5 per acre, to be paid in cash. 
 
 Special and advantageous arrangements are made for 
 the sale of tracts of land to Companies or to individuals 
 having in view the colonization of the country, upon 
 certain conditions, with powers of protection for advances 
 made to settlers on free grant lands to the extent of £100. 
 
 Tracts of lands, in no case to exceed 100,000 acres, are 
 also leased for pasturage purposes at a rent of £2 per 
 annum for each thousand acres, upon certain conditions. 
 The lessee also acquires the power to purchase five per cent, 
 of the area of the leasehold for buildings, etc., at Kl-25 
 per acre, payable upon purchase. 
 
 4. Guides. — Intending settlers should go at once to 
 the land office in the district where they intend to settle, 
 and guides will be sent with them, free of charge, to point 
 out vacant lands available for settlement. 
 
 5. Capital Required. — Questions are often asked as 
 to the amount of capital considered necessary to enable a 
 man and his family to start farming on a free grant of 
 land. The result of experience tends to show that a man 
 may make a fair beginning if possessed of from £100 to 
 £120, and his position ought to get better every year, 
 with a gradually extending area under cultivation. A
 
 26 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 man's success is meastired more or less by his own exer- 
 tions. It is difficult to lay down a hard and fast rule as 
 to the amount of money required. The above estimate is 
 based upon the assumption that all payments for goods 
 are to be made on delivery, but a settler could obtain 
 many of his requirements on credit until such time as his 
 first crops were harvested. It is fair to assume that a 
 much lower sum would really suffice, as a settler and his 
 family with little capital would command a good price for 
 their labour during harvest time and in any spare moments. 
 This would add to the means of such a family, and help 
 to keep them going until they had a sufficient quantity of 
 their own land under cultivation to keep them fully 
 occupied. It is scarcely necessary to say that the more 
 money a settler has the better his chances are of getting 
 on rapidly ; but many men landing in Canada with only a 
 pound or two in their pockets have taken up the free 
 grants, have hired themselves out to labour, cultivating 
 their own land during spare time, and employing a man 
 at harvest or when necessary. In this way they have 
 stocked ^^and cultivated their farms. There are many men in 
 Canada now in positions of independence who commenced 
 in this way. It will be understood that the figures 
 named above do not include the passage of the settler and 
 his family from England to Manitoba and the North- West. 
 Farming implements and tools can be obtained in all 
 parts of Canada as cheaply as in England, so that it is not 
 worth the while of a settler to take such things with him. 
 The same remark applies to furniture and household 
 utensils. A good supply of clothes may safely be taken, 
 as well as blankets, unfilled bedding, linen, and articles of 
 that nature, but the fact must be borne in mind that the 
 railway companies fix as limits for the free conveyance of 
 baggage, 250 lbs. for each first-class, and 100 lbs. for third- 
 class passengers. 
 
 Special railway fares are in existence for persons who 
 desire to take through tickets to Winnipeg. The cost of 
 reaching Canada is explained on p. 52. The all-rail route 
 is by way of Toronto, Chicago, and St. Paul to Winnipeg. 
 The lake route is by way of Sarnia or Collingwood, whence
 
 ■Manitoba and the N.-W. Territories. 27 
 
 the boats depart for Thunder Bay (and Dnlnth), at the 
 Western end of Lake Superior. The Canadian Pacific 
 Eailway is open thence to Winnipeg. The journey takes 
 about five days, and the passenger has to provide his own 
 provisions on the way. The trains stop at several places 
 on the way for refreshments, where meals can be obtained 
 at various jDrices from Is. upwards, or a settler can take 
 his own provisions. The advice of the Government Agent 
 at the port of landing can be obtained on this point. 
 About 1000 miles of the Canadian Pacific Eailway is now 
 in operation from Thunder Bay (Lake Superior) to Win- 
 nipeg, thence to the boundary line, and from Winnipeg 
 westward for 500 miles. The railway will pass through 
 extensive coal-fields, and will also open up extensive forests 
 in the Lake Superior District and near the Eocky Moun- 
 tains, the timber of which will be very valuable to settlers 
 in the country. By either of these routes settlers may be 
 met by interested persons who may endeavour to persuade 
 settlement in the United States as prefera})le to Canada. 
 No notice should be taken of them, and settlers are advised 
 to proceed without deviation to their destination. 
 
 6. Cost of Breaking up Land. — The cost of breaking 
 up the prairie land is estimated at three dollars per acre, 
 and the ploughing, sowing, harvesting, and threshing, the 
 second year, four dollars per acre. 
 
 7. Improved Farms. — Improved farms can be pur- 
 chased from £1 per acre upwards. 
 
 8. Cost of Living, Demand for Labour, and Wages 
 Paid. — The following information, taken from recent 
 Winnipeg papers, will be interesting, as giving a general 
 idea of the trade of the city, rates of wages, and cost of 
 living. They are subject to alteration from time to time 
 as in any other country, and must be valued accordingly. 
 With regard to the second point, the figures naturally 
 become higher as the season nears its close, owing to the 
 anxiety to get works in hand finished ; but this should not 
 cause persons to emigrate late in the autumn for some 
 years to come.
 
 28 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 " Notwithstanding that this is one of the dullest peiiods 
 of the season (October) trade in all its branches continues 
 very brisk. The imports are larger than ever before; 
 large orders continue to be received from the country ; the 
 splendid harvest has created an enthusiastic feeling among 
 all classes of the people, and a trade of unprecedented 
 and undreamed-of proportions is now looked forward to. 
 Scores of new stores are being opened, or will be opened 
 within the next six weeks, on Main and other leading 
 streets. Some of these will be among the finest in the city. 
 Trade with the United States and England continues to 
 increase, as is shown in the following comparative state- 
 ment for the eight months ending August 31st : — 
 
 Eight months' trade, 1881 Kl,820,941 
 
 Eight months' trade, 1882 5,260,378 
 
 Increase 1882 over 1881 3,439,437 
 
 " The largest items of imports were lumber and manu- 
 factures of wood, cotton, live stock, provisions, machinery, 
 fruits, coal, and liquors. 
 
 " The market is well supplied with live stock raised in 
 the vicinity of Winnipeg ; the supply exceeds the demand. 
 There has been a slight decrease in the price of lambs. 
 The imports from the United States have very materially 
 decreased, the value of animals imported for July and 
 August being ^37,800, against ^146,315 for the months 
 of May and June. In the course of another year, when the 
 stock farms near Winnipeg commence to send to market the 
 cattle they have raised, it is believed that American impor- 
 tations will entirely cease. The current quotations are : — 
 
 Beef, prime ... 
 
 ... K5.50 to 6.00 per 100 lbs, 
 
 Beef, common 
 
 ... 4.50 to 5.00 
 
 Mutton 
 
 ... 6.00 to 7.00 „ 
 
 Lambs 
 
 ... 4.00 to 5.00 „ 
 
 Hogs ... 
 
 ... 8.00 to 9.00 
 
 " The retail market is well supplied with all kinds of 
 meats of very good quality. Housekeepers would do well
 
 Manitoba and the N.-W. Territories. 
 
 29 
 
 to purchase their winter supplies now. 
 of beef and hogs can be obtained much 
 current retail prices quoted below. 
 
 Quarters or sides 
 cheaper than the 
 
 
 Cents. Cents. 
 
 Beef, roast, per lb. 
 
 20 to 25 
 
 Beef steak, per lb. 
 
 20 to 25 
 
 Beef, corned, per lb. ... 
 
 12i to 15 
 
 Beef for boiling, per lb. 
 
 10 to 12.1 
 
 Shank, per lb. ... 
 
 5 
 
 Liver, per lb. ... 
 
 5 
 
 Kidney, per lb. 
 
 20 
 
 Suet, per lb. 
 
 15 
 
 Mutton, roast, per lb. ... 
 
 15 to 25 
 
 Mutton chop ... 
 
 25 
 
 Veal 
 
 20 to 25 
 
 Pork, per lb. ... 
 
 12i to 20 
 
 Sausages, per lb. 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 Lard, per lb. ... 
 
 20 
 
 Ham, per lb. ... 
 
 20 to 25 
 
 Bacon, per lb. ... 
 
 20 
 
 * Wild ducks are plentiful, and sell as low as 25c. per 
 pair. Chickens are down to 75c. and ^1. Prairie chickens 
 are scarce. A solitary representative of the goose and 
 turkey tribes appeared in the market yesterday, which 
 enables a quotation to be made." 
 
 Geese, each ... 
 Turkeys, per lb. 
 Chickens, per pair... 
 Prairie chicken 
 Ducks, per jpair 
 Wild ducks, per pair 
 
 JS1.50 to 2.00 
 25 to 30 
 75 to 1.00 
 75 to 1.00 
 75 
 25 to 50 
 
 FRESH, PICKLED, AND CANNED FISH. 
 
 " Whitefish are scarce. Fresh-water herring are plen- 
 tiful. There is a good supply of oysters in cans, and the 
 price has dropped to 75c. The fir^t supply of oysters in 
 bulk is expected next week. The demand for codfish, 
 herring, and mackerel is increasing, and will continue to
 
 30 Advice to Eviigrants. 
 
 increase while meat keeps so high. Boneless cod at 12^c. 
 per lb. goes a long way farther than beef at twice that 
 price. The maritime provinces send large quantities of 
 lish to Chicago, which find a ready sale. Consignments 
 to "Winnipeg ought therefore to find a ready market." 
 
 Cents. 
 Codfish, salt, per lb. ... ... ... 12^ 
 
 Codfish, boneless, per lb. 
 Mackerel, pickled, per lb. 
 Halibut, per lb. 
 Lake Superior Trout, per lb. 
 Salmon, canned 
 Whitefish, smoked, per lb. 
 Whitefish, fresh, per lb. 
 Herring, fresh- water, per doz 
 Oysters, per can (Gold Seal) 
 Oysters, canned 
 Lobsters, canned, per lb. 
 
 LABOUR AND WAGES. 
 
 12^ 
 
 10 to 15 
 35 
 15 
 25 
 15 
 12i 
 50 
 
 75 to 85 
 25 
 25 
 
 As the winter approaches^ and the building season 
 begins to draw to an end labour becomes more plentiful. 
 A great many men are seeking steady indoor work for the 
 winter, at wages ranging from K30 to ^50 per month. 
 There is a steady demand for lumbermen at from ^30 to 
 ^40 per month. The wages of bricklayers have gone up 
 to ^6 per day. There is a demand for stonemasons from 
 the west. Female servants are in great demand. Some 
 hotels are ofiering as high as ^25 per month for good 
 girls. It is believed that 500 girls could readily find 
 employment in the city at the present moment. 
 
 As pointed out in a previous paragraph, the wages for 
 mechanics, especially those of the building trades, become 
 high at the close of the season. Much lower wages pre- 
 vail in the spring, although even then the money paid is 
 much higher than in Great Britain. 
 
 Winnipeg, although a very young city, is making rapid 
 strides. Its main street is now lighted by electricity and 
 traversed by a tramway. There are gasworks, the gas
 
 Manitoba and the N.-W. Territories. 31 
 
 being made from oil, and waterworks, the service being 
 laid on to such of the houses as are prepared to pay for 
 the convenience. There are doubtless many things to be 
 done yet to add to the comfort of its inhabitants, but they 
 will all come in good time. House rent has been veiy 
 high during the present season, but when it is stated that 
 the population has doubled in the year it will readily be 
 seen that the resources of the city could not be expected to 
 absorb the largely increased number. However, tent 
 hotels were erected, the public buildings utilized, the 
 emigration sheds extended, and very little trouble has 
 consequently arisen. Persons can remain in the emigra- 
 tion sheds for a time, or rent a plot of land near the city, 
 and put up a shanty if any difficult}'' is found in securing 
 proper accommodation. It is hoped that before this book 
 is issued some further information on this point — a most 
 important one — will be received. 
 
 AVERAGE RATE OF WAGES, COST OF BOARD, AND HOUSE RENT 
 IN THE PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. 
 
 Winnipeg and District. — Farm labourers, with board, per 
 month, £4 4s. to £8 8s. ; female farm servants, £2 2s. to 
 £3 3s.; general labourers, per day, 8s. to lis.; railway 
 labourers, 10s. to 12s. ; masons, per day, 12s. Qd. to 20s. ; 
 bricklayers, 16s. to 25s. ; carpenters, 6s. to 16s. 6d. ; lum- 
 bermen (for shanty), £5 to £7 7s. per month, with board; 
 smiths, per day, 12s. 6d. to 14s. 6d. ; wheelwrights, 10s. to 
 16s.; gardeners, with board, per month, £4 to £6 ; mill 
 hands, per day, 8s. to 10s. ; engine drivers, 12s. to 20s. ; 
 saddlers, 8s. to 12s.; bootmakers, 8s. to 12s.; tailors, 12s. 
 to 20s. ; female cooks, per month, £3 to £6 ; domestic 
 servants, £2. 10s. to £4 ; -laundresses, £3 to £5; cost of 
 board, £1 to £l 12s. per week; house rent, for houses of 
 3 to 5 rooms, £4 to £6 per month ; houses of 5 to 7 rooms, 
 £6 to 15 per month. 
 
 Brandon District. — Farm labourers, per day, without 
 board, 8s. ; per week and board, £l 13s. ; general labourers, 
 per day, 8s. to 10s.; railway labourers, 8s.; masons, 12s. 
 to 20s.; bricklayers, 12s. to 20s.; carpenters, 10s. to 16s.;
 
 '10 
 
 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 lumbermen, 8s.; smiths, Ss. to 16s.; gardeners, with 
 board, ds. ; without board, 8s. ; mill hands, 10s. to 14s. ; 
 enpiint) drivers, 14s. to 20s. ; saddlers, 10s. to 14s. ; boot- 
 makers, 10s. to 14s. ; tailors, 8s. to 14s. ; female cooks, per 
 month, £4 to £6; domestic servants, £2 2s. to £3 ; la^^n- 
 dresses, £5 to £6 ; cost of board, per week, £1 ; rent, for 
 small house, £1 12s. per month, and upwards. 
 
 9. Fuel. — There is not so much woodland in the 
 prairie district as in other parts of Canada, but there is 
 enough for the purposes of fuel and fencing, and timber for 
 building purposes can be purchased in the larger towns 
 and settlements. Coal also exists in various parts of the 
 country, and is being worked. 
 
 10. Routes and Internal Communication. — It may 
 be mentioned that there are two routes by which an 
 intending settler can reach Manitoba from Quebec, or any 
 other Canadian port, namely, the " all rail route," via 
 Detroit, Chicago, and St. Paul to Winnipeg, or by what is 
 called the Lake route, i.e. by railway to Sarnia or Colling- 
 wood on Lake Huron, thence by steamer to Thunder Bay 
 or Duluth on Lake Superior, and thence by rail to Win- 
 nipeg. The journey by the former route is quicker by 
 about a day, but the latter is more economical. By either 
 of these routes the settler will be met by the agents of 
 American land and railway companies, who will endea- 
 vour to persuade settlement in the United States as 
 preferable to Canada ; but the settler is advised to proceed 
 direct to his intended destination, and decide upon his 
 location after personal inspection. It may be added that 
 most of the rivers and lakes in Manitoba and the north- 
 west are navigable, and that steamers now ply during 
 the season on the river Saskatchewan between Winnij)eg 
 and Edmonton, a distance by water of about 1200- 
 miles, with passengers and freight, calling at Prince 
 Albert, Carlton, Battleford, and other places on the way. 
 Steamers also run regularly between Winnipeg, St. Yin- 
 cent, and other places on the Red Eiver. There is also 
 steam communication on the river Assiniboine between 
 Fort EUice and Winnipeg.
 
 Manitoba and the N.-W. Territories. 33 
 
 11. Canadian Pacific Railv/ay. — This line of rail- 
 way, which is to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, 
 is now in course of construction by the Canadian Pacific 
 Eailway Company, and is exiDccted to cost from 75 to 80 
 millions of dollars. A thousand miles of the line are now 
 in operation, and it is expected in 1883 to reach the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 12. Climate. — Manitoba is situated in the middle of 
 the continent, nearly equidistant from the pole and the 
 equator, and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The climate 
 gives conditions of decided heat in summer and decided 
 cold in winter. The snow goes away, and ploughing 
 begins in April, which is about the same time as in the 
 older provinces of Canada and the Northern United States 
 on the Atlantic seaboard, and the North-western States of 
 Minnesota and Wisconsin. The crops are harvested in 
 August. The long sunny days of summer bring vegeta- 
 tion of all sorts to rapid maturity. The days are warm 
 and the nights cool. Autumn begins about the 20th of 
 September and lasts till November, when the regular 
 frosts set in. The winter proper comprises part of 
 November, December, January, February, and March. 
 Spring comes early in April. The summer months are 
 part of May, June, July, August, and part of September. 
 In winter the thermometer sinks to 30 and sometimes 40 
 degrees below zero, but this degree of cold in the dry 
 atmosphere of the north-west does not produce any un- 
 pleasant sensations. The weather is not felt to be colder 
 than in the province of Quebec, nor so cold as milder 
 winters in climates where the frost, or even a less degree 
 of cold than frost, is accompanied with damp or wind. 
 The testimony is universal on this point. Snow does 
 not fall on the prairies to an average greater depth than 
 18 inches, and buffaloes and horses graze out of doors all 
 winter. They scratch the snow off tiie prairie, and grow 
 fat upon the grass they find beneath it. Horned cattle 
 also graze out of doors part of the winter, but in some 
 states of the weather they require to be brought in. 
 Instances are, however, stated in which horned cattle have 
 grazed out all the winter. 
 
 D
 
 34 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 13. Soil. — The soil is a deep alluvial deposit of unsur- 
 passed richness. It is mostly prairie, and covered with 
 grass. It produces bountiful crops of cereals, grasses, 
 roots, and vegetables. So rich is the soil that wheat has 
 been cropped off the same place for forty years without 
 manure, and without showing signs of exhaustion. The 
 following extracts from the reports of the English and 
 Scotch farmers selected by the farmers in their respective 
 districts who went out to Canada in 1879, to report upon 
 the country, are interesting and reliable on this subject : — 
 
 Mr. BiGGAR, The Grange, Dalbeattie. 
 
 *' As a field for wheat raising, I would much prefer 
 Manitoba to Dakota. The first cost of the land is less, the 
 soil is deeper and will stand more cropping, the sample of 
 wheat is better, and the produce 5 to 10 bushels per acre 
 more, all of which is profit." 
 
 Mr. George Cowan, Annan, 
 
 speaking of Mr. Mackenzie's farm at Burnside, says : — 
 " I was certainly surprised at the wonderful fertility of 
 the soil, which is a rich black loam, averaging about 18 
 inches of surface soil, on friable clay subsoil, 5 and 6 feet 
 in depth, beneath which is a thin layer of sand, lying on 
 a stiff clay. The land is quite dry, and is well watered 
 by a fine stream which flows through it." 
 
 * * * * 
 
 " The land between Eapid City and the Assiniboine, 
 which lies to the southward, 25 miles distant, is a nice 
 loam with clay subsoil on top of gravel. I was very 
 highly impressed with the fertility of the soil, some of it 
 being, without exception, the richest I have ever seen, 
 and I have little doubt it will continue for many years to 
 produce excellent crops of grain without any manure, and 
 with very little expense in cultivation." 
 
 Mr. John Logan, Earlston, Berwick, says : — 
 
 " All the land round this district (Assiniboine) is very 
 good, being four feet deep of black loam, as we saw from 
 a sand-pit."
 
 Manitoba and the N.-W. Territories. 35 
 
 Mr. John Snow, Midlothian. 
 "We saw that a black vegetable mould covered the 
 surface from 18 inches to two, three, or four feet deej)." 
 
 Mr. John Maxwell, Carlisle. 
 *' The soil throughout the country is a rich black loam, 
 6 inches to 6 feet deep, almost entirely free from stones, 
 and varying in quality in different districts, on a subsoil 
 of strong or friable clay or sand." 
 
 14. — Average Crops. — The average wheat yield in 
 Manitoba and the North-West would appear to range 
 from 20 to 30 bushels per acre, and the weight from 601b. 
 to 661b. per bushel. Barley and oats yield good averages, 
 as also potatoes and other root crops. 
 
 The following figures, taken from the reports of the 
 delegates of the English and Scotch tenant farmers, may 
 also be found interesting on this point : — 
 
 Mr. James Biggar, of the Grange, Dalbeattie, says : — 
 " We heard very different statements of the yield of 
 wheat, varying from 25 to 40 bushels. McLean, a farmer 
 near Portage, had 1230 bushels of Fife wheat off 40 acres. 
 Another man, a native of. Ross-shire, who was ploughing 
 his own. land, told us he had cropped it for 17 years in 
 succession, his last crop yielding 35 bushels per acre. 
 Mr. Eyan, M.P., a good authority, said the average of 
 wheat might safely be taken at 25 to '30 bushels, and of 
 
 oats 60 bushels Next day we drove over to Messrs. 
 
 Riddles' farm ; their wheat has averaged fully 30 bushels 
 per acre." 
 
 Mr. George Cowan, Glenluce, Wigtown, says : — 
 
 " Mr. Mackenzie's farm is at Burnside, about 9 miles 
 
 from Portage la Prairie He favoured me with his 
 
 average for the seasons of 1877 and 1878, and his estimate 
 for the present year. Wheat crop, 1877, 41 bushels ; " 
 1878, 36 bushels; this year (1879) he expects it to be 
 close on 40 bushels ; average weight, 60 to 621b. ; but he 
 has grown it as high as 64 lb. per bushel. Oats last year 
 (1878) he had a yield of 88 bushels from 2 bushels of
 
 36 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 seed sown on one acre; this year (1879) his estimate is 
 from 75 to 80 bushels per acre. Mr. M. also grows excel- 
 lent root crops, his swede turnips averaging 30 to 35 tons; 
 and potatoes, without any care in cultivation, sometimes 
 even not being moulded up, yield between 300 and 400 
 bushels of GOlb. Onions when cultivated are also very 
 prolific, yielding as much as 300 bushels per acre. Man- 
 gold also grows very heavy crops, but I did not see any 
 on the ground." 
 
 * * * * 
 
 " We spent a short time on the farm of Mr. McBeth, 
 and walked over a field which, I was informed, had been 
 
 continuously under crop for 54 years I w^as told it 
 
 would average 28 or 30 bushels per acre." 
 
 All the other delegates confirm these figures. 
 
 15. Homestead Exemption Law. — In Manitoba a 
 homestead exemption law was passed in 1872, which 
 exempts from seizure for debt 160 acres of land, house, 
 stables, barns, furniture, tools, farm implements in use, 
 one cow, two oxen, one horse, four sheep, two pigs, and 
 thirty days' provender for same. 
 
 (B) ONTARIO. 
 
 1. Free Grants of Land. — Every head of a family can 
 obtain a free grant of 200 acres of land, and any person 
 18 years of age may obtain 100 acres in the free grant 
 districts. The conditions are : — 15 acres in each grant of 
 100 acres to be cleared and under crop in five years; a 
 habitable house, at least 16 feet by 20, built; and residence 
 on the land at least six months in each year. The patent 
 is issued at the end of 5 years. 
 
 2. Price of Lands. — Uncleared lands can also be pur- 
 chased at prices varying from 2s. to 40s. per acre. Cleared 
 and improved farms with buildings can be bought at from 
 £4 to £10 per acre. The money can nearly always be 
 paid in instalments coveriDg several years.
 
 Ontario. 35^ 
 
 3. Soil. — The soil of tlie country varies in difi'erent 
 localities, but a large proportion is of the very best de- 
 scription for agricultural purposes. 
 
 4. Climate. — The climate is much the same as in some 
 other parts of the Dominion. Cereals, grasses, and roots 
 produce large crops, and fruits grow in great abundance ; 
 hemp, tobacco, and sugar beet are also profitable crops ; 
 maize and tomatoes ripen well, and peaches and grapes 
 come to perfection in the open air. 
 
 5. Means of Communication.— The province pos- 
 sesses excellent means of communication, both by railways 
 and by water through the lakes, and the Kiver St. Law- 
 rence, with all parts of the Dominion and to the Atlantic 
 ports. 
 
 6. Education. — The public schools are all free and 
 non-sectarian. All resident children between the ages of 
 5 and 21 are allowed to attend them. 
 
 7. Cities and Towns. — There are several large cities 
 and towns in this province; among others, Toronto, 
 Ottawa, Hamilton, London, Kingston, etc. 
 
 8. Minerals. — In mineral wealth it has great resources, 
 producing iron, copper, lead, silver, marble, petroleum, 
 salt, etc. Its immense forests of pine timber are well 
 known. 
 
 9. Manufactures and Exports, — Its principal manu- 
 factures are cloth, linen, clothing, leather, furniture, sawn 
 timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, soap, cotton and 
 woollen goods, steam-engines and locomotives, wooden 
 ware of all descriptions, agricultural implements, etc. 
 Cattle, sheep, and pigs, dairy and agricultural produce 
 are exported largely from this province, and the trade is 
 increasing rapidly. 
 
 10. Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Board, and 
 House Rent in Ontario. — Toronto District: Farm 
 labourers, per day, without board, 3s. Qd. to 4s. ; per week, 
 with board, 12s. to 14s, ; female farm servants, with board,
 
 Advice to Etnig rants. 
 
 per month, 20s. to 25s. ; general labourers, j)er day; 5s. ; 
 lailwa}'- labourers, 5s. 6d.; masons, 10s.; bricklayers, 10s.; 
 carpenters, 8s. ; lumbermen, 6s. ; shipwrights, 6s. ; smiths, 
 6s.; wheelwrights, 6s.; gardeners, w4th board, 16». per 
 week ; without board, 5s. per day ; miners, 3s. to 4s. ; mill 
 hands, 5s. 6d. ; saddlers, 6s. ; bootmakers, 6s. ; tailors, 6s. ; 
 female cooks, per month, £l 12s. to £2 ; domestic servants, 
 £l 5s. to £l 10s.; laundresses, £l 12s. to £l 18s.; cost of 
 board, 12s. per week; house rent from £l to £1 12s. per 
 month. 
 
 Ottawa District : Immigrant farm labourers obtained 
 this year (1882) during harvest from £3 8s. to £5 8s. per 
 month, without board ; others were engaged at £2 16s. to 
 £3 OS. per month, with board. Female farm servants are 
 not employed for outdoor work in fields ; general labourers, 
 per day, 6s. ; railway labourers, 5s. 6d. to 6s. ; masons, 10s. 
 (very few required) ; bricklayers, 10s. (very few required), 
 carpenters, 6s. to 7s. ; lumbermen, per month, with board, 
 £3 15s. to £8 8s.; blacksmiths, £3 15s. to £5 5s.; wheel- 
 v/rights, £3 15s. to £4 4s.; gardeners, £3 15s. to £4 4s.; 
 miners, per day, 6s. ; mill hands, 5s. to 8s. ; saddlers, per 
 week, without board, £1 8s. to £2 2s.; bootmakers and 
 tailors can earn, on piecework, from £1 5^. to £2 2s. per 
 week ; female cooks, per month, £2 2s. ; domestic servants, 
 £1 5s. to £1 18s. ; laundresses, £1 10s. ; board, per week, 
 10s. to 14s. ; house rent, 14s. to £1. 
 
 11. Testimony in Favour of Ontario. — Professor 
 Sheldon, an eminent authority on agricultural questions, 
 paid a visit to Canada a year or two ago, and has given 
 the results of his observations in a small pamphlet. (See 
 page 63.) 
 
 In the autumn of 1879 a number of tenant farmers, re- 
 presenting ditierent districts of the United Kingdom, 
 visited Canada, for the purpose of reporting upon its 
 agiicultural capabilities and resources to their friends at 
 home. A few brief selections from their reports bearing 
 on the Province of Ontario are as follows : — 
 
 Mr. Biggar, The Grange, Dalbeattie. 
 ** A great deal of Western Ontario would compare very
 
 Ontario. 39 
 
 favourably with some parts of England. The land is good 
 and fairly managed ; there is a nice proportion of timber, 
 and the farmers' houses are in many cases exceedingly neat 
 and comfortable. They have, in fact, an air of refinement 
 and prosperity beyond what we expected in a compara- 
 tively new country. We believe it would be hard to find 
 in any country of similar size so many men who have done 
 as well as Ontario farmers. Many who went out 30 or 40 
 years ago with nothing now own farms and stock worth 
 £2000 to £6000. There are, however, a good many who 
 have mortgages on their farms to a considerable amount, 
 for which they pay 7 to 8 per cent, interest. This, to- 
 gether with bad seasons and emigration to the north-west, 
 accounts for the large number of farms which are at pre- 
 sent for sale. I may here remark that the custom of let- 
 ting land is not so common as in this country. Farms 
 are only let from year to year, and as the tenant in these 
 circumstances is supposed to take out what he can, owners 
 are more ready to sell than to let. At the same time, it 
 is possible to get farms on rent, and emigrants from this 
 country would do well to rent a farm for a year or two 
 until they have time to look round." 
 
 Mr. Thomas Irving, Bowness. 
 "The Canadians loved their country; many old men 
 who came over to England with the intention of ending 
 their days went back again. They like the climate of 
 Ontario better than that of England. It was not usually 
 muggy out there, nor did it rain every day, but when it 
 did rain it came down heavy. He advised intending 
 emigrants to go to Ontario, where a state of things existed 
 much as at home; they would find good roads, good 
 schools, churches of all denominations, plenty of railway 
 communication — in fact, civilization was quite as far 
 advanced as at Bowness, if not more so. It would be 
 much better to pay a little more for land there than to go 
 1500 miles or so up the country, at the risk of being 
 unable to see a newspaper for twelve months." 
 
 Mr. George Wilken, Aberdeen. 
 "Went to the root show, London, Ontario, and it
 
 40 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 surprised me more than all the others. Coming along I 
 had seen some good fields of swedes and mangolds, but 
 was not prepared to see swedes, mangolds, and potatoes 
 that would put any of our exhibits for this year far into 
 the shade. Mr. Stock was very hard on me for only allow- 
 ing they could beat us this year. Our next inspection was 
 fruits. Here I saw, and tasted too, fruit of every hue and 
 flavour. It will give some idea of the show of apples 
 when I mention that the varieties in sections varied from 
 six to fortj'-two, and all were such as I had never seen. 
 Peaches, grapes (all outdoor), melons, tomatoes, squash, 
 and ever so many kinds of fruit I never saw or heard of." 
 
 Mr. James Palmer, Somersetshire. 
 *' I am much pleased with Canada, for the prospects are 
 different to what they are in England, especialh^ for 
 farmers. My sons are delighted with the country and the 
 farms. I have purchased for them in all 273 acres, in two 
 farms situated seven miles from this, near the main road 
 towards Exeter. They have a good house on each lot, 
 with orchards, out-buildings, etc., and 75 acres fenced and 
 under cultivation on each lot. The whole cost S7oOO — 
 less than I had to pay rent for land in two jears in 
 Somersetshire — that is to say, two years' rent per acre. I 
 can strongly recommend this country to my friends and 
 others who intend to emigrate." 
 
 (C) QUEBEC. 
 
 1. Free Grants of Land. — Upon eight of the great 
 colonization roads, every male colonist and emigrant being 
 18 years of age may obtain a free grant of 100 acres. The 
 conditions are that at the end of the fou! th year a dwell- 
 ino- must have been erected on the land, and 12 acres be 
 under cultivation. Letters patent are then granted. 
 Crown lands can also be purchased at 30 cents to 60 
 cents an acre.
 
 Quebec. 41 
 
 2. Homestead Law. — The province has a homestead 
 law exempting from seizure, under certain conditions, the 
 property of emigrants. 
 
 3. Education. — Primary education is compulsory. The 
 cost is defrayed by the collection of small fees and by a 
 liberal Government grant. 
 
 4. The Soil and its Productions. — The soil of the 
 province is extremely rich, and susceptible of the highest 
 cultivation. It is adapted for the growth of very varied 
 products ; cereals, hay, and green crops grow everywhere 
 in abundance where the land is at all fairly tilled. Cattle 
 breeding is being carried on on a very large scale, and 
 within the past few years there have been exported from 
 Quebec to Great Britain large quantities of dead meat and 
 cattle, not excelled by the best English breeds. For 
 pasturage the lands of Quebec are of special excellence. 
 Those in the Eastern Townships and north of the Ottawa 
 have special attractions for English settlers. The impulse 
 given to agriculture by the active co-operation of the 
 Government is working great benefit and leading to 
 strides little dreamt of five years ago. The exports from 
 the forest during the year 1881 amounted to ^12, 785,223, 
 the agricultural produce to K8, 242,024, and the export of 
 animals and their produce reached the sum of ^12,478,690. 
 
 5. Agriculture and Colonization. — The great bulk 
 of the rural population live by agriculture. I'he extent 
 of the farms generally is 100 acres ; farms in the older 
 settlements being worth as a rule from H 2,000 to J^4,000. 
 The sons of farmers invariably push back into the new 
 settlements, where a partially cleared farm may be jDur- 
 chased for about ^200 : or purchase a lot from the Crown 
 lands at a cost of between 30 to 40 cents (Is. 3d. to Is. 8d. 
 sterling) per acre ; or take a free grant along one of the 
 colonization roads. There are five main centres of coloni-- 
 zation : — The Valley of the Sagiienay — The extent of land 
 surveyed and disposable in this district is about 616,600 
 acres, the price of which is about 20 cents (lOtf. sterling) 
 per acre. The Valley of the St. Maurice — There are in the 
 townships of this district surveyed, divided into farm lots,
 
 42 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 441,200 acres of land, for sale at 30 cents (Is. 3d. sterling) 
 per acre. The Valley of the Ottawa — The number of acres 
 surveyed and divided into farm lots actually to be disposed 
 of in this district is 1,358,500 acres, the price of which is 
 30 cents per acre. The Eastern Townships — In this rich 
 grazing' district there are 922,300 acres of wild land, 
 which the Government is prepared to sell at a moderate 
 rate. The Government lands in this section sell at from 
 50 to 60 cents (2s. Id. to 2s. 6d. sterling) per acre. The 
 Eastern Townships present more than ordinary attractions 
 to the agriculturist and capitalist from Great Britain. 
 Gaspe — In this district the Government offers for sale 
 491,900 acres of land, at the rate of 20 and 30 cents (10c?. 
 to Is. 3d. sterling) per acre. Besides this on the south 
 shore of the Lower St. Lawrence, the Government offers 
 for sale 1,432,200 acres, at 30 cents (Is. 3d. sterling) 
 per acre. 
 
 6. Means of Communication. — This is afforded by 
 railways and by the Eiver St. Lawrence. This province 
 contains the tvv'o great ports of shipment, Montreal and 
 Quebec, both of which have extensive wharfage accommo- 
 dation, and ocean-going vessels of 4000 tons can be 
 moored alongside the quays. 
 
 7. Cities. — The principal cities are Quebec and 
 Montreal, and there are many large towns. 
 
 8. Mines and Fisheries.- — Gold, lead, silver, iron, 
 copper, platinum, etc., etc., are found, — but mining in this 
 province is only yet in its infancy. Phosphate mining is 
 becoming an important industry ; its value as a fertilizer 
 is recognized in England and France, and large quantities 
 are being exported. The fisheries are abundant, and in 
 1876 the yield was of the value of ^2,097,677. 
 
 9. Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Board, and 
 House Rent in the Province of Quebec. — Farm 
 labourers, per day, without board, 4s. to 6s. ; per month, 
 and board, £3 to £5 10s.; female farm servants, £l 5s. to 
 £2 2s. ; general labourers, per day, 4s. to 6s. ; railway 
 labourers, 5s. to 6s. ; masons, Os. to 9s. ; bricklayers, 6s. to
 
 New Brunswick. 43 
 
 9s. ; carpenters, 6s. to 9s. ; lumberers, and board, 6s. to 8s. ; 
 shipwrights, per day, 6s. to 8s. ; smiths, 6s. to 8s. ; wheel- 
 wrights, 6s. to 8s. ; gardeners, with board, per month, £4 
 to £5, without board, per day, 4s. to 6s. ; miners, 6s. to Ss. ; 
 mill hands, 4s. to 6s. ; engine drivers, 7s. to 10s. ; saddlers, 
 8s. to lOs. ; bootmakers, 5s. to 8s. ; tailors, 4s. to 6s. ; female 
 cooks, per mouth, £l 12s. to £2 10s. ; domestic servants, in 
 great demand, £l 5s. to £2 2s. ; laundresses per day, 3s. to 
 4s. ; cost of board, per week, 12s. to 16s. ; rent of mechanics' 
 and labourers' dwellings, £l os. to £l 12s. per month. 
 
 (D) NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 1. Free Grants of Land. — A grant of 100 acres may 
 be obtained by any person upon the following conditions : 
 On pajnnent of ^20 cash to aid in construction of roads 
 and hedges, or labour of the value of ^10 per year for 
 
 3 years. A house to be built within 2 years. Ten acres 
 to be cleared and cultivated in 3 years. Proof of residence 
 on the land. 
 
 2. Soil and Production. — The soil is fertile, and pro- 
 duces all the fruits generally found in England. Wheat 
 averages about 20, barley 29, oats 34, buckwheat 33, 
 rye 20, Indian corn 41, potatoes 226, turnips 456 bushels 
 to the acre. The potatoes and fruits command good prices 
 in the English market. 
 
 3. Manufactures. — ShijDbuilding is one of the staple 
 industries of the province, but its manufacturies gene- 
 rally are increasing rapidly. There are manufactories of 
 woollen and cotten goods, boots and shoes, leather, car- 
 riages, wooden ware, paper, soap, hardware, etc., etc. 
 
 4. Climate. — In New Brunswick the summer is warmer 
 and the winter colder than in England, the ranges of tem- 
 perature being in the interior from 92° above zero to 18° 
 below zero (Fahrenheit) ; the whole number of days, how- 
 ever, in which the temperature is below zero rarely exceeds 
 20. It seldom happens that the mercury is below zero for 
 
 4 successive days. In general the winters are pleasant.
 
 44 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 and a few days of extreme cold are notliing in comparison 
 witli the average amount of fine weather. People living 
 in New Brunswick do not suffer more, if as much, from 
 cold as those who live in Great Britain and other countries 
 where the winters are more humid and the temperature 
 less steady. All business is carried on as actively in 
 winter as in summer, and the people do not wear more 
 nor different clothing than that worn in England and the 
 rest of northern Europe. 
 
 5. Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Board, and 
 House Rent in New Brunswick. — Farm labourers, per 
 day, without board, 3s. 6d. to 4s. ; per week and board, 
 12s. 6d. to 14s. 6d.; female farm servants, per month and 
 board, 18s. 6d. to £1 os. ; general labourers, per day, 5s. Qd. 
 to 8s. ; railway labourers, 4s. to 5s. ; masons, 9s. to 10s. ; 
 bricklayers, lis. to 12s. 6d.; carpenters, 5s. 6d. to 8s.; 
 lumbermen, per month, with board, £'S 5s. to £4 16s. 
 (none employed otherwise) ; shipwrights, 6s. to 7s. ; smiths, 
 6s. to 6s. 6d.; wheelwrights, 8s. to 12s. 6d.; gardeners, 
 with board, per week, £l 12s. to £2 ; without board, per 
 day, 4s. to 4s. 6d. ; miners, 3s. to 3s. 6d. ; mill hands, 5s. 
 to 6s. 6d. ; engine drivers, per month, £7 5s. to £13 
 (average, £12) ; saddlers, per day, 4s. to 6s. ; bootmakers, 
 5s. to 8s. ; tailors, 6s. to 8s. ; female cooks, per month, 
 £1 12s. to £2 10s.; domestic servants, £1 5s. to £1 12s.; 
 laundresses, per week, 12s. 6d. to 16s. 6d. ; cost of board, 
 per week, varying, 12s. to £1 ; rent of labourers' dwell- 
 ings, per annum £6 to £7 5s., per month 12s. 
 
 (E) NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 1. Land. — The quantity of land for disposal in this 
 province is limited. The price is ^44 per 100 acres 
 (about £9), free grants, however, being given to bond fide 
 settlers. 
 
 2. Soil. — The soil produces good crops of cereals and 
 roots, and large quantities of apples are grown for export. 
 AVheat averages, per acre, 18 bushels; rye, 21 bushels;
 
 Nova Scotia. 45 
 
 barley, 35 bushels; oats, 34 busbels; buckwheat, 33 
 bushels ; Indian corn (maize), 42 bushels ; turnips, 420 
 bushels; potatoes, 250 bushels; mangel wurzel, 500 
 bushels ; beans, 22 bushels ; hay, 2 tons. 
 
 3. Fisheries. — The fisheries of Nova Scotia are an 
 important interest for that province. In 1881, the number 
 of .vessels employed was 647, number of boats 11,919, and 
 number of men, 27,526. The quantity of codfish caught 
 was 583,029 cwt., of mackerel, 63,377 barrels; of haddock, 
 116,160 cwt.; of herrings, 198,269 barrels; of lobsters, 
 4,895,692 cans. Of fish oils, the quantity obtained was 
 417,022 gallons. The total value of the fisheries of this 
 province for 1881 was ^6,214,775. 
 
 4. Minerals. — Gold, iron, coal, and gypsum are found 
 in large quantities. 
 
 5. Education, which is very general, is partly sup- 
 ported by direct taxation, supplemented by liberal annual 
 grants from the Legislature, which in 1880 amounted to 
 about ^169,000. The total expenditure for public schools 
 in that year was ^557,765. At the common schools, 
 which are subject to the control of the Government, the 
 average number of scholars in daily attendance had been 
 estimated at 100,000, and all are free. 
 
 6. Railways. — There are several railways in the pro- 
 vince, giving it communication with other parts of Canada. 
 Halifax, which is the chief city of the province, is the 
 winter port of the Dominion. It possesses a fine harbour, 
 and is connected by railways with all parts of the continent. 
 
 7. Average Rate of Wages, Cost of Board, and 
 House Rent in Nova Scotia. — Farm labourers, per 
 day, without board, 4s. 6d. ; per month, and board, £3 5s. 
 to £4 4s.; female farm servants, 16s. to 25s.; general 
 labourers, per day, 4s. to 5s. ; railway labourers, 4s. to 5s. ; 
 boiler makers, 8s.; masons, 10s.; bricklayers, 10s.; car- 
 penters, 68. ; lumbermen, 6s. ; shipwrights, 10s. ; smiths, 
 8s. ; wheelwrights, 6s. 6d. to 12s. ; gardeners, per month, 
 with board, £3 15s. to £6 ; per month, without board, 
 £5 OS. to £8 ; miners, 5s. to 6s. ; mill hands, per da}-, 4s. 6d.
 
 •i6 Advice to Ernigrants. 
 
 to 5s. ; engine drivers, 7s. to 9s. ; saddlers, per week, £l 5s. 
 to £2 ; bootmakers, per da}^ 5s. ; tailors, per week, £2 5s. 
 to £2 10s.; cost of board, per week, 12s. Q>d. to 14-s. Qd.; 
 house rent, per year, £3 to £5. 
 
 (P) PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 Price of Lands. — Most of the lands in this province 
 are taken np, btit improved farms can be obtained fiom 
 about £4 per acre. This island produces excellent crops 
 of cereals, and is noled for the good quality of its oats. 
 Horses, cattle, and sheep are plentiful, and the country is 
 exceedingly well sjjoken of as regards the fertility of the 
 soil and its cheapness. 
 
 (G) BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 1. General Description. — This province, which in- 
 cludes Vancouver's Island, is the most western of the 
 provinces which constitute the Dominion of Canada, its 
 boundaries being the Kocky Mountains on the east, and 
 the Pacific Ocean on the west. It possesses many fine 
 harbours, one of which (Burrard Inlet) will probably form 
 the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Eailway when com- 
 pleted ; 125 miles of the line in this province are now 
 under contract. 
 
 2. Land. — Heads of families, widows, or single men 
 can obtain free grants of land from 160 to 320 acres, 
 according to locality; the fee is about B7. Surveyed 
 lands can be purchased at ^1 per acre, pa}- able over two 
 years, and improved farms cost from £1 to £8 per acre. 
 British Columbia has a large extent of valuable timber 
 land, productive fisheries, which are increasing in value 
 yearly ; gold and coal are also found in large quantities. 
 The yield of gold, from 1858 to 1880, was equal to about 
 forty-five millions of dollars.
 
 Tfie Church and Educatiooi in Canada. 47 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE CHURCH AND EDUCATION IN 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 1. Ecclesiastical Information. — There is no Estab- 
 lished Church in Canada — all denominational Christians 
 are "upon an equality, the Government only interfering 
 in the matter of secular education. For ecclesiastical 
 purposes the continent has been divided out into the 
 following 17 Dioceses, viz : — Fredericton, Nova Scotia, 
 Quebec, Toronto, Newfoundland, Montreal, Huron, Ontario, 
 Algoma, Niagara, Rupert's Land, Saskatchewan, Moosonee, 
 Athabasca, Columbia, Caledonia, and New Westminster. 
 
 Each diocese has its bishop and a large staff of clergy. 
 Whenever a church is wanted, the bishop or the nearest 
 clergyman should be written to, and they will no doubt 
 co-operate with the inhabitants of the place in the erec- 
 tion of one. 
 
 At all events, the services of the clergy can always be 
 obtained for the baptism of your children, for marriages 
 and burials, and from time to time for the administration 
 of Holy Communion, and the Bishops hold frequent Con- 
 firmations. 
 
 2. The System of Education. — In Ontario, the system 
 of education is free and compulsory in the public or com- 
 mon schools, and pupils have opportunities for acquiring 
 a good substantial course of instruction, and for passing 
 to the grammar or high schools and colleges on easy terms. 
 
 In Quebec and the Maritime Provinces education is 
 conducted on broad principles also. 
 
 In Manitoba and the North- West Territory the land is 
 surveyed into districts of six miles square, containing in 
 all tbirty-six sections of a mile square each ; two of these 
 sections in every district are reserved by the Government 
 to be sold to provide funds for the establishment of schools 
 as they may be required, and education is also assisted 
 from time to time by grants of public money, irrespective 
 of religious questions.
 
 48 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 In every village springing tip facilities will be found 
 for free education, and no persons need fear any difficulty 
 in providing for the education of their families. 
 
 There is a university, modelled on that of London, in 
 Manitoba, open to those who wish to obtain a higher class 
 of education than is found in the ordinary free schools. 
 
 3. The Church of England Settlers' Society of the 
 Diocese of Rupert's Land for settlers in Manitoba and 
 the North-West. 
 
 This Society has just been formed, and its "objects" 
 are commended to the attention of all persons proposing 
 to settle in this part of Canada. 
 
 Article 11. of the Constitution declares these objects to 
 be as follow : — 
 
 To invite each settler in the North- West, being or 
 desiring to become a member of the Church of England, 
 to place himself, immediately on his arrival in this 
 province, in communication with the officers of the society, 
 who will give him : — 
 
 I. Advice and information on any subject connected 
 with his settlement in the country. 
 
 II. Eeferences to reliable persons in any quarter of the 
 North- West which he may desire to visit. 
 
 III. Letters of introduction to the clergymen of the 
 Church stationed in any part of the North- West. 
 
 IV. Facilities in obtaining the services and ordinances 
 of the Church ; as by furnishing him and his family with 
 seats in church; and by supplying them with introductions 
 to the clergymen in charge. 
 
 V. Countenance, and in every way treat him as a brother 
 Churchman, and exhibit to him and his family all possible 
 kindness. 
 
 The residences or places of business of the officers are 
 given below, and these gentlemen, with the ladies of their 
 families, will at all times be happy to carry out these 
 objects on their parts. It is hoped that every settler, 
 whatever may be his position in life, will encourage the 
 operations of the Society by a frank and free acceptance of 
 the friendly offices hereby tendered. Settlers are invited
 
 Council of Church of England Settlers^ Society. 49 
 
 to commimicate with the officers personally, if possible, or 
 if this be inconvenient, by letter. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING ARE THE OFFICERS: — 
 
 Patron. — The Most Reverend the Bishop of Rupert's Land, and 
 Metropolitan, Bishop's Court, Winnipeg. 
 President. — George B. Spencer, Collector of Customs, Winnipeg. 
 
 COUNCIL. 
 
 Winnipeg. — The Very Rev. Dean Grisrlale, B.D. ; the Ven. Arch- 
 deacon Pinkham, B.D. ; Rev. Canon O'Meara, M.A. ; Rev. Canon 
 Mathtson, B.D. ; Rev. O. Fortin, B.A., Rector of Holy Trinity; Rev. 
 E. S. Pentreutb Incumbent of Christ Church; Rev. A. Stunden, B.A., 
 Assistant, H )1\ Trinity ; Rev. H. T. Leslie, H.A. ; Rev. A. K. Cowley, 
 Rector of St. James'; the Hon. the Chief Justice of Manitoba; the 
 Hon. John Norquay, Premier of the Province ; the Hon. D. M. Walker, 
 Attorney-General; the Hun. Mr. Justice Miller; R. H. Hunter, 
 Manager, Imperial Bank; Amos Rowe, Proprietor Times; Alexander 
 Logan, Mayor; Donald Codd, Inspector, Duminion Lands. 
 
 St. Andrevo's. — Rev. R. Young, B. A., Incumbent; Captain Kennedy, 
 J. P. ; T. Truth waite. 
 
 Pembina Crossing. — Charles Selwyn. 
 
 Springfield. — Rev. S. Pritchard, Incumbent; — Oldfield, William 
 Corbett. 
 
 Cook's Creeli. — James Fullerton. 
 
 Millhrook. — George Eadie. 
 
 Plympton. — — Lewis. 
 
 Clear Springs. — John Lund. 
 
 Dynevor. — Ven. Archdeacon Cowley, B.D. ; Rev. B. McKenzie, 
 Incumbent of St. Peter's ; W. Pruden ; A. H. Vaughan. 
 
 St. Paul. — Samuel James. 
 
 St. James. — P. Bruce. 
 
 Headingly. — Hon. W. Tait ; J. Cameron. 
 
 Bigh Bluff. — Rev. Mark Jukes, Incumbent of St. Margaret's ; J. A. 
 K. Drummond, M.P.P. ; A. Spence, J. P. 
 
 Portage la Prairie. — Rev. A. L. Fortin, Incumbent of St. Mary's ; 
 W. J. Pratt. 
 
 Nillford. — G. S. Newcombe ; IMajor Rogers. 
 
 Westhourne. — Rev. Thomas Cook, Incumbent; A. E. Smalley, J.P. 
 
 Emerson. — Rev. C. J. Brenton, ]\I.A., Incumbent of St." I.uke's 
 Church; J. E. Cooper; Captain Nash, County Registrar; J. Carman. 
 
 Victoria. — J. Vincent, J.P. ; W. Vincent. 
 
 Mafdeton. — Rev. N. C. INIartin, Incumbent of St. Clement's. 
 
 Morris. — Rev. A. G. Pinkham, Incumbent of All Saints'- S J 
 Collum ; H. Hall. 
 
 Nelsonville. — Rev. T. N. Wilson, Missionary; George liCary.
 
 50 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 Rapid City. — Rev. J. P. Sargent, B.A., Incumbent; Rev. "W. O. 
 Bruneau, Sioux Mission; Rev. G, Turnbull; G. Lindsay; W. 
 Thompson. 
 
 Brandon. — Rev. J. Boydell, M.A., Incumbent ; Rev. C. B. Dundas, 
 B.A. ; Rev. C. T. Weatherley, Pultney; A. Jukes, Manager, Imperial 
 Bank; T. M. Daly, Jun., Barrister; Richmond Spencer, M.D. ; J. VV 
 "Willis, Banker ; George E. Fortier ; Eustace Bucke. 
 
 Stonewall. — Rev. W. F. Green, Curate in Charge. 
 
 Derford Point. — Rev. George Aitkens, B.A., Missionary. 
 
 Fairford. — Rev. George Bruce. 
 
 Touckicood Hills. — Rev. Gilbert Cook. 
 
 Fort Frances. — Rev. Robert Phair, Alberton. 
 
 Keematin. — Rev. J. Render, Devon; Rev. B. Spence, Islington; 
 Rev. J. Irvine, Lac Seul. 
 
 Stodderville.—W. Winram, M.P.P. 
 
 Birtle. — Lawrence Herchmer. 
 
 Shell Elver. — Col. Boulton. 
 
 Holland P.O. — Conway Dobbs. 
 ' Beaconsfield. — John Hall ; J. Ashby. 
 
 EXECUTIVE COilMITTEE. 
 
 Winnipeg. — Rev. Canon O'Meara, M.A., St. John's College; Dean 
 Grisdale, B.D.,-St. John's College; Rev. Canon Matheson, "B.D., St. 
 John's College; Rev. S. Pritchard; Rev. O. Fortin, B.A., Holy 
 Trinity; Ven. Archdeacon Pinkham, B.D., Superintendent of Educa- 
 tion ; Hon. C. Inkster, Sheriff of the Province ; W. G. Fonscca, 
 Broker; G. F. Carruthers, Broker; J. H. Brock, Broker; A. H. 
 Whitcher, Dominion Land Agent; W. R. Nursey, Provincial Auditor, 
 Government Offices ; J. H. Rowan, Engineer, C.P.R. ; S. Mulvey, 
 Collector Inland Revenue; George P. Black, Canadian Pacific Rail- 
 way ; Palmer Clarke ; Captain Howard. 
 
 St. James.— R. Tait, J.P. 
 
 Stoneij Mountain. — S. L. Bedson, Warden Provincial Penitentiary. 
 
 SECRETARY-TREASURER. 
 Winnipeg. — William Leggo, Master in Equity. 
 
 ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 
 Winnipeg. — G. Byron Philip, Barrister. 
 
 CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. 
 Brandon. — Loftus M. Fortier, Commission Merchant. 
 
 CLERICAL AGENTS IN LIVERPOOL. • 
 Rev. J. Bridger and Rev. R. O. Greep, St. Nicholas' Parish Church- 
 Settlers can obtain all information at the office of W. G. Fonseca, 
 Esq., No. 495, Main Street, Winnipeg.
 
 Cost of Passage, and General Information. 51 
 
 4. ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
 
 Applications are often received on behalf of young 
 gentlemen who desire to fit themselves for agricultural 
 vs^ork, but who are without any experience. There are 
 three courses open to such persons. 1. To undergo a 
 course of instruction at the Ontario Agricultural College. 
 A matriculation examination in elementary subjects has 
 to be passed. Candidates must not be less than fifteen 
 years of age. The fee is £10 per year. Pupils pay their 
 own board and lodging, which is not expensive. They 
 are paid for their labour on the college farm, which 
 materially lightens the cost of maintenance. Only a 
 hundred members can actually reside in the college, but 
 pupils who cannot be accommodated, board out under 
 bupervision. They acquire a practical as well as a theo- 
 retical knowledge of agriculture. The terms commence 
 in April and October in each year. Communications 
 respecting admission, etc., should be addressed to the 
 President, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada. 
 2. To hire themselves out to farmers for their board until 
 they are sufficiently competent to earn wages. 3. To take 
 advantage of some of the proposals before the public from 
 firms who profess to be able to place young Dien in such 
 positions, and to ensure their receiving a 'proper training 
 on payment of a premium. This plan is however to be 
 received with caution. In all these cases, however, 
 great care is required to decide whether the young men 
 are suited to the life that is proposed. Hard work is 
 necessary, and very often rough fare compared with that 
 to which they have been accustomed, and their mode of 
 living is entirely altered. Many persons have gone out 
 in such circumstances and have done well, but there are 
 others who have failed, because they have not properly 
 understood the sort of life they would have to lead.
 
 52 Advice to Evngrants* 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 COST OF PASSAGE TO CANADA AND 
 GENERAL INFORMATION. 
 
 1. Rates of Passage. — The followiDg are the rates of 
 passage from Liverpool, London, Glasgow, or Londonderry, 
 to Quebec or Halifax : — 
 
 Saloon, £12 to £18. Intermediate, £8 8s. Government 
 assisted steerage passages as under : — 
 
 1. For mechanics, navvies, general labourers and their 
 families, per adult, £4; children between 12 and 1, £2; 
 infants under 12 months, 10s. 
 
 2. For agricultural labourers and their families, per 
 adult, £3 ; children between 12 and 1, £2 ; infants under 
 12 months, 10s. 
 
 3. Fur female domestic servants, £3. 
 
 Domestic servants are forwarded free of cost from the 
 port of landing to any place in the provinces of Quebec or 
 Ontario to which they may desire to proceed, or at which 
 employment may be found for them. The other clashes of 
 emigrants have to pay their own railway fares in Canada. 
 
 The advertisements of the companies running steamers 
 to Canada will be found in all the daily papers. 
 
 Settlers can go to Winnipeg by the all-rail route, or by 
 way of the lakes; the latter is the most economical, but 
 takes a day or two longer. 
 
 2. Offices of the Dominion of Canada in Great 
 Britain : — 
 
 London.— Sir Alexander T. Gait, G.C.M.G., etc.. High 
 Commissioner for the Dominion, 9, Victoria ChambLr:3, 
 London, S.W. Mr. Joseph Colmer, Secretary. 
 
 3. Agents of the Canadian Government in Canada :- - 
 
 Ottawa. — Mr. W. J. Wills, St. Lawrence and Ottawa 
 
 Eailway Station, Ottawa, Ontario. 
 Toronto. — Mr. J. A. Donaldson, Strachan Avenue, 
 
 Toronto, Ontario.
 
 General Information. 58 
 
 Montreal. — Mr. J. J. Daley, Montreal, Province of 
 
 Quebec. 
 Kingston, — Mr. K. MacpLerson, William Street, Kingston. 
 Hamilton. — Mr. John Smith, Great Western Kailway 
 
 Station, Hamilton. 
 London. — Mr. A. G-. Smythe, London, Ontario. 
 Halifax.- Mr. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
 St. John. — Mr. S. Gardner, St. John, New Brunswick. 
 Quebec. — Mr. L. Stafford, Point Levis, Quebec. 
 Ddluth (Minnesota). — Mr. McGovern. 
 A\ iNNiPEG. — Mr. W. B. C. Grahame, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
 DuFFERiN. — Mr. J. E. Tetu, Dufferin, Manitoba. 
 Brandon. — Mr. Thomas Bennett, Brandon, Manitoba. 
 
 These officers will afford the fullest advice and protection. 
 They should be immediately applied to on arrival. All 
 complaints should be addressed to them. They will also 
 furnish information as to lands open for settlement in their 
 respective provinces and districts, farms for sale, demand 
 for employment, rates of wages, routes of travel, distances, 
 expenses of conveyance; and will receive and forward 
 letters and remittances for settlers, etc., etc. 
 
 Clergy of Waterside Parishes Working on behalf of Emigrants. 
 
 Port of Liverpool. — Rev. J. Bridger, Rev. R. O. Greep, St. Nicholas' 
 Church. 
 
 Port of London. — Royal Victoria and Albert Docks : St. Luke's and 
 St. Matthew's, Rev. J. O. Bfio:don. East India and West India aiid 
 IMill\v;il] Docks: St. Luke's, Mill wall. Rev. J.Hewlett, Vicarage; Rev- 
 F. Hasloch, Alpha Road. 
 
 Gravesend. — Holy Trinity : Rev. Canon Scarth, Vicarage ; Rev. F. C. 
 Naish, 9, The Terrace ; Rev. Anton Tien 1, Cumberland Terrace. 
 Tilbury Parochial Mission for Dock and Railway : Rev. F. C. Naish, 
 Missionary Curate ; Rev. A. E. Clementi-Smith, Rector. Many Emi- 
 grants evibark from Tilbury Station. 
 
 Plymouth. — Holy Trinity : Rev. F. Barnes, Holy Trinity Vicarage, 
 Hoe Street. 
 
 Brixtol. — Rev. C. W. Holland, Shirehanipton, Bristol. 
 
 Southampton. — Rev. C. D. Kebbell, St. James'. 
 
 Barrow-in-Furness. — Rev. A. B. Crosse, St. George'3. 
 
 Hull. — Kev. S. Allwood, Mariners' Churcli. 
 
 Glasgow. — Rev. J. C. Brooke, Wellfield House, Springburn, Glasgow. 
 
 Greenock. — Rev. J. Trew, 61, Union Street, Greenock. 
 
 Londonderry. — Rev. F. L. Riggs, 33, Clarendon Street, Deny
 
 54 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 Qiieensfoti-n. — Eev. "W. Daunt. 
 
 Sligo.—Rty. T. Heany. 
 
 London. — Rev. W. Panckridge, St. Matthew's, City Eoad ; Eev. Dr. 
 Eoss, St. Philip's, Stepney, E. ; Rev. A, Styleman Herring, St. Paul's, 
 Clerkenwell ; Rev. E. C. Billing, The Eectory, Spitalfields ; Eev. J. H. 
 Bodily, St. Mark's, Si Ivertown, London Docks; Rev. C. W. T. Roberts, 
 Gothic House, St. Ann's Road, Stamford Hill, N. ; Eev. Charles Bull, 
 St. John's, North Woolwich. 
 
 Clergy and others in America WorJdng on hehalf of Emigrants. 
 
 New York. — Rev. Cornelius L. Twing, 66, Cooper Avenue, 
 Brooklyn, E.D. 
 
 Manitoba. — Emerson: Rev. C. J. Brenton. Winnipeg: Very Rev. 
 Dean Grisdale, Archdeacon Pinkham, and all the Clergy ; W. Leggo, 
 Esq. Rapid City: Rev. J. P. Sargent. Brandon: Rev. J. Boy dell, 
 L. M. Fortier, Esq. 
 
 (Clergy and others are also recommended to write to W. Leggo, Esq., 
 the Secretary-Treasurer of the Church of England Settlers' Society, 
 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.) 
 
 Quebec. — Rev. M. M. Fothergill. 
 
 Montreal. — Rev. R. Lindsay, 278, Dorchester Street 
 
 ORGANIZING AND GENERAL SECRETARY: 
 
 Rev. J. Bridger, St. Nicholas' Church, Liverpool, 
 Who will answer, as far as possible, inquiries addressed to him by 
 intending Emigrants, or by Clergy and others on their behalf. 
 
 CHAPTER YI. 
 
 SIMPLE HINTS FOR PRESERVING HEALTH. 
 
 1. The Ventilation of your House. — Plenty of fresh 
 air is necessary for the proper action of the lungs and for 
 the blood. Ventilation means the art of supplying fresh 
 air without draughts. If you have only one room, always 
 open the window and air the room well before going to 
 bed, particularly if you have been smoking. During the 
 gi"^ater part of the year the window may be a little open 
 all night if you have the means to give yourself and wife 
 and children plenty of clothes, but do not let the air blow
 
 A Few Si7)iple Hints for Preserving Health. 55 
 
 upon you. If you feel the draught too much with the 
 window open at the top, nail a piece of wood, placed 
 slantingly, along the top of the window and reaching three 
 or four inches above it ; open the window about one or two 
 inches, and the air will strike against the slanting piece of 
 wood as it enters, and be directed towards the ceiling and 
 will not be felt. If you have any fireplace which you do 
 not use in the summer, never stop it up ; the chimney is a 
 good ventilator ; also, never close the regulator if you have 
 one in a grate. 
 
 2. Cleanliness of your Rooms. — The air of a room 
 can never be pure if the room is dirty. Uncarpeted rooms 
 should be carefully swept every day, but not washed too 
 often, as wood or bricks both absorb and retain water for 
 some time, and make the air damp and cold. Wash .in 
 warm, dry weather, when the windows can be fully ojDcned. 
 The greatest impurity is, however, often given by the 
 bed or furniture. Take great care that these are wiped 
 and kept clean ; all the bedclothes and mattress should bo 
 fully exposed to the air for an hour every morning, and 
 the blankets should be shaken. 
 
 3. Cleanliness and Dryness about your House. — 
 Do not allow any heaps of refuse to remain near the house ; 
 the air cannot be pure if these are constantly adding effluvia 
 to it. The dust-bin is often badly placed in houses, and 
 is too seldom emptied. Potato-parings, pea-husks, and 
 remains of food, should either be burnt or put by for the 
 pig or chickens. All the dirty house-water should be put 
 on the garden, and not allowed to soak under the house, 
 as too often happens. This water contains organic sub- 
 stances which are fertilizing, and the remains of the soap 
 used in the house is also very good for vegetables. It 
 a butt can be obtained and the dirty water poured into it, 
 the garden could be watered from time to time. Take 
 care that the rain from the roof does not soak under the 
 house, or cause dampness of the walls. 
 
 4. Hints on the Water you Use. — If you have to 
 fetch water from a distance and to store it in your house, 
 never keep it in buckets or open pans. It is sure to get
 
 56 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 foul ; dust falls into it, and it will absorb substances from 
 the air. Wood also gets 8oft, and may make the water 
 impure. Put it into glazed earthenware or stoneware 
 jarts with covers — these jars are ch<ap and strong — every 
 now antl then thruw out all the water, and wipe the in- 
 side of the jars with a clean cloth. If the water is from a 
 surface stream or shallow well, it is probably a soft water, 
 and will act on metals. In that case do not use metallic 
 vessels more than you can help. Use iron vessels for 
 cooking, and if they require mending, take care they are 
 not mended with lead solder, which the water can dissolve. 
 Many cases of lead poisoning have occurred from this 
 solder being used. With such a soft surface-water do not 
 even use zinc pails, but draw it in wooden buckets and 
 store in stoneware jars. 
 
 5. How to Make a Filter. — The filtration of water 
 is not difficult, even if you cannot afford to buy a regular 
 filter. A simple filter can be made as follows : — Get a 
 common earthenware garden flower-pot ; cover the hole 
 with a bit of zinc gauze, or a bit of clean-washed flannel, 
 which should be changed from time to time ; then get 
 some rather small gravel, wash it very well, and put it 
 into the pot to the height of 3 in. ; then get some white 
 sand and wash it very clean, and put that on the gravel 
 to the height of 3 in. ; then buy 2 lb. of animal charcoal, 
 wash that also by putting it into a jug and pouring boil- 
 ing water on it; then, when the charcoal has subsided, 
 pour off the water, and put some more on for three or 
 four times. When the charcoal has been well washed, 
 put it on the sand and press it well down. Have 4 in. 
 of charcoal, if possible. The filter is now ready, pour 
 water into the pot, and let it run through the h<»le into 
 a large glass bottle. After a time the charcoal will get 
 clogged, or foul. Take off" a little from the top and boil it 
 two or three times, and then spread it out and let it dry 
 before the fire. It will then be as good as ever. If you 
 have a rain-water tank, always filter the rain-water before 
 using it for drink or cooking, as rain-water often is col- 
 lected from dirty roofs or becomes impure in the tank.
 
 A Few Simple Hints for Preserving > Health. 57 
 
 6. What to Drink. — If you wish to keep good health 
 to old age, never touch spirits. Nothing can be better, 
 both for you and' your family, than skimmed milk at dinner 
 and Slipper. It is well always to boil it, and a little sugar 
 makes it still more agreeable. When you have had any 
 heavy work to do, do not take either beer, cider, or spirits. 
 By far the best drink is thin oatmeal and water with a 
 little sugar. The proportions are a J lb. of oatmeal to two 
 or three quarts of water, according to the heat of the day 
 and your work and thirst ; it should be well boiled, and 
 then an ounce or Ij ounce of brown sugar added. If you 
 find it thicker than you like, add three quarts of water. 
 Before you drink it, shake up the oatmeal well through 
 the liquid. In summer, drink this cold ; in winter, hot. 
 You will find it not only quenches thirst, but will give 
 you more strength and endurance than any other drink. 
 If you cannot boil it, you can take a little oatmeal mixed 
 with cold water and sugar, but this is not so good ; always 
 boil it if you can. If at any time you have to make a very 
 long day, as in harvest, and cannot stop for meals, increase 
 the oatmeal to ^ lb., or even | lb., and the water to three 
 quarts, if you are likely to be very thirsty. If you cannot 
 get oatmeal, wheat flour will do, but not quite so well. 
 It is quite a mistake to suppose spirits give strength ; 
 they give a spurt to a man, but that goes off, and if more 
 than a certain quantity is taken they lessen the power of 
 work. 
 
 7. Food. — Many kinds of vegetable food, oatmeal, maize, 
 peas, and beans contain almost as much flesh-forming food 
 as meat, and, when properly cooked, form a wholesome 
 and agreeable substitute for it. Extravagance might be 
 avoided and much more pie t^are found in food if trouble 
 were taken to learn how lo cook some of these simple 
 things. 
 
 8. Closets. — One of the best kinds of closet is an earth- 
 closet. As good an earth-closet for a cottage as any, is 
 simply a zinc bucket coming up close to the wood of the 
 seat, and with a handle to enable it to be lifted out. The 
 wooden top of the seat should be made with a hinge, so
 
 58 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 that it can be lifted up and the bucket removed and 
 emptied from time to time. Very Jittle earth is necessary 
 if no slops are thrown into the bucket, and the earth can 
 be thrown in with a shovel. It should be quite dry. In 
 the winter time it should be dried under the fire before 
 it is used. The material from an earth-closet may be put 
 into a hole in the garden, and afterwards dug in as 
 manure. All places of this kind, as well as water-closets, 
 require attention and give a little trouble ; but he must be 
 the most careless of mortals who, in a matter so important 
 for health, will not give half an hour's work every week to 
 preserve cleanliness, and really no more time is demanded 
 than this. 
 
 Appendix A. 
 
 COMMENDATORY LETTER. 
 
 Reverend and Dear Sir, 
 
 I desire herewith to commend to your pastoral 
 
 care and brotherly good offices, 
 
 from the Parish of in the Diocese of 
 
 who is about to settle in 
 
 And I certify that 
 
 Dated this 
 
 It is suggested that any C'.v^vgyman giving a letter com- 
 mendatory to a parishioner ^ujuld copy out the letter in 
 his own hand, in preference to using a printed form ; and 
 his letter would probably be still more valued, and likely 
 to be more useful, if it could be written on the back of a 
 photograph of the parish church or the cathedral of the 
 diocese, or have such a photograph appended to it.
 
 Frayers for the Use of Emigrants. 69 
 
 Appendix B. 
 PRAYERS FOR THE USE OF EMIGRANTS. 
 
 MORNING PRAYER. 
 
 In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the 
 Holy Ghost. Amen. 
 
 Lord, help me to pray. 
 
 Most gracions and merciful God, I worship Thee with 
 the lowliest humility of my soul and body. All thanks 
 and praise be to Thee for the safety, rest, and refreshment 
 of the past night, and for the renewed life of another day. 
 Blessed above all be Thy Holy Name for Thy promises of 
 forgiveness and salvation, of grace and goodness in Jesus 
 Christ. Fulfil these promises to me this day, I most 
 humbly beseech Thee. 
 
 Deal not with me according to my iniquities, but be 
 merciful unto me, and save me from the guilt and power of 
 sin. Give me true faith in the Lord Jesus, and peace and 
 joy in believing. 
 
 Let Thy Holy Spirit dwell within me, as the Spirit of 
 wisdom and understanding, the Spirit of counsel and 
 ghostly strength, the Spirit of knowledge and true god- 
 liness. 
 
 Bless me, gracious God, in my calling, and enable me 
 to do my duty faithfully in whatever work Thou shalt be 
 pleased to employ me. Be nigh at hand to preserve me in 
 all dangers and temptations. Support and comfort me 
 under every anxiety, care, and sorrow. Provide for all my 
 necessities, whether of body or soul. 
 
 May I remember Thee all the day, and ever speak and 
 act as in Thy sight. Help me to be holy and righteous, 
 charitable and humble, cheerful and contented. Let my 
 condition be blessed and my behaviour useful to my neigh- 
 bours and pleasing to Thee. 
 
 JBless all my dear friends and relations, especially
 
 (]0 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 [ ]. Comfort and relieve the sick and sorrowful, 
 
 the needy, and him that hath no helper. Let Thy mercy 
 descend upon the whole Church, especially upon that part 
 of it to which I belong. Prosper the country in which 
 I dwell ; and let Thy mercy and goodness extend to 
 all nations. Hear me, Lord, in these my prayers 
 and thanksgivings, and answer me according to Thy 
 wisdom and love, for the sake of Jesus Christ our Saviour. 
 Amen. 
 
 Our Father, which art in heaven, Hallowed be Thy 
 Kame. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, 
 As it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. 
 And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that 
 trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation ; 
 But deliver us from evil : For thine is the kingdom, The 
 power, and the glory. For ever and ever. Amen. 
 
 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, 
 and the fellowship of the Holy Ghost, be with us all ever- 
 more. Amen, 
 
 EVENING PRAYER. 
 
 Lord, help me to pray. 
 
 Almighty and most merciful God, in Thee we live and 
 move and have our being. Thou, in Thy love, openest 
 Thy hand and satisfiest the desires of all things living. 
 
 Through Thy undeserved goodness, I have been pre- 
 served in body and soul through another day. Glory and 
 honour be to Thee for all the blessings of providence aud 
 grace which Thou hast bestowed upon me from morning 
 until evening. 
 
 I am not worthy of the least of all Thy mercies ; for 
 my sins cry out against me. that I may be truly and 
 deeply sensible of them, and may confess them humbly 
 and sorrowfully ! I have this day fallen short in my duty 
 to Thee and my neighbour. I have in many things 
 offended against Thy holy law. All my negligences and 
 ignorances ; all my faults and sins are before Thee. Have
 
 Prayers for the Use of Emigrants. Gl 
 
 mercy upop me, God, for aojainst Thee have I sinned 
 and done all this evil in Thy sight. 
 
 Give me tenderness of conscience, and produce in me 
 unfeigned repentance. I would plead Thy promises of 
 foigiveness, I would put my whole trust in Thy mercy 
 in Christ Jesus. For His sake pardon my iniquity, for it 
 is great. May His precious blood, which cleanseth from 
 all sin, be effectual for the washing away of my iniquities. 
 Through His merits may I enjoy peace of conscience and 
 peace with Thee, now that I am about to lie down and 
 take my rest. 
 
 Thou hast brought me another day onward in my life, 
 and I am one day nearer to the end. Teach me to number 
 my days, that I may apply my heart unto wisdom. Keep 
 me ever mindful of the solemn account I must ere long 
 give before the judgment-seat of Christ. that, when- 
 ever the hour of my death comes, I may fall asleep in 
 Jesus! May my body be laid in its bed of darkness in 
 hope of a glorious resuriectiun, and may my soul pass to 
 the regions of light, and live with Thee in undying holi- 
 ness and happiness. 
 
 Lord, I am unworthy to ask any petitions for myself or 
 for others ; yet I would humbly beseech Thee to hear me 
 as for myself, so also for all whom I love ; for all who 
 have ever done me good ; yea, even for all mine enemies. 
 The wants of every creature are known to Thee ; supply 
 those wants, I heartily pray Thee, according to Thy power 
 and wisdom and goodness. 
 
 Preserve me while I sleep. Thou art about my bed ; 
 defend me, God, from all dangers which may happen 
 to the body, and from all evil which may assault and hurt 
 the soul. Spare me, if it be Thy good pleasure, to another 
 day. May I awake up to praise Thee and to serve Thee 
 better than I have evei* before done. 
 
 Of Thy goodness and mercy, he pleased, Lord, to 
 hearken to these my prayers for the sake of Jesus Christ, 
 my only mediator and Saviour. Amen. 
 
 Our Father, etc. 
 
 The grace of our Lord, etc.
 
 62 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 DURING A VOYAGE, FOR YOURSELF AND THOSE WHO SAIL 
 
 WITH YOU. 
 
 Almiglity God, Wlio alone commandest the winds and 
 the waves, and they obey Thy voice, mercifully hear my 
 prayers, and deliver me and all who are in this ship from 
 the dangers of the sea and from all sad accidents. We are 
 not able to save ourselves from the least misfortune to 
 which we are liable ; to Thy favour and protection I com- 
 mend myself and others, our souls and bodies, and all that 
 belongs to us. 
 
 Lord, pardon our sins, turn away the judgment which 
 we justly deserve, prosper us in our voyage, bring us to 
 our haven in peace, and grant that we may, at last, reach 
 the land of eternal rest, through Jesus Christ our Lord. 
 Amen. 
 
 ON SAFE ARRIVAL AFTER A JOURNEY OR VOYAGE. 
 
 Accept, Blessed Lord, my humble and hearty thanks 
 for Thy merciful preservation of me during the voyage (or 
 journey) which is now at a prosperous end. Thy fatherly 
 hand has been over me, Thy loving protection has been 
 round about me by day and by night. 
 
 O Lord, make me ever mindful of this, and of all other 
 Thy favour and goodness to me. Thine unworthy servant. 
 Help me, who have now once again been kept and upheld 
 by Thee, to show forth my thankfulness by leading a holy 
 and Christian life, and serving Thee faithfully the re- 
 mainder of my days ; through Jesus Christ, my only Lord 
 and Saviour. Amen. 
 
 ON FIRST SETTLING IN A ^EW COUNTRY, 
 
 Almighty God, who fixest the bounds of our habitation 
 and blessest the homes of Thy people, bejnercifully pleased 
 to let Thy loving presence be with me in my new dwell- 
 ing-place. Thou art the God who changest not ; here and 
 everywhere Thou art the same. Give me sure trust and
 
 Prayers for the Use of Emigrants. 63 
 
 confidence in Thee. May I here enjoy Thy blessing which 
 is life, and Thy lovingkindness which is better than life. 
 
 Give me courage and cheerfulness, patience and hope. 
 In every time of loneliness, and di&couragement, and 
 anxiety, may my trust be in Thee. Keep me from mur- 
 muring and unbelief and forgetfulness of Thee. May I 
 set Thee, the Lord, always before my face. Though far 
 removed from the restraints that may have been about me 
 in my former home, yet may I be on my guard against 
 everything that would dishonour or displease Thee. May 
 I preserve a sense of God and religion in all places and 
 companies. May I never be ashamed of Thee or of Thy 
 service. 
 
 Prosper me in all my lawful undertakings ; grant me all 
 things that pertain to life and godliness ; give me health 
 of body and of soul. Help me to be contented and 
 thankful in all circumstances. Sanctify to me both the 
 successes and failures, the labours and the recreations, 
 which are here to be m}^ lot. May I not live for myself 
 alone, but endeavour to do all the good I can, both bodily 
 and spiritual, to my neighbours. Above all things, grant 
 that I may seek first the Kingdom of God. 
 
 Lord, bless and keep me. O Lord, lift up the light 
 of Thy countenance upon me, and give me peace now and 
 for evermore, through Jesus Christ my Saviour and Re- 
 deemer. Amen. 
 
 Our Father, etc. 
 
 The grace of our Lord, eto.
 
 THE CHURCH AND EMIGRATION. 
 
 The late Archbishop of Canterbury issued in December, 1881, the 
 following circular letter on the subject of the Church and 
 Emigration : — 
 
 " My Reverend Brethren and my Brethren of the Laity, — I am anxious to direct 
 attention, from a Christian point of view, to the vast movement of people which has 
 for some years been going on between Europe and the British Colonies, and especially 
 between England and America. 
 
 «« Official returns show that during the first nine months of the present yea* 
 313,716 emigrants left the ports of Great Britain, nearly 200,000 of whom were British 
 subjects. The destination of more than 158,000 of these emigrants was North 
 America. 
 
 " It has been proposed that a systematic endeavour should be made to establish 
 more direct communication than at present commonly exists between the Church at 
 home and the Church in our Colonies and in America, with a view to the Christian 
 welfare of the vast population which is continuallj passing westward from our 
 shores. 
 
 "The proposal is in accordance with the recommendations adopted by the Lambeth 
 Conference of 1878. It lias obtained the hearty consent of many of the bishops and 
 clergy of the Anglican Communion in our Colonies and in the United States, and I am 
 anxious to commend it to the notice of the parochial clergy of England. 
 
 "The scheme, which is still in its infancy, is at present under the management of 
 a joint committee appointed by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel and the 
 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Its objects, in outline, are as follows :— 
 
 "(a) To supply the parochial clergy of England with accurate information respect- 
 ing the various fields for emigration, "including special reference to the religious and 
 educational advantages which they severally possess. 
 
 "(b) To publish, in a cheap form, a series of simple handbooks for the use of 
 emigrants to our different Colonies and to the United States, containing, together with 
 other intelligence, correct information as to the clergy, churches, Sunday and day 
 schools, etc., in the various places in which emigrants are now settling. 
 
 "(c) To make such arrangements as may be found possible for the due care ol 
 emigrants from England on their arrival in our Colonies and in the United States. 
 This would include the provision of commendatory letters from the parochial clergy 
 in England to the clergy in whose neighbourhood the emigrants propose to settle. 
 
 " Full information respecting the scheme can be obtained on application to the Rev. 
 J. Bridger, Emigrants* Chaplain, St. Nicholas' Church, Liverpool, to whom all com- 
 munications on the subject should be addressed. 
 
 " It is, I think, impossible to exaggerate the importance of this subject, and I there- 
 fore commend it to the earnest anii prayerful attention of my brethren the parochial 
 clergy of England and the laity of our Church. 
 
 " Lambeth Palace, December 20, 1881. . ^ ^ . „.^„ . „ .. 
 
 "A. C, CANTUAR." 
 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND DECCLES.
 
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