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NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INSECTS OF INDIA 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 UPWARDS OF TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY 
 
 FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS, 
 
 BY 
 
 E. DONOVAN, F.L.S. & W.S. 
 
 A NEW EDITION, 
 
 BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE, 
 
 WITH SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERS OP EACH SPECIES, SYNONYMS, INDEXES, AND OTHER 
 
 ADDITIONAL MATTER, 
 
 BY J. 0. WE ST WOOD, 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP LONDON, HON. MEM. OF THE LITERARY AND HISTORICAL 
 SOCIETY OF QUEBEC, AND OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETIES OF MOSCOW, LILLE, MAURITIUS, ETC. 
 
 LONDON : 
 HENRY G. BOHN, 4 & 5, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
 
 MDCCCXLII. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/naturalhistoryofOOdon 
 
7/ .. 
 
 )* 
 
 oi 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 At the period when the first edition of this work was presented to the public, the study 
 of exotic insects, and indeed the science of Entomology itself, had made but little 
 progress in this country. The collections of Francillon, Drury, MacLeay, Sir J. 
 Banks, and Donovan, contained almost all that was then known of Indian Entomo- 
 logy, with which our Continental neighbours were then, as still, comparatively ignorant. 
 To these collections, examined b}f Fabricius himself, Donovan had free access, and his 
 figures of the insects therein contained, which had served as types for the descriptions 
 of the Entomologist of Kiel, are especially valuable. 
 
 The progress of Entomology, as a science, has so much advanced, as to render a 
 republication of this work advisable ; at the same time, however, requiring that its 
 original Linnasan style should not be retained, but that it should be brought down to 
 
 the present state of science. This I have endeavoured to do, by rendering the specific 
 
 ■ 
 characters more detailed, the nomenclature more correct, the synonyms more nume- 
 rous, and the localities more precise. I have added many additional observations, 
 « omitting nothing which appeared in the former at all likely to instruct or interest 
 the reader. Alphabetical and systematic indices of the work are introduced, as well as 
 numbers, both for the plates, and for the individual figures on each plate, which were 
 omitted in the former edition, which appeared in parts, commencing in the year 1800. 
 
 b 
 
IV TKEFACE. 
 
 It lias unfortunately happened, from the careless indications of the older autho- 
 rities, that many insects inhabiting the West Indies have been given as natives of 
 East India ; and hence it has happened that Donovan, having no means of ascertain- 
 ing the true locality of various species, introduced into the present work several West 
 Indian insects. With these exceptions, the present work is intended to illustrate 
 " the Entomological productions of a country for which we ought to cherish the 
 liveliest and deepest interest, as being connected intimately with the prosperity, the 
 dignity, and the honour of the British Empire; in a word, of British India" em- 
 bracing also illustrations of those species which inhabit every other part of that vast 
 continent, as well as the islands situated in the Indian Seas. 
 
 In respect, therefore, both to the circumstance of this great territory being pecu- 
 liarly confided to our care, and more especially to the remarkable character of its 
 natural productions, the investigation of its Entomological treasures becomes the 
 especial province of the English entomologist. 
 
 Thus, whilst our museums teem with undescribed insects from India, collected by 
 General Hardwicke, Colonel Sykes, Colonel Whithill, Captain Smee, Messrs. Saunders, 
 Royle, Downes, &c. &c, Dr. Perty, writing in 1831, observes in his " Observations 
 nonnulla? in Coleoptera India? Orientalis," — " Prcesertim tempore novissimo in Gallia? 
 et Germania? museis, communicatione propinqua cum ilia regione deficiente, India? 
 orientalis Coleoptera rarius inveniuntur." 
 
 In order to shew the peculiar character of Indian Entomology to its full extent, a 
 far greater space would be required than can here be possibly given to it. A few 
 remarks will not, however, be out of place. 
 
 From its peculiar situation, as the great intermediate southern peninsula of Asia, 
 it may be easily conceived, not only that India comprises various types of form peculiar 
 to itself, but that it also borrows portions of those found in the Arabian and Siamese 
 peninsula? ; the former of which comprises, of course, a greater portion of forms 
 
PREFACE. v 
 
 peculiar to eastern Africa, Asia minor, and even southern Turkey ; whilst to the 
 latter is imparted a portion of the peculiarities of the Entomology of Borneo, and the 
 other great islands lying south of the Equator. The entomological peculiarities 
 of the Himalayan Mountains have been submitted to a minute analysis, by the Rev. 
 F. W. Hope. 
 
 In the order Coleoptera we accordingly find various genera and species, either 
 exclusively confined to India, or occurring therein and in the countries above indicated. 
 Thus the most splendid species of Cicindela, and the genera Therates, Tricondyla, and 
 Colliuris, in the family Cicindelida?, do not occur beyond the limits of India and the 
 Indian Archipelago. The genera Catascopus, Orthogonius, many fine Panagan, &c, 
 amongst the Carabidaa ; the most splendid of all the Buprestidaa, and the beautiful 
 group of Elaterida3, typified by Elater aureolus, (some of the species of both of which 
 extend in their range to China,) occur in India. In the great group of Lamelhcorn 
 Coleoptera, (ScarabaBus, Linn.) the species of Onthophagus are excessively numerous, 
 of large size and fine colours, whilst the giant Dynastida?, (which are so abundant in 
 South America,) are here represented chiefly by the small group Chalcosoma, Hope, 
 (S. Atlas, &c.) and by 1). Dichotomus and D. longimanus ; the Cetonias, Euchloras, 
 and Popillia?, on the other hand, are far more numerous and beautiful. The Lucani 
 are of much larger size, and far more numerous than in South America. The species 
 of Longicorn beetles are numerous, but the giant Prioni are of very rare occurrence 
 in India, as compared with South America, The splendid genera Sagra, Podontia, 
 and Phyllocharis, with many fine Eumorphi, and various Paussidas, are especially 
 natives of these res-ions. 
 
 In the Orthoptera, many curious Phasing, with the singular genus Phyllium, and 
 numerous splendid Grylli, Linn,, including the remarkable Schizodactyla monstrosa, 
 may be mentioned. In the Hemiptera, the most splendid of all the species of Scutel- 
 lera, and of Cicada, with several curious Fulgora?, and other Fulgorideous insects ;* 
 
 * M. Guerin has recently elucidated tins group, in Bclanger's " Voyage aux Tndes Orientales." 
 
Vi PREFACE. 
 
 and in the Lepidoptera, Priamus, and its allies, (the most magnificent of all the 
 butterflies, Ornitliopterus,) and the delicate Idea?, are especially to be noticed, as well 
 as several species of the curious Dipterous genus Diopsis. 
 
 We are still, however, far from having attained a perfect idea of the Entomo- 
 logical treasures of India, every new arrival making us acquainted with new and 
 beautiful species. 
 
INDIA. 
 
 Order. COLEOPTERA. Linnceus. 
 
 DYNASTES (CHALCOSOMA) ATLAS. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 Tribe. Lamellicornes, Lalreille. 
 
 Family. Dynastid.e, MacLeay. 
 
 Genus. Dynastes, MacLeay. Scarabfeus, Latreille. Geotrupes, Fabricius. (Subgenus : 
 Chalcosonia, Hope.) 
 
 Species. Dynastes Atlas : cupreo-niger, thorace tricorni ; anteriori brevissimo ; capitis 
 cornu longissimo adscendente, in medio dente armato. Long. Corp. 3f una, 
 (absque cornu capitis). 
 Dynastes : coppery black ; the thorax with three homs, the central one very 
 short ; the head with a long ascending horn, with a tooth in the middle. Length 
 of the body, without the horn of the head, 3-| inches. 
 
 Syn. Scarabfeus Atlas? Linn. Syst. Sat. vol. I. pars 2, p. 542. Mas. Lad. Reg. 6. Fabri- 
 cius Syst. Eleuth. I. p 10,.A T o. 29. Swammerdam's Book of Mature, tab. 30, / 3. 
 Margr. Brazil, 247, /. 1. Merian Ins. Surinam, in title page, 
 tab. 105,/ 1. 
 
 Edwards's Birds, 
 
 This is one of the most extraordinary species of the great Scarabaai of Linnasus. 
 The specimen here figured was purchased by the late Mr. Tunstal, from the cabinet 
 of a Dutch governor in the East Indies, with other rare species figured in this work. 
 At the period of the first publication of this work it was considered unique, and was 
 regarded as an inhabitant of the island of Amboyna, in the East Indies. Linnaeus. 
 Fabricius, Madame Merian, and Margrave, give South America as the locality of the 
 insect described in the works of the two former authors under the name of Scarabaaus 
 
 B 
 
2 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Atlas, whilst Swammerdam and Edwards, who are both referred to by Linnaeus, give 
 Japan aud Borneo as its habitat. 
 
 That the East Indies is the real locality of the insect here represented, is rendered 
 most probable, from the circumstance of several other, and very closely allied species, 
 being found in that part of the world. Such are the Scarabaeus Caucasus, Fair. 
 (described from an East Indian specimen in the British Museum, and regarded by 
 Olivier, and Jablonsky, as a variety of Atlas) ; Scarabeus Charon, Oliv. ; the Javanese 
 Scarabseus Hector, Dejean ; Dynastes Hesperus, Erichson, from the island of Luzon; 
 and Dynastes Jephthah, of MacLeay, (in the collection of the Entomological Society). 
 It is true that the chief distinctions amongst these species are found in the size of the 
 horns of the head aud thorax, and in the teeth, or serration of the hinder part of the 
 horn of the head ; but it is equally true, that we are by no means furnished with 
 sufficiently accurate data for ascertaining the extent of variation in the cornuted 
 Scarabsei in this respect, and we are therefore by no means enabled to regard these as 
 satisfactory species. Indeed, in the volume of the Naturalist's Library devoted to 
 exotic Coleoptera, we have an original figure of an insect, with the name of Atlas 
 attached, in which the horn of the head has a double series of serratures from the base 
 to the apex, and which was brought from Rangoon ; and in the Fabrician description 
 this horn is stated to be tridentate, the anterior tooth being the strongest. 
 
 As it is, however, most probable that some, at least, of the above mentioned 
 species are distinct, it is convenient to regard these insects as forming a distinct sub- 
 genus, characterized not only by the peculiar structure of the horns, and the polished 
 surface of the body, but by the variations in the structure of the mouth. Mr. Hope 
 has accordingly given to them the name of Chalcosoma, in his Coleopterous Manual, 
 recently published. 
 
 OXTHOPHAGUS SPINIFEX. 
 
 Plate II. fig. I. 
 
 Family. Scarab.eid.e, MacLeay. 
 
 Genus. Onthophagus, Latreitte. Copris p. Fabricius. Scarabaeus p. Linnmus. 
 
 Species. Onthophagus Spinifex : thorace rotundato inermi ; oocipite spina recurva thoracis 
 
 longitudine ; thorace et elytris nigris, viridi nitidis ; his striatis ; pedibus nigris. 
 
 Long. Corp. lin. 3J. 
 Onthophagus : with a rounded and unarmed thorax ; the forehead with a recurved 
 
 spine as long as the thorax ; the latter, as well as the elytra, black shaded with 
 
 green; the elytra striated, and the legs black. Length 3^ lines. 
 
3 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Syn. Scarabseus spinifex, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 1. p. 58. sp. 190. Herbst. Goleopt. II. p. 240. 
 No. 146. Doaovan edit. 1, in toi. 
 Scarabseus spinifer, O&k .£V. 1. 3. 148. No. 180. «. 12./ 112. Donovan edit. 1. m 
 
 Fabricius describes this species as being of the same size as Onthophagus nuchi- 
 cornis, with the occipital horn as long as the thorax, and with the thorax and elytra 
 black tinged with green. The specimen described by Fabricius, was brought from 
 the Coast of Coromandel by Sir Joseph Banks. Donovan's specimens were from 
 Bengal. 
 
 GYMNOPLEURUS MILIARIS. 
 
 Plate II. fig. 2. 
 
 Genus. Gymnopleurus, Illiger. Ateuchus p. Fabricius. 
 
 Species. Gymnopleurus Miliaris : clypeo 6-dentato ; thorace et elytris obscuria, inaculis 
 
 elevatis atris nitidulis. Long. Corp. lin. 4. 
 Gymnopleurus : with the clypeus 6-dentate ; the thorax and elytra obscurely 
 
 coloured, with shining elevated black spots. Length of the body, one-third of 
 
 an inch. 
 
 Syn. Scarabseus miliaris, Oliv. Ins. 1. 3. 167. 206. t. 18./. 164. Fabricius Ent. Syst. 1. 
 p. 63. No. 209. Herbst. Col. II. p. 322. No. 206. 
 Ateuchus miliaris, Fabr. Syst. Eleuth. vol. 1. p. 56. 
 
 Habitat. " India," (Fabricius). 
 
 This and the following species seem at first sight to resemble each other, but are 
 nevertheless distinct : they are both represented in the same plate, of the natural size 
 and magnified, in order that the exact difference between them may be the more 
 easily discriminated. The pale colour of the thorax and elytra is produced by 
 numerous minute incumbent hairs, of which the elevated tubercles are destitute. 
 
 GYMNOPLEURUS KCEXIGIL 
 
 Plate II. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Gymnopleurus Kcenigii : clypeo bidentato ; thorace et elytris pallidis, maculis 
 atris elevatis nitidulis, his variolosis. Long. Corp. lin. 4. 
 Gymnopleurus : -with the clypeus bidentate ; the thorax and elytra pale, with 
 elevated shining black spots, the latter variolose, with some of the spots coniluent. 
 Length of the body, 4 lines. 
 
 B 2 
 
4 
 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Syn. Scarabaeus Kosuigii, Oliv. Ins. 1. 3. 163. 200. t. 9,/ 77. Fabricius Ent. Syst. 1, p. 65. 
 Herbst. Col. 11. p. 300, ivo. 195, t. 19,/ 8. 
 Scarabseus scriptus, Pallas Icon. p. 1. A.l . T. A.f. 7. 
 
 Fabricius gives Tranquebar as the locality of this species. I have seen it in some 
 collections named Gymnopleurus granulatus, which Fabricius, indeed, regarded as a 
 variety of Gymnopleurus Koenigii. 
 
 CETONIA HISTRIO. 
 
 Plate II. fig. 4. 
 
 Family. Cetoniad.e, MacLeay. 
 
 Genus. Cetonia, Fabricius. Scaraba?us p. Linnxus. 
 
 Species. Cetonia Histrio : testacea ; tborace maculis duabus nigris ; olytria nigris, singulo 
 macula magna oblonga testacea, punctisque quatuor lateralibus albis. Long. 
 Corp. lin. 8. 
 Cetonia : testaceous ; thorax with two black spots ; elytra black, each having 'a iarge 
 oblong testaceous spot, and four lateral small round white spots. Length 8 lines. 
 
 Syn. Cetonia histrio, Oliv. Hist. Ins. 1. 6. 45, tab. 10,/ 94. Fabricius Ent. Syst. 2. 152. 
 Cetonia versicolor, Oliv. Fabr.var. I Schonh. Syn. Ins. 1. 3, p. 131. 
 
 Habitat. Egypt, (Fabricius). Egypt, and East Indies, (Schonherr). Bengal, (Mus. Hope). 
 
 GYMNETIS C^ERULEA. 
 
 Plate II. fig. 5. 
 
 Genus. Gymnetis, MacLeay. Cetonia p. Fabricius. 
 
 Species. Gymnetis Cerulea : glaberrima, glauca, elytris chalybaeis, punctato striatic, maculis 
 albis. Long. Corp. lin. 5^. 
 Gymnetis : very smooth, glaucous, with the elytra chalybeous, striato punctate, and 
 spotted with white. Length 5 J lines. 
 
 Syn. Scarabreus cseruleus, Herbst. in Fuessly Archiv Ins. 4, p. 19, No. 8, t. 19,/. 30. Gmel. 
 Syst. Nat. 1582, No. 382. Oliv. Ent. 1. 6, p. 47, t. 5,/ 31, a. 
 Cetonia 14-maculata, Fab. Syst. Eleuth. 2, p. 156. 
 Habitat. India, (Olivier). Bengal, (Donovan). 
 
 The original specimen of Cetonia 14-maculata, described by Fabricius, is now 
 in the collection of the Rev. T. W. Hope, an examination of which has convinced 
 
COLEOPTERA. 
 
 me that it is identical with the insect here represented. There are two oblique white 
 spots at the base of the suture of the elytra, which gives the insect the appearance of 
 possessing a distinct scutellum. Olivier, however, correctly described the thorax as 
 being posteriorly lobed, which is the true character of the genus Gyninetis. 
 
 BUPRESTIS (STERNOCERA) STERNICORNIS. 
 
 Plate III. fig. 1. 
 
 Triije. Sternoxi, Latreille. 
 
 Family. Buprestid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Buprestis, Linnceus. (Subgenus : Sternocera, Esclischoltz, Solier.) 
 
 Species. Buprestis Sternicornis : inauratns, punctis ciuereis impressis ; elytris serrato- 
 tridentatis ; sterno porrecto conico. Long. Coi - p. 14 una 
 Buprestis : shining green, with grey impressed spots ; elytra serrated, and tridentate 
 at the tips ; sternum porrected and conical. Length of the body 1\ inch. 
 
 Syn. Buprestis sternicornis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. II. p. 610. Fabricius Ent. Sijst. I. II. 
 p. 191. Oliv. EnL II. 32. p. 35. t. 6. / 52 a. Herbtt. Col. IX. P . 16. 2 t. 
 138./ 3. 
 
 Among the insects of China is a beautiful species of the genus Buprestis, which 
 the natives of that country collect in considerable numbers, and employ in the various 
 ornaments of their dresses, arms, &c. The Buprestis sternicornis, and chrysis, are 
 collected in India for similar purposes, but being scarce, are esteemed more valuable 
 than the other kind, which they receive at a low price from China. 
 
 Both species are brought from Madras and Bombay, but generally in a mutilated 
 state ; for the Indians perforate them at both ends, and string them like beads, when 
 they collect them. 
 
 BUPRESTIS (STERNOCERA) CHRYSIS. 
 
 Plate III. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Buprestis Chrysis : thorace viridi ; elytris serrato-tridentatis, castaneis loevibus ; 
 sterno conico porrecto. Long. Corp. una 1^. 
 Buprestis : with the thorax shining green ; the elytra chestnut-coloured, smooth, 
 and terminated by three teeth ; sternum conical and porrected. Length 1^ inch. 
 
6 
 
 COLEOPTEIU. 
 
 Syn. Buprestis chry sis, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 1. 11, p. 194. Oliv. Ent. II. 32, t. 2,/ 8, 
 a, c?, e. -ZTer&sC. CW. IX. />. 14, 1 t. 138,/ 2. 
 Buprestis sternicornis, De Geer Ins. IV. p. 136. 2, <. 17,/. 25. 
 
 This and the preceding species are alike distinguished by the comparatively small 
 size of the male sex, in which the fifth ventral segment is truncated at its extremity, 
 whereas in the females it is rounded. 
 
 BUPRESTIS (SPHENOPTERA ?) CONFUSA. 
 
 Plate III. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Buprestis Confusa : corpore aeneo immaculate, obscure nitido ; elytris striatis et 
 tridentatis. Long. Corp. lin. 6. 
 Buprestis : brassy coloured, without spots, obscurely shining, with the elytra 
 striated and tridentate at the tips. Length | inch. 
 
 Syn. Buprestis confusa, Westwood. 
 
 Buprestis senea, Fabricius Ent. Syst. 1. 11. p. 193. (nee cenea, Linncei) Syst. 
 Eleuth. 2. p. 193. Donov. 1st edit. 
 Buprestis tricuspidata, Oliv. Ent. 11. 32. p. 29. t. 8. / 87. Herbst. Col IX. 
 p. 181. e. 151./. l.o, 6? 
 
 The original specimen described by Fabricius, was brought from Coromandel by 
 Sir J . Banks. The name applied to it by the former having been previously given by 
 Linnaeus to another species, from the south of Europe, (Buprestis, Dicerrea, senea,) it 
 has become necessary to substitute another in its stead, as it is evident that it is not 
 identical with the Buprestis tricuspidata of Olivier, which, according to Schonherr, is 
 from Sierra Leone. 
 
 BUPRESTIS (ANTIIAXIA) 4-MACULATA. 
 
 Plate III. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Buprestis 4-Maculata : elytris integris, viridis ; thorace postice late elytrisque 
 maculis duabus magnis aureis. Long. Corp. lin. 4^. 
 Buprestis : with the elytra entire ; green ; hinder part of the thorax with a broad 
 golden band ; elytra with two large golden spots on each Length 4£ lines. 
 
COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Syn. Buprestis 4-maculata, Fabr. Sp. Ins. I. p. 280. Syst. Eleuth. 2. p. 208. Olivier Ent. 
 II. p. 32. t. 10. / 110. fl"«r6s<. Col. IX. «. 153,/ 4. 
 
 This admirably beautiful species is described by Fabricius as an inhabitant of 
 India, on the authority of the cabinet of the late Dr. Fothergill. It bears very great 
 resemblance to several brilliant species found in South America and the AVest Indies, 
 composing the subgenus Actenodes of Dejean. Schonherr, most probably by mis- 
 take, has given Italy as the locality of this species. 
 
 ANTHIA 6-GUTTATA. 
 
 Plate IV. fig. 1. 
 
 Tribe. Geodephaga, JIacLeay. 
 
 Family. Carabid^e. 
 
 Genus. Anthia, Weber. 
 
 Species. Anthia 6-Guttata : atra ; elytris lsevibus ; thorace maculis duabiis coleoptrisque 
 quatuov albo tomentosis. Long. Corp. 17 — 21 lin. 
 Anthia : black, with smooth elytra ; thorax with two, and elytra with four white 
 downy spots. Length of the body 17 to 21 lines. 
 
 Syn. Carabus sex-guttatus, Tkunberg nov. Sp. 3. 70. Jig. 84. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 19C5. 
 Fabr. Ent. Syst. 1. 141. 75. Syst. Eleuth. 1. p. 221. (Anthia 6 guttata.) 
 Carabus sex-maculatus, Donov. edit. 1. (nee Fabr. Ent. Syst. 1. 141. 78.) Syst. 
 Eleuth. 1. 222. 
 
 This conspicuous insect is one of the largest species of the Linnasan genus 
 Carabus. It is very abundant in some parts of India. Donovan, although referring 
 to the original description of A. sex-guttata, published this under the name of 
 Carabus 6-maculatus, which name had been given by Fabricius to a different species 
 of the same genus. 
 
 BRACHINTJS BLMACULATUS. 
 
 Plate IV. fig. 2. 
 Genus. Brachinus, Weber. Carabus p. Linnaeus, Fabricius. 
 
 Species. Brachinus Biiiaculatus : capite flavescente ; vertice obscuro ; thorace obscuro, 
 maculis duabus flavescentibus ; elytris nigris, puncto humerali, fascia lata media 
 sinuata abbreviate, apice, antenuis pedibusque flavescentibus. Long. Corp. 
 lin. 7—8. 
 
8 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Brachinus : with the head yellow ; the crown dark coloured ; the thorax dark, 
 with two large yellow spots ; the elytra black, with a humeral spot ; a broad 
 central fascia, interrupted in the middle, and the tips, a.s well as the antennce 
 and legs, yellowish. Length 7 to 8 lines. 
 
 Syn. Brachinus bimaculatus, Dej. Spec. gen. 1. p. 299. Oliv. III. 35. p. 65. No. 81. t. 2. 
 Jig. a, b, c. Schonherr Syn. Ins. 1. p. 229. No. 1. (G. Pheropsophus, Solier.) 
 
 I have not cited Fabricius, nor the other old authorities, as it is evident from 
 their descriptions that they confound several distinct, but nearly allied, species 
 together. Donovan's figure agrees, however, with Dejean's Brachinus bimaculatus, 
 which is from the East Indies. 
 
 PLATYRHOPALUS DENTICORNIS. 
 
 Plate V. fig. 1. 
 
 Triije. Xylophaga.1 
 
 Family. Pavssid.e, Westwood. 
 
 Genus. Pi.atyriiopalus, Westwood. Paussus p. Donovan. 
 
 Species. Platyriiopalus Denticornis : brunneo-rufescens ; elytris dorso fuscis ; sutura 
 late ad basin maculaque utrinque postice, rufescentibus ; antennarum clava 
 magna latere omni acuto, juxta basin externe incisa. Long. Corp. lin. 4 — 5. 
 Platyriiopalus : brownish-red, with the middle of the elytra brown ; a broad 
 mark at the base of the suture, and two spots near the extremity red ; the club 
 of the antenna? large, ovate, margin acute, with a deep notch near the base 
 behind. Length 4 to 5 lines. 
 
 Syn. Platyriiopalus denticornis, Westwood in Trans. Litin. Sue. vol XVI. p. 657. 
 Paussus denticornis, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 
 Habitat. Bengal. 
 
 The first account of the genus Paussus appears in a small tract written by 
 Linnseus, and published at Upsal, in the year 1775, under the title of Bigce 
 Insectorum, &c. This paper contains likewise a description of the Diopsis genus, 
 which, together with the Paussus, are unquestionably two of the most singular 
 H'enera of the many tribes of insects hitherto discovered. Both may possibly derive 
 some additional celebrity also, from the recollection that the dissertation in which 
 they are inserted, concluded the Entomological labours of that distinguished 
 naturalist: it was the last he ever published in the department of zoology. 
 
COLEOPTERA. 
 
 In the dissertation alluded to, the genus Paussus is exemplified by a single 
 species, P. niiorocephalus, and Diopsis by D. ichneumonea, a plate with figures of 
 both of which, drawn by J. Afzelius, and engraved by Berquist, accompany the 
 descriptions. It is to this plate, and the original descriptions of Linnreus, that 
 Fuessly is indebted solely for the account he gives of both these genera, in his Archiv. 
 der Insectengeschichte, printed at Zurich in 1783, as well as in the French translation 
 of that work which afterwards appeared in Paris. Indeed, as Professor Afzelius has 
 suggested, from the repeated errors that appear in those works, in translating the 
 Linnsean observations, defining the character of the genus Paussus, &c, it is very 
 likely that neither Fuessly, nor his translators, Herbst, Gmelin, and some other 
 writers who have treated on it, ever saw an insect either of this genus, or of Diopsis. 
 Thunberg, during his travels through the country of the Hottentots in 1772, 
 found two coleopterous insects, which he conceived, with much propriety, ought to 
 be referred to a new genus, none of those established previous to his departure from 
 Europe by Linnasus being calculated to admit them. But on his return to Sweden, 
 he found that Linnauis in his absence had described the genus Paussus, to which 
 they might be referred. An account of these was afterwards inserted in the Tran- 
 sactions of the Royal Academy of Stockholm for 1781 : this paper is accompanied 
 with a figure of only one of the insects mentioned, P. lineatus, a species very aptly 
 named, from the distinct longitudinal streak on each of the wing cases ; the other 
 insect described by Thunberg, he calls ruber. Fabricius consigned these, with the 
 Linnaaan insect, to his genus Cerocoma. 
 
 The latest history of the genus Paussus, previous to the first edition of this work, 
 was from the pen of Professor Afzelius, a learned, copious, and elaborate paper, in- 
 serted in the fourth volume of the Transactions of the Linnaaan Society, in which he 
 describes Paussus microcephalus, and another species which he found in Africa, which 
 he names P. sphasrocerus. Neither of those insects are allied to the species figured 
 in this plate, which were entirely undescribed. For this important accession of new 
 species to a group so little known, Donovan was indebted to the active and praise- 
 worthy zeal of Mr. Fichtel, in compliment to whom one of them is named Fichtelii. 
 
 Since the publication of the first edition of this work, various additional species 
 have been discovered, constituting a very natural family, distributed into several dis- 
 tinct genera, of which I have published a monograph in the sixteenth volume of the 
 Linnasan Transactions. I have also more recently become acquainted with several 
 other species, of which figures and descriptions have been laid before the Entomolo- 
 gical Society of London. 
 
 c 
 
10 
 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Donovan, in order to admit this species into the genus Paussus, was induced to 
 adopt the Linnaean generic character, with the omission of the term " clava solida," 
 although, according to the characters laid down by Afzelius, it ought not to be 
 admitted into the genus, since he states that the tarsi are only three-jointed, whereas 
 in the other species they are five-jointed. They are however four jointed, but in con- 
 sequence of the more important variation in the structure of the mouth, which 
 Donovan neglected to examine, I considered it requisite to establish this species as a 
 distinct genus. 
 
 PAUSSUS THORACICUS. 
 
 Plate V. fig. 2. 
 
 Genus. Paussus, Linnmus. Pausus, Donovan. 
 
 Species. Paussus Thoracicus : ferrngineo-testaceus ; elytris disco lateribusque fuscis : 
 antennarum clava oblonga compressa trigona ; latere interno acuto, externo 
 excavato ; cavitate ovali marginibus denticulatis. Long. Corp. lin. 3i. 
 Paussus : pale reddish ; the elytra having the disc and sides brown ; the club of the 
 antenna? oblong, compressed, and triangular ; the inner margin acute, the ex- 
 terior excavated, with an oval cavity, the margins being denticulated. Length 
 3 J lines. 
 
 Syn. Paussus thoracicus, Westwood in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. XVI. p. GW,pl. 33, f. 28 — 30. 
 Pausus thoracicus, Donovan Ins. Ind. 1st edit. 
 
 Paussus trigonicornrs, Latr. Gen. Cr. &c. 3. p. 3, pi. 11, J'. 8. Sch. Syn. Ins. 1. p. 3, 
 pi. 9. 
 
 Habitat. Bengal. 
 
 The thorax in this insect is so deeply divided across the middle, that it appears, 
 at first sight, as if it were really two, whence the specific name thoracicus. The same 
 character also exists in P. Fichtelii, which Donovan considered might possibly be the 
 other sex of P. thoracicus ; the most striking difference prevailing in the structure of 
 the antenna?, the excavation in one of which is of an oval, or rather shuttle shape, 
 and in the other pyriform. In my monograph I have pointed out other characters 
 which have induced me to consider the two species as entirely distinct. 
 
11 
 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 PAUSSUS FICHTELII. 
 
 Plate V. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Paussus Fichtelii : testaceus ; elytris fuscis, Iateribus basi apiceque testaceis ; 
 tborace subbipartito ; antennarum clava oblonga, latere interno aeuto, externo 
 excavato, cavitate pyriformi, marginibus denticulatis. Long. Corp. lin. 2\. 
 Paussus : pale reddish, with brown elytra, having the sides, base and tips reddish ; 
 thorax nearly divided into two parts ; club of the antennae oblong, with the 
 inner margin acute, the external excavated with a pear-shaped cavity, the mar- 
 gins being denticulated. Length 2A lines. 
 
 Syx. Paussus Fichtelii, Westwood in Trans. Linn. 8oc. vol. XVI. p. 641, pi. 33, f. 
 31—33. 
 Pausus Fichtelii, Donovan Ins. Did. 1st edit. 
 
 Habitat. Bengal. 
 
 There is a specimen of this species in the collection of the Entomological Society 
 of London, presented by the Rev. W. Kirby. 
 
 PAUSSUS PILICORNIS. 
 
 Plate V. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Paussus Pilicornis : testaceus ; elytris piceis : thorace bipartite* ; antennarum 
 clava oblonga, apice attenuata incurva, pilis longis sparsis. Long. Corp. lin. 2. 
 Paussus : reddish, with pitchy elytra ; the thorax nearly divided into two parts ; 
 club of the antenna? oblong, attenuated, and incurved at the tip, with long 
 hairs. Length 2 lines 
 Syn. Paussus pilicornis, Westwood in Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. XVI. p. 643. 
 Pausus pilicornis, Donovan Ins. hid. 1st edit. 
 
 Habitat. Bengal. 
 
 In the formation of the club composing the second or exterior joint of the antenna?,, 
 this species differs altogether from the others : the club is entire or not excavated, 
 and is slightly beset with hairs. Of this species Mr. Fichtel met with only a solitary 
 specimen, as was likewise the case with Paussus Fichtelii. 
 
12 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 PREPODES REGALIS. 
 
 Plate VI. fig. 1. 
 Thibe. Ehyncophoka, Latreitte. 
 Family. Curculionid.e, Leach. 
 Division. Buachyderides, Schonherr. 
 Genus. Prepodes, Schonherr. Circulio, Linn. <rc. 
 
 Species. Prepodes Regalis : oblongo ellipticus, niger, squamulis coeruleo-virentibua 
 tectus, rostro suboarinato ; thorace supra impresso vitta media Iateribusque 
 cupreo-aureis ; elytris subtilius remote punctato-striatis, plaga baseos, fas- 
 eiisque tribus flexuosis cupreo-aureis nigro-ruarginatis ornatis. Long. Corp. 
 liu. 8. 
 Prepodes : oblong-elliptical, black, clothed with greenish-blue scales ; the thorax 
 with a central streak, and the sides golden coppery ; the elytra with a basal 
 spot and three waved bands, coppery golden coloured, margined with black. 
 Length 8 lines. 
 Syn. Curculio regalis, Linn. Sysl. Nat. I. II. p. 616. Fabr. Si/st. Eleuth. 2. 508. 
 Oliv. lint. V. 83, t. 1./. 8, a, b. 
 Prepodes (Callizonus, Olim.) regalis, <S'c7j. Sp. Curcid. 2. p. 21. 
 
 Donovan well observed that this species truly deserves the title regalis, being an 
 aggregate of beauty and splendour ; of the loveliest coeruleau, changing alternately 
 to the deeper glow of the violet, to green, or the transitory sparkling of intermingled 
 silver. Every space of blue is constantly contrasted with another of crimson, and 
 which, as the violet changes to blue or green, alters its aspect to a still more vivid 
 expanse of gold. Each of those colours, the blue and red, are distinct ; for an 
 irregular space of black limits every spot and marking, and relieves the whole. As 
 the effect of such a combination of colours in this comparatively small species is in- 
 conceivably splendid, and almost inimitable, one figure in the plate is intended to 
 show the natural size, and to admit of more perfect delineation, another somewhat 
 magnified is added also. 
 
 This insect, which Donovan believed to be unique in Great Britain, was brought 
 from France, in the collection of Mons. De Calone, and was in the possession of the 
 author. Linnceus met with it in one of the cabinets on the continent, and described 
 it as a South American insect. In the works of Fabricius, its habitat is given " in 
 Indiis." On this authority Donovan introduced it amongst the insects of East India, 
 but it was the practice of Fabricius, and the older authors, to employ the term " in 
 Indiis," to designate the West as well as the East Indies. The real locality of this 
 species is South America, Peru, and the island of Saint Domingo. 
 
13 
 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 CALANDRA PALM ARUM. 
 
 Plate VI. fig. 2. 
 
 Division. Rhyncophorides, SchonJwrr. 
 
 Genus. Calandra, Fabricius. Rhyncophorus, Herbst. Carculio p. Linn. 
 
 Species. Calandra Palmarum : depressa, atra, obsoura ; thorace supra piano ; elytris 
 abbreviatis striatis ; rostro apice compresso, supra piloso. Long. Corp. 1| unc. 
 Calandra : depressed, black, not shining ; thorax flat above ; elytra abbreviated 
 and striated ; rostrum compressed at the tip, and hairy above. Length 1| inch. 
 
 Syn. Curculio palmarum, Linn. Sijst. Nat. 1. 11. p. GOG. 1. Fabricius Syst. Ekuth. 2. 430. 
 De Veer Ins. 5. t. 15. / 26. 
 
 Donovan observes, upon this insect, — " A very abundant species in India, where 
 it is found chiefly on the palm tree." The real locality of this species is South 
 America. De Geer and Madame Merian giving Surinam ; Dejean, Cayenne ; and 
 Latreille, South America, Cayenne, and Surinam. The mistake appears to have 
 originated, either by confusing several allied species together, or by giving the West 
 Indies under the name of India generally, as noticed under the last species. 
 
 Order. HEMIPTERA, Linnceus. 
 
 FTJLGORA PYRORHINA. 
 
 Plate VII. fig. I. 
 
 Suborder. Homoptera, Latreille. 
 
 Family. Fulgorid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Fugora, L innctvs. 
 
 Species. Fulgora Pyrorhina : " fronte rostrata adscenciente, apice rubra ; Lemelytris 
 
 fuscis fascia pallidiori ; alis nigris, basi viridibus." Donovan. Expans. alar. unc. 4. 
 Fulgora : with the trunk rostrated, ascending ; red at the tip ; wing-cases brown, 
 
 pale across the middle ; wings black, green at the base. Expanse of the wings 
 
 4 inches. 
 Syn. Fulgora pyrorhina, Westwood Mem. Fidgorained. 
 Fulgora pyrorhynchus, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 
 " Amongst the more valuable acquisitions, designed to enrich this illustration, 
 few can afford higher gratification to the scientific reader than this Fulgora. In size 
 it is inferior only to F. lanternaria; it is an undoubted nondescript, and may be con- 
 
14 
 HEMIPTERA. 
 
 sidered as a striking example of the entomological riches of a country hitherto 
 scarcely known, the interior of Indostan. It was originally brought from India by 
 the late Governor Holford, and is now in the possession of the author. He has 
 sought in vain for this species in other cabinets of exotic insects, and ventures to 
 deem his specimen unique." 
 
 Donovan, adopting the opinion of the luminosity of the Fulgora?, then proceeds : 
 — " In the course of our remarks on the Fulgora so abundant in China, F. candelaria, 
 our attention was naturally directed to the astonishing property some insects of this 
 genus are known to possess, that of emanating light ; and it was to this insect we 
 alluded in particular, when speaking of one from interior India, that enabled us to 
 extend our observations on that property. The trunk is large, of a dark purple, 
 thickly sprinkled with spots of white phosphoric powder, and the apex, which is 
 scarlet, and somewhat pellucid, still retains a reddish glow, that almost convinces us 
 the creature when living could diffuse light both from the apex and the spots. In 
 admitting this conjecture, without wandering into the marvellous, its nocturnal 
 appearance must be infinitely more singular than either of the known species of 
 Fulgora?, Lampyrides, or any other luminous insect yet discovered, for, when on the 
 win», the illuminated apex would resemble a globule of fire, or heated iron, and the 
 numberless phosphoric spots on the tube form a train of glittering stars to accom- 
 pany it.* 
 
 " The only figure of a Fulgora in any respect resembling this species is given in 
 the works of Stoll, under the title of De Groote Oroene Coromanddische Lantaarn- 
 drager ;f but among other evident specific distinctions we need only notice the 
 structure of the trunk, which is altogether different, being much recurved, and 
 tapering gradually from the base to an acute point at the apex : its colour is also an 
 olive black." 
 
 * " As it may be thought improbable that any insect can exhibit such an extraordinary appearance, the 
 words of Olivier on some species of Lampyrides may not be unsatisfactory. The insects are certainly very 
 distinct, but reports of travellers countenance an opinion that the phosphoric emanations are analogous in 
 the species of both genera. ' The phenomena produced by a natural phosphorus is still more wonderful in 
 some foreign species, in which the males shine, and being provided with wings, will produce in their rapid 
 flight a thousand small stars.' — Olivier, Histoire des Insectes." 
 
 f " PI. 26, tig. 143. Green lantern-carrier fly of Coromandel. — At the conclusion of the description, Stoll 
 s;ivs, ' In de Nederlandsche Eabinetten, <C'c. &c.' — 'This insect was not known in the cabinets of the low 
 countries till within three years, [anno 1780,] during which time a few were brought from Tranquebar, on 
 the Coromandel coast, to the cabinet of natural curiosities of his Highness the Stadtholder of the United 
 Provinces, of which I have been obligingly permitted to take the figure of a female by Mons. Vosmar, to 
 whom I owe my public acknowledgments for it.' — 'J'J tab. 26." 
 
15 
 HEMIPTERA. 
 
 APHANA? FESTIVA. 
 
 Plate VII. fig. 2. 
 
 Genus. Aphana ? Burmeistcr. Aphrena, Guerin. 
 
 Species. Aphana? Festiva : fronte conica ; hemelytris fuscis margine antice virescenle 
 
 punctis 5 atris, quatuor postici inter puneto fulvo ; alis sanguineis aj)ice fuscis. 
 
 Long, (alis clausis) f- una 
 Aphana 1 with the trunk short, conical ; wing-cases brown, with the front margin 
 
 greenish, in which are five black spots, the four exterior ones having a fulvous 
 
 dot ; wings sanguineous, with the tips brown. Length with the wings closed f of 
 
 an inch. 
 
 Syn. Fulgora festiva, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 4. p. 5. Syst. Rhyng, p. 4. 
 Habitat. " CoromandeJ, Mus. Dom. Banks," Fabricius. 
 
 In addition to the Banksian specimens, still preserved at the Linnaaan Society, 
 there is a specimen of this curious species in the collection of the Bntomlogical 
 Society of London, from the Kirbian cabinet. The antennas being mutilated, I am 
 unable to decide whether it be strictly an Aphana, to which genus, however, it is most 
 nearly allied. 
 
 PSEUDAPHANA HYALINATA. 
 
 Plate VII. fig. 3. 
 
 Genus. Pseudaphana, Barmeister. Dictyopbora, Germar. Fulgora p. Fabr. 
 
 Species. Pseudaphana Hyalinata : fronte conica insequale ; hemelytris hyalinis nervis albo 
 
 nigroque punctatis striaque transversa in medio atra ; alis hyalinis, macula 
 
 apicis atra. Long, alis cl. unc. 1. 
 Pseudaphana : with the trunk short, conical, uneven above ; wing-covers hyaline, 
 
 with the veins spotted alternately with black and white, and with a transverse 
 
 black central band ; wings hyaline with a black apical spot. Length with the 
 
 wings shut, 1 inch. 
 
 Syn. Fulgora hyalinata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. p. 5. Syst. Rhyng. p. 4. 
 
 Pseudalphana h.,- Burmeister Ilandb. der Ent. 2. p. 160. Germar in Thon's 
 Arch. 2. p. 47. 
 
 Fabricius refers to the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, Bart, for this and the pre- 
 ceding species. The annexed figures are copied from the specimens that author has 
 described. — F. Hyalinata is from Bengal. 
 
16 
 HEMIPTERA. 
 
 FULGORA LINEATA. 
 
 Plate VIII. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Fclgora Lineata : fronte roatrata lineari adscendente : hemelytris pallidis, lineis 
 duabus fuscis. Long, alis olausis. una |, 
 FuLGOEA : with the trunk linear ascending ; hemelytra pale, with two brown longi- 
 tudinal lines. Length with the wings closed, J an inch. 
 
 " A pretty little undescribed species, found in Bengal, where it is not very 
 uncommon." — Donovan. 
 
 An apparent variety of this species is figured in Griffith's Animal Kingdom, — 
 Inserts, pi. 90, fig. 2, from India, under the name of Fulgora pallida, a name which, 
 at all events, must be rejected, having been previously given to the following species. 
 
 PSEUDAPHANA PALLIDA. 
 
 Plate VIII. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Pseudapiiana Pallida: "fronte rostrata lineari, adscendente; thorace pallide 
 viridi, rubro lineato ; hemelytris hyalinis." — Donovan. Long, alis clausis, 
 A unc. 
 Pseudapiiana : with the trunk linear, ascending ; thorax pale green with red linea- 
 tions ; wing-cases hyaline. Length with the wings closed, h an inch. 
 
 Syn. Fulgora pallida, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 
 Habitat. " From the same place as the preceding insect." — Donovan. 
 
 The small species of Pseudapiiana, which is well distinguished from Fulgora by 
 the less closely reticulated wings, are somewhat numerous. Three species have been 
 described as inhabitants of the East Indies, namely, Fulgora grammea, Fabricius (Syst. 
 Uhyng. p. 4 "India OrientaJi.") ; Flata lyrata, Oermar, (Thon's Ent. Arcliiv. 2. p. 47, 
 " Bengalia") ; and Flata splendens, Germar (Thau's Ent. Archiv. 2. p. 47, " Java."). 
 It is not improbable that Donovan's species may be identical with one of these, 
 possibly the F. lyrata, which is also from Bengal; but from the too concise descrip- 
 tion of Donovan, which I have copied entire above, it is not possible to speak with 
 absolute precision. 
 
17 
 HEMIPTEEA. 
 
 CICADA SPECIOSA. 
 
 Plate VIII. fig. 3. 
 
 Family. Cicadid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Cicada, Linnaeus. Tettigonia, Fabricius. 
 
 Species. Cicada Speciosa : nigra ; thorace fascia lata flava ; abdomine postice fascia auvantia ; 
 
 hemely tris fusco-olivaceis venis rubris ; alis margine albo. Expaas. alar. unc. 6 \. 
 Cicada : black ; thorax with a broad yellow fascia ; abdomen with the fifth, sixth 
 
 and seventh segments fulvous above ; hemelytra brown-olive with red veins ; 
 
 wings with the margin white. Expanse of the wings, 6 \ inches. 
 
 Syn. Tettigonia speciosa, Illiger in Wied. Archiv. fur. Zool. and Z»ot. 2. 145. 38. tab. 2. 
 (1800). Fabr. Syst. Rhyng, p. 33. 
 Cicada Indica, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 
 " This is unquestionably one of the most striking and magnificent species of 
 Cicada we are acquainted with. A single specimen of this kind was discovered in 
 Bengal by Mr. Fichtel about four years ago. It is now deposited in the Imperial 
 cabinet at Vienna." (Donovan.) 
 
 The species was also contained in the collection of Hellwig, from which it was 
 described and figured by Illiger, in the work above referred to, in the year 1800, for 
 which reason I have retained the latter name as having the priority. 
 
 Order. ORTHOPTERA, Olivier. (HEMIPTERA p. Linnaeus.) 
 
 PHASMA (CYPHOCRAXA) GIG-AS. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 Section. Cursobia, Latreille. 
 Family. Phasmid.e, Kirby. 
 Genus. Phasma, Fabricius. 
 
 Subgenus. Cyphrocana, Serville. Mantis, Linn. Fabr. Phasma, Stall. Fair. 
 
 D 
 
18 
 ORTHOPTERA. 
 
 Species. Phasma (Cyphocrana) Gigas : viridis ; mesotborace scabro ; tegminibus 
 ovalibus ; alis (area costali viridi,) obscure fulvis fusco undatis ; pedibus spi- 
 nosis, flavoridibus. Long. Corp. unc. 7. Expans. alar, unc 7. 
 Phasma (Cyphocrana) : green ; mesothorax scabrous ; wing-covers small oval ; 
 wings, (with the costal area green,) dirty fulvous with brown waves ; legs 
 spinose, yellowish-green. Length 7 inches. Expanse of the wings 7 inches. 
 
 Syk. Mantis Gigas, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 689. Fab. Ent. Syst. vol. 2. p. 14. Ent. Syst. 
 
 Suppl. p. 1S7. Shaw. Miscell. pi. 43. Donovan, \st edit, (nee Phasma 
 (Diapherodes) Gigas, Drury, 2. pi. 50.) 
 Cyphocrana Gigas, Serville Ann. Sc. Nat. XXII. p. 60. Gray Synops. P/tasm. 
 p. 35. Le Geant. Stoll Spectres, pi. 2, Jig. 5. 
 
 Donovan observed of this insect, that it was the largest species of this very extra- 
 ordinary genus known, and that this specimen was from the island of Amboyna, 
 where it was rare. It is, however, exceeded in size by the Phasma (Diura) Titan of 
 MacLeay, figured by Gray, in his beautiful Memoir of the Phasmidas of New Holland, 
 plate 4. 
 
 PHASMA (PLATYCRANA) EDULE?. 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 Subgenus. Platycrana, Gray. Cyphocrana, Serville. 
 
 Species. Phasma (Platycrana) Edule : viridis; roesothorace tereti ; <$ scabro, ? glabro ; 
 
 tegminibus area costali viridi, basi coccineis ; pedibus brevibus, submuticis ; 
 
 femoribus posticis spinosis. Long. Corp. ? unc. 6. Expans. alar. unc. 4i. 
 Phasma (Platycrana) : green; with the mesothorax slender ; scabrous in the 
 
 male, smooth in the female ; wing-covers with the costal area green, pink at 
 
 the base ; legs short, almost smooth ; posterior femora spined. Length of the 
 
 body $ 6 inches. Expanse of the wings 4. 1 , inches. 
 
 Syn. Phasma edule, Lieht. in Linn. Trans, torn. G. p. 13. 
 Mantis viridis, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 Le Spectre verd, Stoll, pi. 6, fig. 20 ?, 21 J. 
 
 Mantis viridana, Oliv. Enc. Math. 7. 036. Serville ftevis. Orthopt. p. 33. (Ann. 
 Sc. Nat. 20. p. 60.) Gray Synops. Phasm. p. 36. (Platycrana v.) 
 
 Donovan states that he received this species also from Amboyna, where it is, 
 perhaps, more scarce than the preceding insect. 
 
19 
 
 ORTIIOPTERA. 
 
 PHYLLIUM SICCIFOLIUM. 
 
 Plate XI. fig. 1. (Pupa, fig. 2.) 
 
 Genus. Phylliu.v, lUiger, Lair. Mantis, Fair. Donovan. Pteropus, Thunherg. 
 Species. Phyllium Siccifolium : viride ; capite, thorace, pedibusque luteo-viridibus ; 
 femoribus ovatis membranaceis ; tibiis quatuor posticis inermibus ; thorace den- 
 ticulate-. Long. Corp. 3i una 
 Phyllium : green ; with the head, thorax, and legs tinged with luteous ; the 
 femora ovate, membranaceous; the four posterior tibia; not dilated ; thorax 
 toothed at the sides. Length of the body, 3.V inches. 
 Syn. Mantis siccifolia, Linn. Mus. Lvd. Reg. III. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 689. Fair. Ent. Syst. 
 2. p. 18. Donovan, 1st edition. 
 La Feuille de citron, Stoll. Spec. pi. 7, <^,?, larva et pupa (antennis J et pupse \ 
 
 vitiosis ) 
 Phasma citrifolium, Lichienstein Trans. Soc. Linn. t. 6, p. 17 
 Phyllium (1) brevicorne, Latr. Gen. 3, p. 39, $. (Phyllium, sect. 11, £ ibid.) 
 Phyllium siccifolium, Lat. E. An. (Id edit.) 5. 179. (Edit. Crochard) Ins. Livr. I. 
 pi. 79, fig. 1. (with details, fig. 16, pupa maris nee imago <§ ). Serville Revis. 
 Orthopt. p. 36. (Ann. So. Nat. 22. 63.) Gray Synopsis Phasm. p. 30. 
 
 "An erroneous opinion has prevailed pretty generally among naturalists 
 respecting the colour of this insect, which when living they conceived to be similar 
 to that of a dried or withered leaf. This, it may be observed, is commonly the 
 appearance of the insect after death : such was no doubt the colour of the specimens 
 delineated by Roesel ; nor can we for a moment hesitate in believing that the insects 
 described by the accurate Linnaeus and Dr. Shaw exhibited the like appearance. 
 The specimen of the winged insect in our cabinet, has been preserved, however, with 
 more than usual care. Immediately after the death of the creature, as we have 
 reason to suspect, the abdomen had been opened, and so nicely excavated that no 
 portion of the entrails, or oily fluids, which would have inevitably destroyed the 
 true colour, was allowed to remain. The natural colour is therefore preserved, 
 which is not of a pale brown, as is commonly imagined, but of a delicate, lovely 
 green ; a colour dependant, it appears, upon a thin internal coating immediately 
 beneath the outer skin, the latter of which is perfectly transparent, and destitute of 
 any colour. 
 
 " The pupa of this curious species is represented, together with the perfect insect, 
 on the Vinca rosea. 
 
 " There is also a much smaller pupa depicted in the upper part of the plate, that 
 was discovered in one of the islands of the Indian seas, and belonged to the cele- 
 brated Mr. Bailey, the astronomer who sailed in one of the expeditions with Captain 
 
 d 2 
 
20 
 
 ORTHOPTERA. 
 
 Cook. This is of an analogous kind to that of the Mantis siccifolia, though evidently 
 
 distinct. The perfect insect, and in consequence the species, is unknown to us. 
 
 Our only motive for inserting it is to shew the peculiar singularity of the abdomen, 
 
 in the middle of which there are two remarkable subquadrangular spots of a 
 
 filmy texture, that are transparent, and may be seen through very distinctly." — 
 
 Donovan. 
 
 Mr. G. R. Gray, in his Synopsis of the Phasmidce, has characterized the last named 
 
 insect as a distinct species, with the description : — 
 
 P. Donnovani (Pupa) : viride, abdomine medio maculis duabus hyalinis subquadratis. Long. 
 Corp. 1—5. Exp. Corp. 6f. 
 
 The chief character of this supposed insect is, I believe, indicative only of the 
 males, notwithstanding the shortness of the antennae in the accompanying figure, 
 which it is not improbable are fictitious, the antennae of the male pupae being much 
 longer, and more numerously articulated, than in the females. If this supposition 
 should be ascertained to be correct, I have little doubt that the figure in question 
 represents merely the male pupa of Ph. siccifolium, and not of a distinct insect. In 
 the Crochard edition of the Begne Animal, a figure is given of the male pupa, which 
 is described as the perfect state of that sex ; but unfortunately only the three basal 
 segments of the abdomen are represented, the fourth, which bears the ocelli, and the 
 remaining segments being omitted. 
 
 LOCUSTA (MONACHIDIA) RETICULATA. 
 
 Plate XII. fig. 1. 
 
 Section. Saltatoeia, Latreille. 
 
 Family. Locustid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Locusta. 
 
 Sub«enus. Monachidia. (Monachidium, Servilh.) 
 
 Species. Locusta (Monachidia) Reticulata: ferruginea ; thorace crista trifida carinata, 
 postice produeta eymbifornii, carina lineaque laterali nigris ; tegminibus nigris 
 flavo reticulatis. Long, (alis elausis) unc. 2i. 
 Locusta (Monachidia): ferrugineous ; thorax with a three-cleft, keeled, boat- 
 shaped crest produced over the elytra, the ridge and a lateral line of black ; 
 tegmma black, reticulated with yellow. Length with the wings shut, 2 J inches. 
 
 Syn. Gryllus reticulatus, Fabr. Ent. JS)/sl. 11. p. 47. Donov. Isl edit. 
 
 Fabricius describes this insect from the Banksian collection, and as an inhabitant 
 of Tranquebar. 
 
21 
 
 ORTHOPTERA. 
 
 LOCUSTA (PHYMATEA) PUNCTATA. 
 
 Plate XII. fig. 2. 
 
 Subgenus. Phymatea. (Phymateus, Thunberg, Serville.) 
 
 Species. Locusta (Phymatea) Punctata: thorace verruooso atro, lateribus capitis et 
 thoracis flavis ; tegminibus atris, flavo-punctatis ; alis atris ; abdomine rufo- 
 annulato. Long, (alis clausis) 2| unc. 
 Locusta (Phymatea) : with the thorax warty, black, with the sides of it and of 
 the head yellow ; tegmina black, spotted with yellow ; wings black ; abdomen 
 with red rings. Length, (with the wings shut,) 2| inches. 
 
 Syn. Gryllus punctatus, Drury, App. vol 2, pi. 41, fig. 4. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. 51. Thun- 
 berg, Mem. Acad. Petersb. p. 258. Stoll Saut. pi. 7. b, f. 24 A. 
 
 Habitat. East Indies. 
 
 SCHIZODACTYLA MONSTROSA. 
 
 Plate XII. fig. 3. 
 
 Family. Achetid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Schizodactyla. Schizodactylus, Brulle. Acheta, Fabricius. Gryllus, Latreille. 
 
 Species. Schizodactyla Monstrosa : tegminibus alisque caudatis convolutis ; corpore 
 luteo-fusco punctis nigris. Long. Corp. 1| unc. 
 Schizodactyla : with the tegmina and wings very long, forming a rolled-up tail ; 
 body luteo-fuscous with black markings. Length 1J inches. 
 
 Syn. Gryllus monstrosus, Drury App. vol. 2, pi. 43, fig. 1. Fabricius Ent. Syst. 2. 29. 
 (Acheta m.) Aud. et Brulle Hist. Nat. Ins. t. 9, p. 161. British Cycl. Nat. Hist, 
 pi. of Orth. Ins. Le Regne Animal {Edit. Crocliard,) Ins. pi. 82,/ 1. 
 
 Donovan states that " this very singular creature is found in the vicinity of 
 Bengal, where, according to the information of Mr. Fichtel, it is by no means common. 
 It lives under ground, like the Gryllus Campestris, and some other well known 
 analogous European insects of this tribe." 
 
 This fact is of considerable interest, since it clearly proves the strong relation 
 which exists between this interesting species and the family of the crickets, Achetidas ; 
 a relation strengthened, moreover, by the general structure of the body ; the anal 
 appendages, (one of which is shown in the accompanying figure) ; the horizontal 
 
22 
 
 ORTHOrTEIiA. 
 
 position of the dorsal part, and the vertical position of the lateral part of the tegmina ; 
 as well as the general colour of the insect. 
 
 M. Brulle has very judiciously formed this insect into a new group, which he has 
 named Schizodactylus, from the remarkable structure of the tarsi, which are furnished 
 with curious dilated plates, and are four-jointed. It is chiefly on this account M. 
 Brulle has removed this insect to the family of the grasshoppers, with long antenna?, 
 (Gryllida?, Leach. Locustaires, Late). M. Brulle has also been induced to adopt 
 this arrangement, by the greater length of the maxillary palpi, and the large size of 
 the wings. The last mentioned character is, however, especially that of many of the 
 crickets, (Achetida^,) for instance, the common house cricket ; and the size of the 
 palpi is scarcely a character of first-rate importance. M. Brulle has moreover 
 omitted to notice, that the anterior tibia? are destitute of that peculiar oval cavity 
 which he expressly states (p. 125) to be found " dans tons les insects de cette famille." 
 Hence, from the majority of its characters, I am still induced to place this insect in 
 the family Achetida?, regarding it as the connecting link between that family and the 
 Gryllidse. The genus Anostostoma of Gray, (Mag. Nat. Iliat. 2nd series, 1 p. 143.) 
 is another very interesting link- 
 
 PHYLLOPHORA AMBOINEN8I8. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig. 1. 
 
 Family. Gryllid.e, Leach. Locustaires, Latreille. 
 
 Genus. Phyllophora, Tliunhrg, Steirodon, Serville. Locusta p. Fairicius. 
 
 Species. Phyllophora Amboineksis : " viridiasima ; tboraee tetragona, singulis dentatis ; 
 scutello [so, area interna tegminum] magno fusco-viridi ; elytris foliaceis latissi- 
 mis." — Donovan. Long, alis clausis, vine. il. 
 Phyllophora; green, thorax quadrangular, with the angles dentated ; scutel 
 large, brown-green ; wing-eases leaf-formed and very broad. Length, with the 
 wings closed, i\ inches. 
 
 Syn. Locusta Amboinensis. Donov. \st edit. 
 
 " The only specimen we have ever seen of this elegant species, is that delineated 
 in the annexed plate with Locusta citrifolia. This insect was received from Amboyua 
 some years ago by Governor Holt'ord, then resident in India, and is at this time in 
 the collection of the author. 
 
23 
 ORTHOPTERA. 
 
 " Both the elytra, or wing-cases, and the posterior part of the thorax, are of a 
 fine delicate green ; the anterior part of the thorax yellowish brown ; with the head 
 and body still paler. The wing-cases, as usual in this tribe, bear no very distant 
 resemblance to the leaves of certain plants, not only in colour, but also in the outline, 
 and still more so in the conformation of the nerves which arise and branch off towards 
 the extremities, exactly in the same manner as the nerves arise, and ramify, from the 
 mid-rib in the leaves of the far greater number of plants. One peculiarity in the 
 structure of the elytra in our new species deserves remark : the scutel, or rather that 
 portion of the wing-case on the left side that folds over the back when the creature 
 is at rest, is of a much stronger texture than any other part of the insect, except the 
 thorax, and serves as an external covering or defence to the corresponding lobe of 
 the other wing-case, which is of a more delicate nature, consisting only of a thin and 
 pellucid membrane, the surface of which is hyaline or glassy. The wings are re- 
 markably tender, of a whitish colour, and semitransparent." — Donovan. 
 
 PHYLLOPHORA CITPJFOLIA. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Phyllophora Citrifolia: thorace tetragono, angulis crenatisj tegminibus viridibus, 
 folium lauri referentibus. Long, alis clausis, unc. 3. 
 Phyllophora : with the thorax quadrangular, crenated at the angles ; wing-cover3 
 green like a laurel leaf. Length, with the wings closed, 3 inches. 
 Syn\ Gryllus citrifolius, Linnceus, JIus. Beg. Ulr. p. 12.3. Syst. Nat. II. 695. Fabricius, 
 Ent. Syst. t. 2. p. 33, (Locusta c.) De Geer Mem. vol. 3, pi. 33, / 3. Sercille, 
 Rev. Orth. p. 44. (Steirodon c.) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Linnceus.) Surinam, (De Geer.) Cayenne, (Serville.) 
 Donovan states that he received it with the preceding insect from Amboyna. 
 
24 
 
 Order. HEMIPTERA, Linncms (continued). 
 
 RAPHICxASTER INCARNATUS. 
 
 Plate XIV. fig. 1. 
 
 Section. Heteroptera, Latreille. 
 Family. Pentatomid.e, Leach. Cimex, Linn. 
 Genus. Raphigaster, Laporte. 
 
 Species. Raphigaster Incarnatus : supra sanguineus; capite, scutelli maculis duabus; 
 hemelytris unica, membranaque apicali nigris. Long. Corp. unc. 1. 
 Raphigaster : above sanguineous, with the head ; two spots on the scutelluni ; a 
 single one on each side of the hernelytra, and the apical membrane black. Length 
 1 inch. 
 Syn. Cimex incarnatus Drury Illustrations, App. vol. 2, 1st edit. pi. 36,/ 5. 
 
 Cimex nigripes, Fair. Syst. Rhyng. 149. 17. Wolff, 1, t. 2,f. 11. Donovan 1st edit. 
 Cimex melanopus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2149. 
 
 This beautiful species bears a distant similitude to Cimex aurantius, described 
 among the insects of China; it is found in the environs of Batavia, as we are 
 informed, but is by no means common there. 
 
 TESSERATOMA PAPILLOSA. 
 
 Plate XIV. fig. 2. 
 
 Genus. Tesseratoma, St. Farg, et Sen-. Laporte. Burmeister. 
 
 Species. Tesseratoma Papillosa : lutea ; thoracis lateribus subrotundatis ; antennis fuscis 
 basi subferrugineia ; abdomine supra purpureo-ferruginono. Long. Corp. 1 unc. 
 Tesseratoma ; luteous ; thorax with the sides rounded ; antenna; dark brown, 
 reddish towards the base ; abdomen above purplish-ferruginous. Length 1 inch. 
 Syn. Cimex papillosus, Drury, App. vol. 2, pi, 43, /. 2. (nee Fabr. Burmeister, <£r. 
 Donovan, 1st edit. 
 Tesseratoma Sonneratii, St. Farg. et Sew. Enc. Meth, 10. .590. 
 Cimex Chinensis, Thunberg. Nov. Ins. t. 11,/. 59. Laporte, Hemipt. p. CO. 
 
 " Professor Thunberg 1 describes this Cimex under the name of Chinensis. Our 
 figures represent both the larva and the perfect insect. That our specimens are from 
 
25 
 HEMIPTERA. 
 
 the East Indies need not admit of doubt : the same kind is mentioned as a native of 
 Sierra Leone by Fabricius, perhaps without sufficient authority." — Donovan. 
 
 There is, perhaps, some doubt, as to this species being the C. Chinensis of Thun- 
 berg, or the real papillosus of Drury. The African species, described by Fabricius 
 under the latter name, is totally distinct. See my observations on this insect, in the 
 second edition of Drury' s Illustrations, vol. 2, p. 91. 
 
 PENTATOMA CRUCIATA. 
 
 Plate XIV. fig. 3. 
 
 Genus. Pentatoma, Latreille. Cimex, Fabricius. Burm. 
 
 Species. Pent atom a Cruciata : nigro pallidoque varia ; scutello nigro, cruce alba. Long. 
 Corp. unc. -J. 
 Pentatoma : pale yellow with black spots, (10 on the thorax, 4 in front, and 6 
 behiud) ; scutellum black, with a, white cross. Length J of an inch. 
 
 Syn. Cimex cruciata, Fabr. Eat. Syst. 4. 119. Syst. llhyng. p. 174. Wolff (funic, t.l , 
 /■ 59. 
 
 Fabricius states that this species was found in the East Indies by Dr. Kcenig. 
 Donovan's specimen was from Bengal. 
 
 PENTATOMA MACTANS. 
 
 Plate XIV. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Pentatoma Mactans : ovata depressa ; supra rufa, thorace scutelloque maculis 
 duabus ; hemelytrorumque menibrana apicali nigris. Long. Corp. 4 unc. 
 Pentatoma : ovate depressed ; above rufous, with two black spots on the thorax, 
 and two on the scutellum ; apical membrane of the hemelytra black. Length 
 |- inch. 
 
 Syn. Lyga?us Mactans, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. 161. Syst. Ehyng. p. 227. 
 Cimex Mactans, Fabr. Sp. Ins. 2. 36G. Donovan, \st edit. 
 
 ACANTHOSOMA UNIGUTTATA. 
 
 Plate XTV. fig. 5. 
 
 Genus. Acanthosoma, Curtis. Cimex, Donovan. 
 
 Species. Acanthosoma Uniguttata : thorace acute spinoso ; ferruginea, scutello puucto 
 magno albo notato. Long. Corp. unc. \. 
 
 E 
 
26 
 
 HEMIPTERA. 
 
 Acanthosoma : with the thorax produced on each side into an acute spine ; ferrugi- 
 nous, with a large white spot at the base of the scutellum. Length | an inch. 
 Syn. Cimex uniguttatus, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 
 Donovan states that this curious species is a native of Madras. 
 
 RHYNCHOCORIS VIRIDIS. 
 
 Plate XIV. fig. G. 
 
 Genus. Rhynchocoris, Westwood. Cimex, Donovan. 
 
 Species. Rhynchocoris Viridis : thorace spinoso ; viridis ; heraelytris fuseo-cinereis ; 
 scutello apice flavescenti ; thoracis spinis cylindricis truncatis. Long. Corp. 
 unc. *. 
 Rhynchocoris : with the thorax produced behind on each side into a cylindric spine, 
 truncate at the tip ; green ; hemelytra brownish-grey ; scutel at the tip yellowish. 
 Length -*th of an inch. 
 
 Syn. Cimex viridis, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 
 This rare insect is from Ceylon. 
 
 RHYNCHOCORIS HAMATA. 
 
 Plate XIV. fig. 7. 
 
 Species. Rhynchocoris Hamata : thorace acute spinoso, testacea ; elytris virescentilms ; 
 abdoinine serrato ; denticulis nigris. Long. -A- unc. 
 Rhynchocoris : with the thorax produced into an acute spine on each side, tes- 
 taceous buff, with greenish elytra ; the margin of the abdomen serrated ; the 
 teeth black. Length y'^th of an inch. 
 
 Syn. Edessa hamata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 4. 10-1. Sijst. Rh. p. 147. 
 Cimex serratus, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 Rhynchocoris hamata, Westwood, in Cat. Ilemipt. Mas. Hope. 
 
 Java, and other parts of the East Indies. 
 
27 
 
 Order. LEPIDOPTERA, Linnceus. 
 
 PAPILIO ANTENOR. 
 
 Plate XV. fig. 1. 
 
 Tribe. Didrxa, Latreille. Genus : Papilio, Linn., (Butterflies.) 
 Family. Papilionid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Papilio, Latreille. (Papiliones Equites, Linn.) 
 
 Species. Papilio Antenor : alis dentatis concoloribus atris albo-niaculatis ; posticis candatis ; 
 disco atomis viridibus lunulisque marginalibus rubris. Expans. alar. 6 unc. 
 6 lin. 
 PAPILIO : with the wings dentate, black with many white spots, the posterior pair 
 tailed, and with the disk powdered with green atoms, the margin with red 
 liuiules. Expanse of the wings 6-1 inches. 
 Syn. Papilio Antenor, Drury, III. Exot. Ent. vol. 2 app. pi. 2>,f. 1, 2d edit. v. 2, p. 4. Fabr. 
 Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 4, Ao. 9. Jablonsky, Pap. 2. t. 3, Jig. 1. Boisduval Hist. 
 Nat. Lepid. 1, p. 189, No. 2. Enc. 'Meth. 9, 69. 
 Habitat. Tropical Africa. 
 
 This species was originally described by Drury, from whom all subsequent writers 
 (including Donovan) have derived their descriptions and figures of this exceedingly 
 rare butterfly. Drury states that he was unaware from what country his specimen 
 was obtained. Fabricius, however, gave India as its country, on which authority, 
 apparently, Donovan introduced it into this work, observing that it might " be num- 
 bered with much propriety among the rarest of the Papilio tribe found in India." In 
 the second edition of Drury' s Illustrations, I have stated the incorrectness of this 
 locality, on the authority of a specimen in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, 
 brought from tropical Africa by the late Mr. Ritchie. Had the insect moreover been 
 an inhabitant of India, it would surely have been received more frequently. No 
 specimen however, as far as I am aware, is contained in any of the continental 
 collections. 
 
 PAPILIO ANTIPHTJS. 
 
 Plate XV fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Papilio Antiphus : alis concoloribus nigris, anticis ad apicem griseo radiatis, 
 posticis caudatis, lunulis septem submarginalibus rubris. Expans. alar. 3 unc. 
 3 lin. 
 Papilio : with all the wings similarly coloured, black ; the anterior paler, greyish 
 
23 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 at the tips, with black rays ; the posterior pair tailed, and with seven red 
 lunules. Expanse of the wings S\ inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio Antiphus, Fabr. Eat. Syst. III. 1. p. 10. Enc. Meth. 9. 71. Boisduval Hist. 
 Nut. Lepid. vol. 1, p. 2GG. 
 
 Var. Papilio Polygius, Enc. Meth. 9. 811. 
 
 Habitat. India, (Fabricius). Philippine Islands, (Enc. Meth.) Manilla, (Boisduval). 
 
 Nearly allied to Papilio Polydorus, but one-fifth smaller, and without the white 
 spot on the posterior wings. It was originally described by Fabricius from the un- 
 published collection of drawings of Mr. Jones, from which it is most probable that 
 Donovan, who had access thereto, obtained this figure, which is the only one yet 
 published of the species. In the Encyclopedie Methodique, a variety of this species, 
 with nine red lunules, is described under the name of Papilio Polygius, from the 
 Philippine Islands, where this insect appears to replace Papilio Polydorus. 
 
 ORNITHOPTERUS PRIAMUS. 
 
 J Plate XVI. 
 
 Genus. Orxithopterus. (Ornithoptera, Boisduval.) 
 
 Species. Ornithopterus Priamus : alis holosericeis supra viridibus, limbo nigro ; anticis 
 fascia longifcudinali latissiuia ; posticis maculis submarginatibus, nigris ; his 
 denticulatis abdomine flavo g . Expans. alar, una 8£. 
 Ornithorpterus : with the wings silky ; above green with a black border, the 
 anterior with a very broad longitudinal black bar, the posterior with black 
 submarginal spots, the latter wings denticulated, the abdomen yellow, g . 
 Expanse of the wings 8| inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Equ. Tr.) Priamus, Linn. Amcen. Acad. 5. 3. f. 203. Si/st. Nat. 2. 744. 
 Clerck Icones, t. 17. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 11. Cramer, pi. 23, A. B. Enc. 
 Meth. 0, p. 25. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. vol. 1, p. 173. 
 
 Donovan observes, that " With the exception of Papilio Ulysses, which perhaps 
 in point of splendour may excel, Papilio Priamus is beyond comparison the most lovely 
 creature of this tribe of insects hitherto discovered, either in India or any other 
 country. It is a native of Amboyna, where we understand it is extremely rare, and 
 bears a considerable price among the Dutch amateurs in that island. We obtained a 
 pair of them in fine condition some years ago from the cabinet of the late Mr. Tunstall, 
 who had purchased them in Holland, from a collection made by one of the Dutch 
 governors in Amboyna, This rarity is figured in a resting position on the blossoms 
 of the Mimosa Grandiflora." 
 
29 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 PAPILIO EMPEDOCLES. 
 
 Plate XVII. fig 1. 
 
 Species. Papilio Empedocles : alisfusois ; anticis utrinque fascia maculari viridi, transversa 
 media, posticis caudatis, subtus ad angulum ani lunulis duabus nigris. Expans. 
 alar. unc. 4-i. 
 Papilio : with the wings brown ; the anterior on both sides with a transverse central 
 band of green spots ; the posterior tailed, and with two black lunules at the 
 anal angle beneath. Expanse of the wings 4 J inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymphalis) Empedocles, Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, 1. p. 70. Em. MUh, 9. 810. 
 Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. vol. 1, ;;. 29. 
 
 Habitat. " India Orientali," (Fabricius.) Island of Bourbon, (Boisduval.) 
 
 The original Fabrician description was taken from a specimen in the collection of 
 Sir Joseph Banks, now in the possession of the Linnaaan Society. By Fabricius this 
 species was inserted, by some strange oversight, amongst the Nymphales. 
 
 PAPILIO DEIPHOBUS. 
 
 tJ Plate XVII. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Papilio Deiphobus : alis nigris subtus basi rubro-inaculatis ; posticis caudatis 
 inaculis septem rubris subannularibus submarginalibus. J 1 . Expans alar, 
 unc. G. 
 Papilio : with black wings, the base beneath being spotted with red ; the posterior 
 pair tailed, with seven red subannular and submarginal spots. Expanse of 
 the wings G inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Eq. Tr.) Deiphobus, Linn. Syst. Rat. 2. 746. Clerck Icon. t. 25. Cramer, 
 t. 181, A.B. Fabricius Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 5. Enc. MUh. 9. G4. Boisduv. Hist. 
 Nat. Lepid. vol. 1, p. 200. 
 $ Papilio Alcandor, Cramer, pi. 40, A. B. 
 
 The female has the wings brown above, the posterior pair being ornamented with 
 a large palmated buff mark in the centre. Boisduval gives the Moluccas, Amboyna, 
 and Celebes, as the habitat of this species. 
 
30 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 PAPILIO LACEDEMON. 
 
 Plate XVII. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Papilio Lacedemon : alis dentatis nigro-fuscis, lunulis marginalibus albis ; posticis 
 ecaudatis subtus brunueis lunulis submarginalibus uigris. Expans. alar, 
 una 4|-. 
 Papilio : with the wings dentated, brownish-black, with marginal lunules ; the 
 posterior without tails, beneath brown, with black submarginal lunules. 
 Expanse of the wings 4] inches. 
 
 Svx. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Lacedemon, Fabr. Eat. Si/st. III. 1, p. 36. Boisduval Hist. Nat. 
 
 Lepicl. vol. 1, p. 374. Enc. Meth. 9. 38. 
 Habitat. Malabar, (Fabricius). 
 
 ORXITHOPTERUS REMUS. 
 
 Plate XVIII. 
 
 Species. Orxithoptekus Remus : alis nigris ; posticis dentatis, subtus albis, his utrinque 
 maculis submarginalibus auratis. Expans. alar. unc. \)\. 
 Orxithoptekus : with black wings ; the posterior pair dentate, beneath (except at 
 the base) white, with golden coloured submarginal spots more or less expanded. 
 Expanse of the wings 9.V inches. 
 
 Svx. Ornithoptera Remus, Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. p. 17G, (nee. Priamus 5 P- 173). 
 
 Papilio Remus, Fair. Eat. Syst. III. 1, p. 11. Cramer, pi. 135 A, 130 A, and 380 
 A.B. Enc. MSth. 9, p 126. Naturalist's Lib. Entomol. v. 5, pi. \,f. 2. 
 
 Papilio Panthous, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 
 Donovan observes of this species, that " it is one of the many magnificent natural 
 productions of Amboyna, and is extremely rare." By Donovan it was given as the 
 Papilio Panthous, with the further observation, " The supposed female of this insect 
 is also considered as the female of Papilio Priamus ; it is a gigantic creature, being 
 still larger than the butterfly represented, but it is less beautiful, and the general 
 colour an obscure reddish brown." The insect here referred to by Donovan is the 
 real Papilio Panthous, and is now generally considered to be the true female of 
 P. Priamus. The insect here figured is evidently a male, as may be seen from the 
 anal valve, which so peculiarly distinguishes the males of the Ornithopteri. Hence 
 Godart and Boisduval must be in error in giving this figure as the female of Priamus. 
 In the nearly uniform colour of the upper wings it better agrees with P. Remus, 
 although the markings of the posterior wings are different. I have not, however, 
 
"1 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 ventured to give it as a distinct species, considering it possible that the markings 
 may he liable to variation. It is figured resting on a flower of the double variegated 
 Japan rose, a scarce variety of the Camellia Japonica. 
 
 In the Naturalist's Library, Entomology, vol. 5, p. 89, this figure is given as the 
 female of Priamus, although a figure agreeing with the present is likewise given 
 under the name of Remus. 
 
 ORNITHOPTERUS HELIACON. 
 
 Plate XIX. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Ornithopterus Heliacon : alis dentatis anticis nigris, posticis flavis limbo termi 
 undata puncdsque snbmarginalibus nigris. Expans. alar, una 5J. 
 Ornithopterus : with the wings dentated ; the anterior black, the posterior golden 
 yellow, with a festooned black margin, and with a row of black submarginal 
 spots, of winch the two exterior are the largest, the others being often obsolete. 
 Expanse of the wings 5 J- inches. 
 Syn. Papilio (Eq. Tr.) Heliacon, Fahr. Eat. Si/st. III. 1. p. 19. CO. Boisdaval Hist. Nat. 
 Lepid. p. 178. (Ornithoptera H.) 
 Papilio Am] ihrisius, $ Eac.M'eth. 9. 27. Horsfield Lap. Jam. pi. 4. f. 3. 
 Papilio Astinous, Fab. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 19. 
 Papilio Minos, Cramer, pi. 195 A. 
 Papilio Pompeus, Cramer, pi. 25 A. 
 Amphrisius Nymphalides, Swainson Zool. I/lustr. new series, pL 98. 
 
 Originally described by Fabricius from the Banksian Collection and Mr. Jones's 
 drawings ; and as the present figure exactly agrees with the Fabrician description, it 
 is most probable that it was from one of these sources (to both of which Donovan 
 had access) that this figure was taken. This is of some importance, as the species 
 has been confounded with several others, as may be seen from the synonyms quoted 
 above, and as it is liable to considerable variation in the spots of the posterior wings, 
 and in the occasional paler radiation of the superior wings. In a specimen which I 
 possess, exactly corresponding with this figure, the neck has a scarlet band, and there 
 are some scarlet bands at the sides of the thorax beneath. 
 
 The transformations of this species have been observed by Dr. Horsfield in Java, 
 and figures of the larva and pupa published in the Lepicloptera Javanica ( pi. 4, /. 13). 
 The caterpillar is thick, of a yellowish colour, with a broad dorsal white line. It is 
 armed with eight rows of erect obtuse fleshy appendages, as well as with a furcate 
 
32 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 tubercle behind the head. The chrysalis is thick, curved and armed on the back of 
 each of the three intermediate abdominal segments with a pair of conical points. 
 
 Dr. Horsfield considers this insect as the type of the last of the three great sec- 
 tions of the genus Papilio having the antennas with obscure annuli, (vide synopt. table). 
 Mr. Swainson gave it as a subgenus named Amphrisius, confounding the two species 
 Heliacon and Amphrisius together, and applying the latter name as that of the genus. 
 But as Priamus and its allies are the types of the same group, it would be absurd, even 
 were it not inconvenient, to retain this genera name. I have therefore employed 
 M. Boisduval's name of Ornithoptera, altering its termination, however, to make it 
 agree with the sex of the old genus Papilio, from which it has been separated. 
 
 PAPILIO I D^EUS. 
 
 Plate XIX. fig. 2. 
 
 Species : Papilio Td.eus : alis uigris, anticis fascia abbreviata flava, posticis dentatis, macula 
 palmata tritida punctisque sanguineis, emarginatiiris albidis. Expans. alar. 
 una 4|. 
 Papilio : with black wings, the anterior with an abbreviated yellow band, the pos- 
 terior dentated, with a palmated mark composed of three red united spots, and 
 several other red spots, the emarginations yellowish. Expanse of the wings 
 4} inches. 
 
 Syn. Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 1G. Enc. Milh. 9. 33. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. 
 p. 299. 
 
 Habitat. Madras, Fabricius. 
 
 This species was originally described from the collection of Mr. Drury and 
 Mr. Jones's drawings, which evidently supplied Mr. Donovan with the present figure. 
 The French Entomologists are only acquainted with the species through the works 
 of Fabricius and Donovan. M. Boisduval is of opinion, that from the facies of this 
 species it is rather an inhabitant of South America than the East Indies. 
 
 PAPILIO ASTYANAX. 
 
 Plate XX. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Papilio Astyanax : alis nigris concoloribus, anticis fascia sesquialtera alba striata, 
 
 posticis dentatis, ecaudatis, macula discoidali palmata lunulisque sex submar- 
 
 ginalibus sanguineis. Expans. alar, una 4. 
 
 Papilio : with all the wings black, the anterior having a broad oblique whitish 
 
 band, striped with black beyond the middle, united to another shorter, which 
 
33 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 crosses the discoidal cell ; the posterior wings dcntated without tails, with a dis- 
 coidal palmated blotch, and six submarginal lunules of a sanguineous colour. 
 Expanse of the wings, 4 inches. 
 Syn. Papilio Astyanax, Fahricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 13. Enc. MHh. 9. 72. Boisduval, 
 Hist. Nat. Lepidopt. 271. 
 Papilio Mutius, J 1 Fair. loc. at p. 3. 
 
 It is most probable that this figure represents an injured individual of Papilio 
 Mutius, which differs only from Astyanax in possessing tails to the posterior wings. 
 This might have occurred through the tails having been broken off, or as in Papilio 
 Polydorus, some individuals of P. Mutius may possess only very rudimental tails. 
 The species was originally described by Fabricius from the collection of Mr. Drury, 
 and the drawings of Mr. Jones, from which it is probable Mr. Donovan obtained this 
 figure, and from which alone the French Entomologists are acquainted with the 
 species. I possess the late Mr. Haworth's specimens of P. Mutius, which together 
 with the remainder of that gentleman's collection of Papilionidas, were compared with 
 Mr. Jones's drawings, and which are labelled "P. Astyanax?" the mark of doubt 
 being probably added from the difference in the tail. 
 
 The P. Astyanax of the earlier works of Fabricius, is a totally different insect, 
 and a native of America. 
 
 PAPILIO POLYMNESTOR. 
 
 Plate XX. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Papilio Polyiinestor : alis dentatis, nigris ; anticis fascia lata transversa submar- 
 ginali albida, (venis interrupta) ; posticis apice CEerulescenti-pkmibeis, rnaculis 
 atris ordinatim digestis. Expans. alar. unc. 6i. 
 Papilio : with the wings dentated, black ; the anterior having a broad transverse 
 submarginal whitish band, (interrupted by the veins) / the posterior wings with 
 the terminal half-leaden-blue, with two rows of black spots. Expanse of the 
 wings, 6i inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Eq. Tr.) Polymnestor, Fab. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 13. Cramer, tab. 53, 
 figs. A, B. 
 Papilio Polymnestor, Enc. Meth. 9. 29. Boisduval, Hist. Nat. Lepid. p. 191. 
 Habitat. " Various parts of India," (Donovan). Cachemere, Ceylon, (Boisduval). 
 
34 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 PAPILIO ULYSSES. 
 
 Piute XXI. 
 
 Species. Papilio Ulysses : alis nigris, disco cseruleo radiante, posticis caudatis ; subtus 
 ocellis septem. Expans. alar. unc. 5\. 
 Papilio : with black wings, the disc being blue and radiated, posterior wings tailed ; 
 beneath brown, with seven large submarginal ocelli on the posterior wings. 
 Expanse of the wings, 5 j- inches. 
 
 Syx. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Ulysses, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 748. Fair. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 23. 
 Enc. M'eth. 9. 65. Cramer, tab. 121,/ -I, II. Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lepid. I, p. 202. 
 ? Papilio Diomedes, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 749. Cramer, t. 122, //;/. A. 
 
 Habitat. " The Dutch spice islands," {Donovan). Amboyna, Celebes, (Boisduval). 
 
 CASTNIA EVALTHE. 
 
 Plate XXII. 
 
 Section. I (Hesperi sphinges, Latreille.) 
 
 Family. Castndile, Westw. 
 
 Genus. Castnia, La.tr. God. Dolman. Papilio, (Eestivi,) Fair. 
 
 Species. Castnia Evalthe : alis integris nigris, nitidis ; antieis utrinque faseiis duabus, 
 posticis unica flavis ; his supra serie e rnaculis submarginalibus, subtus pagina 
 ornni rubris ; fascia maculari flava. Expans. alar. 4] unc. 
 Castnia : with the wings entire black, shining ; the anterior above and beneath with 
 two bands, and the posterior with a single (sometimes interrupted) band of a 
 yellow colour, the latter have also a submarginal row of red spots, the under 
 surface is also red, with a central row of buff spots. Expanse of the wings, 
 4] inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Festiv.) Evalthe, Fab. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 45. Syst. Ent. p. 480. Herbst. 
 Pap. t. 137,,/: 1, 2. Enc. Meth. 9. 797. (Castnia E.) Donovan, 1st edition. 
 (Papilio E.) 
 Papilio Dardanus, Cramer, pi. 17, fig. E,F. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabrioius).* Surinam and Brazil, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 This scarce and beautiful species, represented on a sprig of the Vitex Negundo, 
 Fine-leaved Chaste tree, is here misplaced, not only on account of its belonging to 
 
 * By the term " In Indiis," Fabricius meant either the West or the East Indies ; although he more gene- 
 rally employed the term " In India," or " In India oiientali," to designate the habits of East Indian species. 
 
35 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 the section of the Hesperi-sphinges of Latreille, but also, because it and all the other 
 species of the remarkable genus to which it belongs, are inhabitants of the tropical 
 parts of South America. 
 
 VANESSA LETHE. 
 
 Plate XXIII. fig. 1. 
 
 Family. Nymphalid^:, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Vanessa, Latr. God. Curtis. Hatnadryades, Hubn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal. Fair.) 
 
 Species. Vanessa Lethe : alis subcaudatis supra fulvis ; anticis apice late nigro, fascia 
 niaculisque flavis ; posticis margine flavo striga nigra. Ex pans. alar. 2 — 2 \ unc. 
 Vanessa : with the posterior wings shortly tailed, fulvous above ; the anterior 
 wings with the extremity broadly black, in which is an oblique fascia and 
 several spots of a yellowish colour ; the posterior wings have the margin 
 yellowish, with several parallel narrow black submarginal lines. Expanse of 
 the wings, 2 — 2-i- inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Lethe, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 80. Enc. Meth. 9. 818. (Vanessa 
 
 L-) 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). Brazil, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 Like the last species, the term applied by Fabricius to indicate the habitat of 
 this species, evidently led Donovan to give it as an inhabitant of the East Indies. It 
 is, however, according to the Encychjpedie Methodique, as well as its very near ally, 
 Vanessa Zabulina, an inhabitant of Brazil. 
 
 NYMPH ALIS COCLES. 
 
 Plate XXIII. fig. 2. 
 
 Genus. Nymphalis, Latreille. Papilio (Nymplialis) Fabricius. Paphia, Horsfidd. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis Cocles : alis albo, fusco, flavescentique strigosis, fascia media communi 
 alba ; posticis subcaudatis ; subtus albidis striga punctorum ocellatorum. 
 Expans. alar. unc. 2. 
 Nymphalis : with the wings transversely streaked with white, brown and yellowish, 
 and with a narrow white bar running across all the wings beyond the middle ; 
 posterior wings with short tails ; beneath whitish with a row of eyelets. Expanse 
 of the wings, 2 inches. 
 
 F 2 
 
36 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (N.) Codes, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 65. Enc. Meth. 9. 302, (Nymphalis C). 
 Habitat. Siain, [Mas. Banks.) 
 
 This insect, together with P. Periander, figured in plate 37, and some other allied 
 species, constitute a very well marked group in the great genus Nymphalis. 
 
 NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) TIRIDATES. 
 
 Plate XXI II. fig. 3. 
 
 Genus. Nymphalis. Subgenus : (Charaxes, Boisduval. Jasia, Swainson.) 
 Stecies. Nymphalis (Charaxes) Tiridates : alis supra atro-cseruleis ; margine postico 
 lunulis ochraceis ; omniuui dimidio apicali punctis easrulescentibus. Expans. 
 alar. unc. 4]. 
 Nymphalis : with blue-black wings ; the posterior margin with ochre-coloured 
 lunules ; the apical half of all the wings with eau-uleseent spots. Expanse of 
 the wings, 4] inches. 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Tiridates, Fabr. Sp. Ins. 2, p. 11. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 62. Cra- 
 mer, pi. 162,./'. A, B. Herbst. Pap. t. 62,/ 3, 4. Enc. Meth. 9. 354. (Nymphalis 
 T.) Drury III. v. 3,^2.23,/ 1, 2. 
 Habitat. Amboyna, (Fabricius). Amboyna and Java, (Enc. Meth.) Brazil, (Drury, but 
 incorrectly!). 
 
 IDEA AGELIA. 
 
 Plate XXIV. 
 
 Family. Heliconiid.e, Swainson. 
 
 Genus. Idea, Fabricius, (Syst. Gloss, in Illig. Mag.) Papilio, (Dan. Cand.) Linnasus, 
 Species. Idea Agelia : alis ovatis integerrimis albo-denudatis, venis maculisque nigris ; 
 anticis margine externo nigro serie punotorum alborum. Ex]ians. alar. unc. 6]. 
 Idea : with ovate and very entire wings, semi-transparent white, with black veins 
 and spots ; the outer margin of the anterior wings being black with a row of 
 white spots. Expanse of the wings, 6] inches. 
 Syn. Idea Agelia, Enc. Meth. 9. 195. Audouin et Bridle Hist. Nat. Ins. Lej>. t. 2, pi. 5. 
 
 Papilio (D. C.) Idea, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 758. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 185. 
 Clerck Icon. tab. 38, f. 1. 
 
 Donovan observes of this insect — "There is a peculiar delicacy in the appearance 
 of this large and rare Papilio that strongly recommends itself to our attention, and, 
 
37 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 notwithstanding that the figure of it has a place already in several works on Ento- 
 mology, impels us to include it in the present selection of Indian insects. Clerk, 
 Cramer, and Drury, have each given a delineation of it, the latter of whom names it 
 Papilio Lynceus ; but it is almost superfluous to add, that it is beyond dispute the 
 Papilio Idea of LhmEeus. Our specimens are from Amboyna, and are represented on 
 the common Indian Yellow Jasmine." 
 
 Although it is evident that this figure of Donovan's represents the true Linnsean 
 Papilio Idea, that figured by Drury is a distinct species, for which the name of Idea 
 lyncea must be retained, Dr. Horsfield has figured another species, from Java, under 
 the name of Idea Caura, (Lep. Jav.pl. 6,/. 1. Boisduval Lepid. pi. 11,/. 11). A 
 fourth, Idea Daos, is figured by M. Boisduval, in the last named work, {pi. 24, fig. 3) ; 
 and I believe a fifth was in the collection of General Hardwick, now at the British 
 Museum. 
 
 PIERIS HIPPIA. 
 
 Plate XXV. fig. 1. 
 
 Family. Papilionid;e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Pieris, Schrank, Latr. God. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Linnceus. 
 
 Species. Pieris Hippia : alis repandis viresoeuti-albis ; venis liinboque (albo punctata) nigris. 
 Expans. alar. unc. 3^. 
 Pieris : with broad greenish white wings ; the veins and borders black, the latter 
 often with white spots. Expanse of the wings, 3| inches. 
 Syn. Papilio (Festiv.) Hippia, Fair. Eat. Syst. III. 1. p. 59. Enc. Meth. '■). 19. 3, (Danais H.) 
 Pieris Valeria, Cramer, pi. 85, f. A. Enc. Meth. 9. 155. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. 
 p. 444. 
 Habitat. " Poulicandor, Mus. Banks," (Fabricius). Java, India, (Boisduval, Enc. Meth.) 
 
 This species has somewhat the facies of some of the Danai, whicli probably 
 induced Fabricius to remove it from its legitimate situation. 
 
 DANAIS AFFINIS. 
 
 Plate XXV. fig. 2. 
 
 Family. Helicoxiid.-e, Swainson. 
 
 Genus. Danais, Latreille. Euphea, Fabricius. Papilio (Dan. festiv. p. Linn.) 
 Species. Danais Affinis : alis nigris albo maculatis ; posticis dentatis, subtus_ limbo fusco 
 punctis flavis albisque ordinatim digestis. Expans. alar. unc. o\. 
 
38 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Danais : with the wings black, spotted with white ; the posterior dentate, and 
 beneath with a broad brown border, with one row of fulvous, and two rows of 
 smaller white spots. Expanse of the wings, 3] inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Pest.) affinis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 58, 181. Syst. Era. p. 511. Enc. 
 Meth. 9, 182. 
 
 Habitat. " Nova Hollandia, Mm. Bom. Banks," (Fabricius). 
 
 I know not upon what authority Donovan introduced this species amongst the 
 inhabitants of India, New Holland being the only locality recorded by Fabricius, by 
 whom alone the insect has been described, the French Entomologists merely copying 
 his description. 
 
 NYMPHALIS PHILOMELA. 
 
 Plate XXV. fig. 3. 
 
 ■Species. Nymphalis Philomela : alis nigris, anticis albo pimctatis et lineatis ; posticis basi 
 flavo-radiatis, apice nigris albo-punctatis. Expans. alar. unc. 3. 
 Nymphalis ; with the wings black, the anterior with white spots and lines, the 
 posterior radiated with yellow at the base, with a black border spotted with 
 white. Expanse of the wings, 3 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Fest.) Philomela: Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 57. Enc. Meth. 9. 398, (Nympha- 
 lis i rh.) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis, Mus. Bom. Banks," (Fabricius). 
 
 PIEPJS (IPHIAS) LEUCIPPE. 
 
 Plate XXVI. fig. 1. 
 
 Genus. Pieris, Schrank, Latreille, Goda/rt. Colias, Horsfield. (Subgenus : Iphias, 
 (Buisduvah) 
 
 Species. Pieris (Iphias) Leucippe : alis anticis supra vivide fulvis, veni^, margineque 
 nigris ; posticis supra flavis, subtus saturatioribus atomis fuscis. Expans. alar, 
 unc. 4.1. 
 Pieris (Iphias) : with the anterior wings above rich orange, with black veins and 
 border ; the posterior pair above yellow, beneath darker with brown atoms. 
 Expanse of the wings, 4! inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio /Dan. Cand.) Leucippe, Fabr. Sp. his. 2, p. 44. Ent. Syst. III. 1,;.). 198. 
 Cramer Pap. pi. 36, fig. A, C. Ilerbst. Pap. t. 109. Enc. Meth. 9. 119. (Pieris L.) 
 Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lipid. 1. 596. (Iphias L.) 
 
 Habitat. The Island of Ambovna. 
 
39 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 ANTHOCHARIS DANAE. 
 
 Plate XXVI. fig. 2. 
 
 Genus. Anthochaeis, Boisduval. (Pontia p. Horsf. Pieris p. Enc. Meih.) 
 
 Species. Anthocharis Danae : aliis rotundatis albis ; anticis apioe coccineis, margine 
 fasciaque nigris ; singulis subtus striga moniliforini punctorum subferruginea 
 abbreviata. Expans. alar, una 2. 
 Anthocharis : -with the wings rounded and white ; the anterior with a large apical 
 spot of red criinson-j:>rnk, surrounded with black ; beneath all the wings have 
 a short row of dull moniliform spots. Expanse of the wings, 2 inches. 
 Syn. Papilio (D. C.) Danae, Fab. Ent. Syst. III. p. 203. Syst. Ent. p. 476. Enc. 
 Meih. 9. 124. (Pieris D.) Boisduval Lepid. i. 570. (Anthocharis D.) Horsjield Lep. 
 Juv. p. 141. 
 Papilio Eburia, Cramer Pap. pi. 352. C, D, E, F. 
 
 Habitat. " India orientali," (Fabricius). Bengal, and the Cape of Good Hope, (Boisduval). 
 Mysore, (Donovan). 
 
 GONIAPTERYX MORULA. 
 
 Plate XXVII. fig. 1. 
 
 Family. Papilionid^:, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Goniapteryx, Weslwood. Gonepteryx, Leach, Curt Steph. Colias, Lair. Rhodo- 
 cera, Boisduval Dup. 
 
 Species. Goniapteryx M.erula : alis angulatis fiavis ; anticis supra puncto medio atro ; sin- 
 gulis subtus disco macula ocellari oblongo. Expans. alar. unc. 3, lin 4. 
 Goniapteryx : with angulated yellow wings ; the anterior with a central black spot 
 on the upper side ; all the wings beneath with an oblong ocellated discoidal spot. 
 Expanse of the wings, 3| inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Dan.) Mserula, Fabricius Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 212. Eat. Syst. p. 479. Bois- 
 duval Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1, p. GOO. (Rhodocera M.) Enc. Meth. 9. 89. (Colias M.) 
 Boisdv. et Leconte, Icon. Lep. Am. Sept.pl. 23. 
 Papilio Eeclipsis, Cramer pi. 129,^ A, B. 
 
 Fabricius gave " India" as the habitat of this species, whence Donovan intro- 
 duced it into this work. It is now, however, well ascertained that it, as well as all 
 the other species of the same genus, (except the British Gr. Rhamni,) are inhabitants 
 
40 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 of the New World. Jamaica, and Florida, are given as its true habitats by Boisduval, 
 and New York is added in the Eneyclopedie Methodique. 
 
 M. Boisduval' s grounds for substituting his own generic name, Rhodocera, in 
 preference to that of Dr. Leach, are quite untenable ; Dr. Leach's name having a 
 lono- priority over that of Latreille, employed for Noctua, Libatrix, which had also 
 been previously named Scoliopteryx by Germar, which name Stephens has retained. 
 I have been compelled, however, slightly to alter Dr. Leach's name, to render it more 
 in accordance with its Greek derivatives. 
 
 PIERIS JUDITH. 
 
 Plate XXVII. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Pieris Judith : alis rotundatis Lntegerrimis ; anticis albis venis margineque postico 
 
 (albo niaculato) nigris ; posticis fulvis, margine nigris. Expans.alar. unc. 2 — 1\. 
 
 Pieris : with the wings entire and rounded ; the anterior white, with the veins and 
 
 posterior margin, black, the latter spotted with white ; the posterior wings 
 
 fulvous, with a black border-. Expanse of the wings, 2— 2i inches. 
 
 Sy.v. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Judith, Fair. Eat. Si/st. III. 1. p. 202. Boisduval Hist. Nat. 
 
 Lepid. 1. 4G8. Enc. Meth. 0. 121. Eubner ZuU GG9— C70. (Acraa J.) Horsfield 
 
 Lep. Jav. p. 1-44. (Pontia J.) 
 Habitat. '• Poulicandor, Mus. D. Banks." ( Fabricius), Java, Sumatra, {Boisduval ) 
 
 PIERIS L I B Y T II E A. 
 
 Plate XXVII. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Pieris Libythea : alis rotundatis integerrimis albis ; anticis costa baseos apiceque, 
 posticis punctis marginalibus fuscis. Expaus. alar. unc. 2J-. 
 Pieris : with the wings entire, rounded, and white; the anterior having the costa 
 at the base and the extremity, and the posterior having several marginal spots 
 dark brown. Expanse of the wings, 21 inches. 
 Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Libythea, Fair. Eat. Syst. III. 1. p. 190. Syst. Ent. p. 471. 
 Pieris Libitina, Enc. Meth 9. 133. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. p. 499. 
 
 The Fabrician specific name of this insect has been altered in the Eneyclopedie 
 Methodique, merely because the same name has been subsequently used genericaUy for 
 a distinct group of Lepidoptera. 
 
41 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 ANTHOCARIS EUCHARIS. 
 
 Plate XXVII. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Anthocaris Eucharis : alis rotundatis integerrimis albis ; anticis apice fulvis 
 margine nigro ; posticis immaculatis sen punctis margiiialibus nigris, his infra 
 macula costali subferruginea. Expans. alar. una 1|-. 
 Anthocaris : with the wings rounded, entire, and white ; the anterior fulvous at 
 the tips, with a black margin ; the posterior without spots, or with small mar- 
 ginal black points, the latter beneath, with a small reddish costal spot. Expanse 
 of the wings, I \ inch. 
 Syn. Papilio Eucharis, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 472. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 195. Enc. Meih. 9. 
 124. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. p. 568. (Anthocaris E ) 
 Papilio Aurora, Cramer, pi. 299,/ A, B, 0, D. 
 Pieris Titea, Enc. M'eth. 9. 124. Horsfield Lep. Jav. p. 141. 
 
 Habitat. " India orientali," (Fabricius). Coromandel, Pegu, (Boisduval). 
 
 ANTHOCARIS GENUTIA. 
 
 Plate XXVII. fig. 5. 
 
 Species. Anthocaris Genutia : alis falcatis, integerrimis, albis; anticis apice fulvis ; 
 
 posticis punctis margiiialibus nigris, subtus viridi marmoratis. Expans. alar. 
 
 unc. 1J. 
 
 Anthocaris : with the wings entire, white ; the anterior falcate, with the tip 
 
 fulvous ; the posterior with marginal black spots, and on the under side marbled 
 
 with green. Expanse of the wings, 1 .', inch. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Genutia, Fabricius Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 193. (nee Pap. Genutia 
 Cramer, pi. 206,/ C, D.) Enc. Meih. 9, p. 168, (Pieris G.) p. 806, (Libythea G.) 
 Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1. 565. 
 Manci]iium vorax Medea, Hubn. Exot. Samml. 
 ? Pieris L'Herminieri, Enc. Moth. 9. 167. 
 
 There appears to have been two errors committed respecting this insect. In the 
 first place, it is evidently very closely allied to the orange-tipped butterfly of our 
 country, (Anthocaris Cardamines) ; the palpi, as represented in this figure, are 
 fictitious, being elongated like those of the genus Libythea, which induced M. Godart 
 to place it in that genus, in the appendix to his article on the butterflies in the 
 Encyclopedie Methodique. In the second place, instead of being an inhabitant of 
 the East Indies, as stated by Fabricius, (and on his authority introduced into this 
 work,) it is now known to belong to North America : a species agreeing in all 
 
 G 
 
42 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 respects with the Fabrician insect, but with ordinary sized palpi, having been since 
 discovered in North America, and described in the Encyclopedic Methodique, under 
 the name of Pieris L'Herminieri. 
 
 PIEPJS AMARYLLIS. 
 
 Plate XXVIII. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Pieris Amaryllis : alis rotundatis, integerrimis, concoloribus, obscure albis ; 
 anticis utrinque lunula media nigra. Expans. alar. unc. 2|. 
 Pieris : with the wings rounded, entire, concolorous, dirty white ; the anterior 
 pair having a small central black lunule visible both above and beneath. Expanse 
 of the wings, 1\ inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Amaryllis, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 189. Enc. Meth. 9. 141. 
 Boisduval Hist. Rat. Lep. 1. p. 549. 
 
 M. Boisduval expresses a doubt whether this species be really an inhabitant of 
 the East Indies. 
 
 PIERIS CASTALIA. 
 
 Plate XXVIII. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Pieris Castalia : alis integerrimis, rotundatis, albis, supra immaculatis subtus basi 
 tlavescentibus. Expans. alar. unc. 2 j-. 
 Pieris : with the wings entire, rounded, and white, without any spots above, but 
 with the base of the wings yellowish beneath. Expanse of the wings, 2|- inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Castalia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 188. Enc. Meth. 9. 160. 
 (Pieris C.) Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. p. 51G. 
 
 COLIAS (CALLIDRYAS) SCYLLA. 
 
 Plate XXVIII. fig. 3. 
 
 Genus. Colias, Latreille et Oodart. (Subgenus : Callidryas, Boisduval.) 
 
 Species. Colias (Callidryas) Scylla : alis integerrimis subrotundatis, supra anticis albis 
 
 limbo nigro, posticis aurantiacis subtus omnibus nebulosis. Expans. alar. 2J. 
 
 Colias (Callidryas) : with the wings entire and rounded, above the anterior are 
 
 white, with a black posterior border, and the posterior are rich orange ; beneath 
 
 all the wings are mottled with yellowish. Expanse of the wings, 2J inches. 
 
43 
 
 LEPIDOPTEEA. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Scylla, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 763. Fair. Ent. Syst. Ill, I. p. 201. 
 Cramer, tab. 12, /. C, D. (J 1 ) Sulzer Gesch. Ins. t. 15, f. 6. Enc. Meth. 9. 95. 
 Boisduval Hist. Nat. Eep. p. 631. 
 g Papilio Cornelia, Fair. Mant. 2. p. 21. 
 Colias Scylla, Horsfield Eep. Jav. p. 133, pi. 4. f. 6, (larva and pupa.) 
 
 The caterpillar of this very distinct species, according to Dr. Horsfield, is very 
 common in the eastern part of Java upon the Cassia fistula and obtusifolia. It is 
 extremely abundant, particularly in the early part of the rainy season, after the 
 renewal of the foliage of these plants. It is green, with minute black tubercles 
 arranged in transverse series, and with a lateral yellow line above the legs. The 
 chrysalis is boat-shaped, with the head pointed, but not so much elevated as some 
 other species of this genus. 
 
 The last three species are represented on Dolichos lignosus. 
 
 VANESSA CACTA. 
 
 Plate XXIX. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Vanessa Cacta : alis angulato-dentatis, anticis nigris basi purpureis macula magna 
 transversa fulva, posticis fuscis strigis duabus submarginalibus. Expans. alar, 
 unc. 2£. 
 Vanessa : with the wings angulato-dentated, the anterior black, with the basal 
 portion purple, and with a large transverse orange spot ; the posterior brown 
 with two submarginal black lines. Expanse of the wings, 2h inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymphalis) Cacta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 116. Enc. Meth. 9. 309. 
 
 Originally described by Fabricius from the collection and drawings of Mr. Jones, 
 from which Donovan most probably also obtained the present figure. 
 
 NYMPHALIS OCTAVIUS. 
 
 Plate XXIX. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Ny.mphalis Octavius : alis nigris, fascia lata communi viridi, antice abbreviata, 
 posticis caudatis ; subtus griseis striga fusca. Expans. alar. unc. 2|. 
 Nymphalis : with black wings, a broad green bar running across them, not extend- 
 ing to the anterior margin of the anterior pair ; posterior pair tailed ; beneath 
 grey with a brown streak. Expanse of the wings, 2i inches. 
 
 G 2 
 
44 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (N.) Octavius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 73. (nee P. Octavia, p. 120.) Enc. 
 Meth, 9. 3G8. (Nymphalis D.) 
 
 Fabricius gave India as the habitat of this species, but in the Encyclopedie 
 Methodique it is said to be from South America, being in that work doubtfully 
 regarded as the female of the Brazilian species Nymphalis Iphis of Humboldt and 
 Bonpland's voyage, which is therein considered as identical with the Papilio (N.) 
 Morvus of Fabricius, by whom also India is given as the habitat of the last-named 
 species. 
 
 NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) ATHAMAS. 
 
 Plate XXIX. fig. 3. 
 
 Genus. Nymphalis, Lalreifle. Papilio, (Nymphalis p.) Fabricius. (Subgenus : Charaxes, 
 Boisduval. Jasia, Swainson.) 
 
 Species. Nymphalis (Charaxes) Athamas : alis supra nigris, utrincpie fascia media lata 
 glauca subhyalimi, subtus hmulis ferrugineis marginata. Expans. alar. una 3. 
 Nymphalis : with the wings above black, on each side with a broad central 
 glaucous subhyaline bar, which on the underside is margined with ferruginous 
 lumiles. Expanse of the wings, 3 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Equit. Ach.) Athamas, Briny, vol. 1, pi. '2, ji<j. -4. Cramer Pap. pi. 89, 
 ./: C, D. Em: JIM. 9. 353. (Nymphalis A.) 
 Papilio Pyrrhus, Donovan, 1st edit. (excl. Syn. Linn.) 
 
 MORPHO MENETHO. 
 
 Plate XXX. fig. 1. 
 
 Genus. Morpho, Fabricius, Latreille, Godart. 
 
 Species. Mokpho Menetho : alis dentatis fuscis, strigis duabus submarginalibus macularum 
 flavarum, subtus flavescentibus, fasciis duabus fuscis. Expans. alar, una 3^ ! . 
 Morpho : with In-own dentated wings, and with two rows of submarginal yellow 
 spots, beneath yellowish with two brown fascia?. Expanse of the wings, 
 3 1 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Menetho, Fabr. Eat. Syst. III. 1, p. 83. Enc. Meth. 9. 446, 
 
 This insect is nearly allied to Morpho Tullia, Fabricius. The present figure does 
 not precisely agree with the Fabrician description ; but as both were, in all proba- 
 bility, derived from the same source, Mr. Jones's collection of drawings, there can 
 be but little doubt upon their identity. 
 
45 
 
 LEPIDOPTEKA. 
 
 HIPPARCHIA? ARCESILAUS. 
 
 Plate XXX. fig. 2. 
 
 Genus. Hipparchia, Fabricius. Satyrus, Latreille, Godart. 
 
 Species. Hipparchia? Arcesilaus : alis integerrimis, supra ferrugineis immaculatis, subtus 
 fuscis strigis duabus obsourioribus. Expans. alar. unc. 2^. 
 Hipparchia 1 with entire wings, above ferruginous immaculate, beneath brown 
 with two darker parallel streaks. Expanse of the wings, 2^ inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Arcesilaus, Fabr. Eat. Syst. III. 1. p. 153. Enc. Meth, 9. 497. 
 (Satyrus? A.) (nee Pap. Arcesilaus, Cramer, pi. 294.) 
 
 Habitat. " Siam, Mus. Bom. Banks" (Fabricius). 
 
 Fabricius is silent regarding the submarginal row of white dots represented in 
 this figure. 
 
 NYMPHALIS ORSIS. 
 
 ? Plate XXX. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Nyjiphalis : alis nigris, (in mare casruleo micantibus) strigis tribus macularibus, 
 posticis striga marginali crerulea. Expans. alar. unc. 2- 1 -. 
 Nyjiphalis : with the wings black, (in the male shining blue) with three transverse 
 rows of white spots, and with a submarginal blue streak on the posterior wings. 
 Expanse of the wings, 2 J- inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Orsis, Brury Illuslr. vol. 3, pi. 16,/. 3. 
 
 Papilio (N.) Orsis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 124. J. Enc. Meth. 9. 381. 
 Papilio (N.) Blandina, Fab. Eat. Syst. III. 1. p, 129. ? . Bonovan, 1st edit. 
 
 This Brazilian insect was probably introduced into this work in consequence of 
 the vague expression of Fabricius, " Habitat in Indiis," which was applied not only 
 to N. Blandina, (or the female), but also to N. Orsis, (or the male.) 
 
 NYMPHALIS LIBERIA. 
 
 Plate XXX. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Nyjiphalis Liberia : alis dentatis, supra fulvis, anticarum area apicis obscura : 
 posticis supra puncto atro, subtus tribus ocellaribus. Expans. alar. unc. 2. 
 Nyjiphalis : with the wings dentated, above fulvous, the anterior with a dark 
 
46 
 
 LEPIDOPTEKA. 
 
 coloured curved mark near the tips, the posterior with a single black dot above, 
 and with three ocellated spots beneath. Expanse of the wings, 2 inches. 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Liberia, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 135. Enc. M'eth. 9. 375. 
 
 The same observation may be applied to this South American species as to the 
 last, — Stoll, who investigated the transformations of many of the Lepidoptera of 
 Guiana, having described its preparatory states. The caterpillar is of a dark green 
 colour, with the head blue, and the legs and anal fork yellow. It is armed with 
 black branching spines, of which the two anterior ones are by far the longest. The 
 chrysalis is elongated, with the head bifid, and of a green colour. It appears to be a 
 very variable species, as the Papilio Agatha and Merione of Fabricius, P. Laothoe 
 of Herbst, and P. Ariadne of Cramer, are referred to it in the Encyclopedie 
 Mcthodique. 
 
 NYMPHALIS ? PHEGEA. 
 
 Plate XXXI. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis? Phegea: alis dentatis fuscis, nigro tindatis, anticis fascia maculari, 
 posticis disco ferrugineo aut albo ; subtus pallidioribus. Expans. alar. imc. 3-J. 
 Nymphalis 1 with the wings dentated, brown, with numerous black waves ; the 
 anterior with a row of spots, and the disc of the posterior wings of a ferruginous 
 or white colour ; beneath the wings are paler, and the black waves more distinct. 
 Expanse of the wings, 3| inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (N.) Phegea, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 132. Enc. Meth. 9. 40G, (Nynipha- 
 lus? P.) 
 
 NYMPHALIS FATIMA. 
 
 Plate XXXI. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis Fatima : alis atris, fascia communi flava, posticarum abbreviata ; 
 anticis punctis quatuor flavis subapicalibus ; posticis maculis rubris mediis, sub- 
 caudatis. Expans. alar. unc. 2. 1 ,. 
 Nymphalis : with the wings black, having a yellow bar running across them, which 
 is abbreviated in the posterior pair ; the anterior having also four subapical 
 yellow spots, and the posterior several red spots in the middle, the latter slightly 
 tailed. Expanse of the wings, 2 J inches. 
 
47 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Fatimn, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 81. Enc. M'eCh. 9. 375, (Nym- 
 phalis F.) 
 
 Fabricius gives the habitat of this species "in Indiis," with the observation, that 
 it is of the figure of the South American Papilio Iphicla. (Drunj, 1. pi. 14, f. 3, 4.) 
 Hence I think it most probable that the term must be considered to signify the West 
 Indies, or South America, and that the species is incorrectly introduced into the 
 present work. 
 
 ARGYNNIS THYBLIA. 
 
 Plate XXXI. fig. 3. 
 
 Genus. Aegynnis, Fabricius, Latreille, Godart. Argyreus, Scop. 
 
 Species. Argynnis Thyelia : alis subrotundatis subdentatis, supra fulvis extiino maeulisque 
 nigris ; posticis subtus pallide testaceis fascia alba, transversa, media, punctis 
 duobus baseos roseis nigroque cinctis. Expans. alar. 2J- unc. 
 Argynnis : with the wings rather rounded aud dentate, above fulvous, with the 
 tip and several spots black ; the posterior beneath pale brick red, with a white 
 bar across the middle, and with two crimson basal spots, bordered with black. 
 Expanse of the wings, 2J- inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (N.) Thyelia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 142. Enc. M'eth. 9. 257. 
 (Argynnis T.) 
 
 PIERIS NERO. 
 
 Plate XXXII. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Pieris Nero : alis iutegerrimis, anticis elongato-trigonis, sanguineis, margine parum 
 fuscescente, subtus aurantiis ; posticis strigis duobus fuscis fere obsoletis. Expans. 
 alar. unc. 3. 
 Pieris : with the wings entire, the anterior elongate-trigonate, sanguineous, with 
 the nerves and margin brownish, beneath orange ; the posterior wings with 
 two nearly obsolete streaks. Expanse of the wings, 3 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Nero, Fabricius Ent. Syst. III. 1. ;;. 153. Enc. M'etli. 9. 805, 
 Supp. (Pieris N. ) Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1. 485. 
 Pieris Thyria, Enc. Meth. 9, 147. Guerin Icon. R. An. Ins. pi. 77, f. 1. Horsfield, 
 Zool. Jour. vol. 4, pi. 4, /. 2. 
 
 Habitat. " In Asia, Mas. Britann." (Fabricius). Java, (Horsfield, Boisduval). 
 
48 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 NYMPH ALIS GNIDIA. 
 
 Plate XXXII. tig. 2. 
 
 Species. Nympiiat.is Gnidia : alis dentatis testaceis ; anticis apice fuscis fascia media 
 punctisque subapicalibus albis ; postieis striga fulva, lunulis nigris. Expans. 
 alar. utic. 2 J. 
 NYMPHALIS : with the wings dentated testaceous ; the anterior with the extremity 
 brown, with a white central fascia, and several subapical white spots ; the 
 posterior with a submarginal fulvous band with black hmules. Expanse of 
 the wings, 2 J, inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (X.) Gnidia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. I, p. 137. Enc. Meth. 9. 386? (Xympha 
 lis G. ?) 
 
 Habitat. "In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
 Described by Fabricius from the collection and drawings of Mr. Jones, which 
 also, in all probability, supplied the accompanying figure. 
 
 BIBLIS HIARBAS. 
 
 Plate XXXII. fig. 3. 
 
 Genus. Biblis, Fabricius, Latreille, Godart. Papilio, Donovan. 
 
 Species. Biblis Hiarbas : alis dentatis, fuscis ; fascia utrinque communi alba, posticarum 
 latiore, anticarum abbreviata ; niarginibus lunulis rufis. Expans. alar. unc. 2. 1 ,. 
 Biblis : witli the wings dentated, brown, with a white fascia running through the 
 wings both above and beneath ; being narrower and abbreviated in the anterior 
 pair ; the margins of the wings with red hmules. Expanse of the wings, 
 2;V inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (X.) Hiarbas, Drury IUustr. vol. 3, pi. 14. Fabr. Eat. Syst. III. I, p. 12s. 
 (Papilio (N.) Hiarba). Enc. Meth. 9. 824. (Biblis Hiarba.) 
 
 Drury, to whom Fabricius was indebted for his knowledge of this species, states 
 that he received it from Sierra Leone. Fabricius, however, gave his usual vague 
 locality, " In Indiis," upon which authority Donovan introduced it into this work. 
 It is, however, a widely distributed African insect, being found in the country of the 
 Hottentots, {Enc. Meth.) and having been received by me from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
49 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 NYMPHALIS ISIS. 
 
 Plate XXXIII. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Nympiialis Isis : alis fusco-nigris, anticis integris, utrinque macula disci cherme- 
 sina ; posticis dentatis supra striga marginali albida ; omnibus subtus viridi- 
 lineatis. Expans. alar, una 2\. 
 Nymphalis : with blackisli brown wings ; the anterior entire with a large discoidal 
 sanguineous spot ; the posterior dentated, with a whitish marginal streak ; all 
 the wings beneath with green lines. Expanse of the wings, 2\ inches. 
 
 Sm Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Isis, Drwry, vol. 3, pi. 7,f. 1, 2. Fab. Eat. Syst. III. 1. ;/. 121. 
 Enc. Meth. 9. 421. (Nymphalis I.) 
 
 The Fabrician expression, "In Indiis," indicating the habitat of this species, has 
 evidently again induced our author to give this insect a place in these Illustrations. 
 That it is an inhabitant of Brazil, we have the authority both of Drury and the 
 Encyclopedic Methodique. 
 
 NYMPHALIS PHORCYS. 
 
 Plate XXXIII. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Nympiialis Phorcys : alis dentato-subcaudatis, supra fuscis immaculatis, subtus 
 obscurius strigosis ; posticis punctis duobus cinereis. Expans. alar. unc. 2|. 
 Nyiiphalis : with the wings dentate, slightly tailed, the upper side brown immacu- 
 late, beneath with several obscure slender streaks ; the posterior also with two 
 ashy-coloured spots. Expanse of the wings, 2| inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (X.) Phorcys, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 80. Enc. Meth. 9. 372. 
 
 NYMPHALIS EEIBOTES. 
 
 Plate XXXIII. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Nyjipiialis Eribotes : alis subcaudatis, fulvis aut ferrugineis, basi violaoeo mican- 
 tibus, subtus griseis. Expans. alar. unc. 2|. 
 Nyjiphalis : with the wings slightly tailed, above fulvous or ferruginous, with the 
 base shining with violet or purple ; all the wings beneath greyish. Expanse of 
 the wings, 2| inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (X.) Eribotes, Fair. Syst. Ent. p. 484. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 73. Enc. Meth. 
 9. 316, (Xymphalis E.) 
 
 H 
 
50 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Papilio Leonida, Cramer, pi. 338, f. C, D. Stoll Suppl. Cramer, pi. G, / 2, A, B. 
 (larva et pupa.) 
 
 Fabricius described this insect from the collection of Dr. Hunter, now belonging 
 to the University of Glasgow, and gave its habitat " In India." It is, however, a 
 native of Guiana, in South America, Stoll having reared it from the caterpillar state 
 in that country. The caterpillar is black, with short hairs, and a great number of 
 white dots. The chrysalis is short, without angular projections, of a grey colour, 
 and is found suspended by its tail from the twigs of the shrubs upon which the larva 
 had been nourished. In the description given in the Encyclopedic Methodique, the 
 anal angle of the posterior wings is described as being ornamented with four or five 
 small black and white spots, of which no mention is made by Fabricius, nor are they 
 indicated in the accompanying figure. 
 
 NYMPHALIS ISIDORE. 
 
 Plate XXXIII. fig. i. 
 
 Species. ^Nymphalis Isidore : alis anticis falcatis, posticis caudatis ; omnibus fulvis, anticis 
 punctis duobus mediis pallidis, macula costali apieeque fuscis. Expaus. alar, 
 unc. 3. 
 Nymphalis : with the anterior wings falcate, the posterior tailed ; all the wings 
 above fulvous, the anterior with two pale spots on the middle, and with a costal 
 spot, and the extremity brown. Expanse of the wings, 3 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio Isidore, Cramer Pap. pi. 235, Jbj. A, B, E, F. Herbst. Pap. t. 150, f. 1, 2. 
 Enc. Meth. 9. 371. (Nymphalis I.) 
 
 Fabricius again uses the expression " In Indiis," to designate the habitat of this 
 species, which, in the Encyclopedic Methodique is stated to be an inhabitant of Guiana 
 and Brazil. 
 
 CETHOSIA CYDIPPE. 
 
 S Tlate XXXIV. fig. 1. 
 
 Genus. Cethosia, Fabricius, Latreilk, Godart. 
 
 Species. Cethosia Cydippe : alis dentatis, basi rufis, apice nigris, lunulis subapicalibus serie 
 
 duplioi digestis albis ; anticis fascia lata abbreviata pone medium ; subtus basi 
 
 testaceis nigro caeruleoque variis. Expans. alar. unc. 4]. 
 
 Cethosia : with the wings dentated, the base red, and the tips black, with white 
 
 lunules arranged in a double series within the exterior margins ; the anterior 
 
51 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 having also a broad short white fascia beyond the middle ; beneath at the base 
 testaceous, with black and blue markings. Expanse of the wings, 4] inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio Cydippe, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 776. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 112. Clerck 
 Icon. tab. 36,/ 1. Herbst. Pap. t. 245,/ 4, 5. 
 Papilio Iris, Cramer Pap. pi. 62, Jig. A, B. 
 
 Habitat. " In India," {Linnaeus.) In China, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 NYMPHALIS DIRCE. 
 
 Plate XXXIV. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis Dirce : alis fuscis, anticis utrinque fascia flava ; subtus omnibus albido 
 nigroqne striatis ; posticis angulatis. Expans. alar. unc. 2 — 3. 
 Nymphalis : with the wings brown, the anterior on both sides with a broad oblique 
 yellow band ; beneath all the wings striped with pale buff and brownish black ; 
 the posterior wings angulated. Expanse of the wings, 2 to 3 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio Dirce, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 778. Cramer, pi. 212, / C, B. Stoll Suppl. 
 Cramer, pi. 2, / 3, A, B, 4, A, B. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 123. Enc. Meth. 
 9. 371, (Nymphalis D.) 
 
 Linnseus and Fabricius state of this species, "Habitat in Indiis." It is, how- 
 ever, an inhabitant of Guiana and Brazil, Stoll having reared it in that country ; the 
 caterpillar is black. 
 
 NYMPHALIS EURINOME. 
 
 Plate XXXIV. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis Eurinome : alis subdentatis, nigris, maculis permultis posticarumque 
 disco baseos albis. Expans. alar, una 3f. 
 Nymphalis : with the wings slightly dentate, black, with a considerable number of 
 spots, and the basal disc of the posterior wings white. Expanse of the wings, 
 3 1 inches. 
 
 Syx. Papilio Eurinome, Cramer Pap. tab. 70, fig. A. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 57. Enc. 
 Meth. 9. 398. 
 
 Habitat. In India orientali. 
 
 H 2 
 
 " 
 
. 52 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 NYMPHALIS HIPPONA. 
 
 Plate XXXV. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis Hippona : alis supra nigris ; anticis fuh'o flavoque variis ; postieis 
 caudatis, basi fulvo, apice nigro striga marginali lunularum albarum. Expans. 
 . alar. unc. 4. 
 
 Nymphalis : with the wings black above ; the anterior varied with fulvous and 
 yellow ; the posterior with a long tail, the base fulvous, the apex black, with a 
 row of marginal white lunules. Expanse of the wings, 4 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (N.) Hippona, Fabr. Sp. Ins. 2, p. 54. Enc. Meth. 9. 302. Drury Illustr. 
 (2nd edit.) vol. 3, p. 21. 
 Papilio (N.) Fabius, Cramer Pap. pi. 90, fig. C, D. Stoll Suppl. Cramer, pi. 2, f. 1, 
 1 A, 1 B, 1 C. Drury Illustr. (1st edit.) vol. 3, pi. 16,/ 1, 2. 
 
 Fabricius erroneously gave " India" as the habitat of this curious insect, which 
 induced Donovan to introduce it into this work. It is, however, a native of Guiana 
 and Brazil. Its transformations have been observed by Stoll, who has figured the 
 insect in its different states, as above referred to. The caterpillar is dark green, with 
 a black dorsal line and lateral black spots ; the head is armed with two short obtuse 
 spines. It feeds only by night, concealing itself by day in a rolled-up leaf; the 
 chrysalis is short and thick, without angular projections. 
 
 CETHOSIA CYANE. 
 
 Plate XXXV. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Cethosia Oyaxe : alis dentatis, nigris, linea tenuissima angulata submarginali, 
 anticis fascia, postieis disco (nigro-punctato) albis. Expans. alar. unc. 3 \. 
 Cethosia : with the wings dentate, black, with a very slender angulated line 
 running within the posterior margin of the wings, the anterior having a fascia, 
 and the posterior the disc white, the latter spotted black. Expanse of the wings, 
 3^- inches. 
 Sy.v. Papilio (N. P.) Cyane, Drury. App. vol. 2, 1st edit. Ilerbst. Pup. tab. 248, /. 3, 4. 
 
 Cramer Pap. pi. 295,/ C, D. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 115. 
 Habitat. Bengal, (Drury). India, (Fabricius). 
 
53 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 NYMPHALIS (LENOBITA. 
 
 Plate XXXV. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis G'.enobita : alis dentatis, nigris, anticis stria maculisque, posticis supra 
 fascia alba; subtus albis, fasciis quatuor maculisque marginalibus fuscis. Expans. 
 alar. unc. 2-J-. 
 Nymphalis : with the wings dentate, black ; the anterior with a broad band, and 
 numerous spots and lunules of white ; the posterior above with a white fascia ; 
 beneath white with four fascire, and marginal spots of brown. Expanse of the 
 wings, 24 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (X.) Camobita, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 247. Enc. Meth. 9. 433. (Nym- 
 phalis C. ) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricim). 
 
 NYMPHALIS (ACONTHBA) COCALIA. 
 
 Plate XXXVI. fig. 1. 
 
 Genus. Nymphalis, Latreille, Godart. (Subgenus: Aconthea, Horsjield.) 
 
 Species. Nymphalis (Aconthea) Cocalia : alis dentatis, fuscis ; anticis nigro flavoque ma- 
 
 culatis ; subtus omnibus griseis strigapunctorumalborum. Expans. alar. unc. 3. 
 
 Nymphalis (Aconthea) : with the wings dentated, brown ; the anterior varied 
 
 with black and buff spots ; beneath all the wings are grey, with a row of white 
 
 spots. Expanse of the wings, 3 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (N.) Cocalia, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 250. Enc. Meth, 9. 405. (Nymphalis 
 C.) nee Papilio Cocala, Herbst. et Cramer. 
 
 HIPPARCHIA BALDUS. 
 
 Plate XXXVI. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Hippakchia Baldus : alis integerrimis, fuscis, subtus cinereo undatis ; anticis 
 utrinque ocello magno pupilla gemina ; posticis supra ocellis quatuor, subtus sex. 
 Expans. alar. unc. 11. 
 Hipparchia : with the wings entire, brown, beneath with grey waves ; the an- 
 terior on each side with a large ocellus, having a double pupil ; the posterior 
 above, with four, beneath with six eyelets. Expanse of the wings, 1 *- inch. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Satyrus) Baldus, Fabr. Syst. Ent TIL 1. p. 223. Enc. Meth. 9. 551. (Saty- 
 rusB.) 
 Papilio Lysandra, Cramer, pi. 293, Jig. G, II. 
 
54 
 LEPIDOPTEEA. 
 
 VANESSA SOPHIA. 
 
 Plate XXXV I. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Vanessa Sophia : alis denticulatis, anticis subfalcatis, postieis rotundatis, omnibus 
 supra fulvo, nigro, flavidoque variis, limbo fusco nigro punctata, lunulis postica- 
 ruru albis. Expans. alar. unc. If — 2. 
 Vanessa : with the wings denticulated, the anterior subfalcate, the posterior 
 rounded above ; all the wings are varied with fulvous, black, and buff, with a 
 broad brown border with black spots, and with subniarginal white lunules in 
 the posterior wings. Expanse of the wings, 1| to 2 inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Satyrus) Sophia, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 248. Em. M'eih. 9. 823. 
 
 Fabricius described this species from the collection of Mr. Drury, and the draw- 
 ings of Mr. Jones, with the habitat " In Indiis." In the Encyclopedie Methodique, 
 the western coast of Africa is stated to be its native country. 
 
 NYMPH ALIS AUGE. 
 
 Plate XXXVI. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis Auge : alis dentatis, fuscis : anticis fasciis tribus viridibus ; postieis 
 fulvis serie submarginali punctorum nigrorum. Expans. alar. uuc. If. 
 Nymphalis : with the wings dentated, brown ; the anterior with three greenish 
 fascia;, the posterior fulvous with a subniarginal row of black spots. Expanse of 
 the wings, If inch. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Satyrus) Auge, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 2-18. Enc. Meth. 0. 387. 
 
 This insect is also stated by Fabricius to have been in the collection of Mr. Drury, 
 and figured by Mr. Jones, and the habitat is also given " In Indiis." From its near 
 relationship, however, with N. Sophia and N. Doriclea, both of which are inhabitants 
 of western tropical Africa, I have little doubt that N. Auge is from that quarter of 
 the globe, and not from either of the Indies. 
 
 NYMPHALIS PERIANDER, 
 
 Plate XXXVII. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis Periander : alis utrinque albis, strigis sex flavescentibus, margine 
 postico fusco albo strigoso ; postieis caudatis. Expans. alar. unc. lj. 
 
55 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Nymphalis : with the wings on both sides white with six yellow stripes, posterior 
 margin brown with white lines ; posterior wings tailed. Expanse of the wings, 
 1| inch. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (K) Periander, Fair. Ent. Syst. TIL 1, p. 67. Enc. Meth. 9. 362. (Nynipha- 
 lis P.) Horsfi'eld Lep. Jav. pi. 5,f. 3, and 3 a. (Paphia P.) 
 
 Habitat. Mysore, (Donovan). Java, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 ERYCINA (ZEMEROS) ALLICA. 
 
 PL XXXVII. fig. 2. 
 
 Family. Lyoenid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Erycina, Fabricius, Latreille, Godart. (Subgenus : Zemeros, Boisduval.) 
 
 Species. Ery'cina (Zemeros) Allica : alis denticulatis obscure fulvis, punotis, nigris nnnie- 
 rosis, albo, fcetis. Expans. alar, una 1 J. 
 Erycina (Zemeros) : with denticulated wings of an obscure fulvous colour, with 
 numerous black spots, accompanied with smaller white ones. Expanse of the 
 wings, 1A inch. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (S.) Allica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 244. Enc. Meth. 9. 567. (Erycina A.) 
 Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1. pi. 21, Jig. 5. (Zemeros A.) 
 
 Habitat. Siam, (Fabricius). China, Bengal, Java, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 NYMPHALIS ANCLE AS. 
 
 <J PI. XXXVII. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis Anc.eas : alis supra atris (<J ), aut fuscis, ( $ ) ; anticarum fascia cyanea 
 obliqua, posticarum ( <y ) macula magna discoidali rufa ; subtus viridibus, posti- 
 carum strigis tribus ferrugineis. Expans. alar. unc. 21. 
 Ny'mphalis : with the wings above black in the male, or brown in the female ; the 
 anterior with a broad oblique cyaneous or green bar, the posterior in the male 
 with a large discoidal red spot ; beneath green, the posterior with three ferru- 
 giueous streaks. Expanse of the wings, 21- inches. 
 
 Syn. J Papilio (N.) Ancsea, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 781. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. p. 154. Enc. 
 Meth. 9. 409. Cramer Pap. pi. 33S,fy. G, D. 
 Papilio Obiinus, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 
 $ Papilio (N.) Obrinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2, p. 776. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 154. 
 Cramer Fap. pi. i c d,fi<j. E, F. Stoll Snppl. Cramer, pi. 6./. 5. 
 
 Stoll, by rearing this insect in Guiana, clearly proved not only the incorrectness 
 of the old habitat assigned to it of India, but also that the two Linnsean species, 
 
56 
 LEPIDOPTEKA. 
 
 P. Ancaea and Obrinus, were the sexes of the same species. The caterpillar, 
 according to the first named author, is green, with a lateral line, the head ferrugi- 
 nous, and armed with two branching spines ; its back is also armed with shorter 
 spines. The chrysalis is grey, and is suspended by the tail. 
 
 HIPPARCHIA CRANTOR. 
 
 PL XXXVII. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Hipparchia Grantor : alis integerrimis, fuscis ; supra anticis immaculatis ; posticis 
 ocello unico bipupillato ; subtus quinque, primo quartoque bipupillato. Expans. 
 alar. unc. If. 
 Hipparchia : with the wings entire, brown ; the anterior immaculate above, the 
 posterior with a single ocellus with two pupils ; beneath with five ocelli, the 
 first and fourth having two pupils. Expanse of the wings, 1| inch. 
 
 Syn. Papilio, (N.) Grantor, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 158. Enc. Meth. 9. 488. (Saty- 
 
 rus C.) 
 Habitat. "India," Fabricius. Brazil, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 NYMPHALIS LIRISSA. 
 
 PL XXXVII. fig. 5. 
 
 Species. Nymphalis Lirissa : alis subdentatis, cinereis, fusco nndatis ; anticis fascia alba ; 
 posticis punctis quatuor ocellaribus albis. Expans. alar. unc. lj. 
 Nymphalis : with the wings slightly dentatcd, cinereous, with brown waves ; the 
 anterior with a white bar, and the posterior with four white eyelets. Expanse 
 of the wings, 1 J inch. 
 
 Syn. Nymphalis Lirissa, Enc. Mt'th. 9. LOG. 
 
 Papilio (S.) Liria, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 239, (nee Papilio (N.) Lrria, Fabr. Ent. 
 Syst. III. I. p. 126.) 
 
 Habitat. "In Indus," (Fabricius.) Brazil, (Enc. Mt'th.) 
 
 THECLA ISOORATES. 
 
 $ PL XXXVIII. fig. 1. 
 
 Family. Lyc.enid.e, Leach, Stephens. 
 
 Gems. Thecla, Fabricius. (Syst. Gloss.) Polyommatus p. Latreille, Godart. Gupido 
 p. Schrank. 
 
57 
 
 LEPIDOPTEEA. 
 
 Species. Thecla Isocrates : alis supra fuscis, ( <$ creruleo-micantibus, ? macula fulva) ; 
 posticis ( 5 ) macula submarginali ; subtus cinereis, litura gemina strigaque 
 duplici nigricantibus, anguloque ani ocellis duobus. Expans. alar, una If. 
 Thecla : with the wings above brown, in the male shining blue, in the female with 
 a fulvous patch ; the posterior in the female with a submarginal eyelet ; beneath 
 cinereous, with a double mark and double streak of blackish, the anal angle with 
 two eyelets. Expanse of the wings, If inch. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (H. R.) Isocrates, Fair. Eat. Syst. III. 1. p. 260. Enc. M'eth. 9. 033. 
 
 Papilio (H. R.) Pann, Fabr. Erit. Syst. III. 1. p. 276. Donovan, 1st edit, {nee Thecla 
 Pan,) Drury, 2. pi 23, fig. 3, 4. 
 
 Habitat. India, (Fabricius). Bengal, (Enc. Meth. 9.) 
 
 THECLA PINDARUS. 
 
 Plate XXXVIII. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Thecla Pindarus : alis subtricaudatis, supra casruleis, limbo atro ; subtus fuscis 
 argenteo fulvoque maculatis. Expans. alar, una 1 ?,-. 
 Thecla : with three short tails ; wings above blue with a black border, beneath 
 varied with silvery and fulvous bars. Exjianse of the wings, li inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Pindarus, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 202. 
 Polyommatus Vulcanus (var. <$) Enc. Meth. 9. 644. 
 
 Donovan observes that " Fabricius describes tins beautiful insect as a native of 
 India, and for its figure refers only to the original drawings of W. Jones, Esq. We 
 have ascertained the species from those drawings, collated with the manuscript in the 
 hand-writing of Fabricius, and on this authority give it a place in our selection of 
 Indian insects." 
 
 I have hesitated in adopting the opinion of the editors of the Encyclopedie 
 Methodique, that this is an extraordinary variety of Thecla Vulcanus. 
 
 THECLA VULCANUS. 
 
 Plate XXXVIII. fig. 3. 
 
 Subgenus. Amblypodia, Horsfield. 
 
 Species. Thecla (A.) Vulcanus : alis bicaudatis, supra fuscis ; anticis fasciis quatuor, 
 posticis margine fulvis, subtus strigis fulvis argenteisque variegatis. Expans. 
 alar, una 1^. 
 Thecla (A.) : with the wings with two tails, above brown ; the anterior with four 
 short unequal transverse waved bars, and the posterior with the margin fulvous, 
 beneath varied with fulvous and silvery bars. Expanse of the wings, 1] inch. 
 
 I 
 
58 
 LEPIDOPTEPA. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (E.) Vulcanus, Fair. Ent. Sy.it. III. 1, p. 264. Enc. Meth. 9. 614. Poly- 
 ommatus V. $ . Horsfield Lep. Jav. p. 106, (Arnblypodia V.) 
 Papilio Etolus, Cramer, pi. 208, / E, F. 
 
 Donovan states that the accompanying figures represent the male insect, the 
 female being rather larger, with the colours on the underside more obscure, and the 
 silvery stripes broader. The authors of the Encyclopedic Methodique describe the 
 male as possessing a shiniug violet tinge on the upper side, whence the accompanying 
 figures must be females, and the supposed female rather a dark variety of their sex. 
 
 THECLA CHITON. 
 
 Plate XXXIX. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Thecla Chiton : alis cseruleis, limbo fusco ; posticis tricaudatis, (interno parvo) 
 striga marginali alba ; subtus flavescenti-albis, nigroque fasciatis. Expans. alar. 
 If imc. 
 Thecla : with the wings blue, with a black border; the posterior with three tails, 
 the interior very short, and with a submarginal white line ; beneath yellowish 
 white, with black bars. Expanse of the wings, 1? inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Chiton, Fabr. Ent. S'yst. IIT. 1. p. 262. 
 Papilio Silemis, Cramer Lis. t. 282, f. C, D. 
 Papilio Agis, Drury, ]st edit. vol. 3, pi. 2G,f. 3, 4. 
 
 Papilio (PI. Urb.) Phaleros ? Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 796. Enc. Meth. 9. 629, (Polyom- 
 matus Ph.) 
 
 Habitat. India, (Liniueus, Eabricins). Brazil, {Drury). Surinam, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 In the Encyclopedic Mcthodique this figure, and that of Drury, (vol. 3, pi. 26.) 
 are considered as the Papilio Phaleros of Linnreus. The insect here represented is a 
 male, according to the distinctions given in the Encyclopedic, but it has not the large 
 orbicular brown spot near the middle of the anterior wings, so that it is, perhaps, 
 doubtful whether the P. Phaleros, Lhnueus, and the P. Chiton, Fabricius, be really 
 identical, as Donovan had suggested. 
 
 THECLA HERODOTUS. 
 
 Plate XXXIX. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Thecla Herodotus : alis caudatis, ewruleis, subtus viridibus ; posticis striga sub- 
 margiuali punctorum, extus alborum et intus nigrorum. Expans. alar. 1| unc. 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Thecla : with the wings tailed, above blue, beneath green ; the posterior pair with a 
 Bubmarginal row of dots, white without and black within. Expanse of the wings, 
 1-J- inch. 
 
 Syn\ Hesperia (R.) Herodotus, Fabr. Ent. Sijst. III. 1. p. 286. Enc. Milk 9. 641, (Poly- 
 ommatus H.) 
 Papilio Amyntor, Cramer, pi. 4S,fig. E. 
 
 ? Papilio Eryx, Linn. Mantissa, 1. 537. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 283. 
 Papilio Menalcas, Cramer, pi. 259, fig. A, B. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). Surinam, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 THECLA PYTHAGORAS. 
 
 Plate XXXIX. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Thecla Pythagoras : alis tricaudatis, atris, disco fulvo, lunulisque subinargi- 
 nalibus ; posticarum fulvis ; subtus nigris albo variis fasciaque media alba, punc- 
 tisque duobus irroratis ad angulum ani. Expans. alar. unc. 1 \. 
 Thecla : with the wings three-tailed, black, with the disc of each fulvous ; the 
 posterior with submarginal fulvous spots ; beneath black varied with white ; 
 with a white central bar, and with two eyes at the anal angle. Expanse of the 
 wings, 1-J- inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Pythagoras, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 259. Enc. Meth. 9. G19, (Poly- 
 ommatus P. ) 
 Var. (caudis mutilis) Hesperia (Pi.) Juba, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 311. 
 
 Fabricius states the habitat of Pythagoras to be " In Indiis," but that of Juba, 
 which is a variety of the same species, with the tails broken off, to be Sierra Leone. 
 In the Encyclopedie Methodique, the western coast of Africa is given as the habitat 
 of Pythagoras. 
 
 POLYOMMATUS FLORUS. 
 
 Plate XXXIX. fig. 4. 
 
 Genus. Polyommatus, Latreille. 
 
 Species. Polyommatus Florcs : alis integerrimis, fulvis, margine nigro ; anticis supra punc- 
 tis duobus ; subtus omnibus basi punctis plurimis nigris. Expans. alar. unc. 1 . 
 Polyommatus : with the wings entire, fulvous, with a slender black margin ; the 
 anterior above with two black spots ; beneath all the wings at the base spotted 
 with black. Expanse of the wings, 1 inch. 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Floras, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 310. 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
 I 2 
 
GO 
 
 LEP1DOPTERA. 
 
 THBCLA LIS IAS. 
 
 Plate XL. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Thecla Lisias : alis tricaudatis ; anticis fuscis macula magna fulva ; posticis supra 
 fuscis, margineque postico cwruleo maculate ; subtus albis nigro-maculatis. 
 Expans. alar. uuc. 1 j. 
 Thecla : with three tails; the anterior wings brown, with a large fulvous spot ; 
 the posterior above brown, with the posterior margin spotted with blue ; 
 beneath white with black marks. Expanse of the wings, 1 ] inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (It.) Lisias, Fair. Eat. Syst. III. 1. p. 2G1. 
 
 Habitat. " Poulicandor, Mas. Dom. Banks" (Fabricius). 
 
 THECLA SOPHOCLES. 
 
 Plate XL. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Thecla Sophocles: alis bicaudatis, nigris, disco communi cseruleo ; subtus albis, 
 strigis undatis flavescentibus ; posticis puncto anali fulvo. Expans. alar, 
 unc. 1 .' . 
 Thecla : with two tails, black, with the disc blue ; beneath white with several 
 waved yellowish lines ; the posterior pair with an anal fulvous eyelet. Expanse 
 of the wings, l. 1 , inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Sophocles, Fabr. Eat. Syst. III. I, p. 207. Eac. Mtih. 9. 631, (Poly- 
 ommatus S.) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indus," (Fabricius). 
 
 THECLA JARBAS. 
 
 Plate XL. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Thecla Jarbas : alis caudatis, fulvis, limbo fusco ; subtus cinereis striga alba ; 
 posticis punctis duobus atris. Expans. alar. unc. 1^. 
 Thecla : with the wings tailed, fulvous, with the border brown ; beneath 
 cinereous with a white bar ; the posterior pair with two black spots. Expanse 
 of the wings, \l inch. 
 
 Sy>. Hesperia (R.) Jarbas, Fabr. Eat. Syst. III. 1, ;;. 276. Enc. Mth. 9. 646. Horsjield 
 Lep. Jav. p. 93, (Thecla J.) 
 
 Habitat. " Siam, Mus. Dom. Banks," (Fabricius). Bengal and Java, (Eac. Meth.) 
 
61 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 THECLA THALES. 
 
 Plate XL. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Thecla Thales : alis bicaudatis, utrinque atris, subtus lunulis raeruleis ; posticis 
 fascia submarginali aurea. Expans. alar, una 1 j. 
 Tiiecla : with two tails, the wings on both sides black, beneath with blue lunules ; 
 the posterior also with an abbreviated subniarginal golden fascia. Expanse of 
 the wings, li inch. 
 
 Syn. Hespcria (E.) Thales, Fabricius Ent. Syst. III. I, p. 268. Erie, Meth. 9. 625, (Puly- 
 omniatus T.) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). Brazil, (Eac. Meth.) 
 
 THECLA MELIBCEUS. 
 
 Plate XLI. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Thecla Melibceus : alis bicaudatis, creruleseentibus, limbo fusco ; subtus naves- 
 centibus ; anticis fusco, posticis nigi-o strigosis, angulo ani atro ; annulis cwruleis. 
 Expans. alar. unc. lg. 
 Thelca : with two tails, the wings blue above with a brown border; beneath 
 yellowish, the anterior with brown and the posterior with black streaks : anal 
 angle black with two blue rings. Expanse of the wings, l g inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Melibceus, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 271. Eno. M'eth. 9. 629, (Poly, 
 oinmatus M.) 
 
 Habitat. " In India, (Fabricius). Brazil, (Eac. Meth.) 
 
 THECLA TYRTvEUS. 
 
 Plate XLT. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Thecla Tyrt^eus : alis bicaudatis, fuscis ; posticis subtus striga undata alba lunu- 
 lisque submarginalibus nigris, intermediis rufis. Expans. alar. unc. 1. 
 Thecla : with two tails, wings above brown ; beneath the posterior have a waved 
 white streak and black subniarginal lunules, the two middle lunules being red. 
 Expanse of the wings, 1 inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (E.) Tyrtseus, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 271. Eac. Meth. 9. 637, (Poly- 
 ommatus T. ) 
 
 Habitat. " In India," (Fabricius). 
 
62 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 THECLA XEXOPHOX. 
 
 Plate XLI. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Thecla Xexophon* : alis bicaudatis fuscis, disco flavo ; subtus cinereo, striga 
 media alba fusco strigaque innata ; posticarum marginali fusea. Expans. alar, 
 unc. 1J. 
 Thecla : with two tails, wings brown, with a yellow disc, beneath cinereous, 
 with a central white and brown streak ; the posterior also with a brown sub- 
 marginal line. Expanse of the wings, 1 J. inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (E.) Xenophon, Fdbr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 272. Enc. Meth. 9. 640. (Poly- 
 ommatus X.) Horsfield Lep. Jav. p. 93, pi. 4, /. 2, 2«, (larva et pupa). 
 Papilio Melampus, Cramer, pi. 3G2,/. G, II. 
 
 Habitat. " In India," (Fabricius). Java, (Horsfield). 
 
 Dr. Horsfield has traced the metamorphoses of this species, and pointed out the 
 distinction between it and Jarbas, plate XL. fig. 3. The caterpillar is more elongate 
 than the ordinary onisciform larva?, with short stumps of fascicles. It varies in 
 colour from yellow, with a greenish cast, to a dark ferruginous brown, with lateral 
 bands. It feeds upon Schimedelia racemosa, and was found in considerable abundance 
 by Dr. Horsfield in Java. 
 
 THECLA ACH^US. 
 
 Plate XLI. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Thecla Ach.eus : alis subbicaudatis fuscis : maculis flavis ; subtus flavis maculis 
 aureis, numerosis, quibusdam fusco-cinctia. Expans. alar. unc. 1|. 
 Thecla : with two short tails, wings brown, above with yellow spots ; beneath 
 pale yellow, with numerous golden spots, some of which are edged with purplish 
 brown. Expanse of the wings, 1 J inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (E.) Achaeus, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 273. Cramer Pap. pi. 352,/ G, II. 
 Enc. Meth. 9. 644, (Polyommatus A.) 
 
 Habitat. " In India," (Fabricius). Surinam, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
61 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 THECLA PHOEBAS. 
 
 Plate XLI. fig. 5. 
 
 Species. Thecla Phoreas ; alis caudatis, fuscis, disco albo ; subtus albis, cinereo strigosis, 
 punctis duobus anguli ani atris. Expans. alar. unc. If. 
 Thecla : with the wings tailed, brown, with a white disc ; beneath white with ash- 
 coloured streaks, and with two small black eyes at the anal angle. Expanse 
 of the wings, If inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Phorbas, Fab. Ent, Syst. III. I. p. 277. Enc. M'eth. 9. 64G, (Polyom- 
 matus P.) 
 
 Habitat. " In India," (Fabricius). 
 
 THECLA ^EOLUS. g 
 
 Plate XLII. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Thecla iEoLUS : alis caudatis, cyaneis, nitidis, margine fusco, macula nigra ; subtus 
 fuscis, fascia communi alba nigroque striata. Expans. alar. unc. If. 
 Thecla : with the wings tailed, above blue in the disc, shining with a brown 
 margin and a Mack central spot ; beneath brown with a common white band, 
 and with black streaks. Expanse of the wings, 1| inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia ^olus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 284. Enc, Miih 9. 628, (Polyommatus 
 JE.) 
 Papilio Thallus, Cramer Pap. pi. 259, fi. C, D. 
 ? Hesperia Pelion, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 213. Cramer, pi. 6,/ E, F. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indus," (Fabricius). Guiana, (Enc. Jletk.) 
 
 THECLA STREPHON. 
 
 Plate XLII. tig. 2. 
 
 Species. Thecla Strephon : alis caudatis, fuscis ; disco cserulescentibus ; subtus cinereis 
 fascia alba, anguloque ani ocello gemino rufo pupilla nigra. Expans. alar, 
 unc. l? r . 
 Thecla : with the wings tailed, brown ; the disc bluish ; beneath cinereous with a 
 white fascia, and with a double red ocellus, having a black pupil, at the anal 
 angle. Expanse of the wings, 1 J inch. 
 
 Sm Hesperia, (R.) Strephon, Fabr. Ent. Syst, III. 1. p. 281. Enc. Mith. 9. C32 ? (Poly- 
 ommatus S.) 
 Papilio Cyllarus, Cramer Pap. pi. 27, fig. C,P>. 
 
 Habitat. "In India orientali," (Fabricius). Surinam, and Brazil, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
64 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 THECLA PHILIPPUS. 
 
 Plate XLTI. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Thecla Pjiilippus : alis caudatis, fuscis ; subtus albis ; posticis supra striga postica 
 
 alba punctisque duobus subocellaribus anguli ani atris. Expans. alar, una 1]. 
 
 Tiiecla : with the wings tailed, brown ; beneath white ; the posterior above with a 
 
 posterior white streak, and two eyelets at the anal angle of a black colour. 
 
 Expanse of the wings, 1^ inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia P.. Philippus, Fair. Ent. Syat. III. 1. p. 2*3. Enc. Meth. 9. 640, (Polyom- 
 matus P.) 
 
 Habitat. " In India," (Fubricius). 
 
 THECLA PERICLES. 
 
 Plate XLII. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Thecla Pericles : alis bicaudatis, nigris, immaculatis ; subtus fuscis albo uudatis ; 
 posticis angulo ani macula duplici argentea, punctisque aliquot nigris. Expans. 
 alar, u i < \, 
 Tiiecla : with two tails, wings black, immaculate ; beneath brown with white 
 waved lines ; posterior with a double silvery spot at the anal angle, and with 
 several black points. Expanse of the wings, l\ inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Pericles, Fa br. Ent. Syst. III. l._p. 273. Enc. Meth. 9. 622, (Poly- 
 ommatus P.) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fubricius). 
 
 ERYCINA THUCYDIDES. 
 
 Plate XLIII.fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Erycina Thccydides : alis integerrimis, nigris ; macula magna media fulva in 
 singula ; subtus cinereis rufo uudatis. Expans. alar. unc. \l. 
 Eeycina : with the wings entire, black, with a large fulvous spot in the centre of 
 each ; beneath cinereous with red wavy lines. Expanse of the wings, \l inch. 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Thucydides, tabr. Eat. Syst. III. \.p. 323. Enc. Meth. 9. 589, (Ery- 
 cina T.) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius) . 
 
65 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 ERYCINA PETRONIUS. 
 
 Plate XLIIT. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Erycixa Petroxius : alis iutegris cseraleis, strigis apiceque nigris ; subtus fusco- 
 cinereis, nigro punctatis. Expans. alar, una If. 
 Erycixa : with the wings entire, blue, with black streaks and posterior margins ; 
 beneath brownish ashy, with black spots. Expanse of the wings, 1 f inch. 
 Syx. Hesperia (R.) Petronius, Fahr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 324. Enc. Meth. 9. 570. 
 (Erycina P.) 
 5 Papilio Alenander, Cramer Pap. tab. 334,/. C, D. 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). Guiana and Brazil, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 ERYCINA REGULUS. 
 
 Plate XL1II. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Erycixa Regulus : alis integerriniis, nigris, fasciis duabus albis aut flavescentibus, 
 externa anticarum interrupta. Expans. alar. unc. lg. 
 Erycina : with the wings entire, black, with two white or yellowish broad bands, 
 the outer in the anterior wings being broken. Expanse of the wings, 1 ^ inch. 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Regulus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 318. Enc. Meth. 9. 589. 
 
 (Erycina R.) 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). Brazil, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 ERYCINA LUC ANUS. 
 
 Plate XLIII. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Erycixa Lucanus : alis iutegerrimis, supra flavis, macula media anticarum lim- 
 boque omni nigris ; subtus anticis flavescentibus fusco-maculatis ; posticis rubris 
 flavo irroratis et fusco-maculatis. Expans. alar. unc. \\. 
 Erycixa : with tbe wings entire, above yellow, with a central spot in the anterior 
 pair and all the edges black ; beneath the anterior yellowish, with brown spots ; 
 the posterior red, with yellow dots and brown spots. Expanse of the wings, 
 \\ inch. 
 Syx. Hesperia (R) Lucanus, Fabr. Syst. Ent. III. 1. p. 322. Enc. Kith. 9. 586, 
 (Erycina L.) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
 The accompanying figure of a species described by Fabricius, from the collection 
 of Drury, and the drawings of Mr. Jones, (from -which also Donovan, in all proba- 
 bility, obtained his acquaintance with the species,) enables us to clear up the con- 
 
 K 
 
66 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 fusion in the Fabrician description, in which the wings are described — "supra flavre 
 macula media anticarum, disco que omni nigris"; the description in the short specific 
 character being " alis nigris, disco flavo." Hence it is evident that, in the former 
 description, the term " disco " was accidentally used instead of " limbo." In the 
 rhicyclopedie Methodique the confusion is increased, by the employment of the word 
 " dessous," instead of " dessus."* 
 
 ERYCINA TARQUIXIUS. 
 
 Plate XLIY. fig 1. 
 
 Species. Erycina Tarquinh's : alis integris, nigris ; anticis macula oblonga baseos sinuata 
 postice triloba ; posticis angulo anali late flavo punctis quinque nigris ; subtus 
 cinereis maculis nigris et rufescentibus, his albo cinctis. Expans, alar. nne. 1J. 
 Erycina : with the wings entire, black ; the anterior with an oblong sinuated spot 
 at the base, the extremity of which is trilobed ; the posterior with a broad yellow 
 patch at the anal angle, having five black dots ; beneath cinereous, with black 
 and red spots, the latter encircled with white. Expanse of the wings, 1^ inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (ft.) Tarquinius, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 319. Eno. Mith. 9. 580, 
 (Erycina T.) 
 
 Habitat. "In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
 ERYCIXA yEMULIUS. 
 
 Plate XLIY. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Erycina .Emi/lius : alis integris, cinereis, lineolis transversis albidis maculisque 
 oblongis fuscis : posticis supra pallidis ; subtus omnibus maculis plurimis fuscis. 
 Expans. alar. unc. 1]. 
 Erycina : with the wings entire, cinereous, with short transverse whitish lines and 
 oblong brown spots ; the posterior pair above pale ; the under surface of all the 
 wings much spotted with brown. Expanse of the wings, 1| inch. 
 
 Syx. Hesperia (R.) .Emulius, Fabr. Eat, Syst. III. 1. p. 322. Enc. M'eth. 9. 580, 
 (Erycina 2E.) 
 
 * In the first edition of this work, Erycina Salustius was introduced in the text, after the foregoing 
 species ; but no figure of it appeared in the plates, I have therefore omitted it. — (J. 0. W.) 
 
67 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 HESPERIA NUMITOR. 
 
 Plate XLIV. fig. 3. 
 
 Family. Hesperiid^;, Stephens. 
 
 Genus. Hesperia, Latreille, Godart. Battus p. Scop. Papilio (PI. Rur.) Linmzus. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Numitor : alis integerriinis, fuscis ; posticis supra disco flavo ; subtus 
 
 flavis, anticis disco fusco. Expaiis. alar. unc. 1 — l\. 
 Hesperia : with the wings entire, brown ; the posterior with the disc above 
 
 yellow ; the under surface of all the wings yellow, except the disc of the anterior, 
 
 which is brown. Expanse of the wings, 1 to 1^ inch. 
 Stn. Hesperia (R.) Numitor, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 324. Enc. Meth. 9. 777. 
 Habitat. "In Indiis," (Fabricius). Philadelphia, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 Donovan has evidently introduced this, as well as many of the preceding butter- 
 flies, (especially those belonging to the great genus Erycina, which are almost 
 exclusively Brazilian,) into the present work, on the authority of the loose habitat of 
 Fabricius, " In Indiis." The Hesperia Numitor is, however, an inhabitant of North 
 America, having been sent from Philadelphia to M. Latreille by M. Lesueur. I have 
 also received it from the same city, in a large collection of insects of that country, 
 for which I am indebted to the liberality of Mr. Titian R. Peale, the curator of the 
 Museum of Philadelphia, a very zealous entomologist. 
 
 POLYOMMATUS PLINIUS. 
 
 Plate XLV. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Polyommatus Plinius : alis caudatis, albo nigroque variis ; anticis supra maculis 
 quadratis fuscis ; omnibus subtus albis, fusco et nigro transverse strigosis, serie 
 duplici punetorum submarginalium punctoque gemino aurea ad angulum ani 
 posticarum. Expans. alar. unc. 1. 
 Polyommatus : with the wings tailed, and varied above with black and white ; 
 the anterior above with square brown spots ; all the wings beneath white, with 
 transverse brown or black streaks, and with a double row of submarginal dots ; 
 the posterior with a double golden spot at the anal angle. Expanse of the 
 wings, 1 inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Plinius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 284. Enc. Meth. 9. 65S, (Polyom- 
 matus PL) Horsfiekl Lep. Jav. 1. p. 72. 
 
G8 
 LEriDOrTERA. 
 
 POLYOMMATUS PLATO. 
 
 Plate XLV. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Polyommatus Plato : alis caudatis, supra cseruleis limbo fusco ; postiois punctis 
 marginalibus atris ; subtus cinereis albo undatis, posticis ocello atro iride flava, 
 pupillaque duplici argentea et ad angulum aui macula argentea. Expans. alar, 
 unc. 1}. 
 
 Polyommatus : with the wings tailed ; above blue with a brown border ; the pos- 
 terior with marginal black dots ; beneath cineieous with white waves, the pos- 
 terior with a black ocellus, having the iris yellow, and a double silvery pupil, a 
 silvery spot also at the anal angle. Expanse of the wings, 1 j inch. 
 
 Svx. Hesperia (R,) Plato, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 2.SS 1 
 
 Polyommatus Plato, Enc. Meth. 9. 655 ] 
 Habitat. "In Indiis," (Fabricates). 
 
 The description of the ocelli on the under side of the under wings of the insect 
 described under this name, not agreeing with the Fabrician description, I have given 
 the ^notation with a mark of doubt. 
 
 POLYOMMATUS HIPPOCRATES. 
 
 Plate XLV. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Polyommatus Hippocrates : alis caudatis ; supra fuscis, auticis apice, posticis 
 margine tenui albis ; subtus albidis, anticis striga punctorum, posticis punctis 
 sparsis, nigris. Expans. alar. unc. 1. 
 Polyommatus : with the wings tailed ; above brown, the tips of the anterior and 
 a slender margin to the posterior white ; beneath whitish, the anterior with a 
 row of black spots, and the latter with several irregularly placed black spots. 
 Expanse of the wings, 1 inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Hippocrates, Fabr. Ent. hiyst. III. 1. p. 288. Enc. Meth. 'J. 659, 
 (Polyommatus H.) 
 
 THECLA THEOCRITUS. 
 
 Plate XLV. fig. -4. 
 
 Species. Tiiecla Theocritus : alis caudatis ; supra virescentibus aureo nitidulis, costa lata 
 obscuriorej subtus nigris, strigis aliquot e punctis parvis flavescentibus. Expans. 
 alar. unc. I. 1 ,. 
 
69 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Thecla : with the wings tailed ; above greenish with golden spangles, and with 
 the front margin and tip dark ; beneath black, with several rows of small 
 yellowish dots. Expanse of the wings, \\ inch. 
 
 Svn. Hesperia (R.) Theocritus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 289. Enc. Mcth. 9. G53, (Poly- 
 ommatus Th.) 
 
 POLYOMMATTTS PARRHASIUS. 
 
 Plate XLV. fig. 5. 
 
 Species. Polyommatus Parrhasius : alis caudatis ; supra cseruleis margine fusco, (<-£ ), aut 
 fuscis, ( ? ) ; posticis ante marginem striga punctorum nigrorum ocellatorum ; 
 omnibus subtus cinereis, pone medium albo undatis ; posticis punctis tribus 
 baseos atris, albo cinctis, apiceque punctis quatuor aureis, tertio puncto atro. 
 Ex pans. alar. ^ — 1 unc. 
 Polyommatus : with the wings tailed ; above blue with a brown margin in the 
 male, brown in the female, the posterior with a submarginal row of black ocel- 
 lated spots ; the under side of all the wings cinereous, with white waves beyond 
 the middle, the posterior with three black spots, edged with white towards the 
 base, and with four golden marginal spots, the third having a black dot in the 
 middle. Expanse of the wings, | to 1 inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Parrhasius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 289. Enc. Math. 9. G57, (Poly- 
 ommatus P.) Horsfield Lep. Jav. 1 . p. 8C 1 
 
 Habitat. "In India," (Fabricius, Enc. Metli.) Java, (Horsfield). 
 
 As in our little English " blues," (as the species of Polyommatus are called by- 
 collectors,) there are many species so very closely allied together, that it is very 
 difficult to settle their specific distinctions, so there appear to be several Indian 
 species so nearly related to Pol. Parrhasius, that it is only by precisely following the 
 particular description of that species given by Fabricius, (and which I have embodied 
 in the above definition,) that we can avoid confusion. The species was known to 
 Fabricius, through the drawings of Mr. Jones, and the collection of Mr. Drury, to 
 both of which Donovan had access, so that we may adopt his figures as the real re- 
 presentatives of the Fabrician insect. It is on these grounds that I have attached a 
 mark of doubt to the reference to Dr. Horsfield's Lepidoptera Javanica. Donovan 
 has, however, fallen into the strange mistake of considering the larger individual 
 with blue wings as the female, and the smaller brown one as the male, whereas, as 
 in the common English " blues," the opposite is the case. 
 
70 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 ERYCINA? BTBULUS. 
 
 Plate XL VI. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Erycina ? Bibulus: alis integerrirnis ; supra fuscis, anticis in medio litura cinerea ; 
 subtus anticis cinereis punctis aliquot apicis fuscis annulo argenteo ciuctis, strifa- 
 que marginali argentea ; posticis albis striga media argentea, punctis aliquot 
 fuscis apice fusco punctis argenteis. Expans. alar. unc. 1 \. 
 Ekycina ? with the wings entire ; above brown, the anterior with a cinereous 
 stripe in the centre ; beneath the anterior cinereous, with several apical brown 
 spots surrounded with silver, and a marginal silver stripe; posterior white, with 
 a central silver bar, several brown spots, and the apex brown with silvery spots. 
 Expanse of the wings, 1 \ inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Bibulus, Fair. Ent. Si/sl. III. I. p. 307. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
 POLYOMMATUS HYLAX. 
 
 Plate XLVI. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Polyommatus Hylax : alis integiis, supra fuscis immaculatis, subtus cinereis, 
 punctis nigris arcubus submarginalibus fuscis. Expans. alar. |- unc. 
 Polyommatus : with the wings entire, brown above without spots, beneath 
 cinereous with black spots, and with a row of submarginal lunules, (behind 
 which is a row of small black dots). Expanse of the wings, | of an inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Hylax, Fahr. Maid. Ins. 2. p. 77. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 304. Enc. 
 
 Meth. 9. 701, (Polyommatus H.) nee Pithecops Hylax, Horsfield Lep. Jav. 1. p. 06, 
 
 pi. \.f. 2, 2 a. 
 Papilio Lysimon, Ochsenheimer Pap. Eur. t. 1 1 Enc. Jli-th. 9. 701 1 
 Habitat. " In India orientali," (Fabricius). 
 
 I can by no means agree with Dr. Horsfield, in considering the insect which he 
 has figured under the name of Pithecops Hylax as identical with the Fabrician 
 insect, as that which is here figured is marked more agreeably with the original 
 description of the species, short as it is. Had Fabricius been describing Dr. 
 Horsfield's insect, he would have said " strigis duabus submarginalibus punctorum 
 nigrorum," instead of " nigropunctatis," which implies a general scattering of dots 
 over the wings ; moreover Dr. Horsfield's insect exhibits no trace of the "arcubus 
 fuscis," described by Fabricius. 
 
71 
 
 LEPIDOPTEEA. 
 
 ERYCINA ATHEMON. <y. 
 
 Plate XLVI. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Erycina Athemon : alis integris, albis ; anticis margine exteriori nigro, csenileo 
 alboque maculate. Expans. alar. 1 — li unc. 
 Erycina : with the wings entire, white ; the anterior having the front margin 
 broadly marked with black, in which are several blue and white spots. Expanse 
 of the wings, 1 to 1| inch. 
 Syn. Papilio Athemon, Linn. Sijst. Nat. 2. 792. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 318, ( ? ). 
 Hesperia (R.) Ccenus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill 1. p. 308. (J 1 ). Donovan, 1st edit. 
 Erycina Arthemon, Enc. Jleth. 9. 578. 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius, Ccenus). In America, (Linnaeus, Athemon). Brazil, 
 (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 The name of Athemon having been given to the female of this species, I have 
 adopted it in preference to following Donovan and using that of Ccenus, proposed by 
 Fabricius for the male, rejecting the latter name in consequence of its similarity 
 to Ceneus, a name employed by Fabricius for another species of Erycina. It is cus- 
 tomary, however, in such cases, to adopt the specific name of the male rather than of 
 the female, where they happen to have been previously described under different 
 names. 
 
 ERYCIXA? LIVIUS. 
 
 Plate XLYI. fig. i. 
 
 Species. Erycina ] Livius : alis integerrimis ; supra atris, macula disci cserulea ; subtus 
 cinereis ; anticis macula oblonga baseos flava, argenteo marginata ; posticis fasciis 
 tribus rufis argenteo marginatis, margine flavo, fascia argentea. Expans. alar. 
 1^ unc. 
 Erycina 1 with the wings entire ; above black, with a discoidal blue spot ; beneath 
 cinereous ; the anterior with an oblong basal yellow spot, margined with silver ; 
 the apex yellow, with a broad brown bar, margined with silver ; the posterior 
 with three red bars margined with silver, the margins yellow with a silver line. 
 Expanse of the wings,. I£ inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Livius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 315. Enc. Meth. 9. 825, (ISTym- 
 phalis L.) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
72 
 
 LEPIDOPTEEA. 
 
 THECLA ROMULUS. 
 
 Plate XLVI. fig. 5. 
 
 Species. Thecla Romulus : alis integerrimis ; supra fuscis, iniruaculatis ; subtus viridibus, 
 anticis imtnaculatis, posticis striga fusca, ruaculaque postica rufa. Expans. alar. 
 una 1^. 
 
 Thecla : with the wings entire ; above brown, immaculate ; beneath green, the 
 anterior without spots, the posterior with a brown stripe, and a submarginal red 
 ocellus. Expanse of the wings, 1 £ inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Romulus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 31G. Enc. Meth. 9. 674. (Poly- 
 ommatus R.) 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
 The accompanying figure exhibits no trace of the brown line on the under surface 
 of the posterior wings described by Fabricius, from the drawings of Mr. Jones, and 
 the collection of Drury. 
 
 ERYCINA PTOLCBLEUS. $. 
 
 Plate XLVI. fig. 6. 
 
 ■Species. Erycina Ptolom.eus : alis integerrimis ; supra fereugineis, strigis plurimis fuscis, 
 ultima ante marginem punctata ; subtus (mas) creruleis, (fern.) runs, basi cseru- 
 lescente. Expans. alar. unc. 1A. 
 Erycina : with the wings entire ; above ferruginous with several brown streaks, 
 the submarginal one being composed of points ; beneath in the male blue, in the 
 female ferruginous, with the base paler blue. Expanse of the wings, 11 inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (R.) Ptolomwus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. p. 319, $. Em:. Meth. 9. 572, 
 (Erycina Pt.) 
 
 Hesperia (R.) Lucius, Fabr. Ent. Syst- III. 1. p. 320, ? . 
 
 Habitat. "In Indiis," (Fabricius). Brazil, (Enc. Meth.). 
 
 ERYCINA OVIDIUS. 
 
 Plate XLVI. fig. 7. 
 
 Species. Erycina Ovidius : alis integris, supra fulvis, subtus fiavescentibus ; utrinque strigis 
 sex undatis, feminre nigris, maris aureo pulverulentis. Expans. alar. unc. 1 { 
 
73 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 ERYCINA : with the wings entire, ahove fulvous, beneath yellowish, on each side with six waved 
 stripes, black in the female, but spotted with gold in the male. Expanse of the 
 wings, 1| inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (E.) Ovidius, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 320. Ent. Meth. 9. 571. 
 Papilio Fatima, Cramer, pi. 271,/. A, B, $. G, B, ? . 
 
 Habitat. "In Indiis." (Fabrhuis). East Indies, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 The seven preceding species are represented upon the Adiantum succulentum. 
 
 LEPTOCIRCUS CURIUS. 
 
 Plate XLVII. fig. 1. 
 
 Family. Papilioxid.e. 
 
 Genus. Leptocircus, Swainson. (Lamproptera, G. R. Gray. Erycina p. Enc. Meth. 
 Ijihiclides, Ilubaer.) 
 
 Species. Leptocircus Cukius : alis concoloi'ibus, nigris, fascia communi glauca ; anticis ante 
 apicem hyalinis. Expans. alar, una ] |. 
 Leptocircus : with the wings concolorous, black, with a common greenish white 
 fascia ; the anterior having a large transparent spot near the apex. Expanse of 
 the wings, 1J inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Curius, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 28. Enc. Meth. 9. 564, 827, 
 
 (Erycina C.) 
 Leilus [Urania] (Leptocircus) Curius, Swainson Zoo 1 , Illust. 2d. series, pi. 106. 
 Leptocircus Curius, Boi&duval Hist. Nat. Lepid. 1. 381, pi. 17, /. 3. Naturalists 
 
 Library Entomol. vol. 5, pi. 5, Jig. 1. 
 Erycina (Lamproptera) Curius, G. R. Gray in Griff. An. Kingd. Ins. pi. 102,/. 4. 
 
 Habitat. Siam, (Fabricius). Java, (Boisduval). 
 
 This insect is exceedingly interesting, with reference to the general classification 
 of the diurnal butterflies. It was, by Fabricius, regarded as a true Papilio, and cer- 
 tainly the head, palpi, antenna?, legs, &c. clearly prove the correctness of this affinity. 
 In the Encyclopedie Methodique, however, it was considered as an Erycina, doubtless 
 from its small size, and its apparent resemblance to some of the long-tailed species, 
 such as Rhetus and Dorilas of Cramer. Donovan also asserted its greater affinity 
 to the Papiliones Plebeii. Mr. Swainson next proved it to belong to the family 
 Papilionida3, by his figures of the various parts in detail ; but, from too eagerly 
 
 L 
 
74 
 
 LEPIDOPTEEA. 
 
 following out his peculiar theories, he gave it as a subgenus of the genus Urania, 
 which name he changed to Leilus, (considering its type to be the Papilio Leilus of 
 Linnaeus,) on the ground that the name Urania had been employed in Botany, which 
 is certainly the case ; but as the genus of plants ought to retain its previous name 
 Ravenala, the name of Urania is not inapplicable to a genus of Lepidoptera. But 
 Leptocircus ought clearly not to be regarded as belonging to the same group as 
 Leilus, Orontes, and Rhipheus, together with Patroclus, Lunus, and Empedocles, 
 which decidedly belong thereto, although omitted by Mr. Swainson. The veins of the 
 wings of Leptocircus are decidedly Papilionideous, and have no resemblance whatever 
 to those of Urania. There is it is true some analogy in the form of the posterior 
 wings, but, I presume, no real relation can be supported on such a character, and I 
 can discover no other to give it a relation either with Urania, or Erycina. In the 
 male of this insect, the pale band crossing the wings is of a greenish white, but in 
 the female it is transparent white in the anterior, and white in the posterior wings. 
 
 The species was described by Fabricius from a specimen in the collection of Sir 
 J. Banks. It is become sufficiently common. 
 
 HESPERIA PROPERTIUS. 
 
 Plate XLVII. fig. 2. 
 
 Family. Hesperiid.e. 
 
 Genus. Hesperia. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Propertius : alia supra nigris, anticis lineolis duabus marginalibus baseos 
 maeulisque flavis, posticis fascia flava ; subtus, anticis atro, flavo, rufoque variis, 
 posticis fasciis rufis flavisque margine teuuiori nigro. Expans. alar, unc. l\. 
 Hesperia : with the wings above black, the anterior with two marginal lines at the 
 base and some spots of yellow, the posterior with a yellow bar ; beneath the 
 anterior are varied with black, yellow and red, and the posterior have alternate 
 bars of red and yellow, with a slender black edge. Expanse of the wings, 
 lg inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (IT.) Propertius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 325. Enc. Metk 9. 773. 
 
 Habitat. " In India," (Fabricius). 
 
 HESPERIA TIBULLUS. 
 
 Plate XLVII. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Tibullus : alis supra anticis nigris flavo-maculatis ; subtus subconcolori- 
 bus, costasubrufa ; posticis flavis margine omni, postico interrupto, nigro, subtus 
 variegatis. Expans. alar. unc. 1J. 
 
75 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Hesperia : with the anterior wings above black, spotted with yellow ; beneath 
 similarly coloured, but with a reddish costa ; posterior pair yellow with the 
 margin (interrupted behind) black, beneath variegated. Expanse of the wings, 
 1-| inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (U.) Tibullus, Fabr. Ent. Sijst. III. 1. p. 326. Enc. With. 9. 754. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," {Fabricius). 
 
 HESPERIA AUGIAS. 
 Plate XLVIII. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Augias : alis fulvis ; supra anticis linea obliqua, limboque postico 
 nigris ; posticis nigris, puncto subcentrali faseiaque postica utrinque dentatis 
 rufo-flavis. Expans. alar. unc. Ik 
 Hesperia : with fulvous wings ; above the anterior are marked by an oblique 
 l]ne, and the posterior edge of black ; the posterior are black, with a central 
 spot and a posterior bar, toothed on each side, of reddish yellow. Expanse of 
 the wings, 1] inch. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (Pleb. TTrb.) Augias, Linn. Amcen. Acad. t. 4, p. 410. Syst. Nat. 2. 794. 
 Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 327. Enc. Meth. 9. 707, (Hesperia A.) 
 
 Habitat. Java, (Linnmus Enc. Meth.) India, (Fabricius). 
 
 The specimen here figured appears to be less strongly marked with black than 
 ordinary, the posterior margin of the wings being spotted with that colour, instead 
 of being entirely black. 
 
 HESPERIA ORIGINES. 
 
 Plate XLVIII. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Origines : alis fuscis ; striga punctorum alborum ; anticis basi oblique 
 testaceis. Expans. alar. unc. 1-k 
 Hesperia : with the wings brown, with a row of white dots ; the anterior with a 
 large oblique testaceous patch at the base. Expanse of the wings, 1} inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (IT.) Origines, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 328, (Hesperia Thaumas). Enc. 
 Meth. 9. 766 1 
 
 Habitat. "In Indiis," (Fabricius.) North America, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 As there appears to be some doubt of the precise identity of this insect with 
 the Hesperia Thaumus of Fabricius, as well as of its sex, and as the accompanying 
 figure agrees with the Fabrician description of H. Origines, I have thought it best 
 to retain the latter name. 
 
 l 2 
 
76 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 ERYCINA ? PLUTARGUS. 
 
 Plate XLVII. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Erycina 1 Plutargus : alis supra fuscis auro irroratis, anticis macula apicali tes- 
 tacea ; subtus pallidioribus, anticis margine extcriori testaceo, posticis strigis 
 punctoque obscurioribus. Expans. alar. unc. 1J. 
 Erycina? with the wings above brown with gold spangles, and with a testaceous 
 spot at the tips of the anterior pair ; beneath paler, the anterior with the front 
 margin testaceous ; the posterior pair with streaks and a spot of darker colour. 
 Expanse of the wings, 1J- inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (TJ.) Plutargus, Fab. Ent. Syst. 111.1.^.329. Em. Meth. 9. 776 (Hes- 
 peria P.) 
 
 Habitat. " Tn Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
 HESPERIA EPICTETUS. 
 
 Plate XLVIII. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Epictetus : alis fuscis, disco flavo ; anticarum macula longitudinali fusca 
 et in hac lunula flava ; posticis subtus flavis immaculatis. Expans. alar. unc. 1. 
 Hesperia : with the wings brown, the disc being yellow ; the anterior pair having 
 a longitudinal brown spot running through the middle of the wing, in which is a 
 yellow lunule ; the posterior pair are yellow and without spots beneath. 
 Expanse of the wings, 1 inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (U.) Epictetus, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1.;). 330. Enc. Meth. 9. 70*. 
 
 Habitat. "Tn Indiis," (Fabricius). Brazil, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 HESPERIA CHEMNIS. 
 
 Tlate XLIX. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Ciiemnis : alis subcaudatis, fuscis basi magis brunneis ; anticis maculis 
 sex, posticis tribus quadratis liyalinis, margine postico flavo. Expans. alar, 
 unc. 2},. 
 Hesperia: with the wings slightly tailed, brown, with the base more fulvous; 
 anterior pair with six, posterior with three square hyaline spots : posterior 
 margin yellow. Expanse of the wings, 2. 1 , inches. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (U.) Chemnis, Fab,: Ent. Syst. TIL 1. p. 331. Enc. Meth. 9. 746. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
77 
 LEPIDOPTEEA. 
 
 HESPERIA THRAX. 
 
 Plate XLIX. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Thrax : alis ecaudatis, fuscis, niaculis tribus fenestratis, exteriore 
 niinore. Expans. alar. unc. 2^. 
 Hesperia : without tails, with, brown wings, the anterior having three fenestrated 
 spots, of which the outer one is smallest. Expanse of the wings, 2 J- inches. 
 
 Syn. Papilio (PI. Urb.) Thrax, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 794. Enc. M'eth. 9. 748, (Hesperia T.) 
 Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 337? 
 
 Habitat. Java, (Linnazus, Enc. Meth.) 
 
 Donovan expressly states that his specimen of this insect corresponded with that 
 in the Linnaean cabinet. Tt also agrees with the description of a Javanese butterfly 
 described in the Encyclopedic jVTethodique as the true Thrax. This circumstance 
 renders doubtful the references to Fabricius, Clerk, and Cramer, who has figured 
 three species, regarded as varieties of Thrax, under the names of Papilio Sal us, 
 Sebaldus, and Ramasis. 
 
 HESPERIA (EANTIS) MITHRIDATES. 
 
 Plate XLIX. fig. 3. 
 
 Subgenus. Eaxtis, Boisduval. 
 
 Species. Hesperia (Eaxtis) Mithridates : alis atris, purpureo-maculatis, fasciaque sub- 
 marginali purpurea lunulis albidis ; subtus nigris, fasciis duabus macularibus 
 purpureis. Expans. alar. unc. 2. 
 Hesperia (Eaxtis) : with the wings black, spotted with purple, and with a purple 
 submarginal fascia, in which are whitish lunules ; beneath black, with two rows 
 of purple spots. Expanse of the wings, 2 inches. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (TT.) Mithridates, Fabr. Eat. Syst. III. 1. p. 33G. Enc Meth. 9. 792. 
 (Hesperia M.) 
 
 Habitat. " Id Indiis," {Fabricius). Brazil? (Enc. Meth.) 
 
78 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 HESPERIA (EANTIS) THRASIBULITS. 
 
 Plate XLIX. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Hesperia (Eantis) Thrasibulus : alis atris cceruleo undulatis ; posticis subtus 
 angulo ani cinereo fusco punctate Expans. alar. uiic. lh. 
 Hesperia (Eantis) : with black wings, undulated with blue; the posterior beneath 
 with the anal angle cinereous, spotted with brown. Expanse of the wings, 
 li inch. 
 
 Svx. Hesperia (IT.) Thrasibulus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 34G. Enc. Metk 9. 792. 
 
 Habitat. "In Indiis," (Fabricius.) Brazil, (Enc. Metk) 
 
 HESPERIA JOVIANUS. 
 
 Plate L. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Jovianus : alis atris, anticis macula transversa pone medium (alter- 
 aque minori subapicali in $ ) alba, strigaque marginali punctorum oblongorum 
 creruleorum ; posticis creruleo striatis et in his macula? aliquot oblonga? alba?. 
 Expans. alar. unc. 1 1. 
 Hesperia: with the wings black; the anterior with a transverse bar of white 
 beyond the middle, (a smaller subapical one in the female,) and a submarginal 
 row of oblong blue dots ; the posterior pair with blue streaks, in which are 
 several oblong white spots. Expanse of the wings, lh inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (U.) Jovianus, Fabricius Eat. Syst. III. 1, p. 348. Em. Meth. 9. 788. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). Brazil, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 HESPERIA SALVIANUS. 
 
 Plate L. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Salvianus : alis supra fuscis, viridi maculatis strigaque postica macu- 
 larum obscuriorum ; subtus anticis fuscis fascia lata alba, posticis albis striga 
 marginali e punctis septem fuscis. Expans. alar. unc. H-. 
 Hesperia : with the upper side of the wings brown, mottled with green, and with 
 a submarginal row of obscure dots ; beneath the anterior wings brown with a 
 broad white bar, posterior white with a marginal row of seven brown dots. 
 Expanse of the wings, 1 ?, inch . 
 
 Svx. Hesperia (IT ) Salvianus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 348. Enc. Meth. 9. 789. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
79 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 HESPERIUS GALENUS. 
 
 Plate L. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Galexus : alis fuscis punctis maculisque flavis ; anticis fascia niaculari 
 transversa media ; postieis macula magna oblonga e medio ad margined extensa. 
 Expans. alar. una 1£. 
 Hesperia : with the wings brown with yellow dots and spots ; the anterior with a 
 central transverse row of spots forming a bar, and the latter with a large oblong 
 spot reaching from the middle to the tips. Expanse of the wings, 1 J- inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (TJ.) Galenus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 350. Em. Meth. 9. 773. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). 
 
 HESPERIA CATULLUS. 
 
 Plate L. fig. 4. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Catullus : alis atris, striga communi submargiuali punctorum alborum ; 
 
 anticis etiam punctis nonnullis albis, subtus paucioribus. Expans. alar. unc. 1 ; \. 
 
 Hesperia : with the wings black, with a row of submarginal white dots on all the 
 
 wings ; the anterior pair have also a few white dots scattered over the surface, 
 
 being fewer beneath. Expanse of the wings, 1^ inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (U.) Catullus, Fabr. Eat. Syst. III. 1, p. 348. Abbot and Smith Lep. 
 
 Georgia, 1. t. 24. Enc. Meth. 9. 777. 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," (Fabricius). North America, (Abbot and Smith). 
 
 According to the Encyclopedie Methodique, this North American insect is liable 
 to considerable variation in the number of the white dots on the upper surfaces of the 
 wings. The caterpillar, according to Abbot and Smith, feeds upon the Monarda 
 punctata. It is of a dark green colour, with two black spots on the first segment ; 
 the head is black, with two white dots at the sides. 
 
 HESPERIA SPIO. 
 
 Plate L. fig. 5. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Spio : alis reversis, nigris maculis albis plurimis difformibus undique 
 dispersis, subtus simillimis at .fuscis. " Similis P. Tages at diinidio minor et 
 brevis." — Linn. 
 Hesperia : with the wings reversed, black, with many irregular shaped white spots 
 
80 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 scattered over the wings ; beneath exactly alike, but the black changed to brown. 
 Similar to P. Tages, but smaller by half, and short. 
 
 Svx. Papilio (P. N.), Spio, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 338. (nee 330). Syst. Nat. 2. 79G. Fair. Ent. 
 
 Syst. Ill, 1, p. 354. 
 Habitat. Cape of Good Hope, (Linnosus). India, (Fubricins). 
 
 Linnaeus, both in the Museum Reginae Ulricas, and the Systema Naturas, states 
 that he received this from the Cape of Good Hope, from Tulbagh, who was governor 
 there. I know not upon what authority Fabricius gave it as a native of India. 
 
 The five preceding species are represented on the Clerodendrum infortunatum, a 
 
 plant introduced from the East Indies. 
 
 HESPERIA ENNIUS. 
 
 Plate LI. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Ennius : alisanticis fuscis, maculis hyaliuis ; posticis supra atris, macula 
 magna media, maculisque marginalibus flavis ; subtus fuscis nigro maculatis 
 discoque albo. Expans. alar. unc. 2 T ' n . 
 Hesperia : with the anterior wings brown, with hyaline spots ; the posterior above 
 black, with a large central spot (extending to the base,) and marginal spots of 
 yellow ; beneath brown, spotted with black, and with the disc white. Expanse 
 of the wings, 2^ inches. 
 
 Svx. Hesperia (U.) Ennius, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. /). 338. Eric. MM. 9. 749. 
 
 Habitat. "In Indiis," (Fabrieius). 
 
 HESPERIA POLYBIUS. 
 
 Plate LI. tig. 2. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Polybius : alis concoloribus ; anticis atris macula media transversa fulva, 
 margine postico niveo ; posticis atris, margineposticoniveo, anguloque ani fulvo. 
 Expans. alar. unc. 2]. 
 Hesperia : with the wings coloured alike on both sides ; anterior pair black, with a 
 transverse central fulvous spot, posterior margin white ; posterior wings with 
 the margin white and anal angle fulvous. Expanse of the wings, 2] inches. 
 Syx. Hesperia (TJ.) Polybius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 337. Enc. Meth. 9. 732. 
 
 Hesperia (IT.) Palemon, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. I, p. 335. Sp. Ins. 2. 134. Cramer, 
 pi. 131. F. 
 Habitat. "In Indiis," (Fabricius.) Surinam, Brazil, {Enc. Meth.) 
 
81 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 HESPERIA ZELEUCUS. 
 
 Plate LI. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Zeleucus : atra, capite anoque sangiiineis ; alis concoloribus atris ; 
 posticis margine tenuissiino albo. Expans. alar. una 2J. 
 Hesperia : black, with the head and anus sanguineous ; wings coloured alike on 
 both sides, black ; the posterior with a very slender white margin. Expanse of 
 the wings, 2] inches. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (U.) Zeleucus, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 346. Enc. Meth. 9. 733. 
 Papilio Thasus, Cramer, pi. 380, / M, X. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," {Fabricius). Surinam, and Brazil, {Enc. Meth.) 
 
 The three preceding species are represented on a sprig of the Lagerstrcerneria Indica. 
 
 HESPERIA ORCUS. 
 
 Plate LII. fig. 1. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Orcus : alis subtus fuscis, anticis punctis maculaque lunata vitreo- 
 flavis ; posticis fasciis obsoletis cseruleis : subtus oserulescentibus, margine nigro. 
 Expans. alar. unc. 1^. 
 Hesperia : with the wings above brown, the anterior with several spots, and a 
 lunate mark of glassy yellow, the posterior with obsolete blue bars ; beneath 
 blue with a black edge. Expanse of the wings, 1 \ inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (U.) Orcus, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. I. p. 341. Enc. Meth. 9. 7S9. 
 
 Papilio Cerialis, Cramer Pap. pA. 392, fig. X. 0. Stoll Suppl. Cramer, pi. 10, fig. 1. 
 
 Habitat. " In Indiis," {Fabricius). Guiana, {Enc. M#h. Stoll.) 
 
 The caterpillar, according to Stoll, (who observed the transformations of this 
 
 species in Guiana,) is dirty green, with the head brown, a spot on each side of the 
 
 segments of the body, and two ventral lines of white. It remains in the chrysalis 
 state only about seven days. 
 
 M 
 
82 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 HESPERIA BUSIRIS. 
 
 Plate LI I. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Busiris : thorace albo punctato; alis anticis oblongis, atris, maculis 
 duabus, et inter has punctis duobus flavis, apice cinerascente ; posticis fulvis 
 margine atro. Expans. alar. unc. 2. 
 Hesperia : with the thorax spotted with white ; the anterior wings oblong, black, 
 with two large spots, between which are two dots of yellow, the tip being cine- 
 reous ; the posterior wings fulvous, with a black margin. Expanse of the 
 wings, 2 inches. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (U.) Busiris, Fair. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 315. Enc. Meth. 9. 758. 
 
 Habitat. " In India," (Fabricius). 
 
 HESPERIA CELSUS. 
 
 Plate LI I. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Hesperia Celsus : alis supra nigris, subtus brunneo-fuscis ; anticis utrinque fascia 
 transversa rufo-flavida ; posticis supra iminaculatis, infra cinerascenti-pulveru- 
 lentis, margine externo strigaque transversa brunneo-fuscis. Expans. alar, 
 unc. If. 
 Hesperia : with the wings above black, beneath rich brown ; the anterior on both 
 sides with a transverse fascia of reddish yellow ; the posterior pair immaculate 
 above, beneath sprinkled ashy, with the outer margin and a transverse bar rich 
 brown. Expanse of the wings, If inch. 
 
 Syn. Hesperia (U.) Celsus, Fair. Ent. S>jk. III. 1. p. 34G. Enc. Meth. 9. 759. 
 Papilio Hiarbas, Cramer, pi. 18,//;/. F) 
 Hesperia (U.) Thyrsis, Fabr. Eat. Syst. III. 1. p. 333 ? 
 
 Habitat. "In Indiis " [Fabricius.") Brazil, (Enc. Meth.) 
 
 ZEUZERA MINE A. 
 
 Plate LIII. fig. 1, male. 1 a, female. 
 
 Section. Lepidoptera Nocturna. Pkalama, Linnaeus. 
 Family. Hepialid.e, Leach. 
 Genus. Zeuzera, Latreilh, Stephens. 
 
 Species. Zeuzera Minea : cyanea, alis concoloribus aurantiis, maculis fasciaque media 
 longitudinali cyaneis. Expans. alar. unc. 3 — 4. 
 
83 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Zeuzera : cyaneous, with all the wings coloured alike, orange, with cyaneous spots, 
 and a broad central longitudinal bar of the same colour. Expanse of the wings, 
 from 3 to 4 inches. 
 
 Donovan observes that " Cramer has given the figure of a small specimen of this 
 fine Phalaena under the trivial name of Mineus. This is evidently of the male ; the 
 antennas of which are not, however, very correctly expressed. Both sexes of this rare 
 insect are represented in the annexed plate, the drawings of which were taken from 
 specimens met with in Bengal, by Mr. Fichtel of Vienna. The originals are at this 
 time in the cabinet of the Emperor of Germany." The same insect, but apparently 
 from a very indifferent specimen, is figured by Eschscholtz in Kotzebue's Entdeckungs 
 Reise in die Sud. See, &c. Weimar, 1S21, p. 219, pi. 11, fig. 29, under the name of 
 Zeuzera viridicans. 
 
 ZEUZERA SCALARIS. 
 
 Plate LIII. fig. 2. 
 
 Species. Zeuzera Scalaris : nivea ; thorace utrinque linea fulva ; alis niveis, anticis strigis 
 numerosissimis transversalibus abbreviatis nigris, striaque longitudinali fulva, 
 posticis immaculatis. Expans. alar. unc. 2\. 
 Zeuzera : snow-white ; the thorax Qn each side with a fulvous Hue ; wings snow- 
 white, the anterior with many short transverse black lines and a fulvous longi- 
 tudinal line, the posterior immaculate. Expanse of the wings, 2]- inches. 
 
 Syn. Cossus Scalaris, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 5. Mant. Ins. 2. p. 135, (Hepialus s.) 
 
 Described by Fabricius, from a specimen in the cabinet of Mr. Monson, as a 
 native of China. The specimen represented in the annexed plate was brought from 
 Bengal, and is, as well as the preceding, at this time in the cabinet of the Emperor 
 of Austria. 
 
 LITHOSIA SANGUINOLENTA. 
 
 Plate LIII. fig. 3. 
 
 Family. Lithosiid.e, Stephens. 
 
 Genus. Lithosia, Fabricius. Callimorpha p. LatreUle. 
 
 Species. Lithosia Sanguinolenta : alis incumbentibus, niveis, anticis costa sanguinea, per 
 thoracis partem anticam ducta, posticis maculis atris ; abdomine fulvo annulis 
 nigris. Expans. alar. 2 | unc. 
 
 M 2 
 
84 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Lithosia : with the wings incumbent, snow-white ; the anterior with the front 
 edge sanguineous, which is carried across the front of the thorax ; posterior pair 
 spotted with black ; abdomen fulvous with black rings. Expanse of the wings. 
 
 2^, inches. 
 
 Syn. Bombyx sanguinolenta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ITI. 1. p. 473. 
 
 Donovan observes that this is a rare species, and that his specimen was received 
 from Bombay. 
 
 PSILURA FIGURA. 
 
 Plate LIV. fig. 1. 
 
 Family. Arctiid.e, Stephens. Phahena, (Bombyx p.) Linnaeus. 
 Genus. Psilura, Stephens. Liparis p. Oehs. Laria p. Schrank. 
 
 Species. Psilura Figura : alis anticis albidis, fusco nigroque maculatis, medio figura 7 nigra 
 notatis ; posticis cinereis ; abdomine carneo. Expans. alar. unc. 3-^. 
 Psilura : with the anterior wings whitish, spotted with brown and black, and 
 marked in the middle with a black character like the figure 7 ; posterior wings 
 cinereous ; abdomen pink. Expanse of the wings, 3J- inches. 
 
 Donovan states that he received this nondescript species from Madras. As it 
 agrees with our common moth, the black arches (Ps. Monacha) in its general cha- 
 racter, and in the peculiar pink colouring of the abdomen, I have placed it in the 
 genus of which that species is the type. In the markings of the wings, however, it 
 seems to make a nearer approach to the tussock moths. 
 
 OPHIUSA? STRIGATA. 
 
 Plate LIV. fig. 2. 
 
 Family. Noctuid.e, Stepliens. Phahena, (Xoctua) Linnxus. 
 
 Genus. Ophiusa \ Ochs. Tr. Steph. Ophideres 1 Boisduwd Faune de I'Oceanie, p. 245. 
 
 Species. Ophiusa Strigata : " alis anticis fuscis, litura longitudinali viridi ; poaticis luteis, 
 
 lunula limboque nigris." [Donovan). Expans. alar. unc. 3. 
 
S5 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Ophiusa : with the " anterior wings brown, with a longitudinal green daub ; 
 posterior pair yellowish, with a lunar spot and border of black." Expanse of 
 the wines, 3 inches. 
 
 J S"l 
 
 Donovan observes that " this moth agrees entirely with the Noctua Dioscoreae of 
 Fabricius, (Ent. Syst. t. 3, p. 2, p. 16, n. 26.) except in having a large green streak 
 on the upper wings. It appears, indeed, to have been hitherto confounded with that 
 species, either as a sexual difference, or variety ; but we are persuaded it is neither. 
 Both sexes of N. Dioscoreae, in particular, have occurred to our observation, without 
 this streak. Found in Bengal." It should be observed, however, that Fabricius, not 
 only in this, but also in the allied species Materna, (figured by Drury, col. 2, t. 13.) 
 states that the colour of the anterior wings is liable to great variation. The emargina- 
 tion of the posterior margin of the fore wings in this figure, is also noticed by Fabricius 
 tinder Dioscoreaa, and is probably a sexual character. 
 
 EREBUS HIEROGLYPHICUS. 
 
 Plate LIV. fig. 3. 
 
 Genus. Erebus, Latreille. Thysania, Balm. Noctua, Fabricwis. 
 
 Species. Erebus Hieroglyphicus : alis dentatis, atris ; anticis fascia subapicali abbreviata 
 albida maculaque subocellari ; posticis margine bisinuato. Expans. alar, una 
 
 Erebus : with the wings dentated, black ; the anterior with a short whitish line 
 near the tip, and a large central ocellated spot ; the posterior immaculate with 
 two deep notches. Expanse of the wings, 3 \ — h inches. 
 
 Syn. Pbalaena (Noctua) hieroglyplrica, Drury App. vol. 2, pi. 2, fig. 1. Oliv. Ene. MUh. 
 8. 253. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 2. p. 11. 
 Phalrena Magdonia, Cramer Pap. pi. 17 i, fig. F. 
 
 " Common in the East Indies." — Donocaji. 
 
86 
 
 Order. NEUROPTERA. Linnceus. 
 
 MYRMELEON PARDALIS. 
 
 Plate LV. fig. 1. 
 
 Section. Planipennes, Latreille. (Filicornes.) 
 
 Family. Myrmeleoxid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Myrmeleon, Linn. <tc. 
 
 Species. Myrmeleon Pardalis : alis albis, maculis plurimis uigris sparsis, pedibus nigris 
 femoribiis flavis, corpore flavo nigroque vario. Expans. alar. uuc. 3 \. 
 Myrmeleon : with the wings white, with many black dots scattered over them, 
 especially in the anterior pair ; legs black, with the thighs yellow ; body varied 
 with yellow and black. Expanse of the wings, 3| inches. 
 
 Syn. Myrmeleon Pardalis, Fair. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 92. 
 
 MYRMELEON PUNCTATUM. 
 
 Plate LV. fit?. 2. 
 
 Species. Myrmeleon Punctatum : alis hyalino-albidis, venis e punctis niveis nigrisque 
 alternis reticulatis, punctoque magno niveo stiginaticali ; pedibus flavescentibus. 
 Expans. alar. vine. 2j. 
 Myrmeleon : with the wings hyaline whitish, with the veins reticulated alternately 
 with black and white, and with a large white stigmal spot, legs yellowish. Ex- 
 pase of the wings, 2\ inches. 
 
 Syn. Myrmeleon Pnnctatum, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 94. 
 
 Donovan observes upon the two preceding species — " Few species of the Myrme- 
 leon genus have been discovered. Linnaeus describes only five, and those are chiefly 
 natives of Europe. Fabricius adds seven more, besides three others in the genera 
 Ascalaphus, in the Eutomologia Systematica, and particularly two from India, in the 
 cabinet of Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. M. Pardalis and M. Punctatum ; these are the only 
 Indian Myrmeleons hitherto ascertained; to the Entomologist they are ecpially in- 
 teresting as new and unfigured species, but M. Pardalis is much superior in beauty to 
 the other. The characteristic distinction of M. Punctatum, is the alternate black and 
 white specks, or interrupted dashes in the reticulations of the wings. M. Pardalis is 
 
87 
 
 NEUROPTERA. 
 
 reticulated also with delicate brownish nerves, its general colour a fine yellow, elegantly 
 barred with transverse streaks of brown ; it is from the coast of Coromandel." 
 
 The natural history of the Myrmeleon-larva is curious, and has been traced in 
 some of the European kinds by Reaumur, Roesel, and others, particularly in the M. 
 Formica-Leo of Geoffroy ; this creature, among other peculiarities, is furnished in the 
 front with a large pair of forceps, with which it takes its prey. It forms circular 
 cavities in the sand, and concealing itself in the centre with only the forceps above 
 the surface, catches the weaker or unwaiy insects that come within the verge of 
 its cell. 
 
 Order. H Y M E N O P T E R A , Linn mis. 
 
 CHRYSIS IMPERIALIS. 
 
 Plate LVI. fig. 1. 
 
 Section. Tubulifera, Latreille. 
 
 Family. Chrysidid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Chrysis, Linnaeus. 
 
 Species. Chrysis Iiiperialis : " tlioraoe viridi, fascia cyanea ; abdomine antice cyaneo 
 violaceoque fasciato, medio aureo, postice rubro, quadri-dentato." — Donovan. 
 Long. Corp. -| unc. 
 Chrysis : with the thorax green, with a blue band ; anterior part of the abdomen 
 blue fasciated with violet, golden in the middle, posterior end red, with four 
 teeth. Length of the body, -| of an inch. 
 
 Syn. Chrysis fasciata, Donovan, 1st edit, nee Chrysis fasciata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 175. 
 
 " This charming insect is from Tranquebar, where we have every reason to believe 
 it to be uncommonly rare. The species does not appear to be described by any 
 author, the only specimen we are acquainted with is in the cabinet of the Right Hon. 
 Sir J. Banks, Bart." — Donovan. 
 
 This species must not be confounded with the Chrysis fasciata of Fabricius, a 
 
88 
 HYMENOPTERA. 
 
 South American species, for which it will be convenient to retain the specific name of 
 C. fasciata, (especially as it is now impossible to decide the priority of the employment 
 of the name fasciata between Fabricius or Donovan, both having been published in 
 the year 1804 ) I have, therefore, proposed for Donovan's insect a name, which 
 will not be thought inapplicable. 
 
 STILBUM OCULATUM. 
 
 Plate LVI. fig. 2. 
 
 Genus. Stilbum, Spinola. Chrysis p. Fabricius, Donovan. 
 
 Species. Stilbum Oculatum : viride, nitens, punctatumj abdomine rohmdato, viride, versus 
 
 apiceni utrinque macula ocellata aurea ; ano cteruleo sex-dentato. Long. Corp. 
 
 unc. J. 
 
 Stilbum : green, shining, punctured ; abdomen rounded above, green, with an eye- 
 like golden spot on each side near the tip ; anus blue with six teeth. Length of 
 the body, ', an inch. 
 Syn. Chrysis oculata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2, p. 239. Sp. Ins. p. 455. Syst. Fiez. p. 171. 
 
 " Chrysis oculata is distinguished for the peculiar brilliancy of its colours. L 
 was found by Dr. Kcenig at Tranquebar. Fabricius describes this insect from a 
 specimen in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. ; from whence our figure is 
 also taken. We have since received the same kind from Bengal, through the medium 
 of Mr. Fichtel of Vienna." — Donovan. 
 
 STILBUM SPLEKDIDULUM. 
 
 Plate LVI. fig. 3. 
 
 Species. Stilbum Splendidulum : viride, cyaneo nitidum ; abdomine rotundato; ano 
 oseruleo quadri-dentato ; pedibus viridibus, tibiis fuscis. Long. Corp. JL. unc. 
 Stilbum : green, shining with blue ; abdomen rounded above ; anus blue, with 
 four teeth ; legs green, with brown tibire. Length of the body, -^ of an inch. 
 
 Syn. Chrysis splendidula, Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 454. Ent. Syst. II. p. 23S. Syst. Pies. p. 170. 
 
 Donovan states that this species is " very scarce, and that it is a native of 
 Tranquebar, where it was discovered by Dr. Kcenig. Fabricius describes this insect 
 from a specimen in the cabinet of Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. A variety of the same 
 
89 
 HYMENOPTEEA. 
 
 species is found in New Holland." It is most probable, that the Australasian spe- 
 cimens constitute a distinct but very closely allied species. The Stilbum princeps of 
 G. R. Gray, figured in Griffith's Animal Kingdom, Insects, pi. 77, from the collection 
 of the Rev. F. W. Hope, is from Melville Island, and is perhaps identical with the 
 New Holland variety, mentioned by Fabricius and Donovan. 
 
 VESPA CINCTA. 
 
 Plate LVII. fig. 1, 
 
 Section. Aculeata, Latreille. 
 
 Family. Yespid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Vespa, Linnceus. 
 
 Species. Vespa C'incta : nig:-a ; capite nigro ; thorace maculato scutelloque obscuro, fulvis ; 
 abdomine atro fascia ferruginea ; alis ferrugineis, basi nigris. Long. Corp. 
 una 1. 
 Vespa : black, with the head black ; thorax with two spots on each side before 
 the wings, and the scutellum obscure fulvous ; abdomen black, with a ferru- 
 ginous or fulvous bar ; wings ferruginous ; black at the base. Length of the 
 body. 1 inch. 
 
 Syn. Vespa cincta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 253. Syst. Piez. p. 253. St. Fargeau Hint. Xat. 
 Hymenopt. I. p. 505. 
 Sphex tropica, Sulzer. Hist. Ins. tab. 27, fig. 5. 
 
 Either this species is subject to considerable variation in its colours, or (which 
 appears to me to be the case,) several distinct species have been confounded together 
 under the name of V. cincta. Fabricius describes V. cincta from Tranquebar with 
 the characters which I have abstracted above, adding a variety from the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and a species under the name of V. affinis, being, as he says, " Nimis affinis 
 V. cincta?." M. le Comte de Saint Fargeau has also described two other varieties, 
 under the name of cincta, neither of which precisely agree with the Fabrician 
 character. 
 
90 
 HY.MENOPTERA. 
 
 EUMENES PETIOLATA. 
 
 Plate LVII. fig. 2. 
 
 Genus. Eumenes, Latreille. 
 
 Species. Eumenes Petiolata : capite ferrugineo fascia vertical! nigra; thorace ferrugineo, 
 antice flavo ; petiolo ferrugineo, basi fasciaque subapicali uigris, utrinque deute 
 parvo armato ; segmento secundo abdominis fascia atra, reliquis flavescentibus. 
 Long. Corp. unc 1 '. 
 Eumenes: with the head ferruginous, with a black vertical line; thorax ferru- 
 ginous, pale yellow in front; petiole ferruginous, with the base ami a band 
 near the tip black armed on each side with a small tooth ; second abdominal 
 segment with a black band, the remaining segmeuts yellowish. Length of the 
 body, 1J. inch. 
 
 Syn. Vespa petiolata, Fair. Eat. Syst. 2. p. 278. Syst. Piez. p. 284. 
 
 Donovan states that " this, with the foregoing species, is remarkably common in 
 many parts of the East Indies. Fabricius speaks of it as a native of Malabar." The 
 Chinese Vespa conica of Fabricins does not appear to be specifically distinct from the 
 present species. 
 
 EUMENES ARCUATA. 
 
 Plate LVIL fig. 3. 
 
 Spei ii:s. Eumenes Arcuata : nigra, fronte orbituque oculorura flavis ; thorace flavo maculato 
 et sub scutello flavo, cruce nigra notato ; petiolo elongato incurvo atro, maculis 
 duabus mediis et duabus ante apicem flavis ; segmento secundo abdominis fasciis 
 duabus, reliquis unica, interruptis flavis. Long. Corp. 1-' unc. 
 EUMENES: black, with the face and the edges of the eyes yellow; thorax with 
 yellow spots, behind the scutellum yellow with a black cross ; petiole long, 
 incurved, black, with two spots at the middle and two near the tips of yellow ; 
 second abdominal segment with two bands, the remainder with one, all being 
 interrupted in the middle and yellow. Length of the body, 1 J. inch. 
 
 Svx. Vespa armata, Fair. Eat. Syst. 2. p. 27G. Syst. Piez. p. 287. 
 
 " Described by Fabricius as a native of New Holland ; we have received it 
 Madras." — Donovan. 
 
91 
 
 HYMENOPTEE.A. 
 
 POLISTES MACAENSIS. 
 
 Plate LVII. fig. 4. 
 
 Genus. Polistes. Latreille. 
 
 Species. Polistes Macaexsis : capite flavo, inter oculos nigro ; thorace flavo, dorso obscu- 
 
 ruro, lineis tribus nigris ; scutello flavo bilineato ; abdomine flavo strigis tribus 
 
 nndatis. Long Corp. une. 1. 
 Polistes : with the head yellow, black between the eyes ; thorax yellow, darker 
 
 above, with three black longitudinal lines ; scutellum yellow, with two transverse 
 
 lines; abdomen yellow, with three waved black transverse lines. Length of the 
 
 body, 1 inch. 
 
 Syn. Vespa Macaensis, Fair. Ent. Syst. 2. p. 259. Syst. Pies. p. 272. 
 
 " The specimen from which our figure is copied, is in the cabinet of the Right 
 Hon. Sir J. Banks, Bart., from Macao." — Donovan. It is also very common in China, 
 and appears to be the species so frequently represented in the drawings sent to this 
 country, together with its nest, which is attached to the twigs of trees, and is com- 
 posed of cells without any outer covering. 
 
 POLISTES TEPIDA. 
 
 Plate LVII. fig. 5. 
 
 Species. Polistes Tepida : capite nigro ; labro ferrugineo ; thorace nigro ; collare punctis- 
 que duobus magnis dorsalibus ferrugineis ; abdominis segmento primo nigro, 
 secundo et tertio nigiis, margine ferrugineo, reliquis totis ferrugineis. Long. 
 Corp. J^ unc. 
 Polistes : with the head black ; upper lip ferruginous ; thorax black ; collar and 
 two large dorsal spots ferruginous ; first segment of abdomen black, second and 
 third black with the margin ferruginous, the remainder entirely ferruginous. 
 Length of the body, y^ths of an inch. 
 
 Syn. Vespa tepida, Fair Ent Syst. 2. p. 202. Syst. Piez. p. 271. 
 
 Fabricius gives as the habitat of this insect, " Xova Hollandia, Mus. Bom. 
 Banks." 
 
 n 2 
 
92 
 
 HYMENOPTEKA. 
 
 XYLOCOPA NASALIS. ?. 
 
 Plate LVIL fig. 6. 
 
 Family. Apid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Xylocopa, Fabricius. Apis p. Linnceus. 
 
 Species. Xylocopa Nasalis : nigra, nitida ; subtus pedibusque hirsutissirnis ; alis nigris, 
 
 purpureo (ad basin), viridique (ad apicem) ; nitentibus, facie sub antennas in 
 
 foemina alba. Long. Corp. 14 unc. 
 Xylocopa : black, shining ; under side of the body and the legs very hairy ; wings 
 
 black, shining with purple at the base, and green towards the tips ; the nose 
 
 white in the female. Length of the body, 1 \ inch. 
 Syn. Xylocopa violacea, Donovan, \st edit. 
 
 Donovan appears to have been in doubt as to the propriety of considering this 
 very common Chinese insect as identical with the south of Europe X. violacea, 
 Linnceus, with which it has hitherto been confounded. It is, however, much more 
 elongated than that species, and is distinguished by the white nose of the female, 
 whence I have proposed for it the specific name of X. nasalis. 
 
 Order. DIPTERA. Linnceus. 
 
 DIOPSIS INDICA. 
 
 Plate LVITI. 
 
 Family. Muscid.e, Leach. 
 
 Genus. Diopsis, Linnceus. 
 
 Species. Diopsis Indica : ferruginea, oculis, thorace toto, abdomine postice, alraum macula 
 
 apicali, spinisque scutellaribus nigris. Long. Corp. lin. 4. Expans. alar. lin. li. 
 Diopsis : ferruginous, with the eyes, thorax, posterior part of the abdomen, terminal 
 
 spot on the wings, and scutellar spines black. Length of the body, 4 lines. 
 
 Expanse of the wings, 6 lines. 
 
93 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 Syn. Diopsis Tndica, Westw. in Trans. Soc. Linn. vol. 17, p. 299. 
 Diopsis Ichneuuionea, Donovan, 1st edit. 
 
 The appearance of this curious insect is peculiarly striking. Nothing can be 
 more singular than the disposition of the eyes, which are situated at the extremity 
 of two long immoveable pedicles arising from the head, most exactly in that part 
 which in other insects bears the antenna?. In this particular the Diopsis differs not 
 only from other insects of the kindred genera, but also from all the other kinds we 
 are acquainted with. Some few of the Cancri, &c. have indeed the eyes placed at 
 the extremity of elongated pedicles, as is, for example, instanced in the Cancer angu- 
 latus, yet these are obviously dissimilar in construction, for they are moveable at the 
 base, and maybe directed towards any object, at the will of the animal, with the 
 utmost facility ; but to accomplish this, the motion of the pedicle in the Diopsis must 
 be necessarily accompanied by that of the head, or even of the whole body. The eyes 
 of the latter are notwithstanding so conveniently stationed at the globular extremity 
 of the pedicles, as to embrace a far more comprehensive range of sight than is usual 
 with the generality of insects 
 
 To the inexperienced entomologist, the Diopsis would rather seem to be furnished 
 with remarkable horns, and to be destitute of eyes, although the latter are so very 
 conspicuous when they are pointed out ; it is, on the contrary, the true horns, or 
 antennas, that are so minute as to be most likely to escape attention, for each of these 
 consists only of a single setaceous hair, or bristle, seated on a very small tubercle 
 just beneath the eye. 
 
 It has been previously intimated, in the observations on the genus Paussus, that 
 the first account of the Diopsis was inserted in a small tract published by Linnaeus, 
 at Upsal, in 1775. From this we learn, that both the Diopsis and the Paussus were 
 found by Andreas Dahl, among a parcel of insects in the possession of Dr. Fothergill, 
 of London, by whom they were sent to Linnaeus. These consisted chiefly of insects 
 collected in North America and Guinea, but the habitat, either of the Paussus, or the 
 Diopsis in particular, it is very certain was by no means exactly known. Fuessly 
 notwithstanding describes the D. ichneumonea, upon this ambiguous authority only, 
 as a native of Cavenne, and after him Gmelin notes the same insect from South 
 America, and Guinea, perhaps with as little reason. Latreille tells us it is from the 
 coast of Angola, on the information of Perrin. a zealous naturalist of Bordeaux. 
 Donovan's specimens of the insects here figured, and which he says are most 
 assuredly the Diopsis ichneumonea of Linnaeus, were brought from Bengal, where they 
 
04 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 were discovered by Mr. Fiehtel, who, be adds, has thus established the habitat of this 
 singular creature beyond dispute. 
 
 Linnaeus, to whom only an individual species of Diopsiswas known, as usual with 
 him under such circumstances, does not assign to it any specific character. Donovan 
 states that he was acquainted with another species of this genus, a native of Africa, 
 in the collection of T. Marsham, Esq. which rendered a deviation from his example 
 excusable, although the latter was at the time undescribed. 
 
 Since the preceding observations by Donovan was written, great additions have 
 been made to this curious genus. Fabricius, like Donovan, adopted the Linnasan 
 specific name ichneumonea, but confounded under that name two species distinct 
 from each other, and from the original species. Illiger added another species, D. 
 nigra. Dalman described three new African species ; Weidemann another, which he 
 named in honour of Dalman ; and Gray another, D. Sykesii, in Griffith's Animal 
 Kingdom. More recently, in the seventeenth volume of the Transactions of the 
 Linniean Society, I have published a monograph upon the genus, in which I have 
 described thirty-one species, giving coloured figures of the greater portion. All of 
 these species, (with the exception of D. brevicornis of Say, which belongs to a dis- 
 tinct subgenus,) are natives of the old world, inhabiting Guinea, Sierra Leone, 
 Senegal, the Cape of Good Hope, Arabia, and the East Indies. 
 
 In this monograph I have endeavoured to prove, that Guinea, or the adjacent 
 parts of Western Africa, is the true locality of D. ichneumonia ; whilst Donovan's 
 species, which belongs to a distinct section of the genus with the spot on the wings 
 terminal, (and not merely a sub-apical fascia, as in D. ichneumonia,) I have given as 
 a distinct species, under the name of D. Indica. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 Tn this Index the names employed both in the present aud former editions are introduced, in order to render the refer- 
 ences which have been made by writers to the former edition available. The names, generic, sub-geueric, or specific, first 
 employed in the present edition are distinguished by a *. 
 
 *Acanthosoma imiguttata, PL 14, f. 5. 
 *Antbia *G-guttata, PI. 4, f. 1. 
 *Anthocharis Danae, PI. 20, f. 2. 
 *Anthocaris Eucharis, PI. 27, f. 4. 
 *Anthocaris Genutia, PI. 27. f. ■">. 
 *Argynnis Thyelia, PL 31, f. 3. 
 *Aphana 1 festiva, PL 7, f. 2. 
 
 Apis violacea, PL 57, f. C. 
 *Biblis Hiarbas, PL 32, f. 3. 
 *Brachimis biniaculatus, PL 4, f. 2. 
 Buprestis ^Enea, PL 3, f. 3. 
 Buprestis Chrysis, PL 3, f. 2. 
 Buprestis *(Sternocera) Chrysis PL 3, f. 2. 
 Buprestis *(Sphenoptera ?) coufusa, PL 3, f. 3. 
 Buprestis 4-maculata, PL 3, f. 4. 
 Buprestis *(Antliaxia) 4-maculata, PI. 3, f, 4. 
 Buprestis sternicornis, PL 3, f. 1 . 
 Buprestis *(Sternocera) sternicornis, PL 3, f, 1. 
 *Calandra palmarum, PL G, f. 2. 
 Carabus birnacidatus, PL 4, f. 2. 
 Carabus G-maculatus, PL 4, f. 1. 
 *Castnia Evalthe, PL 22. 
 *Cethosia Cyane, PL 35, f. 2. 
 *Cethosia Cydippe, PL 34, f. 1 . 
 Cetonia coarulea, PL 2, f. 5. 
 Cetonia Histrio, PL 2, f. 4, 
 Chrysis fasciata, PL 5G, f. 1. 
 Chrysis imperialis, PL 5G, f. 1. 
 Chrysis oculata, PL 5G, f. 2. 
 Chrysis splendidula, PL 56, f. 3. 
 Cicada Indica, PI. 8, f. 3. 
 
 Cicada *speciosa, PL 8, f. 3. 
 Cirnex cruciatus, PL 14, f. 3. 
 Cimex mactans, PL 14, f. 4. 
 Cirnex nigripes, Pi. 14, f. 1. 
 Cimex papillosus, PL 14, f. 2. 
 Cimex serratus, PL 14, f. 7. 
 Cimex uniguttatus, PL 14, f. 5. 
 Cimex viridis, PL 14, f. 6. 
 *Colias *(Callidryas) Scylla, PI. 28, f. 3. 
 Curculio palmarum, PL 6, f. 2. 
 Curculio regalia, PL G, f. 1. 
 *Danais affinis, PL 25, f. 2. 
 Diopsis ichneumonea, PL 08. 
 Diopsis *Indica, PL 58. 
 *Dynastes *(Chalcosoma) Atlas, PL 1. 
 *Erelms hieroglyphicus, PL 54, f. 3. 
 *Erycina ^mulius, PL 44, f. 2. 
 *Erycina (Zemeros) Allica, PL 37, f. 2. 
 *Erycina *Athemon, PL 46, f. 3. 
 *Eiycina? Bibulus, PL 46, f. 1. 
 *Eryeina l Livius, PL 46, f. 4. 
 *Erycina Lucanus, PL 43, f, 4. 
 *Erycina Ovidius, PL 46, t'. 7. 
 *Eryciua Petrunius, PL 43, f. 2. 
 *Erycmal Plutargus, PL 48, f. 3. 
 *Eryciua Ptolomreus, PL 46, f. G. 
 *Erycina Regulus, PL 43, f. 3. 
 *Erycina Taiquinius, PI. 44, f. 1. 
 *Erycina Thucydides, PL 43, f. 1. 
 *Eumenes arcuata, Pi. 57, f. 3. 
 *Eumenes petiolata, Tl. 57, f. 2. 
 
96 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 Fulgora festiva, PI. 7, fig. 2. 
 
 Fulgora hyalinata, PI. 7, f. 3. 
 
 Fulgora lineata, PI. 8, f. 1. 
 
 Fulgora pallida, PI. 8, f. 2. 
 
 Fulgora *pyrorhina, PI. 7, f. 1. 
 
 Fulgora pyrorhynchus, PI. 7, f. 1. 
 
 Gryllus monstrosus, Tl. 12, f. 3. 
 
 Gryllus punctatus, PI. 12, f. 2. 
 
 Gryllus reticulatus, PI. 12, f. 1. 
 
 *Goniapteryx Mserula, PI. 27, f. 1. 
 
 *Gymnetis camilea, PI. 2, f. 5. 
 
 *Gymnopleurus Kcenigii, PL 2, f. 3. 
 
 *Gyrmiopleurus, miliaria, PI. 2, f. 2. 
 
 *Hesperia Augias, PI. 48, f. 1. 
 
 *Hesperia Busiris, PI. 52, f. 2. 
 
 *Hesperia Catullus, PI. 50, f. 4. 
 
 *Hesperia Celsus, PL 52, f. 3. 
 
 *Hesperia Chemnis, PL 19, f. 1. 
 
 *Hesperia Ennius, PL 15, f. 1. 
 
 *Hespena Epictetus, PI. 18, f. 1. 
 
 *Hesperia Galenus, PL fill, f. 3. 
 
 *Hesperia Joviauus, PL 50, f. 1. 
 
 *Hesperia *(Eantis) Mithridates, PL 12, f. 3. 
 
 *Hesperia Numitor, PL 44, f. 3. 
 
 *Hesperia Orcus, PL 52, f. 1. 
 
 *Hesperia Origiues, PI. 41, f. 2. 
 
 *Hesperia Polybius, PL 51, f. 2. 
 
 *Hesperia Propertius. PL 47, f. 2. 
 
 *Hesperia Salvianus, PL 50, f. 2. 
 
 *Hesperia Spio, PL 50, f. 5. 
 
 *Hesperia *(Eantis) Tbrasibulus, PI. 49, f. 4. 
 
 *Hesperia Thrax, PL 49, f. 2. 
 
 *Hesperia Tibullus, PI. 4 7, f. 3. 
 
 ♦Hesperia Zeleucus, PI. 51, f. 3. 
 
 *Hipparcliia Arcesilaus, PL 30, f. 2. 
 
 *Hipparchia Baldus, PL 36, f. 2. 
 
 *Hipparcliia Crantor, PL 37, f. 4. 
 
 *Idea agelia, PL 24. 
 
 *Leptocirous Curius, PL 47, f. 1. 
 
 Lithosia sanguinolenta, PL 53, f. 3. 
 
 Locusta Amboinensis, PL 13, f. 1. 
 
 Locusta citrifolia, PL 13, f. 2. 
 
 ♦Locusta *(Pliymatea) punctata, PI. 12, f. 2. 
 
 *Locusta *(Monachidia) reticulata, PI. 12, f. 1. 
 
 Mantis Gigas, PL 0. 
 Mantis siocifolia, PL 11, f. 1. 2. 
 Mantis viridis, PL 10. 
 *Morpho Menetho, PL 30, f. 1. 
 Mynneleon Pardalis, PL 55, f. 1. 
 Myrmeleon punctatum, PL 55, f. 2. 
 *Nympbalis *Anca?a, PL 37, f. 3. 
 *Nympbalis Auge, PL 36, f. 4. 
 *Xymphalis Csenobita, PL 35, f. 3. 
 *Nymphalis *(Aconthea) cocalia, PL 36. f. 1. 
 *Nymphalis codes, PL 23, f. 2. 
 *Nymphalis Diree, PL 34, f. 2. 
 *Nympbalis Eribotes, PL 33, f. 3. 
 *Nympbalis Eurinorae, PL 34, f. 3. 
 *Nympbalis Fatima, PL 31, f. 2. 
 *Nympbalis Gnidia, PL 32, f. 2. 
 *Nymphalis Hippona, PL 35, f. 1. 
 *Nympbalis Isodore, PL 33, f. 4. 
 *Nympbalis Isis, PI 33, f. 1. 
 *Nympbalis Liberia, PL 3d. f. 4. 
 *Nympbalis *Lirissa, PL 37, f. 5. 
 *Nymphalis Octavius, PL 29, f. 2. 
 *Nympbalis *Orsis, PL 30, f. 3. 
 *Nympbalis Periander, PL 37, f. 1. 
 *Nympbalis Pbegea, PL 31, f. 1. 
 *Nymplialis Philomela, PL 25, f. 3. 
 *Nympbalis Pborcys, PL 33, f. 2. 
 *Nympbalis *(Charaxes) Pyrrhus, PL 29, f. 3. 
 *Nymphalis i: (Cbaraxes) Tiridates, PL 23, f. 3. 
 *Onthopagus spinifex, PL 2, f. 1. 
 *Opliuisa strigata, PL 5 4, f. 2. 
 *Ornithoptems Heliacon, PL 19, f. 1 
 *Ornitbopterus Priamus, PL 16. 
 *( truitbopterus *Pteuius, PL 18. 
 Pausus denticornis, PL 5, f. 1. 
 Pausus Ficbtelii, PL 5, f. 3. 
 Pausus pilicornis, PL 5, f. 4. 
 Pausus thoracicus, PL 5, f. 2. 
 *Paussus Ficbtelii, PL 5, f. 3. 
 *Paussus pilicornis, PL 5, f. 1. 
 *Paussus thoracicus. PL 5, f. 2. 
 Papilio Achaeus, PL 41, f. 4. 
 Papilio .Emulius, PL 44, f. 2. 
 Papilio .Eolus, PI. 42, f. 1. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 97 
 
 Papilio Aflinis, PI. 25, f. 2. 
 Papilio Allica, PL 37, f. 2. 
 Papilio Amaryllis, PI. 28, f. 1. 
 Papilio Antenor, PL 15, f. 1. 
 Papilio Antiplius, PL 15, f. 2. 
 Papilio Arcesilaus, PL 30, f. 2. 
 Papilio Astyanax, PL 20, f. 1. 
 Papilio Auge, PL 36, f. 4. 
 Papilio Augias, PL 48, f. 1. 
 Papilio Baldus, PL 36, f. 2. 
 Papilio Bibulus, PL 46, f. 1. 
 Papilio Blandina, PL 30, f. 3. 
 Papilio Busiris, PL 52, f. 2. 
 Papilio Cacta, PL 29, f. 1. 
 Papilio Camobita, PL 35, f. 3. 
 Papilio Coenus, PL 46, f. 3. 
 Papilio Castalia, PL 28, f. 2. 
 Papilio Catullus, PL 50, f. 4. 
 Papilio Celsus, PL 52, f. 3. 
 Papilio Chemnk, PL 49, f. 1. 
 Papilio Chiton, PL 39, f. 1. 
 Papilio Cocalia, PL 36, f. 1. 
 Papilio Codes, PL 23, f. 2. 
 Papilio Crantor, PL 37, f. 4. 
 Papilio Curius, PI. 47, f. 1. 
 Papilio Cyane, PL 35, f. 2. 
 Papilio Cydippe, PL 34, f. 1. 
 Papilio Danae, PL 26, f. 2. 
 Papilio Deiphobus, PL 1 7, f. 2. 
 Papilio Dirce, PL 34, f. 2. 
 Papilio Euipedoeles, PL 17, f. 1. 
 Papilio Ennius, PL 51, f. 1. 
 Papilio Epictetus, PL 48, f. 4. 
 Papilio Eribotes, PL 33, f. 3. 
 Papilio Eucharis, PL 27, f. 4. 
 Papilio Euriiionie, PL 34, f. 3. 
 Papilio Evaltlie, PL 22. 
 Papilio Fatima, PL 31, f. 2. 
 Papilio Floras, PL 39, f. 4. 
 Papilio Galenus, PL 50, f. 3. 
 Papilio Genutia, PI. 27, f. 5. 
 Papilio Gnidia, PL 32, f. 2. 
 Papilio Heliacon, PL 19, f. 1. 
 Papilio Herodotus, PL 39, f. 2. 
 
 Papilio Hiarba, PL 32, f. 3. 
 Papilio Hippia, PL 25, f. 1. 
 Papilio Hippocrates. PL 45, f. 3. 
 Papilio Hippona, PL 35, f. 1. 
 Papilio Hylax, PL 46, f. 2. 
 Papilio Idfeus, PL 19, f. 2. 
 Papilio Idea, PL 24. 
 Papilio Isidore, PL 33, f. 4. 
 Papilio Isis, PL 33, f. 1. 
 Papilio Jarbas, PL 40, f. 3. 
 Papilio Jovianus, PL 50, f. 1. 
 Papilio Judith, PL 27, f. 2. 
 Papilio Lacedemon, PL 17, f. 3. 
 Papilio Lethe, PL 23, f. 1. 
 Papilio Leucippe, PL 26, f. 1. 
 Papilio Liberia, PL 30, f. 4. 
 Papilio Libythea, PL 27, f. 3. 
 Papilio Liria, PL 37, f. 5. 
 Papilio Lisius, PL 40, f. 1. 
 Papilio Livius, PL 46, f. 4. 
 Papilio Lucamts, PL 43, f. 4. 
 Papilio Morula, PL 27, f. 1. 
 Papilio Melibceus, PL 41, f. 1. 
 Papilio Menetho, PL 30, f. 1. 
 Papilio Mithridates, PL 49, f. 3. 
 Papilio Nero, PL 32, f. 1. 
 Fapilio Numitor, PL 44, f. 3. 
 Papilio Obrinus, PL 37, f. 3. 
 Papilio Octavius, PL 29, f. 2. 
 Papilio Orcus, PL 52, f. 1. 
 Papilio Origines, PL 48, f. 2. 
 Papilio Ovidius, PL 46, f. 7. 
 Papilio Pann, PL 38, f. 1. 
 Papilio Pauthous, PL 18. 
 Papilio Pairhasius, PL 45, f. 5. 
 Papilio Periander, PL 37, f. 1. 
 Papilio Pericles, PL 42, f. 4. 
 Papilio Petronius, PL 43, f. 2. 
 Papilio Phegea, PL 31, f. 1. 
 Papilio Philippus, PL 42, f 3. 
 Papilio Philomela, PL 25, f. 3. 
 Papilio Phorbas, PL 41, f. 5. 
 Papilio Phorcys, PL 33, f. 2. 
 Papilio Pindarus, PL 38, f. 2. 
 O 
 
98 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 Papilio Plato, PI. 45, f. 2. 
 Papilio Pliuius, PI. 45, f. 1. 
 Papilio Plutargus, PI. 48, f. 3. 
 Papilio Polybius, PI. 51, f. 2. 
 Papilio Polymnestor, PI. 20, f. 2. 
 Papilio Priamus, PI. 1G. 
 Papilio Propertius, PL 47, f. 2. 
 Papilio Ptolomseus, PI. 4G, f. 6. 
 Papilio Pyrrhus, PI. 20, f. 3. 
 Papilio Pythagoras, PI. 30, f. 3. 
 Papilio Regulus, PI. 43, f. 3. 
 Papilio Romulus, PI. 4G, f. 5. 
 Papilio Salvianus, PI. 50, f. 2. 
 Papilio Scylla, PL 28, f. 3. 
 Papilio Sophia, PL 3G, f. 3. 
 Papilio Sophocles, PL 40, f. 2. 
 Papilio Spio, PL 50, f. 5. 
 Papilio Strephon, PL 42, f. 2. 
 Papilio Tarquinius, PL 44, f. 1. 
 Papilio Thales, PL 41), f. 4. 
 Papilio Theocritus, PL 45, f. 4. 
 Papilio Thucydides, PL 43, f. 1. 
 Papilio Thyelia, PL 31, f. 3. 
 Papilio Tibullus, PL 47, f. 3. 
 Papilio Tiridates, PI. 23, f. 3. 
 Papilio Thrasibulus, PI. 40, f. 4. 
 Papilio Thrax, PL 40, f. 2. 
 Papilio Tyrtseus, PL 41, f. 2. 
 Papilio Ulysses, PL 21. 
 Papilio Vulcanus, PL 38, f. 3. 
 Papilio Xenophon, Fl. 41, f. 3. 
 Papilio Zeleucus, PI. 51, f. 3. 
 *Pentatoina cruciata, PL 14, f. 3. 
 *Pentatoma mactans, PL 14, f. 4. 
 -Phasma *(Platycrana) Edule, Fl. 10. 
 "Thasnia *(Cyphocraiia) gigas, PL 0. 
 *Phyllium siccifolium, PL 11, f. 1. 2. 
 *Phyllophora Amboinensis, PL 13, f. 1. 
 *Phyllophora citrifolia, Fl. 13, f. 2. 
 Phalsena figura, PL 54, f. 1. 
 Phalsena hieroglyphica, PL 54, f. 3. 
 Phahena Mineas, PI. 53, f. 1. 
 Phalsena sanguinolenta, PL 53, f. 3. 
 Phalsena scalaris, PL 53, f. 2. 
 
 Phalsena strigata, PL 54, f. 2. 
 *Pieris Amaryllis, PL 28, f. 1. 
 *Pieris Castalia, PL 28, f. 2. 
 *Pieris Hippia, PL 25, f. 1. 
 *Pieris Judith, PL 27, f. 2. 
 *Pieris *(Iphias) Leucippe, PL 26, f. 1. 
 *Pieris Lihythea, PL 27, f. 3. 
 *Pieris Nero, PL 32, f. 1. 
 *Platyrhophalus denticornis, PL 5, f. 1. 
 *Polistes Macaensis, PL 5 7. f. 4. 
 *Polistes tepida, Pl. , 57, f. 5. 
 *Polyommatus Floras, PL 30, f. 4. 
 *Polyommatus Hippocrates, Fl. 45, f. 3. 
 *Polyommatus Hylax, PL 4G, f. 2. 
 *Polyouimatus Parrhasius, PL 45, f. 5. 
 *Polyommatus Plato, Fl. 45, f. 2. 
 *Polyommatus Plinius, PL 45, f. 1. 
 *Prepodes regalis, PL G, f. 1. 
 *Pseudaphana hyalinata, PL 7, t'. 3 
 *Pseudaphana pallida, PL 8, f. 2. 
 Psilura figura, PL 54, f. 1. 
 *Raphigaster *incarnatus, FL 14, f. 1. 
 *Rhynchocoris hamata, Fl. 14, f. 7. 
 *Rhynchocoris viridis, PL 14, f. 6 
 Scarabseus Atlas, PL 1. 
 Scarabreus Kcenigii, PL 2, f. 3. 
 Scarabseus miliaris. Fl. 2. f. 2. 
 Scarabseua spinifex, Tl. 2, f. 1. 
 *Schizodactyla monstrosa, PL 12. f. 3. 
 *Stilbum oculatuin, PI. r>{], f. 2. 
 *Stilbum splendidulum, PL 56, f. ■'!. 
 *Tesseratoma papillosa, PL 14, f. 2. 
 *Thecla Achseus, Fl. 41, f. 4. 
 *Thecla Mollis, Fl. 42, f. 1. 
 *Thecla Chiton, PL 30, i. 1. 
 *Thecla Herodotus, PL 30, f. 2. 
 *Thecla *Isocrates, FL 38, f. 1. 
 *Theela Jarl.as. PL 40, f. 3. 
 *Theela Lisias, PL 40, f. 1. 
 *Thecla Melilxeus, PL 41. f. 1. 
 *Thecla Pericles, Fl. 42, f. 4. 
 *Thecla PhUippus, Fl. 42, f. 3. 
 *Thecla Phorbas, PL 41, f. 5. 
 *Thecla Pindarus, PL 38, f. 2. 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 90 
 
 *Thecht Pythagoras, PI. 39, f. 3. 
 *Tliecla Romulus, PI. 46, f. 5. 
 *Thecla Strephon, PL 42, f. 2. 
 *Thecla Sophocles, PI. 40, f. 2. 
 *Thecla Thales, PI. 40, f. 4. 
 *Thecla Theocritus, PL 45, f. 4. 
 *Thecla Tyrtasus, PL 41, f. 2. 
 *Thecla Vulcanus, PL 38, f. 3. 
 *Thecla Xenophon, PL 41, f. 3. 
 *Vanessa cacta, PL 29, f. 1. 
 
 *Vanesa Lethe, PL 23, f. 1 . 
 *Vanessa Sophia, PL 36, f. 3. 
 Vespa arcuata, PL 57, f. 3. 
 Vespa cincta, PL 57, f. 1. 
 Vespa Macaensis, PI. 57, f. 4. 
 Vespa petiolata, PL 57, f. 2 
 Vespa tepida, PL 57, f. 5. 
 *Xylocopa *nasalis, PL 57, f. 6. 
 Zeuzera Minea, PI. 53, f. 1. 
 Zeuzera Scalaris, PL 53, f. 2. 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX 
 
 INSECTA. 
 
 I.— MOUTH WITH JAWS. 
 
 Order. COLEOPTEUA 
 
 Family. Carabid,*. 
 
 Antlria 6-guttata, PI. 4, f. 1. 
 Brachinus bimaculatus, PI. 1, f. 2. 
 
 Family. Scarab.eid.e. 
 
 Onthophagus spinifex, PL 2, f. 1. 
 Gynmopleurus miliaria, PI. 2, f. 2. 
 Gynmopleurus Kcenigii, PI. 2, f. 3. 
 
 Family. Dynast[D.e. 
 Dynastes (Chalcosouia) Atlas, PI. 1. 
 
 Family. Cetoniid.e. 
 
 Uetonia Histrio, PL 2, f. 4. 
 Gymuetis cserulea, PL 2, f. 5. 
 
 Family. Buprestid.e. 
 
 Buprestis (Sternocera) sternicoruis, PL 3, f. 1. 
 Buprestis (Sternocera) clirysis, PL 3, f. 2. 
 Buprestis (Sphenoptera I) confusa, PI 3, f, 3. 
 Buprestis (Anthaxia) 4-maculata, PL 3, f. 4. 
 
 Family. PausSIDjE. 
 
 Platyrhopalus denticornis, PL 5, f. 1. 
 
 Paussus thoracicus, PL 5, f. 2. 
 Paussus Fichtelii, PL 5, f. 3. 
 Paussus pilicomis, PL 5, f. 4. 
 
 Family. Curculionid.e. 
 
 Prepodes regalis, PL G, f. 1. 
 Calandra palmarum, PL 6, f. 2. 
 
 Order. ORTHOPTERA. 
 
 Family. Puasmid.e. 
 PLasraa (Cyphocrana) Ciigas, PL 9. 
 Phasma (Platycrana) Edule ? , PL 10. 
 Phyllium siccifuliura, PL 11. 
 
 Family. L0CUSTlD.fi. 
 Locusta (Monachidia) reticulata, PL 12, f. 1. 
 Locusta (Phymatea) punctata, PL 12, f. 2. 
 
 Family. Achetid.e. 
 Schizodactyla monstrosa, PL 1 2, f. 3. 
 
 Family. Gryllid.e. 
 Pliyllophora Amboineasis, PL 13, f. 1. 
 Pliyllophora citrifolia, PL 13, f. 2. 
 
 Order. NEUROPTERA. 
 Family. Myrmeleonid.e. 
 Myrmeleon pardalis, PL 55, f. 1. 
 Myrmeleon punctatum, PL 55, f. 2. 
 
 Order. HYMENOPTERA. 
 
 Family. C'hrysidid.e. 
 Chrysis imperialis, PL 56, f. 1. 
 Stilbum oculatum, PL 50, f. 2. 
 Stilbum splendidulum, PL 56, f. 3. 
 
 Family. Vespid.e. 
 Vespa cincta, PL 57, f. 1. 
 Eumenes petiolata, PL 57, f. 2. 
 Eumenes arcuata, PL 57, f. 3. 
 Polistes Macaensis, PL 57, f. 4. 
 Polistes tepida, PL 57, f. 5. 
 Xylocopa nasalis, PL 57, f. 6. 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 101 
 
 II.— MOUTH SUCTORIAL. 
 
 Order. LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Family Papilioxid.e. 
 
 Ornithoptenis Prianms, PL 1(3. 
 Ornithoptenis Remus, PL 18. 
 Ornithoptenis Heliacon, PL 19, f. 1. 
 Papilio Anterior, PL 15, f. 1. 
 Papilio Antiphus, PL 15, f. 2. 
 Papilio Empedocles, PL 17, £ 1. 
 Papilio Deiphobus, PL 17, f. 2. 
 Papilio Lacedemon, PL 1 7, f. 3. 
 Papilio Idseus, PL 19, f. 2. 
 Papilio Astyanax, PL 20, f. 1. 
 Papilio Polymnestor, PL 20, f. 2. 
 Papilio Ulysses, PL 21. 
 Leptocircus Curius, PL 47, f. 1 
 Pieris Hippia, PL 25, f. 1. 
 Pieris Judith, PL 27, f. 2. 
 Pieris Libythea, PL 27, f. 3. 
 Pieris Amaryllis, PL 28, f. 1. 
 Pieris Castalia, PL 28, f. 2. 
 Pieris Nero, PL 32, f. 1. 
 Pieris (Iphias) Leucippe, PL 20, f. 1. 
 Anthoearis Danae, PL 26, f. 2. 
 Anthocaris Eucharis, PL 27, f. 4. 
 Anthocaris Genutia, PL 27, f. 5. 
 Goniapteryx Masrula, PL 27, f. 1. 
 Colias (Callidryas) Scylla, PL 28, f. 3. 
 
 Family. Heliconiid.e. 
 
 Idea Agelia, PL 24. 
 Danais affinis, PL 25, f. 2. 
 
 Family. Nymphalid^e. 
 Nymphalis Philomela, PL 25, f. 3. 
 Nymphalis Octavius, PL 29, f. 2. 
 Nymphalis Orsis, PL 30, f. 3. 
 Nymphalis Liberia, PL 30, f. 4. 
 Nymphalis? Phegea, PL 31, f. 1. 
 Nymphalis Fatima, PL 31, f. 2. 
 Nymphalis Gnidia, PL 32, f. 2. 
 Nymphalis Isis, PL 33, f. 1. 
 Nymphalis Phoroys, PL 33, f. 2. 
 
 Nymphalis Eribotes, PL 33, f. 3. 
 Nymphalis Isidore, PL 33, f. 1. 
 Nymphalis Dirce, PL 34, f. 2. 
 Nymphalis Eurinome, PL 34, f. 3. 
 Nymphalis Hippona, PL 35. f. 1. 
 Nymphalis Ctenobita, PL 35, f. 2. 
 Nymphalis Auge, PL 36, f. 4. 
 Nymphalis Periander, PL 37, f. 1. 
 Nymphalis Codes, PL 23, f. 2. 
 Nymphalis Ancaja, PL 37, f. 3. 
 Nymphalis Lirissa, PL 37, f. 5. 
 Nymphalis (Charaxes) Tiridates, PL 23, 1'. 3. 
 Nymphalis (Charaxes) Athamas, PL 29, f. 3. 
 Nymphalis (Aconthea) Cocalia, PL 36, f. 1. 
 Vanessa Caeta, PL 29, f. 1. 
 Vanessa Lethe, PL 23, f. 1. 
 Vanessa Sophia, PL 36, f. 3. 
 Cethosia Cydippe, PL 34, f. 1. 
 Cethosia Cyane, PL 35, f. 2. 
 Morpho Menetho, PL 30, f. 1 
 Biblis Hiarbas, PL 32, f. 3. 
 Argynnis Thyelia, PL 31, f. 3. 
 Hipparchia ? Arcesilaus, PL 30, f. 2. 
 Hipparchia Baldus, PL 36, f. 2. 
 Hipparchia Grantor, PL 37, f. 4. 
 
 Family. Lyc.eniDjE. 
 Erycina (Zemeros) Alliea, PL 37, f. 2. 
 Erycina Thucydides, PL 43, f. 1. 
 Erycina Petronius, PL 43, f. 2. 
 Erycina Regulus, PI. 43, f. 3. 
 Erycina Lucanus, PL 43, f. 4. 
 Erycina Tarquiuius, PL 44, f. 1 . 
 Erycina yEmulius, PL 44, f, 2. 
 Erycina Athemon, PL 46, f. 3. 
 Erycina Ptolomseus, PL 46, f. 6. 
 Erycina Ovidius, PL 46, f. 7. 
 Erycina? Bibulus, PL 46, f. 1. 
 Erycina ? Livius, PL 46, f. 4. 
 Erycina ? Plutargus, PL 48, f. 3. 
 Polyommatus Floras, PL 39, f. 4. 
 Polyommatus Plinius, PL 45, f. 1. 
 Polyommatus Plato, PL 45, f. 2. 
 
102 
 
 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 Polyommatus Hippocrates, PL 45, f. :i 
 Polyommatus Parrhasius, PI. 45, f. 5. 
 Polyommatus Hylax, PI. 46, f. 2. 
 Thecla Isocrates, PI. 38, f. 1 . 
 Thecla Pindarus, PI. 38, f. 2. 
 Tliecla Vulcanus, PI. 38, f. 3. 
 Thecla Chiton, PI. 30, f. 1. 
 Thecla Herodotus, PI. 30. f. 2. 
 Thecla Pythagoras, PL 30, f. 3. 
 Thecla Lisias, PL 40, f. 1. 
 Thecla Sophocles, PL 40, f. 2. 
 Thecla Jarbas, PI. 40, f. 3. 
 Thecla Thales, PL 40, f. 4. 
 Thecla Melibceus, PL 41, f. 1. 
 Thecla Tyrtwus, PL 41, f. 2. 
 Thecla Xenophon, PL 41, f. 3. 
 Thecla Aehams, PL 41, f. 4. 
 Thecla Phorbas, PL 41, f. 5. 
 Thecla ^Eol us, PL 42, f. 1. 
 Thecla Strephon, PL 42, f. 2. 
 Thecla Philippus, PI. 42, f. 3. 
 Thecla Pericles, PL 42, f. 4. 
 Thecla Theocritus, PL 45, f. 4. 
 Thecla Romulus, PL 4G, f. 5. 
 
 Family. Hesperiid.e. 
 Hesperia Numitor, PL 44, f. 3. 
 Hesperia Propertius, PL 47, f. 2 
 Hesperia Tibullus, PI. 47, f. 3. 
 Hesperia Augias, PL 48, f. 1. 
 Hesperia Origines, PL 48, f. 2. 
 Hesperia Epictetus, PL 4S, f. 4. 
 Hesperia Chemnis, PL 49, f. 1. 
 Hesperia Thrax, PL 40, f. 2. 
 Hesperia Jovianus, PL 50, f. 1. 
 Hesperia Salvianus, PL 50, f. 2. 
 Hesperia Galenus, PI. 50, f. 3. 
 Hesperia Catullus, PL 50, f. 4. 
 Hesperia Spin, PI. 50, f. 5. 
 Hesperia Emiius, PL 51, f. 1. 
 Hesperia Polybius, PL 51, f. 2. 
 Hesperia Zeleucus, PL 51, f. 3. 
 Hesperia Orcus, PL 52, f. 1. 
 Hesperia Busiris, PL 52, f. 2. 
 
 Hesperia Celsus, PL 52, f. 3.. 
 
 Hesperia (Eantis) Mithridates, PL 49, f. 3. 
 
 Hesperia (Eantis) Thrasibulus, PL 40,. f. 4. 
 
 Family. Cast.viid.e. 
 
 Castnia Evalthe, PL 22. 
 
 Family. Hepialid.e. 
 
 Zeuzera Minea, PL 53. f. 1. 
 Zeuzera Scalaris, PL 53, f. 2. 
 
 Family. Lithosiid.e. 
 Lithosia sanguinolenta, PL 53, f. 3. 
 
 Family. ArctiiD/E. 
 Tsilura figura, PL 54, f. 1. 
 
 Family. Noctuid.e. 
 
 Ophideres? strigata, PL 54, f. 2. 
 Erebus hieroglyphicus, PL 54, f. 3. 
 
 Order. HEMIPTEKA. 
 Family. Pentatomid.k. 
 Raphigaster incarnatus, PL 14, f. 1. 
 Pentatoma, cruciata, PL 14, f. 2. 
 Pentatoma inactans, PL 14, f. 4. 
 Acanthosoma uniguttata, PL 14, f. 5. 
 Rhynchocoris viridis, PL 14, f. 6. 
 Pihyuchocoris hamata, PL 14, f. 7. 
 Tesseratoma papillosa, PL 1 4, f. 2. 
 
 Sub-order. HOMOPTERA. 
 Family. Fulgoridje. 
 Fulgora pyrorhina, PL 7, f. 1. 
 Fulgora lineata, PL 8, f. 1. 
 Alphana 1 festiva, PL 7, f. 2. 
 Pseudaphana hyalinata, PL 7, f. 3. 
 Pseudaphana pallida, PL 8, f. 2. 
 
 Family. Cicadid.e. 
 Cicada sneciosa, PL 8, f. 3. 
 
 Order. DIPT ERA. 
 Family. Muscidje. 
 Diopsis Indica, PL 58. 
 
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