ft 5 \h- a 4 <3 \ * • 1 ■3 v) 4 V) V i 4 ir~ _ i i> ' c\) ■ . r A I ^ ■ a <*■ r 1 ^ T ^ ‘i * ! < \V^ K - ^ $ , i -u 1 V it l \ i ... -j. • ! 1 “ -j 1 r~ — ; — — — ... NOTICE OE WITHDRAWAL To: From: C^Ll No 4582 ET Acquisitions a Serials Books tax Library Author: Munro,John Title : A Pocket Book of Electrical Rules Reason for withdrawal: o 1,st p duplicate copies — □ PQ E-h *o 5 oo W i-P P=! «=cj a w m ► ^ r 1 g : § H— * c 4 u C Dh £ A S £ ffi o ANDREW JAMIESON, M.Inst.C.E., F,R.S.E., Professor of Engineering, The Glasgow Technical College , Formerly Electrician to the Eastern Telegraph Company Abroad, •8 1 tS'o £5 s> s II •S S 3 tS s. m A 55 < H ‘ in O & 5 5 H \4 p 4 O >< £ w 5 23 Murray Street and 27 Warren Street. 1889. [^// Rights Reserved .] C •*". W o w P3 •5 S g § a © «*h o o © SQ .2 M< ,d n O CD O e3 O Jill !■' 0 -m w o u, Si _ r „ c3 © pm 2 -2 as t ; s | § §■ S, - Pm © ,q 2 &P bE' bp c 3 § 44 « o ^ S o _r d 43 ® o ’& o •Ilf! * £ ® O _ © ■ a 53 Ed O ft ° O 0^ H o *2 £ 2 M rS f s M S « c3 fl d 8 2 ® a cq 5 3 2 2 ^ £ ® r 0 g if | B ~ H 8 w § « MS® a 8 g (3 fl 3 Eh c g 5 | ,rH -*> ft * § Ed ° H e t s i ri I* * * ® «§ CO d © .2 £ -u 43 & 2 « ° H 3 « .9 9 9 >> ^ 3 - 3 g g «J 1 § a « £ S 2 Pm' 2 5 g a" 5 §• & § 0 Eh § £ d ^ *n -w ^ | ft s y © o °° ft rd ft . ^ 5 rrt ft a oq oq : .3 Jj ft 2 2 ■g ® -■ 5 *15 cm o 9 O S o O <» £ ® o 3 •s g * _ § 44 © *p t-i ©do o d > & g ^ B a 2 a 8 « 1 11-8 « £ S d d d h “ o S ft © © «8 S « -u 02 -^ > £ © e3 ft ft £ - © o o April, 1884. a a'g cs - © 2 * a IS! © £ ft ; P £ © o P 4 S £: H ><1 : £ a : a § § £*3 © O w ft § S a ft | * s s M io OQ ^ © * M ft S ^ri n* ) w r -o • 3 -i ^ © . ■< ft o p f ? « g 1 6'|« ;l®.s ;°"| | &PS F“ ftO .. c3 • O „• © OQ © **3 od S ft © o H o W S W ^ © o ^5 1-1 ft ^ S3 ns -g © cS © S 2 a a 5 - a 2 g £ ft 2 1 1 H 5 I 03 “ © ft © 3 02 ft © 5 -? M « a b d © 2 u *c s a © d ^ -< ft M M-.a ■S ft ^ O ^ • "cS ft >*5 E-I ^ «! I 1 «S H ft ft a • ft s «i «* & § ft s § •:§! § I i r 3 ft |S! & -:a < ft . „ WWI * |^ aa 2 ft §^5 & ft •'” ‘* ^ SX) ft! ft P oi O ft d .ft o ft ft ft © ft • w a « ■ UNITS OF MEASUREMENT, pp. i to l7 . Fundamental, derived, and practical, with full explana- tions and Tables. Heat and Light Units. .2 * S' !"S *3 3 4 g|H vo rh Ph® -.2 86 s f-> ci d ~ S-i CO 5 ^ A *:§•§ S *gg ^ H'gi ^eS c3 >» o, d © e3 if Isl Jg 1888 ° 3 $ 2® & d oo g a Q* -•3 O oa © o - ® ‘ ® *3 ~ t*’^«2 r d©©© d *C2 ®g: 3g-§ v ■sl5 - .sl| § fc° 2 ” 2 “»£ “ IrffsiSSgf •2 II? If! §J 5 d S ® d ^ *p OOH2 S m „ £•& g bo c3 © CO fcg co c3 p M © t © o et “ l *•— < P © op O © c3 m Cfi £ f_ O M 5 Pi-2 Soonl a bO fl iO . cS CO be © O 52 ~ ."So « <§ pH.2 co ^ q co • flSrS? £< ° © g c Ph 43 © P * *C cp «3 .2 '^.a Sb •C'd c3 P .^h «w "3 c3 5 a c2 bo 5 ® .“•&■§ I SO » t^i/C ^-f.o-g 2 2"^ £3 02 'T o © © a © ©3 SH« . o § i ^ 3 '-i •ft 8 I O 03 a 2 rp © P bO £ S fl «*> CO *£ -.2 © ft *h *r; *S -g pa 1 11 W '“pp M GO "** +=> ft? P bO® W .2.5 § H H be P w ofc :N p 2 r pJ> o * fl B © © r-^ CO .Q © c3 P H 5a a § ® >H o P Po O o a on r co o o « © a *2 2 o.S , 2 p o "© 2 a s Sm oo © <3 on ,a p co +3 w Ph P’rS Ph © U .Mo g -a n K Tn ^ .© O uf Ph3 2 ^ a oo ^ M J2 © o H 243 Oh £ © „ _ © 02 be 1 © p .a . s a °r„s J&H Pi „ O fH tH tu © © g s a ^ po 3 j>| H rt g aa.9 CO ^ bO-P ^ P « .•_ ’43 p © c3 . ©•B > © d 2 § o S.2 O-gbC ^Si©^ g|.s o||©a Zl'pco p ?H S S 43 M P;, O P o 3 §§ .fp^S w tf o 2 S-g g ^a© .g^S's CQ -g _cp *43 2 & Eh O ® ® -h o ^ p a © ® § cs © ^ 2 O 9 §3 ^ P P ^ © 2B al -H* - £3 © o <» a 43 23 © ^ 1? . ^ &o a, -h os > tf ^ S © « 0^2 Bit SI IS COM 2 'B p c^ s3 s M o aT o ►3 O p o be.O c3 ^2 O OQ h3PS2SE?©Ph ©^'“‘Pr'P'TC'jH •rH P rn JH C P 0 fH J3 3 eS © POPhHPM g s§ S ,5^ bd © 2 s S 1 a^ o c8 0525 h-3 O W § >H <5 S * * s t— I " PS H H £ i— i O £ W h5 o t— i P4 H O H iJ H _j ® h ' nj « 'g > © .S a .Sl^fe-S 88 w 5 § 53 ‘-3 .a g.2 ® £ a-S g'S.s « a-ala £, g > s d a» .3 tg -2 ^ a -p u m *o 5 s .£ “ sa e 'a “ cd “ C e3 « O 2 b « C3 « 5 2 _ . a g5^*§ a? o *o 03 g_ a oj w o «*H © <» ® .8 :§ g s co ,3 oj m -+p &c-S § © a .2 £ £ £ ^ O a ^ o © & £ ® a 7? .2 l 3 « P is kt ^ o> ^ a h o o ® — CS £ w a I 1.2 3 ■S ■£ £ 2 52 ££ S© guished by small Greek letters. Further, owing to use wont, 8, 6, and w, have been retained as in the list. Units, S £ ◄ w § § p H > > S-i bJO o +3 6 h3 ^ H \> S» c3 bfipH * r£> s 2 , 2 ^o ^ o3 O cc I" 2 o c 3 f(H X W o r d ! « > a «r blC^eS 2 2 p &o O -wP P CP p $_, <4-i -P 'd > ® “ » S-2 & ced? 2 - o c3 bC j5 °as S-. O -+3 2 P.S ' 2 ^ P be o5 -“'S cq *>.^3 a g £? P § *-< © o g -HS 8 & . 2 a w £ r- ^ ^ « • 3 » fc fl £ a" * t-, ® 3 § . O f»2 2-S^ § I -g ■§ 3 ° c8 — - x

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bCM o TP> + I § e HHH Is sa^aatfpiM;^ H ^ W ft V O HH d 05 Practical Electric Units. rtPnaSa ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS. w £3 $2 CD c © J® • r—H >-d co CH . 4^ 0 ) % d. -g >>C 5 |-sd o® cfi +^^5 s-s’-rgd <* S § d ^ .2 ’d' 0 ’Ts .2 _ 43 2 H B a s 3 | .a g *J © § S S §3 a S -d > 5 O d &0 r< O a '-*- 1 ‘43 CD e 3 h ^ a •43 " © d . d 0^5 d dp 0 . .2 B ‘ST.P o = © *w . h 3 O.S dCO.S ^.Sd fl-J S 3 g lo |°« 3*3 .ass CD > - I & w 3 u r CJ o a © © © *43 Is * a g II 3 II ir t .2 o 43 -P © c~ r* rr^ eT © a .a © M o a 3 «2 p? o © p p > ’ 3 '3 t> -© •2 «T g is jj 02 ^ 2 g pj C5 5-1 &0 bp © ^ e a S H| . = t| 11 ii g>&§ :g a. pm 2 s m S as Sa „ section of dynamo magnets, air space, and armature respec- tively. R magnetic resistance of anything Rm R as R a „ magnetic resistance of magnet cores and yoke, air space , and armature core respectively of a O <32 a © bO P O cS O O 5 .S sd S p « © M o 2 g'5 .3 H a) d X' -1 5 - a b 2 3 ° as a« ° © 2 j» © i_ I s g 5 2 ® § M© ©-*■>'5 d d ft ^ 2 S r-id cj © sd © £•! 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H > d 0 CM H *1 II II II II 03 H MY >IH d > II <1 Eh > II II II m 03 > a > . <1 > c3 A 11 * II II H-l Eq £ filB. Derived Electro-Static Units. — Quantity . — If q and q' be two quantities of positive electricity separated by a distauce, L, the force of repulsion between them is, by Coulomb’s law, UNITS— DEFINITIONS, CrsjHH II fa fa C ^M II fa fa II O s-/ i H hI<* § m|c* 1-3 II Oh o ^l* H a cojco o' OI O ^3 rt 0 ® drd § S c3 O ■ Ilr s r-g '*- *£&©• * I. 'S -2 © • « d o o ? * ^U-nS * jr ^+30^ © ■£ *S . 2 .2 fej ,Q p 0 *g lloc| 1‘SStl ?^jd ^ Sdgnfl 55 -2 ft =3 ’Si ^ O M rt Ml £l< n3 § H H HO «[o» h3 V | < II 43 O O d s S s S g j §<2 Cd-M CD O > (D-P 1 ^ d h d cr* o o © £ ^ ®o . d< fa II II Of H Hcm § eo|c» fa -I ( O O «— i | (01) M -t-3 .2 ter (ii. H rrt £3 w 02 u a * QJ 43 02 *8 CO • -X © II CO T © H ^■5 T * gp | H —40* ro «« 8 H H0» II "c6 § a Pm & L'S •§ e3 «o^ “8 II g II o A £ i-3 Pm II 8 * a <0 A a pt of .£ P-l Magnetic Potential is the ratio of work to strength of pole. UNITS — DEFINITIONS. gH^.s ca .« "So § n-5 g d .2 is o £ -g b£) © <3 g'S.S 12 *- Xi o d PhO ft. 2 2 . jj i-^ K^S d) •+ 3 lli? *8* - .. *.g 3 * m S-t?„s> 'd © > f ° S a e §! a s „ « o J ± s - tfis ’. © - - . y-» O ^ ^ © SS <15 o ^ g ©Hi s t 3 o c3 © £ (M p o ■ 4-1 § a.S a « CTq © 5 If a c H o II o* eclc* ^"g ^ I* •g > S S i o § « Q>£> o Electro-motive Force , E. If E be the electro* motive force between the ends of a conductor, and Q the quantity sent through it, the work done UNITS — DEFINITIONS. HO* «]c* 3 IO II £ a rO o >> pq H fcH II am W H — *| 0 » w|o Hn H HO* — <|(N Qj M „ a < 5 j O o *rt g la oo cr 1 P? 8 &H I M © © © \g rl M o £ S g W 68 O © © a s s § ho* i Eh § |Hc* HO* | ^ «|c* S _ 8 ej © S 1 / e 42 eg •§ g o p ti_i k^J © > ^ a 3 *o‘3 I §1 1 M ch ^ ta © 42 '--■' © m i* 5 6 EH , © © M ^ .a „ © > grS £ ^ - 1=1 ® O ~ ■g « ^ S ©^ CTUh ^ © ^ kT o >> © « -+e Sr© ^ Q .s bo-g r d ^ Eh II h; HO* II &ia UNITS— DEFINITIONS. 2 r d :=S a> o © Id Sh .2 53 d « g X bj) 9 »«§ rn % ~ © •Erg ® * . s © -S > s r g -* 3 •45 rQ CJ .2 d d rt g i^j'S Q ’pd s § * i-H d j-i „ Jl.g'g „• |> .5 §’ s ■ast 8-9 -** H -g , . 43 d! rd & » d p^.SP S t»§ 3&S 2 o S-l -t-3 r^J O >> j I&.S-* H 1 ® “S •S o M . □ 1 — I (O >)S 0 J 'Cpb o > '*3 : 13 ^ d ©12 §.13 § r§ j.^ ^OO II II rH SS^ II II II ■fcfc.s Og § o.H’S ■«o'§ c 3 O ,d H « o : £ ^ *tr! +=> "w 5+ -< ^4° t'sl b wEj O _Q !*>J ^ .13 T 3 S ^ ^ o , cS CO | +3 4 ^ 1 g ^8 w p* <+4 £ . ^ °^s »" d '“ H -+3 ±5 &0 Oj 5 43 d a JS S © £ £ *53 43 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ «h d 2 o s o o S <~\ 4 ^ d >s s-< -+3 tT O § .13 © £ jb’S ^ o & tv? ®.s § > > cS UNITS — DEFINITIONS. SYNOPSIS OF UNITS. I.— Fundamental. Length— Mass— Time, Dimensions. L— M-T II.— Derived Mechanical. Volume, . . . = L X L X L, L* L* Velocity, . . V— L + T, lt” 1 Momentum, . . = mass X velocity, LM T -1 Acceleration, A = velocity 4- time, LT“ 2 Force, ... F = mass x acceleration, ........ LMT -2 Work, . . . W = force X length, L2 MT -2 Energy (kinetic), = $ mass X velocity*, L2 MT'^2 III.— Derived Electro-Static. Quantity, q — t; Q — V force X distance*, .... m4 T" 1 Current, c — vC — quantity 4 - time, ..... Electro-motive Force, > _ E ouintitv Difference of Potential,! e ~ v ~ work - quantity Resistance, r = ^ * electro-motive force + current, . l^m4 t >2 M* T" 1 L* 1 T Capacity, Ar — v 2 K — quantity 4- electro-motive force, . Sp Ind. Capacity, = quantity 4- another quantity, L a numeral. UNITS— DEFINITIONS. SYNOPSIS OF UNITS. IV.— Derived Magnetic. QuantUy of Magnetism;} *» = V force x distance^, . . . . . Moment of a Magnet, . ml — strength of pole X length between poles, . Intensity of Magnetisation, I = moment of magnet 4 - volume, Magnetic Potential, . . . . = work 4- strength of pole, . Dimensions. lA T _1 iA m4 t" 1 L "i M^T" 1 L ~ M^ T _1 V.— Derived Electro-Magnetic. Current, 0 — - intensity of field X length, . Quantity, Q = - = current x time = C T, . V Electro-motive Force, ) ™ _ wnr1r . Difference of Potential,! E = * v = work quantity, Resistance, It — rv 2 — electro-motive force 4 - current, . Capacity, K =■ \ = quantity -4 electro-motive force, V z M^ T" 1 L* M* l!m4 T~ 2 LT" 1 IT 1 T 2 Ratio of electro- magnetic to electro-static unit of quantity, v = 3 X 10io centi- metres per second approximately, LT' 1 UNITS — DEFINITIONS. SYNOPSIS OF PRACTICAL UNITS. 'o g Name. Derivation. Value. u me. m C.G.S. Equivalent. E. M. F., . E Volt. Ampere x ohm. io 8 •926 standard Daniell cell. Resistance, R Ohm. Absolute, seep. 14, io 9 (106 cm. mercury, 1 sq. mm. ( section at 0° Cent. Current, . Quantity, . C Ampere. Absolute, see p. 14. 10 -1 (1118 milligrammes of silver Q Coulomb. Ampere x second. IO" 1 1 deposited per second. Capacity, . K Farad. Coulomb -4- volt. IO" 9 V ». Microfarad. 1 millionth farad. 10" 15 2*5 knots of D. U. S. cable. Power, . . Pw Watt. Volt x ampere 10 7 •0013405 or horse-power. / 4o Work, . .J ( Volt x coulomb. •7373 ft. -lbs. in a second. Wj Joule. ^ Heat, . . ) 1 Amp.2 x sec. x ohm. •238 calorie or Therm. Self Indue- f tion, . . J L s Secohm. Second x ohm. io 9 Apparent increased res. 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M 2 S « g>„\ £>* o'gS 1 ® If 8 g * ! g O ^ 02 0© 1 — I r * _< TO i <33 ^ p W d O 02 d O CO P £ <33 - o .d I O O 03 1 £^3 03 43 <"3 "S 4^ TO 40 s d d d 5S ©*rt 03 ff|*g g S • rt o .s 0 -f Ph4^ ^ P, 03 — O . 2 M 40 fH d d «.® # S od 1 ? | S S3 § 2 2 d 'So o H > w rrt _Q ©^ gG .2 g*© © 43 S rO .n g| S ^ 5 t| £ £& n g 0^0^ -M - c» !> a a JZJ (M CO CO CC CO 05 GO lO CO c* cb I! fe h' v o’n 2 ° aW 2 &. 0-31831 0-4971499 I! o b? k 'O TjH tJI jCO •§ II II II II l> § * QJ ^O tS d ® a © o eg 7; ci_i .a « ! O GO C •a io < •£ 05 c a Ol s U < =SB ' ® ii ^ bO C ^ II sec. per sec. See p. 454 for longarithmic and algebraic con- stants. Time of falling in seconds. Space fallen through in feet. Velocity in feet per second acquired in time, T, or space, S. cc II II li H QQ > II 0* H II > II II | fcs 5s I I® II II .g t g .g s ^ o a rj ^£3 ft 2 p 2 +*■ co to i— ■ o to oo 05 ox m oo to P I Diam. MEASURES — AREAS OE CIRCLES. Areas of Circles, advancing by IOths— Continued. 1 1 Q 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Areas. Diam. •o 1 •2 •3 •4 •5 •6 •7 •8 •9 2922-47 3019-07 3117-25 321699 3318-31 3421-20 3525-66 3631-68 3739-28 3848-46 3959-20 4071-51 4185-39 4300-85 4417-87 4536-47 4656-63 4778-37 4901-68 5026-56 2932-06 3028-82 3127-15 3227-05 3328-53 343157 3536-19 3642-37 3750-13 3859-46 3970-36 4082-83 4196-87 4312-48 4429-66 4548-41 4668-73 4790-63 4914-09 503913 2941-66 3038-58 3137-07 3237-13 33-3876 3441-96 354674 3653-08 3760-99 3870-48 3981-53 4094-16 4208-36 4324-12 4441-46 4560-37 4680 85 4802-90 4926-53 5051*72 2951*28 3048-36 3147 01 3247-22 3349-01 3452-37 3557-30 3663-80 3771-87 3881-51 3992-73 4105-51 4219-86 4335-79 4453-28 4572-35 4692-99 4815-20 4938 98 5064-32 2960-92 3058-15 3156-96 3257-33 3359-28 3462-79 3567*88 3674-54 3782-76 3892-56 4003-93 4116-87 4231*38 4347-47 4465-12 4584*35 4705-14 4827-50 4951-44 5076 95 2970-57 3067-96 3166-92 3267-46 3369-56 3473-23 3578-47 368529 3793-67 3903-63 4015-16 4128-25 4242 92 4359-16 4476-97 4596-35 4717-30 4839 83 4963-92 5089-58 2980*24 3077*79 3176-91 3277-59 3379-85 3483-68 3589-08 3696-06 3804-60 3914-71 4026-40 4139-65 4254-48 4370-87 4488-84 4608-38 4729-49 4852-16 4976-42 5102-24 2989-93 3087-63 3186*90 3287-75 3390*17 3494-16 3599*71 3706-84 3815*54 3925*81 4037-65 4151*06 4266-04 4382-60 4500-72 4620-42 4741-68 4864-52 4988-93 5114-90 2999-63 3097-49 3196-92 3997*92 3400-49 3504-64 3610-35 3717-64 3826-50 3936 92 4048-92 4162-49 4277-63 4394-34 4512-62 4632-47 4753-96 4876-89 5001-45 5127-59 3009-34 3107-36 320695 3308*11 3410-84 351514 3621-01 3728-45 3837-47 3948*05 4060-21 4173-93 4289-23 4406-10 4524-54 4644-51 4766-12 4889-27 5014 00 5140-29 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 •° 1 •2 *3 *4 •5 •6 *7 •8 •9 MEASURES— AREAS OF CIRCLES. Areas of Circles, advancing by IOths— Continued. a Areas. g A •o 1 •2 •3 '4 •5 •6 •7 •8 •9 A 81 515300 5165-74 5178-48 5191-25 520402 5216-82 5229-63 5242-45 5255-29 5268-15 81 82 5281-02 5293-91 5306-82 5319-74 5332-67 5345-62 5358-59 5371 57 5384-57 5397 59 82 83 541062 5423-66 543672 5449-80 5462-89 5476-00 5489-12 5502-26 5515*42 5528-59 83 84 5541-78 5554-98 5568-20 5581-43 559468 5607-95 5621-23 5634-53 5647 84 566117 84 85 5674-51 5687-87 5701-25 5714*64 5728-04 574147 5754-90 5768-36 5781-83 5795-31 85 86 5808-81 5822-33 5835-86 5849-41 5862-97 5876-55 5890-15 5903-76 5917-39 5931 03 86 87 5944-69 595836 597205 5985-76 5999-48 601321 6026-97 6040-73 6054-52 6068-32 87 88 6082 13 6095-96 6109-81 6123-67 6137-55 615144 6165-35 6179-28 6193-22 6207*18 88 89 6221 15 6235 14 624914 626316 6277 19 6291-20 6305-31 6319-39 6333-49 6347-61 89 90 6361 74 6375-88 6390 04 6404-22 6418 41 6432-62 6446-84 6461-08 6475-34 648961 90 91 6503-89 6518-19 653251 6546-85 6561-20 657556 6589-94 6604-34 6618-75 663318 91 92 664762 6662-08 6676*55 6691 05 6705-55 672007 6734 61 6749-16 6763-73 6778 32 92 93 6792-92 6807-54 682217 6836-82 6851-48 6866 16 6880-85 6895-56 691029 692503 93 94 693979 695456 696935 6984 16 6998-98 701381 702867 7043-53 7058-42 7073-32 94 95 7088-23 710316 711811 7133 07 7148-05 716304 7178-05 719307 720811 722317 95 96 7238-24 7253-33 7268-43 7283-55 7298-69 7313-84 7329-00 7344-18 7359-38 7374-59 96 97 7389-82 7405-07 7420-33 7435-60 745090 7466-20 7481-53 7496-87 7512-22 7527-59 97 98 7542-98 7558-38 7573-80 7589-23 7604-68 762014 763562 765119 7666-63 768216 98 99 7697-70 7713-26 772883 7744-42 7760-03 7775-65 7791-29 7806-94 7822-61 783829 99 100 7854-00 7869-71 7885-44 7901 19 7916-95 7932-73 7948-53 7964-34 7980-16 799600 100 0 1 •2 •3 •4 •5 •6 •7 •8 •9 •UIWIQ j (CNCOOJO ^ © t~— GO 05 © cot'-ooo5© ^O5eo-* (N(M^MW CO CO CO O 05 © rH 40 © CO 00 © rH 05 CO *0 o« >b os o» »b oo t'-i-H©©'sti 00 05 © © lO CJCONf-liO CO CO 05 ?H 05 CO *0 © OQ 05 © 05 CO »p © Ah rh i>- 4 k r- © co © C5 co © os 05 »b — . 05 05 05 CO CO CO -y rfri IQO-OOO © 1^ © Tf 00 05 © 00 05 © 05 CO OOHibdOH © »C 05 CO tr- ip © 05 © 4* A. © CO t~ oo co a a a H 50 © CO 00 05 © © h|5 TO 05 05 05 05 CO CO t— i— l lO C5 CO © 05 CO -^ © ^0«©05 00 05 © ©t* C5 © CM CO 05 lO 05 05 «b Tt< Tf* UP »Q IQ © © OSCONrH© - O- CO 00 00 05 os OS ?* co © os 05 05 © © © rH C5HI— IHH t« GO 05 © © 0^©^-O5 rt< OSCC - . . Mb t"* rH ‘O 05 CO GO 05 © © rji 00 CO -I uO 05 CO OO 05 © © T* 00 t». CO © r sssss mn mm mm mm. mM Hi! 1111 SSSSP SS 2 S 5 mu mu mu mu gg§sl gins mu mu geain mi mu mu mu mu mu *«gi mi uni mi mu 11111 mu *«8l Hill Hill Hill Bill Hill mis "am mu mu uni mu tim mu CIRCUMFERENCES OF sSals Islli §§§ » mu sisis mi? ms mu mil uni 5- mu mi mu mu 11111 11111 11111

t- i>. t- t- 0000000300 © © co © © 03 a ® o ® © © © © © rH Circumferences. © OOOHMrK ip N OO O H NTH1ON03 9H!NT)(p t'OOOiHM rt<»Ot^OOC5 ibcj^ibdo .©cbd© (NIMWCOCO T* h* IO IO no © © © © t-t^t^COOO 000505050 OOr-l-H-H !N (M (N (M 'N (M Cl O 51 Ol (M Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl IN Cl Cl Cl d Cl Cl M COCOCOCOCO 00 lONOiaH p ri< p © © CO CO C3H Cl © p © © © H (M CC IO CO »b 00 rH 4* do H N 6 CO 000000005 Cl ib 00 bl »b © rH 4* 6 M if} © © © © l^t^t^COCO CO 05 05 05 O © © r-< rH rH Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl (M 9 O P cp p©p©© p © p © p © © p <00 p CO do © bl lb © M lb CO rH H* lb 4 h 4f |b © CO CO © CO © © - OO © © rH tr t>trb-t~00 ©©©©© ©©©©© © © © © © © © © © © Any sum multiplied by the reciprocal of a number is equal to the same sum divided by the number which the reciprocal represents. Reci- w .2 ,9 (S fH rP .£« > bS) £ 'rg .a g « -s a s .15 ca ^ 05 ’Y o c3 g 'P P j> g J «+H ^ 3-3 | *s § g to ^ ^ 3 &-ES ’S 'Z ^ 9 O fH eS a* ■+* 43 9 .. ?? o cS • I J ^ P 02 « r P b0 § J .9 Sh ^ O P-l O rQ £» aT ^ ea rj «+H ® O ° .2 'S © ^ O -"S W 5 13 9 ^ fJ 2-^2 c 3 53 B5 T3 A § .§ © gSJ * 2 S 5 1 | S HO rj CD h-* 2 *5 .fa 2 © H 03 rO 0 ‘o P Ph § © 9 bp S •2 8 ■s * p 'p 'p .2 «3 rH 9 *3 H .' s .2 H .g ^ o © 05 © ^ O P b ip +3 ® 00 !>• 4 fi N^o^b- TjHOOCO^- O o o t- CO *5 I! i! ;i tH II o (M o 03 © © © a> © © •064 16 •065 14 •0641 11 1-6 17 056 17 •058 15 •0571 10 1*5 ... ... 9 1-4 ... 8 1-3 18 •048 18 049 16 •0508 7 1*2 19 •042 17 •0453 6 11 s 040 18 •0403 5 10 20 •036 20 035 19 •0359 4 09 21 032 21 •032 20 •0320 3 0*8 22 •028 22 •028 21 •0285 - 2 0*7 23 024 23 .025 22 •0253 1 06 24 022 24 022 23 0226 ... ... 25 •020 23 •020 24 •0201 P 0 5 26 •018 25 •018 25 •0179 27 •0164 27 •016 26 •0159 ... 28 •0148 28 014 27 •0142 29 •0136 29 •013 • * 30 •0124 30 012 28 0126 ! ... MEASURES— WIRE GAUGES. Comparative Table of Different Wire Gauges in Use. — Continued. British Standard Gauge. Birmingham Gauge. American Gauge. French Decimal Gauge. No. Diameter No. Diameter No. Diameter No. Diameter in s. w. a. in inches. B. W.G. in inches. A W. G. in inches. F. W. G. millimetres. 31 •0116 29 0113 ... ... 32 •0108 ... ... ... ... 33 •0100 31 •010 30 •oioo ... ... 34 •0092 32 *009 31 •0089 ... ... 35 •0084 33 •008 32 •0080 ... ... 36 •0076 34 •007 33 •0071 ... ... 37 •0068 ... ... .. ... 38 •0060 ... ... 34 •0063 ... ... 39 •0052 ... ... 35 •0056 ... ... 40 •0048 35 •005 36 •0050 ... ... 41 •0044 ... ... 37 •0045 ... ... 42 •0040 36 •004 38 •0040 ... ... 43 •0036 ... ... 39 .0035 ••• ... 44 •0032 ... ... ... ... ... 45 •0028 ... 40 •0031 „ ... 46 •0024 ... ... ... ... .. ... 47 0020 ... ... ... ... ... ... 48 •0016 ... ... ... ... .. ... 49 •0012 ... ... ... ... ... ... 50 •0010 ... ... ... ... ** ... TESTING, * I a? 3 ^3 H C x R, volts. ohms. •A current d o i ® I. 8 2 S * g s .g .a V F5 ® a 9 ’3 i 1 .§ ► ° B T S ^ * &0 5 m » £ Ph .& .ft w a -S of Derived Circuits. — The joint gJJ.s.S I I o 43 m m ^ © § i H !i H i: o OJ, W § M .|S ’£» ^ o 43 © .2 £ © w uh - S o 2 ^ O n ® W rCl ^ ° 2 > ^ J. © ^ M ,0 ^ * © •f ® ® S'Stg d if . w © __ «e d ^3 ^ d w C3 • r_l ©<* s M c8.-*3 V °S ,®«w d a £> rt .13 0 8 ?:i.3.& g's Hk« S|'S r p s S u % J 1 ^ ■P'd «o e3 -3 * 8 g d § H ^ O ® 0 ^ 5 *tJ v> a o ^ p* o 8.2 ' 8. J* •Ig © d The joint resistance of several wires in multiple arc is, The joint resistance of two wires , r\ t 7 * 2 , multiple arc (fig., p. 66) is, '5b*' ~ll + a ^.■*3 © > .Is * s ^ SM © S> d PH • ■« cc « S- •-< ^ O 4 < + *? *?> © pH © £ © CO £ . e cl, CO ^ It I 'S 6 ^ o ~ •M r-l © ^ + P3 II PH + 3 OQ £g o tfl o d ►Pd Shunts.— The joint resistance of a galvanometer and shunt e« 43 I § C8 rd to 00 II O «5 d 43 JT° *+» o O 2 rd ^ "§ .2 m 4 M§i m c to * M O .A Odd S* ~ ^ ^ Q - |+rO °s d „ _ 03 4^ 5?i Sh • 1h Ss 5 rt •S J «— • I 3 » J s-g L? Q j>> [§« '-£> a d ’3 i 1 + o ao c3 + 00 ol II ok? v © c« d •• P< ,d rd ^ 2 •3 3 S>H 4 5 O Ofs-S II 'd § ; li 5 SS 5$ .. * ^ 9 .8.9 h 3 <53 ^ pH | i c» *9 § ai -§ ‘S i a 1 Cs .8 2 CO M * o O SO II <43 CJ 8 I s * Ola a • Q §•3 § a i "oo I O § -S .u Tj © a ^ TESTING. Ja « a S 6 * 2 © *1 ° S a 1 .-a -s .2 e S'S £ 2 a © 50 ® °tS 9 s t 1 >> Q ^ 03 g Ofl rl JU^C <-g o a .fl o .S ^ _ _ B'> ° © 3 if rH 8 «>‘fl ** fl v. 2 (13 * © 03 ‘ Cfl 2 ^ S .2 * o3 ^ to > ~ a> >>•£ & ^ „ 03 e8 -*"*». P. h3 U)Ph t>0 Letd = deflection with resistance, R, in circuit G = resistance of galvanometer a = „ » shunt O O + 80 o II • c © §3^ I g & e3 ^ fl feJD g H , O W O -P © P O -+3 P 03 © 13 1 a ® § O xi > to 13 r^H to &C c3 fl O vj <-r . .15 03 ’to o 03 fl ^ P 03 W C3 6 © -^tS 03 S .§-2 gfig ®|-3 O W-H ^ 43 - $ «3rd ^ ,H s s b* ^ 4 $ .2 .£ © & s *!!■§ a* .S o u o l 5 O fl . d Srfl P . g** ^ s.s~J 03 d <*> 2 O W *|H M H O 2 ” o ! § | g |«ig ^ sT^'S^soS o © * l'S.23 W) V-r-'s 6 P 43 o >» ° S ciid Sh t 3 -r 1 >< 2 w © £> 5 Q p 3 1 ^ Q o *■« bO ** ^ 2 cq h 3 s p-h co ^ « ^ 2 m © © ® p 3 h .■« S © ^ bo e3 &*> g 5**33 ° © ft § 0-43 2 <3 '5 H § eu ■d IS * r ^ o II Hltf 3 > © ° *d o © © «J ■Sns-S Jk 52 t •S o d rH J3.a s’lr r-H . . / 'p o © d W ° . <=> >» © ■ 50 ® o 43 rd 852 § * 11^9* I 1 8:8.3 pj .2 * ®Q 43 «3 -g ^ > S O vu z: ^ ^ a © »—i O d H d H c3 43 o >r%'£ rd © fn es o bJD d §4 « .2 o f d o o ^ c 6 43 © So*!' 0 _, rd bn © 5 J 5 d 43 rr 4J> Q r o o -g .2 -g o a M 5 0 S 11 & >p:£ .p--gj 5 3 |«2> . gjg-S-a „j2 1-g § rd r§ "o S ^ 2 «S £^^(5 H„gV ?^.2 2 ^§ •$ d !>. 43 *- 43 43 ^ *43 S „ 0.3^ ©-1 ■S-Td^o 2 r d d ° d 03 d tx 43 s- +3 ' 8 Jsa’« 25 s |s < si^|.-s 1« *1 1 *£ 2 o^.-g I- " § | 'g © § I § © § -d ^ -_s Ph 43 *rt o „ • “ © cs 2 *rt J2 ’d >■> •*! gg sn^ ® § "-3 0 s 1-1 g'gaww a ^ Jpo^ 1 o5 2 £ 2 •§ rt o 8 ^ c3 ‘3 bfi o S-i 5 O Z -*=> 1 1 Q m Vi © © EG CD of © S3 | 1 1 co ^ "2 •1 ! m d jj . g ° 6T |rt° a ^ * o - g £ bb fS ^ frl ^ '3 H3 o 03 >r d O O M © EG © « cd ~ . •8 © CO 1 II II + P ol '■e © P II P It is usual to make the resistance of the whole circuit, we havej given battery* — Indirect Method (Hockin): m 1 | © © ^2 o a &po >0 8 ■!.. H S rcJ O 8 A ^ > S o .3 .3s.3s •a f BA'S F -4 ^ d g ( < 2 £> rO 4 s » cS 03 ^ ^ (D gj§ 2 ^ .5.9 -2 3 O 43 r-O + o + o PQ co The resistance of B may he obtained by any of the other methods (see Index). 2. A direct deflection, d, is obtained with a resistance, r, in circuit, as in fig. Then, G G + s TESTING-CURRENTS. a a .hi s|j|i| + a Ps o .2 o as a) X W + + Oj ,£3 « § 43 ^ -3 1 s-1 O .S.5 X fl o'o - - O o .3 -k °& £5 h *v Is II 2 “•§ « Sog-gg, 13 tzi pf ® * <9 g PH W .8 g 1 N ® 3 BiMsfN J ® g>p3 g O += «s *jj g II II * f 2 * r"> •'sfc <3 H N e8 •3 0 0 H Sh . S d-B ?®.2g ^l| O a3 .2 w a? __ rr-i 30' 02 0 >H M w^S * a ° o s|g 5^S3 -*f -rj r3'3f« 3 ®a'!=:®'t; © a a^3^fe3©cc + -*- £ o 0 ^ 2 fe § ,' - a,d © o a © Jill's bd 3 e o w is ©'d 0 iS° >* fc-a - « o So--** 8 S+J ® a © B afflllllllif llls^ijia © c3 ^ .©-*^©- SSSSIfiSSS a ®»S« a §s — * fill Ha si I®! 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Cardew’s Voltmeter is based on the expan- sion of a fine platinum silver wire by the heating CARDEW’S VOLTMETER.— BACK AND FRONT- '■Sr-r-S ! 5§ CQ o 8**0 V cs H ^ § ■§£ a §^.g 2”§ _ C c3 ^ •3 2 »>£ ® »°.2 ?3rC 4J^J o fl g r© © “ © © *3 © ■ — 51 £ 2 ^a§-g £.ssa« © P O ^ r "5 c3 Tj .2 ^ ' — I d CO 1* rrl O ' — J * s &2 S giji »f 2 nd 2 4:9 -2 2 © H •£ W 'm CQ r© .2 SIS* &s ^ _ * CD P P © 3 rQ © o e '°-S o a 18 d” 'S.2‘35. 2 wj £ 0^,18 oggg® m be® S*3 . s'" a 0,1) «-J 1*0^ 2^-S • S 3 d ' " c§ P gri P $ P ©Sfc g £§ 3 © £ 3 p ^ ^ . a g 3 d -4-^ • rH j— < rrR «* 4 ^ " *"^ C2 ^ ^ l§-g"-2 _z, Pc+h t(.2 - P°a1s2*S 1 b°- S Sj'g-l « 9 ol & SafOjSf'^ ^S® «d®5S J3 2»|§ ^s.§g«8^g , § » %' --* sp- § '"'®>,^S'ajS pK 3.o §s 11 © a 5 *-« Pi © ►.e* p m g s o£ 2 s £ | s I a o TESTING — CURRENTS ^3 £ tf * H £ I E-* + H PS n3 bO © P -P O © ftl p 5 OT hp © ~ m H an m oT ■g -B 2 a s-i o P ti Ci • | “ l bC © ^ © >> VO r add ' •3 3 _1 .2 g S^-ar " a CJS o ■" rd O o *M !» (11 Ph > © -pO s-»^|-s l-g •Si-Si 2 |tf| a ® II l-glll S'* fe^'-g 8* S S £P:§ . £ 2 p -5 fl r o.S V 43 -5 *3 § © O O I— i ^ X l> P a ^ 2 ^ <3 • +» © °dd ^ ^ •m Zi * 'o m£ ^4P> be <3 = 3 !.%^ si If! 2 Cd ‘ '“' P P^ © !^p ^ 2 '^ c 3 *' O ^ P *75 -+3 -U V «2 P •» p •— i,s ""a a 13 s s’S & 2 s |~ 2 H ?-gii a S a 1^-5 i: §5 Jg" 2 SP'Sh a i* S^lS-g-g '.« P O -P P^ © .P 2 § P © © © 2 , k. tj ,-) ftp ^| . 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Use of the Composite Balance. Composite Electric Balance.— This instrument has been designed for the purpose of providing in one piece of apparatus, the means of measuring — (1) Th > difference of potential between two points of an electric circuit, as, for instance, the difference of potential between the supply conductors of an electric-light installation. (2) The current flowing in such a circuit. (3) The rate of working in the circuit. The instrument thus forms a combined voltmeter, ampere-meter, and watt-meter. SIR WM. THOMSON’S COMPOSITE ELEOTRIC BALANCE. 'Fhe general form of the instrument is shown in the first figure, and the theoretical diagram in the second figure. Where a and b are two coils of silk covered copper wire fixed one above P<3 2| Ji .P S «5 .13 oo a^«£gog 3 O c3 w cj« 3 CT3 O h 2 a c 45 "“' O t3 P £3 +* ^JE8 s a 8 'O-fe ^2 0^0, 03 s Q V ■§ I q 63 ® ^_2 © alJ:~ ®* S o o ® b o O rj f-t <3 k PS © 5 S-TJ-rt CD' ©8*°25sg '"' " ° SP 3 © a oa Ord (-1 P *. 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I| II a ^ ’d“c8 || ■S.g ft O 5 o§ §*J 8 g o’® §, § § il 0 ^ ^b 0 'i Cs l| S.S S** > % -G ft - 0 gg Jg-S o ft *S .2 Sag © s © G q 3 - © r3 O £ G 'G G 2 i _ c3 ; « ; 83 £ TESTING— CALIBRATING VOLTMETERS. 2 .•P'P.S.d A +9 S - bD o o® g © ■** fl a>o-\og q OQ 03 _. ® -J 3 Jj © • h cj g h o tj p/"q=i © g «ll||| 2 fd^.O S; — eg © 2 ©•■“'© d-S M © o,d ~?3 H ^i. f|*>l §1 2-iS'S'S Is Sg^g-gg gj? ^^■oSoS t, a. •ji©^-^ © s fl S 1 © II -S 3 M fi % .j'—t m ° © oSr©ps^ed k^>- P*^P °PP M 2 C5 «* ° . © " S3 « be ^ aof^&i’goM- S *2 2le£$ S S © > -p O a 2 o3 B 2 .3 $ & 11 9 *3 i’S d 0 fl® - §< 83 « *43 H ■3 ffln^^g a fi 33 'd d p -.73 © S 3 - ?4ft P £> .d © d^ 1 ^ © -d > 2 2 h-d-^-g 2 ofo.P? £ m M . * Ph c/i W 03 Ph W Ph W 6 H O § fc 3 o s m Ph H L> W n 03 O O o Ph a« ◄ Q fc s OG | “ ©dO % 2 -dW 0 m g g,ci O 43 © ©Jdf“©© t 0 d « oq d © f © © 3 T 3 OQ r O C ^P ^ P -t ’© c >>©< © 5 . ; ft . r oP ; 1 P'Ep^'Tc' P © ^ -*- 3 6 C r '©ie a ©-s pi O °' 3 ^ 5 ‘p J ° 3 "'§S|< 2 3 ©-d -2 ^ d^P d 03 *•■ p. w 2 S’S.Oe 0 ©^ c? ©^ g CS .5 t, © 2 1 01 ^ S © § .’S-d •i—> p; ce p< yx 3 o > 3®8 a I. § c3 ^ ^ d - _ _ •2 *£3 2 2 ©^w © o © g io« c 3 § o j.g 0 f g^§ J a O c 3 -2 > S 3 OQ P,d 3 Ph0 rr* 3 H o P 0 fl ® £ ’S •» m sMjSlJ 1 !•*?§* I |a§s sc^ ® ^ s.agfg' 38f g£ ■a^ll 3 5 £ O ftPjS ■s © ft© Jgfg “ ft© C3 § 0 ^ g © _ CO CM o^3 of S *S| O M 08 «3 © ft o ^ ^0*8 ft£ « a °^= 3 5C3g p 5 p © ^ -HUSeoS^ ^ © § os* 43 “ ® S -P ta 4‘| i S|s§tl^ s 4 £?o w ^ 2 jSs&gs.gas* 3 3 £5 c3 O § 9 § £ O |§3 s Jf M^SfSilgcl-a ** a * 8 isgi-a & £e*s:s*zflitee ■s s< s^gxaogss ^i©®CQc3©_g +3 ‘> ( H bfi^ +3 ^ .S ©O I c3 © g, 33?^ °.V> 3 Jd S^aa^ 2 P d ® ^ 1 >>3 S 08 I 3 §5 o'g-s *}=; "o 'O W) 2 2 2 ft p.2 g o & . S3 H rrt “PhJS® •“ ©33' ®3 o P^ o-^ P m © u'o o^ S°P**~S g^HJi iff^S iFliJ l^°l “■s«^a ©■2 p - ©Ip'SI^P^S^ W © O 43 .Si «M 3 ft^ Ba 5363 ^ « M 5s -° . 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O S> c8 © ff — a o t a k£ ,h § «a Z/2 *+“ * ■'-■ u u ® o ft r 50 cS , § © o.| ^ S © 52; ® £ ft£ S «i © « a 83 1 TESTING— CALIBRATING VOLTMETERS. Table op Electro-Chemical Equivalents or Grammes Deposited per Second. Area of Cathode in Square Centimetres per Ampere of Current. Temperature, 2° C. Temperature, 12° C. Temperature, 23* C. Temperature, ' -8° C. Temperature, 35° C. Grammes per Second. 50 •0003288 •0003287 •0003286 •0003286 •0003282 100 •0003288 •0003284 •0003283 •0003281 •0003274 150 •0003287 •0003281 •0003280 •0003278 •0003267 200 •0003285 •0003279 •0003277 •0003274 •0003259 250 •0003283 •0003278 •0003275 •0003268 •0003252 300 •0003282 ■0003278 •0003272 •0003262 •0003245 8S)U TESTING™ CALIBRATING VOLTMETERS. Table Showing Gain at Cathode in Grains per hour per Ampere of Current, when the Temperature and Current Density per Square Inch is Known. Square inches of Cathode per Ampere. Current Density per Square Inch of Cathode. Cu deposited per Ampere per hour in Grains, at 2° C. Cu deposited per Ampere per hour in Grains, at 12° C. Cu deposited per Ampere per hour in Grains, at 23° C. Cu deposited per Ampere per hour in Grains, at 28° C. Cu deposited per Ampere per hour in Grains, at 35° C. 7*7 13 18-266 18-261 18-256 18-256 18-233 1-5-4 •065 18-266 18*244 18-239 18-228 18*189 23T •043 18*261 18-228 18-222 18-211 18150 30-8 •0325 18 250 18-217 18-205 18*189 18-105 38-5 •0260 18-239 18-211 18-194 18155 18-066 46-2 •0217 18-233 18-211 18T36 18*122 18-028 83 71 TESTING — SELF-INDUCTION. 4 J O 60 a ft d g 43 £ I 9 2 5 a d £ KJ O . a g • ' SSsf£ © fl g ft d g 1 H 4 ,* o ©3 ft ^_C c3 2? £ ft O 'g d tT .2 © ft* ^rs ft 3 .2 o ^ o ^ S o ft d o «ft 0 — “ u ^ u s o ® © 2 ft ft g, 2 o 2 I £ 5 ?l I s ,r * °ft ■H O 2 d d > ft © IP t< g ^ a 0 5 © e3 © m ft ® g d ^ « a >h g < a ,K O «M M ft 0 “ ft n n -f? 3 .. a ^ a ^ ft bo a -e o a i -.Si d " d . 1 0 i - d a © ® - S 5 © cS *3 § ss ~ a m s g.-a ■ s a * 53 a: 0 ft 1 § 1 ,g g: a 5 .2 ^ ft ■£ ft :£ © a | ca > - g © iO g © « 1 1 | 0 § SS-3 ft O bO ^ © .2 bO © d ^ .a :g 3 ■° I * 1 © c3 ft ,3 d © .5 O 11 c w 0 o ° & ! ^ I 3 d3 > Sid M > £ ^ 53 ft d s ! O ft bo .- S3 ►» d "5 73 ® £ M 5 ft M d 2 O t, >d ft **-• © i >1 P~ ) bO © s- © , .a g 3 * I P* - G "r3 ^ I ‘u Sge* : 'd u -r u , O ft I G3 bD ® ; § .a | ► * » bO O ft • I 3^ ; * * ft =« % S © ft $ 0 & £ g £ 2 ® 2 d £ a d d ^ a ft g d ft d ft * >.3 . © *“ S b 0 2 '§■3 1 ® S 3 43 © £ '%. o ft © _ +3 a d © © d „ > a > 2 ■^ © rn Ijj 3 bfl g, d © d &0 c3 ^ d © ft « 2 ^ © © 53 ft r9 © © ft +a Q. d O CM ~ _ „ ot o ft o o © o ft ® S d ft -a ft ^ «*■ o ft ° 0 © d ft d • S n ® S 1 ftp 2 o 2 1 © o • ’d ■** I © o > o I d «> © H © a 3. ft d ft w o §0 ft od fl ^ 60 d ft d . 2 ® £ W) G ■2 ft © © ca ft a .13 £ 1. To compare two Coefficients of Self-Induction .— J oin up the apparatus as in figure 1.* then, if the resistances, r v and, r 2 , of the non-inductive branches of the bridge be adjusted TESTING— SELF-INDUCTION B.C . Fi and F 2 being the capacities of the condensers, and r x and r 2 , the resistances of the non-inductive branches of the bridge. As before, increasing the speed at which the seconmmeter is driven merely increases the sensibility TESTING — SELF-INDUCTION, 2 sP-e s- 2 o £.2 § 2 § oSSSjaS? •2 d i 3 to £ -gs.il © cc eS^O • be. S ■§ -2 © o 2 © p p5 © H ZSo'x* g 3 P f* O © q o © © - p .5 ^ 8 .-S' H o © §TJ “ 8 8 8 2- 63 So®® «-i „ 'O © £ © |»S Xs’gis ©•gft-S o o S to ffi a § ^ o Jg m •^Jg § «■? © 2 > £Sg®§- ’Si 5 s ■? ® e3 H 8^ “'Sg 53 ^ rf'g of .2 as P. o ^ Ilf Mt3 £ © w o . £>’► g 'O © p eg u ^ p. c"£ <3 O 111 ||| <3 * SSS-gB' ” -SMSa' *«hr © S u 5 ^3 s O? O Q.S r)^£ ©£ ® ® £ >> c-rt s *p ^-0 5 a .p »“ 2 3 og|s’is©-gggcj©g ^ g5^fejs|i! ; |ii .§ Jsi| 8 |i 1 .|| 9 i S 8 >a£j!l*s 3 *£ 8 © © 5 Boo 5 °S« o ©rn cr c 3 'c32©®®^©P rr - a! §•§“£•§£$ 8 ^ 1 ? |&s 2 |S 6 i? 0 ^|| Il £ g^ < 0 s 3 ®_§|- Ph tl'P :p P © £ -g t> 2 ^ © 0 p-~®^ © 2 _ , © p-T'P - o 9 © c 3 o t>P'^£ TO ©g© © P '*-• 8 | 2 53 ^ kOM' -pp© 5 p„ of >^© >S'e 3 © © ^ © mm© © c3 * .^gsSooo^^'SS ©-gog&CP.gO©'®* 43 3 § g _^ 4 a>w©©.© » S © © i££p "•SaSSel-SOh" -^pco^^C^cS^,© 02 00 © © c8 2 9 — . -rH _ & a 5 ■£ ^ 2 4-f © c» O 3 ~ “ h ’ ^ ™ d-S 3 3 -.p * •_, > p ie-?^ 0 gg^a««“®® :S , “ © © -S *>» o-2 ^ p n es g-S-g §j§ g^-S-pS £ P 3^®ijg©c3>~©rj 2.2 2oaHc&2 2c25^ o o _r m » — £ 43 2 ,rH S '2 ■^-rt © © o 3 bc ®5 © ° 8 •| §<-£ © 8 J 3 .p, o p O "t*? ^ | 3 P £ P ® ^+3 Op O w «*H £ P o> “ o Cfl © M ? P ^3 O •p * p y ©3 cn - 5 'P a P d«Pop>; H ^ ^ k O ? 4 > ills I'-ilpg- p* tn H 02 ? P c3 © mto*« ■Hi** 3 SSiUSs |3®||| 'w of 2 ”^ © 8 < J. 3 P r^ OQ p 0^.5 ^ +3 C 3 , © O © r £2 rP P -J-? '2£ © « S.® > t»pj P © © -rH Cjp flp , a bo to © P -ps pis oE5.S S » £ S 00 ,rH ^ £p O © ^ © © © -pT k'P ^ m ce^ ^ © o © © ©«2 p «5rfl § !^l giogg 'g p ©^ ©^ § £ § 0 5h©9 . C .2 s J . e3 P 2 £■£ o ^ g o © © J ' 8^ M © , ca-S 53 ^ .2 8^?o *82 p • c o cj O £ © t; -p — 3 o © P O OQ © *a8§s * t» PP © g 3 if 2 © © P > g S'l's p p g W) 2.2 © © §-g ©^ ^-2 © 8 ©5^ © © 4 P 33 P 3 f - 1 e 3 •^eppPS fp p 043 ® © U >-.5 ^asl s -sg^s a p g m o pp ^O-P p fl p s. >1 © 145 >. is not reversed exactly midway between two consecutive reversals of the battery, since with this latter adjustment ® a © . □ n r* T a O h OS 'S £-1 -S © =3 0 a ‘V «3 55 ra X3 ” © ©nS+a g © S a a © § © fl»- 9 ©'S' ® 03 ® S 'o © ^ ©5 © § g ■p, c *’ © jd ©.d g © 2 m © 2 * © ■sSBiS- 2 © — 5 O =2 ®-e s i ^ 5s “ | g „ td © ^ S cj .Sag®" .3 © ta £ -g ||gf| 2 u g ® 8 fl^a © fl s U I w VW KU **£ £ •a f£ti d ®5 ° S"g$2J§ | 'sgelsP ^ t3C o ^ g • 8 ^ e« § la .s fl £d 5 © 8 § 0.2^0rt fl „ ■8*- o £ z5 ^ © © vT ggAdgM «|,« .2 d ^ 'g,,ej - 1 - S|tf|SfS *0 ^ w t>>© © © ° • S' c3 "o U A © s •i ■gssit-a! s * a|®o| 3 S.2 © £ d © © © © sejss Js ELECTRO-MOTIVE FORCE. The electro-motive force of a battery is the difference of potentials between its poles when a O & o S a> O O 43 „ O £ "T O O GO 3 S ^ 02 ^ § Crt a g 43 O ^ , C q O ® 43r') n 3^ d QJ ■Q S cS^ rg - 4 ^» n '• <*-g L‘ * S (!) £3 g PJrO £ 2 g s <£T O ) rj ^ tz £ rG Ills £> O =+4 ? > 1 (« o 5 >jQ u . _ g © 8 ■§ o 2 ^ g.S 5 S 53 « R o <32 i-^ O ^ W 43 5 Jew S ' ^5 a) ®o r ri $_i 43 , * 4 <32 a> W 03 _, S^-P-H EH ◄ -g ti j§ <32 02 <32 1— 1 43 cSTi O 43 Q *“ » O P-i pj “T h'P. im 0 » * c 3 II c* W £ ? d d rd CD d a> ft3 £ a> ill ZD |£ ft ~ <* QJ © O r ? ” d &T a w ^ © d H d rt S « M’S ^ S a ■« « H 4S d g O 5 O § (5 (3 (H "O 5 ^'S S ^ ho s a a * .s f at 5 d S © « ft ^ o H ^ ? § H 5 OB .s o o “ d ^ - ^ ci ci -u -+-* 'd ^ «2 *dl^ H II « W If the resistances of the batteries are very small as compared with Ri and R2 they may be neglected, provided the galvanometer is sensitive. ** C *73 Wo® ►/§ SS 43 ^ 3-8 CO CO tf *• s.s § >> ,sw e o E .3 £ I .js ► .2 -M O NO-P ” 8 55 , nd co ra 03.2 Q) .H to A & 0 *g H j 3 m w , s a r3 o o 8 ‘ c& * hh •3^ 63 W 3.g .G o cS SS C3 «i-h ft T$ gpq * d S a rg « 2 „ ?H ft PT H ^'T!> o G G eg D . £> 2 rrt* G O 3^ « fj h ra -m 2 © eg 3^3^ * § ? «> 18 ' C5 43 *+h bfl £ O £ 0) ^ .-g ft m .G o O G W -+3 g O > H II o R o a M © w © © p g g q ^ ^ •H d o a „T3 5rJ O B O 2 e8 a? ® © «« 05 ^ J| g- otf fl ^ ®/5 2- ®o : g r g ©’“ ^ o ° r* r-! O 3 • flj P S SpqJS s 7 PhC ^ J ° *’3 ◄•«-'§ p * r So g o '© bp oq'-S -2 .p T3 .ar ■g 2^ + 1 * 0 _, © cS bp ca .2 s ^ .2 Ml r-t wlw © © > * g -S s- | 8 d + -p .2 .2 1 8>^ * «>_ t! O © u © ■g i « os -p « a J-1 *r-t O «C a H ! O O 43.2 -p> - eg rC d •5a o f>> ■ -d b£ fe 2 g.S « m « r • ? Is 2 >£ © a O . -- T'.OBO'^eSg© ^ -t-. b/D . si qj "d -h| n.B ^ O ^ W b M ‘3 S^co H © .2 ® -S •s§j^S«h«'So O fx •+? O fTj S • rH "iPllJPl I o ^ fl ° 2 o^ ° 2 ^ ^ ^ * +3 © h &0& 4 © © g § W eg ^! h S ,H ^ X O !(rfl ^ 0) H O H _ o r^H d> -P> rfn 5- H m 2 ° be o ;£ -£ iS^-iS tx't »-3 i§ £ § b © c4 r 2 .h ® 02 © . . ps d+3 © ■£ _r3 0 - PS W former case. Then, If a suitable deflection is obtained, using no shunt with standard battery, then, on obtaining the same deflection with the other battery, E 2 = . . volts. r< ^ O Jh -35 8^ § 8T3.-S £ g^Il «* ■» m r .© PS ^ o 4 © «) -P H ^ y .h y • s g is § si © £ si O 43 rO b h ©_£ p s © o O 40 ^ * fl rJ.£> £■ C .+3 eg ig S rPS ^ ex pj © PS S$ § I g ~ © 4:S Is A S-*- 1 4 Si 05 ®.s S-g 2 qp d .3 CS rPS er> 3 *g ^3 43 tu ._ V_> . 0 fc s©b© J cS' £3 S §2©s^ s.s iiD-s.-s 4 * 0 7-i£ . *rt u o 3^3^ a| ji | ”^^-43 » § £5 ©«®0« jS ^ 68 ' o a b€ , ^ © 03 — g^a'3 5 S' fa > 8 <* 2 S> « -e o 7S « « -S § ^ "S § -g »h s “La*S §-§•§.« s -*• J fen-5 « ^3 Q3 >i e 03 -+-? i -* p— 4 *H b0*- m o cS a) a ' s M ; 41! * i-?3 d .9 a i V o ^ o _W &s >> bfl43 ° ci Sj^-e s.g §»'■§ S’ ^ ri § 2^ 03 g s OrS H I d*-° §8.2 Sfj®,^® 03 O 03 ^ ® -2 a £r§ d & _p J-i . fj 03 u 03 -P 00 b <^0203^0^^03 §H a § is a w reading on the slides. G may be an electrometer or high res. galvanometer. RESISTANCE OP WIRES. S’1^5 I g ^ © o °° 0. 1^fP g o 9 g* 3 l-s-S^s . 1. g s|i:« l^rhl- 11 *g°;i.3rt i,§ £ fl 1 J 3 g ^ g S §Ph15 b oT'g'S ■?•§ >»© g p P oo ^ ,p o o oq *S3 ® ^ g -rt * ^ J 42 S J 43 (S(H fc 43 •73 8 P •73 g and 4^ 1 rH P5 P4 © o *o 1 pf *-l + .9 © 43 "'cS P &0f^ 'S ® e8 ^ PnrP •43 c3 o fP r$ ©

+ s- + 0 &0 1 «4H <4H o o CD O r p 9 © o o ^ Ph tT •73 « © g rH P3 4 03 g-S P o I® 02 -g *P © r d *02 (D Jh 03 © O U 03 02 f^2 © 'A © Ch o o £ S 13 £■§ © fP £ £a A o Ph - to + t h) £ 'H tf •3 cS bfl ^ m ^ | ® 8-e a .► -a "§ 9 - ® .-§ ® § -2 a ^ 05 « 2 O o 4 " 02 tJO i-i 02 o , a . d o CO • ^-n <-h .. “s’g-S § 1 2*1 ® s ^gl'S | d © e6 3 +* 'a 2 « © ^ a| f J g.Spf m s g * 0> . d I 2 x > 3 -p .-s § * ^ ,0 13 W 43 rQ d ^ ^ .3 ® _ I ^ |"8 rd II & . ■“' pjp2 © w d d 2 sis «e i i © rd 02 d -r © h r ® k* d © Sfc- C0 ' d d ^ o ^ 02 d ^ _ cd -t; &-+j V d ^ t> E3 *rt .8^* s* -«T d~ o § 'shs <8 ii © T$ «c | d ’C d d ^ d d «s^h.2 -- © 1 ^ u cS | a & g " l| -g S 1 ff ^ © 02 9 © S-i 9 £ a S S.| | C2 d S d d d O l§^° .2 02 .9 IQ (S Q ® te. bd ?H j? 5S +3 d .<42 02 8 8 § |^1 L' s » s^-g.g ~d S 43 © Spw'g *4-i P. d g g ° c3 *d o d ® ^rd d 52 at'So? ® s<2 « a © £3 © « dl »,cH2 Hd h c6 d o d -m d d rd © d3 O d ■S-Sa spa i >^m-i S5 ° fc ,.s . -tw ^ s3 H ■ . s|.s d ^ -g cj > O -4-^ »H ,02 d "d "m CT 1 d © © c3 ^a-3 .3 aT 02 CJ d Jh c2 l "i ^ d Q bfld © ^ d a s *H G © Sd ■S 9 9 O d S B cS d a 02 d FI 3 ca d -m d o © d © d A 3 d 02 b add H ^ 9 d ■ sii ® d ^ « 23d ojh.h o fl >d-Pd^^d fl d- o d > vi © ' ^ © c3 +3 o bo Jj dbd « j _d d 57d d e3 o ^ +) <3 o © ~*~ 3 "- 1 d S 9 »> ^ d 1 © '© Q S P3 TESTING- If K be discarded, R will be equal to x, when the deflection with R thrown in is equal to that with x. A resistance, r, may be added to keep the .2 0^0 O o ® ^ ^ S:2 ^ °.S © >> a o O © O o r> ►- ^ O ft £ — §^^*1 g 1 O IS® «8^-S ^ J2 • <43 43 ^ ©flfn . bpos 5 M J .■“ O g® * O pc] rj O r ^ r£ ^ ^ fl O r2 bO© SrdQ •§pm M ca£ g£ M § So ® o L I § § «'i s.g j fc*S g §4 2- a | |5 _.a I °o « te H j§ § e a r^2 4J -L CC .5 o3 cS « ,« m ' » c; ® rn ffl +j © CD .3 r- Sggg.i!cS fl | fl > o o 03 r a3 Mh M 5=5 *S g ^ ^ g % * ^ n '£' 2 o £ iS §-g 4 o'® a 'S o ^ §M 3 =8 g^r? _--•■§ § a sS si-SS^ °^-2 d"®af’S o o .2 — • » 5 ;s a gf - .r2 C 1 JS-JS^f* A ^ O ’-2 2 ^ O 3 ^ r-i © «*H M -2 ^ . 45 O «- — . r O cS qj rtj <~ ■ 22 § ^ 2 © ^ 2 (D 4A jVl 2 O rM O MH 43 C 45 45 TESTING— RESISTANCE. a* $ a O --d .a jU •43 o .Th -43 cq •£ O £ P« oo If the wire under test be long enough, slide T along until d 2 = d 1 . Then It = x. If the length or resistance of 0 T cannot be altered, and represent say the contact resistance 5 ?8 I **%££ S I § * £ © goiH % £?,>> A £ w C -n d H.S 00 HQ -r- w O Tj CD ^ QQ pea .- 43 a 'd tJD^ a 1 >y'l * rO £ O CS-M .5 .a rv *+H £ ^ 'rB' 0 fcj ®pd S « §> ^ 0 0 Z “ S PM w 2 ‘m *-+3 *43 53 ’d ^ ^ fn ^ r'd « a •cj a Length. Length. SO : OT : : 100 : y =tlie percentage conductivity of the wire 6 S 8 Sr; bJO® • d ^ 5 • d O ^3 -+3 O d M g id w PhS-^ Jh ... eo ot a S c 3 a §‘c ,. TO © ■ ^ OQ 4S Is I M i |- H ^ M ^ ' o© © ® 9?>g II Il’Sbg &Q a s fe H o ^ i sa $ n d 4)5^ £ g'S-b^ II as ®<2 °'g s|.g-£ „ 5 ®-S^ g,*|s 1 ° .; r rl p c ft ® rH _• _d ® d © © ,QI— O ^ i.® ffl ^ • ».g£ g,o-S|soS~ 2 g § £ o"g o fc °Jf °S.g“ r Ci '—i o M o 3 • II -I c 5 .y co ©-*_,*£ © © o 2 . 2 s? 5 d -+-» d o .£ .a .d ~ P*. § •*r x o ^ fl ® c s r/1 • 50 ® rv©-HO Poo® “ 7J VI, — i 4-1 '"d Oft b cS dd© 8-S SIS •§<2 2 2 oo ® © § ® |a| © Jgg 4 S |S 2 t 2 ~S»'S — , r© “ d 1 ol“H .a a TddO-^ «S £&° sSsilj *o o ©-§ § »&.§gE 5-sS s p. © c3 PQ .2 n © bD «S| • •• ftd & y* »P § £ fe d *> 43*43 M O .a,g .2 o A » o dfe £*>£ ~ H »■§.§ g H B’SjS'S oro p o ' A® tl 5di ) iH’D . • »h q r-j • Q« 0 ©' 1 h odddrt e8 w o-j co do> A .2ooSS I g 2 s '-^SjsIss * 2 s a-S ©logs o-g *3 ^.2 o © 5 ^ *2 o * h ^ ^^d^ll2'g§i2 SooSd^fl^a .©°s &igl”§ — ;©© H ^f- , n®oQ C ®'-idi©®d©»^rt §§5i|'2S®|| ■8.2 £ «-§.-B'dSg! .Sg ^'§g2§ e3 r g'd® 0 ^•sig^gl-dS oa^s.sgo a ^ d ® S-d © ® o ^sSsSssSsI 3 8 o O^o^ § S o O H ts © °rt ,a O o ^ O rr-J ,rH i-l W S O 8 «^v g ® o‘^§2 0,0 t. -3 . —4 © IT} O -|22 J OS % d °®do- =3 ® S oh D>a°it p .a « oH ^+3.5 u 05 a so S.a s.s « J a-§' .ah" »«Sv w T 3 in Q} ! § f 3 - :h bO rd xn 2 © „ 8 ^ CD hV» ^ Q 2 >* -|V> bO ° d d § .ji ® « qd d r 3 ■I o> oe p SdQ.; w § d < § g' 3 < y o -p >■ fl ,- S -4 ccs -p cd - -P CO O H 52 «-i l i * r ^ p !>• a> J§*“ J < ^ 8-°-* *+-• s-T 1 " ^ o cd < o « > « rt CD 43 ( 2 * +-> -|~; r— I <-| 043 qs g C 3 n L| *P Oh w 9 c3 _. W3 ,P 02 ^ CD 43 C$ O r3 o 5 _| 4 Pnt 3 O •*“.2 S g< 'S’^'S.S g M Ph r d t O "2 « -p. 5 »© 43 © o p >> - w jj ^-i H » oj •2 8 g n £ £y>

“H £ to II « 8 g 43 c3 . CD [ to Oh , 'I 43 .t3 T3 * § hPh.o 2 r - ^ 3 O P ^■s 3 -43 o ■ c © h § 3 c3 p X -P f . a g >>£ 2 ^ a C t 3 § p > 5-| § 2 §5 M £*§(4^ o 5 c= S 43 ^ * O ^ -i + + *?S 50 .a * © -P43 !o^ H «* 8 o .43 . -P . t3 o a 8 + o • m ~ © © tw 'S-S O ^ 43 o © © o ^ -p fl .0.2 ©ill s -s -g ■s i^-i.gStg £ bo © ®o > ^ E rj 3 CD X « 0) cS S O Pn . _ ^ (D •2 ”5Sg’°” TS 43 'rJ r : 4= 43 £ bogs ** a ° «8 g P-.g too © ^ - ’d g o A ^ o o .d o © o t? a 43 g 8 P*'- £ g a5 4-1 >“5-1-3 ° ©^ 3 „ C H : •73 ri © © .11 § - «?a ■S .3 ® &£- 2 |41 ^§|g,S»f| n .d 4J^p d ^ 2 -13 r o d © 2 bcS £ g g Jg Od v *' r cJ -4> • d -4» rr> i-> dr-! T* d m Q .i2cz2 05 ^ ~ © 4§ • -+-> w ®S § m.£ 5 ° §-8 m d TO S O ^ .2 .2 •S g -§ S « s §: i a-p £ O "- -s °do £ g> * a-s-g 1 a I „ G TJ eg d 5 IS e8 zn d © 43 rP H §s^ bojq © rr3 Fi P P 43 bCH *T O g § p © b/:d5 >3 50 43 g 43 d © rgr^ 8 43 43 ^ 5=1 *§ ^ •— I cu © U „£3 W)-t3 o ©43 © © dd 43 2 • 1 ^-sjm :: S3 Hd £ .2 - © P M a? >5-^ — r > pq - - ^ © .. .. ..43 £/ £ 43 8 e H "© -2 cd p v3 'j-g’Ugs o ; h - 2^n.a 43 a wire and wire under test, when there is no deflec- tion on G, we have o’-'-g a S * § OT ® --<^ -£ ® « gp^a g § »-a ^ WW CN ^ 15 ^ © rr'S ^ * •» a %* 2 o « O ,xj r - - .2' O s rt O M «-g o a § a*§ g .-s qj , rH ^ a g § a ^ .2 § § "g F £ tfm ^^ag* .§^|o 8 a 6“ 9 -g' „S!#3 SP--S 9* 1-111^12 iol o|^ | | ® ^ S e« a> t 3 ■8;g.s §,§ a *-& * 1 HCJ * - CJ ® ITh r^f-ri od « g-9 ^ g>!Ms ^ a a s| " § §*\g-gsa “-^ r 3 ^ g.® ^.2 <2^ bog eh| II 8 S % S ^ ftfl w O «! ^ 4i^J ^ d 3+iP The standard resistance, R, should be nearly A ** ^ a eS a> rO bC -*=> a 4^ •4 5 43 h> M I « eg e3 >1 Szs ! ^ 4 d H » C3 rS : s a , a> rq ^ a 5 Q ? • • rH 4-=> W g "S C3 * § ^ 2 bo O « P) e^ •P .H -P ^ d a cs O ^ 4-> O £ >» © ^ rO rg .S -g rj rd p 3< ....... a . . • >1 Dial Pattern . — In this form, the resistances are brought into circuit by- introducing the plugs into the holes. It is therefore easier to read from than the Post-Office pattern. The infiuite resistance plug (inf.) between 2 and 4, or 1 and 1, must be removed when taking resistance by the Bridge method. TESTING— RESISTANCE. Thomson and Varley’s Slides. Free for Insulation CABLE x Thomson and Varley’s Slide Coils.— Plan of internal and external connections, joined up as an ordinary bridge. TESTING— RESISTANCE. \ o e8 3 w w o 3 ^ w © > a «w n ? O 8lrO 52 P 5 o 82.3.0 CO cc H-S S -J S'a ^ 8 o o/d 53 ° w <3 52 -+a co a si 8 tig-8 g « * ^■s.a.f 7* ** d © C 8 «W © ^H of 2 2 I 0 -* 3 +2 rP g ^ © ~P _, 3 °| 3 .S'* cS ^ U „ o3 O s ^ s I § * a> ^ ?* H fen O O §.13 = ^-s Ph 3 g-S P-i r©‘ U1 *r-l ^ ^ ’§1 0 rP "S ^ "S CflOQ ^rP 4JI H ljfg +> (U fH CO-H *, S-l Jj > © C , ^ Ctf © O > o •■ »' r O ^ p © «4— I C3 ^ ° - z.® s g’o js 2 «'§ f-H »r-t © P 2 S •3-8 £>. M°0 Sa • M *W -M o M 02 2 ‘w rs p ii . o o ^0+3 ! l 03 • 1^2 g d 5 o "-g o e n ° © .2 'S Q P 02^ rM © >• O pH -38 © Ci ^ OO 5P b£) M ©«4H dci 0 ^^©©^© 0 d W ? «3 O.S © d^-H . s ?§ rn d^rt.S-^o ” ® 2 S s.sS -' _ ” ft w I o -s _ © Zp +3 C3 ^ © rP © -+? ?r q Q ft nd © oS 5i c3 n 05 ° o tT © © +3 © > B S ^ SP<£ r-H © ,S O rP © ^ c3 4^ft 43 §.s 1 1 k ■ 0 'S > s % m ^ .2 r-Q rP £M § 53 'd © d^ | HH © H ^ OT ^ M’w ^ O d pm rd O O ° pH ^ ^ c3 2 © +> .3^5 log S 2 ^ -r o°o - +3 ^3 s © .^* © O rP ©2+3 - ^3 5*H ^ pd ^ d o ,2 © ° " "P rH '^2g 'i o-^® (M o f-> nd __. o © .1«S'- S<3 g^ « _M j- O g >§2*^ S - 2 ' H o * O O o^< 8,2: +3 Sh © . M 02 ’ d o ! 2 o ©3 «, -2 .3 2 © -1-3 .3 ’o Ph Is ■+3 O © - ,0 CM © II O 03 §-§ -»-3 • M 73 go © 'O d O; , W f* . "I d ^ CT 1 © w © C8 +3 © rO H M Slide Res. Coil n © r 48 O -j- eg «-S.-a 02 i— i eS 5 g B -•9S bJO g © . fl © 2 H >h 0 O o S * S-& H -2.S 5 7 £-8 6 02 r_ ,r_l W © © 1 Q p<2 2^0 rd *; ,d *tt -£ © •£ ° s * 2 8 "2, 8 o o ”z ^ § § O' §£ 8 S5 23 2 © C ® © 2 "2 S - 2 - $ 43 - , . 2 2 © (D i» 8 ^ CO _rj nd . f? £ 1 § £ § £ S J-S a , o 2 © ©4 .'. ^2 r ° 02 VJj ’of) eg <2 2 cr 1 e t3 © r2 •■ ' t £ «> © 5 S S-i +3 W O <2 C ^ d 5‘1| A •2 -+j 2 pft ■gaga o o £ © 2 .2 •* o.S © r & . 2 GO g - S o - © ->P3 +3 © 2 VJ 'V rrt n2 © -R <-> .2 P 3 *S ° T3 2^ 2 2 •! «iii © s-e 4H o 7; "3 © 2 ^ © o ^ ^JL ■1°§gS:§ § «,|o4 ' 1 ®- 2 d H o<2 4 .S’r2'§b§ ! ■ Qj 2 ? . ^ O O -•rt+3 g © o ^ S o 8 2 ^ 2 r8 © 43 2 © 2 P »T3 ® ® _”oSS' i-H © Cg J-, 2 p> o ' ^ © 02 O r2 2 .-£23 C © -+= OQ « *§ h2*; i 1 *'■ © o 02 O*' *02 © „ © 24 i'P £ II ti 8 r2 >: P3 „ o 8 I © * O ® Qj O O ^02 !! o' ^ rO Cl/ II •* - 8 See II I >} © « £ -2 .2^8f3 a O' 2 P 8 © ■■§ -8 g £ bO y>-§-s s § a .2 2 © 2 ?3 S ©^ S'S ® S 2 ^ ffl ft S( H o © 2 P -43 r-2 cT 8 8 © 2 +3 o r5 © -o ^ o g 2 g ® O ^ © -j-j 2 ^ ^ ^2 .2 © >3 . >»2 g C 5^ f-i o •"■ ■** d * ■ © .^ : >> bo 2 1 I— -• (11 © 23 rS'a -Bpj go s ^ ■ >3 ^ m fe a 2 02*'-° r^ rO O 2 . O +3 ■ ^ ©' llfl co © •4-3 r Example. — The reading (a) on the slides (pp. 102-105) is 9,532, 6 = (10,000 - a) = (10,000 - 9,532) = 468. If R = 1,000 ohms, then by the formula - g II Ph *v3 G Sg ©© o I § © © © 1—1 © o ^ © © r _i g w 63 09 « g >> 2 O) 55 +=» ° © g o >“ l os 2 3 S ^ C) b» e« O G o g *“ .2 S la t>» 3 <3 o > $ g 3 - 09 3 a 09 ^ rG « . M S|:3 i s s' 3 ? >»s s *-§| g 5-1 _OT ^ ^ © O m 3) ® ° O « ■3oo3 ts os 3"* o M «4H H «+H ° § g ® o S 02 G o o gj i* 4^> O *£ 3>-H £ P? ^ .-g p 3 g>© § s ^ g's- 8 : ◄ g M G += r blcn5 O o g 09 g .§ S -8 Jtj^S | fe>-2Po rG Jh O eG cB.S S f 09 & ^ aT 3 ^ 09 09 09 09 a G 2 3 G 5 *.£ « ?! S 2 rG “h a m h O ® w d “ 2 t; J-h 43 d _. .d .r-5 2 ® -= c3 O fl d m ,d •+* 41 >• rt ® £££*>2 s ^IdS'g® d ^d-p ^ o «^5i3alls M © C8 © O rd 43 02 43 pd o - .13 m ‘S £ tf bo© g. ’2Si : og, as>sl. > © © ' > 3 > d _, l^hrS ®^ M dP Si? ST* sa-sigs j 4 ^> f-h © c5 _? © ^0 K*. rrj *H ^ _Q r-| +2 £3 o rj t o il *!? 3 !?’ 1 >. o .3 ^ *•§ ©~ o © § p.» h p3;*? g_r°!- s s'sls-:- H la 22c®oS j3 | © g £ .§ £ d ^ cp X _ ® 4 £ 2 ftd d.^^o - d d 2 43 d o p ^ © 0.3 d,p3 =d '..g*S . §~-g|^ W © m © e-i f-i ” d w d g g £-P lag g S a s£ -J ei.S ^ s " -g* r* H d h) '3-g.g >»5gp CO CQ o 4j QD d a-S4S § S §5 ® .sSjIS'S — 43 r^j 0-da°ei 0 © © T 1 rd H £ 'd U dn r ~ l d l-i . nr m o i, a> ■ gP . . _ 1 a w © # o d ©~ © a ©© O p qd .§!■§ o d © ^ ft tiO 5-t 43 ►» *_ ; d2 P=l t»C+3 od d ^ ,^qd o h “ n e 3 43 ^ §«g ■iddH « © a h *>'3 c3 © §'© d © cS cd 1 " a £ sT8S S1I s [z; ' d ^ d r -j • _ r- © dO |rl.§ d °rO > pj g © *-2gJJp|.S ■e «s 5! Q © d « dr/TO © ^ SP^K-P d g-s s ?H 43 .9 O d ^ d “ W t> d d ^■ +s BO ■ © 0? g *C3 .. © d° 10> ^Cil2 B rj 2 O © d (X) .+3 43 CO P4 ti)43 O 43 -g ^ ■a© f'H c3 P? P3 t>^p4 d" d © £*©tf © © qd © ^ © 02 ''d ^ © « II o is reproduced. ■E ° * o o *43 b § o 3 ’ o +3 O ^ ^ ^ \ -o i e -=- ti 7" ii / o •zs ■a* O o 2 S3 >> -tf I | S ® ■§ !§> 5 ^ r^ m r j § o d E^ !> g o tn c3 o 8 *5 CQ JSi oq shunt of the galvanometer by Wheatstone’s bridge, then G = (n x s) - s. (See p. 68.) TESTING —BATTERIES. 2 a? . .Pi-31* GG w b ~ ' P3 w H Eh pq ft o w o £ *3 H CG I— I CG W P4 .J 1 I ® ® O O © *-i 6 *<8 ^ Or^jHd I 3 « o w © g © ^ ■S'SS _«2 ^ 3 'ot -Ts o — ■ - R-a^o pq k c-§ ©"§ ^ § a 3 u o ©'■+3 ft u o p bo 03 H ft 1 >> © 4-3 3 ©‘ M Cj l< s-l S> Si®,^ «§ | *'Z.B J ^ 2 *Z*M 3 £ 0 43 43 ^ 2 43 O o3 .H -fr3 o © .ft © Ph Eh ;a > pq ifaZe. — Double the smaller resistance, add the resistance of the galvanometer, and deduct the sum from the greater resistance. 5 Ts H ^ S> ® F§ * ||^^|° 2 £ &o a ^ 43 J*> 55 rrT ®2- 5_j ^1 rH ^ Cl t -> H + Sea *>Eh5q O 03 t+_i l fl'C o nect the battery in one side of a Wheatstone balance of resistances, a , b, and R (see fig., p. Ill), with a key, K, as shown. Adjust R until the deflection on the galvanometer remains the same, whether K is closed or open. 2 ^ © « I I § £ £ .a © fl £ s .§ • »- © ® ° § .© © T, § § * •a & £» § '3 1 .2 2 2 •o i 2 «S 53 1 03 g 5 5 © n — ^ i « II +T c3 ^ c3 © CM © ft A. S-( O. -u *>» ;ha .2 S ■s O « .-s s - rt -*> t — 1 >> © fl? © ,d £ © ^ 2 ^ © c 3 s “ © 53 © fl" §>£ 3 §M ©’43 " 5r! 'S. cs ^ ^3 o > «I7 m ® p ® 5 -d £ftg gj} o £ -IS TO O O S c 3 © l? rT Q 60 1 ; -© £ w 2 ■ £ fl ^-1 ®'% Sgo «o w ©o© ®o J§£i pEj.S o 5 J^'S g'g be© *3 *3 ©£jd o “ ®^£; © -*3 © ^ oe - 3M © o wg* m ||a“'o-i| Is sips 2 fl o ^ ® O M 'o 52 © a ra ®-e"g §'§§•§ 03 s' 0 9 §* f |«5®| a m N < ^SS’S ft £ &D g>p-§5 ■— < 3 C»T-1 ^ © cj « 8 w 38 5 j>.Sg£ fe.'© ^8©®* gW£A M IS* s£-s M « (M si S3 S s-ta‘ ® . ci 2 I ta M m d ^©w .;M* 43 i - -t- O O o _, d ei^^agSg --5 fta M.a r 3 A r rf © © a ..?so§ fl.rS ° fl c 3 EE g.s~ % o2 §t! © - | ofS £*■$ ^ § © © a S* M a | 2 ^*|S 5 pf fijggfo I o •!!<>:§ feef ® ©ts ,Q ^ fl © sps “ § ft .9 S ^ s 0 ,2 r ~ c| ^ » • MA? „ ^ .© a .tf H ^ 0 3 0 “ g- 1 £ E3.S o§*° r i^o*^ 1 , 3 ©SS $3,a eg © <3 Sh q*m ®5 ^ S © O Sh S®o° 5 ft S SS„r »9 ;g £3 © a £ ^ 2 a© ,a © M «2 §►11 .'gs & ^ 2 3 l^gS^S - 0 * ’£ 2 £ g 5 C|g.s|o * S ^.3 § > © ©5 cr+f 3 || °~ 3 ^ a t_ a © . 23 +3 B-J © m a © ;2 ^ © Or 23 © £ l°| Q i'§§ ' 5 "S' N 'o ®5 »© c3,Q Sh © © 5 « b .2 ! 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In order to 53 3 3'~ a m 3 £ “'O ©'a opd o o •eg © a .2 o o ^ .Th ,2* a> 3 S5 *3 _ 3 ta .2 ,2 *r3 3 ® m *© -g« (D a © £ ©■g J- -d © P © ^ +3 2 ^a © ©53 in £ d § O “*§ © 3 c3 £&§ ■g i § It: 5 •^ © o d -g-o 8 o «* 3^0 +3 © ©«M © 32 O^ ,£3 © d +? “6'£§ £ O O W) fcq &s p gkn S&-2.8S-8 sSafS^S d csPm ^ o £ ocq m w gr-gsi^ h i:©^ 0 - 5 d Ja O'd; ■£ i‘ ss i?o ■§|igsg |S=51|< fcfl'd c3'43 M'O filial ||;--S9 i—i o © o 55 ^©s^r-s •35 ©3 . fl i^^pdo^ d o C O +2 Q s“s:-g§i -as slau 3 .^ x i ^liisa? is W5 o dlQ^ H d o 0 0 r& tr~ 2 © 1-2 • ^ m d-d © d «d © ' l-1 ©-do © » b2.2 So o°SoB m " d 2 dd ^ si ® d of 2 a § o » . °f;d cc © ^ S§.3*S£f ©.S'gd.Sag ° 32 ca ° ©~ a g>8?^ 3?° ■© e4_, -O 05 o °° °j3 © 2 © £T ■g pi £'"“' 03 | d ©.© u &S,* S fl ®{S § & & -d <3 d . © o ■« . 3 Tj O fl P 4-3 dd f 3 - g.2 © g © o >* S.*a »d© o £? oT-d r o © © -- 1 © 5 drh 55 ©'P'© ^ -d © ° ® ^ ^S-d-gPl. ®-©5 a F 5 © £ o> a tT j ©cm © 5^5 2 H i||,= g^2 to h a d t-d ® © © ^*(3 1? p o a*i •d »o 2 > r° ^ a ^-3 S 8 r3 © « © §i .2 ® 'O 3 t-. © - %%'&££ jMpq 3 ag to «g - 5 2 ® 3 c -d 1-1 sss &a, ^ 1 Ss’g' 0 a ©31 O d'^* 73 © +-=■ t> .M - © fl t-d S^M o ©»0 £ 0.5 «*U I g-sai > © ®*a ^3 ■S s- © O "S © s^| 2ft 0 o *4 o M CD w S3 u © •sg^s 5 03 52 § g ®§ m g W hO d O ^ gg°8 o tB £• 0^3 t4 rt -' ■■> © S II II II >o io >o 05 os OS XXX HJ o t>. *H CO O IN H H II II II © I *s ^ I s a .2 © a W P ft <3 ft. 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M'SlW-sc? aS S3 d pH % ■ © Lj I uv ■ tr* •■ p pd pd .d © -p Ph u TESTING — CAPACITY, TESTING— CAPACITY . fl-p o d 05 .P W3.2 i !»• ,-H «+-t _ f^h rj CO O S -S o SJ2 op ^ 05 ^ *-M "I aj 93 !> £ M 0 0> . 05 ,P ^ ^ ^ , S ■** sT 05 T o 0 -P «+h J 2 - “J 02 rO t>0 eg o3 .a o 0 a “ ■§ -3 § S | 1 j CO § ” 8 O O 05 • ® +4 ^ glE 2 a gtS-^ '"*.-§ M g C <1 *-*3 © ^ « : s> .. ff&IJ • r-» M ^ 05 ^ • S tdDrS^ 5 2 P +3 o ^’g © a g-i g* 2 \4..> ™ c3 rH e* ri >> o £ cl u ^ ® O h rP ' H « M .. .. iHi- « - -PhIM >M ,| ffl “ ® © p p4 P ^ <35 eg P . -2 O >> « &*s ^ oa.g °2 P k-S O ■*1 05 ci-i ^ -H -2 >» w np O ^ o p - - cs ^ o 52 c8 M rP 05 >)SP 05 Q.4-» ^ .Pi P 05 eg M ■5 a “ J* 05 a a rp S oq 3 o ‘-e b0 g 05 s <3 &° S © eg _ .a^-S* p 2' p N w 'V ^3 >pi y ©§ J4 c9 H 0 ' 05 O Sh W P M 05 * a * ■s £3 •0 * £>« o a 'e3 II -i -B‘B P ,,_l 5 05 ’"g P O .-£ 3 at fc S g .2^ ^ 3 H pg ^ .P cS P eg r* P 05 O P P^+3 a 6* d eg 05 05 -p W 05 pTI $ > s © P . a ■J-§ g ■o •^1 «w © O +3 ^ g o I § -e £ o rd m £ J 3 j§ + M * bO 02 O^D m £ Hr 3 O s£s‘jft§? ,a Z l.sfjj§^ Soso's g-g-s tM f-< _ ° d H o 0) m dO-SO t $ S oo >» c V o +» tz © tJ h% gq o d c >* § 2 & r^H ►> .Si. a £ * » P ® O o f g -g cd ^ Is | § >.* ^ © 0 d -+i rd ^ r— W o -p «d d'd r d di 33 h cs h S o i: dm o £t j-J ^ 0 ® o «h *33 d O ® ?S ’02 ^ 0) >i S rd ^ H o £ rH V, • W -T-r LJ ^33 «:gjg •s| d o 3 o d *02 § ,”5^ « §5.2^ 2 § ** 00 ^ ^ ! 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CO R$ ft 'd + r ft ft a ^ ii — ft H (D ft tJ 'B o ■a ^ |ft ft Id II C, I HH W, ^ d II H *«* ft ft 'TS 1 ys The tests in general use are: — “Daily Tests of the Lines for Insulation Resistance, ” “Monthly Tests of the Lines for Conductor Resistance, ” “Weekly Tests of the Batteries for Electro- motive Force and Internal Resistance.” ' © 2 © O-PMtw © Ph <0 ”~ l > H g 3 © . p, c5 43 O ■Sj-SH o d & O .2 >>40 * « £2 o o n ai » ^ * OT , r; JTl O O r O c ^ 2 2,2 0.0 -S r?o 5 ^ 2 ■^'d <=> ,3 2 - 2 « g w O 0 h £ .2 O O O ctf o 0 ^2;S "J-g-gO °2-8 ® Jggceslq * J.2 - § ^.S-g-g o opq ^ eg © O eg <| fifl 0 23 ^ ^ I S.2 0 . g£~ d O M a tUO<£ +3 -r 2 d ^ 0 cjS > 5 : Is I g ffl ej .2 H O o-s.'s'S, Ota'S .3 c3 © > nd d ©o'" 5 " d W «•§ © 40 _§<* TESTING —AERIAL LINES. >>c«n 3 eg o-rj w ■° -1 £ 1 &Z G J-| JG ^ rG *H O ^•SJJ CG 2 M d fl ° sjj g-S.S a °.J 5 S gH^ £/g . 38 ,* 8 S “ -S 1 m IS-S'S g| s ji ®?/d 3 fi J I So. m ^ O) T}1 W US a S-g ^wa-s-s y O eg - ^.“2 d — * — ■ o . £- r G r G rG *02 S^rG > a S 4 " g >o-^ tlD C 3 .S M rG _T r ^ d „ ^ » d rt o ’k cT ,rt ^ ^ o ^ g§ »> g-P m -Snga .*5^.3 o |pf 3 -O += o o a> „ . , 43 o io a; &h o 0 O drt o i ^ »o «d d g ^ a J-i ««rs.a.s;g %$ |g | 1 | 8 || * C i$ g Q% .£ ■'*’ .2 -g 1-1 'i'-S ®,3 p.g ■» ^ S c ' r_ S to m- i o u 43 43 § d ^ ^ *d -S 0 43 ■ ”^ 0350 .23 a &. ^ © S 9 S *S GS P + ls Ci rG O 5 E0 ’.g -H 43 'G 10 ^ 52 Id ^ ^ *. g-g,d S-S-g g s-S.* S 0 -g s^|*g g-S^SH f « § ro W rj 2 G o ^ d k d * ^*T • ^ rG G £5- £► § d ?0 -5 0 © -P > H *> » — '**' »> K °^ _L 3 — ^ . 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S 2 -P •3 ^ 3 S,3 2 « |g& a 5 © ii 2 S c >> 2 cS ® © pj >44 > w 0 eS"^ 4 J fc» ® -t 13 1 ,— 1 DC cl e_ u © , e« t_ O fctB© c3 bco.bca®7° • 2 ^ 2*2 ® * &£? ■*? tf ■£ 0 )"® a.£{? ® J 5 o > a P..SFS 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 ®"ww°£t3 w s 0 r< <— 5 r* •» ts'd y « fl _2 c 3 o :S .Biss rj - 4 J Tj -2 O gl 43 o 8 2 ^*^ •2 a S :s|« s ^ i 8 — , 8 , s ’ a 3 EH 8 m js • ^ ft s ^ s PhS O o .5 8 O ^ ft © r§*d o ® 'Sc I '§) rt ti p m S’la O ^ ci ^ •2 ;»E|S 253 1 53” ^3 =« g-oS" o ® 3 £>"2 O ^ 5 02 05 « 05 <4-1.^^-^ 0 ^ 15 M ” «o| 2 SWf £ .§ d O b n fl rd .2 43 r 4»* g s o i ‘I*' ■g £ 8o o -g 5 g. « ;J & S £ «= | o © 03 -e ’S £ C3 --I'd -M a PQ rH ^ d >» - ±! £ o5 d . § c >>.2 r— * jjj 5 c 3 3^ £"3 05 i-cJ ^ f i ^ w B^'S § 05 H 05 g S |,gi2 JS j§ I I £h £ ft P d- 05 ° ^ -+^ b l-ll^ >- 1 a £.2 M || i .9 fTi-ISis-S §<§ ftd ^ gfs 05 b0 J S.J: d d a. bo a 05 05 ■*■' .2 02 rt *?rt 05 *•- - L. -+-' UJ £ S3 d « fl 40 r3* ' s's's s , 0 es r-* • ’rfd >fls 305 c 3 p 3 b'j-» 0) O 5 § • 2 05 05 d o S H d bCd 05 -S 85 H ^cpicd i 2^^; „ C3 5r! 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P5 gj Ph H ® A ® © ® c o O S W o 43 -P 02 4-3 -f3 O and partly through resistance, It, which should be approximately = x. ^ , rT 2. Apply + or - pole of battery, B, by key , -SUBMARINE CABLES. 3 fc H* 0) • u 2 a> g-s 2 ‘I' 0 £ © + rd S3 ? © 5 S I U 0> »|1 *+-l ^ HH feoS .2 * II II 1 > -o I <3 This plan of connections for Wheatstone bridge is sometimes more sensitive than the former. The battery, B, must be well insulated to prevent earth leakage. TESTING — SUBMARINE CABLES. ii mm: I -- ““ sSg’sigg g § ~SSo M s O r3 a be c3 •sP £ S 1 i g ^ m "S I o rjj *w> zz <© I * GQ CQ >> © ft5 §© Ii • O ft ft fl) +- (D ff ® E © ® © .O Kr o d © © .S3 W ® S fl ii £ss|li§i§i - °° ts it 5 sis2t;l>!| s II lilli|iiiS+|- §£“ «.S §'5 K S o g" g® I “a ■aj-g«3sa|s| % o cj •j-c;-i© v ' © +3 +3 ,d ©< m w •fo_s 3r~!®©d©'d© es ft q -2 oS'S c ^ ft d © '© u ©ft gq ta^ft ^ e^ft £ o P ^«t-. rtp 5 © ° r " 1 S 9 13 cs ft - ■2 0 §a.s.s s »« s “ ta © *d ft J3 w-wflrh • t* .SS°”^Sl.2T„3£ = .o S®® !ia°lT Smrt- tr ^'?3fe®*C©00 ■gglS^l^ai ^ q CQ ^ W'dr^ © 2 © ^ eo © ® P.2 Q U § a '°§ ftW * © £ 03 .gj ° o§ . © t ^ s , fcC^ ft +o cs ©5 o'S'l l^°S8-|h' s l!Jfl£3II-jfe g * V)S >»f o g s o § •§^.5fe’ Q o^§» ja o' %S$’gS"t'C&8 ■3 ° §o.§.®^ „ ® s S$gs*sllS if il ft © _ © ® O 5^2 •' ft ft ftft O c3 u eS 1 s i ft ^ 2 ft ft o s+o S-c^o 0+0© © © ©.eft © ft *« d||ft£°^.ft,g^ •2 g 2 ta© g+ a -®!® , °oEg‘©s © tag S3 © § © ^ j§ 0 g Hgft SS.S<2 •§°l . © © O 0! © S tn © S3 ? N c|| P GQ g © ■§’l ^ '*5 *" © to 1 03 © ft a to ,© S3,.p 0+2 OM 2 © © . h c ? b «r © © 'd o-°5 § 1 1 g‘3 §§•§•§ © © ft- ‘ ftjd , to S3 I • ^ P-d 1 _ GQ to rO ft © 'gg*g? o ta 68 + g ^ H rd o 2 c:t3 PtS ^P*S « cl d4 2 + C Where a; = true resistance. 2 = resistance with - pole. TESTING — SUBMARINE CABLES. § t— i H <1 m £ Variable resistance box adjusted in each experiment to the same number of ohms, as there are knots length in the cable. Constant resistance of one megohm. Cable insulation resistance in megohms. o r ! O 3. a s & .2 -3 § § •3 $ •f S - £ ® .2 s o & g ■§ S S O'+H'i u O £ * - o .2 a &o o a * s £• el A >> rt II II II 02 © 13 £ hS S ri O ri 2 ^ “ c| ^ jja 83 .2 e o ° O m * 8 ® g “ a 2 ^ 2 S g S o g o -jj O ofi eg o c3 g.g of 2 § *3 Bf.-e ? eg O .g 'L; fe-S g a 5 .!§ *■§ •§ ^ 43 rT 2 43 *« £ a - a a s, O § O * -8 Q> ** 2 S g § TESTING — SUBMARINE CABLES. fc o £ ® c? £ a • 2.2 “ t^ 5- ® 3 __ ® V a «, 2 ,g ® s S^ls 3 | 2 so © •*-' . 2 te’S o 3 ti i 5. ’S ? ■^c m * © 2-2 t* © ® • 3 ® S.M ? S d M ° s” o ^ 2 fl o:?o.hSSp2®S® ^ i Ea c, ' u ®oSil . ' S > ^ "S ■£ ^ .2 i? o ® ^ ^ ° d c 3 c 3 c 3 pq6 wmp-iWps o w W 2 © jSJ cO V *s W P-l VO o H e 'c? 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S © P § °'§- Q < p< 2 ^ i.s^i|a Sg? g>3>£ ® o *© e3 © ^ o Oft 2 -b * w ^ ft -§ bo o 2 o.s s.r ^ r5 ^ ^ .ti r; ^ jn w ^ ■vc ^ ^ ^ ^ d 2 o .9 c 3 HOQd SL ©0 o 'Sli 55§ ) 3 o ft § ^ Z '§ H •“ a %'s 0 g . § “ S3 ®3 © . ®®.^PP-b®P5 -3*5 o ©22 gp © -® a O m § ° ^ P a ® ”2 ®®|c3“1 © © S ^ K _ bo n§§g.s-2g 7il«33S& £3 § i>,o3§ SssS^® o-a t§ O*© o . « 4 H •T 3 VJ 0 ) !§ iS eo C <4> <§‘§ CO . II § S o , O co T* 'Ti 05 ,0 M S •73 Ol a - ^ <3 § 00 "2 tH 43 "3 5 o * H P o W H W a 03 * £ C C3 o ! $ V ^ . fife© h.t 2 X'G ®>g • >>© © Odra'S 'SSoSa ® CL r®ol'< c0 o a-b 2 :S .2 H © .2 d 'G "0 "5 'G 5 - bfl,G p O ? o p © 2 ^ d 0-2 &§ £?to 2 o g g’-g * d ft ^ -2 n c3-sp®2n®S If^SiM***!^ 8 mS»" wfe g g £ ®3 «S 5 00 .2 P3 fl . o ~ ^ ^§^3 m 2 s ®2.S:§ © s- G ^ rt :H -* 2 ~-i 5 0 ^ 0 ^ u.E>,^ ? ©H^gal d p*©,G ©«_ £* a *£ 3 o’G o _ d — ® + 3 £ boa t 2 - 2 g |§.agg — «8 O § 0 Op M«d |S >.|£f g 5 ! o •<-< I'G'P . 2 -gi 2 o'* >>-§ §cd B 8 aa S?l!aa “.ad^-g ^O-c'u Q 0 u, 3 ©2-°;: d © 7 ? © * 4 — ’ Grp^O®^^ d© 5fi°o »«■§“ l*g* .c >>£ d 3 Slfi > 02 ®P3 03 j 05 © © O g rt .a " s g 5 SM -d -p •G - 1lgaIIl?|S-a l°"£rr ©►d . •d m CQ ,FH t>Q 2-2 © C_4 *© ® ^ tl «M eo 'd'd §§ tfSiaSS^ 02 ^ o © 0 , 73 c A +3 © « § £ -§■3 . a> 43 bo bo ©o © lit s | g d ITs s * bO £ ^ bp % fl 3.^ g -S ^ O §•§ O .. § Si-8 S S3 -S >h S3 £ *-> N d a> ^ *_2 2 ^ *43 3g|3gJ .© -p rit© § bb • rl W ffi Ml o © o s_» r* § O © l " 1 43 fQ r* pO rO '■43 „ c3 s— " ui 2 O fln3 , eS d ! -e|11 CQ eg _ §£.S g s- o o „, 1-1 * r© § ‘a -e ® s -% '§ a § ® a 13 ^ “'3 2 ** a ^ b0 ^ CD i£2 43 jo ^ .2 ftosS^A^ a 'Ti 25 o ^3 ■— 1 - ^ < ^ TO O d o o CO *55 10 ;g i! *3 o o ^ £ X lO ■I ° I CO T o • „ * « S or I « 2 -s ”3 t>b 3 S*d o ® —■ — I CO 6 CO CO CO 3° „ ■I i—H •' 43 O I i §1 *<2 o5 m JH bb .2 *3 «3 « a H CO lO tH O (M J T ? 2 -s s g.a S w a> a T3 5 o O 5- ^ TO ^ "q ^ >3 2 © S 2 M - .3 a S «s ^ rd a © 2 § « 88 d *S s a rrj o ©*g © S t> Jp Hrf -4-> 2o S S § £ g ^ ^ *43 g d cs r T © O r— 4 ^ , X ^ © O S © rt qd .2 © rP P © © 2 „, © o a> © W3-£ if -P d 5- ‘bC— o Sh CS © O _3 W 2 ^ ^ Q) -P ; O qs 05 p. ! T3 - .2 ijj § © o > ■s &|t-s a °ggllj.S** s g § .a ® ® js s?a ci '§5'“~l^-g a g'8’2 -g goS-2 ■d © r d «T eS rd >> © © -P -^ © “ -g-P >>0 £ § g J-*> g+> £ P r- P 03 © eg -S g^'Po P *43 © 'p eS g*g .3 43 2 3 rd ro P.S-CJ ©^2 2° a _-, a oa o .3 _ *£* © © © V O £0 TO P S-S-gi'S g-S 3 d g o 9 $ i^ ! 3 2 §£ s «no«g d43 o p^_©*E©^© do^d g-if^ g-g § * >> M ^ 03 d 'd 2 3 *'©,© g 0 o g 3 |«*3-3«jrsg fi -J|lS| ‘bo 3 15 o £ p*s © e* 1 „■* rP ^ P J_i > © P OTP ■£ S r5 g <4-| © r 2 eS O p O tT«4H ” to 5r © 0 0 ^ cs > if JS s S 8 0 !g « s-g -3 § -g2 g ^ 43 >• g •—2 p o © id .3 &Z3 ^ 3 a bO - id p xi *g 2J *« © '- •d © a w 0 rP 3 % ."2 O 40 TO + 3 Cj J ^J'rS'S *Z . “ o i- 4 * g* ^ “ 5 .S .3^3 OJ ‘-+J ^ ® J m'C aas^a^Sfa .Srpu^.id ^40 d jd a j* ’tn ^ e3 . h ® d § S 02 w 3 fe o 02 H 02 W H H 1— 1 O <1 Ph <1 O bo CO «| 2 *'8 SW S 2 .•KM P-l h >> 3 © -p g p 3 1 g* 13 s' * s ,V© S^J g o /-* s o © .9 £T> % 2 cQ 3 32 3 M O $ g ^ O) © O 32^.5 g o- 2 M 3 II © O) "m © 'I rQ M J-t rj # ^ © -H S -Ti ^ QJ §>fw| s « § it ^ 5 ^nj S 0 c3 O nj z: 1 s - ° ! § « grtfllll r®-ii-^i r 2 £ >»fl v.r 3 *3 m ^ c3 *- 3 •' «| ^‘i’2 »,► § 3 43 -+J 4- g ^ •- © ^-g S-g r3 S a 81 a o S ,h o aav s cj • 3 J- >• fl aS C 013 . pa © o § © a g*-^” g^s g ®l •§ © 3 © « © 3 H P flr Q «j &g § i-S-S- ° £ ~5*S ^ ^G^© ri W 8 J3 W)U .P g ns -S 3 g 3 <3 ?-t id cS ^3 PH © ^| «S © O s£ .§ o 3 3 § 3 bJD^d J2 3 j» ja S 0.15 ‘5^3^ g,*3«a 63 ^ rr* e. § a- o3( © 3 aj © II -+j 3 _, o H © T3 3 o © 5 © d 02 .. 03 © ^ 4J ^Oh ® © >>3 i © a3 © a nl^S. « s 3^. i g-^O § O 3|^- ©tf CQ IrSgrl »©£ ii -s a I « s 3 ^H-SS-g's S-gJ S o § n „ , f) „ (U fr,H 3 3 oh 3 3 3" •■s * « a o ©^5 «4» Q £ S >» 0 5 g « ^ «•§ «r-1 © .3 30-? ° r d • r- nj . £ , -£ b -a «« .*s 'S °o eg 4s » o u'r 1 . z o3 °'S5®e^iS55P § © m bO ^ r 3 | © -3 * - -38 ^2 03 ^ ^ 3 "3 i § s| I— b/D bJD ^^3 e8 c3 © O ^..h oj 0 3 — > "So 3 2 ^ ^ . c3 3 " Ph^O P CM ■p S O CO O _ -H © rH T'J © -M nd ^ Z3 ^ V 3 “ * bC O O «3 S a d ® * © 3 03 O 3 © © o v 3 3 .9 2^ .P-^’s is a © o ii ^■s- e8 © ^©.2 ?,©! * g Sr? | H o § c 1 -O.SPfa. 2 if ^ 02 3 « I-. ~ f- r5 ^ ’w 2 ^ .2 'd I-H I ts go g 8 >, I S'So- “ °© »a n d r.*” ®d (3 O - £ © ^ ^ © . O • 3 33 * S-. w ^ S fl C8 rj 42 „ Q 1 ' © -g *g ^ s.5 a ^ ^ >1 tops -t 43 % S ©t* ^ o t© .2 12 a u « pi^+H ,q O ;3 3 2 m r') r} a Q $3 5-i SQ W rt CD <-= a rs _ . tJO-^ 5 r< 'OS 5jo^ g O P-. o 2 fl ’-+3 CO >-i ®3 (D • ^ H3 if a a ful fcjo M tf f '■d a 53 . . eg _2 * 4^ s J§ ?d n -S 53 o ^.i-S g . n3 Q> © eg ^ ^3 rn ^ "6 Q> *.SiS s £°§f S~j| JB S § i n ik. <-G **f^ G H >» -+3 -I- 3 fS B Is 50 UJ ^ 2 S ® S rG ® o o w ► 50 ~ eg % 2 50 Cu rj • rG .» 03^ o +2 <2 -G G J5.G £ - 5 ^ wO S_S £< s G s £.2 8 Jg«* <3 G i—i o H O (j -4-3 go^.^ 'eg ,r * 1 5 •*»■'•§ „ „ > « rG £ O 50-^J o S ^fl / 3 s g>‘f CO 5 2 r 3 eg cd o^gtf-S-S . IPH I a- PhI ^ r—H Ph rG H w It is better to make p as nearly as possible equal to • If R is adjustable, make it as high as is convenient. Log. s is the naperian log. 3 £3 & b* oq •"•■S’S J 2 “ ® t>0 d j§ 3 Nl'iri T-'V © d JJ 2 43 ->-3 W £ , ^ O M o> m d h3 a £ >>■£ : O.H d H ^ ■ « 2 qo -S a § d C8 rt «« bn O w >>'“d „T >4 ® Hd S °aS«o5Ss2S 43 ^ n P3 © ~M 4? 0> ^ G -G © ’Sc $ is § *3 i*TSaJ S !j |.StJS- 5 1 ^ 2 c3 43 l-H -“j -t^ ^ *P3 O « ptl [> Q'-p *"* P rn 9 §^ SJL ft £ P3 2 ? I ^’2 _, » © I Pi’ ^ ^ . rr? c ns r— 1 w ■§ ** .2 § ? ^ p> i_( ^ O rl f4 ^ rf d B ^ .§ * ; o S;;*S©o r 2 ,3 ( ^ ™ CO O' — 1 O 3 crj ^ ^>i|3 Z 3 § B ^ 0 §* o - ® £ a 18 60 ® 1 « “■"■** “•a-s — - 3 ,™ . si-rS § § I*® 5 B-8 . | °i§ c°Soj3 o i| gja-s S’ 13 .-a 2 2 -2 -S .2 4= g 60 £ 43 a “ eg xl u °.S „®'t3 t.r 5- lifMs , 'af' a !“>.g § 2 3 £ § > 4 ^ 'S ° 3 ^ £ P> ^ g *g =0 ^ ”4^ S ?o- s ^ cc -S^|»§-^|2'g2 7“5a!|^ .•« -H-bg “ s-s 1 1 §* o O CG - § 3 ^ « M J 1 +* .2 .3 © I 1 ill’ll © -43 ^ $ ft P CO O M 3 «3 PmP> A g^a © ^ p ^iiiiii? „ w © ,e3 'G eg c3 £i ■(J _, - - ^ J, ^ ©+=> ?-■ ^ Vh 5+4 © O :a|' |||4ili:ii?§3 -2 © c3 *A5$ P 43 ^ t* O o -P 0 .3 g © -s^al^S rl§^I*|* § O ^ ^ - S3 © Sh _ Pm^j P od +3 . c 5 ^ p tJ© & - 54 § -s, •! ® v. > 4 = ^ 5S fl > Pr« pi "S o £ ^ O-^P ^ 0 “ o Pm d cd g.^- § 2 § I °M d +3 . ^4 t- ^42 2 ° D ^ i a o c3 © o dJ^CO , 4343 d t, %4 Pi O T- r-H 43 JrJ ®°iS§ ®®SS _^h?cS§; 2 S3 ^ ^“>^.3 o § 8.g © M o O ^ filj|.sl|f' © > ia .-£ ^ ^ <« ?H -5 ^ Pf O « £ 43^ © "^ 00 r d 2 p^g© >■ rj fO 5 o Pm -+-* 4 ) rj o 5 o 43 43 ^ SB: £-g Z ® A3 6 b§S^-|2?^ §•?'§«§ 2 p-:j^ ©1 °^ © >&' !l|si|pi!iiis!!l|l!t!i1!ii .2 o 4 1 o o p-2 ^ ^ o cs ^ ^ ^ o ^ ^ ^ •s © © — ' ^ + -- ^ ■** v_^rd © ,-g •>3 §&£ a o|l*| 02 c3 -P JP .2 o ® ^ §5 © di -d © ct *-< d o .2 © d _© »-d ^ P 7? 43 4J d 2 !> so J3 .,8,8 °5 g S ©£ 0 §>£ S „■* H ©ffl fi -73 .2 S- © ►L ^ © % dJ rd rtf ^ © 43 ® §.2 § a Is ^ J- 02 I— I d „ © © a 4^ d BQ w rt * c l^ § © © 5 £ S3 -p &«+4 §•* si 8 « ®- Srt S © H T} - .O £ w ”© © +3 ft d Q} co * mmm ' £? >.g * 25 2 "> P £ as s n § .2 a 03 C! £ CO * -4J P .-“ 5 tP^S © 3 02 5 * 02 . d ^ ► d -P 43 ® O d © *■* ■$ © +3 *g . ©.Id P cS X 4-> *7 <-H -+3 (22 to g ©.Sr-'® 0 d m2 © £ d * o fe •i.'o.S-S.S © © p 0 ■3 43 ©© d 02 Hf 'S ,© ' p^t? * g •« -I s »\ § a 7 * o «0 © '. 'r* -d . d » ■ >43 P N ^ 0 I S3 5 S'© s | ! 1 „ s-f;a o * 02 2*43 ©: ) O «2 5 ^*> » © r © r-s ^ i 2.2 ; ®.-2 ’•ii 2-313 3 © d ; P O 3 ft© 5 £ka e as sg a I $ s © 5 S § £l a h o a "" a cs = . ^ .2 as a S .2 si 3 •£ <2 3 fe ®43 s •P & !- d © cS © rd if _, ll II 68 o g - © r-H d © cS v. «a ^ - O r? 2 -+7 2 2<2 a ga J *'■§1 3® a 2 5 O c3 § d g §4.2^ ^ m © r d -+ 3 d ffl H „ffl d 2 ^ -d © ^ © 'd d ^3 _ ^3 d .9 %ra ^ 4 3 ©4 P 0 O - 3 C3 d ®n a >?-% Tf fi 1—1 © 02 m f cS © d © 3 s 3 d^ §-g 5 © Ph .2 © P 1 U3 © 4^ 43 © >i 02 M © ■ . p © •© d d w rR r^3 Z.4 O 4^ 2^4^43 © 03 .9 e8 d © O be 3 •** .15 ©4 ^ g S © ^ g d ^ .2 o-pJ d 02 <-w cS M dd a - 0-2 ^ ^ o .3 e § s \f» bO^g | §•§ >-» a 0 g d -p ®d© © © © 72 d o © p© p d © r-i d _ p ► >n3 3^?g ® a a > ® " a >> w o?£o d P ^ t » p H ^ a ® d o S <5 o.2 ©if ^ d M d P ” O 9 j d ^ © 2 d cr'.d eg © Pa p When the cable is severed b 44 2 S •53 B CD Jh «« .© rtf % B M . ° ® I , ■*» * M % 8 I 3 § 43 * 1*1 B *2 3 i g | .8 8 a b O e3 r* o 'd -S 2 0 8 * S is g ° «3 o ■8 45 This is frequently the case when the core is sheathed with Clifford’s brass tape, applied to cables as a protection against toredo boring. When the cable is submerged, and only one end is to be had, its resistance, R, is measured m 05 a 5 § .5 (M .9 41 * ^ g % Qj B fco 2 B 45 H B « B cd B ^ r« 42 £ CD g 5 * 5 4S 42 0 C$ i B -S' P< 3 •e 8 Q .3 & 42 £ TS B rB ^ O 3 * o .2 page 141. But sometimes by direct deflection. See page 143. TESTING — FAULTS IN CABLES. Ph $>* £5 >5 « «■ © tJ © © •fcj -p (M t : a I I ^ Ph II II © a! +=> £ pH TJ S 3 © +3 cS o o &JD a + ST + - o p 3 ra ! £ -p H © CS c* © .3 - H(N ^ ■ ^ '- p > © 2,3 3 , I I ' a •"» © # ' f - a = M s £ 2 " g ft ^ °ft ft + + 8 8 3 "a ’ ^ Ph Ph S ' . ^ II II ^ ot ?s> n a »§ i -i + *a ^ ^is w I & ? « + .2 - Is '• & cd © ^ © I Cm + J i 1 cS (M 2 ^ cr 1 I ® - .2 *1 II ■s ^ & I © .a ' — - p > +3 <* § • bC ■o in a • r 3 © ** a oC ■ 2 * | 5 *H O m © r 2 *w ra -p> o .a >> Jj © s £ s * i > f ii n 163 TESTING -H-FAtJLTS IN CABLES. From equation (4), and substituting value of y oo § rP Ph > 5* II O I s g< © I Ph Ph > + S* I P5 II s* + i II © +3 rt P » o _£j o r ?7 8 2 § & p © K. GO Is £.f ^ a © rP SH +9 1 or station 2. HocJcin's Correction for the true total C R, (Z) should be applied in the case of long cables or those of low insulation resistance, — Where r r = observed C R in ohms, when Pn GO s s © ^ ' s © * &J P O *£ £ © © © .g *2 ■=* o II Ph GO W rrj •».•*© *>. t; a .a *s o o - 5 * g |^Tl r< _2 O cS I . r-4 •>- -e p .s ® d P5 rt § P *8 5 ills ' 1*1 +3 Cfi co Blavier’s test may be applied at each end and position of fault calculated if conductor is not severed. •FAULTS IN CABLES. 3 >» ** r2 H o o 2 3 TJ a i e 1*1 Ig .i r rr ,S<2.2 En ® S 'S.'S When end 2 free, «<*• H I af rH © II + II rH P3 5* I II + II t 4 - $5> + I + ® „ 0 B a „ I o-°rg -i.gjjS 5 -p«‘- a ®Sg , 8 §a£' ■'rij-fllflUSia ©J. 02 -+=f5 O^PQ^ © ^O^MOO^H^PPn ri O OQ O 5h 43 £U> 03 c3 « 43 - © / 5 2-^ c3 M 3 ~ K- <£ TESTING-— FAULTS IN GABLES, 3 ©'£ 43 Tj ? §§l§ 1 * g.s gia’gg 4^ ^ fc"» § ® 5 . 43 "O £ £ C3 ^ 3 2 § ®5 $ rl © > ©. © J-5 © £ O t+-| .;, ^ O^S WMfamer *- - figure let 6 e be the cable, having a fault at/, a°dTt S end, e, insulated. Let R be a resistance between the battery, B (of very low resistance), and the end, 6, of the cable. ^ II 8 * ?* IT .. + 1 ^ J 8 3=1 H § a 05 13 w § ~ „ 0 ) e3 © Ph © © © 43 © . to S m ^ g 2 ^ t §2a r« r O ) _2 c3 M ^ cS ■ IS ^ * ? a ^ e3 ^ _5- « rfl c3 43 O -g 02 c3 ^tt •fl ? s a 3 g- © c3 2 O'H ^ rj ^1— I © £ 8 ^ TESTING— FAULTS IN CABLES. ’ 73 I § §.^ .ft h S ^ o Ti .2 .*» •“* ^ C« r& O s * 4^ ,rH ^ § *r ^ © J & g-a^S'" ° PI „ C8 w . CS 05 ll§§ S | S OJ *43 +3 +S ^ ^ Mt? 4 fl H | O 2 ^ m tuo 03 I ^ 3.§g>*J 2 §j1« J§ n3 -2 EH „ a.2n£ 5 iT • — ’ •'*“**' wunu ^aiu.o ucvu ue goo til, c when it is submerged and a second wire or cable can be joined to it at the far end, the loop test is the best. It is independent of the resist- ance of the fault, and there is therefore less need to clean and depolarise the fault than in other tests. 2 2 = Resistance of fault to earth, E 2 . x and y = Resistances to the fault. I = Res. of looped conductor. TESTING— FAULTS IN CABLES. The method of taking test and formula are identical with the former. It is always well to reverse ends of cable to points 1 and 2 of bridge, and take the mean of both results. TESTING — FAULTS IN CABLES. o © 'd EQ 43 2S P >> eS .O JT.’Ti O © I ^ © P 8 On ■5 0^3 2 0 -p «<§ .. a> s ® I i.fe 3 § ' © >£j rP P^ 03 -ft ~ h •£ <+_ O £> © P o <45 CD -P> ft eg g rO £ +3 ’ 03 '.&9 I* 50 P © Op ©T* 43 3 pQ © . 40 P* f'O o Is-® «- !Sa2s © a rft ©43 O rt Cj i-P t-J W S 03 © .sags ' «, M p g e§‘ P jg H I*)* 5 g S *ft «4-l S-i *-■ ■* ° U o 03 © "p , 03 © 44) is : bO © :£ § | I -a “ §.I 3-2 5-“ O ft -£ © jft .2 CS > 02 o bo eft . Parley’s Method.— Connect TESTING — FAULTS IN CABLES. © ffi 5 S "3 P-i £ d Q 43,, . o to o _ o *h o Jh ® y S_| d rj » 2 >&3 fcf | d rd i £ § . *73 d SO C3 IrO 8 jr o o ■ e, §^J- s ®« Oo®,v-g 43 s t) o © to P rt cu ■ + ~ ) w • .S ^ ^ *2 oo' . tdO - ci 2 r2 ^ • “ M 1$*£ g 3 Ti -IT HH £ S O <4H rd II T5 d + > o -r9 T3 oq 3 -*» ® £ <3 el , & & 3 PI 5V ! ^t 3-2 §2 o ®«m . ©.td ° g-Sg^P-gf® +3 ^ P<+j ^2 o "oQ © *-< T3 Ph ° o 0 a o rtr • hr 303 © ,±7 +f> 4-J 4 -i ,£2 c3 =d <» £ + 'g^ 3^ 2 P „ d o ^ © 'm S» 55 h« P-l OT 3 i&3i I _, ^ ^I|ls less than x. b r is the resistance of the battery, z the fault, and G that of the galvanometer. Correction for Varley's Loop (Kempe ). — The difference in ohms between the apparent posi- tion of fault and the true position a r 3 2 rP a rP I 1 ^ "S S 2 * 0 t 0 0 _e 8 P *4H ca SI o w S «+=« W O CD a ^ a^ ° la c 3 d .i 2 - 4 s d-£;£ 0 § g o r 2 ^ rt tn c 3 -p ©r© © £ rS Cl e 8 . .« - 4-3 2 —• © O II g O g 4P ^ g ■g § ° P o d -+=> o © o © "3 M *-< ^ s_i d rr P P 5-1 C 3 e 8 II II ea. 8 H « _ a, W r g§ S.S i'SJ -+3 j 3 O J^g.f« m c 3 fl O 1 j © © *S 3 p q 3 |>g 2-1 cl I a 8 * a g* O O © .3 «- ■P '2 h W rP • 4-3 >. © ci F M 2-2 50 J-. © > o g ,®a gw gpf p/fj 5 H ^ P £ m S ◄ cc O H Ph ^ M w o w w £ a o Q Sh GO ' — ' P ® P J§ ^ P>>r© 1 C 3 rl _ °b C e 3 « 4 H P >5 © -JJ a» 31^*® ^ ° ce SS'S P 18 ^ § 8 S ^ e,S a'w ~ I S.S o W J* ■g.tf s^r +3 —, bCr© 2 I § J £ ®.'oM w O ro- tJD v CS > © ^ rP g ®.13 r-( P-l • T? *d © ‘ > ^ 43 Tj ° 2^8 2 . cot? 1^,2 J ® S H ■pa nj «3 4 TESTING- FAULTS IN CABLES. Then the distance to fault in ohms, -6^ 3* SP-S >■>§-* o ^ O ° * fl ."S 02 .fl a-S i 60 « 1? JX 44 ^ .a -s JU* If-S-g* . H g *S 3 3 J> 0 d S 2 ^ Sh P % ” rO p M Q) CO r— H {3 Q} ,5 (JJ >. fl Ph a* »: § ajs-s ° “?JJ5rJs , 3 ^ O ,s o> 2 © ^ >» © m ^ u r~i t — I a 0 >T2 «* £_, la © ■+f CU £ rf 5 h ^ ■JJ c3 O Is a § TESTING— FAULTS IN CABLES. § A I s * E? © ww Pi” P tq O 03 ^3- PH p © ^ S c ® ! O ft£'S r 3^ ' — _, °.g a . +i H eS O S-g o c 3 eg «+_, > O ^ « «.2 fl OB W C0 g-3 CO +3 01 -2 CD .PH WK i—t rrt £” ® 43 Kj, w H g^S >H Sg*' 8 -e & §T!«s s « W •” ' 1 a> o a> w - J >vS ^ s pq SpQ § w^§ 3 5 w fS- S-- 1=2 >7.^5 sj oO fl o o 1 m' s£ iD ® 5 - &*>», H I ^ (U . H ', ^ +> H QpH 52 I *+H #rH ^ ' Wf &n| §5 g s' g 1 -sJ-l 1 |J fl J QJpD -PHrH « 43 £ P>1 c3 od'.STI.-S 5 «8 B 5JiO;p-+a qo Q D® S fl S ^ a) S O ff £ « a O O C8 ^2 cS fig. Let the fault be at F, or a distance ohms from Gi, and y ohms from G 2 . mv-v C; Line F rd ^ ^ d d • rri 03 SI 1 1 q I ^5 ® J i -a e „ © •§ ^ J 8^ - cn ^ . j *Ej§ E o % §.9 rr~! S-i 02 cn CD ■ ® ° ^*C r2 C J fcdtrtf ^So b q a .2 q & J S p_o 'q’w ft 2 10 ® | feJ 3 g.fJ.S - « a H » S”^ qO.ao 2ft^r 2 ja' 2 o o5 a n.2 H 03 ~ O ftq 03 03 < 8 gf>3 « | j ^ 2 o-^ ^ w J2 O -P £h o i O JD O cs £ a „ ^-i o £ o s ^ •-r u-i a) r£rfl Sh cS o K. S— I g,g 2 J© j© S., *Sq o CO o O o -S-i w o . © •' w ~ -+3 o §o-3 s' o 5 w -g g 3 rs g ts §-gs * I .1 © ^ °S S 5-1 aT r> S M -p © ^ ^ . ?H S-l © _ , »:§ 05 IS tf ^ O O £ o ^ + 3.5 £ C c 5 o cr 1 4 ; © _p ri , a O 43 33 ft II £ cc ^ 2^3 Or^ . ©.pH © © ► fl e 6 >0 a> £ >43 ^ 43 O S O r? q :0 '©J OrP H U -K h O (3 ft O p- o £u ts o -4-3 +3 II II II a**® c 3 §a ±3 O S -S £ -3 gtM « . 2^0 a) W ^ 5>> 1-°. PH O fe. O - £ O + 1 S'? -13 S .CJ 3 "3 -S * H - PH pq 8 S> W)*S 43 . 2 -g g £ £ § g s Q O ^ pq + r-t ©3 C> H + iH pq pq + + 04 O I £ 6 P? o II pq I ® pq I pH . ^•43 •?§. 0 a a © fl 2 § a *g CQ O a 3 9 2 j§ .2 > >, > -g *3 © ^ bo^ -ofi ® M r& o « « a §1 5 .2 I ^ 1 m -a 2 H ® d ® o © o £ m to > O a § •“ * <* © *1 * *g S aS O g 3 © ^ , o 60 © & £ . & 3 3<* « © rf m O © © 5 3 r * m m a ' 2 0 ra 2-9 2 c 3 O £ £ P g Q _ °2 3 §>| 8 g -o 8 -3 2 § o ^ o ' 6 I s 2 .9 2 *S 3 S § 2 ■§ "l § 2 d pj 1 5 a M M & r d~ n h © fl ^ -© .d *3 eo © H • 2 & 2 ■§ a o © o £ d o ffl a is no perceptible deflection of the galvanometer— i.e , until there is no appreciable difference of electrical pressure between the points 1 and 2. These conditions are only obtained when 175e TESTING — ELECTRIC LIGHT CABLES. DIAGRAM OF CONNECTIONS FOR COPPER RESISTANCE, 175/ TESTING — ELECTRIC LIGHT CABLES. S M) w> a ? | I o > •• £ £2 & S .3 80 £ 0 £ 1 ° ^.s § 5 8 3 * - © - .© fe 8 o ^ r-< +-> When adjusting the dial resistances the galvanometer deflection will he to the one side if R is higher than required, and to the other side if less. This deflection becomes less and less the nearer R is to the required § g-3 ■1-- S 03 O S s a f 2 o 2 o 2 ■ a •: Ah ^ Tl T". © a 0 © ° ' M © ® g a £ 1 U «8 M © £ 6o © ©‘ -d o a ^ S £ .5 a 5 -s Ccj .d ■ k O ;•§ .1 * "! I! « p4 II II II h 4 X X « s a © a w) ,55 ^ o P * W o d 175# TESTING— ELECTRIC LIGHT CABLES, DIAGRAM FOR CONSTANT OF GALVANOMETER AND INSULATION TESTS. 175ft TESTING —ELECTRIC LIGHT CABLES. * x © 2* H ii * o se ii H ii ii $4 54 “ X 11 II II Insulation Resistance. — Should the insulation resistance of the dielectric or circuit be less than 9900 ohms, then precisely the same connections and the method just described are all that is required, but if it should exceed . . . i.i must ho carried Si © ^ <2 & © +* ■“ o § a Pm +* ft o © H K O , I © S © S ■“ 2 a s a ? <£. o B > N © . ft •a b g S'?. S> rd C=> ■** o > a bn _i ICS *os W -c pd ? g g 43 *13 « c3 o 2 fl H - ^ © ” o h a l - # P< ® o © n ft ® 3S 5 © H u, ■a & i 3 cH Ill-SI g i co O g £ - 60 s t* * ^ 60 2 ® c3 o # r* -» 1= «If 60 - « s ■§ - <3 a * g s a s a 175 / TESTING -ELECTRIC LIGHT CABLES. Example I.— Let A 6 ) ,-3 ^ X H § © 3 a ? ^ g ■ gftog a e3 5 S^N. p>> ~ ea 5a # rs .2 d“^ 9 o . §„ tails' £ u £ <-. ri © a ©3 ^ffco^ p ^ ^ p'2 ^ © 0^*3 © o5 >, O ^ ao ®o goo Ofl ^ §,§ oS®^2-2§3§ 0^5 3 ©?h.9 « tiii g l§§ .S 9 © p © © aosc5^^ 2 , © u-^ © teg .2d S^.2 60.g p £S8*S«S§ © S fc S s .s § I *- ?- a d d o ■s *4 S O C3 1 < D Q © g © O >,pH O C^J ' 33ft © S o II II II II || C3 < cu pCj tJ 05 ftfl r _® Sh 3d- !3<4-iM’ ■ CQ o fl a ^ • i— i •>-< pj . TJ cf 'Ti c3 D O D P.Q 3 n - ft S3 +» O w a? 55 a> a h* rli fl 5 !i o 3 ? 3 09 a ft o £ ft! “ ft H TESTING— ELECTRIC LIGHT. II o X o x x w w II II II L- O x P- ZO O O x x O o’ O I>* l>* X PH SJ X X W 6 H W As As .e . . § . • £ ^ § ^ ^ - ^T" ^ O co O . ■* g J g-S— ■ o^§a,|sg «0 0 +3 ^. -|0 ?:•<>> pj - c3 ^ _ 2 sha, 2 $?•£ - H r a'5' a © a^i^o a 5=1 §>o 9 gs *,~2 §g *!■ *8 § S § g ssSisg « •2 © “rg 3 _2 < ^ t £tH M « , _5 3 rt 2ag' cl c3S hH £i£‘ ,_ ' £»S-t5ldSsss^S 5 Slas»?^§«3^Ss TESTING —ELECTRIC LIGHT LEADS, |S I | SPS ° s ^ 2 flo 2 S° P‘°5ro®®d®o.i-:® a d itiooca®^® - =>. ^ n 4 ^ « -M .H* ©Jd-o Qi+» ® m £3£ o p.5o§ Ti © . 2 P ^ "© | II g to c3 O ,cj * © ©c3.S ■S 3 + , ° *?&:§> “-"Eocj.S*^ ^ ©"? ^ ?*P fl c 3 ^ ^ ° ore) _ g ®-R3 a 9-5 t- g^s § ^ c3 < .9*2 2 'o ! n-p° ci fl ’gSg'gSj g>|| ^S-gMlS-SlS,^ • c 'i^'Sg,s- Q g2- : gfi :J«|1fl lg| I^.Sg.SgS^Sfc.-g gslltfls-sa^sl iS.s|g , . 2 g iS |* D, 9 ^a.sH v © © -2 © ° g c 3 g ^ »§£J§ 8 VS 0 P§ ° oS°S a 2 P-S § | „ g g|22 g|* -§ S °-ItT 2 g «,S g'S'si §■§ ®| S|1'o| g a II Ss^l 8 = Sj g ° g-fes** %Sm M — ^ a> ^ ^ c r r ^ *+-• ^ ^ (D O 2Po • M p ~\2 ,H cs o-j: 7Z m r-* L. 1 J rn *0 r*- l-s'la-lrf'ii-SS aSa^ ®£td*r£Jd 5 ,Q ; d c 3 © +3 w " s-aagg .©jsgs-is^^s^'r^&gass -i's©^©® |*2-§2 .s •r ft © J3 o » g •-©^•S^S r 2„rc > ©23©S H 3^” ^2 M©d^ p:1 7<®cH'd- I § r © l^joogcrg-s ll^gflllrS^SSSsp.l^gSfl £55®*£2jg.gsJ S'? § S.® © O^ ^flo!”c^ ft 2 ” fl-g §■“*§ frg *§.*•■§ 2-g aoSfl«3®rE!® ®^S "d .a 5 - Ph u m © r ©-t^ r _,'ra 5 t? ,'C 43 ,Oa) ..© g — J. • s ®don&2^|s > S'S'd S 0 ^o fj c g \%+* a “ n$ g g^Rtg'© ; s >>© j§ -©gw r a !=i 2 '-' ^ -g © ii © lalnfK !||I ;I I §i|!i!M$ i !!-sI ■f«i-® 28’§®°53 oo'S^S^I ^g'SoS fe.§ § .-«.-o-H^§Il^g!i^|iESSlIll! 2 :l S ||sj I-S| -i 2 |i! 3 || |U| -f||| ll-sSIf II" II Sg g+ ^^©gg^go^ - ^ ^3^ a " " “• a ^«£ £g ® ,S ° o ® .2 •°g^lP ? 9 « ««?*!.§ 3 *3 o -2 bO S§ ci 0) •*3 tQ >.5 .Q «0 BQ .05 ~ 23^3 •“ "S rA ® S3 £2 tn 3 03 -2 »o -5 f; 2 ^■'SpSS'cJo ■75 (D.S—i.ti ej 3 CJ O bCrt bD* S § ».S S.g M g pag t«7: 5 o o £3 Js o <3 cd w C5 ^ " ©33 g33 £ S^‘bO°^ £2 SrJ* II II II IP w&l 6 h§ a S H m tT O I ^ .2“ 73 • -73 S ? n SmS •3.S|| •■*,§ “.2 d 'O'C 8 &§1Jlg . SlT* a ZL +2 ' — Qj •La —* Sss-Sii a d © O to *3 if xJ g co co u © f dJ.agS » -2 $*> O © £ £ * O 2 4J ^0 >. CO »§!§ll f . O 9^ ci v 0.2 ^oH x o be 0r d Jj* " a fl ©*-^ 'd* 2'g « ° I H S’oggg i„ - r d C3+ 3 .2 { 2 c3 73 on -t we .2 o S S ■+5 ©] © £ » © P< Bhl ® £T 3 H-d u g ,d d O -g © c3 ^ <3 ' IrallsH ^ « s li a _ „ _ g 73 , ,d CQ d ° . d © d "* © ^ © o ^3 a a Jg £36 w r l o'd ^ .2 ^ fH "*f d W5d^ 3 o 3 o 2 ^2d 0 c3d^ df >■ oft jj a ^2 | l^ogg^-S ®d • 3 2 ^d 2 ft |1 siflteassrlalaS Fn I ^ r 2 Pmc ’B d © d +d co © O >> bed “ 3d > b; d 4J> Zj © o* 2 > ® y © o bc^ 73® g.y a! D O § 2^2 5 3 p' (> O .HSS’SddS 2 O ,^H rQ 2^ g 3 2 ^ • S g e^® 2d 0 e3 5 I ■as ,rH ^^2 d hI«o1:I 11 "S^-g r o.a o 1 2 da'o 2 2 2®'2© a ®-gg'a a j. 7 g 8w®SS •2 2 ^ "H-g£ p: a p< 2 c co K 0 H 4 1 o .3 d O d °3 © £ g . 68 $p ©-^ 1 ? 4*0 -3 -. 3.2 d ^ p 03 F -ww "Orfl © R-£R e I*® -*3 oT ‘3 * “ 1*2 S or© 1 I *Pp- ga-si-s 3,5 © 2 as '” Pkp r o P3 -♦-> Sr> rO 'd 5 -i ci P H TO " ©' g £ § P -H © h ^ aT 'rP ^ ^ e r\ •ea’ © - 4 -J rt Qj — ' .2 © if © S* fl *H 68 dp +=* 3 ^ d s 43 s/js „ .3 § II « > 11 ^ bO d Hs d w 43 |S I pH S §3 - 2 a w "- 1 r 1 £ H m -£ © * P bo -jj ■P r, S -P P CS 1 © P d © .— < © © "© £ ^ "© P- & O S p P d KW § 1 1 O l-H ?— I »H ^ ^ © I I 3 *H ©* £ «« § II II •d « W -3 HH P cr 1 t* xo © - ' £ s 8 £ . £ d^ © d d a d rJ o d 2 sM " ? o © P r 1 ■+-> -i. © 3 .2 R 2 R p 8^pf£ 3 oS P §1 © bJO _d 5.SH © © o o p p © © pp pp (M CO WB + + *«* + + 1 ►S^R II II II r-i ©1 CO Rpw R RcTco r d 3 - s * ’d .3 > _ ©S ^■d P bJO aS *43 P TO O - 2 ’43 P c3 p cr 1 © I I ^ - I + R « ' n ' Q © a s £.9 a bo -P« ..d © p ■»- Q. — © a ,0 © 3^ "* -*£ P, W ■ I — 1 " ' S P _n s a > 5 2 so ^2 £ o 5 ® £ 2 w fl-2© 'S * a §“! ■§” + ►.at, c 14 § ~ o 1 S'S-’S * + 1 8 oS^sS H § Pl|«f + Qj ^+3 OQ P © ‘rl £{ s ®^,2 „a II r • -g 53 rd 2 * 3 ^ ® 2 1, © 'd* aJ 1 §!§S§ - o a . >h p O © C a ^2 , o © c .d “^fl® © o ®.2 rH ' l ~ i *9 a eo © © o © £>d P ^;9 *fc !,~ h s J§bT S^Sga 8 ©go? h' 3 P Si •, o L? O ® ® s o P< jd o jjtiH anas 5od5» Og®oi§ f's^aa 1 : 2,5 h g §-b 5 J 2 gga~s o'.SSi 43 +3 ft © ^ .« +3 O so 2 m g-s^S-ls gf'ltg.s § ° «| ft 2 s^s-S- OHh . © bo. i © ®| £j§ S © -3 a ft 5 5 StfS - S 9 'd^ a S' *T 11 + K II 3 * 'a ^ © © # g«g -d-d i+pT H^+ + +^ I-fccT* II II H j N* 3 rf fc — „-© TS P,~£ S*** .SW © P g+SI o ftfftP a o © syo^d %? P © a o< ft p © m — £-1 *rH a a © © H L + £ ,® S? 8 5 1 II H 3 .2 £ dS W w _ s * + 5 bO g 5 £+3 S 3 p. S s- O © -g d TSS ° ® O 20H 0 g § g 5 ft +3 ^ 03 PJ £ 1>'§ ■S S ^8 o 9 ft 0 1 CQ | QJ ft . *is:s S 2|3S H H rs r5 W rB ^ - •73 0) S3 “ I © O Z m r§ o ^^oj £ &CT 3 C 3 .S QJ 3 2 -S 5 >»^ fc.S ° | 0 | ^ !e J| "3 § g ® M S « <3 >V.£ o *OT d g.s 2 Multiplying Powers of Shunts for Galvanometers op 7000 Ohms. 01 Hi 1-31635 1*31058 1*30488 1*29927 1*29373 1*28827 1*28289 1*27758 1*27234 1-26717 1*26207 1*25703 1*25206 1*24715 1*24231 1*23752 1*23279 1*22812 1*22350 1*21894 1*21444 1*20998 1*20558 1*20122 1*19692 1*19266 1*18845 1*18429 1*18017 1*17609 Res. of Shunt. UJOK5 OiOO iCOO O «30«5 O 50 O ‘O O 50 O KSO« OOO WOK5 © 10 50 50 t.M)0 CO Q C3 © OHH 05 Ol CO © t* *0 50 © © H CO OO CO OS © CO CO CO CO CO CO COCOCO ^ Ttt T* X* T* rji ^ t* h* lo col + CO 01 t>b 3 1*54588 1*53572 1*52580 1*51611 1*50666 1*49741 1*48837 1*47953 1*47087 1*46240 1*45410 1*44596 1*43799 1*43017 1*42250 1*41497 1*40759 1*40033 1-39320 1-38620 1*37932 1*37256 1*36590 1*35936 1*35293 1*34659 1*34036 1*33422 1*32817 1*32222 Res. of Shunt. iOOUS 0X50 >0 O 50 o »0 © 50 OlOO 1(0 © lO O 50 © 50 © 1(0 © iO © »0 © ©r-,^-1 Cl 05 CO CO-ifTfl 50 50 © © NN00 00©© O OHH 05 05 CO CO H H >0 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 (050505 050505 050505 CO © CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 02 1 + GQ 01 1 1*89167 1*88698 1*88235 1*87776 1*87323 1*86874 1*86430 1*85991 1*85556 1*85126 1-83037 1*81048 1*79148 1*77330 1*75587 1*73915 1*72306 1*70757 1*69263 1*67821 1*66428 1*65079 1*63773 1*62507 1*61278 1*60085 1*58925 1*57797 1*56700 1*55630 Res. of Shunt. 1— 1 05 CO tH >0 © H CO © © 50 © US © 50 © 50 © 50 © to © 50 ©50© 50 © »o © © © © © © © © © © CD © 1— 1 iH 05 05© CO 50 50©© t'-t-'-OO CO © © © H »“• pH pH HHH pH pH pH pH HhH HHH pH pH pH pj Multiplying Powers of Shunts for Galvanometers of 7000 Ohms. Multiplying Powers of Shunts for Galvanometers op The specific gravity of pure annealed copper wire is about = 8*9 at 60° Fab. One cubic foot weighs about 555 lbs. 190 CONDUCTORS- COPPER. The resistance per knot of any pure copper wire, d mils, in diameter, is ^^^ohmsat75°Fah. The resistance per statute mile (1760 yards) of any pure copper wire, d mils, in diameter, is K/IOftO * I 'Is. ^ ? ft fi o c s §©^ y-d-^-g^ „ rP S_| S .-if":" S’ «o.g o d g 8.^ >3 o « 02 "g O a3 a> -j-. bo Qj J< g®-^ § s H 'd o -tJ & ■p cst:,^ o SQ CD < 0) a % 2 P d 43 >>P4§ © d -a 02 d C« ” '"3 tM 2 C «M C rC £ 0 O 40 P4_J ►» § H ® ^ 5 w M J. *3 J ^ g 5.2^3 bo 2 y 02 bO d S S s a r K. rr\ 5! ^ 55^^ =8 “ g)S-tf s e.3 h d ;> ii >>:§ p AS 7^ bO - o S 43 ©C 43 g --3 -h »— i £ § © >3° y H g .O q) a>>tj ffl 2 ^ ^ d Snd 2 5 -3 5 ri.2 “ P J- m 0«w ® © e+H O A Jh •x •-< o rC t; ^ r — x 'o .. © © © <3 "2 0 x! p »xj xi m 2 fcc-g >» a •gs-ftp 4 * -§.9-=a pq O XI ^>od g O ffl«H ® ^©gSgggSS c 3 c'S h .2 «°o®® aSS-dg |'sf'° s J S s|'E §&g' 3 £ :a§i^mis So-sf^ggS”^ ’TO! O Si rd £- «f -P < M-|.§ a ®fi g«2 § ® =3 O • *d *? ° eg p P^T3 'g— • §5 i © ® Pa- S+^iX^i©^©^ “ s »1 ” 'i § I iiiJIP^f! 2-4 S o fc/o5jc , ©.S s i t?*?s s-s irs piiiti s °i .sl'cS'SS^.sl « O % o d 5 £ g S .2 5§ I • ^ >» ■p O d +> ^ l>t § a>S CD ^ . 2 Qj -g a " g >?% 2 ^ - Ph « 2 ^ o d ^ +3 d .2 02 2 © |5 Ph 5 £ S 3 Co 5 _^*-+3 ^ J i — i t: . 1^ i5i c s . P4 O , dd o 8 -g a> a> a> 2 ” ,d rd -d -+3 +=> -P || II II II Cl rt s *- 03 . 3-S ■g-8 s-S^ © d § 83 £ S m s -e ts> cO sv •e» i § I * , £ £ ° ft 53 HO S O 02 rs a? ft ^ o g d s * £3 ® ■d ft CO 40 ft S-SP ft ? ^ £ ® CO © d - o . d St -2 .3 S 1 v > o ^ d ^ ft ft ft rrj 40 9 d © 03 d M 1 '“ a a a \S • § © r „ rd ft £ -e r >» | c m tnd proportion 2 ® 5 S ft o > -1-3 V d ft d II • 8 100 - 1 •O CO OJ ns +3 o w o ^ « T' V 43 4J fn Pjjg 0.2 tp i-> » « ^pd a f.S •“ «. t-^IJ ~ g££ ° $ « o pd ° C-. co fl JO ^05 O * > £ T&'s II H W d 2 _D 0) d ^ -p o -r H (j o® Gi 0 OJ 8 rd o 00 o CO i-H S ^ d JO< Hill r _q oj rz ^ O PhJ inn^i 100x22*368 n „ ^ 100 ?" 23 =97*2 per cent. Example II.-50 feet, l, of No. 16, Board of Irade new standard gauge, S. W. G., copper wire; 4,200 grains, w, have a resistance of 135 ohms, r s , at 59° Fah. From the foot- gram table p. 197, R« = -2186 ohms at 59° Fah. rd o o TS d 1 rH M S .3 5° S| 2 p_( ^ **'^5 ^3 +=> jyj d g;g-8 " •iggls “ 1 °^ ®o ® L c 49 rd rd rd C3 -P +3 +3 -v xwrotauoc Ui a Knox-pouna corres t , to the percentage conductivity as given in tabled pp. 199, 200, and divided by the weight in ibs per knot. & CONDUCTORS — COPPER. d 3 o o -P c 3 c 3 © © w © . 1 1 g O l » Hi o © ® e 3 d 2 r* M -p /HO *'rrj r © rt 05 b *o O ® ou g © M s “ o g*£ .2 © J-g $ 3^ § x-g^O ?»ss 4 j <-& rtf B ' 5HO g 5 s^| o m -2 g ° g $ a ^ O 5 P^bOp, bp2 •2 2 s S 1 ° §3 g^ »-§ ® g g'gp-S a .s< 9 5 S rd +3 „•— 1 rd O . d _ s_l a? © © * 5:3 ©<* eS o © o •'-* 3 «« • h © r tr i >• ftLP 3 ^’Sb look's QO <*Q r. CD o .5 Ilf’S 8 ;*TA 6 ISPJ •S|s^ a? © "— ' eg-.; 2 © © s d r bi -- a a § t. «- s c3 ® 02 a ® cS V -p> S* © £d rO § +1 8 + ■1 ^ ^ go S «H S oe ftp 5> ‘ II s S|^ «4H sr d P ‘0 fl c 3 c 3 °3 ^ O ' p i viil & S 1 s a © « rd - ©On=! ■So.d ^ "S g © P -£ a 9 £ II II ll *• •“ 5 % ^ s Hd ^ COND U CTORS — COPPER. «u ~ s 2 £ Sh ^ ?.§ O * ft GO ^ CO O o c © o © o o o O K, * T 3 a 8 ® 0 T5 a P5 rd H - • a> a> * a» • £* >> ©> Hm >• ~ 05 ® g M w b 5 o *S o •» J 2 ^ TO jj rrt c 3 O d >> >>2 ■M S- g O r=! O O II II Ph II II II II Ph * 0 < •In table, p. 202, the correction co- ' “° 1 ? 4 i 7 eo -i-i • ,_ xn +3 "1 ’> s d •n d ft t— W lO . © ■+-* o a _L a> © c 3 © * }|c0 q. S&**g ' X o 4-73 j. 4 - PM hfl 'WO Sg^te” 0-5 5-S s ^ S S ® ©2^2 5 s $ 2 5 S jg £ DD to ® g §O.S OB £ O e 3 «9 7 ~ s,® •^<2 § o g,^ °<2 S 43 JD - 2 ^ fl g .2 g S Cl rd ^ JO g ® © 2 ft + 11 ! a *2 © Ss 3 - 2 © S %-Bg 0> ^ © 5 o 05 .1 s § « § es © 5 ® © 2 p-i be .2 f-I a p,« © fi> I '43 -rj 03 ^ S ^- © © 60 © © S 4 - •£ - S M H e_.-d §.2 £ 2 ScS2-'C f- >5 © += © p £2 03 O O © 2 p^. • . M !« 1S '! LignuoTvii©, ^SST fewoca, : : U! ! SBT: ; ■ % o if o 1 O fl O t£"£ ^ d o a -— 1 a> s< o pf4 « g-is Ph r^ » PP « *. $ -§_S s ; o ^ is s ' a'ZS „•§ . {j 2 CD M g • 2 S r G'ti ° « 0 ^ 3 £ »H 1 « c3 O .3 ^ ° ' V . T3 r P © M'S**, o J § «g w -§2| !I||J 1 S w § rp is ^ a-H o a o • " ‘ H ® , X © P -M < *-' P X 1 ^ o : ^Sftog ®(uf 81 O § o'p a 9 ' T5 co 2 X .I O O . , ° II 5-1 £ "os CD O © P P h a as o o IQ CO (®43 2 . *0 © U'mQ X H ® 0 ) w o ^ 02 J_ O s sjuls ^§1 •„§ 1 S‘«.| 5' H 8 S o P 03 si £ 03 U '% eg X X PP 3 Pd .Cl C 3 X ^ CO p .s eg p J- X ’ ■ : W u r — 1 P r-l -p O to _g . X II 5 & CO l> fcj *3 £ p CC> CO 3 Pd h O O N 50 O O t Calculated from specific gravity 8 47. X Calculated from specific gravity 12 0. (Approximate values only.) CONDUCTORS — CORRER. Resistance in B. A. Ohms of a Knot-Pound of Coffee Wiee of Vaeious Conductivities, at 75° Fah. Percentage of Con- ductivity. Resistance. Percentage of Con- ductivity. Resistance. Percentage of Con- ductivity. Resistance. Percentage of Con- ductivity. Resistance. 100*0 11967 987 1212*5 97*4 . 1228*6 96*1 1245*3 99*9 1197*9 98*6 12137 97*3 1229*9 96*0 1246*6 99*8 1199*1 98 5 1214*9 97*2 1231*2 95*9 1247*9 997 1200*3 98*4 12162 971 1232*5 95*8 1249*2 99*6 1201 *5 98*3 1217*3 970 1233*7 95*7 1250*5 99*5 12027 98*2 1218*6 V6*9 1235*0 95*6 1251*8 99*4 1203*9 98*1 1219*9 96*8 1236*2 95*5 1253*1 99*3 1205*1 980 1221*1 967 1237*5 95*4 1254*4 99*2 1206*4 97*9 1222*4 96*6 1238*8 65*3 1255*7 997 1207*6 97 8 1223*6 96*5 1240*1 95*2 1257*0 99*0 1208*8 977 1224*9 96*4 1241*4 95*1 1258*4 98*9 12100 97*6 1226*1 96*3 1242*7 95*0 12597 98*8 1211*2 97*5 1227*4 96*2 1244*0 94*9 1261*0 200 CONDUCTORS— COPPER, Resistance in B.A. Ohms of a Knot-Pound of Copper Wire of Various Conductivities, at 75° Fah. Percentage of Con- ductivity. Resistance. Percentage of Con- ductivity. Resistance. Percentage of Con- ductivity. Resistance. Percentage of Con- ductivity. Resistance. 94-8 1262-4 93-6 1278-6 92-4 1294-8 91-2 1312*1 94-7 1263-7 93-5 1280-0 92-3 1296-1 911 1314*6 946 1264-0 93-4 1281-3 92-2 1297-4 91-0 13151 945 1266-4 93-3 1282-7 921 1298*8 90-9 13165 94-4 1267-7 93-2 1284-0 920 1300-1 90-8 13180 94-3 12691 931 1285*4 91-9 1301-6 90-7 1319-4 94*2 1270-4 93-0 1286*8 91-8 13031 90-6 1320 9 941 1271-8 92-9 12881 917 13046 90-5 1322-4 940 12731 92-8 1289-4 91-6 1306-1 90-4 1323-8 93-9 1274-5 927 1290-8 915 1307*6 90-3 1325-3 938 1275-8 92 6 12921 91-4 13091 90-2 1326-8 93-7 1277*2 92-5 1293-4 91*3 1310-6 90*1 1328-2 CONDUCTORS — COPPER, Coefficients for Correcting the Observed Resistance of Pure Copper Wire at ant Temperature to 75° Fah — (Kempe.) Seep 193. Tempera- ture in Degrees Fah. Coefficient. Tempera- ture in Degrees Fah. Coefficient. Tempera- ture in Degrees Fah. Coefficient. Tempera- ture in Degrees Fah. Coefficient. 100 •9484 91-5 •9656 83 - •9832 74-5 10011 99-5 •9494 91 •9666 82-5 •9842 74 1-0021 99 •9504 90*5 •9677 82 •9853 73-5 10032 98-5 •9514 , 90 •9687 81*5 •9863 73 10042 98 •9524 89-5 •9697 81 •9874 72-5 1-0053 97 5 •9534 89 •9708 805 •9884 72 10064 97 •9544 88-5 •9718 80 •9895 715 1-0074 96*5 •9554 88 •9728 79*5 •9905 71 10085 96 •9564 87-5 •9738 79 •9916 70-5 1-0096 95-5 •9575 87 •9749 78*5 •9926 70 10106 95 •9585 86-5 •9759 78 •9937 69-5 10117 94*5 •9595 86 •9769 77*5 •9947 69 10128 94 •9605 85*5 •9780 77 •9958 68-5 1-0139 93*5 •9615 85 •9790 76*5 •9968 68 10149 93 •9626 84-5 •9801 76 •9979 67*5 1-0160 92*5 •9636 84 •9811 75*5 •9980 67 10171 92 •9646 83-5 •9821 75 1-0000 66-5 1-0182 . CONDUCTORS — COPPER. Coefficients for Correcting the Observed Resistance of Pure Copper Wire of any Temperature to 75° Fah .—Continued. See p. 193. Tempera- ture in Degrees Fah. Coefficient. Tempera- ture in Degrees Fah. Coefficient. Tempera- ture in Degrees Fah. Coefficient. Tempera- ture in Degrees Fah. Coefficient. 66 10193 57 1-0389 48 1-0589 39 1-0793 65-5 10204 56-5 1-0400 47-5 1-0601 38-5 1-0804 65 10214 56 10411 47 1-0612 38 10816 64*5 10225 55-5 1-0422 46-5 1-0623 37-5 1-0828 64 1*02-36 55 , 1-0433 46 1-0634 37 1 0839 63*5 1-0247 54-5 10444 45-5 1-0646 365 1-0851 63 10258 54 10455 45 1-0657 36 1-0862 62'5 10269 53-5 10466 44-5 1-0668 35-5 1-0873 62 1 0280 53 1-0478 44 1-0679 35 1-0885 615 1-0290 52-5 1-0489 43-5 1-0690 34-5 1-0896 61 1-0301 52 10500 43 10702 34 1-0908 60*5 10312 51-5 10511 42-5 1-0714 33-5 1-0920 60 1*0323 51 10522 42 10725 33 1-0932 595 1-0334 50-5 1-0533 41*5 1-0736 32-5 1-0943 59 1 0345 50 10544 41 1-0748 32 1-0954 58-5 1-0356 49-5 1-0556 40-5 1-0759 58 1-0367 .49 1-0567 40 1-0771 ,, , , 57-5 10378 48-5 1-0578 39-5 1-0782 •• *• CONDUCTORS — CORRER. Logarithms of Coefficients for Calculating Copper Resistance at Different Temperatures Fah.* Increase 0*21 per Cent, per 1° F. Deg. •o I *2 •3 •4 •5 •6 •7 •8 *9 Deg. 32 0-03918 0-03909 0-03899 0-03890 0-03881 0 03872 0 03863 0-03854 0*03845 0*03836 32 33 •03827 •03818 03808 •03799 •03790 •03781 •03772 •03763 •03754 •03745 33 34 •03736 •03726 •03717 •03708 •03699 •03690 *03681 •03672 •03663 •03654 34 35 •03644 •03635 *03626 •03617 •03608 •03599 •03590 •03581 •03572 •03562 35 36 •03553 •03544 •03535 •03526 •03517 •03508 •03499 •03490 •03480 •03471 36 37 •03462 •03453 •03444 •03435 •03426 •03417 •03408 •03398 •03389 •03380 37 38 03371 •03362 •03353 •03344 •03335 •03326 •03316 •03307 •03298 •03289 38 39 •03280 •03271 •03262 •03253 •03244 •03234 •03225 •03216 •03207 03198 39 40 •03189 •03180 •03171 •03162 •03152 03143 •03134 •03125 03116 •03107 40 41 •03098 •03089 •03080 •03070 •03061 •03052 •03043 •03034 03025 03016 41 42 •03007 •02998 •02988 •02979 •02970 •02961 •02952 •02943 •02934 •02925 42 43 •02916 •02906 •02897 •02888 •02879 •02870 •02861 •02852 •02843 02834 43 44 •02824 •02815 •02806 •02797 •02788 •02779 *02770 •02761 •02752 •02742 44 45 •02733 •02724 •02715 •02706 *02697 •02688 •02679 •02670 02660 •02651 45 46 •02642 •02633 •02624 •02615 •02606 •02597 •02588 •02578 02569 •02560 46 47 •02551 •02542 •02533 •02524 02515 •02506 •02496 •02487 •02478 •02469 47 48 •02460 •02451 •02442 •02433 02424 •02414 •02405 02396 •02387 •02378 48 49 •02369 •02360 •02351 •02342 •02332 •02323 •02314 •02305 •02296 •02287 49 50 •02278 •02269 02260 •02250 •02241 •02232 •02223 •02214 *02205 •02196 50 51 •02187 •02178 •02168 •02159 •02150 •02141 •02132 •02123 •02114 02105 51 52 •02096 •02086 •02077 *02068 •02059 •02050 •02041 •02032 •02023 •02014 52 53 •02004 •01995 •01986 *01977 •01963 •01959 •01950 •01941 •01932 •01922 53 * By Clark, Forde & Taylor. For Rule and Example how to use Tables, see page 193. CONDUCTORS — COPPER. Logarithms of Coefficients for Calculating Copper Resistance at Different Temperatures Fah * Increase 0'21 per Cent, per 1 ° F .—Continued. Deg . •o 1 •2 '3 *4 •5 *6 *7 •8 •9 Deg . 54 *01913 •01904 •01895 •01886 •01877 •01868 •01859 •01850 •01840 •01831 54 55 •01822 •01813 •01804 01795 •01786 •01777 •01768 •01758 •01749 •01740 55 56 01731 •01722 •01713 •01704 •01695 •01686 •01676 •01667 •01658 •01649 56 57 •01640 •01631 •01622 •01613 •01604 •01594 •01585 •01576 •01567 •01558 57 58 •01549 01540 •01531 •01522 •01512 0 503 •01494 •01485 •01476 •01467 58 59 •01458 •01449 •01440 •01430 •01421 •01412 •01403 •01394 •01385 •01376 59 60 •01367 •01358 •01348 •01339 •01330 01321 01312 •01303 01294 01285 60 61 •01276 •01266 •01257 •01248 •01239 •01230 01221 •01212 01203 •01194 61 62 •01184 01175 •01166 •01157 •01148 •01139 01130 01121 •01112 01102 62 63 •01093 •01084 •01075 •01066 •01057 •01048 •01039 •01030 01020 01011 63 64 •01002 •00993 •00984 •00975 •00966 •00957 •00948 • 0093 '! •00929 •00920 64 65 •00911 •00902 •00893 •00884 •00875 •00866 •00856 •00847 •00838 •00829 65 66 •00820 •00811 •00802 •00793 •00784 00774 •00765 •00756 •00747 •00738 66 67 00729 C0720 00711 •00702 •00692 00683 •00674 •00665 •00656 •00647 67 68 00638 •00629 00620 *00610 •00601 •00592 •00583 •00574 •00565 •00556 68 69 00547 •00538 •00528 •00519 00510 00501 •00492 •00483 •00474 •00465 69 70 •00456 •00446 •00437 •00428 •00419 •00410 *00401 •00392 00383 00374 70 71 •00364 •00355 •00346 •00337 •00328 •00319 •00310 00301 •00292 •00282 71 72 00273 •00264 •00255 •00246 • C0237 •00228 •00219 •00210 •00200 •00191 72 73 •00182 •00173 •00164 •00155 •00146 •00137 •00128 •00118 •00109 •00100 73 74 •00091 •00082 •00073 •00064 •00055 •00046 •00036 •00027 •00018 •00009 74 © * By Clark, Fordo & Taylor. For Rule and Example how to use Tables, see page 193. CONDUCTORS — GERMAN SILVER. g §£§ «2 2 tj & „ «3 •2 ® 3 ,0 © 0 o © 3 ‘ u »d a 2 © != g © ft C3 0 a 1 !“i o — * CO © 00 - oa o © <-. ■d S be O *S p> *s ^ £ s- a # . ce 2° ^>9 8'^ •T 00 g © O W) >>,£ 50 r© 0 c3 - >«M.S 03 2 c§ o S &»2.§ © g © .2 2 g 5S § & 22 1 13 2 o g-i , © .0.3 © ©" •ga ftg <3 t»C O © 8§ Iff 3 © © ■d fl >>ft M ~u. ft © 73 as 2 © O-S h ; ■ c3 ft tHNh ifidg^a ♦* a 3 ®8 §§§0g.2 “ § Iall 5lgol-S ?T^ © o-2.S c « •2S^ ( ^ “.2 * *C 02 © C ^ © U J 2 § ai 'd © S3 ft =3 S - T* 4 1 S’®*® ■© Tfl 05 ! O o3 © 043 SS ft © © . . © >J aa JH f-t c3 © 22 j® I 5 . 2 S g ?3> S i, H sal 1 = = ”" ; n ai t>>73 ! xc _ 42 £ i 0 S-C3 C3 I _4| 2 bCn-t s 1 , So W) '2 © ^ > *o -i • r ~ l rt ^ ^ SO® fl 00.3 + 3 © •" . « i?» g a c d . © °^S © 2 © © S+f ^ «3 ft €2^gS a Islpll-S bo © 14 • ■ W ffl-P ® © a oa § -2 5Q C3 O a 2 a 2 rT o « e3 .2 2 £ ® j! c^aiS© -O O U .2 Wb © «g H GO © 73 r-t "d ^ fl ■3 © ga.! +4> th co m oa .2 o .1^3 i> .5 GO -H CO 04 §|| * c «3 S ©^S^ftj 02 © 0 ? 3ja . If-e-i-g 1 3 Si _ p,*g 2 ee £ B .2 ^ ® 81 ..O c - r OS "S S - .^2 - © AftgTlg'S^^ 3 o m a«^. ce^-^ bp |iif 8 S"si| 2 b0T3 © © * a *- o ^222^o ’ee 22© s 22SSoai52.2® 22PQfts^©Sft© Resistance op 36 Inches op German Silver Wire at 60° Fah., by Elliot Brothers. Ohms. rH H* t- ^ »p »p to PI H CO 00 SO CD 1^ CS 112 1-39 1-76 CO CO (M CO p (M ■^ibco 7-04 8 014 92 1041 12 52 14992 18-032 22261 28175 36-9 50077 72-127 a 2 MNH o cs oo 00 t- CO *0 *0 H< 1-100 CO COON iocios t- H* CO CO CO CO . . — CO — 1 tooio 0*0 0 *0 Tf >0 0*0 iliCIH OON cc usco f)HO CO t>. uo • • © 1 CO l— N- CO CO *0 CO CO CM (M 0 uo vO >o VO CO CO M . . s CO CO C H H (MWH HHH rfCOO »o CO oo *0 CO (M CS — CO rH (M . CO >jd -rt^iNg p^SS^p^s 8 S 3 © 'd 13 £ 2 a.' 43 o £- 2 «8-=ia S .2 2S 0 2 " ££ S.2 © |a P ®f o&g^ SpS § 'S s 1 is’g = I « 3 "plflllll | g| “ | sfl §.§ g !i m*i I iP^g| I iHrolis Pff U* I l!f^!«aliailliaisI|5iN glslll 60 § < ri « ■g s §3 * *is si a “S131111 nss isa a* 11*2 a s s ® ^ §>•! g~l «s gs« 2 O^q 3 c 3 & OG^ S I i.oSS^, «® 2 i s*s_ 2 °o.§ E 3 « 2 ' 5 ' 5 . c Q a 3 2 ^, a) i 2 S' :: ^ , ^'t^©xi-^ r-t ~ »-< - £ ® £ g a g |.So^ 5 -e £f-s »i I £ O £.»■§” g as«?lo a^i lass -s^.s s.a s ssss-s § o •pl^salll r " 3 ° § wjTS ,: CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT. i— '£ jo ^ _0 < A «3 . ^ rS cL^ e. a a £3 S ^ ^ » /o Hi 8 ft g d ( ' H B O . h H £ « © 3 fS* C R H m I ^ §3 ►H - M ► W .•« t 3 *o W § £ SJ o O s ! §•§ JO ?■» eg WO® a §" ® 6 I *! s° • P* tO 9) o.g g of a 43 O'*!) S 9<° III 1 1 ■§•§ ti ^ w •« a I 3 S4 ►3 ® M •g-s >H rj If C Jg a's.s %%s% .3 & « -a x a a £ |||S to 00 ® o ti" cs cs" os’ os 12 ^ RO RO W3 fHOICO-^iOOiOOiOOOOO © © _ £oal J3 43 .J 43 rQ - rP T 3 H ® o CC3 ® aS bo & a § J*§ © — ©£s *o © o 2 oo Ks d t^ g £ p §4 ft ^ fc 2 O rP O 4 " 02 -H ° g >< s § o. O T 5 w 42 ■ „ ft o II tfis ol*>* II 04 w s a tf-s rd JH g ,s CO Q} o § CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT. Fusing Effects of Electric Currents. By W. H. Preece , F.R.S. See “ Proc . Roy. Soc vol. xliv ., March 15, 1888. The Law— C = «d 3 / 2 , where, C, current; «, constant; and d, diameter— is strictly followed ; and the following are the final values of the constant, “a,” for the different metals as determined by Mr. Preece Inches. Centimetres. Millimetres. Inches. Centimetres. Millimetres. Copper, . . 10,244 2,530 80-0 Iron, 3,148 777-4 24-6 Aluminium, . 7,585 1,873 59-2 Tin, 1,642 4 05 '5 12-8 Platinum, . 5,172 1,277 40-4 Alloy ("lead and tin German Silver, . 5,230 1,292 40-8 2 to 1), . 1,318 325-5 10-3 Platinoid, . 4,750 1,173 37T Lead, 1,379 340-6 10-8 With these constants the two following tables have been calculated:— Table Showing the Amperes Required to Fuse Wires of Various Sizes and Mate hials. No. S.W.G. Diameter d d 3/2 Copper. a— 10,244 Aluminium a =7585. Platinum, a = 5172. Ger. SilTer. a S 5230. Platinoid. a = 4750. Iron. a = 3148. Tio. a = 1642. Tin-lead alloy. a = 1318. Lead a= 1379. 14 Inches. 0-080 0-022627 231-8 171-6 117-0 118-3 107-5 71-22 37T5 29-82 31-20 16 0-064 0-016191 165-8 122-8 83-73 84-68 76-90 50-96 26-58 21-34 22-32 18 0-048 0-010516 107-7 79-75 54-37 54-99 49-95 33-10 17-27 13-86 14-50 20 0-036 0-006831 69-97 51 T 8 35-33 35-72 32-44 21-50 11-22 9-002 9-419 22 0-028 0-004685 48-00 35-53 24-23 24-50 22-25 14-75 7-692 6T75 6-46L 4 0-022 0-003263 33-43 24-75 16-88 17-06 15-50 10-27 5-357 4-300 4-499 26 0-018 0-002415 24-74 18-32 12-49 12-63 11-47 7-602 3-965 3T83 3-330 28 0-0148 0-001801 18-44 13-66 9-311 9-416 8-552 5-667 2-956 2-373 2-483 30 0-0124 0-001381 14T5 10-47 7T42 7-222 6-559 4-347 ! 2-267 1-820 1-904 32 0-0108 1 0-001122 11-50 8-512 5*805 5-870 5-330 3-533 1 1-843 1-479 1-548 Note . — The size of “cut outs’’ or fuses for electric lighting circuits can be taken at once from the second O table. Pure copper wire makes the best and most reliable cut out or fuse, and should never be less than +3 • H u d si ® P CD O S E « ShS CD P £^13 M.W 'rfi § £ §<■ g sKSa ® S O *J§ „ .o 43 & & * 45 * >j,2 -g CQ if © S *-! g b c6 b ^ >t 3 o 3 o Where a is a constant depending on the degree to which the wire is heated. ◄5 *P t>0*p - o -p» o g o a,d c« S §*« § 1 S' n ( 2 «l|! |.S. o h 43 £ p Q C8«tt ^ I ’ a i ?h c3 O V CD • pH ■ 78 ° gn W|< g bT Pw H^.s g J3 M O ° . £ p g —43 -+3 5 H EH ^ « (ii Q be a a © p .p P cS g <0 ^3 .p > ^ © > e3 ^ J_l nj +3 4J Sts « w a tf td ^ p o p «f o ( Safety Limits . — The current in a dynamo should never be strong enough to injure the CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT. - r s-s^ § § ^ "S Sh-p ; g ? oS M § ] % K*ir— ! t 3 s- o ! 2 $_, o *g * ©-g 88 L , WrH " C CO «3 «3 O •* -r . « 0) ^ H ce a ©.g*s3 a O (S ft ft O P Where Dl = Diameter of conductor. D 2 = „ „ insulated cable. t = Excess of temperature of conductor over air. k — Heat conductivity of insulator; for G-.-F = •00018; for I.-R. = '00041. CONDUCTORS- ELECTRIC LIGHT. Sis 00 £ !- o <3 CONDUCTORS — ELECTRIC LIGHT. • H ^ ” r El +> r© ^ O ff 7S © if ^ ^ 20 w o _2 is cc a) , ,rH if r d ^ cs . * -p ^ +3 5 i ri c3 c3 i ^ O _» ^ £h o -g la -5 3 $p«S © £ sn g’-g ■ ° flTsS^-a-5 -P CO 53 CD CO o 3 rtf 'O a gpj2 g.S « © 4 * ©r© C3 _ «S >& JJ q> © +3 >V° 2 13 8 %£ g£'g Ji § ^ ^ S 13 £ « |.§«-3 t^daf eS >> © £j «. o « S>t 3 S e° § 8.S g*f a 8 8 3-S » ^ 1 O 7 ^r in r-j « (x> '-' ?«og tJO «« “ g s © £ 2 .53 rS ^ « 5 'if cs H ©-S A “ >£3 ^ ***■ 2 "§ ^3 O 2 >r o *4 ? - PHftp S'? b 42 - 1 -S CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT. *o f-H 3 c 3 . r -3 % S 3- 23 Ti 4 I rj £ s ® g aft p d 5 O bo ■^^44 ^3 - m r> £ 3 m &>* §5 O O S3 © £ if 05 23 3! .3 ^ ^02 rO *a ,PH ■, r- ■ 2 o.-g 2 3 m « 5 * a.s ,r \s s 43 P 23 44 S H O.rt o ^ o ri 43 p o g 043 g O 43 3 S ** rH rQ BO J- ^ ^ S3 V o CD o 33 bn c 0^23 25 3 rt J •»H 33 02 43 43 C3 .3 6 6 ‘ + (1.) Connect, as shown in the left-hand fig., two similar lamps, L 1? L 2 , between + and - leads with their junction to earth ; if there is a fault, the lamp connected to the wire in which the fault exists will be the less bright of the two The 23 ^ _~T c3 fCl rj D rrj rj -P ° <^23 O _ o O 2 £ fe b =5 vrrt 43 <-» ^,£3 ^ S „ £ 3^ ^ 35 r3 ^ £ rS ® * 43 g ?§ o 8 | 8 ®~ §rf * O r-i .SI* o 3 ~ -#-> 3 ^ ^ =+h 2 o o •^o<1 r c5 „9 43 23 P fci)43 2 ^ '•43. P ~ «3 O O O 2”? , S3 O 03 >44 Jl 1 o 5 silo «+4 IJ * ~ 0) vTr^ 43 23 " UI, cS 43 £4<43.„ J1 J 2^ g "g.S -9 g - S3 ^■®J§ ^I'H * o « 65 O & *§ C^rcT § e I, S »osf 3 jq £ e#-i g CT o >>7 ^ J rt , ?2J '“ 4 — 1 • — I -T © 3 (H Ci -t* 023 4irO^-g ® 8 23 ^ si P «ih 33 i-, ^>2- ^ a g^o-s § a g ^ 2 S-g g-a I * 2 fl S *« e -2-G 3 ' X « — ^3. g S^g o.T.3 - g 3 & ^ -^*G S © o'TJ O c3'*jh 43 3 • 3^0 -3' ,B 4^0^24 35 ^ -p o : . 3 tT r— , o ^ 24 Or-# U 2 r- ■ txd S?J O o3 S C ^ 43 'P p o 3 bbq- Kr o *3 -OOgrQ O biqrH. 43 o o2§‘ n '«^^‘ u o w « 23 ^33 II g .S g O G 43 >,43 „ 3 «« •- S O 43 P3 C §c2 w Tj I : -3 3 3 02 s O g ^ ® a; jq 43 ^4-j w cs 02 ® o3 » 3 ^ -H O 4J Q > _hd Q ^ ^ W !S r-4 «2 -e » w 34 « §33 o <"o ^5* ° ■£ ■Rgs ?« s o 3 o 5C ri 216 CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT. •*'4-3 rU H 40 r* ^ .S ^ w O O f-i 40 j-j fcvj ftft£ £ „d d ^*11 CO S-|-3 .2 § § O-g ^-g ^ |3 £- a .-s ag - e3 *43 H 43 £> 8 © o ., fl rt o S <43 *d O bO d d >3 W .2 £ ft' 3 or? o **_ VSrd^ -1-3 4-3 +3 (V) *S 63 ££ d d -g 5s ^ 43 g > 2^ >3 rd d 0) d 3 40 Tj ,pH co 1*3 8 . ^ 0> hH S) jl ^ ^-g t §4 fl g §•§« 2 g -c -Q s © © -*— .d bed . -2 £ -+0 d 3 r° H H £ ^ 2 ^ is-IU ^ g OdG r &]P I S-J 1 1 ,s -jo ^ d_, ^ d o oc d 40 rd > ft ^ d o d go _ I'S + ai CO CD - •» (1) ^ JCi IjsIs 65 'd ©o ^ ®nj i.H 2 g^-JO 40 CO ^"3 f4 d -s r 5‘ a ^.g £ 40 — < d 8H «■ ^ CM d ,~d • d g „ eg V{3 ^ C8 rj gfj§£ 43 M r0 c3 S-I ftjS dft o 03 *S > ._ d> <43 d -JO Jr © d .2 d o ^ l>* <2 " ~ ‘ _ J-H — Q. 2" 1 2 K *d /13 ^ g £*t> 2 r2 s- d .2 2 ° d Or° 9 - ^ •^3^ > W M .5 .2 ft •° s 1 1 ! Hill I M „3 d) ^ d CO d TJ o O -d ft 43 CS IQ 40 ^ Bm’o "ft O £ d > © g O 4o|o^| O d 2 &» M O CD ^ 2 ft ^ o j, d 2 rt ^ c6 c3 g S . o O C> tQ Pm -d „ . S fc£ ©-* J- 1 ^ d d ^ M o ® H S 5 d O rd § ^ 2 s > 2 «2 1 ^ C8 g >3.2 o od S 2 O d ±f S w > o c o rt 40 >3 > >.2 Parallel of Two or more Grouping System. Lamps in Series. W o 3 rP fi S c 3 o i 3 c 3 ^ 0-1 ** ^c3<+hm © 5 o rrt ■'H .§ .• 00 * 13 « § e gW ?2 -a bd.! I s ■ — 1 P ^© rt , © PwS cf.a V 02 rM g O © JZj 40 40 S J ^40 M ^ 50 S 3 g.g s _s © o o S-<^ £ .-§ © £ ’S ^

.d"»'S H a^& 3 & I is 1^2 > ft P P ot' 40 1—1 © . S * ** -2 « ^ ^ _g © *S & O Jd :3 c3 ^ ^ s-i .3 I srS 2 j i3 £’£ ^40 . Q 2 S-i -£ ° CS „ ^ O _o © © ^ ; _3 © ■© p >*•** § g 0 63*0 § © rjRn dr 4 02 £ ^ o O M > g P P m4o'-' © . © -P© ^ -^-Ss: „ s -S 2 2 ©^S o « 8ft • So °t,«vl s -2 w ^*l 1 ^|-s * 3 irf> ®4S o Cj ^.hT! o ^ ^ rvj p §« ! « >$ J i ^ I ^1 £ S 3 § a S -2 S -8 3 "S ® n pi 3 C £JU!!Sh-'S< 8.£®2 —ELECTRIC LIGHT Edison-Hopkinson Three- Wire System. When two shunt or compound dynamos are used simultaneously to feed a system of lamps, a considerable saving in return wires may be < D 03 H 43 3 «r ftS 2 o £ - H ^ m M o -5 c3 03 rD 03 +3 2 w CO be . a £h rJ-H ■P A h r -2 ^ S-&* 4 * 1 rj « '-+3 C ■SS 3 § ° *.S-g g/S O |Hg .2 ^ ,£2 fl 03 o O 03 02 5.* a O w ^ ra | 8 k-S 8 1 ® 3 * g B ® 2 ® £*3,5 2 .g CD f-h W ^ * r 03 x M ° J * tt D ^ O £ * S'g S- a ' n cS 03 2 g 8 « •- ■ 2 fl ® rg*® g 03 >-J ^ ’S 2* M o §>*g 43 § o g » S ° £ 2 g p eg n m O O^f ~ o *& *■£1 v$1 « .•go ;|"g *a . « (N GQD fl(N CONDU CTOES — ELECTRIC LIGHT, ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER CONDUCTORS. Diameters, "Weights, Nearest British Standard Wire Gauge, and Resistances of 1,000 feet of Copper Conductor of Different Sectional Areas, with Current in Amperes, and the Constant, C 2/746. Conductivity, 95 per cent, of Pure Copper. Temperature, 60® Fah.— By E. W. Beckingsale, C.E .— The Electrical Review , Sept. 22, 1883. Board of Trade New Legal Standard Wire Gauge Exact Diameter. Exact S.-Area Weights, 1,000 Feet. Resistance, 1,000 Feet. Current C2/746 Near- Dia- est meter. Nos. Ins. Inches. Sq. in. lbs. Tons. Ohms. Reciprocals. Ajmperes. 11284 100 3854 2 1-7206 •00853 117-23 1000 1340*5 1-0705 •90 3468-7 1-5485 •00948 105-52 900 1085-8 10093 •80 3083 3 1-3765 •01066 93-789 800 857*91 •91407 *70 2698 0 1-2044 •01218 82-065 700 656-84 •90972 •65 2505-2 1-1184 •01312 76-203 650 566-35 •87404 •60 2312*5 10324 •01422 70-341 600 482-57 •83682 •55 21198 •94633 •01551 64-479 550 405-49 •79787 •50 19271 •86030 •01706 58-617 500 33512 •77768 •475 1830-7 •81728 •01796 55 687 475 302-44 •75694 •450 1734-4 •77427 •01896 52-756 450 271-44 •73562 •425 1638 0 •73126 •02007 49-825 425 24213 •71365 •400 1541-7 •68824 •02133 46-895 400 214-48 21 8 CONDUCTORS — ELECTRIC LIGHT, Electric Light and Power Conductors— Continued , see p. 22) Board of Trade New Legal Standard Wire Gauge. Exact Diameter. Exact S.-Area Weights, 1,000 Feet. Resistance, 1,000 Feet. Current i 02/746 Near- Dia- est meter. Nos. Ius. Inches. Sq in. lbs. Tons. Ohms. Reciprocals. Amperes. •69099 •375 1445-3 •64522 •02275 43-963 375 188-51 •66756 •350 1349 0 •60221 02437 41-033 350 164 21 •64328 •325 1252-6 •55919 •02025 38-102 325 14159 •61803 •300 1156-2 •51618 •02843 35171 300 120-64 •59173 •275 1059*9 •47316 •03102 32240 275 101-37 •56417 •250 S63-54 •43015 03412 29*308 250 83-780 •53524 •225 867-18 •38713 •03791 26 378 225 67861 7/0 *500 •50463 •200 770-80 •34412 •04265 23-447 200 55-619 6/0 •464 •47204 •175 674*48 •30111 •04874 20-516 175 41053 5/0 •432 •43706 *150 578T2 •25809 •05687 17*585 150 30*161 4/0 •400 •39:94 •125 481-77 •21508 •06824 14654 125 20-945 3/0 •372 •35682 •100 385-42 *17206 •08530 11-723 100 13-405 2/0 *348 •33851 •090 346-87 T5485 •09478 10-552 90 10-858 0 •324 •31916 •080 308-33 ' *13765 10662 9-3789 80 85791 1 •300 •29854 070 269-80 •12044 •12185 8-2065 70 6-5684 1 •300 28768 •065 250-52 •11184 •13123 7*6203 65 5-6634 CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT. Electric Light and Power Conductors — Continued , see p. 221, Board of Trade New Legal Standard Wire Gauge. Exact Diameter. Exact S.-Area Weights, 1,000 Feet. Resistance, 1,000 Feet. Current C2/746 Near- est Nos. Dia- meter. Ins Inches. Sq. in. lbs. Tons. Ohms. Reciprocals. Amperes. 2 •276 •27640 *060 231 25 •10324 •142 L7 7-0341 60 4*8257 3 •252 •26462 •055 211-98 •09463 *15509 6 4479 55 4*0549 3 *252 *25232 •050 192-71 •08603 •LOGO 5-8617 50 33512 3 •252 •24592 •0475 183-07 •08173 •17958 5-5687 475 3-0244 3 •252 •23937 •0450 173 44 •07743 •18955 5-2756 45 2-7144 4 •232 •23262 *0425 163-80 •07313 •20070 4-9825 42 5 2-4123 4 •232 •22567 •0400 154-17 •06882 •21325 4-6895 40 21448 5 •212 •21851 •0375 144-53 •06452 •22746 43963 37*5 1-8851 5 •212 •21110 0350 134-90 •06022 •24371 41033 35' 1-6421 5 •212 •20342 •0325 125 26 •05592 •26246 3-8102 32-5 1-4159 6 •192 •19544 •0300 11562 •05162 •28433 3 5171 30 1-2064 6 •192 •18712 •0275 105-99 •04732 •31018 3-2240 27 5 10137 7 •176 17841 •0250 96 354 •04302 •34120 2-9308 25 •83780 7 •176 •16925 •0225 86-718 •03871 •37911 26378 22-5 •67861 8 •160 •15958 •0200 77 080 •03441 •42649 2-3447 20 •53619 9 •144 T4927 •0175 67*448 •03011 •48742 2*0516 17*5 •41053 9 144 •13819 •0150 57-812 •02581 •56866 1-7585 15 •30161 CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT. Electric Light and Power Conductors— Continued , see p. 221. Board of Trade New Legal Standard Wire Gauge. Exact Diameter. Exact S.-Area ■Weights, 1,000 Feet. Resistance, 1,000 Feet. Current C2/746 Near- est Nos. Dia- meter Ins. Inches. Sq. in. lbs. Tons. Ohms. Reciprocals. Amperes. 10 *128 •12616 0125 48-177 •02151 •68239 1-4654 12-5 •20945 11 •116 T1284 •0100 38-542 •01721 •85299 1-1723 10 •13405 12 •104 •10705 •0090 34687 •01549 •94776 1-0552 9 •10858 12 104 •10093 •0080 30833 •01376 1-0662 •93789 8 •08579 13 •092 09441 •0070 26-980 •01204 1-2185 •82065 7 •06568 13 •092 •08740 •0060 23125 •01032 1-4217 •70341 6 •04825 14 •080 •07979 •0050 19-271 •00860 1-7060 •58617 5 *03351 15 •072 •07569 •0045 17 344 00774 1-8955 •52756 45 •02714 15 •072 •07137 •0040 15417 •00688 2*1325 •46895 4 •02145 16 •064 •06676 •0035 13*490 00602 24371 •41033 3*5 •01642 16 064 06180 0030 11-562 •00516 2*8433 •35171 3* •01206 17 056 •05642 0025 96354 •00430 34119 •29308 2-5 •00838 13 043 •05046 •0020 7-7084 •00344 4-2649 •23447 2* •00536 19 •040 •04371 •0015 5-7812 •00258 5 6866 •17585 1-5 •00302 20 •036 •03568 •0010 3-8542 *00172 8-5299 •11723 1 •00134 21 •032 •03385 •0009 34687 •00155 9-4776 •10552 •9 •00109 21 •032 *03192 •0008 30833 •00138 10-662 •09379 •8 •00086 CONDUCTORS — ELECTRIC LIGHT. 3 P © © d gif 43 rd 22 co & © « « b0 o r -i i-d b£ ,&P “■ 03 pH ’o * U PH 1 ,D CD CO G3 d M 03 CO • rH H ,D ~ d ' 9 M? 03 M rfl ® ® — H 2 -9 ’ O d l ''° rvj H d .2 Is d 2 £ § P co •*= -1-3 i-d .^P *03 *03 f£ CO o > .ft ^ «s 4^ 5 .S ^ *0 43 o , Hh ^ CD 5«5 rd , b0 a 2 2 £ ~ rP -2 O HP d ° id '£ S 8 r => J o CO CO ,-+2 'eS ’d § g & 3 H «+-( .& 1 bfl O d r-H 03 .p-l O H ^ o 0)0 d o d 43 '— 1 O bO *3 .9 9 ^ CO a £ CD 03 ^ O > ©5 43 03 CO h ID d ® H ^ £ p 03 rd ►> P © CO ^ £ 03 43 o c3 P O g ^ s ^ I ©S .g d d © '■_ i H g 03 S d d d © > P '£ >? s § & © o © SP 1 1 ^ O <33 P _D co ^ 59 ©5 H .D d ° _ d o d o © «4H © <~! d t « 43 £ d © o 43 8 „ ■§ CO 5 .£ s s 5 § -s |3i5 CO CD © « 4 H d * O © o ja ©, d h >1 H P 2 4H ^ © 43 5 s CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT. U g 3 O a h o „ o 3 2 m oa § 3 3 H tf g t H 3 c ^ &q fi v 1 ? W fc W Percentage of Energy lost. CC»Oi— IC£>CSG005 i 3 o > ooooooooooo O-WW^lOCONGOCiO rHHHHHHi-tHHHH Percentage of Energy lost. 1 COf-l(M(MCOl^O-^OOCO OOWNHHMCO^Q 6 onio^co^hc 6 c 5 <» HHr-lrlriHrlHrH i ' Volts. 1 iflomowouso^oo •^iO«S?O«Ot>t>.00 00CiCi CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT. Dimensions of Cross Section of Round Wire, with Resistance, Conductivity, and Weight of Pure Copper Wire. By J. T. Bottomley, M.A., F.R.S.E. (From Electrical Review, 3rd November, 18S3). No. on New Board of Trade wire gauge, or SW.G. Diameter. * Area of cross section. Square Centimetres. Pure Copper Wire (soft drawn) at 15° Cent, or 59° Fah. Weight of wire Sp. gr. 8 90. Grms. per metre. Inch. Centimetres. Resistance Ohms per metre. Conductivity Metres per ohm. 7/0 •500 1-270 1-267 •000135 74021 1127*4 6/0 •464 1-178 1090 •000157 6370 970-2 5/0 *432 1-097 •945 •000181 5521 840-8 4/0 •400 1-016 •811 •000211 4736 721-3 3/0 •372 •945 •701 •000244 4098 624*2 2/0 •348 •884 •613 *000279 3584 545-9 0 •324 •823 •532 •000322 3107 473-2 1 •300 •762 •456 •000375 2666 4061 * From this column the size of wire required to carry a certain current for incandescent lighting can easily he found, according to Sir William Thomson’s rule for hare copper— viz., not lest than 1 square centimetre per 50 amperes. This appears to us to be too liberal an allowance of copper for well insulated ship leads. For example, No, 20 wire of 96 per cent, conductivity will carry 1 ampere without danger of over-heating, and may be used for 1 Edison 16-candle lamp, taking ‘7 amperes when length of forward and branch wires do not exceed 20 feet with perfect safety. For main leads on board ship, where the length is not great, a safe C\| rule will be 1 sauare centimetre of 96 per cent, conductivity copper wire per 150 amperes. Conductors — electric light. Dimensions op Cross Section op Round Wire, with Resistance, Conductivity, and Weight of Pure Copper Wire — Continued. No. on New Board of Trade wire gauge, or S.W.G. Diameter. » Area of cross section. Square Centimetre. Pure Copper Wire (soft drawn) at 15 ° Cent, or 59 ° Fah. Weight of wire Sp. gr. 8 90. Grms. per metre. Inch. Centimetre. Resistance Ohms per metre. Conductivity Metres per ohm. 2 •276 •701 •386 •000444 2253 343 2 3 •252 *640 •322 •000532 1881 286-5 4 •232 •589 •273 •000628 1592 242*5 5 *212 •538 •228 •000751 1331 202-7 6 *192 •488 •187 •000916 1092 166-3 7 •176 •447 •157 •00109 917*8 139-8 8 •160 •406 •130 •00132 757-2 115-3 9 •144 •366 •105 •00163 614-9 937 10 128 •325 •0829 •00206 4846 738 11 T16 •295 •0682 •00251 3983 60-7 12 •104 •264 •0548 •00312 320-3 48-8 13 *092 •234 '0429 •00398 2506 38-2 14 •080 •203 •0324 •00528 189-5 28-9 15 072 •183 •0263 •00651 153-5 23*4 16 •064 •163 •0208 •00824 1213 18-5 17 *056 •142 •0159 •0108 92*7 141 225 CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT, Dimensions of Cross Section of Round Wire, with Resistance, Conductivity, and Weight of Pure Copper Wire —Continued. No. on New Board of Trade wire gauge, or S.W.G. Diameter. * Area of cross section. Square Centimetre. Pure Copper Wire (soft drawn) at 15° Cent, or 59° Fah. [ Weight of wire ’ Sp. gr. 8 -90. Grms. per metre. Inch. Centimetre. Resistance Ohms per metre* C uductivity Metres per ohm. 18 •048 •122 *0117 0147 682 104 19 •040 •1016 •00811 *0211 47*4 719 20 •036 •0914 •00657 •0260 884 5-84 21 •032 *0813 •00519 •0330 30*3 462 22 •028 •0711 •00397 *0431 23*2 3-54 23 •024 •0610 *00292 *0587 17-05 2-60 24 •022 •0559 •00245 •0698 14*32 218 25 •020 •0508 *00203 •0845 11-84 1-80 26 •018 •0457 •00164 •104 9*59 1-46 27 •0164 •0117 *00136 •125 797 1*21 28 •0148 *0376 •00111 •154 6 48 0-988 29 •0136 •0345 •000937 •183 5-46 •834 30 •0124 •0315 •000779 *220 4’55 •693 31 •0116 •0295 •000682 *251 3-98 •607 32 •0108 •0274 •000591 •290 345 •526 33 •0100 •0254 •000507 •338 2-96 •451 CONDUCTORS -ELECTRIC LIGHT. Dimensions of Cross Section of Round Wire, witti Resistance, Conductivity, and Weight of Pure Copper Wire -Continued. No. on New Board of Trade wire gauge, cr S.W.G-. Diameter. * Area of crois section. Square Centimetre. Pure Copper Wire (soft drawn) at 15° Cent, or 59° Fah. Weight of wire Sp. gr. 8 ‘90. Grms. per metre. Inch. Centimetre. Resistance Ohms per metre. Conductivity Metres per ohm. 34 •0092 •0234 •000429 •398 251 •382 35 •0084 •0213 •000353 •478 2*09 •318 36 •0076 •0193 •000293 •585 1*71 •260 37 •0068 •0173 •000234 •730 1-37 •208 38 •0060 •0152 •000182 •943 106 '162 39 •0052 •0132 •000137 1*248 •m '122 40 •0048 •0122 •000117 1-466 •682 •1038 41 •0044 •0112 •0000982 1*742 •574 •0874 42 •0040 •0102 •0000811 2T09 •474 •0721 43 •0036 •00914 •0000656 2*611 •383 •0584 44 •0032 •00813 •0000519 3-300 •303 •0462 45 •0028 •00711 •0000397 4310 •232 •0353 46 •0024 •00610 •0000292 5-848 171 •0260 47 •0020 •00508 •0000203 8-475 T18 •0180 48 •0016 •00406 •0000129 1323 •076 •0115 49 •0012 •00305 •0000073 23-42 •043 •0065 50 •0010 •00254 •00000507 3378 •030 •00451 CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHT, Table Showing the Relative Dimensions of Pure Copper Wire at 60° F. By Walter T. Glover & Co ., Manchester. 6 « Diameter. Area. Weight and Length. Length and Resistance. Resistance & Weight. Nearest 1 S. W. G.* 4 0 Milli- metres. 1 Square Inches. Square Milli- metres. Pounds per Yard. Pounds per 1000 ft. 1 Pounds per Mile. 1760 yds. Pounds per Knot. 2029 yds. Ohms per Yard. Ohms 1 per 1000 ft. Ohms per Mile. Ohms per Knot. Ohms per Lb. Lbs. per Ohm 0000 •454 11*53 •1618 104-435 1-872 623-92 3294-3 3797-8 •000150 •050 •26 •30 •00008 12457-5 6/0 000 •425 1079 •1419 9152 1-640 546-76 2886-9 3328-1 •000171 •057 •30 •35 •00010 9566-7 5/0 00 •380 9-65 1134 73165 1-311 43710 2307-9 2660-7 •000214 •071 *38 *43 •00016 6114*24 3/0 0 •34 863 •0908 58-573 1-050 349-93 1847-6 21300 •000268 •089 •47 *54 •00025 3918-56 2/0 1 •300 7-62 0707 45602 •817 272-43 1438-4 165S-3 •000344 115 •60 •70 •00042 2375-18 1 2 •284 7*21 •0633 40-867 •732 24415 1289-1 1486-1 •000384 128 •67 •78 •00052 1907*59 2 3 •259 6-58 •0527 33-989 •609 203-06 1072*1 12360 •000462 154 •81 •94 •00076 1319-50 3 4 •238 6-04 •0445 28-701 •514 171-46 905-3 1043-7 •000547 182 •96 111 •00106 940-844 4 5 •22 5-59 •0380 24-523 •439 146 51 773-6 891-8 •000640 •213 113 1-30 •00145 686-911 5 6P203 5-16 •0324 20-88 •374 124-74 658-6 759-3 •000752 •250 1*32 1-52 •00201 497-96 6 7118 4-57 •0254 16-417 •294 98-08 517-8 597-0 •000956 *319 1-68 1-94 •00325 307-822 7 81-165 4-19 •0214 13-794 •247 82-41 435-1 501-6 •001137 •379 2-00 2-31 •00460 217-343 8 93-148 376 •0172 11-098 •199 66-30 3501 403-6 •001414 •471 219 2-87 •00711 140-689 9 £7 * S. W. G-. means the new Board of Trade or British Standard Wire Gauge, put in force ci March, 1884. See Index for Dimensions, &c. CONDUCTORS — ELECTRIC LIGHT. Table Showing the Relative Dimensions of Pure Copper Wire at 60° F. By Walter T. Glover 6c Co., Manchester. 6 M Diameter. Area. Weight and Length. Length and Resistance. Resistance & Weight. 8* ^ 02 Inch. | , Milli- metres. 1 Square | Inches. Square 1 M lli- metres. Pounds per Yard. Pounds per 1000 ft. Pounds per Mile. 1760 yds. Pounds p r Knot. 2029 yds. Ohms per Yard. Ohm# per 1000 ft. Ohms per Mile. Ohms per Knot. Ohms per Lb. Lbs. per Ohm. 10 134 340 0141 9-098 •163 54-35 287-0 330-8 •001725 •575 303 3-50 •01058 94543 10' 11 T2 3*05 0113 7*296 •131 43-59 2301 265-3 •002151 •717 378 436 •01645 60-804 11 12 109 277 •0093 6-020 •108 35-96 1899 218*9 •002607 •869 4-59 5-29 •02416 41-392 12 13 095 2-41 •0071 4573 •082 27-32 1442 166-3 •003431 1144 604 6-96 •04187 23-884 13 14 •083 211 •0054 3-491 •062 20-85 1101 126-9 •004495 1-498 791 912 •07186 13-916 14 15 •072 1-83 0041 2*486 •047 15-69 82*8 95-5 •005974* 1-991 10-51 1212 *12679 7-887 15 16 065 1'65 •0033 2141 *038 1279 675 77-8 •007330 2*443 12-90 14-87 •19104 5-234 16 17 058 1-47 •0026 1-704 •030 10T8 53-8 620 •009206 3-069 16*20 18*68 •30135 3-318 17 18 049 1-24 •0019 1-217 •022 7-27 38*4 44-2 •012898 4-299 22-70 2617 •59157 1-690 18 19 •042 107 •0014 •894 •016 5-34 28*2 32*5 •017556 5-852 3090 3562 1-09596 •912 19 20 035 •89 •0010 •621 •011 371 19*6 22-6 025281 8427 44-49 51-29 2-27254 •440 20 21 •032 •81 •0008 •519 •009 3-10 164 189 •030243 10-081 5323 61-36 3-25229 •307 21 CONDUCTORS— ELECTRIC LIGHTS Table Showing the Relative Dimensions of Pure Copper Wire at 60° F. By Walter T. Glover & Co., Manchester. 6 n Diameter. Area. Weight and Length. Length and Resistance. Resistance & Weight. Nearest S. W. G. I Inch. 1 Milli- | metres. Square | Inches. Square Milli- metres. Pounds per Yard. Pounds 1 per 1000 ft. Pounds per Mile. 1760 yds. Pounds per Knot. 2029 yds. Ohms per Yard. Ohms per 1000 ft. Ohms per Mile. I Ohms per Knot. Ohms per Lb. Lbs. per Ohm. 22 •028 •71 •0006 •397 •007 2-37 12*5 144 •039502 13-167 69-52 80-15 5-54848 T80 22 23 •025 •63 •0005 •317 •006 1-89 10*0 11*5 •049551 16-517 87-21 100 54 873038 T14 23 24 •022 •56 •0004 •245 •004 1*46 78 89 •063986 21-329 112-62 12983 14-5579 •069 24 25 •020 •51 •0003 •203 •004 1-21 64 7*4 077424 25-808 136-26 157-09 2L-3142 •047 25 26 *018 •46 •0002 T64 *003 •98 5*2 6*0 095584 31-861 168-23 193-94 32*4863 •031 26 27 •016 •41 •0002 130 •002 •77 41 47 •120974 40-325 21291 245-46 52-0367 •019 27 28 •014 •35 •0001 •099 •002 •59 31 3*6 •158007 52*669 278-09 320-60 887724 •on 28 29 013 •33 •0001 •086 •001 •51 27 31 T83250 61-083 322-52 371-81 119-404 •008 29 30 012 •30 •0001 •073 •001 •43 23 26 *215065 71-688 378-51 436-37 164-462 •006 30 Pure Copper weighs 555 lbs. per cubic foot. The resistance of one mil-foot at 60° Fah. is, according to Dr. Matthiessen, 10-32311 ohms. Upon these data the above table has been calculated. ^ Stranded Wires. — A Stranded Conductor of a given length is of greater weight and has a less Ci resistance than an equal length of the same number of wires unstranded. 229a CONDUCTORS — JOINTING tools. P2 cb o as * H Q W H £*3 P O' O H fe; o ^ .2 =3 cW bo § ■ oft W ,g . *3 la I § ■“S ft H © • © •S 00 ' CQ ft 43 g 40 © B ft J>'£ 2 ft a> ft co O 03 bpS.tfgD B^©-; t« ’■§* 3 15 — 02 O 40 ^q § Ph-B ^ ^ .2 S; B 2 ' ft > 50 sis?! c 3 ® r’Ss'S-Si® bO _ ~ _ Qj X - ft % ft o p< o ^ -e O ^ ^ r B „ ^ > Of—' •S-fl 1-g s s . > B B 5_, t g^ © £ ft ft O 5Q B 'q ft CC 8 a ft r M( ^^40 .5 -5 b O b S.h ft Za ' CO 02 ft r § 40 B o "3 £ ffl O ’’?8’4 bO O ^ g O d -p h j 3 s § § BO '40 ft O ■ " B _j v. o B ^ O 4H o ft ITj ft CD o 02 O B ft O ^ aa^ Q QC O *rH , rC ft ^ 40 x B Oft 43 B — B 1-2 ^ © o . B rH ffi H rH r-4 rH O ft r-4 H^h|(M-(|^-i|tJ'H|CM ^ •H 40 ; p_. . ^0 O ft CS o W3 g ft -B bfi O ft *h so B 1 — I 40 r-H rH • rr ft © ft fr JB _ ft B ft B co It? O ft 229 1 ) CONDUCTORS— -JOINTING. (c) Twist the two conductors, first with the left hand, and then (changing over the grip of the from one side half-way over the twist, thus- 229c CONDUCTORS —JOINTING. c 3 rj > *'-e bO d PP' 43 U . p <5 p ft^ £ <3 S’? S o & ft p 1 1" 3 ttej do-S - 10 ■** c.-S C<« •-! >. O O t> 43 a; <-. p CONDUCTORS- -JOINTING. (m) Wet and soap the hand, and rub it over the joint, leaving the finished joint smooth and round, thus — Note. — C leanliness in every operation is essen- tial to the making of a good joint. T Joint for india-rubber, gutta-percha, or nearly so stiff and liable to break near the soldered part. 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No. 1. Swedish Charcoal Iron, very soft and pure. „ 2. Swedish Charcoal Iron, good for P. O. specification. „ 3. Swedish Charcoal Iron, not suited for P. O. specification. „ 4. Swedish Siemens-Martin Steel, 010 carbon. Analysis of Samples of Annealed Iron 'Wire. By W. H. Preice , F.R.S. No. 5. Best Puddled Iron. 6. Bessemer Steel, special soft quality, 015 carbon. 7. Bessemer Steel, special hard quality, 0-45 carbon. 8. Best Cast Steel. No. of Samples. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Carbon, . « • « Silicon, t Sulphur, .... Phosphorus, Manganese, Copper, .... Iron, 0*09 trace trace 0012 0-06 trace 99-69 010 trace 0-022 0045 0-03 trace 9970 015 0018 0-019 0-058 0-234 trace 99-44 010 trace 0035 0 034 0324 trace 99-60 o-io 009 0 03 0218 0-234 0 015 9911 015 0-018 0-192 0-077 0-72 trace 9874 0- 44 0-028 0126 0103 1- 296 trace 9820 062 0-06 0074 0- 051 1- 584 trace 97-41 Ohm-mile at 60° Fah., lbs. 4,546 lbs. ' 4,502 lbs 4,820 lbs. 5,308 lbs. 5,974 lbs. 6,163 lbs. 7,468 lbs. 8,033 This Table shows in a very striking way that the electrical conductivity of iron wire increases with the percentage of pure iron, except where the percentage of manganese is high; an increase to in the percentage of manganese augments the electrical resistance considerably more than an increase in the percentage of sulphur or phosphorus. CONDUCTORS * — AERIAL LINES. Mechanical and Electrical Tests of Seven Descriptions of Iron Telegraph Wire. By W. II. Preece, M.I.C.E ., F.R.S. Four samples of each kind. Description. “BB” puddled iron, Diameter. Twists in 6 inches. Elongation. Breaking Weight Resistance per Mile reduced to 0*171 inch at 60° Fall., or 400 lbs. per Mile.f Inches. •1745 T765 T65 1735 16 13 14 17 * Per cent. 17 * 11 * 15.* 14 lbs. 1,470 1,380 1,436 1,182 144200 13-5592 13 8897 138983 “BB” piled iron, all puddled, 1 Extra B B.” Box piled of puddled and English charcoal, thus — E. O. p P | P P | P P E C. 171 1645 1645 1725 *168 T74 T695 T72 16 9 12 17s 17 13 U* 16* 1,220 1,316 1,238 1,292 140582 15*5820 15 6234 14 1640 11 u°l 12 14* 15 16 14* 1,456 1,538 1,398 1,452 15 6191 153715 15 5452 153017 * E. C. = English charcoal. P = puddled iron, t Standard size used in United Kingdom and abroad. CONDUCTORS -AERIAL LINES. Mechanical and Electrical Tests op Seven Descriptions of Iron Telegraph Wire —Continued, Description. Diameter. Twists in 6 inches. Elongation. Breaking Weight. Resistance per Mile reduced to 04 71 inch at 60° Fah., or 400 lbs. per Mile.f Inches. Per cent. lbs. 172 15 15 1,420 15*5129 1685 14 14* 1,412 156844 172 10* 14 1,484 163574 172 15 16 1,478 155471 1715 20 16 1,634 159988 169 19 13* 2,118 18 5663 170 191 171 1,484 146922 •1687 12 14 •2,548 191480 1735 21 17 1,392 126808 1745 20* 12 1,380 129709 1735 22 18 1,456 13-6587 1715 13 * 17* 1,318 13 0222 171 23 13 $ 1,191 11-3490 •1695 25 10 1,358 11-3052 •1695 24* 13* 1,194 11*2241 1715 271 13 1,128 11-3133 ‘Extra special BB.” Four- sided charcoal - piled English charcoal, a d puddled thus— E. O. E. C. P | K P | P E. O. E. O. English Bes'emer (known as homogeneous iron), . Swedish Bessemer, Swedish charcoal, i '1 CONDUCTORS - AERIAL LINES. — ‘ ’ ' ^.S^g'N g c5 +=> 4s § ® g 'S: ^ g H d H ^ 5P cp © *-g.2 g“ 0 -5 o X O © . -pH’m ^ ® ° ^ S » fj ^ r n.5 02 c3 g ••=« eS © © d m .2 2 H .h ■SlS-ass^-a^J^ B © _r p ^ © rH o *“ „_r £ g m-d £ r . :£ o> ^ r4.1 ej 3 O ©d>H ^ 2 _rrt g • £ *0 g "o 02 g^d 0> •l^.a^'3-s § * 8^3 S ^g ® d g.a jfs ■+e bcrt fee g .a Sj d *rH O O t> d © >>.2 ^ fee 68 *d >> pi - £> . © $ g I- § ® ®o-H .a j ® . -+j ^ © _ © ce _, N a bOr^J ^ *s ® d ^ g 0 ’£ 'a oa pa 05 !h -P d © © ©.s % a 05 83 r2 © 02 ' ! 4S -e cs o) : »£ S. L> m Pn* - © i’’ 3 o. oj a h .2 3^j. -P» ’EH 02 o s . ^ .£ -43 ' ft ^ kc o • Sfl: d *' © d Oft § ' - S ' s : 02 © o ® -p Ph 68 ®- © a O QOrt H *»►> r£ r known by their diameters in “mils, or thou- sandths of an inch, and all iron wires by their weights in lbs. per mile. The table, pp. 237, 250, give the iron wires in general use. of India. Specification J .-g I S: §> o I ^ ^ 1 o a a .2 * ' e8. 3 .a J2 a _e ~ d ^ ^ ft 43 d - -H rt c6 d ^ ©r S ^ ft® H - ft ,sa ^5 ° 02 bO®/' c8 a -r i a ■ a 2 £ .2^ al d! d O e8 _ „ M . &M . gj &> H . a « 02 ro & g ^© CO . tJ043 O •4 • rrj «rrj © ''“j O tiD d £fll iJ-Sa §- a .g I 1 ?* &2 a° ^•“-s £ S* & **-• oa .l4S.6pg^^ :g 5 5g. 5 |^|. Jr ^ w , p ^ o' 0 ) g * £H to H 1 ,3 8 g fe‘ ■^45 ^ o 5 ^ M ..'h ^>43 © 8 *d ^ a 9 S g$ a g,g © 9 , 5- ' “ ■ “ CQ Ppo^SP 43 tM - : H a rS r> o_’^ g © „ j 8 S®^ g»§^*gS ^rO fl 8 ^ ® # 6DO 0^,2 „ 0 Ph «6 dOOorH r?| d . 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Ill 1 P 852 282 8 II •UOpOQS JO .000 O 322 32S 32S S ££ CONDUCTORS — TELEPHONE. j; q cj O 5 z? o I — I g p H 02 £ O H £ O H PM W H r o O 2 .© £ © fldft o ^ « ftft O &0 o C 3 ^J , u o © § .2 ►» ' © 2 a § .a.§ 3 N O < © g § 63 c P O © oq < O tT © c t»' Q * |§|H £. 23 ® CG rj P« , ’-g “ ^ pgi'fc' a 2 ©£i §*$£! gl£;§£ £S © § ■“I S a O CM £ o . . ft P ft ft ft « ft © ® S 2 fl > ft if ft ft o 3 ,&c -tc O.S © t^a-r O H ft ft g 3 © O S <3 g © cfl ft ® 03 £ © © © © Z% 2 o&* S* 1 g,| 2 ^j 2 fe a g g-algS-S^I ®- s °«lsSs“ 12 ft 2 © bo 53 g © S ^ - > - 3 ^ © u §|S=”£ 2 q 2 2 ^ P-i ft P m °+a 2 s-s g£.S 2 ft . ° 3 oi~ © q q © o 3 «©o ft . o o 3 So. © if ft S -5 § *» -2 - O -d p-ai ® Go® © u a 2 ? ■ >73 © © 2 © 53 © © q «3 £ * q © © m r - >, bf> o • § ft © © 2 M :!, © © ft 2 © ©res © q 2 © t> qft o « ©££> s ©. ”~ t .2 ft ‘53 2 ^ Sfe© eS o o q ^ >j©.q P s L 2 ®Sq ,-sl g qft s a qft s o o ^, © P < >7 03 +a> 03 4 J - GO, . O w = = §■§ «9 CS . P ° S ©O r2 M 63 g £.SPe3Pq©©®ft li|e!|I|i © © S *® .2 ^ » •Ss**! II So ©OT +3 S 4 J y rH ft M q ft cgPh >> Ph - q c 3 >• o o. q r > • CQ^, 5 2 $ * S 3 . « 2 _ ft o-q cso'^ © P ft© -H ^ t! =1 ij&sis ■v ® co ©-73 q q m © ® §33 £ S>sSo gc S, £25 P§ 2 M " 5 © g P 3 © pi 5 rP ^ s < f 4 o Dh o O M 55 rP H PM 02 © ’$ 8 ° 5 ’ft © G S » --I *©o Si'S ®^ ^ O « 5 -J 3 ©5 q-p ? rS boo' P ^P *43 £ o 1 . q © ft.S . © !«-§£|.s It|°®i cp .P 'O r o d ‘5 00 p>-j © _ © © c3 q o-2 ft _ c 3 © 5 P ^ eS 4-1 ft © ^ !§i -|2 ^ 033 - ^ © Q + 3 a 3 m ^Oo S : -3 ^ 2^-2 ©^ q 73 *3 2 q q fJSlSag O 33 •- P ^ c 3 +3 q ft o rP 8 04 CO O GO © >1 1. The wire must comply with the conditions and tests specified or provided for in the table herewith. 2. The wire is to be uniformly annealed, soft and pliable, a m SL* gif |l “|§Sg a 1 o 5 ©.Sfl Slip £.20 2 $ ■© v +=> Z, P S-S- s g £ •3 13 o pH |sp^ ^2.2 i_© s -s .S jj boo g.S3 «*-l © sL’a^^Srs^ © p © .2 © J i a £ ,© © p © © © © ■“.d ft OQ & 1 to«0 ©SO © o 0^0 a-tJ ps .s s l P%-< © a o .15 ©.15 p m rS^ 2 'OOP, c6 c3 © . © 73 2 ©£ g 2© wr_ ,q g 1:3 © © Sli.p.p ©*-S* ols^gl'S-ll .P H +5 M p 3 O . -2 4 I ijj © ,b rv" © ~ bo " 'O 2 g » a § £ g-3.2 g 1 ?£'2.S'2 £ 8 S ®a a ° o." gS |S g.&.| g a etH -g EH ,p © © 5 EH 'P ‘Sc S © d © M « rn ^ © 3 Sp a) © £J 73 £ p .S © la ® ft-22-.S ^3 *43 § £ 5. Samples taken from the coils shall bear bending round bars of the following diameters, without any signs appear- ing of the Zinc cracking or pealing off. For No. 8 gauge, a bar 2 inches in diameter. 6. After having been galvanized, the wire is to be sufficiently stretched or .straightened to remove all bends or sinuosities by passing round drums either varying in TS 15 . © rj p © ^ a 4 " &0 -t 3 8 iT|.S >>© gcH p © g p © g © 0c3 .s©^.p s © j- w> -^.2.15 SSlill -5 ! »^«“Sa8 2 2 2 “ 2 c o^'o ^ ® a-, ^ ° » a £.'p © 0 - fcfir^J fe -© © © ® p © ffl © . H rj .Q *th QO TZh _q «*-h 8si , 2a^ , r°8 UWp ^ 4-3 ^ P © 'T rtf'. . © © Ip P'S ^3 O^P § ^ 2 HP o © P s g ©■**? ^ in ^ ll$! = o r-H M oc > -P -©^P fliJ p^ ' s51'I&||S°S gHa » M S -9 © =s CONDUCTORS— TELEPHONE. Table referred to in Foregoing Specification— Conductivity Wire. Nominal Diameters. Weight per Mile. Minimum Breaking Strain for Standard Weight. Minimum Maximum Resistance per mile of Standard Weight at 60 deg. F. Constant — Minimum Weight of each Piece or CoiL Maximum Weight of each Bundle. Siz°, S.W.G. Stand- ard. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Stand- ard. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Number of Twists. Weight X Resistance Mils. Mils. Mis. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. In 6 inches. Ohms. Lbs. Lbs. 8 170 165 175 400 376 423 1069 20 12 4800 90 120 11 120 116 124 200 186 212 535 30 In 3 inches. 24 4800 so 112 16 66 83 69 60 55 66 160 20 20 112 3/16 66 each. 63 each. 69 each 180 165 198 480 20 each. 30 5400 112 140 Stay Wire. Nominal Size, S.W.G. Diameters. Weight per Mile. Minimum Breaking Strain for Standard Weight. Minimum Number of Twists. Minimum Weight of each Piece or CoiL Maximum Weight of each Bundle. Standard. Minimum. Maximum. Standard. Minimum. Maximum. Mils. Mils. Mils. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. In 6 inches. Lbs. Lbs. 8 170 165 175 400 376 423 1425 20 90 120 11 120 116 124 200 186 212 713 25 50 112 Of any single wire. Of anv single wire. 7/11 120 116 124 1400 1302 1484 4991 25 each 112 120 In 3 inches. 5/16 66 63 69 60 55 66 1069 17 each. 112 140 7/16 66 63 69 60 165 198 1496 17 each. 112 140 7/14 81 78 81 90 84 95 2245 12 each. 112 140 Note.— The weight per mile is regarded as the only standard, and upon this the other calculations are based. — - January , 1889. CONDUCTORS — TELEPHONE. rH 10 >-d»d i, 43 © co c o p 2 r( c3 3 d f£.P © CD 5 J5 © O «*-> O’ 0 33;©:p . o o-h ^ £ <£ p © g -&&-a82!-a ss| ® * if o , ^ © H o © 73 CD o 43 O ^ ® .b 1-1 t-i f-< © 59 fe p © ® ^ H&lff g _ . o 00 P ^ 55 ** — * *■— 1 c3 © ©=!>> 73 o 2 © ® m a g «S *ts cp ^ ® ©.P . o ^ ^•0 o &►*.£-© p f - 1 q.’p’p © «2&§>»£ § JfiST 3.££&s ■a* gas 'Eh ® 3 ^!|l DJP © & © » P -rt < .n «*' 54 . 2 ~ 2 © © 0 go § g 53 m aaSH.2'S^ 2 0 £ d ® © “,2 £ ©^ isflii l|s jg^si! o sjf 3 J S d g.i~CSg'S i 8 S •2- o W) is Sg 6 i-s- .S f oS 73 •*» c3 £ © © © So 5 !*“ © 73 o ^ a « _ o © E’S-K ® ©<£•-<§ ~,g.g p-§ = -£ *• 2 S ©£ p- ’£ bo£ j-o* Jl-f 1§1 §| 3 l ®'g-s ; H.|l 5 t?! , ®52 N ; 2 |¥^ £ e l* g? 33 11 *3 s'a| ”2 *| as* $ lpi 5 !!l^i 4 !ipfl|iS.f|l £-p®bJ3®®2©®— ^oggpgjp.Sa+ioj'^^cf OflPgjeja— © .p © .p .j-< p oSo* © ,p O.P73 P*P»© P u ©73 c « W) e3 42 ,2 © -S S3 43 +S W feD §| g-.s 2 | 2 s g o«£ © g • © o f^bp fe 73 PJ . Ha g ^ ’© o 33 ^ P'S ■g K-C ftfl § © § ® g 53 © o £ £ ^ cfcs li f i . ^ .0 00 +4 bp© tH POO 73 g.2 S g g.-^ 2 eo 3 fl 42 ^ O § § *-> p >>p © a s 'p.is 2 S 2 3 s g 73 p p a p © p’p ©^ . fe o ^3 S © '. 3 t P e3 ¥ S bc O «3 a S s' 3 ® iS’gi'SS r“S2 a K i 3, g§® ^ O cj J 55 ^ © 2 £ © QP72 S -w* P P 00 " 1 ^3 M P O .£ l >--« i‘“-S?tga 22 ori !5* & f- *2 I 2 p 2 ® ^. © 6 >c » P 4^ p~ £ a ,a, p ofcq± £ “ ^ rj M Specification for A Bronze Wire. General Conditions . — The wire must comply with the conditions and tests hereinafter specified or provided for, and any wire which fails in so doing may be rejected, and if more than 20 per cent, of any parcel of wire fails in CONDUCTORS — TELEPHONE. Table for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire (p. 254). Nominal Size, S.W.G. Diameters. Weight per Mile. Minimum Breaking Strain for Standard Weight. Minimum Number of Twists in 3 ins. Resistance per mile of Standard Weight at 60° F. Stand- ard. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Stand- ard. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Mils. Mils. Mils. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 121 97 95 99 150 144 157 462 10 5-94 14 79 78 80 100 97 102 308 16 8*92 16 66 65 67 70 68 72 216 20 12-74 18 50 49 51 40 38 42 123 25 22*29 these respects, the whole of such parcel may be rejected without further examination, and should any wire be so rejected, ^no part^ shall ^ be re-made and presented for 3 £ '£ ft E Si © ft tc • cc ® O § M ft q 4 ) 2 S c 3 ^-3 C H © 53 © I 5 ® O © Oft fl © 3 '£,§.§ .© g § H g » .2 E - 8ft '-'CO oS. ?0 - P'0.2 a 2 fl M +J.H a m Sg'lfsi tc-S CD flft ^ 2 s E £ 3 . <3 K a o © © GG © 2 ft •2_ • o © I ■SSa .S« 5 .h' H ' ■a ft ft ^ 3 O ©3 I § I § WcM.S i fl *a ® O 3 | S += J^o'g.gft S S (®h a fl 2 © S v a S af -2 | Gq^ 3 2 a> I. 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"T d © *© d< ^ d # d qo d— ^ p .i 1 ^ ^3 © 73 © © D © h; 73 cS ft 'rt | QO © © p © H W - ! , |lia^ : §«g *43 © cS .2 P | § 3 * Sfl |§.2 EC CD -f rS 3 ,c OQ m « B c * §1 oi § ** o ’•3 1 E'-g o & 00 g § ja ?Sa^,ss»- § *&!S&a o 1- ” s ■ ^ ? 2 “is §£= 5 © 3 © g>§ i 2 o o „© f S.'s ° 'd Pi c3 '“' © q_i 3 © d p °^ H i-Td ^ >,,,3 o ©.P <3 Q) -2 3 .SP „ © 3 P co 9 s a ©p © 53 © 2 o -g-g O OQ GO <3 bflCC b C ^ascu a ® © §1 © a 3 -© o © c 3 o © h 0 c8H ..cS © © 3 d r3 r© ^ =4-1 •© | gill ©I ©« ®-® d 1 a d g o<2 ? ^3 o2 d tb § osil^S 3 3 d O oq 03 \ o 2 a ^©^ A m iH - , X o') §5 S «S! 3 3 3 o c 2 o°" ^©-d 3 ;fS'S ,0 l m ®d3 d 'C ©33 +a oQ P -S © © 'S d | W> g S P O o o 'S © d 3 'd C3 ^ 2 a P*3 is ^2 a- 2g ^ © 'd © © & © .n 2 S 2 “ _ -P rj +3 ^ °5 °> c O © ^ CO CO g ft -3 © d 3 ^ ©^ ftg^ | ,S 3 d 2 02 CQ P «h table, unless otherwise specified. The dimensions of the poles to be in accordance with the lalai ! BC L t - 48 g 8-i g * ■3 JU 45 £ o d o o g & ? a •£ ®:d a a g ® ® fe' 5 = s'* 5 a ^ © 2 < .2 £ © -£ j;,d o'd 2 o 53 £ 43 S +3CCJ fto ^ g V'S ® © c3 £ © © 43 'd-d ®®o§ ® ^3 .2 G 2 £ © -rH o © P*-** r JZ, n a ^ 'W © t£3 S gr«S ®fl s a©*E .a ©50 cB © s-; d rt d. c3 ■M W +s 02 O > -u 00 § a® ~ oi i* -d © -g £§ © a rcS H bfl d B 'd > a o °* ? 0? •d; „ © S3 ■a|"flS‘ fStSa g ® O g g „*£ fl* w.S ,a gxi'3> s ,j3 -i >, w “ S e3"H c — t-flO ~S r O- rt « © ° g o © d © a c 2 E© 4 *- 1 * ° ^.2 c ,fcg=gg“-3g3g§ , g£ ; 2c ;d r d^ oa3t>i ©©®^“^3 f &P S-®Cri2'd u o od ' r 2 >> cocs^d^ d-^^pdi gSdS^^oO^c © M © * © tH l>> S- e3 2 O cj ! ill!i!!!p!!!i Sfl^f I.H!^ ||s'ggS|l3l^35< a c a d 2 ^ ® o 3 ’So H OO.rt O Fd+sCQ+JOQ ^43 Length of Charred Portion. 43 ^®»hNNNOOCOOO Minimum Diameter 5 ft. from Butt. A »W -Id -1* -Id -Id l30500*-h0«0«0«0«5 0 Length. Ft. 30 36 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Other sizes in preportion.— January, l^. Specification for Guttapercha Covered 8S* s?3a Z .3 o © 3 s ‘§5 I II 111 © a H P5 M £ 3 is>§ §|g ©too © jjj £ffl E'3*“ H . © . •u a «© «n g y t- ^ © tuo *Sr 5 S§ o'g'pjS too g-** 1 oj'g § o,a § g ® rtf <2 O ■§§3°. o£S2 ® © '“ ^ •ffi§2S S3 ft © Os..— 1 © 40* CG JJ sl £ l •~l s s i 8 og 4S •».© *<3 © ^-s Sg&e ^ ° e 3 O ;Q *5 3 *s r «D .2 ^ ^ .s *a a © > ® •"I* O §)© £<^43 B Sh« M .1 s S © Oo © ft ©44 43 c*®^g^ 2 §gf « r-l © 03 C3 O P .as feg H '| I,® ’£ >> § 6 '3 u ® S3 m O > ©&&£ ^2 c3 m a ft J a &S§£ ■§§■ •9^°» §* -d ^ 2 b ©P ii-§ ■“ jh« 2«^ a OTj 2 • o c •*> © a 3 * © o •d -a ISfiQ ,§g cB 3^ 3ft Jgg 5 2 “ »© 2 co (>j © © 3 ® .© © ,© lii| fs Ills. ^ »'s£rf£° , § . ! §T3^© £©g 43 © o ^O p,a §2S ss£aa 0 ) ^ Q. C$ o ^ to 3 © /C . 53 C O O . ® 'ofe^°° a «*i 43 p 42 c3 i © © © M ©^ a43 a a «3 43 -* “l-lg-ss 1 gl 40 23 oo ® • c rt C« S rt !3 osa^ogo ® 44 3 ° M S-! © N o ,Q ^ ^ > © °3 os' B ' Q 43gf^ 2 l 3.2 a£ « «■** tfl&s&l -■S&ssl-'s ® -£ Mo o' 53 'Sg-s^®? ,s! s f 0 ° -g ® 'O 3 © Sss^ssa . a 2 2 © .9 © oSto^d^og 'a ® =3.a^^ §*“1 lg 4 S 2 e tl'i 3 ^-^ ®3 ©•'Sis s® |f*g jd | ,S »2 W S O c8 9 2 58d CONDUCTORS— TELEPHONE. i 2 ! ftp 58 - g'O o§^ •£ s - s 5 “ * Sg^ ®3S3g8 a os , ^ ^ b0 ® oooooo 2 50 ^ 4 " s Ah ^ M . g •5*§ •* °_2* © ■ssf ■s fa;S f s s s s s Ilf .1 g -d J *&© | h ' ^ “ " Jh r 2 s3 ihHNcTc o •& VJ *£ < » - 5 £ s 2'br^r® =d ic 'd ft& 00 p-l IS Let D = external diameter in inches. d = internal „ ,, w = weight per lineal foot in lbs. k = constant for material. Then »« >*H ©qp ’r- -P c3 c 3 ' -J 1 "> f Hill I ^og-g^ g-,- w " rn n © fl -P a a d © ^ .5 43 p 4 © © ^ * © o gjz; — 2 «$ p -p ® » g S_i P W 68 © ^ © P^ © c8 Jf I -3 M £■2 o « Ss *1 5 J © os -P fe a O a bO © .g 1 c8 • r 05 a oj © p - *c8 ^ « .2 © a p 3 43 ro « S^«L • ° © f'i a e 3 rCl ^ O P -P © Lj 3 O P -P O J3 oJ; © S fl .2 1 $ P^r© | -a-. x x S - ® g a, .5 eS © [S a 43 £ •51 tl . .-§3 •g 2 a ■ e o I 2 5 J ’I o .2 © g J c+_l ’ eg fe 4 a tJ fe 0*00 03 P M2 p cd © , o 5j . O © >> 3 I" ?! „ Pi 02 p es o5 o P © V 1—1 etf ^ pi © g$ O ^ rP Jo P S -P o 9-0 o »£ rn -p ft ~j i — i CO 5K © ■ ^ -P c§ 1» 3 O 43 P Q 3 bio rn a o p p S §*2 © p a .2 -p | C8 S gjs^ja © p P< ft a w W) ,£3 Z P TO O S m nqj o 5 ( > I 2'gfS ® g*s. r< P HS i 6fl' c3 5? $2 Pd O cT B -, '“N CP ej s 'S . ® « S-i l . ro B? Pi 02 P? «2 g. ^ Pd fa S-i B ® * H3 ® rj © g* St eg | to O 5 ©’•§ ce g,g if S’ GO g bi .1 ^ 'O © fa rP O -JO © ~ rP © Pt p ® s . O 02 -p" S i« m *j>8 i 0 o § g + ,-gl^ 1 Ptf © a) «5 _S cd g -P M co I w efi eg II* II J i ^ « &§ CS fl ••v © •* © ?_, 2 fa ^0 fa p © P -P rrt p fa rj fa © -P © Q. Ptn g a a fa r k g II & g.spa fan © ® -P eP O ** ^ © 40 +3 0 C3 Cg £ © © © „ © it flj TO fa 2 o II * A ,H £ « cd g fl fa o g ° 40 .2^ S8 - S-g JD M § 02 © © fa fa fad %w M © O rP O* a -P +JpP 02 CO ^ CS ■Jo ‘S 3 © ffa © © pO fa fa 40 I! 11 ll S' m . £ 05 05 £ 05 05 r n cc co ^05 05 ^6 6 a i . . ci br bt D •g O O e-i §~~ t. 1 + •s s-rt ^o b §“ © — 1 P; 1 11 11 .3 q 3 fa x . . P GO GO PS— ? Ill .2 o o III o a m 05 <12 © ^ fa 08 TS G| CS 40 O . ffi ® B ® (j a > fa 25 J * ^-§ •sl.§t KghS ® ee '5s'2 E-t 02 b 02 * f * II »o r-l N. co co os >o C* co os co Tf< uo no co *0 CO OS r- ^HN t>» QO CO os os do co oo co co os iP In co OS CO -^lOCO S'. CO OS COCO CO CO CO COCOCO * O OT3 < a ^ll®'. I **33 ,© .9 p. © -g r 08 a £ •s fe ®J,2 * «,£** «J CO ® g»© C3 *- 2j3' w 4J 0) «4J ~ e3 43 , © cj j O ffi “ d , © 5 §*8© £ CDfc g ® © .2 fa fi - a co m - © O VH fc, »*£ g-S ^ © ©4- ^ <2S lien •i? " ’ ^ ►» fv©,2 II Mo* £2 8 25? © S -P 05 © ,d p. © jo H 2 * S'S ,9 2 © u P* 2 a ■a ® 9 ■** s © .© c3 ** » o-S-e •£4353 'S 2*© ,ATIVE KeSISTANCE (AFTER 1 MlNUTE) OF ORDINARY Guttapercha at different Temperatures, for all Cores in which the thickness of Guttapercha does not exceed OTl Inch.— Continued. S-i-d 2 •p.s c3 o =3 < s o P3 h Ph <1 B fc> o '^co CD w CO ■S^-gS A'd cq ii ^ i| 1 l § Srg •51 a §< 5 Sig ° « 4? o.g w S —T-*i O cS II 12 * 'CD cs u ■ -j cS 3 a s'-* cs a o CM r I 1 <4J *« c 6 ._ © rd e8 B 2 CM^d MR didl cS 5> i§ O ■ •> CM VO £ >5^ 1> o -p *' O d ec$ Ph’3 $ a fa X XJ1 3 J2 5^.3 D O c3 -+3 S bfio d g <0 -M U d s ^ &rd 6 ft 5 ^ -p tg .2 c« r - 1 D ft fa ^ II S?‘ . o - o c “ £ ~ © 3' 'P ;d • os H - d . d nd d -d eS d Ph^.2© PP* 1 £ls £|s Q 1^3 C6 J d> 5 -d ■Mi It I £ ^ CM -5 1 eS .2 >> "§ r 3 rr jj CM " «t-l CD . 03 M O ft® ftO ' c8 *5 . ft S 3 ? dig i— I d^ w 8 3 Ms is » H AN ft 2 £ § ° I ' a o t > o ‘S rd rd ^ * a.spg s.a ts H 18 Pj O ^ O -g fa P r 0) «C o «H 'S J ° ??* ►. C3 £ •=1 § i- a 8 CS rd ^ © -e o £ .2 5 ^ 20 H ® ^ 03 T CCS S S* rt JS 8 § 8b® eS ^ rP H §| H « g g o „!hOH a « « << E 2 ■* a tfS* §►3 Q 38 | I w H eh a ©oh 3 55 « P 3 EtfO Q I JQOCON b-OOQO H050 N CO tH WON OHCO SO p © ;g I'a? ^eo-^ won ohm us-ooo ©tj*' -^r-*© ©00N. o WC< © '' — *-■©(„ hhh ©©© ®©o © - — ©©© ©as CO © CO COCOCO CO CO CO © CO CO © OS OS OS OS I Q,'*- o o > s%a W © © Ph© © 'Z © d ON £1* dN WM OSsWtH — '©© t*Mi-I ©©00 ©NO © © >0 WWW © uo rt©©QO © rH © OS — i © ©U0"** © OS © ©NO WtPCO OS © 05 CO t'- .d © © © ©©© © © co © oo co © © © n-n.n» n-n-n. n-n-© co © co © cococo © © © ©©© ©co© © © co © © © © © © © © r:< & d®5S I 5^©© © co w © ©OSOS rt< iO © © as tH OS © rf<©N. © © ■—» OS © OO N N-N.N. N.N.N. ©©© © © © ©©© ©© ©©© © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © OHO © lO © N-©© HC1CO ^W© ©©© OS CO ^ © N- ©CS ©oo© ooa3ao cooocs os os as os os cs osp© opp 090 pp OSOSOS OS OS os OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS os os os © © © © ©©© ©© When the ratio between the weights, W, of percha and of copper, to, are given, the resistance and capacity of the core are the same, whatever be the absolute value of these weights. The same is true of the relative diameters, D and d. In using the above table, we have only to ascertain To find Resistance, after 1 Minute, Electro-static capacity per knot in microfarads. Smith’s. •2962 •29 17 •2939 •2932 •2924 •2917 •2902 •2895 •2888 •2881 •2874 •2867 •2860 •2853 •2846 •2839 •2833 •2826 •2819 •2806 •2800 •2793 •2787 •2781 •2774 •2768 Ordinary. •3657 •3647 •3638 •3628 •3619 •3611 •3593 •3583 •3579 •3569 •3559 •3544 •3538 •3531 •3521 •3512 •3502 •3493 •3484 •3476 •3467 •3459 •3450 •3441 •3433 •3425 ! Resistance per knot at 24° 0. in megohms. JasOH -JOIN CO CO rH tH U0 U0 CD CD «© Ih t>. GO CO Ci CS OO-H rH eS ft -o ^ c P* go ci ft o ? o W o o ft£ ©a g ■R •?? Skc3 «T$ o « 3 -2 5 o 0 g> GUTTAPERCHA microfarads. The Insulation-resistance, R, per knot of Smith’s guttapercha core at 75° Fah., after one minute’s electrification, is approximately •"S 2 * * ■g-gs §- 2 oO I , S ,JD +3 m r 2 £ "3 Clj eS «8 .. ^1 2 -13 o -r a) S-l ** t, a J * B 'o^'o O W r s 9>*_ a"3 2 § , °.2 o « £ +3 ■+? .2 s g M M =H .-JJ S ^ a I aS +3 CD H GQ bO <0 s a £ cS o s Smith’s guttapercha at 75° Fah., compared with that of ordinary guttapercha, is as 67 to 100, or about 30 per cent, inferior. lative Resistance (after 1 minute) of Willoughby Smith’s Improved Guttapercha at Different Tem- peratures, for all Cores in which the Thickness of Guttapercha does not Exceed 0110 inch.— IT, Smith. ^.a O CM O co to >o Cl 00 £33 CO CO to HOSW Ohio £§3 t'- tt* — < cm cm cm CM 00 uO © —I Pt3g t* CM >0 O Tf to OS no CM -f CO CM OS CO n 1 tO -f WO CO t>- CO OS T*| t*i t)< t*i Tt< * The above table is for new core, as this core, like ordinary guttapercha, improves greatly with age. See footnote, p. 261. Relative Resistance Rafter 1 minute) of Willoughby Smith’s Improved Guttapercha at Different Tem- peratures, for all Cores in which the Thickness of Guttapercha does not Exceed 0110 inch.— IT. Smith. g. p i a 1 a a D =1 *840608 •806904 •773348 •739731 •706120 *672467 •638888 •605197 •571592 •537945 •504335 •470704 •437116 •403464 ♦369772 •336260 •302547 *269046 *235276 •201670 •168203 T34496 T00715 •067071 •033424 •oooooo Relative Resistance. 6928 6*412 5934 5-492 5-083 4*704 4*354 4*029 1 3-729 3-451 3194 2-956 2-736 2-532 2*343 2T69 2-007 1-858 1-719 1-591 1*473 1-363 1-261 1-167 1-080 1-000 Temperature. Cent. © rH CO (M OO-^O t>» CO OO O p rH © <5* CO 9° © O H rH cbi bi CO COnhO O 7- do CO 050© Ph do rH rH i-l rH HHH rH rH rH rH HHH HHH HN(N CH 05 05 05 CS CM Fah. © rH (05 CO lO CO GO © © rH 05 CO r* *0 © 00 © © rH 05 CO H* JO *5 iOkOWS IQUiO OICO © © © © © © © © © © t>- E- Smith’s Improved GUTTAPERCHA, Making Guttapercha Core. Standard Temperature for Dielectric Tests. — It is usual in specifications for good cable-core to specify that the conductor and dielectric shall have a certain resistance at 75° Fah., and all tests taken at other temperatures are reduced by tables to that temperature for comparison. It is also usual to specify that the core shall be kept for 24 hours at a constant temperature of 75° Fah. before being tested and passed for sheathing ; but it is evident that tests taken at this temperature are not nearly so searching for small faults (owing to the absolute resistance being low) as they would be if taken at a lower temperature, say from 40° to 50°. Some well-known firms, therefore, make a point of taking final tests before passing core for sheathing, at as low a temperature as practicable. Guttapercha Covered Wires for Land Line, Telegraph, and Telephone Work. (T. Fletcher). The following table has been calculated from the data : — m rg r , © •— 5 s a B B lO “1^2 g II S P ^ • I * ^ £ CO -£ * ta o § ° 2 S 3 5 9 2 © p< p< o S3 Ph bfi cd -T, -g d) " -+3 P *£> P a . tB O K >>*3 g^J It II P^! >>§ h W " V •p Jp §*8 _, -+3 5? *2 n -L>' JMjsasgMgJi H-3 ti c3 -M ^ •2ro* ee ^ iO p C5 bo ►-I O ^ § O^o >1 © © r-J O ^ ftd S'P ^ PhPh -g P 11 Ho * bo o & o P4 <0} o li P P O I \ © 1 P Pq* © & O ■+3 P >> s g *pq ■So o gs-g O ° 3 o ^ CQ • P3 o Pq >- 1 t- ■+3 f3 q af § 1 3 a bO o a lO p^ p a g 3 ^ a°o cj © 3 -+3 ^ 3 co p a S °1 11 si © p a* 3 P oi 02 © c3 o ©•“ S3 P C3 -dm ^ IS * I GUTTAPERCHA, Insulation Resistance and Inductive Capacity of Q-.-P. Covieed Wipe after On* Minute of Electrification at 75° F .—Fletcher. D d Res. per Mile. Megohms. Inductive Capacity per Mile. Micro- farads. D d Res. per Mile. Megohms. Inductive Capacity per Mile. Micro- farads. D d Res. per Mile. Megohms. Inductive Capacity per Mile. Micro- farads. D d Res. per Mile. Megohms. Inductive Capacity per Mile. Micro- farads. 2-50 366-1 •3945 2-74 402-7 •3585 2-98 436-3 •3310 3-22 467-2 •3091 2-52 3693 •3910 2-76 405-6 •3560 3-00 439-0 •3290 3-24 469-7 •3074 2-54 372*4 •3877 2-78 408-5 •3535 302 441-6 *3270 3-26 472-2 •3058 2-56 375-6 •3845 2-80 411-4 •3510 3-04 444-3 •3250 3-28 474 6 •3042 2*58 378-7 •3813 2-82 414*2 •3486 3 06 446-9 •3231 3-30 477*0 •3027 2-60 381-8 •3782 2-84 417*1 •3462 3-08 449-5 •3213 3 32 479-4 •3012 262 384-8 •3752 2-SG 419-9 •3439 3-10 452*1 •3194 3-34 481*8 •2997 2*64 387-9 *3723 2-8S 422-6 •3417 3*12 454-6 •3176 3-36 484-2 •2982 2*66 390-9 •3694 2-90 4254 •3394 314 457-2 •3158 3-38 486-6 •2967 268 393-9 •3666 2-92 428-2 •3372 3-16 4597 •3141 3-40 489-0 •2953 270 396-9 •3639 2-94 430-9 •3351 3-18 462-2 •3124 3-42 491*3 •2939 2-72 399-8 •3612 2 96 433-6 •3330 3-20 464-7 •3107 3*44 493-6 •2925 GUTTAPERCHA, Insulation Resistance and Inductive Capacity of G.-P. Covered Wire after One Minute of Electrification at 75° F. — Fletcher— Continued. D d Res. per Mile. Megohms. Inductive Capacity per Mile. Micro- farads. D d Res. per Mile. Megohms. Inductive Capacity per Mil®. Micro- farads. D d Res. per Mile. Megohms. Inductive Capacity per Mile. Micro- farads. D d Res. per. Mile. Megohms. Inductive Capacity per Mile. Micro- farads. 3-46 496*0 •2912 3-72 524-9 •2751 3-98 551-9 •2616 4-24 577-2 •2502 3-48 498-3 •2898 3-74 527 0 •2740 4-00 553-9 •2607 4-26 579-1 •2494 3-50 500-6 •2885 3-76 5292 •2729 4-02 555 9 •2598 4-28 580 9 •2486 3*52 502-8 •2872 3 78 531-3 •2718 4-04 557*9 •2588 4-30 582-8 •2478 3*54 605*1 •2859 3-80 533-4 •2707 4-06 559*8 •2579 4-32 584-6 •2470 3-56 507-3 •2846 3 82 535-5 •2697 4-08 561-8 •2570 434 586-5 •2462 3*58 509-6 •2834 3-84 537-6 •2686 410 563-8 •2561 4-36 588-3 •2454 3-60 511-8 •2821 3*86 539-7 •2676 412 565-7 •2553 4-38 590-2 •2447 362 5140 •2809 3-88 541-7 •2666 414 567-6 •2£44 4-40 592-0 •2439 3-64 516-2 •2797 3-90 543-8 •2656 416 569-6 •2535 4-42 593-8 •2432 366 5184 •2785 392 545-8 •2645 4-18 5715 •2527 4-44 595-6 •2424 3*68 520-6 •2774 3-94 547-9 •2636 4-20 5734 •2518 4-46 597-4 •2417 3-70 522-7 •2762 3-96 549-9 •2626 4-22 575-3 •2510 I 4-48 5992 2410 Specification for Platino-Brazileira Cable, made and laid by Messrs. Siemens Brothers, Charlton, between Bio de Janeiro and Chuy, South America. Sir William Thomson and Prof. Fleeming Jenkin, Consulting Engineers. © ^ br .3 * 3 ) > tS o © ^ ^ O -g 0 © 2 dP g JS-S ! * ! o o ^ g a S o cs a Sb ^ © . ^ ! 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X O a > ’''©“^■§ c5 J goO ^ P-K - 2 .9 Submarine Cables* (Recently Laid.) .bstract Form, showing General Condition of Cabli during 30 Days’ Tests.— By Clark , Forde , and Taylor. 5 o N«DCOOH d rti ^ti — hc OC-I Tfl C b* O r" ^ O C/0 GO I— I CO CO rti Ci C© 00 CO lOT^ONCO s 2 3 g © Tj © TJ , "5 ® «3 > 1 1 * s : § | ' s s . . §■§ !■§ ss 2 to M^OO ffl«5ooH^ B HHiQHOSHHiOHW +T c r+i- d rd a cjfl 3 o © © c3 O ® e3 *3! aS^a*§ ^ -pL rt ■ td ^ *o .£ 1:3 «>• S m-d o 'r'G n's & M S 60 S 53 ^ O O o O .2 a © r : 0.2 ~ ? ss .•§•»« S3 ;-. ’© _ r 1 *r* w ££ O 182 f 11-930 93 4 378 •303 1873 5 ... ... ... 619 > 247 f 10 528 94-4 321 •296 1876 3-167 941 254 •353 ” 314 ) 280 \ 12-070 92-3 451 •317 31 11-879 93-8 262 •312 613 10-567 94-0 296 •297 M 359 11-780 946 335 •307 £5 * From “ Rankine’s Rules and Tables,” sixth edition. S t For cables prior to 1872, see “Electrical Tables,” Clark and Sabine. SUBMARINE CABLES. Electrical Data of Submarine Cables.— Continued. Cable. (For Mechanical data, 6ee. pp. 289 291.) Crete and Zante, Zante and Otranto, . Italy and Sicily, Jamaica and Porto Rico, . Martinique and Dominica, Madeira and St. Vincent, . Kilia and Odessa, St. Vincent and Pernambuco, Ireland and Newfoundland, Holland, .... Italy and Sardinia, . Yankalilla and Kingscote, Australia and New Zealand, Cook’s Straits, N.Z., . Suez and Aden, . Aden and Bombay, . 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 Electrical Values at 24° Cent, in B.A. Units. 238 187 5 6471 37 f 1196 349 1844 1837 3 118 38 1282 45 1443 1888 Conductor. Dielectric (G.P.) Resistance per knot,' ohms. Specific conductivity, pure copter = 100. Resistance per knot, megohms. Electro-static capacity per knot, Microfarads* 11-668 95-5 258 *309 11*553 96-4 256 *305 11-535 96-7 274 •306 10-436 95-2 285 •297 11-722 951 278 •303 4 836 967 312 •302 j 3135 951 282 •332 12**024 927 3*73 •*296 11-641 95-8 228 •300 11708 95-2 273 •300 11-851 940 417 •307 10 180 97 6 333 •301 6-800 97-4 344 •314 SUBMARINE CABLES, Electrical Data of Submarine Cables— ( Continued. Cable. (For Mechanical data, see pp. 291, 293.) Date. « a ■a 3 1 a> Hi Electrical Values at 24° Cent, in B.A. Units. Conductor. Dielectric (G.P.) Resistance per knot, ohms. Specific conductivity, pure copper -100. Ill Hi fill mi « a Penang and Rangoon, Marseilles and Bona, Bona and Malta, Para and Maranham, Torpedo Cables, Alexandria and Cyprus . Penang and Malacca, . . Natal and Delagoa Bay, Delagoa and Mozambique, Malacca and Singapore, . Germany and Norway, 3 Conductors, Mozambique and Zanzibar, Singapore and Java, . Aden and Zanzibar, . 1877 1878 ft 1879 ♦» n H »» tt 853 463 382 309 289 327 274 344 966 116 251 i 631 C 919 1908 11*561 11*738 11*644 11*739 12*609 11*740 11*610 11*586 11*693 11*643 1,12*499 ( 2,12*477 -} 3,12*487 ( 11*634 11*576 4*935 96*4 94*9 95*7 94*9 96*5 94*9 96 0 96*2 95*3 96*0 95*4 95*6 95*5 95*8 96*3 96*7 341 590 618 493 339 382 442 461 438 425 357 342 351 391 378 296 *308 *315 •302 *301 •309 •281 •282 *282 •284 *286 •285 •286 *285 •282 *282 *314 SUBMARINE CABLES, Electrical Data of Submarine Cables.— Continued. -3 Electrical Values at 24° Cent, in B.A. Units. o a Conductor. Dielectric (G.P.) Date . 2 C bio (For Mechanical data, see pp. 294, 295 ) 3 1 3 Resistance per knot, ohms. Specific conductivity, pure copper = 100. Resistance per knot, megohms. Electro-static capacity per knot, Microfarads. Java and Australia, . Wanganui and Wakapuaka, . Hong Kong and Luzon, . Placentia and St. Pierre, 3 Conductors, .... Ireland and Newfoundland, . England and Norway, Norway and Sweden, St. Pierre and Sydney, 3 Conductors, .... Singapore and Batavia, . Trieste and Corfu, Valentia and Greitseil, 1880 *» »» n »» 1881 1882 1131 108 528 109 | 1423 V 423 94 185 | 537 * 550 841 11-644 11-378 11-453 1.11- 442 ( 2. 11- 414 1 3.11- 446 1 4161 6-864 6733 1.11- 414 ( 2,11*387 J 3,11422 ( 11-297 9155 9098 95-7 97-9 97-3 97-4 976 97- 4 95-5 96 ‘5 98- 4 97-6 97- 9 976 98- 7 100-0 1000 345 409 456 517 494 502 478 500 440 651 600 613 709 658 567 •282 *281 •280 •282 •282 •282 315 •303 •303 •282 *282 •282 •316 •352 •354 SUBMARINE CABLES. Mechanical Data of Submarine Cables.* Manufactured and Laid by the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Co , Limited.I For Electrical Bata , see p p. 283-286. Length Laid. Weight per Knot. Remarks. Knots. Cop- per. Insu- lator, G. P. Iron. Jute. Asphalt, &c. Complete. lbs. lbs. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Placentia and) 1872 110 107 140 2*344 T53 2607 Main. St. Pierre, j 9 845 •519 1145 11-619 Shoreends. St. Pierre andl 182 4 ( 2-344 153 2*607 Main. Sydney, . .f 9 845 •519 1145 11619 Shoreends. Constantinople, 5 1193 •107 •393 1-803 f 120 175 9-845 •519 1-505 12-000 Shore. 5-369 •350 •750 6 600 Intermed. England and ) 1873 619 \ 2-687 •093 •475 3-382 M Spain, . . .f ) 1-900 •187 •412 2-630 n { •645 •095 •826 1-697 Main. < 120 175 9 845 •519 1-505 12-000 Shore. Vigo and Lisbon, 247 4 ” 2-687 •093 •475 3*382 Main. t ” 5-369 •350 •750 6-600 Intermed. * From Rankine’s ‘Rules and Tables,” sixth edition. t For Cables prior to 1872, see “Electrical Tables,” Clark and Sabine, pp. 256-259. 288 SUBMARINE CABLES. Mechanical Data of Submarine Cables— Continued. Cables. Date. Length Laid Weight per Knot. Knots. Cop- per. Insu- lator, G. P. Iron. Jute. Asphalt, &c. Complete. Remarks. Ireland and ) Newfound- l land, . . . ) Placentia and ) Sydney, . .j Sydney and ) Placentia, Neuwerk and ) Helgoland, j Lisbon and ) Madeira, . .j Alexandria and > Crete, . . .f 1873 tt 1876 • 314 - 280 - 31 { 613 { ! t 359 | lbs. 400 tt tt 107 tt yy yy 107 12J yy yy 107 yy lbs. 400 y * 140 ft tt 140 175 »» 140 tt Tons. 17*460 9 641 3*350 2*419 *662 17*460 9 641 3*30 17*460 9*0641 3*350 9*514 5*917 9*450 2*687 1*900 *636 9*845 5*917 1*038 Tons. 1 684 *641 •164 •090 •147 1*684 •641 T64 1684 *641 T64 *666 •325 *750 *094 T87 T37 •519 •325 *075 Tons. 1*989 •498 •588 1080 1*989 *498 1*989 *498 1*371 •691 1-337 *470 •412 •940 1*145 •691 •337 Tons. 19*50 12*628 4*369 3*454 2*246 19 254 12*381 4T22 19*254 12*081 4*122 11*661 7*043 11*668 3*382 2*630 1 1*845 11*619 7*043 1-56 Shore. Intermed. tt Main.’ Shore. Intermed. Main. Shore. Intermed. Main. Shore. Main. Shore. Intermed. Main.” Shore. Intermed. Main. SUBMARINE CABLES, Mechanical Data of Submarine Cables — Continued. Length Laid. Weight per Knot. Cables. Date. Knots. Cop- per. Insu- lator, G. P. Iron. Jute. Asphalt, Ac. Complete. Remarks. lbs. lbs. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 107 140 9845 *5199 1-504 11-978 Shore. Crete and Zante, 1873 238 • ” " 5*369 1*918 *350 *118 •750 •573 6-579 2-719 Intermed. TT 1*065 055 •348 1-578 Main!’ 107 140 9-845 *519 1-504 11-978 Shore. Otranto, . . J 1874 187 „ 11 5*369 *350 •750 6579 Intermed. ( 1-065 *055 •348 1*578 Main. Italy and Sicily, „ 5 107 140 9-495 *605 1262 11*472 Jamaica and 1 ( 107 140 9 495 *605 1-262 11-472 Shore. Porto Rico, f 647 1 „ „ 3*185 T29 •406 3-830 Intermed. i „ 140 11 1*145 *095 •297 1-647 Main. Martinique and) Dominica, ) « 37 - ' 107 120 9-495 3*185 1145 •605 T29 •095 1262 •406 •297 11-472 3-830 1-647 Shore. Intermed. Main. 175 9-450 *750 1-337 11-668 Shore. Madeira and ) 1196 • 2-687 •094 •470 3-382 Intermed. St. Vincent, ) 1900 *187 •412 2-630 107 140 "636 •137 •940 1*845 Main!’ 5-325 *400 1051 6-886 Shore. Kilia and Odessa, 349 - n 2-725 •275 •793 3-903 Intermed. . 1 » „ 1038 •075 •337 1*560 Main. SUBMARINE CABLES, Mechanical Data of Submarine Cables— Continued. Length Laid. Weight per Knot. y. | Remarks. v&Dl^S, Knots. Cop- per. Insu- lator, G. P. Iron. Jute. Asphalt, &c. Complete. lbs. lbs. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. St. Vincent ) and Pernam- > buco, . . .) 255 340 9*450 *762 1337 11*816 Shore. 1874 1844 ■ ” 1900 1*262 •187 •063 •412 •387 2*766 1*979 In termed. *705 •153 1084 2*209 Main. Ireland and I 400 400 17*460 1*684 19*500 Shore. Newfound- > 99 1837 - 3*350 T64 •498 4*122 lntermed. land, . . .) 662 *147 1*080 2*246 Main. Holland, . . . 3 107 140 2*278 •203 •387 2*978 Italy and Sar-> dinia, . . .) 1875 118 107 140 1*145 •095 •297 1*647 Main. Yankalilla and) 107 140 9*845 •650 1-120 11*725 Shore. Kingscote, f »» 38 ii 5*325 •400 1051 6*880 lntermed. n 2*700 •095 *635 3*545 Main. Australia and ) 107 140 9*845 •650 1T20 11*720 Shore. New Zea- > 1876 1282 • n w 2*700 *095 •635 3*54 lntermed. land, . . .) 1*060 •080 •450 1*700 M *635 •200 •380 1*325 Main. Cook’s Straits,) n.z., . . . ; 107 166 7*623 •514 1*136 9*618 3 cores. 45 107 140 8412 •587 •635 9*741 Shore. ii ” 4*075 •287 *400 4*872 Main. SUBMARINE CABLES, Mechanical Data of Submarine Cables— Continued. Length Laid. Weight per Knot. Cables. Remarks. Knots. Cop- per. Insu- lator, G. P. Iron. Jute. Asphalt, &c. Complete. lbs. lbs. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. r 120 175 9951 *838 1*236 12-156 Shore. Suez and Aden, 1876 1443 | ” ” 2 848 1-867 T01 T16 •435 •392 3515 2506 Intermed. 1 1*156 *101 •376 1-764 Main!* 180 240 11*399 *694 *571 12-850 Shore. Aden and ) Bombay, . f 9*813 *414 1*552 11-960 n 1877 1888 <{ 5*389 *281 *687 6-544 Intermed. I 2-827 111 *576 3-702 l ( 140 *626 •201 •254 1-268 Main. Penang and ) Rangoon,. .) 107 9-800 •450 1-650 12010 Shore. 853 4 2-850 •125 •484 3-569 Intermed. ( 1-060 •093 •29 L 1-554 Main. Marseilles and) Bona, . . .) ( 107 140 9-800 *650 1T20 11-680 Shore. 463 -1 2-900 •244 •440 3-692 Intermed. ( r 107 1-062 •144 •297 1-613 Main. 140 9-800 •650 1T20 11-680 Shore. Bona and Malta, „ 382 | 11 ” 5-337 2-900 •550 •244 •475 •440 6-472 3-692 Intermed. l 11 ” 1062 •144 •297 1-613 Main. 292 SUBMARINE CABLES. Mechanical Data of Submarine Cables— Continued. Length Laid. Weight per Knot. Knots. Cop- per. Insu- lator, G. P. Iron. Jute. Asphalt, &c. Complete. Remarks. lbs. lbs. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Para and Mar-) anham, . .) ( 107 140 8412 •587 •635 9741 Shore. 1878 309 „ 4-075 •287 •400 4-872 Intermed. [ „ 116 2-900 125 •237 3-372 Main. ( 98 •718 •064 •447 1-324 Torpedo Cables, „ 289 1117 T50 •682 2-340 4 cores. [ „ •856 •056 •285 1-292 Alexandria and>_ Cyprus, . .) 327 • 107 140 9-800 2900 •650 •244 1T20 •440 11-680 3-692 Shore. Intermed. i 107 1062 •144 •297 1-613 Main. Penang and ) 1879 274 4 i 140 10-350 •675 1-026 12161 Shore. Malacca, . .) 2-803 •225 •554 3-692 Main. 107 140 13647 *575 , . 15-652 Shore. Natal and De-) lagoa, . . j 344 ” 99 10-350 5*230 •675 •400 1026 •781 12-161 6521 Intermed. 99 2803 •225 •554 3-692 Main. •850 •050 •362 1-372 107 140 10350 •675 1026 12161 Shore. 5230 •400 •781 6*521 Intermed. Delagoa and ) 966 2-803 •225 •557 3-692 n Mozambique,) •862 •075 •337 1*387 Main. 850 •050 *362 1-372 " •625 1 *187 •517 1 1 1442 „ SUBMARINE CABLES, Mechanical Data of Submarine Cables — Continual. Length Laid. Weight per Knot. Remark*. D tc Knots. Cop- per. Insu- lator, a p. Iron. Jute. Asphalt, &c. Complete. Malacca and ) Singapore, '.) Germany and) Norway, . ./ Mozambique ) and Zanzibar,) Singapore and) Java, . . .) Aden and Zan-) zibar, . . .) 1879 11 116 - 251 - 631 < 919 - r i 1908 j 1 lbs. 107 100 107 107 250 lbs. HO 125 140 11 11 11 140 250 11 11 11 Tons. 10350 2*803 16-524 4135 2-375 10350 5-230 2803 •850 •625 10350 5-230 2- 803 1-772 10350 5-230 3- 360 •625 1112 Tons. •675 *225 *487 •260 •150 •675 •400 •225 •050 T87 *675 •400 *225 *115 •675 •400 •145 T87 •200 Tons. 1026 •554 1-225 •430 •406 1-026 •781 •554 •362 *517 1026 •781 •554 •500 1026 *781 •616 •517 •367 Tons. 12T61 3-692 18-536 5126 3162 12T61 6-521 3-692 1- 372 1*442 12T61 6*521 3-692 2- 497 12-274 6-634 4*344 1-442 1-902 Shore. Main. Shore. Main. Shore. Intermed. n Main. Shore. Intermed. Main. Shore. Intermed. Main!’ 11 SUBMARINE CABLES. Mechanical Data of Submarine Cables — Continued . Date. Length Laid. Weight per Knot. Remarks. Knots. Cop- per. Insu- lator, G. P. Iron. Jute. Asphalt, &c. Complete. lbs. lbs. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. < 107 140 10-350 •675 1-02S 12161 Shore. 1880 1131 u 2-803 •225 •554 3-692 Intermed. ( ,, •850 •050 •362 1-372 Main. 107 140 11-402 •518 12030 Shore. It 2-847 •145 •6*16 3-718 Main. 107 140 10-350 •675 1-026 12161 Shore. w M 5-230 •400 •781 6*521 Intermed. n 528 - M 2-803 •225 *554 3-692 lf '880 •070 •451 1-511 Main. •710 •212 •518 1-550 107 140 14-770 •625 15725 3 cores. If 109 - it 7703 •600 •850 9-480 n »» „ 4-650 •200 •575 5755 „ 1 joq J 1 300 300 •860 •115 •725 1-967 Main. ft „ ’720 T15 ’705 1-807 tf r 180 200 11-585 •260 1045 13-100 Shore. n „ 7-780 •405 1-000 9355 Intermed. tf 423 l 1f 3-450 •225 •662 4-507 1 n 2-400 •137 •570 3-277 Main. l « - 14-100 •260 i 1-085 : 15-615 Java and Aus-> tralia, . .f Wanganui and) Wakapuaka, f Hong Kong > and Luzon, f Placentia and ) St Pierre, ) Ireland and Newfound- land. md 1 nd- > England and ) Norway, . .j SUBMARINE CABLES. Mechanical Data of Submarine Cables —Continued. Length Lad Weight per Knot. 1 Date. Cabl Knots. Cop- per. Insu- lator, G. P. Iron, Jute Asphalt, &C. Complete. Remarks. lbs.. lbs. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Norway and ) 1880 94 -1 180 200 2*400 *137 •570 3*277 Main. Sweden, . .f ■ 7*780 *405 1*000 9*355 Intermed. St. Pierre and ) Sydney, . .f tt 185 -j 107 140 14*770 7*700 4*650 *625 *600 *200 *850 *575 15*725 9*480 5*755 3 cores. Singapore and ) Batavia, . .) 1881 537 4 ( 107 140 10*350 *675 1*026 12*161 Shore. 130 2*803 *225 •554 3*692 Main. f 130 10*0 0 *600 1*015 11*731 Shore. Trieste and ) 550 | 5*340 •400 •727 6*583 Intermed. Corfu, . . .f 2*900 •150 •587 3*753 1 130 1*110 •057 •371 1*654 Main. Valentia, > Greitseil, . .j ( 130 11*900 •550 •400 12-966 Shore. 1882 841 4 5*600 •350 *633 6-729 Intermed. 1 " 2*78 T25 *499 3*520 Main. SUBMARINE CABLES. Sheathing. Results of teBts of Iron Wire used for sheathing Cables, by Clark, Forde, & Co., from a large number of averages taken between 1878 and 1882. Name of Maker. Description. Size of Wire. Breaking Stress d . ( Ov 3J d Torsion Test. No. of turns Used in Cable. B.W.G Dia. of Wire per sq.in o « round itself and back. Iron galvanised, 6 In. •200 lbs. 2266 Tons 32 18-3 Bound. Back. 3 — 0 Duplicate Australian. Felten & Guillaume, Homo, iron gal., 13 •100 1113 63 7 1 3 — 3 13 •100 1370 78 5*7 3 — 2£ Eastern & S. African. Johnson & Nephew, 13 098 1392 82 51 3 — 2* Hong Kong, Manilla. Felten & Guillaume, ,, 13 •099 1286 75 5-5 3 — 3 „ ,, ... „ 13 •099 981 57 4-9 3 — 3 ,, ,, Felten & Guillaume, Iron galvanised, 6 •200 2142 30 181 3 — 0 99 99 Johnson & Nephew, 6 T98 2052 30 19-0 3 — 0 99 99 Felten & Guillaume, Homo, iron gal., ’’ ” 13 •098 1094 70 5 2 3 — 3 Atlantic, 1880. G. F. Rogers, . . . 13 T01 1038 63 3* 3 — 3 n 51 Johnson & Nephew, 13 •098 1384 89 49 3 — 3 Fox & Co., .... n „ 13 •100 959 59 3*5 3—3 „ „ Felten & Guillaume, Steel galvanised, 13 •099 1641 102 5-7 3 — 2 „ „ Johnson & Nephew, Iron „ 6 •200 2213 33 145 3 — 0 Placentia, Sydney, ’80. „ 6 197 2069 31 185 3 — 0 19 99 ,, „ 8 *165 1388 30 17 8 3 — 0 Hill & Co 8 T60 1262 29 18- 3 — 0 : Felten & Guillaume, , 8 T69 1531 32 157 3 — 0 i l» 51 „ ,, 4 •240 3097 32 18* 3 — 0 .Placentia, Sydney,’80. ! n »» ” 6 •201 2136 31 16-5 *3 — 1 Greitseil,Valentia,’82J * The twist test is now always applied besides bending and unbending the wire round itself. 5® The weight per knot of 4B.W.G. iron wire=8731bs. I The weight per knot of 8 B.W.G-. iron wire -450 lbs. S 6 „ „ -622 „ 1 „ 13 „ „ =144 „ SUBMARINE CABLES. Cable Wire eor Government of India. Table of Weights and Tests foe Standard Sizes. (See Specification, page 240.) Nominal Size. Required Weight per Mile. Corresponding Tests for Strength and Ductility. Weight of each Coil. To bear Twists in 6 in. To bear Twists in 6 in. To bear Twists in 6 in. To bear Twists in 6 in. To bear Twists in 6 in. Maxi- Mini- mum. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 900 3,000 10 3,075 9 3,150 8 3,225 7 3,300 6 95 105 750 2,500 11 2,562 10 2,625 9 2,687 8 2,750 95 105 600 2,000 12 2,050 11 2,100 10 2,150 9 2,200 8 95 105 Note L — In order that the wire may be readily recognised as cable wire, the binders of the coils are to be ungalvanised. See Para. 16. Note II. — No joints will be allowed in Cable Wire. See Para. 11. Specification, page 240. Thomson’s Hydbostatio Wibe-Testing Machine. o D "•as 5 »« 6 a d 3 -H S 5-< I §* •afs :§i ® o S - g g 2 ^4 ¥ ® S' S CJ fl fl ^ ® 5 f T5 r O rt g, g . ■c £= W * If Eh „ § ® p S.H 5 SR d § § § - tL t4 TJ £ ►» fH t! — 'S -Q ej s ® £ | ® > , gi ■° OQ 3 g -2 3 3 O ,Q £ i • © r £3 c3 S 53 £ P p • © t>e © o CJ 1 o © © *d 43 © ^ rd H CO © .s ‘J3 be k n £ 2 § § ® rn s g © Si © pH ■d g .2 o PH g P ' P o 43 kO »o «HH (V) 0 J5 © £ ■ bO ^ c3 § § § A © cT * 5 *8 m r! .iJ « r: d ^ a 5 60 a No © <3 c3 y_, © > © is *r* © ci SH W ^ 05 M P TELEGRAPHY— AERIAL LINES milli-amperes. This formula takes no account of the thickness of the insulator. TELEGRAPHY — AERIAL LINES Arrangements of Indicator. Ordinary arrangement, with bell in circuit — As in diagram. Bell temporarily out of circuit — Lever again stT. Bell removed — Join Ti and T 2 by brass strap. Instrument cut out (by short circuit) during thunderstorm— Join T 3 and T 4 by brass strap. 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Lacoine in Engineering , Feb. 13, 1885, p. 174. S Let r = radius of the eye in feet. 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S §S?-s |-3 » c3;§ .3 d - d-b. £|| t§ ®S ^ ft ®g>. |Jp . 2 % § 3 © IP? - © m a g$S ® I a * ZD \1 '© d , c, © d .2 ^9£|SS Hfl o| g § J§ F I £ l>>© c3 © fn fe ^1 3 gs 1 ^ • .5 ©^ . 9 .S 1 r 7 l P co © 2 ,d 'zS . =3 2 © « dSbc g L gp ^ d o ° "p ^ 2'^ . .d 2 a S s -d 73 gajjljg Oftdr^rt -®dceSd2d° D © | 60° © g ©^ feiaoS-'S^as ^s.ssS&ea 1 9 >>r^ 9 ©3 to ° 'd ® g g g 43 32 O -g ^ ® 0(^‘ H ^ ©tl co © ^ d ® a^g’sSsog ! -d d s a a © iOoSJ^ DQP-i - d i o r- 1 1— i ih iH Ea * > g-zB 43 1:3 © d *© © H d • S? ft2 ° ,i S3 1 d o 2 d d d m ^ n fi Ps|1s s .#s^ „^OrtS^"ma(2c 3*e&g£gSi£i ©a9^2©d'dbc^S -p,® rf Js Si®'ll’R S-E.B S-sS^'Ssfelglfi ill .^^rjiiii jf © c3 i> - S'- ), d t:fl ©^©ft^ « rg2 'S o "rt-dte^- 0 &0 © 2©2 ©ft^ H ^ t 1 *d o “ ^ o 02 g o k©^ 3 d * M !§ © o tl OD® ®M pH ^’®* r d'i' D! ^ rj©f-i>'v tPv ra *p.S 2 m ® ld-s tS-s'dS§oS' Q ®'S , H -g d a o p-r-,^ pad- 0 n fed d I Sll^a£g C* HWNHMSOO r\ 0 s fc < 2 Ah m W t>o £ a > d 5 c a£ tH '£ X > ^ © ,£5 c-e 1 ° » ® » $.2 flfl - Sf !" 3 e3 CD O fl ce *3 ^ d - Sg^g :l’ g l •■goo PtoHsiHci 03 >rt TJ CD b a r.- CD o •s .S 3 | “ja . J> -3 Ph-m :*2 a © fe n^o Ph^ rP ©* .tS 50 © d © o m w cd t a £M H '*-S i 9t Of Q £ c £ vw Q I “ H r ^ 1 ' 1-sl r -§ © 40 © S-i © » C3 VC3 *0 ijiPibD HHHH doptl s . S . S . S.3 : o © o "iT it r 1 it M CQO PQ b*s»H<«s|*-*m O o r-H O , ooooooo'd ,,r * ' icooncooo , H 03 03 CM H m r-l rH CM 03 03 rH > ^3+s © ci-H d g 2 02 s S°18 ,^s£ rH of O :g : : O 02 d ; | : : : •d © . . . "E £ * o3 a w • * * M 02 <3 1“ ,§g . Si S .'^S’g a£" a 02 ? !-> C3 1-1 w COO N* CO(Nr§ ^ *° (M *S ^ O p - « •£ N . -a £3 5 £ ° —' o r O lr &0 S COCO coo be - . . . •§S« . ■Sif o' ® p.g< • 8 3 «lV& to .a .. cs - be O © o 9 02 w es or: „ O rd © ? -l2 ’3 § I /§ £ I * *& -& 8 &* ELECTR 0 - CHEMISTRY. ELECTRO-CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS. From Electrician' s Directory , 1885. Calculated on the basis of Lord Rayleigh’s recent determination of the electro-chemical equiva- lent of Silver, and the corrected atomic weights of the elements as given by Roscoe. Elements. Val- ency.* Atomic Weight Chem- ical Equi- valent. e Electro- Chemical (Grammes per Coulomb). z Cou- lombs per Gramme q Gram- mes per Ampere Hour. w Log. a Log. w Electro-Positive. Hydrogen, Hi r r •000010384 96293-00 0 03738 4-9836353 ^•5727090 Potassium, .... K 1 39-04 39-04 •00040539 2467-50 145950 3-3922572 0-1642041 Sodium, Nai 22-99 22-99 •00023873 4188-90 0-85942 3-6221000 T-9342055 Aluminium, .... AN 27-3 9-1 •00009449 1058-30 3-40180 3-0245939 0-5317086 Magnesium, .... Mg2 23-94 11-97 •00012430 804-03- 4 47470 2-9055411 0-6507614 Gold, Au3 196-2 65 4 •00067911 1473-50 2-44480. 3-1683501 03882433 Silver, ...... Agi 107 66 107-66 •00111800 894-41 402500 29515366 0-6047659 Copper (Cupric), . . Cu'2 63- 31-5 •00032709 3058-60 1-17700 3-4855227 0-0707765 „ (Cuprous), . . Cu 1 63- 63- •00065419 1525-30 2 35500 3-1833553 0-3719909 Mercury (Mercuric), . H g 2 199-8 99-9 •00103740 963-99 3-73450 2-9840725 0-5722325 „ (Mercurous), Hgi 199-8 199 8 •00207470 481-99 7-46900 2-6830380 0 8732625 Tin (Stannic), . . . Su^ 117-8 29-45 •00030581 3270-00 1-10090 3 5145478 00417479 § * Valency is the number of hydrogen atoms it replaces. Atomic weight is the weight of the cb atom, taking hydrogen as 1. ELEC mo- CHEMISTRY. ELECTRO-CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS— Continued. Elements. Val- ency. Atomic Weight Chem- ical Equi- valent. e Electro- Chemical (Grammes per Coulomb). z Cou- lombs per Gramme a Gram- mes per Ampere Hour. w Log. Q. Log. w Electro-Positive. Tin (Stannous), . . . Su2 117*8 58 9 00061162 1635 00 2*20180 3*2135178 0*3427779 Iron (Ferric), .... Fe* 559 18*64* •00019356 5166-4 69681 3 7131894 1*8431131 „ (Ferrous), . . . Nickel, Fe 2 55*9 27 95 *00029035 3445*50 1-04480 3*5372523 00190332 Ni 2 58 6 29*3 *00030425 3286 80 109530 3*5167733 0*0395331 Zinc, ....... Zn2 64*9 32*45 •00033696 2967*10 121330 3*4723322 00839682 Lead, Pb2 206-4 103*2 *00107160 933*26 3-85780 2*9700027 05863397 Electro-N egative. Oxygen, 02 15 96 7 98 *00008286 Chlorine, CU 35*37 35*37 *00036728 Iodine, ...... It 126*53 12653 *00131390 Bromine, Bri 79*75 79*75 *00082812 Nitrogen, ..... N3 14*01 4*67 *00004849 * Becquerel’s extension of Faraday’s law showed that the electro-chemical equivalent of an element is proportional to its chemical equivalent. The latter is equal to its combining weight, and not to atomic weight -s- valency. For example, the ferric salt is an exception to the latter 0 rule as are sesqui salts in general. The electro-chemical equivalent in grammes per C.G.S. co unit, Z == 10 times z, because a coulomb = ^ of the O.G-.S. unit of quantity. 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(2) It should not leave more than a trace of residue when 5 grams are heated in a platinum capsule, over a low Bunsen flame, Arrangement of Cells. — Single cell gives • 2 o 8 43 ^ o 2 •3*8 g S § “-S.2 '"'-si t? pi g | es cd it £ s-i Sl|3 11 11 11 11 os ft > a? Q) ^ 0 ft o + *-1 o CD +3 ft ' S + s 1 ^ 11 o c £ ft H, c 03 p> .2 H| + § - II O Ph «* ^ o 'o O cS v fTr- ft ft ft £fj •4ft Q} 1 O T3 ft S __, o © <3 03 03 ° ^ g =-M ft > ° ft © 5_, c3 §3S«S J^ V 43 ■*t S o 50 .2. J - O cs " I 2 P 4 © S & § 1 a ^5.1 5 © ® °1 - «2 fl q ■ Cu -4-3 ’J3 , -r<. W. e^2 >yg | o .« ^ ^ Ja & O bJO^ 43 . s fig ^ d o c3 ^ rP X © 4-3 CO +3 rtf u ^ 9 2 53 9 ” > g S up the separate batteries or sets of cells in o^2 & O U Si ■ c3 £ ,- .22 ^ "S £ O rP P P -S >> bn 43> J-i C3 CD rg O 4-3 ra 4-3 S- C3.Jp g P2 -S £ H-H 0 £ JH 2^ CD .5 44 rd £ ^ ^ .22 •iS4S 8 3 ft5 rd £ ^ cj ^ © ®-g 22 MM ^•g g ■ CO pH <: r-J I ° =2 S ^ o ^ 2P d +=> «rK^" ° •S S-Sog .§ £• H a d 43 ' 43.H O' " eS .« pP CO II battery. the internal resistance of each cell. the number of cells in each set or ,0 ^ r-l . rd ' +=> d ^ d-S 2. • a "C s S $ pq © ^ O 5§ ^ d 03 i! II s* sf > 0 0 ! rd rd > +3 +3 II II P3Q £ 0 rd rd H rd H i^or Example . — Suppose we take the case of the last figure and let r = 10 ohms; n 8 = 6 cells; n q = 4 sets. Then the internal resistance of the whole battery (2.) To find the best arrangement of a given m i — i g-e 1 8 2 8 a d „ d f-* H cd d o S ft 3 0 M 1 -g- * i-9^ J 0 * d h S {j'p © o o 8 o 5 cS co 5 rd d -- d ,2 d 25 ds o ^ _ CO p.rH f 5r| co - } tJ ^ g P 0 4s 5-1 5 d rQ d += 0 > © ^ ^ j-i in go 5 cj ^ O a O45 p4 rH 30 fo ill Pd rd H Now substitute the above value for a (3.) To find the greatest current which can be obtained from a given number of cells (N) through a given external resistance (R). Taking the equation for C, found from (2), also substituting the value, also found under (2), for B U |«L i CD rP i: !&l 1 <1 a. S 8 > l -H ifc > PS II Pr fa .2 © 1 £ •g|| rt -g ^ © OQ +3 ^3 © ° .S ps o ^ io ■'Ta O TS > m «■•> fcflSn S w fl 58 |, ^ * rt *M © II O ^ c 6 O PS 2 i-l i"H © © .5 03 g< © S -3 « N -o r* © g ® « ■s« s 03 M 33 K -4 m e 8 pS^ Ttn 1^ PS H ^ Uvi PR BATTERIES. Electro-Motive Forces of Various Cells. + Plate. Porous Cell. — Plate. B.A. Volts. j Daniell, Zinc amalg. Sulphuric acid, 7£ to 1 Saturated solution of copper sulphate Copper 1-079 ■ } 22 to 1 „ 0-978 " ” ” Nitrate of copper saturated ” 1-000 Sulphate’ of zinc Sulphate of copper „ 0909 „ P. 0. Standard, ,, • 1-07 saturated solution Saturated solution Platinum 1-079 Grove, " Sulphuric acid, 7£ to 1 Nitric acid (fuming) 1-95S ” " Salt water Nitric acid, sp. gr. 1-33 ” 1-904 ” ” Sulphuric acid, 22 to 1 ii - 1-810 ,, „ Sulphate of zinc ii Carbon 1-672 Bunsen, ” Dilute sulphuric acid Nitric acid 1-734 Smee, Zinc Sulphuric 1, water 7 Platinised sil. 48.. 11 Walker, ” ii „ carbon •5..1 Ncte . — These E.M.F.’s are IT per cent, too high, and should be multiplied by -9S89, the ratio of the B.A. unit to the legal ohm. (See p. 14.) BATTERIES. Electro-Motive Forces of Various Cells— Continued. B.A + Plate. Porous Cell. - Plate. Volts. Callan, Zinc amalg. Dilute sulphuric acid Nitric ac'd Cast iron 1-700 Poggendorf, „ (Bichromate of) "j potash f Carbon Jl-796 (2-028 Marie Davy, „ Sulphuric acid, 22 Paste of sulphate „ 1-524 to 1 of mercury »> ’Dilute sulphuric „ 1-33 acid Leclanchd, Solution of sal Binoxide of man- ,, 1-48 ammoniac ganese DelaRue(p.334( Zinc Chloride of ammonium Silver, +AgCl 1-030 Skrivanov,* ,, Solution 75 caustic potash to 100 water 1-4 to 1*5 Schanschieff, Zinc amalg. „ of basic sulphate of mercury ’Carbon 1-39 Becquerel, Sulphate of Zinc Sulphate of lead Lead 0*55 Niaudet, n Common salt Chloride of lime Carbon 1-65 Duchemin, Platinum Perchloride of iron Lead 1-541 „ Secy. Battery, Dilute ’ sulphuric acid Sulphate of Zinc Dilute sulphuric acid Paste of sulphate Platinum 1-79 Latimer Clark Zinc amalg. Mercury 1*45 (standard cell) of mercury Note . — These E.M.F.’s are IT per cent, too high, and should he multiplied by -9889, the ratio of the B.A. unit to the legal ohm. (See p. 14.) * Used for elec ric “ star” lights. BATTERIES. Electro-Motive Forces of Various Cells —Continued. + Plate. Porous Cell. — Plate. B.A. Volts. Howell’s man- ganese; inter- nal res. = 1 ohm {Hockin), Zinc amalg. Ammonic sulphate, 25 grammes cry- stallised salt to 1 litre water Sulphuric acid, 1 acid to 5 parts water Carbon + manganese dioxide + manganese sulphate Carbon 2*04 Higgins cas- cade, internal res.=T70ohm, Zinc in mer- cury Chromic acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid + CrC >2 19 Thame’s, Zinc Dilute sul. acid Cl2 Carbon. 2 Bennet’s, inter- nal res = 5 ohms, * V i otassium hydrox- ide (KHO), with distilled water Damped with (KHO) and water Iron can with iron borings 1*3 Laiande - Cha- peron, Zinc amalg. Caustic soda solu- tion Oxide of copper or “ copper scale ” Iron 1 Faure’s second- ary battery (see p. 334 6), Lead plate coated with minium Dilute sulphuric acid Dilute sulphuric acid Lead plate coated with minium 2* to 2-2 Sellon-Vulck- mar, Lead plate primed with minium Sol. sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1,100° Sol. sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1,100° Lead plate primed with minium 215 Plantd, Lead Dilute sul. acid Dilute sul. acid Lead (spongy) 2- to 2-2 0 Note . -These E.M.F.’s are l-l per cent, too high, and should be multiplied by ’9889, id the ratio of the B.A unit to the legal ohm. (See p. 14.) 360 BATTERIES. *3 -p p go *g 2 o f p 2 a ®- p P 2 ©03 >> > © © © __ > f-l ee p. o So » “ .os S. CC © ft s g.S ^-s gs © N ® g £ .«■£ o a ^ H P 0^.0 © >> c3 > O •« -Q 6 £ ° § ?* d, 2 ~ Sh Ph 'O ®C ® ^ P !>, “"|:II"'Sn csj o II II II II GO Og, T* *~.P ~ O c ^ |sg I fcffs .2 •§ © “ © ® <1 g 0 -s§ gw fl Tf 5 tfl O © SfiSg fiTsS 63 p . s s «mS.'o a o ^ on O p/g P | § £ 2 $%?? s |8 pS £ P^ S Sfes« Sfo g,p® § S ©•? p s l --§§25 , Pot J 'o'^ ood g SjooE^P 11 &«co |&£ rH -C ,_i .2 ec P © ^ Od^M ,rH °©o ^ o-2*s fe - ® OQ T © ® .5 r£ ^ d ~ © N o“ ; «2*S p 2 o ^ IS| 6|4 o£« I ills ® ^ P..S II II >>© < minutes of short circuiting is required to bring out the full current of a new battery, and a few seconds that of one at rest. It is well adapted for testing and signalling in cable work, especially at sea. fc©>.So£- 1 - 3 °^ '- 3 ’5 © 8 ©02*dSO-£rtp rg ?hQ^ “ « *§ © ft 0) “ 3 ^ rS M dl 2 rQ rt.-P O ^ ' w .P -t-> «"P bC ,rH ?_| 3 r-H p $ bc.S g £ 43 'o o a.s >-s g,««.-g s^as^-2 s rrt ’Sns3 2.H ® O 3 „ 3 s § sj * i-s g»5 §33S “ *■§ ®g 3 g* 8 “ "S la ? a> fj lnSoa 3|-s ^.2 .S3 „• g.g g* 4J S O Co 02 0) o Ph 1 © i— i ,H ^ »rd K, 03 02 -1-3 g.1^ w 02 ®43 £? 43 § 5 43 8 02 -S o « ^ ® » rl O 02 fll .3 .2 ,§ * ^ ^ H .2 ® >,■« ® r ”^= °£ O > s ®s oC • S3 .3 J g: o «s t^o'S 5fio g.-SH g'S S g £ w 02 g;=j o S*C i &bp'-££ P"d M ,3 J s"s ^ £* is'g &s >.3 3 g"! 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In a newer form pp contains z in Zn S0 4 , and is lifted from its own compartment into the other containing Cu in CuSO 4 . Bidiioniate solutions. — 4 oz. bichromate of potash, saturate 1 pint of boiling water.^ The sulphuric acid should be added cold, 1 in 20. Tissandier' s solution for electric light batteries is, water 100, bichromate 16, sulphuric acid 3 _^"P © 0 *~ 2 © P £ »o 'T* g ^ - b(]0 £ o a fe ® a ® H •"|5 0 3 -S.i § * g.fjjs © * 1? fe'S & Q. P ■ — pJ o rp _ P ^ .S P yp +3 . .rt ' ' HH P *P o w es f3 ? OQ ©OrP £d 5 ^ ce p g ^ • rt P raS^pMO PhP m f3 ? 02 += 'P .2 ^ P rP © m > p b o © p 'p p 43 2 £rp g'g.-a © O P^ . .2 02 ’S3 © O -h (32 © cp w ** p. © a p £2 *“ iZu p p»- ©c £ © S p d a ® -.-sH S ^ 2-° I 02 . c5 O 2 ©. P P jP © •^.S^a^ . 43 c$ 2 © H 0- ? S> "2^2 "* io Ph o 10 P-T 3 P . 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Cells. o © CO *P «8 ^ r-3 ■s|§ sl^ 'Sc-^g L Qj O d-po f~l TO ^ ^ ,JD r© © ©3 fP r^< > © 3 £2 p l P3 ,H r- ^ © 2 P P ce rP © ,.S &§ a *§ “0*3 — H ^ 60 13 ^ -t^> rP 43 -r-t Qp r 53 "P rP „ fP © co © ■^ © P3 43 p 'P . § S p g t p p 'p P rP O. t-i g- g'b •rH rP P © rP SrP P CO +3 , ^ .5 O rP 5 P co c 18! x a5 rj-J ^r- ©»)•>■ © Ojr^H P P O 'SIS^-p W W© r CS.^PP © r g-lsll o ’P p P 4p Ph-*3 co si ^ ^ rP milky, when the specific gravity will have risen at least to 1195. BATTERIES — ACCUMULATORS. 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Brass or copper in proximity to the battery should be protected with paraffin p % © a © * (D ,pH 4-3 <~> O CO < 7 * ® fl D (D 4-3 o ~ » _C 3 O 2 H-g -g | 3 2 ® ■*> §*s s'? ®” S?3| « g,” -££■3 ££ S l-g^ 2 © ^ p © % O n cS pi g r O m P Qj. JZJ-3 O CD .JH *g © ® § ©:§ ^3 © Pn-g 43 -p _§ 5 c3 c 2 C <-H , . £ c p c3 ^3 2 T3 2 ° GO r cS -uJ y .. .rH - a O 43 k (8 +3 ^ ^43 ,+3 - g g g • 2 ® "S © £ -e o a g -g 2' 5-i © o o -p h a <& ti H S 5 ^OaS^fH+3 o U> rP O e3 *£ o O o +3 Ph :£ c3 c3 &-6g-g: ® S- 5-10) eg “il'-s- s sir O © rP «H 5s O covered with solution. If practicable a short charging should be given, say once a fortnight, till the acid turns milky, by which treatment the cells will be kept in order for any length of time. .£-^73 fl •* * & * I'g** ce «s a.a © a •y o^^o - ^ &_© '-3 § S 92 "© 3 c5 Jo-'g s H 3 g‘^‘ § «a >»« § • a, © CZ2 „., © • QC | CO o o " 3^ © | g ^ foil ^ -<1 S 'o ^ 5 tz § <2tl.2Q< « £ 1 §»*! 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A 2 J g ' d © O d Q3 ^ 5-g.S © d" © © 2 c§.r ^ ^ -a 573 O r *~ ml 7“ fl © © _ 5 © >5 !» n H c3 O P -a ®HH fl ® S -Q CD 4j 13 o 0) .fl £ fl=£j © O 2 C © °" S © 3 « g ©^ G j s. rt «? ©— d ,■ „ - 3 S O'! W M M O ' G A 3 2 ©fl £1 2 g g, --S *~g CD G p,-2 d fl to » =3 © - ©j^GS B G © 2oS © -s 3 5© ° o .B © S l-S © G . c al © fl G.5 § a - ° ^ B 4 fl © S 0 DYNAMOS— CONTINUOUS CURRENT. ►.g.d'eJ fl 2 2 =£ o 5 g « r-*-H >■* Q ._4 Co fe fl "" ® >>3 fl ^ o^-S - 2 o c a® . 2 - g .2 <1 © *s.a o£ B J ^ .S a 2 c |-§ 3 S-§ d . 2 s® p o.: © r» H GC rrj C SllSslj gg§s a S* 2 £ % So ° c at-, o rd "S «► & , £ ftc3 0^1 gS^S 53 -' p«n-* g . H o ■s <=>*£ OS £.j* S 9 1 .2 i § 1 a "2 a 52 r ^ H c fl ® c; 1 e^-. >,0 C <3 C Oiuoi f aN^yano jo ■S' i <3 £ g 53 ^;=: © ©.d e« , C s?g i: ^ +j ®s.cc-* j af 3+ 3 £Sg bc i'Jt-.'if.im l!Wt;||S|i ° 32 £ g 2 ® * j 2 t* ^o?d’ u ^” iflllsSlilif P?!itIl|"lS| |l«“ 5 ||o-Si|| f 5®l E '!ll s §«*2 bp g ^ 00 « ^3 r^ © V g §■? §2 *•££**£ * a g a^| g a^gp°^.^i ^^^'“S ^gro-gr-Hjd ^ o « ® fl h S'S t -ai!? gs§s>-|oIil§§ 2S -S bo a. c jo-Mtt-i c3 ® co ?'S fl 3 m dn O EM t ® •SgJiJgSSlSf £2 •S 5 p.£s§o'§ 5 |S| £H^cfiS3SQe3-Sai+2S+ 3 t ? positions where the induced electro-motive forces in the rotating sections have zero values, and the commutation £1 © s- O © S 3 ° -P XJ & C £!zf’§ w P ©^ ^ p 9 ^ « 8 9 r ihp 3 o ° *? 5 M w © a ^ t- i ps £ - ^ g ; S © p p > 3 '5 ^ © "q J f-S?£h i ^s| s l 3 ©£ jn g 5,0 j S S-grS | ° £ c 3 P 3 g. ^ t- P ft O £ H O to © © ^ £2 Q ^ 1 CB © > « . sL a o o o P £ o © P* it soSo iltj s « ~ifl ^ H DIRECTION OF CURRENTS. LJ uj Z -J 1 ° Si gfe Li § DYNAMO • RIGHT HAND. place the right hand as shown. Then the outstretched fore - finger (as in the above figs.) gives the direction of the current in the armature conductors, and therefore how the current leaves and enters the commutator. Direction o i Rotation of tlie Arniatnrc ■ bb an EBectric lTBotos .— Knowing the direction of the mag- netic lines of force by a compass-needle, and the direction D 2 < H . X U uJ ; 2 ; -I 1? t~ £ t X T E IU Sg -J y z ce o of the current in the armature, place the left hand as shown. Then the outstretched middle finger gives the direction in which rotation will take place. Curve Showing Relation *g o £ sS.2 g ©5. 2 tig ft 6 C | J p ® QK' c 3 r O ^ £ CO ■S -g "5 C* © m a-22 the armature is kept constant by increasing the resistance of the circuit in proportion to the speed, because currents of different strength react unequally on the intensity of the Sg---2ssS a £ »'SSgSg'g ® fl m | ®^§ 2*2^ ; ssgs^’asg.g-slJ-gil • H |S§1 • § 4»- *3 ^ •§ 2 1 .§ Sj I LSsS^SfeifiOj^ls^ »®&.S s o 02 fc*ct! 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Q 02 M fl t, .53 § © Egg designed. In fact, all so-called self-regulating dynamos CHARACTERISTIC CURVE OF A VICTORIA” D 2 DYNAMO AT 820 REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE, I g-s 9 °3 §-sS S3S5 £fS3 S' rj TO ^ m •§ la *> 2 ° * p! fcj3 >» d £ ® o P J ^ o p ®- rt+a - (r Pl rt «'S' a, do2 S.-S 5 O', '■oq^ sa a ,i'a fi 'gs-||ga^«2g O.S § Q ° ^ S' rt fl 9P« 2 P S P.3 [Vj I A 3 d h .2 r^+a a r o-S S c>d , s 2 i ao‘ rt S 1° 2 S § p- 2 i"o^ a *- d Ss^-S »3§® ^o^SS p ,- 1 ^ ^ dau°£ sji-.-sfettaS-lalp-^laSS ^ s k| c.s a ®.-a o a o o |ii:il|!ll||iilr^i ft’llllilijIgfP.S Si: 5 o J 5,?.2ige.2JaJ g?55sa:i-3 "s 5 ii a r.c’S+s tub© m p ~ a ■ r " s “ g ® 53 Ss||S3s^ lg| ti pEsls-g 5i ®3 (• oS fl >-S 52 odS'J3© rt 2®o5 M 3? +2 <■ o o CM r ooa& c3 gsS£fe$ d £^ig’ § |8 |a^|a c 3 a^n§^ p, § >, rJtsfallSlSsSs&aBS .s ”«Sg|^g|i°.2 aPH.d-Htop>^°© . 0c 3 u 'O C P & g “T3 ri^©c 33 p“ .sgSg^l&vlgg'S e§aigcS°'^g^ ? ( i . ■ ■* •S c3c5,^ ft P'S ^sSiSSIS I a Ti ^ © “J —I .c ~ p .© -H . -■“■ p» rv mT & W ©^P-G©©^> ^ © .-©MEy^oOripJ^.P? 0 ^ *»-X! > SSg|g^ u |S-cec3agS-2o SaSg°g.S®a^ , - , |g°||g t>e^0^i2rQp'§§ 0 rt -S©©rt^^ M°'M^>‘3 ggcQ®o-pfl2 < 'r'©crr ^sflpio£^®®2ag5Sao® £.SP® £ o g-o’o ^®2o ££«©,PE£te3ftPV. PV3 oa ftft Formulae of Efficiency, Etc. Tots#! Itlecfrical (per second) of any dynamo (expressed in Watts) is the product of the whole E.M.F. generated by armature coils, into the whole current ~ © © © -t-» o O 0+5 °’B ® ' 3 ^ a ®-2 O r/J d ^ >, SS ’ S’eS gg ? © ^ £ ® .3 *_g § w +-> M o -g £ • w ^ r o , 2 +-> y 5}.o^ o © + 3 r ’ s >£ ! • 2 i.e i - Ss ^ s ' 3 ftS j « ft ^05 5® ° © g^5o ^ £ *3 o S*3' rH «' a 'S £ {c*-2 $ o"te 9 ° © € c3 S - r - S « sS 1 eS w w ^ o.» 91 ^ , g S | H !§| S « jt gSggS o z O 3 ft c o , >,£ fl »d © -a| a-< ^ ° 1?60 ^ ft -2 = §! © 53 5 % © ®kI g M'S © s z S3 S .5 © © » © £* s «>“ - • 2 © >.S ©,c ©g S a «+-4a © O c3 S fl -ft 3 I 5 a § g : .3 3 * .3 3 3 C3 3 a-2 .3 -3 3 W M P 53 ■3 5 © ,Q ■ | jS © c3 S3 > © <3 . ■ a r CS 53 TJ © - rft .® 2 CO r-H S3 £ _, ft -s ^ ft a 3 s 3 PEI N w w - 3 3® g I mj i-i O © O © u o 3 3 fi 3 HHQQQPnfifiS 2 O k bfl . O * ° <> pf + pf O o S 3 ft Sh £ ft mm ; 3 CO ** • © ,. O «r?S II 3 k 8 d i n o rS 'O 3* v r o* ro *° S S3 3 ,© O J O d a § « «£> § W> «•“ 2 ft* 03 Pd ^ g e,,,,3 ©~ 3 o 2 ? 2 53 2 3 3 « 03 >> 3 s a ^ d ^ c3 — ^ 'Js © *3 3 d in 2 © S CD ^ ^ aaa ^ a -o a c3 © § « g ^ -tj ^ a 2 gfig^a 5 ? r 5 o OT o eg ® ® “ »-§5 ^ O S l o^l .S g S a 8 © ^ -2 a s M © ® ^3 .J 3 3S0/? DYNAMOS — EFFICIENCY FORMULAS. Series Machine. Shunt Machine. Compound Machine (Short Shunt). Watts lost in') armature, J C 2 B « cl R a cl R a Watts lost in \ magnet coils, J C, 2 R,= E^R a Ca R ,„+Cf Rs Lost volts, C a R a C a R a C a R a + C c R w Total electrical ) E « C a = C «( R a + R m + R e ) / R R v E C C 2 (r 4-^ (Rm + ) energy) x ,erse ) j “ C “ + B, + &,) E a C a -C a \R a + ^ +Rm + ^ / U eful electri-) cal output, J E e C a = Cl R e E e C £ = C 2 e R e E e C e = C 2 R c Economic co- \ E « Rg c 2 r. Cg Rg efficient, J E a R rf + R m + R c Ce R e + C a R a + C* R * * Cg R c + R a + C J Rg + Cg R m Commercial 1 efficiency (per- > centage), j 100 XE e C { -r (HP X 746) 100 xE e C e r(HP X746) 100 X Eg Cg r(HPX 746) N.B. — Horse-power is con- verted into watts (so as to compare with electric output of the machine) by multiply- ing by 746. ♦This will he a maximum when, Rg is a mean propor- tional between, R g and, R a In well-constructed compound machines the difference between “short shunt” and “ long shunt” is very slight, as, R m , is so small. I £ m d © o 5 T 1 03 O © s n c 3 © Jj a 3 - • VI § s o o o ^2 © 03 ^ Jd£ rt H p g ’ H || It Si tl 11 1! 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S a ® S ft ^ g o 2 ® ^ r 2L 2 2 © y add"' 43 41 e a 3 "H 1 rH ® r-i O^H do ^o no d c« p, ft Mi rs Ain 4 o g - 5 8 » Us <„ ^ § g 1“ I t-H 2 © S ft 2 r- 2 ^-r-do© d.alc 3 ©2d Sa ^ ’ ©-p* ©^ © 2 E 2 ^ >>a © ©43 4 rj— ( © pH © CO O o ce o^ S o § 0 > S d ^ "d o u a-s|| £ cL ^ S ^ gM'i dl " W 0 g § or 1 b ^ a g-B. ,12 g-q c 3 2 I § O 43 ^ O 41 c o a ^ CO S^f qd o © © O c 3 ?- 43 i=£r-d • j, 43 ^ i)-P N bOif •g d © rd cs «w a o "-1 44 2 © P iM o o* -+^ pO r-cj i> ^ o y .2 ^d 387 ELECTRIC LIGHTING— CARBONS. be used ( e.g an Edison 16 c.p. lamp at 1(J0 volts) : — 1. Average life varies inversely as the 25th power of the E '^'Efficiency, or c.p. per H.P., varies as the 4th power of J-g-i 3 ® gq 2 P cs Jj? >> * I CD 2 CO Q, !M -i : w O =s §■§ £5§- S'S-S oa f- 2,2 eg $ £ , o §&S£ S.CC u 1—1 S ©S.22 liH ^ cci >J b)0 ^ . CD ^ ^ g>-a ^ .2 s ® -s a “c s M o,^: r2‘ ci ^ ° P S3 O og CD .- ® CD ^ ^ CO ,d >•• 2 r^QJp^CO^o^ CD CD O O oS ° ^ j 2 =3 g-g£ CD . 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( slight, J sparkling, ] not so \ good. / very regu- j lar, no •< sparks, 1 and little ^ cinder. •.T130M TTe0J\[ mm. 63 63 85 92 73 Wear per hour. + Sooooooo coo j3 CO O ZD O CO CO 1 mm. 19 23 20 30 18 26 20 38 •utin .led JO;i3.I9U0J9 jo sn,mx 800 920 800 920 800 920 SOO 920 Size. g 1 -rtf CO CO iOiCiOOOO tHtH a rH ^ rH rH — a St- - r g © r 'g •? s 2 ? p rj p3 © © c3 s c3 1 Ph O & 389 ELECTRIC LIGHTING — INCANDESCENT LAMPS. Tests of Incandescent Lamps [Jamieson). For details see Journal Soc Tel. Engs., Yol. XI., p. 164. Lamp. Normal c p. Res. Cold by Bridge = r. ° '7? S ] . al 11 E.M.F. Volts = E. Current in Amperes Candle- power = c.p. Horizontal. No. of Candles per H.P. c.p. x 746 Q X H 1 No. of Lamps per H.P. 746 ExC Watt’s per Lamp ExC. Watt’s per Candle ExC cp. Swan, 20 c.p. . 66 33 4014 1-22 8 "5 130 15-27 49 58 32 47-6 1-49 21-6 225 10-5 71 3-3 „ „ „ 311 5164 1-67 34 293 86 86 2*5 B. E. Coy., 158 76-5 61-4 *80 9*8 148 15-2 49 50 „ ii 71 71 10 30 313 10-4 71 2 4 Edison B, 8 c.p. 115 61 51*9 0-85 8-2 138 16 9 37 4*5 59 2 56-2 0-948 21*3 298 14 53 2*5 ” A* 16 ” 250 153 9S 0-64 16 190 12 62*7 3’9 Lane-Fox, 20 „ 188 98 66 0-673 8-7 146 16-8 44-4 51 Maxim, „ 73 39-4 44 2 1 12 7-1 107 150 49 ‘5 7-0 M ii ii 391 489 1-25 14-6 178 12-2 61 4*2 ii » ii „ 38 2 52-7 1-38 243 249 103 72*7 3 0 Gatehouse,, ,, 88 46 2 60 1*3 20 191 9 6 73 3-9 Pilsen Coy. 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I— I S-l °§p° 3 J--S g? £ -2 » 'P t» O s 43 “ Ph& HH 68 g> I * ® G e ©.'H^ • Oj O © jO a j» o 4J r- § O § SO £>g a £ G •2 <+-l ;© 4® *. ^8 0^.2 I 2 a^ ^ £-1 0J 3 S, £2: a > © © H s o i o -P Vm Ph o O © PJ o S £ cL > O -p ^ ^ t> 5 -PH 05 S -I ® r- "03 > _, .5 a ■ 4 _a a o 3 >» 02 o a ° a «w *- a © c - *5 o > § 50 ” *g S .g ft _, £2 ® 05 pH i pa .a 05 „ ^ a { o i> <— 1 00 S-i g a .o 43 ft •2 «M 'o P .g 43 - *g o m ^ '«i ' H ft ^ 05 05 £ Png ^ ^ a zp „, <+-< o 43 ^ 05 >i 05 ^ as 05 43 tj a - a 05 ft! . •r* ^rrH "" r> ^ se 9 a — h w e aft © £ w O r ^ Cj 7/) *h g (.a ^ s2 * "p o oa ? ° o '55 g . .^tfn ft O — I $ S S I -JS ftrP a - 05 ° oo 4f gH 63 .2 -Jf cT s a 5 o .3 ^ fl y J ^ -P a ^ 3 II 1^3 © 00 J. 4J , 05 05 £ l-i W Co o a a 43 05 43 2 s ur & © 'g 05 a Op d - .2 a rS -e 05 I g . ^ .g s|| _, <4 -h 43 pH 05 ■1S2 c a -a — • § S § p O 1 M o bc^a Po co 50 ^ « © a ^ ^a 2a o O l 7l! 05 : .« o lo 05 ^ 05 "cc 43 ^ pP a 2 2 >* r 3 • 05 3 4 05 I— H O 43 ft73 j-i r- pi 'U a 43 o ? m o^a 02 a C5 .Th 03 .-a <3 no rr? a © O M P 2 a «o a a © *£ 9 ^ o .5 s a p S.h cca o > -» ^ °| 2 S ta ® Bf o P^ g ^ 8 ■d CS ^ V ro d s ? || g-P «4^ § .ga CO rd g "d 843 H ® CO .+3 0^3 ■ CD «+h ■g-S*' 0 s S © M 3 3 ° *§ “ 3 ^ 4h o © d != CD d o ~ o sh gs 5 s --- £ g 1 « t> rd d o {> CO ^ ^ 1 h '© M '. S rd “ O < ° . | qo w I d | S S h! o ^ §T3 O CD "OS § * 5S, § » c6 ' CM e8.© pH P ® ® T3 O PI s & w 17 -J - — * &V2 S 1=3 S ^ §5 j* J a ■+3 'r> MH ® £ O-^ 02 2 43 O •+= s-*^ .Svs ft >.g o _ UN'S- a 2 ^ - & A >> O o X ® 02 © © P3 rj ■ur 1 G j» 03 “ Q £»ys 1 "° g £ U^ O-S c> <— < c3 d . ^ S3 X © CD t* . Cg r^-J 2 n § n) j e« 3 S £ 3 r fl ‘ © 2 3 -s S 3 gig 1*3 | a g^.g § O .5 • £ >» r ^ -< P2 W H *4 ' N c»bl^-sJ:.S 0 cs.S-d'-d © p £> § g ® O CO O > M 0)2 0^ p £ a «« a 'a ^ ® - s-.s "S a -** © . £ £ 88 o fl 3ifo >>£ O 2 d a) < ^ • «s CO P PS 02 P OrO L a.® £’-£ g .2 .-g s g O.-S §,20 js II *1 1 8-g a V o g 3 >> § ®o p © a) ri rs pi jp ~ CO 43 43 . C3 0 ••'r C j CO P PS CO r-j 3^223 oS g a P P >jrrj 5 15 2 . • ® * S_| Q .pH fj P^ 1- ^ I— ^ ^ o I **'*•% s'S^ A ^ o5 « a ^3 o © ft 2 ' % .SP «■ o 5 o f ' S V cHp O-pP I pP 6 68 0 -§9 05 O ft 0) 0 c3 _5 a ° ,- f=l M m a *2^-5 9 4^-73 M M-l 03 a> I O 9 05 9 ctf -S 03 H o. S-p 03 •» g gvg 99 r* g 9 a> 9 ^1 *5 § b 0 ft) r H jj g r3 2 - a r ’ 5s 9 ?8 CO ^ 1 ^ CO kO>'m ?? 9 co ^ c_j _g ^ c5s S *H £ ■ 4 $ '73 9 8 5-p ^ g o ^ ■rJ uo B 9 w s_g ft -o sj l u s_, a 4- e |-a s s o ^ ^ 9 ■+=> 03 Pp9 , m 'h9+> P j rH -P 9 w ^ H O d £9 9 d oj C - 1 9 4 ^ 1 — • 0 o 9 o3 9 0 9 c8 = 2 +=> r -> ^ 02 ^•P 4^> ’9 9 o §.§ ^'S £ 3 O 02 ft 2 « 3. IP •i-l oc 2 v 0 9s ^ ^ 32 394 d ELECTRIC LIGHTING— RULES. be too strongly urged as a precaution against fire. Records should be kept of all tests, so i • 4- U /-k © U o bD- # o S.f £ 43 o«a 5 r 3 ■d © 5-1 9 &C_2 a? >»rd 43 >, 2 * & a O s-t * § o © ^ 2 © £ ce « O | g | ^ cS tS ° as 00 68 g CO o’Si ^ s 8 *g R, £ © qT fi 43 rd £ O A £ .A 43 2 **-, *o cc d O a o «o .S 05 g s-> d 2 § -8 <1 S- g | eg g*~ -xo 1 O-H >, 8 •*> g Ph’o "d £ 05 g ori w <15 O c3 43 _ -i— ^ o o o rj ^ 10-000 2/3 less 5 % Corporation. Bolton, .... 150,000 489,149 18* 2/8 to 3/5 3,033 2/8 Corporation Bristol, . . . 250,000 980,000 17 2/4 to 2/9 4,SU0 2/4 less 5 % 10 Dublin, . . . 360,000 16 3/11 7 & 10 Dundee, . . . 160,000 26 3/4 4,300 3/4 Corporation. Edinburgh Gas) Co., Ld., . .f 170,000 638,830 28 3/8 8,000 3/4 10 Do., Leith and | District, . .j 129,000 285,170 27 3/8 1,401 3/5 8 Glasgow, . . . 750,000 1,807,851 27 2/8 ... (13/8 per (single jet Corporation. Leeds, .... 320,000 1,426,000 20 4 l 1/10, dis > % f 7,000 6/6 each Corporation. * For other towns see Gas and Water Co.’s Directory and Gas-Works Statistics, by Charles W. o Hastings. London, 1884. 396 ELECTRIC LIGHTING— GAS. Useful Information regarding the Gas Companies of Great Britain and Ireland —Continued. Illuminating Population in District Annual Sale Power Stand- Price per 1000 Number Name or Town. o‘ Gas in ard Candles cubic feet. of Public Price paid for Tublic Lamps. Dividend. sir plied. 1000’s cubic ft. per s. cb. ft. Lamps. per hour. Liverpool, . . 750,000 ... 21* 2/9 16,021 7 & 10 London, The 1 Gas-Light and > Coke Co., . . ) 14,636,909 16 com’n 20 cannel of common 3/11 cannel 43,832 2/8 com’n, 3/6 cannel 11 Do., The South) Metropolitan > Co ) ... 3,936,529 16 2/8 14,270 2/8 less dis. 12 Do., The Com-! mercial Co., . ) Do., Crystal ) ... 1,565,600 17 2/8 4,921 76/ each 9f & 12f Palace Dis- * trict Co., . . j ... 486,627 14 3/ 2,044 3/1 less 5 0 / o 6, 7, 10 Do., Lea Bridge) District Co., .f ... 46,534 14 5/ ‘ 370 ... 7 & 10 Manchester, 500,000 ... 19f 2/8 to 3/2 ... Free Corpor. Newcastle-on- | Tyne, . . .) 200,000 1,010,000 18 Vio* 6,087 (1/ per lamp ^ week, (less 10 % dis. 9 Nottingham, •250,000 ... 2/4 to 2/6 2/7 to 2/10 outside 2/9 ) 2/4 Corpor. Oldham, . . . 160,000 580,994 •** [• 3,081 2/6* » borough 3/ Salford, . . . 280,000 665,908 21 3/, 3/1, 3/7 4/ } 6,240 »/ io Sheffield, . . . 320,000 ... 18 2/ to 2/4 4,900 2/ ELECTRIC LIGHTING — GAS. Useful Information regarding the Gas Companies of Great Britain and Ireland. Small Towns where Gas costs more than 6/ per 1000 Cubic Feet. Name or Town. Population in District supplied. Annual Make in 1000’s cubic feet. Illuminating Power in Stan- dard Candles per s. cb. ft. per hour. Price per 1000 cubic feet Number of Public Lamps. Price paid for Public Lamps. Dividend. Aberlour, 600 190 13/ Banchory, 933 694 33 10/ 19 7/6 5* Boughton Blean, . . 1,661 666 7/ ... ... 5 Castletown (Isle of Man), 2,300 4,700 18 6/9 less dis. ... Cawood, 1,147 ... 16 7/ 28 (£48,’i*st Oct. \ to 1st April 3* Colyton, 2,480 7/6 ... Croston, 1,518 800 ... 7/6 ... ... 8* Debenham, .... 1,349 580 ... 10/* ... 60/ each Dufftown, 1,252 700 28 12/6 ... ... 5* Easter Buckie, . . . 2,500 960 23 9/2 less dis. ... 5 Ellon, 900 234 ... 13/9 ... ... Fortrose, 914 120 25 14/ ... 26/ each Golspie, 1,100 650 30 10/ ... Inveraray, .... 935 1,200 30 10/ 22 10/ io Old Meldrum, . . . 1,492 10/ ... Roscommon, .... 2,619 1,102 19* 9/2 ... £30 Sedburgh 1,983 1,500 7/6 ... 20/ each Wendover, .... 2,033 7/1 ... 36/ „ 5* Wenlock, .... 2,531 ... 7/6 42/ „ 4 Shefford, 1,073 1,698 20 6/8 20 35/ „ 6 In England there are over 99 towns charging from 5^6 to 6/8- I In Ireland there are 28 towns charging from 6/ to 10/. In Scotland ,, 40 ,, ,, ,, 6'0 to 10/. | In Wales 5 towns chaige 6/8; and all others under. Cn For other towns, see the Gas & Water Co- ’8 Directory and Gas-Works Statistics, by Charles W. Hastings. London, 1884. CO * The highest priced gas in England. S-gi — ' B 73 rC O'J '^dJCO aj .O (8 oQ.h o c8 .S S a gSpa . U $ g.3 ft 7 s^s *. c3 cS cq gag-S’- << -a --S ^ 5:3 2 a 2 a,a c~ rt a a ^GO'g'lj ft bIS J.’S-T S l £ fc-aS bo*>g ft . Ss-.isfrfff: |!i:-iiiis« ® ^2- i2 - 1 ’fl S a © * 75 £ « © § t s^i** -ft^gi © £ •■£ «S 8 > o-2 s+'^SMs I 4 « co ^ 5 ^ ~ 8 o . P j. Sss|e^rj & 8 8j§* 2 "a £3 £2 .2.2 2 Slw^r* a a a g a a a a 5 5§5og?So « ■£ 'Sift'S 2 ^±rS s >3 ^.OO^S^O^I o B "2 a* a’ a c a a a . a . s • cJS7^-3g?»J.TC3SHf*C3S“ , *S' a SgagSSSgS^g^s o 3333 o Na;^a^ N^a N,a 5 s-> '2'2x3’^!alc!3'-^ , a!a^- t>-, rri.'-'ra org'g'g o.~' r a r *£& * ooooo r* ooao Ci 0)0001 b bbbb oqoNoib.^^mxcoiaooT * 03 8 a g « jg 2 ©“«, * g *£ 5 73 CD £3,2 0) D c$ jpoc i £ Sj s s a a &g 22 a £ If! Sb£ a£ = ) fl o 3 « i3 - > •a 2-pS«o*as 33 c« 2>>e.£: _ H <1 o O QQ 3355 ® S.gcSb'a ei : « • 5 S3 rH ~ a .O -g a ••— 33 P-i i— ( B S 02 oqC^B Coauluctiiis Series.— The substances are arranged in the order of their conductivity (see p. 194) :— 53 •X3 53 Of? TO ei © S . r^-j -g $2 111 .* 2 s 0 "2 of ^ U O CQ ® ? 1 §| U3 T3 £ © a M do® g § C8 m o G • 02 53 S3 © *2? • r G • *.3 • * *f tT * S r- ■s *8 . «>s .a? £ O £ ^ „ g ^ „.JEj -gfl / 400 MISCELLANEOUS— THERMO-SERIES. Thermo-electric Scale. — With respect to lead, at a mean temperature of 20° C. ( Matthiessen ). The E.M.F.’s are in micro-volts per degree centigrade : — Bismuth of commerce in Wire, . + 970 Antimony, pure, in wire, . — 38 „ pure ,, . + 890 Silver, „ . — 30 „ crystallised along axis, . 4- 65 0 Zinc, „ , . — 3-7 „ „ normal to axis, 4- 450 Copper, galvano-plastic, . - 38 Cobalt, + 22 0 Antimony of commerce in wire, . — 6-0 German Silver, .... . + 11 75 Arsenic, . — 13-56 Mercury, . + 0*418 Iron, piano wire, . . — 1750 Lead, Antimony, crystallised along axis, . — 2260 Tin, . — 01 „ normal to axis, . . — 26 40 Copper of Commerce, . — 01 Phosphorus (red), . — 29-70 Platinum, Tellurium, .... . — 50200 Gold, Selenium, .... MISCELLANEOUS— THERMO-PILES. a o o sc o "ss -• P IS <5:5 5-d ® o s° S a r ^ H g ‘o II *S >>-A A ,-g • bo a> fl l>* J® 05 * X fl S3 e3 fl2 »p 'g fl ® o ^ “ a) Ihs fl tt-4 .fl o -+J a ^ •s s ^ K ’ .2 fl > 'bfi O dfl & »o fl CM O) • £ ^ H -yi _ | , Q3 * ^ w - c3 T3 HH bCo O f— • fl > .fl rH e M "=3°? - euio a, "S 2 9 t} 2 in o «J ^ ^ 50 ^ o. 3 i> ^ A ^ ™ ® c3 50^^^ + ! fl SsS Og | g^ >> o? o ci fl X A <— > g s fl a> ® ^ ^ o°^o ■ JS.S-s-i ^.2 2 t« K P*3 A ' ■hISW ^ ^ £ ». o 11 Oh-E . „ bb'43 ^ J3 o - ^ w ® c fl o O^ 5 ^ fl^ ^ ^ fl .-sS g slo'N’s a-" b I ^.1^5 gO u o ■ ■ -3 ^ . j'g-.*'0 H ,n ojc^< 8 rt Bt {; 5 §1“ ® o3| 1 - - 5 fl I .5 ’So^ a- tc ^ 0 -+1 0^2 > 5 ’rfl ° ■'C • .fl .fl _ flU 0 Oi jfl o, O — < £ “° -t-3 fl ^ -U -'SO cp flc rH .o ® be A fl ^ fl > fl -S c I) QJ C r— ( fli-flOrfll^fl^fe-® Q £ I y fl ,2 4 J(hW o W)o ? w , T ^ ,-f -.. jff .0 fl O P -,0 g © g ™ V is the difference of potential required to give a spark L centimetres in length. The rule is accurate for sparks over a millimetre and under a centimetre in length. 402 MISCELLANEOUS— CIRCULAR BOBBIN, Filling a Circular Bobbin with Bound S £ o O r3 O O QJ .£ ^5 ■g ;S CD *3 ^ &io g c 0) 5R ac* •g o _o m 8 wj.S 8 *3 o *£8 83 .s'Sr*! * •§ =*£ ShI o^o 2 0 - ,a«o « £ jn^-s'e - . fe ° % I J1 ^ ! ? £ 6- . © .aioi^ 15 © c3 ’> avs^:^ & J. ^ © ^3 '-J3 ,? 2 ,rH ^ II ® I 5 dti o I .2 o & 2 a 2 * a ° j 3 p. S 2 _, * bc^ 3 -2 fl ® ~ £ X ^ 'fe £ ® r& rvl VP ^ 3 Lp -• 33 <1 X 6 = 600 turns. Double cotton covered wire , for all practical purposes, may be taken as increasing the diameter of a wire by '02 inch. — When coiling wire upon any metal bobbin or electro magnet for a dynamo, &c., always keep pdi §-5 •S ^ ^ ® £ <4-1 . CD VJ. fl s 0 04=^' s » * h © a • 0 © os g ® © r£ 5 «h 2 n CD m “< s_» £ O r-T> O >, m JSj ■£ tuD-g S 'S "-3 «'§>■§* 1 > 1 - 5*3 §if | s si ■g 13 ° g’S^H d ® © £P a ^ CO & Q) c 5 fl O r* .S mxt *-£ £ .13 : «r^ o ■s> »•> -P ® 43 g 43 co . CD 0.13 § S’ r *^ r s ei s 2 ^ <4-4 ^ S.^O^C^ i^o?f s .i.-s’-e 2 g o -r" © d ivi § « V . 5 *S bc 3 w .§ g ^ g*s sjs g-j^a^a moved in the vicinity of the coils), require to be wound thus, so that the current doubles back on itself. 403 MISCELLANEOUS— MAGNETIC FIELD. 00 d j«\g 3 J _, -+3 cS 4 ® 1S£IJ M gsj^-s Jj 43 ^ 2 w 2 o £ © 3 - © £h 2 i a © fcn O -P ^ © .3 S 4 ^® -g ”5 & ^ .2 «® nrt © 00 - ^ ^■S «S Cc3 o2 'y ^ i» rn^iu . ^ rd ^ © sp O d H to aJP*CC£or-H ^ i-H 43 d c 3 O ^ .2 *3 S 3 ® © d pft © ^ ^ 'S © .£ rd ^ ff d I? 1 >^ 4 J ft CO rt s.-s.f "•a's &.§ a^ “d ^ o^ g^.g.S g ® ° c Pal 5 Us ^ g-gSia £ a § 8 2 a -6 ss-a- 2 * ff >. CO M © < d rt _t_j eS *2 d +3 H d £ ^ § £ | cr § fl-a « g fc.S r l d »-h ^ p >d © u ^ X O ^ p I 'T •g^^d5rddd|43 d M © £ SB ' 43 d " © C . O * ' © *- •S d o ,~>>o rd © & o 4* 05 43 Oi'w -p o rrt 3 .2 S ° S-3 »1 3 • 3«o^ .5 S 3 ^ fl . II 6 l^d cj S aj . § «.S ® g.g „ S ' g-S ® - js CS £ O if rd £ £ 43.0 o H , ^ © P i— l 1 43 (jj d -o 9 > © 03 f® 5 = - rd g, SPff F ^ S5 O g “' ^ d‘r "il- C/, d ^ -g cS ® ,rH «3 © d ^ © d bC ,rH jd c d © © W . d ^dd3 03 ® 43 .d rt ® -e t)C Sb^H © .3 <9 0r B rt .3 ScS^vi^ ^ 4 ft rt >; «FH _ OT a" - SftU% gg'-S^ fc W 3 -r 3 ? © © d <£ o o ^ 2 .S M 3 d w d d " o d © a o d ^ . rt g S p, ® | § S'^s soft «| ^3^ ^.S -g S _ d --< ° ® .2 p o © d r-d r d © •9 g*g ! S^S.s.'s w ^ O ^ r d —i •vryH „ -< i__, i -J-3 - rt feO . ©■£b©cd©43d© ^ g~« la ® g 8 I 5 ^ rt rt © .3 _: d . S “ §,■“ 2=3 5 “ S ^ S t3 |s is.a • (S> d •So _bd ^ d rt 8 u *> S pi © d g rd © § d c«d ^ d d 43 8 §.2 ® ^ It s as MISCELLANEOUS— MAGNETISM. tf a » ^ © 05 ^ o «s © c a © © rtSS?* |.Q m Jb-§ «_ E* 0,0 B O HH©>OiOW(MH- CCCBt^t'NNt'Nb a !jl S s '|f 1 bS 2 €? 8 !'S S O.tf 0.g ® eg > O 8 tf £ ^ r? O tf 52 r! O 5 +3 J w i g Png o w Md 13 . tf CD 8 tf W.S c? i— • pqcLi^^^^cGQOt^^H ^3 I tfptfi^} 02 02 H ffi <1 SB .2 Is -•^.3 d § tf « § g g § ffi *rt a It tf ^ P. _ bO >> X O Connections oe Induction Coil. RuhmJcorff’s. >„+ V rP © J O § £ ■g . § ,d l?,a = D a b ^ © o tij .s t? £ .£ o p ■“ja © c| Ifll .S^o . © ^ S ? 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U _ O D . ? .3 ^ ;i § * * ^ S 5> ^ _r i> - d p ft! ft! a J-S “ S H O O ^ o 0 pq Cu M CC C5 P ° Jg I |h i'? , a ® p > P g M •ft 3 eg £ w > % &§ Coarse tin solder, . . tin,l ; lead, 2 to 3. MISCELLANEOUS -SOLDERS. o r3 >o H ' C<, rH GO CO . rH # ^ ^ ■p o: ^ ^ -p iq a •§ a. * * s 0 2 3 I £ ,o a 2 H go b l* - ^ > 5 o W ^02 'f-l <3 '?h O G G P4 U ^ >> © o> ro 3 -m s- 3 -Ss § j- .2 5 o< •“ -S * =3 £P„ ® OQ 'C ^ . 43 cH m oO . 0, M a? O ^ Go t>J0 ^ iO .3 £ 02 43 *2 9 'C § m „ 0.2 s © ° r o % <3 © - 1 r o §C0 § ni w O ^ <1) f ^ P-l Sts o a 8^ s copper, according to hardness, and 70 of mercury, stirring them together. When the amalgam is sufficiently formed, wash away all trace of acid 8 p o 3 02 e 3 © o © -CO jfS . co ■ pu o o X 02 0 0+3 03 eS *T -3 0n s £j° os ^ 3 02 © W aT +3 -S c_i au a, H g r-2 » -Q.H 5 d B 2 2,g ec o ® ® ^ ^ ^ .2 ■ © p03 o o £ _2 2 o.s “ o 02 O 0 2 2 ©£•? £ J 02 rO O « P.'S 03 <-P O „+2 o: -e ^ t*-t -r 1 P +3 § £ g o 2 -rH «2 d"5 " S I a o Sd.s .§ ’si) o •‘’^gSf O •* © 02 a) * O ^ H-p co 2 a) fl S f ~— * rrH -i T* 0 Hi "g o C3 in T3 § EH © a I— I 03 r—l CS O £ Eh 2 da g 68 w ,rt O 2 "P -O £ 0 bo .S 02 H3 OSg •“ O 'rt o. O 03 ^ O) 'O U > o 0 0+3 H O g 2! t«,?s © o c6 O ^ N 02 O H 0 O 0+30 02 ,£> w +| Is ^ 02 £ o 03 s " s-s c3 o .3 N-c _j O 0 1 0 © 02 8 S.« "© £ bO O 03 03 . c3 O o P3 N ,r p fl ^ ° N’’g MOO N ^© O O O ^ § 4J ^’■§1 EH O H 02 q. cq , H s7 « E2 S C+., «3 +3 0 co : o H.15 ! --P 1 o EH .2 rt*C2 . L g g p ■g O^ I s s ■» q. 2 ES S ^ . P & S ^ S «M NO | “ °^5 § rt .EH pi ^ g ^2.2 03 J_, 02 © 02 25 M 2.5 s ^ r0 p w C5* p P O ^o2 a O cS S PhTS 3 30 MO o u S 5 ri _, o m.2 <2 tM S .O P O rH &JO^S , «8 S2 I tdO © H !20 - s c-S 5^ J g? 3 "P ns JcfS-g K 22 ^ . ° S Bronzing Brass by Simple Immersion. By Messrs. Bowen do Co., Brass Founders , doc., London. Colour. (Brown & every 1 shade to black. j Brown & every 1 shade to black. JBrown & every ( shade to red. (Brown & every ( shade to red. Brownish red. Brownish red. Dark brown. Yellow to red. Orange. Olive-green. Slate. Blue. Steel-gray. Black. •piou oi^xo 1 8 • l H l I •piou Dual nt | £ l tH CO T* : •upos jo epiqdins-ocLfjj 16 16 : o CM •umissuiod jo opiuu^o-oqding •S : CM •mnissuiod jo opin'eAo-oj.io^; & rH •ranissuiod jo opimsAQ N O rH •uoipqos qs'B-i.i'BOj h n * Mnqdins jo uoijnps qsi3ioo •uoji jo 9 iujiij^[ | £ 10 : 2 : : *J9J'B J /^ J "p, I—I rH i— 1 r-i rH 1 Or-H C* CO Tfl iO«Ot>OOQOHCira^ 1 r* T-t r-i r-i r- 1 N.B.—ln preparation of No. 5, liquid must be brought to boil and cooled. In using No. 13, the heat of the liquid must not be under 180°. No. 6 is slow in action. The action of the others is for the most immediate. ’OUT Z £OTaocs r-H l-l 1-1 i-H r-l <— 1 ' WM 110a M— iClC 5 CO^Ci>p^O HHHHHHHH •ozuoja m CC»COCCiOCpC<«^»pg HHHHHH — uoddoo •ss-BJa mOO^CSiHWSOSCOC^^ 1— 1 — 1— ( 1 — ihh^h° •uojx ^si?o to *r* i * 1 '•P °° l :* 35 5 ^ 550 »o 6 (N-^ A Pattern weighing One Pound made of {Less weight of core prints) Pine or Fir will weigh in . Oak „ Beech „ „ Linden „ „ Pear Birch „ „ Alder „ „ Mahogany „ „ Brass „ ,, MISCELLANEOUS. Table- Showing Hours of Lighting throughout a Year of 8,760 Hours. Daily Lighting. | January. February. [ March. | April. May. [ June. >* 13 t-5 [ August. a © GO October. > o 1 Dec. Total per Annum. From sundown to 8 p.m., . . 125 89 67 36 6 21 54 87 117 140 742 ,, 0 ,, • 156 117 98 66 37 20 25 52 84 118 147 171 1,091 n ii ,, • 187 145 129 96 68 50 56 83 114 149 177 202 1,456 11 „ 218 173 160 126 99 80 87 114 144 180 207 233 1,821 „ „ midnight, . . 249 201 191 156 130 110 118 145 174 211 237 264 2,186 „ ,, 2 a.m., . . 311 257 253 216 192 170 180 207 234 273 297 326 2.916 4 „ . . 373 313 315 276 254 230 242 269 294 335 357 388 3,646 From 4 a.m. to sunrise, . . 125 92 69 32 3 24 51 75 103 154 728 ii ^ ii ii • 94 64 38 2 ... 21 44 73 123 459 „ 6 „ „ . . 63 36 7 13 43 63 254 MISCELLANEOUS — RECIPES. 7s 'a a I gg- •5 0.5 ,S * £ g o ® ^ . cd -if a » rP a 2 t* es 3 • rH ^ fl*) O . ™ f © S ftfcT O ‘S c+h ° w 2L o •- Cd _ . cn w ■a a - i - 3 s o ^ a: I:«: ft s © g 5- r % op Sg^-S g o «! , -H H ^ « 3 M •cD-ga^Sa u o 0 - 4 -a ra k-h ^43 i. rrt > a . . 6 ft bJQ (-< — * 2 g £.2 fa J * fcflg w a **2 ® rt - V 43 -£ O f - O " a ^ a® 2 .S^g>| •SP. 2 «« ■“ n o 'So « ^.2 © 0-3 .2 .5 • ^ CD ^ s a" 5 ! g § a^-aas ■o t:2 S S'S S a c3 'S § f 1-1 .3 -g >> g u J ® j .2 o ^r2.2 03 4J P O © +3 S © a £ £ « S "a 2 2 g a © a © a 'S £ § 2 © "a o •+=> ^ -a u a 02 ? a a g © a to .3 23^-1 O £>- s g c § o 3 -S r-H O P a J 3 ' § ^ ^ 68 lip ® ^ S -pT © n-s a a 5« S - H 1 'O S •§ ^ . rO © ^ E ? 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S-P 03 03 d ^ £' "o *y ^ S- aT £ P 3 ° tj a^ 3 O^j «3 - “ fa S 43 S-. £ lilfeBsg, CM c8 s 73 ^ Th ft E? 00 M H « >> b |° jT g 2 -a §ps Jl Ji u >>ft fl £ ■*Sf 11 « ptf £P C 8 7 « ^ o .9 ft O 73 O -g rrt ^ £ K>- r-S 03 2 43 P* P^^ C i.a g '. g *2 I- 7 -* c^i^tH Jlsll p'-d £ d o r ~-j s® § • s I ^ 5 » ^ , 8 s.-tf •| O %°£Z $ 2 co .5 d 73 ^ -5 7 s ft 3h Oft ^ > 2 fee 2 • rj O ^ S 'S ft£ g.2 J ' O ^ O Q3 • -3 " rQ M S'-. _ Q, 03 2P CO S g^E* ^ g g ■2 - §S^-§ ‘ „.3«y ^ ® (d .d 0 ) ?H 5 - a ^ft'T co e ^ ^ -P S ,*§ nd ^ b >vd ^ oi ^ & | S g if J g 02 .oH^ 2+3 03^^riH s 2 d cL° « .« A® (D O m -r 1 '■i ~! O co . . £ ^ ft-^ X ‘d -S h dS Ph PhT o .„ . . ^ O co • pS rt die 03 2 P +3 SM « r ft , s, S _g O ^ 03 -- 0 2S d ^ ^ ^ r * «H CS H ft o ra S ^ g 2 « © ® 3 ^ 'P! 1«£ 'ss« W 03 03 d cs-h fe a ^ © © ,a £ o g&"a .b ® a Prn 2 o/ 5 ft r dQ,‘ ts 03 clQ a 3-C O MOP r K^ ,rH _j Ph 'p.-jf d - ft 2 e8 0 S O g 9 S c3 <1 .13 p LS • ^ rr> rri V r : * 2 p ft g 1. S| d 02 ^ . • -4J . 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'rf's O SH © ' >."5 '-£ g § © §‘ rt pj S x 2 Ph'O ,d © g £ g rO >,d<£ P P +3 > © qzj . # p +3 a O «» SR ^ 2 cTo S Op M 53*0 © a.O m oi>^ ° a? r/ ,-p> - In gig ill T? ® a © © w ,rt .3 ^ ^ g s g © ^ _r © • r O ■P^ © a 2 3 ^s® v ^ e 8 bJD ^ a r a a ^1 0 m g o jh a § g-s - A ® c 3 O W © a -2 s *£ > o-p^ *g g^ p^sW ® ^ © _ . 3 ,^ o . * > o © P 3 P 3 'ti ©^ fl d . a 'd 2 S '-£'•£ © & jOP;--) eo .* ;_, p © “ ^ a <8 <8 d© .3 dS > cS © ' - 2 ^^ _ . © "a . * a if o .2 'grO -M !> CQ o Oh » a rp .2 a -s k 5 i-— I -1 5 ^ rOTpa a « a -js a •- ^ a t> a- be © 5 Wco - Ph^^k- .a hP<1 s «* Soft vulcanised India-rubber:- MISCE LLANEOUS EECJFES . &C tJO w • a « ,pH 'g 3 - - ft o . 5 o cq • ^ © ft I s ft * * _ sjft £ .3 © •- eS ft r . — 03 5 ft ft ft ha 3 ^sg © ^ ft P^c 3 Sb 2 'ft ft .ft ft 1 ft d e c.s ^ © ■S', a- § §*ft 2 ® 0-2 ®- o w *a ft B i -» ft -M • - > rd d o 5 s ® £ “' £ g «8 2 : '^oo' i b ft-* 3 g | O r-H „ jQ G 03 ^ 6 C 03 rj jj 3 - g bri o o - a S > t ! a j v p a 3 .5 © &g <8 § S ft O O ft eg ' P^H <33 c 3 GO r^j ^ S o 2 ft S ^ I * g-> *3 s ? tfi 'S s 3 fe O ft ft 2 >> ft s - r ft H ft n-j © ® d ft .ft ft ft o beg.Q © <33 « r-j H ? S ° &S § p -p ^ f 3 p 0 „o o ft ft c 3 o ft cd ■+■> O, S,“ a ;Ssd r^-t ftfti Is^ggS'S X © -to ! bO . d x ft .2 © d d w Mi g fe © ft g ft , 02 eg © - o co © © 8 T 3 SC'S “ a.gs s|S 8 *5 E d ^ w O ^ ! ® roj § S 5 ‘| S eg ^ ft 40 pL | ?► 2 r— i ■^f..l O Jj4-g g S S-l Cn «0^2 — S Jp cgft ^ B S fl ft P.ft.ft ^ ^O 0,2 _ d <» ft > ^ h 5 ||(N . 2 ^ d bO !ftC| a § ft 2 g s ©5 ° rj ^• 2 ^ S' K v.J^I ■— O 1 Qj ft O O -— I &- 4 i o 'o ft ft ft ftn ft CT'ft ' I 81 B © I W | oo eS fS ^ £ M U)^ ® ^ S ** <-> 68 ^ ^ fl § tiS ^ ® ^ So OJ c3 i-cj ' £3£flg§ P C3 . © ^rO i !§ ^ i^io !4-§l!.a&s *&rS ^ • Wn o 1^ s .m £j © b wg-sts • • g^.2 § . '-* <3 „ %* * . bfi"S 0 te; ^ boca | £.2^ £ a ® n P ^ © g § o O rj CD O A CU O c8 * w © o' - ® -43 -g o lS.2^ gcOhINHcq^ •s "S *3 fciJO CD R ® * § § O § be _T © O o r> -J bQ P Cg r^1 ^ SlT r ? ^-4-3 O O^H-^ C« ooo«1ooWo!zi For more complete tables see liankine’s Rules and Tables , 7th edition, or D. K. Clark’s Rules , Tables, and Data. STANDARD StiREWS AND THREADS. •qoitT in? jo s]i?unoap MMnmmmt ‘saz?s IHO SrS? C^C n” SO CO CO CO ^ to So So So* ?3.iqx JO -ox •qout in? ‘pn?pm!JS *9M •saipui ‘sazjg pio M® H* *51® -1* •ipui J9J spt? 9 jqx jo -ojsr I 3 J25 Whitworth’s Gas ri.g c3 O © - a ® §!!?■§ 60 - - d 5 5 .25 a £ .9 =■« rj 'to -5 a , is o © ^ jpS M *-Q P •pusjqX jo Tnojjog; JTi Jioa jo -nma •942 1-067 1-1615 1-2865 1-3688 1-4938 1-5904 1-7154 1-S404 1- 9298 2- 054S 2-1798 2-3048 2-384 2-634 •gpeaq-^ioa JO SS8U5[0IT{X •9S43 1 0937 1-2031 ■3125 1-4218 1-5312 1-6406 1-75 1- 8593 1 9687 2- 0781 21875 2-2968 2-4062 2-625 •Sjn^ JO sg9U3ioiqx H|* H|« »|>f H* H|?« RW i—l r-l r-i CM CM CM CM h|® «|m «>|00 fix H|® ts|® «ilX i— 1 r- hH — 1 Cm CM CO ej«M sso ;ou HJPTAV »0> CO CD r* CO CO CO — 1 ©CO-toCOCDt-C005l-~CD -« C5 —l — ' co Tti h r-. «o — eo tti »■ © CO »Q 00 O hh »p 2h O) CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO rH in •saiprai ‘j og jo ■Tiit?i(j •p«B3.TqX jo mojjog ju j L og jo •ui'cig «l* H|n N|l® f|® hJ® R|m «5|x ^ 05 r— C5 CO 05 CM t- ‘.5 C5 -rr 1^ CM C5 CM -H iO f-. CD CO «0 CO i— 1 h —< CM i!0 • 05 C5 CO CO h*< 05 xH 05 1.0 O Ol CO CO 05 CO O^-(f-i(M(MC0C0Ttl>0>0C0C0l : M.t^00 •sp'Boq-jiog JO SS81I5[0ITIX CO O — 00 ‘O CO iQ CM 05 CD CO 05 tJH CO CO 00 '• * t-CMCD— ICDOKOOUO © CD i— lt^CMQOC0 05-rr-0>0'-HO'0>r>. I— 1 1 — |(MCMCOCO-^ '^WSeOCOtM.t'-COOO •sjtijsr | jo ss3U3[oiqx j Jo Jo Jo to nto o|o «cto IH jH H |H th|H th|H th|h h|® hw r|® h|« • «s|» r|* f|® ssojo'b qjpT^V -+• -fl -rH 1 Ol CO ‘O H COCOiOi— 105005— -< r -| r _i CO-HO CO ©N»Gp'C5©i—I CMO3i > 0T*l*p© •saqoni ‘Jiog jo -uiuia to to to -to into M|to icto 'H |H | H HjH r*jiH tH|tH h|oo h|* «|co h|« W)|qo t0|^ t»|oo OD Ol Tji (Adopted by H.M. Postal and Telegraphs Departments.) O 05 00 t> CO CO 03 t— I 05 *0 l>- ©5 I— I - . . _ „ . _ _ OOOCp^-lTp^lrH»7-lr-l<>lC^CMC p rH cs oo tH h a> w ^ M W W IN N PpC'IOt^-prfl^H iomiiiiHibfli HINNINNMWW M K5 N 05 H (N IN (N M W W tH t-» ut> co co o co CO t~- QO 05 H (N — I lO 05 CO CO CO © CO IN N C-l N (N C-l O0500|^C0»OtHC0C^ OOiOOt'COO’JMNrlO 428& LACING BELTS, ETC. Belte. — Plan of dynamo belt, show- ing method of lacing with butt joint and no overlap, so as to run straight aud quiet. The following sketch shows a 6-inch belt with 9 holes on each side. It is capable of transmitting 18 B.H.P. at 3,000 feet per minute; or at the 42Sc LACING BELTS, ETC. rate of 1-inch breadth per B.H.P. at 1,000 feet ' 1 ‘ ' ^ j..* . _ 1 l f O® 0) C3 -S 0) J3 ^ ?_ 5_ &4 CD S® rrj c3 O ^ cu ’-£> J3 1—1 o R ^ g >» S 4 -> CD 2 $ eS ^"3 .3 GO CO ^ ^ J30 'ob'o 'fs © ^ g ^.S ? fcJD bo 3 £ bP-^ ^ q 43 ® 2 B (d,2 ? fl -£ o ° C ^ o ^ ’ M 00 4 I s ; ■+ 3 02 a"> * ego 'S E 23 '“* ?3 *_ £ CD o ^r 3 H a S B 2?^ 8 go ~-h * d^co g § >*§.0 a> "3 10 "» ^ pH P . _ i-P o (P -p ^ _P •p j3 P ^ o | S tJO.S P S; c« ce s o w a P p © g § ^ g £ s p£ 1 ^r^ 2 p^ fl e 3 o i P >> -n ei i — . 2°.2 P p - CO -P H © 3 &§s P pd '3 § £ ||p> J w © rt cS g C 3 ^ «'-grO ^ 7 . ®>2 Sis „ ^ r© fcJO D ^ “'suSSiSSo dg !> 5 H 3 ) =C r-j *P O >> •<“• P r P © © t_ - i ^ p ^ 2 *•“ ^IliSi-i p.S © ° © p _p Ph,P g S £P-P^ ^ ~ $.SJ - is r P 2 fl D _|j © M pH ■P P © -P £ O O ^Pd -- r 2 . x „ w .® ,ri ^ © a ^ 1 D ph"J 3 ^ ft; ff|f,§^ ig,i „ * g|t o ,-P c6 o ^ © p: _S « _2 ST ^ p 2 s a S >? ^ C3 s a ^ C 4H 2^o< D © p Pd fcC-P — 2° O P * &o P rg p © p £ -p«| CO 40 2 © p ^ -P P CC rP *P Pj CO 'Pj C^^jPp CT« P -J^H p ^ © P^ "P D cS P © © l^-s.s.ga ■s ^ g , 5 'o'S r 2 : * 3, ^'-5 SI ^ “.2 § 8 I a. 2 ^ cc co 2 D ^ w P S ® &0 a «J5 c8 P c6 _T C^ pi co *-> \S<£ P^o l 1 © >,.2 3^ P -P O JH O P O ^3 © ; "So- alsSlIi « a Sh-i-I ®! ®.-st a* g^gs © o p © '2 O .P«f 3 Sp i ^ 2 p o .S © c« H r 1 ^ y rj 2 © 10 P •^’Ss^ o -p P © O <3 ‘-+3 .» ©. - d : c 3 on =c © surrounding it. H is measured at any point of the field by the mechanical force which a unit magnetic pole would experience if placed at that point. The magnetic force, H , is also called the strength or intensity of the field. Unit field is V .a *£ § ■§ x v .2 ©« o d _ ftS* ^ ^ © © fi o © .3 S eg % Jj. o «3 O ^ tg o o ^5 ?! 5-1 3 13 a® P 0) ^ eg s o a? H =1 rt s J (11 ^ ~ ! fl s ; bjo *- , ft c3 •d a cS §1% © r 3 0) o ft ^*g © '3 „r ft ,_< W 5 Sh 5 43 Ji ^ •g §.S4P ^ bed 68 | cS § ~ ,-s.S re § i«« g I h 2 ^ *-S be e § ^ bJO CO *A • V.. X $4 MAGNETIC MOMENT. Q> © O ■P-P-P ‘sag’ m °S ^ «8 8 _g 2 M a? (2) At a point, P (p. 430), opposite the centre of the bar, and at a distance x from it, D is parallel to the axis of the magnet, and equal to >.43 50 •'© p a) ^ P.C fi « gc-" 1 •- ®~ a ** 13 S rs .s^jg^aJ r" Opt ~ CD *rH r© ^ ^ G *S r£ bfi p. - 1 rr* ~ O ^ fli [•■sll Ml® fo § H s *^-2 ; © - HS'S- H “ QJ ^ ^ o p« fl 5 Ph ^ «4H ©S _fcD £ £ H© .&0 £ 0 ^rrf ^’§j§ « ^"cT-m i CD CO _, pO ^ | S ; M>fl« a ™ " a fa W Sg S3 cS © © r^P QUy " © ^ fl O b CM 2 *£ if *-£ S§ S ^ !a S « g o « Pn’o EL j -+2 EL Vtvv*ixv/4x» “ “ “ X hangs when the other magnet is not there ; or, m other words, when the magnetometer is directed 432 MAGNETOMETER. m w S L< ai 0 ) B - 4 J ^ -s ce a &0 S ^ > a o s — " So w ii oa § 5 R -T 3 S 1 <3 < 8 ® cT , . 6 C.P «H r ' O .£ a' P^o a? » a oT eg 2 1-^ ®^Eo C^«H O t >0 , - ft e8 ^ &*K fl rS G "2 Cr ^ o^ ^ flH fcf o ® Pn 00 b •r o - £ a^' 5 < 9 - 02 O o ^ a 43 £ P § o ‘P S <+-< r-p c 2 o © S 2 "§ Near the bottom the slot is enlarged into a hole wide enough to contain the mirror without contact. The hole is closed by a lens in front 02 c 3 © O ft 9 cgqp £ cd rfl rr> O .h Tj CC • i-l £11 *»H • 02 02 «'*t- ( — i eg CD £ (D O X eg g 2 El h O rg ^ ^ f k+J^ -U . P 9 . 9 r ^P £h ^ I I — | CL) Cu Cu”o^rPOOo 2 M *' OQOOP'OOb-,©© •Ja .2 ^ ^ o H ft 2 e ■«-* vi; "-f— < w 2 ^ o 43 l-Ja^i . >> _, 2 "5 p 1o fe-3 „ g*s a I s£ S g'g.g'g s g '-§7 '■r—i r*j rrH ^ ; g * r ~i i ^sT s S-S'S a S'w'g s.a I g all 2 2 ® d - h ^ ft ^ w 1 woo ■grt ® B 'S- ^ § §3 c §3 s as^ S ^ O kl ffl H ® o r£ CD ^ " .2 rd • -! -3 OQ 43 bCr^l -P * 9 ^ -i-l ' 3 t 4 H r a S g’ofc'-S'g °. ^ "2 9 So -2 x j_, «»s * 131 2 o -2 S'S^'d 1 fl «Jh *d 9 rt ~ - Ph o _d f_l .H bn ,r a) „ 1 h £> 40 r^5 > 9 fl | . A P ®3 fH £ $ L eg > OQ 2 o 2^0 o 18^.2 29^° 9 >^5 « 4 -l 3 ^ ^ 2 3 n s a .s-s^'S* l :2 ^ CQ o fl rj ” .2 g.2o>'oo"* J d^ .2 g 9 h£hh.S P ^ ^ -s § ^ .3 GO 4 =- li 5j M p . (H n ^2 -srHZ o cd r3 ^ ■2 . 4? 9 i-^-i r Tj -p ^ ^ 13 9 . 2 ' > . c 3 > - 4 J 4 -J ^ fl ^ 8 |. 2 | gg b ^* 0.-^1 | ” 0 ,V.£JS 9 ^ §S gj g © s S > g J,s S dJ o ^ljj-p .3 P .P O -s —- 1 pT ^ 0 -n 3 rd O o -P ^ -+3 «+_, o oiz:^ s* S o p .S Co I— < .? Ill P ^— ( '■tf o ’p 9rP 2 (S-Ppp, 2 . > 02 -P ,0 s H o c^ '■p o >S o 9 OH • eg s, -p ^ i — 1 H . ■SI o p « 2 ° ^ . 5D® ? ® cd ^ ^p b eg ^ -9 -e |S a 4 j 'Tj P O - -^-, . - , £js3« « j - ! ° s|. •^^2 K- 8^3 | .2 | cu • 8ft PP «H -P o . ; a r&S 3 O O -P o S s ? 2 , w p nd a t>, o ^ 3 o ‘3 o ^ ° 02 d B, rt a P „ 5 PP 4 h 2 HHPrQ+ 30 tS p« s M >> s S 3 ^ i MAGNETIC INDUCTION. PJ ^ © S £ft o s © ft PJ ® © a gns d w r C3 g 03 02 00 2 S * • o-o 43 bc^.5 s d © rj pj 03 i-> §5 to® 52 ,S-h n o S d ^ H CO 'ij 4J H ® a 1 i s fe pj g .§ pj 8 2ft: pj c8 - Ac CU cu ^ o d s ^ ft o >£« 3 <8 g H -s ’■£ -t TO O 03 2 o ce s 3 _ _ Pi 03ft bfi.r Stj ft ° ^ 5 *4-1 o $ ^ 2 -P ft'H ^ g © ^ M -Sc kft © ^g-Sd-l 3^ b © c -P ^ 5 fi 60 ® 0 3 M hi ° o' S ® 2 w i—i O 03 r^ eg c3 03 03 g *+h p,ft ft O ft O K +3 ftl 43 «-a £ f=*. =i; . o ft *-l co c3 i w p ! «8 © ' ft CO the lines is the measure of the magnetic induc- tion there, and is denoted by B. B consists of the lines 4 7r! named above, together with H, the held then in action, these being compounded with due regard to their direction : — Suppose an indefinitely narrow crevasse to be cut across the magnetised piece at right angles 4 -„ 4"U ~ — , „ C 1 1 _ ' ft 2 03 A 2 S s.g^ ss a «+h + 3 43 P 03 O ft 03 . 03 $ ^rtft p % ft s SP 5 ft ft o © ►b O 5_| j3 Q . ft 03 ft ft H f-i - I. SP ■3>H 2 S/S’-S 8 § S.S “ ft 7>Q 03 ft ^ ^5 CQ t O f | ( §> o cd -S ft u Sg-a§.g'g : 03 ft w ©r o ft s-i P! o - o 03 g a 03 P g ftft ft CO r^j 43 § p -2 "© +3 * ^ c p ft bcft gno g.2 02 ft S +3 r g a Cq -ft s -e*!! sj a 8 C3 ten 21' ft .22 J > * This is a vector equation, and is to be understood in the usual algebraical sense only when | and H have the same direction. 435 MAGNETIC PEEME ABILITY, -IX 5 calx ^ j§ PS 4-3 © O d *43 g> a a be „ e8 2> 3. » O 1 “ o3 so bo o o 33 P'S § 45 d o -+-= -s rd 3” o .J: d 4-3 U S-H 2 CO £ P-, P4 g.A d r TZ >-i ' O ^ U2 • ' © P .22 r4 O © bo- wo - w b0j^+=»44> (H d«fH P O •3 ® aJS 50 • *4 ! 4-3 ?_| M ^ .--. CO 0 © S_| -1 bCrd rf 2 O r4 P- -4J 03 p4 CO ^ ° « r-H , °>d3 r n d • * gls 03 Si a 50 bo- g £ ~ •* sis- d 3. 1o r d rd 2 a CO M O d a a‘ , e*.. ! © © : d 0 0 4-3 1 I S '43 2 S • "§ |S 8 ’ g g^ • S s S - 43 8® 3* .3 l|l!ti -> d i»^ 1 2 O a a o r ,®5 ” O c3 aT.2 eg ® P4 Ph O c3 a d 1 ?^ a | o >»Cd ' n - r^i«S&n -1'r.a.a-i. ,rH ^ p -a 4 -, f* ^ q 3 o t+_i ^3 o • <3 os § C£ O 0.43 © © . Sr 2 i- ' bOCS 4-3 d © ^ S oT bc^ 0 2 5_, > d. c3 ^4 © •>-< d ~ co 03 -+3 43 O fl 4J o pH c5 2 d a d £ ©°g S*^ H bcfl fl Pm > P 4 SP” a g a o bo £ ’s-l rd 03 O g 3 ^ g ra a ss © a ^ § © o d o d a .-d i. qa d eg 4 - 5 ^ ’© d "S 40 ^ 0)HrQ C3 d a^ d -a g CO 50 4-3 d ° ^ d^ 3 2 ’>3 o bo! ^ o • M O |-§ 5 a gwig >ax 0 d So "o ^ bo-'fl»43 a g o 0 S ?4 c5 O .d d d rid aCO H 43drdg_ ©O O Pnp^ ° ,JC3 d ^M4 d d^T ® 'H X O *a S +)I d^Srt^^ O O O -r-H O T n t+H ti >. 03 > O 43 y y © ,-s 3 s I . j 5 ■§ % 9 >» . is o ‘"'S fc w x a o> os th ^ 'H 3 rj D bO - , - a c 2.3 wg u H i ^ ^ ^ 3 ® 2 g cS II X l I 03 as 3 e :§ © .^rQ 5 PS ° ^ 03 g ».S 5 SS « o 32 Sssl ^ ’o 4^> {£ TJ 3 68 G 02 03 ^ « 68 -So^ • c8 M & R 33 ~ 03 il >> * |oq S ^ ' — 03 S 'w ^ <0 s *§ ° T) § SS O ft s ° CO V e o^p <43 jh W) > c? 43 bio £ O ft *. 3 | g/-§ °*B § ^ J | 0r ^.S :i-P C 5 _, ^ - * -g .1 aoS £~2 ■+3 q ^ ^ ^ o o o 03 " 03 ■ — i 33 C2 "«B.S a H 03 rj P _ S P . « 5 U .5 ^ 03 O O -P 4J o *43 *2 o ”2 U *OT So S 03 o SW o && method is well suited for the measurement of B at the centre or at any part of the length of a permanent bar magnet. The induction coil is to be slipped over the rod up to the place 2 rs ijgij ts -2 ^ Ph © O k © ° 5 a t 3 r ^cj-PO^^OCO boi* w > © ^ *J3 £ To'c *-£ £ 43 g "© Vs « l °Jf “I g£-ag« fl © cs^ g * g-5 g s_o.H < ~> fl -oos£o3 . ^ g 9 O ^43 0) +3 rj — P-J 4-3 1 p 2 ~© -v S V -3 >^3 H — '

© ^ rP §^§^i?*i&s§<3.sj ! vgi©**E2 ; ^ J £ ce M ps ^ 3 •» bn 4 ^ o w ° £> O P "S Q, 00 43'^ ■ a S^'s-3 ^3 rP -g j>3 O © 5*5 p «“ „T PrP W-B O -<-3 i-rj ^ v iu y w p bo -3 P PS © c3 eg © O 4-> „ c3 I ft «H4 ^ I ~ c-s w — ft bo -H © pH C3 $4 © ^ fi © PS 00 H g ^ rrf if © *E © ^ 1.2 * 0 I £ g. © c3 o h n r 4 J ® © P © > "5 02 ^ Vi P O ss .« r g> ^ &l ^ S a ® § § & o -s S cS<£ s 3 ® o? ^ Si ^2 •“ ^ 03 ‘^.e -g -g © " C © | ^ ^ 0) 50 S c3 © M ^4 p rP © ^3 43 !j 43 13 “ i-P xJ j ^ 44 8 Bi'sll I'^ca §>i o ll s ^a§S a g © r s 5 I? a's'S x a a| §4,^ -.g ^ <3 Pi g © . ^ ce o 43 ^ 43 © 11‘P rS if ra g ^bX) g r- ! » 43 gi‘3 c3 ««13 © 5 +3 «4H S4 np S bo O n -M cn O O DIRECT MAGNETOMETRIC METHOD. © 43 bJD u Ph © ,r3 '-C © ,j© © c3 4-3 O P 0 o 2 e© ° *43 © c3 <£> rQ •+■> .J*§ l s l r| s Its O ^ 43 ■§3 5 © o-g 3 a p a + as o +=> ■5 © 3rO I X "B 43 I - 1 - S © P s h- ^ ® 2 « ^ ® fv> o— © 5 ri Pj °Q p £ .2 © ~ & CM _© 0) e § 2 0 © g SS ’■§ «g o M f £.3 °.S S> I *- £ 3 a O zi -+3 °C0*H « § Is .2 >* 7 ~\ U to H >» p ' © 2^§*p 5 bo’prf • 2 58 ^ ' C3 3' »> £> 1 ^ 1>P I •r± ' m o © O P © Pn C3 § » •2 £ O O dj r P3 1—1 p 3 2 Ph o P o P^+3 tf y c8 , .-B > © P © ^ iO ^ ^ K » C3 w >?B * © _■ ^ H to +> L| rj hr© M i © g £ § Jpng |.S p3 , CZ2 ■ rH O Tj , rH O £4 S- 3 o J2 o +) ■ © 43 HJ 0) fj fS -p • 1-1 ci 4-3 o © c3 4_a Ph'B p p _, © g g g 3 P5 $:*f r II * ^-< P t£ 4-3 m « ^ 2 50 j. pH « 1 txJ 43 © H _H bo bC%^"-" © 3 0® © ^ » p HP ^ ao CO H-H 2 A § £tp? 2°""" ° p 53 p © ^ •*-> bDr^ © "C © P M r-> " P -P p ^ O • P-K* 2 H P ^ -H +3 PS £ -i-4> ** CS S? £ «2 rf -2 ~±\ CO 'P ^ P £ © © ^ P S3 P .13 co P ii (j H-r g ^ «> is x •§ T3 £ « - S & g g.i s rP © CO +3 S3 _ o .p .2 S3 x -g sZ P c3 «8 bfl to P .2 5 m! sp c3 43 S ^ -3 «_. 2 2 ^ s ■5 s W d > . 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Jj -+^ C/J W &D a Ph^ ^ ^ © © O __ d a 4 S ?. . > -p H© © ?H ^ - S.iSas8 32 ■ 5C © b/o P ^ ■P H P 2 rP ■P S.H rP 03 <-< © 43 rrt (Up S P 4S ■d ^ -pa d © .2 63 | 3-1 /S g ^-.■s s o ^7 O t> P d 'd «+-< ^ © .P o © l-d ^ 'Tj "m rrt § © g g-55 © d I — I c3 d to ^ Tj Ph ' _ d P o o 2 H3 rP 02 X 2 a © 03 ?H H-d 5 © P o O -j o!§nj;|>gi 2 S§»f ■ ■g > -s N p nP © ; & - , s I bO © o © gH g - sts-a §l^ = o dS 35 > L-J rH P-H r-O 1 0 n * 1 ^ O *+^ (V) . f-H c •"§ ^ O ©d'^ flp^ 0 O - '' > >4 S3 Tj T3 S cSnj o 0 g eg -43 pO ® O a £ O -S * . HA 3 O r-H 1 > eg T3 go eg o5 S3 ,£ -*3 ^ r d " H o o 0 +) N ^ *■$ £°§-5 • « s S' 3 '" m VS © E rrt O LJ O £ *M hh Os *rj S3 -u d3 m e <-• ■+? S cd ° S«H 8 h e o W §rg « b £ A*S t- © • a -p d.3 0) o c §’9'° S) *? §^.s t> ?-, 43 z^.g-z £ 3 . t3 A3 O fa © 3 _. eg 1 a ^ ! H r £' a) lo : £44 M .5 g ©13 © -g ° £ © Sje t 3 &c a eg >/ J S g- _ w a a> S3 Ml * b 1 © S3 3 r d [3 . CD ' 43 ,r - - * s . ~ ^ <3 X 8 ® fe s? P^ * ►>£ ~4= ^ § | gjSa 6 - $J° §£t &rSr§ gO c 43 Oh ~. e_j ^, «! jj A “ o eg ^q3K . w'g.S 02 ^0 kC r d (^ ° £ S ^ f £ 2 M Ph 43 Field to be measured = Another method of comparing magnetic fields, whether weak or strong, is to compare the sensi- bility of a galvanometer when its needle is directed by one field, with the sensibility of the same, or an easily comparable galvanometer, . O .-40 £j S-f p rjk>(*N S 33 g g s © £ !*< ^ © +> o * "2 0,0 3=1 >>43 oo o £ O S3 2^M IP g-a.- 43 © t> ■S o^ 5 g w M Sh d Oh.ES ■§ 0 02-S-S-g Oh^h— ( c° ■o 2 ® d 43 © fl ©^3 A H ft o ® ® || _ fl 0^3 3 (4 _,'© 0 B ©<* 5 0 O > ^ tpj ti nd w ■3 02 2P § O bC43 •”.g § «•+* « o eg p (g -h o be e3 R fa <33 CD I g « o 0 O S3 g C ” ^0 ,E2 m o ■+=> ^ _j ~r ^ o £ g ^ ^ £ o ^ iZ ‘4l , ^ r d^S3c3£'-O c3 t»fa r £? 3 pH Ooeg'^ r Q, P o g R - <-' •>' bf) 4 a m +3 rj a> rl M O .d _rH §•€ 8 5 £.2.0 0. § d # o *o S ^o Plf "m ll X \V 2 n! ) See also Gray’s Absolute Measurements , chap. vii. LOGARITHMIC TABLES. EH* Pm H ^ 8S O g> 2 g*. « a >> h o.-e H CQ H M nj O ® gm.£ C 3 Q o H O ® a) ,a -a -S H ^ M g 3 g Is s .5 <— ' ■-+S S co CD a) O c3 o . H t* t! ^ © d rQ CS S ^42 £> 6 s ^ bC^ s ^ ^ . o W-S bO e ^ s Pn o o 3 O -4-3 «H ‘g g.a bJD «« ,2 H- L aj 1 3 © ~g ^ 44^3 SrO ^ ^ -P 43 i ( co bO *82 kS v s * a g' rf • S J S © -** 2 U P ^ ® bD I a<« TjH f-l O m m .m O CM a ’-§ g | © © fj 0) 5 « qj • rH r T5 S O (H r Sagd >5 a 3 §.§ a ,rH ° © a T, 53 * H5 a»j ®'2 I ^ © rP 43 £ .a | m rO +3 0 •£ M J | & ■§ iS;g i— i , — ' P O C « M rn g 2 Ph § r bio"^ H .2 H §•^5 a S o tfj ^ £: cs *S sJL O § 2 S p£U O ~ ■si* si 'S ^4(2^ * 53 ^ U s s ■a p : *■ a fa- 's g s » « ;s e 5 * Is |*g-s~§ fcT 2 to “* © o' 23 P c P* , si 55 ^-|s § «f ca 3 8 § ^ OS'® S •Z sC o T3 o' -, E=8 §J SiaSSar feS S «.S^ - g'H’i ^2 O Or * 44S LOGARITHMIC TABLES. co *£? ns TS S' p ^ bO 2 <* © o w a 1 y 03 3 m '. a cs r ® _, Ph 2 § ~ 3 '>J> ilfSFo »:§« 9 - s § a 3 >■ 4 J rss>.g a s « s 3 S h ® aJ -|.S^|fe2 U S« ^ 1 s .b a ^ * n 3 (M S E -1'?^ §-J? 3 ^ Jxj = ® a s,w +> 3-s s & o 6 from dif. col. *4707 ROLE IV. — To find the logarithm of a number cousisiing of four figures. — Find the m-3 , © t 3 S-i © pgp n3 *3 §3 Cl Cl Cl Cl eS CO CO CD CO lOO lO lO <■* oo Qo oo Qo e © 1 . — l | CO g !l II II II % bb 43 S © po 5 a bo © ’M H Ph XI m O S Sf- O b ^ s ’■ P number, ^.e. , the number corresponding to a given logarithm. — Find in the table of anti- logarithms, in a way similar to that indicated I Kerf , f-* +3 ^ o 'Si * .vJ . . £©£ ; ^ ^ A d T«© fSd o mJ 5 o Id -S ■ 03 60 P> d ri o P* ^ jj d 2 d .52 '"3 03 60 « 5 o ■2 § 11.23 liT FI +3 © a s „ ^ © a d d or- cd * £§3 ^80 I 2 * I £> g§ .3 .a * On-s I kr-l Sr* TH +3 ■p . o c3 O. 03 all 03 C 5 rH d c 8 • 3 p! m j d r& 60+3 .52 ! “ d d *g 4-> Cw © d d 0ra ^ x° a a>J I- 3 s ^ <- §Jd § J-. +3 t> 4 «H O -w O d d © d _c! 1 d © d rd d o o f Oh « 5 h - 4-3 . 3 M - 02 o .a £Prrt S «d od ^ c 3 _ Mrd U W ©.5 -P d ® s ^ 'S ® *SJ §- 43 -^ tl) bo d 60 ^> c3 5° d 8 IS -$vO S 3 © _o ^ ?_, 32 n-j ^ © e© d 3 *5 ^a © *3 _ d OJ Fh rj <+_| O I — 4 O 9 O ^ rO ~*Zf8£ a a 5 a a ^ 5 © 5 d o m ^ 8 ° 2 a -blS ® < ©^ d^j o’ o a^' logarithmic tables. CD O a rC • x! .a <0 a ^ a .3 TS'S’ii ,2 M ° '^5 Cg 40 Cl/j-H ^ "a a -a a H .-, « . > . o Zj-Z i_J ^ 5 &o[lj rrj 02 ro « 2 a 0 N WMOO a &/) w 00 00 00 00 00 00 oo ^ tH ^ r* Tin CO CO 0 CO O 0 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fO (N H * |rH I c<| :co ’£ a? C3 rO *pg £ § « a T3 hz ^ a c3 O m s - S 5 g J -2 2 s = s r ; -g § * . f>J • .35 a V« a 22 e3 § * £ CD tH bn tH 0 IQ 1 - 00 rH CO £3 C5 (■“? ™ Ph S S-» . p S-+ o o § <3 £ © 0 CO H3 „ rt 1 rtf ■s § es & gj§ _2 -43 ^ o >> a? 3 s .§ 2 • ^ & 2 ,-g 0 r-H |>« CO o VO Jt— GO rH !! II o co O »C 00 Gl PW a to ^ TJ w § 3 43 rO O 43 O ^ X} . 43 os-. *E a s ^l 3 a» (3j 2 43 •*3^0 4s 2 a ^rO o, O ^ O r, c3 S-. “ fcC o o > CO T{H CM O Cl II II C/D >> .. O # X *3 > II II O XI W 0 1 log. 729 = 2*8627 divide by 3 = *9542 . \ number 452 logarithmic tables. To raise a number to any power , multiply the logarithm by the index of the power, and find the corresponding number. i! li s a •; a * ° sji a S3 «S 8 0 0 2 o" S3 : © 0 ~ S3 7 is l-s ■ tJD Sd s_ S-l • S-i ~ © PI ©^ © o a a ^ tM £ © , “ o •£ ^,.2 © ■§. § ©Pd o g S a o'S w -3 CD o p © to u • 3:g 5 J s S g o g H O 3 nd S3 w I 0 — • cjd 69 » g -H, - © £ S3 Sh S3 ^‘0 0 J^-2 * § SU8*g M 0 _ p « «_§ ® bra © id Pd HH . <33 ' 5 S\ © ^"sS-S g © & 0+ 3 73 o . 5 a © - S © ■p Oi e5 dd S3 . ©Pd OP3 ^ S3 O © or +i 02 - O £ r0 ^ . pa bo 3 o >, r: a< P ” H rr * X w if g . M’- © -3 © - = oPM g S“g, ! g® S no s g g © 0 ) C 3 s £ Pd © pd r $** 6u S -s 'o-§ S Ti P - a ^3 -s "S 43 >» -p ®s S3 02 M +> Cj fl ■g a .5 -m g O S3 Pd Pj © 02 O ° g g rO d> a-^g^ s leg p S3 bo '3 2 ” Prf bo ° ”1'2 o © g " ' M Pd S3^*^ -O CD C5 V? . M rP iO CM f-P From table of cosines, 25° 12' 9048 JS ^ « Or bo « B -p a • © § «* S: s g 11 fc ©*^ > ^ v a %> o s o ^ — 1 ; - 0 3 « g 2^ d > © 5 ° § I ^p ■** ' M'S § li ! o a 5 o > e © 5 h s ® § § & < g-a_§ <* ;«£j.s © : .« 1 © 1 © L bp p 3 -S ® p Hi i « p pm 3 j£ S P g 5 «£ £ 3 s sU S £ *.S*8 £|55 6® ® -P _ © S ^ O d 5 43 _ n :(*■ 3-g “ S I 1 S* a Jj g 5 2 ?- © if. 6® © a .s ! s 2 Fg g 0 PS g © W a [ 2 © « 0 §5 £; * © I g s^S . • © c3 hh n w,-* 3 w « S- t-H « S P ^ g « Ph M •« ^ O g S § g. s * © frP ^ 5: i, interpolating, if necessary, by means of © T3 & d itl © © r? M O © hO IS e3 2 . *■8-- d - « a.g rS ' <3 d Tt j» M* 2 © ,g rd 3*85* a si g>§ n cs © „.S £P > © sHa J •&s s> as ho d eS © rd ■+3 T5 d K i P3 d An , g 5 6 68 8325 8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8382 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 69 8338 8395 8401 8407 8414 8420 8426 8432 8439 8445 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 70 8451 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8494 8500 8506 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 71 8513 8519 8525 8531 8537 8543 8549 8555 8561 8567 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 72 8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 8609 8615 8621 8627 L 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 73 8633 8639 8645 8651 8657 8663 8669 3675 8681 8686 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 74 8692 8698 8704 8710 8716 8722 8727 8733 8739 8745 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 75 8751 8756 8762 8768 8774 8779 8785 8791 8797 8802 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 76 8808 8S14 S820 8825 8831 8837 8842 8848 8854 8859 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 77 8865 8871 8876 8882 8337 8893 8399 8904 8910 8915 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 78 8921 8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 8954 8930 8965 8971 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 79 8976 8982 8987 8993 8993 9004 9009 9015 9020 9025 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 80 9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 9069 9074 9079 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 81 9035 9090 9096 9101 9106 9112 9117 9122 9128 9133 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9- 459 LOGARITHMS. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 82 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 9175 9180 9186 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 S3 9191 9196 9201 9208 9212 9217 9222 9227 9232 9238 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 84 9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9279 9284 9289 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 85 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325 9330 9335 9340 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 86 9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 S7 9395 9400 9405 9410 9415 9420 9425 9430 9435 9440 0 l 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 88 9445 9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 9474 9479 9484 94S9 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 89 9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528 9533 9538 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 90 9542 9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 9571 9576 9581 9586 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 91 9590 9595 9600 9305 9609 9814 9619 9624 9628 9633 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 92 9638 9643 9647 9652 9857 9661 9666 9671 9675 9680 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 93 9685 9689 9694 9699 9703 9708 9713 9717 9722 9727 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 94 9731 9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 9763 9768 9773 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 95 9777 9782 9786 9791 9795 9800 9805 9809 9814 9818 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 96 9823 9827 9S32 9836 9S41 9845 9850 9854 9S59 9863 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 97 9S63 9872 9877 9381 9886 9390 9894 9899 9903 9908 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 98 9912 9917 9921 9926 9939 9934 9339 9943 9948 9952 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 99 9956 9961 9965 9989 9974 997S 9983 9937 9991 9993 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ANTILOG AHITHMS. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 •00 1000 1002 1005 1007 1009 1012 1014 1016 1019 1021 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 •01 1023 1026 1028 1030 1033 1035 1038 1040 1042 1045 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 •02 1047 1050 1052 1054 1057 1059 1062 1064 1067 1069 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 •03 1072 1074 1076 1079 1081 1084 1086 1089 1091 10.4 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 •04 1096 1099 1102 1104 1107 1109 1112 1114 1117 1119 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 05 1122 1125 1127 1130 1132 1135 1138 1140 1143 1146 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 •06 1148 1151 1153 1156 1159 1161 1164 1167 1169 1172 0 1 1 i 1 2 2 2 2 •07' 1175 1178 1180 1183 1186 1189 1191 1194 1197 1199 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 •03 1202 1205 1208 1211 1213 1216 1219 1222 1225 1227 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 •09 1230 1233 1236 1239 1242 1245 1247 1250 1253 1256 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 TO 1259 1262 1265 1268 1271 1274 1276 1279 1282 1285 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 11 1288 1291 1294 1297 1300 1303 1306 1309 1312 1315 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 T2 1318 1321 1324 1327 1330 1334 1337 1340 1343 1346 0 1 1 1 2 2 *2 2 3 •13 1349 1352 1355 1358 1361 1365 1368 1371 1374 1377 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 14 1380 1384 1387 1390 1393 1396 1400 1403 1406 1409 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 T5 1413 1416 1419 1422 1426 1429 1432 1435 1439 1442 0 l 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 T6 1445 1449 1452 1455 1459 1462 1466 1469 1472 1476 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 T7 1479 1483 1486 1489 1493 1496 1500 1503 1507 1510 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 T8 1514 1517 1521 1524 1528 1531 1535 1538 1542 1545 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 *19 1549 1552 1556 1560 1563 1567 1570 1574 1578 1581 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ANTILOGARITHMS. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 *20 1585 1589 1592 1596 1600 1603 1607 1611 1614 1618 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 •21 1622 1626 1629 1633 1637 1641 1644 1648 1652 1656 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 •22 1660 1663 1667 1671 1675 1679 1683 1687 1690 1694 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 •23 1698 1702 1706 1710 1714 1718 1722 1726 1730 1734 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 •24 1738 1742 1746 1750 1754 1758 1762 1766 1770 1774 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 •25 1778 1782 1786 1791 1795 1799 1803 1807 1811 1816 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 •26 1820 1824 1828 1832 1837 1841 1845 1849 1854 1858 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 •27 1862 1866 1871 1875 1879 1884 1888 1892 1897 1901 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 •28 1905 1910 1914 1919 1923 1928 1932 1936 1941 1945 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 •29 1950 1954 1959 1963 1968 1972 1977 1982 1986 1991 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 •30 1995 2000 2004 2009 2014 2018 2023 2028 2032 2037 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 •31 2042 2046 2051 2056 2061 2065 2070 2075 2080 20S4 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 •32 2089 2094 2099 2104 2109 2113 211S 2123 2128 2133 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 •33 2138 2143 2148 2153 2158 2163 2168 2173 2178 2183 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 •34 2188 2193 2193 2203 2208 2213 2218 2223 2228 2234 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 •35 2239 2244 2249 2254 2259 2265 2270 2275 2280 2286 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 •36 2291 2296 2301 2307 2312 2317 2323 2328 2333 2339 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 •37 2344 2350 2355 2360 2366 2371 2377 2382 2388 2393 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 •38 2399 2404 2410 2415 2421 2427 2432 2438 2443 2449 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 •39 2455 2460 2466 2472 2477 2483 2489 2495 2500 2506 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 462 ANTILOGARITHMS. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 •40 2512 2518 2523 2529 2535 2541 2547 2553 2559 2564 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 •41 2570 2576 2582 2588 2594 2600 2606 2612 2618 2624 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 •42 2630 2636 2642 2649 2655 2661 2667 2673 2679 2685 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 '43 2692 2698 2704 2710 2716 2723 2729 2735 2742 2748 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 '44 2754 2761 2767 2773 2780 2786 2793 2799 2805 2812 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 '45 2818 2825 2831 283S 2844 2851 2358 2864 2871 2877 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 •46 2884 2891 2897 2904 2911 2917 2924 2931 2938 2944 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 '47 2951 2958 2965 2972 2979 2985 2992 2999 3006 3013 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 '48 3020 3027 3034 3041 3048 3055 3062 3069 3076 3083 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 •49 3090 3097 3105 3112 3119 3126 3133 3141 3148 3155 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 '50 3162 3170 3177 3184 3192 3199 3206 3214 3221 3228 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 '51 3236 3243 3251 3258 3266 3273 3281 3289 3296 3304 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 '52 3311 3319 3327 3334 3342 3350 3357 3365 3373 3381 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 '53 3388 3396 3404 3412 3420 3428 3436 3443 3451 3459 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 '54 3467 3475 3483 3491 3499 3508 3516 3524 3532 3540 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 •55 3518 3556 3565 3573 3581 3589 3597 3606 3614 3622 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 '56 3631 3639 3648 3656 3664 3673 3681 3690 3698 3707 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 '57 3715 3724 3733 3741 3750 3758 3767 3776 37S4 3793 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 •58 3802 3811 3819 3828 3837 3846 3855 3S64 3873 3882 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 •59 3890 3899 3908 3917 3926 3936 3945 3954 3963 3972 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ANTILOGARITHMS. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 •60 3981 3990 3999 4009 4018 4027 4036 4046 4055 4064 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 •61 4074 4083 4093 4102 4111 4121 4130 4140 4150 4159 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 •62 4169 4178 4188 4198 4207 4217 4227 4236 4246 4256 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 •63 4266 4276 4285 4295 4305 4315 4325 4335 4345 4355 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 •64 4365 4375 4385 4395 4406 4416 4426 4436 4446 4457 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 •65 4467 4477 4487 4498 4508 4519 4529 4539 4550 4560 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 *66 4571 4581 4 92 4603 4613 4624 4634 4645 4656 4667 1 o 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 •67 4677 4688 4699 4710 4721 4732 4742 4753 4764 4775 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 68 4786 4797 4808 4S19 4831 4842 4853 4864 4875 4S87 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 •69 4S98 4909 4920 4932 4943 4955 4966 4977 4989 5000 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 •70 5012 5023 5035 5047 5058 5070 5082 5093 5105 5117 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 •71 5129 5140 5152 5164 5176 5188 5200 5212 5224 5236 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 •72 5248 5260 5272 5284 5297 5309 5321 5333 5346 5358 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 •73 5370 5383 5395 5408 5420 5433 5445 5458 5470 5483 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 •74 5495 5508 5521 5534 5546 5559 5572 5585 5598 5610 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 •75 5623 5636 5649 5662 5675 5689 5702 5715 5728 5741 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 12 •76 5754 5768 5781 5794 5808 5821 5834 5848 5861 5875 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 •77 5888 5902 5916 5929 5943 5957 5970 5984 5998 6012 1 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 •78 6026 6039 6053 6067 60S1 6095 6109 6124 6138 6152 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13 79 6166 6180 6194 62C9 6223 6237 6252 6266 6281 6295 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 464 ANTILOGARITHMS- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 •80 6310 6324 6339 6353 6368 6383 6397 6412 6427 6442 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 •81 6457 6171 64S6 6501 6516 6531 6546 6561 6577 6592 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 •82 6607 6622 6637 6653 6668 6683 6699 6714 6730 6745 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 •83 6761 6776 6792 6S08 6823 6839 6855 6871 6887 6902 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 13 14 •84 6918 6934 6950 6966 6982 6998 7015 7031 7047 7063 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 15 •85 7079 7096 7112 7129 7115 7161 7178 7194 7211 7228 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 •86 7244 7261 7278 7295 7311 7328 7345 7362 7379 7396 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 •87 7413 7430 7147 7464 7482 7499 7516 7534 7551 7568 2 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 •88 7586 7603 7621 7638 7656 7674 7691 7709 7727 7745 2 4 5 7 9 1L 12 14 16 •89 7762 7780 7798 7816 7834 7852 7870 7889 7907 7925 2 4 5 7 9 11 13 14 16 •90 7943 7962 7980 7998 8017 8035 8054 8072 8091 8110 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 •91 8128 8147 8166 8185 8204 8222 8241 8260 8279 8299 2 4 6 8 9 11 13 15 17 •92 8318 8337 8356 8375 8395 8414 8433 8453 8472 8492 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 17 •93 8511 8531 8551 8570 8590 8610 8630 8650 8670 8690 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 •94 8710 8730 8750 8770 8790 8810 8831 8851 8872 8892 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 95 8913 8933 8954 8974 8995 9016 9036 9057 9078 9099 2 4 6 8 10 12 15 17 19 •96 9120 9141 9162 9183 9204 9226 9247 9268 9290 9311 2 4 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 *97 9333 9354 9376 9397 9419 9441 9462 9484 9506 9528 2 4 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 •98 9550 9572 9594 9616 9638 9661 9683 9705 9727 9750 2 4 7 9 11 13 16 18 20 •99 9772 9795 9817 9340 9863 9886 9908 9931 9954 9977 2 5 7 9 11 14 16 18 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NATUKAL SINES. t i O' 6 ' IS' 18' 24 ' 30' 36' 42 ' 48 ' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 0° 0000 0017 0035 0052 0070 0087 0105 0122 0140 0157 3 6 9 12 15 1 0175 0192 0209 0227 0244 0262 0279 0297 0314 0332 3 6 9 12 15 2 0349 0366 0384 0401 0419 0433 0454 0471 0488 0506 3 6 9 12 15 3 0523 0541 0558 0576 0593 0610 0628 0645 0663 0680 3 6 9 12 15 4 0698 0715 0732 0750 0767 0785 0S02 0819 0837 0S54 3 6 9 12 15 5 0871 0889 0903 0924 0941 0958 0976 0993 1011 1028 3 6 9 12 14 6 1045 1063 1080 1097 1115 1132 1149 1167 1184 1201 3 6 9 12 14 7 1219 1236 1253 1271 128S 1305 1323 1340 1357 1374 3 6 9 12 14 8 1392 1409 1426 1444 1461 L478 1495 1513 1530 1547 3 6 9 12 14 9 1564 1582 1599 1616 1633 1650 1668 1685 1702 1719 j 3 6 9 12 14 10 1736 1754 1771 1788 1805 1822 1840 1857 1874 1891 | 3 6 9 12 14 11 1908 1925 1942 1959 1977 1994 2011 2028 2045 2062 1 1 3 6 9 11 14 12 2079 2096 2113 2130 2147 2164 2181 2198 2215 2232 1 3 6 9 11 14 13 2250 2267 2284 2300 2317 2334 2351 2368 2385 2402 3 6 8 11 14 14 2419 2436 2453 2470 24S7 2504 2521 2538 2554 2571 3 6 8 11 14 15 2588 2605 2622 2639 2656 2672 2689 2706 2723 2740 3 6 8 11 14 16 2756 2773 2790 2807 2823 2840 2S57 2874 2890 2907 3 6 8 11 14 17 2924 . 2940 2957 2974 2990 3007 3024 3040 3057 3074 j \ 3 6 8 11 14 O' 6' 12' ■ CO 24' 30' 36' CO 54' S i 2 3 4 5 NATURAL SINES. O' 6' 12' 18' 24' 30' CD CO 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 18° 3090 3107 3123 3140 3156 3173 3190 3206 3223 3239 3 6 8 11 14 19 3256 3272 3289 3305 3322 3338 3355 3371 3387 3404 3 5 8 11 14 20 3420 3437 3453 3469 3486 3502 3518 3535 3551 3567 3 5 8 11 14 21 3584 3600 3616 3633 3649 3665 3681 3697 3714 3730 3 5 8 11 14 22 3746 3762 3778 3795 8811 3827 3843 3859 3875 3S91 3 5 8 11 14 23 3907 3923 3939 3955 3971 3987 4003 4019 4035 4051 3 5 8 11 14 24 4067 4083 4099 4115 4131 4147 4163 4170 4195 4210 3 5 8 11 13 25 4226 4242 4258 4274 4289 4305 4321 4337 4352 4368 3 5 8 11 13 26 4384 4399 4415 4431 4446 4162 4478 4493 4509 4524 3 5 8 10 13 27 4540 4555 4571 4586 4602 4617 4633 4648 4664 4679 3 5 8 10 13 28 4095 4710 4726 4741 4756 4772 4787 4802 4818 4833 3 5 8 10 13 29 4348 4863 4879 4894 4909 4924 4939 4955 4970 4985 3 5 8 10 13 30 5000 5015 5030 5045 5060 5075 5090 5105 5120 5135 3 5 8 10 13 31 5150 5165 5180 5195 5210 5225 5240 5255 5270 5284 2 5 7 10 12 32 5299 5314 5329 5344 5358 5373 538S 5402 5417 5432 2 5 7 10 12 33 5446 5461 5476 5490 5505 5519 5534 5548 5563 5577 2 5 7 10 12 34 5592 5606 5621 5635 5650 5664 5678 5693 5707 5721 2 5 7 10 12 35 5736 5750 5764 5779 5793 5807 5821 5835 5850 5864 2 5 7 9 12 0' 6' 12' 18' 24' o co 36' 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 NATURAL SINES. O' 6' 12' 18' 24' CO o 36' 42' CO 54' 1 2 3 4 5 36° 5878 5892 5906 5920 5934 5948 5962 5976 5990 6004 2 5 7 9 12 37 6018 6032 6046 6060 6074 6088 6101 6115 6129 6143 2 5 7 9 12 38 6157 6170 6184 6198 6211 6225 6239 6252 6266 6280 2 5 7 9 11 39 6293 6307 6320 6334 6347 6361 6374 6388 6401 6414 2 4 7 9 11 40 6428 6441 6455 6468 6481 6494 6508 6521 6534 6547 2 4 7 9 11 41 6561 6574 6587 6600 6613 6626 6639 6652 6865 6678 2 4 7 9 11 42 66 1 6704 6717 6730 6743 6756 6769 6782 6794 6807 2 4 6 9 11 43 6820 6833 6845 6858 6871 6884 6896 6909 6921 6934 2 4 6 8 11 44 6H7 6959 6972 6984 6997 7009 7022 7034 7046 7059 2 4 6 8 10 45 7071 7083 7096 7108 7120 7133 7145 7157 7169 7181 2 4 6 8 10 46 7193 7206 7218 7230 7242 7254 7266 7278 7290 7302 2 4 6 8 10 47 7314 7325 7337 7349 7361 7373 7385 7396 7408 7420 2 4 6 8 10 48 7431 7443 7455 7466 7478 7490 7501 7513 7524 7536 2 4 6 8 10 49 7547 7558 7570 7581 7593 7604 7615 7627 7638 7649 2 4 6 8 9 50 7660 7672 7683 7694 7705 7716 7727 7738 7749 77C0 2 4 6 7 9 51 7771 7782 7793 7804 7815 7826 7837 7848 7859 7869 2 4 5 7 9 52 78S0 7891 7902 7912 7923 7934 7944 7955 79 5 7976 2 4 5 7 9 53 7986 7997 8007 8018 8028 8039 8049 8059 8070 8080 2 3 5 7 9 O' 6' 12' 18 ' 24' 30 ' 36' 42' 48 ' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 ! NATURAL SINE3, 0' 6' 12' 18' 24' 30' 36' 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 54° 8090 8100 8111 8121 8131 8141 8151 8161 8171 8181 2 3 5 7 8 55 8192 8202 8211 8221 8231 8241 8251 8231 8271 8281 2 3 5 7 8 56 8290 8300 8310 8320 8329 8339 8348 8358 8368 8377 2 3 5 6 8 57 8387 8396 8406 8415 8425 8434 8443 8453 8462 8471 2 3 5 6 8 58 8480 8490 8499 8508 8517 8526 8536 8545 8554 8563 2 3 5 6 8 59 8572 8581 8590 8599 8607 8616 8625 8634 8643 8652 1 3 4 6 7 60 8660 8669 8678 8686 8695 8704 8712 8721 8729 8738 1 3 4 6 7 61 8746 8755 8763 8771 8780 8788 8796 8805 8813 8821 1 3 4 6 7 62 8829 8838 8846 8854 8862 8870 8878 8886 8894 8902 1 3 4 5 7 63 8910 8918 8926 8934 8942 8949 8957 8965 8973 8980 1 3 4 5 6 64 8988 8996 9003 9011 9018 9026 9033 9041 9048 9056 1 3 4 5 6 65 9063 9070 9078 9085 9092 9100 9107 9114 9121 9128 1 2 4 5 6 66 9135 9143 9150 9157 9164 9171 9178 9184 9191 9198 1 2 3 5 6 67 9205 9212 9219 9225 9232 9239 9245 9252 9259 9265 1 2 3 4 6 68 9272 9278 9285 9291 9298 9304 9311 9317 9323 9330 1 2 3 4 5 69 9336 9342 9348 9354 9361 9367 9373 9379 9385 9391 1 2 3 4 5 70 9397 9403 9409 9415 9421 9426 9432 9438 9444 9449 1 2 3 4 5 71 9455 9461 9466 9472 9478 9483 9489 9494 9500 9505 1 2 3 4 5 O' 6' 12' 18' 24' co o 36' 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 4G9 NATURAL SINES. 0' 6' 12 ' 18' 24' co o 36' 42' CO 54' 1 2 3 4 5 72° 9511 9516 9521 9527 9532 9537 9542 9548 9553 95 S 1 2 3 4 4 73 9563 9568 9573 9578 9583 958S 9593 9598 9603 9608 1 2 2 3 4 74 9613 9617 9622 9627 9632 9636 9641 9646 9650 9655 1 2 2 3 4 75 9659 9664 9668 9673 9677 9681 9686 9690 9694 9699 l 1 2 3 4 76 9703 9707 9711 9716 9720 9724 9728 9732 9736 9740 1 1 2 3 3 77 9744 9748 9751 9755 9759 9763 9767 9770 9774 9778 1 1 2 3 3 7S 9781 9785 9789 9792 9796 9799 9S03 9806 9810 9813 1 1 2 2 3 79 9816 9820 9823 9826 9829 9833 9836 9839 9842 9845 1 1 2 2 3 SO 9848 9851 9854 9857 9860 9863 9866 9869 9871 9874 0 1 1 2 2 81 9877 9880 9882 9885 9888 9890 9893 9895 9S98 9900 0 1 1 2 2 82 9903 9905 9907 9910 9912 9914 9917 9919 9921 9923 0 1 1 2 2 83 9925 9928 9930 9932 9934 9936 9938 9940 9942 9943 0 1 1 1 2 S4 9945 9947 9949 9951 9952 9954 9956 9957 9959 9960 0 1 1 1 2 85 9962 9963 9965 9966 9968 9969 9971 9972 9973 9974 0 0 1 1 1 86 9976 9977 9978 9979 9980 9981 9982 9983 9984 9185 0 0 1 1 1 87 9986 9987 9988 9989 9990 9990 9991 9992 9993 9993 0 0 0 1 1 88 9994 9995 9995 9996 9996 9997 9997 9997 9998 9998 0 0 0 0 0 89 9998 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 0 0 0 0 0 0' 6' 12' 18' 24' CO o CO CO 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 NATURAL COSINES. O' 6' 12' 18' 24' co o 36' 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 1 4 5 0 ° 1-000 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 0 0 0 0 0 1 9998 9998 9998 9997 9997 9997 9996 9996 9995 9995 0 0 0 0 0 2 9994 9993 9991 9992 9991 9990 9990 9989 9988 9987 0 0 0 1 1 3 99S6 9c 85 9984 9983 9982 9931 9980 9979 9978 9977 0 0 1 1 1 4 9976 9974 9973 9972 9971 9969 9968 9966 9965 9963 0 0 1 1 1 5 9962 9960 9959 9957 9956 9954 9952 9951 9949 9947 0 1 1 1 2 6 9945 9943 9942 9940 9938 9936 9934 9932 9930 9928 0 1 1 1 2 7 9925 9923 9921 9919 9917 9914 9912 9910 9907 9905 0 1 1 2 2 8 9903 9900 9S9S 9895 9893 9890 9888 9885 9882 9880 0 1 1 2 2 9 9877 9874 9871 9869 9866 9863 9860 9857 9854 9851 0 1 1 2 2 10 9848 9845 9842 9839 9836 9833 9829 9826 9823 9820 1 1 2 2 3 11 9816 9813 9810 9806 9803 9799 9796 9792 9789 9785 1 1 2 2 3 12 9781 9778 9774 9770 9767 9763 9759 9755 9751 9748 1 1 2 3 3 13 9744 9740 9736 9732 9728 9724 9720 9715 9711 9707 1 1 2 3 3 14 9703 9699 9694 9690 9686 9681 9677 9673 9668 9664 1 1 2 3 4 15 9659 9655 9650 9646 9641 9636 9632 9627 9622 9617 1 2 2 3 4 16 9613 9608 9603 9598 9593 9588 9583 9578 9573 9568 1 2 2 3 4 17 6563 9558 9553 9548 9542 9537 9532 9527 9521 9516 1 2 3 4 4 0' 6' 12' 18' 24' o CO 36' 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 N.B .— Numbers in difference-columns to be subtracted, not added.— -SezEidei* NATURAL COSINES. 0' 6' 12 ' 18 ' to 30 ' 36 ' 42 ' *" 48 ' 54 ' 1 2 3 4 5 18° 9511 9505 9500 9494 9489 9483 9478 9472 9466 9461 1 2 3 4 5 19 9455 9449 9444 9438 9432 9426 9421 9415 9409 9403 1 2 3 4 5 20 9397 9391 9385 9379 9373 9367 9361 9354 9348 9342 1 2 3 4 5 21 9336 9330 9323 9317 9311 9304 9298 9291 9285 9278 1 2 3 4 5 22 9272 9265 9259 9252 9245 9239 9232 9225 9219 9212 1 2 3 4 6 23 9205 9198 9191 9184 9178 9171 9164 9157 9150 9143 1 2 3 5 6 24 9135 9128 9121 9114 9107 9100 9092 9"85 9078 9070 1 2 4 5 6 25 9063 9056 9048 9041 9033 9026 9018 9011 9003 8996 1 3 4 5 6 26 8988 8980 8973 8965 8957 8949 8942 8934 8926 8918 1 3 4 5 6 27 8910 8902 8894 8886 8878 8870 S862 8854 8846 8S38 1 3 4 5 7 28 8829 S821 8S13 8805 8796 8788 8780 8771 8763 8755 1 3 4 6 7 29 8746 8738 8729 8721 8712 8704 8b95 8686 8678 8669 1 3 4 6 7 30 8660 8652 8643 8634 8625 8616 8607 8599 8590 8581 1 3 4 6 7 31 8572 8563 8554 8545 8536 8526 8517 8508 8499 8490 2 3 5 6 8 32 84S0 8471 8462 8453 8443 8434 8425 8415 8406 8396 2 3 5 6 8 33 8387 8377 8363 8358 8348 8339 8329 8320 8310 8300 2 3 5 6 8 34 8290 8281 8271 8261 8251 8241 8231 8221 8211 8202 2 3 5 7 8 35 8192 8181 8171 8161 8151 8141 8131 8121 8111 8100 2 3 5 7 8 0' 6' 12' 18 ' 24 ' 30 ' CD CO 42 ' 48 ' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 NATURAL COSINES. O' 6' 12' 18' 24' 30' 36' 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 36° 8090 SOSO 8070 8059 8049 8039 8028 8018 8007 7997 2 3 5 7 9 37 7986 7976 7965 7955 7944 7934 7923 7912 7902 7891 2 4 5 7 9 38 78S0 7869 7859 7848 7837 7826 7815 7804 7793 7782 2 4 5 7 9 39 7771 77tO 7749 7733 7727 7716 7705 7694 7683 7672 2 4 6 7 9 40 7660 7649 7638 7627 7615 7604 7593 7581 7570 7559 2 4 6 8 9 41 7547 7536 7524 7513 7501 7490 7478 7466 7455 7443 2 4 6 8 10 42 7431 7420 7408 7396 7385 7373 7361 7349 7337 7325 2 4 6 8 10 43 7314 7302 7290 7278 7266 7254 7242 7230 7218 7206 2 4 6 8 10 44 7193 7181 7169 7157 7145 7133 7120 7108 7096 7083 2 4 6 8 10 45 7071 7059 7046 7034 7022 7009 6997 6984 6972 6959 2 4 6 8 10 46 6947 6934 6921 6909 6896 6884 6871 6858 6845 6833 2 4 6 8 11 47 6820 6807 6794 6782 6769 6756 6743 6730 6717 6704 2 4 6 9 11 48 6691 6678 6665 6652 6639 6626 6613 6600 6587 6574 2 4 7 9 11 49 6561 6547 6534 6521 650S 6494 .6481 6468 6455 6441 2 4 7 9 11 50* 6428 6414 6401 6388 6374 6361 6347 6334 6320 6307 2 4 7 9 11 51 6293 6280 6266 6252 6239 6225 6211 6198 6184 6170 2 5 7 9 11 52 6157 6143 6129 6115 6101 6088 6074 6060 6046 6032 2 5 7 9 12 53 6018 6004 5990 5976 5962 5948 5934 5920 5906 5892 2 5 7 9 12 O' 6' 12' 18' 24' 30' co co 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 NATURAL COSINES. 0' 6' 12' 18' 24' o CO 36' 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 54° 5878 5864 5850 5835 5821 5807 5793 5779 5764 5750 2 5 7 9 12 55 5736 5721 5707 5693 5678 5664 5650 5635 5621 5606 2 5 7 10 12 56 5592 5577 5563 5548 5534 5519 5505 5490 5476 5461 2 5 7 10 12 57 5446 5432 5417 5402 538S 5373 5358 5344 5329 5314 2 5 7 10 12 58 5299 5284 5270 5255 5240 5225 5210 5195 5180 5165 2 5 7 10 12 59 5150 5135 5120 5105 5090 5075 5060 5045 5030 5015 3 5 8 10 13 60 5000 4985 4970 4955 4939 4924 4909 4894 4879 4863 3 5 8 10 13 61 4818 4833 4818 4802 4787 4772 4756 4741 4726 4710 3 5 8 10 13 62 4695 4679 4664 4648 4633 4617 4602 4586 4571 4555 3 5 8 10 13 63 4540 4524 4509 4493 4478 4462 4446 4431 4415 4399 3 5 8 10 13 64 4384 4368 4352 4337 4321 4305 4289 4274 4258 4242 3 5 8 11 13 65 4226 4210 4195 4179 4163 4147 4131 4115 4099 4083 3 5 8 11 13 66 4067 4051 4035 4019 4003 3987 3971 3955 3939 3923 3 5 8 11 14 67 3907 3891 3875 3859 3843 3827 3811 3795 3778 3762 3 5 8 11 14 68 3746 3730 3714 3697 3681 3665 3649 3633 3616 3600 3 5 8 11 14 69 3584 3567 3551 3535 3518 3502 3486 3469 3453 3437 3 5 8 11 14 70 3420 3404 3387 3371 3355 3338 3322 3305 32S9 3272 3 5 8 11 14 71 3256 3239 3223 3206 3190 3173 3156 3140 3123 3107 3 6 8 11 14 O' 6' 12' 18' 24' c> CO CO CO 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 NATURAL COSINES, O' 6' 12' 18' 24' o CO 36' 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 72 ° 3090 3074 3057 3040 3024 3007 2990 2974 2957 2940 3 6 8 11 14 73 2924 2907 2890 2874 2S57 2840 2823 2807 2790 2773 3 6 8 11 14 74 2756 2740 2723 2706 2689 2672 2656 2639 2622 2605 3 6 8 11 14 75 25S8 2571 2554 2538 2521 2504 2487 2470 2453 2436 3 6 8 11 14 76 2419 2402 2385 2368 2351 2334 2317 2300 2284 2267 3 6 8 11 14 77 2250 2233 2215 219S 2181 2164 2147 2130 2113 2096 3 6 9 11 14 78 2079 2062 2045 2028 2011 1994 1977 1959 1942 1925 3 6 9 11 14 79 1908 1891 1874 1857 1840 1822 1805 1788 1771 1754 3 6 9 12 14 80 1736 1719 1702 1685 1668 1650 1633 1616 1599 1582 3 6 9 12 14 81 1564 1547 1530 1513 1495 1478 1461 1444 1426 1409 3 6 9 12 14 82 1392 1374 1357 1340 1323 1305 1288 1271 1253 1236 3 6 9 12 14 83 1219 1201 11S4 1167 1149 1132 1115 1097 1080 1083 3 6 9 12 14 84 1045 1028 1011 0993 0976 0958 0941 0924 0906 0SS9 3 6 9 12 14 85 0872 0S54 0837 0S19 0802 0785 0767 0750 0732 0715 3 6 9 12 15 86 0698 0680 0663 0645 0628 0610 0593 0576 0558 0541 3 6 9 12 15 87 0523 0506 0488 0471 0454 0436 0419 0401 0384 0366 3 6 9 12 15 88 0349 0332 0314 0297 0279 0262 0244 0227 0209 0192 3 6 9 12 15 89 0175 0157 0140 0122 0105 0087 0070 0052 0035 0017 3 6 9 12 15 O' 6' 12' 18' 24' 30' 36' 42' 48' 54' 1 2 3 4 5 NATURAL TANGENTS. O' 6' 12' 18' 24' 30' 36' 42' 48 ' 54 ' 1 2 3 4 5 1 _s 0° *0000 0017 0035 0052 0070 0087 0105 0122 0140 0157 3 6 9 12 14 1 •0175 0192 0209 0227 0244 0262 0279 0297 0314 0332 3 6 9 12 15 2 •0349 0367 C384 0402 0419 0437 0454 0472 0489 0507 3 6 9 12 15 3 •0524 0542 0559 0577 0594 0612 0629 0647 0664 0682 3 6 9 12 15 4 •0699 0717 0734 0752 0769 0787 0805 0822 0840 0S57 3 6 9 12 15 5 •0875 0892 0910 0928 0945 0963 0981 0998 1016 1033 3 6 9 12 15 6 *1051 1069 1086 1104 1122 1139 1157 1175 1192 1210 3 6 9 12 15 7 *1228 1246 1263 1281 1299 1317 1334 1352 1370 1388 3 6 9 12 15 8 •1405 1423 1441 1459 1477 1495 1512 1530 1548 1566 3 6 9 12 15 9 •15S4 1602 1620 1633 1655 1673 1691 1709 1727 1745 3 6 9 12 15 10 •1763 1781 1799 1817 1835 1853 1871 1890 1908 1926 3 6 9 12 15 11 •1944 162 1980 1998 2016 2035 2053 2071 2089 2107 3 6 9 12 15 12 •2126 2144 2162 2180 2199 2217 2235 2254 2272 2290 3 6 9 12 15 13 •2309 2327 2345 2364 2382 2401 2419 2438 2456 2475 3 6 9 12 15 14 •2493 2512 2530 2549 2568 2586 2605 2623 2642 2661 3 6 9 12 16 15 •2679 2698 2717 2736 2754 2773 2792 2811 2830 2849 3 6 9 13 16 16 •2S67 2886 2905 2924 2943 2962 2981 3000 3019 3038 3 6 9 13 16 17 •3057 3076 3096 3115 3134 3153 3172 3191 3211 3230 3 6 10 13 16 0' 6' 12' 18' 24' CO o 36' 42' °o 54' 1 2 3 4 5 NATURAL TANGENTS. 0 ' 6 ' 12 ' 18 ' 24 ' 30 ' CO CO 42 ' 48 ' 54 ' 1 2 3 4 5 18° *3249 3269 3288 3307 3327 3346 3365 3385 3404 3424 3 6 10 13 16 19 •3443 3463 3482 3502 3522 3541 3561 3581 3600 3620 3 6 10 13 17 20 •3640 3659 3679 3699 3719 3739 3759 3779 3799 3819 3 7 10 13 17 21 •3839 3859 3879 3899 3919 3939 3959 3979 4000 4020 3 7 10 13 17 22 •4040 4061 4081 4101 4122 4142 4163 4183 4204 4224 3 7 10 14 17 23 •4245 4265 4286 4307 4327 4348 4369 4390 4411 4431 3 7 10 14 17 24 •4452 4473 4494 4515 4536 4557 4578 4599 4621 4642 4 7 10 14 18 25 •4663 4684 4706 4727 474S 4770 4791 4813 4834 4856 4 7 11 14 18 26 •4877 4S99 4921 4942 4964 4986 5008 5029 5051 5073 4 7 11 15 18 27 •5095 5117 5139 5161 5184 5206 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