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 L I E) R.ARY 
 
 OF THL 
 U N lY t R5 ITY 
 or 1 LLl NOIS
 
 RURAL DEANERY OF LEEDS. 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE, 
 
 1851.
 
 •7 
 
 WHAT ARE THE BEST MEANS OF 
 RECLAIMING OUR LOST POPULATION? 
 
 A REPORT 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE 
 
 RURI-DECANAL CHAPTER 
 
 OF LEEDS; 
 
 A COMMITTEE OF THAT BODY, 
 
 October 20th, 1851. 
 
 |%bli0litli bt{ ^tttjinritt| nf tjiB ^^Ut. 
 
 I-EEDS : THOMAS HARRISON, 55, BRIGGATE ; 
 
 AND F. AND J. RIVINGTON, LONDON, 
 1852.
 
 LEEDS : T. HAREISON, PRINTER AND PUBLISHER.
 
 REPORT. 
 
 The Committee appointed at the Ruri-decanal Chapter, held 
 on Monday, September 1st, 1851, to take into consideration 
 the best means of reclaiming that large portion of the popu- 
 lation, who are unhappily lost to the Church and to religion, 
 beg leave to present the following Report : — 
 
 The Committee, when entering upon their deliberations, 
 could not but be impressed with a deep sense of the momen- 
 tous character of the questions and interests involved ; they 
 could not but feel themselves on many grounds very incom- 
 petent to the task committed to them, and their only, as it 
 was their proper resource, was to ask His help, and guidance, 
 and blessing, whose work they sincerely desired to advance, 
 and whose Spirit they earnestly trusted would over-rule all 
 their reflections, to the promotion of His glory, and the good 
 of His Church. 
 
 For your Committee could not take any other view of the 
 present circumstances of the Church and the world, than one 
 calculated to excite the most serious and thoughtful, and even 
 alarmed attention, of all who care for the cause of truth and 
 morality, of all who sincerely wish the welfare of their fellow- 
 creatures, and believe that Christ's Gospel and His Church 
 are the only efficient means of promoting either truth or 
 morality. 
 
 Everywhere your Committee can see a special call for exer- 
 tion on the part of the Church ; whether they look at the
 
 workings of a refined infidelity, or to a revived and aggra- 
 vated superstition, or at the widening dissensions in other 
 religious communities, or at the large amount of population 
 yet unprovided with the means of grace, it is evident that 
 the present is a season for putting forth the energies of 
 the Church, such as scarcely ever before has been witnessed. 
 They are not unmindful of the great work which has been 
 done in and through the Church of England during the 
 last fifteen years ; they need to go no further than this dio- 
 cese, or indeed this town, to perceive ample proof of this, 
 and to find the most abundant reason for deep and earnest 
 thankfulness to Almighty God. 
 
 But yet is it very certain, that the results of the quickened 
 life of the Church, whilst afi'ording abundant reason for 
 gratitude and encouragement, do also shew more clearly than 
 before the vast field of labour yet before us. The more we 
 penetrate beneath the surface, the more do we perceive the 
 absolute necessity of increased diligence and spiritual culture, 
 if we would preserve a large portion of our country from 
 being over-run with superstition or infidelity. 
 
 Under the influence of these convictions, the Committee 
 would strongly recommend, that, in an age so loudly calling 
 for a better adaptation of the principles of the Church to 
 new and increasing wants, every thing should be done on the 
 part of the clergy to meet these requirements, and that in 
 every way, in which they can lawfully come forward, they 
 should be most ready to do so. Your Committee say, "law- 
 fully come forward," for they would express in the outset, in 
 the most emphatic manner for themselves, and they doubt not 
 for the whole body of the clergy in this rural deanery, their 
 settled conviction, that what is wanted is adaptation of means, 
 and not change of principles, and that any departure from the 
 mind and law of the Church, as embodied in her Liturgy and 
 Articles, is as undesirable as it would be dangerous. 
 
 u,uc
 
 But whilst keeping the principles and rules of the Church 
 in the strictest sense inviolate, your Committee cannot but 
 think, that much might be done to accommodate the per- 
 formance of Divine Service, and the ministrations of the 
 Church generally, to the wants and habits of the people. 
 
 I. The evils or inconveniences which have occupied their 
 attention are these : — 
 
 1. First of all, your Committee are aware of the strong 
 feeling entertained by many, especially the young, the illiterate, 
 and the infirm, as to the inconvenient and trying length of 
 the Sunday Morning Service : that both physically and men- 
 tally it is beyond the capabilities of a large portion of th« 
 community. 
 
 2. They are also disposed to think, that for children there 
 has been no adequate provision made, and that a service 
 might be specially adapted for them, " much more suitable 
 than the ordinary Morning and Evening Service of the 
 Church.* 
 
 3. It has also been deeply impressed upon them, that the 
 comparative paucity of attenders at the administration of 
 the Holy Communion is in a considerable degree to be attri- 
 buted to its celebration at a time of the day when it is most 
 inconvenient to the humbler classes, and effectually prevents 
 the attendance of the wives and mothers amongst our poorer 
 brethren : for it is evident that where there is no domestic 
 to take the charge, the parents cannot leave their children 
 until the hour for their retiring to rest. 
 
 4. Your Committee have also had their attention power- 
 fully arrested by the consideration of the vast numbers of 
 the working classes who at present never frequent the House 
 of God, and for whom an agency and an appeal are required 
 beyond what the usual orderly and settled Services of the 
 
 • See Note, A.
 
 8 
 
 Church supply ; the call here seems to demand instant and 
 zealous response from all who have heen charged by their 
 Lord and Master with the cure of souls. 
 
 5. Nor can your Committee hide from themselves, that, in 
 another important respect, the Church has not hitherto pro- 
 vided for the spiritual wants of her members, especially the 
 illiterate and the poor ; they allude now to the want of an 
 authorised hymn-book in the Church. 
 
 For any one who has studied the mental characteristics of 
 children knows that whilst often disposed to regard reading 
 as a drudgery, they will nevertheless look upon the learning 
 of poetry, and especially of hymns, as a delightful task. 
 These they will learn with alacrity and pleasure, and remem- 
 ber for a long period almost without an effort : and who can 
 estimate the influence for good of religious sentiments thus 
 early and powerfully impressed upon the mind ? Surely by not 
 having an authorised hymnology suited to the wants of the 
 Church, for the rich and the poor, the old and the young, 
 for divine service, as well as for domestic and private use, the 
 Church of England abandons a great and powerful, as it is 
 an acceptable and legitimate, instrument for good. 
 
 6. Another most important subject has also closely occupied 
 the minds of your Committee, viz. : the necessity of a large 
 increase of the staff of the clergy for the full and efi&cient work- 
 ing of the parochial system ; and this with regard to all the 
 three orders of the ministry, but especially the order of deacons. 
 At present, in this town, notwithstanding a considerable sub- 
 division of the original parish of Leeds into new parishes and 
 districts, there is, in many populous localities, but a single 
 clergyman, and in others not more than two, who are utterly 
 incapable, from mere physical inability, of becoming personally 
 acquainted with all the parishioners entrusted to their care, or 
 of carrying on effectually many of the means necessary for 
 the right organization and spiritual well-being of a parish.
 
 9 
 
 7. And lastly, your Committee could not overlook^ that 
 closely connected with the important subject, or subjects, on 
 which they have to report, is the momentous and pressing 
 one of the extension .of the education of the country, and 
 along with it, the review of all such institutions of a literary 
 and scientific nature, as are intended to enlarge the mind, 
 and increase the intellectual advantages and enjoyments of 
 the people. And here they felt they were on ground perhaps 
 as much fraught with difficulties, and exposed to dangers, 
 as any which the awakened and anxious member of the 
 Church is called to occupy, in these days of new and press- 
 ing responsibilities. 
 
 II. On all the various points now stated, your Committee 
 are prepared, in the discharge of the task imposed upon them, 
 to offer such suggestions and recommendations as, after 
 mature and serious consideration, appear to them best suited 
 for the object in view ; whilst in submitting the result of their 
 labours to the notice of their brethren, they have th© comfort 
 of reflecting, that what they have thus done, before it can be 
 productive of any serious consequences^ will have to receive 
 the approval and sanction of the large and experienced body 
 of clergy, who form the Euri-decanal Chapter of Leeds. 
 
 1. First, then, with regard to a better adaptation of the 
 Church Services, — your Committee are disposed to think, 
 that a separation of the Litany or Communion Service from 
 the Morning Prayer on Sunday Mornings would be a great 
 relief to many. They do not mean that any portion of the 
 Church's prescribed service should be omitted, but only that 
 the period of its taking place may be altered. For instance, 
 in churches where there were three services on the Sunday, 
 the Morning Service might consist of the Morning Prayer 
 with the Litanv or Communion Office ; the Afternoon Service
 
 10 
 
 of the Litany or Communion Office, whichever was omitted 
 in the morning, or of both, should it be considered desirable 
 to repeat either of them a second time; and the Evening 
 Service might consist of the Evening Prayer, and occa- 
 sionally the Communion Office also. Your Committee do 
 not believe that by such an arrangement any rule of the 
 Church would be infringed, whilst by it the extreme length 
 of the present morning service would be avoided, an after- 
 noon service peculiarly suitable for children and servants 
 would be provided, and the occasional administration of the 
 Lrord's Supper in the after part of the day, would allow many 
 of the working classes who now are virtually debarred from 
 that ordinance, to approach the table of the Lord. 
 
 Your Committee, however, in making this and other recom- 
 mendations of a like nature, would distinctly state, that they 
 are for laying down no rule on the subject, nor for interfering 
 in any way with the mode of conducting Divine service, when 
 the clergy and their congregations are indisposed to effect 
 any change. But it may be well with respect to authorities 
 to state, that Wheatley is strongly for the separation of the 
 services which are now used altogether in the morning, and 
 that Bishop Sparrow is still stronger on the same point; whilst 
 as regards present sanction, they cannot doubt that the allow- 
 ance and approval of such a change by our own Diocesan 
 would carry it with all the support and encouragement that 
 are required ; and though the change might be opposed at 
 first, on the mere ground of dislike to any alteration in what 
 had been long the established usage, yet remembering, as 
 your Committee well do, the strong resistance that was made 
 when evening services were first proposed, and seeing the 
 wonderful results wliich have followed tliat adaptation of the 
 Church's ministrations to tlie requirements of the age, they 
 confidently trust, that a great and happy effect would be 
 produced by this concession also, and that by means of it
 
 11 
 
 many aliens would be brought within the House of Prayer.* 
 
 2. Contingent upon this change your Committee conceive 
 that a service much required might be framed for week-day 
 evenings. The service here alluded to would consist of the 
 Litany, with psalm or hymn singing, to be followed by a 
 portion of Scripture, expounded in a plain and familiar man- 
 ner ; and in this way, following in the track of some of the 
 most eminent Fathers of the Church, as well as of others in 
 later days, the parochial minister might go through a Gospel, 
 or an Epistle, or a consecutive portion from the Old or New 
 Testament history, much to the instruction and edification 
 of many, especially of the working classes, who might be 
 induced to attend a service so short and so suitable. 
 
 3. The subject of open-air preaching is one at present 
 occupying much attention. Your Committee are aware that 
 it is open to much objection, on the ground of inconvenience 
 and irregularity, and that many of the most valuable among 
 the clergy are not qualified for the work; yet they are of 
 opinion that, under due regulation, such ministrations might 
 be attempted with much advantage. Your Committee cannot 
 but remember the effects produced by the sermons preached 
 at St. Paul's Cross, which were among the main instruments 
 for establishing the reformation of religion in this country 
 three hundred years ago ; and they have a strong conviction 
 that if men properly qualified were selected for this duty, they 
 might, with the consent of the incumbent having the cure of 
 souls, preach in places sufficiently public to call the attention 
 of the multitude, and yet sufficiently retired to avoid distur- 
 bance, and thus, by going out into the highways and hedges, 
 and compelling men to come in, render essential service to 
 the cause of religion, and extend the l<ingdom of our Lord 
 and Saviour Jesus Christ. * 
 
 • See Note, B. • See Note, C.
 
 12 
 
 4. But another mode of attracting the attention of the in- 
 different, and arousing the careless and the slothful, has been 
 brought under the notice of your Committee. It has been 
 suggested to them that special services, continued on con- 
 secutive days, and at hours most likely to be attended by 
 the poorer classes, and in churches situated in populous 
 localities, when a series of sermons should be preached, 
 powerfully urging and illustrating the necessity and efficacy 
 of repentance and conversion, might be a great means of 
 awakening a spirit of religious interest and enquiry. With 
 this proposition your Committee feel disposed fully to con- 
 cur, and would further suggest that Advent and Lent would 
 be suitable seasons for such special services and appeals, and 
 that in the supplying such extra duties, the clergy should be 
 ready to lend their assistance to each other. 
 
 In noticing and recommending these new modes of opera- 
 tion, your Committee would not pass without remark the 
 great good which has been already produced by cottage lec- 
 tures, communicant classes, and classes for the instruction 
 and preparation of young persons for Confirmation : on all 
 these the Divine blessing has evidently rested, and they have 
 been highly instrumental in keeping up the knowledge and 
 spirit of piety amongst those for whose especial benefit they 
 were projected. 
 
 5. It has struck your Committee, in connexion with these 
 last mentioned ministrations, that there is a great need of 
 closer intercourse than yet exists with the younger members 
 of the Church, after their confirmation. At that period they 
 peculiarly require pastoral watching and influence, and amply 
 repay any extra care and culture bestowed upon them. 
 
 Your Committee would suggest that the young people in 
 a congregation, who have been confirmed, should be enrolled 
 and be met periodically, perhaps once a month, when they 
 should be encouraged to bring before their pastor the relation
 
 13 
 
 of the various difficulties and hindrances they experience in 
 their Christian course, and receive from him such counsel and 
 instruction as their respective cases may require. The young 
 females might be m^t by the clergyman's wife, or some ex- 
 perienced and duly qualified lady, and the pastor's assistance 
 only called in when more especially needed. This organization 
 would have peculiar reference, on the part of those under it, 
 to their attendance at the Lord's table. 
 
 6. Your Committee pass on now to consider the want 
 of an authorized hymn book, and they are decidedly of 
 opinion that such a provision is imperatively required. They 
 conceive, that, under the present circumstances of the Church, 
 a hymn book might be prepared at the request of the clergy, 
 signified through their respective archdeaconries or rural 
 deaneries, under the direction of the Bishops of the Church, 
 and the hymn book thus prepared, having received already 
 the concurrent sanction of the bishops and the clergy, might 
 be ' set forth and allowed ' by the Royal authority, as were the 
 two versions of the Psalms which have been used in the Church. 
 
 Your Committee are of opinion, that in the compilation 
 and publication of a hymn book, the following principles 
 should be carefully kept in view : — 
 
 (1.) Comprehensiveness. It should be formed on as broad 
 a basis as the Church itself. 
 
 (2.) Variety. There should be an ample provision for 
 all the seasons, fasts, and festivals of the Church ; as also 
 for missionary, school, and other special occasions. 
 
 (3.) Suitableness. It should be compiled from the current 
 hymnology of the country. In it there are abundant 
 materials for the purpose, which have the great advantage 
 of being, to many, "familiar as household words." 
 
 (4.) Cheapness. If issued by the " Society for Promoting 
 Christian Knowledge," it might be at a cost which would 
 place it at once within the reach of all classes.
 
 u 
 
 Your Committee cannot doubt that should such a hymn 
 book be thus prepared and sent forth, it -would speedily 
 supersede the various collections now used throughout our 
 various dioceses, and by it, a great and palpable want 
 of the Church would be satisfactorily supplied, a want 
 which must be more and more felt, as the Church seeks 
 to draw the lost and the wandering back to her fold. 
 
 7. On the momentous subject of the large increase that 
 is required in the staff of the clergy, for the full and 
 efficient working of the parochial system, your Committee 
 do not think, that it falls properly within the scope of 
 their Eeport, to enlarge on the necessity of an augmentation 
 of the Episcopate, though they unite with the great body 
 of the clergy in desiring it: for they need not travel beyond 
 the bounds of the new''y constituted diocese, in which it 
 is their privilege to labour, without thankfully recognizing 
 the happy results which have flowed from its erection. They 
 acknowledge with pleasure the freer, fuller, and more fre- 
 quent intercourse that has taken place between the diocesan 
 and his clergy ; the additional force that has been given 
 by the weight of his episcopal authority and personal 
 character to the labours and exhortations of the parochial 
 clergy, and the immense impetus that has thereby been 
 given to all works of piety and charity throughout the 
 diocese ; and they cannot but express their decided conviction 
 that if by any of the methods that have been suggested, 
 whether by a re-adjustment of the revenues of the episcopate, 
 or by uniting certain of the deaneries either to existing or 
 newly constituted sees, or by the free-will offerings of 
 Christian people, a proper augmentation could be made 
 in the number of our bishops, and men were appointed, 
 who would "faithfully serve in this Office to the glory of 
 God, and the edifying and well-governing of His Church," 
 an impulse would be given to the cause of religion and
 
 15 
 
 morality, of truth and order, which careless observers could 
 hardly anticipate, but which would go far to renovate 
 the aspect and condition of society. 
 
 But it is more especially to an increase of the parochial 
 clergy, that the attention of your Committee has been directed. 
 To a certain extent, this want may be supplied by an 
 increase in the number of new parishes and districts, and 
 your Committee do hope, that by the new arrangements, 
 which, under a recent act of parliament, are about to be 
 entered into with the lessees of Church property, funds may 
 be found for an addition to the parochial staff in our more 
 populous neighbourhoods. But this increase must at least 
 be very inadequate ; it must be limited by the number of 
 Churches, and by the difficulty of providing from any resour- 
 ces that can reasonably be calculated on, any considerable 
 number of stipends for the incumbents of new Churches. 
 
 Nor are your Committee disposed to think the existing 
 want sufficiently met by the system of late introduced under 
 high authority of paid Scripture-readers, who, though often 
 men of piety and diligence, are seldom men of sufficient 
 education and vigour of mind, are uncomfortable from having 
 no recognized position in the Church, and in general, look 
 upon their office only as a means of entering by a more 
 easy road into the ministry. But a conviction has long 
 been impressed upon the minds of some of your Committee, 
 which has lately been brought forward by a venerable and 
 experienced dignitary of the Church, the Archdeacon of 
 London, and to it your Committee would call the most 
 thoughtful and earnest attention of the Chapter, as the means 
 in their judgment most likely, with the blessing of God, to 
 meet the wants of the Church, — and that is a considerable 
 increase in the diaconate. The distinction between the 
 diaconate and the presbyterate of our Church, says that 
 learned divine, appears to me to be very strongly marked ;
 
 16 
 
 the deacon is permitted to perform the ordinary duties of 
 life, but the presbyter bids adieu to worldly employments, 
 and makes the duties of the ministry, his all-absorbing 
 care. The duties of deacons are evidently of two kinds, 
 ecclesiastical and temporal. Their ecclesiastical ministrations 
 are all public in their character ; to assist the priest in the 
 divine service, specially in the Holy Communion and in 
 the distribution thereof; to read Holy Scriptures and 
 Homilies in the Church to the people then assembled ; to 
 instruct the youth in the catechism ; to baptize infants in 
 the absence of the priest; to preach, if admitted thereto 
 by the Bishop himself. The temporal ministrations of the 
 deacons are to search for the sick, poor, and impotent 
 people of the parish, and to intimate their estates, names, 
 and places where they dwell, to the curate, who has cure 
 of souls, that by his exhortation they may be relieved, &c. 
 
 The qualifications required for the deacons are, I. Pro- 
 fession of purity of motive in undertaking the of&ce. 3. 
 Acknowledgment that his call to the ministry is consistent 
 with the rule of Christ, and the due order of the realm. 
 3. Profession of belief in the Holy Scriptures. 
 
 The promises made by the deacon are. Official, that he 
 will fulfil the ecclesiastical and temporal duties of the office ; 
 and Personal, that he will frame his life, and that of his 
 family, according to the doctrine of Christ, and make them 
 exemplary to the flock of Christ. And lastly, that he 
 will be obedient to the Ordinary, and other chief-ministers 
 of the Church. 
 
 • Such, and such only, are the duties and obligations of the 
 deacon's office, entrusted to him by the Bishop alone, without 
 the concurrence or sanction of any persons whatever. From 
 the Bishop alone he derives his authority, and from him alone 
 receives it by imposition of hands. 
 
 And are not these ministrations which are thus defined
 
 17 
 
 by the Church, as the peculiar sphere of the diaconnte, the 
 very ministrations which are suited to the wants and con- 
 dition of our populous neighhourhoods ? If the Gospel 
 must be preached in courts and alleys, in order to reach 
 large masses of our working men ; if the poor need oppor- 
 tunities of public worship and prayer more suited to their 
 social state than those which the churches supply ; if on 
 the Lord's Day a system of personal visitation be required 
 to our crowded lanes and courts, which on that day especially 
 contain their full quota of inhabitants, while the clergy of the 
 towns are wholly occupied in performing divine service in 
 the churches, in marrying, churching, baptizing, interring the 
 dead, and superintending Sunday Schools ; if no minister 
 of any populous parish is able by himself, or his curates, to 
 hold converse with the great body of the youth of his parish, 
 at the very age when friendly pastoral care is most required, 
 why should the Church hesitate to call forth a numerous 
 body of deacons to perform these their specific duties ? And 
 if men can be found, as assuredly many would be found, in 
 our large towns, engaged in professions or offices, and even 
 of independent fortune, willing to perform these duties, but 
 who would decline that advancement to the priesthood, which 
 would require them to give up all other care, and to make the 
 cure of souls their one object of life, is it wise to forego the 
 services of such persons, or to perpetuate the notion, that no 
 man is fit to be a deacon who is not desirous to be a priest ; 
 and when the Church requires various duties from men 
 variously gifted, to limit the character and qualifications of 
 those from whom she is willing to receive help, to those of 
 one order of the ministry ? Your Committee cannot but 
 most cordially agree with the respected divine, whose words 
 they have quoted, that there is just reason to admire and 
 adore the wonderful providence of God, in directing the 
 minds of our Reformers to impress upon the order of min-
 
 18 
 
 isters in our Church, the nature of whose office had been lost 
 sight of from the period of the corruption of religion by the 
 Church of Rome, the simple character of the primitive and 
 Apostolic diaconate, and to prescribes such duties to be per- 
 formed as, though not requiring in the last three centuries a 
 numerous body of men to execute them, are now proved to 
 be the very office and duties requisite for the perfection of 
 our Church, and for the supply of the spiritual necessities of 
 the people. 
 
 Were our Church now to renew in practice, as well as in 
 theory, the perfection of the Apostolic age, by the develop- 
 ment of the agency of the third order of the ministry upon an 
 extended scale, such a change would not be an alteration in 
 the fundamental principles of our ecclesiastical poHty, nor 
 any deviation from the laws of our Church. 
 
 Your Committee are not unaware of the objections which 
 may be urged against this plan ; that men of extreme opinions, 
 and ardent but unstable minds, would be very likely to offisr 
 themselves for such an office, and then, when faith and love 
 failed, draw back and become a scandal ; that unfit men might 
 in this way creep into the ministry through the easiness of some 
 bishops, the personal partialities of some incumbents, and the 
 desire of others to obtain help witliout cost ; and lastly, the 
 danger that the bishop's power of discipline would be weak- 
 ened; because such deacons might withdraw from their 
 functions, and be none the worse off in a worldly point 
 of view. 
 
 These objections point out the care with which the change 
 must be carried out, but do not seem to your Committee in 
 any degree to outweigh the advantages which would be derived 
 from it. They think that if great care were used to ascertain 
 the qualifications of candidates, it would not only be prac- 
 ticable, but prove an incalculable blessing to the Church to 
 admit to deacon's orders men continuing in their callings, —
 
 19 
 
 above thirty years of age, — married, and able to show at 
 the time of their ordination that they were in independent 
 circumstances, or that for three years previously, they had 
 maintained themselves and their families by their professional 
 exertions. They ought to be chosen men ; not novices in any 
 sense, but men proved in the trial of life, and so brought to 
 think soberly of themselves and to know their own mind. 
 Such ministers in no case to receive stipends, and not to be 
 ordained to the priesthood, unless they shall have remained 
 deacons for perhaps three years, or a longer time, at the dis- 
 cretion of the Bishop ; and unless further, they shall have 
 attained the present standard of competency in learning, 
 and attest the sincerity of their desire and motive by the 
 sacrifice of their temporal vocations. 
 
 Under restrictions of this kind, such as the practical wis- 
 dom of our spiritual rulers would not fail to suggest, your 
 Committee think that this plan might be safely introduced, 
 and they dare scarcely express the degree in which they be- 
 lieve, that, under the blessing of the Holy Spirit, it would 
 promote the interests of pure and undefiled religion through- 
 out the land. 
 
 8. In closing this extended consideration of an agency 
 which they believe to be urgently required, and the one 
 most adapted for the object in view, your Committee cannot 
 but record their strong sense of the great benefits which have 
 flowed from the practice of visits from house to house in 
 the various parishes and districts, by pious members of our 
 congregations, especially ladies. This system is extensively 
 established amongst us, and cannot be too highly estimated, 
 or too widely diffused. 
 
 With regard to the institution of societies of persons for 
 
 the more exclusive care of the sick and the poor, your 
 
 Committee would observe, that they have watched with 
 
 interest the operations of the Institution for nurses, esta- 
 
 B 3
 
 20 
 
 blished in Fitzroy Square, London, and other institutions 
 of a like kind, and trust that, should these institutions 
 continue successful, they will spread to all the large towns 
 of the kingdom ; for it cannot be concealed that the ordinary 
 attentions of district visitors do not provide for the numerous, 
 and often heavily afflicted, inmates of our hospitals, nor for 
 those of our workhouses and gaols. 
 
 Connected with this subject is the important instrumen- 
 tality of Tract distributions, one highly productive of good, 
 both directly and indirectly, and on which your Committee 
 have but one remark to offer, viz., that in a reading age like 
 this, with the certainty of all classes, including those for 
 whose benefit tract distribution has been peculiarly carried 
 on, becoming more educated, this itinerant literature of re- 
 ligion might well take a higher intellectual character, if it 
 is to subserve the ends for which it is designed. 
 
 9. And this brings your Committe to consider, lastly, the 
 important and pressing subject of education. And your Com- 
 mittee would begin by expressing their deep thankfulness for 
 the successful exertions made, especially during the last few 
 years, by the Church of England, and nowhere more than in 
 this town, for its extension and improvement. 
 
 They desire also to express the strong sense they entertain 
 of the advantages which have resulted both as regards the 
 quantity and quality of education, through the instrumen- 
 tality of the Committee of Council, advantages which they 
 believe have been in full proportion to the outlay of the 
 State. Your Committee have long felt a conviction, which 
 experience has only tended to confirm, that so long as the 
 Church is aware of, and acts up to her responsibilities, she 
 has nothing to dread, but everything to hope, from the 
 intellectual advancement of the people ; that every extension 
 of sound education, extends the interests of the Church ; 
 enables the people better t© understand its doctrines and
 
 2\ 
 
 ministrations, and attaches them more cordially to it as a 
 nursing mother, both of their minds and of their hearts. 
 
 But your Committee are but too painfully aware of the 
 absolute necessity which exists, for a yet further increase in 
 the quantity and quality of education ; of the difficulty of 
 maintaining schools in the poorer districts ; of the fact but 
 too legible on every side, that " the ignorance, irreligion, 
 and demoralization, which have grown upon the labouring 
 people of this country, are far too widely spread to be over- 
 taken by the isolated efforts of the few benevolent individuals 
 here and there, who are willing to devote themselves to that 
 task.* 
 
 Various plans have been proposed by different bodies and 
 individuals, for the solution of this question. Into the details 
 of these, your Committee do not think it necessary to enter ; 
 they trust that the Church and the State are fully alive to 
 the necessities of the case. There are, however, it appears 
 to your Committee, certain great principles which have been 
 hitherto in the main happily kept in view, in the provisions 
 made by the State ; and which it is necessary that both the 
 State and the Church should adhere to, in the devising and 
 carrying out of any more extended plan of education. 
 
 (1.) That religious training shall be recognised as an 
 essential element in any national system of education ; for 
 otherwise, both Churchmen and Dissenters would alike give 
 it the most determined opposition. 
 
 (2.) That the rights of conscience should be respected. 
 While Churchmen claim the privilege of conducting their 
 own schools on their own principles, so that no Church child 
 shall be debarred from receiving instruction in the distinctive 
 doctrines of the Church, they can have no wish to force that 
 privilege, or make it a condition of admitting to their schools, 
 those who are unwilling to accept it. 
 
 • See Note, D. - -
 
 JJ2 
 
 Whether a plan embracing these two great conditions, — 
 without which, in the opinion of your Committee, no system 
 of national education can be carried out, — shall consist of an 
 extension of the Parliamentary Grant for education, or of 
 support by special rates for schools, to be taught by certifi- 
 cated masters, and open to government inspection, — is a 
 matter perhaps more especially within the province of the 
 legislature to determine. They believe that if such a plan 
 were brought forward by authority, it would be calmly con- 
 sidered by the great body of the Church, in connexion with 
 the manifold difficulties which surround the question in a 
 state of society so complicated and artificial as ours ; and 
 though in such plan there might be details of which they 
 could not in the abstract approve, it would be thankfully 
 accepted, and as far as their part lies, zealously worked out 
 by the parochial clergy in our great manufacturing towns. 
 
 10. In connexion with the question of education, your 
 Committee have felt bound to take into consideration the 
 manner in which the clergy should regard the various 
 scientific institutions for the working classes, which, in all 
 directions, are springing up around us. 
 
 Some of the clergy, seeing what a great instrument of 
 good they may be turned to, have felt constrained to unite 
 themselves with them ; while others, finding the question of 
 religion to be passed over, have felt compelled to withhold 
 their countenance and support The time, however, seems 
 now to have come for some united action upon this question ; 
 it will not do to ignore their existence. 
 
 A Committee of this Chapter, which was appointed about 
 two years ago to examine the working of the Mechanics' 
 Institution in this town, after a careful investigation, re- 
 ported that a great number of young members of the Church 
 were members of the Institute, — that no books of an immoral 
 or irreligious tendency were admitted into the library, and
 
 23 
 
 that generally the working of the institution was not un- 
 favourable to religion ; but rather had a decided tendency 
 to improve the moral as well as intellectual condition of our 
 young men. 
 
 Your Committee conceive that the members of the Church 
 ought to take a more decided and leading part in the literary 
 and scientific instruction of the people. If unwillingness 
 exists among any considerable number of their body to unite 
 in institutions which exclude theology as well as politics, 
 and it appears necessary, as the only alternative, to establish 
 one under no such restriction, they believe that instead of 
 one great institution for the whole town, it would be advis- 
 able to combine several adjoining parishes, or districts, into 
 smaller affiliated societies, with which libraries, courses of 
 lectures, and night schools should be connected ; and it 
 would be very practicable for the whole body to meet in a 
 central place, and together celebrate their anniversary by 
 some social and intellectual entertainment. 
 
 11. In the last place, your Committee have only to allude 
 to the various most praise-worthy endeavours which are now 
 made for ameliorating and improving the domestic and social 
 condition of the working and poorer classes, and to express 
 an opinion, with which they feel assured the whole of their 
 body will agree, that in all such attempts, whether it be 
 for carrying out sanatory provisions in the humbler dwel- 
 lings, for providing more adequate lodgings for the traveller 
 and the houseless, a work already commenced under fa- 
 vourable auspices in this town, for opening houses of re- 
 fuge for the sinner and the penitent, for the support of 
 hospitals, for abating the great evils of drunkenness and 
 dishonouring the Lord's Day, the clergy will ever feel it to 
 be their duty and their privilege cordially and perseveringly 
 to assist. 
 
 Before concluding, your Committee would once more refer
 
 24 
 
 to the principle they have carefully had in view in drawing 
 up this Report, and especially such parts of it as are more 
 directly connected with the Services and Ministrations of the 
 Church, viz : that the Prayer Book is to be preserved whole 
 and intact. 
 
 The Committee, in common and individually, recognize 
 this as the common principle of Churchmen, and their bond 
 of union. In our controversies with other Christian commu- 
 nities, the standard of principle is the Bible, and by the 
 Bible rightly interpreted, we must be prepared to maintain 
 our position, and prove the soundness of our doctrine. But 
 in the discussions of Churchmen with each other, it is taken 
 for granted that our Formularies are Scriptural, and the 
 only point of dispute which can legitimately rise among us, 
 must relate to the fact, whether our conduct or opinions be 
 consistent with the principles which we have already accepted, 
 and with the documents we have each of us subscribed. 
 
 We are aware that after the acceptance of a principle, 
 there must frequently be great differences of opinion with 
 respect to its application, and your Committee are prepared 
 to have discussed in the Chapter the propriety of certain 
 conclusions at which they have arrived, not without some 
 discussion among themselves. They can only commend the 
 suggestions to which they have agreed, to the prayerful 
 consideration of their constituents. 
 
 At a time when we are assailed on the one hand by new 
 forms of infidelity, and on the other by a resuscitated super- 
 stition, it is important not to break, but to bend our prin- 
 ciples to the exigencies of the times, and while we most 
 carefully adhere to what is essential, to be prepared to make 
 a sacrifice of what are merely prejudices, though they be the 
 prejudices generally to be respected, of honest and upright 
 minds. 
 
 Your Committee are well aware, that it is only by the
 
 25 
 
 individual and personal exertions of a faithful and devoted 
 ministry, each of them fully alive to the deep responsibility 
 of the age, and of their sacred office, that the Church of 
 England can fulfil its high mission, and win souls to Christ, 
 and the foregoing suggestions are not meant to supersede the 
 necessity of painful and self-denying efforts on the part of 
 the clergy, but only to remove impediments and point out 
 the way to greater usefulness. 
 
 Finally, your Committee would express their opinion, that 
 it is only by a united and combined effort, that we can hope 
 to make an impression upon the mass of ignorance and vice 
 around us ; that it is by an exhibition of mutual forbearance, 
 and of brotherly love, that in the disruption of other Chris- 
 tian communities, we must endeavour to bring back to the 
 fold of the Church those who have been too long aliens from 
 our Communion ; and that it is by seeking to be one, that 
 we shall best do our dear Master'^s Work, and prepare 
 ourselves, and those for whose souls we are appointed to 
 watch, for that kingdom of peace and love, which has been 
 opened to us by our Redeemer's blood. 
 
 May our motto be, " Necessariis unitas ; non necessariis 
 libertas ; utrisque charitas," and may we cordially respond 
 to the sentiment expressed by Dr. South, " I know no prayer 
 necessary that is not in the Liturgy, save one, which is this : 
 That God would continue the Liturgy itself in use, honour, 
 and veneration in this Church for ever." 
 
 W. F. HOOK, Vicar of Leeds, and Rural Dean. 
 
 WILLIAM SINCLAIR, Ineumbeiu of 
 St. George's, Leeds. 
 
 JAMES D. DIXON, Incumbent of 
 Bramley, Leeds. 
 
 EDW. JACKSON, Incumbent of St. 
 James's, and Clerk in Orders, 
 Leeds. 
 
 J. H. F. KENDALL, Vicar of St. 
 John's, Holbeck, Leeds. 
 
 H. M. SHORT, Incumbent of Kirk- 
 stall, Leeds. 
 
 JAMES EAWCETT, late Incumbent 
 of Woodhouse, Leeds ; now Vicar 
 of Knaresbro'.
 
 ar 
 
 NOTES 
 
 NOTE, A. 
 
 " It would be a great help, I think, to the religious training of the young 
 Sunday scholars, if the mornmg service were shorter than it is. These 
 young children come to the school at 9 o'clock a.m. ; they spend an hour in 
 religious reading or repetition of lessons, and they are then marshalled for 
 church, where they remain two hours more. I know that much weariness 
 and disgust result from this excessive constraint. Indeed, nothing can 
 exceed the strength of the terms employed by the excellent and intelligent 
 incumbent of an important parish, in deploring to me the repugnance of 
 very many of the boys at being led from the Sunday-school to church. He 
 said that the teachers had to act like police in charge of prisoners, so anxious 
 were the children to escape. The result cannot be wholesome. In connexion 
 with this subject, I beg leave to quote a passage from one of the Reports of 
 the Rev. J Clay, Chaplain of the Preston House of Correction. Mr. Clay 
 writes as follows : — ' When I see the attention and interest given by pbi- 
 SONERS to a SHORT daily service, I feel assured that many an operative and 
 labourer who now habitually desecrates the Sabbath, would gladly attend a 
 Sunday service, were its duration shortened, and the time convenient.' Mr. 
 Clay adds more to the same efiect, and I quite agree with what he says, and 
 am convinced that the suggestion, if acted upon, would tend very materially 
 to improve the religious training and education both of adults and children. 
 It will be very mischievous if we blind our eyes to the patent fact that our 
 Sunday services are too long for children, and for poor men worn out, with 
 the toil of the week. The service should be a reality and a pleasure, instead 
 of becoming ( as it does to the child and the poor man) a weariness and a 
 wandering." — Report of the Rev. W. J. Kennedy, Minutes of Council, 
 1851, p. 586. 
 
 NOTE, B. 
 
 I shall here observe that the office — (the Communion Office) — originally 
 was designed to be distinct, and to be introduced with the Litany, and con- 
 sequently to be used at a diflerent time from Morning Prayer." "The offices 
 are still as distinct as ever, and ought still to be read at different times. — 
 Wheatlet, pp. 220, 221. 
 
 "Now the Morning service, Litany, and the Communion service are 
 three Services. 
 
 " That they are three distinct services will appear, for they are to be 
 performed at distinct places and times. The Morning service is to be said 
 at the beginning of the day, as appears in the third Collect for grace. 
 
 " The Litany is also a distinct service, for it is no part of the morning 
 service, as you may see Rubric after Athanasias' Creed. Here ends the 
 Morning and Evening service. Then follows the Litany. Nor is it any 
 part of the Communion service, for that begins with ' Our Father,' and the 
 Collect, ' Almighty God,' &c., and it is to be said after the Litany. The 
 time and place for this is not appointed iathe Rubric, but is supposed to be 
 known by practice.
 
 28 
 
 " The Communion service is to be some good distance after the Morning 
 service ; before the Communion service, ' so many as intend to be partakers 
 of the holy Communion, shall signify their names to the Curate over night, 
 or before Morning prayer, or immediately after, which does necessarily 
 require a good space of time to do it in.' " — Sparrow's Rationale, pp. 194 
 and 196. 
 
 NOTE, C. 
 
 The following appears a very useful suggestion in connexion with the 
 subject of out door preaching : To have a large tent, purchased for the use 
 of the Church in any locality, — e. g. the Leeds Deanery, — and to have this 
 taken and set up on the spot where the open air service is to take place. 
 The advantage of this church tent would be, that it would take the calls 
 and ministrations of religion to the thoroughfares where they are required, 
 and yet secure in a great measure the order and protection of a building. 
 
 NOTE, D. 
 
 Minutes of Council for 1850. Eeport by Rev. H. Moseley. — It 
 may be well to extract from the same able document the following analysis 
 of the different plans which have prepared for the extension of Education : 
 
 " The minds of thoughtful men having thus been directed to the consi- 
 deration of some more effectual means of grappling with these evils : the 
 question of local rates, for the maintenance of schools, has been much 
 discussed of late, and having myself collected the opinions of many of the 
 friends of education, in my district, upon it, I have thought that I might 
 not be considered as travelling beyond the proper limits of my Report, if I 
 brought a topic of such vital importance to the cause of education under 
 your notice. 
 
 " The plan of Mr. Fox proposes that the means of education, in every 
 parish in his district, shall be reported to your Lordships, by each of Her 
 Majesty's Inspectors of Schools, and that wherever the existing provision 
 shall be found insufficient, your Lordships shall direct the election of an 
 educational committee, by the rate payers of the parish (or a union of the 
 neighbouring parishes constituted, for that purpose, a school district), who 
 shall have power to levy an annual school-rate on the rateable property of 
 the parish, and to apply it to the payment of certain sums to the teachers 
 of existing schools in respect to all such children as shall have made due 
 progress in secular knowledge, as certified by Her Majesty's Inspector. 
 Where the expedient shall not be found adequate to the educational wants 
 of the parish, it provides for the establishment and maintenance of other 
 free schools, the instuction in which is to be free and wholly secular, time 
 being allowed to the children for receiving religious instruction under the 
 direction of their parents. 
 
 " Tlie system proposed by the Lancashire Public School Association, is 
 like that of Mr. Fox, to be ' one established by law, excluding all theological 
 doctrines and sectai'ian influences, and supported by local rates assessed on 
 the basis of the poor rates, and managed by local authorities especially elected 
 for that purpose by the rate-payers.' 
 
 " To the local agitation produced by public meetings held in support of 
 this plan, and the opposition which could not but be created by the omission 
 from it of every expedient for the religious education of the people, we owe 
 a third proposition which appears to have received a far more general con- 
 currence ; it is that of Mr. Richson, who is understood to have in proposing 
 it, the concurrence of the Bishop of Manchester, the Dean, and a great body
 
 ^9 
 
 of tlie clergy and laity. It provides for the constitution of your Lordships*^ 
 Committee to be the central governing body for the administration of an 
 Act for the division of every county into school districts, the rate-payers 
 in which, assessed at not less than ,£40 a year, are to elect school com- 
 mittees, who are to levy school-rates on the same assessment as the county- 
 rates, and collected by the same officers, and to administer the same in 
 aiding the necessary repairs and enlargement of school buildings, in the 
 payment of the fees of free scholars, and in giving temporary aid for the 
 establishing or the better conducting of schools ; acting therein with the 
 advice of Her Majesty's Inspectors and the concurrence of the school man- 
 agers, and in no respect interfering with such schools as do not have recourse 
 to them for aid. 
 
 " The characteristic and most valuable feature of this plan is, that it 
 leaves the religious element in education untouched. 
 
 " A plan, which in some of its most important features resembles the 
 last, has more recently been submitted to youur Lordships in a memorial 
 from certain influential members of the Free Church of Scotland. It has 
 for its object, — 1st. The reform of the parochial schools of Scotland ; 2nd. 
 The extension of the system of these schools ; 3rd. The due maintenance 
 of teachers. 
 
 " It provides, in the first place, for the repeal of such acts as limit the 
 application of money raised for educational purposes by local assessment to 
 schools whose teachers are members of the Established Church, and which 
 are under the control of the Presbyteries. 2nd. For the erection of schools 
 where required, and the maintenance of schools, one-half out of the sum 
 voted by Parliament, and the other half by local assessment. 3rd. For the 
 constitution of certain school circuits, in which these assessments shall be 
 made on the plan of a county-rate. 4th. For the election of teachers by 
 the heritors and school-rate payers within the parish. 5th. For the 
 admission of all such schools as now receive aid from the Committee of 
 Council under the parochial system, and certain others under conditions 
 specified. 6. For the appointment of none but certified teachers. 7th. For 
 Government inspection of all parochial schools. 8. For the formation of 
 a General Board of Education in Scotland for the carrying out of these 
 objects. 
 
 " A fourth plan is that proposed by the Eev. "W. Sewell, Fellow and 
 Tutor of Exeter College, Oxford, not as a plan 'fi-ee from objection both 
 in theory and in practice, but as the nearest approach that he can dis- 
 cover to the solution of the present problem — the enforcement by the 
 State of the education of the people without compromising its own religious 
 faith.' 'For we may assume,' says this gentleman, ' that all parties are 
 agreed in considering this abstractedly as not only a legitimate function, 
 but a necessary duty of the supreme civil power.' 
 
 " He then goes on to state the problem to be * How to reconcile an 
 education enforced by the State, and applied to all classes, with religious 
 education carried on as it must be separately by each class and denomination 
 of Christians ;' and to enquire whether, as a solution, it ' would not be 
 possible to impose a special tax for education calculated either upon income 
 or property, to allow the amount to be applied to some school or other at 
 the pleasure of the party charged with it, only requiring from him a receipt 
 for the payment from some responsible person, as the manager of the school, 
 upon a plan already in use in some other departments of taxation ?" 
 
 " In making this suggestion, Mr. Sewell states himself to be ' anxious 
 to show that the strongest conviction of the fatal effects of the continental
 
 30 
 
 system is still compatible with an anxious desire to see the State exer- 
 cising its high and indisputable functions, to guard against oflFending the 
 conscience of any one, and to promote efficiently and extensively not merely 
 the moral education of the heart, but an enlarged and comprehensive cul- 
 tivation of the intellect." 
 
 " This plan is in its principle the same with the one proposed in an 
 article entitled ' Church and State Education,' in the ' Edinburgh Review 
 of July, 1850,' in the following terms : — 
 
 In parishes where there is a sufficient number of Churchmen and also of 
 Dissenters to enable them to maintain separate schools, we see no reason why 
 they should not have them, — the option being given to each rate-payer to be 
 rated to either school, and the amount of the rate, being of course, dependant 
 on the extent to which the school is self-supporting. The school-rate of the 
 Churchmen might be paid to maintain the existing National school, or that of 
 the Dissenters, to support the existing British and Foreign school, if a majority 
 of tbem and a majority of the subscribers to such schools should desire it. If 
 not, new schools would have to be built. 
 
 In cases where the Churchmen or Dissenters of a parish were not sufficiently 
 numerous to maintain a separate scbool, those of two or more parishes might 
 unite for that purpose. There would however, remain localities, in which the 
 Dissenters are too thinly scattered to have separate schools for their children, 
 even by the union of different parishes for that object. It would be necessary 
 to the levying of school rates in such parishes, (probably few in number) that 
 the children of Dissenters should be allowed to attend the parish schools with 
 our having violence done to the religious scruples of their parents ; and with 
 this view it should be provided, in respect to these parishes — 
 
 1st. That no child be taught the Church Catechism, not being a baptized 
 member of the Church. 
 
 2nd. That no child of a Dissenter, being a baptized member of the 
 Church be instructed in the Catechism, or otherwise in the distinctive 
 doctrines of the Church, if his parents object to his being so 
 instructed. 
 
 These conditions being secured, we see no reason why the management 
 clauses should not form the basis of the constitution of schools maintained by 
 parochial rates, the word ratepayers being substituted for subscribers. 
 
 " This plan, like that of Mr. Sewell, recognises the religious element 
 as essential to a national system of education, and it recognises the rights 
 of conscience. In carrying it out, the State would provide that there 
 should be a Church School in every parish or school district, maintained 
 by the fees of the children, and by local rates, and governed according to 
 the provisions of the management clauses (the substitution being made of 
 rate-payers for subscribers), which school might be the national school of 
 the parish. It could not, however, be thus maintained by the rates paid by 
 the whole parish, unless it were in all oases subject to the two conditions 
 proposed by the reviewer, only in the exceptional cases of rural parishes in 
 which Dissenters are few in number ; these conditions are, 1st. That no 
 child, not being a baptized member of the Church, shall be taught the 
 Church Catechism ; 2nd. That no child shall be instructed in the Church 
 Catechism, or otherwise in the distinctive doctrines of the Church, if his 
 parents shall object to his being so instructed. The fulfilment of those 
 conditions being placed under the safeguard of the rate-payers, the Dis- 
 senters would probably in many parishes require no further concession. 
 In any parish where they did, it would be competent for them to form a 
 separate school, or to unite with the Dissenters of other parishes in forming
 
 31 
 
 such a school, for the maintenance of which they might be rated, instead 
 of being rated to the parish school, and which might be an existing school 
 — a British and Foreign school, for instance, or the school of any particular 
 dissenting community, as the Wesleyan. Such schools, like the Church 
 schools, be open to all, with the condition that no child should be taught 
 the distinctive religious doctrines of the school if his parents should object 
 to his being so instructed. It should be a further condition that all 
 schools, whether Church or dissenting schools maintained by rates, be 
 taught by certificated teachers, and open to Government inspection. 
 
 " This plan differs from the other in the provision it makes for the 
 independent maintenance of every school by rates levied specially for the 
 maintenance of that school, instead of by the partition of a common fund 
 among different schools. Whilst it provides for the formation of new schools 
 where they are needed, it offers a means by which the promoters of the ex- 
 isting schools may, by the method of local assessment, divide equally among 
 themselves, and with the rest of the parish, the burden of supporting them. 
 It involves a recognition on the part of the State, of Religion as the basis 
 of a system of National Education. So far as the State intervenes directly 
 in the formation of schools, it provides that it should do so in the interests 
 of the Religion of the State ; but it offers the public aid on equal terms 
 to all communities of Christians for promoting the education of their own 
 children according to their own tenets." 
 
 NOTE, E. 
 
 It is so important to put this subject in a clear view, that it may perhaps 
 be excused if the following summary of what is said in the Report be here 
 inserted" 
 
 1. The Diaconate to be vert largely increased, so as to relieve the 
 clergy in Priest's Orders from the gieater part of their present " serving of 
 tables," and thus set them more at liberty for their proper and necessary 
 duties, and at the same time provide for a very much extended discharge 
 of the work of the lower order of the ministry. 
 
 2. To restrict Deacons to the duties specially assigned to them in the 
 Ordinal, and thus do away with the anomaly of deacons doing everywhere 
 the work of presbyters. 
 
 3. Deacons officiating only by the Bishop's license, and in one particular 
 Church, there would ever be the safeguard that the Bishop could, if he saw 
 sufficient cause, withdraw the license, and put an end to the ministrations 
 of the individual. 
 
 X. HARRISON, PRINTER, BRIGQATE, LEEDS.
 
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