UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
 A STUDY OF THE RATE AND ECONOMY OF 
 GAINS OF FATTENING STEERS 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF 
 
 THE AMOUNT AND THE CHARACTER OF FEED CONSUMED 
 
 BY H. W. MUMFORD, H. S. GRINDLEY, 
 A. D. EMMETT, AND SLEETER BULL 
 
 URBANA, ILLINOIS, MARCH, 1917 
 
CONTENTS OP BULLETIN No. 197 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. INTRODUCTION 567 
 
 2. THE EXPERIMENT 567 
 
 3. AMOUNTS OF FEEDS CONSUMED 569 
 
 4. TOTAL DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED 575 
 
 5. DIGESTIBLE DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED 577 
 
 6. DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN CONSUMED 577 
 
 7. NET ENERGY CONSUMED 580 
 
 8. WEIGHTS AND GAINS v 584 
 
 9. INFLUENCE OF AMOUNT OF EATION UPON THE ECONOMY OF GAINS 589 
 
 10. INFLUENCE OF CHARACTER OF FEED UPON THE ECONOMY OF GAINS 592 
 
 11. SUMMARY 600 
 
 12. CONCLUSIONS . 603 
 
A STUDY OF THE RATE AND ECONOMY OF 
 GAINS OF FATTENING STEERS 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCE OF 
 
 THE AMOUNT AND THE CHARACTER OF FEED CONSUMED 
 
 BY H. W. MUMFORD, CHIEF IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 
 
 H. S. GRINDLEY, CHIEF IN ANIMAL NUTRITION 
 
 A. D. EMMETT, ASSISTANT CHIEF IN ANIMAL NUTRITION 
 
 SLEETER BULL, ASSOCIATE IN ANIMAL NUTRITION 1 
 
 This bulletin is one of a series reporting the findings of an in- 
 vestigation in regard to the effect of variations in the amount and 
 character of feed consumed upon the nutrition of two-year-old steers. 
 It gives the results relating to the effect upon the rate and economy of 
 gains: (1) of variations in the amount of feed consumed ranging 
 from maintenance to full feed rations; (2) of variations in the pro- 
 portions of roughage and concentrates in the ration; and (3) of the 
 substitution of a nitrogenous concentrate for a part of the grain of 
 a ration of clover hay and ground corn in the ratio of 1 to 5. 
 
 THE EXPERIMENT 
 
 The Animals. The animals used were sixteen two-year old high- 
 grade Hereford steers grading as choice feeders and weighing from 
 750 to 1,000 pounds. These animals were selected from the same herd 
 and were similar in breeding. From birth to the time of purchase 
 they had been treated very much alike. During a period of about two 
 months preliminary to the experiment, they were kept in paved lots 
 with access to open sheds. During the experiment proper, which be- 
 gan May 27, 1908, and ended February 10, 1909, a period of thirty- 
 seven weeks, eight of the steers were kept in ordinary stalls on con- 
 crete floors, well bedded with pine shavings. The other eight steers 
 were kept in digestion and metabolism stalls, and the digestibility of 
 their rations was determined during the thirty-seven weeks of the ex- 
 periment. 2 Each steer was weighed daily at 2 p. m. 
 
 Rations and Feeds. During the first month of the period prelimi- 
 nary to the experiment the ration consisted of corn silage, clover hay, 
 
 l The authors take pleasure in acknowledging their great indebtedness to Pro- 
 fessors L. D. Hall and H. O. Allison for their generous and helpful cooperation 
 and assistance in the planning and conducting of this investigation. 
 
 =111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 172 (1914). 
 
 567 
 
568 BULLETIN No. 197 [March, 
 
 and alfalfa hay. At the beginning of the second month ground corn 
 was added to the ration, and the feeding of alfalfa was discontinued. 
 Four days later the feeding of corn silage was discontinued. During 
 the first twenty-two weeks of the experiment proper the ration con- 
 sisted of clover hay and ground corn, and during the last fifteen weeks, 
 of clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal. Half an ounce of 
 salt, given daily, was taken very consistently by all of the steers. 
 Water also was given twice daily, and an exact record was kept of 
 the amounts drunk. 
 
 The steers were fed twice daily, the rations for each feeding be- 
 ing weighed out a week in advance. The refused feed, or "orts," was 
 collected every day and the amount deducted in computing the amount 
 of feed consumed. 
 
 To determine the effect of variations in the amount of feed con- 
 sumed, the sixteen steers were divided into four lots of four animals 
 each, and each lot was given thruout the experiment an amount of 
 feed different from that received by the other lots. One was given 
 just enoiigh feed to maintain the weights of the steers about constant; 
 another, as much as the steers would eat readily ; another, an amount 
 of feed equal to the maintenance ration plus one-third of the differ- 
 ence between the maintenance and the full-feed rations ; and another, 
 an amount equal to the maintenance ration plus two-thirds of the 
 difference between the maintenance and the full-feed rations. In this 
 bulletin the first of the above-described lots has been designated as the 
 "maintenance" lot; the second, as the "full-feed" lot; the third, 
 as the "one-third-feed" lot; and the fourth, as the "two-thirds-feed" 
 lot. Beginning with the 31st week, two steers each from the mainte- 
 nance, the one-third-, and the two-thirds-feed lots were gradually put 
 on a full-feed ration and continued thus until the end of the experi- 
 ment. The lots were as similar as possible in regard to age, condition, 
 and breeding of the animals. However, there was some difference in 
 the initial weights of the lots, as shown m Table 12, page 586. 
 
 To determine the effect of variations in the proportions of rough- 
 age to concentrates in the ration upon the rate and efficiency of gains, 
 and the effect of the introduction of linseed oil meal into the ration, 
 the experiment was divided into five experimental periods. During 
 the first experimental period the ration consisted of clover hay and 
 ground corn in equal amounts; during the second, of one part of 
 clover hay and three parts of ground corn ; during the third, of one 
 part of clover hay and five parts of ground corn; and during the 
 fourth and fifth, of one part of clover hay, four parts of ground corn, 
 and one part of linseed oil meal. Thus the proportion of concentrates 
 was gradually increased up to the third experimental period, and then 
 maintained constant to the end of the experiment. These changes in 
 the ration made from one experimental period to another were effected 
 
[1917 
 
 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 
 
 569 
 
 very gradually in transitional periods. The first and third transi- 
 tional periods were each two weeks in length; and the second and 
 fourth, three weeks each in length. Table 1 gives the division of the 
 experiment into periods and the proportion of roughage to concen- 
 trates fed in each. 
 
 TABLE 1. DIVISION OF EXPERIMENT INTO PERIODS, AND EATIOS OF HAY, CORN, 
 AND LINSEED MEAL IN EATIONS 
 
 Experimental 
 period 
 
 Experimental 
 weeks 
 
 Number of weeks 
 in period 
 
 Eatio of hay to corn 
 to linseed meal 
 
 1 
 
 1-5 
 
 5 
 
 1:1:0 
 
 2 
 
 8-13 
 
 6 
 
 1:3:0 
 
 3 
 
 17-22 
 
 6 
 
 1:5:0 
 
 4 
 
 25-30 
 
 6 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 5 
 
 34-37 
 
 4 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 As previously stated, the digestibility of the rations of two steers 
 of each lot was determined continuously for the thirty-seven weeks of 
 the experiment. A detailed description, of the equipment, the meth- 
 ods of weighing, sampling, and analyzing the feeds, and the collection, 
 sampling, and analyzing of the refused feed and feces are given in 
 Bulletin 172 of this station. 
 
 AMOUNTS OF FEEDS CONSUMED 
 
 The amounts of feeds consumed by each steer per period are given 
 in Table 2. The average amounts of feeds consumed daily by each 
 steer are given in Table 3. The average weights of feeds consumed 
 daily per lot are given in Table 4. 
 
 As previously noted, the refused feed, or orts, from the last feed- 
 ing was cleaned out before each feeding and weighed. It was assumed 
 that the feeds were present in the orts in the same proportions as in 
 the ration. Accordingly, the amount of each feed refused was cal- 
 culated from these data. Altho this is not strictly accurate, yet, in- 
 asmuch as the amount of orts was usually small, only a slight error was 
 thus introduced. The amount of each feed refused, subtracted from 
 the amount of that feed offered, gave the amount of each feed actually 
 consumed. 
 
 Maintenance Lot. While it was planned originally to give the 
 maintenance steers just enough feed to keep their weights practically 
 constant, yet for various reasons this plan was not strictly followed 
 and the animals of this lot made considerable gain during Periods 1, 
 4, and 5, altho they were practically on a maintenance ration during 
 Periods 2 and 3. During the first period of the experiment (weeks 
 1-5), the ration consisted of 5.5 pounds of ground corn and the same 
 amount of hay per day. The amount of corn was increased gradually 
 
570 BULLETIN No. 197 [March, 
 
 while the hay was decreased during the first transitional period (weeks 
 67), so that during the second experimental period (weeks 813) the 
 steers received an average of 2.2 pounds of hay and 6.6 pounds of 
 corn per head per day. During the second transitional period (weeks 
 14-16) the amount of hay was reduced still further while the corn was 
 increased, so that during the third experimental period (weeks 17-22) 
 the steers received an average of 1.4 pounds of hay and 6.8 pounds 
 of corn per day per head. During the third transitional period (weeks 
 23-24) old-process linseed meal was gradually substituted for an equal 
 amount of corn in the ration. During the fourth experimental period 
 (weeks 25-30) the steers consumed 1.4 pounds of hay, the same amount 
 of linseed meal, and 5.4 pounds of corn per head daily. In the fourth 
 transitional period (weeks 31-33) Steers 653 and 650 were gradually 
 placed upon a full-feed ration, so that during the fifth test period 
 (weeks 34-37) they consumed 2.9 pounds of hay, the same amount of 
 linseed meal, and 11.7 pounds of corn per head daily. Steers 656 
 and 658 which were continued on maintenance consumed 1.3 pounds 
 of hay, the same amount of linseed meal, and 5.3 pounds of corn 
 during this period. 
 
 One-Third-Feed Lot. The steers of this lot were started on 7.9 
 pounds of ground corn per day per head and the same amount of hay. 
 During the first transitional period the hay was decreased and the 
 corn increased, so that during the second experimental period they 
 consumed an average of 3.7 pounds of hay and 11.2 pounds of corn 
 per head daily. During the second transitional period the hay was 
 decreased still further and the corn was increased, so that during the 
 third period the steers consumed an average of 2.2 pounds of hay and 
 11.1 pounds of corn daily. In the third transitional period linseed 
 meal was substituted for some of the corn in the ration, so that dur- 
 ing the fourth experimental period the steers consumed an average of 
 2.1 pounds of hay, 8.5 pounds of corn, and 2.1 pounds of linseed meal 
 per head daily. In the fourth transitional period the rations of Steers 
 667 and 666 were gradually increased to full feed, so that during 
 Period 5 they consumed 3.2 pounds of hay, the same amount of lin- 
 seed meal and 12.7 pounds of corn per head daily. Steers 669 and 
 662 consumed 2.2 pounds of hay, the same amount of linseed meal, 
 and 8.7 pounds of corn in this period. 
 
 Two-Thirds-Feed Lot. The steers of this lot consumed an aver- 
 age of 10.3 pounds of hay and the same amount of corn per head daily 
 during the first experimental period. During the first transitional 
 period the hay was decreased and the corn increased, so that during 
 the second experimental period the steers consumed an average of 5.3 
 pounds of hay and 15.8 pounds of corn per head daily. During the 
 second transitional period the proportion of corn to hay was increased 
 Still further, so .that during the third .experimental jp.eriod .the s.tejers 
 
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 571 
 
 consumed an average of 3.1 pounds of hay and 15.5 pounds of corn 
 per head daily. As was the case in the other lots, some of the corn 
 was replaced by linseed meal during the third transitional period, so 
 that during the fourth experimental period the steers consumed an 
 average of 2.9 pounds of hay, 11.5 pounds of corn, and 2.9 pounds of 
 linseed meal per head daily. During the fourth transitional period 
 Steers 668 and 652 were gradually placed upon a full-feed ration, so 
 that during Period 5, Steer 668 consumed 3.5 pounds of hay, 13.9 
 pounds of corn, and 3.5 pounds of linseed meal. Steer 652 went off 
 feed and was removed at the end of the 34th week. Steers 665 and 
 657 in this period consumed 3.0 pounds of hay, 12.1 pounds of corn, 
 and 3.0 pounds of linseed meal. 
 
 Full-Feed Lot. During the first experimental period the steers 
 of the full-feed lot consumed an average of 12.1 pounds of hay and 
 the same amount of corn per head daily. As in the other lots, their 
 hay was decreased and their corn was increased during the first transi- 
 tional period, so that during the second experimental period they con- 
 sumed an average of 6.4 pounds of hay and 19.4 pounds of corn per 
 head daily. During the second transitional period the proportion of 
 hay in the ration was decreased, so that during the third experimental 
 period the steers consumed an average of 3.5 pounds of hay and 17.6 
 pounds of corn per head daily. It will be noted that not only less 
 roughage but also less grain was consumed in Period 3 than in Period 
 2. We are unable to explain why the steers did not eat more at this 
 time, as they were given all the feed they would consume. The effect 
 of this apparent slump in the appetites of the full-feed steers was 
 transmitted to the one-third- and two-thirds-feed lots, as their rations 
 were based upon the feed consumption of the maintenance and full- 
 feed steers as already explained. During the third transitional period 
 linseed meal was introduced into the ration and the amount of corn 
 was decreased, so that during the fourth experimental period the steers 
 consumed an average of 3.5 pounds of hay, 14.2 pounds of corn, and 
 3.5 pounds of linseed meal per head daily. Steers 663 and 659 went 
 off feed so badly that Steer 663 was removed at the end of the 30th 
 week and Steer 659 at the end of the 33d week. 
 
 As a matter of fact, the amounts and proportions of the feeds 
 offered the full-feed lot were not far different from what would have 
 been offered them in a practical feeding operation conducted under 
 the same conditions, altho in most instances the consumption of con- 
 centrates in the latter part of the fattening period would have been 
 greater in practical feeding operations. 
 
572 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
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[1917 ECONOMY OP FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 575 
 
 TOTAL DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED 
 
 Inasmuch as all the feeds were analyzed chemically every week, 
 data are available from which the consumption of total dry substance 
 may be calculated. These results, calculated on the basis of 1000 
 pounds live weight, are given in Table 5. An inspection of this table 
 shows that altho there was considerable variation in the consumption 
 of dry substance by the steers of the same lot, yet the differences be- 
 tween lots were much greater than the individual differences within 
 the lots. 
 
 It is of interest to compare the consumption of dry substance with 
 the amounts prescribed by the Wolff -Lehmann feeding standard 1 for 
 maintenance and fattening of cattle. For maintenance, these feeding 
 standards call for 18 pounds of dry substance per 1000 pounds live 
 weight daily. The average consumption of dry substance by the four 
 maintenance steers of this experiment varied from 8.0 pounds to 11.3 
 pounds, or approximately from one-half to two-thirds of the amount 
 prescribed by the standard. During Periods 2 and 3, when the steers 
 were practically on maintenance, the consumption of dry substance 
 was 8 to 9 pounds. 
 
 The Wolff -Lehmann feeding standard recommends from 26 to 30 
 pounds of dry substance for a 1000-pound fattening steer. The steers 
 of the full-feed lot consumed on the average from 13.4 to 22.1 pounds 
 of dry substance, or approximately one-half to two-thirds of the 
 amounts prescribed in the standards. From this it seems safe to con- 
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 necessarily high in the cases of maintenance and fattening cattle. Of 
 course, if large amounts of less digestible feeds, such as the roughages, 
 are used they are more nearly correct, but even then they remain too 
 high. 
 
 Henry and Morrison 2 have recently published modifications of 
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 dry substance for maintenance, as compared with the amounts used 
 in this experiment, 8.0 to 11.3 pounds. For fattening two-year-old 
 steers on full feed they recommend the following amounts of dry 
 substance : 
 
 First 50 - 60 days 22.0 - 25.0 Ibs. 
 
 Second 50-60 days 21.0-24.0 Ibs. 
 
 Third 50 - 60 days 18.0 - 22.0 Ibs. 
 
 Comparing these values with those given in Table 5, it is seen that 
 the steers in this experiment made good gains on considerably less dry 
 substance than prescribed by the Henry-Morrison standards. 
 
 J Henry and Morrison: Feeds and Feeding, 15th ed., (1915), page 667; or 
 Bull: Principles of Feeding Farm Animals, (1916), page 355. 
 "Feeds and Feeding, 15th ed., (1915), page 671 ? 
 
576 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
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[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 577 
 
 From our results it seems safe to conclude that steers may be 
 maintained or fattened with the ordinary rations of the corn-belt on 
 a smaller allowance of dry substance than the amounts prescribed by. 
 the generally accepted feeding standards. 
 
 DIGESTIBLE DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED 
 
 As the coefficients of digestibility of the rations of two steers of 
 each lot were determined for each period of the experiment, data are 
 provided whereby one may calculate the consumption of digestible 
 nutrients of each lot with a considerable degree of accuracy. The 
 results given in Table 6 have been calculated on the assumption that 
 the steers not in the digestion stalls digested their rations as com- 
 pletely as their lot mates in the digestion stalls. 
 
 The relation of the different lots with respect to the amounts of 
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 sumed is not the same, because of the fact that when a large propor- 
 tion of the ration consisted of roughage, the coefficients of digestibility 
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 sumed. 1 
 
 DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN CONSUMED 
 
 The amounts of digestible crude protein consumed daily per 1000 
 pounds live weight are shown in Table 7. In the case of the mainte- 
 nance lot, the amount of digestible protein in the ration varied from 
 0.39 pound in Period 3 to 0.81 pound in Period 4. It should be noted 
 particularly that in Periods 2 and 3, when these steers were actually 
 on a maintenance ration (as indicated by the live weight), the aver- 
 age consumption of digestible protein was 0.44 and 0.39 pound, re- 
 spectively. It is also of interest to note that Steers 650 and 656, which 
 were in the metabolism test, maintained positive weekly nitrogen bal- 
 ances. As a matter of fact, in Period 2, Steer 650 retained 25.1 per- 
 cent, and Steer 656 retained 25.0 percent of the nitrogen digested. In 
 Period 3, Steer 650 retained 25.7 percent, and Steer 656 retained 28.5 
 percent of the nitrogen digested. Such a retention indicates that less 
 digestible protein would have been sufficient for maintenance. In 
 Period 1, when Steers 650 and 656 were consuming 0.56 and 0.65 
 pound of digestible protein, respectively, they retained 34.8 percent 
 and 36.6 percent, respectively, of the nitrogen digested. Steer 650 
 made an average daily gain of 1.6 pounds during this period, and 
 Steer 656 made an average daily gain of 2.0 pounds. 
 
 Armsby, 2 after reviewing the available data upon the protein re- 
 quirements for maintenance, states: "It seems safe to estimate 0.6 
 
 '111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 172 (1914). 
 
 MJ. S. Dept. of Agr. Bur. of Anim. Indus. Bui. 143 (1912), page 94. 
 
578 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
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[1917 
 
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580 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
 [Ma reft, 
 
 pound of crude protein or 0.5 pound of true protein per 1000 pounds 
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 either way under varying conditions. ' ' The fact that Steers 650 and 
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 the digested nitrogen for a period of twenty-two weeks proves that 
 under the conditions of this experiment cattle may be maintained on 
 considerably less protein than the generally accepted standards. 
 
 In the case of the one-third-feed lot the protein consumption va- 
 ried from 0.54 pound in Period 3 to 0.99 pound in Period 4. The 
 two-thirds-feed lot received from 0.65 pound in Period 3 to 1.18 pounds 
 in Period 4, while the full-feed lot received from 0.72 pound in Period 
 3 to 1.41 pounds in Period 4. It is of interest to compare the protein 
 consumption of the steers in this experiment with the amount of pro- 
 tein prescribed by the "Wolff-Lehmann and the Henry-Morrison feed- 
 ing standards. Such a comparison is shown in Table 8. 
 
 TABLE 8. COMPARISON OP PROTEIN CONSUMPTION WITH THE WOLFF-LEHMANN 
 AND HENRY-MORRISON STANDARDS* 
 
 Period 
 
 One-third- 
 feed lot 
 
 Two- thirds- 
 feed lot 
 
 Full-feed 
 lot 
 
 Wolff-Leh- 
 mann 
 
 Henry- 
 Morrison 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 0.79 
 0.69 
 0.54 
 0.99 
 0.95 2 
 
 0.90 
 0.85 
 0.65 
 1.18 
 1.13' 
 
 1.03 
 0.89 
 0.72 
 1.41 
 1.34 
 
 2.5 
 3.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.0-2.3 
 1.9-2.3 
 1.8-2.1 
 
 1 While the periods of this experiment do not correspond exactly with the 
 periods given in these standards, yet the results are comparable in a general way. 
 ^Average of Steers 669 and 662. 
 Average of Steers 665 and 667. 
 
 When one considers that the steers of the two-thirds-feed lot made 
 an average daily gain of 1.8 pounds and the steers of the full-feed lot 
 made an average daily gain of 2.1 pounds for a period of thirty-seven 
 weeks, it seems safe to conclude that the above-mentioned standards 
 for the protein requirements of fattening steers are unnecessarily high. 
 
 NET ENERGY CONSUMED 
 
 Knowing the amounts of digestible protein, carbohydrates, and 
 fats consumed, it was possible to calculate the consumption of net en- 
 ergy with at least a fair degree of accuracy, using the method of 
 Kellner 1 and Armsby. 2 For the sake of comparison, these results 
 
 *The Scientific Feeding of Animals (1911), page 82. 
 *Pa. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 71 (1905), page 14. 
 
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 581 
 
 were calculated to the amounts consumed daily per 1000 pounds live 
 weight. Some difficulty was encountered in making these calculations. 
 It is generally accepted that the energy requirement for maintenance 
 varies, not directly with the weight of the animal, but with the sur- 
 face or approximately with the two-thirds power of the live weight 
 of the body. On the other hand, however, it has not been shown that 
 the energy requirement above maintenance varies with the surface of 
 the body. 'Consequently, the results have been calculated in two ways : 
 Table 9 shows the results calculated upon the assumption that the 
 energy requirements varied according to the surface of the body ; and 
 Table 10 shows the results calculated upon the assumption that the 
 energy requirements vary directly with the body weight. Inasmuch 
 as at least half of the energy was used for maintenance, even in the 
 full-feed lot, we feel that Table 9 is a better basis for a discussion of 
 the energy consumption than Table 10. 
 
 It is of interest to compare the energy required by these steers 
 for maintenance with the findings of other investigators. Armsby 1 
 has summarized the investigations upon the energy requirements for 
 the maintenance of cattle. To his summary we have added the recent 
 results of Trowbridge, Moulton, and Haigh. 2 The summarized results 
 are shown in Table 11. Comparing these results with the energy con- 
 sumption of the four steers of the maintenance lot when they were 
 actually on a maintenance ration (as indicated by the live weights), 
 in Periods 2 and 3, it is seen that there is but little difference between 
 the average requirements for the maintenance of thin cattle as re- 
 ported by other investigators and the average requirement of these 
 maintenance steers in Periods 2 and 3. In the former case the average 
 requirement is 6.46 therms, while in the latter it is 6.62 therms, with 
 individual variations ranging from 6.14 to 7.00 therms. It is of in- 
 terest to note that in Period 4 the energy consumption of the mainte- 
 nance steers was reduced to 6.41 therms, yet during this period they 
 made an average daily gain of 0.85 pound. 
 
 A study of the energy consumption of the steers in the other lots 
 does not reveal anything of especial interest. 
 
 MJ. S. Dept. of Agr. Bur. of Anim. Indus. Bui. 143 (1912), page 39. 
 Mo. Exp. Sta. Ees. Bui. 18 (1915). 
 
582 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
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[1917 
 
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584 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
 [March, 
 
 TABLE 11. SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATIONS UPON THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF 
 
 CATTLE 
 (Results expressed in therms of net energy per 1000 pounds live weight) 
 
 
 Condition 
 
 No. 
 of 
 
 No. of 
 
 N 
 
 et enei 
 
 gy 
 
 
 Investigator 
 
 of animals 
 
 ani- 
 mals 
 
 trials 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum 
 
 Mini- 
 mum 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 Remarks 
 
 Arms by and fries 
 Kellner 
 
 Thin 
 
 }) 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 7.06 
 7.32 
 
 4.86 
 5.31 
 
 6.11 
 6.20 
 
 Respiration experiment 
 Respiration experiment 
 
 Armsby 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 7.60 
 
 6.62 
 
 7.02 
 
 Respiration experiment ; 
 
 Armsby 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6.26 
 
 4.88 
 
 5.62 
 
 fed roughage 
 Respiration experiment; 
 
 Haecker 
 
 )> 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 6.45 
 
 5.30 
 
 5.71 
 
 fed much grain 
 Live-weight experiment 
 
 Eward 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7.85 
 
 6.45 
 
 7.18 
 
 Live-weight experiment 
 
 Evvard 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8.09 
 
 Live-weight experiment 
 
 Trowbridge et al. 
 Trowbridge et al. 
 Trowbridge et al. 
 Kellner 
 
 > > 
 
 Good 
 Fat 
 Fat 
 
 10 
 7 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 9 
 5 
 3 
 
 7.84 
 8.68 
 6.73 
 9.58 
 
 5.31 
 6.28 
 6.05 
 7.75 
 
 6.55 
 7.42 
 6.39 
 8.59 
 
 Live-weight experiment 
 Live-weight experiment 
 Live-weight experiment 
 Respiration experiment 
 
 Evvard 
 
 Partly fat 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 10.62 
 
 8.15 
 
 9.07 
 
 Live-weight experiment 
 
 Average 
 
 Thin 
 
 33 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 6.46 
 
 Weighted 
 
 Average 
 
 Good and fat 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 7.59 
 
 Weighted 
 
 Average 
 
 All 
 
 50 
 
 69 
 
 .... 
 
 ... 
 
 6.78 
 
 Weighted 
 
 WEIGHTS AND GAINS 
 
 The steers of each lot were weighed individually at 2 p. m. every 
 day of the experiment. The weights of the steers at the beginning of 
 each period and at the end of the experiment are given in Table 12. 
 The initial weights of Period 1 and the final weights of Period 4 are 
 the averages of the first seven days and the last seven days, respect- 
 ively, of the experiment. The other weights are the averages of five 
 daily weights the last two days of the preceding transitional period 
 and the first three days of the test period under consideration. 
 
 The initial weights of the steers were quite variable, ranging from 
 762 pounds for Steer 653 of the maintenance lot to 1010 pounds for 
 Steer 657 of the two-thirds-feed lot. There was also considerable varia- 
 tion between the averages of the different lots themselves, the main- 
 tenance lot weighing 814 pounds ; the one-third-feed lot, 873 pounds ; 
 the two-thirds-feed lot, 897 pounds ; and the full-feed lot, 926 pounds. 
 These variations in weight may have had some influence upon the re- 
 sults of the experiment. 
 
 The individual gains, the average gains per lot, and the total 
 gains per lot, for each period and for the entire experiment are pre- 
 sented in Table 13. The average daily gains are shown in Table 14. 
 
 Altho it was the original intention to keep the weight of the main- 
 tenance lot practically constant, yet considerable gain was made from 
 the beginning to the end of the experiment. However, these steers 
 
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 585 
 
 were practically on a maintenance ration during Periods 2 and 3. 
 Beginning with the 31st week, Steers 653 and 650 of the maintenance 
 lot, Steers 667 and 666 of the one-third-feed lot, and Steers 668 and 
 652 of the two-thirds-feed lot were gradually put on a full-feed ration. 
 Consequently, their gains for the last period of the experiment were 
 as a rule much greater than those of their respective lot mates. 
 
 Disregarding the maintenance lot for obvious reasons, it is seen 
 that the rate of gain with the exception of Steer 667 decreased regu- 
 larly from Period 1 to Period 4, when linseed meal was introduced 
 into the ration. After the introduction of the linseed meal, the gains 
 increased considerably but again decreased in Period 5. In this re- 
 spect the steers behaved in accordance with the prevalent idea of 
 practical feeders regarding the addition of a nitrogenous concentrate 
 near the end of the fattening period. 
 
 As might naturally be expected, the steers on the larger rations 
 made greater gains than those on the small rations, the average daily 
 gains for the various lots being as follows: maintenance lot, 0.70 
 pound; one-third-feed lot, 1.32 pounds; two-thirds-feed lot, 1.79 
 pounds; and full-feed lot, 2.13 pounds. It should be remembered, 
 however, that Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed 
 in Period 5. A study of the data also shows that the individual daily 
 gains of the steers of each lot for the entire experiment were quite 
 uniform except in the case of the maintenance lot, in which two steers 
 received considerably more feed than the others, as explained else- 
 where. The data also show that the gains in each period were de- 
 pendent upon the amount of feed consumed, altho in a few cases the 
 individual gains of one lot overlap those of another lot. 
 
 Considering the length of the feeding period and the amounts of 
 feeds consumed, the full-feed lot made especially good gains in spite 
 of the fact that two of the steers were in the digestion stalls contin- 
 uously during the experiment. Also, the two-thirds-feed lot made 
 fairly good gains for a feeding period of this length, 259 days. As a 
 matter of fact, these steers made as good gains as the full-feed steers 
 in Periods 1 and 3. The gains of the one-third-feed lot, of course, 
 were smaller than one would expect in practical fattening. 
 
 The question naturally arises as to what effect the digestion and 
 metabolism experiment had upon the gains of the steers confined in 
 the metabolism stalls. Steers 650 and 656 of the maintenance lot, 
 Steers 666 and 669 of the one-third-feed lot, Steers 652 and 665 of 
 the two-thirds-feed lot, and Steers 663 and 661 of the full-feed lot 
 were in the metabolism and digestion experiment continuously. Their 
 gains were practically as good as those of their lot mates confined in 
 ordinary stalls. Consequently, it seems safe to conclude that the 
 metabolism and digestion steers were under normal conditions and 
 were at most only slightly affected by that phase of the experiment. 
 
586 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
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[1917 
 
 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 
 
 587 
 
 TABLE 13. TOTAL GAIN BY EACH STEER PER PERIOD 
 (Results expressed in pounds) 
 
 
 
 Ratio of hay 
 
 Maintenance Lot 
 
 Period 
 
 Weeks 
 
 to corn to 
 linseed meal 
 
 Steer 
 653 
 
 Steer 
 650 
 
 Steer 
 656 
 
 Steer 
 658 
 
 Average 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 1-5 
 
 1:1:0 
 
 69 
 
 55 
 
 69 
 
 12 
 
 51.2 
 
 205 
 
 2 
 
 8-13 
 
 1:3:0 
 
 2 
 
 -5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 17-22 
 
 1:5:0 
 
 -5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 1.7 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 25-30 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 38 
 
 36.0 
 
 144 
 
 5 
 
 34-37 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 81 
 
 115 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 13.0 4 
 
 2ft* 
 
 Total 
 
 1-37 
 
 
 229 
 
 273 
 
 125 
 
 95 
 
 180.5 5 
 
 722 s 
 
 One-Third-Feed Lot 
 
 
 
 
 Steer 
 667 
 
 Steer 
 666 
 
 Steer 
 669 
 
 Steer 
 662 
 
 Average 
 
 Total! 
 
 1 
 
 1-5 
 
 1:1:0 
 
 59 
 
 88 
 
 69 
 
 75 
 
 72.7 
 
 291 
 
 2 
 
 8-13 
 
 1:3:0 
 
 81 
 
 56 
 
 55 
 
 83 
 
 68.7 
 
 275' 
 
 3 
 
 17-22 
 
 1:5:0 
 
 59 
 
 23 
 
 54 
 
 53 
 
 47.2 
 
 189' 
 
 4 
 
 25-30 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 91 
 
 57 
 
 63 
 
 66 
 
 69.2 
 
 277 
 
 5 
 
 34-37 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 25 
 
 59 
 
 25 
 
 -5 
 
 10.0 4 
 
 20* 
 
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 1-37 
 
 
 359 
 
 348 
 
 319 
 
 337 
 
 340.7 5 
 
 1363 s 
 
 Two-Thirds-Feed Lot 
 
 
 
 
 Steer 
 668 
 
 Steer 
 652 
 
 Steer 
 665 
 
 Steer 
 657 
 
 Average 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 1-5 
 
 1:1:0 
 
 88 
 
 106 
 
 118 
 
 90 
 
 100.5 
 
 402 
 
 2 
 
 8-13 
 
 1:3:0 
 
 72 
 
 94 
 
 66 
 
 77 
 
 77.2 
 
 309 
 
 3 
 
 17-22 
 
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 69 
 
 63 
 
 43 
 
 73 
 
 62.0 
 
 248 
 
 4 
 
 25-30 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 129 
 
 73 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 90.0 
 
 360 
 
 5 
 
 34-37 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 52 
 
 11 
 
 39 
 
 45 
 
 42.0 4 
 
 84* 
 
 Total 
 
 1-37 
 
 
 467 
 
 417 
 
 462 
 
 469 
 
 453.7 s 
 
 1815 s 
 
 Full-Feed Lot 
 
 
 
 
 Steer 
 659 1 
 
 Steer 
 663 3 
 
 Steer 
 661 
 
 Steer 
 664 
 
 Average 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 1-5 
 
 1:1:0 
 
 106 
 
 119 
 
 89 
 
 103 
 
 104.2 
 
 417 
 
 2 
 
 8-13 
 
 1:3:0 
 
 110 
 
 90 
 
 82 
 
 101 
 
 95.7 
 
 383 
 
 3 
 
 17-22 
 
 1:5:0 
 
 69 
 
 89 
 
 38 
 
 56 
 
 63.0 
 
 252 
 
 4 
 
 25-30 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 120 
 
 76 
 
 109 
 
 107 
 
 103.0 
 
 412 
 
 5 
 
 34-37 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 54.5 
 
 109 
 
 Total 
 
 1-37 
 
 
 528 
 
 447 
 
 514 
 
 543 
 
 508.0 
 
 2032 
 
 'Removed at end of 33d week. 
 2 Rmoved at end of 30th week. 
 'Removed at end of 34th week. 
 
 4 Two steers only, as Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed 
 in Period 5. 
 
 5 Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed in Period 5, 
 
588 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
 [March, 
 
 TABLE 14. AVERAGE DAILY GAIN BY EACH STEER PER PERIOD 
 (Besults expressed in pounds) 
 
 
 
 Ratio of hay 
 
 Maintenance Lot 
 
 Period 
 
 Weeks 
 
 to corn to 
 linseed meal 
 
 Steer 
 653 
 
 Steer 
 650 
 
 Steer 
 656 
 
 Steer 
 658 
 
 Average 
 
 1 
 
 1-5 
 
 1:1:0 
 
 1.97 
 
 1.57 
 
 1.97 
 
 0.34 
 
 1.46 
 
 2 
 
 8-13 
 
 1:3:0 
 
 0.05 
 
 -0.12 
 
 0.07 
 
 0.00 
 
 0.00 
 
 3 
 
 17-22 
 
 1:5:0 
 
 -0.12 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.14 
 
 0.04 
 
 4 
 
 25-30 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 0.95 
 
 0.83 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.90 
 
 0.85 
 
 5 
 
 34-37 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 2.89 
 
 4.11 
 
 0.78 
 
 0.14 
 
 0.46* 
 
 Total 
 
 1-37 
 
 
 0.88 
 
 1.05 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.70 5 
 
 One-Third-Feed Lot 
 
 
 
 
 Steer 
 667 
 
 Steer 
 666 
 
 Steer 
 669 
 
 Steer 
 662 
 
 Average 
 
 1 
 
 1-5 
 
 1:1:0 1.69 
 
 2.51 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.14 
 
 2.08 
 
 2 
 
 8-13 
 
 1:3:0 1.93 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.98 
 
 1.64 
 
 3 
 
 17-22 
 
 1:5:0 
 
 1.40 
 
 0.55 
 
 1.29 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.12 
 
 4 
 
 25-30 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 2.17 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.57 
 
 1.65 
 
 5 
 
 34-37 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 0.89 
 
 2.11 
 
 0.89 
 
 -0.18 
 
 0.37 4 
 
 Total 
 
 1-37 
 
 
 1.39 
 
 134 
 
 1.23 
 
 130 
 
 132 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Two-Thirds-Feed Lot 
 
 
 
 
 Steer 
 668 
 
 Steer 
 652 
 
 Steer 
 665 
 
 Steer 
 657 
 
 Average 
 
 1 
 
 1-5 
 
 1:1:0 
 
 2.51 
 
 3.03 
 
 3.37 
 
 2.57 
 
 2.87 
 
 2 
 
 8-13 
 
 1:3:0 
 
 1.71 
 
 2.24 
 
 1.57 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.84 
 
 3 
 
 17-22 
 
 1:5:0 1.64 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.48 
 
 4 
 
 25-30 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 3.07 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.14 
 
 5 
 
 34-37 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 1.86 
 
 1.57 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.50 4 
 
 Total 
 
 1-37 
 
 
 1.80 
 
 .1.75 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.81 
 
 1.79 s 
 
 Full-Feed Lot 
 
 
 
 
 Steer 
 659 1 
 
 Steer 
 663* 
 
 Steer 
 661 
 
 Steer 
 664 
 
 Average 
 
 1 
 
 1-5 
 
 1:1:0 
 
 3.03 
 
 3.40 
 
 2.54 
 
 2.94 
 
 2.98 
 
 2 
 
 8-13 
 
 1:3:0 
 
 2.62 
 
 2.14 
 
 1.95 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.28 
 
 3 
 
 17-22 
 
 1:5:0 
 
 1.64 
 
 2.12 
 
 0.90 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.50 
 
 4 
 
 25-30 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 2.86 
 
 1.81 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.55 
 
 2.45 
 
 5 
 
 34-37 
 
 1:4:1 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.89 
 
 1.95 
 
 Total 
 
 1-37 
 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.13 
 
 1.98 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.13 
 
 Removed at end of 33d week. 
 'Removed at end of 30th week. 
 'Removed at end of 34th week. 
 
 4 Average of two steers as Steers 653, 650, 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full 
 feed in Period 5. 
 
 "Steers 653, 650. 667, 666, 668, and 652 were on full feed in Period 5, 
 
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 589 
 
 INFLUENCE OF AMOUNT OF RATION UPON THE ECONOMY 
 
 OF GAINS 
 
 The practical cattle feeder assumes that the larger the amount of 
 feed that fattening cattle consume, the more economical will be the 
 gains. This assumption is based upon the fact that a certain amount 
 of feed is required for maintenance under any condition. Conse- 
 quently, the larger the proportion of feed above maintenance, the more 
 there is above the maintenance requirement available for production, 
 and for this reason the ration is assumed to be more economical. 
 
 On the other hand, experiments at the Illinois, Missouri, and other 
 stations show that large rations are not as completely digested as 
 smaller ones, especially when there is a considerable amount of crude 
 fiber in the ration. Consequently, if one considers only the digesti- 
 bility of the ration, one would expect the economy to be lessened as 
 the ration is increased. Thus in studying the influence of the amount 
 of ration upon economy, both of these factors, working in opposite 
 directions, must be considered. 
 
 In studying the economy of gains, there are several measures by 
 which we may determine it. The practical feeder usually measures 
 the economy of gains by the amount of feed consumed per pound of 
 gain. This is not strictly accurate, owing to variations in the chem- 
 ical composition of the feeds, especially in the water content. Fur- 
 thermore, when several feeds are used, as in this experiment, such a 
 large amount of data is presented as to be confusing. The expression 
 of the economy of the gains in terms of the consumption of dry sub- 
 stance per pound of gain obviates both of the previous objections, but 
 this alone is not entirely satisfactory, owing to the fact that the dry 
 substance from some feeds is more digestible than that from others. 
 To dispose of this difficulty the economy of the gains may be expressed 
 also in terms of digestible dry substance consumed per pound of gain. 
 However, this is not altogether satisfactory, as the animal does not 
 necessarily utilize the energy of feeds in direct proportion to the 
 amount of digestible nutrients in the feeds. The use of the net energy 
 consumed per pound of gain disposes of this objection. Theoretically, 
 at least, the net energy consumed per pound of gain is the most accu- 
 rate measure of the economy of gains. However, the inaccuracies 
 involved in the calculation of the net energy detract from its practical 
 value. For the purpose of this investigation, the amounts of feed, of 
 total dry substance, of digestible dry substance, and of net energy 
 consumed per pound of gain have been used as measures of the econ- 
 omy of the gains. 
 
 The amounts of feeds consumed per pound of gain by the in- 
 dividual steers are shown in Table 15. The amounts of feed consumed 
 per pound of gain by the different lots are shown in Table 16. Dis- 
 
590 
 
 BULLETIN No. 197 
 
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[1917 
 
 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOB FATTENING STEERS 
 
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592 BULLETIN No. 197 [March, 
 
 cussion of these tables is omitted, since the discussion pertaining to 
 the consumption of dry substance per pound of gain also applies to 
 them. 
 
 Dry Substance, Digestible Dry Substance, and Net Energy Con- 
 sumed per Pound of Gain. The total dry substance, the digestible 
 dry substance, and the net energy consumed per pound of gain are 
 shown in Tables 17, 18, and 19, respectively. Considering the data 
 for the one-third-feed lot, the two-thirds-feed lot, and the full-feed 
 lot during the different periods of the experiment, there is no evi- 
 dence that one lot was any more efficient than another. Taking the 
 entire thirty-seven weeks of the experiment into consideration, there 
 seems to be no reason to conclude that the amount of feed consumed 
 had any effect upon the economy of gains, as indicated by the amount 
 of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and net energy consumed 
 per pound of gain. 
 
 It is of interest to note that Steers 653 and 650 of the maintenance 
 lot made much more efficient gains in Period 5 when put upon full 
 feed than the steers which had been receiving full-feed rations previous 
 to Period 5. On the other hand, Steers 667 and 666 of the one-third- 
 feed lot, and Steers 668 and 652 of the two-thirds-feed lot made no 
 more economical gains when put upon a full-feed ration than the 
 steers of the full-feed lot. 
 
 INFLUENCE OF CHARACTER OF FEED UPON THE 
 ECONOMY OF GAINS 
 
 The fact that the steers were fed different proportions of corn 
 and hay during the first three periods of the experiment and the fact 
 that in Period 4 linseed meal was substituted for a part of the corn 
 in the ration, provide data for studying the influence of a decrease in 
 roughage together with an increase in concentrates upon. the economy 
 of gains, and also the effect of adding linseed meal to a ration high 
 in concentrates and low in roughages. In this connection, however, it 
 must be remembered that other factors such as the age and more es- 
 pecially the condition of the animals may have had considerable effect 
 upon the economy of gains in different periods. 
 
 Influence of Change from Hay 1 Part and Corn 1 Part, to Hay 1 
 Part and Corn 3 Parts. In Period 1 the ration consisted of equal 
 parts of clover hay and ground corn. In the transitional period after 
 Period 1, the hay was decreased and the corn increased, so that in 
 Period 2 the ration consisted of one part of hay and three parts of 
 corn. From Table 5, page 576, it is seen that the total dry substance 
 consumed daily was slightly reduced in Period 2, while the consump- 
 tion of digestible dry substance was practically the same as shown in 
 Table 6. Table 7 shows that there was a decrease in the amount of 
 digestible crude protein consumed in Period 2, while Table 10 shows 
 
[1917 
 
 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 
 
 593 
 
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5% BULLETIN No. 197 [March, 
 
 a slight increase in the consumption in net energy. Thus these fig- 
 ures reveal but little difference in the nutrients consumed in Periods 
 1 and 2 except that there was less protein consumed in Period 2 than 
 in Period 1. 
 
 As shown in Table 14, page 588, the gains made in Period 2 
 were much lower than those made in Period 1. Especially was this 
 true in case of the two-thirds-feed lot, which dropped from an average 
 gain of 2.87 pounds to 1.84 pounds. The full-feed lot decreased from 
 2.98 pounds per day to 2.28 pounds per day, while the one-third-feed 
 lot decreased from 2.08 to 1.64 pounds. The decrease in the individual 
 gains, with the exception of Steer 667, was just as marked as the de- 
 crease in the average gains. 
 
 A study of the individual data in Table 17, page 593, shows that 
 the economy of gains as measured by the consumption of dry sub- 
 stance was decreased in Period 2 with but one exception Steer 667. 
 Table 18 shows that, with the exception just noted, the amount of 
 digestible dry 'substance necessary to produce a pound of gain was 
 much greater in Period 2 than in Period 1. Table 19 shows that the 
 economy as measured by the consumption of net energy per pound 
 of gain was much decreased in Period 2. 
 
 One would not expect such marked differences in the rate of gain 
 and the economy of gains between Periods 1 and 2 as were shown by 
 the steers in this experiment. Of course, it is a well known fact that 
 the economy of gains decreases with the increasing age and condition 
 of the animal. However, it would not seem that the few weeks differ- 
 ence between Periods 1 and 2 would have such a marked effect. It 
 is possible that the decrease in consumption of digestible crude pro- 
 tein may have been responsible for the decrease in the rate and econ- 
 omy of gains. However, the decrease in protein consumption was not 
 great, varying from 0.03 pound to 0.21 pound per day. As a matter 
 of fact, there was no correlation between the decrease in protein con- 
 sumption and the decrease in efficiency among the individual steers. 
 Consequently, we are unable to explain these results which seem con- 
 trary to general opinion. 
 
 Influence of Change from, Hay 1 Part and Corn 3 Parts, to Hay 
 1 Part and Corn 5 Parts. During the second transitional period the 
 hay of the ration was gradually decreased and the corn was increased, 
 so that during Period 3 the ration consisted of hay 1 part and corn 
 5 parts. 
 
 There was a considerable reduction in the consumption of total 
 dry substance in Period 3 owing to the reduction of the roughage and 
 the increase of the concentrates of the ration. These data are given 
 in Table 5. The data of Table 6 show that there was a considerable 
 reduction also in the amount of digestible dry substance consumed, 
 altho there was not as great a difference between Periods 2 and 3 as 
 
[1917 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 597 
 
 in the case of the total dry substance. The consumption of digestible 
 crude protein in Period 3 was considerably lower than in Period 2, 
 as is shown by the data in Table 7. As a matter of fact, the protein 
 consumption of most of the steers was below, or no greater than, the 
 ordinary standards for maintenance. Table 9, page 582, shows that 
 the consumption of net energy in Period 3 was considerably lower 
 than in Period 2. In general, the steers in Period 3 received less 
 nutrients than in Period 2, the consumption of protein being espe- 
 cially decreased. This was due to the slump in the appetites of the 
 full-feed steers and the consequent reduction in the rations of the 
 steers of the other lots. 
 
 As one would naturally expect, there was a decrease in the rate 
 of gains in Period 3, as shown in Table 14, page 588. This decrease 
 was quite marked except in the cases of three steers, Nos. 669, 657, 
 and 663. The decrease in rate of gains was greatest in case of the full- 
 feed lot. In fact, the two-thirds-feed lot made as good gains in this 
 period as the full-feed lot. In this connection it may be noted that 
 there was little difference in the consumption of digestible protein and 
 net energy between these two lots during this period. 
 
 Referring to Table 17, page 593, it is seen that in general more 
 total dry substance was required to produce a pound of gain in Period 
 3 than in Period 2. However, Steers 669, 668, 657, and 663 were ex- 
 ceptions, making slightly more economical gains in this than in the 
 preceding period. Table 18, page 594, shows that the consumption 
 of digestible dry substance per pound of gain was greater in Period 
 3 than in Period 2. Furthermore, the exceptions noted above are not 
 so noticeable in this case. By reference to Table 19, page 595, it is 
 seen that the economy of the gains, as measured by the consumption 
 of net energy per pound of gain, decreased in Period 3 in every in- 
 stance except in case of Steer 663. In general, then, it seems safe to 
 say that the efficiency of the ration was decreased in Period 3. This 
 is what one would expect after comparing the feed consumption in 
 Periods 2 and 3. Also the increased condition, especially of the full- 
 feed steers, undoubtedly tended to decrease the rate and economy of 
 gains. Furthermore, it seems probable that the small amount of pro- 
 tein consumed in Period 3 may have adversely affected the rate and 
 economy of gains. 
 
 Influence of Change from Hay 1 Part and Corn 5 Parts, to Hay 
 1 Part, Corn 4 Parts, and Linseed Meal 1 Part. During the third 
 transitional period the corn of the ration was gradually reduced and 
 old-process linseed meal was gradually introduced into the ration, so 
 that during Period 4 the steers received a ration the same as in Period 
 3 except that a part of the corn was replaced by linseed meal. There 
 was little or no difference in the actual amounts of hay and of con- 
 centrates eaten in Periods 3 and 4 (see Tables 3 and 4). However, 
 
59& BULLETIN No. 197 [March, 
 
 when the feed consumption is computed in terms of 1000 pounds live 
 weight, it is evident that there was a slight reduction in the amount 
 of feed consumed in Period 4, especially in case of the two-thirds- and 
 full-feed lots, owing to the increased weight of the animals (see Table 
 5). The consumption of digestible dry substance per 1000 pounds 
 live weight in Period 4 was nearly as great as in Period 3. Of course 
 the digestible protein was increased considerably by the addition of 
 linseed meal. In fact, the consumption of protein was almost doubled. 
 The consumption of net energy, as given in Table 9, was also slightly 
 lower in Period 4 in most instances. In general, the consumption of 
 nutrients per 1000 pounds live weight was practically the same in 
 Periods 3 and 4, except in case of the protein, which was almost twice 
 as great in Period 4 as in Period 3 (see Tables 6, 7, and 9). 
 
 The average daily gains (Table 14) show that the introduction 
 of linseed meal into the ration affected the rate of gains quite ma- 
 terially. In case of the one-third-feed lot and the two-thirds-feed lot, 
 the gains of all steers increased considerably after the introduction of 
 linseed meal. In the full-feed lot, the gains of three steers increased 
 while the gain of one steer (No. 663) decreased after the addition of 
 linseed meal. In this connection it should be noted that Steer 663, 
 whose gains decreased after the linseed meal was introduced into the 
 ration, went off feed quite badly during this period and was removed 
 from the experiment at the end of the 30th week. Also, the increases 
 in the gains of the other steers of the full-feed lot after the introduc- 
 tion of linseed meal were much greater than those of the two-thirds- 
 feed lot. In fact, the increase in the gains of the full-feed lot after 
 the introduction of the linseed meal was quite marked. In this con- 
 nection it is well to state again that in Period 4 slightly less total dry 
 substance, slightly less digestible dry substance, and slightly less net 
 energy were consumed than in Period 3. However, almost twice as 
 much protein was consumed in Period 4 as in Period 3. Apparently 
 the addition of protein to the nutrients was responsible for the in- 
 creased gains. Why the increase in gains should vary with the amount 
 of feed consumed is not explained by these data. 
 
 A study of Table 16 shows that in case of the one-third-feed lot, 
 about 54 percent more feed was required to produce a pound of gain 
 in Period 3, when no nitrogenous concentrate was fed, than in Period 
 4, when linseed meal was substituted for an equal amount of corn. In 
 the two-thirds-feed lot, 57 percent more feed was required to produce 
 a pound of gain in the corn period than in the corn and linseed meal 
 period. In the full-feed lot, 62 percent more feed was required to 
 produce a pound of gain when corn was the sole concentrate than 
 when linseed meal was also used. In this connection it should be re- 
 membered that if the same ration had been fed in Periods 3 and 4, 
 we should have expected that more feed would be required in Period 
 
[1917 
 
 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 
 
 599 
 
 4, as the steers were older and more nearly finished in this period. 
 However, before drawing any definite conclusions from these data, 
 the data of the individual animals should be considered, especially 
 in view of the small number of animals in each lot. It will simplify 
 the study to speak in terms of dry substance per pound of gain rather 
 than in terms of corn, hay, and linseed meal per pound of gain. 
 
 Table 17, page 593, shows the individual data pertaining to the 
 amount of dry substance per pound of gain. These data are more 
 easily studied if the amount required to produce a pound of gain in 
 Period 3 is calculated in percent of the amount required to produce 
 a pound of gain in Period 4. Assuming the amount consumed in 
 Period 4 as 100 percent, the amounts consumed by the different steers 
 in Period 3 were as shown in Table 20. 
 
 TABLE 20. DRY SUBSTANCE CONSUMED PER POUND OF GAIN IN PERIOD 3 EXPRESSED 
 IN PERCENT OF THE AMOUNT CONSUMED PER POUND OF GAIN IN PERIOD 4 
 
 Steer 
 No. 
 
 One-third- 
 feed lot 
 
 Steer 
 No. 
 
 Two-thirds- 
 feed lot 
 
 Steer 
 No. 
 
 Full-feed 
 lot 
 
 667 
 666 
 669 
 662 
 
 155.4 
 260.9 
 123.4 
 131.5 
 
 668 
 652 
 665 
 657 
 
 189.8 
 125.0 
 200.1 
 123.6 
 
 659 
 663 
 661 
 664 
 
 168.2 
 92.9 
 
 267.4 
 192.8 
 
 Average 
 
 167.8 
 
 Average 
 
 159.6 
 
 Average 
 
 180.3 
 
 Considering the individual steers of the one-third-feed lot, it is 
 found that the rations of all four steers were more efficient after the 
 addition of the linseed meal. Consequently, it seems safe to conclude 
 that the introduction of linseed meal into the ration of the one-third- 
 feed lot increased the efficiency thereof. 
 
 Referring to the data concerning the steers of the two-thirds-feed 
 lot, it is seen that the rations of all steers again were more efficient 
 after the introduction of linseed meal. Taking this into consideration, 
 it seems safe to conclude that the introduction of linseed meal into the 
 ration of the two-thirds-feed lot materially increased the efficiency of 
 the ration. 
 
 Considering the steers of the full-feed lot, it is seen that the in- 
 troduction of the linseed meal increased the efficiency of the ration to 
 a marked degree in cases of Steers 659, 661, and 664. Steer 663 made 
 less economical gains after the introduction of the linseed meal. This 
 was doubtless due to the fact that this steer went off feed and scoured 
 badly during the 28th, 29th, and 30th weeks of the experiment. In 
 fact, at the end of the 30th week it was necessary to remove him from 
 the experiment and put him on another ration. Taking this into con- 
 sideration, it seems safe to conclude that the introduction of linseed 
 meal into the ration of the full-feed lot caused a marked increase m 
 the economy of the ration. 
 
600 BULLETIN No. 197 [March, 
 
 Referring again to Table 18, page 594, showing the amount of 
 digestible dry substance consumed per pound of gain, and to Table 
 19, page 595, showing the amount of net energy consumed per pound 
 of gain, it is seen that in the one-third-feed and two-thirds-feed lots 
 all of the steers made more economical gains after the addition of lin- 
 seed meal. In the case of the full-feed lot, this was also true of Steers 
 659, 661, and 664, but the gain of Steer 663 was less economical. How- 
 ever, as previously noted, this steer was not in normal condition dur- 
 ing this period. 
 
 From these results, one concludes that the introduction of linseed 
 meal into the ration caused the gains to be made more economically, 
 as measured by the consumption of digestible dry substance and net 
 energy. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 1. Sixteen two-year-old, choice feeder steers were divided into 
 four lots of four steers each. One lot was given a ration slightly above 
 maintenance; another, an amount of feed equal to the maintenance 
 ration plus one-third of the difference between the maintenance and 
 the full-feed rations; another, an amount equal to the maintenance 
 ration plus two-thirds of the difference between the maintenance and 
 the full-feed rations ; and another, as much feed as the steers would 
 eat readily. 
 
 2. The experiment lasted for thirty-seven weeks and was divided 
 into five test periods. The first period was five weeks in length, the 
 second, third, and fourth were each six weeks in length, and the fifth 
 was four weeks in length. 
 
 3. The feeds used were clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil 
 meal. The ration of the first test period consisted of clover hay and 
 ground corn in the ratio of 1 :1 ; that of the second, of clover hay and 
 ground corn in the ratio of 1:3; that of the third, of clover hay and 
 ground corn in the ratio of 1 : 5 ; and that of the fourth and fifth, of 
 clover hay, ground corn, and linseed oil meal in the ratio of 1:4:1. 
 
 4. In Period 1, when the ration consisted of equal parts of clover 
 hay and ground corn, the average daily gains of the different lots and 
 the individual variations were as follows: 
 
 Lot 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Maintenance 
 
 Its. 
 146 
 
 Ibs. 
 0.34-1.97 
 
 One-third-f eed 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.69-2.51 
 
 Two-thirds-feed 
 
 2.87 
 
 2.51-3.37 
 
 Full-feed 
 
 2.98 
 
 2.54-3.40 
 
[1917 
 
 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 
 
 601 
 
 The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and 
 nci energy per pound of gain by the one-third-, two-thirds-, and full- 
 feed lots was as follows: 
 
 Lot 
 
 Dry substance 
 
 Digestible dry 
 substance 
 
 Net energy 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 One-third-feed . . 
 Two-thirds-feed . 
 Full-feed 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 6.61 
 6.25 
 7.33 
 
 Its. 
 5.35-8.17 
 5.37-7.21 
 6.02-8.71 
 
 Ibs. 
 4.36 
 3.99 
 4.59 
 
 Ibs. 
 3.68-5.38 
 3.41-4.63 
 3.82-5.40 
 
 therms 
 4.12 
 3.76 
 4.32 
 
 therms 
 3.50-5.09 
 3.21-4.34 
 3.61-5.06 
 
 5. In Period 2, when the ration consisted of 1 part of clover hay 
 to 3 parts of ground corn, the average daily gains of the different lots 
 and the individual variations were as follows: 
 
 Lot 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Maintenance 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 0.00 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 -0.12-0.07 
 
 One-third-feed 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.31-1.98 
 
 Two-thirds-feed 
 
 1.84 
 
 1.57-2.24 
 
 Full-feed 
 
 2.28 
 
 1.95-2.62 
 
 The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and 
 net energy per pound of gain by the one-third-, two-thirds-, and full- 
 feed lots was as follows : 
 
 Lot 
 
 Dry substance 
 
 Digestible dry 
 substance 
 
 Net energy 
 
 Average 
 
 i Variations 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Average ' Variations 
 
 One-third-feed . . 
 Two-thirds-feed . 
 Full-feed . . 
 
 Ibs. 
 7.95 
 
 9.96 
 9.86 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 6.57-10.12 
 
 1 7.78-11.85 
 ' 8.27-12.06 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 5.71 
 6.85 
 6.36 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 4.73-7.20 
 5.40-8.09 
 5.35-7.24 
 
 therms 
 5.90 
 7.05 
 6.51 
 
 therms 
 
 4.88-7.45 
 5.54-8.33 
 5.47-7.40 
 
 6. In Period 3, when the ration consisted of 1 part of clover hay 
 and 5 parts of ground corn, the daily gains of the different lots were 
 as follows: 
 
 Lot 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Maintenance ... 
 
 Ibs. 
 04 
 
 Ibs. 
 -0 1 2-0 14 
 
 One- third-feed 
 
 1.12 
 
 0.55-1.40 
 
 Two-thirds-feed 
 
 1.48 
 
 1 02-1.74 
 
 Full-feed . . 
 
 1.50 
 
 0.90-2.12 
 
602 BULLETIN No. 197 [March, 
 
 The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and 
 net energy per pound of gain was as follows : 
 
 Lot 
 
 Dry substance 
 
 Digestible dry 
 substance 
 
 Net energy 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Average | Variations j 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 One-third-feed . . 
 Two-thirds-feed 
 Pull-feed.. 
 
 Ibs. 
 10.40 
 11.08 
 12.41 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 8.05-20.30 
 9.70-16.47 
 7.64-20.16 
 
 Its. Ibs. 
 7.91 6.10-15.24 
 8.15 7.14-11.71 
 8.63 5.66-13.16 
 
 therms 
 8.46 
 8.72 
 9.08 
 
 therms 
 6.53-16.33 
 7.63-12.53 
 6.04-13.65 
 
 7. In Period 4, when the ration consisted of 1 part of clover 
 hay, 4 parts of ground corn, and 1 part of linseed meal, the daily 
 gains were as follows : 
 
 Lot 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Maintenance 
 
 Ibs. 
 85 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 74-0.95 
 
 One-third-feed 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.36-2.17 
 
 Two-thirds-feed 
 
 2.14 
 
 1.74-3 J07 
 
 Full-feed.. 
 
 2.45 
 
 1.81-2.86 
 
 The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and 
 net energy per pound of gain was as follows : 
 
 Lot 
 
 Dry substance 
 
 Digestible dry 
 substance 
 
 Net energy 
 
 Average j Variations 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 One-third-feed . . 
 Two-thirds-feed . 
 Full-feed 
 
 Ibs. 
 6.81 
 7.06 
 7.64 
 
 n*. 
 
 5.18-7.78 
 5.11-8.28 
 6.94-8.22 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 5.24 
 5.30 
 5.79 
 
 Ibs. 
 3.98-6.04 
 3.83-6.22 
 5.50-6.50 
 
 therms 
 5.53 
 5.58 
 6.15 
 
 therms 
 4.20-6.38 
 4.04-6.55 
 5.56-6.87 
 
 8. Considering the entire experiment of thirty-seven weeks, the 
 daily gains were as follows: 
 
 Lot 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Maintenance 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 0.70 1 
 
 Ibs. 
 0.37-1.05 1 
 
 One-third-feed 
 
 1.32 1 
 
 1.23-1.39 1 
 
 Two-thirds-feed 
 
 1 79 1 
 
 1.75-1.81 1 
 
 Full-feed 
 
 2.13 
 
 1.98-2.29 
 
 'This average includes the data for two steers which were upon full feed from 
 the 31st to the 37th week inclusive. 
 
 The consumption of dry substance, digestible dry substance, and 
 net energy per pound of gain was as follows : 
 
[1917 
 
 ECONOMY OF FEEDS FOR FATTENING STEERS 
 
 603 
 
 Lot 
 
 Dry substance 
 
 Digestible dry 
 substance 
 
 Net energy 
 
 Average 
 
 Variations 
 
 Average j Variations 
 
 Average Variations 
 
 One-third-feed . . 
 Two-thirds-feed. 
 FuJl-f eed 
 
 Ibs. 
 9.5P 
 9.40 1 
 9.63 
 
 Ibs. 
 9.17-10.04 1 
 8.95- 9.64 1 
 8.41-10.47 
 
 Ibs. | Ibs. 
 6.96 1 : (5.73-7.29 1 
 6.67* 6.48-6.86 1 
 6.60 ' 5.95-7.23 
 
 therms 
 7.22 1 
 6.90 1 
 6.73 
 
 therms 
 6.97-7.55 1 
 6.67-7.10 1 
 6.10-7.48 
 
 VThis average includes the data for two steers which were npon full feed from 
 the 31st to the 37th week inclusive. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS 
 
 1. Two-year-old steers may be maintained 011 8 to 9 pounds of 
 dry substance, 0.39 to 0.44 pound of digestible crude protein, and 6.5 
 to 6.8 therms of net energy per 1000 pounds live weight. 
 
 2. Fattening two-year-old steers may make satisfactory gains 
 over a period of thirty-seven weeks 011 14.3 to 22.1 pounds of dry 
 substance, 0.72 to 1.44 pounds -of digestible crude protein, and 11.9 
 to 13.0 therms of net energy per 1000 pounds live weight. Fairly 
 good gains may be made even on less amounts than these. 
 
 3. The rate of gains of two-year-old steers depends upon the 
 amount of feed consumed. However, the amount of feed consumed 
 between one-third feed and full feed apparently has no effect upon 
 the economy of gains as measured by the consumption of feed, of total 
 dry substance, of digestible dry substance, and of net energy per 
 pound of gain. 
 
 4. When a ration consisting of clover hay and ground corn in 
 equal parts is changed to a ration consisting of one part of clover hay 
 and three parts of corn, the amounts of digestible dry substance and 
 net energy remaining practically unchanged, but the protein being 
 reduced 10 to 12 percent, the rate of gains and the economy of gains 
 are considerably decreased. 
 
 5. When a ration consisting of one part of clover hay and three 
 parts of ground corn is changed to one consisting of one part of clover 
 hay and five parts of ground corn, the digestible dry substance, di- 
 gestible protein, and net energy also being slightly reduced, the rate 
 and economy of gains are decreased. 
 
 6. The substitution of one part of linseed meal for one part of 
 corn in a ration of clover hay one part and ground corn five parts 
 materially increases the rate of gains and the economy of gains. 
 
 7. Steers which have been kept 011 a low plane of nutrition 
 (maintenance) for a considerable time make more economical gains 
 when put upon a full-feed ration than steers which have been upon 
 full feed for some time. HoAvever, steers receiving more than a main- 
 tenance but less than a full-feed ration make no more economical gains 
 when put upon full feed than steers which have already been on full 
 feed. 
 
604 BULLETIN No. 197 [March. 
 
 8. From the results obtained in this investigation, it seems safe 
 to conclude that steers may be maintained or fattened with the ordi- 
 nary rations of the corn belt on less digestible dry matter, on less di- 
 gestible protein, and on less net energy than the amounts prescribed 
 by the generally accepted feeding standards. 
 
 The authors wish to acknowledge the efficient assistance rendered 
 by J. J. Yoke and W. A. Balis in the feeding, weighing, and care of 
 the animals; by F. W. Gill in the analytical work; and by P. A. 
 Hoffman, W. J. Gage, Jr., and W. A. Hixson, in the weighing and 
 sampling of the feeds, orts, feces, and urine, and in the keeping of 
 many of the records. 
 
AUTHOR INDEX 
 
 605 
 
 AUTHOR INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 .Allyn, O. M., and Burlison, W. L. 
 Prices and Shrinkage of 
 Farm Grains 11-26 
 
 Allyn, O. M., and Burlison, W. L. 
 Yields of Different Varieties 
 of Corn in Illinois. ... 1 .407-424 
 
 Allyn, O. M., and Burlison, W. L. 
 Yields of Spring Grains in 
 Illinois 497-508 
 
 Aumer, J. P., and Hopkins, Cyril 
 
 G. Potassium from the Soil 1-10 
 
 Bauer, P. C., Hopkins, Cyril G., 
 and Hosier* J. G. Summary 
 of Illinois Soil Investiga- 
 tions 449^84 
 
 Blair, J. C., Foglesong, L. E., 
 Gunderson, A. J., Pickett, B. 
 S., Ruth, W. A., and Wat- 
 kins, O. S. Field Experi- 
 ments in Spraying Apple Or- 
 chards .... * 47-212 
 
 Bull, Sleeter, Emmett, A. D., 
 Grindley, H. S., and Mum- 
 ford, H. W. A Study of the 
 Rate and Economy of Gains 
 of Fattening Steers with 
 Special Reference to the In- 
 fluence of the Amount and 
 the Character of Feed Con- 
 sumed 565-604 
 
 Burlison, W. L., and Allyn, O. M. 
 Prices and Shrinkage of 
 Farm Grains . . . : 11-26 
 
 B'urlison, W. L., and Allyn, O. M. 
 Yields of Different Varieties 
 of Corn in Illinois 407-424 
 
 Burlison, W. L., and Allyn, O. M. 
 Yields of Spring Grains in 
 Illinois 497-508 
 
 Durst, C. E. Methods of Fertil- 
 izing Sweet Potatoes 267-278 
 
 Edmonds, J. L. Feeding Pure- 
 Bred Draft Fillies 425-448 
 
 Emmett, A. D., Bull, Sleeter, 
 Grindley, H. S., and Mum- 
 ford, H. W. A Study of the 
 Rate and Economy of Gains 
 of Fattening Steers with 
 Special Reference to the In- 
 fluence of the Amount and 
 the Character of Feed Con- 
 sumed 565-604 
 
 Foglesong, L. E., Blair, J. C., 
 Gunderson, A. J., Piekett, B. 
 
 PAGS 
 
 S., Ruth, W. A., and Wat- 
 kins, O. S. Field Experi- 
 ments in Spraying Apple Or- 
 chards 47-212 
 
 Forbes, Stephen A. A General 
 Survey of the May-Beetles 
 (Phyllophaga) of Illi- 
 nois 213-257 
 
 Forbes, Stephen A. The Influ- 
 ence of Trees and Crops on 
 Injury by White-Grubs. .259-265 
 
 Grindley, H. S., Bull, Sleeter, Em- 
 mett, A. D., and Mumford, 
 H. W. A Study of the Rate 
 and Economy of Gains of 
 Fattening Steers with Special 
 Reference to the Influence 
 of the Amount and the Char- 
 acter of Feed-Consumed. . 565-60 1 
 
 Gunderson, A. J., Blair, J. C., 
 Foglesong, L. E., Pickett, B. 
 S., Ruth, W. A., and Wat- 
 kins, O. S. Field Experi- 
 ments in Spraying Apple Or- 
 chards .47-212 
 
 Hopkins, Cyril G., and Aumer, J. 
 P. Potassium from the Soil 
 1-10 
 
 Hopkins, Cyril G., and Whiting, 
 Albert L. Soil Bacteria and 
 Phosphates 391-406 
 
 Hopkins, Cyril G., Bauer, F. C., 
 and Mosier, J ; G. Summary 
 of .Illinois Soil Investiga- 
 tions 449-484 
 
 Hopkins, Cyril G. A New Lime- 
 stone Tester 485-495 
 
 Lloyd, John W. Tests with Ni- 
 trate of Soda in the Produc- 
 tion of Early Vegetables. .27-46 
 
 AI osier, J. G., Bauer, F. C., and 
 Hopkins, Cyril G. Summary 
 of Illinois Soil Investiga- 
 tions 449-484 
 
 Mumford, H. W., Bull, Sleeter, 
 Emmett, A. D., and Grind- 
 ley, 'H. S. A Study of the 
 Rate and Economy of Gains 
 of Fattening Steers with 
 Special Reference to the In- 
 fluence of the Amount and 
 the Character of Feed Con- 
 sumed . . .5(i5-604 
 
606 
 
 VOLUME 13 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Muncie, F. W. The Use of Com- 
 mercial Fertilizers in Grow- 
 ing Koses 509-5(54 
 
 Peltier, George L. Parasitic 
 
 Ehizoctonias in America 279-390 
 
 Pickett, B. S., Blair, J. C., Fogle- 
 song, L. E., Gunderson, A. J., 
 Euth, W. A., and Watkins, O. 
 S. Field Experiments in 
 Spraying Apple Orchards 47-212 
 
 Euth, W. A., Blair, J. C., Fogle- 
 song, L. E., Gunderson, A. J., 
 
 PACE 
 
 Pickett, B. S., and Watkins, 
 O. S. Field Experiments in 
 Spraying Apple Orchards. 47-2 12 
 
 Watkins, O. S., Blair, J. C., Fogle- 
 song, L. E., Gunderson, A. J., 
 Euth, W. A., and Piekett, B. 
 S. Field Experiments in 
 Spraying Apple Orchards. 4 7-2 12 
 
 Whiting, Albert L., and Hopkins, 
 Cyril G. Soil Bacteria and 
 Phosphates 391-406 
 
INDEX 
 
 607 
 
 INDEX 
 
 (The headings in capitals are subjects of entire bulletins) 
 
 PAGE 
 Acid phosphate, see Phosphate 
 
 Agave rigida 308 
 
 Alfalfa, Bhizoctonia on 308-09 
 
 Attvum 328 
 
 ascalonicum 284 
 
 Alternanthera, Ehizoctonia on. . 310 
 Alyssum, Sweet, Ehizoctonia on 310-11 
 
 Alyssum odoratum 810 
 
 Amaranthus, Ehizoctonia on.... 311 
 
 Amaranthus albus 311 
 
 retroflexus 311 
 
 spinosus 311 
 
 Ammonium sulfate for roses 511, 541 
 Anna, 111., Spraying experiments 
 
 139-55 
 
 Tests of fertilizing sweet po- 
 tatoes . . 269-78 
 
 Antioch experiment field, experi- 
 ments on ". 479-80 
 
 Apium graveolens 320 
 
 Apple blotch, see Spraying exper- 
 iments 
 
 Apple flea-weevil 109 
 
 APPLE OECHAEDS, FIELD 
 EXPEEIMENTS IN 
 
 SP. BAYING 47-212 
 
 Apple scab, see Spraying experi- 
 ments 
 Apple trees, Diseases of foliage 
 
 and fruit 49-50 
 
 Insects attacking foliage and 
 
 fruit 49 
 
 Arachis liypogoea 308 
 
 Asparagus, Ornamental, Bhizoe- 
 
 tonia on 311 
 
 Asparagus 'sprcngeri 311 
 
 Asters, China, Ehizoctonia on 311-12 
 Auburn, 111., Variety tests of corn 417 
 
 Barley, Price, 1904-13 19 
 
 Barley, grown at DeKalb 503 
 
 Fairfield 507 
 
 IJrbana 506-07 
 
 Beans, Bhizoetonia on 312-14 
 
 Beets, Nitrate of soda for. .33, 37, 43 
 
 Ehizoctonia on 31415 
 
 Begonias, Bhizoetonia on 315 
 
 Beta vulgaris .' 314 
 
 Bitter rot of apples, Spraying 
 
 for 205 
 
 Blackberry, Ehizoctonia on 315 
 
 Bloomington experiment field, 
 
 Experiments on 471-72 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bordeaux injury, see Spraying ex- 
 periments 
 
 Brassica olerace'a 316 
 
 Buckwheat, Ehizoctonia on 315 
 
 Byssothesium circinans 285 
 
 Cabbage, Nitrate of soda for. . 
 
 . , 34, 40, 44, 45 
 
 Ehizoctonia on 316-17 
 
 Calcium required by crops 406 
 
 Callistephus hortensis 311 
 
 Candytuft, Ehizoctonia on 317 
 
 Carbon dioxid in soil 403-05 
 
 Carnations, Ehizoctonia on 283, 317-20 
 Inoculation of, see Ehizoctonia 
 Solani 
 
 Carrots, Ehizoctouia on 320 
 
 Cauliflower, Nitrate of soda for 
 
 35, 41, 45 
 
 Celery, Ehizoctonia 011 320-21 
 
 Centaurea gymnocarpa 321, 333 
 
 Centralia, 111., Spraying experi- 
 ments 126-38 
 
 Chenopodium album 326 
 
 Citrus 307 
 
 Clover, Bed, Bhizoetonia on 321 
 
 Codling moth, see Spraying ex- 
 periments 
 
 Colons, Ehizoctonia on 310, 322 
 
 Coniferous seedlings, Ehizoctonia 
 
 on 322 
 
 Cor chorus capsularis 308 
 
 Coreoipsis lanceolata 322 
 
 Corn 
 
 Growing season in Illinois. . . . 409 
 
 Price, 1904-13 16 
 
 Prices necessary to compensate 
 
 for shrinkage 23-24 
 
 Ehizoctonia on 323 
 
 Shrinkage 13, 21-23 
 
 Shrinkage experiments 
 
 Illinois station 21-22 
 
 Ohio station 22 
 
 Varieties 422-24 
 
 COEN IN ILLINOIS, YIELDS 
 OF DIFFEEENT VAEIE- 
 
 TIES OF 407-24 
 
 Coronilla 307 
 
 Cortichim ocliralcucum . . . * .290, 376 
 
 vaffum 285, 287, 306, 
 
 308, 311, 316, 321, 322, 323, 325, 
 
 335, 376 
 
 Cotton, Ehizoctonia on 323-24 
 
608 
 
 VOLUME 13 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Croat* salinis 283 
 
 Crop production, Scientific discov- 
 eries relating to 393 
 
 Curculio, see Spraying experi- 
 ments 
 
 Cyclocephala . . 2G1 
 
 Du-ucus carota 320 
 
 Decatur, 111., Variety tests of corn 417 
 DeKalb, 111., Tests : of spring 
 
 grains . . . 499-503 
 
 Variety tests of corn 411, 411', 413 
 
 Dittnthus, Ehizoctonia' on 324 
 
 barbatns 324 
 
 earyophylhts 317 
 
 phimarnis 324 
 
 scqncri 324 
 
 Dolichos Lablab, Ehizoctonia on 308 
 Draft fillies, Feeding experiments 
 
 425-48 
 
 Redding 428 
 
 Feeds 427-28, 434 
 
 Composition 441 
 
 Cost 439-40 
 
 . Gains 435-36, 437, 438-39 
 
 Grooming 428 
 
 Plan of experiment 427 
 
 Shelter 428 
 
 DRAFT FILLIES, FEEDING 
 
 PURR-BRED 425-48 
 
 Draft fillies used in feeding ex- 
 periment 428-29,430-33, 
 
 442-48 
 
 Dried Mood for roses. .516, 517, 518, 
 
 520, 521, 523-24, 525-26, 527-28, 
 
 533-38 
 
 Analysis of 512 
 
 Dn Bois experiment field, Exper- 
 iments on 477-78 
 
 Egg plant, Rhizoctonia on 325 
 
 Emmer grown at DeKalb 503 
 
 Euphorbia pulehcrrima 329 
 
 Experiment fields, University 454-458 
 Plan of investigations on. .459-462 
 
 Fago'pyrum eseitlentum 315 
 
 Fail-field, 111., Tests of spring 
 
 grains 499, 507 
 
 Variety tests of corn.' 418-22 
 
 Fairfleld experiment field. Exper- 
 iments on 478-79 
 
 Fertilizers 
 
 Amount used in U. S 3 
 
 Commercial Analysis of 512 
 
 Experiments with roses. . .511-64 
 
 Complete 3 
 
 For roses 
 
 Amount used 543, 544 
 
 Effect on production. . . .514, 541 
 
 Rinds needed 562-63 
 
 For sweet potatoes 269 
 
 Field-culture experiments . . .467-483 
 
 PAGE 
 Fillies, sec Draft fillies 
 
 Five finger, Rhizoctonia on 325 
 
 Flora, 111., Spraying experiments 
 
 104-17 
 
 Flyspeck on apples, sec Spraying 
 
 experiments 
 
 Foxtail grass, Rhizoctonia on... 3J5 
 Fungicides, sec Spraying experi- 
 ments 
 
 Galesburg experiment field, Ex- 
 periments on 469-70 
 
 Glycine soja 308 
 
 Gossypium herbaccum 323 
 
 GRAINS, FARM, PRICES AND 
 
 SHRINKAGE OF 11-26 
 
 GRAINS, SPRING, YIELDS OF, 
 
 IX ILLINOIS 497-508 
 
 Green Valley experiment field, 
 
 Experiments on 482-83 
 
 Griggsville, 111., Spraying experi- 
 ments 118-25, 156-8(5 
 
 Gypsopliihi ,-< IK //* 325-26 
 
 Henry-Morrison feeding standard 575 
 Horses, sec Draft fillies 
 
 Hypochnus Solani 285, 287 
 
 'violaceus 284, 286 
 
 Ibcris 317 
 
 Inoculation of plants nvith Rhi- 
 zoctonia cultures 33764 
 
 Insecticides, sec Spraying exper- 
 iments 
 ' ' I nsoluble residue, ' ' potassium 
 
 in , 4 
 
 l'sed in pot cultures 5-10 
 
 June-bugs, sec May-beetles 
 
 Lactuca saiiva 326 
 
 Lamb's quarters, Rhizoctonia on 326 
 
 Lathams oflor<i1nx 334 
 
 Lavclcra <irbornt- rnriet/dlti 326 
 
 Leaf spot, Spraying for control of 
 
 109, 117. 205 
 
 Jjeptoaphaeria circinans 285 
 
 Lettuce, Nitrate of soda for 34, 40, 44 
 
 Rhizoctonia on .' . . . .326-28 
 
 Lime Sulfur, sec Spraying exper- 
 iments 
 
 Limestone, Ground, Cost 494 
 
 For roses 541, 557, 561 
 
 -62, 5(>3-64 
 
 Limestone samples 49495 
 
 LIMESTONE TESTER, A NKW 
 
 485-95 
 
 Cost 495 
 
 Diagram . . . . '486 
 
 Limestone tests 487-93 
 
 Lobelia, Rhizoctonia on 328 
 
 Lobelia eriniis . . . 328 
 
 L/icopcr.sicum erculcnlum 335 
 
 Manito experiment field, Experi- 
 ments on 481-82 
 
INDEX 
 
 609 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Mascoutah experiment field, Ex- 
 periments on . .475-77 
 
 Mat toon, 111., Variety tests of 
 
 corn 417 
 
 M A V-KKKTLKS- (PHYLLOPH- 
 AGA) OF ILLINOIS, GEN- 
 ERAL SURVEY OF 213-57 
 
 Abundance of different species 
 
 249-50 
 
 Collections made in Illinois 215-19 
 
 At lights 238 
 
 Dates 243-48 
 
 Location 215-16 
 
 Methods 218 
 
 Numbers 216-18, 239 
 
 Distribution of species. .235-37, 256 
 
 Foods 252-56 
 
 Kinds of crops preferred by 
 
 262-65 
 
 Kinds of trees attractive to 250-51 
 
 Parents of white-grubs 261 
 
 Seasonal succession of species 
 
 240-42, 256 
 
 Species 219-35, 256 
 
 Mcdieayo sativa, Rhizoctonia on 
 
 ;.".. 285, 308 
 
 Milk of lime, sec Spraying ex- 
 periments 
 
 Morns alba, Rhizoctonia on 308 
 
 Mvrtle, 111., Variety tests of corn 
 
 409-10 
 
 Neoga, 111., Spraying experi- 
 ments 58-103 
 
 In 1910 58-71 
 
 In 1911 71-87 
 
 In 1912 ..88-103 
 
 \i <!>! i-tma, Rhizoctonia on 335 
 
 Nitrate of soda, Influence on 
 
 early vegetables 2946 
 
 Amount used 32-35 
 
 Conclusions 4546 
 
 Plan of tests 29-32 
 
 Results of tests 35-45 
 
 Nitrite bacteria 
 
 Importance and extent of ac- 
 tion 405-06 
 
 Nitrogen oxidized, phosphorus 
 
 and calcium made soluble.. 401 
 Oafs 
 
 Characteristics of different va- 
 rieties . . . . 507, 50, S 
 
 Comparison of northern and 
 
 home-grown seed 502 
 
 Price, 1904-13 18 
 
 Shrinkage 24-26 
 
 Shrinkage experiments at other 
 
 stations 24-25 
 
 Oats grown at DeKalb . . .500-02, 508 
 
 Fairfield 499, 507, 508 
 
 Urbana 499, 503-05, 508 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Onions, Nitrate of soda for.o3, 38, 39, 
 
 43, 44 
 Rhizoctonia on 328 
 
 Orchards, sec Spraying experi- 
 ments 
 
 Organic matter decomposed by 
 
 soil bacteria 395-96 
 
 Ammonia production 396 
 
 Nitrite production 397-98 
 
 Nitrate production 398 
 
 Pansies, Rhizoctouia on 328 
 
 Permanent agriculture 483 
 
 Phaseolus, Rhizoctonia on 284 
 
 vulgaris 312 
 
 Phosphate, Acid, for roses.. 516, 517, 
 
 518, 521, 523-26, 528, 539, 540, 
 
 550-57, 564 
 
 Phosphate, rock 395 
 
 Phosphate, solubility 
 
 Action of ammonia production 
 
 398-99 
 
 Action of nitrite bacteria. .399-403 
 Action of nitrate bacteria. .... 403 
 
 by carbon dioxid 403-05 
 
 by organic acids 405 
 
 Phtjllophagji of Illinois. .215-57, 261 
 
 anxia 227-28, 235 
 
 nrlcunsmia 234 
 
 balia 235 
 
 b'arda 235 
 
 bipartita . .228, 236 
 
 calccata 235 
 
 congrua 233 
 
 corrosa 232, 236 
 
 crassissima 233 
 
 crcnulata 231-32, 236, 237 
 
 dclata 233, 236 
 
 draUi 232, 236 
 
 fcrvida 230-31, 236 
 
 forbesi 226, 236 
 
 fnrstcri 233, 236, 237 
 
 fratcrna 228-9, 237 
 
 fusoa 223-24, 236, 257 
 
 fiitilis .225, 257 
 
 grandis 232 
 
 Tiirticula . . 219-21, 236 
 
 Mrtiventris . . 235 
 
 liorni 234 
 
 ilicis 230 
 
 implicita 221-23 
 
 inversa 224-25, 236 
 
 longitarsa 234 
 
 mlcans 227, 237 
 
 niiida 233, 235 
 
 nova 233 
 
 praetermisea 234, 237 
 
 profunda 229, 237 
 
 prunina 234 
 
 . rugosa 226-27, 235 
 
 tristis 229-30 
 
 vchemcns 231, 237 
 
 villifrons 234 
 
610 
 
 VOLUME 13 
 
 PAGE 
 
 l'l</ nt ago aristata 328 
 
 Plantain, Rhizoctonia on 328-29 
 
 Plum cureulio, see Curculio 
 
 Poinsettia, Rhizoctonia on 329 
 
 Pot-culture experiments 480-81 
 
 Potassium, amount contained in 
 
 normal soils 4 
 
 Potassium, Commercial 3-4 
 
 POTASSIUM FROM THE 
 
 SOIL 1-10 
 
 Experiments 1910-11 5-7 
 
 1912 7-9 
 
 1913-14 9-10 
 
 Potassium in clover 10 
 
 in corn 10 
 
 Potassium sulfate for roses. .516, 517, 
 518, 522-23, 524-26 
 
 Potatoes, Rhizoctonia on .329-31 
 
 Potentilla 325 
 
 Prices of farm crops, Regulation 
 
 of 13-14 
 
 of farm grains 13-21 
 
 Quercus imbricaria 251 
 
 Radishes, Nitrate of soda for 
 
 32,35, 42 
 
 Rhizoctonia on . . . . .332-33 
 
 Rainfall for Illinois 409, 499 
 
 Raleigh experiment field, Experi- 
 ments on 479 
 
 Raphanus sativtis 332 
 
 Rheiim rhapontioum 333 
 
 Rhizoctonia Alii 284 
 
 Asparagi 284 
 
 Betae 285, 314 
 
 Crocorum 283, 284, 290, 292, 
 
 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 331, 376 
 
 Dauti 284 
 
 destruens ........ ti 307 
 
 fusca '. 307 
 
 Mali 283 
 
 Medicaginis . 283, 284, 309 
 
 Napaeae 285 
 
 potomacensis 336 
 
 Bapae 285 
 
 Rubiae 284 
 
 Rhizoctonia Solani 
 
 Bibliography 386-90 
 
 Distribution in Australia 308 
 
 Canada 306 
 
 Europe 306-08 
 
 India 308 
 
 South America . . . . 306 
 
 United States 292-305 
 
 West Indies 306 
 
 General characters 286-92 
 
 Growth on media. . .364-70, 378-85 
 
 Historical account 283-86 
 
 Inoculation experiments . . 337364 
 Measurement of mycelial cells 
 
 370-72 
 
 Plants susceptible to 293-305, 
 
 306-08, 308-37 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Soil survey .372-75 
 
 Symptoms of disease 308-37 
 
 Rhizoctonia Violacea 284, 285, 
 
 286, 309 
 RHIZOCTONIAS, PARASITIC, 
 
 IN AMERICA 279-390 
 
 Rhubarb, Rhizoctonia on 333 
 
 Rock Phosphate, see Phosphate 
 
 Rosellinia qu-ercina 285 
 
 Roses 
 
 Benefits of fertilizing 564 
 
 Fertilizing experiment, 1910 
 
 13 511-41 
 
 1913-15 541-62 
 
 Kind of stock to plant 564 
 
 Kinds used in experiments 511, 542 
 
 Price, 1912 519 
 
 ROSES, USE OF COMMER- 
 CIAL FERTILIZERS IN 
 
 GROWING 509-64 
 
 Rubia, Rhizoctonia on 307 
 
 tinctorum, Rhizoctonia on 284 
 
 Rubus, Rhizoctonia on 315 
 
 Rumex acctosella, Rhizoctonia on 
 
 334 
 
 Russeting of apples, see Spray- 
 ing experiments 
 
 Rye, Price, 1904-13 20 
 
 Rye grown at DeKalb 503 
 
 Fail-field 507 
 
 Salvia, Rhizoctonia on 310, 333 
 
 Salvia splendcns, Rhizoctonia on. 333 
 
 Kanibucus, Rhizoctonia on 307 
 
 San Jose scale, Spraying for con- 
 trol of ... 160, 204 
 
 Santolina chamaccyparissus .... 333 
 Scab, Apple, sec Spraying experi- 
 ments 
 
 Sclei'otium Crocorum 283, 284 
 
 Sedum anglicum, Rhizoctonia on 334 
 Setaria glauca, Rhizoctonia on. . 325 
 Shrinkage, see Corn, Oats, and 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Sibley, 111., Variety tests of corn. 417 
 Sibley experiment field, experi- 
 ments on 470-71 
 
 Sodium nitrate, sec Nitrate of 
 
 soda 
 Soil, Chemical analysis of.. ..452-54 
 
 increasing fertility of 483 
 
 Normal and abnormal 4 
 
 Organic matter of 395 
 
 Preparation for early vege- 
 tables 29 
 
 SOIL BACTERIA AND PHOS- 
 PHATES 391-406 
 
 Soil fertility, Scientific discover- 
 ies relating to 39"3 
 
 SOIL INVESTIGATIONS, 
 
 SUMMARY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 ..449-84 
 
INDEX 
 
 611 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bibliography 484 
 
 Experiment fields 45458 
 
 Plan of field-culture experi- 
 ments 459-62 
 
 Value ! 462 
 
 Soil map of Illinois 
 
 between pp. 466 and 467 
 
 Soil publications of Illinois Ex- 
 periment Station . . 462-63 
 
 Soil survey 451-52 
 
 of Rhizoctonia 372-75 
 
 Soils of Illinois 463-67 
 
 Fertility invoice 465-67 
 
 Residual 465 
 
 Ridge ... 465 
 
 Sand 482-83 
 
 Soil areas 463-64 
 
 Swamp 465, 481-83 
 
 Terrace 465 
 
 Upland prairie 464, 468-79 
 
 Upland timber . . . .464-65, 479-81 
 Solatium melongena, Rhizoctonia 
 
 on 325 
 
 tuberosum, Rhizoctonia on 284, 329 
 Sooty blotch, see Spraying exper- 
 iments 
 
 Sorrel, Rhizoctonia on 334 
 
 Spinach, Nitrate of soda for 34, 39, 44 
 Spraying experiments in apple or- 
 chards 49-212 
 
 Applications 
 
 Comparative effectiveness of 
 spraying before and after 
 
 bloom 122-23 
 
 Summer, value of individual 
 
 102-03 
 
 Time of 55-56, 201-02, 
 
 204-05 
 
 General effectiveness . ...187-89 
 Orchards 
 
 Anna, 1912 139-55 
 
 Centralia, 1910 126-29 
 
 1911 130-38 
 
 Flora, 1912 104-17 
 
 Griggsville, 1909 118-25 
 
 1911 156-71 
 
 1912 172-86 
 
 Neoga, 1910 58-71* 
 
 1911 72-87 
 
 1912 88-103 
 
 Sprays 
 
 Arsenate of lead 
 
 Commercial, comparative 
 
 values . . 104-17, 118-21, 
 197 
 
 chemical analyses . . . 66-67 
 Mixed, neutral, and acid 
 
 with Bordeaux 152, 198 
 
 with lime sulfur . . . 150-52, 
 
 198 
 
 relative values of.. . 129 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Used alone. .100-02, 168, 198 
 With Bordeaux . . 67-71, 81, 
 123-24 
 With copper ferrocya- 
 
 uide 152-55 
 
 With lime sulfur. .69-70, 81 
 
 With Paris Green 118-20 
 
 197 
 
 Without fungicide . . .96-98 
 Bordeaux 
 
 Continual coating . . 164-65 
 
 Formula 54 
 
 Light and heavy sprays 
 
 ...130-38, 150, 163-64, 
 203 
 
 With and without arsen- 
 ical insecticides. .123-24 
 With milk of lime. 64-65, 79, 
 130-38 
 
 Copper f errocyanide . . . . 104-17 
 Various strengths . . 179-83 
 With and without arse- 
 
 nate of lead 152-55 
 
 Cucasa 85, 199 
 
 Fungicides, new 83-87, 199 
 
 Insecticides, new... 83-87, 199 
 Lime sulfur 
 
 Comparative value of 
 homemade, commer- 
 cial, and self-boiled 
 
 121-22, 128, 195-96 
 
 Compared with Bordeaux 
 
 . ..61-64, 74-77, 92-94, 
 
 104-17, 126-29, 130-38, 
 
 145-48, 160-63, 175-79, 
 
 189-92 
 
 Dormant-tree applica- 
 tions 90-92, 130-38, 197 
 
 Formula 54 
 
 Fungicidal value 100 
 
 Interchanged with Bor- 
 deaux ... 77, 94-96, 148, 
 165-68, 178-79, 193 
 Various strengths . . .79-81, 
 98-100, 129, 148-50, 185, 
 194 
 With and without arse- 
 
 nate of lead 121-22 
 
 183-85 
 
 With copper sulfate. .104-17, 
 
 130-38, 170, 196 
 
 With lead acetate. . .104-117 
 
 With sludge added . . . 128-29 
 
 Miscellaneous, comparison 
 
 of 124-25 
 
 Paris green . . 120-21, 123-24, 
 197 
 
 With Sulfocide 86-87 
 
 Sulfocide 86, 87, 199 
 
 Recommendations . . .204-05 
 
612 
 
 VOLUME 13 
 
 PAGE 
 Steers, Feeding experiments 
 
 Energy consumption. . .580 83, 601 
 requirements . . . 584 
 
 Feed 567-69, 600 
 
 Amount consumed 569-84, 600-01 
 Influence of amount upon 
 
 economy of gains 589-92, 603 
 Influence of character upon 
 
 economy of gains. .592600, 
 603 
 
 Gains 584-88 
 
 Plan of experiment 568, 600 
 
 Rations 567-69, 603 
 
 Weights 584-86 
 
 STEERS, STUDY OF THE 
 RATE AND ECONOMY OF 
 GAINS OF FATTENING 
 
 565-604 
 
 Steers used in feeding experiment 
 
 567, 600 
 
 Stem rot 283 
 
 Sunshine, Relation to production 
 
 of roses , . 526, 530 
 
 Sweet peas, Rhizoctonia on 334 
 
 Sweet potatoes, Fertilizing exper- 
 iment .267-78 
 
 Conclusions 277-78 
 
 Cost of fertilizer 274 
 
 Elements supplied by fertiliz- 
 ers 274 
 
 Grading crop 270 
 
 Plan of experiment 269-70 
 
 Value ef crop 271, 273, 274 
 
 Yields 270-71, 272, 273, 275-77 
 
 SWEET POTATOES, METH- 
 ODS OF FERTILIZING. 267-78 
 Sycamore, 111., Variety tests of 
 
 corn 409-10 
 
 Telanthera, Rhizoctonia on ...... 310 
 
 Thanatophytum Crocorum 284 
 
 Thelepliora ETiizovtonia 285 
 
 Tobacco, Rhizoctonia on 335 
 
 Tomato, Rhizoctonia on.. 291, 335-3(5 
 Trichosanthes cucumernia, Rhi- 
 zoctonia on 308 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Trif-ilinm pratense, Rhizoetonia 
 
 on 321 
 
 Tuber Croci 284 
 
 IHintxiticum 283, 284 
 
 Tuberodd.es 28:; 
 
 Tttiijta 284 
 
 Tumbler for feeding grain in pas- 
 ture (illus.) 448 
 
 Turnips, Nitrate of soda for 32, 36, 42 
 
 Urbana, 111., Tests of spring 
 
 grains 503-07 
 
 Variety, tests of corn. .. ..411, 413, 
 414-15, 416, 418 
 
 Urbana experiment field . 468 
 
 Experiments on 472, 47.>-7-"> 
 
 VEGETABLES, TESTS WITH 
 NITRATE OF SODA IN 
 THE PRODUCTIO M OF 
 EARLY 27-46 
 
 Vegetables used~in nitrate of soda 
 
 tests ". 30 
 
 Vienna, experiment field, Soil of. 481 
 
 Vigna cat Jang, Rhi^gefeonia on.. 308 
 
 Viola odorata, RhizOcronia on . . . 336 
 tricolor, Rhizoctonia on. 328 
 
 Violet root felt fungus 284 
 
 Violets, Rhizoctonia on........ 336 
 
 Virginia experiment field, Exper- 
 iments on 468-09 
 
 Wheat, Price, 1904-13 17 
 
 Shrinkage 24-26 
 
 Michigan station 24, 25 
 
 Ohio station 24 
 
 Utah station 25 
 
 Wheat, spring, grown at DeKalb 
 
 502-03 
 
 'Fail-field 499, 507 
 
 Urbana ... '.' 499, 506 
 
 WHITE-GRUBS, INFLUENCE 
 OF TREES AND CROPS 
 ON INJURY BY ... .259-65 
 
 Wolff -Lehmann feeding standard. 575 
 
 Yellow-leaf, sec Spraying experi- 
 ments 56, 143 
 
 'Aca mays, Rhizoctonia on 323 
 
I/ 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA