L I B RAFIY OF THE UN IVERSITY Of ILLINOIS 590.5 PI V.43 cop. 3 NATURAL fM?;^OKY SURVEY. a" 90.5 I .43 Op. 3 Systematics and Zoogeography of the LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF THE New Hebrides ALAN SOLEM FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY VOLUME 43 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OCTOBER 19, 1959 uFf. i 1959. FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY A Continuation of the ZOOLOGICAL SERIES of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 43 mii^m CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM CHICAGO, U.S.A. 1959 INDEX Principal taxonomic discussion indicated by bold-faced type. Acavacea 42, 43, 304, 320, 321, 322 Acavidae 249 Acavinae 43 acetabulum, ?Nanina (Endodonta) 160 Nesodiscus 160 Achatinacea 116 Achatinella 23, 260, 262 Achatinellidae 249, 295 Acmidae 166 Acmopyle 318 Actophila 161 acuticarinala, Endodonta 160 Ouagapia 160 Adelomorphinae 198 Adelopoma 190 adjunctus, Ostodes 181 agglutinans, Helicina 167 Agnatha 32, 116 Agnathomorpha 116, 117 Ahaetulla 313 calligaster 313 Aillya 33, 35, 123, 125 Aillyidae 52 alabastrina, Partula 74 Samoana 73 alba, Partula layardi var. 139 albescens, Helicina 172 Partula 70, 142 Pleuropoma 14, 25, 169, 172-173 albofasciata, Riopa 313 albus, Planorbis 164 alienus, Placostylus 134 allochroida, Phrixgnathus 81 (AWopeas) gracilis, Lamellaxis 119 aZie, Eleutherocaulus 42 Laevicaulus 42 Meisenheimeria 42 Vagmw^a 42 alticola, Diplomorpha layardi var. 138, 140, 141, 143 altivaga, Helicina 177 AZi/caews 293, 306 Amastridae 295, 309 Amerianna 162 Aminopina 59 Amnicolidae 194 amphibians 312-315 Amphibulimulinae 33 Amphicyclotidae 182 Amphicyclotus 180 Amphidromus 120, 121, 131, 293, 294, 306 Ampullariidae 166 Anadenus 11 Ancylidae 35, 161 Ancylodoris 30 Aneitea 25, 44, 46-52, 204, 210, 299, 316 brisbanensis 12, 44, 46, 52 elisabethae 48-49 graeffei 46 macdonaldi 46, 47, 51-52 macdonaldi maloensis 48 maloensis 48 robsoni 25, 47, 48, 49 robsoni santoensis 48, 49-51, 52, 331 speiseri 48 (Triboniophorus) graeffei var. insularis 46 papuensis 46 Aneitella 44, 45, 297 Anguispira 84 Angustipes 41 dMbta 41 (Sarasinula) plebeius 41, 209 Annakelea 304 annatonensis, Cyclostoma 204 Hefe 156 f/efe (Hyalinia) 156 Hyalinia (Polita) 156 Macrochlamys 100 macrocycloides 155, 156 Omphalotropis (Lyrotropis) 204 Rhytida (Macrocycloides) 156 santoensis, Omphalotropis 202 Anodonta 21 Antarctica as a migration route 317-318 antelata, Helix 96 Aperidae 116 Aperostoma 180 apertum, Elasmias 62, 210 apertus, Pseudonapaeus 59 Aphanoconia 168, 170 articulata 176 (Sphaeroconia) sublaevigata 173 (Sphaeroconia) subreticulata 178 apm, Heiix 113 Apoectts colonus 59 Araucaria 318 Archaeogastropoda 166-179, 249 Archaeopulmonata 161 344 INDEX 345 Archaetaenioglossa 179-204 archeyi, Succinea 54 ardua. Helix 88, 96 Arion 77, 209 Arionacea 75-89 Arionidae 76, 77 Arionoidea 76 Ariophantacea 32 artense, Cyclostoma 185 arthurii. Helix 148, 155 Macrocycloides 155 articulata, Aphanoconia 176 Helicina 176 Pleuropoma 22, 24, 176-177, 179, 201, 316 aruensis, Coneuplecta 96 Ascaphtis 315 aspersa, Helix 209 Assiminea 198, 199, 201 (Assiminea) nitida 199 gray ana 199 nitida 198, 210 (Assminea) nitida, Assiminea 199 Assimineidae 166, 198-204, 293, 294, 302, 325 classification of 198 Athoracophoridae 9, 35, 44-52, 249, 294, 302, 306, 320, 321, 322 Athoracophorus 43, 44, 299, 301 Atopos australis 150 atrocostatum, Emoia 313 Aulacopoda 35, 36-37, 75-116, 310, 324 classification of 75-76 aulacospira. Helix 158 Ouagapia (Ptychorhytida) 158 Patula (Punctum) 158 Ptychorhytida 157 Rhytida (Ouagapia) 158 Rhytida {Ptychorhytida) 158 aurantiaxia, Cyclostoma 199 Auriculella 121 aurea aurea, Hyla 312 australis, Atopos 150 Engyrus 313 Onchidina 38 Oncidina 38 Succinea 54 austro-caledonica austro-caledonica, Leiolopisma 313 metallica, Leiolopisma 313 Ausiroswccinga 54, 55, 57 bairdi, Helicina 173 bakeri, Trochomorpha (Hartmanitrochus) 113-114 Basileostylus 127 Basommatophora 30, 31, 161-166, 249 classification of 31-32 Batrachylodes 314 bednalli, Rhytida 160 Beilania 79, 255, 294, 303, 307 Belocaulus 41 berniceia, Orobophana 168 bernieri, Bulimus 145 Diplomorpha 138, 145 Diplomorpha (Quiros) 145-147 Placostylus (Diplomorpha) 145 Berex{U8cu{u8 164 eJ6erntrouzieri 164 (Spirodiscus) montrouzieri 164 turbinellus 165 planulata, Discocharopa 82-83 Platymantis 314 Platyraphe 293 Platyrhytida 299 plebeius, Vaginula 41 plebeja, Imerinia 41 Sarasinula 41 Pleurodontidae (see Camaenidae) Pleuropmia 167, 170-179, 210, 299, 302, 303, 316 albescens 14, 25, 169, 172-173 articulata 22, 24, 176-177, 179, 201, 210,211, 261, 316 fulgora 176, 177 gouldiana 179 primeana 174 ro<€Ha 177-178 sublaevigata 14, 25, 169, 173-175 subreticulata 178-179 suturalis 176, 177 taeniata 11, 172 parmns 169, 170-172 zebriolata 176, 177, 179 plicatilis, Helicina 167 poecila, Omphalotropis 201, 202 Omphalotropis (Eurytropis) 202 Omphalotropis (Lyrotropis) 202-203 Poecilocharis 129, 135-137 356 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 43 (Poecilocharis) bicolor, Placostylus 136- 137 hartmanni, Placostylus 136 turneri, Placostylus 137 (Polita) annatonensis, Hyalinia 156 Polygyra 255 Polygyracea 116, 117 Polygyriscus 78 pomatia, Helix 209 pomatiaeformis, Palaina 190, 191 Pomatias elegans 263 Pomatiasidae 166 Pomatiopsis 196 pompilius, Nautilus 11 Ponapea 102 ponapensis, Dendrotrochus 106 Helicina 177 Porocallia 186 porosus, Crocodilus 313 PotamopyrgvLs brevier 195 Poierm 180 Poteriidae 180-185, 295, 297, 307, 308, 328 classification of 180-183 Powelliphanta 148 (Pregistoma) (sic) cumingiana, Pupina 189 Prestonella 117, 123, 125, 317 primeana, Pleuropoma 174 Prolesophanta 152 Progobranchia 166-204 Pseudocyclotus 201, 294, 297, 306 Pseudonapaeus apertus 59 Pseudopalaina 190 Pseudopartula 121 Pterocyclus 293 Ptychodon 79, 255 Ptychorhytida 157, 298, 304 aulacospira 157 inaequalis 157 (Ptychorhytida) aulacospira, Ouagapia 158 aulacospira, Rhytida 158 inaequalis, Rhytida 158-159 pulcherrima, Trochomorpha 115 Pulmonata 36-166 classification of 30-36 pumilum, Opeas, 118-119 pumilus, Bulimus 118 punctatxis, Rhachistia 60 Punctinae 78, 80-82, 295 Punctum 78 (Punctum) aulacospira, Patula 158 Pwpa pediculus 58 Pupidrobia 195 Pupillidae 58-59, 249, 294, 309 Pupma 186, 187-189, 210, 297, 302, 303, 304, 316, 321 brenchleyi 187 cumingiana 178 complanata 187 difficilis 187 gracilis 187 (Kanapa) brazieri 188 (Kanapa) cumingiana 189 keradreni 187, 188 manni 188 pfeifferi 187 (Pregistoma) (sic) cumingiana 189 (Pupina) brazieri 188 (Pupina) cumingianum 189 (Registoma) cumingianum 189 (Pupina) brazieri, Pupina 188 cumingianum, Pupina 189 Pupinellinae 304 Pupinesia 187 Pupinidae 180, 186-189, 294, 298, 301, 303, 306, 307, 328 classification of 186 Pupininae 186-189 Pupinoa 186 Pupisoma 58 pupoidea, Fluviopupa 194 purus, Drymaeus strigatus var. 74 pusilla, Lamellidea 62-63 putris. Helix 53 pyrostomus, Bulimus 132 Placostylus 133 quadrispira, Macrocycloides 155 QmVos 127, 129, 138, 145-147, 332 (Quiros) bernieri, Diplomorpha 145-147 Rachispeculum 60 radicalis, Ouagapia 89, 159 Radiodiscus 78 radiosa, Partula 67 radiosus, Buliminus (Rhachis) 67 Bulimus 67 /?a«a 314 rapida, Delos 155 Deios (Hebridelos) 153-154 £;Zaea 153 HeKx 152, 153 1 Helix (Discus) 153 Rhenea 153 var. 6eia, Hefe 153 Rathouisiidae 31, 40, 149, 296, 302, 304, 306 ratusukuni, Ouagapia 159, 160, 161 raynali. Helix 149, 159 iJeaiia 186, 198, 301 Realiidae (see Assimineidae) recluzianum, Cyclostoma 183 recluzianus, Cyclotus 183 recta, Partula 75 Registoma brazieri 187, 188 complanatum 188 cumingiana 189 cumingiana minor 189 (Registoma) cumingianum, Pupina 189 regularis, Partula 72 repanda, Partula 74-75 reptiles 312-315 INDEX 357 retardata depressa, Orpiella 100-101 Helix 100 OrpieUa 25, 100, 115, 156 Reticharopa 79, 80, 85-88, 210, 211, 317, 332 geddiei 85-86, 331 helva 85, 86, 87-88 latecosta 85, 86, 331 slenopleura 85, 86-87, 331 Rhachis magenii 61 Rhachistia 59, 60-62 histrio 12, 60-62, 209 punctatus 60, 61 sulphureiis 60 zonulatus 60 Rhagada 120 Rhenea 152 rapida 153 rhodotaenius, Bulimintis 60 Rhynochetos 316 /e/il/hda 147, 148, 156-159, 301 bednalli 160 (Macrocycloides) annatonensis 156 multisulcata 158 (Murphitella) franklandensis 159 (Ouagapia) aulacospira 158 (Ptychorhytida) aulacospira 158 {Ptychorhytida) inaequalis 158-159 Rhytididae (see Parypnantidae) Riopa albofasciata 313 Rissoacea 194 robsoni, Aneitea 49 scMioensis, Aneitea 49-51 Rosselidena 107 rossiteri, Charis 136 rotella, Helicina 177 Pleuropoma 177-178 rubens, Trochomorpha 14, 23, 25, 107, 108, 109, 173 Trochomorpha (Hartmanitrochus) 109- 113 rufotincta, Ouagapia 159 ruf^a, Bulimus 145 Diplomorpha 145 Placostylus (Diplomorpha) 145 Ryssota 106, 303 Saladelos 152 saioTreonis, Bulimus 132 odhneri, Placostylus (Santacharis) 132 Partula 132 Placostylus 129 Placostylus (Santacharis) 132-134 Sa??u)ana 73, 302 alabastrina 73, 74 samoensis, Emma 313 Liardetia (Liardetia) 96-97 Nanina 96 sanctae-anwae, Trochomorpha 107 sanfordi, Emoia 313 sansitus, Helix 94 Sitoia 94 Santa Cruz Islands, geography 15 land snails of 206 Santacharis 129, 131-135 hullianus 131 hullianus expeditionis 131 (Santacharis) fuligineus, Placostylus 134- 135 hullianus, Placostylus 131-132 salomonis odhneri, Placostylus 132 salomx)nis, Placostylus 132-134 santoensis, Aneitea robsoni 49-51 Omphalotropis annatonensis 202 Ouagapia 159, 160-161 Santotrochus 102-106, 332 saparuana, Macrocycloides 155 sarasini, Triboniophorus 45 Sarasinula 41 plebeja 41 Schizoglossa 148 schneideri, Palaina 191 sciadium, Phrixgnathus 81 Scincidae 313 senana, Macrocycloides 155 Sesarinae 90, 100-106 Setaepoma 297 setocincta, Omphalotropis 200, 201 Omphalotropis (Oriella) 200-201 Sigmurethra 32, 75-161, 249, 309 classification of 36, 75-76, 116-117 Signepupina 187 similaris, Bradybaena 119-120, 175 //ehx 119 sinapidium, Discoconulus 92 singularis diminuta, Draparnaudia 122- 123 Draparnaudia 122 f/ehx 122 //eitx (Geotrochus) 122 sinistrorsa, Helix 121 sinistrorsus var. carinatus, Bulimus 122 sinuata, Physa 163 Physastra 162 Siphonariidae 161 Sitala sansitus 94 subbilirata 95 smaragdina perviridis, Dasia 313 Soleolifera 31, 40-42 solitaria, Succinea 54 soiomonenszs, Mocella 83 Solomys 312 southern relict fauna 306-307, 326-327 speiseri, Aneitea 48 £;7nom 313 spenceri, Bothriembryon 124 Sphaeroconia 168, 170 (Sphaeroconia) sublaevigata, Aphanoco- nia 173 subreticulala, Aphanoconia 178 Sphenodon 315, 316, 322 Sphenomorphus 314 Spirancinea 54 (Spirodiscus) monlrouzieri, Planorbis 164 358 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 43 Stegonotus 314 Stenogyra juncea 119 stenopleura, Reticharopa 86-87 Stenopylis 78, 294, 297 Stenotropis 200 stramineus, Dendrotrochus 103 Dendrotrochus (Santotrochus) eva 103- 104 Strangesta 157 Streptaxidae 116, 150, 254, 265, 293, 305 striata, Cyclostoma 197 Succinea 54 stricta, Gonatoraphe 184 strigatum, Cyclostoma 182 strigatus, Ostodes 181 var. purus, Drymaeus 74 striolata, Liardetia (Liardetia) 96 Strobilops 255 Strobilopsidae 293, 306 Strophocheilinae 43, 255 strubelli, Succinea 54 Sturanya 167, 168 modesta 178 Sturanyella 167, 303 modesta 178 stutchburyi, Placostylus 131 Stylommatophora 30, 32, 42-161, 249 classification of 32-36 phylogeny of 35 subbilirata, Sitala 95 subcarinata, Diastole (Diastole) 97-98 subfulva, Kaliella 97 sublaevigata, Aphanoconia (Sphaeroconia) 173 Helicina 173 layardi, Orobophana 173 Orobophana 173 Pleuropoma 14, 25, 169, 173-175 submaritima, Omphalotropis 200 subnitens, Helix 155, 156 subregularis, Palaina 191 subreticulata, Aphanoconia (Sphaeroco- nia) 178 Pleuropoma 178-179 subsculpta, Helicina 177 subsidence of Micronesia 19, 248, 255, 325 Subulina octona 118, 119 Subulinidae 118-119 Succinea 53-58, 210, 260, 263 archeyi 54, 57 australis 54 brittaniae 54, 56 caduca 54 keelingensis 54 kuntziana 53, 54, 55-58, 331 minuta 54 modesta 54, 57 montrouzieri 55 norfolkensis 54 o6esa 54 papuana 54 simplex 53, 55, 56, 57 solitaria 54 striata 54 strubelli 54, 55, 57 texta 54 Succineidae 35, 52-58, 249 Succineinae 53 Sulfurina 167 cerinella 168 sulphureus, Rhachista 60 suturalis, Pleuropoma 176, 177 Suturella 301 swainsoni, Trochomorpha 112 sykesi, Palaina 193-194 Syncera 198, 199 nitida 199 Synceridae (see Assimineidae) Systellommatophora 31, 36-42, 249 classification of 31 systematic theory, classification 26-29 identification 20 nomenclature 20 speciation 21-26 subspecies 22-26 taeniata, Helicina 172 nucleola, Par tula 74 Pleuropoma 11, 172 Tasmadelos 152 tasmxinicus, Bothriembryon 124 Tasmaphena 157 Teletremata 31 tenuiscriptus, Endodonta 81 Phrixgnathus 81-82 Testacella 42 iexto, Succinea 54 Thalassophila 161 Thersites 120, 321 Theskelomensor 306 Thiaridae 161, 166, 211 Thomomys bottae 22 tongana, Physastra 162 tonganum, Onchidium 39 Tornatellinidae 9, 58, 62-63, 293, 294, 302, 303, 307, 309, 325 Tracheopulmonata 32, 44-52, 249 classification of 44 distribution of 43-45 dispersal of 44-45 Tribolonotus 314 Triboniophorus 44, 45-46, 47, 294, 299, 304 graeffei 12, 45, 46 Trochomorpha 11, 90, 101, 107-114, 129, 154, 210, 297, 302, 303, 308, 316, 331 6afcen 23, 107, 108, 206 conpexa 14, 25, 109 (Hartmanitrochus) bakeri 113-114, 331 (HartmxinitTochus) rubens 109-113 nigritella 112 (Oxychona) layardi 105 INDEX 359 pulcherrima 115 rubens 14, 23, 25, 107, 108, 109, 173, 206 sanctae-annae 107 swainsoni 112 typus 112 (Videna) gassiest 154 Trochomorphinae 106-114, 294, 296, 307, 310, 328 classification of 107 distribution of 106-107 Trochonanina 101 microconus 94 Trochonanita 97 Truncatella 11, 197 pacifica 197 pfeifferi 197 (Truncatella) guerinii 197, 210 pahda 197 (Truncatella) guerinii, Truncatella 197 Truncatellidae 166, 197 turbinellus, Planorbis 165 turneri, Bulimus 137 Partula 67 perstrigata, Partula 67 Placostylus 129, 135 Placostylus (Poecilocharis) 137 turricula, Partula 75 Tylotoechus 186 typhae, Oncidium 39 Typhlops 314 ivilleyi 314 typus, Trochomorpha 112 uberta, Helicina 168 Mrnu?o, ffe/ix 148 Urocoptidae 117 Urocoptis 23 Uromys 312 Va^irtu^a a{^e 42 brunnca 41 comorensis 42 grandidieri 41 hedleyi 41 plebeius 41 Vaginulidae (see Veronicellidae) valida, Truncatella 197 Valloniidae 249 Valvatidae 166 vanikorensis. Helix 73 vannaelavae. Helix 115 Varawus 314 varians, Helicina 170 Omphalotropis 202 Omphalotropis (Eurytropis) 202 Pleuropoma 169, 170-172 Veiepaiaina 190 perecMnda, Helicina 168 veronica, Macrocycloides 155 Veromceikt leydigi 42 Veronicellidae 31, 35, 40-42 verruculatum, Onchidium 39 Oncidium 39 vertebrates of Melanesia and New Zea- land 311-316 Vertiginidae (see Pupillidae) vestita, Physastra 162 vicaria, Ouagapia 159 vidua, Helicina 111 Victaphanta 148 Videna 107 (Videna) gassiesi, Helix 154 gassiesi, Trochomorpha 154 vieillardi, Cyclophorus 183 villandrei, Ouagapia 159 VirfifMs 319 Vienna 264 Vitrininae 89 vittatus. Gecko 313 Viviparidae 166 Wainuia 148 WaWewaria 167 walkeri, Draparnaudia 123 Wallace's line 265 Weber's line 265 werneri, Discocharopa 82 Emoia 313 PVi7/ieiTOtr!aia 92-94 mathildae 92, 210 minuscula 92, 94 sp. 94 willeyi, Typhlops 314 wind dispersal 263 Xanthomelon 120 Zachrysia guanensis 36 Zagmena 306 zebriolata, Geophorus(l) 179 Helicina 179 Pleuropoma 176, 177, 179 zigzag, Helicina 111 zonata, Helicina 111 Zonitacea 32 Zonites coresia 148, 152 hamelianus 155 Zonitidae 89, 106-116, 298 zonuktus, Rhachistia 60 Publication 877