UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY Class Book Heyne Library 1909 Volume My 09-10M Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. A charge is made on all overdue books. U. of I. Library 1 _ NDV -4'3: 1 1 1 DtC i b 15 tO 3S81 i 1 » » V’ , > • 't s *■ T' y*-. ' V • .' •' r ‘J i i 1 ~ H » /■ 1 ' *- ! ♦ ^ - : •; U ^4 Hi ,;V ' • « • ^ t. ' ; ■-/ jf ; - 1 lae • 1 9324-S I / Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternales V \ https ://archive.org/detail^Ganciseetymologi00skea_1 CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKEA T a Honiton HENRY FROWDE OXFOKD TTNIVEESITY FBESS WAKEHOUSE AMEN CORNER A CONCISE « « ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE % BY THE REV. WALTER W. SKEAT, M.A. ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE forb AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1884 [A// rights reserved ] T 51 o CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction.. Key to the General Plan of the Dictionary . • . ix List of Abbreviations .xi Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Lan¬ guage . T Corrections and Notes 578 Appendix : I. List of Prefixes. II. Suffixes. III. List of Aryan Roots. Brief Index to the above Roots . IV. Homonyms. V. List of Doublets. VI. Distribution of Words according to the Lan¬ guages FROM WHICH THEY ARE DERIVED . 580 586 587 597 598 599 603 Supplement 3 INTRODUCTION. The present work is not a mere abridgement of my larger Etymo¬ logical Dictionary, such as might have been compiled by a diligent book-maker, but has been entirely rewritten by myself; and I have found that the experience gained by writing the larger work has been of considerable assistance to me in making occasional slight improve¬ ments. My object has been to produce a convenient hand-book for the use of that increasing number of students who wish to learn the history of the English language, and who naturally desire to have Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic forms presented to them rightly spelt and accentuated, a point which seldom receives sufficient attention. One distinguishing feature of this abridgement, as well as of my larger Dictionary, is that all the forms cited can actually be found in the usual books of reference, except when marked by an asterisk, in which case they are theoretical. Conciseness has been attained by presenting the results in the briefest possible form; but I have, at the same time, endeavoured to guard against becoming obscure. In my opinion, the habit, frequently adopted, of citing supposed cognate words (often misspelt) without saying what their meanings are^ is a very bad one, and leads to guess¬ ing and vagueness. It is, accordingly, to be understood that, when I do not give the meaning of cognate words, it is because their sense agrees with that of the English word so nearly as to prevent ambiguity. Thus under hite^ which is derived from the A. S. Utan, to bite, I cite the Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, and German forms without explanation, because they all mean precisely the same thing; but the Latin and Sanskrit forms are used with a slight difference of sense; and I accordingly give that sense. I do not, in general, give the history of the use of the word under discussion, unless there is some special point which is necessary to be known for the sake of the etymology. For such history, accompanied by illustrative comments, references, and discussions, I must refer students to the unabridged work. In the course of writing this abridgement, I have taken occasion to introduce several corrections, which, in the larger work, are only to be found in the Addenda. INTRODUCTION. • • • Vlll There is one point to which I wish to draw especial attention. By the advice of a friend, I procured a copy of a Dictionary of English Etymology by the Rev. J. Oswald, written on an unusual but excellent plan. The author arranges all the derivatives of the Latin cedere under the heading of the Latin cedo, so that words such as accede^ concede^ recede^ succeed, are all presented to the eye at a glance. The advantage of such an arrangement is obvious, and I at once de¬ termined to adopt it, merely substituting the representative English word cede for the Latin cedo, and so in other cases. At the same time, I adopted two very considerable improvements : (i) the retention of the alphabetical order for the derived words accede^ concede, &c., with a cross-reference; and (2) the extension of the principle to words of English and Scandinavian origin. Mr. Oswald gives the words only under the primary form, which is a great inconvenience, seeing that this is often precisely what one does not know; and, just for want of the cross-reference, he omits the derivative ancestor altogether. At the same time I have found his book very useful, as far as relates to that part of our language which is of classical origin. With respect to words of Teutonic origin it is practically valueless; thus the only word given under W is the word wonder. But it is precisely with respect to these Teutonic words that most light is desired. Even a school-boy would correctly make out most of the derivatives of cede (though he would very likely miss ancestor and decease), but very few even of our best scholars could correctly draw up the list of words connected with do, such as ado, deed, deem, doff, don, doom, dout, dup, indeed. This I claim to have done (and in the main correctly) for the first time ; whilst I also endeavour to emphasise the fact that deem is derived from doom, and not (conversely) doom from deem, as is so often ignorantly said by those who have pro¬ bably never even heard of the phonetic laws by which Anglo-Saxon sounds are regulated. The last remark leads to a principle of the first importance in etymology, viz. that no etymologies can be trusted for a moment unless they can fairly be shewn to be consistent with the ordinary phonetic laws which regulate the various Aryan languages. It is impossible to pursue this matter further in the present brief intro- ' duction; it must suffice to lay down the one great principle which will regulate all future researches, viz. that the right understanding of the vowel-sounds lies altogether at the root of the matter. As I frequently allude to the ordinary vowel-changes in the course of the work, I may note here those which are the most elementary and common. They ought to be learnt by heart at once. ANGLO-SAXON. The most usual vowel-change is that produced by the occurrence of an i (which very often disappears by a subsequent contraction of the word) in the following syllable. Owing to this, we INTRODUCTION. IX ifreqilently find that the vowels, as arranged in row (i) below, are ^changed into the corresponding vowels in row (2). (1) ea, eo, dj 6 , u, ed, eo, (2) e,y, y, y, d, /, y, / Example \—fyllan^ to fill, put for fullian'^ ; from full^ full. Moreover, substantives and secondary verbs are often formed from the past tense singular, past tense plural, or past participle of a strong verb, rather than from the infinitive mood. Thus hand and lend are from A. S. hand^ pt. t. of hindan^ to bind; whilst bundle is derived from bunden, the past participle. ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowel- changes, but very few of these appear in English, But we must not pass over the frequent formation of derivatives from the past tenses (singular or plural) and the past participles of strong verbs. Thus bait^ Icel. beita, lit. ‘ to cause to bite,' is the causal of bita, to bite; its form may be explained by the fact that the pt. t. of bUa is beiU Again, as regards the Romance languages, especially French, it must be borne in mind that they also are subject to phonetic laws. This fact is better known since these laws have been sufficiently illus¬ trated in Mr. Kitchin's translation of Brachet's Historical French Grammar. In particular, I may note that most French substantives are derived from Latin accusatives ; and that to derive bounty from bonitas (nom.), or honour from Lat. honor (nom.), is simply impossible. It is not a little surprising that many etymological dictionaries entirely ignore these most significant, elementary, and essential facts. A notable and very worthy exception is E. Muller's Etymologisches Worterbuch der Englischen Sprache. I subjoin a key to the plan of the work, and a list of abbreviations. KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF THE DICTIONARY. § I. Order of Words. Words are given in their alphabetical order; but such words as are mere derivatives from others are only explained under some more primary form, the cross-reference to which is supplied. Thus Act is explained under Agent, as stated. If reference be made to Agent, it will be found that, after Agent has been explained and its root given, all allied words, such as act, agile, agitate, ambiguous, &c., follow in alphabetical order. These derived words are marked by having no capital letter, and being set a little further to the right than the rest. If the student has any difficulty in finding a word, owing to the alphabetical order being thus occa¬ sionally interrupted, let him keep his eyes on the words printed in capitals at the head of every column, which refer to primary words only. X INTRODUCTION. § 2. The words selected. The word-list contains nearly all the words of most frequent occurrence, with a few others that are remarkably prominent in literature, such as unaneled. Homonymous forms, such as bay (used in five senses), are numbered. § 3. Definitions. Definitions are omitted in the case of common words; but explanations of original forms are added wherever they seemed to me to be necessary. § 4. Language. The language to which each word belongs is distinctly marked, in every case, by means of letters within marks of parenthesis. Here the symbol - is to be read as ‘ derived from.^ Thus Abbey is (F. - L. - Syriac); i.e. a French word derived from Latin; the Latin word being, in its turn, of Syriac origin. The order of derivation is always upward or backward, from early to earlier forms. The symbol + is employed to distinguish forms which are merely cognate, and are adduced merely by way of illustrating and confirming the etymology. Thus, bite is a purely English word, derived from the Anglo-Saxon bitan. The other Teutonic forms, viz. the Du. bijteji, Icel. bUa, Swed. bita, Dan. bide, G. beisseji, and the other Aryan forms, viz. findere (base fid-^ and Skt. bhid, to cleave, are merely cognate and illustrative. On this point, there commonly exists the most singular confusion of ideas; and there are many Englishmen who are ac¬ customed to derive English, of all things, from Modern High Ger 7 nan ! I therefore introduce this symbol + by way of warning. It has its usual algebraical value of plus or additional; and indicates ^ additional information to be obtained from the comparison of cognate forms.^ § 5. Symbols of Languages. The symbols, such as F. = French, are not used in their usual vague sense, so as to baffle the enquirer who wishes to find the words referred to. Every symbol has a special sense, and has reference to certain books, in one at least of which the word cited may be found, as I have ascertained for myself by looking them all out. I have purposely used, as far as was practicable, cheap and easily accessible authorities. The exact sense of each symbol is given in the list below. § 6. Roots. In some cases, words are traced back to their original Aryan roots. The root is denoted by the symbol ^/, to be read as ‘ root.*^ Thus bear, to carry, is from V BHAR. A list of roots, with their meanings, is given in the Appendix, p. 587 ; and a similar list, with fuller explanations and numerous examples, in the Appendix to my larger Dictionary. § 7. Derivatives. The symbol Der., i.e. Derivatives, is used to introduce forms related to the primary word. Thus, under Agent, I give Act, and again, under Act, such mere derivatives as act-ion, act-ive, &c. INTRODUCTION. XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Arab.—Arabic; as in Richardson’s Per¬ sian and Arabic Diet., ed. F. John¬ son; 1829. See also Devic’s Sup¬ plement to Littre’s F. Diet. A. S.—Anglo-Saxon; as in the dictionaries ^ by Bosworth, Ettmiiller, Grein, Leo, and Lye; and in the Vocabularies edited by T. Wright. Bavar. — Bavarian ; as in Schmeller’s Bayerisches Worterbuch ; 1827- 1837. Bret.—Breton; as in Legonidec’s Bret. Diet., ed. 1821. C.—Celtic; used as a general term for Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish, &c. Com.—Cornish; as in Williams’ Diet.; 1865. Dan.—Danish; as in Ferrall and Repp ; 1861. Du.—Dutch; as in the Tauchnitz Dutch Diet. Old Dutch words are from Oudemans, Hexham (1658), or Sewel (1754)- E. —Modern English; as in Webster’s Diet. M. E. — Middle English (English from the thirteenth to the fifteenth cen¬ turies inclusive); as in Stratmann’s Old English Diet., 3rd edition, 1878. F. —French. Most of the forms cited are not precisely modern French, but from Cotgrave’s Dictionary, ed. 1660. This accounts for citation of forms, such as F. recreation^ without ac¬ cents ; the F. accents being purely modern. See also the dictionaries by Brachet and Littre. O. F.—Old French; as in the dictionaries by Burguy, Roquefort, or (in some cases) Cotgrave. Fries.—Friesic; as in Richthofen, 1840. Gael. — Gaelic; as in Macleod and Dewar, 1839. G. —German ; as in Fliigel, ed. 1861. M'. H. G. — Middle High German; as in Wackernagel’s Worterbuch, 1861, O. H. G.—Old High German ; as in the same volume. Gk.—Greek; as in Liddell and Scott’s ^ Lexicon, 1849. Goth.—Moeso-Gothic; as in iSkeat’s Glossary, 1868. Heb. — Hebrew; as in Leopold’s Diet., 1872. Hind.—Hindustani; as in Forbes, Bate, and Wilson’s Glossary of Indian Terms. Icel.—Icelandic ; as in Cleasby and Vig- fusson, 1874. Irish.— Irish; as in O’Reilly, 1864. Ital.—Italian; as in Meadows, 1857. L. —Latin ; as in White and Riddle, 1876. Low G.—Low German; as in the Bremen Worterbuch, 1767. Lith.'—Lithuanian; as in Nesselmann’s ' Diet., 1851. Low L.—Low Latin; as in the Lexicon Manuale (abridged from Ducange) by Maigne d’Arais, 1866. M. E.—Middle English ; see under E. above. M. H. G.—Middle High German ; sec under G. above. Norw.—Norwegian; as in Aasen’s Norsk Ordbog, 1873. O. F.—Old French; see under F. above. O. H. G.—Old High German; see under G. above. O. Sax.—Old Saxon; as in the Heliand, ed. Heyne. Pers.—Persian ; as in Richardson’s Arab, and Pers. Diet.; or in Palmer’s Pers. Diet., 1876. Port.—Portuguese ; as in Vieyra, 1857. Prov.—Proven9al; as in Raynouard’s Lexique Roman, and Bartsch’s Chres- tomathie Proven^ale. Russ.—Russian; as in ReifTs Diet., 1876. Scand.—Scandinavian; used as a general term for Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian. Skt.—Sanskrit; as in Benfey’s Diet., 1866. Span_Spanish; as in Meadows, 1856. Swed.—Swedish; as in the Tauchnitz Diet., or in Widegren. Swed. dial. — Swedish dialects; as in Rietz (1867). Teut. — Teutonic; a general term for Dutch, German, and Scandinavian. Turk. — Turkish; as in Zenker’s Diet., 1866-1876. W —Welsh; as in Spurrell, 1861. XU INTRODUCTION. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS. acc.—accusative case, adj.—adjective. ‘ adv.—adverb. A. V.—Authorised Version of the Bible, i6ii. cf.—confer, i.'e. compare. Ch.—Chaucer, comp.—comparative, conj.—cpnjunction. dat.—dative case. Der.—Derivative, dimin.—diminutive, f. or fern.—feminine, frequent.—frequentative, gen.—genitive case, i.e.—id est, that is. inf.—infinitive mood, interj.—interjection, lit.—literally, masc.—masculine, neut.—neuter. Some of the longer articles are marked off into sections by the use of the Greek letters ( 3 , y. ' This is merely intended to make matters clearer, by separating the various statements from each other. Notes at the end of an article are marked off by beginning with the symbol XIV, XV, XVI, mean that the word was introduced in the 14th, 15th, or i6th century, respectively. Hyphens are freely introduced to shew the ety 7 nological division of a word. Thus, under Cede, the word concede is derived from Lat. con-cede 7 'e ; meaning that concedere can be resolved into con- and cedere. This etymological division is often very different from that usually adopted in printed books when words have to be divided; thus, capacious can only be divided, etymologically, as cap-ac-i-ous^ because cap- is the root- syllable. Theoretical forms are marked by italics. Thus the E. ewer answers to O. F. ewere'^ or ewaire*, a water-jug; though this form is not found, we may be sure it existed, for the O. F. ewe, water, actually occurs. The symbols S and Ip are both written for th. In Icelandic, p has the sound of th in thin, and S that of th in that ; but the M. E. and A. S. symbols are confused. The M.E. symbol 5 commonly represents_y at the beginning of a word, and gh in the middle. A. S. short and long vowels, such as a and a, are as distinct from each other as e and r), or o and ca in Greek. nom.—nominative case. obs.—obsolete. orig.—original, or originally. pi.—plural. prep.—preposition. pres. part.—present participle. pres. t.—present tense. pp.—past participle. prob.—probably. pron.— pronoun. prov.—provincial. q. V.—quod vide = which see. s. V.—sub verbo = under the word. pt. t.—past tense. sb.—substantive. Shak.—Shakespeare. sing.—singular. super!.—superlative. tr.—translated, or translation. trans.—transitive. V. or vb.—verb. A CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. A. A, indef. art. (E.) See An. A- (i), as in a-down = A. S. o/ddne. (E.) Here a- — A. S. of\ see Of, Off. A- (2), as in a-foot. (E.) Put for on foot ; see On. ^ This is the commonest value of the prefix a-. A- (3), as in a-long. (E.) Here a- — A. S. and- ; see Along. A- (4), as in a-rise. (E.) Here a- = A. S. d- ; see Arise. A- (5), as in a-chieve, astringent. (F. — L. ; or L.) Here a: = F. a = L. ad, to; see Ad-. A- (6), as in a~vert. (L.) Here a- = L. a\ see Ab- (i). A- (7), as in a-mend. (L.) Here a-mend is for e-mend ; and ^- = L. ^ or ex ; see Ex-. A- (8), as in a-las. (F.) For helas \ see Alas. A- (9), as in a-byss. (Gk.) Here a- — Gk. d- or dv- ; see Un-, Abyss. A- (10), as in a-do. (E.) For at do ; see At, Ado. A- (ii), as in a-ware. (E.) Here a- = M. E._y-, i-, A. S. ge- ; see Aware. A- (12), as in a-pace. (E.) Here a is the indef. art.; see An, Apace. A- (13), as in a-vast. (Du.) For Du. houd vast ; see Avast. Ab- {f), prefix. (L.) L. ab^ from ; short form a ; extended form abs. Cognate with E. of\ see Of. In F., it becomes a- or av- ; see Advantage. Ab- (2), prefix. (L.) Put for L. ad, to, when b follows; see Abbreviate. Aback. (E.) Y01 on back, A.S.onbcec', see A- (2) and Back. Abaft. (E.) From the prefix a- (2), and b-aft, short for bi-aft, by aft. Thus a-b-aft = on by aft, i. e. at the part which lies to ‘ the aft. Cf. M. E. biaften^ Gen. and Exod. 3377 ; A.S. bexften. See A- (2), By, and Aft. Abandon; see A- (5) and Ban. ABLATIVE. I Abase ; see A- (5) and Base. % Some¬ times confused with abash in M. E. Abash. (F.) M. E. abaschen, abaischen, abasen. — O. F. esbahiss-, stem of pres. part, of esbahir (F. ebahif^ to astonish. — O. F. es- ( = L. ex, out, very much); and bahir, to express astonishment, a word of imita¬ tive'origin from the interj. bah I of astonish¬ ment. ^ Sometimes confused with abase in M. E. See Bashful. Abate; see Batter (1). Doublet, hate. Abbot. (L. —Syriac.) M.E. abbot, abbod, A. S. abbod. — L. abbat- (nom. abbas'), an abbot, lit. a father. — Syriac abba, a father; see Rom. viii. 15. abbess. (F. — L. — Syriac.) M. E. ab- besse. — O. F. abesse, abaesse. — L. abbat-issa. — L. abbat- (as above), and -issa = Gk. -laaa, fern, suffix. abbey. (F.—L. —Syriac.) abbeye. — O. F. — Low L. abbat-ia. Abbreviate ; see Brief. Abdicate; see Diction. Abdomen. (L.) L. abdomen (stem ab- doinin-), lower part of the belly. Abduce, Abduction ; see Duke. ^ Abed.(E.) ¥01 on bed', see A-(2) and Bed. Aberration ; see Err. Abet, to incite; see Bite. Der. bet, short for abet, sb. Abeyance, expectation, suspension. (F. — L.) F. abeiance, suspension, waiting (Roq.) — F. a; and beant, pres. pt. of O. F. beer (F. bayer), to gape, expect anxiously. — L. ad, at; and badare, to gape. Abhor; see Horrid. Abide (i), to wait for. (E.); see Bide. Abide (2), to suffer for, pay for. (E.) In Sh.; corrupted from M. E. abyen, to pay for, lit. to buy up, redeem. — A. S. dbycgan, dbic- gan, to pay for. See A- (4) and Buy. Abject, mean ; see Jet (i). Abjure; see Jury. Ablative. (L.) L. ablatiuus, lit. taking B 2 ABLAZE. ACCOMMODATE. away. — L. ah, from; and latum ( = tlatum), to bear, take, allied to tollere, to take. See Tolerate. Ablaze. (E.) For on blaze \ see A- (2) and Blaze. Able; see Habit. Der. ability — L. acc. habilitatem. Ablution; see Lave. Abnegate; see Negation. Aboard. (E.) Yoi onboard', see A-(2) and Board. Abode, sb.; see Bide. Abolish. (F. — L.) F. aboliss-, stem of pres. pt. of abolir.’^'L. abolere, to abolish. Abominate; see Omen, Abortion; see Orient. Abound; see Undulate. About. (E.) M. E. abuten, abouten ; A.^.dbiitan, onbutan\ on-be-iitan, lit. on-by-outward; where dtan, outward, is from ut, out. See A- (2), By, and Out. Above. (E.) yi.'E. al?ove 7 i,abufen; A.S. dbiifatt, short for an-be-ufan, lit. on-by- up ward ; where ufa 7 t, upward, is extended from Goth, uf, up. See A- (2), By, Up. (A. S. ufan=^G. oben. A. S. be-ufan = T>\x, boven.) Abrade, to scrape off; see Base. Der. abrasio 7 t. Abreast. (E.) Put for 07 t breast', see A- (2), and Breast. Abridge ; see Brief. Abroach, to set. (E. and F.) Put for to set 071 broach ; see A- (2) and Broach. Abroad. (E.) M. E. abroad ; put for on b 7 'ood\ lit. on broad ; see A- (2) and Broad. Abrogate; see Bogation. Abrupt; see Bupture. Abscess; see Cede. Abscind, Abscissa; see Bescind. Abscond, to go into hiding. (L.) L. abscondere, to hide. — L. abs, away; condere, to hide. Co 7 idere is from con- (cu 7 n), to¬ gether, and -de 7 r, to put, allied to L. dare, to give; see Date. sconce (i), a small fort, bulwark. (Du. — F. —L.) Also applied to a helmet, and even to the head. — O. Du. schantse (Du. scha 7 ts), a fortress, sconce. — O. F. esco 7 iser, to hide, cover; pp. escons, — L. absco 7 tsus, used (as well as absconditus') as pp. of abs- conde 7 'e, to hide (above). sconce (2), a candle-stick. (F. — L.) M. E. sco 7 ice, scons, a covered light, lantern. — O. F. esconse, a dark lantern (Roquefort), i- L. absco 7 tsa, a dark lantern (in late L.); from L. absconsus, hidden. Absent. (L.) XIV cent. — L. absent-, stem of ab-sens, being away. — L. ab-, away; -sens, being, occurring also in prce-sens. Here -sens is an older form of ens, being, from V AS, to be. See Present, Sooth. Der. abse 7 ice, F. abse 7 ice, L. absentia. Absolute, Absolve; see Solve. Absorb. (L.) L. absorbere, to suck up. — L. ab, away; sorbere, to sup up. Gk, pocpUiv, to sup up. Der, abso 7 'pt-ion, from pp. absorptus. Abstain; see Tenable. Abstemious. (L.) \j.abstemius,T&iT2Sii- ing from strong drink. — L. abs, from; te- mu 7 n, strong drink, whence te 7 nu-le 7 itits, drunken. (^ TAM.) Abstract; see Trace (i). Abstruse; see Intrude. Absurd; see Surd. Abundance. (F.-L.) Y.aboitdaiice,^ L. abu 7 tda 7 itia. See Undulate. Abuse; see Use. Abut, to project towards. (F. — L. and G.) O. F. abouter, to thrust towards. — L. ad, to; O. F. boter, to thrust. See A- (5) and butt (i), s.v. Beat. Abyss, a bottomless gulf. (L. — Gk.) Milton. L. abyssus. — Gk. d^vcraos, bottom¬ less. — Gk. d-, short for dv-, neg. prefix; and Pv(T(t 6 s, depth, akin to Bathos, See A- (9), Un- (i). Acacia, a tree. (L. — Gk.) L. acacia. — Gk. duaKia, the thorny Egyptian acacia.— Gk. d/cis, a point, thorn. AK.) Academy. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. acade 77 iie. — L. acadei 7 iia. — Gk. dtcadripcia, a grove where Plato taught, named from the hero Akade 77 ius. Accede; see Cede. Der. access, ac¬ cess-io 7 t. Accelerate; see Celerity. Accent; see Cant (i). Accept; see Capacious, Access; see Cede. Accident; see Cadence. Acclaim; see Claim. Acclivity. (L.) XVII cent. As if from F. acclivite'^. — L. accliuitatem, acc. of ac- cliuitas. — L. ac-, for ad ; and cliu-us, slop¬ ing, a slope ; see Lean (i). (^ KLI.) declivity. (F. - L.) F. declivite. — L. decliuitate 77 i, acc. of de-cliuitas, a dowm- ward slope. proclivity. (L.) procliuitas, a downward slope, tendency. — \j.pro-cliuus, sloping forward. Accommodate ; see Mode. ACCOMPANY, ACORN, Accompany; see Company, Accomplice; see Ply. Accomplish; see Plenary. Accord; see Cordial. Accost; see Coast. Account; see Putative, Accoutre. (F. — L. ?) F. accoiitrer, formerly also accoustrer^ to dress, array. Etym. quite uncertain; perhaps (i) con¬ nected with F. couture, a sewing, coudre, to sew, and L. consuere, to sew together (Diez); or (2) with L. cultura, tillage, culture (Scheler); or (3) with O. F. coustre, coutre, a sacristan who had charge of sacred vestments, from Low L. custor^ ==L,. custos, a custodian, keeper. Accretion; see Crescent, Accrue; see Crescent. Accumulate; see Cumulate, Accurate; see Cure. Accursed, cursed. (E.) M. E. acorsien, A. S. d-, prefix; and cursian, to curse; see A- (4), and Curse. Accuse; see Cause. Accustom; see Custom. Ace, the 'one’ on dice. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. as. — O. F. as. — L. as. — Gk. ay; said to be the Tarentine pronunciation of ils, one. ^ Not cognate with One. Acephalous, headless. (Gk.) Gk. dK€(p- a\os, headless. — Gk. d-, un-; and KecpaXri, head, cognate with E. Head. Acerbity; see Acid. Ache, a pain. (E.) M. E. ake, a better spelling. A. S. iBce, ece, A. S. Leechdoms, iii. 6. Also M. E. aken, vb. pt. t. 00k ; A. S. acan. — ^ AG, to drive, agitate; as in L. agere, Icel. aka (pt. t. 6 k, pp. ekit), to drive. See Agent. ^ Spelt acke by con¬ fusion with Gk. d'xos, which is cognate with E. Awe. Achieve; see Capital (i). Achromatic, colourless. (Gk.) See A- (9) and Chromatic. Acid, sour, sharp. (F. — L.; or L.) F. acide. — L. ac-idus, lit. piercing. AK, to pierce.) Der. acid-i-ty; acid-ul-at-ed (L. acid-ul-us, dimin. of acid-us'), acerbity. (F. — L.) XVI cent. F. acer- hits. - L. acc. ace 7 'hitatem (nom. acerbitas), bitterness. — L. acer-b-us, bitter. — L. ac-er, sharp, lit. piercing. acme, top. (Gk.) Gk. aK-ixrj, top, sharp edge. aconite, monk’s-hood. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. aconit. — L. aconitum. — Gk. clkovitov, a plant; so called frcm growing ev d/c 6 yais, 3 on steep sharp rocks. — Gk. dfe-ovrj, a whet¬ stone, sharp stone. acrid, tart. (L.) Coined by adding -zd to L. acr-, stem of acer, O. L. ac-rus, sharp. acrimony. (F. — L.) F. acrizjioine. — L. acri-mon-‘ia,''^'L,. acri-, for acer (above). acrobat, a tumbler. (Gk.; or F. — Gk.) F. acrobate. — Gk. aKpoPdTrjs, lit. one who walks on tiptoe.— Gk. aKpo-v, a point, neut. of aK-pos, pointed; and jSaroy, verbal adj. of Paiveiv, to walk; see Come. acropolis, a citadel. (Gk.) Lit. ‘upper city; ’ Gk. aKpo-s, pointed, upper; and TToXis, a city; see Police. acrostic, a short poem in which the initial letters spell a word. (Gk.) Gk. dfcpoaTixtov. — Gk. dtcpo-s, pointed, also first; and cTTixiov, dimin. of arixos, a row, order, line, from ^ STIGH ; see Stirrup. acumen. (L.) L. ac-u-znezz, sharpness, acuteness. acute. (L.) L. acutus, sharp; pp. of ac-u-ere, to sharpen. aglet, a tag of a lace. (F. — L.) Also aygulet, Spenser, F. Q. ii. 3. 26.— F. aiguil- lette, dimin. of aiguille, a needle.— Low L. acucula, dimin. of ac-us, a needle, pointed thing. ague, a fever-fit. (F. — L.) Lit.' acute ’ attack. —O. F. ague, fern, of agu (F. aigu), acute. — L. acuta {febris), acute (fever); fern, di acutus \ see acute (above). eager. (F. — L.) M. E. egre. — O. F. egre (F. aigre)."^!^. aczxzzi, acc. of ac-er, sharp. Der. vin-egar. exacerbate, to embitter. (L.) Frompp. of ex-acez'bare, to irritate. — L. ex, very; acerbus, bitter; see acerbity, above. See also Awn, Edge, Egg (2), Eglantine. Acknowledge. (E.; with Scand. suffix 6 ) XVI cent. M. E. kziowlecJien ; the prefix is due to M. E. akziowen ( = A. S. oztczidwazt), with the same sense; hence the prefix is A- (2). The verb kzzowlechezi is from the sb. kziowleche, mod. E. knowledge ; see Know¬ ledge. Acme ; see Acid. Acolyte, a servitor. (F. — Low L. — Gk.) F. acolyte. Cot. — Low L. acolytJms. — Gk. dKoXovOos, a follower. — Gk. d-, with (akin to Skt. sa-, with) ; k^X^vOos, a path; so that oLKoXovOos = a travelling companion. Aconite ; see Acid. Acorn. (E.) M. E. acorn. A. S. cecern, fruit; properly ‘ fruit of the field,’ from A. S. cecer, a field ; see Acre.-j- Icel. akaz'n, Dan. agerzt, Goth, akz'ana-, fruit; from Icel. 4 ACOUSTIC. akr, Dan. ager, Goth, aki's, a field. ^ Not from oak. Acoustic. (Gk.) Gk. aKovariKos, relat¬ ing to hearing (or sound). — Gk. dnov^iv, to hear. Acquaint. (F. — L.) M. E. acgueynfen, earlier acointeii. — O. F. acointer, acointier., to acquaint with. — Low L. adcognitare, to make known (Bracket). — L. ad, to; and cognitai'c'^, formed from cog 7 iituSy pp. of cognoscere^ to know. See cognisance, quaint, s.v. Noble. Acquiesce ; see Quiet. Acquire ; see Query. Acquit ; see Quiet. Acre. (E.) M.E. aker. A. S. cecer.’^- Du. akker, Icel. akr, Swed. dker, Dan. ager, Goth, ah's, G. acker, L. ager, Gk. dypos, Skt. ajra. The orig. sense was either ‘ pas¬ ture,’ or ‘hunting-ground.’ (^AG.) Der. aco 7 '-n, q.v. Acrid, Acrimony ; see Acid. Acrobat, Acropolis ; see Acid. Across. (E. and Scand.) For on cross] see A- (2) and Cross. Acrostic ; see Acid. Act ; see Agent. Acumen, Acute ; see Acid. Ad-, prefix. (L.) L. ad, to, cognate with E. At. 4r T. ad becomes ac- before c ; af- bef. f\ ag- bef. g; al- bef. I ; an- bef. 71 ; ap- bef. p ; ar- bef. r ] as- bef. s ; at- bef. t. Adage, a saying. (F. —L.) F. adage. — L. adagium. — L. ad] and aghwi, a say¬ ing; cf. aio, I say. (y’ AGH.) Adamant. (F. — L. - Gk.) M. E. adainaunt, a diamond, a magnet. — O. F. ada 7 ?iant. — L. adanianta, acc. of adamas. — Gk. dhaixas, a very hard metal or stone ; lit. ‘ unconquerable.’ — Gk. d- ( = E. U7t-) ] and da/xdeiv, to conquer, tame; see Tame. diamond. (F. —L. —Gk.) M.E. dta- 77 ia 7 it. — O. F. dia 7 nant, corruption of ada- 77 ia 7 it] 30 also Ital. Span, diamante, G. dia 77 ia 7 it. Adapt; see Apt. Add. (L.) M.E. adden.^ 1 ^. addere, lit. to put to. — L. ad] and -dere, to ^vX = dare, to give, (y DA.) See Date (i). Adder, a viper. (E.) M. E. addere ; also naddere, 7 ieddere. [A 7 z adder resulted from a nadder, by mistake.] A. S. 7 icedre, a snake. + Icel. na^r, Goth. 7 iad 7 's, G. 7 iatter, a snake. Addict ; see Diction. Addled, corrupt, unproductive. (E.) ADVANCE. M. E. adel, foul, applied to an egg (Strat- mann). Orig. ‘ muddy,’ from A. S. adela, mud (Grein). Cf. Low G. adele, mud. Address; see Regent. Adduce; see Duke, Adept; see Apt. Adequate; see Equal. Adhere; see Hesitate. Adieu, farewell. (F.) M.E. a dieu.-^ F. d dieu, (I commit you) to God. — L. ad Deuzn, to God. See Deity. Adjacent; see Jet (i). Adjoin, Adjunct; see Join. Adjourn; see Diary. Adjudge, Adjudicate; see Judge. Adjure; see Jury. Adjust; see Just. Not from O. F. ajoster, mod. F. ajouter. Adjutant; see Aid. Administer; see Minor. Admiral. (F. — Arab.) M. E. adzniral, more often azniral. — O. F. a 7 ni 7 'al, azjih'ail, also amire ; cf. Low L. ad 7 niraldus, a prince, chief. — Arab, azjiir, a prince; see Emir. ^ The endings -al, -ail, -aldus are mere suffixes. Admire; see Miracle. Admit ; see Missile. Admonish; see Monition. A-do, to-do, trouble. (E.) M. E. at do, to do; a Northern idiom, whereby at was used as the sign of the infin. mood, as in Icel., Swedish, &c. See Do (i). Adolescent; see Aliment. Adopt; see Optative. Adore; see Oral. Adorn; see Ornament. Adown, dovmwards. (E.) M. E. adune, A. S. of-dune, lit. off a down or hill. —A. S. of, off; 2 xAdu 7 i] see A- (i) and Down (2). Adrift. (E.) For on drift] see A- (2) and Drive. Adroit; see Regent. Adulation, flattery. (F. - L.) F. adula- tio 7 i. — L. acc. adzilationem, from adulatio, flattery.— L. adulatus, pp. of adulari^ to flatter. Adult; see Aliment. Adulterate, to corrupt. (L.) XVI cent. — L. adulteratus, pp. of adultera 7 'e, to cor¬ rupt.—L. adulter, an adulterer, a de baser of money. Adumbrate ; see Umbrage. Advance, to go forward. (F. —L.) A mistaken form, in the XVI cent., for M. E. auancen, avance 7 t.^Y. avancer, to go for- 1 ward or before. — F. avazit, before. — L. ab. AGENT. 5 ADVENT. from; antCy before.' See Ante-, Van, Vamp. advantage, profit. (F. — L.) A mis¬ taken form for M. E. avantage. — F. avant- age ; formed by suffix -age from avanty before; see above. Advent, Adventure; see Venture. Adverb ; see Verb. Adverse, Advert, Advertise; see Verse. Advice, Advise ; see Vision. Advocate, Advowson ; see Vocal. Adze, a cooper’s axe. (E.) M. E. adsCy adese. A. S. adesay adesCy an adze. Aerial ; see Air. Aery, an eagle’s nest, brood of eagles or hawks. (F. — Low L.) — F. aire, ‘ an airie or nest of hawkes ; ’ Cot. — Low L. areay a nest of a bird of prey; of uncertain origin. ^ Sometimes misspelt eyryy by confusion with M. E. ey, an egg. .Esthetic, ta^telul. (Gk.) Gk. alaOr^Ti- Kos, perceptive. — Gk. atadoixaL, I perceive. (V AW.) anaesthetic, relieving pain, dulling sensation. — Gk. dv-, not; and aiaOrjTiKos. Afar. (E.) For on far. Affable; see Fate. Affair, Affect ; see Fact. Affeer, to confirm. (F. — L.) O. F. afeurer, to fix the price of a thing (offici¬ ally).—Low L. afforarCy to fix a price.— L. af- (for ad') ; and forum, a market. Affiance, Affidavit; see Faith. Affiliation ; see Filial. Affinity ; see Final. Affirm ; see Firm. Affix ; see Fix. Afflict, to harass. (L.) XVI cent. —L. afflictuSy pp. of ajffligerey to strike to the ground.— L. af {ad) ; and flige^'c, to dash. tVBHLIGH,BHLAGH.) '^o 2X^0 conflict, from pp. conflictus ; inflict ; proflig-ate. Affiuence; see Fluent. Afford. (E.) Corrupted from aforthy M. E. aforthen, to provide, P. PI. B. vi. 200.— A. S. gefor^iany fo^’QiaUy to further, promote, provide. — A. S. ge-y prefix; and for^y forth, forward ; see^ Forth. Affray, to frighten. (F. — L. and Teut.) XIV cent. M. E. affrayen. — O. F. effraiery esfreer, to frighten. — Low L. exfrediare, to break the king's peace, cause an affray or fray; hence, to disturb, frighten. —L. ex'y and O. Fi. G. fridu {G. friede)y peace. (See Romania, 1878, vii. 121.) Der. sb. afraid, frightened; pp. of affray. Affright ; see Fright. Affront ; see Front. Afloat. (E.) For on float. Afoot. (E.) F or on foot. Afore. (E.) For on fore'y onforan, afore. Afraid. (F. — L. and Teut.) Pp. of Affray, q. v. Afresh. (E.) For on fresh or of fresh ; see Anew. Aft, After. (E.) A. S. cefty eft, again, behind ; cEftery after, both prep, and adv.-f* Icel. apta 7 i, behind, aptr, aftr, backwards ; Dan. and Swed. efter, Du. achter, O. H. G. aftary prep, and adv., behind, p. Aft is an extension from Goth af off; see Of. After is a comp, form, like Gk. dTroj-rep-coy further off; it means more off, further off, hence behind. Der. ab-afty q. v.; after¬ ward (see Toward). aftermost, hindmost; a corrupt form, for afte 77 iost. (E.) A. S. ceftefuest, Goth, aftti- mists. The Goth. aft-u 7 n-ists is a double superl. form. Again. (E.) M. E. ayein, A. S. 07 tgeg 7 iy 07 tgedn. A.S. on; and ged 7 ty again, in return, perhaps connected with gduy to go. -{■Dan. igiefiy Swed, ige 7 i, again. against. (E.) Formed with added t from M. E. ayeines, against; extended from M. E. ayein, against, with adv. suffix -es. — A. S. ongedn, against; the same as A. S. 07tgedny again ; see above. Icel. i geg7iy G. e 7 ttgegeny against. Agate. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. agate, agathe. — L. achate 77 iy acc. of achates. — Gk. dgcniqSy an agate ; so named from being found near the river Achates (Sicily). Age. (F. — L.) O. F. aage, edage. — Low L. (Etaticum. — L. cetati-, crude form of cetas (short for ceui-tas), age. —L. ceuu77iy life, period, -j- Gk. oXwv ; Goth, aiws ; Skt. eva, course. (VI-) Agent. (L.) XVI cent. L. age 7 it-y stem of pres. pt. of agere (pp. actus), to do, drive, conduct.-|-Gk. d'^^iv ; Icel. aka ; Skt. ajy to drive, (y^ AG.) See Ache. act. (L.) M. E. act. — L. acHwi, neut. of pp. actus, done. Der. act-io 7 i, act-ive, act-or ; act-u-al (L. actualis) ; act-u-ar-y (L. actua 7 'ius) ; act-u-ate (Low L. actua 7 'ey to perform, put in action). agile. (F. — L.) XVI cent. F. agile.’- L. agilisy nimble, lit. easily driven about. — L. agere, to drive. agitate. (L.) F. agitatus,^^. oiagita 7 'ey to keep driving about, frequent, of agere. 6 AGGLOMERATE. AID. ambiguous, doubtful. (L.) L. amh- igmis^ doubtful, lit. driving about. — L. aynb-^ about; and agere^ to drive. co-agulate, to curdle. (L.) L. coagu- lattiSf pp. of coagulare, to curdle. — L. coaguhwi, rennet, which causes milk to run together. — L. co- {cum), together ; ag-ere, to drive. cogent. (L.) L. cogent-, stem of pres, part, of cogere, to compel; put for co-igere {^—co 7 i-agere^), lit. to drive together. cogitate. (L.) L. cogitatus, pp. of cogitare, to think; put for co-agitare *. counteract. (Hybrid; F. a'tid L.) See Counter, and act above. enact. (F.—L.) Sh. — F. en, in=L. m ; and act. Lit. ‘ to put in act.* exact (I), precise. (L.) Sh. IL. exactus, pp. of exigere, to drive out, weigh out. — L. ex ; and age^'e. exact (2), to demand. (F. —L.) Sh. O. F. exacter. — Low L. exactare, — L, ex, out; and acUwi, supine of agere. examine, to test. (F. — L.) F. ex¬ aminer. — L. examhiare, to weigh carefully. — L. exainin-, stem of exai 7 ie 7 i, the tongue of a balance, put for exag 77 ie 7 i *; cf. exigere, to weigh out. — L. ex, out; agere, to drive. exigent, exacting. (L.) Stem of pres, pt. of exigere. — L. ex\ and age 7 'e, prodigal. (F. - L.) O. F. prodigal. — Low Lat. p 7 vdigalis; due to L. prodigus, lavish; put for prod-agus *. — L. prod-, forth; and agere. transact, to perform. (L.) L. trans- actus, pp. of tra 7 isige 7 'e, — L. tra 7 ts, beyond; and agere. Agglomerate, to mass together. (L.) Pp. of L. agglo 7 ne 7 'are, to form into a mass. — L. ag- = ad; and glo 77 ier-, stem of glo 77 ius, a mass, ball, clue of thread, allied to globus, a globe ; see Globe. Agglutinate; see Glue. Aggrandise; see Grand. Aggravate ; see Grave (2). Aggregate; see Gregarious, Aggress; see Grade. Aggrieve ; see Grave (2). Aghast, horror-struck. (E.) Misspelt for agast, which is short for agasted, pp. of hi. E. agaste 7 t, to terrify; Ch. C. T. 2343; Leg. of Good Women, Dido, 245. —A. S. d; prefix; and gcesta 7 i, to terrify, torment, p. A. S. g€esie 7 i, is from the basegds- = Goth. gais- in us-gais-jan, to terrify. (-^GHAIS.) Agile, Agitate ; see Agent. Aglet. (F.-L.) See Acid, Agnail, (i) a sore beside the nail, (2) a corn on the foot. (E. or F. — L.) TwO' words appear to be confused here; (i) A. S. a 7 tg 7 tcegl, a sore by the nail (Lye; an unauthorised word), with which cf. O. Friesic og 7 ieil, 07 ig 7 ieil, apparently used in a similar sense: this is from a prefix a 7 tg-, signifying afflicting, paining, and nail ; see Anger and Nail. (2) O. F. a 7 ig 07 iaille, a botch, sore (Cotgrave); allied to Low L. a 7 igue 7 t, a 7 igtii 7 ialia, a carbuncle, allied to L. angma, quinsy, and a 7 ige 7 'e, to choke. (4/AGH.) Ago, Agone, gone away, past. (E.) M. E. ago, agon, agoo 7 t, pp. of the verb ag 07 i, to pass by, pass away. A. S. dgd 7 t, pp. of dgdn, to pass away. See A- (4) and Go. Agog, in eagerness. (C.) Put for on gog, in activity, in eagerness. — W. gog> activity; gogi, to agitate. See A- (2). Agony. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. agonie. — F. ag 07 tie. — L. agonia. — Gk. dyojvia, orig. a contest. — Gk. dycuv, contest. — Gk. a7eii/, to drive. (-y^AG.) antagonist, an opponent. (Gk.) Gk. dvTayojvicTTrjs, an opponent. — Gk. dvr-, for dvTi, against; and dyouvi^ojAai, I struggle, from dyojv, a contest. Agree; see Grace. Agriculture. (L.) L. agricultura, cul¬ ture of a field.— L. ag 7 i, gen. of ager, a field; and culiura. See Acre and Colony. peregrination. (F. — L.) Y.peregrina- tio 7 i. — L. peregri 7 iatio 7 ie 7 n, acc. of pe 7 'eg 7 'i- natio, a wandering. — L. peregrmatus, pp. of pe 7 'egri 7 iari, to travel. — L. peregrinus, foreign, adj. from pe 7 'eger, a traveller, one who passes through a land. — L. per, through ; ager, land, field. pilgrim. (F. — L.) O. F. pelegrm'^, only found as pele 7 'm, a pilgrim; but cf. Ital. pelleg 7 'i 7 io,peregri 7 io, a pilgrim. — 71US, a foreigner, stranger; as adj. foreign; see above. Agrimony, a plant. (F. — L. — Gk.) hi. E. ag 7 ‘e 77 ioi 7 ie, egre 7 noi 7 ie. — O. F. agTd- niohie. — L. a 7 ge 77 io 7 iia, arge 77 i 07 te. — Gk. dpy€}jiu)V 7 j. (White, L. Diet.) —Gk. dpyos, shining. Aground. (E.) Yot 07 t grotmd. Ague. (F.-L.) See Acid. Ah I (F.-L.) hI.E.^!-O.F.fl!!-L. ah\ Ahead. (E.) For on head=in head, in a forward direction. See A- (2). Aid. (F. — L.) M. E. aide 7 t. — O. F. aider. — Low L. aitare, aiutare, shortened form of L. adiuta 7 'ef frequent, of adiuuare, to ALGEBRA. AIL. assist.— L. ad; and iuuare, to help, pp. dutus. 1 (VYU.) adjutant, lit. assistant. — L. adiutant-^ stem of pres. pt. of adiutare, to assist. coadjutor. (L.) XVI cent. —L. for C 071 = cum, together; and adiutor, an assistant, from vb. adiutare. Ail. (E.) See Awe. Aim ; see Esteem. Air. (F. —L. — Gk.) M.E. air, eir.'^Y. air. — L. a'er. — Gk. arip, air. WA). aerial. (L. — Gk.) Formed with suffix -a! from L. a 'eri-tis, dwelling in the air. — L. aer, air. —Gk. ai\p (above). Aisle, the wing of a church. (F. — L.) Better spelt aile. — F. aile. — L. ala, a wing. Prob. for axla^, dimin. of Axis. Ait. (E.) See Eyot. Ajar. (E.) Put for a char, on char, on the turn (G. Douglas, tr. of Virgil, b. vii, prol.) —A. S. on cerre, on the turn. —A. S. cyrran, cem'an, to turn. See Char (2). Akimbo, in a bent position. (Scand.) M. E. on, see A- (2) ; and Icel. kengbogimi, bent into a crook, from kengr, a crook, twist, kink, and boginn, bowed, pp. of lost verb bjtiga, to bow. See Kink and Bow (i). Akin, of kin. (E.) Vox of kin. Alabaster. (F. - L. — Gk.) M. E. ala- bastre. — O. F. alabastre (F. albatre). — L. alabaster, alabastrum. — Gk. d\d( 3 a(TTpov, dXd^aaTos. Said to be derived from Ala- bastron, a town in Egypt. (Pliny.) Alack. (E. ?) Prob. a corruption of ah I Lo 7 'd, or ah I Lord Christ. (It cannot be the same as alas.') Alacrity. (L.) Formed, on a supposed F. model, from acc. of L. alacritas, brisk¬ ness.—L. alacer, brisk. (^AL). allegro, lively. (Ital. — L.) Ital. allegro. — L. alacre^n, acc. of alacer. Alarm, Alarum; see Arms. Alas ! (F. — L.) M. E. alas. — O. F. alas (cf. F. helas). — O. F. a, ah! and las, i wretched that I am! — L. ah\ and lassus, I tired, wretched. (Allied to Late.) Alb, a white vestment. (F. — L.) M. E. ' albe. — O. F. albe. — Low L. alba ; fern, of L. albiis, white. album, lit. that which is white. (L.) L. album, a tablet, neut. of albus. albumen, white of egg. (L.) L. albumen oui, also alburn oui, white of egg. — L. , albus. auburn. (F. - Ital.-L.) M.E. auburne, aivbume, orig. citron-coloured or light yel- 7 low. — O. F. auburn^, not found, but regu¬ larly formed from Ital. alburno, or from Low L. albumus, whitish, light-coloured. Florio explains Ital. alburno by ‘ that whitish colour of women’s hair called an alburn or abwn colour.’ Cf L. alburnum, the sap-wood or inner bark of trees (Pliny). — L. albus, white. Albatross, a large sea-bird. (F. —Port. — Span. — Arab. — Gk.) F. albatros, formerly algatros. — Port, alcatraz, a cormorant, alba¬ tross; Span, alcatraz, a pelican. — Port. alcahmz, a bucket. Span, arcaduz, O. Span. alcaduz (Minsheu), a bucket on a water¬ wheel.—Arab. al-qddiis, the same (Dozy). — Arab, al, the; and Gk. /cddos, a water- vessel ; see Cade. Similarly Arab, saqqd, a water-carrier, a pelican, because it carries water in its pouch. (Devic; supp. to Littre.) Alchemy. (F. - Arab. - Gk.) O. F. al¬ chemic, arquemie. — Arab, al, the; and kimyd, alchemy. — Late Gk. chemis¬ try; for a mingling. — Gk. to pour out, mix. (y'GHU.) chemist, chymist. (Gk.) Shortened forms of alchemist, alchyfnist, formed by dropping the Arab, article al. Alcohol. (F. — Arab.) F. alcool, formerly also alcohol, applied to pure spirit, though the orig. sense was a fine impalpable pow¬ der. — Arab, al, the; and kahdl, kohl, or kuhl, a collyrium, very fine powder of anti¬ mony, used to paint the eyebrows with. Alcoran; see Koran. Alcove, a recess. (F. — Ital. — Arab.) F. alcove.alcovo, the same as Span. alcoba, a recess in a room. —Arab, al, the; and qubbah, qobbah, a vault, arch, dome, cupola; hence a vaulted space. Alder, a tree. (E.) M. E. alder, aller {d being excrescent). — A. S. air. + Du. els ; Icel. dir; Swed. al; Dan. elk, el; G. e^de; O. H. G. elira ; L. alnus ; Russ, olekha. (V al.) Alderman. (E.) See Old. Ale. (E.) M. E. ale. — A. S. ealu. -f- Icel., Swed., and Dan. dl; Lithuan. alus ; Russ. oV, olovhta. Alembic, a vessel for distilling. (F.— Span. —Arab.— Gk.) M.E. ale??ibyk."‘Y. CLlai 7 ibique (Cot.) — Span, alambique. — Arab, al, the ; and a^ibik (pronounced am- bik), a still. — Gk. a cup, goblet; cap of a still. — Gk. dpc^ojv, foot of a goblet; allied to L. umbo, a boss. Alert. (F. — Ital. — L.) See Regent. Algebra. (Low L. — Arab.) Low L. 8 ALGUAZIL. ALLIANCE. algeh 7 ‘a^ computation. — Arab, al, the ; and jabr, setting, repairing ; also, the reduction of fractions to integers in arithmetic ; hence, algebra. — Arab, root jabara^ to set, con¬ solidate. Alguazil, a police-officer; see Vizier. Algum, sandal-wood. (Heb. — Skt.) In 2 Chron. ii. 8, ix. lo; spelt almug^ I Kings, X. 11. — Heb. algtiimnim, or (trans¬ posed) ah 7 iugi 77 i ; a borrowed word. — Skt. valgii-ka^ sandal-wood; where -ka is a suffix. Alien. (F. —L.) M. E. — O. F. alie 7 t. — L. alieftus, strange ; a stranger. — L. alius, another. Gk. oXKos, another; Goth. alis, other ; see Else, Allegory. alias. (L.) Low L. alias, otherwise.— L. alius, alibi. (L.) Low L. alibi, in another place. — L. ali-, from alius ; and suffix -bi as in i-bi, there, u-bi, where. aliquot. (L.) L. aliquot, several (hence, proportionate). —L. ali-us, other; and quot, how many. alter. (L.) Low L. alte 7 'are, to alter. — L. alter, other. — L. al- (as in al-ius ); with compar. suffix -ter (Aiy^an -tara). . altercation, a dispute. (F. - L.) M. E. alte 7 'catio 7 t. — O. F. alte 7 'catio 7 t. — L. alterca- tionei 7 i, acc. of altercatio. — L. dltercatus, pp. of alte 7 'cari, to dispute, speak in turns. — L. alter, other, another, alternate. (L.) L. alte 7 ' 7 iatus, pp. of alte 7 'nare, to do by turns. — L. alter-nus, reciprocal. — L. alter (with suffix -na). subaltern, inferior to another. (F.— L.) F. subalter 7 ie. Cot. — L. subalte 7 ' 7 ius, subordinate. — L. sub, under; alter, another. Alight. (E.) See Light (2). Alike. (E.) See Like (i). Aliment, food. (F. — L.) F. aliTnent. — L. ali 77 ie 7 itu 7 n, food ; formed with suffix - 77 ie 7 itu 77 i from alere, to nourish. (V AL.) adolescent, growing up. (L.) L. ado- lesce 7 it-, stem of pres. pt. of adolescere, to grow up. — L. ad, to; olescere, inceptive form of olere, to grow, from alere, to nourish. adult, one gro\\m up. (L.) L. adultus, pp. of adolesce 7 'e, to grow up (above). coalesce, to grow together. (L.) L. coalesce 7 'e. — L. co-, for co 7 t = cu 77 i, together; and alescere, to grow, frequent, of alere, to nourish. Alive, in life. (E.) For 07 i live-in life; see Life. Alkali, a salt. (Arab.) Arab, al, the; and qali, ashes of glass-wort, which abounds in soda. All. (E.) M. E. al, sing.; alle, pi. — A. S. eal, pi. ealle. + Icel. allr\ Swed. all ; Dan. al ; Du. al ; O. H. G. al ; Goth, alls, pi. allai ; Irish uile ; W. oil. all, adv., utterly. In the phr. all-to b 7 'ake (correctly a:// to-brake). Judges, ix. 53. Here the incorrect all-to, for ^utterly,’ came up about A.D. 1500, in place of the old idiom which linked to to the verb ; cf. ^ Al is tobroke 7 t thilke regioun,’ Chaucer, C. T. 2759. See To-, alder-, prefix, of all. In alder-liefest (Sh.); here alder is for aller, A. S. eah'a, gen. pi. of eal, all. almighty. (E.) A. S. eal- 77 iihtig. almost. (E.) A. S. eal- 77 i^SKAP.) Apocrypha ; see Crypt. Apogee; see Geography. APOLOGUE. ARABESQUE. 15 Apologue, Apology; see Logic. Apophthegm, Apothegm. (Gk.) Gk. dn6(f)0€yiM, a thing uttered, a terse saying. — Gk. dTTo, off, out; and (pOiyyo/iai, I cry aloud, utter. Apoplexy. (Low L. — Gk.) See Plague. Apostasy, Apostate; see Statics. Apostle. (L. — Gk.) A. S. apostol.-^l^. apostolus. — Gk. aTrouroAos, one who is sent off. — Gk. aTTo, off; and to send. Apostrophe; see Strophe. Apothecary; see Theme. Apotheosis. (Gk.) See Theist. Appal, to terrify; see Pall ( 2 ). Appanage; see Pantry. Apparatus. (L.) See Pare. Apparel; see Par. Appeal, Apellant; see Pulsate. Appear; see Parent. Appease; see Pact. Append; see Pendant. Appertain; see Tenable. Appetite; see Petition. Applaud; see Plaudit. Apple. (E.) M. E. appel. A. S. coppel, (Epl. Du. appel ; Icel. epli ; Swed. dple ; Dan. ceble\ G. apfel\ Irish abhal\ Gael. tibhall ; W. afal ; Russ, iabloko ; Lithuan. obolys. Primitive form ABALA; root un¬ known. Apply ; see Ply. Appoint; see Pungent. Apportion; see Part. Appose, Apposite; see Pose,Position. Appraise, Appreciate ; see Precious. Apprehend, Apprentice, Apprize; see Prehensile. Approach (F. — L.) See Propinquity. Approbation, Approve; see Pro¬ bable. Appropriate. (L.) See Proper. Approximate. (L.) See Propinquity. Appurtenance. (F. — L.) See Tenable. Apricot. (F. —Port. —Arab. —Gk. — L.) Formerly also apricock, from Port, albri- coque directly. Also abricot.^Y. abricot^ ‘ the abricot, or apricock plum ’; Cot. — Port, albricoque. — Arab, al barqTiq., where al is the def. art. — Mid. Gk. irpaifcofciov (Dioscorides) ; pi. npaiKo/ua. The pi. irpai- KOKta was borrowed from L. prcecoqua, apricots, neut. pi. of prcecoquus, another form of prcecox^ precocious, early ripe (Pliny; Martial, 13 . 46 ). —L.before¬ hand ; and coquere, to cook, ripen. See Precocious and Cook. ^ Thus the word reached us in a very indirect manner. April. (L.) L. Ap7'ilis\ said to be so named because the earth then opens to produce new fruits. — L. aperirCj to open; see Aperient. Apron. (F.-L.) See Map. Apse. (L. — Gk.) Now used of a recess at the end of a church; formerly apse, apsis, a turning-point of a planet’s orbit. — L. apsis, pi. apsides, a bow, turn. — Gk. dpis, a tying, fastening, hoop of a wheel, curve, bow, arch. — Gk. anreiv, to tie, bind, (VAP). Apt, fit. (F. — L.) XVI cent. — F. apte.'^ L. aptus, used as pp. of apisci, to reach, get, but really pp. of apere, to fit or join together. (y'AP). adapt. (L.) XVI cent. adaptare.'^ L. ad, to; and aptare, to fit. adept, a proficient. (L.) L. adeptus, one who has obtained proficiency; pp. of apisci, to obtain, frequent, of apere, to fit. attitude. (Ital. — L.) Grig, a painter’s term, from Italy. — Ital. attitudine, aptness, skill, attitude. — L. aptiltidinern, acc. of aptitudo, aptitude. — L. aptus, apt. inept, foolish. (F. — L.) XVII cent. — O. F. inepte. — L. ineptus, improper, foolish. — L. in-, not; and aptus, fit. (Also inapt, from in-, not, and apt.') And see Option. Aquatic. (L.) L. aquaticus, pertaining to water. — L. aqtia, water. aqua-fortis. — L. aqua fo7'tis, strong water. aquarius. — L. aquarius, a water- bearer. aquarium. — L. aquarium, a water- vessel. aqueduct. — L. aquceductus, a conduit; from aquce, of water, and ducttis, a duct; see Duct. aqueous. As if for L. aqtieus^, adj., a form not used. — L. aqua, water. ewer. (F. — L.) M.E. ewer. — O. F. ewer*, eweire*, not found, but answering to L. aquarium, a vessel for water. — O. F. ewe, water; mod. F. eati. — L. aqua, water. subaqueous, under water. (L.) L. sub, under; aqua, water. And see Ait, Eyot, Island. Aquiline, like an eagle. (F. — L.) F. aquilin ; hence 7iez aquilin, ‘ a nose like an eagle; ’ Cot. — L. aquilinus, adj. from aquila, an eagle. eagle. (F. — L.) F. aigle. — L. aquila. Arabesque. (F. —Ital. —Arab.) XVIII cent. — F. ^ rabesque, Arabian-like; also full of flourishes, like fine Arabian work. — Ital. ARCH i6 ARABLE. Arahesco^ where ~esco = E. - 2 V/ 2 . — Arab. 'arab^ Arabia. Arable. (F. — L.) F. arable. — L. arabilis, that can be ploughed. — L. arare^ to plough. (-y^AR). See Ear ( 3 ). Arbiter. (L.) In Milton. — L. arbiter, a witness, judge, umpire. arbitrary. (L.) In Milton. —L. arbi- trarhis, capricious, like the decision of an umpire. — L. arbitrare, to act as umpire. — L. arbiter, arbitrate. (L.) From pp. of L. arbi¬ trare, to act as umpire. Arboreous, belonging to trees. (L.) — L. a^'boreus, adj. from arbor, a tree. Arbour, a bower. (E.) A corruption of Harbour, q,v. The loss of h was due to confusion with M. E. herbere, also erbere, from L. herbarium, a herb-garden, also an orchard. The special sense was due to confusion with L. arbor, a tree. Are. ( F. — L.) XIV cent. — F. arc. — L. arcu?n, acc. of arcus, a bow, arch, arc. arcade. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. a^xade. — Ital. areata, an arched place; fern, of pp. of arcare, to arch. —Ital. arco, a bow. —L. acc. arcum (above). arch. (F. — L.) A modification ofF. arc, a bow; like ditch for dyke, — L. acc. arc- tun (above). archer. (F. — L.) M. E. archer. — F. archier, a bow-man. —Low L. atxarius, a bow-man ; from arcus, a bow. Arcana. (L.) See Ark. Arch (i), a vault, &c. See Arc. Arch ( 2 ), roguish, waggish, sly. (E.) ‘ So arch a leer;’ Spectator, no. 193 . A cor¬ ruption of M. E. argh, arh, ar'^, arwe, feeble, fearful, timid, cowardly; hence knavish, roguish. A. S. earg, earh, timid, slothful. + Icel. argr, effeminate, a craven ; G. arg, mischievous. See Arrant. ^ The hi. E. argh would, in due course, only have given the form arow or arrow in mod. E.; the form arch is clearly due to confusion with arch in the term arch-traitor. Indeed, Dr. Stratmann regards arch as nothing more than the prefix arch- used alone, thus making it of Gk. origin; but this alone seems quite inadequate to explain its pecu¬ liar sense. See below. Arch-, prefix, chief. (L. — Gk.) The form arch- is due to A.S. arce-, as in arce- bisceop, an archbishop. This form was borrowed from L. archi- — Gk. dpxt-, as in dpxuemaKOTTOs, an archbishop. — Gk. dpx^iv, to be first, to rule; cf. Gk. dpxri, beginning. Der. arch-bishop, arch-deacon, &c.; but, in arch-attgel, the prefix is directly from the Gk., the ch being pronounced as k. anarchy. (F. — Gk.) In Milton. — F. anarchic. — Gk. dvapfiioL, lack of govern¬ ment. — Gk. dvapxos, without a chief. — Gk. dv-, neg. prefix; and dpxds, a ruler, from dpx^f-y, to rule, be first. archaeology. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. dpxaTos, ancient, which is from dpxr), the beginning; and the suffix -logy, Gk. -Xoyia, due to \6yos, discourse, from Xiyeiv, to speak. archaic. (Gk.) Gk. dpxdiKos, antique, primitive. — Gk. dpxrj, a beginning. archaism. (Gk.) Gk. dpxaXapLos, an antiquated phrase. — Gk. dpxai^^Lv, to speak antiquatedly. — Gk. dpxdios, old; &c. archetype. (F. — L. -Gk.) See Type, archi-, prefix, chief. (L. — Gk.) L. archi-, for Gk. dpx^-, prefix; as above. archipelago, chief sea, i.e. Aegean sea. (Ital. —Gk.) Ital. arcipelago, modified to archipelago. — Gk. dpx^-, chief; and iriKayos, sea. architect. (F. —L.-Gk.) See Tech¬ nical. architrave. (F.-Ital.-L. and Gk.) In Milton. — F. atxhitrave. — Ital. archi¬ trave, the part of an entablature resting immediately on the column. A barbarous compound; from Gk. dpx^-i prefix, chief, principal, and Lat. trabem, acc. of U'abs, a beam. See Trave. archives, s. pi., public records; but properly an archive is a place where re¬ cords are kept. — F. archif, pi. archives'. Cot. — L. archiuum, archium. — Gk. dp- X^tov, a public building, residence of magis¬ trates. — Gk. dpxv, a beginning, a magistracy, and even a magistrate. heptarchy, a government by seven per¬ sons. (Gk.) XVII cent. — Gk. enr-, for enra, seven; and -apx^o.) due to dpx'^t beginning, government. hierarchy. (F. — Gk.) F. hierarchic'. Cot. — Gk. lepapxicL, power of an Updpxqs, a steward or president of sacred rites.— Gk. Up-, for Upos, sacred; and dpx^^v, to rule. ^ Milton has hierarch = Gk. Updpxrjs. monarch, a sole ruler. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. monarque. — L. 77i07iarcha. — Gk. pLovdp- Xr}s, a sovereign, sole ruler. — Gk. pt-ov-, for jxovos, alone ; and dpx^i^i to rule. oligarchy. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. oligar¬ chic. — Low L. oligarchia. — Gk. dXiyapxia, government by a few men. — Gk. d\iy-, for ARCHER. oXlyos, few, little; and ^apxtcL, from apx^iVt to rule. patriarch. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.E. patri- arche, patriarke.^O.Y. patriarche\ Cot. — L. patriarcha, — Gk. TrarpLapxrjs, the father or chief of a race (applied to a chief of a diocese abt. a.d. 440 ).— Gk. TTarpi-, crude form of TraTTjp, a father; and dpx^iv, to rule. See Father. tetrarch. (L. — Gk.) L. tetrarcha. — Gk. T€Tpdpxrjs, one of four chiefs; Luke, iii. I. — Gk. T€Tp-, for Tirrapes,.Attic form of TeaaapeSy four; and dpx^iv, to rule. See Four. Archer; see Arc. Arctic. (F. — L. — Gk.) XVI cent. — F. arctiqtie, — L. arcticus. — Gk. dpKTiKos, near the constellation of the Bear, northern. — Gk. dpKTos, a bear. Cognate with L. ursus ; see Ursine. antarctic. (L. — Gk.) L. antarcticus. — Gk. dvrapKTLKoSj southern, opposite to arctic. — Gk. dvr-, for dvri, opposite to \ and dpKTiKos, arctic. See Anti-. Ardent. (F. — L.) XIV cent. M.E. ar- daunt. — F. arda^it, pres. part, of ardre, to bum. — L. arderCy to bum. Der; ardour; O.F. ardory from L. ardorefUj acc. oi ardory a burning, fervour. arson, incendiarism. (F. — L.) O. F. arson, incendiarism. — O.F. ardoir^ to burn. — L. ardere, to bum. Arduous. (L.) Put for L. ardtiuSy steep, difficult, high. + Irish ard, high. Are, pres. pi. of the verb substantive. (E.) This is a Northern form ; O. North- um.brian aro7ty as distinguished from A. S. (Wessex) smdon. Cf. Icel. er-u, they are. Both ar-on (put for as-on) and s-ind-on (put for as-hi-d-on, in which the -on is an A. S. addition) are due to the same Aryan form AS-ANTI, they are, from whence also are Skt. s-anti, Gk. eia-iv, L. sunt, G. s-ind, Icel. er-u (for es-u ); &c. (-^AS, to be.) am. O. Northumb. aiUy A. S. eo7?t ; from the Aryan form AS-MA, I am, where AS is the root ‘to be,’ and MA is the first pers. pronoun (E. me). Hence also Skt. as-miy Gk. d-piy L. s-u-m (for as-{u)-mi)y Goth, i-m, Icel. e-m ; &c. art. O. Northumb. arS, A.S. eari. Here ar- answers to ^AS, and the suffix -*5 or ‘t denotes the 2 nd pers. pronoun; see Thou. is. A.S. isy weakened form of y'AS. The general Aryan form is AS-TA, i. e. ‘ is he ’; hence Skt. as-tiy Gk. lo'-rt, L. es-t, G. is-tj E. is. See also Be, Was. ARISTOCRACY. 17 Area. (L.) XVII cent. —L. area, an open space. Arefaction, Arena ; see Arid. Argent. (F. — L.) White; in heraldry. — F. argent.argentuniy silver; from its brightness. (y'ARG, to shine.) See below. Argillaceous, clayey. (L.) L. argilla- ceuSy adj. from argillay clay, esp. white clay. (-y^ARG.) See above. Argonaut. (L. — Gk.) L. a^gonauta. — Gk. dpyovavTTjSy one who sailed in the ship Argo. — Gk. dpyoj, the name of Jason’s ship (lit. swift, from dpyos, swift) ; and vavrrjSy a sailor; see Nautical. Argosy, a merchant-vessel. (Span. (?) — Gk.) Apparently taken from Span, argos, the noted ship Argo (see above). The added -y seems to have been meant for -f, due to the L. pi. ending in -i; at any rate, Marlowe uses argosy as a plural ; Jew of Malta, i. i. The Span. a7gos, like Low L. argiSy is due to the L. form A7go = G'k. dpyoj; though the final •s is difficult to explain. Argue. (F. — L.) M. E. arguen. — O. F. a7'^g^^er. — L. aiguerOy to prove by argument, lit. to make clear; cf. a7guUiSy clear, (y/ ARG, to shine.) Arid, dry. (L.) XVIII cent. — L. aiddus, dry. — L. arei'e, to be dry. arefaction. (L.) XVII cent. Coined from L. a7'efacerey to make dry. —L. are-7'ey to be dry; and facere, to make. arena. (L.) L. a7'enay sand ; the sanded space in which gladiators fought. — L. arerOy to be dry. Aright. (E.) For on right, in the right way. Arise; see Rise. Aristocracy. (Gk.) Modified from Gk. dpLGTOKpaTLa, government by the nobles or ‘ best’ men. — Gk. dpiaro-y for dpiaros, best; and /cpareiVy to be strong, govern, from KparvSy strong. The form dp-iaros is a su¬ perlative from the base dp- seen in dp-Tios, fit, dp-€Tri, excellence. (y/ AR, to fit.) Der. aristocrat-ic ; whence a7'istocraty put for ‘ aristocratic person.’ autocracy. (Gk.) From Gk. ahroKpd- Tcia, absolute or despotic government.— Gk. avTo-y for avros, self; and Kparuv, to rule, from Kpards, strong. Der. atitoc7'aty Gk. avTOKpdrojp, democracy. (F. —Gk.) Formerly moc7'aty (Milton). — O. F. de7nocratie ; Cot. — Gk. h'qpoKpardiay popular government, rule by the people. — Gk. lir^po-y for hripos, a i8 ARITHMETIC. ARROGATE. country-district, also the people; and Kpa- 7€Lv, to rule ; as above. theocracy. (Gk.) Lit. ‘ government by God ; ’ similarly formed from 0eos, God; see Theist. Arithmetic. (F.-Gk.) In Sh. - F. a77thvietique ; Cot. — Gk. dpLOfirjTiKrj, the science of numbers ; fern, of dpiOpLrjTLKos, adj. from dpiO/ios, number, reckoning. logarithm. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. A07-, stem of \6yos, a word, a proportion, ratio ; and dpiOpLos, a number; the sense being ^ ratio-number.’ Ark, a chest, box ; hence a large floating vessel. (L.) A.S. arc, —h, area, a chest, box. — L. arccre, to keep. ARK.) arcana. (L.) L. arcana, secrets, things kept secret. — L. arcere, to keep. Arm (i), part of the body. (E). M. E. arm. — A. S. earni. -f- Du. arm ; Icel. ar?7ir ; Dan., Swed., and G. ar?n ; Goth, amns ; L. arums, the shoulder; Gk. dppLos, joint, shoulder, (y' AR, to fit.) Arm (2), to furnish with weapons. (F.— L. ) See Arms. Armada, Armadillo, Armament, Armistice, Armour, Army see Arms. Arms, s. pi. weapons, (F. —L.) M. E. a?mies. — O.F. armes, pi. —L. a^mia, neut. pi., arms, lit. ‘ fittings.’ (y' AR, to fit.) alarm, a call to arms. (F. — Ital. — L.) M. E. alarnie. — F. ala7'me. — Ital. aira7'77ie, to arms! put for alle ar7ne. — Low L. ad illas ar77ias ; for L. ad ilia ar77ia, to those arms ! to your arms ! alarum. (F.-Ital.-L.) Merely a Northern E. form of ala7'7n. ambry, aumbry, a cupboard. (F.- L.) M. E. a'W77iebry, aw77iery\ Prompt. Parv.; the b is excrescent. — O. F. ar77iarie, a repository; properly, for arms ; but also a cupboard. — Low L. ar77iaria, a cupboard ; a7'77iariu77i, a repository for arms. — F.ar77ia, arms. arm (2), verb. M. E. ar77ien. — O. F. ar77ier. — L. ar77ia7'e, to furnish with arms. — L. a7'77ia, arms. armada, a fleet. (Span. — L.) Span. ar77iada, an armed fleet; fern, of ar77iado, pp. of a7'77iar, to arm. —L. ar7na7'e, to arm. armadillo, an animal. (Span. — L.) Span. ar77iadillo, lit. ‘ the little armed one,’ because of its hard shell. Dimin. of ar~ 7nado, pp. of ar77iar, to arm; as above. armament. (L.) F. a7'ma77ie7itii77i,z.Ti equipment. — L. a7'77iare, to arm, equip. armistice. (F. —L.) F. ar77i{stice.^' Low L. ar77iistitm77i not used; but the right form. — L. ar77ii-, for ar77ia, arms ; and -stitu77i for statii7n, supine of sistere, to make to stand, cause to be still, causal of stare, to stand. (Cf. Solstice.) armour. (F. —L.) M. E. ar77iour, ar- mure. — O. F. ar77iure, aiuneiire. — L. a7'ma- tu7'a, armour. — L. ar77iatus, pp. of ar77iare, to arm. army. (F. — L.) O. F. ar77iee, fern, of pp. of ar77ier, to arm. — L. ar77iare, to arm. Aroint thee ! begone ! (Scand.) Cor¬ ruption of prov. E. (Cheshire) ryiit thee, i.e. get out of the way (Ray). —Icel. ry77ia, to make room, clear the way. — Icel. rii77ir, spacious, allied to E. roo77i. Aroma, a sweet smell. (L. — Gk.) Late L. a7'077ia. — Gk. dpcofia, a spice, sweet herb. Der. aro7nat-ic, from the Gk. stem dpeupLar-. Around, prep, and adv. (E. a7td F. — L.) M. E. around ; put for on roimd \ see A- ( 2 ) and Round. Arouse; see Rouse. Arquebus, a kind of gun. (F.-Du.) F. arquebuse, ‘ an harquebuse, or hand¬ gun ; ’ Cot. — Walloon ha7'kibuse, dialectal variation of Du. haakbtis, lit. ^ a gun with a hook.* The ‘ hook ’ probably refers to the bent shape of it; the oldest hand-guns were straight. — Du. haak, a hook; and bus, a hand-barrel, a gun. See Hackbut. Arrack, an ardent spirit. (Arab.) Arab. ''a7'aq, sweat, juice, essence, distilled spirit. — Arab, root ''araqa, to sweat. ^ Sometimes shortened to Rack ; cf. Span. 7'aque, arrack. ratafia, a liquor. (F. — Arab. a7id Ma¬ lay.) F. ratafia ; cf. tafia, rum-arrack. — Malay a7'aq tafia, the spirit called tafia ; where araq is borrowed from Arab. '^araq. Arraign; see Rate (i). Arrange; see Ring. Arrant, knavish, notoriously bad. (E.) Also spelt ar7'a7id. Put for argha7id, Northern pres. part, of M. E. argJie7i, to be cowurdly (Destruction of Troy, 1946 .) — A. S. ea7'gian, to be cowardly.— A. S. earg, timid. ^ Confused with er7'ant, from O.F. er7'a7it, wandering, pres. part, of e7'rer, to \vander = L. errare ; see Err. Arras, tapestry. (F.) So named from Arras, in Artois, north of France. Array; see Ride. Arrears; see Rear ( 2 ), Arrest; see State. Arrive; see River. Arrogate; see Rogation. ARROW. ASHLAR. Arrow. (E.) M. E. arewe, arwe. A. S. I arewe ; older form earh. + Icel. oTj an ar¬ row ; perhaps akin to orr, swift. arrow-root. (E.) So called, it is said, because the juice of the Maranta galanga was used as an antidote against poisoned arrows. Arse. (E.) M. E. ars, ers. A. S. (srs. Arsenal. (Span. —Arab.) S-p3.n. arse7tal, a magazine, dock-yard, arsenal; longer forms, atarazanal^ ataraza7iay where the a- answers to Arab, al, def. article. Cf. Ital. da7'sena, a wet dock. — Arab, ddr siTtdat^ a house of construction, place for making things, dock-yard. — Arab, ddr, a house; and sindat, art, trade, construction. Arsenic. (L. — Gk.) Late L. arse7iicu77i. — Gk. dpaeviKov, arsenic ; lit. a male prin¬ ciple ; the alchemists had the strange fancy that metals were of different sexes. —Gk. dp(T€v-, stem of dporrjv, a male. Arson; see Ardent. Art (i), 2 p. s. pres, of verb. (E.) See Are. Art ( 2 ), skill. (F. — L.) M.E. — O. F. arL — L. a7'te7?i, acc. of ars, skill. (y'AR, to fit.) artifice. (F. — L.) In Milton. —F. arti- Jice, — L. artificiu77t, a trade, handicraft; hence skill. — L. crude form of ars, art; and -fie-, for facere, to make. Der. artific-er, a skilled workman. artillery. (F. — L.) O. F. artillerie, equipment of war, machines of war, in¬ cluding cross-bows, &c., in early times.— O. F. artiller, to equip. — Low L. artillare'^, to make machines; a verb inferred from the sb. a'rtillator, a maker of machines. Extended from arti-, crude form of ars, art. artisan, a workman. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. artisaTt, — Ital. artigiano, a workman. — Low L. artitianus'^, not found, but formed from 1^. a7'titus, cunning, artful. — L. crude form of ars, art. inert. (L.) L. mert-, stem of mers, unskilful, inactive. — L. not; ars, skill. Artery. (L. — Gk.) L. arteria, properly the wind-pipe; also, an artery.— Gk. dpr?;- pia, wind-pipe, artery. Artesian, adj. (F.) ArtesiaTi wells are named from F. Artesie7i, adj. formed from Artois, a province in the north of France, where these wells were early in use. Artichoke. (Ital. - Arab.) Ital. arti- ciocco, a corrupt form ; Florio also gives the a7'chiciocco, archicioffo ; also (with¬ out the ar, which answers to the Arab. def. . 19 art. al, the) the forms carciocco, carcioffo. Cf. Span, alcachofa, an artichoke. — Arab al harshaf, an artichoke. ^ Not Arab. ardi shauki (Diez), which is a corrupt form borrowed from Italian. Article, a small item, part of speech. (F. —L.) F. article.artietdus, a joint, knuckle, article in grammar; lit. ^ a small joint.’ Dimin. of artus, a joint, limb, (-y^ AR, to lit, join.) articulate. (L.) L. articulatus, dis¬ tinct ; pp. of articulare, to supply with joints, divide by joints. — L. articulus, a joint (above). Artifice, Artillery, Artisan ; see Art. As (i), conj. (E.) M.E. as, als, alse, also, al so. As is a contraction of also. (Proved by Sir F. Madden.) See Also. As ( 2 ), relative pronoun. (Scand.) Now vulgar; but found in M. E. as equivalent to ‘ which.’ — O. Icel. es, mod. Icel. er, used as a relative pronoun. (Proved in Cleasby, Icel. Diet.) Asafoetida, Assafeetida, a gum. (Pers. and L.) Pers dzd, the name of the gum ; the \u.fcetida, fetid, refers to its offensive smell. See Fetid. Asbestos, a mineral. (Gk.) Gk. d- afSearos, unquenchable; because it is in¬ combustible. — Gk. d-, neg. prefix; and -a^iaros, quenchable, from ofSivvvpn, I quench, extinguish. Ascend ; see Scan. Ascertain; see Certain. Ascetic. (Gk.) Gk. da/crjTiKos, given to exercise, industrious; applied to hermits, who strictly exercised themselves in reli¬ gious devotion. — Gk. daKrjTrjs, one who practises an art, an athlete. — Gk. dcTKelv, to work, exercise; also, to mortify the body, as an ascetic. Ascititious ; see Science. Ascribe; see Scribe. Ash, a tree. (E.) M. E. asch. A. S. ( 2 sc. -f- Du. esch ; Icel. askr; Dan. and Swed, as/k ; G. esche. Ashamed; see Shame. Ashes. (E.) The pi. of ash, which is little used. M. E. asche, axe, sing.; the pi. is commonly asche7Z, axen, but in North¬ ern E. it is asches, ashes. A. S. cesce, pi. (2sca7t, cBxan, asca7i. + Du. asch ; Icel. and Swed. aska; Dan. aske ; Goth, azgo, pi. azgo7i ; G. asche. Ashlar, Ashler, a facing made of squared stones, (F. — L.) It consists of . thin slabs of stone for facin^’^ a building; 20 ASHORE. ASTER. so called because it took the place of the •wooden shingles or tiles used for the same purpose. — O. F. aiseler (Livre des Rois), extended from O. F. aiselle, aisiele, a little board, dimin. of ais, a plank. — L. assis, sometimes axis, a board, plank ; whence the dimin. assula, a thin piece of wood, a shingle for roofing. Ashore. (E.) Put for oyi shore. Aside. (E.) Put for 07i side. Ask. (E.) M. E. asken, axien. A. S. dscian, dhsian, dcsiayi ; the last answers to prov.E.fl:.r.-|-r)u. eische7t \ Swed. cBska ; Dan. cBske ; G. heischeyi. Cf. Russ, iskate, to seek; Skt. ichchhd. a wish, desire, esh, to search, (^a/ IS, ISK, to search.) Askance, obliquely. (Ital.-L.) Spelt a-scayice by Sir T. Wyat; ascanche by Pals¬ grave, who gives de trauers, eii lorgnant, as the F. equivalent. Etym. doubtful; but prob. due to Ital. scaytsare, ‘ to go a-slope or a-scoyice, or a-skew, to go sidelin;’ Florio. — Ital. J- ( = Lat. ex, out of the way) ; and cayisare, * to go a-slope, give placeFlorio. This is derived, according to Diez, from L. campsare, to turn round a place, bend round it; allied to W. cayn, crooked, and Gk. KCL^meLv, to bend. Askew, awry. (Scand.) For on skew, a translation of Icel. d skd, on the skew; cf. Icel. skeif)', skew, oblique; see Skew. Aslant. (Scand.) For oyt slayit. Asleep. (E.) For on sleep'. Acts xiii. 36. Aslope. (E.) For on slope. Asp, Aspic, a serpent. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. aspe, aspic. — L. aspidem, acc. of aspis. — Gk. dams (gen. damdos), an asp. Asparagus, a vegetable. (L. - Gk.- Pers. ?) L. asparagus. — Gk. dandpayos. Supposed to be of Pers. origin ; cf. Zend ^paregha, a prong; Lithuan. spurgas, a shoot (Fick). Aspect ; see Species. Aspen, Asp, a tree. (E.) hl.E. asp, Chaucer, C. T. 2923 ; aspeyt is an adj. (like goldeyt), and is used for aspen-tree ; cf. Ch. C.T. 7249 . A. S. cesp, (Bps. 4* Du. esp ; Icel. dsp, Dan. and Swed. asp ; G. aspe, aspe', Lithuan. apuszis ; Russ. osma. Asperity. (F. - L.) F. asperiie. — L. asperitatem, acc. of asperitas, roughness. — L. asper, rough. exasperate, to provoke. (L.) From the pp. of ex-aspey'are, to roughen, provoke. — L. ex, very; asper, rough. Asperse ; see Sparse. Asphalt. (Gk.) Gk. dacpaXTos, dacpaXTOV, asphalt, bitumen. Prob. a foreign word; perhaps Phoenician. Asphodel. (Gk.) Gk. da(pudeXos, a plant of the lily kind. daffodil. (F. - L. - Gk.) The is a later addition; perhaps from F. Jleur d''affrodille, translated ‘ daffodil-flower.’ M. E. affodille ; Prompt. Parv. — O. F. as- pliodile, also affrodille, ‘th’affodill. or asphro- dill flower;’ Cot. — L. asphodelus, — Gk. dacpodeXos (above). Asph37xia, suffocation. (Gk.) Gk. d- acpv^ia, a stopping of the pulse.— Gk. d- acpvKTos, without pulsation, — Gk d-, not; and acpv^eiv, to pulsate; cf. a(pvyp.6s, pul¬ sation. Aspire ; see Spirit. Ass. (E.) M.E. asse. A. S. assa. Cf. W. asyyt, Swed. dsyta, Icel. asyti, L. asiyius, Gk. dvos. Also Irish asal, Du. ezel, Dan. and G. esel, Goth, asihis, L. asellus. Prob. of Semitic origin ; cf. Heb. athoyi, a she- ass. easel. (Du.) Du. ezel, an ass ; also a support, a painter’s easel. Prob. borrowed directly from L. asellus. Assail; see Salient. Assassin, a secret murderer. (F. — Arab.) F. assassm. From Arab, hashishiyi, drink¬ ers of ‘hashish,’ the name of a sect in the 13 th century; the ‘Old !Man of the Moun¬ tain ’ roused his followers’ spirits by help of this drink, and sent them to stab his enemies, esp. the leading crusaders. — Arab. hashish, an intoxicating preparation from the Caytyzabis indica, a kind of hemp. Assault ; see Salient. Assay; see Essay. Assemble; see Similar. Assent; see Sense. Assert; see Series. Assess; see Sedentary. Assets; see Sate. •Asseverate; see Severe. Assiduous; see Sedentary. Assign; see Sign. Assimilate; see Similar. A.ssist; see State. Assize ; see Sedentary. •Associate; see Sequence. Assonant; see Sound ( 3 ). Assort; see Sort. Assuage ; see Suasion. Assume; see Exempt. Assure; see Cure. Aster, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. dar-qp, a star. See Star. ASTHMA. ATTEND. 21 asterisk. (Gk.) Gk. aarepldKos, a little star, also an asterisk *, used for distinguish¬ ing fine passages in MSS. — Gk. darept-, for crude form of daTqpj a star. asteroid, a minor planet. (Gk.) Pro¬ perly an adj.,. signifying ‘ star-like.’ —Gk. do-T€po-€idr}9, star-like. — Gk. dcrrepo-, crude form of darrip, ^ star: and eld-os, form, figure. astrology. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. astrologie. — lj.as^ro/ogza, (i) astronomy; ( 2 ) astrology, or science of the stars. — Gk. darpo^oyia, as¬ tronomy.—Gk. dcrrpo-, for darpov, a star; and -\oyia, allied to Xoyos, a discourse, from Xeyeiv, to speak. astronomy. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. astro- 7iomie. — L. astronomia. — Gk. darpovoixla. — Gk. daTpo-v, a star ; and -vopLia, allied to vopLos, law, from vepLeiv, to distribute. disaster. (F. — L.) O. F. desastre, ‘a disaster, misfortune;’ Cot. Lit. ‘ill-fortune.’ .des-, forL. dis-, with a sinister or bad sense; and O. F. astre^ a star, planet, also destiny, fortune, from L. astrum, a star. Asthma, difficulty in breathing. (Gk.) Gk. daOpLa, panting. — Gk. dd^eiv, to breathe out. — Gk. deiVy to breathe. Cf. Skt. z>dy to blow. (v'WA.) Astir. (E.) For on stir; Barbour’s Bruce, xix. 577 . Astonish, Astound. (E. ; modified by F.) The addition of -ishy as in extingu-ish, is due to analogy with other verbs in -ish. M. E. astonieiiy astunieuy astonen ; whence later astony, afterwards lengthened to astonish ; also astound, by the addition of excrescent d after n, as in sound, from F. son. From A. S. dstunian, to stun com¬ pletely, compounded of d-, prefix, and stuniazi, to stun ; the exact equivalent of the cognate G. erstaunezi, to amaze; see A- ( 4 ) and Stun. p. Doubtless much confused with, and influenced by, O. F. estonner (mod. F. etoztner'), to amaze ; this is from Low L. extoziare, to thunder out, from ex- out; and tonare, to thunder; see Thunder. Astray. Yor on stray; Barbour’s Bruce, xiii. 195 . See Stray. Astrietion ; see Stringent. Astride. (E.) Put for on {the) stride. Astringent. (L.) See Stringent. Astrology, Astronomy; see Aster. Astute. (L.) L. astutus, crafty, cun¬ ning. —L. asHis, craft. Asunder. (E.) For on sunder. A. S. on-smidran, apart. See Sunder. Asylum, (L. — Gk.) L. asylum. — Gk. dav'Kov, an asylum ; neut. of dcrvXos, adj. unharmed, safe from violence. — Gk. d- not; and avXr], a right of seizure; avXdoj, I despoil an enemy. Asymptote, a line which, indefinitely produced, does not meet the curve which it continually approaches. (Gk.) Gk. dcru^u- TTTOJTos, not falling together, not coincident. — Gk. d-, not; avpi, for avv, together; and TTTOoros, falling, from (pt. t. Trg- •TTTOJKa) to fall. (^ PAT.) At. (E.) M. E. at, A. S. cet. -f- Icel. at; Goth, at; Dan. ad; Swed. dt; L. ad. Atheism ; see Theism. Athirst. (E.) M. E. ofthurst, atliursf, very thirsty; orig. pp. of a verb. A. S. ofpyrsted, very thirsty; pp. of of])yrstan, to be very thirsty. — A. S. of, very (prefix); and \yrstan, to thirst; see Thirst. Athlete. (L. — Gk.) L. athleta. — Gk. dOXrjTTjs, a combatant, contender in games. — Gk. dOXeiv, to contend for a prize. — Gk. dOXos (for deOXos), a contest; dOXov (for deOXov), a prize. See Wed. Athwart, across. For on thwart, on the transverse, across ; see Thwart. Atlas. (Gk.) Named after Atlas, the demi-god who was said to bear the world on his shoulders; his figure used often to appear on the title-page of atlases. —Gk. hrXas (gen. ''ArXavTos), prob. ‘ the sus- tainer’ or bearer, from V TAL, to bear. atlantie, an ocean, named after Mt. Atlas, in the N.W. of Africa; from crude form ‘'ArXavTi-. Atmosphere. (Gk.) Lit. ‘a sphere of air round the earth.’ Coined from drixo-, for dTfxds, vapour, air; and Sphere. Atom ; see Tome. Atone ; see One. Atrocity. (F. — L.) F. atrocite. Cot. — L. atrocitatem, acc. of atrocitas, cruelty. — L. atroci; crude form of atrox, cruel. Atrophy. (Gk.) Gk. drpocpia, want of nourishment or food, hunger, wasting away of the body, atrophy. — Gk. d-, not; and rpe^eiv (pt. t. re-rpocpa) to nourish. Attach, Attack ; see Tack. Attain ; see Tangent. Attaint; see Tangent. Attar of Roses. (Arab.) Also, less correctly, otto of roses, i.e. perfume. — Arab. Htr, perfume. — Arab, root 'atara, to smell sweetly. Attemper; see Temper. Attempt; see Tenable, Attend; see Tend. 22 ATTENUATE. AUGUR. Attenuate ; see Tenuity. Attest; see Testament. Attic, a small upper room. (Gk.) It orig. meant the whole of a parapet wall, terminating the upper facade of an edifice. Named from the Attic order of architecture ; see Phillips, ed. 1706 . — Gk. 'Attlkos, Attic, Athenian. Cf. F. attique, an attic; Attique, Attic. Attire. (F. — Teut.) INI. E. atir, atyr, sb.; atireii, atyren, verb. — O. F. atiHer, to adorn (Roquefort). — O. F. a ( = L. ad^ prefix) ; and O. F. tire, a row, file (Burguy); so that atirier is properly ^to arrange.’ Cf. O. Prov. Hera, a row (Bartsch). (3. From a Low G. form, answering to O. H. G. ziari, G. zier, an ornament; cf. O. Du. tier, ^gesture, or countenance,’ i.e. demeanour (Hexham). tire, to deck. (F. — Teut.) Both as sb. and verb. jM. E. Hr, tyr, sb.; which is nothing but M. E. atir with the initial a dropped. Thus Hp'e is merely short for attire, like peal (of bells) for appeal. Attitude. (Ital. — L.) See Apt. Attorney; see Turn. Attract; see Trace. Attribute; see Tribe. Attrition ; see Trite. Attune; see Tone. Auburn. (F. - Ital. - L.) See Alb. Auction. (L.) L. auctionem, acc. of aticHo, a sale by auction, lit. ‘ an increase,’ because the sale is to the highest bidder. — L. auctus, pp. of aicgej'e, to increase. See Eke. augment. (F. — L.) F. augmenter.^ L. aiig?ne7itare, to enlarge. — L. augmetitum, an increase. — L. augere, to increase. august. (L.) L. augiistus, venerable ; whence E. august, venerable, and August, the month named after Augustus Caesar. — L. atigere, to increase, magnify. author. (L.) hi. E. autor, autour; also auctor, auctour. (It does not seem to be used in O. F.) — auctor, an originator, lit. ‘ one who makes to grow.’ — L. auctus, pp. of augere, to increase. auxiliary. (L.) L. auxiliarius, helping, assisting. — L. auxiliuiu, help. — L. atigere, to increase. Audacious. (F. — L.) F. audacieux, bold, audacious. — L. audaciosus'^, not found; extended from L. audaci-, crude form of audax, bold. — L. audere, to dare. Audience. (F. — L.) F. audie^ice, ‘ an audience or hearing;’ Cot. —L. audientia^ a hearing. — L. audienti-, crude form of pres. pt. of audh'e, to hear; cf. L. auris, the ear. { 4 / AW.) audible. (L.) L. audibilis, that can be heard.— L. audh'e. audit. (L.) Perhaps from L. audittis, a hearing; but in Webster’s Diet, it is said to have arisen from the use of the 3 rd pers. sing. pres, audit, he hears.— L. audire, to hear ; whence also audi-tor. auricula, a plant. (L.) L. aw'icula, the lobe of the ear; used to mean the ‘ bear’s ear,’ a kind of primrose ; see below. auricular, told in the ear, secret. (L.) Low L. am'icularis, in the phr. auHculaids co7ifessio, auricular confession. — Y^.auTpcula, the lobe of the ear; double dimin. from auris, the ear. See Ear. auscultation, a listening. (L.) L. aus- cultatio, a listening. — L. auscultatus, pp. of auscultare, to listen; contr. form for ausicuU it-a7'e^, a frequentative form from ausicula *, old form of auricula, the lobe of the ear ; double dimin. of auris, the ear. obedient. (F. — L.) O. F. ohedie7it. — L. obedie7tt-, stem of pres. pt. of obedire (O. L. oboedire'), to obey. — L. ob-, near; and audire, to hear. Der. dis-obedieTit. obeisance. (F. — L.) M.E. obeisa7ice. — O. F. obeisa7ice, later F. obeissa7ice, obe¬ dience. — L. obedie7itia, obedience; hence, respect. — L. obedie7tti-, stem of pres. pt. of obedire (above). obey. (F. — L.) M. E. obeye7t. — O. F. obeir. — L. obedire. Der. dis-obey. oyer, a term in law. (F. — L.) Oyer a7id ter77H7ier means, literally, ‘ to hear and determine.’ — Norm. F. oyer (F. ou'ir), to hear. — L. audire, to hear. oyez, oyes, hear ye! (F. — L.) Public criers begin by saying oyes, now corrupted into 0 yes! — Norm. F. oyez, 2 p. pi. im¬ perative of oyer, to hear (above). scout (i), a spy. (F. — L.) M. E. scoute. — O. F. escoute, a spy. —O. F. escouter, to I listen. — L. ausculta7'e ; see auscultation (above). Auger, a tool for boring holes. (E.) See Nave (i). Aught. (E.) Fora whit; see 'W bit. Augment. (F. —L.) See Auction. Augur. (L.) M.E. augur.augur, a sooth-sayer; said to mean a diviner by the flight and cries of birds. Hence a sup¬ posed etymology (not certain) from auis, a bird, and -gur^ telling, allied io garrire, to shout. AUGUST. AVAST. 23 inaugurate. (L.) From pp. of L. in-augurare^ to practise augury, to con¬ secrate, begin formally. August; see Auction. Aunt. (F. — L.) M. E. aunte. — O. F. a7ite (mod. F. amita, a father’s sister. Cf. Icel. am77ia^ a grandmother, O. H. G. ammd^ mother, G. amine, nurse. Aureate. (L.) Low L. aureatus, gilt, golden; for L. auratus, gilded, pp. of aui'arCy to gild. — L. auruni, gold; O. L. ausum. (V US.) Der. aur-elia, a gold- coloured chrysalis; aur-e-ol-a, aur-e-ole, the halo of golden glory in paintings; auri- fei'ous, gold-producing, from ferre, to bear. loriot, the golden oriole. (F. — L.) F. loriot, corruptly written for Voi'iot, where oi'iot is another form of oriol\ see oriole (below). or ( 3 ,) gold. (F. — L.) In heraldry. F. — L. aurum, gold. oriel, a recess (with a window) in a room. (F. — L.) M. E. oriol, oryall, a small room, portico, esp. a room for a lady, boudoir. — O. — Low L. oriolum, a small room, recess, portico; prob. for aureolum, that which is ornamented with gold. —L. aurum, gold. ^ See Pliny, b. xxxiii. c. 3 , for the custom of gilding apart¬ ments. oriflamme, the old standard of France. (F.-L.) F. oiijiambe, the sacred standard of France. — Low L. aurijiamma, lit. ‘ golden flame,’ because the banner was cut into flame-like strips at the outer edge, and carried on a gilt pole. —L. aui'i-, for auro-, crude form of aurum, gold ; and Jiamma, a flame. oriole, the golden thrush. (F. — L.) O. F. oriol.^'L. aureolus, golden. ormolu, a kind of brass. (F. —L.) F. or moulu, lit.' pounded gold.’ — F. or, from L. aurum, gold; and moulu, pp. oimoudre, to grind, O. F. moldre, which from L. molere, to grind. orpiment, yellow sulphuret of arsenic. (F. — L.) Lit. ^gold paint.’ F. orpiment. — L. auripigmentum, gold paint. — L. auri-, for aurum ; and pigmentum, a pigment, paint, from pingere, to paint. orpine, orpin, a kind of stone-crop. (F. —L.) Named from its colour. M. E. orpin. — F. orpin, ‘ orpin, or live-long; also orpiment;’ Cot. A docked form of orpiment above. Auricular, Auscultation ; see Audi¬ ence. T Aurora, the da^vn. (L.) L. aurora., the dawn; put for an older Aeolic aiicus ; Skt. ushdsd, dawn. (y'US.) Auspice. (F. — L.) See Aviary. Austere. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. atisteo'e. — O. F. austere. — L. austemis, harsh, severe. — Gk. av(TTr)p6s, making the tongue dr}% harsh. —Gk. avos, parched; av€iv, to parch, dry. See Sere. Austral. (F.-L.; or L.) We find F. austi'ale, ^southerly’; Cot. •^'L. Austi'alis, southerly. — L. Auster, the South wind. (v'US.) Authentic. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. aii- tentique, autentik. — O. F. autentique. later authentique (Cot.) — L. authenticus, original, written with the author’s own hand. — Gk. avOevTiKos, vouched for, warranted. — Gk. avOivTTjs, one who does things with his own hand. (Of uncertain origin.) Author. (L.) See Auction. Auto-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. avro-, crude form of avTos, self. Der. auto-biography, a biography written by oneself (see Bio¬ graphy) ; autograph, something in one’s own handwriting, from Gk. ypacpeiv, to write (see Graphic). automaton, a self-moving machine. (Gk.) Gk. avrofJLaTov, neut. ol avropLaros, self-moving. — Gk. avro-, for avrbs, self; and a stem ixar-, appearing in iiar-evoj, I seek after, strive to do. Cf. Skt. mata, desired, pp. of man, to think, (y' MAN.) autonomy, self-government. (Gk.) Gk. avTovojjLia, independence. — Gk. avrovopLos, free, living by one’s own laws. — Gk. avro-, self; and vepLopiai, I sway, from vepLeiv, to distribute (see Nomad). autopsy, personal inspection. (Gk.) Gk. avToxpia, a seeing with one’s own eyes. — Gk. avTo-, self; oij/is, sight (see Optic). And see Aristocracy. Autumn. (L.) L. autumnus, auctum- nus, autumn. (Perhaps allied to augere, to increase.) Auxiliary. (L.) See Auction. Avail ; see Valid. Avalanche ; see Valley. Avarice. (F.-L.) M.E. azmidee (with u for v). — F. avai'ice. — L. auaritia, greedi¬ ness. — L. auarus, greedy; cf. L. auidus, greedy. — E.auere, to wish, desire, (y' AW.) avidity. (F.-L.) greediness, eagerness. — L. auiditatem, acc. of auiditas, eagerness. — L. auidtis, greedy, desirous. Avast, stop, hold fast. (Du.) Du. hou vast) houd vast, hold fast. — Du. hou, short AVATAR. AWN. 24 form of houd^ imper. of houden, to hold (see Hold) ; and vast, fast (see Past). Avatar. (Skt.) Skt. avatdra, descent; hence, the descent of a Hindu deity in incarnate form. — Skt. do^vn; and/r/, to pass over, pass. Avaunt, begone! (F. —L.) Short for F. en avaiit, forward! See Advance. Ave, hail. (L.) Short for Aue Maria, hail, Mar}’’ (Luke, i. 28 ). — L. aue, hail! imper. sing, of auei'e, perhaps to be pleased, be propitious. Cf. Skt. av, to be pleased. Avenge; see Vindicate. Avenue; see Venture. Aver; see Very. Average; see Habit. Avert; see Verse. Aviary. (L.) L. auiarium, a place for birds; neut. of adj. auia 7 'ius, belonging to birds. —L. aid-, for auis, a bird. auspice, favour, patronage. (F. — L.) F. auspice, a token of things by the flight of birds, an omen, good fortune. — L. au- spiciuvi, a watching of birds for the pur¬ pose of augur}n Short for auispicium^.^ L. aui-, for auis, a bird ; and spicere, specere, to spy, look into (see Special). bustard, a bird. (F. — L.) Formerly also bistard (Sherwood). — O. F. bistarde, ‘ a bustard; ’ Cot. Mod. F. outarde. — L. aids tai'da, a slow bird (Pliny, N. H. x. 22 ). Cf. Port, abetarda, also betarda, a bustard. ^ Both O. F. bistarde and F. outa^'de are from auis tarda ; in the former case, initial a is dropped; in the latter, otctarde stands for an older oustarde, where ous=^'L.. aids. See Diez. ostrich, a bird. (F. — L. and Gk.) M. E. ostrice, oystrj'che.’^O.F. osti'uce; mod. F. auUmche. Cf. Span, avestruz. Port, abes- truz, an ostrich. — L. auis struthio, lit. ostrich-bird. Here struthio is from Gk. (XTpov9Lajv,a.n ostrich; extended from arpovd- o?. a bird. And see Egg. Avidity; see Avarice. Avocation. (L.) See Vocal. Avoid. (F. —L.) See Void. Avoirdupois. (F. — L.) Sh. has avoir¬ dupois with the mere sense of ‘ weight.’ ¥. avoir du pois, to have some weight, to weigh.— L. habere,'to have avoir')', de illo, of that, of the (F. du) ; and pensum, that which is weighed out, neut. of pensus, pp. of pendei'e, to weigh. ^ The F. pois is now usually misspelt poids, as if from L. pondus, weight. See Poise. Avouch; see Vocal, Avow, to confess, to declare openly. (F. —L.) See Vow, where it is explained that there is also (probably) a connection with Vocal. Await; see Wait. Awake, Awaken; see Wake. Award; see Ward. Aware; see Wary. Away. (E.) For on way, though now often used as if it meant off (out of) the way. A. S. away. See Way. Awe. (Scand.) hi. E. a^e, aghe, awe ; also e^e, eghe, eye ; all orig. dissyllabic. The latter set are from A. S. ege, awe; the former, not from A. S. oga, awe (which was also used), but rather from Icel. agiy awe, fear; Dan. ave. +A.S. ege, oga ; Goth. agis, fear, anguish; Irish eaghal, fear, terror; Gk. dxoy, anguish, affliction; L. angor, choking, anguish ; Skt. agha, sin. The orig. sense is ‘choking.* AGH.) See Anguish. Her. aw-fid, ail. (E.) A. S. eglan, to pain. — A. S. eg-e, fear, orig. pain (above). Awkward, clumsy. (Scand. and E.) Orig. an adv., signifying ‘ transversely,’ or ‘ in a backhanded manner.’ M. E. awkward, awkrvaii :; ‘ awkwart he couth him ta ’ = he gave him a backhanded stroke, Wallace, iii. 175 . p. The suffix -ward is E., as in for-ward, on-ward, &c. The prefix is M. E. auk, awk, contrary, perverse, wrong; this is a contraction of Icel. dfug-, like hawk from A.S. hafoc.'~^\z€t. bfugr, often contracted to dfgu, adj., turning the wrong way, back foremost, contrary, y. Here df- is for af, off, from, away; and -ug- is a suffix. Cf. O. H. G. ap-uh, M. H. G. eb- ich, turned away, perverse ; from ap = G. ab, off, away, and the suffix -uh. Also Skt. apdk, apahch, turned away; from ap-, for apa, off, away, and ahch, to bend, of which an older form must have been ank, nasalised for ak. 8 . Thus the sense of awk is ‘bent away ’; from Icel. af, cognate with F. of, off', and a suffix, from the y'AK, to bend. See Of. Awl. (E.) M. E. awel, aul, al, el. A. S. awel, also cd, an awl. + Icel. air', G. ahle\ Skt. drd ; lit. ‘ piercer.’ Cf. Skt. arpaya, to pierce, causal of ri, to go. Awn. (Scand.) M.F. agune (i 2 ,th cent), awene, awne. — Icel. dgn, chaff, a husk; Dan. avne, chaff; Swed. agn, only in pi. agnar, husks. + Goth, ahana ; O. H. G. agana ; Gk. dyya, chaff. Cf. Gk. dx^pov, chaff, husk of corn, L. acus, chaff; named AWNING. BACHELOR. from its prickliness; the lit. sense being ‘ prickle.’ AK.) Awning. (Pers.?) In Sir T. Herbert’s Travels, ed. 1665 , p. 8 ; the proper sense seems to be 'a sail or tarpauling spread above a ship’s deck, to keep off the sun’s heat.’ Prob. from Pers. dwan^ dwang, anything suspended, dwangdn, pendulous, hanging; awnang, a clothes-line; Rich. Diet. p. 206 ; whence perhaps also O. F. auventj Low L. auvanna, ‘ a pent-house of cloth before a shop-window ; ’ Cot. Awry. (E.) For on W7y, on the twist; Barbour, Bruce, iv. 705 . See Wry. Axe, Ax. (E.) M. E. ax, ex. A. S. eax, cex\ O. Northumb. acasa, acase.’\‘\(i€^. ox, dxi ; Swed. yxa ; Dan. oxe ; Goth, akzvisi ; O. H. G. acchus, G. axt ; L. ascia, for acsia ; Gk. d^ivT ]; Russ. ose. Cf. Gk. b^vs, sharp. (V AK-S ?) Axiom. (Gk.) XVII cent. - Gk. d^tcy/xa (gen. d^LOjjJiaTos), worth, quality; in science, an assumption. — Gk. d^iootj, I deem worthy. — Gk. d^ 4 os, worthy, worth, lit. ‘ weighing as much as.’ — Gk. dynv, to drive ; also, to weigh as much as. (^ AG.) Axis, axle. (L.) L. axis, an axis, axle- tree.-f-Gk. d^QJv ; G. achse ; A. S. eax, an axle; Skt. aksha, an axle, wheel, cart, (y' AG, to drive.) See Axle. Axle. (E.) M. E. axel, exel\ it also means ‘ shoulder.’ A. S. eaxl, the shoulder. + Icel. dxl, shoulder-joint; bxull, axis ; Swed. and Dan. axel, shoulder, axle; G. achsel, shoulder, achse, axis. p. The G. achsel, O. H. G. ahsala, is the dimin. of G. achse, O. H. G. ahsa. The shoulder-joint 25 is the axis on which the arm turns. Axle, an E. word, is dimin. of the form appearing in L. axis ; see Axis. Der. axle-tree, where tree is a block of wood. Ay! interj. (E.) M. E. ey I A natural interjection. ^ The phr. ay me is French ; O. F. aymi, alas for me! Cf. Ital. ahrnie. Span, ay di mi, Gk. oi'/xot. See Ah. Ay, Aye, yea, yes. (E.) Spelt I in old edd. of Shak. It appears to be a corruption of yea; see Yea. Aye, adv., ever. (Scand.) M. E. ay. — Icel. ei, ever. -f“ A. S. d, ever, also dwa ; Goth, aiw, ever, an adv. formed from ahvs, an age, which is allied to L. ceuum, Gk. aXdjv, an age. Cf. Gk. aUi, del, ever. Azimuth. (Arab.) Azimuthal circles are great circles on the sphere that pass through the zenith. Properly, azimuth is a pi. form, answering to Arab, as-samut, ways, or points (or quarters) of the horizon ; from al samt, sing., the way, or point (or quarter) of the horizon. — Arab, al, the ; and samt, a way, quarter, direction; whence also E. zenith. Azote, nitrogen. (Gk.) See Zoology. Azure, blue. (F. — Arab.) M.E. asur, azure. — O. F. azur, azure ; a corrupted form, standing for lazur, which was mis¬ taken for Vazur, as if the initial I indicated the def. article. — Low L, lazur, an azure- coloured stone, also called lapis lazuli.'^ Arab. Idjward, lapis lazuli, a blue colour. So called from the mines of Lajwurd, where the lapis lazuli was found (Marco Polo, ed. Yule). B. Baa, to bleat. (E.) In Shak.; an imita¬ tive word. Babble. (E.) M. E. bahelen, to prate, I mumble, chatter. The suffix -le is fre¬ quentative ; the word means ‘ to keep on saying ba, ba,' syllables imitative of a child’s attempts to speak. Du. babbelen ; Dan. bable ] Icel. babbla; G. bappeln', and cf. F. babiller. Babe. (C.') M. E. bab, earliest form ba- bajt.^V^., Gael., Irish, and Corn, baban, mutation of mabajt, dimin. of W. 77idb, a son, Gael, and Irish 77iac, a son, from Early W. 7naqm, a son (Rhys).-f-Goth. 7nagus, a boy. MAGH.) Baboon. (F. or Low L.) T. babouhi ; we also find M.E. babio7i, babiafz, babe- wine. — Low L. babewyzius, a baboon (a.d. 1295 ). Origin uncertain. Bacchanal. (L. — Gk.) L. Bacchanalis, a worshipper of Bacchus, god of wine.— Gk. ’'laKxos, god of wine. — Gk. Idx^LV, to shout, horn the shouting of wor¬ shippers at the festival of lacchus. Lit. ‘ to cry lax !’ Bachelor. (F. — L.) M. E. bacheler. — O. F. bacheler. — Low L. baccalaz'ius, a holder of a small farm or estate, called in Low L. baccalaz'ia. Remoter origin un¬ known, and much disputed. Perhaps from 26 BACK. BAG. Low L. haca^ put for L. uacca, a cow. Or from Celtic, viz. little; though there is no evidence for this. Back. (E.) M. E. bak, A. S. bcEC. + Icel. bak. Der. a-back, q. v.; back-bite^ M. E. bakbiten (P. PL B. ii. 8 o) ; back-ward, M. E. bacward (Layam. ii. 578 ), &c. Backgammon. (Scand.*?) In Butler’s Hudibras, c. hi. pt. 2 . Perhaps it meant ‘ tray-game ; ’ from Dan. bakke, a tray, and gam7nen, game; see Game, and see Blot. Bacon. (F. — Teut.) bacon. •‘O.F. bacon ; Low L. baco. — O. Du. baken, bacon; from bak, a pig. Cf. O. H. G. pacho, hi. H. G. bache, a flitch of bacon. Bad. (C.) M. E. bad. Of Celtic origin ; Corn, bad, foolish, stupid, insane; cf. Bret. bad, stupidity. Also Gael, baodh, vain, giddy, baoth, foolish, stupid. Badge. (LowL. — L.) M.E.^^^^; Prompt. Parv. — Low L. bagia, bagea, ‘ signum, in- signe quoddamDucange. — Low L. baga, a golden ring; also a fetter (hence, probably, anything bound round the arm) ; also spelt baca, a ring, link of a chain. — L. bacca, baca, a berry ; also, a link of a chain. (Doubtful.) Badger. (F. — L.) Spelt bagea^'d in Sir T. More ; a nickname for the M.E. badger, bager, a dealer in corn, or, in a bad sense, a stealer of corn, because the animal was supposed to steal corn; so also F. blaUxau, a badger, lit. ^ corn-stealer,’ from bU, corn. Badger stands for bladger, an¬ swering to a Low L. type ablataticarius'^, due to Low L. ablatum, com. Cf. O. F. hladier, ‘ a merchant, or ingrosser of corn,’ Cot., Low L. bladaruis ; from Low L. bla- du7n, short for abladu7n, ablation, com. p. Low L. ablation signifies ' carried com,’ hence ^stored corn;’ from. L. ablatum, neut. of ablatus, carried away. — L. ab, away; and latus, put for .tlatus, borne, carried ; from -y' TAL, to lift. ^ Since F. ble is from L. ablatum, the E. badger (for bladger') and F. blaireau are closely related. Badinage, jesting talk. (F. — Prov. — L.) F. badinage. — F. badiner, to jest. — F. badin, adj., jesting. — Prov. bader (= F. bayer), lit. to gape; hence, to be silly. — Late L. badai'e, to gape ; prob. of imitative origin, from ba, expressive of opening the mouth. Cf. Babble. Baffle, to foil, disgrace. (Scand.) A Scotch word, as explained in Hall’s Chron. Hen. VIII, an. 5 . To haffull is ^ a great re¬ proach among the Scottes; ’ it means to disgrace, vilify. Lowland Sc. bauchle (XV cent, hachle), to vilify. — Lowland Sc. bauch, baugh, baach (with guttural ch or gli), insufficient, dull (said of tools), sorry, poor, tired, jaded, without animation (Ja¬ mieson). — Icel. bagr, awkward, clumsy, bdgr, uneasy, bdgr, strife; whence Icel. bcegja, to hinder, push back, treat harshly, oppress, bagga, to Mnder. Bag. (E.) Put for halg. M. E. bagge ; O. Northumbrian bcelig, bcElg, Luke, xvii. 35 .-j-Goth. balgs, a wine-skin; G. balg, a skin ; Icel. belgr, a skin, a bag. So also Gael, balg, bolg, also bag, a leathern bag. Lit. ' that which swells out.’ (Teut. ^ BALG.) See Bulge. bagatelle, a trifle, a game. (F. — Ital. — Teut.) F. bagatelle, a trifle. — Ital. bagattella, a trifle, dimin. of Parmesan bagata, a little property; from Lombard baga, a wine-skin, of Teut. origin ; see Bag, baggage (i). baggage (i), luggage. (F.-C.) M. E. baggage, bagage. — O. F. bagage, a collection of bundles. — O. F. bague, a bundle. Of Celtic origin; Bret, beadh, a bundle, W. baich, a burden; Gael, bag, balg, a wallet; see Bag. baggage ( 2 ), a worthless woman. (F. — C.) Cormpted from O. F. bagasse, *a, bag¬ gage, quean,’ Cot. Cf. Ital. bagascia, a worthless woman, p. Perhaps orig. a camp-follower, baggage-woman; fromO.F. bague, a bundle ; see Baggage (i). y. Or from W. baches, a dear little girl; from bach, little. bellows. (E.) M.E. beli, bely, below, a bag, but used in the special sense of ‘ bellows.’ Bellows is the pi. of M. E. be¬ low, a bag, also another form of belly ; and belly is another form of bag. Cf. G. blase- balg, a ^ blow-bag,* a pair of bellows. belly. (E.) M. E. bely, A. S. belg, old¬ est form bcelig, lit. a bag.Du. balg, the belly; Swed. balg, belly, bellows; Dan. bcelg, husk, belly; Gael, bolg, bag, belly. bilge. (Scand.) Properly the protube¬ rant part (belly) of a ship or cask; hence the verb to bilge, lit. to fill one’s belly, to begin to leak, as a ship.— Dan. bcelge, to swill, Swed. dial, bdlga, to fill one’s belly. Also written bulge, bilge-water. (Scand. and E.) Water which enters a ship when lying on her bilge, or by her leaking there. billow, a wave. (Scand.) Icel. bylgja, a billow; Swed. bblja\ Dan. bdlge.-\-yi, H. G. bulge, a billow, a bag. Lit. ^a swell* or surge; cf. Icel. belgja, to inflate, puff out. BAIL. BALL. budge ( 2 ), a kind of fur. (F. — C.) Budge is lambskin with the wool dressed outwards ; orig. simply ‘ skin/ — F. botige, a wallet, great pouch. — Lat. bulga, a little bag, a word of Gaulish origin. — Gal. bolg, balgj a bag, orig. a skin; see Bag. budget, a leathern bag. (F. — C.) Y.bou- gettCf dimin. of F. bouge\ see budge above. Bail (I), security; as verb, to secure. (F. — L.) O. F. baillevy a law term, to secure, to keep in custody. —L. baiulare, to carry a child about, to take charge of a child. — L. bdiulus, a porter, carrier. Cf. also O. F. bail, an administrator, from L. bdiulus ; hence our phr. ‘ to be bail' bailiff. (F. - L.) M. E. bailif, - O. F. bailliff Cot.; cf. Low L. baillitcus.’^O, F. bailler^ to keep in custody. bailiwick. (F. — L.; and E.) From O. F. haillie^ government, from bailler, vb.; and M. E. wick^ A. S. wic^ a village, dwelling, station, hence jurisdiction (of a bailiff). Bail ( 2 ), a bucket. See Bale ( 3 ). Bails, at cricket. (F. —L.?) O. F. bail- les, s. pi., in the sense of palisade or barri¬ cade ; lit. pales or sticks. Perhaps from L. bacillus^ a stick. (Very doubtful.) Bairn, a child. (E.) See Bear (i). Bait, to feed. (Scand.) See Bite. Baize. (F. —L.) See Bay (i). Bake. (E.) M. E. baken, A. S. hacan^ pt. t. boCy pp. bacen.^YiM. bakken\ Icel. and Swed. baka ; Dan. bage ; G. backen ; Gk. (pajyeLV, to roast, (y^ BHAG.) batch. (E.) A batch is as much as is baked at once; hence, a quantity. M. E. bacche, a baking; from baken^ to bake. Balance. (F. — L.) M. E. balance. . balancey ‘a ballance, pair of weights or ballancesCot. Cf. Ital. bilancia. — L. bilancem, acc. of bilanx, having two scales. — L. bi-, for bis, double, twice ; and lanx, a dish, platter, scale of a balance. Balcony. (Ital. —Teut.) See Balk (i). Bald. (C.) M. E. balled', the orig. sense was ‘ shining, white,’ as in ‘ bald-faced stag,’ a stag with a white streak on its face. —Gael, and Irish bal^ ball, a spot, mark, speckle (properly a white spot or streak); Bret, bal, a white streak on an animal’s face ; W. whiteness in a horse’s forehead. Cf. Gk. cpaKios, white, (pakanpos, bald-headed, (y BHA.) Balderdash, poor stuff. (Scand.) It formerly meant poor or weak drink. — Dan. balder, noise, clatter; and daske, to slap, flap. Hence it appears (like slap-dask) to 27 have meant a confused noise; secondarily a hodge-podge (Halliwell); and generally, any mixture. See Bellow and Dash. Baldric. (F.-O. H. G.) See Belt. Bale (i), a package; see Ball ( 2 ). Bale ( 2 ), evil. (E.) M. E. bale, A. S. bealu, evil. Icel. bdl, misfortune ; Goth. balws'^,\ci wickedness; O.H.G. balo, destruction. Der. bale-fuL Bale ( 3 ), to empty water out of a ship. (Du. ?) XVI cent. It means to empty a ship by means of bails, i. e. buckets. Perhaps Dutch; cf. O. Du. baillie, a tub (Hexham), Du. balie, a tub, balien, to bale out, Cf. Swed. balja, Dan. bailie, G. balje, a tub. We find also F. bailie, a tub, which Littre derives from Bret, bal, a pail, though referred by Diez to a dimin. form from Du. bak, O. Du. back, .a trough. (Doubt¬ ful.) Balk (i), a beam, ridge of land. (E.) M. E. balke. A. S. balca, a heap; which explains balked =\ 2 X^ in heaps, i Hen. IV, i, I. 6i,“|-0. Sax. balko, a beam ; Du. balk, a beam, bar; Icel. bdlki, bdlkr, a balk, partition; Swed. balk, a beam, partition; Dan. bjcelke, a beam; G. balken. Orig. a ridge made by the plough, (y' BHAR.) See Bore ( 1 ), Bar. balcony. (Ital. —Teut.) Ital. halcone, palcone, orig. a stage. —O. H. G. palcho, a scaffold; cognate with O. Sax. balko, a beam (above). balk ( 2 ), iDaulk, to hinder. (E.) M. E. balken. To put a balk or bar in a man’s way. bulk ( 3 ), the stall of a shop. (Scand.) In Sh. — Icel. bdlkr, a beam; also, a partition (pronounced with d like ow in cow) ; see Balk, above. Der. bulk-head, a partition. Ball (i), a dance. (F. —LowL.) Y.bal.<^ Low L; ballare, to dance, Gk. ^akki^eiv, to dance. ballad. (F. — Prov. — Low L.) M. E. balade. — O. F. balade ; F. ballade. — Prov. ballada, a song for dancing to.— Low L. ballare, to dance. ballet. (F. —Low L.) F. ballet, dimin. of bal, a dance. Ball ( 2 ), a spherical body. (F. —O.H.G.) M. E. balle. — F. balle. — M. PI. G. balle, O. H. G. palld, a ball, sphere, -f- Icel. bdllr. bale (i), a package. (P". — O. H. G.) M. E. bcLle. — F. bale, a ball, also a pack, as of merchandise; Cot. The same as P\ balle, a ball; hence, a round package. balloon, a large ball. (P\ —O. H. G.) Formerly baloon^ a ball used in a game 28 BALLAD. BANK. like football. — O. F. halon, ‘ a little ball, or pack; a football or baloon; ’ Cot. Mod. F. ballon; Span, balon; Ital. /^al- lone ; augmentative form of F. halle^ &c,, a ball. ballot. (F. — O. H. G.) F. halloter^ to choose lots. — F. ballotte, a little ball used for voting; dimin. of F. balle^ a ball. And see Bole, Bowl, Bolt, Bolster, Boil ( 2 ), Boiled (under Bulge). Ballad ; see Ball (i). Ballast. (Du.) See Lade (i). Ballet. (F. — LowL.) See Ball (i). Balloon, Ballot; see Ball (2). Balm. (F. — L. — Gk.) A modified spell¬ ing ; M. E. baiune. — O. F. bausme. — L. balsamu7n. — Gk. paXcra/xov, fragrant resin of the ^aKaa^ioSj or balsam-tree. Der. ef?i- bahn. balsam. (L. — Gk.) L. balsamum ; as above. Baluster, a rail of a stair-case, small column, (F. — Ital. — L. — Gk.) F. baliksU'e ; balustres, ‘ ballisters, little, round, and short pillars, ranked on the outsides of cloisters, terraces,’ &c.; Cot. — Ital. balaustro^ a ba¬ luster; so called from a fancied resem¬ blance to the flower of the wild pome¬ granate. — Ital. balausto, balaustra, the flower of the pomegranate. — L. balaustium. — Gk. ^aXavGTLOv, the flower of the wild pomegranate. Cf. Gk. l3d\avos, an acorn. Der. balustr-ade, F. balustrade, from Ital. balustrata, furnished with balusters, banisters ; corruption of balusters or ballisters. Bamboo. (Malay.) XVII cent. Malay bambii, the same. Bamboozle, to cajole. (Unknown.) Ban, a proclamation. (E.) Chiefly in the pi. ban7is (of marriage). M. E. ban. A. S. gebann, a proclamation (the prefix ge- making no difference). Cf. A. S. dban- nan, to summon, order out. -f- Du. ban, excommunication ; bannen, to exile ; I cel. and Swed. bann, Dan. band, O. H. G. ban, a ban ; Icel. and Swed. ba^ina, to chide, Dan. bande, to curse. Cf. \u.fama, a ru¬ mour. (y' BHA.) abandon. (F. - Low L. - O. H. G.) M. E. aba^idoune, verb. — F. abandonner. — F. a bandon, at liberty (Brachet). — L. ad, at; Low. L. band-um, also bannu7?t, an order, decree, from O. H. G. ban, pan, a summons, ban (above). Der. abandon- me^tt. bandit. (Ital. - O. H. G.) In Sh.- Ital. bandito, outlawed, pp. of bandire, \.o proscribe. — Low L. bannire, to proclaim. — O. H. G. banuan^ tp^ summon; from O. H. G. ban, cognate with E. ban. banish. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. banis- shen. — O. F. banis-, stem, of pres. part, of banir, bannir, to proscribe. — Low L. ban¬ nire ; as above. banns. (E.) Merely the pi. of ban. contraband. (Ital. — Teut.) Ital. con- trabbando, prohibited goods.— Ital. contra ( = L. control), against; bando, a ban, from Low L. bannum, a word of Teut. origin. Banana, the plantain-tree. (Span.) Span. banana, fruit of the banano ; prob. of W. Indian origin. Band (i). Bond. (E.) See Bind. Band ( 2 ), a company of men ; see Bind. Bandit, a robber; see Ban. Bandog, Bandy, Bandy-legged; see Bind. Bane, harm. (E.) M. E. bane. A. S. bana, a murderer, bane. + Icel. bani', Dan. and Swed. bane, death; Goth, banjo, a wound ; Gk. cpovos, murder, . basis, as siboye. Basement. (F. - Ital. - L.) See Base (i). Basenet, Basnet; see Basin. Bashful. (F. andK.) Put for abash-ful\ see Abash. Prob. by confusion with abase and base, Basil, a plant. (F. - L. - Gk.) Short for basilic. basilic, ‘herb basill;’ Cot.— L. basilicuin, neut. of basilicus, royal.— Gk. PaaiXiKus, royal. — Gk. paaiXeits, a king. basilica, a large hall. (L.-Gk.) L. basilica, fern, of basilicus, royal. basilisk, a fabled serpent. (Gk.) Gk. PaaiXiaKQs, lit, royal; also a lizard or ser- BASTE. 31 pent, named from a spot on the head like a crown. — Gk. PaaiK^vs, a king. Basin. (F. — C.) M. E. bacin, basin. O. F. bacin ; F. bassin. — Gael, bac, a hol¬ low; W. bach, a hook; Bret, bak, bag, a shallow boat. basenet, basnet, a light helmet. (F. - C.) ^ In Spenser. — O. F. bacinet, dimin. of bacin ; from its shape. Basis. (L. - Gk.) See Base ( 2 ). Bask. (Scand.) M. E. baske, to bathe oneself. Palsgrave; and cf. bathe hire, to bask herself, Ch. C. T. Nonnes Prestes Tale, 446 . — Icel. ba^a sik, to bathe one¬ self ; cf. Icel. bd^ast (for ba'^ask), to bathe oneself. Cf. also Swed. dial, at bas a sig i solen, to bask in the sun, badjisk, fishes basking in the sun. See Bath. ^ Formed like Busk. Basket. (C.) M, E. basket. — W. basged; Com. basced ; Irish basceid ; Gael, bascaid, a basket. Perhaps from W. basg, a plaiting. Bass (i), in music. See Base (i). Bass ( 2 ), Barse, Brasse, a fish. (E.) M. E. bai'se, bace (with loss of r). A. S. bcBrs, a perch.+Du. baars; G. bars, barsch, a perch. bream, a fish. (F.-Teut.) M.E.te?;?. — O. F. bi'esine (F. breine). — M. H. G. brahse77i (G. brassen) ; O. H.G. prahseiiia', extended form of G. bars. ^ Bassoon. (F.-Ital.-L.) [See Base (i). Bast. (E.) M. E. bast ; bast-tre, a lime- tree. A. S. bcest, a lime-tree; whence bast is made, -f- Icel., Swed., Dan., G. bast. Perhaps allied to Bind. baste ( 3 ), to sew slightly, (F. — M. H. G.) M. E. hasten. — O. F. bastir, F. bdtir, to sew slightly; a tailor’s term. — M. H. G. basteii, to bind; orig. to tie with bast. — G. bast, bast. Bastard, an illegitimate child. (F.) M. E. bastard, applied to Will. I. — O. F. bastard, the same as fils de bast, lit. ^ the son of a pack-saddle,’ not of a bed, [The expression a bast ibore, illegitimate, occurs in Rob. of Glouc. p. 516 .] —O. F. bast, a pack-saddle (F. bdf) ; with suffix -ard, from O. H. G. hart, hard, first used as a suffix in proper names and then generally. Baste (i), to beat. (Scand.) Icel. beysta, to beat; Swed. bbsta, to thump. Cf. O. Swed. basa, to strike. Baste ( 2 ), to pour fat over meat. (Un¬ mown. In Sh. * To baste, linire; ’ Levins, ed. 1570 . Baste ( 3 ), to sew slightly. See Bast. BASTILE. bauble; 32 Bastile, a fortress. (F.) O. F. bastille, a building. — O. F. bastir (F. bdtir), to build. Origin uncertain; perhaps allied to Baton. bastion. (F. — Ital.) F. bastion. — Ital. bastione, part of a fortification. — Ital. bas- tire, to build; allied to O. F. bastir. And see Battlement. Bastinado (Span.) See Baton. Bastion. (F.--Ital.) See Bastile. Bat (i), a cudgel. (C.) M. E. batte.'^ Irish and Gael, bata, bat, a staff, cudgel; cf. Bret, bataraz, a club. Der. bat-let, with double dimin. suffix -l-et. Bat ( 2 ), a winged mammal. (Scand.) Corrupted from M. E. bakke. — Dan. bakke, now only in comp, aften-bakke, evening- bat. And bakke is for blakke\ Icel. le^r- blaka, a ^leather-flapper,’ a bat. — Icel. blaka, to flutter, flap the wings. Batch. (E.) See Bake. Bate (i), to diminish. (F. — L.) Short for abate, by loss of a ; see Batter (i). Bate ( 2 ), strife. (F. — L.) M. E. bate', a dipt form of Debate, in the sense of strife. ^ So also fence for de-fence. Bath. (E.) M. E. bd^. A. S. bce"^. -|- Icel. bd^ ; O. H. G. pad, bad', O. Swed. bad. The orig. sense was a place of warmth; cf. O. H. G. bdhen (G. bahen), L. fouere, to warm, foment. Allied to Foment and Bake. bathe. (E.) A. S. ba'^ian, to bathe. — A. S. bce^, a bath. And see Bask. Bathos. (Gk.) Lit. depth, sinking. — Gk. PdOos, depth; cf. (3a6vs, deep, GABH.) Baton, Batoon, a cudgel. (F.) F. baton, O.F. baston.'^l^o^ L. bastone^n, acc. of basto, a cudgel. Origin doubtful; connected by Diez with Gk. to support. bastinado. (Span.) From Span, bas- tonada, a beating. — Span, boston, a stick = Low L. bastonein (above). batten ( 2 ), a wooden rod. (F.) To batten down is to fasten with battens. Batten is merely another spelling of Baton. Battalion. (F. —Ital.) See Batter. Batten (i), to grow fat, fatten. (Scand.) See Better. Batten ( 2 ) ; see under Baton. Batter (i), to beat. (F. — L.) M. E. batren. - F. battre. — L. batere, popular form of batuere, to beat. abate. (F. — L.) M. E. abaten. — O. F. abatre.""\jO'w L. abbattere, to beat from or down. — L. ab, from; and batere, for batuere, to beat. ^ Hence bate^ to beat down; by loss oia. battalion. (F.—Ital.-L.) F. bataillon. — Ital. battaglione, a battalion. — Ital. bat- taglia, a battle; see battle below. batter ( 2 ), a compound of eggs, flour, and milk. (F. — L.) M. E. batour. — O. F. bature, a beating. — F. battre, to beat (above). So called because beaten up. battery. (F. — L.) F. baterie, batterie, ‘beating, battery ; ’ Cot. — F. battre, to beat, battle. (F. — L.) M. E. bataille, bataile. — O. F. bataille, (i) a fight, ( 2 ) a battalion. Low L. batalia, a fight. — L. batere, for batuere, to beat. battledoor. (Prov. — L.) M. E. batyl- doure. Prompt. Parv. — Prov. batedor. Span. batidor, a washing-beetle, which was also at first the sense of the E. word. [The corruption to battledoor was due to con¬ fusion with battle, a small bat.] — Prov. batre. Span, batir, the same as F. battre, to beat; with suffix -dor, which in Prov. and Span. =L. suffix -torem, acc. form from nom. -tor, expressing the agent. combat. (F. — L.) Orig. a verb. — F. combattre, O. F. combatre, to fight with. — F. co7n- ( = L. com-), with; and F. battre, O. F. batre, to fight. Der. co7nbat-ant (F. pres. pt.). debate. (F. — L.) M. E. debaten. — O. F. debatre, to debate, argue. — L. de, down; batere, to beat (above). rebate, to blunt a sword’s edge. (F.— L.) O. F. rebatre, to beat back again. — F. re- (L. re-), back; O. F. batre, F. bcettre, to beat; see Batter (i) above. Battlement. (F.) M. E. batelment, batihnent. No doubt equivalent to an O. F. bastillemenf^, from O. F. bastiller, to fortify, derivative of O. F. bastir, to build. See Bastile. embattle (i), to furnish with battle¬ ments. (F.) yi.^. embattelen.^^O.Y. e7n- (= L. im-, for in-, prefix); and O. F. bas¬ tiller, to fortify ; as above. Bauble (i), a fool’s mace. (C. ?; with E. suffix.) Different from bauble ( 2 ). M. E. babyll, bable, babel (Gower, C. A. i. 224 ). Named from its swinging motion ; cf. M. E. bablen, to swing about, as if for mod. E. bobble^, to keep bobbing, frequent, oibob; see Bob. Bauble ( 2 ), a plaything. (F. — Ital.) Corr. from F. babiole, a child’s toy.— Ital. babbola, a toy. — Ital. babbeo, a simpleton ; cf. Low L. bcLbulus, a simpleton. From the uttering of indistinct sounds; cf. Gk. Pafid- idv, to chatter; see Babble, Barbarous. BAWD. ^ The corruption of F. babioh was due to confusion with Bauble (i). Bawd, a lewd person. (F. — G.) See Bold. Bawl. (Scand.) Icel. baula, to low as a cow; Swed. bala, to roar; see Bull, Bellow. Bay (i), reddish brown. (F. —L.) M. E. bay. — O. F. bai. — L. badius, bay-coloured. baize, coarse woollen stuff. (F. — L.) An error for bayes, pi. of F. baye, * the cloth called bayes; ’ Cot. — O. F. bai, bay- coloured ; as above. From the orig. colour. Cf. Span, bayo, bay, bayeta, baize; &c. bayard. (F. — L.) A bay horse; from the colour. The suffix -ard is Teutonic. Bay ( 2 ), a kind of laurel; properly, a berry-tree. (F. - L.) M. E. bay, a berry. — F. baie, a berry. — L. bacca, a berry. Bay ( 5 ), inlet of the sea. (F. — L.) F. baie, an inlet. — Low L. baia, a bay; cf. L. Baice. bay-window, a window with a recess. The word bay, an inlet, came to mean any recess, esp. in a building. Bay ( 4 ), to bark as a dog. (F. — L.) For abay. M. E. abayen. — O. F. abbayer ; Cot. — L. ad, at; and baubari, to yelp. Cf. bubo, an owl. bay ( 5 ), in phr. at bay. (F.— L.) For abay. — Y. abois, abbois', etre aux abois, to be at bay, lit. ^ to be at the baying of the dogs.’ Pi. of F. aboi, the bark of a dog; verbal sb. from F. aboyer, O. F. abbayer, to yelp, bay. Bay-window; from Bay ( 3 ) and Win¬ dow. Bayonet. (F.) XVII cent. F. baion- nette ; formerly bayonette. Named from Bayonne (France), where first made. Bazaar. (Pers.) Pers. bazar, a market. Bdellium. (Heb.) A precious substance. — Heb. bedolach, bdellium. Be-, prefix. (E.) A. S. be-, prefix; often causative, as in be-numb, to make numb. Note also be-head, to deprive of the head; beset, to set upon, set round; be-mire, to cover with mire; &c. Be, to exist. (E.) M. E. been. A. S. I beon, to be.-|-W. bod, to be; Russ, buite', L. fore (pt. \..fui)\ Gk. cpvetv; Skt. bhu. ' (V BHU.) Beach. (Scand. ?) XVI cent. Perhaps from Swed. backe, a hill, slope, O. Swed. backe, the bank of a river; Dan. bakke ; Icel. bakki, a ridge, bank of a river. Allied to Bank. . .. BEAR. 33 Beacon. (E.) yi.Y^.beken. A.S.bedcen, been. beck (i), a nod, sign. (E.) From the verb to beck, short for to beckon ; see below. beckon. (E.) M. E. becnen. A. S. becnan, bedenian, to make a sign. — A. S. been, bedeen, a beacon, token, sign. Bead. (E.) See Bid (i). Beadle. (F.-O. H. G.) See Bid ( 2 .) Beagle, a dog. (Unknown.) M. E. begle. Squire of Low Degree, 1. 771 . Beak. (F. —C.) See Peak. Beaker. (O. Low G. — L. — Gk.) M. E. biker, byker. — O. Sax. bikeri ; Icel. bikarr, a cup.-f-Du. beker\ G. becher\ Ital. bicchiere. p. From Low L. bicarium, a wine-cup. — Gk. ^LKos, an earthen wine-vessel ; a word of Eastern origin. pitcher. (F. - O. H. G. - L. - Gk.) The same word. F. pickier, * a pitcher ; a Languedoc word ; ’ Cot. — O. H. G. pe- chdri (G. bee her). L. bica7ium\ as above. Beam (i), a piece of timber. (E.) M. E. bee7n. A. S. bed7n, a tree.-J-Du. boo77i ; G. baum ; Goth, bagtns. beam ( 2 ), a ray. (E.) The same word; specially used to signify a straight ray. A. S. byrnende beaTn, * the pillar of fire.’ boom ( 2 ), a beam, pole. (Du.) Du. booTn, a tree, a beam; see Beam (i). bumpkin, a thick-headed fellow. (Du.) — O. Du. boo7nken, a little tree (Hexham) ; dimin. of boo7n, a tree, a beam, bar. The E. buTnkin also meant a luff-block, a thick piece of wood (Cotgrave, s. v. Chicambault) ; hence readily applied to a block-head, thick-skulled fellow. Bean. (E.) M. E. bene. A. S. bedn.^ Icel. baun\ O. H. G. pona ; V^.ffaen. Bear (i), to carry. (E.) M. E. beren, A. S. beran.-^ Goth. baira7t ; \j.ferre ; Gk. epepeiv ; Skt. bkri, BH AR.) Der. up¬ bear. bairn, a child. (E.) M. E. barn. A. S. beam. -f-Icel., Swed., Dan., and Goth, barn ; Skt. bharna. Lit. ' that which is born.’ barm, the lap. (E.) M. E. bar7n. A. S. bearTn, lap, bosom. — A. S. beran, to bear. barrow ( 2 ), a wheel-barrow. (E.) M. E. barowe. — A. S. beran, to bear, carry. berth, a secure position. (E.) It ap¬ pears to be the same word as birth. Cf. M. E. bir^, ber^, burQ, a birth, race, nation, rank, place, station. bier, a frame on which a corpse is borne, (E.) M. E. beere, boere. A. S. b\x. bever\ Icel. bjorr; \ Ddji. hcever \ hdfverG.biber', Russ. BEAVER. hohr '; L. fiber, Cf. Skt. babhru^ a large ichneumon. Beaver (2), Bever, lower part of a helmet. (F.) So spelt, by confusion with beaver-hat. — F. baviere, a child’s bib ; also, the bever (beaver) of a helmet. —F. baver, to slaver. — F. have, foam, slaver. Perhaps Celtic; cf. Bret, baboiiz^ slaver. Becalm, to make calm. See Be- and Calm. Because. (E. — L.) See Cause. Bechance. (E. andY. - L.) See Chance, under Cadence. Beck (i), anod. Beckon; seeBeacon. Beck (2), a stream. (Scand.) M. E. bek. — Icel. bekkr\ Swed. bdck\ Dan. bcek\ a stream. +Du. beek ; G. bach. Become. (E.) See Come. Bed. (E.) M.E. bed. A.S. bed, bedd. + Icel. be%r\ Goth. badi\ G. bett. bedridden. (E.) M. E. bedreden, used in the pi. (P. PI. B. viii. 85) ; bedrede, sing. (Ch. C. T. 7351.) Corrupted from A.S. bedrida, lit. ‘ a bed-rider; ’ one who can only ride on a bed, not on a horse.-A.S. bed, a ^ bed ; and rid-a *, one who rides, from ridan, to ride. bedstead. (E.) M.E. bedsfede.^K.S. bed, a bed; and stede, a place, station; see Stead. Bedabble, Bedaub, Bedazzle, Be¬ dew, Bedim, Bedizen. See Dabble, Daub, &c. Bedlam. (Palestine.) y[.^.bedlem,cor- ruption of Bethlehem, in Palestine. Now applied to the hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem, for lunatics. Bedouin. (F. - Arab.) F. bSdouin, a wandering Arab. — Arab, badawiy, wild, wandering in the desert.-Arab, badw, de¬ parting to the desert, leading a wandering Bedridden, Bedstead ; see Bed. Bee. (E.) M. E. bee. A.S. bed, ^/.-f-Icel. (rare). Cf. Irish beach, a bee. Beech. (E.) See Book. Beef. (F. - L.) M. E. beef. - O. F. boef', r. boeuf _ L. boue 7 n, acc. of bos, an ox. + Gael, bb, Skt. go, A. S. cu, a cow; see Cow. beef-eater, a yeoman of the guard. (E.) Lit. ^ an eater of beef.’ f The usual deri- , vation (from Mr. Steevens’ imaginary beau- fetier, now misspelt buffetier'), is all sheer ■ invention, and false. I bugle (i), a wild ox; a horn. (F.-L.) BELEMNITE. 35 Bugle,^ a horn, is short for biigle-ho7’7i ; a bugle is a wild ox. — O. F. bugle, a wild ox. — L. acc. buculum, a young ox; double dimin. of bos, an ox. Beer. (E.) M. E. here. A. S. ^^^r.-|-Du. and G. bier', Icel. bjorr. Probably con¬ nected with Brew. Beestings; see Biestings. Beet. (L.) M. E. bete. A. S. bete. — L. beta, beet (Pliny.) Beetle (i), an insect; see Bite. Beetle (2), a mallet; see Beat. Beetle (3), to jut out, hang over; see Bite. Befall, Befool, Before; see Fall, &c. Beg. (E.) See Bid (i). Beget, Begin; see Get, Gin (i). Begone, Beguile ; see Go, Wile. Beguine, one of a class of religious de¬ votees. (F.) Chiefly used in the fern.; F. beguine, Low L. beghina, one of a religious order, first established at Liege, about a.d. 1207. R prob. originated as a term of reproach, since the wqrd may be explained as 'stammerer,’ i. e. dolt, from the verb begui, to stammer, in the dialect of Namur. Behalf, interest. (E.) See Half. Behave, Behaviour. (E.) See Have. Behead. (E.) See Head. Behemoth. (Heb.) Heb. behemoth, properly the pi. of behemdh, a beast; used to signify ‘ a great beast.’ Behest, Behind, Behold. (E.) See Hest, Hind, Hold (i). Behoof, advantage. (E.) M. E. to bi- houe, for the advantage of. A.S. behSf, advantage, -f- O. Fries. behSf, Du. behoef, advantage; G. behuf', Swed. behof', Dan. behov, need. p. The prefix be is A. S. be, E. by. The simple sb. appears in Icel. hof, moderation, measure ; cf. Goth, gahob- ains, temperance, self-restraint. From V KAP, to contain, whence the ideas of moderation, fitness, advantage. behove, to befit. (E.) A. S. behSfian, verb formed from the sb. behof above. *4“ Du. behoeven, from sb. behoef \ Swed. be- hbfva ; Dan. behove. Belabour, Belay; see Labour, Lie (i). Belch. (E.) M. E. belken. A. S. bealcan, to belch. Allied to Bellow. Beldam. (F.-L.) See Belle. Beleaguer. (Du.) See Lie (i). Belemnite, a fossil. (Gk.) Gk. VLTT]S, a stone shaped like the head of a dart.-Gk. ^iK^fivov, a dart. —Gk. ^dWuv, to cast, (y GAR.) BELFRY. BERYL. 3 ^ Belfry. (F. — G.) Orig. ‘ a watch-tower.* Corrupted (partly by influence of bell) from M. E. berfray, berfrey, a watch-tower. — O. F. berfroit, berfreit, belefreit. — M. H. G. bercfrit, a watch-tower. — M. H. G. berc, protection, from bergen^ to protect; and M. H. G. frit, frid, a place of security, a tower, the same as G. friede, peace ; hence the lit. sense is ‘ a guard-tower,* watch- tower. Allied to Borough and Free. Belie, Believe. (E.) See Lie (2), Lief. Bell. (E.) See Bellow. Belle, a fair lady. (F. - L.) F. belle, fern, of F. beau, O. F. bel, fair. — L. bellies, fair, fine; perhapscontr. ixombenulus, dimin. of benus, another form of bonus, good. beau, a dressy man. (F.) F. beau, fine ; as above. beauty. (F. — L.) M. E. beaute. - F. beaute, O. F. beltet. — Low L. bellitatem, acc. of bellitas, fairness. — L. bellus, fair. beldam. (F. — L.) Ironically for bel¬ dame, i. e. fine ladv. — F. belle dame. — L. bella, fern, of bellus and domina, lady, fern, of dominus, lord. belladonna. (Ital. — L.) Ital. bella donna, fair lady. — L. bella domina ; as above. A name given to the nightshade, from the use of it by ladies to give expression to the eyes, the pupils of which it expands. embellish. (F. — L.) M. E. embelissen. — O. F. embeliss-, stem of pres. pt. of em- bellir, to beautify. — O. F. em- ( = L. in)\ and bel, fair (above). Belligerent. (L.) See Dual. Bellow, to make a loud noise. (E.) Ex¬ tended from M. E. bellen, the more usual old form. A. S. bellan, to make a loud noise, (y' BHAL.) Cf. Icel. belja, to bellow. bell. (E.) M. E. belle. A. S. bella, that which makes a loud noise, a bell. —A. S. bellan\ as above. And see Bull (i). Bellows, Belly. (E.) See Bag. Belong, Beloved^ Below; see Long, Love, Low. Belt, a girdle. (E.) M. E. belt. A. S. belt, -h Icel. belli ;• Irish and Gael, bait, a belt, border; L. balteus ; O. H. G. balz. baldric, a girdle. (F. — O. H.G.) O.F. baldric'^ (not recorded), the older form of O.F. baldret, baldrei\ Low L. baldringus. — O. H. G. balderich, a girdle; extended from O. H. G. balz, a belt. Bemoan. (E.) See Moan. Bench. (E.) See Bank. Bend. (E.) See Bind. Beneath. (E.) See Nether. Benediction. (F. —L.) F. benediction, — L. benedictionem, acc. of benedictio, a blessing.— L. benedictus, pp. of benedicei'e, to speak well, bless. — L. bene, well; and dicere, to speak (see Diction.) benison. (F. — L.) M. E. beneysun. — O. F. beneison. — L. acc. benedictionem. Benefactor. (L.) L. benefactor, a doer of good. — L. bene, well; and factor, a doer, from facere, to do. benefice. (F. — L.) M. E. benefice.'^ F. benefice (Cot.) — Low L. beneficium, a grant of an estate; L. beneficium, a well¬ doing, a kindness. — L. bene, well; and facere, to do. benefit. (F. — L.) Modified (badly) from M. E. bienfet.^ 0 . F. bienfet (F. bien- fait). — L. benefactum, a kindness confeued ; neut. of pp. of benefacere, to do well, be kind. Benevolence. (F. — L.) F. benevolence (Cot.) — L. beneuolentia, kindness. — L. beneuolus, beniuolus, kind, lit. well-wishing. — L. beni-, for benus = bonus, good; and uolo, I wish (see Voluntary). Benighted. (E.) See Night. Benign. (F. — L.) O. F. benigne (F. benin).'-^\^. benignus, kind; short for be- nigenus^. — L. beni-, for benus = bonus, good; and -genus, born (as in indigenus), from genere"^, old form oigignere, to beget. Benison, blessing; see Benediction. Bent-grass. (E.) M. E. bent. A. S. beonet, bent-grass (uncertain.) + O. H. G. pinuz, G. binse, bent-grass. Benumb, Bequeath; see Nimble, Quoth. Bequest, Bereave; see Quoth, Heave. Bergamot, a kind of pear. (F. — Ital.) F. bergamotte ; Cot. — Ital. bergamotto, a pear; also, the essence called bergamot. — Ital. Bergamo, a town in Lombardy. Berry. (E.) M. E. berie. A. S. berige, berga (stem bes-). + L)a. bes, bezie ; Icel. ber ; Swed. and Dan. bar ; G. beere ; Goth. basi. Lit. ^ edible fruit; ’ cf. Skt. bhas, to eat. Der. goose-berry, &c. Berth. (E.) See Bear. Beryl. (L. — Gk. — Skt.) M. E. beril. — L. beryllus. — Gk. PrjpvXXos ; cf. Arab. billaur, crystal, beryl. — Skt. vaidiirya, orig. lapis lazuli, brought from Vidura. brilliant, shining. (F. — L. — Gk. — Skt.) F. brillant, pres. part, of bidller, to glitter; cf. Ital. brillare, to sparkle. The orig. sense was to sparkle as a beryl. — L. beryllus, a beryl; whence also Low L, bei'illus, an eye-glass, G. brille, spectacles. BIB. BESEECH. Beseech, Beseem, Beset, Beshrew, Beside, Besiege ; see Seek, Seem, Sit, Shrew, &c. Besom, a broom. (E.) M. E. besum, besme. A.S. besfna.-^lJu. bezem ; G. besen. ' Besot, Bespeak; see Sot, Speak. Best ; see Better. Bestead ; see Stead. Bestial. (F.«L.) See Beast. Bestow, Bestrew, Bestride ; see Stow, &c. I Bet, to wager. (F. — Scand.) Short for I abe^, in the sense to maintain, or ‘ back,’ as I abet is explained in Phillips, ed. 1706. See [ Bite. Der. bet, sb. , Betake. (E. Scand.) S^e Take. ^ Betel, a species of pepper. (Port. — Malabar.) Port, betel, betele. - Malabar I beetla-codi (Webster). Bethink, Betide, Betimes, Betoken ; see Think, &c. [ Betray. (E. and F. - L.) See Traitor. Betroth. (E.) See True. Better, Best. (E.) 1. From the base BAT, good, was formed Goth, batiza, better, A. S. betera, M. E. better. The A. S. bet, M. E. bet, is adverbial and comparative. 2. From the same base was formed Goth. batista, best, A. S. betst (for bet-est), M. E. best. Similarly Du. bete 7 ', best; Icel. bet^d, beztr', Dan. bedre, bedst\ Swed. bdth'e, bast, G. besser, best. Cf. Skt. bhadi'a, excellent; Skt. bhand, to be fortunate, make fortunate. batten (i), to grow fat, fatten. (Scand.) Properly intransitive.-Icel. batna, to grow better, recover; cf. bcBta, trans. to improve. From the base BAT, good. Cf. Goth, ga- batnan, to profit, avail. boot (2), advantage, profit. (E.) M. E. bote, boote. A. S. bot, profit. From the same base.-f-Icel. bot, advantage, cure; Dan. bod, Swed. bot, remedy; G. busse, atonement. Der. boot-less, profitless. Between, Betwixt ; see Two. Bevel, sloping; to slope, slant. (F.) In Sh. Sonn. 121.-O. F. bivel^, buvel^, only found in mod. F. biveau, and in F. buveau, *a kind of squire [carpenter’s rule], having moveable and compasse branches, or the one branch compasse and the other straight; some call it 2,bevell','* Cot. Span. baivel. Origin unknown. Beverage, Bevy; see Bib. Bewail, Beware, Bewilder, Be- V^tch; see Wail, Wary, Wild, Witch. Bewray, to disclose. (E.) Properly to accuse. M. E. bewraien, biwreyen, to dis- 37 close. A. S. be-, prefix (see Be-); and wregan, to accuse. Cf. Icel. rccgja (for vrcegjd), to slander, Swed. 7dja, to discover; O. Fries, biwrogia, to accuse; Goth, wroh- ja 7 i, to accuse; G. riigen, to censure. ( 3 . These are causal verbs, from the sb. seen in Goth. 'W 7 'ohs, accusation, Icel.r 4 ^, a slander. a. governor. (Turk.) Turk. ^^'^(pron. nearly as bay), a lord, prince. Beyond. (E.) See Yon. Bezel, the part of a ring in which the stone is set. (F.) Also spelt basil \ it also means a sloping edge. — O. F. bisel, mod. F. biseau, a bezel, basil, slant, sloped edge. Cf. Span, bisel, the slanting edge of a look- ; Low L. bisahis, ‘ lapis cui duo sunt anguli; ’ Ducange. (Perhaps from L. bis, double ; and ala, a wing?) Bezoar, a stone. (F. - Port. - Pers.) O. F. bezoar, F. bezoard. — Port, bezoar (Brachet). - Pers. pdd-zahr, bezoar; lit. ‘ poison-expeller,’ from its supposed virtue. — Pers./iy, expelling; and zahr, poison. Bi-, prefix. (L.) In bi-as, the prefix is F., but of L. origin. —L. bi-, put for dui-, twice. — L. duo, two. So also Gk. di-, Skt. dvi. See Two. Bias. (F. — L.) F. biais, a slant, slope; hence, inclination to one side.-Low L. acc. biface 7 n, from bifax, one who squints or looks sideways (Isidore). — L. bi-, double; and facies, a face. Bib. (L.) A cloth for imbibing moisture, from M. E. bibben, to drink. — L. biberf>, to drink. Hence ivnie-bibber (Luke, vii. 34); L. bibens uiitiun. beverage. (F. — L.) O. F. bov7'aige, drink. — O. F. bevre, boivre, to drink. — L. bibe 7 'e (above). bevy. (F. — L.) F. bevee. a flock, com¬ pany. Prob. from O. F. bev7'e, to drink (above). Cf. O. Ital. beva, a bevy. imbibe, to drink in. (F. — L.; or L.) F. hnbiber (i6th cent.) — L. mi-bibere, to drink in. imbrue, embrew, to moisten, drench. (F. - L.) O. F. e 77 ib 7 'uer', se 77 ib 7 'uer, ‘to imbrue or bedable himself with ; ’ Cot. — F. e 7 n- (L. hi, in); and a causal verb -bevi^er, to give to drink, turned into -bi'ever in the 16th cent., and then into -bi'uer', see F. abi'euver in Brachet. — O. F. bevi'c (F. boh'e), to drink. — L. bibei'e. imbue, to cause to drink in, tinge deeply. (L.) L. ini-hitei'e, to cause to drink in; where -biiere is a causal form, allied to bibei'e, to drink. BIBLE. BILL. 38 Bible. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. bible.-Y. bible.^Y^. biblia.^^Gk. collection of writings, pi. of ( 3 iP\iov, little book, dimin. of a book. — Gk. Pv^\os, Egyptian papyrus; hence, a book. bibliography. (Gk.) Gk. for ^L^Xiov ; and ypacpciv, to write. biblioraania. (Gk.) Gk. pi( 3 Xio-, for (BlPX'lov ; and Mania. Bice. (F.) Properly ' grayish; * hence, grayish blue. — F. btse, fern, of bis, dusky. Cf. Ital. bigio, gray. Origin unknown. Bicker, to skirmish. (C.) See Peak. Bid (i), to pray. (E.) Nearly obsolete; preserved in biddhig-prayer, and in to bid beads (pray prayers). M. E. bidden. A. S. biddan. -f- E)u. bidden ; G. bitten ; Goth. bidjan. bead. (E.) Orig. ' a prayer ; ’ hence a perforated ball, for counting prayers. M. E. bede, a prayer, a bead. A. S. bed^ gebed, a prayer. — A. &. biddan^ to pray.-f-G. gebet ; Du. bede, gebed. beg. (E.) Frequentative ofM.E. beggen. A. S. bedecia 7 t., to beg; frequent, of biddan, to pray. Cf. Goth, bidagwa, a beggar ; G. bettler, a beggar, from bitte^i. Bid (2), to command. (E.) M. E. beden. — A. S. beodan, to command.+ G. bieten\ Goth, ana-biudan ; Skt. bodhaya, to inform, causal of budh, to awake, understand. (V BHUDH.) bea-dle. (F. — Teut.) M. E. bedel. — O. F. bedel, F. bedean, a beadle; lit. ‘ pro- claimer,’ or ^messenger.’ — G. bieten, Du. bieden ; cognate with A. S. beodan, to bid. Cf. A. S. bydel, a beadle, from beodan. bode, to foreshew. (E.) M. E. boden, hodian. — A. S. bodian, to announce. — A. S. boda, a messenger; bod, a message. Cf. Icel. bo^a, to announce; bo'^, a bid, offer. Bide, to await, wait. (E.) M. E. biden. A. S. bidan.-^Tixx. beiden ; Icel. bi^a ; Swed. bida ; Dan. bie \ Goth, beidan \ O. H. G. pitan. abide. (E.) A. S. dbidan. The prefix to quiver (make a dimness) before the eyes, said of a haze caused by the heat of summer; cf. Swed. dial, blira, Swed. pliray to blink with the eyes.-|-Bavarian plerr^ a mist before the eyes. blear-eyed, dim-sighted. (Scand.) M.E. bler-eyed.^’DdiVi.pliirdiet, blear-eyed, blink¬ ing ; from plire^ blirey to blink. (Dan. dUy eye; biet^ eyed.) Cf. Swed. plira, O. Swed. bhray to blink; Swed. dial, bluray to blink, partially close the eyes, like a near-sighted person. Perhaps allied to Blink. blur, to stain ; a stain. (Scand.) Pro¬ perly ^todim;’ metaphorically, ‘todeceive.* We find: blirrey deceptio; to blirrCy lallereLevins (1570). See above. Bleat. (E.) M. E. bleten. A. S. blcetaUy to bleat as a sheep.+Du. blaten. Cf. Gk. ^krjxdofxai, I bleat, ^krjxq, a bleating. Allied to Blow (i). blatant, noisy, roary. (E.) Spenser has blatant beast; F. Q. vi. 12 (heading). It merely rneans bleating ; the suffix -ant is a fanciful imitation of the F. -ant of the pres. part. Cf. M. E. bletendcy bleatinsf, Wyclif. Tobit, ii. 20. ^l®b. Blob, a small bubble or blister. (E.) Cf. hi. E. blobeTy a bubble on water; blubbery a bubble. By comparing blobbery blubbery with bladder^ with much the same meaning, we see the probability that they BLINK. 41 are formed from the same root, and signify ‘that which is blown up,’ from the root of Blow (i). blubber, a bubble; fat; swollen; to weep. (E.) The various senses are all ex¬ plained by the verb to blow. Thus blubber^ a bubble, is an extension of bloby ‘that which is blown out;’ the blubber of the whale consists of bladder-like cells filled with oil; blubber-lipped^ also blobber-lipped, blaberlyppedy means ‘ with swollen or blown out lips.’ Lastly, blubber^ to weep, M. E. blobereny blubren, meant orig. to bubble; Gawain and Grene Knight, 2174. (See Curtius, on the stems ^Aot, 0Aa.) See also Bubble. Bleed. (E.) See Blow (2). Blemish. (F.-Scand.) See Blow (3). Blench. (E.) See Blink. Blend, to mix together, confuse. (E.) M. E. blenden. A. S. blaiidan, to blend ; cf. also blendan, to make blind.4.1cel. and Swed. blandayDan.blande. O. H.G. plantan, to mix. blind. (E.) M.E. blinds A. S. blind. The orig. sense is ‘ confused.’-picel. blindr\ Swed., Dan., G. blind. blindfold, verb. (E.) M. E. blind- foldeny \Qrh (Tyiidd\.d); corruption of blind- felden (Palsgrave), where the d is excres¬ cent. The true word is blindfelleny to ‘ fell’ or strike blind, Ancren Riwle, p. 106. — A. S. blindy blind; and fellan^ to strike (see Fall). blunder, to flounder about, err. (Scand.) M. E. blondreny to pore over a thing. Formed (as a frequentative) from Icel. blunda, to doze, slumber; Swed. blunda, to shut the eyes; Dan. blundey to nap. Cf. Icel. blundr, Dan. and Swed. blundy a doze, a nap. From the sense of ‘con¬ fusion.* blunt, dull. (Scand.) M. E. blunt, blonty dull, dulled. Allied to Icel. blunda, Dan. blunde, to sleep, doze (above). Bless. (E.) See Blow (2). Blight. (E.) See Blink. Blind, Blindfold. (E.) See Blend. Blink, to wink, to glance. (E.) M. E. blenkeny commonly ‘ to shine.’ Not found in A. S., which has only the form blican, but it probably existed, as there are rather numerous related forms. -HDu. blinken, to shine ; Dan. blinke ; Swed. blinka. Allied to A. S. bhcany O. H. G. blichen, to shine ; Gk. (pkiyuv, to bum, shine; Skt. bhrdj, to shine. (V BH AKG.) C3 42 BLISS. BLOW. blanch (i), to whiten. (F. —O. H. G.) From blanche, white. — F. blanc, white ; see blank below. blanch (2), the same as blench (below), blank, white. (F. — O. H. G.) In Milton, P. L. X. 656. —F. blanc. blanch^ white. From blhiche^i'^, to shine (mod. G. blinken) ; allied to O. H. G. blichen, to shine. blanket. (F. —O.H.G.) Orig. of a white colour. M. E. blanket. — O. F. blanket (F. blanchef), dimin. from blanc, white; see above. bleach. (E.) Orig. * to become pale M. E. blechen, Ancren Riwle, p. 324, 1 . i. A. S. bl^can. — A. S. bl\x. bloem ; Goth, bloma', l^.Jlos; see Flower. blossom. (E.) M. E. blosnie, also blostnie. A. S. blostina, a blossom; from A. S. blo-wan, with suffixes -st and -ma ; cf. blast from bid-wan, to puff. L)u, bloesem; M. H. G. bluost, blust. Blow (3), a stroke, hit. (E.) M. E. bloive. Not in A. S.; but we find O. Du. strong verb blouwen (pt. t. blau), to strike, dress flax by beating. Allied to G. blduen, to beat. ^ Also to Goth, bliggwan (blingwan), to strike; \j.Jligere, to beat down,jdagel- lum, a scourge. (y'BHLAGH, to beat.) See Afflict, Flagellate. blemish, to stain. (F. - Scand.) M. E. bleniisshen. . bleniis-, stem of pres, part of bleinir, blesniir, to wound, stain. — O. F. bleme, blesme, wan, pale. — Icel. blaman, the livid colour of a wound. — Icel. blar, livid, blue. The orig. sense of O. F. bleinir was ‘ to beat black and blue.’ blue, a colour. (Scand.) Orig. ‘ livid,’ the colour due to beating. M. E. bio, livid. (The A. S. bldhewen, blue-hued, is perhaps borrowed.) — Icel. bldr, livid ; Swed. bid ; Dan. blaa. From the root of blow above. Der. blaeberry or bleaberry, blemish. Blubber. (E.) See Bleb. Bludgeon. (C.) See Block. Blue. (Scand.) See Blow (3). ^ Bluff, downright, rude. (Du. ?) A binff is a steep headland. It appears to be Dutch. O. Du. blaf, flat, broad ; blaffaert, one having . a broad flat face, also, a ■ 44 BLUNDER. boaster (Oudemans) ; blaf van het voor- hcoft, ‘ the flat of a forehead ’ (Hexham) ; blaffen, bleffe^t, to mock (id.). Blunder. (E.) See Blend. Blunderbuss, a short gun. (Du.) In Pope. A singular corruption of O. Du. do 7 iderbtissey ‘ a bombard ’ (Hexham) ; Du. do 7 ide 7 'buss, a blunderbuss. — Du. do 7 ide 7 ', thunder; and bus, a gun, orig. a box, bar¬ rel ; see Box (i). So also G. do 7 i 7 ie 7 'buchse. Blunt. (Scand.') See Blend. Blur, a stain. (Scand.) See Blear. Blurt. (E.) See Blow (i). Blush. (E.) M. E. blusche 7 i, blusshen, to glow. A. S. blysca 7 i, used to translate L. 7 'utila 7 'e, to shine (Mone, Quellen, 355). Extended from A. S. blysafi, only in comp. dblysia 7 t, ablisia 7 t, to blush; from A. S. blys (blysl) in bcel-blys^ lit. ‘a fire-blaze.’ Du. bloze 7 i, to blush, from bios, a blush; Dan. blusse, to flame, glow, from bhis, a torch; Swed. blossa, to blaze, from bloss, a torch. Prob. allied to Blaze. Bluster. (Scand.) See Blow (i). Boa, a large snake. (L.) L. boa (Pliny); perhaps allied to bos, an ox ; from its size. Boar, an animal. (E.) M. E. bore, boor. A. S. bar. -|- Du. beer\ M. H. G. ber\ Russ. bo 7 'ov\ Perhaps orig. ‘wild beast,’ like Bear (2). Board. (E.) M. E. bo 7 'd. A. S. bord, board, side of a ship, shield. + Du. bord ; Icel. bord, plank, side of a ship ; G. bo 7 'd\ Goth. -bati 7 'd in fotudaurd, a foot-stool. Cf. Irish, Gael., W., and Com. bord, a board. ^ The sense ‘ side of a ship ’ explains sta 7 '-board, la 7 '-board, 07 i board, ove 7 '-board. Der. board, to live at table; from board, a table. border, an edge. (F. —O. Du.) M. E. bordu 7 'e, Ch. — F. bordu 7 'e. — Du. boo 7 'd, bor¬ der, edge; orig. the same word as Du. bo 7 ’d, a board; see above. Boast. (C.) M. E. host. — W. host, a bragging; Corn, host ; Irish and Gael. bosd, boast, vain-gloiy. Boat. (E.) M. E. boot. A. S. bat. 4- Icel. bdtr\ Swed. bat', Du. boot’, Russ. bof ; W. bad’, Gael, bdta, a boat. p. The orig. boat was prob. a bat, i.e. stick, branch, stem of a tree; cf. Gael, and Irish bata, staff, stick, pole, branch, bat. See Bat. boat-swain. (E.) Lit. ‘ boat-lad; ’ A. S. swd 7 i, Icel. svei 7 i 7 i. a lad. Bob, to jerk. (C. ?) Perhaps imitative. Or altered from Gael, bog, to bob, agitate; Irish bogaim, I bob, wag, toss. See Bog. BOMBAST. Bobbin, a wooden pin on which thread is wound; round tape. (F.) Formerly - bobm. — F. bobhie, ‘ a quil for a spinning wheele, a skane ; ’ Cot. Orig. uncertain; perhaps Celtic. Cf. Irish and Gael. baba7t, a tassel, fringe, short pieces of thread; Gael, babag, tassel, cluster. Bode. (E.) See Bid (2). Bodice. (E.) See Bind. Bodkin, orig. a small dagger. (C.) M. E. boy dekin, Ch. — W. bidogyn, bidogan, a dag¬ ger, poniard; dimin. of bidog, a dagger; cf. W. pid, a tapering point. Cf. Gael. :■ biodag, Irish bideog, a dagger. ■ Body. (E.) See Bind. 5 Bog. (C.) Irish bogach, a bog, from bog, \ soft; cf. Irish bogai77i, I shake ; a bog being .' a soft quagmire. So also Gael. boga7t, a j quagmire; bog, soft, moist; bog, to soften, i also to agitate. J Boggle, to start aside, swerve for fear. \ (C.?) Prob. coined from prov. E. boggle, j bogle, a spectre. Cf. W. bwg, a goblin; j bwgwl, a threat, bygylu, to threaten; ] bwgwth, to scare. See Bug (i). I Boil (i), verb. (F. —L.) See Bull (2). | Boil (2), a tumour. (E.) See Bulge. J Boisterous. (C.) Lengthened from M. E. j boistous, Ch. — W. bwystus, ferocious; from I bwyst, ferocity. J Bold. (E.) M. E. bold, bald', A. S. beald, 1 bald. 4- Icel. ballr', Du. bout’, O. H. G. 1 paid, bald ; cf. Goth, balthaba, adv., boldly. ■ bawd. (F. — G.) M. E. batide, Ch.— a O. F. baud, gay, wanton. — O. H. G. bald, 1 bold, free. 1 Bole. (Scand.) See Bulge. 1 Boiled, swollen. (Scand.) See Bulge. 1 Bolster, Bolt (i). See Bulge. i Bolt (2), Boult, to sift meal. (F. —L. — « Gk.) Spelt boulte in Palsgrave. — O. F. 1 bulter ; mod. F. bluter ; oldest form buleter, 1 a corruption of bu7'eter, to sift through % coarse cloth. — O. F. buire (F. bure'), coarse M woollen cloth. — Low Lat. burra, coarse 9 red cloth. — Lat. bu7'7'us, reddish. — Gk. 9 TTvppos, reddish.— Gk. Trvp, fire. See Fire. I bureau. (F. — L.) F. bureau, a desk, 9 writing-table ; so called because covered II with brown baize. — F. bureau, O.F. burel, 9| coarse woollen stuff, russet-coloured. — ml O. F. bilire (F. bu7'e), coarse red cloth. — II L. bu7'7'us ; as above. VI Bomb, Bombard. (F. - L. — Gk.) See 11 Boom (i). 11 Bombast, orig. cotton-wadding; hence, VI padding, affected language. (Ital. — U. — VI BOND. Glc.) Milanese bombas, Ital. bombagio., cotton wadding. — Low L. bombax, cotton ; put for L. bo 77 ibyx. — Gk. PofxPv^, silk, cotton. ^ Prob. Eastern; from Pers. ba 7 tdash, carded cotton. bombazine, bombasine, a fabric of silk and worsted. (F. —L. —gL) ¥. bo77i- basm. — Low L. bombacynus, made of cotton. — Low L. bo 7 nbax, cotton; see above. Bond. (E.) See Bind. Bondage, servitude. (F. — Scand.) See Boor. Bone. (E.) M. E. boo 7 t\ A.S. bd7t.’\‘ Du. beeTt ; Icel. beiTt ; Swed. ben \ Dan. . been ; O. H. G. pein, peini, bonfire. (E.) Orig. a bone-fire. Bane- fire, ignis ossium; * Catholicon Anglicanum, A.D. 1483 ; where bane is the Northern form of bone. Bonito, a kind of tunny. (Span. — Arab.) Span, bonito. — KiB.h. baynis, a bonito. Bonnet. (F. - Low L. - Hind. ?) F. ► bonnet. — Low L. boiineta (a.d. 1300), the I name of a stuff of which bonnets or caps I were made. Perhaps Hindustani; cf. Hind. : baiidt^ woollen cloth ; Rich. Diet. p. 290. : Bonny, fair. (F. — L.) From F. bonne, fair, fern, of bon, good. — L. bonus, good ; O. L. duo 7 ius. boon, good. (F. — L.) In the phr. ^boon companion.’ — F. bon, good. bounty, orig. goodness. (F. — L.) M. E. bountee. — O. F. bo 7 ifeit. — ¥. acc. bonitate77i, from bonitas, goodness. — L. boiius. Bonze, a priest. (Port.— Japanese.) Port. —Jap. busso, a pious man (Mahn). Booby. (Span. — L.) Span. a block¬ head, booby (related to F. baube, stammer- — L. balbus, stammering; hence stupid. Cognate with Gk. PdpIBapos ; see Bar¬ barous. Book. (E.) M. E. book ; A. S. bSc, of which the orig. sense was a beech-tree. The orig. ‘ books ’ were pieces of writing scratched on a beechen board. +Du. boek ; Icel. b 6 k\ Swed. bok\ Dan. bog\ G. buch\ also L. fagus, a beech, Gk. (priyos, a beech. (V bhag.) beech. (E.) A. S. bece, a beech; becen, adj., beechen; both derivatives (by change from 6 to /) from the older form boc above. buckwheat. (E.) Lit. beech-wheat; from the resemblance of its seeds to the mast of the beech-tree. The form buck is Northern. So also Du. boekweit, buckwheat; G. buchweizeii. See Book. BOOR. 45 Boom (i), to hum. (E.) M. E. bonimen ; not found in A. S. -F Du. bommen, to boom, to give out a hollow sound like an empty barrel. An imitative word; allied to L. bo 77 ibus, Gk. ^ 6 /jiPos, a humming. bomb, a shell for cannon. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. boTnbe. — L. bo 7 nbus, a humming noise.— Gk. PopPos, the same. bombard. (F. - L. - Gk.) The verb is from E. bo 7 n})ard, a great gun; Sh. — F. bombarde, a cannon ; extended from F. bo 77 ibe. Der. bo 7 nbard-ier, F. boinbardier (Cot.) bound (i), to leap. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. bondir, to bound; but orig. to resound. — L. bo 77 ibitare, to resound. — L. bombus, a humming sound. — Gk. PSpPos, the same. Ber. 7 'e-bound (F. rebondii''). bumble-bee. (E.) Cf. O.T)vi.bom 7 nelen, to buzz, frequent, of bo 7 n 7 nen, to boom ; see Boom (i). bump (2), to boom as a bittern. (C.) W. bw 77 ip, a hollow sound ; hence adeiyn y bw 77 ip, a bittern. bumper, a drinking-vessel. (F. —L.— Gk.) A corruption of bo 77 ibard, used in the same sense (Temp. ii. 2), a jocular word ; it orig. meant a kind of cannon ; see bombard above. Boom (2), a pole. (Du.) See Beam. Boon (i), a petition. (Scand.) M. E. bo 7 ie, Ch. — Icel. bon, Dan. and Swed. bdii, a petition, -p A. S. ben (whence bene in Wordsworth). Perhaps allied to Ban. Boon (2) ; see Bonny. Boor, a peasant. (Du.) Du. boer, a peasant, lit. ‘ tiller of the soil.’ - Du. bouwen, to till. -|- A. S. biian, to till, to dwell, whence bur, gebiir, a peasant (only preserved in neigh-bour). So also G. bauen, to till; whence bauer, a peasant. (V BHU.) bondage, servitude. (F. —Scand.) M.E. and F. bondage, servitude; the sense being due to confusion with the verb to bind. But it orig. meant the condition of a bond- 7 nan, called in A. S. boiida, a word borrowed from Icel. b 67 idi, a husband¬ man. And b 6 ndi=-btia 7 idi, a tiller; from Icel. biia, to till, prepare, cognate with A. S. biian. bound (3), ready to go. (Scand.) In ‘ the ship is bound for Spain,’ &c. Formed, with excrescent d, from M. E. bou7i, ready, Ch. C. T. 11807. Icel. biiiiin, prepared; pp. of biia, to till, prepare. bower, an arbour. (E.) M. E. boure. HOOT. 46 A. S. biir, a chamber. — A. S. bdan^ to dwell. -}-Icel. biir, a chamber. busk (i), to get oneself ready. (Scand.) Icel. biiaskf to get oneself ready. — Icel. biia, to prepare ; and -sk, put for sik^ one¬ self ; see bound (3) above. by-law, a law affecting a tovmship. (Scand.) Formerly also birlaw^ burlaw. — Icel. bcejar-logy a town-law, by-law; from bcejavy gen. of beer or byr^ a town, village (from biia, to dwell) ; and log, a law. So also Dan. by-lov, town-law, simi¬ larly compounded. byre, a cow-house. (Scand.) Icel. biir, a pantry; Swed. bur, Dan. buur, a bird¬ cage ; Swed. dial, btir, a cottage, pantr}% granary, &c. The Scand. equivalent of E. boiver. husband ; see under House, neighbour. (E.) Lit. one who dwells near. A. S. nedhbur, nedhgebiir. — A. S. nedh, nigh; and btir, gebiir, a peasant, dweller.-j-Gr. nachbar, similarly formed. Boot (i), a covering for the foot. (F.— O. H. G.) See Butt (2). Boot (2), advantage. (E.) See Better. Booth. (Scand.) M. E. bothe. — Icel. bids, a booth, shop; Swed. bod, Dan. bod. -hG. bude. So also Gael, buth, Irish both, boith, W. bwth, a hut. Allied to Skt. bha- vana, a house. (^ BHU.) Booty. (Scand.) Icel. byti, Dan. bytte, Swed. byte, exchange, barter; also booty, spoil (whence also F. butiii). — Icel. byta, to divide, deal out; so that the orig. sense of booty was ‘ share.’ + Du. buit. (The G. beute is merely borrowed from Low G.) Borage. (F. — LowL.) Formerly age. — F. bourrache. — Low L. borragiuem, acc. of borrago, borage ; prob. named from its roughness. Perhaps from Low L. borra, hurra, rough hair (whence F. bourre, Ital. bonsai ); see Burl. Borax. (Low L. — Arab. — Pers.) Low L. borax ; also boracum. — Arab. biU'dq. — Pers. biirah, borax (Vullers). Border, an edge. (F. — O. Du.) See Board. Bore (i), to perforate. (E.) M. E. borien, K.^.borian.’^T>\x. boren\ \Q,^.bora\ Swed. borra ; Dan. bore ; G. boluxn ; L. foi'are. (^ BHAR, to cut.) See Perforate, Pharynx. bore (2), to worry. Merely a metaph. use of the verb above ; Hen. VIII, i. 1.128. And see Burin. BOTANY. Bore (3), a tidal surge in a river. (Scand.) Icel. bdra, a billow caused by wind. Cf. Swed. dial, bar, a mound. Boreas, the north wind. (L. — Gk.) L. Boreas. — Gk. Bopeas, Boppds, the N. wind. Borough. (E.) M. E. burgh, borgh ; also borwe. A. S. burh, burg (gen. and dat. byrig), a fort.— A. S. burg-on, pt. pi. of beorgan, to protect; cognate with Goth. bairgan, to hide, keep, L. farcire, to stuff, (y'BHARGH.) 4“ Du. burg', Icel. botg', Swed. and Dan. borg\ G. burg', Golh. baurgs. barrow (i), a burial-mound. (E.) Put for berrow (like parson for person, &c.) M. E. betgh, beoruh, a hill, mound.— A. S. beorg, beorh, a hill, grave-mound. — A. S. beorgan, to hide, protect; see bury below. borrow. (E.) M. E. borwen ; A. S. borgian, lit. to give a pledge. — A. S. borg, borh, a pledge. — A. '^.botg-en, pp. of beorgan, to keep, protect. burgess. (F.-M. H. G.) M. E. bur- gey s.’^O. F. burgeis. Lat. burgensis, belonging to a fort or city.— Low Lat. butgus, a fort. — M. H. G. burc (G. burg)', cognate with A. S. burg above. burgher. (E.) Formed by adding -er to burgh —borough. burglar. (F. — G. and L.) O. F. butg- lar (a law-term) a house-breaker, lit. ^ borough-thief.’— F. bourg (from G. burg), a town; and O. F. leres, a robber, from Lat. latro ; see Larceny. burgomaster. (Du.) Du. burgemeester, a town-master. — Du. butg, cognate with E. bot'ough ; and meester, a master, from O. F. meistre ; see Master. burial. (E.) M. E. buriel, biriel, a tomb; also spelt beriels, biriels. — A. S. byrgels, a tomb. — A. S. byrgan, to bury; see bury (i). burrow, a shelter for rabbits. (E.) M. E. borwgh, a cave, shelter; merely a varied spelling of borough above. Der. burrow, verb. bury (i), verb. (E.) M. E. btirien.'^ A. S. byrigan, byrgan, to bury, hide in the ground. Formed (by change of 0 to y) from borg-en, pp. of beorgan, to hide, pro¬ tect (as above). bury (2), a town. (E.) In Canter bury, &c. — A. S. byrig, dat. oi burh, a borough. Bosom. (E.) M. E. bosom. A. S. bosm. -f- V>\x. boezem', G. busen. (y^BHUGH?) Boss, a knob. (F. — O. H. G.) See Beat. Botany. (F. — Gk.) F. botanique, orig. BOTCH. BOUT. an adj. — Gk. ^oraviKos, belonging to plants. — Gk. ^oTapT], a herb. — Gk. jBoaKeiv, to feed. Botch (i), to patch. (O. Low G.) See Beat. Botch (2), a swelling. (F. — G.) See Beat. Both. (Scand.) M. E. id\)e, Scot, baith. — Icel. bd^ir, both, dual adj.; Dan. baade; Swed. bdda. + G. beide\ Goth, bajoths. Allied to A. S. bd^ both; Lat. -bo in am- bo ; Gk. ’Cpoi in d}JL-(pctj; Skt. -bha in u-bhay both. Bother, v. and sb. (C.) In Swift.— Irish buaidhirt, sb., trouble; btiaidhrhUy I disturb; cf. huair, to vex, trouble. So also O. Gael. bMaidhearty tumult, confu¬ sion ; buair, to vex, trouble, disturb. Bots, small worms. (C.) Gael. botuSy a belly-worm ; boiteag, a maggot. Bottle (i), a hollow vessel. (F. — Low L. — Gk.) M. E. hotel. — F. botUeille. — Low Lat. buticulay dimin. of buticay a kind of vessel. — Gk. Povtis, a flask. Per¬ haps allied to Butt (2) and Boot (i). butler. (F. — Low L. — Gk.) M. E. botelery one who attends to bottles; from M. E. botely a bottle; see above, buttery, a place for provisions, esp. liquids. (F. — Low L. — Gk.) A corruption of M. E. boteleriCy a butlery, properly a place for a butler; from M. E. botelery a butler; see above. (Thus buttery — bottlery 1 ) Confused with the word butter. Bottle (2), a bundle of hay; see Beat. Bottom. (E.) M. E. botuniy bothom. A. S. botm. -f- Du. bodern ; Icel. botn ; Swed. bctten ; Dan. bund ; G. boden ; Lat. fundus \ Gk. •nvOix'qVy Vedic Skt. budhnUy depth, ground. Allied to Irish bonny sole of the foot; Gael, bonn, sole, bottom ; W. bony base, stock. See Fundament. Boudoir. (F. - C. ?) F. boudoiry a pri¬ vate room for a lady; lit. a place to sulk in. — F. boudery to sulk. Perhaps Celtic ; cf. W.pwduy to pout, sulk ; see Pout (i). Bough. (E.) M. E. bough. A. S. bog, boh ; of which the orig. sense was * an arm.’ -f- Icel. bdgr, Swed. bog, Dan. bdvy the shoulder of an animal, hence the bow (shoulder) of a ship; G. bug; Gk. Trrjxvs, the fore-arm; Skt. bdhuSy the arm, allied to bahUy large. bow (4), the bow of a ship. (Scand.) Lit. the ‘ shoulder ’ of a ship. - Icel. bogry Swed. bogy Dan. bov ; as above. Der bow- Ime. Bought, the same as Bout. See Bow (i). 47 Boulder, a large stone. (Scand.) Swed. dial, bullersteeny a large rolling stone; so called from its rolling down stream with a crash. — Swed. bullray to thunder, roar; and steeUy a stone ; see Bellow and Stone. Danish puts Id for //, and has buldrOy to roar, bidder, a crash. Bounce, to jump up quickly. (O. Low G.) M. E. bunseUy to beat. — Low G. bunseny to beat, knock at a door; Du. bonzeuy to bounce, throw. From Du. bonSy a bounce, thump; cf. G. bumps, bounce: Icel. bopSy bump! imitative of the sound of a blow. See Bump (i). Bound (i), to leap. (F.-L.-Gk.) See Boom (i). Der. re-bound. Bound (2), a boundary. (F. — C.) M. E. boundoy Ch.; with excrescent dy as in soun-d. — O. F. bonnOy a boundary; also spelt bodne (Burguy); Low Lat. bodina (contr. form bonnd)y a bound, limit. — Bred, bdden, a thicket, tuft of trees; bbd, a tuft of trees; cf. Irish bot, a cluster, a bunch. Thus the orig. bound was a tuft of trees or a thicket. Der. bound-ary (for bound-er-y). bourn (i), a boundary. (F. — C.) In Sh. —F. boi'nOy a bound; corrupted from O. F. bonney a boundary, as above. Bound (3), ready to go. (Scand.) See Boor. Bounden, the old pp. of Bind. As in ^ bounden duty.’ Bounty. (F. — L.) See Bonny. Bouquet. (F.-Low G.) See Bush. Bourd, a jest; to jest. (F. — Teut. ?) M. E. bourde, sb.; bourdeny v. — F. bourde, a game; bourder, to play. Etym. doubt¬ ful ; but F. bourder prob. = O. F. bohordery to tourney, joust with lances, hence, to amuse oneself. - O. F. bohort, a mock tournament; supposed to stand for bot- horde, i.e. a beating against the hurdles or barriers of the lists. - O. F. bot-er, to beat; and horde, a hurdle.— M. H. G. bozen, to beat (O. H. G. pozari) ; and M. H. G. hurt, a hurdle; see Beat and Hurdle. Bourn (i), a boundary. (F. —C.) See Bound (2). Bourn (2), Bum, a stream. (E.) M. E. bourne. A. S. burna, a fountain, stream, well. (-y/BHUR ?) -f- Icel. brunnr; Swed. brunn; Dan. brbnd; G. brunnen; Goth. brunna, a spring, well; cf. Gk. x^\..b 7 'a 7 tc, an arm; allied to Lat. brachiu 77 i, an arm, a branch. embrace. (F. — L.) O. F. e 77 ib 7 'acer;\o grasp in the arms. —O.F. e 77 i-, ioxen ( = L. m); and brace, the grasp of the arms ; see Brace. Brach, a kind of hunting-dog. (F. — L.) M. E. brache.^ 0 . F. brache (F. b 7 'aque').^ O. H. G. b 7 'acco (G. brack'), a dog that hunts by the scent. IBrackish. (Du.) Du. b 7 'ak, briny, nause¬ ous.—Du. b 7 'aken, to vomit. Prob. allied to Break. Bracken, fern. (E.) See Brake (2). . Bracket, a corbel. See Breeches. Bract. (L.) Lat. b 7 'actea, a thin plate or leaf of metal. Brad. (Scand.) M. E. b 7 'od. — Icel. broddr, a spike; Swed. brodd, Dan. brodde, a frost-nail. Brag. (C.) See Break. Bragget. (W.) M. E. braget. — W. b 7 'agot, a kind of mead; allied to Irish bracat, malt liquor. — W. brag, malt; Irish and Gael, braich, malt, fermented grain. The Gael, braich is from Gael. b 7 'ach, to b 7 'ew ; allied to E. Brew. BRAHMAN. BRAY. Brahman, Brahmin. (Skt.) Skt. drdhmana, a brahman, holy man.--Skt. brahman, prayer; also the unknown god. Supposed to mean ‘ supportfrom bhxi, to bear; see Bear (i). Braid, to weave. (E.) M. E. breiden. A. S. bregdan, bredan, to brandish, weave, braid.-f"Icel.^r^^^^, to brandish, turn about, I change, start, braid, &c.; hence brag^, a \ sudden movement. [ Brail, a ligature ; see Breeches. I Brain. (E.) M. E. brayne. A. S. bregen, brcegen, the brain.+Du. brein, ! Brake (i) ; see Break. ' Brake (2), bush, fern. (E.) A. S. bracce, fern.+Low G. brake, willow-bush. Prob. I so called because growing on rough or broken ground; cf. G. brack, fallow, un¬ ploughed. bracken, fern. (E.) A.S. braccan, pi. of bracce, fern.+Icel. burkni (allied to brok, sedge, rough grass); Swed. brdken, Dan. ■ bregne, fern. Bramble. (E.) M. E. brembil. A. S. bremel, brembel.’\‘iyvL. braam, a blackberry; Swed. brom-bdr, Dan. brojn-bcer, G. brom- beere, a blackberry, BHRAM.) Bran. (C.) M. E. — Irish bran, husk, chaff. So also F. bren ; from Bret, brenn, bran. Branch. (F. - L.) See Brace. Brand, Brandish, Brandy; see Burn. Branks, a punishment for scolds. (C.) See Jamieson. —Gael, brangas (O. Gael. brancas), a sort of pillory; Gael, brang, Irish brancas, a halter.-f-Du. pranger, pin¬ cers, barnacle, collar; Qi. pranger, a pillory; Du. prangen, to pinch. Bran-new. (E.) See Burn. Brass. (E.) M. E. bras. A. S. br^ss. Derived from the verb seen in Icel. brasa, to harden by fire; Swed. brasa, to flame ; Dan. brase, to fry. Der. braz-en, A. S. brcEsen. brasier, brazier, a pan to hold coals. (F. —Scand.) F. braisiere, a camp-kettle. braise, live coals.— Swed. fire, allied to brasa, to flame; see above. braze (i), to harden. (F. - Scand.) K. Lear, i. i. 11. It merely means to harden; it is the verb from which b7'ass is derived, not vice versa. — F. braser, to solder. — Icel. brasa, to harden by fire. braze (2), to ornament with brass. (E.) In Chapman, tr. of Homer, Od. xv. 113. In this sense, it is E., and derived from brass, sb. 49 breeze (2), cinders. (F. —Scand.) O F. brese, spelt breze in Cot., the old form of F. b^'-aise, live coals ; see brasier above. Brat, a child. (C.) So named from its pinafore ; it also meant a rag, clout, or (in derision) a child. — W. brat, a rag, pinafore ; Gael, and Irish brat, a cloak, rag. Brattice, a fence of boards in a mine. (F.-Teut?) M. E. bretasche, bretasce, brutaske, a parapet, battlement. — O. F. bretesche, a small wooden outwork, battle¬ ment; cf. Prov. bertresca, Ital. bertesca, the same. A difficult word; prob. formed from G. h'ett, a plank. buttress, a support, in architecture. (F. —Teut.) M. E. boteras, a battlement, a corrupt form of h'utaske or bretesche above; as shewn by boterased as a various reading for bretasked, &c. ; P. Plowman, A. vi. 79, B. V. 598. Really the same word as brat¬ tice ; but confused Vv^ith O. F. boutani, a buttress (Cot.), from bouter, to support; see Butt (i). Bravado. (Span.) See Brave. Brave. (F.) F. brave, * brave, gay, fine, proud, braggard, valiant;’ Cot. The same as Ital., Span., and Port, bravo. Etym. unknown ; none of the explanations are satisfactory ; the Bret, brav, O. Swed. braf, appear to be borrowed from F. Cf. Bret. braga, to strut about, Gael, breagh, fine; see Brag. bravado. (Span.) Altered from Span. bravada, ‘ a bravadoMinsheu’s Span. Diet.— Span. b 7 'avo, brave. bravo, a daring villain. (Ital.) Ital. bravo, brave; as a sb., a cut-throat, villain. bravo ! well done. (Ital.) Ital. bravo, brave; used in the voc. case. Brawl (i), to quarrel. (C.) M. E. b 7 'aulen. — W. brazvl, b 7 'ol, a boast; brolio, to boast; b 7 'agal, to vociferate ; cf. Irish bragaim, I boast, bounce, bully. Prob. allied to Brag. Brawl (2), a sort of dance. (F. — Teut.) See Burn. Brawn, muscle. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. braun, muscle, boar’s flesh. — O. F. b 7 'ao 7 i, a slice of flesh ; cf. Prov. brado 7 i, the same. — O. H. G. brdto 7 t, acc. of brdto, M. E. brdte, a slice of flesh for roasting. — O. H. G. prdtan (G. braten), to roast. ^ The orig. sense was merely ‘ muscle ;’ the restriction to that of ‘ boar’s flesh’ is accidental. Bray (i), to bruise. (F. — G.) See Break. Bray (2), to make a roaring noise. (F. — C.) See Break. BRAZE. BREW. 50 Braze, (i) to harden; ( 2 ) to ornament with brass; see Brass. Breach. (E.) See Break. Bread. (E.) M. E. breed. A. S. bi-edd. Prob. allied to Brew, because fermented. Cf. A. S. pt. t. bred-w. -f- Du. brood; Icel. braii ^; Swed. and Dan. brod ; G. brod. Breadth. (E.) See Broad. Break. (E.) M. E. brekeji ; pt. t. brak ; pp. b7'oken. A. S. brecan, pt. t. b7'(BC, pp. b7Vce7t.’\‘‘T>Vi. breke7i; Icel. braka,to creak; Swed. braka^ to crack; Dan. b7'cekke ; Goth. brika7t ; G. b7'eche}i ; Lat. frarigere. w BHRAG.) The orig. sense is to break with a noise, to crack. brag, to boast. (C.) W. bragio, to boast; Irish b7'agai77t, I boast. Allied to Gael, bragh, an explosion. BHRAG.) braggart, a boaster. (F. - C.) F. braga7'd. — Bret, braga, to strut about; cog¬ nate with W. b7'agio, to boast; see aboye. brake (i), a machine for breaking hemp ; a name for various mechanical con¬ trivances. (O. Low G.) M. E. b7'ake. — Low (j.brake^ 2 i flax-brake; O. V7Vi. b7'aecke, ‘ a brake to beat flax ;’ Hexham. — Du. b7’eken^ to break ; see Break. bray (i), to bruise, pound. (F. — G.) hi. E. b7'aye7t.^O. F. b7'eier (F. broyer)."~ G. breche7i, to break ; see Break. bray ( 2 ), to make a roaring noise. (F. — C.) F. brau'e (Low Lat. b7'agire^ bi'agare'). Of Celtic origin; cf. W. b7'agal, to vociferate; Gael. b7'agh, a burst, explo¬ sion ; see brag above. breach. (E.) M. E. b7'ecJie, a fracture. — A.S. b7'ece, as in hlaf-geb7'ece^ a piece of bread (more commonly bTHce^ a breaking). — A. S. b7'eca7t, to break. brick. (F. — O. Du.) F. brique, a brick; also a fragment, bit. — O. Du. bricke^ a brick ; orig. a fragment. — Du. brekeii^ to break. Der. brick-bat (see Bat). Bream, a fish. (F. — O. H. G.) See Bass ( 2 ). Breast. (E.) See Burst. Breath. (E.) M. E. b7'eeth^ bretJi. A. S. brd^. -I-G. b7'odem^ b7'ode7iy b7'odel, steam, vapour, exhalation. Breech. (E.) See Breeches. Breeches, Breeks. (E.) A double plural, the form breek being, in itself, a pi. form. A.S.breeks; pi. of b7'6c., with the same sense. -I-Du. b7'oek^ a pair of breeches ; Icel. brSk (pi. brczkr ); M. H. G. bruoch ; Gael, brog^ a large shoe, briogais, breeches. Cf. li. braccce, a word of Celtic origin. bracket, a corbel, &c. (F. — C.) For¬ merly spelt bragget, as in Minsheu, ed. 1627 . So named from the resemblance to the front part of a pair of breeches, as formerly made. — F. b7'aguette, * a codpiece,* Cot. (the front part of a pair of breeches); the allied Span. b7'agtieta also meant a projecting mould in architecture, a bracket or corbel. Dimin. of O. F. b7'ague, ‘ a kind of mortaise,’ Cot.; from bragues^ breeches; so also Span. b7'agiieta is the dimin. of Span, bragas, breeches. — L.braccce; of Celtic origin; Bret. b7'ageZy breeches. brail, a kind of ligature or fastening. (F. — C.) O. F. b7'aiel, a cincture; orig. for fastening up breeches; dimin. of F. b7'aiey breeches. — L. b7'acccey Bret. b7'agez, as above. breech. (E.) M.E. b 7 'eechy properly breeks, or the covering of the hinder part of the body. — A. S. brec, pi. of b7'6c ; see above. brogues, coarse shoes. (C.) Gael, and Irish brogj a shoe, legging; see Breeches. Breed. (E.) See Brood. Breeze (i), a gadfly. (E.) Also brizze^ brhnsey.^A. S. brmise, a gadfly, named from its humming, -f* V)\x.bre77is ; G. bre77ise (from M. H. G. b7'e77ie7t, to hum) ; Skt, bh7'a77ia7'ay a large black bee (from Skt. bhra77iy to hum, whirl, fly about as insects). Cf. \jdX. fre77iere. Breeze ( 2 ), a strong wind. (F.) Formerly b 7 'ize. — O. F. h'isOy used by Rabelais in the same sense as F. bise^ the N. wind; cf. Span, brisa, Port. b7dzay the N.E. wind ; Ital. brezza, a cold wind. Orig. unknown. Breeze ( 3 ), cinders. (F. — Scand.) See Brass. ^ Quite distinct from prov. E. brissy dust, F. b7dsy rubbish, whence F. debris ; see Debris. Breve, Breviary ; see Brief. Brew. (E.) M. E. brewen. A. S. b7'e6wa7t, pt. t. b7'edwy pp. geb7'0'we7t.’\‘T>\x, broiiweii ; G. bratie7t ; Icel. brugga ; Swed. brygga ; Dan. brygge. BHUR, to boil, ferment.) brewis, pottage. (F. — M. H. G.) M. E. browes. — O. F. broues, a pi. form ; from a sing. broUy broth. — Low Lat. brodtmiy broth. —M. H. G. b7'6dy broth ; cognate with E. Broth; see below. brose, pottage. (C.) Gael. b7'othaSy brose. From the same root as E. Brew. broth. (E.) A. S. b7'o%. — A. S. bro-iveft, pp. of breoivaHy to brew. + icel. b7'o '^; M. H. G. brot; cf. (j.geb7'dude, as much as is brewed at once. And see Bread. BRIAR. BRISKET. Briar, Brier. (E.) yi.Y.. brei^e. A.S. ; -f-Gael. and Irish preas, a bush, briar. I Bribe. (F. —C.) M. E. bribe. 1 bribe, a piece of bread given to a beggar; i Picard brife, a fragment of bread.— Bret. brewa, to break; cp. W. briw, broken, i briwfara (= b^'iw bard), broken bread, : from briwo, to break. Allied to Brick and ; Break. : Brick. (F. — O. Du.) See Break. : Bride. (E.) M. E. bride ; also birde, I brude, btirde. A. S. bryd, a bride. Prob. allied to Irish bru, the womb, Gk. ^pv(:LV, to teem. -f“ Du. bruid; Icel. bru^r; Swed. i and Dan. brud ; G. bratit ; Goth, bruths. bridal. (E.) bride-ale, a bride- feast. A. S. bryd-ealo, a bride-ale, bride- l feast. — A.S. bryd, bride; and ealo, ale, also a feast; see Ale. , bridegroom. (E.) For bridegoom ; the I second r is intrusive. A. S. bryd-guma, lit. bride-man ; where guma is cognate with L. I homo, a man ; see Homage. Du. bruide- ‘ gom ; Icel. bru^giwii ; Swed. brudgum 7 ne ; Dan. b7'udgo7ii; G. brdMtiga77i, O. H. G. brut ego 7710. Bridge. (E.) M. E. brigge, brugge. A. S. brycg.-^-lcdi.. bryg^'a ; Swed. brygga ; Dan. b7ygge, a pier; G. briicke. Allied to Icel. bni, Dan. bro, a bridge, pavement; O. Swed. bro, a paved way. Bridle. (E.) M. E. bridel. A. S. bridel. -P Du. b7'eidel ; M. H. G. britel, b 7 'ittil (whence F. bride). Perhaps allied to Braid. Brief (i), short. (F.-L.) M.E. bref. — F. bref. — L. breuis, short, -f- Gk. Ppaxvs, short. brief ( 2 ), a writ, &c. (F.-L.) F. brief, a brief; Cot. The same as F. b 7 'ef above ; from its being in a short form. abbreviate. (L.) L. abbreuiatus, pp. of ahbreuiare, to shorten. — L. ab-, put for ad, to; and b7'etns, short. abridge. (F.-L.) M.E. ab7'egen.^m O. F. abregier, another form of abrevier, to shorten. — L. abbreuiare ; see above. breve. (Ital. — L.) Orig. a short now the longest in use.-Ital. breve, brief. — Lat. breuis, short. Der. se 77 ii-breve. brevet. (F.-L.) F. b7^evet, ‘a brief, breviate, little writing; ’ Cot. Dimin. from bref, brief. breviary. (F.-L.) F. breviaire.-^l.. breuiarium, a summary. brevity. (F.-L.) Y.brievetS.^l^. breuitateiiif shortness. — L. breuis, short. 51 Brig, Brigade ; see Brigand. Brigand. (F. — Ital.) F. b 7 'igand, a robber. — Ital. brigante, an intriguer, robber; orig. pres. part, of brigare, to strive after. - Ital. bi'iga, strife, quarrel, trouble. Orig. uncertain. brig ; see brigantine (below), brigade. (F. — Ital.) F. brigade, a crew, troop. — Ital. brigata, a troop ; orig. fern, of pp. of brigare, to strive, fight, as above. brigandine, a kind of armour. (F. — Ital.) F. brigandine, a kind of armour, worn by brigands.— F. brigand, a robber; see above. brigantine, brig, a ship. (F.-Ital.) Brig is^ merely short for brigaiitine.^Y. brigantin, a kind of ship. — Ital. brigantino, a pirate-ship. — Ital. brigante, a robber. Bright. (E.) Vi.Y. bright. A.S.beorht. + Icel. bjartr ; M. H. G. berht ; Goth. bairhts, shining. Allied to Skt. bhrdj, to shine ; Y. flag-rare, to flame, (y' BHARG, to blaze.) See Flame. Brill, a fish. (C.) Com. brilli, mackarel, contr. form of brithelli, pi. of b 7 dthel, a mackarel, a spotted fish. - Corn, brith, speckled. Cf. Irish and Gael, breac, speckled. The bidll is minutely spotted with white. Brilliant, shining; see Beryl. Brim. (E.) M. E. b7'i77i. A. S. brwt, surf, suige on the shore. -}- Icel. brhii, surf, G. bra7ne, border, M. H. G. b 7 'e 77 i, border; Skt. bhxi77ii, a whirl-pool, from bhraiii, to whirl. The b7'i77t of the sea is its margin, where the surf is heard to roar; cf. l! fre77ie7'e. BHRAM.) Brimstone, Brindled, Brine; see Burn. Bring. (E.) A. S. bringan, pt. t. brang; also brengan, pt. t. brohte. (Mod. E. retains only the weak pt. t. b 7 'ought.) + Du. b7'engen ; G. bringen ; Goth, briggan (written for bringan), pt. t. b 7 'ahta. (An ex¬ tension from a/ BHAR, to bear.) Brink. (Scand.) M. E. brink. - Dan. brink, YQTge; Swed. brmk, descent or slope of a hill; Icel. brekka { = brenka), a slope, crest of a hill; allied to Icel. briiiga, a grassy slope, orig. the breast. Cf. W. bryncu, a hillock, biyn, a hill, bro 7 i, the breast. Brisk. (C.) W. biysg, quick; Gael. briosg, quick, lively.^ Allied to Gael, briosg, to start with surprise, leap for joy; Irish briosg, a start, a bounce. Brisket. (F. - C.) O. F. brischet (Brachet, s.v. brechet); brichet, ‘ the brisket, or breast- BRISTLE. BROOK. 52 piece’ [of meat], Cot. Mod. F. hrechet.^ Bret, bruched, the breast; spelt brush in the dialect of Vannes. Bristle. (E.) M. E. bristle^ berstle^ birstle; dimin. of A. S. byrst, a bristle.-f-E)^^- borstel ; Icel. burst ; Swed. borst ; G. bo7'ste. Allied to Skt. bhiishii, pointed. Brittle. (E.) M. E. bHtel, broteU bruteL Formed, with suffix -el ( = A. S. - swollen, pp. of a lost verb; Dan. bzdlen, swollen, buhie, to swell; Swed. bzdna, to swell. bolster. (E.) A. S. bolster', with suffix •ster as in hol-ster ; from its round shape. + Icel. bolstr ; O. H. G. polstar. bolt, a stout pin of iron, an arrow. (E.) M. E. bolt. A. S. bolt, only in the sense of catapult for shooting bolts; but properly a round pin, and named from its roundness. + 0 . Du. bolt, Du. bout', G. bolzen. bowl ( 2 ), a drinking-vessel. (E.) M. E. bolle. A. S. holla, a bowl; from its round- ness.-hlcel. bolli; M. H. G. bolle. See Ball. bulk (i), size.^ (Scand.) M. E. bolke, a heap. — Icel. bulki, a heap ; O. Swed. bolk ; Dan.<52/Z^,a lump. Cf. Swed.^^//;^^, to swell. bulk ( 2 ), the trunk of the body. (Du.) In Sh. “ O. Du. bulcke, thorax (Kilian); Du. bulk. Cf. Icel. biikr, the trunk ; Swed. buk, Dan. bug, G. bauch, the belly (which have prob. lost an /). The Gael, btdg means (i) trunk of the body, ( 2 ) lump, mass ; see bulk (i). bulwark. (Scand.) Dan. htdvcei'k, Swed. bolverk', cf. Du. bolwerk, G. boll- werk (whence F. boulevard). Compounded of Dan. buU trunk of a tree, log, Icel. bulr, bolr, the stem of a tree; and Dan. vce7'k, Swed. verk, a work. Lit. Gog-work,’ or ‘bole-work;’ see bole above. See also under Ball (i) and Bag. Bulk ( 3 ), a stall of a shop; Bulkhead; see Balk (i). Bull (i), male of the cow. (E.) M. E. bole,^ bule. Not found in A. S., but the dimin. btdluca, a bullock, occurs. Prob. ‘the bellower;’ see Bellow. + Du. btd\ Icel. boll', G. bulle', Lithuan. bullus. Ber. bull-ock, A. S. bulluca, as above. Bull ( 2 ), a papal edict. (L.) M.E. btdle. •" Lat. bulla, a bubble, boss, knob, leaden seal or an edict; a bull (in late Latin). bill (2), a writing, account. (L.) Low L. billa, a writing; the dimin. is billeta, bulleta, shewing that billa is a corruption of Lat. btdla, a papal bull, &c.; see Bull (2) above. billet (i), a note. (F.-L.) F. billet. BUM. 55 — Low L. billeta, dimin. of billa, a writinn* see bill ( 2 ) above. boil (i), to bubble up. (F.-L.) O. F. boillir, to boil (F. bouillir).^!^. bullire, to bubble up, hoW.^l^. bulla, a bubble; see Bull ( 2 ) above. bowl (i), a round ball. (F. — L.) F. botde, a bowl to play with.-Lat. bulla, a boss, knob, &c. budge, to stir. (F. — L.) F. bouge^', to stir; the same as Ital. bolicare, to bubble bullire', see boil (i) above. Cf. Span, bullir, (i) to boil, ( 2 ) to stir. bullet. (F. — L.) F. boulet, dimin. of F. boule, a ball; see bowl (i) above. bulletin. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y. bulletin, a ticket. — Ital. bullettino, a safe-conduct, pass, ticket. Dimin. of bulletta, a pass¬ port, lottery ticket, dimin. of bulla, a seal, bull. — L. bulla ; see Bull ( 2 ) above. bullion. (F. — L.) Y. bouillon, but the O. F. bullione meant a mint, and Low L. bulliona, bullio meant a mass of metal. —Low L. bidlare, to stamp, mark with a seal.-L. bulla, a seal; see Bull ( 2 ). ebullition, a boiling over. (F. — L.) O. F. ebullition.^Y. acc. ebullitionem', a coined word, from ebullitus, pp. oie-bullire, to bubble up; see boil (i) above. parboil. (F. —L.) It now means ‘to boil insufficiently,’ by confusion with part. The old sense is ‘to boil thoroughly.’-O. F. parbouillir, to cook thoroughly (Eoc^ue- fort). —Low Y. parbullire, Y. perbullire, to boil ^ thoroughly. — L. per, through ; and bullire ; see boil (above). Bullaee, wild plurh. (C.) M. E. bolas. - Gael, bulaistear, a bullaee ; Irish bulos, a prune ; Bret, bolos, polos, bullaee. Bullet, Bulletin, Bullion; see Bull ( 2 ). Bully, a noisy rough fellow. (O. Low G.) In Sh. — O. Du. bollaert, ‘ a jester or a gyber,* Hexham; Low G. bullerjaan, bullerbdk, in Hamburgh bullerbi'ook (cf. E. bidly-rook), a boisterous fellow. So also Swed. buller^ has, a noisy fellow; buller, clamour; bullra, to make a noise. Allied to Bull (i), Bel¬ low, and Boulder. Bulrush. (Scand. and E.) M. E. bul- rysche. Prompt. Parv., p. 244 , col. 2 . Lit. ‘ stem-rushfrom its stout stem. - Dan. bul, stem, trunk ; see bole, under Bulge. Bulwark. (Scand.) See Bulge. Bum, contracted form of Bottom. (E.) So also O. Friesic boden, bottom, became N. Friesic bdm. bum-bailifF, under-bailiff. (E. and F.) BUMBLE-BEE. BURLY. 56 A slang term. Todd quotes passages to shew that it arose from the pursuer catching at a man by the hinder part of his garment. Bumble-bee, a bee that booms or hums. See Boom (i). Bumboat. (Du.) Put for bun-boat, a boat with a bun, or receptacle for keeping fish alive. —O. Du. bo7i, bonne, box, chest (Oudemans) ; bonne, bu7t7ie, * the decks of a ship,’ Hexham. Bump (i), to thump ; a blow. (C.) W. pw77ipio, to thump; piv77ip, a lump ; Corn. bo77i, bu77i, a blow; Gael, and Irish beu77i, a stroke, also to strike. The senses are: (i) to strike, ( 2 ) a blow, ( 3 ) the effect of a blow. See Bunch. Bump ( 2 ), to boom. (C.) See Boom (i). Bumper. (F. — L.) See Boom (i). Bumpkin. (Du.) See Beam. Bun. (F. — Scand.) O. prov. F. bune, hiigne, a cake, kind of fritters; the same as F. big7ie, a swelling or bump due to a blow (Burguy), whence mod. F. beignet, a fritter. ^ Big7iets, little round loaves or lumps,’ &c.; Cot. —Icel. bnnga, a con¬ vexity; bu7iki, a bunch; see Bunch, bunion. (Ital. — Scand.) A late word. — Ital. bugnone, a round lump, boil, blain; augmentative of bug7io, the same; cf. O. F. biigne, bu7ie, a swelling; see Bun. Bunch. (Scand.) M. E. bunche.^lztX. bu7iki, a heap, pile; Dan. bu7ike, a heap. — O. Swed. bu7iga, to strike; Swed. dial. biinga, to bunch out. Cf. Du. bo7tken, to beat; ^.pw7tg, a cluster; and see Bump (i). Bundle. (E.) See Bind. Bung. (C. ?) Perhaps Celtic; W. bwng, an orifice, also a bung; O. Gael, buine, a tap, spigot; Irish bui7i7ie, a tap, spout. Bungalow, a Bengal thatched house. (Pers. —Bengalee.) Pers. bangalah, of or belonging to Bengal, a bungalow; Rich. Diet. p. 293 . From the name Be7igal. Bungle. (Scand.) See Bang (i). Bunion. See Bun. Bunk, a wooden case or box, berth. (Scand.) Cf. O. Swed. bunke, the plank¬ ing of a ship, forming a shelter for mer¬ chandise, &c. (Ihre); the usual sense of Swed. bu7ike is a heap, pile, something prominent; see Bunch. Bunt, the belly of a sail. (Scand.) It answers in form to Dan. bundt, Swed. bimt, a bundle, a bunch; from the pp. of the verb to Bind. But the right words for ‘bunt’ are Dan. bug, Swed. buk, Du. bogt, from the verb to Bow. Bunting (i), a bird. (E. ?) M. E. bunting', also bu7ityle { = bu7itel), Lowl. Sc. buntlin. Origin unknown. Bunting ( 2 ), a thin woollen stuff, of which ships’ flags are made. (E. ?) Origin unknown. Buoy. (Du. —L.) Du. boei, a buoy; also a shackle, a fetter. — Low L. boia, a fetter, clog. —L. boice, pi. a collar for the neck, orig. of leather. Bur, Burdock ; see Burr. Burbot, a fish; see Barb (i). Burden (i), a load; see Bear (i.) Burden, ( 2 ), the refrain of a song. (F.— Low L.) F. bourdon, a drone-bee, hum¬ ming of bees, drone of a bagpipe; see Cot. — Low L. burdone77i, acc. of burdo, a drone. Prob. of imitative origin; cf. Lowland Sc. birr, to make a whizzing noise, E. buzz. Bureau. (F. —L.-Gk.) See Bolt ( 2 ). Burganet, a helmet. (F.) F. bourgui- g7iote, * a burganet,’ Cot. So called because first used by the Burgimdians. — F. Bour¬ gogne, Burgundy. Burgeon, a bud. (F. —Teut.) F. bour¬ geon, a young bud. Lengthened from Languedoc boure, a bud, eye of a shoot (Diez). — M. H. (I. bure7t, O. H. G. pU7'jan, to raise, push up, push out. — M. H. G. bor, por, an elevation; whence G. e77ipor { = in por), upwards. Burgess, Burgher, Burglar, Bur¬ gomaster, Burial ; see under Borough. Burin, an engraver’s tool. (F. —Ital.— G.) F. burin. borino. Prob. from M. H. G. boren (G. bohren), to bore; see Bore (i). Burl, to pick knots and loose threads from cloth. (F. — L.) To bzirl is to pick off btirls. M. E. burle, a knot in cloth.— Languedoc bouril, an end of thread in cloth; dimin. of F. bourre, a flock or lock of wool or hair.— Low L. burra, a woollen pad; allied to L. burree, refuse, trash. Low L. reburrus, rough, as if from a L. burrus^, rough. See Burr. Burlesque, comic. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. burlesque. — Ital. bu7'lesco, ludicrous. — Ital. burla, waggery, a trick. A dimin. from L. burra, rough hair, also a jest (Ausonius). See Burl. Burly. (C.; with Y.. suffix.) M. E. burli, burliche, borli. Formed by adding the suffix -ly (A. S. -lie) to the base of Gael, and Irish bo7'r, borr-a, a knob, bunch, gran¬ deur, greatness, whence also Irish borr-ach^ BURN. a proud man, Gael, borr-ail^ swacfrerinp’, boastful. See Burr. Burn (i), verb. (E.) hernen\ also brennen. A. S. beornan^ by man, brinnan, strong verb, pt. t. beam, bran, pp. borne^t, brunnen\ also bernan, bcernan, brejznan, j weak verb. + Icel. brenna, Dan. brcende, j Swed. brdnzia ; G. brennen ; Goth, brin- I nan. Perhaps allied to Lat. feruere, to ! glow. brand, a burning piece of wood, scar of fire, a sword. (E.) M. E. brond, A. S. bz'and, a burning, a sword; from the pt. t. of A. S. beornan. Icel. brandr, a fire¬ brand, sword-blade (from its flashing); Swed. and Dan. brand, fire-brand, fire; M. H. G. brant, a brand, sword. bran-new. (E.) Short for brand-new, i. e. new from the fire. brant-fox, brant-goose or brent¬ goose. The prefix is Scand., as in Swed. brandrdf, a brant-fox, brandgas, a brent¬ goose. The orig. sense is ‘burnt,’ with the notion of redness or brownness. brandish. (F.-Scand.) M. E. braun- disen. — F. brandiss-ant, pres. pt. of braztdir, to brandish a sword. — Norman F. brand, a sword.— Icel. brandr \ see brand above. brandy. (Du.) Formerly brand-wine, brcindy-wine ; whence bz'andy. — Du. bz'ande- wipt, also brandtwijn, brandy; lit. burnt wine. — Du. brandt, for gebrandet, burnt; and wijn, wine ; see Burn. brawl (2), a sort of dance. (F. —Scand. or Teut.) ‘A French brawl,^ L. L. L. iii. 9" bransle, ‘a totter, swing, . . brazvl or dance,’ Cot. — F. bransler, to reel ; mod. F. branler. Allied to O. F. brandeler (Littre), brandiller, to wag, shake (Cot.), frequentative forms of F. bz'andir. See bran¬ dish above. brimstone, sulphur. (E.) M. E. brim- sto7i, bremstoozi, also breztstoon (Wyclif).- M. E. brenn-en, to bum, and stoon, stone. So also Icel. brennisteinn, brimstone. brindled, brinded, streaked. (Scand.) Icel. brbzid-, as in brundottr, brindled, said of a cow. —Icel. brandr, a brand, flame, sword. Thus brtnded= branded. brine. (E.) M. E. brine. A. S. bryne, salt liquor; a particular use of bzyzte, a scorching; from the burning taste. — A. S. brunn-en, pp. of beorztan, to burn, -f- O. Du. brijne ; whence Du. bre?n, pickle. (Scand.) 1. E. brunt, an attack. —Icel. bruna, to advance with the speed of fire, as in battle. BUSS. 57 — Icel. brtmi, burning, heat.— Icel. bruzin- um, pt. pi. of brenna, to bum. Burn ( 2 ), a brook; see Bourn ( 2 ). Burnish; see Brown. Burr, Bur. (E.) M. E. burre, knob on a^burdock; borre, roughness in the throat. Not in A. S. Swed. borre, a sea-urchin; kaz'dborre, a burdock; Dan. boz're, burdock. Cf. Gael. bo7'ra, a knob, borr, to swell. Der. bu7'‘-dock. Burrow; see Borough. Bursar. (L. — Gk.) See Purse. Burst. (E.) M. E. be7'sten, bresten, pt. t. brast. A. S. berstan, to burst asunder, break; str. vb. ^ Du. bersten ; G. berste 7 i ; Icel. bresta ; Swed. brista ; Dan. briste. Cf. Gael, brisd, to break. breast. (E.) M. E. b7'east. A. S. b 7 'eost. -f- Du. bo7'st', Icel. brjSst', Swed. brost', T>^n.b7yst\ G. brust; Goth, brusts. The O. H. G. J)rust means (i) a bursting, ( 2 ) a breast; the orig. sense is a bursting forth, from the swelling of the female breast. Bury(i) , to hide; ( 2 ) town; see Borough. Bush (i), a thicket. (Scand.) M. E. busch, busb.^T)a.n. busk, Swed. buske, a bush, shrub, -f- Du. bosch (whence F. bois); O. H. G. busc ; G. busch. ambuscade. (Span.-Low L. - Teut. Span. aTnbuscado, e7nboscada, an ambush. Orig. pp. of eTnboscar, to set in ambush. - Low Lat. i77iboscare, lit. to set in a bush or thicket. — L. izn-, for in, in; and Du. bosch, Dan. busk, a bush, thicket. ambush. (F. - Low L.-Teut.) For- merly e7fibush. •• O. F. e77ibuscher,e77ibuissie7', to set in ambush. — Low L. i 7 nbosca 7 'e ; as above. bouquet. (F. - Low L. - Teut.) F. bouquet ; O. F. bdsqtiet, orig. ‘ a little wood,’ dimin. of O. F. bos (F. bois), a wood. — Low L. boscuzn, buscu 77 t, a wood. — Du. bosch, a wood, or O. H. G. busc. Bush ( 2 ); see Box (i). Bushel, a measure; see Pyx. Busk (i), to get oneself ready. (Scand.) See Boor. ^ Busk ( 2 ), a support for a woman’s stays. (F.) F. busque, ‘a buske, or buste;’ Cot. Also spelt buste. It seems to be the same word as Bust, q.v. Buskin. (Du.) Put for b 7 'uski 7 i. O. Du. brooskens, buskins (Sewel); dimin. of b 7 'oos, a legging. Cf. Du. b7'oek, breeches. Buss, to kiss. (G.; confused with F. - L.) The old word was bass. - F. baiser, to kiss. — Lat. basiu77i, a kiss. Confused with O, BUST. CACK. 58 and prov. G. (Bavarian) hissen, to kiss; cf. Gael, and W. bus, mouth, lip. Bust. (F. — Ital.) F.. bus/e. — Itsil. husto, the bust, trunk of hunian body, stays. — Low L. bustum, the trunk of the body. Etym. uncertain. Bustard. (F. — L.) See Aviary. Bustle. (Scand.) Icel. bustla, to bustle, splash about as a fish. Cf. Dan. buse, to bounce, pop; Swed. dial, busa^ to strike, thrust. Prob. allied to Busy. Busy. (E.) M. E. bisy. A. S. bysig, active; whence bysgu, exertion. + Du. bezjg, busy. Cf. Bustle. But (i), prep, and conj., except. (E.) See Out. But ( 2 ); see Butt (i). Butt ( 2 ). Butcher : see Buck (i). Butler; see Bottle. Butt (i), an end, to thrust ; see Beat. Butt ( 2 ), a large barrel. (F. — G.) ^ We find A. S. bytt', but our mod. word is really F. — O. F. boute, F. botte, ‘ the vessel which we call a butt^ Cot. — O. H. G. buten, G. butte, biitte, a tub, cognate with A. S. bytt or bytte, a pitcher, bottle. boot (i), a covering for the leg and foot. (F. — G.) O. F. boute, F. botte, (i) a butt, ( 2 ) a boot; the same word as the above ; from their former shape. Butter. (L. — Gk.) M. E. botere ; A. S. buter, butera. — L. butyrum. — Gk. Povrvpov, butter; lit. ox-cheese. — Gk. )3ou-s, an ox; and rvpos, cheese. ^ The G. butter is likewise of Gk. origin. butterfly. (E.) A. S. buttor-fleSge, lit. butter-fly. So called from its excrement resembling butter, as shewn by the O. Du. boter-schijte, a butterfly, lit. butter-voider (Kilian). + Uu. botervlieg\ G, butter- fliege. Buttery; see Bottle. Buttock, Button; see Beat. Buttress; see Brattice. Buxom; see Bow (i). Buy. (E.) M. E. buggen, biggen, A. S. bycgan, to purchase. + Goth, bugjan. Der. abide ( 2 ), q. v. Buzz. (E.) An imitative word; cf. Lowl. Sc. bizZf to hiss; Ital. buzzicare^ to hum, whisper. Buzzard. (F. -L.) M. E. bosard, busard, an inferior kind of falcon. — F. busard. •m F. buse, a buzzard; with suffix -ard. — Low L. busio — L. buteo, a sparrow-hawk. By, prep. (E.) M. E. bi, A. S. bi, big. -f“ Du. bij\ G. lei\ Goth. bi. Cf. Skt. abhi, Gk. By-law, a law affecting a township. (Scand.) See Boor. Byre, a cowhouse. (Scand.) A Northern variant of bower \ see bower, under Boor. c. Cab (i) ; see Caper (i). Cab ( 2 ), a Heb. measure. (Heb.) Heb. qab, the i8th part of an ephah. The literal sense is ‘ hollow;’ cf. Heb. qdbab, to form in the shape of a vault; see Alcove. Cabal. (F. — Heb.) Orig. ‘ a secret.’ F. cabale, ‘the Jewes Caball, a hidden science;’ Cot. — Heb. qabbdldh, reception, mysterious doctrine.— Heb. qdbal, to receive; qibbel, to adopt a doctrine. Cabbage ( 1 ); see Capital (i). Cabbage ( 2 ), to steal. (F.) F. cabasser, to put into a basket. — F. cabas, a basket; of unknown origin. Cabin. (C.) M.E. caban.^V^. caban, a booth; dimin. of cab, a booth made with rods set in the ground and tied at the top ; Gael, and Irish caban, a booth, hut, tent. (Hence also F, cabanei) cabinet. (F. — C.) F. cabinet, dimin. of F. cabane, a cabin ; a word of Celtic origin, as above. And see Gabardine. Cable, a rope ; see Capacious. Caboose, the cook’s cabin on board ship. (Du.) Formerly ca77iboose. — Du. ko77i- buis, a cook’s cabin ; also ‘ the chimney in a ship,’ Sewel. A jocular word ; it means lit. ‘ dish-pipe;’ from Du. koTn, a dish, and buis, a pipe; with reference to the cook’s dishes and chimney. (Hence also Dan kabys, Swed. kabysa, caboose.) Cabriolet; see Caper (i). Cacao, a tree. (Span. — Mexican.) Span. cacao ; from the Mexican name of the fruit of the tree whence chocolate is made. Not the same as cocoa. chocolate, a paste made from cacao. (Span. — Mex.) Span, chocolate. — Mex. cho- colatl, chocolate, Clavigero, Hist. Mex. i. 433 . Cachinnation. (L.) L. acc. cachin7ia- tio7te77i, loud laughter. —L. cachinnare, to laugh. Cf. Cackle. Cack, to go to stool. (L.) M. E. cakken. — L. cacare. CACKLE. Ca/Ckl8. (E.) M. E. kakclcfiy a frequent¬ ative form. Not in A. S. + Du. kakelen ; Swed. kackla ; Dan. kagle\ G. gackeln. The sense is ‘ to keep, on saying kak cf. gabb-le, gobb-le. * Cacophony, a harsh sound. (Gk.) Gk. Kafcocpojvia, a harsh sound. — Gk. KaKocpojvos, harsh. — Gk. KaKo-Sj bad ; and (pc/jv-rj^ sound. Der. cacophonous (Gk. naKocpajvos). Cad., a low lellow. (F,— L.) See under Capital. Cadaverous; see Cadence. Caddy, a small box for tea. (Malay.) Better spelt catty. A small package of tea, less than a half-chest, is called in the tea-trade a caddy or —Malay kati^ a catty, a weight equal to lilb. avoirdupois. This weight is also used in China and Japan, and tea is often made up in packages con¬ taining one catty. Cade, a barrel, cask. (L.) L. cadus, a barrel, cask.^-Gk Kabos, a cask. Cadence, a fall of the voice. (F. — L.) M. E. cadence. F. cadence, ^a cadence, just falling of words;’ Cot.-Low L. cadentia, a falling. — L. cadent-, stem of pres. pt. of cadere,^ to fall. + Skt. ^ad, to fall. accident, a chance event. (F. — L.) F. accident, an accidentCot. — L. accident-, stem of pres. pt. of accidere, to happen.— L. ac- (for ad)\ and cadere, to fall. Der. accidence, F. accidence, L. accidentia. cadaverous, corpse-like. (L.) L. cadauenosus.'^\u. cadauen, a corpse.— Lat cad-ere, to fall, fall dead. caducous, falling. (L.) L. cadums, falling.-L. cadere, to fall. cascade. (F-Ital.-L.) V. cascade.- Itai. cascata, a waterfall; orig. fern pp of cascare, to fall. Put for casicare*!-!.. yare to totter.-L. casum, sup. of cadere, to fall. * case (I), an event. (F. - L.) M. E. cas. - r.cas.^L. acc. casum, a fall, a case.-L. casus, pp. of cadere. casual. (F.-L.) Y.casuel.^l^.casualis, happening by chance. - L. crude form ol casus ; see case. So also casu-ist. c hap. (F. — L.) M. E. chaunce. , - U. h. chaance. - Low L. cadentia, a fall¬ ing, a chance; see Cadence. Der. be¬ chance, mis-chance. coincide, to agree with. (L.) L. kiox con-= cum, with), and incidere, to fall upon ; see incident below. decadence, decay. (F. — L.) F. de¬ cadence, - Low L. decadentia, decay. - CAIRN. 59 L. de, down; cadentia, a falling; see Cadence. decay, to fall into ruin. (F. — L.) O. F. decaer.^O. Y. de-\ and caer, to fall.-L de down ; and cadere, to fall. * " deciduous, falling off. (L.) L. decid- uus, that falls down. — L. decidere, to fall down. — L. de, down ; and cadere. escheat. (F. —L.) M. E. eschete (also chete), a forfeit to the lord of the fee. — O.F. eschet, that which falls to one, pp. of escheoir (F. echoir).’^\jCy^ L. ex-cadere, to fall in with, meet. — L. ex, out; and cadere, to falk Hence cheat. incident. (F. — L.) F. incident, 'an inci¬ dent ; Cot. — L. incident-, stem of pres.pt. of incidere, to fall upon. — L. in, on; 2xi^cadere, occasion. (F. — L.) — F. occasion. acc. occasionem. — L. oc- (for ob, at) ; and cas-us, pp. of cadere, to fall. Occident, west. (F. - L.) O. F. Occid¬ ent, west. — L. Occident-, stem of pres. pt. of occidere ; see occasion (above). Cadet; see Capital. ^ CaBSUra. (L.) Y.ccesura, a cutting; a pause in a verse. —L. ccbs-us, pp. of ccedere, to cut. circumcise. (L.) L. circumcis-us, pp. of circumcidere, to cut round. — L. circu 7 n, round; and cczdere, to cut. ^ concise. (F. — L.) Y.concis.^Y. con- cisus, brief, cut short ; pp. of concidere.^m L. con- (for cum, together); and ccsdere, to cut. Der. concis-ion. decide. (F. — L.) F. decider. — L. decid¬ ere, pp. decisus, to cut off, decide. - L. de, down ; and ccedere, to cut. Der. decis-ion (from pp. decisus). excision. (F. — L.) F. excision, 'a destroying; Cot. — L. acc. excisionem, a cutting out, a destroying.— L. excisus, pp, of ex-cidere, to cut out. incise, to cut into. (F. — L.) F. inciser. — L. incisus, pp. of in-cidere, to cut into. precise. (F. — L.) O.F. precis, strict. "--Y.prcecisus, cut off, concise, strict; pp. of prcz-cidere, to cut off. Note also suffix -cide in homi-cide, sui- -cide, infanti-cide, &c. ^ Here probably belong chisel, scissors, q. v. Caducous; see Cadence. Caftan, ^ a Turkish garment. (Turk.) Turk, qaftdn, a dress. Cage ; see Cave. Cairn, a pile of stones. (C.) Gael., Irish, W., Bret, earn, a crag, rock; also a pile of stones. Gael, cairn, gen. of cam i earn, verb, to pile up. 6o CAITIFF. CALK. Caitiff ; see Capacious. Cajole; see Cave. Cake; see Cook. Calabash. (Port.Span.-Arab.) Port. calaba^a, a gourd; Span, calabaza. Lit. ‘ dried gourd.’ — Arab. qar\ a gourd; and aybas, dry. Calamity. (F. — L.) F. calamite.^'L,. acc. cala77iitatem, a misfortune. Calash, a sort of carriage. (F. — G. — Slavonic.) F. calec/ie.-^G. kalesc/ie. kolaska, a small carriage, dimin. of kolasa^ a carriage; Russ, koliaska, a carriage. — Pol. and Russ, kolo, a wheel. KAL.) Calcareous, Calcine, Calculate ; see Calx. Caldron, Cauldron. (F.-L.) O. F. caldro7i * (prob. Picard), given only in the form cliald7'07t, mod. F. chatidroTi (Ital. calde7'07ie^ Span. caldero7i), a vessel for hot water. — L. caldus, contr. form of cqlidus, hot. — L. cale7'e, to be hot.+Skt. to boil. calenture, a feverous madness. (F.— Span. — L.) F. cale7tture. — Span. cale7itu7'a. — L. cale7it-, stem of pres. pt. of calere^ to be hot. caloric. (F. — L.) F. calo7dqtie. — L. calor, heat. — L. calere^ to be hot. calorific, making hot. (L.) L. calori- ficus, making hot. — L. calori-, crude form of calor, heat; and for face7'e, to make. caudle, a warm drink. (F. — L.) O. F. caudel, chaudel, a sort of warm drink.— O. F. chaudy chald, hot. — L. caldus , for caliduSy hot. chafe, to warm by friction, vex. (F. — L.) M. E. chaufcTty to warm. — O. F. chatife7' (F. chatiffer)^ to warm ; cf. Prov. calfar, to warm. — Low L. calejica7'ey to warm. — L. calefacere, to warm, make to glow. — L. cale-7'e, to glow ; face7'ey to make. chaldron, a coal-measure. (F. — L.) O. F. chaldrony orig. a caldron ; see Caldron. scald (i), to bum. (F. —L.) M.E. scalde7i. — O. F. escalder'^y later form es- chaudery to scald (F. echatidc7‘'). — L. excalda7'e, to wash in hot water.— L. ex, out, ver}"; and caldus = calidus, hot. Calendar; see Calends. Calender, a machine for pressing cloth; see Cylinder. Calends. (L.) L. cale7tdce, s. pi., the first •day of the (Roman) month. Orig. obscure; but certainly {tottlO dL2d..cala7'e {orcale7'e*), to proclaim.-|-Gk. fcaXeiv, to summon, calendar. (L.) L. calenda7iu7ny an account-book kept by money-changers; so called because interest was due on the cale7ids (ist day) of each month; also, a calendar.— L. cale7idcB, calends. conciliate. (L.) Y^.oi\^. co7icilia7'e,\o bring together, conciliate. — L. concilhwi (below). council. (F. — L.) F. concile. — L. co77cil- iu7n, an assembly called together. — L. co7i- {cu77i)y together; and cala7'e, to summon. intercalate, to insert. (L.) From pp. of L. i7tte7'-calarey to proclaim that a day has been inserted in the calendar, to insert. reconcile, (F. — L.) O. F. 7'eco7tcilier, — L. re-y again; co7iciliare \ see conciliate (above). Calenture; see Caldron. Calf. (E.) M.E. half. A. S. cealf.^ir Du. kalf\ Icel. kdlfr\ Swed. kalf\ Dan. kalv ; Goth, kalbo ; G. kalb. Der. calve, A. S. cealfian. Caliber, Calibre, bore of a gun. (F.) F. calibre, size of a bore. Etym. unknovm. Perhaps from G.qud lib7'dy with what weight (Diez) ; or from Arab, qdlib, a form, mould, model. Rich. Diet. p. iiii (Littre). calipers, compasses. (F.) Put for caliber-co7npasseSy i.e. compasses for measur¬ ing diameters; see above. caliver, a sort of musket. (F.) Named from its caliber or bore ; see Kersey’s Diet. Calico, cotton-cloth. (E. Indian.) Named from Calicut, on the Malabar coast, whence it w-as first imported. Calif, Caliph. (F. — Arab.) F. calife, a successor of the prophet. — Arab, khalifa, successor. — Arab, khalafa, to succeed. Caligraphy, Calligraphy, good writ- ing. (Gk.) Gk. KaWiypacpia. — Gk. KaWi-, prefix (from Ka\6s, good, fair); and ypd(p~ €lv, to write. calisthenics, callisthenics, grace¬ ful exercises. (Gk.) From Gk. Kak\i- a6€v-iqs, adorned with strength. — Gk. /ra^Ai- i (for KaXos, fair) ; and aOiv-os, strength. calomel, a preparation of mercury. (Gk.) Coined to express a white product from a black substance. — Gk. nako-s, fair; and fjL€\-as, black. Calipers ; see Caliber. Calisthenics; see Caligraphy. Caliver ; see Caliber. Calk, Caulk. (F. —L.) M.E. cauke7t, to tread. — O. F. cauquer, to tread ; to tent a wound with lint. —L. calca7'e, to tread, force down by pressure. — L. calc-, stem of calx, the heel; see Heel. I CALL. inculcate. (L.) From pp. of L. in- culcare, lit. to tread in, hence, to enforce by admonition. — L. in; calcare, to tread. Call. (E.) A. S. ceallian ; cf. hilde-callaj a herald.■+• Du. kalle7t\ Icel. and Swed. kalla ; Dan. kalde ; O. H. G. challon. w GAR.) recall. (L. and E.) From L. re-^ back ; and call. Callous, hard. (F.-L.) F. calleux.^ 'L.callosus, thick-skinned. — 1^. callus, callu 7 ?t, hard skin. Callow, unfledged, bald. (E.) M. E. calu, calewe. A.S. calu, bald.+Du. bald; Swed. ^< 2 :/; G.kahl', \j.caluus\ Skt. khalati, bald-headed. (y'SKAR.) Calm. (F.-Gk.) Y.calme,^^]. Allied to Prov. chaume, the time when the flocks rest; F. chdmer (formerly chaumer), to rest from work.— Low L. cauma, the heat of the sun (whence, time for rest). - Gk. Kavyia, heat. — Gk. Kaieiv, to burn. Der. be-calm. Calomel. (Gk.) See Caligrapliy, Calorie, Calorific ; see Caldron. Calumny. (F.-L.) F. calonmie.^'L. calumnia, false accusation. — L. calui, caluere, to deceive. challenge. (F. — L.) M. E. chale^tge, calenge, often in the sense ‘a claim.’ - O. F. chalonge, cale7ige, a dispute, claim; an accusation. — L. calu7U7iia ; see above. Calve ; see Calf. Calx.^ (L.) L. calx, stone, lime (stem calc-) ; in late L., a calx. + W. careg, stone, calcareous. (L.) Should be calcarious. — L. calcarius, pertaining to lime. — L. calc-, stem of calx. calcine, (h. — L.) F. calciner. L. calcmare, to reduce to a calx. - L. calc-, stem of calx, calculate. (L.) L. calculat-us, pp. of calculare, to reckon by help of small pebbles. —L. calculus, pebble; dimin. of calx. causeway, a paved way, raised way. A corruption (due to confusion with way) of causey, M. E. causee. — O. F. caucte ( = mod. F. chaussee, Prov. cau- sada. Span, calzada) = Low L. calciata, put for calciata uia, a paved way. — Low L. calciatus, pp. of calciare, to make a road¬ way with mortar containing lime. - L. calci-, (crude form of calx, lime. j chalk. (L.) M. E. chalk. A. S. cealc. - E. calc-, stem of calx, lime. Calyx. CL.-Gk.) L. - Gk. CAMP. 61 a covering, calyx (or cup) of a flower. (V KAL.) Cam; see Comb. Cambric. (Flanders.) Named from Ca77ibray, a town in Flanders, where it was first made. Camel. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E. caTnel, cainail, chainel. — O. F. ca 77 iel, cha 77 iel. — L. caTnelus. — Gk. KafxrjXos, — Heb. gd 77 idl. Cf. Ardb. ja77ial. camelopard, a giraffe. (L. — Heb. and Gk.) Formerly ca77ielopardalis. — L. ca- melopardahs. — Gk. fiapLrjXoTrapdaXis, giraffe ; partly like a camel, partly like a pard. — Gk. fcd^irjXo-s, a camel (blob. gd7?idl) ; and napdaXis, a pard ; see Pard. camlet. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) For¬ merly ca7nelot, at first a stuff made of camel’s hair. - O. F. ca77ielot. - Low L. ca- 77ielotu?n, camlet. — L. camelus ; as above. Camellia. (Personal name.) A plant named after Geo. Jos. Kamel, a Moravian Jesuit, who described the plants in the island of Luzon. Camelopard ; see Camel. Cameo. (Ital.) Ital. ca7n7neo, a cameo, precious stone carved in relief. Origin un¬ known. Camera. (L.) L. ca77iera, a chamber; hence ca77iera obscu7'a, a dark chamber, box for photography ; see Chamber. Camlet; see Camel. Camomile ; see Chamomile. Camp. (L.) We find F. ca7np (Cot.) ; but the E. word was prob. taken directly from L. cainpus, a field, ground held by an army. -(- Gk. htjttos, a garden. campaign, orig. a large field. (F. - L.) p. (Picard) campaigne, ca77tpagne, an open field.— L. ca7?ipania, open field.— L. cainpus, a field. (Also spelt cha 7 npaig 7 t, and even chainpion in old authors.) campestral, growing in fields. (L.) L. ca77ipestr-is, growing in fields.— L. ca 7 n- pus, a field. champagne. (F. — L.) A wine named from Chainpagne in France, which means ‘ a plain ; ’ see below. champaign, open country. (F.-L.) In Sh. F. champaigne, of which the Picard form was ca77ipaig7ie ; see campaign. champion. (F.-L.) O.F. cka77ipion, — Low L. campzone77i, acc. of ca 77 ipio, a combatant. — Low L. ca77ipus, a duel, com¬ bat ; a peculiar use of L. caiiipus, a field. decamp, to depart. (F.-L.) F. di^ ca77iper\ O. F. descaiiiper, orig. to remove 62 CAMPAIGN. CANCER. a camp. — L. dis-^ away; and campus^ a field, later, a camp. encamp. (F. —L.) Coined from en- (= F. en, L. in ); and camp ; hence ‘ to form into a camp.’ scamp. (F. — Ital. — L.) Formerly a vagabond, or fugitive. — O. F. escamper^ s'escamper^ to flee. — Ital. sca7npare^ to es¬ cape, decamp. — L. ex^ out; and campus^ battle-field. Der. scamp-er^ to run or flee away. shamble, to walk awkwardly. (Du. — F. — Ital. — L.) Du. schampele7t^ to stumble, trip, also to decamp. —O.F. s'escaiyiper^ to decamp; as above. Campaign, Campestral ; see Camp. Campanula. (L.) Lit. " a little bell; ’ dimin. of Low L. caj?ipana^ a bell. Hence also campa7ti-for77i. Camphor. (F. — Arab. — Malay.) F or- merly spelt ca77iphire (with an inserted ^). — F. ca77iphre^ ‘ camphire; ’ Cot. — Low L. ca77ipho7'a (whence the form ca77iphor). — Arab, kdfur^ camphor; cf. Skt. karpiira^ camphor. — Malay kdpur^ lit. chalk; kdptir BardSy chalk of Barous, a name for cam¬ phor. Barous is in Sumatra. Can (i), I am able. (E.) A. S. can, ca7tn, I St and 3 rd persons sing. pres, of cun7tan, to know. The pres. t. can is really an old pt. t.; the same peculiarity occurs in Du. ku7i7ie7i, Icel. and Swed. k7m7ia, Dan. ku7ide, to know, to be able; G. kd7i7ie7t, to know. (3. The pt. t. is could, with intrusive I ; M. E. coude, A. S. cu'^e ; cf. Goth, kioitha, Du. konde, G. kdn7ite ; shewing that A. S. cu^e (for cun^e^) has lost an ft. y. The pp. couth, A. S. cu^, known, only survives in un¬ couth, which see below, (y' GAN.) con (i), to enquire into, observe. (E.) M. E. cunnicft, to examine. A. S. cu7i7tian, test, seek to know; a desiderative form from cu7ina7t, to know. Der. ale-cofifier, i. e. ale-tester. cuddle. (E.) Put for couth-le, frequent, form of M. E. kuWe7t {kuththe7i), to be familiar, embrace.— x\. S. ku^, known, fa¬ miliar ; see Can, § y. cunning, adj. (E.) Orig. pres. pt. of M. E. cun7ie7t, to know. cunning, sb. (Scand.) Modified from Icel. kunnandi, knowledge. — Icel. kunna, to know. See Can (i). ken, to know. (Scand.) M. E. kennen. — Icel. henna, Swed. kdnna, Dan. kiende, to know; sc also G. kennen, A. S. cennan, Goth, hannjan. Causal form of cunnan, to know, derived from caft by vowel-change of a to e. kith, kindred, acquaintance. (E.) M. E.' cu%^e, kith. A. S. cy'S'Qe, native land, kin- | dred. —A. S. cu^S, known, pp. of kujtnan, to know. kythe, to make known. (E.) A. S. cy^a7t, to make known.— A. S. cu^, known (above). uncouth. (E.) A. S. uncd^, orig. un¬ known ; hence, strange, odd. —A. S. un-, not; and cu"^, known, pp. of cunnan, to know. And see Know. Can ( 2 ), a drinking-vessel. (E.) A. S. canna, canne. + Du. kan ; Icel. kan7ta ; Swed. ka7ina ; Dan. ka7ide ; G. kattne, a tankard, mug. (Apparently a true Teut. word.) Canal. (F. —L.) F. (whence also Du. kanaal.) — L. canalis, a channel, trench; orig. a cutting. Cf. Skt. khan, to dig, pierce ; khani, a mine, (y^ SKA.) channel. (F. — L.) M. E. chanel, canel. — O.F. chanel, cattel, a canal. — L. catialis ; as above. kennel ( 2 ), a gutter. (F. —L.) Acorrup- , tion of M. E. caftel, a channel; see above. i Canary, a bird, a wine, a dance. 1 (Canary Islands.) All named from the Ca7iary islands. Cancel; see Cancer. | Cancer. (L.) L. cancer, a crab ; also an ' eating ’ tumour. + Gk. KapKivos, Skt. kar- \ ka'ia, a crab; cf. Skt. karkara, hard. Named from its hard shell. ! cancel. (F. —L.) F. canceler. — Law , L. cancellare, to cancel a deed by drawing ; lines across it. — L. cancellus, a grating, pi. I caftcelli, lattice-work ; dimin. of caftcer, a I crab, whence pi. cancri, sometimes used to mean lattice-work. canker. (L.) L. cancer, a crab, a cancer; hence that which corrodes. chancel. (F. — L.) So called because orig. fenced off by a latticed screen. — O. F. chancel, an enclosure fenced off with an open screen. —Low L. cancellus, a chancel, screen ; L. cancellus, a grating; see cancel (above). . chancellor. (F. — L.) O. F. chancelier. — Low L. acc. ca7icellariu77i, a chancellor; orig. an officer who stood near the screen before the judgment seat. — L. cancellus, a grating ; see chancel (above). chancery. (F. —L.) For chancelry, : M. E. chancelcrie. — O, F. chanccllerie. — .1 CANDELABRUM. CANT. Low L. cancellaria, the record-room of a 1 cancellarius ; see chancellor. Candelabrum; see Candid. ['* Candid. (F. — L.) F. candide, white, fair, sincere. —L. Candidas^ white, shining. I » L. candere, to shine. — L. candere *, to set on fire (in comp. in~cendere). + Skt. chand^ to shine. candelabrum. (L.) A candle-holder; from candela ; see candle below. candidate. (L.) L. candidatus, white- robed; because candidates for office wore white. — L. candidus, white. candle. (L.) A. S. candel. — L. candela^ a candle. — L. canderey to glow. candour. (F. — L.) F. candeur. — L.acc. candoreniy brightness (hence, sincerity). cannel-coal. (L. and E.) Lit. a * candle-coal; ’ because it bums brightly. Prov. E. cannel, a candle; see candle. censer. (F. —L.) Shorter for incenser, — F. encensoir. — Low L. incensorium, a vase for incense. — Low L. incensum ; see incense ( 2 ) below. chandelier. (F. — L.) O. F. chandelier, a candle-holder. — Low L. candelaria^ a candle-stick. — L. candela ; see candle. chandler. (F.-L.) O.Y. chandelier, 2 , chandler. — Low L. candelarius, a candle- seller. — L. candela ; see candle. Der. corn-chandler, where chandler merely means seller, dealer. incandescent, glowing hot. (L.) From stem of pres. pt. of in-caf^escere, to glow ; where candescere is the inceptive form of candere, to glow. incendiary. (L.) L. incendiarius, set¬ ting on fire. — L. incendium, a burning. — L. incendere, to set on fire. — L. in, upon ; and candere'^, to burn; see Candid. incense (i), to inflame. (L.) L. in¬ census, pp. of incendere, to set on fire; see above. incense (2), smell of burnt spices. (F.-L.) F. encens, incense, burnt spices. — L. incensum, that which is burnt; neut. of pp. of incendere, to set on fire (above). kindle (i), to inflame. (Scand. — E. — L.) From Icel. kyndill, a candle, torch. Bor¬ rowed from A. S. candel, a candle (as in candehncesse, Candlemass, whence Icel. kyndillmessd). — L. candela. Candy, to crystallise. (F. — Ital. — Pers.) F. se candir, ‘ to candie; ’ Cot. — Ital. candire, to candy. — Ital. candi, candy; zucchero candi, sugar-candy. — Pers. and Arab, ^and, sugar-candy ; whence Arab. 63 qandi, made of sugar. The word is Aryan (Pers.) ; cf. Skt. khandava, sweetmeats, khanda, a broken piece. Der. sugar-candy, Ital. zucchero candi. Cane. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. cane, canne. — F. canne. — L. canna. — GVi.Kdvva, rdwr), a reed. Cf. Heb. qdneh, reed ; Arab, qandt, cane. canister. (L. — Gk.) L. canistruin, a reed basket. — Gk. Kavaarpov, the same. — Gk. KavTj = Kavi'rj, a reed. cannon. (F. — L. —Gk.) F. canon, orig. a gun-barrel. — L. canna, a reed ; see Cane. canon. (L. —Gk.) A.S. canon. — L. canon, a rule. — Gk. navwv, a rod, rule. — Gk. KavT) — Kavvrj, a (straight) cane. Canine. (L.) L. caninus, belonging to a dog. — L. canis, a dog ; see Hound. kennel (i), a house for dogs. (F. — L.) M. E. kenel. A Norman form of O. F. chenil, a kennel. —Norman F. ken, O. F. chen (F. chien), a dog, from L. acc. cane7n, a dog; with suffix -il=Y. -He, as in ou-ile, a sheep-fold. Canister ; see Cane. Canker ; see Cancer. Cannel-coal ; see Candid. Cannibal. (Span. —W. Indian.) For¬ merly canibal.'^^^ 2 ca.. canibal, corruption of Caribal, a Carib, native of the Carib¬ bean Islands. The W. Indian word carib means ‘ brave.’ Cannon ; see Cane. Canoe. (Span. — W. Ind.) Span, canoa ; orig. a Caribbean word for ‘ boat.’ Canon ; see Cane. Canopy ; see Cone. Cant (i), to sing in a whining way, whine. (L.) L. cantare, to sing ; frequent, of canere, to sing. So also Gael, cainnt, talk; from can, to sing, say. Ca^it was at first a beggar’s whine hence, hypocrisy; see recant. accent. (F.-L.) F. accent.acc. accentum, a tone. — L. ac- (for ad) ; and cantus, a singing. — L. cantus, pp. of canere. canorous, tuneful. (L.) L. canorus. — L. canere, to sing; see above. canticle. (L.) L. canticulum, a little song; dimin. of canticum, a song; dimin. of cantus, a song. canto. (Ital. — L.) Ital. canto, a sing¬ ing, section of a poem. —L. acc. cantum, a singing, song. canzonet. (Ital. — L.) Ital. canzonetta, dimin. of canzone, a hymn, song. — L. can- CANT. CAPACIOUS. 64 tionemy acc. of cantio, a song. —L. cantus, ♦pp. of canere, to sing. chant. (F. —L.) F. chanter.can- tare, to sing; frequent, of ca^ie^'e. Der. chant-ry, M. E. chaunte^de ; cha7iti-cleer, M. E. chaunte-cleer, clear-singing. descant. (F. — L.) Orig. a variation in a song. — O. F. desca}it, a kind of song.— O. F. des- ( = L. dis-'), apart; and cant ( = L. canUis), a song. enchant. (F. —L.) F. e^icha^iter, to charm. — L. hicantare, to repeat a chant. — L. in-, upon; and ca7ttare\ see Cant (i). incantation. (L.) L. incayitatio, an enchanting. — L. incantare ; see above. incentive. (L.) L. incentiuus, striking up a tune, inciting. —L. ince7itus'^, unused pp. of incmere, to sound an instrument. — L. hi, into ; and ca7iere, to sound. precentor. (L.) L. prcecentor, the leader of a choir. — L. p7'ce, before ; and ca7itor, a singer.— L. to sing; see Cant (i). recant. (L.) L. reca7itare, to sing back, echo; also to recant, recall. — L. re-, back; and ca7itare, to sing. Cant ( 2 ), an edge ; as verb, to tilt. (Du.) Du. ka7it, an edge, comer. -|- Dan. and Swed. kant, edge; Dan. ka7itre, to cant, tilt, capsize; G. kaiite, a comer. canteen. (F. —Ital. —G.) F. ca7itme. ca7iti7ia, 3 . cellar, cool cave (hence the sense of vessel for liquids). Orig. ‘a little comer.’—G. kaiite, a comer. cantle, a small piece. (F. —Teut.) O. F. ca7itel, a small piece, a comer; dimin. from G. kante, a corner; see Cant ( 2 ) above. decant. (F. — Ital. — L. and G.) F. dica7iter, to pour out wine. — Ital. deca7itare, to tilt a vessel on its edge. — L. de, down; and G. ka7ite, a corner, edge. Der. deca7it- er, wine-vessel. scantling, a cut piece of timber, a pattern. (F. —Teut. ; with L. prefix). From O. F. escha7itillon, ^ a small cantle, scantling, sample ; ’ Cot. — O. F. es-, prefix, L. ex ; ca7itel, a cantle ; see cantle (above). Canteen, Cantle ; see Cant ( 2 ). Canter, an easy gallop. (Proper name.) Short for Ca7iterbury gallop, the pace at which pilgrims rode thither. Canticle, Canto ; see Cant (i). Canton, a region. (F. — Low L.) F. canto7i (Ital. —Low L. ca7ttonu7n, ca 7 ito, a region, province. Origin doubtful. Canton (in heraldry), a corner of a shield, is from F. ca7iton, a comer. Low L, ca7ito, a squared stone; from G. ka7ite, a comer; see Cant ( 2 ). Canvas. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. canevas, F. ca7ievas.^lu,oyf L. ca7iabaciiis, hempen cloth. — L. ca7inabis, hemp. — Gk. navva^is, hemp. Cf. Skt. fana, hemp ; see Hemp. canvass. (F. —L. —Gk.) Orig. to sift through ca7ivas ; hence to sift, examine. — O. F. caTiabasser, to canvass, to sift out. Canzonet; see Cant (i). Caoutchouc. (F.-Carib.) F. caotU- chouc ; orig. a Caribbean word. Cap ; see Cape (i). Capable ; see below. Capacious, able to contain. (L.) Coined from L. capaci-, cmde form of capax, able to hold. — L. capere, to hold, contain; see Have. (y^KAP.) accept. (F. — L.) F. accepter. — L. accepta7'e, frequent, of accipere, to receive. — i L. ac- ( = ad) ; and capere. anticipate. (L.) L. anticipare, to take beforehand. — L. a7iti-, before; and capei'c, to take. cable. (F. — L.) M. E. cable. — O. F. cable. — Low L. capuluni, capluin, a strong (holding) rope. — L. capere, to hold. caitiff. (F. — L.) M. E. caitif.'^ O. F. caitif, a captive, a wretch (F. chetif).^^ L. captiuus ; see captive below. capable. (F. — L.) F. capable. — Low L. capabilis, comprehensible ; afterwards, able to hold. — L. capere, to hold. capsule, seed-vessel. (F. — L.) F. capsule, a small case. — L. capsula, dimin. of capsa, a case; see case ( 2 ) below. captious. (F. — L.) F. captieux, cavil¬ ling. —L. captiosus.^^ij, captio, a taking, a sophistical argument. — L. captus, pp. of capere, to hold. captive. (L.) L. captiuus, a captive. — L. captus, pp. of capere, to take, captox', capture ; from L. pp. captus. case ( 2 ), a receptacle. (F. —L.) O. F. casse. — L. capsa, a box, cover. — L. capere, to hold. casement, frame of a window. (F. —L.) Short for encase77ient, that which encases or encloses. From e7tcase (below); with suffix -77ient. cash, coin. (F. — L.) Orig. a till or box to keep money in. — F. casse, a case; see case ( 2 ) above. Der. cash-ier, sb., one who keeps a money-box or cash. casket, a small box. (F. — L.) Corrupted from F. cassette, 3. small casket;’ Cot. j CAPACIOUS. t t Dimin. of F. casse, a case, box; see case \ ( 2 ) above. f catch.. (F. — L.) Picard cachier^ variant I of O. F. chacieTj to hunt, chase; hence to ) catch. It answers to Ital. cacciare, Low ) L. caciare, put for captiare,* extended form I of L. captare^ to catch.— L. captus, pp. of \ capere, to seize. <[1 We even find O. Du. \ kaetseUy to catch, borrowed from Picard \ cachier. Doublet, chase (i). f cater, to buy provisions. (F. — L.) J Formed as a verb from M. E. catour^ a R buyer of provisions (whom we should now i call a cater-er). Catour is short for acatour^ f formed from acate, a buying, purchase, Ch. j prol. 573. —O. F. acat (mod. F. achat'), a r buying. — Low L. acaptum, a purchase < (a.d. 1118 ); put for accaptum.'^lLow L. J accaptare, to purchase (a. d. 1000), frequent. & of accipere, to receive, also to buy; see ) accept above. I chase (i), to hunt after. (F. — L.) O. F. I chacier, chacer, to pursue; see catch above. I chase ( 2 ), to enchase; ^Qx\.iQxenchase, I which see below. [ chase (3), a printer’s frame. (F. — L.) k F. chdsse, a shrine. — L. capsa, a box; see F sase ( 2 ) above. conceit. (F.-L.) M. E. conceit. — O. F. conceit, pp. of concevoir, to conceive; see below. conceive. (F. - L.) M. E. conceuen. - 0. F. concever, concevoir. — L. concipere, to conceive. — L. con- ( = cum, together) ; and i sapere, to hold. : conception. (F.-L.) Y. conception.^ L acc. conceptionem. — L. conceptus, pp. of concipere ; see above. Der. pre-conception. deceive. (F. — L.) O. F. decever, dece- voir. — L. decipere, to take away, deceive. — L. de, away; and capere, to take. Der. deceit, from O. F. deceit, pp. of decever. deception. (F.-L.) O. F. deception. — L. acc. deceptionem. — L. deceptus, pp. of iecipere, to deceive; see deceive. encase. (F.-L.) O. F. encaisser, 'to put into a case; ’ Cot. - F. en, in (L. in) ; ind O. F. caisse, casse, a case; see case ( 2 ) ibove. enchase. (F. L.) O. F. enchasser, 'to mchace or set in gold,’ Cot. Hence to emboss.— F. en, in (L. m); and chasse, the same as casse, a case; see case ( 2 ) above. ■ except, to exclude. (F. — L.) F. excepter, ,:o except; Cot. — L. exceptare, frequent, of 'xcipere, to take. — L. ex, out; capere, to ake. Der. except, prep.; &c. CAPACIOUS. 65 imperceptible. (F.-L.) From im- = in, not; and perceptible ; see below. inceptive. (L.) Coined from L. incep- tus, pp. of incipe 7 'e, to begin; see below. incipient. (L.) L. incipie7it-, stem of pres. pt. of mcipere, to begin. — L. in, upon; capere, to lay hold of. intercept. (F.-L.) F. intercepter.^ L. intercept-us, pp. of intercipere, lit. to catch between.— L. htter, between; capere, to take. occupy. (F.-L.) M. E. occupmt. F. occuper.'^^Y,. occupare, to lay hold of. — L. oc- { = ob, near); capere, to seize. Der. pre-occupy. perceive. (F. - L.) O. F. percever. - L. percipere, to apprehend. —L./^r, thorough¬ ly ; capere, to seize. perception. (F.-L.) Y.perception. acc. perceptione77i. — L. perceptus, pp. of percipere ; see above. precept. (F. - L.) O. F. precepte. - L. pr(2ceptU7n, a prescribed rule. - Y.prceceptus, pp. of prcecipere, to take beforehand, give rules. —L. pree, before; capere, to take. Der. precept-or. purchase, verb. (F. — L.) M. E. pur- chasen, purchacen. - O. F. purchacer, to pursue eagerly, acquire, get. — O. F. pur (Y.pour), from L.pro ; and O. F. chacer', see chase (i) above. receive. (F.-L.) O. F. recever, re- cevoir. — L. recipere, to take back. — L. re, back; capere, to take. receptacle. (F. — L.) F. receptacle. — L. receptaculu7n, a place to store away. — L. recept-us, pp. of recipere; see above. reception. (F.-L.) F. reception.-Y, acc. receptione7n, a taking back. — L. recepU us ; as above. recipe. (L.) L. recipe, take thou; imp. of recipere ; see receive. recipient. (L.) L. recipient-, stem of pres. pt. of recipere ; see receive. sash (i), a case or frame for panes of glass. (F.-L.) Corruption of F. ‘a frame of wood for a window; ’ Cot. — O. F. chasse (F. chdsse), a case, shrine. — L. capsa, a case. See chase ( 3 ) and case ( 2 ) above. scaffold. (F. - L. and Teut.) M. E. scafold. — O. F. escafalt,'^ only found as escafaut, mod. F. khafaud, a scaffold. Short for escadafalt (Burguy), corresponding to Span, and Ital. catcifalco, a funeral canopy, also a stage, scaffold. /?. The former part of the word occurs in O. Span. D I 66 CAPARISON. CAPITAL. catar, to see, view, from L. captare^ to strive after, watch, observe, frequent, of capere^ to seize. The latter part is the same as Ital. balco, a stage, of Tent, origin; see Balk. The lit. sense is ‘view-baUc,’ i.e. a stage to see from. susceptible. (F. — L.) F. susceptible.'^ L. susceptibilis, ready to receive. —L. sus- cipere, to receive. — L. sus- {poxsub’S)^ under; and capere, to take. Caparison ; see Cape (i.) Cape (i), a covering for the shoulders. (F. —LowL.) O. F. cape.^l^ovf capa, a cape (Isidore of Seville) ; whence also Prov., Span., Port, capa, Ital. cappa^ A. S. ccBppe, Du. kap, G. kcippe^ I cel. kdpa^ &c. cap, head-covering. (Low L.) A. S. r^//^.-Low L. cappa^ the same as capa, orig. a cape ; see above. caparison, trappings of a horse. (F. — Span. — Low L.) O. F. caparasson. — Span. caparazon^ cover for a saddle ; augmenta¬ tive from Span, capa^ a cloak, cover.— Low L. capa, a cape; as above. capuchin, hooded friar, hood. (F.— Ital. — Low L.) F. capucin. — Ital. cappu- cino, a small hood, hence a hooded friar; dimin. of cappuccio, a cowl. — Ital. cappa^ a cape ; see Cape (i). chapel. (F. — L.) O. F. chapele. — Low L. capella, orig. a shrine in which was pre- serv’ed the capa or cope of St. Martin (Brachet). — Low L. capa^ cappa, cape, hooded cloak ; as above. chaperon. (F. — L.) F. chaperon^ a protector ; orig. a kind of hood. — F. chape^ a cope. — Low L. capa ; as above. chaplet. (F. —L.) M. E. chapelet.’^ O. F. chapelet^ a head-dress, wreath.— O.F. chapel, head-dress. — O. F. chape, a cope ; see chaperon. cope (i), a hood, cape. (F. — LowL.) M. E. cope, variant of cape, a cape; see Cape above. (For the o, cf. Icel. kdpa.) escape. (F. — L.) M. E. escapen. — O. F. escaper (F. echapper), to escape, lit. to slip out of one's cape. — L. ex cappd^ out of one’s cape; see Cape (i) above, scape; short for escape (above). Cape ( 2 ), headland; see Capital, Caper (i), to dance about. (Ital. — L.) Formerly capreole (Sir P. Sidney). — Ital. capriolare, to skip as a goat.— Ital. ca- priolo, a kid ; dimin. of caprio, wild-goat; cf. capra, she-goat. — L. capra^ she-goat; cf. caper, he-goat. cab, cabriolet. (F. — Ital. - L.) Cab is short for cabriolet. — F. cabriolet, a cab; from its supposed lightness. —F. cabriole, a caper, leap of a goat; formerly capriole ; see capriole below. capricorn. (L.) L. capricornus, horned goat. — L. capri- = capro-, stem of caper, goat; and corn-u, a horn. capriole, a peculiar frisk of a horse. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. capriole', see Cot.— Ital. capriola, the leap of a kid ; see Caper above. Caper ( 2 ), the flower-bud of a certain plant. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.) O.F. capre (F. capre^,^\a. capparis.-- Gk. Kcnniapis, caper-plant; its fruit.— Pers. kabar, capers. Capercailzie. (Gael.) Here z = = y. — G 2 it\.capull-coille,grQ 2 d. cock of the wood; lit. horse of the wood. — Gael, capull, a horse (see Cavalier) ; coille, coill, wood. Capillary, like hair. (L.) L. capillaris, adj., from capillus, hair. Perhaps allied to ccLp-ut, the head. dishevel. (F. — L.) O.F. discheveler, ‘ to dischevell,’ i. e. to disorder the hair; Cot. — O. F. des' (L. dis-'), apart; chevel (F. cheveu), a hair, from L. acc. capillum. Capital (i), chief. (F. —L.) Y. capital, — L. capitaJis, belonging to the head. —L. capit-, stem of caput, the head; see Head. achieve. (F. —L.) M. E. acheuen.^^ O. F. achever, lit. to bring to a head. - O.F. a chef, to a head. — L. ad caput (the same). Der. achieve-ment. cabbage (i), a vegetable. (F. —Itab- L.) O. F. choux cabus, ‘ sl cabbidge,’ Cot. (lit. ‘ round-headed cabbage; ’ we have dropped choux). The F. cabus, round- headed, is from Ital. capuccio, a little head, dimin. of capo, head. — L. caput, head. cad. (F. - L.) Short for Lowl. Sc. cadie, an errand-boy, boy; see Jamieson. — F. cadet', see cadet. cadet, orig. a younger son. (F. — L.) F. cadet, a younger brother ; Prov. capdet. Capdet is a Gascon form = Low L. capit- elliwi (by a habit of Gascon, which puts tioTll', P. Meyer); lit. a little (younger) head, dimin. from L. caput, a head. cape ( 2 ), a headland. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. — Ital. capo, head, headland. —L. caput, head. capital ( 2 ), stock of money. (F. — L.) F. capital. — Low L. capitale, wealth ; neut. of capitalis, chief; see Capital (i), capital ( 3 ), head of a pillar. (Low L, — L.) Low 5l. capitellus, head of a pillar; dimin. from L, caput, head. CAPITAL. CAR. capitation, poll-tax. (F. — L.) F. cap- itatioii. — Low L. acc. capitationeni^ poll- tax. — L. caputs poll, head. capitol. (L.) The temple of Jupiter, I at Rome, called Capitolium. — L. capit-^ stem of caputs a head; but the reason for the name is obscure; see Smith, Class. Diet. capitular, relating to a chapter. (L.) Low L. capitularis^ adj. of capiiulum, a chapter of a cathedral, or a chapter of a book; see chapter below. capitulate. (L.) Low L. capitulatus^ pp. of capitulare, to divide into chapters, I also to propose terms (for surrender).— p Low L. capitulum, a chapter; see chapter i] below. Der. re-capitulate. 5 captain. (F. — L.) yi.'E. capitain.’^ [ O. F. capitain. — Low L. capitaneus^ capit- jamis, a leader of soldiers.— L. capit-, stem y of caput, head. [] cattle. (F. —L.) M. E. property ; [{hence, live stock, cattle. — O. F. catel.<^ i^Low L. capitate, capital, property; see [[capital ( 2 ) above. chapiter, the capital of a column. (F. — L.) O. F. chapitel (F. chapiteaii), the same. — L. capitellu77i, the same ; dimin. of 1 caput, a head. ■| chapter, a division of a book, synod of i clergy. (F. — L.) M. E. chapitre, also \chapitel. — F. chapitre, corruption of an older I form chapitle.'^\u. capitulum, a chapter of a book (little head) ; also, in late L., a ! synod ; dimin. of caput, a head. 1 chattels. (F. — L.) PI. of M. E. chatel, property, also cattle. —O.F. chatel=0.¥. \catel, property ; see cattle above. chief. (F. — L.) M. E. chef, chief. — O. F. chef, chief, the head. — L. caput, head. •Der. ker-chief, q. v. chieftain. (F. — L.) O. F. chevetaine. — Low L. capitaueus, capitanus, a captain ; 'see captain above. ' corporal (i), a subordinate officer. f(F. — Ital. — L.) A corrupt form ofF.ca- \poral. — Ital. caporale, a chief, corporal of a. band. —Ital. capo, head. — L. caput. decapitate. (L.) From pp. of Low L. decapitare, to behead. —L. de, off; and \capit-, stem of caput, head. I hatchment, escutcheon of a deceased person. (F. — L.) Corruption of acJPinent, 'shortened form of achievement. occiput. (L.) L. occiput, back of the head. —L. OC' (for oU), over against; and caput., head. precipice. (F.-L.) Q.Y.precipice.^ 67 L. p7'cecipitiu7n, a falling headlong down ; a precipice. — L. crude form of pi'ceceps, headlong.— L. pi'(E, before; and capiti-, cr. form of captit. Der. pi'ecipitate, from L. prcBcipitare, to cast headlong. sinciput. (L.) The fore part of the head; lit. ‘half head.’ —L. shiciput, half the head. —L. half; caput', see also Capsize. Capitation, Capitol, Capitular, Capitulate; see above. Capon. (L. - Gk.) A. S. capun. - L. acc. caponem, from nom. capo.'^ljF. kclttojv, a capon. (-y^SKAP.) Caprice. (F. - Ital. - L. ?) F. caprice. — Ital. capriccio, a whim. Perhaps from Ital. cap7'a, a she-goat; so that capriccio might mean a frisk like a goat’s; see Caper (i). ^ Not certain; for capriccio also means a sudden chill, and capricciare is to shiver. Capricorn, Capriole; see Caper (i). Capsize, to upset. (Span.? — L.) Perhaps from Span, capuzar, to sink (a ship) by the head ; allied to cabecear, to nod the head, pitch as a ship does. —Span, caheza, the head, fore part of a ship ; a derivative of L. caput, the head ; see Capital (i). Capstan. (F. — Span. — L. ?) F. cabesta^i. — Span, cabestrante, cabi'cstante, an engine to raise weights. Etym. unknown : per¬ haps from Span, cabestrar, to tie with a halter, fasten = L. capistrare, from L. cap- istrum (Sp. cabestro), a halter, from capere, to hold. Others say from Span, cabi'a esta7ite, a fixed (permanent) goat; since the Span, cabra means ( 1 ) goat, ( 2 ) a ma¬ chine for throwing large stones. Here Sp. cabi'a = L. capra, a she-goat; see Caper (i) ; and estante = L. stantem, acc. of starts, standing, from stare, to stand. Capsule; see Capacious. Captain; see Capital. Captious, Captive; see Capacious. Capuchin; see Cape (i). Car. (F.-C.) M. E, carre. — O. F. car (F. char), a car. — L. carrus, a car; of Gaulish origin. — Bret, karr, a chariot; W. car, O. Gael, car, Irish car7\ (y/KAR.) career. (F. — C.) F. car'riere, a road ; also a horse-race, running of horses, career; O. F. cariere, a road. — O. F. carter, to carry. — O. F. car, car; see above. cargo. (Span. — C.) Span. ca7‘go, freight, load; cf. cargare, to load. — Low L. carricare, to load a car; see charge below, caricature. (Ital. - C.) Ital. cari- 1 68 CARACOLE. CARD. catui‘a, a satirical picture ; so called because exaggerated or ^ overloaded.’ —Ital. ca7'i- care^ to load, burden. —Low 'L. car7'ica7r, to load a car; see charge. carraek. (F. — C.) O. F. car7'aque, a ship of burden. — Low Lat. carraca, the same. — Low L. carraca7X^ carrica7'e^ to load; see charge. carriage. (F. -C.) M. E. cariage, that which is carried about (as in Bible, A. V.) — O. F. cariage ; from ca7'ier, to carry; see below. ^ Its modern use is due to con¬ fusion with caroch, a vehicle (Massinger) = Ital. carroccioy a chariot, augmentative of car7'0j a car. carry. (F. — C.) O. F. ca7'ier. — O. F. car^ a car; see Car. cart. (C.) A. S. crcet (for — W. cartj a wain; Gael, and Irish cairt\ dimin. of W. car^ Irish carr ; see Car. charge. (F. — C.) F. cha7ger, to load. — Low L. carricare^ to load a *car. — L. carrus^ a car, a Gaulish word; see Car. Der. charg-er^ a dish or horse, because carrying a burden. chariot. (F. — C.) F. chariot \ O. F. charete.^^l^ovf L. ca7'reta, a small car, dimin. of carrus, a car; see Car. supercargo. (L. ; and Span. — C.) From L. super, above; and Span, cargo, a freight. Suggested by Span. sobreca7go, a supercargo ; where sohre = L. super. surcharge, sb. (F. — L. and C.) F. surcharge, an over-charge. — F. sur ( = L. super'), above ; and charge (above). Caracole. (F. — Span. — C. ?) F. caracol, caracole, a snail; whence faire le caracole. applied to a manoeuvre by soldiers, and to turns made by a horse. — Span, caracol, a snail, winding staircase, turning about (from the snail-shell’s spiral form). Perhaps of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. ca7'ach, circling, winding, from car, a turn, twist. Carat. (F. —Arab. — Gk.) F. carat, a very light weight. —Arab. qir7'dt, a pod, ’husk, carat, 24 th part of an ounce. — Gk. KepaTLOv, fruit of the locust-tree; also, a carat; lit. ‘ a small horn.’ — Gk. Kipar-, stem of Kepas, a horn; see Horn. Caravan. (F. — Pers.) F. caravane. — Pers. karwdn, a caravan, convoy. caravansary. (Pers.) Pers. ka7"wd7i- sardy, an inn for caravans. — Pers. karwd7i, caravan ; sa7'dy, public building, inn. van, a covered waggon for goods. (F. — Pers.) Short for ca7'ava7i, like bus for 07)inibus^ Caraway, Carraway. (Span. —Arab.) Span, al-carahueya, a caraway; where al is merely the Arab. def. art. — Arab. karwiyd-a, karawiyd-a, caraway-seeds or plant. Cf. Gk. Kapos, Kapov, cumin. Carbine. (F. — Gk.) Formerly ca7'abme, carabUt, which meant (not a musket, but) the man who carried it, a musketeer. — F. ca 7 'abi 7 i, ' an arquebuzier ; ’ Cot. Corrupted from O. F. calabrut, a light-armed soldier, orig. a soldier who worked one of the old war-engines. — Low L. chadabula, cadabula, a destructive war-engine. — Gk. Kara^oX-q, overthrow, destruction. — Gk. fcara^aWeiv, to cast down, strike down with missiles.— Gk. Kara, down; ^dWeiv, to cast. (Cf. F. accabler, also from cadabula.) Carbon. (F. — L.) F. carbofte. — L. acc. carbo7te7n, a coal. carbonado, broiled meat. (Span. — L.) Span, carbonado, meat broiled over coals. — Span, carbon, coal; see above. carbuncle. (L.) L. ca7'bu7tculus, (i) a small coal, ( 2 ) a carbuncle, gem, from its glowing. Double dimin. of L. carbo, coal. Carcanet. (F. —C.) Dimin. of F. ca7'ca7t, a collar of jewels, or of gold. — Bret. ke 7 'chen, the bosom, circle of the neck; also kelchen, a collar. — Bret, kelch, a ring. Carcase, Carcass. (F. — Ital. — Pers.> M. E. carcays, - O. F. carquasse, a dead body. —Ital. ca7rassa, a kind of bomb¬ shell, a shell; closely allied to ca7xasso, also turcasso, a quiver, case (the body being likened to a shell or case). Cor¬ rupted from Low L. ta 7 'casius, a quiver. — Pers. tarkash, a quiver. (See proof in Littre that F. ca 7 'quois and ca7xasse are the same word.) Card (i), piece of pasteboard. (F. — Gk.) Corruption of F. carte, ‘ a card,’ Cot. — Low L. ca7da', L. charta.'—Qf^. ^ leaf of paper. Der. ca 7 'd-board. carte, a bill of fare. (F. — Gk.) Chiefly in the F. phr. carte blanche, lit. white paper. — Low L. carta ; see Card above. cartel. (F.-Ital.-Gk.) F. ccirtel.^* Ital. cartello, lit. a small paper; dimin. of ca 7 'ta, paper, bill; see above. cartoon. (F. —Ital. — Gk.) ¥. ca7'ton."» Ital. cartone, lit. a large paper; from ca 7 ‘ta, as above. cartouche, cartridge. (F. - Ital. - G.) Cartridge (with intrusive r) is for cartidge, corrupt form of ca 7 'touche. — F. ca 7 'touche, a roll of paper.— Ital. cartoccic,. a roll of paper, cartridge. — Ital. ca7ia^ CARD. CAROL. paper; Low L. carta ; see Card above. The cartridge took its name from the paper in which it was rolled up. cartulary, a register. (Low L.— Gk.) Low L. carttdarium, chartularium^ a regis- ! ter. — Low L. cha7'tula^ a document; dimin. of charta^ a paper; see Card above, j chart. (L. — Gk.) L. cha^da^ a paper. — I Gk. I above. charter. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. chartre. »*F. chartre. L. cha7dariu7?i, ar¬ chives.—L. cha7'tarius, adj. from charta, jpaper; see above. Card ( 2 ), an instrument for combing 'Wool. (F. — L.) F. carde. — Low L. cardtis., ;L. carduus^ a thistle; for wool-combing. — L. carere^ to card wool. Cardinal. (L.) L. cardinalis, principal, jchief; orig. relating to the hinge of a door. L. cardhi-., stem of cardo^ a hinge, i Care. (E.) M. E. care, A. S. earn., cearu, [anxiety.+ 0 . Sax. kara, sorrow; Icel. kceri^ murmur; O. H. G. chara, a lament. w GAR.) ^ No connection with L. cu7'a ! i cark, anxiety. (E.) A. S. care., cark (Somner); allied to cearu^ care, sadness; see Care. chary, careful, cautious. (E.) M. E. ^.hari, A. S. cearig., full of care, sad. — A. S. cearu.^ earn, care. Chary meant (i) 'sorrowful, ( 2 ) heedful. I Careen. (F. — L.) Lit. ‘to clean the [keel; ’ hence to lay a ship on its side. — F. \ari7ie., carhie., keel. — L. carma^ keel, 1 Career ; see Car. 1 Caress. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. ca7'esse, a [fondling. — Ital. carezza, a caress, fondling. — Low Lat. ca7'itia^ dearness. — L cams., dear, i charity. (F. - L.) O. F. cha7Htet. - L. acc. caritate7n^ dearness. — L. cams., dear. ^ Not allied to Gk. . cherish. (F. - L.) O. F. cheris-, stem [of pres. pt. of che7dr, to hold dear. —F. (.her, dear. — L. ca7'tis. I Carfax, (F. — L.) M. E. ca 7 'fotilzes, a place where four roads meet. - O. F. pi. \arrefourgs, the same. — L. acc. quatiior furcas, four forks.—L. quattior, four; and hirca, a fork. See Pork. Cargo, Caricature ; see Car. Caries. (L.) L. caries, rottenness, Cark. (E.) See Care. Carmine. (Span. —Arab.— Skt.) Span. \(ar77ii7iy short form of car 77 iesi 7 t, crimson. Span. car7nes, kermes, crimson dye.— Arab, and Pers. qir77iiz, qir 7 nizi, crimson. Skt. kxi77iija, produced by an insect (viz. 69 the cochineal insect). —Skt. hxii 7 ii, a worm; jan, to produce. (See Cochineal, Worm.) crimson. (F. - Arab. - Skt.) M. E. C7'i77tosi7t. — O. F. C7'a77ioisin, cra7noisy7te (see cra77ioisi in Littre). —LowL. c7'a77ioi- shius, also car77iesi7ius , crimson. — Arab, and Pers. qirTnizi ; see above. Carnage ; see below. Carnal. (L.) L. carnalis, fleshly. — L. carfi-f stem of caro, flesh.+Gk. tepeas ; Skt. kravya, raw flesh. carnage. (F. — L.) F. cari'ia.ge, flesh¬ time, slaughter of animals. — Low L. car77aticu77i, a tribute of animals ; cf. car- 7tatu77t, time for eating flesh.— L. carn-j stem of caro, flesh. carnation. (F. — L.) F. carnatio7i, flesh colour (Littre). —L. acc. ca7matione77i, fleshiness. — L. earn-, stem of caro. carnival. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. carna- val, Shrovetide. — Ital. ca7^nevale, carnovale, the last three days before Lent. — Low. L. carnelevale, ca7'neleva7nen, solace of the flesh, Shrovetide. — L. car7te-7n, acc. of caro, •flesh; and leuare, to lighten, mitigate, con¬ sole, from leuis, light. carnivorous. (L.) L. carniuorus, fleSh-eating. — L. ca7'7ii-, crude form of caro, flesh ; and tior-a7'e^ to devour. carrion. (F. — L.) M. E. caroigne, a carcase. — O. F. caroigne ; Low L. ca7''onia, a carcase. — L. ca7'o, fle^h. charnel. (F, — L.) Properly an adj., containing carcases, as in cha7mel-house.'^ O. F. cha7'nel, adj. carnal; as sb. a ceme¬ tery. — L. ca7'nalis ; see Carnal above. incarnadine, to dye of a red colour. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. i7ica7'7tadm, carnation colour (Cot.) —Ital. i7ica7'7iaduio, carnation colour (Florio) ; also spelt i7tca7'nati7io. — Ital. i7ica7'nato, incarnate; also, of flesh colour. —L. i7ica7'7tatMS, pp. of inca7'na7'e, to clothe with flesh (below). incarnation. (F. — L) F. mca7'7ta- tion. — L. acc. i7tcarnatione7Jt, embodiment in flesh. — L. inca7'natMs, pp. of mcarnare, to clothe with flesh. — L. in, in; and ca7'7i-, stem of caro, flesh. Carob-tree, the locust -tree. (Arab.) Arab. khar7'ub, bean-pods. Carol, a song. (F. —C.) Formerly, a kind of dance.— O. F. ca7'ole, a (singing) dance. Of Celtic origin ; cf. Bret. ko7'oll, a dance, movement of the body in cadence ; Manx carval, a carol; Corn. ca7'ol, a choir, concert; W. ca7'-ol, a song, coroli, to move in a circle, dance; Gael. ca7'ull, melody. CAROTID. CASKET. 70 carolling. The orig. sense is ‘ a dance round.’ — Irish cai', a twist, turn; Gael. car, a turn, bend, revolution, music. (V KAR.) Carotid, adj. (Gk.) Gk. KapcoTi^c^, s. pi., the two great arteries of the neck ; it was thought that an alteration in the flow of blood through them caused stupor. — Gk. Kapooj, I stupefy; Kapos, stupor. Carousal, (i) a drinking-bout; ( 2 ), a pageant, (i. F. — G. ; 2 . F. — Ital.) 1 . Sometimes from the verb carouse below. 2. But, in old authors, carousel means a sort of pageant, of which some kind of chariot-race formed a principal part; Dry- den, Virgil, ^n. v. 777 .-F. carj'ousel, a tilting-match. — Ital. carosello, corrupt form of garosello, a tournament. — Ital. garoso, quarrelsome; gara, a strife. Carouse. (F. — G.) F. carous, ‘ a car- rouse of drinke,’ Cot. — G. garaus, right out; used of emptying a bumper. — G. gar, quite ; and aus, out. (Raleigh even writes garouse ; directly from G. garaus.) Der. carous-al, but only in one sense of that word; see above. Carp (i), a fish. (E ) IM. E. carpe. Not in A. S. + Du. kaiper', Icel. karji\ Dan. karpe\ Swed. karp', Q. Iia7pfen\ late Lat. cajpa (whence F. caipe, &c.). Carp ( 2 ), to cavil at. (Scand.) M. E. caipen, which often merely means to talk, say. — Icel. kaipa, to boast; Swed. dial. kajpa, to boast, talk much. ^ The pre¬ sent sinister sense is due to confusion with L. caipere, to pluck. Carpenter. (F. —C.) O. F. caipe^itier (F. charpentier). — Low L. carpcutarius, from cajpentai'C, to work in timber. —L. carpe 7 itui)i, a carriage; a word of Celtic origin. — Gael, and Irish ca^'bad, a carriage, chariot, litter; Irish carb, a basket, litter, carriage, plank; Gael, cairb, chariot, ship, plank. Carpet. (F. — L.) O.F. caipite.^l^ovf L. carpiia, ca^peta, a kind of thick cloth; dimin. of carpia, \vi\\..^\^.ca7pere,\.o pluck, pull to pieces (lint being made ^ of rags pulled to pieces) ; cf. F. charpie, lint. Carrack, Carriage ; see Car. Carrion ; see Carnal. ' Carronade, a sort of cannon. (Scotland.) So named because made at Carro7i, in Stirlingshire. Carrot. (F. — L.) F. carote, carotte. ■ L. carota. Perhaps borrowed from Gk. Knpcx7T6v, a carrot. Carry, Cart; see Car. Carte, Cartel ; see Card (i). Cartilage. (F. — L.) F. caT'tilage, gristle. ! -L. cartilagi7ie77i, acc. of cartilago. Der. ' ca7'tilagi7i-ous. Cartoon, Cartouche, Cartridge, Cartulary; see Card (i). Carve. (E.) ke 7 'ue 7 i. A.^.ceo 7 'fa 7 i. 4“ Du. ke7've7i ; Icel. kyrfa ; Dan. karve ; Swed. karfva ; G. kerbe7i, to notch, cut. Cascade; see Cadence. Case (i), an event; see Cadence. Case ( 2 ), a box ; see Capacious. Casemate. (F. — Ital.) F. case77iate, a loop-hole in a fortified wall.— Ital. casa- 77 iatta, a chamber built under a wall or bulwark, to hinder those who enter the ditch to scale the wall of a fort. It seems to mean ‘ dark chamber.’ — Ital. and L. casa, house, cottage, room ; and Ital. matta, fern, of 77 iatto, orig. mad, but the Sicilian 77iattu means Mim.’ Casement, Cash; see Capacious. Casliier (i); one who attends to cash payments ; see cash, under Capacious. Cashier ( 2 ), to dismiss from service. (G. - F. - L.) G. cassire7t, to cashier; merely borrowed from Y .casser, ‘to breake, burst, . . also to casseere, dischargeCot. (G. words, borrowed from F., end in -zre7t.) — L. cassa 7 'e, to annul, discharge. — L. cassus, void, null. Cashmere, a rich stuff. (India.) So called from the vale of Cash77te7'e, in India. Also spelt cassi77iere, kersey77iere. Casino, a room for dancing. (Ital. — L.) Ital. cashio, dimin. of casa, a cottage, house. — L. casa, a cottage. cassock, a vestment. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. casaque.'^\\. 2 \. casacca, an outer coat; a jocular word; from casa, a house; see above. chasuble, a vestment. (F. — L.) F. chasuble. — Low L. casabula, a little house; hence, a mantle.— L. casa, a cottage. Cask. (Span. - L.) Span, casco, a skull, sherd, coat of an onion ; also a cask of < wine, a casque or helmet. The orig. sense is ‘husk;’ cf. Span, cascaz'a, peel, rind, shell, Port, casca, rind.-Span, cascar, to burst open ; formed (as if from Lat. qtiassi- care *) from an extension of L. quassare, to break, burst; see Quash. casque, a helmet. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. casque. casco, a helmet, headpiece; the same as Span, casco above. Casket ; see Capacious, CASQUE. Casque ; see Cask. Cassia, a species of laurel. (L. — Gk. — [ Heb.) L. casia, cassia. — Gk. Kaaia, a spice I like cinnamon. — Heb. qetsioth^ in Ps. xlv. ! 9, a pi. form from qetsVdh, cassia-bark.— Heb. root qdtsa\ to cut; because the bark is cut off. Cassimere ; see Cashmere. Cassock ; see Casino. Cassowary, a bird. (Malay.) First brought from Java. Littre (s. v. casoar) gives the Malay name as kassuwaris. Cast. (Scand.) Icel. kasta, to throw; Swed. kasta ; Dan. kaste. Prob. allied to L. gererCf to heap up. Der. re-cast. Caste, a breed, race. (Port. — L.) Port. casta, a race, orig. a ^pure’ breed; a name given by the Port, to classes of men in India.— Post, casta, fern, of casto, pure.— L. castus, pure, chaste.+Gk. Kadapos. castigate. (L.) L. castigatus, pp. of castigare, to chasten; lit. ‘ to keep pure.’ — L. castus, chaste. chaste. (F. — L.) O. F. chaste. — L. cashis', see Caste. chasten. (F. —L.) Used in place of M. E. chasty or cliastien ; see chastise, chastise. (F. — L.) M. E. chastisen ; shorter form chastien.’^O.Y. chastier. — l^. castiga^'e ; see castigate above. incest, impurity. (F. — L.) M. E. incest. — F. hiceste, sb. — L. incestus, unchaste.— L. in, not; castus, chaste. Castle. (L.) A. S. castel. — L. castellmn, dimin. of casU'uin, a fortified place. Der. castell-an, O. F. castelain, chastelain, the keeper of a chastel or castle; also chate¬ laine (fern, of F. chdtelain ~ O. F. chaste- lain), now applied to a lady’s chain or ‘ keeper ’ of keys, &c. chateau. (F.-L.) F. chateau, O. F. chastel. — L. castellum, as above. Castor. (L. - Gk.) L. castor. - Gk. KauTojp, a beaver. But of Eastern origin; Malay kasturi, Skt. kasturi, musk; Pers. khaz, beaver. castor-oil. Named from some resem¬ blance to castoreum, ‘ a medicine made of the liquor contained in the little bags that are next the beaver’s groin,’ Kersey. But it is really a vegetable production. Castrate. (L.) L. castratus, pp. of castrare, to cut. Casual ; see Cadence. Cat. (E.) A. S. cat. -f- Du., Dan. kat, Icel. k'ottr, Sw. katt, G. kater, katze, L. caius, W. cath] Ir. Gael, cat, Russ. kot\ CATARACT. 71 koshka, Arab, qitt, Turk. kedi. (Prob. Eastern.) caterpillar. (F.-L.) M. E. catyrpel', corruption of O. F. chatepeleuse, a weevil; a fanciful name, really meaning ‘ hairy she- cat.’ — O. F. chate, a she-cat; and peleuse, hairy. — L. catus, cat; pilosus, hairy, from piluni, hair. caterwaul. (E.) M. E. caterwawen\ coined from cat, and wawen, to make a wailing noise. catkin. (E.) A loose spike of flowers resembling a cat’s tail; hence called a cat-kin, i. e. little cat. kitten. (E.; with F. suffix^ M. E. kitoun, where the suffix -otm is F., sug¬ gested by F. chatto7i, a kitten. Kit is a weakened form of cat, appearing in the true E. form kit-ling, and in (obs.) kittle, to pro¬ duce kittens. Cata-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. naid, down, thoroughly. Cataclysm, deluge. (Gk.) Gk. nara- KXvapLos, a dashing over, flood. — Gk. /card, down ; kXv^€iv, to dash, wash, as waves. Catacomb. (Ital. — Gk.) Ital. cataco77iba, a sepulchral vault. — Low L. catacu77iba. — Gk. /rard, down; KVfi^r], a cavity, hollow place. Catalepsy, a sudden seizure. (Gk.) For¬ merly catalepsis. — Gk. KardXrjipis, a grasp¬ ing, seizing. — Gk. Kara, down; Xa^-, base of XaPetv, aor. inf. of Xapi^aveLV, to seize’. Catalogue. (F.-Gk.) F. catalogue. Low Lat. acc. catalogtmi.^QY. KardXoyos, a counting up, enrolment. — Gk. Kara, fully; Xlyeiv, to say, tell; see Logic. Catamaran, a sort of raft. (Tamil.) In Forbes, Hindustani Diet., ed. 1859 , P* 280 , we have ‘ kat77iara7t, a raft . . ; the word is orig. Tamil, and means tied logs." Cataplasm, a poultice. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. cataplas77ie. — L. cataplas77ia. — Gk. Kard- TTXaapia, a plaster, poultice. —Gk. nara- TrXdaaeiv, to spread over. — Gk. Kara, fully; and TrXdaa(:Lv, to mould; see Plaster. Catapult. (Low L. — Gk.) Low L. catapulta, an engine for throwing stones. — Gk. KaTaTriXrrjs, the same. — Gk. Kara, down; 7rdXX€iv, to swing, hurl. Cataract. (L. — Gk.) L. cata7'acta, Gen. vii. II. — Gk. KarappdKTrjs, as sb., a water¬ fall ; as adj. broken, rushing down. Prob. allied to KaTapprjyvviJLi, I break down ; the 2 aor. KaT€ppdyr)v was used of the rushing down of waterfalls and storms. —Gk. /card, down ; pijywpn, I break. CATARRH. CAVALIER. 72 Catarrh. (Low L. - Gk.) Low L. catarrhus. — Gk. KaTappoos, a flowing down (of rheum), a cold in the head. — Gk. z^ara, down ; and p€€iv, to flow. Catastrophe. (Gk.) Gk. KaraaTpocprj, an overturning, sudden turn. — Gk. Kara, down ; aTp€(p€LV, to turn. Catch. (F. — L.) See Capacious. Catechise. (Low L. — Gk.) Low L. catechizare. — Gk. KaTrjxf-i^iv, to catechise, instruct; lengthened form of KaTrjx^^i-v, to din into oner’s ears, lit.‘to din down.’ — Gk. Kar-Gf dowm; ^XV> ^ sound, ^ ringing in the ears ; see Echo. Category, a class. (Gk.) Gk. Karrjyop'ia, an accusation; but in logic, a predicament or class. — Gk. KaTrjyopeiVj to accuse. — Gk. Kar-a, down, against; dyopeveiv, to declaim, address an assembly, from dyopd, an as¬ sembly. Cater; see Capacious. Caterpillar, Caterwaul; see Cat. Cathartic, purging. (Gk.) Gk. KaSapTi- Kos, purgative. — Gk. KaOaip^iv^ to cleanse, purge. — Gk. /caOapos, pure ; see Caste. Cathedral. (L. — Gk.) L. cathedralis ecclesia = a cathedral church, or one which has a bishop’s throne.— Low L. cathedra, a throne. —(jk. KaOihpa, a seat. —Gk. kgO-, for /raYa, down; and iZpa, a seat, chair, from €^ofiai ( = ed-yopiai), I sit; see Sit. chair. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. chah'e, chao'e.^O. F. chaiere, chaere. — Low L. cathedra, a throne, raised seat, chair; see above. chaise, alight carriage. (F. — L. —Gk.) F. chaise, a Parisian modification of F. chaire, a pulpit, orig. a seat. Catholic. (L. — Gk.) 1^. catholictis (Ter- tullian). — Gk. kgOoKikos, universal. — Gk. kgOoK-ov, adv., on the whole, in general. — Gk. Ka$-, for /cara, according to; and oKov, gen. of oAos, whole. Catkin; see Cat. Catoptric; see Optic. Cattle ; see Capital. Caudal, belonging to the tail. (L.) L. cauda, the tail. coward. (F. — L.) Norm. F. coiiard, a hare, F. coiiard, a coward ; cf. Ital. codardo, a coward. Named from the ‘bob-tailed’ hare. — O. F. coe (Ital. coda), a tail. — L. cauda, a tail. cue, the same as queue (below). queue, a tail. (F. — L.) F. queue, a tail. — L. cauda (above). Caudle; see Caldron. 1 Caul, a net, covering, esp. for the head. I (F. —C.) O. F. cale, ‘ a kind of little cap; * ICot. —Irish calla, veil, hood, cowl; Gael. call, the same. Cauldron; see Caldron. Cauliflower; see Cole. Caulk; see Calk. Cause. (F. — L.) F. cause.^"L. causa, caussa, a cause. accuse. (F. — L.) F. accuser.accu- sare, to lay to one’s charge.— L. ac- (for ad), to; and catise, a suit at law, a cause. Der. accus-at-ive, the case expressing the stibject governed by the trans. verb. because, for the reason that. (E. and F.) Formerly written be cause, bi cause, i. e. by the cause. excuse. (F. — L.) F. excuser. — L. excu- sa7'e, to release from a charge.— L. ex, out; and causa, a charge, a cause. recusant, opposing an opinion. (F. — L.) F. recusafit, ^ rejecting,’ Cot.; pres, pt. of recuser. — L. recusare, to reject, oppose a cause or opinion.— L. re-, back, from ; and causa. ruse, a trick. (F. — L.) F. ruse, a trick. — F. ruser, to beguile; contr. from O F. 7'euser, to refuse, recoil, escape, dodge.— L. 7 'ecusa7'e, to refuse; see above. Causeway; see Calx. Caustic. (L. — Gk.) L. causticus. — Gk. KavaTLKos, burning. — Gk. tcaUiv (fut. Kavaoj), to burn. cauterise. (F. — Low L. — Gk.) F. caute7'iser. — Low L. caute7'iza7'e, to sear. — Gk. KavTTjpid^eiv, to sear. — Gk. navTrjpiov, a branding-iron. — Gk. kgUlv, to burn. holocaust. (L. — Gk.) lu. holocaustu7n, Gen. xxii. 8. — Gk. oKoKavarov, a sacrifice burnt whole; neut. of oXofcavaros, burnt whole.-Gk. dko-s, whole; and Kcueiv, to burn. Caution: see Caveat. Cavalier. (F. —Ital. — L.) F. cavalier, a horseman. — Ital. cavalie7'e, the same. — Ital. cavallo, a horse. — L. acc. caballu77i, a horse; nom. cabalhis. cavalcade. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. caval¬ cade. — Ital. cavalcata, a troop of horsemen ; orig. fern, of pp. of cavalcare, to ride.— Ital. cavallo, a horse ; as above. cavalry. (F. — Ital. — L.) O. F. cavaU le7'ie. — Ital. cavalle7da, cavalry. — Ital. cavaliere, a knight; see Cavalier. chevalier. (F. — L.) F. chevalier, a horseman. —F. cheval, a horse.— L. acc. caballujn, a horse (above). CAVE. CEDE. chivalry. (F. - L.) M. E. chivalrie. — O. F. chevalerie, horsemanship, knighthood. — F. cheval^ a horse.—Low L. acc. cabal- lum^ a horse. Cave. (F. — L.) M. E. caue. — O. F. cave, caive, a cave. — L. cauea. a cave, a cage. — L. cauus, hollow. (VKU.) Der. cav-ity ; cav-ern (L. cauer7id). cage. (F. — L.) F. cage.^lu, cauea, a cave, den, cage ; as above. cajole. (F. — L.) O. F. cageoler, to chatter like a bird in a cage; hence to flatter, coax (Roquefort). Coined from F. cage, a cage ; see above. concave. (L.) L. concauus, hollow.— L. con- {cu7?i), with, together ; cauus, hollow. excavation. (F.-L.) F. excavation,^ L. acc. excauationcTn, a hollowing out.— L. excauatus, pp. of excauare, to hollow out. — L. ex, out; cauare, to hollow, from cauus. gabion. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. gabion, a gabion, large basket filled with earth.— Ital. gabbione, a gabion; augment, of gabbia, a cage, also spelt gaggia, and allied to Span, gavia, a cage (in the nautical sense, a cage to which shrouds are fastened). — L. cauea, a hollow place, cage, den, coop; see Cage. gaol, jail, a cage, prison. (F. — L.) O. F. gaole (F. geble), a prison, bird-cage. — Low L. gabiola, a cage, dimin. of gabia, a cage, corrupt form of cauea ; see cage above. Caveat, a caution. (L.) L. caueat, lit. let him beware. —L. cauere, to beware. ’ caution. (F. — L.) F. cautio 7 t.^'L. Sicc. cautione77i, heed. — L. cautus, pp. of cauere, to beware. Der. pre-caution. Caviare, roe of the sturgeon. (F. —Ital. -Turk.) F. caviar. — Ital. caviaro. — Turk. havydr, hdvydr, caviare. Cavil. (F. - L.) O. F. caviller. - L. cauilla7'i, to banter; hence to wrangle, object to. —L. cauilla, cauillus, a jeering, cavilling. Caw. (E.) An imitation of the cry of the crow or daw. Cf. Du. kaauw, Dan. kaa, a jackdaw : see Chough. Cease ; see Cede. Cedar, a tree. (L.-Gk.) A.S. ceder. — L. cedrus. — Gk. Kedpos. Cede. (L.) A late word. —L. cedere, to go, to come, to yield (allied to cade 7 'e, to fall). abscess (L.) L. abscessus, a gathering of humours into one mass; lit. a going 73 away. — L. abscessus, pp. of abs-cedere, to go away. accede. (L.) L. accedere, to come to¬ wards, assent to.-L. ac- {ad), to; cede 7 X, to come. access. (L.) From the pp. ac-cessus. Der. access-ion, access-or-y, &c. ancestor. (P\ — L.) M. E. ancessow', whence aiices-t-or, with excrescent t after i-. — O. h. ancessour."-‘"L. acc. antecessorein, a predecessor, fore-goer. — L. ante, before ; and cess-us, pp. of cedere, to go. antecedent. (L.) L. antecedeiit-, stem of pres. part, of ante-cedere, to go before. cease. (F. — L.) Y. cesser.'^1^. cessa7'e, to loiter, go slowly, cease; frequent, of cedere, to yield, go away, go. cessation. (F.-L.) Y. cessation.^!.. acc. cessationem, a ceasing. — L. ccssatus, pp. o{ cessare (above). cession. (F.-L.) Y. cession.•^'L. acc. cessionein, a yielding. — L. cessus, pp. of cedere, to yield. concede. (L.) L. con-cedere, to retire, yield. Der. concess-ion (from pp. concessus). decease. (F. - L.) M. E. deces. - O. F. deces (F. deces), death. — L. acc. decessum, departure, death.— L. decessus, pp. of de- cedere, to depart. exceed. (F. — L.) O. F. exceder. — L. ex-cedere, lit. to go out. excess. (F.-L.) O.Y. excez.'^Y. acc. excessuin, lit. a going out or beyond. —L. excessus, pp. of ex-cedere. incessant, ceaseless. (L.) L. inces¬ sant-, stem of incessans, unceasing. — L. hi-, not; cessans, ceasing, pres. pt. of cessare, to cease; see cease (above). intercede. (F. - L.) F. interceder. - L. inter-cedere, lit. to go between; hence, to mediate. Der. inter-cession. See. precede. (F.-L.) O.Y. preceder (F. preceder). — L. prcB-cedere, to go before. Der. preced-ent, pre-cessio 7 i. predecessor. (L.) L. pi'cedecessor. — L. pris, before ; decessor, one who retires from an office, from decessus, pp. of de-ced- ere, to depart. proceed. (F.-L.) O. F. proceder.^ L. pro-cedere, to go before or forward. Der. process (mod. F. proces) ; process-io 7 z. recede. (L.) L. re-cedei'e, to go back, recess. (L.) L. recessus, a retreat.— L. recessus, pp. of re-cedei'e. retrocession. (L.) Coined (with suffix -ion) from L. retrocess-us, pp. of I'etiV' cedere^ to go backwards. 74 CEIL. CENTAUR. secede. (L.) L. se-cedei'C, to go apart, withdraw. Der. secess-ion. succeed. (F. — L.) F. sticcedei' ; Cot. — L. succedere (pp. successus)^ to follow after. — L. stic- {sud), next ; cedere, to go, come. Der. success^ O. F. succes, L. suc- cessus, result, from pp. successus. Ceil, Ciel, to line the inner roof of a room. (F. - L.) Hence the sb. ceil-mg or ciel-ing, M. E. ceelen, to ceil; from the sb. syle or cyll, a canopy. — F. del, a canopy; the same word as ciel, heaven. [Cf. Ital. cielo, heaven, a canopy, a deling.] — L. ccehwi, heaven, -f- Gk. kolXos, hollow. (VKU.) ^ Not to be confused with E. sill, nor with seal ; nor with seel (F. siller^ ; nor with L. celare, to hide. The L. ccBlai'e, to emboss, seems to have some slight influence on. the word, but did not ori¬ ginate it. celestial. (F. — L.) F. celestiel. — L. ccelesti-s, heavenly.— L. ccehim, heaven. Celandine, a plant. (F. — Gk.) F. celi- douie ; Low L. chelidonimn.^G^. VLOV, swallow-wort. — Gk. stem of XfAiSctv, a swallow. (The it is intrusive.) Celebrate. (L.) L. celehratus, pp. of celebrare, to frequent, to solemnise, honour. — L. celeber, frequented, populous. Celerity. (F. — L.) Y.ceUrite. — L. acc. ce- leritatem, speed. — Y.celer, quick. (VKAL.) accelerate. (L.) L. acceleratus, pp. of accelerare, to quicken. — L. ac- (for ad) ; and celer, quick. Celery. (F. L. - Gk.) F. celeri, intro¬ duced from the Piedmontese Ital. seleri. — L. selinon, parsley (with change from n to r). — Gk. akXivov, a kind of parsley. Celestial ; see Ceil. Celibate. (L.) The orig. sense w^as 'a single life it was afterwards an adj., and again a sb., meaning ^ one w^ho is single.’ — L. ccelibatus, sb. celibacy, single life. — L. ccelib-, stem of ccelebs, single, unmarried. Der. celibac-y (for celibat-y). Cell. (L.) M. E. celle. - L. cella, small room, hut. Cf. celare, to hide. KAL.) cellar. (F. —L.) M. E. celer. <^0. F. celier. — L. cellaHum, a cellar. — L. cella. conceal. (L.) Y. concelare,^.Q\i\^Q.^ L. con- {cunt) ; and celare, to hide. occult. (F. — L.) F. occulte. — L. oc- cultus, pp. of occulere, to cover over, conceal. — L. oc- (for Ob') \ and obs. L. calere'^, to hide, allied to celare, to hide. Cement. (F. — L.) O. F. cement. — L. ccemenium, rubble, chippings of stone; hence, cement. Perhaps for ccBdinienttim *, from ccedere, to cut. Cemetery. (L. — Gk.) Low L. ccenie- termin.^GY. kol^t^tt^plov, a sleeping-place, cemetery. — Gk. KOLfxdcv, I lull to sleep; in pass., to fall asleep. Allied to K€Ljj.aL, 1 lie down. {^ KI.) coma. (Gk.) Gk. Kwpia, a deep sleep. — Gk. KoipLCLcn, I lull to sleep (above). Cenobite. (L. — Gk.) L. coenobita, a member of a (social) fraternity (Jerome). — L. coenobium, a convent.— Gk. kolvo^lov, a convent. — Gk. koivo^los, living socially. — Gk. KOLvo-s, common ; ^los, life. Cenotaph. (F. —L. — Gk.) O. F. ceno- taphe. — L. cenotaphiuni. — Gk. K^vordepLov, an empty tomb. — Gk. k€v6-s, empty; Td^'’"hP) engraved or stamped mark. — Gk. xapacr( 7 €tr', to furrow, scratch, engrave. Charade. (F. — Prov. — Span.?) F. cha7'ade, introduced from Proven 9 al (Bra- chet) ; Languedoc charrade, idle talk (Liltre). Prob. from Span, charrada, speech or action of a clown. — Span. char7'0f a clown, peasant. Charcoal; see Char (1). containing iron. Coined from L. chalyb-s, steel. — Gk. x^^^^ (stem steel; (E. ?) M. E. chappeTt, choppen, to cut; hence, to gape open like a wound made by a cut. Not found in A. S. + 0 . Du. koppe7i. CHARGE. CHECK. Charge, Chariot; see Car. Charity; see Caress. Charlatan. (F. — Ital.) F. charlatait. ■- Ital. ciarlatano, a mountebank, great talker, prattler. — Ital. ciarlare, to prattle. — Ital. ciarla, prattle. Prob. of imitative origin. Charlock, a kind of wild mustard. (E.) Prov. E. carlock. — A. S. cei'lic ; the latter syllable means Geek;’ origin of cer- un¬ known.. Charm. (F. - L.) M. E. char77te, sb. - O. F. char77ie, an enchantment. — L. car7nen, a song, enchantment. KAS.) Charnel; see Carnal. Chart, Charter; see Card (i). Chary; see Care. Chase (i), ( 2 ), ( 3 ); see Capacious. Chasm ; see Chaos. Chaste, Chasten, Chastise; see Caste. Chasuble; see Casino. Chat, Chatter. (E.) M. E. chate7'e7t, also chitercTt^ to chatter, twitter ; frequent¬ ative form of chat. An imitative word ; cf. Du. k'wettere7t, to warble, chatter, Swed. kvittra, to chirp; Skt. gad, to recite, gada, speech. Chateau; see Castle. Chattels ; see Capital. Chatter; see Chat. Chaw; see Chew. Chaws, old spelling of Jaws ; see Chew. Cheap, at a low price. (L.) Not E., but L. M. E. chep, cheeps barter, price; always a sb. Hence good cheap^ in a good market (F. boTt TTiarche ); whence E. cheapo used as an adj. A.S. cedp^ price; whence the verb cedpian, to cheapen, buy. So also Du. koop, a bargain, whence koopCTt^ to buy ; G. kauf, purchase, whence kaufe7t, to buy ; Icel. kaup^ Swed. kdp, Dan. kiob, a purchase ; Goth. katipoTt (weak vb.), to traffic. But all these words are borrowed from L.; in particular, the O. H. G. choufo^ a huckster, is merely L. caupo, a huckster. Cf. Gk. KdrTriKo<5, a peddler, Russ, ktipite, to buy. chaffer. (L. The verb is from the M. E. sb. chapfa7'e, also chaffa 7 'e, a bar¬ gaining. — A. S. cedp, a bargain (see above); and faru^ a journey, also business; see Fare. chapman, a merchant. (L. a 77 d E ) The familiar chap is merely short for chap 77 ia 7 i. cedp77ia7i, a merchant. — A. S. cedp, price, barter (see above); and 77 ia 7 i, a man. chop ( 2 ), to barter. (O. Du.) M. E. 77 copen (Lydgate). - Du. koopen, to buy; the same as A. S. cedpian, to cheapen; see Cheap above. cope ( 2 ), to vie with. (Du.) Orig. to cheapen, barter, bargain with ; M. E. copeft (as above). keep, to regard. (L.) Not E., but L. M. E. kepen. A. S. cepan, also cypan, orig. to traffic, sell, also to seek after, store up, keep. This verb is a mere derivative of A.vS. cedp, barter, price ; see above. Cheat, to defraud. (F. —L.) Cheat is merely short for escheat ; cf. M. E. chete, an escheat (Prompt. Parv.). The escheate 7 's were often cheate7's\ hence the verb. See escheat, entered under Cadence. Check, a sudden stop, repulse. (F. — Pers.) M. E. chek, a stop ; also check ! in playing chess. The word is due to the game, which is very old. The orig. sense of check was ‘ king f i.e. mind the king, the king is in danger.— O. F. eschec. ‘a check at chess-play,’ Cot. — Pers. shdh, a king, king at chess ; whence shdh-77idt, check¬ mate, lit. ‘ the king is dead,’ from 77 idt, he is dead. Similarly we have F. echec, a check, repulse, defeat, pi. echecs, chess ; Ital. scacco, a square of a chess-board, also a check, defeat. See chess below. checker, chequer, to mark with squares. (F. — Pers.) To mark with squares like those on a chess-board. M. E. chek- ke7% chekere, a chess-board. (Hence The Checkers, an inn-sign.)— O. F. eschequier, a chess-board, also, an exchequer. — O. P. eschec, check! at chess ; see above. checkers, chequers, an old name for the game at draughts; from the checker or chess-board; see above. check-mate. (F. — Pers.) From Pers. shdh 77idt, the king is dead ; see Check. cheque. (F. — Pers.) A pedantic spell¬ ing of check, from confusion with exche¬ quer ; it is really a name given to a draft for money, of which one keeps a memo¬ randum or cou7tte7'-check. chess, the game of the kings. (F. — Pers.) A corrupted form of checks, i.e. kings ; see Check above. — O. F. eschecs, chess ; really the pi. of eschec, check, orig. ‘ king.’ From Pers. shdh, a king, were formed O. P". eschec, F. echec, E. check, Ital. scacco. Span. xaque,jaq7ie. Port, xaque, G. schach, Du. schaak, Dan skak, Swed. schack. Low Lat. Indus scacco7'U77i = gD.me of checks, or of kings. exchequer, a court of revenue. (F. — CHEEK. CHIMNEY. 78 Pers.) M. E. eschekere.^O.Y. escheqtiier, a chess-board ; hence a checkered cloth on which accounts were reckoned by means of counters. — O. F. eschec, check; see Check. Cheek. (E.) M. E. cheke^ cheoke. — A. S. cedce, cheek. +Du. kaak, jaw, cheek ; Swed. kek, jaw. Allied to Jaw. Cheer. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. chere, orig. the mien ; hence Ho be ofgood<:ter.’ — b. F. chere, the face. — Low. L. cara, face. — Gk. «apa, the head. Der. cheer-fuly &c. Cheese. (L.) M. E. chese. A. S. cese^ cyse. — L. caseus, cheese; whence other forms are borrowed. Chemise. (F, —L. — Arab.) Y. chemise. — Late L. camisia, a shirt, thin 'dress. — Arab. qafniSy a shirt, tunic. Chemist, Chymist ; short for al¬ chemist ; see Alchemy. Cheque, Chequer ; see Check. Cherish; see Caress. Cherry. (F. — L. — Gk.) M.E. cheri, a mistake for cherisy the final s being mistaken for the pi. inflexion. — O. F. cerise. — L. cerasus., a cheriy^-tree. — Gk. K^paaoSy a cherry-tree; usually said to come from Ce 7 'asos, in Pontus; a story which Curtius doubts. Chert, a kind of quartz. (C. ?) The Kentish form is chai'ty rough ground. Pro¬ bably from Irish ceaH, a pebble; cf. Gael. carry a shelf of rock, W. careg, stone. Cherub. (Heb.) The true pi. is cherub¬ im. - Heb. k'riib (pi. k"rubh7i\ a mystic figure. Chervil, a plant. (L. —Gk.) A.S . ccer- Jille.^'L. ccerefolium (Pliny). —Gk. xaipk- (pvWoVy chervil, lit. pleasant leaf. — Gk. Xaip-uvy to rejoice; cpvKKov, leaf. Chess ; see Check. Chest. (L. — G.) M.E. chestey chiste. A. S. cyste. — L. cista. — Gk. Kiar^y a chest, box (whence G. kistey &c.) cist, a sort of tomb. (L. — Gk.) L. cista ; as above. cistern. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. cisterue. — L. cisternay a reservoir for water. — L. cista (above). Chestnut, Chesnut. (F. — L. — Gk.) Chesnut is short for chestnuty which is short for chesten-nut, nut of the chesten, which is the old name of the tree, called in M.E. chesiein. - O. F. chastaigne (F. chdtaigne). — !.. castaneay chestnut-tree.- Gk. KCLGTavoVy a chestnut; chesnuts were called Kaarava, or Kapva Kaaravaia, from Kdarapa, Castana, the name of a city in Pontus where they abounded. Cheval-de-frise, an obstruction with spikes. (F.) Lit. 'horse of Friesland,’ a jocular name ; the pi. chevaux-de-Frise is commoner. Chevalier ; see Cavalier. Chew, Chaw. (E.) M. E. chewen, A. S. ceowan, to chew, eat. -f-Du. kaauwen ; G. kauen ; Russ, jevate. Der. chaw, sb., ^ a jaw ; now spelt jo,w. Chicanery. (F. — Pers. ?) F. chicanerie, 1 wrangling, pettifogging; Cot. — Y.chicaner, j to wrangle; orig. to dispute in the game j of the mall or chicane (Brachet). This sb. ; chicaiie is from the medieval Gk. t^vkcivlov, a word of Byzantine origin (id.). Prob. from Pers. chaugiin, a club, bat. Chicken. (E.) Sometimes shortened to chick ; but the M. E. word is chiken, A. S. cicen (for cycen *, not found) ; prob. dimin. of cocc, a cock (cf. kitten from caf). So also Du. kieken, kuiken, a chicken, ap- ^ pears to be a dimin. from O. Du. cockey a cock ; cf. E. chuck, a chicken (Shak.), and G. kuchlein, a chicken. ^ To prove the re¬ lation to cock, we want further light on the A. S. form. Perhaps from Chuck ( 2 ). Chicory, a plant, succory. (F. —L.— Gk.) F. chicoree. — L. cichorium. — Gk. KLX<^piov, KixlopT), succory, p. Succory is a corrupter form of the word, apparently for siccory or cichory, from L. cichorium. Chide. (E. ) M. E. chiden. A. S. cidan, to chide, brawl. Chief, Chieftain ; see Capital. Chiffonier, a cupboard. (F.) Lit. a place to put rags in. — F. chiffonier, a rag¬ picker, also a cupboard. — F. chiffon, a rag, Orig. unknown. Chignon ; see Chain. Chilblain; see Cool. I Child. (E.) M.E. child. A.S. did. Allied to Du. and G. kind, a child, Goth, kiltheiy the womb. (^GA.) See Chit, Kin. Chill; see Cool. Chime; see Cymbal. Chimaera, Chimera. (L.-Gk.) L. chimcera. - Gk. a she-goat; also a fabulous monster, with a goat’s body. — Gk. xip.apoSy he-goat.-fIcel. gymbryyowng ewe- lamb. Chimney. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.cheminee, , ‘ a chimneyCot. — Low L. caminata, pro\dded with a chimney; hence, a chimney. — L. caminus, a fire-place. — Gk. Kap-Lvos, oven, fire-place. ' CHIMPANZEE. Chimpanzee, an ape. (African.) I am informed that the name is tshnpanzee in the neighbourhood of the gulf of Guinea. Chin. (E.) M. E. chin. A. S. cin. + Du. kin, Icel. kinn^ Dan. kind, Swed. kind ; Goth, khtmis, the cheek; G. kinn, cheek; L. gena, cheek; Gk. y4vvs, chin; Skt. hamt (for gann), jaw. China. (China.) Short for china-ware, or ware from China. The name of the people was formerly Chineses ; we have dropped the final s, and use Chinese as a pi.; hence Chinee in the singular, by a second dropping of se. Chincough, whooping-cough. (E.) Put for chink-cough ; cf. Scotch kink-cough, kink-host {host means cough). A kink is a catch in the breath, nasalised form of a base KIK, to gasp, -f- Hu. kinkhoest \ O. Du. kichhoest\ Swed. kikhosta, chincough, kikna, to gasp; G. keichen, to gasp. Cf. Cackle and Choke. Chine. (F. — O. H. G.) O. Y.eschine (F. . echine), the back-bone. — O. H. G. skind, a needle, prickle (G. schiene, a splint). For the sense, cf. L. spina, a thorn, spine, backbone. Chink (i), a cleft. (E.) Formed by adding k to M. E. chine, a cleft, rift. — A. S cinu, a chink.— A. S. cinan, to split (strong vb.). -f- Du. keen, a chink, also a germ; kenen, to bud; cf. G. keimen, to bud. (Germinating seeds make a crack in the ground.) Chink ( 2 ), to jingle. (E.) An imitative word; cf. clink, clank', and see Chin- cough. Chintz. (Hindustani — Skt.) YiraA.chhint, spotted cotton cloth, named from the variegated patterns on it; chhlt, chintz, also a spot.— Skt. chitra, variegated, spot¬ ted. Chip; see Chap (i). Chirography, handwriting. (Gk.) Gk. X€ipoypav^GAR.) Chirurgeon ; see Chiromancy. Chisel. (F.-L.) M. E. chisel. ^O. F. chisel, cisel (F. ciseau). Cf. Low L. cisellus, scissors (a. d. 1352 ). O. F. cisel answers to Low L. ccesillus * or ccesellus not found, but a mere variant of h.cisorium, a cutting instrument (Vegetius); see Sche- ler’s note to Diez. — L. cces-um, supine of C(Ede7'e, to cut; whence also late L, incisor, a carver, cutter; see Caesura. Scissors. (F.-L.) The mod. E. scis- sors is a corrupt spelling, due to confusion with Low L. scissor (from scindei'e, to cut\ which, however, only means a man who cuts, a butcher, a tailor, and has, in fact, nothing at all to do with the word. The old spelling was sizars, cizars, or cizers ; and this again was adapted (by putting the E. suffix -ers in place of F. -eaux) from F. ciseaux, ‘ sizars, or little sheers; ’ Cot. This F. ciseaux cnHoYS, pi. of ciseau, a chisel. Thus, etymologically, E. scissors = cisers= cisels, pi. of cisel = chisel. Chit, a shoot, sprig; a pert child. (E.) The true sense is a shoot, or bud ; hence, a forward child. Put for chith. A. S. ci^S, a germ, sprig, sprout. Allied to Goth. keian, uskeian, to produce a shoot; also to E. child, kin. (v'GI, for GA.) Chivalry; see Cavalier. Chlorine, a pale green gas. (Gk.) Named from its colour. — Gk. x^ct;/)-ds, pale green. (^v^GHAR.) chloroform. (L. and Gk.) The latter element relates to formic acid, an acid formerly obtained from red ants. — L. for¬ mica, an ant. Chocolate ; see Cacao. Choice ; see Choose. Choir ; see Chorus. Choke. (E.) M. E. chowken, cheken, cheokien. A. S. ceocian ; only in the deri¬ vative dceScung, to translate L. ruminatio, which the glossator hardly seems to have understood. + Icel. koka, to gulp, kyka, to swallow, from kok, the gullet. Allied to Cough, and Chuck ( 2 ). Choler, the bile, anger. (F. — L.-Gk.) 8 o CHOOSE. CHRYSALIS. Anger was supposed to be due to excess of bile. M.E. coler. — O. F. colere. — L. cholera^ bile ; also cholera, bilious complaint. — Gk. Xo\€f)a, cholera; wrath. See Gall. cholera. (L. — Gk.) L. cholera^ as above. And see Melancholy. Choose. (E.) M. E. chesen, chusen. A. S. ceosan^ to choose (pt. t. ceds). + Du. and G. kiesen^ Goth, kiusan ; allied to L. gus- -tare^ to taste, Gk. yevofxai, I taste, Skt. jush, to relish. (y^GUS.) See Gust. choice. (F. — Teut.) Not E. M. E. chois. — O. F. cliois (F. choix). — O. F. choisir, coisir, to choose. Of Teut. origin ; cf. Goth, kitisan, to choose. Chop (i), to cut; see Chap (i). Chop ( 2 ), to barter; see Cheap. Chops ; see Chaps. Chord. (L. — Gk.) L. cJi07'da. — Gk. Xo/)5t7 , the string of a musical instrument, orig. a string of gut, related to guts. cord. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. corde. — F. corde. — Low L. cor da, a thin rope ; the same as L. chorda ; see above. Der. co7'd- ~age (F. coj'dage) ; cord-o7t (F. co7'don ); coj'd-elier (F. cordelier, a twist of rope, also a Gray Friar, who used such a twist, from cordeler, to twist ropes.) monochord, a musical instrument with one string. (Gk.) Gk. {jlopo-s, single; chord. Chorus. (L. —Gk). L. cliortis, a band of singers. — Gk. a dance, a band of dancers or singers. Der. cho7'-al, chor-i- ster. choir. (F. — L. — Gk.) The choir of a church is the part where the choir sit. Also spelt quire ; M.E. queir, quer. — O. F. choeur, Hhe quire of a church, a troop of singers;’ Cot. — L. cho7'tnii, acc. of cho7'tis (above.) Chough, a bird. (E.) M. E. chough, A. S. ceo. Named from cawmg; see Caw. - 4 - Du. kaauw, Dan. kaa, Swed. kaja, a jackdaw. Chouse, to cheat. (Turk.) To act as a chouse or cheat. Ben Jonson has chiaus in the sense of ‘a Turk,’ with the implied sense of 'cheat;’ Alchemist, i. i. The allusion is to a Turkish chiatis or inter¬ preter, who committed a notorious fraud in 1609 . — Turk, chd 'ush, a sergeant, mace- bearer, Palmer’s Pers. Diet.; chdush, a sergeant, herald, messenger. Rich. Diet. p. 534 - Chrism ; see below. Christ, the anointed one. (L. — Gk.) A. S. Crist. Christus. ^Gk. anointed. — Gk. I anoint. Allied to L. fricare, Skt. ghxish, to rub, grind, (y/ GHAR.) Der. Christ-iaft, Ch7'ist-e7t- do 7 n, &c.; Ch'rist-7nas (see Mass) ; anti- cJiTdst, opponent of Christ (from Gk. di/rt, against; see i John, ii. 18 ). chrism, holy unction. (F. — L. — Gk.) Also spelt chriso77ie, whence chriso77ie-child, a child wearing a ch7'iso7ne-cloth, or cloth which a child wore after holy unction. — O. F. cres 77 te, ' the crisome, or oyle,’ Cot. — Low L. chris7na, holy oil. — Gk. xP^^P-^t an unguent. — Gk. xp'i^ (as above). Chromatic, relating to colours. (Gk.) Gk. "* XP^P^''’’’ stem of xpii’P^i colour; allied to XP^^’ skin. achromatic, colourless. (Gk.) Gk. dxp<^po.r-os, colourless. — Gk. d-, not; XP^~ fjLar- (as above). chrome, chromium. (Gk.) A metal; its compounds exhibit beautiful colours. — Gk. xp^P~^^ colour. Chronicle. (F. — Low L. — Gk.) M. E. C7'onicle, with inserted I ; also C7'07tike, cronique. — O. F. C7'onique ; pi. C7'07iiqties, chronicles, annals. — Low L. ch7'07ttca, fern, sing.; put for neut. pi. — Gk. xpovind, pk, annals.—Gk. XP^^^^^ time. Der. ch7'07t-ic { = xpovik6s). anachronism, error in chronology. (Gk.) Gk. dvaxpoPLCTfios. — Gk. dvaxpovi- leiv, to refer to a wrong time. —Gk. dvd, up, back (wrong) ; xP^^o^» time. chronology, science of dates. (Gk.) From XP^^®“^» time; \6y-os, discourse; see Logic. chronometer, time-measurer. (Gk.) From xpo*'o-y» time; fihpov, measure; see Metre. synchronism, concurrence in time. (Gk.) Gk. avyxpovLafxos. — Gk. (xvyxpovos, contemporaneous. — Gk. avy-, for ovv, together; xpoi'o?, time. Chrysalis, the form taken by some insects. (Gk.) Gk. gold- coloured sheath of butterflies, chrysalis.- Gk. xp^^'^^i ; see G-old. chrysolite, a yellow stone. (L. —Gk.) L. chrysolithus, Rev. xxi. 20 .— Gk. XP'^^^’ \i6os. — Gk. xpi^^o-s, gold ; XlOos, stone. chrysoprase. (L. — Gk.) L. ch 7 yso- prasus. Rev. xxi. 20 . — Gk. xp^^oirpaaos, a yellow-green stone. — Gk. XP^<^^'^> goHj TTpdaov, a (green) leek. CHUB. Chub, a fish, (Scand.) Named from its fatness; cf. Dan. kobbe^ a seal, prov. Swed. kubbug, chubby, fat, from Swed. kubb, a block, log. —Prov. Swed. kubba^ to lop, chop; allied to E. chop\ and see Chump, under Chap (i). chubby, fat. (Scand.) Prov. Swed. kubbug (above). Chuck (i), to strike gently, toss. (F. — Teut.) Formerly written chock (Turber- ville). — F. choquer, to give a shock, jolt. — Du. schokken^ to jolt, shake; allied to E. shock and shake. Chuck ( 2 ), to chuck as a hen. (E.) An imitative word; Ch. has chuk to express the noise made by a cock; C. T. 15180 . Cf. cluck. chuck-lCf in the sense ‘to cluck. ’ Chuck ( 3 ), a chicken. A variety of chick, for chicken. See above. Chuckle. (E.) To chuckle is to laugh in a suppressed way; prob. related to choke rather than to Chuck ( 2 ). Chuujp, a log; see Chap (i). Church. (Gk.) M. E. chirche, chireche. A. S. cyrice, cirice, later circe (whence E. kh'k). — Gk. KvpiaKov, a church, neut. of KvpiaKos, belonging to the Lord. -Gk. Kvpios, a lord, orig. mighty.— Gk. strength. (-^KU.) The Icel. kirkpa, G. kirche, See. are borrowed from A. S. Churl. (E.) M. E. cherl, cheorl. A. S. ceorl, a man. + Du. karel, Dan. Sw. Icel. G. karl. Churn; see Corn (i). Chyle, milky fluid. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. chyle. — L. chylus. — Gk. juice. — Gk. yy-oi, I pour. (y^GHU.) chyme, liquid pulp. (L. — Gk.) For¬ merly chynius. — L. chymus. — Gk. juice. — Gk. i 3 ,s above. Chymist; see Alchemist. Cicatrice, scar. (F. — L.) F. cicatrice. — L. cicatricein, acc. of cicatrix, a scar. Cicerone. (Ital. —L.) Ital. cicerone, a guide; orig. a Cicero. — L, acc. Ciceronem, proper name. Cider. (F. — L. — Gk. — Heb.) It merely means strong drink. M. E. sicer, cyder. F. cidre. — L. sicera. — Gk. aUepa, strong drink. — Heb. shekar, strong drink. — Heb. shdkar, to be intoxicated. Cieling; see Ceil. Cigar, Segar. (Span.) Span. cigarro\ orig. a kind of tobacco from Cuba. Cinchona, Peruvian bark. (Span.) Named after the countess of Chinchonj CIRCUM-. 81 wife of the governor of Peru, cured by it A.D. 1638 . Cincture. (L.) L. cinctura. a girdle. — L. cinctus, pp. of cingere, to gird. enceinte, pregnant. (F. — L.) F. en¬ ceinte. — L. incincta, lit. girt in, said of a pregnant woman, fern, of pp. of in-cingere, to gird in. precinct. (L.) Low L. prcecinctum, a boundary. — L. prcecinctus, pp. of pree- cingere, to gird about. shingles, an eruptive disease. (F. — L.) Called zona in Latin, from its encircling the body like a belt. — O. F. cengle (F. sangle), a girth.— L. cingulu7n, a belt.— L. cingere, to gird. succinct, concise. (L.) L. sue cinctus, pp. of succingere, to gird up, tuck up short. — L. sue- (sub), up ; cingere, to gird. Cinder. (E.) Misspelt for sinder (by confusion with F. cendre — L. cinei'em ; see Cinerary). A. S. sinder, scoria, slag. 4- Icel. sindr ; Swed. sinder ; G. sinter, dross ; Du. sintels, cinders. ^ The A. S. sinder occurs in the 8th century. Cinerary, relating to the ashes of the dead. (L.) L. cineraritis. — L. ciner-, stem of cinis, dust, ashes of the dead. 4 * Gk. Kovis, dust; Skt. kavia, a grain. Cinnabar, Cinoper. (^Gk. — Pers.) Gk. fCLvvdpapi, vermilion. From' Pers. zinjai'f, zmgafr, red lead, vermilion, cinnabar. Cinnamon, a spice. (Heb.) Heb. qin- nd7n6n ; allied to qdneh, a reed, cane. Cipher. (F. — Arab.) O. F. cif7'e (F. chiffre), a cipher, zero. — Arab, sifr, a cipher. Der. de-cipher (L. de, in the ver¬ bal sense of un- ; and cipher) ; cf. O. F. dechiffrer, ‘ to decypher,^ Cot. zero. (Ital. — Low L. — Arab.) Ital. zero, short for zefiro. — Low L. zephyru7}i (Devic). — Arab, sifr (above). Circle. (L.) A. S. circul. — L. ch'culus, dimin. of circus, a ring, circle; see Ring. Der. en-circle, seTni-circle ; and see circu77i-. circus, a ring. (L.) L. circus (above), research. (F. — L.) Compounded of re-, again, and seaixh (below). search, to explore. (F. — L.) M. E. serchen, cerchen. — O. F. ce7'cher (F. cher- cher). — L. circare, to go round; hence, to explore. — L. circus, a ring (above). Circuit; see Itinerant. Circum-, prefix, round. (L.) L. chxtwi, around, round; orig. acc. of circus, a circle; see Circle. Der. circu77i-a77ibie7tt (see Amble); -cise (see Caesura); fere7ice 82 CIRCUS. CLAMOUR. (see Fertile); -flex (see Flexible); -jace^it (see Jet (i)); -locution (see Loqua¬ cious) ; -scribe (see Scribe); -sped (see Species); -stance (see State); -vallation (see Wall); -volve (see Voluble). Also circum-fiuent, circum~navigate» Circus; see Circle. Cirrus, a fleecy cloud, tendril. (L.) L. cirrus^ a curl, curled hair. Allied to circus. Cist ; see Chest. Cit, Citadel; see Civil. Cite, to summon, quote. (F'. — L.) F. citer. <— L. citare, frequent, of cie7'e, to rouse, excite, call. + Gk. kioj, I go. (VKI.) See Hie. Der. ex-citCy in-cite, I'c-cite. resuscitate, to revive. (L.) L. resus- citatuSy pp. of resuscitarCy to revive. — L. 7'e-, stis-y and cita7'ey to rouse. Cithern, Cittern, a kind of guitar. (L. — Gk.) Also M. E. giter7ie ; from O. Du. ghite7'ney a guitar. The n is excres¬ cent, as in bitter~7i ; the true form is cither or citery A. S. cyte7‘e. — L. cithara, — Gk. KiOapa, a kind of lyre or lute. guitar. (F. — L. — Gk.) guitare.^-^ L. cithara ; as above. Citizen; see Civil. Citron. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. citron. — Low L. acc. citrone77i. — L. cit7'uSy orange- tree. — Gk. KLTpoVy a citron; Kirpia, citron- tree. City; see Civil. Civet. (F. — Arab.) F. civettOy civet; also the civet-cat; borrowed from medieval Gk. ^aiririov (Bracket). — Arab, zabddy civet. Civil. (L.) L. ciuilisy belonging to citizens. — L. ciuis, a citizen. Allied to E. Hive. (^KI.) Der. civil-ise, civil-i-a7i, cit; short for citizen (below), citadel. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. citadelle. — Ital. citadellay a small town, fort; dimin. of cittade = cittate {cittd)y a city. — L. chiitate77iy acc. of ciuitaSy a city. — L. ciuisy a citizen (above). citizen. (F. — L.) M. E. citezem. where z is corruptly written for 5 {yi) ; Chaucer has citi^e7i { = citiyen)y tr. of Boethius, p. 14 .— O. F. citeain (F. citoye7i) ; formed from O. F. cite {cite) by help of the suffix •ai7i = L. -a7ius ; see below. city. (F. — L.) M. E. cite, citee. — O. F. cite (F. cite). — L. citate7ny short for ciuita- tei7iy acc. of ciuitas ; see citadel. Clack. (E.) M.E. clacken. Allied to Crack. + Icel. klaka, to chatter; Du. klakkeny to clack, crack : Irish clag., to din; Gk. kXcl^^lv, allied to Kpd^eiv, to make a din. clang, to resound. (L.) L. cla7tge7'e, to resound; whence cla7igory a loud noise. + Gk. KXayyrjy a clang; allied to KXd^eLV (above). Der. clang-or. clank. (E.) Nasalised form of Clack, click. (E.) Weakened form of Clack, clinch, clench, to rivet. (E.) M. E. cle7ichen, kle7ikeny to strike smartly, to make to clink ; causal of klinken., to clink, clink. (E.) Nasalised form of Click, clinker, a hard cinder. (Du.) Du. klhtkery a clinker, named from the tinkling sound which they make when they strike each other, —Du. klmkeUy to clink ; cognate with E. clhik. clique, a gang. (F. — Du.) F. clique, a gang, noisy set. — O. F. cliquer, to click, make a noise. — Du. klikke7iy to click, clash ; also to inform, tell; cf. Du. klikkery a tell-tale. cloak, cloke. (F. —C.) M. E. ^M^.— O. F. cloque, cloche. — Low L. clocay a bell; also a horseman’s cape, which resembled a bell in shape; see below. clock. (C.) The orig. sense was ‘ bell;’ bells preceded clocks for notifying times. — Irish clogy a bell, clock ; clogaimy I ring or ! sound as a bell. — Irish clagawiy I clack, I make a noise ; clag, clapper of a mill. So also Gael, clog, a bell, clock; W. cloch, a bell, &c. The Irish clag is cognate withE. Clack. The G. glocke is a borrowed word ; so also Du. kloky &c. cluck. (E.) M. E. clokken, to cluck as a hen ; a mere variant of Clack. Du. klokke7iy Dan. klukkey G. glucken ; L. glocire. Claim, to demand, call out for. (F. —L.) O. F. clai77iery cla77ier.^Y. clamarey to call out; from O. L. calare, to proclaim; cf. Gk. KaXdiVy to summon. {^ KAR.) Der. ac- clai77iy de-clahUy ex-clai77iy pro-clahn, re¬ claim ; also (from pp. cla77iatus) ac-cla7nat- iouy de-cla77iat-io7i, ex-cla77iat-iony pro- cla77iat-iony re-cla77iat-ion. clamour. (F. — L.) M. E. clamour. — F. cla 77 iour.’^Y. acc. cla77i07'e77iy an outcry. — L. clamare (above). Der. cla77ior-ous. Clamber ; see Clamp. Clammy, viscous. (E.) From A. S. clhuy clay ; which prob. stands ioi geld77i = ld77iy loam ; see Loam. Cf. Du. kla77iy clammy, moist. Clamour ; see Claim. CLAMP. CLEAN. Clamp. (Du.) XVI cent-Du. klam- pe7i., to clamp, grapple, also to board a ship ; klamp^ a holdfast. + Dan. klampe, to clamp, klamme, a cramp-iron ; Swed. klamp, the same; Icel. klombr, a smith’s vice; G. klampe., a clamp. (Teut. base . KLAMP ; M. H. G. klimpfen^ to press : tightly together; allied to Cramp.) clamber, to climb by grasping tightly. (Scand.) M. E. cla7Jieren^ cla7?iberen. — Icel. klanibray to pinch closely together ; Dan. klaiyire., to grip firmly; see above. Allied to Climb. clasp, vb. (E.) M. E. claspen., clapsen. The base is KLAPS, extended from KLAP, whence KLAMP; see Clamp. club (i), a heavy stick. (Scand.) M. E. clubbe. — Icel. khibbay klumba^ a club; Swed. klubb, a club, log, lump ; Dan. klub, club, kluinp^ lump. A mere variant of clump below. club ( 2 ), an association. (Scand.) XVII cent. Lit. ^ a clump of people.’ — Swed. dial. khibb^ a clump, lump, also a knot of people (Rietz). See above. clump, a mass, block. (Scand.) XVI cent. Not inA. S. —Dan. klump, Swed. kliimp. + Du. klomp, G. klump^ a clump, lump, log; Icel. kluniba, a club. All from klump-y base of pp. of M. H. G. klimpfeny to press tightly together. Clan. (Gael.) Gael, clanriy offspring, children; Irish dandy damiy descendants, a tribe. Clandestine. (F.-L.) F. dandestin. dandestinusy secret, close. Adied to damy secretly. Clang, Clank ; see Clack. Clap. (E.) M. E. dappen. [We only find A. S. dceppetungy a pulsation; Wright’s Voc. i. 45 .] The orig. sense is to make a noise by striking, Icel. klappa, Swed. klappay Dan. klappe, Du. klappeuy M. H. G. klaffeuy to pat, clap, prate, make a noise. Allied to Clack, Clatter. Claret, Clarify, Clarion; see Clear. Clash. (E.) A variant of Clack ; cf. crash. Clasp. (E.) See Clamp. Class. (F. —L.) F. classcy a rank. —L. ICC. dassemy a class, assembly, fleet. VKAL.) Clatter. (E.) A frequentative of dat, vhich is a form of Clack. A. S. dat- ^'ungy a clattering. Du. klatereuy to , latter. I clutter (i), a noise, din. (E.) A mere i^ariant of Clatter, 83 Clause. (F. — L.) F. clause.clausuy as in clausa oratiOy an eloquent period ; hence clausay a period, a clause. — L. clausuSy pp. of danderCy to shut. (V SKLU.) cloister. (F. - L.) M. E. cloister. — O. F. cloistre (F. cloUre).^^D. claustrM7ny lit. enclosure. — L. claus-us (above). close (i), to shut in. (F. — L.) M. E. closen. — O. F. closy pp. of O. F. cloi'ey to shut in. — L, datisusy pp. of claudere (as above). Der. dis-closey en-closey in-close. close ( 2 ), shut up. (F. —L.) M. E. clos, cloos.^O. F. clos (as above). closet. (F. — L.) O. P'. closely dlmin. o( closy an enclosed space.-O.F. clos; see close (i). conclude. (L.) L. condudere, to shut up, close, end. — L. con-{cu7n)y together ; and -clMdere = clauderey to shut. Der. conclus¬ ion. Similarly ex-dudcy in-dudcy pre-dudCy se-clude ; whence t7t-clus-ivey pre-clus-iony se-clusion (from pp. -clusus = clausus). recluse. (F.-L.) M. E. recluse, orig. fern. —O. F. recluse, fern, of reclus, pp. of redorre, to shut up. — L. redudere, to un¬ close ; but in late Lat. to shut up. sluice, a flood-gate. (F. — L.) O. F. escluse, ‘ a sluce, floudgate; ’ Cot. — Low L. exclusa, a flood-gate ; lit. shut off (water) ; pp. of ex-dudere, to shut out. — L. eXy out; claudere, to shut. Clavicle, the collar-bone. (F. — L.) F. davicule, the collar-bone. — L. dauicula, lit. a small key; dimin. of clauis, a key. Allied to claudere ; see Clause. clef, a key, in music. (F. — L.) F. clef, ■ — L. acc. claue7n, a key. conclave. (F. — L.) F. conclave, a small room (to meet in). —L. co 7 iclauey a room ; later, a place of assembly of car¬ dinals, assembly. Orig. a locked up place. — L. con- (cum) ; clauis, a key. Claw. (E.) M. E. clauy dee. A. S. cldwu ; also cldydeo, a claw.-|-Du. klaauw, Icel. kid, Dan. klo, Sw. klo, G. klaue. Allied to Cleave ( 2 ); cf. M. E. diver, a claw. Clay. (E.) M. E. dai, cley. A S. clceg. + Du. and G. klei, Dan. klceg. Prob. allied to Cleave ( 2 ). clog, a hindrance. (E.) Allied to Lowl. Sc. dag, to bedaub with clay, hinder, ob¬ struct ; Dan. klceg, kleg, loam, also as adj., loamy. Perhaps a Scand. form. Claymore; see Gladiator. Clean. (E.) M.E. cle7ie. A. S. cl^ 7 ze. 1 84 CLEAR. clear, pure.+Irish and Gael, glan, V^.glain, glan, clear, bright. cleanse. (E.) A. S clJensian, to make clean.— A. S. cl^< 227 , \V. cawl. Cognate with L. caulis. Coleoptera, sheath-winged insects. — Gk. KoX^o-s, a sheath; 'nr^p-ov, a wing. Colic ; see Colon. Coliseum ; see Colossus. Collapse; see Lapse. Collar. (F.-L.) M. E. coler.-^O.Y. colier, a collar. — L. collare, a band for the neck. — L. collum, the neck.-^A. S. heals, G. hals, the neck. collet, the part of the ring in which the stone is set. (F. — L.) F. collet, a collar. F. col, neck. — L. collum, neck, colporteur. (F.-L.) F. colporteur, one who carries things on his neck and shoulders. - F. col, neck ; and porteur, a carrier; see Port (i). ^ . decollation, a beheading. (F.-L.) O. F. decollation. — Low L. acc. decolla- tionem. From pp. of decollare, to behead. - L. de, off; collum, the neck. Collateral; see Lateral. Collation; see Tolerate. Colleague; see Legal. Collect; see Legend. College; see Legal. Collet; see Collar. Collide; see Lesion. Collier; see Coal. Collocate ; see Locus. Collodion, a solution of gun-cotton. (Gk.) Gk. KoWwb-fjs, glue-like. - Gk. K 6 \K-a, glue; -eiSi??, like, from eiSos, ap- '"cXp, a slice of meat. (E. ?) M- E. coloppe. Cf. Swed. kalops, O. Swed. kollops slices of beef stewed ; G. klopps,^ dish of meat made tender by beating. From the verb seen in E. clop clap, to make a noise ; Du. kloppen, G. klopfen, to beat. Allied to Clap. Colloquy; see Loquacious. Collusion; see Ludicrous. Colocynth, Coloquintida, pith of the fruit of a kind of cucumber. (Gk.) From the nom. and acc. cases of Gk. koXokvvQis (acc. KoXofcvvdidd), a round gourd or pumpkin. . . , Colon (i), a mark (:) in writing and printing. (Gk.) Gk. icZ\ov, a clause; hence a stop marking off a clause. Colon (2), part of the intestines. (Gk.,) Gk. fccuXov, the same. eoUe. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for cohc iain.^F. colique, adj.-L. coluus.-(g. k(x)\lk 6 s, suffering in the colon. — Gk. kooKov. Colonel, Colonnade ; see Column. Colony. (F. — L.) F. colotne. ^ L. coloftia, a colony, band of husbandmen. - L. C0I071US, a husbandman. - L. colere, to ^^^agriculture. (L.) L. ' agri-cultura, culture of a field ; see Acre. cultivate. (L.) L. cultiuatus, pp. ot - cultiuare, to till. - Low L. cultiuus,Jh;i for - tilling. - L. cultus, pp. of colere, to till, cidture. (F. - L.) F. culture. - Y. . COLOPHON. ! ciiltura^ orig. fern, of fut. part, of colere, to till. Colophon, an inscription at the end of a book, with name and date. (Gk.) Late f L. colophon. — Gk. /coXocpd/v, a summit; hence, a finishing stroke. Allied to ij Column. Coloquintida; see Colocynth. ] Colossus. (L. - Gk.) L. colossus. - Gk. ( Kokoaaos, a large statue. Der. coloss-al, 1 i. e large. coliseum, the same as colosseu7n, a large j amphitheatre at Rome, in which stood a I colossal statue of Nero. The Ital. word is ! coliseo. 1 Colour. (F. - L.) M. E. colour. - O. F. colour (F. cotileur^. — L. acc. colore 7 n^ from . color, a tint. { 4 / KAL.) : Colporteur ; see Collar. , ColL (E.) A. S. colt, a young camel, I young ass, &c. + Swed. dial, kullt, a boy, 1 hull, a brood. Perhaps allied to child. : Columbine, a plant. (F.-L.) O. F. i coloTTihin. — Low L. colu77ibi7ta, a columbine; L. coluTubinus, dove-like ; from a supposed i resemblance. — L. colu77iba, a dove. See : Culver. Column, a pillar, body of troops. (F. — L.) L. columna, a pillar; cf. colu77ien, cul77ienf a summit, collis^ a hill, celsus, high. KAL.) colonel. (F. — Ital. — L.) Sometimes i coronel, which is the Span, spelling ; , whence perhaps the pronunciation as \k 71 rnel. — F. colonel, colonnel. — Ital. colonello, a colonel; lit. a little column. The colonel was he who led the company at the head of the regiment. Dimin. of Ital. colonna, a column. — L. colu 7 ?ina (above). colonnade. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. colon- 7 tade.'^Vi2X. colonnata, a range of columns. — Ital. colo7ina, a column (above). Colure, one of two great circles on the celestial sphere. (L. - Gk.) So called because a part of them is always beneath the horizon. The word means docked, clipped. — 'Li.colurus, curtailed ; a colure. — ;Gk. K6\ovpos, dock-tailed, truncated ; a 'colure. — Gk. k6\-os, docked, clipped ; and iovpa, a tail. I Com-, prefix. (L.) Put for CU77Z, with, together; when followed by b, f, m, p. [See Con-. Der. co7n-77iix, where 77 iix is E.; 'and see below. ’ Coma; see Cemetery. Comb. (E.) A. S. ca77ib, a comb, crest. COMEDY. 89 ridge. + Du. ka77i, Icel. ka 77 ibr, Dan. Swed. ka7n ; G. ka77i77t. cam. (Scand.) Dan. ka77i, comb, also a ridge on a wheel, cam, or cog. oakum, tow from old ropes. (E.) A. S. dcu77iba, tow. (For the letter- change, cf. E. oak = A.S. dc.) Lit. Ghat which is combed out.’ —A. S. d-, prefix (Goth, us, out) ; ccTziban, to comb, camb, a comb ; see A- ( 4 ). Cf. O. H. G. dca 7 nbi, tow ; of like origin. unkempt, i. e. uncombed; for un- ke77ib d. — A. S. ccTZiban, to comb ; formed (by vowel-change of a to o') from ca 7 nb, a comb. Comb, Coomb, a dry measure. (L.— Gk.) A. S. cu77ib, a cup.-Low L. cu 77 iba, —-Gk. Kvii^r], a bowl, hollow vessel. Combat; see Batter (i). Combe, a hollow in a hill-side. (C.) W. cw7n, Corn. cu7n, a hollow, dale; Irish cu7nar, a valley. (^ KU.) Combine ; see Binary. Combustion. (F. - L.) F. combustion. ■" L. acc. C077tbustt07ie77t, a burning up. — L. conibust-us, pp. of co77ib-urere, to bum up. — L. co7nb-, for cum, together; urere, to bum. (^ US.) Come. (E.) A. S. cuma 7 t, pt. t. ca77i, pp. cu77ien.’\‘ViM. ko7nen, Icel. ko 7 na, Dan. ko7nme, Sw. komma, Goth, kwirzian, G. kom77ien, L. uen-h'e {guen-ire^), Gk. kaiv- Hv {gwaivHv^) ; Skt. gazn, to go, gd, to go. W ^A.) become. (E.) A. S. becu77ia7t, to arrive, happen, turn out, befall.-pGoth, bi-kwwi- a7i ; cf. G. be-qtiem, suitable, becoming. comely. (E.) A. S. cy77tl{c, comely. — A. S. cy77ie, suitable, from cti7Tian, to come; and lie, like. income, gain, revenue. (E.) Properly that which co7nes in ; from hi and co7ne. So also out-co7?ie, i. e. result. welcome. (Scand.) Icel. velkominn, welcome, in greeting, properly a pp. — Icel. vel, the same as E. well ; and ko 77 ii 7 in, pp. of ko7na, to come; so also Dan. vel-ko 7 }i 77 ie 7 i, Swed. vdl-ko77i77ie7i. Comedy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. co77iedie, ^a play;’ Cot. — L. co77i(edia. ^Gk. Kojfxw- hia, a comedy. — Gk. /ccufxo-s, a banquet, festal procession; dSrj, ode, lyric song; a comedy was a festive spectacle, with sing¬ ing, &c. The Gk. /diupLos meant a banquet at which guests reclined ; from KOlfJLaOJ, I lull to rest; cf. ko'ltt], a bed. And see Ode. COMELY. CONCENTRE. 90 comic. (L. — Gk.) L. co?iiicus.'^QV. KcofiLKos, belonging to a kw/xos, as above. encomium, comnaendation. (L. — Gk.) Latinised from Gk. kyKOjfiioVj neut. of kyKWfiioSf laudatory, full of revelry. •" Gk. ev, in ; Kujfxos, revelry. Comely; see Come. Comet. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. comete. - L. cometa. — Gk. KOfiTjTrjs, long-haired ; a tailed star, comet.— Gk. kojxtJj hair. + L. coma, hair. Also A. S. cometa = L. cometa. Comfit ; see Fact. Comfort; see Force (i). Comic; see Comedy. Comity, urbanity. (L.) L. C07nitate7n, acc. of co7?iitas, urbanity. — L. co7?iis, friendly. Comma. (L. — Gk.) L. co77ima. — Gk. fcofxjjia, that which is struck, a stamp, a clause of a sentence, a comma (that marks the clause). — Gk./fOTTTeiv, to hew, strike. (VSKAP.) Command; see Mandate. Commemorate; see Memory. Commence ; see Itinerant. Commend; see Mandate. Commensurate; see Measure. Comment; see Mental. Commerce ; see Merit. Commination; see Menace. Commingle. (L.a?id'E.) From Com- and Mingle. Comminution; see Minor. Commiserate ; see Miser. Commissary, Commit; see Missile. Commodious ; see Mode. Commodore; see Mandate. Common. (F. — L.) M. E. com77itm, C07710U71. — O. F. C077l77m7t. — L. C077l77lll7lis, common, general. — L. C 0771 - {cu77i), together with; and 77iu7iis, obliging, binding by obligation (Plautus). (V'MU, to bind.) Der. C077l77lU7l-i07l, C077l77m7l-lty. commune, verb. (F. — L.) M. E. co 77 iu 7 ie 7 i. O. F. co77i77iimier, to communi¬ cate, talk with. — L. co77i77iU7iica7'e, — L. co77i77izc7iis, coiumon. communicate. (L.) L. co77n7i7mica- tus, pp. of co77i77iu7iica7'e (above). Der. ex- C077l77lU7licate. Commotion; see Move. Commute; see Mutable. Compact; see Pact. Company. (F. — L.) "M.E. co77i_pa7tye. O. F. co77ipa7iie (cf. also O. F. co77ipai7t, a companion, O. F. co77ipa7iio7i (F. co77ipag7ioit), Compass; see Patent. Compassion, Compatible; see Pa¬ tient. Compeer; see Par. Compel; see Pulsate. Compendious; see Pendant. Compensate; see Pendant. Compete; see Petition. Compile ; see Pill (2). Complacent; see Please. Complain ; see Plague. Complaisant; see Please. Complement, Complete; see Ple¬ nary. Complex, Complexion; see Ply. Complicate, Complicity; see Ply. Compliment, Compline; see Plenary. Comply; see Plenary. Component; see Position. Comport; see Port (i). Compose; see Pose. Composition, Compost, Com¬ pound; see Position. Comprehend; see Prehensile. Compress; see Press. Comprise; see Prehensile. Compromise; see Missile. Comptroller; see Rotary. Compulsion; see Pulsate. Compunction; see Pungent. Compute; see Putative. Comrade ; see Chamber. Con (i), to scan; see Can (i). Con (2), short for cozitra, against. (L.) In the phrase ‘ pro and co 7 t* prefix. (L.) Put for co77t- (cu77i), with, when the following letter is c, d, g, j, 71 , q, s, t, or V. Before b, f, m, p, it is C0771- ; before I, col- ; before r, cor-. Concatenate; see Chain. Concave ; see Cave. Conceal; see Cell. Concede; see Cede. Conceit; see Capacious. Conceive, Conception; see Capa¬ cious. Concentre; see Centre. a companion). — Low L. C077ipa7iie77i, acc. of co77ipa7iies, a taking of meals together.— L. C 0771 - {cu77i), together ; and paziis, bread ; see Pantry. Der. co77ipa7iion = O. F. co77i- pa 7 iio 7 i. Also acco77ipa7iy, O. F. acco77i- I paig 7 iier, from F. a (= L. ad) and co77i- \paignier, to associate with, from co7Jipaig7tie^ company. Compare ; see Pare. Compartment ; see Part. CONCERN. Concern, vb. (F - L.) F. concer7ter. - L. concemere, to mix; in late Lat., to belong to, regard. —L. con- with; and cer- nere, to separate, decree, observe. -|- Gk. Kpivuv, to separate, decide; Skt. kii, to pour out. (-^SKAR.) decree. (F. - L.) M. E. decree. - O. F. decret. — L. deci'etum. — L. decretus, pp. of de-cernere, to decree, lit. to separate. decretal. (L.) Low L. decretale, a pope’s decree; neut. of decretalis^ contain¬ ing a decree.— L. decretu7n (above). discern. (F. — L.) O. F. discerner.^ L. dis-cernere, to distinguish. discreet, prudent. (F. — L.) O. F. dis- cret. — l^.disc7'etus^ pp. oidis-cernere (above). Der. discret-ion. discriminate. (L.) L. discriTninatus, pp. of discrwiinare, to separate. — L. dis- criTnin-^ stem of discri 7 ne 7 t, a separation. — L. dis-cernere (pt. t. discre-ut)^ to dis¬ tinguish. excrement. (L.) L. exc7'e77ientu7n, refuse, ordure. — L. excre-tu 7 ]ty supine of ex-cernere, to separate. excretion. (F. — L.) . excretion \ formed from L. exc7'etus, pp. of ex-cernere (above). secret. (F.-L.) M E. secrOy secree.'^ O. F. secret (fern. sec7xie). — L. secretusy I secret, set apart; pp. of se-cernerey to sepa¬ rate. Der. secretey verb, from L. secretus ; sec7'et-ion. secretary. (F.-L.) F. secretaire.^ Low L. secretariu7ny acc. of secretarius, a confidential officer. — L. secret-usy secret (above). 1 Concert, to plan with others, arrange. ! (F.-L.) (Quite distinct from co7tso7't.) i See Series. 3 Concession ; see Cede. M Conch, a marine shell. (L. — Gk.) L. p. concha."" KoyKT) (also a:o 7 /cos'), a cockle- 1 shell. 4- Skt. ^ankhay a conch. Der. co 7 icho- !; logy (from ko'^ko-s). ' cock (5), cock-boat, a small boat. • (F- — L- — Gk.) O. F. coque, a kind of li boat, orig. a shell. — L. concha (above). • We also find Du. Dan. kogy Icel. kuggry prob. borrowed from Corn. coCy W. cwchy i a boat, which are allied to L. co7icha. Der. . cox-swaht {cock-swaini). cocoa, coco, cocoa-nut palm. (Port.) Port, and Span. cocOy a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten children; hence applied to the cocoa-nut on account of the monkey-like face at the base of the nut. CONFIRM. 91 The orig. sense of coco was skull, head; allied to F. coquCy shell. — L. concha (above). cocoon, case of a chrysalis. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. cocony a cocoon; from coque, a. shell. — L. co7tcha (above). And see Coach. Conciliate; see Calends. Concise; see Caesura. Conclave ; see Clavicle. Conclude; see Clause. Concoct; see Cook. Concomitant; see Itinerant. Concord; see Cordial. Concourse; see Current. Concrete; see Crescent. Concubine; see Covey. Concupiscence; see Cupid. Concur ; see Current. Concussion; see Quash. Condemn; see Damn. Condense; see Dense. Condescend; see Scan. Condign; see Dignity. Condiment. (L.) L. condi7nentu7ny seasoning, sauce.— L. condire, to season, spice. (Orig. unknown.) Condition; see Diction. Condole; see Doleful. Condone ; see Date (i). Condor, a large bird. (Span. — Peruvian.) Span, condor. — Peruv. cimtur, a condor. Conduce, Conduct, Conduit; see Duke. Cone. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. cone. — L. conus. — Gk. K(hvoSy a cone, peak, peg. 4 - L. cuneusy a wedge; A. S. hduy a hone. (VKA.) canopy. (F. - Ital.-L.-Gk.) Should be conopy\ but we find F. ca7topey borrowed from Ital. ca7iope. (Also F. conopee.) - L. co7topeu7ny Judith, xiii. 9 . — Gk. Ko^voj'n^lovy an Egyptian bed with mosquito curtains (hence, any sort of hangings). — Gk. KojuojTT-, stem of Kwvoopy a mosquito, gnat; lit. ‘cone-faced’ or ‘cone-headed,’from the shape of its head. — Gk. Koovo-Sy a cone; and Loipy face, appearance, from Gk. base on, to see (see Optics). Coney; see Cony. Confabulate; see Fate. Confection; see Fact. Confederate; see Federal. Confer; see Fertile. Confess; see Fame. Confide; see Faith. Configuration; see Figure, Confine ; see Final. Confirm; see Firm. CONFISCATE. CONTRAST. 92 Confiscate; see Fiscal. Conflagration ; see Flagrant. Conflict; see Aflict. Confluent ; see Fluent. Conform ; see Form. Confound ; see Fuse (i). Confraternity ; see Fraternal. Confront ; see Front. Confuse, Confute; see Fuse (i). Conge, Congee ; see Permeate. Congeal ; see Gelid. Congenial, Congenital ; see Genus. Conger, a sea-eel. (L.) L. conger^ a sea- eel. + Gk. yoyypos, the same. Congeries, Congestion; see Gerund. Conglobe, Conglomerate ; see Globe. Conglutinate; see Glue. Congratulate; see Grace. Congregate; see Gregarious. Congress; see Grade. Congrue, to agree, suit. (L.) L. co7t- gruerCy to suit. (Root uncertain.) Der. congrii-enty from the pres. pt.; congru-ous, L. congruus^ suitable ; congru-i-ty. Conjecture; see Jet (i). Conjoin, Conjugal, Conjugate; see Join. Conjure; see Jury. Connect ; see Annex. Connive. (F. — L.) F. conniver. — L. conniuerey to close the eyes at, overlook. — L. con- (cum), together ; and the base nic-y to wink;’ cf. nic-tarCy to wink. (VNIK.) Connoisseur; see Noble. Connubial ; see Nuptial. Conquer ; see Query. Consanguineous ; see Sanguine. Conscience ; see Science. Conscionable, Conscious ; see Science, Conscript; see Scribe. Consecrate ; see Sacred. Consecutive; see Sequence. Conserve ; see Serve. Consider ; see Sidereal. Consign; see Sign. Consist ; see State. Console ; see Solace. Consolidate ; see Solid. Consonant ; see Sound (3). Consort ; see Sort. Conspicuous ; see Species. Conspire ; see Spirit. Constable ; see Itinerant. Constant ; see State. Constellation ; see Stellar. Consternation; see Stratum. Constipate; see Stipulate. Constitute; see State. Constrain; see Stringent. Construe; see Structure. Consul. (L.) L. consuly a consul. Etym. doubtful; perhaps from consulerCy to con¬ sult ; see below. Consult. (F. — L.) F. consnlter. — L. consultarCy to consult; frequent, form of constilerCy to consult. Root uncertain. ^ counsel. (F. — L.) M. E. conseil. — O. F. conseil. — L. consiliuiny deliberation. — L. consulerey to consult. Consume; see Exempt. Consummate; see Sub-. Consumption; see Exempt. Contact, Contagion; see Tangent. Contain; see Tenable. Contaminate; see Tangent. Contemn. (F.-L.) F. contejnner.^l^, conte^nnerey to despise. — L. con- {cu7?t)y with, wholly; te^nnerCy to despise. contempt. (F.-L.) O. F. contempt.^ L. co 7 iteniptusy scorn. — L. pp. con-temptus. Contemplate; see Temple ( 1 )^ Contemporaneous; see Temporal. Contend; see Tend(i). Content; see Tenable. Contest; see Testament. Context; see Text. Contiguous; see Tangent, Continent; see Tenable. Contingent; see Tangent. Continue; see Tenable. Contort; see Torture. Contour; see Turn. ^ 1 Contra-,(L.) L. against. Compounded of co7i-y for cutHy with ; and -tra, related to tranSy beyond. Der. conU'a- distinguishy &c.; and see Contrary. counter-,(F. — L.) F. conti'e, against.— L. (above). encounter. (F. — L.) O. F. enco^iU'cry to meet in combat. - F. eny in; cofitrCy , against.— L. hiy in ; contray against. rencounter, rencontre. (F.-L.) F. rencontre, a meeting. — F. rencoiitrei'y to m*eet.-F. re-y again; encontrery to meet ‘ (above). ■ Contraband ; see Ban. Contract; see Trace (i). Contradict; see Diction. Contralto ; see Altitude. . Contrary. (F.-L.) F. contraire.^h^ conU'ariuSy contrary; formed (with suffix -arms') from contra, against; see Contra-. : Contrast; see State. CONTRAVENE. - Contravene ; see Venture. Contribute ; see Tribe. Contrite ; see Trite. Contrive ; see Trover. Control ; see Rotary. Controversy ; see Verse. Contumacy. (L.) Englished from L. contiimacia, obstinacy. — L. contuniaci-^ crude form of contumax, stubborn; sup- I posed to be allied to contejnnere ; see Contemn. Contumely. (F. - L.) F. contwnelie. — L. coiitunielia, insult, reproach ; prob. allied to contumacia ; see Contumacy. Contuse, to bruise severely. (L.) L. C07ttusuSj pp. of contunderCj to bruise severely. — L. con- (cmn), with, much ; and tunderCj to strike. + Skt. tud, to strike ; Goth. stautaHy to strike. (y'STUD.) j obtuse, blunt. (F.-L.) O. F. obtus, ! * dullCot. — L. obtusus^ blunted, pp. of ob-tmtdere^ to beat against. And see Pierce. ! Convalesce ; see Valid. I Convene, Convent ; see Venture. 1 Converge; see Verge ( 2 ). 1 Converse, Convert ; see Verse. 1 Convex ; see Vehicle. Convey ; see Viaduct, i Convince ; see Victor. : Convivial ; see Victuals. Convoke ; see Vocal. , Convolve ; see Voluble. ! Convoy ; see Viaduct. I Convulse, to agitate violently. (L.) L. ; conuMlsMs^ pp. of conuellere, to pluck up, convulse. — L. con- {cum'), with, severely; , uellere, to pluck (of uncertain origin). revulsion. (F. — L.) F. revulsion, ‘ a plucking away ; also the drawing of humours from one part of the body to the other ;* Cot. — L. reuulsionem, acc. of 7 'e- uulsio, a plucking back. — L. reuulsus, pp. of re-uellere. Cony, Coney, a rabbit. (E.; orY. — 'L.) M. E. coni; also conyng. Most likely an E. word ; cf. Du. konijn, Dan. kanin, Swed. kaninhane (cock-rabbit), G. kanin- chen, a rabbit. j3. Otherwise, from O. F. conitil = L. cuniculus, a rabbit, (a/ SKAN?) ^ Coo. (E.) A purely imitative word; also spell croo. Cf. cuckoo, cock. Cook. (L.) M. E. coken, to cook ; A. S. coc, a cook. — L. coquere, to cook ; coquus, a cook.-j-Gk. TrenTeiv, Skt. pack, to cook. KW AK, orig. KAK.) CO-OPERATE. 93 biscuit, a kind of cake. (F.-L.) F. biscuit, lit. twice cooked.— F. bis (L. bis), twice ; and cuit, cooked, from L. coctus, pp. of coquei^e, to cook. cake. (Scand.-L.) M. E. —Teel, and Swed. kaka; Dan. kage ; so also Du. koek, G. kuchen, a cake, clearly allied to G. kiiche, cooking, kochen, to cook. All from L. coque7'e, to cook. concoct. (L.) L. co7icoctus, pp. of con- coque7'e, to cook together, boil together, digest. decoct. (L.) L. decoctus, pp. of de- coquere, to boil down. kitchen. (L.) M. E. kiche7ie. A. S. cicen (put ioxcycen). — L. coquma, a kitchen. — L. coquere, to cook; see Cook (above), precocious. (L.) Coined from L. prcecoci-, crude form of p 7 'cecox, prematurely ripe. — L. pree, before ; coquere, to cook, to ripen. Cool. (E.) A. S. col, cool. + Du. koel; Dan kdl, G. kuhl. Allied to Gelid. chilblain. (E.) A blain caused by chill. ^ chill, cold. (E.) Properly a sb. A. S. cyle, cele, chilliness. — A. S. cela7t, to cool, — A. S. col, cool. +Du. kill, a chill; Swed. kyla, to chill; L. gelu, frost. cold. (E.) M. E. cold, kald, adj., A.S. ceald, adj. +Icel. kaldr, Swed. kail, Dan. kold, Du. koud, Goth, kalds, G. kalt. Cf. L. gelidus, cold. keel (2), to cool. (E.) To keel a pot is to keep it from boiling over, lit. to cool it. — A. S. celan, to cool; see Chill (above). Coolie, Cooly, an East Indian porter. (Hind.—Tamil.) Hind, kiill, a labourer, oorter, cooley (Forbes).—Tamil daily lire or wages ; a day-labourer (Wilson). Coomb ; see Comb. Coop. (L.) M. E. cupe, a basket. A. S. cypa. — L. cupa, a tub; whence also Du. kuip, Icel. kupa, tub, bowl, G. kufe, ;ub, vat, coop. Cf. Skt. kiipa, a pit, hollow, KU.) Der. coop-er, tub- maker. cowl (2), a vessel carried on a pole. (F. — L.) M. E. coul. — O. F. cuvel (cuveau), a little tub; dimiii. of cuve, a vat, tub. — L. cupa (above). goblet. (F.-L.) Y.gobelet, 'a goblet;* Cot. Dimin. of O. F. gobel, a cup. — Low L. cupellu7n, acc. of cupellus, a cup; dimin. of L. cupa, a vat. Co-operate, Co-ordinate; see Ope¬ rate, Order, COOT. CORK. 94 Coot. (C.) M. E. cote, coote, a water- fowl ; A. S. cyta, a kind of bird ; Du. koet, a coot. Prob. Celtic. — W. cwtiar, a coot, lit. a bob-tailed hen, from cwta, short, bob- tailed, and iar, a hen ; cwtiad, cwtyn, a plover. Gael, cut, a bob-tail. — W. cwtau, to shorten, dock , see Cut. Copal. (Span. — Mexican.) Span. — Mex. copalli, resin. Cope (i), a cape ; see Cape (i). Cope ( 2 ), to vie with ; see Cheap. Copious; see Optative. Copper, a metal. (Cyprus.) M. E. coper. — Low L. cuper, L. cupru7n, a contraction for Cupriu7n ces, Cyprian brass. — Gk. Kvnpios, Cyprian; Kiinpos, Cyprus, whence the Romans got copper. copperas, sulphate of iron. (F. — L.) M. E. coperose, — O. F. coperose {couperose ); cf. Ital. copparosa. — L. cupri rosa, rose of copper, a translation of Gk. brass-flower, copperas. cupreous, coppery. (L.) L. cupreus, adj. of cupru77i. Coppice, Coppy, Copse, a small wood. (F. — L. — Gk.) is short for coppice, and copse is contracted. — O. F. copeiz ; Low L. copecia, underwood fre¬ quently cut, brushwood. — O. F. coper (F. couper'), to cut. — O. F. cop (F. coup), a stroke. — Low L. colpus, L. colaphus, stroke, blow. — Gk. K6Ka(pos, a blow. recoup, to diminish a loss. (F. — L. a7td Gk.) Lit. to secure a piece or shred. — F. recoupe, a shred. — F. I'ecouper^ to cut again. — L. re-, again; and F. couper, to cut (above). Copulate; see Couple. Copy; see Optative. Coquette ; see Cock (i). Coracle, a light wicker boat. (W.) W. corwgl, cwrwgl, coracle; dimin. of corwg, a trunk, cwrwg, a boat, frame. So Gael. curachan, coracle ; from curach, boat of wicker-work, Ir. corrach. Coral. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. coral. — L. corallu7n, coralliuTTi. — Gk. KopaWiov, coral. Corban, a gift. (Heb.) Heb. qorhdn, an offering to God, in fulfilment of a vow. Arab. qurbaTt, a sacrifice. Corbel. (F. — L.) O. F. corbel, a little basket, a corbel (in architecture). [Dis¬ tinct from O. F. corbel, a raven.] — Low L. corbella, little basket.— L. corbis, basket. corvette, a small frigate. (F. — Port. — L.) F, corvette. — Port. corveta\ Span. corheta, a corvette. — L. corbTta, a slow- sailing ship of burden. —L. corbis, basket. Cord ; see Chord. Cordial. (F. — L.) F. cordial, hearty. — L. cordi-, crude form of cor, heart; with suffix -alls ; see Heart. accord. (F. — L.) O. F. acorder, to agree. — Low L. ac-cordare, to agree ; used for L. coTt-cordare (below). Der. accord¬ ing, accord-hig-ly, &c. ; accord-ion, from its sweet sound. concord. (F. — L.) F. concorde. — L. Concordia, agreement. — L. concord-, stem of con-cors, agreeing. — L. con- (cu7n) ; cor (stem cord-), the heart. concordant. (F. — L.) F. co7tcorda7tt, pres. pt. of conco7'der, to agree.— L. con- corda7'e, to agree. concordat. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. con¬ cordat, an agreement. — Ital. conco7'dato, a convention, thing agreed on, esp. between the pope and F. kings; pp. of concorda7'e, to agree.— L. concordare (above). core. (P". — L.) M. E. core, heart (of fruit). — O. F. cor, coer, heart. — L. cor, heart. courage. (F. — L.) F. courage, 0.‘F. corage ; formed with suffix -age (L. -aticu77i) from O. F. cor, heart (above). Der. e7t- courage. discord. (F. — L.) O. F. descord, dis¬ cord, variance. — L. dis-cordia, variance ; cf. concord (above). quarry ( 2 ), a heap of slaughtered game. (F. — L.) M. E. querre. — O. F. coree, curee, the intestines of a slain animal, the part given to hounds.— Low L. co7'ata, the intestines; so called from containing the heart. — L. cor, the heart. (Cf. O. P. quer, the heart.) record. (F. — L.) M. E. recorden. — O. F. recorder. — L. reco7'da7'e, recordari, to recall to mind. — L. 7'e- again ; cord-, stem of cor, heart. Cordwainer, shoemaker. (F. — Span.) M. E. cordwaner, a worker in cordewa7ie, i.e. leather of Cordova. — O. F. cordoua7i. Cordovan leather.— Low L. Cordoa, Cor¬ dova in Spain (L. Corduba), Core ; see Cordial. Coriander. (P". — L. — Gk.) F. coTd- a7idre."^L,. coria7idru77i. — Gk. Kopiavvov, KopLov, coriander. The leaves are said to have a strong bug-like smell; from Gk. Kopis, a bug. Cork. (Span. —L.) Span, corcho, cork. — L. corticeTii, acc. of cortex, bark. CORMORANT. ’ Cormorant, a bird. (F. —L.) The t is I excrescent. — F. cormoran ; the same as ; Port, corvomarinho (sea-crow), cormorant. — L. coruus marinus, sea-crow. Perhaps y confused with L. coruus, a crow, and Bret. \] morvran, a cormorant (from mor, sea, and bran, a crow). Corn (i), grain. (E.) A. S. g koren, G. Icel. Dan. Swed. korn, Goth. kaurn, L. granum, Russ, zerno ; see Grain. (^ GAR.) churn. (Scand.) Icel. kirna, Swed. kdrna, Dan. kierne, a churn; from O. Swed. kerna, Swed. kdrna, Dan. kierne, to churn; cf. Du. and G. kernen, to churn. f Orig. to curdle, turn to a curd or * kernel; ’ cf. Icel. kja^'na, Swed. kd7'na, Dan. kierne, i kernel, pith, core, Du. and G. kern, grain, kernel; closely allied to Corn. kernel. (E.) A. S. cyrnel, a grain; dimin. of A. S. corn, a grain (with the p usual change from o to ^). And see churn above. Corn (2), a hard excrescence on the < foot. (F. — L.) F. come, a horn, horny ( swelling. (Cot.) —Low L. 1^. cornu, a horn ; see Horn. I cornea, horny membrane in the eye. ! (L.) L. cornea, fern, of corneus, horny. — L. 1 cornu, a horn. cornel, a shrub. (F. — L.) F. cornille, a cornel-berry ; cornillier, comel-tree. — Low L. corniola, cornel-berry; cornolium, i comel-tree. — L. cornus, a cornel-tree; from the hard, horny nature of the wood. — L. cornu, a horn. cornelian, a kind of chalcedony. (F. — L.) Formerly cornaline. — F. cornaline, 1 ‘ the cornix or cornaline, a flesh-coloured stone; ’ Cot. Cf. Port, cornelina ; Ital. corniola. — L. cornu, horn ; in allusion to the semi-transparent appearance. ^ Altered to carnelian in E., and carneol in G., from a popular etymology which connected it with L. earn-, stem of caro, flesh. Cf. onyx — Gk. ovv^, finger-nail. corner. (F. — L.) O. F. corniere. — Low L. corneria, comer, angle. — Low L. coma, angle. — L. cornu, horn, projection. comet. (F, — L.) M. E. cornet, a horn; also a troop of horse (accompanied by a cornet or bugle); also an officer of such a troop.— F. cornet, cor^iette, dimin. of F. come, a horn ; see Corn. cornucopia. (L.) For cornu-copice, horn of plenty. unicorn, one-horned animal. (F. — L.) COSTAL. 95 F. unicorne. — L. uni-, for unus, one; cornu, horn. Cornice, Corolla, Corollary ; see Crown. Coronation, Coroner, Coronet ; see Crown. Corporal (i) ; see Capital. Corporal ( 2 ), belonging to the body. (L.) L. corporalis, bodily.— L. corpor-, stem of corpus, the body. Der. (from L. corpor-) corpor-ate, corpor-e-al (L. corpore-us), &c. corps, corpse, corse, a body. (F.— L.) Here corps is mod. F.; corse is from corpse by loss of p. M. E. corps. — O. F. corps, cors, the body. — L. corpus. corpulent. (F. — L.) F. corpulent. — L. corpu-lentus, fat. — L. corpus. corpuscle. (L.) L. corpus-cu-hun, double dimin. of corpus. corset. (F. — L.) F. co7set, a pair of stays; dimin. of O. F. cors, body; see corps. corslet. (F. — L.) F. corselet, ‘a little body,’ Cot.; hence body-armour. Double dimin. of O. F. cors, body ; see corps. incorporate. (L.) L. incorporatus, pp. of in-corporare, to furnish with a body ; hence to form into a body. Correct; see Regent. Correlate; see Tolerate. Correspond; see Sponsor. Corridor; see Current. Corroborate ; see Robust. Corrode; see Rodent. Corrugate ; see Rugose. Corrupt; see Rupture. Corsair; see Current. Corset, Corslet; see Corporal (2). Cortege; see Court. Cortex, bark. (L.) See Cork. Coruscate. (L.) From pp. of L. coruscare, to glitter. Corvette ; see Corbel. Cosmic, relating to the world. (Gk.) Gk. KoaiiLKos, adj., from KoayLos, order, also the world, universe. cosmetic, that which beautifies. (Gk.) Gk. fcoafxrjTiKos, skilled in adorning; whence also F. cosmetique. — Gk. Koa^ikoi, I adorn. — Gk. Koafxos, order, ornament. Also cosmo-gony, cosmo-graphy, cosmo-logy, cosmo-polite (citizen of the world, Gk. TToX'iTTjs, a citizen). Cossack, a light-armed >§. Russian soldier. (Russ. — Tatar.) Russ, kozake, kazake ; said to be of Tatar (Tartar) origin. Cost ; see State. Costal; see Coast, COSTERMONGER, COURT. 96 Costermonger. (F. Formerly costerd-monger or costard-7no7igerj a seller of costards or apples. [The suffix -7nonger is E.; see Monger.] M. E. costard, an apple, where the suffix -ard is F.; prob. from O. F. coste, cost, also spice ; cf. G. kost, which means ‘ food ’ as well as ‘ cost. ’ [Etym. doubtful.] Costive; see Stipulate. Costume; see Custom. Cot, a small dwelling; Cote, an en¬ closure. (E.) M. E. cote. A. S. cote, a cot, den; Northumbrian cot. -|- Du. kot, Icel. kot, cot, hut; prov. G.cot. Der. cott-age (with F. suffix); cott-arorcott-er; sheep-cote. coat. (F. — G.) M. E. cote. — O. F. cote (F. cotte) ; Low L. cota, a coat, also a cot. — M. H. G. kotte, kutte, a coarse mantle, lit. ‘ covering; ’ allied to A. S. cote, a cot, orig. ‘ covering.’ coterie, a set of people. (F. —Teut.) F. coterky a set of people, company; allied to O. F. coterie, servile tenure (Littre) ; Low L. coteria, a tenure by cottars who clubbed together. — Low L. cota, a cot. —Du. kot (above). cotillon, cotillion, a dance for 8 persons. (F. — M. H. G.) F. cotillofi, lit. a petticoat; see Cotgrave. Formed, with suffix -ill-07t, from O. F. cote, a coat, frock ; see coat (above). Cotton (i), a downy substance. (F.— Span.— Arab.) M. E. cotomi.^^Y. coton. — Span, coton, algodon, cotton (where al is the Arab. art.). — Arab, qutn, qiitun, cotton. cudweed, a plant. (F. — Span. — Arab.; and E.) Also called cotton-weed, of which cudweed is a contraction. Cotton (2), to agree. (W.) W. cytwio, to agree. Cotyledon, seed-lobe. (Gk.) Gk. KOTvXrjdojv, a cup-shaped hollow. — Gk. hotvXtj, a hollow vessel, cup. KAT ?) Couch; see Locus. Cough. (O. Low G.) M. E. couglie^i, cowhen. [The A. S. word is hwostan.] Cf. Du. kugche^t, to cough ; M. H. G. kuche7i, G. keiche7t, keuchen, to gasp. From an imitative base KUK, to gasp; see Chin- cough. Could; see Can (i). Coulter, pait of a plough. (L.) hi. E. colter. A. S. culter. — L. culter, a coulter, knife, lit. a cutter.-|-Skt. kartta7'i, scissors, from krit, to cut. (-y^ KART.) cutlass. (F. — L.) F. coutelas, ^ a cutte- las, or courtelas, or. short sword; ’ Cot. (Perhaps borrowed from Ital. coltellaccio, ^ a curtleax,’ Florio ; which is, at any rate, the same word.) —O. F. coutel, cultel (F. couteati), a knife; cf. Ital. coltello, knife. — L. acc. cultellu77i, a knife; dimin. of culter { 2 ihoYo). ^ The F. -as, Ital. -accio — L. -aceus', but F. coutelas vfdiS actually turned into E. cu7'tleaxe\ Yet a curtleaxe was a sort of sword \ cutler. (F. — L.) M. E. coteler. — O. F. cotelier. — Low L. cultellarius, knife-maker, — L. cultellus, a knife (above). Council; see Calends. Counsel ; see Consult. Count (i), a title ; see Itinerant. Count ( 2 ), to compute; see Putative. Countenance; see Tenable. Counter-, prefix ; see Contra-. Counteract; see Agent. Counterfeit ; see Fact. Countermand ; see Mandate. Counterpane (i); see Quilt. Counterpane ( 2 ), counterpart of a deed; see Pane. Counterpoint; see Pungent. Counterpoise ; see Pendant. Counterscarp, -sign, -tenor ; see Scarp, Sign, Tenable. Countervail; see Valid. Country. (F. — L.) M. E. contree. — O. F. contree ( = Ital. contrada).^ how L. contrada, contrata, a region, lit. that which lies opposite; a translation of G. gegend, country, lit. opposite, from gegen, opposite. — L. co7itra, opposite; see Contra-. County; see Itinerant. Couple. (F. — L.) O. F. cople, later couple. — L. copula, a bond, band, that which joins ; short for co-ap-ula^. — L. co- {cu77i), together; and O. L. apere^, to join, preserved in the pp. aptus ; see Apt. cobble (i), to patch up, mend. (F. — L.) O. F. cohler, coubler, to join together, another form of O. F. copier, the same. — O. F. cople, a band (above). copulate. (L.) From pp. of L. copu* lare, to join. — L. copula, a band (above). Courage; see Cordial. Courier, Course; see Current. Court (i), a yard; royal retinue, judicial assembly. (F. — L.) M. E. co7't, curt. — O. F. cort, curt (F. courf), a court, a yard, also a tribunal. — Low L. co7'tis, a court¬ yard, court, palace. — L. corti-, crude form of cors, also spelt cohors, a hurdle, enclosure, cattle-yard, court, also a cohort, or band of soldiers. — L. co- {cutii), together; and COURT CARDS. hort-us, a garden, garth, yard, cognate with E. and (-^GHAR.) cohort, a band of soldiers. (F. — L.) F. cohorte, — L, acc. cohortem, from cohors (above). cortege. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. cortege^ a train, retinue. - Ital. corteggio, a retinue. — Ital. cortCi 2 , court. — Low L. cortis; see Court (i) above. court ( 2 ), to seek favour. (F. — L.) From the sb. court) hence to practise arts in vogue at court. courteous, of courtly manners. (F.— •L.) M. E. corteis, seldom corteous, — O. F. corteisy courteous. - O. F. cortCy a court. courtesan. (Span. - L.) Span, corte- Sana ; fern, of cortesanoy one belonging to the court. — Span. corteSy courteous; from cortCy court. - Low L. cortis (above). courtesy. (F. - L.) M. E. corteisie. — O. F. corteisie y courtesy. — O. F. corteis y courteous; see courteous. courtier. (F. - L.; and E.) From court) with E. suffix -iery as in colUery bow-yery &c. curtain. (F. - L.) M. E. cortin.""0. F. cortine. — Low L. cortinay a small court, a rampart or ' curtain ’ of a castle, a hanging curtain round an enclosure. — Low L. cortis (above). curtsey, an obeisance (F. — L.) The same word as courtesyy a courtly act. Court ''cards; a corruption of coat cardsy pictured cards, the old name. Courteous, &c.; see Court. Cousin. (F. - L.) M. E. cosin. - O. F. cosin (F. — Low L. cosinusy contr. form of L. consobrinuSy the child of a mother’s sister, a cousin. - L. {cum)y together; sobrinuSy for sos-brinus^ or sos- trinuSy^ from sostor^ (later sosor'^y so 7 vry) a sister; see Schleicher, Compendium, ed. p. 432 . ^ cozen. (F. — L.) To cozen is to act as cousin or kinsman, to sponge upon, beguile. — F. cousinery to call cousin, to sponge, live on other people; see Hamilton and Cotgrave. — F. cousiny a cousin (above). Cove, a nook. (E.) A. S. cofay a cham¬ ber, a cave. + Icel. kofiy a hut; G. kobeny a cabin. ^ Distinct from cavcy coopy alcove. Covenant; see Venture. Cover, to hide. (F.-L.) O. F. covrir {couvrif.’^'L. cooperirCy to cover.— L. co- {cum)y wholly; operire^ to shut, hide. coverlet. (F.-L.) M. E. coverlite.^ O. F. covrelit {pouv?xdit)y a bed-cover.— COWER. 97 O. F. covriry to cover; lity a bed (=L. acc. lectuMy from lectusy a bed). covert. (F.-L.) O. F. coverty of covriry to cover (above). curfew. (F. - L.) O. F. covrefeu (F. couvrefeii)y a fire-cover, covering of fires, time for putting out fires. — O. F. covriry to cover; feUy fire ( = L. focuiny acc. of focusy hearth, fire); see Focus. discover. (F.-L.) M. E. discoueren. — O. F. descouvriry to uncover, disclose. — O. F. des- (L. dis-^y apart; couvrir, to cover (above). kerchief. (F. - L.) M. E. curchiefy couerchef — O. F. covrechefy lit. a head¬ covering.—O. F. covriry to cover; chefy the head; see chief, under Capital. Covet ; see Cupid. Covey. (F.-L.) O. F. covee, a brood of partridges; fern, of pp. of cover (F. couver)y to hatch, sit. — L. cubarey to lie down, sit. + Gk. K{f'nT€LVy to bend. (-y^KUP.) concubine. (F.-L.) O. F. concubine. — L. concubina,"^\j, con- {cuni)y toe^ether; cubarCy to lie. incubate. (L.) From pp. of L. in- cubarCy to sit on eggs to hatch them, incubus. (L.) L. incubusy a nightmare. — L. in-cubarcy to lie upon, incumbent. (L.) L. incumbent-y stem of pres. pt. of in-cumberCy to recline on, rest on or in (remain in); where cumbere is a nasalised form allied to cubarCy to lie down. So also pro-cumbenty prostrate; re¬ cumbent y lying back upon; suc-cumby to lie under, yield to. Cow (i), female of the bull. (E.) A. S. cii) pi. cf whence M. E. kyy and the double pi. ky-en = kine. -f- Du. koey Icel. kyry Swed. Dan. ko, G. kuhy Irish and Gael, bby L. bos (gen. bou-is)y Gk. iSouy, Skt. (^GU.) See Beef, Buck ( 2 ). cowslip, a flower. (E.) M. E. cousloppe. A. S. cu-sloppOy cii-slyppey lit. cow-slop, i. e. a piece of dung. (Other A. S. names of plants are of a very homely character.) Cf. oxlip. kine, cows. (E.) A double pi., made by adding -Uy short for -en (A. S. -an)y to M. E. kyy A. S. cyy cows. The A. S. cf pi. of etc, a cow, is formed by vowel-change from u to y. Cow ( 2 ), to dishearten. (Scand.) Icel. kiigay to tyrannise over; Dan. kuCy to coerce, subdue. Coward ; see Caudal. Cower. (Scand.) M. E. couren.^lztX, E COWL. 98 ktirUy Dan. kure^ to doze, lie quiet; Swed. ktira, to doze, roost, settle to rest (as birds). Cf. Goth, kwairrus, gentle. Cowl (i), a monk’s hood. (E.) M. E. cotiel, cuuel. A. S. cujle, a cowl. Icel. koft, cowl. Cf. L. cucullus. (y'SKU.) Cowl ( 2 ), a vessel carried on a pole; see Coop. Cowry, a small shell used for money. (Hind.) Hind, kauri, a small shell {CyprcBa monetd) used as coin in the lower provinces of India; Bengali kori (Wilson). Cowslip; see Cow. Coxcomb ; see Cock (i). Coxswain; see cock (5), under Conch. Coy I see Q/U-iet. Cozen ; see Cousin. Crab (i), a shell-fish. (E.) A.S. crahha. «+• Icel. krabbi, Swed. krabba, Dan. krabbe, Du. krab, G. krabbe. Cf. Gk. Kapa^os, prickly crab, beetle, L. scarabceus, beetle. (VSKAR.) crabbed, peevish, cramped. (E.) From crab, sb.; i. e. crab-like, snappish or awk¬ ward. Cf. Du. krabben, to scratch, kHbben, to be peevish ; Icel. krabba, to scrawl. crayfish. (F. — O. H. G.) A misspel¬ ling of M. E. crevise. — O. F. crevisse, es- crevisse {ecrevisse'). — O. H. G. crebiz, G. krebs, a crab; allied to G. krabbe (above). Crab ( 2 ), a kind of apple. (Scand.) Swed. krabbdple, a crab-apple; perhaps allied to Crab (i); i. e. pinching, sharp, sour. Crabbed; see Crab (i). Crack. (E.) A. S. cearcian, to crack, gnash noisily.+Du. kraketi, to crack, creak; G. krachen ; Gael, crac, a fissure, cnac, a crack, to crack. Imitative, like crake, creak, croak, crash, gnash, knock, GARK.) cracknel. (F. — Du.) Yorm^rly crake- nel, corruption of F. craqnelui, a cracknel. Named from its crispness. — Du. kraken, to crack. crake, corncrake, a bird. (E.) From its noise ; M. E. craken, to cry out. Allied to crack, croak, crash. (Scand.) Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to crackle, Swed. sld ui k7'as, Dan. slaae i kras, to break to shivers. Allied to crack, craze. craze. (Scand.) M. E. erased, i. e. cj'acked. — Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, as above; whence also Y.ecraser', see above. creak. (E.) M. E. h'eken. Allied to crake, C7'ack, Cf. Du. kriek, a cricket, F. CRANK. co'iquer, to creak, allied to C7'aquer, to crack. cricket (i), an insect. (F. — Teut.) M. E. criket. — O. F. crequet, criquet, cricket. — O. F. criquer, to creak, rattle, chirp. — Du. kriek, a cricket; krikkrakken, to rattle. Cf. L. graculus, jackdaw. croak. (E.) A S. crdcian, to croak; allied to crake, crack. And see Crow. Cradle. (C.) A.S. cradol.’^Ya^ crai- dhal, Gael, creathall, a cradle, a grate ; cf. W. cryd, cradle, Irish creathach, a hurdle ; L. crates, a hurdle. See Crate, Hurdle. Craft, skill. (E.) A. S. creeft. -|- Du. kracht, Icel. kraptr, kraft, Swed. Dan. G. kraft, force. Allied to Cramp. Der. handi-C7'aft. Crag. (C.) W. craig, Gael, creag, crag, rock; W. careg, Gael. ca7'raig, rock, cliff. — Gael, carr, a rock. Crake; see Crack. Cram. (E.) A. S. crammia7t, to stuff. -|-Icel. kremja, Swed. kraina, Dan. kra77i77ie, to squeeze. Allied to Cramp. Cramp. (E.) M. E. crampe, a cramp, spasm; cf. A. S. cro77ipeht, crumpled (base KRAMP). + Swed. Du. kra77ip, Dan. kra77ipe, Q. kra7nf, cramp; G. kra77ipfe7i, to cramp, squeeze. [Lost strong verb cri77ipan'^, pt. t. cra7np'^, yp. cru7npen^i\ And see Clamp, Cram. crimp, to wrinkle. (E.) Weakened form of Cramp. -4" Lu. k'ri7npe7t, Swed. kry 77 ipa, to shrink, Dan. kry 77 ipe sigsa77i77ie7i, to shrink oneself together ; G. k7'i77ipe7i, to crumple. Der. crhnp-le, crumple. (E.) M. E. cro7nplen, to wrinkle ; frequentative of Cramp. Crane, a bird. (E.) A. S. cran. +Du. k 7 'aan, Icel. t7'ani (for krani), Swed. i7'a77a, Dan. trane, G. kran-ich ; W. ga7'a7t, Gk. yepavos, a crane, also a crane for raising weights. Cf. Y. grus, (-y^ GAR.) cranberry. tE-) I- crane-berry ; so also G. k7'anbeere\ Dan. tranebcer (from tra 7 te = krane, as above) ; Swed. tranbdr. Cranium. (L. — Gk.) L. craniu77i. — Gk. Kpaviov, skull; allied to Kapa, head. pericranium, the membrane that sur¬ rounds the skull. (L. — Gk.) Y. pe7'ici'a~ 7 iiti 77 l. — Gk. TTfpiKpavLOV, ueut. of Tr€piKpavtos, surrounding the skull. — Gk. 'nepi, round ; Kpaviov, skull. Crank (i), a bend. (E.) M. E. cra7ike, (Teut. base KRANK, to twist, parallel to Cramp.) Cf. Du. kro7ikel, a little bend, krotikelen, to wrinkle, turn, wind. CRANNY. crank ( 2 ), easily upset, as a boat. (E.) I. e. easily bent or twisted aside. Cf. Du. ki^engeit, to careen a boat; Swed. krdnga, Dan. krcEitgCy to heel over; see cringe below. crank (3), lively. (E.) The same word, from the metaphor of an unsteady boat. cringe. (E.) A. S. cringajt, crincan, to sink in battle, fall beneath the foe. Put for cruik, weakened form of crank. crinkle. (E.) crinkled^crencled, twisted. A frequent, form of crink^ which is a weakened form of crank. Cranny. (F.-L.) M. E. crany\ made by adding E. -y to F. cran, a notch.— L. crena, a notch. crenate, notched. (L.) From a notch. crenellate. (Low L. - F. - L.) From pp. of Low L. crenellarCj to furnish with battlements. - O. F. crenel, a battlement; dimin. ofO.F . cren, F. cran, a notch (above). Grants, a garland. (O. Du.) O. Du. krants, Du. krans, a garland, wreath. + Dan. krands, Sw. krans, G. krantz. Crape; see Crisp. Crash; see Crack. Crasis ; see Crater. Crass. (L.) L. crassus, thick, dense, grease. (F. — L.) M. E. grese, grece. — O. F. gresse, fatness. - O. F. gras, fat. - L. crassus (above). Cratch; see Crib. Crate. (L.) L. crates, a hurdle; hence a wicker case, &c. (y' KART.) grate (i), a framework of iron bars. (Low L.» L.) M. E. grate. — Low L. grata, a grating; also crata, a grating. - L. crates, a hurdle. grill, to boil on a gridiron. (F. —L.) 7. griller, io broil. — F. ^a gridiron,’ Cot.; O. F. gi'e'il, grail. - L. craticiilum, for craticula, a small gridiron (whence F. grille, a grating). -L. crates (above). Crater. (L. — Gk.) L. ci'ater, a bowl, a crater. — Gk./fpar?//), a large bowl in which things were mixed. —• Gk, Kepdi/vvfjLi, I mix (base Kpa-'). crasis. (Gk.) Gk. Kpacns, mixing; hence, contraction.—• Gk. Kepdvvvpn (above). Cravat. (F. — Austrian.) F. cravate, (1) a Croatian, ( 2 ) a cravat. Cravats were introduced into France in 1636 , as worn by the Croatians, who were called in F. ^ Creates or Crovates or Cravates. Croatia is a province of Austria. Crave. (E.) A. S. crajian, to crave. CREATE. 99 ask. -f- Icel. ^ krefja, Swed. h'dfva, Dan. krcBve, to demand ; Icel. krafa, a demand. Craven. (F. — L.) The oldest form is M. E. cravant, with the sense of beaten, foiled, or overcome. Mr. Nicol has con¬ clusively shown that it is a clipped form of O. F. cravante, pp. explained by Cotgrave by ^oppressed, foiled.’ It is the pp. of O. F. ci'avanter, to break, oppre.ss = Low L. crepantare^, formed from ci'epant-, stem of pres. pt. of crepare, to crack, break. Cf. Span, qiiebrantar, to crack, break. Craw, crop of fowls. (Scand.) Dan. kro, Swed.^ krdfva, Swed. dial, kroe, the craw. Allied to Du. kraag, G. ki'-agen, neck, collar. Crawfish, the same as Crayfish. Crawl. (Scand.) Icel. krajla, to paw, crawl; Swed. krajla, to grope, krdla, to crawl; Dan. kravle, to crawl. Frequen¬ tative from Teut. base KRAP, to seize, grasp, hence, to grope; see Cramp. Crayfish; see Crab (i). Crayon ; see Cretaceous. Craze, Creak ; see Crack. Cream. (F. — L.) O. F. cresme {creme ); Low L.^ crema.^^'L. cremor, thick broth, thick juice from soaked corn. Crease (i), a wrinkle. (C. ?) Bret, A, a crease, wrinkle; kriza, to crease, fold garments; W. crych, a wrinkle, crychu, to rumple. ^ Hardly from Swed.' krus, a curl, krusa, to curl; for which see Goose¬ berry. Crease ^(2), Creese, a dagger. (Malay.) Malay kris, ‘a dagger, kris, or creese’; Marsden. Create. (L.)^ From pp. of L. to make.-{-Skt. kxi, to make. Der. creat-w'e, O. F. creature, L. creatura. And see Crescent. creole, one bom in the W. Indies, but of ^European blood. (F.-Span.-L.) F. creole. Span, criollo, a negro corruption of creadillo, dimin. of cHado, one educated, instructed, or brought up ; hence a child of European blood. Criado is pp. of criare, to create, also, to educate.— L. creare, to create, make. procreate. (L.) L. procreatus, pp. of procreare, to generate. — L. pro, before, forth ; creare, to produce. recreation. (F.-L.) Y. recreation. L. recreationem, acc. of recreatio, orig. re¬ covery from illness (hence, amusement). — L. recreatus, pp. of recreare, to revive, refresh. — L. re-, again; creare, to make. lOO CREED. CRIB. Creed. (L.) M. E. crede ; A. S. ci'eda. — L. credo j I believe ; the first word of the creed. •+■ O. Irish cretii?t^ I believe ; Skt. p'addadhdmi,\\)€i\Qy^. (y^KRAT.) Der. C7'ed-ence (O. F. crede7ice^ L. credenticL) ; C7'ed-ible ; credit (L. pp. credihis) ; C7'ed- ttlous (L. credulus)y &c. And see Mis¬ creant. grant. (F. . L.) M. E. graunten. — O. F. graaiitery graimter, later spelling of C7'aa7iter, crea7iter, to caution, assure, guar¬ antee ; whence the later senses, to promise, yield; Low \^.c7'ea7ita7'e, put for crede7ita7'e'^. — L. C7'ede7it-j stem of pres. pt. of C7'ede7'e, to trust. recreant. (F. - L.) O. F. recreant, faint-hearted; pres. pt. of 7'ec7'oi7'e, to be¬ lieve again, also to give up, give back (hence, to give in). —Low L. re-c 7 'edere, to believe again, recant, give in. Creek. (E.) A. S. c7'ecca, a creek. +Du. k7'eek ; Icel. kriki, a crack, nook. The orig. sense is ‘a bend,’ as in Swed. dial. a7'7nk7'ik, bend of the arm. Allied to Crook, q.v. crick, a spasm or twist in the neck. (E.) M. E. C7ykke ; also used in the sense of 'bend.* Merely a variant of creek (above). Creep. (E.) M. E. crepe7i. ; A. S. cre6pa7t. + Du. k7'uipen, Icel. k7'jupa, Swed. krypa, Dan. hybe, to crawl. (Base KRUP.) Allied to Cramp. cripple. (E.) M. E. crepel, crupel\ O. Northumb. cry pel, Luke, v. 24 . Lit. 'a creeper.’ — A.S. crup-, stem of pi. of pt. t. of C7'eopa7t (pt. t. C7'edp) ; with suffix -el of the agent. -pDu. k7'eupel, Icel. kryppil, Dan. k7vbling (from k7ybe, to creep), G. kriippel. Cremation, burning. (L.) L. C 7 'ema- tioneni, acc. of C7‘e77iatio \ from pp. of crenia7'e, to bum. Crenate, Crenellate ; see Cranny. Creole ; see Create. Creosote, a liquid distilled from tar. (Gk.) Lit. ' flesh-preserver.’ — Gk. icpioj-s, Attic form of Kpeas, flesh ; and (tojt-, short for aouT-Tjp, preserver, from craj^€iv, to pre¬ serve. Crescent. (L.) The ' increasing’moon. — L. C7'esce7tt-, stem of pres. pt. of cresce7'e, to grow, increase (pp. C7'e-tus), inchoative lorm from cre-are, to make ; see Create. accretion. (L.) L. accretio7te7}i, acc. of accretio, an increase. — L. accretus, pp. of ac-cresce7'e, to grow to {ac-=ad). accrue, to come to by way of increase. (F. — L.) O. F. acc7'eu, pp. of acc7'oist7'e {accroit7'e), to increase. — L. ac-crescere (above). concrete, formed into one mass. (L.) L. co7icret-us, pp. of con-crescere, to grow together. decrease. (F.-L.) O. F. decrois, sb., a decrease ; from dec7'oist7'e, vb., to decrease. — L. de-C7'esce7'e, to diminish (pp. decre-tus). decrement. (L.) L. decre77ie7ttu7n, a decrease. — L. dec7'e-tus, pp. of de-c7'esce7'e. excrescence. (F. - L.) O. F. excres¬ cence. — L. excresce7itia, an outgrowth. — L. exc7'escent-, stem of pres. pt. of excrescere, to grow out. increase. (F. - L.) M. E. inc7'ese7i, e7icresen. — F. en (L. ht) ; and O. F. creisser, Norman F. C7'-eser., usually C7'oistre (F. C7'oitre), to grow ; from L. crescere. increment. (L.) L. in-cre7nentu77i, an increase ; cf. dec7'e77ie7tt above. recruit. (F. — L.) F. 7'ec7'uter, to levy troops (Littre). An ill-formed word, from recT^te, mistaken form of rec7'ue, fern, of recrtl, pp. of recroit7'e, to grow again. Recrue, as a sb., means ‘ a levy of troops,’ lit. ‘ new-grown.’ — L. re-crescere, to grow again. Cress. (E.) M. E. C7'es, also kers (by shifting of r'). A. S. ccerse, cerse, cressce.-^ Du. ke7's, Swed. krasse, Dan. ka7'se, G. kresse. Cresset ; see Cruse. Crest. (F. — L.) O. F. creste. — L. crista, a comb or tuft on a bird’s head, crest. Cretaceous, chalky. (L.) L. cretaceus, adj. from C7xta, chalk. crayon. (F. — L.) F. c7'ayon ; extended from F. craie, chalk.—L. creta (above). Crevice, Crevasse. (F. - L.) M. E. C7'evice, C7'evase, C7'evasse. — O. F. crevasse, a rift. — O. F. crever, to burst asunder. — L. crepare, to crackle, burst. decrepit. (L.) L. decrepitus, noiseless, creeping about like an old man, aged. — L. de, away; C7'epitus, noise, orig. pp. of crepa7'e (above). discrepant, differing. (F. — L.) O. F. disc7'epa7tt. — L. discrepa7it-, stem of pres, pt. of dis-crepa7'e, to differ in sound ; lit. to crackle apart. Crew. (Scand.) Formerly crue. — O. Icel. krti, later grd, a swarm; k7'iia, to swarm. Cf. Swed. dial, kry, to swarm. Crib, a manger. (E.) A. S. crib. + 0 . Sax. kribbia, Du. k7ib, Icel. Swed. k7'ubba, Dan. krybbe, G. k7'ippe, crib, manger. Der. C7'ib, verb, to put by in a crib, purloin; lOI CRICK. crihb-agCj where crib is the secret store of cards. cratch, a crib, manger. (F. —O. Sax.) M. E. crecche. — O. F. creche {creche^ ; Prov, crepcha.^O. Sax. k^'ibbia (above). Crick ; see Creek. Cricket (i), insect; see Crack. Cricket (2), game ; see Crook. ‘Crime. (F.— L.) Y. crime.crhnen^ an^ accusation, fault (stem crhuinP Der. crimht-al, crh7iin-ate ; hence re-criminate. Crimp ; see Cramp. Crimson ; see Carmine. Cringe, Crinkle ; see Crank. Crinoline, a lady's stiff skirt. (F.-L.) F. crinoline, (i) hair-cloth, ( 2 ) crinoline. — F. crin (h. acc. crinem), hair; and /in, flax, hence cloth, from L. linum, flax. Cripple ; see Creep. Crisis; see Critic, i Crisp, wrinkled, curled. (L.) A. S. crisp, mm crispus, curled. crape. ^ (F. -■ L.) F. crepe, formerly crespe, 'frizzled, crisped, crisp ;’ Cot. From its wrinkled surface. — L. crispus. Critic. (Gk.) Gk. k^ltikos, able to dis¬ cern ; cf. Kpnrjs, a judge. - Gk. Kpi-v^Lv, to judge. Der. crit-erion, Gk. KpirrjpLov, a test; di(X-criHc, from Gk. diaKpiTiKos, fit for distinguishing between. crisis. (Gk.) ^ Gk. kp'ktis, a discerning, a crisis. — Gk. Kpi veiv, to judge. Croak; see Crack. Crochet ; see Crook. Crock, a pitcher. (C.) A.S. crocca.mm Gael, crog, Irish crogan, W. crochan, a pitcher, pot. Cf. Corn, crogen, a shell. So also Du. kruik, Icel. krukka, Swed. krtika,, Dan. krukke, G. krug\ prob. all of Celtic origin. crucible. (Low L.— F. — Teut.) Low L. crucibolus, a melting-pot, also a cresset (see Cruse). - O. F. cruche, an earthen pitcher, crock. Of Teut. origin; see Icel. krukka, &c., above. Crocodile, (h. —L. — Gk.) Y.crocodile. " . crocodtlus,^G]s., Kpofc6d€L\os, a lizard a crocodile. ^ cockatrice. (F. - Low L. - L. - Greek.) by confusion with cock, it was said to be a monster hatched from a cock’s egg; it is merely a perversion of crocodile. -- O F cocatrice, a crocodile.-Low Y. cocatricem, acc. of cocatrix, a crocodile, also a cocka¬ trice; a corruption of Low L. cocodrillus, which again is a corruption of crocodilus. The loss of the r occurs also in Span. CROOK. cocodrilo, Ital. coccodrillo, M. E. cokedrille, all meaning 'crocodile.’ Crocus. (L. — Gk.) L. crocus. — Gk. KpoKos, crocus, saffron. Cf. Arab, karkam, saffron. Croft. (E. ? C. ?) A. S. croft, a field, -j- Du. kroft. Perhaps of Celtic origin; cf. Gael, croit, hillock, croft, small piece of arable ground, cruach, a hill, heap. Crorulech. (W.) W. cromlech, a flag¬ stone laid across others. — W. crom, crooked; llech, flat stone. Crone,^ an old woman. (C.) Irish and Gael, crion, withered, dry, old ; Gael. criontag, a sorry mean female. — Ir. and Gael, crion, W. crino, to wither. Der. cron-y, orig. an old gossip. Crook, a hook, bend. (E.) M. E. crok (Ancren Rivvle); prob. E.-f O. Du. kroke, Du. kreuk, Icel. krokr, Swed. krok, Dan. krog, hook, bend, angle. Also Gael. crocan, a crook, W. crwca, crooked ; W. crwg, a crook. (-^ SKARK.) See Cross. cricket, a game. (E.) The game suc¬ ceeded a kind of hockey, played with a hooked stick. Dimin. of A. S. cricc, a staff; see crutch below. crochet. (F. — Teut.) Y. crochet, a little hook ; dimin. of croc, a crook. — Icel. ki'okr, a hook (above). crosier. (F. - Teut.) M. E. crocer, croser, &c. Formed, with suffix -er, from M. E. croce, in the same sense of 'bishop’s staff.’ —O. F. croce, 'a crosier,’ Cot; mod. F. crosses Low L. ci'ocia.mmO. F. ci'oc, a crook; see crochet above. ^ Not from ci'oss, to which it is only ultimately re¬ lated. cross, (r. —L.) M. E. crois, cros (both are used). — O. F. crois, Prov. crotz, cros, croz, a cross.— L. crucem, acc. of crux, a cross, orig. a gibbet (from its ' bent ’ arm); allied to W. crog, a cross, crwg, a crook, Gael, croich, a gibbet; W. crogi, Gael. croch, to hang. See Crook above. Der. a-cross. cross, adj. (F. — L.) Orig. transverse, from the shape of a cross ; hence peevish. crotchet, in music. (F.-Teut.) F. crochet, ‘ a small hook, a quaver in music ; ’ Cot. (I suppose the hooked mark now called a quaver was once called a crotchet) See crochet above. crouch. (E.) M. E. crouchen, allied to croken, to bend ; from M. E. crok, a crook. crucial. (F. — L.) F. crucial, ‘cross- CRUMB. CROP. like ; ’ Cot. — L. cnici-^ crude form of crux ; see cross. crucify. (F. — L.) O. F. C7'Mcifier.'^ Low L. crucijicare^, put for L. C7'ucifige7'e (pp. crucifixus), to fix on a cross. — L. C7'uci-, crude form of crux\ jigC7'ei to fix; see Fix. Der. C7'ucifix, -io7t. cruise. (Du. — F. — L.) Du. k7'uise7t, to cruise, cross the sea. — Du. k 7 'uis, a cross. — O. F. crois, a cross; see cross. crusade. (F. — Prov. — L.) F. croisade, an expedition in which men bore the badge of the cross. — Prov. C7'0zada. — Prov. C7'0z, cross.— L. c7'uce77i,2iQ,Q,. of crzix. crutch. (E.) M. E. crucche ; allied to A. S. cricc (better C7ycc), a crutch, staff; orig. a ‘hooked’ stick, -j- Du. k7'uk^ Swed. k 7 ycka, Dan. krykke, G. k7'iicke. encroach. (F. — L. a7id Teut.) Lit. to hook away, catch in a hook. — F. en, in; croc, a hook; cf. F. accrocJier, to hook up. — L. hi, in; and O. Du. kroke, Icel. kivkr, &c.; see Crook. excruciate, to torture. (L.) From pp. of L. exc7'ucia7'e, to torment greatly.— L. ex, very; C7'uciare, to torture on a gibbet, from cruci-. crude form of crux, a cross. Crop. (E.) A. S. cropp, the top of a plant, the craw of a bird; orig. a bunch. (Hence the verb to crop, to cut off the tops; and hence C7'op, a harvest.] + Du. krop, G. k 7 ‘opf, bird’s crop; Icel. k7'0ppr, a hunch ; Swed. k7'opp, Dan. k7'0p, trunk of the body. Cf. W. cropcL, Gael, and Ir. sgi'oban, bird’s crop. [To crop out is to bunch out.] croup (2), hinder part of a horse. (F. — Teut.) F. c7'oupe, crupper; orig. pro¬ tuberance.—Icel. k7'oppr, a hunch (above). crupper. (F. — Teut.) F. ci'oupiere.'-^ F. crotLpe (above). group. (F. — Ital. — G.) F . g7'oupe. — Ital. groppo, a knot, heap, group. - G. kropf, a crop, wen on the throat, orig. a bunch (above). Crosier ; see Crook. Cross, Crotchet ; see Crook. Croton, plant. (Gk.) Gk. Kporojv, a tick, which the croton-seed resembles. Crouch ; see Crook. Croup ( 1 % a disease. (E.) Lowland Sc. croupe, crope, to croak, make a harsh noise. — A. S. hr6pa7i, to cry out. -f- Icel. Juvpa, Goth. h7'0pja7i, Du. 7'oepe7i, G. rufe7i. The A. S. form might also be gelrropau’. the c is due to h or ge- Croup (2) ; see Crop. Crow, vb. (E.) A. S. C7'dwa7i, to crow. + Du. kraaije7i, G. krdheii ; allied to C7'akey C7'oak. (^GAR.) Der. crow, A. S. crdwe, a bird (croaker); crow-bar, bar with a crow-like beak. Crowd (i), to push, throng. (E.) A. S. C7'e6da7i, pt. t. credd, to push; whence C7'oda, gecrod, a crowd, throng. Crowd ( 2 ), a fiddle. (W.) M. E. croude. - W. crwth, a trunk, belly, crowd, violin, fiddle ; Gael, cruit, harp. rote ( 2 ), an old musical instrument. (F. — G. —C.) O. F. rote, a kind of fiddle; answering to O. H. G. hrotd, rotd, a rote; Low L. ch7'otta. Of Celtic origin. - W. crwth, a violin; Gael. C7'uit, a harp. Crown. (F. — L.) M. E. C07'07ie, C07'0U7ie (whence crouTte). — O. F. co7'07ie (,F. cou- ro 7 i 7 ie). — L. coro7ia, a wreath, -j- Gk. Kopojvis, Kopojvos, curved; Gael. C7'umn, \V. crw7i, round. Allied to Curve, Circle. cornice. (F. — Ital. — L. — Gk.) F. coriiiche. — Ital. cor7iice. - Low L. co7'7iice77i, acc. of cornix, a border, short for coro7iix, a square frame. — Gk. Kopojvis, curved; as sb., a wreath, cornice. corolla. (L.) L. coi'olla, dimin. oico7'ona. corollary. (L.) L. corolla7'iu77i, a pre¬ sent of a garland, a gratuity; also, an additional inference. — L. corolla (above). coronal, a crown. (F. — L.) Properly an adj. — F. coro7ial, adj. —L. co7'07ialis, belonging to a crown. — L. co7'07ia. coronation. (L.) Late L. acc. corona- tione77i, from pp. of coro7ia7'e, to crown.— L. coro7ia. coroner. (L.) Also crowiier-, both forms are translations of Low L. coroiiator, a coroner; lit. one who crowns, also, a crown-officer. — L. coroiiare, to crown (above). coronet. (F.-L.) Dimin. of O. F. co 7 'one, a crown ; see Crown. Crucial, Crucify; see Crook. Crucible; see Crock. Crude. (L.) L. crudus, raw. Allied to Raw. cruel. (F.-L.) O. F. cruel. cru- delis, cruel; allied to crudus, raw (above). Cruet; see Cruse. Cruise; see Crook. Crumb. (E.) A. S. cruma. (The final b is excrescent.) From an old verb ap¬ pearing in prov. E. C7'i77i, to crumble bread, allied to Crimp, Cramp, -f Du. ki'uhn, Dan. kru 77 i 77 ie, G. k7m77ie, a crumb; allied to M. H. G. kriiiiineii, to pinch, tear. CRUMPLE. CULDEE. Der. crtimh-le^ verb; cf. Du. krtiimelen^ G. krihjieln^ to crumble. Crumple; see Cramp. Crunch. (E.) An imitative word. Crupper ; see Crop. Crural. (L.) L. cruralis^ belonging to the leg. — L. crur-, stem of crus^ the leg. Crusade ; see Crook. Cruse, a small pot. (Scand.) M. E. crtise. — Icel. krus, a pot; Swed. krus, Dan. krttus^ a mug; Du. kroes^ cup, pot, crucible; M. H. G. tise, mug. Prob. allied to Crock. cresset. (F. — Teut.) M. E. cresset, a light in a cup at the top of a pole. — O. F. crasset, a cresset; croiset, creuset, a cruet, pot, crucible. —O. Du. kruyse (Du. kroes), a cup, pot (above). cruet. (F. — Teut.) Allied to F. creuset, * a cruet,’ Cot. Of Teut. origin ; see above. Crush. (F. — Teut.) O. F. cruisir, C7'oissir, to crack, break.—Swed. krysta, Dan. kryste, to squeeze; Goth, kriustan, to gnash with the teeth, krusts, gnashing of teeth. Crust. (F. — L.) O. F. cruste (F. croilte). — L. crusta, crust of bread. Cf. Gk. k^vos, frost; see Crystal. custard. (F. — L.) Put for crustade, by shifting oir; compare buskin (for brusktn). Formerly custade, crustade, and orig. used with the sense of ‘ pasty.’ — O. F. ci'oustade, a pasty. — L. crustata, fern. pp. of crustare, to encrust. — L. crusta, a crust. Crutch ; see Crook. Cry; see Querulous. Crypt. (L. — Gk.) L. crypta. — Gk. KpvTTTT], a vault, hidden cave; orig. fern, of fcpvTTTos, hidden. — Gk. KpvTTTeiv, to hide. apocrypha. (Gk.) Lit. ‘hidden things,’ books of the Old Testament not commonly read. — Gk. airoKpv^a, neut. pi. of airoKpvcpos, hidden. —Gk. duo-KpvTTT€LV, to hide away, grot. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. grotte, a cave. — Low \^.grupta, crupta ; L. crypta (above), grotesque. (F. — Ital. - L. - Gk.) F. gi'otesque, ludicrous. — Ital. curious painted work, such as was employed on the walls of grottoes. — Ital. grotta (below). grotto. (Ital. — L. — Gk.) Better grotta. Ital. grotta ; the same as F. grotte (above). Crystal. (F. —L. — Gk.) Formerly cris- tal. — O. F. cristal. — L. crystallum, crystal. — Gk. Kpv(TTa\\o9, ice, crystal. — Gk. KpvaraLveiv, to freeze. — Gk. Hpvos, frost. Cub. (C.) Irish cuib, a cub, whelp; from cu, a dog. See Hound. 103 Cube. (F. —L.-Gk.) F. cube. — L. acc. cubum. — Gk. kv^os, a cube, die. Cubit. (L.) L. cubitus, an elbow, bend; the length from the elbow to the middle finger’s end. Allied to L. cubare, to lie down, recline ; see Covey. Cuckold, Cuckoo ; see Cock (i). Cucumber. (L.) The b is excrescent; M. E. cucu77ier. — L. C7icu77ie7'e7n, acc. of cucu7nis, a cucumber. Prob. from coque7''e, to ripen ; see Cook. Cud. (E.) M. E. ctide, code, quide. That which is chewed. Doubtless from the same base as A. S. ceowan, to chew; but ;^^.oi'L,.cuinulare, to heap up. — L. ctuTiulus, a heap. (y'KU.) accumulate. (L.) From pp. of L. ac-cu77iulare, to amass ; {ac-=ad). cumber. (F.-L.) M. E. co77ibre7t.^ O. F. co7}ib7‘er, to hinder. — Low L. cti 7 n- b7'us, a heap ; corruption of L. cu 77 i 7 ihis, a heap. Thus ctwiber — to put a heap in the way. Der. en-cu77iber, from O. F. e7ico77ibrer, to encumber, load. Cuneate, wedge-shaped. (L.) With suffix -ate, from L. cu7ie-us, a wedge. Allied to Cone. Der. cunei-for 77 i ', i. e. wedge-shaped. See Coin. Cunning, sb. and adj.; see Can (i). Cup. (L.) A.S. ctippe, a cup. — L. a tub ; in late L., a drinking-vessel ; ^ whence also Du. Dan. kop, F. coupe, &c. CURE. ■4“ O. Slav, kupa, Gk. kvtt^XXov, a cup. kvttt], a hollow ; Skt. kiipa, a hollow. cupboard. (L. aTtd E.) M. E. ctip- borde, orig. a side-board for holding cups; Allit. Poems, B. 1140 ; Morte Arth. 206 . cupola. (Ital. - L.) Ital. cupola, a dome; from its shape. — Low L. cupa, a cup. Cupid, god of love. (L.) L. cupido, desire.— L. ctipere, to desire. + Skt. kup, to become excited. Der. cupid-i-ty, F. cupidite, from L. cupiditas. concupiscence. (F.-L.) F. co7tcu- pisceuce, — L. co7tcupisce7itia, desire. — L. co 7 t~ cupiscere, to desire ; inceptive form of coTt- cupere. covet. (F. - L.) M. E. coueiteTt. — O. F. cotieiter (F. convoiter), Cf. Ital. cubi- tare (for cupitare), to covet. Formed, as if from L. cupiditare'^, from cupidus, desirous of. — L. cupe7'e, to desire (above). Cupola; see Cup. Cupreous ; see Copper. Cur. (Scand.) M. E. curre. — Swed. dial, kurre, a dog. + O. Du. korre, a house-dog. Named from growling. — Icel. kurra, to murmur, grumble. Curate ; see Cure. Curb; see Curve. Curd. (C.) M. E. curd, crud.<^\n^ cruth, gruth, Gael, gruth, curds. Cf. W. cr^d, a round lump. Cure. (F.-L.) O. F. cure.^F. cui'a, attention. ^ Not allied to care. accurate. (L.) From pp. of L. ac- curare, to take pains with ; {^ac~ =ad). assure. (F.-L.) M.E. assu 7 'e 7 t. •• O. F. aseiirer, to make secure. — O. F. a ( = L. ad') ; seiir, sure; see sure below. curate. (L.) Low L. curatus, a priest, curate ; curatuTn be7ieficiu7n, a benefice with cure of souls. — L. ctira, cure. curious. (F.-L.) O. F. curios. curiosus, attentive. — L. cura, attention. ensure, to make sure. (F.-L.) Com¬ pounded of F. cTi (L. hi), in; and O. F. seiir, sure; see sure (below). proctor. (L.) M. E. proketour ; short form of procuratour. — O. F. p7'Ocurator. — L. acc. procu7'atore77i ; see below. procurator. (L.) L. procurator, a manager, deputy. — L. pro-curare ; see below. procure. (F.-L.) F. procurer. pro-cura7'e, to take care of, manage. proxy. (Low L. - L.) Short for pro¬ curacy. — Low L. procuratia, used for L. CURFEW. CURRY. pj'ocurafio^ management. — L. procurare, to manage (above). scour. (F. — L.) O. F. escurer, to scour. Cf. Span, escurar, O. Ital. scu7'are, to scour, rub up. — L. excu7'are, to take great care of. — L. ex, very; curare^ to take care, from cura, care. secure. (L.) L. se-cm'us, free from anxiety. — L. se-, apart from ; cura, anxiety. sicker, siker, certain, secure. (L.) M. E. siker. Borrowed from L. securus, secure; whence also O. Fries, siker, sikur, Du. zeker, G. sicker, O. H. G. sichur, Swed. sdker, Dan. sikker, W. sicr. See secure (above). sinecure. (L.) Foi sine curd, without cure of souls. sure. (F. — L.) O. F. seiir (F. si^ 7 '), earliest form segur. — L. securus \ see se¬ cure above. Doublet, secure. Curfew ; see Cover. Curious ; see Cure. Curl, sb. (O. Low G.) M. E. crul (with shifting of r). - O. Du. krul, a curl, krullen, to curl; Dan. krdlle, a curl, Swed. krullig, curly. Prob. O. Du. h'ullen is short for kreukelen, to crimp, crumple, from kreuk, a crook; see Crook. Curlew, a bird. (F.) O.F. corlieu, * 2 , curlue; ’ Cot. Cf. Ital. chiurlo, a curlew, chiurlare, to howl, Swed. kurla, to coo; so that it is named from its cry. Curmudgeon. (E. and F.) Formerly corn-mudgin (Phil. Holland); it means a hoarder of corn, hence a stingy fellow. Mudgin is for mudging, pres. pt. of mtidge, to hoard, also spelt 77tooch (M. E. muchen'), to skulk; from O. F. mucer, to hide, to lurk (of unknown origin). Currant. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly 7'aysy7ts of corouns. — F. raisins de Corinthe, ‘ currants,’ Cot. Hence currant is a cor¬ ruption of Corinth (L. Corinthus, Gk. Fopivdos). Current, running, flowing. (F. — L.) M. E. curra7it, O. F. curant, pres. pt. of citrre, corre (F. courir'), to run. — L. cur 7 'ere, to run. -f- Skt. char, to move, (y' KAR.) coarse, rough. (F. — L.) Formerly co2i7'se, an adj. which arose from the phrase hi cou7'se to denote anything of an ordinary character; cf. mod. E. of course. See course (below). concourse. (F.-L.) F. concours.^ L. concursus, a running together. — L. con- cu7'sus, pp. of con-currcre, to run together. 105 concur. (L.) L. con-cunxre, to run together, agree. corridor. (F.-Ital. —L.) Y. corridor. ■“ Ital. corridore, a swift horse; also, a long (running along) gallery. — Ital. cor- rere, to run. — L. cur7'ei''e, to run. corsair. (F. — Prov. — L.) Y.coi'saire. — Prov. corsa7'i, one who makes the course (corsa). — Prov. corsa, a course, cruise. — L. cursus, a course; cursus, pp. of curre7x. courier. (F. — L.) F. courier, a runner. — F. courir, to run. —L. cur7'e7‘e. course. (F. —L.) F. cou7'se.’^Y,. cur- su7n, acc. of cursus, a course ; from pp. of curre7'e. Der. cou7's-er, a swift horse. curricle, (L.) L. cu7'riculu7n, a run¬ ning ; also, a light car. — L. currere, to rurw cursive. (L.) Low L. cursivus, flow ing ; said of hand-writing, — L. curs-us, pp. of currere, to run. cursory. (L.) Low L. cursoi'his, hasty. — L. cursori-, crude form of cui'sor, a runner.— L. curs-us (above). discourse. (F. — L.) O.F. discours, sb. — L. discursus, a running about; also, conversation. — L. discursus, pp. of dis- currere, to run about. discursive. (L). From pp. discursus. excursion. (L.) L. excursioncTn, acc. of excursio, a running out. — L. excursus, pp. of ex-cur 7 'e 7 'e, to run out. incur. (L.) L. in-currere, to run into, run upon, befall. incursion. (F. — L.) F. incursion.^ L. hicursio7ie7n, acc. of incttrsio, an inroad. — L. i7icu7'sus, pp. of hi-cur7'ere, to run into, attack. intercourse. (F.-L.) Modified from F. entVecours, intercourse, commerce. — Low L. inter-cursus, commerce ; lit. a run¬ ning between or amongst. occur. (F.-L.) F. occuri'er.^^Y. oc- currere, to run to meet, occur; {oc- = ob.) precursor. (L.) Y. prce-cursor, a fore¬ runner; see cursory (above). recourse. (F.-L.) F. recou7's.’^Y. recursuTn, acc. of 7'ecursus, a running back; from pp. of re-cu7'rere, to run back. recur. (L.) L. re-cu7'7'e7'e, to run back, recur. succour. (F.-L.) M. E. socou 7 'en.^ O. Y.sucurre (Burguy). Mod. F. secoui'ir. — L. suc-curre7'e, to run under or to, run to help, aid {sue-= sub'). Curry (i), to dress leather. (F.-L. W Teut.) O. F. co7iroier, conreier (Burguy), later conroyer, coui'roier, to curry, dress E 3 CURRY. CYCLE. 106 leather, orig. to prepare. — O. F. conrct, gear, preparation. A hybrid word ; made by prefixing con- ( = L. con-, cu77i) to O. F. roi, order (Ital. -7'edo in arredo, array), p. This O. F. roi is of Scand. origin; from Dan. rede, order, also to set in order, Icel. redSi, tackle. Precisely the same O. F. roi helps to form E. ar-7'ay ; see Array. ^ To curry favour is a corrup¬ tion of M. E. to curry favel, to mb down a horse; Favel was a common old name for a horse. Curry (2), a seasoned dish. (Pers.) From Pers. khur, meat, flavour, relish; cf. khurdi, juicy meats, khurdk, eatables. Curse. (E.) A. S. ctirsian, verb ; curs, | sb., an imprecation. Der. ac-cursed, from M. E. acorsien, to curse extremely, where the prefix a- = K. S. a-, very; see A- ( 4 ). Cursive, Cursory ; see Current. Curt. (L.) L. cu7'tus, short, cut short. See Short, (y' SKAR.) curtail. (F. — L.) It has nothing to do with tail ; but is a cormption of the older form curtal, verb, to dock; from the adj. curtal, having a docked tail (All’s Well, ii. 3 . 65 ). — O. F. courtault, later courtaut, * curtail, being curtailed;' Cot. The same as Ital. coHaldo, ‘ a curtail, a horse sans taile,’ Florio. Formed, with suffix -ault (= Ital. -aldo, Low L. -aldus, from G. wald, power), from O. F. court, short. — L. cu7'tus, short (as above). Curtain; see Court. Curtleaxe ; see Coulter. Curtsey; see Court. Curve, a bent line. (L.) L. cumnis, bent. 4 * Gk. Kvpros, bent. Allied to Circle. Der. curv-at-ure, L. curuatura, from pp. of curuare, to bend; from curuus. curb. (F. — L.) M. E. courben, to bend. F. courber, to bend, bow. — L. curuare (above). curvet. (Ital. — L.) Ital. corvetta, a curvet, leap, bound. — O. Ital. corvare (now cu 7 'vare'), to bend, crook, stoop, bend about. — L. curuare, to bend. incurvate, to crook. (L.) From pp. of L. in-curuare, to bend into a curve. kerbstone. (F. — L.; a7id E.) Here kerb is for curb ; so called because the stone curbs the stone-work or keeps it in its place; or from its being, as round a well, on a curved edge. Cushat, the ring-dove. (E.) A. S. cu- sceote, a wild pigeon. Cushion ; see Quilt. Cusp. (L.) L. ctispis, a point. Custard; see Crust. Custody. (L.) L. custodia, a keeping guard. — L. custodi-, cmde form of custos, a guardian; lit. ' hider.* Cf. Gk. K€v6€iv, to hide. See Hide. (V KUDH.) Custom. (F. — L.) M. E. custu7ne. — O. F. custu77ie, costu77ie ; Low L. costu77ia. The Low L. costu77ia (as in other cases) is due to neut. pi. consuetu77ii7ia, from a sing. consuetumen, a word used in place of L. consuetude, custom (Littre). —L. co7isuetus, pp. of consuescere, to accustom, inchoative form of consuere, to be accustomed. — L. con- {cu77i), together, very; sue7'e, to be accustomed (Lucretius). Sue7'e is prob. from suus, own ; so that sue7'e = to make one’s own, have it one’s own way. accustom. (F. — L.) O.Y.estre acos- tuTne, to be accustomed. — F. (for Y,, ad)\ O. F. costur7ie, custom (above). costume. (F. —Ital.-L.) O.F. costu77te, a costume. — Ital. costu77ie. — Low L. cos- tu 7 na (as above). Doublet of custo77i. desuetude, disuse. (L.) L. desuetudo, disuse. — L. desuetus, pp. of de-sues cere, to grow out of use, opposed to co7i-suescere ; see Custom. Cut. (C.) M. E. cutten, a weak verb. — — W. ewtau, to shorten, dock; compare W. cwtws, a lot, with M. E. cut, a lot (Ch. C. T. 837 ). So also Gael, cutaich, to shorten, cut short. Cf. also W. civt, a tail, Gael, and Ir. cut, a short tail; Com. cut, short. See Coot. Cuticle. (L.) L. cuticula, double dimin. of cutis, hide, skin. See Hide. KU, SKU.) Der. cut-a7i-e-ous, from cut-is. Cutlass, Cutler; see Coulter. Cutlet; see Coast. Cuttle, a fish. (E.) Formerly ctidele, A. S. cudele, a cuttle-fish. Altered to cuttle by the influence of G. kuttelfisch. Cycle. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. cycle. — L. cycluTn, acc. of cyclus. — Gk. kvkKos, a circle, cycle. + Skt. chakra, a wheel, circle. Allied to Curve, Circle. Der. cyclo7te = Gk. kvkKwv, whirling round, pres. pt. of kvkXoqj, I whirl round ; epi-cycle ; bi-cycle. Also en-cyclo-pcedia, instruction in the circle of sciences ; from Gk. kyKVKKoTTaidcia, put for kyfcv/c\LOS Traibeia, circular or com¬ plete instruction (see Pedagogue).^ Also e 7 tcyclical, circular, from Gk. eyKVKXi-os, circular; used of an epistle which goes round to many. CYGNET. DAGGER. Cygnet, a young swan, (F. — L.) Dimin. of O. F. cigfie, a swan. Strangely enough, this O. F. word is not from L. cycnus, a swan; but the oldest O. F. spelling was cisne^ from Low L. cecinus^ a swan. See Diez. Cylinder. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. cilindre^ later cylind^^e. — L. cylindrus. — Gk. KvXivdpos, a roller, cylinder. — Gk. Kv\ivd€iv, to roll; from kvXUlv, to roll. Cf. Russ. kolo, a wheel. (VKAL.) calender, a machine for smoothing cloth. (F. —L. — Gk.) ' Calender, to press linen ; * Bailey. — F. calendrer, to smooth linen; calandre, sb., a calender. — Low L. celendra, a calender ; corruption of L. cylindrus, a roller (as above). Der. calender, a smoother of linen, a mistaken form for calendrer. Cymbal. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. cwihale. j —O.F. cimbale. — L. cyinbalum. — Gk. Kvfx^aXov, a cymbal; named from its cup¬ like shape. — Gk. KVfx^jj, a cup. -f- Skt. I ku7nbhd, a jar. Allied to Cup ; and see Comb ( 2 ). (V KUBH.) chime, sb. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. chimbe, of which the orig. sense was cymbal; hence the chime or ringing of a cymbal. Shortened from F. chhnbale, dialectal form of O.F. cimbale (above). Der. chune, verb. Cynic, lit. dog-like. (L.-Gk.) L. cyni- cus. — Gk. KvvLKos, dog-like, a Cynic. — Gk. KVV-, stem of kvojv, a dog; see Canine. cynosure. (L. - Gk.) L. cynosura, the stars in the tail of the constellation of the Lesser Bear; one of these is the Pole- star, or centre of attraction to the magnet. — Gk. Kvvoaovpa, the Cynosure, tail of the 107 Lesser Bear; lit. 'dog’s tail.’-Gk./fwoy, gen. of KVCX7V, a dog ; ovpa, a tail. quinsy. (F. — Gk.) Formerly squhi- ancy.^O. F. squinancie ( 16 th cent.) ; also squinance, ' the squinancy or squinzie ; ’ Cot. Formed with prefixed j ( = 0. F. es-, L. .ex, very) from Gk. kwol^kt], lit. a dog¬ throttling, applied to a bad kind of sore throat. — Gk. kvv-, stem of kvojv, a dog ; to choke. Cypress (i), a tree. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. cipres. — O. F. cypres, later cypj'es, — L. cyparis^us, cupressus. — Gk. Kvirapiaaos, cypress-tree. Cypress ( 2 ), a kind of crape. (L. ?) Palsgrave explains F. crespe by ‘ a cypress for a woman’s neck ; ’ Cotgrave has ' crespe, cipres, cobweb lawn.’ The origin of cypj'ess is not known ; perhaps from L. cypej'us (as in Cyperus textilis'), which was certainly spelt cypres in English ; thus Cotgrave has: ' Cypere, cyperus or cypresse, galingale, a kind of reed.’ ^ It can hardly be corrupted from O. F. crespe, which is represented clearly enough by E. C7^ape. Cyst, a pouch (in animals) containing morbid matter. (L. — Gk.) Formerly written cystis. — Late L. cystis. — Gk. kvcttis, a bag, pouch. — Gk, Kveiv, to contain. iV KU.) Czar, the emperor of Russia. (Russ. — L.) Russ, tsare (with e mute), a king. Cor¬ rupted from L. Cxsar. ^ This has been disputed; but see Matt. xiii. 24 in Schleicher, Indogermanische Chrestomathie, p. 275 , where O. Slav, cesarstvo occurs for mod. Russ, tsarstuo, kingdom. Der. czarowiiz, from Russ, tsarevich^ czar’s son. D. Dab (i), to strike gently. (E.) M. E. dabben\ also dabbe, a blow. Not in A. S. + O. Du. dabben, to pinch, fumble, dabble ; G. tappen, to grope, prov. G. tappe, fist, blow. See Tap. dabble. (E.) To keep on dabbing; frequent, of dab. -F O. Du. dabbelen, to fumble, dabble ; frequent, of O. Du. dabben (above). Dab (2), expert. (L. ?) Supposed to be a corruption of adept. Dabble ; see Dab (i). Dab-chick ; see Didapper. Dace; see Dart. Dactyl. (L. — Gk.) L. dactylus, the metrical foot marked — Gk. daKTvXos, a finger, a dactyl. See Toe. date (2), fniit of the palm. (F.—L.- Gk.) M. E. date. — O. F. date (F. daiie), a date. — L. dactylum, acc. of dactylus. — Gk. daKTvXos, a finger; also a date (some¬ what like a finger) ; a dactyl. Dad. (C.) W. tad, Irish daid, Bret, tat, tad, father, -f- Gk. rdra, Skt. tata, dad. Daffodil ; see Asphodel. Dagger. (C.) M. E. daggere ; allied to io8 DAGGLE. DARE. dagge7t^ to pierce. —W. dagr^ Irish daigear, a dagger; O. Gael, daga, a dagger, pistol ; Bret, dag, dager (whence F. dagne). Daggle ; see Dew. Daguerrotype. (F. and Gk.) Formed by adding -o-type to F. Daguerre, a per¬ sonal name, the inventor (a.d. 1838 ). Dahlia. (Swed.) Named after Dahl^ a Swedish botanist. Dainty; see Dignity. Dairy ; see Dike. Dais ; see Disc. Daisy; see Day. Dale, a valley. (Scand.) hi. E. dale. — — Icel. dalr, Dan. Swed. dal, a dale. -J- Du. dal; Goth, da/s G. thal. dell, a dale. (O. Du.) M. E. delle.^ O. Du. delle, ‘a dale,’ Hexham. Allied to Du. dal, a dale. dollar. (Du. — G.) Du. daaldei', a dollar. Adapted and borrowed from G. thaler, a dollar. The G. thaler is short for Joachimsthaler, a coin made from silver found in Joachimsthal (Joachim’s dale) in Bohemia, ab. a.d. 1518 . Dally; see Dwell. Dam (i), a mound, bank against water. (E.) A. S. damni, only in the derived verb for-dc?n7na7i, to dam up.-f-Du. da7?i, Icel. da77i77ir, Dan. da7}i, Swed. da77i77i, hi. H. G. ta77i, G. da7n77i, a dam, dike. Goth. fau7'da7}mija7i, to dam up. Dam ( 2 ), a mother ; see Domain. Damage; see Damn. Damask. (Syria.) hi. E. damaske, cloth of Damascus. Heb. dmeseq, damask, Da7neseq, Damascus (Gen. xiv. 15 ). Der. da77iask-7‘ose ; datnask-ine, to inlay with gold (P\ da77iasqui7ier^, damson. (Syria.) F. daj7iaisi7ie, a Damascene plum. — F. Da77ias, Damascus. Dame; see Domain. Damn, to condemn. (F. — L.) hi. E. da)7i7ie7i, da77ip7te7i. — F. da77i7ier. — L. da77i7ia7'e, to condemn, fine. — L. da77i7iU7ii, loss, fine, penalty. condemn. (L.) L. con-de77ina7'e, to condemn wholly, pronounce to be guilty. damage. (F. — L.) hi. E. da77iage. — O. F. da77iage (F. do77i77iage') ; cf. Prov. da77i7tatje, answering to Low L. da77i7iati- cu77i^, harm ; we find Low L. da77maticus, condemned to the mines. — L. da77i7ia/us, pp. of da77i7iare (above). indemnify, to make damage good. (L.) Ill coined — L. i77-de77i7ii-s, unharmed, free fiom loss; and -fic-ai'e, for facc7'e, to make. indemnity. (F. — L.) F. mdeTUfiiti, — L. acc. inde77initate77i. — L. i7t-de77i7ii-s, unharmed, free from loss {da77mu7n'). Damp. (E.) Cf. hi. E. da77ipe7i, to suf¬ focate. Not in A. S. + 'D\i.da77ip, vapour, steam; Dan. da77ip, G. da77ipf, vapour; Swed. da77ib, dust. Allied to Gk. rixpos, vapour, Skt. dhupa, incense. (y'DHU.) See Dust. Damsel; see Domain. Damson; see Damask. Dance. (F. — O. H. G.) hi. E. dauncen. — O. F. da7zser.^0. H. G.dansSn, to drag along, trail, —O. H. G. dhisen, to drag, draw; allied to E. Thin. Dandelion; see Dental. Dandle. (E.) Cf. prov. E. dander, to wander idly; Lowl. Sc. da7idill, to go about idly. Frequent, form from a low G. base DAND, to trifle; cf. O. Du. da7tte7i, to trifle, O. F. dandmer, ‘ to look like an ass; ’ Cot. + G. tdndehi, to toy, trifle, play, dandle, lounge; from O. H. G. ta7it, a trifle, G. land, a toy. Cf. O. Ital. da7i- dola7'e, ‘ to dandle or play the baby,’ Florio; da7idola, a toy; words of Low G. origin. dandy. (F. —O. LowG.) F. da7tdi7t, ‘a meacock, noddy, ninny;’ Cot. From the O. Low G. base above. Dandrifi*, scurf on the head. (C.) For¬ merly dandruffe. — W. t07i, skin, peel; whence 77ia7'iJi)don ( = 77ianji}, dead, to7i, skin), scurf, dandriff; Bret, tali, scurf. The second syllable may be accounted for by W. drwg, Gael, droch, Bret, drotig, bad; the guttural becoming/, as in rotigh, &c. Dandy; see Dandle. Danger; see Domain. Dangle; see Ding. Dank ; see Dew. Dapper. (Du.) Orig. good, valiant; hence brave, fine, spruce. XV. cent. — Du. dapper, brave, -f O. H. G. taphar, weighty, valiant, G. tapper, brave; Goth, gadobs, fitting, from gadaba 7 i, to befit, to happen, befall. Russ, dobrui, good. Dapple; see Deep. Dare (i), to venture. (E.) hi. E. dar, I dare ; pt. t. do7'ste, durste. A. S. ic dear, I dare; he dear, he dare; pt. t. do7'ste ; infin. du7'7'a7i. -f- Goth, dars, I dare, dau7'sta. I durst, infin. daursan ; O. H. G. tar, I dare, infin. tu7'ran. Gk. OapaeTv, to be bold, Opaavs, bold; Skt. dxish, to dare. (y'DHARS.) DARE. DAUB. Dare ( 2 \ a dace; see Dart. Dark. (E.) M. E. derk. A. S. dcorc. Perhaps allied to Du. donker^ Swed. Dan. G. dunkel^ Icel. dokkr^ dark. Der. dark¬ some. darkling, in the dark. (E.) Formed with adv. suffix -ling, as in flat-ling, M. E. hedling (headlong), A. S. bcec-ling, back¬ wards. Darling; see Dear. Darn. (C.) W. darnio, to break in pieces, also to piece; darn, a piece, frag¬ ment, patch; Corn, darn, Bret. da7'n, a > fragment, piece. Prob. from y'DAR, to I tear. Darnel. (F. — Teut.) M. E. darnel, der- nel. From an O. F. word, now only preserved in Rouchi darnelle, darnel (Grand- gagnage); named from its stupefying quali¬ ties. Cf. Rouchi daw'nise, da^'nise, tipsy, giddy; O. F. darne, stupefied (Roquefort). From a Teut. base seen in O. Du. door, Dan. daare, G. thor, a fool, Swed. ddra, to infatuate; see Daze. Dart. (F. — O. Low G.) M. E. daid.^^ O. F. dart (F. dard). Of O. Low G. origin; A. S. daro’S, a dart, Swed. dart, a dagger, Icel. darra^r, a dart. Cf. A. S. deria^t, to injure. dace. (F. —O. Low G.) Formerly darce. — O. F. dars, nom. case of the word also spelt dart, meaning (i) a dart, ( 2 ) a dace. The fish is also called a dart, from its swift motion. dare ( 2 \ a dace. (F. — O. Low G.) F. dard, a dart (as above). Dash. (Scand.) M. E. dase/ien. daske, to slap, Swed. daska, to beat; we speak of water dashing against rocks. Dastard; see Daze. Date (i), a given point of time. (F. — L.) M. E. date. — F. date, date. — Low L. data, a date; L. data, neut. pi. of datus, given, dated.— L. dare, to give, -f- Gk. hiGojjxi, I give; hoTos, given; Skt. daddmi, I give; Russ, darite, to give. (y'DA.) condone (L.) L. co7tdo7tare, to remit, pardon.— L. con- (cum), wholly; donare, to give ; see donation (below). die ( 2 ), a small cube for gaming. (F.— L.) Used as sing, of M. E. dys, more usually dees, dice. — O. F. dez, dice, pi. of det, a die (F. defl Cf. Prov. dat, \\. 2 \.dada. Span. dcido, a die. — Low L. dadus (orig. dattis), a die, lit. a thing given or shewn, i. e. thrown forth. — L. datus, pp. of da 7 'e, to give, donation. (F. — L.) F. donation. 109 acc. donationei7i, a gift, from pp. of donaix, to give. — L. donu77i, a gift, -f- Gk. dwpov, a gift. (y'DA, to give.) dowager, a widow with a jointure. (F. — L.) Coined from doivage, an endowment. Again dowage is coined (with suffix -age) from F. dou-er, to endow.— L. dotare, to endow.— L. dot-, stem of dos, a gift, dowry. Allied to dare, to give. Der. en-dow, from F. en and douer. dower, an endowment. (F. — L). M. E. dower. — O. F. doaire, later douau'e. — Low L. dotarium.'^'L,. dotare, to endow (above). Der. dowr-y, short for dower-y. edition. (L.) L. editionem, acc. of editio, a publishing. — L. editus, pp. of ede7'e, to give out, publish. — L. e, cut; da7'e, to give. Der. edit, a coined word. pardon, forgiveness. (F. —L.) M. E. pardoun.^Y. pardoit, sb. — F. pardon 7 ier, to forgive. — Low L. per-dona7'e, to remit a debt, pardon ; see Donation (above). perdition. (F.-L.) ¥. pe7'dition.^Y. acc. perditio7ie77i, utter loss. ^^'L. pe7'dittcs, pp. of pe7'dere, to lose. — L. per, thorough¬ ly ; dare, to give. reddition, a restoring. (F. — L.) F. reddition. — L. redditio7ie77i, acc. of 7'edditio, a restoring. — L. reddere, to give back. «L. red-, back; da7'e, to give. render. (F.-L.) M. E. rendi^en.^Y. 7'end7'e.'^Y. reddere (above). rendezvous. (F. - L.) F. rendezvous, ‘ a rendevous, place appointed for the assemblie of souldiers ; * Cot. — F. reiidez vous = L. reddite uos, render yourselves; imperative pi. rent (2), annual payment. (F. — L.) M. E. re7ite.^Y. re7tte. Cf. Ital. re7tdita, rent.—Low L. rendita'^, nasalised form of L. reddita, fern, of pp. of redde7'e, to render; see render (above). surrender. (F. — L.) F. sui'i^endre, to give up. — F. sur (= L. supe7'), above ; rend7'e, to render; see render (above). tradition. (L.) L. t7'aditio, a surren¬ der, a tradition (Col. ii. 8). —L. t7'aditus, pp. of t7'ade7'e, to deliver.— L. tra-, for t7-a77s, across; -de7'e, for dare, to give. traitor. (F. — L.) O. F. traiteur, trai¬ tor. — L. traditore7n, acc. of traditor, a betrayer. — L. t7'aditus (above). treason. (F. — L.) M. E. traisoit.-~ O. F. t7'aiso7i. — L. acc. t7'aditio7ie77i ; see tradition (above). Date (2), a fruit; see Dactyl. Daub. (F. —L.) M. E. dauhen. — O.Y, no DAUGHTER. DEBAUCH. dauber^ to plaster; answering to an older form dalber^, — L. dealba7'e, to whiten, plaster. — L. de, down, very; albare, to whiten, from albtis, white; see Alb. Cf. Sip 2 LU. jalbeg-ar { = dealbicare^), to plaster. (Is^ot from W. dwb, Gael, and Ir. doby plaster.) Der. be-daub. Daugliter. (E.) M. E. doghtery doliter. A. S. dohtor. + Du. dochteVy Dan. dattevy dottevy Swed. dottery Icel. dottiry Goth. datihta^'y G. tochtery Russ, dochcy Gk. Ovyarrjpy Skt. duhitxi. The Skt. duhitxi seems to have meant ‘ milker ’ of the cows ; from duh ( = d/mg/i), to milk. Daunt. (F. — L.) M. E. daimte^i. — O. F. da^iter’y also doiiter. — L. domitaj^ey to tame, subdue; frequent, of do7na7'ey to tame; see Tame. indomitable. (L.) Coined from in-y not; domitarCy to subdue (above). Dauphin; see Dolphin. Davit, a support for ship’s boats. (F.) Corrupted from F. davievy forceps, pincers, iron hook or cramp. Orig. unknown. Daw. (E.) From the noise made by the bird; cf. caw. -f- O. H. G. tdhay a daw; dimin. tahele (now G. dohle)y a daw; whence Ital. taccay a daw (Florio). Der. jack-daw. Dawn; see Day. Day. (E.) hi. E. dayy daiy dcci. A. S. d(2gy pi. dagas. Du. Dan. Swed. dagy Icel. dagry G. tag, Goth. dags. ^ In no way allied to L. dies. daisy. (E.) M. E. dayesye (4 syllables). A. S. dceges edgCy eye of day, i. e. sun, which it resembles. dawn. (E.) M. E. daw7ien ; also dawe7iy of which daw-7i-e7i is an extension. — A. S. dagia7ty to become day, dawn. — A. S. dag-y stem of dcEg. Daze. (Scand.) M. E. dase7ty to stupefy. — Swed. dasa. to lie idle; Icel. dasasky to be wearied, lit. to daze oneself, where -sk is the reflexive suffix. The orig. sense is to be stupid, to doze; see Doze. dastard. (Scand.; with Scand. stiffix.') M. E. dastard'y where -ard is a F. suffix, as in dull-ardy slugg-ard. — Icel. dcestVy exhausted, pp. of dcesay to be out of breath ; dasa^Ty exhausted, wear}", pp. of dasasky to be weary (above). Cf. Icel. dasiy a lazy fellow, O. Du. dasae7'ty a fool. The orig. sense is * sluggard.’ dazzle, to confuse. (Scand.) From daze ; with frequent, suffix de. Der. be¬ dazzle. j ’ De- (i), p7‘efix. (L.; or F. —L.) L. de, I down, away, from, very; hence sometimes i P de- O F de- De-'( 2 ), prefix. (F.-L.) F. di-y O. F. des- ; from L. dis- ; see Dis-. Deacon. (L. — Gk.) dekeTt. A. S. deacon. ^1^. diaco7tus. — G\i. diaKovoSy a ser¬ vant, a deacon. (v'DI.) diaconal, belonging to a deacon. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. diaco7iaL — Low L. diaco}i- aliSy from L. diaco7ius (above). Dead; see Die (i). Deaf. (E.) M. E. deef. A. S. dedf.’^ Du. doofy Dan. doVy Swed. dof, Icel. daiifry Goth, danbsy G. taub. Orig. ^ obfuscated allied to Gk. rvcpoSy smoke, darkness, stupor. (^ DHU.) Deal (i), a share, a thin board. (E.) M. E. deel. A. S. d. de-US ; with suffix •ist. deuce ( 2 ), an evil spirit, the devil. (F.) M. E. deuSy used interjectionally, like mod. E. deuce !. (Havelok). — O. F. Deus I O God ! a common exclamation. — L. Deus, O God, voc. of deus (above). Similar cor¬ ruptions in sense, esp. from good to bad, are common. So also Du. deus. jovial. (F. — L.) O. F. jovial, san¬ guine, lit. born under the lucky planet Jupiter.— L.pertaining to Jupiter. — L. loui-y crude form of O. Lat. louis, Jove, whence L. Ju-piter ( = Jove-father). louis stands for Ditwis, allied to deus, god ; cf. Gk. Ato?, gen. case of Zeus. And see Diurnal. Deject; see Jet (i). Delay; see Tolerate. Delectable; see Delicate. Delegate ; see Legal. Delete, to erase. (L.) L. deletus, pp. of delere, to destroy. Root uncertain. indelible. (F. — L.) Put for indeleble. — O. F. htdelehile, ^ Cot. — L. indelebilisy indelible.-L. in, not; delebilis, destructible, from delere, to destroy. Deleterious. (Gk.) Low L. d.eletei'ius ; for Gk. BrjXijrrjpioSy noxious. — Gk. B-qXrjrrjp, a destroyer. — Gk. drjXeopLai, 1 harm, injure. See Tear, (y' DAR.) Delf. (Du.) Earthenware first made at Delft, a town in S. Holland, about a. d. 1310.^ Deliberate; see Librate. Delicate, dainty, refined. (L.) L. delicatusy luxurious ; allied to delicia, pleasure, delight. —L. delicere, to amuse, allure. — L. de, away ; lacere, to entice. delectable. (F. - L.) Late M. E. delectable. — F. delectable. — L. delectabilis, delightful. — L. delectare, to delight; fre¬ quent. of de-licere, to allure, delicious. (F. — L.) M. E. deliciotis. — O. F. delicieus. — Low L. deliciosus, pleasant.— L. delicia, pleasure (above). delight. (F.-L.) Misspelt for delite. M. E. deliten, verb. — O. F. deliter, deleiter.^^F. delectare ; see delectable. dilettante, a lover of the fine arts. (Ital. — L.) Ital. dilettantCy lit. ‘ delighting in.’ — Ital. dilettare, to delight. — L. delectare, to delight; see delectable, elicit, to coax out. (L.) From pp. of E. e-licere, to draw out by coaxing. — L. e, out; lacere, to entice. And see Lace. Delineate; see Line. Delinquent; see Licence. Deliquesce; see Liquid. Delirious. (L.) . A coined word, from F. delirium, madness, which is also adopted into English. — L. delirus, mad ; lit. ‘ going out of the furrow.^ — L. de, from ; and lu'a, a furrow. Deliver; see Liberal. Dell ; see Dale. Delta. (Gk.) Gk. SeAra, the letter A ; answering to Heb. daleth, the name of the 4 th letter of the alphabet; orig. ^a door of a tent.’ Der. deltoid. Delude; see Ludicrous. Deluge; see Lave. Delve, to dig. (E.) M. E. dehien. A. S. delfan, pt. t. dealf pp. dolfen. -|- Du. delven ; M. H. G. fdbe^i. Extension from the base DAL, a dale. See Dale. Demagogue. (F. - Gk.) F. demagogue. — Gk. a popular leader.— Gk. 677 /x-o?, people; tt 7 a; 7 os,leading,from a 7 -€ti/, to lead. Demand; see Mandate. Demarcation ; see Mark (i). Demean; see Menace. Demented; see Mental. Demerit; see Merit. II4 DEMESNE. Demesne ; see Domain. Demi-, half. ^ (F. - L.) O. F; demi, half. — L. dimidius, half. — L. di~ == dis-^ apart; medius, middle ; see Medium. Demise; see Missile. Democracy; see Aristocracy. Demolish; see Mole (3). Demon. (F. — L. — Gk.) 0.¥. demon. L. dce77ion. — Gk. baiaojv. a cod, cenius, spirit. (^DA.) Demonstrate ; see Monition. Demoralise ; see Moral. Demur. (F.-L.) O. F. de77ieurer, de~ 77iourer., to tarry; hence, to hesitate.— L. de-77iorari, to delay fully. Demure ; see Moral. Demy ; a spelling of de 77 ii-. Den. (E.) M. E. den ; A. S. den 7 t^ a cave, allied to denu, a valley.-j-O. Du. denne, G. ten7ie^ floor, threshing-floor, cave. Denary ; see Decemvir. Dendroid. (Gk.) Gk. devdpo-v, a tree; -€idrjs, like, from eJdos, form, shape. Denizen ; see Interior. Denominate, Denote; see Noble. Denouement; see Node. Denounce; see Nuncio. Dense. (L.) L. densus, thick. 4 " Gk. daavs, thick. Der. con-dense. Dent ; see Dint. Dental. (L.) Formed from L. de 7 tt-^ stem of dens, a tooth, cognate with E. Tooth. dandelion, a flower. (F.-L.) Y.dent de hon, tooth of a lion; named from the leaves. — L. dent-em, acc. of dens, tooth; de, prep. ; leone7n, acc. of leo, lion. dentated, furnished with teeth. (L.) L. dentatus, toothed. — L. dent-, stem of dens. denticle, a little tooth. (L.) L. denti- culus, double dimin. of dens. dentifrice, tooth-powder. (L.) L. dentifricium (Pliny). — L. de 7 iti-, crude form of dens ; f7'ic-are, to rub. dentist. (L.) Coined from L. de 7 it-, stem of dens. dentition. (L.) L. de7ititione7n, acc. of dentitio, cutting of teeth. — L. de 7 ttitns, pp. of de7iti7'e, to cut teeth. — L. de 7 iti-, crude form of de 7 ts. indent, to cut into points like teeth. (Low L.) A law term. — Low. L. ht- de7ita7'e, to notch. —L. ht, in; de7tt-, stem of dens, a tooth. Der. indentw'e ; so called because duplicate deeds were cut with notched edges to fit one another. Denude; see Nude, DESERT. Denunciation; see Nuncio, Deny; see Negation. Depart; see Part. Depend; see Pendant. Depict; see Picture. Depilatory; see Pile ( 3 ). Depletion; see Plenary. Deplore. (F.-L.; 07 'L,.) O. F. deplorer. — L. deplorare, to lament over. — l^.de, fully; plorare, to wail, weep, make to flow, allied to pluuia, rain. explore. (F. - L.) F. explorer. — L. ex- plorare, to search out, lit. to make to flow out. — L. ex, out; plorare, to make to flow. implore. (F.-L.) F. miplorer. — L. implorare, to implore. — L. i7n- = m, on, upon; plorare, to wail. Deploy; see Ply. Deponent; see Position. Depopulate; see Popular. Deport; see Port (i). Depose; see Pose. Deposit, Depot; see Position. Deprave. (F.-L.) M.E. dep7'anen.-m O. F. depraver. — L. depraua7'e, to make crooked, distort, vitiate. — L. de, fully; prauus, crooked, depraved. Deprecate ; see Precarious, Depreciate; see Precious. Depredate; see Predatory, Depress; see Press. Deprive; see Private. Depth; see Deep. Depute ; see Putative. Derange; see Ring. Dereliction; see Licence. Deride; see Ridiculous. Derive; see Rivulet. Derm, skin. (Gk.) Gk. depfia, skin. —Gk. b€p€iv, to flay; cognate with E. Tear, vb. epidermis, cuticle. (L. — Gk.) L. epidermis. — Gk. knideppiis, upper skin. — Gk. km, upon; SkppL-a, skin. pachydermatous, thick-skinned. (Gk.) Gk. iraxv-s, thick; deppiaT-, stem of dkpfxa, skin. Ila;^us is allied to Tr-q^vvpLL, I fix; see Pact. And see Taxidermy. Derogate; see Rogation. Dervis, Dervish, a Persian monk, ascetic. (Pers.) Pers. da'rvish, poor ; a dervish, who professed poverty. Descant; see Cant ( 1 ). Descend; see Scan. Describe, Descry ; see Scribe. Desecrate; see Sacred. Desert (i), a waste; see Series. Desert ( 2 ), merit, Deserve; see Serve. DESHABILLE. DEXTER. Deshabille; see Habit. Desiccate ; see Sack (3), Desiderate; see Desire. Design; see Sign. Desire, to long for. (F. —L.) O.F. de- sirer, desirrer. — L. desiderare, to long for, regret, miss. Perhaps (like considerare) allied to sidus, a star, as if to' turn the eyes from the stars, to regret, miss. desiderate. (L.) L. desideratus^ pp. of desiderare (above). Desist; see State. Desk; see Disc. Desolate; see Sole (3). Despair; see Desperate. Despatch, Dispatch ; see Pedal. Desperate, hopeless. (L.) L. desperatus, pp. of desperare^ to lose all hope. —L. de, Irom; sper-^ from spe-^ crude form of spes, hope. (y'SPA.) despair. (F. - L.) M. E. despeiren, desperen. — O. F. desperer, to despair. — L. desperare (above). desperado, a desperate man. (Span. — L.) Span. desperado.'^Y,. desperatus, pp. of desperare (above). prosper. (F.-L.) O.Y, prosperer.^ lu.prosperare^ to be prosperous. — Y..prosper, prosperous, according to one’s hope. — L. pro, for, according to; sper-,iiomspes, hope, prosperous. (L.) Ij.prosperus, another form oiprosper, adj. Despise, Despite ; see Species. Despoil; see Spoil. Despond; see Sponsor. Despot, a tyrant. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. despote. — Low L. despotus. — Gk. d€aTr 6 rT]s, a master. The syllable ttot- is allied to Gk. TToais, husband, Skt. pafi, lord, and to Potent. Origin of Seer- unknown. Desquamation, a scaling off. (L.) L. de, off; squama, a scale. Dessert; see Serve. Destine, Destitute ; see State. ^ Destroy; see Structure. Desuetude; see Custom, Desultory; see Salient. Detach; see Tack. Detail; see Tailor. Detain; see Tenable. Detect; see Tegument. Detention; see Tenable. Deter; see Terror. Deterge, to wipe off. (L.) 'L,.deterge7'e, to wipe off. — L. de, off; tergere, to wipe. Deteriorate. (L.) L. deteidoratus, pp. of detcriorare, to make worse. — L. deterior, worse. Formed from de, away, from ; with comp, suffixes -ter-ior, (So also in-ter-ior from ini) Determine ; see Term. Detest; see Testament. Dethrone; see Throne. Detonate, to explode. (L.) L. detojiatus, pp. of detonare, to explode. — L. de, fully ; to thunder. (y'STAN.) Detour; see Turn. Detraction; see Trace (i). Detriment; see Trite. Detrude; see Intrude. Deuce (i), two ; see Dual. Deuce ( 2 ), a devil; see Deify. Devastate; see Vast. Develop; see Envelop. Deviate; see Viaduct. Device ; see Divide. Devil. (L. - Gk.) A. S. deSful, deSfol - L. diabolus. — Gk. did^oXos, the slanderer, the devil. — Gk. hia^oAXeiv, to throw across, traduce, slander. — Gk. Zid, through, across; (3d\\€iv, to throw ; see Belemnite. diabolical. (L. — Gk.) L. diabolic-us, devilish. — Gk. diaPoXiKos, devilish. — Gk. did^oXos, the devil (above). Devious; see Viaduct. Devise ; see Divide. Devoid; see Void. Devoir; see Habit. Devolve; see Voluble. Devote; see Vote. Devour; see Voracity. Devout; see Vote. Dew. (E.) M. E. deu, droj. A. S. dedw, dew. +Du. dauw, I cel dogg (gen. ddggvar), Dan. dug, Swed. dagg, G. thau. Perhaps allied to Skt. dhdv, to run, or dhdv, to wash. bedew, to cover with dew. (E.) From dew, with prefix be-. daggle, to moisten, wet with dew or spray. (Scand.) Frequentative verb from Swed. dagg, Icel. dogg, dew. Cf. Icel. doggva, to bedew. dank, moist. (Scand.) M. E. dank, wet (esp. with ref. to —Swed. dial. dank, marshy ground; Icel. dokk, a pool. Nasalised form from Swed. dagg, dew, Icel. dogg, dew. Dexter. (L.) L. dexter, on the right hand side, right.-f-Gk. deltas, right, Skt. dakshma, on the right or south, Goth. taihsiva, right hand, W. deheti, right, southern, Gael, and Irish deas (the same). The Skt. dakshina is orig. ‘clever;’ cf. Skt. daksha, clever, daksk^tb suit. DEY. DICTION. ii6 a governor of Algiers. (Turk.) Turk, ddi, a maternal uncle; afterwards, an officer, chieftain. Di-, prehx, twice, double. (Gk.) Gk. Sf-, for S/y, twice, -j- L. bis^ bi- ; Skt. dvis, dvi-. Allied to Two. Dia-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. did, through, between, apart; allied to Di-, and to Two. ^ In nearly all words beginning with dia-, except dia7?iond, diaper^ diary. Diabetes, a disease accompanied with excessive discharge of urine. (Gk.) Gk. dia^TjTTjs. — Gk. dialBaiveiv, to stand with the legs apart. — Gk. did, apart; fiaiveiv, to go; see Come. Diabolical; see Devil. Diaeonal; see Deacon, Diacritic; see Critic. Diadem, a fillet, crown. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. and O. F. diade77ie. — L. diade77ia. — Gk. diddyfia, a fillet. — Gk. did, apart, round; de-Qj, 1 bind, allied to Skt. da, to bind (whence da77ia7i, a garland), (y' DA.) Diaeresis ; see Heresy. Diagnosis; see Gnome. Diagonal. (F. —L. — Gk.) Y.diagojtal. — L. diag07ialis, running from corner to comer.— Gk. diaywvios (the same). —Gk. did, through, between, across; ycvvia, an angle, bend, from yovv, knee; see Knee. Diagram; see Grammar. Dial ; see Diary. Dialect, Dialogue; see Logic. Diameter; see Metre. Diamond; see Adamant. Diapason, a whole octave, harmony. (L. — Gk.) L. diapason, an octave, con¬ cord of a note with its octave.— Gk. dia- maadjv, concord of first and last notes of an octave, lit. ‘through all’ the notes. — Gk. did, through; iraawv, gen. pi. fern, of Tray, all {yopdwv being understood); see Pan-, prefix. Diaper; see Jasper. Diaphanous; see Phantom. Diaphoretic, causing perspiration. (L. — Gk.) L. diapho7'eticus, sudorific. — Gk. diaipoprjTiKos (the same). —Gk. diacpoprjGis, perspiration. — Gk. diacpopeiv, to carry off (by perspiration). — Gk. did, through ; cpip^iv, to bear ; see Bear. Diaphragm, a dividing membrane. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. diaph7'ag77ie. — L. diaphrag77ia. — Gk. didcppaypia, partition, midriff. — Gk. did, between ; (ppayvopn, n the drift; see A- ( 2 ). drove. (E.) M. E. drof. A. S. drdf, a drove. From drdf, pt. t. of drifan. Drivel; see Drab (i). Drizzle ; see Dreary. Droll. (F. —Du. — Scand.) F. d7'ole, ‘ a pleasant wag ;’ Cot. — Du. drollig, odd, strange. — Dan. trold, Swed. troll, Icel. troll, a hobgoblin, merry imp. Dromedary. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. dr07nedarie.^-‘O. F. dromedaire (older form dromedarie^). — ^Q>'N L. dromadarms.^lu. dromad-, stem of dro77ias, a dromedary.— Gk. dpopLad-, stem of hpopas, fast running. — Gk. bpapL€Lv, to run.-|-Skt. dram, to run. Drone (i), to hum. (E.) M. E. dro7ie7t, droune7t. Not in A.S. + Eu. d7'eunen, Icel. drynja, Swed. drbna, Dan. drd7ie, to drone, roar, &c. Cf. Goth. d7'unjus, a sound, Gk. Oprjvos, a dirge; Skt. dhraw, to sound. (^ DHRAN.) drone ( 2 ), a non-working bee. (E.) M. E. d 7 'a 7 t. A. S. drdn. + Dan. dro7te ; Swed. drbnare, lit.' hummer ; ’ Icel. d7j67ii, M. H. G. tre7io, Gk. Opcvva^, (From the dronmg sound it makes.) Droop ; see below. Drop, sb. (E.) M. E. d7'ope, sb.; hence dropien, droppen, verb. — A. S. d7'0pa, sb.; dropian, verb. These are from the pp. drop-cn of the strong verb iredpan, to drop, 126 DROPSY. DUAL. drip. -|- Du. d7'op, sb., Icel. dropi, Swed. di'oppe, Dan. draabe, G. tropfe. dribble. (E.) Put for dripple, frequent, form of di'ip. drip. (E.) dryppen. dryp- an, to drip ; weak verb, formed from dredp, pt. t. of A. S. dreopan, strong verb, to drip, -p Dan. dryppe. droop, to sink, fail. (Scand.) M. E. droupen. — Icel. di'upa, to droop; weak'verb, from drjtlpa, strong verb, to drip. Cf. ‘ I am ready to dropP i. e. I droop. Dropsy; see Hydra. Drosky, a kind of carriage. (Russ.) Russ, drojki, a low four-w’heeled carriage (the j sounded as in French). Dross; see Dreary. Drought; see Dry. Drove; see Drive. Drown ; see Drink. Drowse, Drowze ; see Dreary. Drub, to beat. (E.) Prov. E. drab, to beat. A secondary verb, due to A. S. strong vb. drepa^t (pt. t. drcep')^ to beat. Icel. drepa, to kill, slay; Swed. drabba, to hit, drdpa, to kill; Dan. drabe, to kill, G. treffen^ to hit. (Base DRAP.) See Drape. Drudge. (C.) M. E. druggen, vb.; of Celtic origin; cf. Irish drugaire^ a drudger, drudge, slave. Drug, Drugget; see Dry. Druid, a priest of the ancient Britons. (C.) Irish druidh, an augur, Gael, druidh^ W. derwyddy a druid. Drum. (E. ?) Prob. E. ,* not found ear¬ lier than the XVI cent. Dan. d7'U7n, a booming sound, Icel. to rattle; Du. trof7t, Dan. tromvze^ G. troznniel, a drum. Cf. Drone (i). Drunkard, Drunken ; see Drink. Drupe; see Dryad. Dry. (E.) M. E. drti'^e. A. S. dryge. Du. droog, dry; G. trocken, dry. drought. (E.) M. E. drogte, dz'ougte ; better drouhthe (P. Plowman). A. S.drizg- drought. — A. S. drugian, to dry; dryge, dry.-f-Du. droogte, drought; from droog, dry. (It should rather be droughth.) drug. (F. — Du.) M. E. drogge, drugge. — O. F. dz'Ogue, a drug. — Du. droog, dry ; the pi. droogen, lit. dried roots, was used in the special sense of‘drugs;’ see Dry. Der. di'ugg-ist. drugget. (F. — Du.) O. F. droguet, ‘ a kind of stuff that’s half silk, half wool; ’ Cot. Dimin. of drogue, a drug (above), also used in the sense of rubbish, vile stuff; from the coarseness of the material. Dryad, a nymph of the woods. (L.— Gk.) L. Dryad-, stem of Dzyas, a wood- nymph. — Gk. dpvad-, stem of dpvds, the same. — Gk. bpv-s, a tree; see Tree. drupe, a fleshy fmit containing a stone. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. dz'tipe. — L. drupa, an over-ripe olive. — Gk. dpvinra, an over-ripe olive; allied to dpvTT^T-qs, meaning either (i) ripezied on the tree (from or {d), falling from the tree (from Tr'nrreiv), hamadryad, a wood-nymph. (L. — Gk.) L. haznadryad-, stem of haznadzyas. — Gk. dpiadpvds, a wood-nymph; the life of each nymph depended on that of the tree to which she was attached. — Gk. dpLa, together with; bpv-s, tree. Dual, consisting of two. (L.) L. dtialis, dual. — L. duo, two; see Two. belligerent, waging war. (L.) L. bel- ligerezit-, stem of belligerezis, carrying on war. — L. belli-, for belhizn, war; gez'ezis, pres. pt. oigerez'e, to carry (see Jest). Bel- luzzi is for O. L. duelluzzi ; see duel below. deuce (i), a two, at cards. (F. —L.) F. deux, two. —L. duos, acc. of duo, two. double. (F. — L.) O. F. doble, later double. — L. duplus, lit. twice-full. — L. du-o, two ; -plus, allied to plenus, full. doublet. (F. — L.) M. E. dobbelet.'^ O. F. doublet, an inner (double) garment. — F. double, double (above), doubloon. (F. — Span. — L.) F. doublon, — Span, doblon, a coin, t\iQ double of a pistole. — Span, doblo, double. — L. duplus (above), doubt. tF. — L.) M. Y,. douten.^O.Y. douter.'^Y. dubitaz'e, to be of two minds; allied to dubius, doubtful; see dubious (below). dozen, twelve! (F. — L.) O. F. dosaine (F. douzaine'), a dozen.— O. F. doze (F. douze), twelve ; with suffix -aizie (L. -azieus), — L. duodecizn, twelve. — L. duo, two; decezzi. ten. dubious. (L.) L. dubius, doubtful, moving in two directions. — L. du-o, two. duodecimo. (L.) In duodecizzio = 12 leaves to the sheet. — L. duodecizzio, abl. of duodecizzius, twelfth. — L. duodecizn, twelve ; see dozen above. duel. (Ital. — L.) Ital. duello, a duel.— L. duelluzn, a fight between two men. — L. du-o, two. duet. (Ital. — L.) Ital. duetto, music for two. —Ital. due, two. —L. duo, two. duodenum, the first of the small intes- DUB. DUKE. 127 tines. (L.) Late Lat. duodenum, so called because about 12 finger-breadths long.— L. duodeni, twelve apiece, distributive form of duodecim ; see dozen (above). duplicate, two-fold. (L.) L. duplicat- us, pp. of duplicare, to double.— L. duplic-, stem of duplex, two-fold (below). duplicity. (F. — L.) Lit. doubleness. — F. duplicite. — L. acc. dtiplicitatem. — L. dtiplici-, crude form of duplex, twofold.— L. du-o, two; plic-are, to fold, indubitable. (F. —L.) F. indubitable. — L. indubitabilis, not to be doubted.— L. in, not; dubitabilis, doubtful, from dubi- tai'e, to doubt; see doubt (above). rebel. (F. — L.) The verb is from the sb., and the sb. was orig. an adj. M. E. rebel, adj., rebellious.— F. rebelle, rebellious. — L. rebellem, acc. of rebellis, renewing war. —L. re-, again; bellum, war = O. L. duellum, war; see duel (above). Der. rebel, sb. and verb; rebell-ion, 8cc. redoubtable. (F. — L.) O. F. redoubt¬ able, terrible. — O. F. redouter, later re¬ doubter, to fear. See Re- and Doubt. Dub, to confer knighthood by a stroke. (E.) M. E. dubben. A. S. dubban ; A. S. Chron. an. 1086 . + O. Swed. dubba, E. Fries, dttbben, to strike, beat. ^ Some¬ times derived from O. F. dober, to dub; but this is of Scand. or Low G. origin. I'erhaps A. S. dubban was also of Scand. origin. Cf. Dab. Dubious ; see Dual. Ducal, Ducat; see Duke. Duchess, Duchy; see Duke. Duck (i), a bird; see Duck ( 2 ). Duck ( 2 ), to dive, bob the head. (E.) M. E. duken, douken. Not in A. S. + Du. duiken, to stoop, dive; Dan. dukke, Swed. dyka, G. tauchen, to plunge, dive. duck (i), bird. (E.) M. E. doke, duke. Lit. ‘diver;’ the suffix -e represents A. S. -a, suffix of the agent. From the verb above, -f- Dan. dukand, lit. diving duck; Swed. dykfagel, diving fowl. Der. dtick- l-t7tg, with double dimin. suffix. Duck ( 3 ), a pet, darling. (O. Low G.) E. Friesic dok, dokke, a doll; Dan. dukke, doll, puppet; Swed. docka ; M. FI. G. tocke, a doll, term of endearment. doxy. (O. Low G.) Cf. E. Fries, doktje, dimin. of dokke, a doll (above). Prob. introduced from the Netherlands. Duck ( 4 ), light canvas. (Du.) A nauti¬ cal word. — Du. doek, linen cloth, canvas. +Dan. dug, Swed. duk, Icel. dtikr, G. tuck. Duct, Ductile; see Duke. Dudgeon (i), resentment. (C.) \V. dychan, a jeer; dygeii, malice, dudgeon. Cf. W. dygas, hatred; Corn, duchan, grief. Dudgeon ( 2 ), haft of a dagger. (Un¬ known.) Dudgeon-hafted means that the haft was curiously worked or ornamented; dudgin means covered with waving marks. Etym. unknown. Due ; see Habit. Duel; see Dual. Duenna; see Domain. Duet; see Dual. Duffel, coarse woollen cloth. (Du.) Du. duffel ; so called from Duffel, a place near Antwerp. Dug, a teat. (Scand.) Allied to Swed. ddgga, Dan. dcegge, to suckle. Cf. Skt. duh, to milk. Dugong, a sea-cow. (Malay.) Malay dtiySng, a sea-cow. Duke, a leader. (F. — L.) M. E. dtik. — O. F. due. — L. ducem, acc. of dux, a leader.— L. ducere, to lead. ( 4 /DUK.) abduction. (L.) L. abductio7ie7n, acc. of abductio, a leading away. — L. ab-ducere, to lead away (whence also E. abduce'). adduce. (L.) L. ad-ducere, to lead to; hence, to bring forward. conduce. (L.) L. co7t-ducere, to draw together towards, lead to. conduct. (L.) Low L. conductus, de¬ fence, protection, guard, escort.— L. co7i- ductus, pp. of con-ducere (above). conduit. (F. — L.) M. E. co7iduit.^^ O. F. co7tduit, a conduit. — Low L. con- ductus, a defence, escort; also, a canal. deduce. (L.) L. de-ducere, to bring down; (hence, to infer). deduct. (L.) Orig. to derive from.— L. de-ducere, to bring down. doge, a duke of Venice. (Ital. —L.) Ital. doge, prov. form of duca, a duke. — L. duc-e77i, acc. of dux, a leader. douche, a shower-bath. (F. — Ital. — L.) Y. douche, a shower-bath. — Ital. doccia, a conduit, water-pipe. — Ital. docciare, to pour; equivalent to Low Lat. d7ictia7'e'^, deriva¬ tive of L. ductus, a duct; see duct. ducal. (F. — L.) F. ducal, adj. from due ; see Duke. ducat, a coin. (F. —Ital.- L.) O. F. ducat.'-‘W.' dX. ducato, a ducat, also a duchy; named from ducatus (duchy of Apulia) in the legend upon it; see duchy below. duchess. (F. - L.) F. duchesse, O. F ducesse, fern, of due, duke; see Duke. 128 DULCET. DUP. duchy. (F. — L.) F. dtic/ie.'^'Low L. dtuatu7n, acc. of ducatus^ a dukedom. — L. duc-^ stem of dux, a duke. duct, a conduit-pipe. (L.) L. ductus, a leading (hence, a duct). —L. ductus, pp. of ducere, to lead. ductile. (F. — L.) F. ductile, malleable. — L. ductilis, easily led. — L. duct-us, pp. of ducere (above). educate. (L.) L. educahts, pp. of educare, to educate. — L. e-ducere, to bring out. educe. (L.) L. e-ducere, to bring out. induce. (L.) L. in-ducere, to lead to. induct. (L.) L. induct-us, pp. of in- ducere, to bring in. introduce. (L.) L. intro-dtice^'e, to bring in. Der. hitrodtict-ion (from the pp.). produce, vb. (L.) I^.pro-duce7'e,to bring forward. Der. p7'oduct-ive, -ion (from the pp.). product, sb. (L.) L. productus, pro¬ duced ; pp. of producere (above). redoubt, an intrenched place of retreat. (Ital.-L.) Ill spelt; through confusion with redoubtable. — Ital. iddotto, a place of retreat. - \\. 2 \.ridotto,ridutto, pp.of ridurre, to bring home. — L. re-ducere, to bring back. reduce. (L.) Orig. to bring back.— L. re-ducere, to bring back. Der. reduct- io7i (from the pp.). seduce, to lead astray. (L.) L. se-ducere, to lead aside. Der. seduct-ion (from the pp.). subdue. (F. — L.) M. E. soduen (after¬ wards altered to subdue for clearness).— O. F. souduire, to seduce; but the orig. sense must have been to subdue. — L. sub- ducere, to bring under. superinduce. (L.) L. super, beyond; and hi-ducere, to induce. traduce, to defame. (L.) L. tra-ducere, to lead over, transport, also, to defame. Here tra- = trans, across. Dulcet, sweet. (F. —L.) O. F. doucet (Cot.), of which an older spelling must have been dolcet^ (Ital. dolcetto').^^. F. dulce, fern, dols (F. doux), sweet. — L. dulcis, sweet. douceur. (F. — L.) F. douceur, lit. sweetness (hence, pleasant gift). —L. duU core 77 i, acc. oidulcor, sweetness. — L. dulcis, sweet. dulcimer. (Span. — L.) Roquefort has F. doulcemer (undated); it must be bor¬ rowed-from Span. dulceTiiele, a dulcimer; named from its sweet sound. — L. dulce 7nelos, sweet sound; see Melody. Dull, stupid. (E.) hi. E. dul. A. S. dol, foolish; put for dwol^ ; cf. gedwol-god, a false god, idol. — A. S. dwol-, base of pp. of strong vb. dwelan, to err, be stupid. 4 “ Du. dol, mad; Goth, dwals, foolish, G. toll, mad. (.y^DHWAR.) See Dwell. dolt, a stupid fellow. (E.) M. E. dull, blunt; extended fromM.E. dul, dull (above). Dumb. (E.) hi. E. doinbe. A. S. du7nb, mute, -f Du. do7n, Icel. du77ibr, Swed. du 77 ib, Dan. du7n, Goth, dtwibs, G. du7n7n, Goth. du 7 nbs is allied to Goth, daubs, deaf; see Deaf. "DeT. du77i77i-y { = du7nb-}/). \ Dump, an ill-shapen piece. (E. ?) Prov. E. dump, a clumsy lump, a bit; dumpy, short and thick. Lowl. Sc. du7np, to beat, strike with the feet (whence dump may have meant a swelling due to a blow, like bu 77 ip'). Cf. Du. do 7 npneus, a great nose; Icel. dumpa, to thump; and cf. Thump. dumpling, a kind of pudding. (E. ?) A small solid ball of pudding; du77ip-l-ing is a double dimin. of dump (above). Dumps, melancholy. (Scand.) Swed. dial. du77ipi7i, melancholy, orig. pp. of dimba, to steam, reek; Dan. dump, dull, low. + Du. do7np, damp, hazy, G. du77ipf, damp. Allied to Damp; cf. Ho damp one’s spirits.’ Dun (i), brown. (C.) A. S. dunn, dark, — Irish and Gael, donn, brown; W. dwn, dun, dusky. donkey. (C.) Double dimin. with suf¬ fix -k-ey ( = Lowl. Sc. -ick-ie, as in hors- ickie, a little-little horse, Banffsh.) from du 7 t, familiar name for a horse, from its colour (Romeo, i. 4 . 41 ). ^ So also hi. E. don-ek, a hedge-sparrow, from its colour. Dun ( 2 ), to urge for payment. (Scand.) Cf. M. E. du 7 ini 7 ig, a loud noise; to du7i is to thunder at one’s door. — Icel. duna, to thunder; ko77ia einu7n dyn fyrir dyrr, to make a din before one’s door; Swed. dana, to make a noise. Allied to Din. Dunce, a stupid person. (Scotland.) From the phr. ‘a Duiis man,’ i.e. a native of Dunse, in Berwickshire. In ridicule of the disciples of John Du7is Scotus, school¬ man, died A. D. 1308 .^ ^ Not to be confused with John Scotus Erigena, died a. n. 875 . Dune, a low sand-hill; see Down ( 2 ). Dung; see Ding. Dungeon ; see Domain. Duodecimo, Duodenum; see Dual. Dup; see Do (i). LUPE. EAGLE. Dupe, a person easily deceived. (F.) F. dupe^ a dupe. The O. F. dupe meant a hoopoe; whencea dupe, because thebird was easily caught. (So also Bret, houperik^ a hoopoe, a dupe.) Perhaps of imitative origin. Duplicate, Duplicity; see Dual. Durance, Duration ; see Dure. Durbar, a hall of audience, levee. (Pers.) Pers. darbdr, a prince’s court, levee ; lit. ‘door of admittance.’ — Pers. dar, door ( = E. door) ; and bdr^ admittance. Dure, to last. (L.) L. durare^ to last.— L. durus^ hard, lasting. + Irish and Gael. dur^ firm; W. dir, sure. Cf. Gk. dvva/jLis, force. Der. dur-ing, orig. pres. pt. of dure\ dur-able, &c. durance, captivity. (F. —L.) The orig. sense was long endurance of hardship. — F. durer, to last; with suffix -ance ; see above. duration. (L.) A coined word; from the pp. of L. durare, to last. duress, hardship. (F. — L.) M. E. duresse. — O. F. duresce. — L. duritia, harsh¬ ness. — L. durus, hard, severe. endure. (F. — L.) M. E. enduren.^ F. endurer. — F. en (L. iri) ; and durer (L. durare), to last. indurate, to harden. (L.) From pp. of L. in-durare, to harden. obdurate. (L.) L. obduratus, pp. of ob- durare, to harden. ^'Li.ob\ and durus, hard. Dusk, dim. (E.) Properly an adj. M. E. dosk, dark, dim; deosc, the same. Prob. allied to A. S. deorc, dark. + Swed. dial. duska, to drizzle; duskug, misty. Der. dusk, sb.; whence dusk-y, adj. Dust. (E.) A. S. dust. 4“ Du. duist, Icel. dust, dust, Dan. dyst, meal. Cf. G. dunst, vapour, fine dust. Allied to L. fu-mus, smoke, Skt. dhii-li, dust. (y'DHU.) Dutch, belonging to Holland. (G.) Properly applied to the Germans. — G. Deutsch, German; lit. belonging to the people; M. H. G. diut-isk, where the suffix -isk = Y^. -ish, and diut is cognate with A. S. ])e6d, Goth, thiuda, a people, nation. (VTU.) Duty ; see Habit. Dwale; see Dwell. . Dwarf. (E.) M. E. dwerg, dwergh ; the E-, prefix ; see Ex-. Each, every one. (E.) M. E. eche, elch. A. S. celc, each. Supposed to stand for a ringing noise. Der. cat-ech-ise, q. v. ECLAT, EITHER. Eclat; see Slit. Eclectic ; see Logic. Eclipse. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. eclips, clips. — O. F. eclipse. — L. eclipsis. — Gk. eK\€iif/iSy a failure, esp. of light of the sun. — Gk. €K\e'nr€ii/, to leave out, suffer eclipse. — Gk. €/c, out; XeiTTHVf to leave, ellipse. (L. — Gk.) ellipsis. — L. ellipsis. — Gk. €\\€iipLS, a defect, an ellipse of a word; also, an oval figure, because its plane forms with the base of the cone a less angle than that of a para¬ bola. — Gk. €XKdTT€iv, to leave in, leave behind. — Gk. lA-, for ev, in; Keinfiv, to leave. Der. elliptic-al, adj., Gk. kWcLTiTLKos. Eclogue; see Logic. Economy. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly (Econo7ny. — O. F. ceconomie. — L. ceconomia. — Gk. olKovofJLia, management of a household. — Gk. oIko-, for oIkos, a house ; and ve/xeiv, to deal out. See Wick ( 2 ) and Womad. ecumenical, general. (L. — Gk.) Low L. cectwienicus. — Gk.oiA:ou/ievi/f 6 s, universal. — Gk. oiKovixkvr] (sc. 7 ^), the inhabited world, fern, of olKovjji^vos, pres. pt. pass, of oifcecu, I inhabit. — Gk. olkos, a house. Ecstasy; see Statics. Ecumenical; see Economy. Eddy. (Scand.) Icel. i'Sa, an eddy, whirl-pool; cf. i^a, to whirl about; Swed. dial. i^Uy idd, Dan. dial, ide^ the same. Formed from Icel. i^-, A. S. ed-y Goth, id-, back; only found as a prefix. Edge. (E.) M. E. egge. A. S. ecg, an edge, border, -f- Du. egge, Icel. Swed. egg, Dan. eg, G. ecke. Cf. L. acies, Gk. aKis, a point, Skt. agriy edge, comer, AK.) egg ( 2 ), to instigate. (Scand.) M. E. eggen.'^Yz^. eggja, to goad on. —Icel. egg, an edge (point). Edible, eatable. (L.) Low L. edibilis. — L. ederCy to eat; see Eat. esculent, eatable. (L.) L. esculentus, fit for eating. — L. escare, to eat; from escay food. Put for edca'^.^Y^. edere, to eat. obese, fat. (L.) L. obesus, (i) eaten away, wasted; ( 2 ) fat, lit. ‘that which has devoured.’ — L. obesuSy pp. of obedere, to eat away. — L. ob\ edei'e, to eat. Ler. obes-i-ty. Edict; see Diction. Edify. (F. - L.) O. F. edifier. -L. cedi- Jica7'e, to build (hence, instruct). — L. cedi-, crude form of cedes, a building, orig. a hearth; -Jic-y for facere, to make. (^ IDH.) Der. edifice, f. edifice, L. cedifichim, a building; ed-iky L. cedilis, a magistrate who had the care of public buildings. Edition ; see Date (i). Educate, Educe ; see Duke. Eel. (E.) M.E. ^/. A. S. (Bl.’^-’Dn.aal, Icel. ally Dan. aal, Swed. dl, G. aal. Allied to L. anguilla, an eel, anguis, Gk. c'xtJ, Skt. ahi, a snake. (^ AGH.) Efface; see Pace. Effect; see Pact. Effeminate; see Peminine. Effendi, sir, master. (Turkish — Gk.) efe^idiy sir.— Mod. Gk. d'pkvrrjs, for Gk. avOevTTjSy a despotic master, ruler; see Authentic. Effervesce; see Pervent. Effete ; see Petus. Efficicacy, Efficient; see Pact. Effigy ; see Pigure. Efflorescence; see Ploral. Effluence; see Pluent. Effort ; see Porce. Effrontery; see Pront. Effulgent ; see Pulgent. Effuse ; see Puse (i). (Oj <^val body whence chickens, &c. are hatched. (E.) M. E. eg, also ey ; pi. cgges, eiren. A. S. ceg, pi. cegru. + Du. ei, Icel. egg, Dan. ceg, Swed. dgg, G. ei, Irish ugh, Gael, ubh, W. vjy, L. ouuniy Gk. w6v. Allied to L. auis, a bird. Egg ( 2 ), to instigate ; see Edge. Eglantine. (F. - L.) F. egla7itme, O. F. aiglantine, aiglaTitier, sweet-briar. — Low L. acide7it-us^, prickly (not found), from L. aculeuSy a prickle, dimin. of acus, a needle; see aglet, under Acid. (VAK.) Egotist, Egoist, a self-opinionated per¬ son. (L.) Coined from L. ego, I; see 1. Egregious ; see Gregarious. Egress; see Grade. Eh! interj. (E.) M. E. ey. A. S. ce, ed. Cf. Du. he I G. eil Eider-duck. (Scand.) The E. duck is here added to Icel. ce'Sr, an eider-duck {ce pronounced like i in /fw^).-f-Dan. ede7'fugl (eider-fowl), Swed. eider. Der. eider-down, Icel. ce^a7'dtin. Eight. (E.) M. E. eighk. A. S. eahta. -hDu. acht, Icel. dtta, Dan. otte, Swed. dtta, Goth, ahtau, G. acht, Irish ocht, Gael. ochd, W. wyth, L. octo, Gk. oktoj, Skt. ashian. Der. eigh-tee7i, A. S. eahtatfiie ; eigh-ty, eahtatig', eigh-th, A.S.eahto'6a, Either. (E.) yi.lL. either, ait her', also auther, other. A. S. cEg])er, contracted form of (Bghwce])er. Comp, of d-ge-hwceper; where ^ = aye, ge is a prefix, and hwce]:er^ 1^2 EJACULATE. whether. + Du. iedei'^ G. jcder^ O. II. G. eowedar. or (i), conj., offering an alternative. (E.) Short for other^ outlier^ anther, the M.E. forms, which also answer to Mod. E. either. Hence either and or are doublets. Ejaculate, Eject ; see Jet (i). Eke (i), to augment. (E.) M. E. eken, A. S. /r< 2 ;/.+Icel. auka, Swed. oka, Dan. oge, Goth. anka7i (neuter), L. aiigere (V WAG.) eke ( 2 b also. (E.) 'h\.YL.eek,eke. A. S. edc. — Du. 00 k, Icel. ank, Swed. och (and), Dan. og (and), G. auch. All from the verb above. nickname. (E.) hi. E. nekeyiame, also eke 7 iaine ; {a nekename — a7i ekenajne). See Prompt. Parv. ; cf. L. ag-fiomen {ag- = ad), G. zuname. From eke and 7ianie. + Icel. aukiiafn, Swed. dknam7i, Dan. dge7iav7i, an eke-name, nickname. Elaborate ; see Labour. Eland, a S. African antelope. (Du Slavonic.) Du. ela7id, an elk. Of Slav, origin ; cf. Russ, olene, a stag; see Elk. Elapse ; see Lapse. Elastic. (Gk.) Formerly ela^stick, i.e. springing back. Coined from Gk. eAacu = kXavvoi, I drive (fut. lAdcr-a;), Elate; see Tolerate. Elbow, the bend of the arm. (E.) M. E. elbowe. A. S. elboga. - A. S. el-, signifying ‘ elbowand boga, a bow, a bending (se Bow). A. S. el- is allied to Goth, alema, a cubit, L. uhia, Gk. wXlvr), Skt. a7'at7ii, the elbow. AR and V BHUG.)^Du. elle- boog, Icel. ahi-bogiy Dan. al-bue, G. elle7i- boge7t. See Ell. . Eld, old age. Elder (i>, older; see Old. Elder ( 2 ), a tree. M.E. eller. A. S. ellen, ^//^m.-j-Low G. elloorri, ^ Distinct from alder. Eldest; see Old. Elect; see Legend. Electric. (L. — Gk.) Coined from L. electru77i, amber, which has electric pro¬ perties. — Gk. ijX^fCTpov, amber, also shining metal; allied to rjXifCToop, gleaming, Skt. arch, to shine, (y' ARK.) Electuary, a kind of confection. (F. L.) M.E. letuarie.^O.F, lectnah'e, elec- tuaire.^F. electuarhwi, a medicine that dissolves in the mouth. Perhaps for elmcta- 7‘iu77i *, from elingere, to lick away, or from Gk. kKXeix^iy (the same). Eleemosynary ; see Alms. Elegant; see Legend. ELYSIUM. Elegy, a funeral ode. (F. — L. —Gk.) O. F. elegie. - L. elegza. — Gk. €A€ 7 €ta, fern, sing., an elegy; orig. neut. pi. ofj\ey€Tov, a distich (of lament). — Gk. eX€yoSf a lament. Element. (F. — L.) O.Y, ele77te7it,'^F. ele77ientii77i, a first principle. Elephant. (F. — L. — Gk. — Heb.) M. E. olifauTzt. — O. F. olifa7ity elephaTiU — L. elepha7ite77i, acc. of elephas.^G^c.. €\€(pas, an elephant. — Heb. aleph, eleph, an ox. Elevate; see Levity. Eleven. (E.) M.E. ezileuen. A.S. eTtd- hifon. + Du. elf, Icel. ellifu, Dan. elleve, Swed. elfva, Goth. aMif G. elf p. The best form is the Goth, am-lif where am = one ; and -lif = Lithuan. ~lika (in vefiolika, eleven). And prob.Lith./f/^^ = ten. Elf. (E.) M. E. elf A. S. cslf-\-lcd. dlf7% Dan. alf Swed. G. elf Der. elfm, adj., for elfeTZ *. oaf, a simpleton. (Scand.) Prov. E. auf, an elf.-Icel. ilfr, an elf. Chaucer uses elvish in the sense of ‘ simple. Elicit; see Delicate, Elide; see Lesion. Eligible ; see Legend. Eliminate; see Limit. Elision; see Lesion. Elixir. (Arab.) Arab, el iksir, the philosopher’s stone; where el is the definite article. Elk, a kind of deer. (Scand.) Icel. Swed. elg, an elk.^M. H. G. elch, Russ. olene, a stag; L. alces, Gk. aXtcrj, Skt. xishya, a kind of antelope (Vedic xicycC). Ell. (E.) M.E. elle, ehie. A.S. eln, a cubit. ^ Du. ; Icel. alhz, the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle^ finger; Swed. aln, Dan. alert, Goth, aleiria, G. elle, ell; L. ulna, elbow, cubit; Gk. oiXkvr], elbow. Ell = el- in el-bow. Ellipse ; see Eclipse. Elm, a tree. (E.) A. S. elm.^^lFdM. olm, Icel. dhnr, Dan, ahn, Swed. ahn, G. tdme (formerly el77ie'), L. ulmtis. ^ (V' AL.) Elocution ; see Loquacious. Elongate; see Long. Elope; see Leap. Eloquent; see Loquacious. Else, otherwise. (E.) A. S. elles, adv.; from base el-, signifying ‘ other.’ + Swed. eljest, Goth. aljis\ allied to L. alias, and to Alien. Elucidate; see Lucid. Elude ; see Ludicrous. Elysium, a heaven. (L. — Gk.) L. EMACIATE. elysium. — Gk. rjXvaLOv, short for rjXxxnov TTcbiov, the Elysian field (Od. 4 . 563 ). Emaciate; see Meagre. Emanate. (L.) L. emanatus, pp, of emanare, to flow out. — L. e, out ; 7?iana7'e, to flow. Emancipate. (L.) From pp. of L. e^nancipa^'c, to set free. — L. out; man- cipare^ to transfer property.— L. mancip-^ stem of man-cepSy lit. one who takes pro¬ perty in hand or receives it. — L. man-us, hand ; capere, to take; see Manual, Capa¬ cious. Emasculate; see Masculine. Em-, p7'ejix. (F. — L.) F. em- = L. im-, for in, in, before b and p. Hence em-balm, to anoint with balm ; eni-bank, to enclose with a bank, cast up a bank; em-body, to invest with a body, &c. Embargo ; see Bar. Embark ; see Bark (i). Embarrass; see Bar. Embassy; see Ambassador. Embattle ; see Battlement. Embellish ; see Belle. Ember-days. (E.) M. E. ymber, as in ymber-weke. A. S. ymbren, ymb 7 yne, a due course, circuit, or period; the ember-days are days that 7'ecur at each of the four sea¬ sons of the year. The A. S.y77ib~7y7te is lit. 'a running round.’ - A. S. ymb, round ( = G. um, L. ambi-) ; and 7y7te, a run, course (see Run). Quite distinct from G. quatember, corrupted from L. quatuor ie 77 i- pora, four seasons. Embers, ashes. (E.) M. E. e 77 ie 7 xs. A. S. ismyrian, embers. -|- Icel. emiyrja, Dan. eTUTuer, M. H. G. ei77iu7'ja, embers. Embezzle, to filch. (F.-L.) Formerly e7nbesile, embesell ; no doubt the same as the obsolete verb imbecill, to weaken, en¬ feeble, diminish, subtract from. A shop- boy CTfibezzles or diminishes his master’s store imperceptibly by repeated filching. The verb is from the adj. iinbecile, formerly ii7ibecile ; see Imbecile. Emblem. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. emble 77 ie. — L. e77ible7na. — Gk. (Eix^KrjjjLa, a thing put on, an ornament. - Gk. kfx- = kv, in, on ; /3dX- X(iv, to throw, to put. See Belemnite. Embolism. (F. — Gk.) O. F. e 77 ibolis 7 ne. — Gk. €fxpo\i(Tfi6s, an intercalation or in¬ sertion of days, to complete a period. — Gk. €^- = €u, in; ^dXXuv, to cast. Emboss (i), to adorn with bosses or raised work. (F. - L. a 7 id G.) From Em-, prefix; and Boss. EMINENT. 133 Emboss ( 2 ), to enclose or shelter in a wood. (F.-L. a7zd Teut.) O. F. ezzibos- quer, to shroud in a wood. — O. F. = L. in, in ; O. F. bosc, a wood; see bou¬ quet, under Bush (i). Embouchure ; see Debouch. Embrace ; see Brace. Embrasure. (F.) F. ezztbrasure, an aperture with slant sides. - O. F. e 77 ibrase 7 ', to slope the sides of a window.— O. F. e 77 i- = L. in, in; O. F. b7'aser, Ho skue, or chamfret,* Cot. (Of unknown origin.) Embrocation, a fomenting. (F. — Low. L. — Gk.) O. F. e77ibrocation. — Low L. ei?i- brocatus, pp. of e77ibrocare, to foment. — Gk. €fj.ppoxrj, a fomentation. — Gk. to soak in. — Gk. kpL- = ev, in; ^pex^i-^j to wet, soak. Embroider; see Broider. Embroil ; see Broil ( 2 ). Embryo. (F. — Gk.) F oimerly e777bryon. — O.Y.eznbryon. — Gk. kpL^pvov, the embryo, foetus. — Gk lyu- = kv, within ; Ppvov, neut. of pres. pt. of fipv^iv, to be full of a thing. Emendation. (L.) Coined from the pp. of L. e77tendare, to free from fault. — L. e, free from; Tzieztdzmi, a fault. amend. (F. — L.) M.E. azzienden. — F. a77te7'tder.^'L. e77ie7ida7'e (above). amends. (F. - L.) M. E. a77zendes. sb. pi. — O. F. a77iende, reparation. — O. F. a77iender (above). mend. (F. - L.) M. E. 77ie7tde7i, short for M. E. a77tenden, to amend, by loss of a\ see amend (above). Emerald, a green gem. (F. — L. —Gk.) M. E. e77ieraude. — O. F. esi7ie7'aude. — L. S77iaragduf7i, acc. of S77ia7'agdus. — Gk. upd- paydos, an emerald. Cf. Skt. ztiaz'akata (the same). smaragdus. (L. — Gk.) L. S77ia7'agdus (above). Emerge ; see Merge. Emerods ; see Hemorrhoids. Emery, a hard mineral. (F. — Ital. — Gk.) Formerly e77ie7'il\ XVII cent. — O. F. e77ieril, eszneril. — Ital. s77ie7'iglio. — Gk. (xpijpis, (Tpvpis, emery.— Gk. apdoj, I rub. Emetic. (L. — Gk.) L. ezzieticiis. — Gk. kpeTiKos, causing sickness. — Gk. kpkaj, I vomit; see Vomit. Emigrate ; see Migrate. Eminent, excellent. (L.) L. e 77 ii 7 ie 7 tf-, stem of pres. pt. of e-77it7tere, to project, excel. — L. e, out; 77ii7ie7'e, to project. imminent, near at hand. (L.) L. i77iminent-, stem of pres. pt. of mi-zumere. EMIR. ENDUE. 134 to project over. — L. wi- — in^ upon; 7nhiere, to project. prominent, projecting, forward. (L.) L. promine7tt-f stem of pres. pt. of pro- to project forward. Emir, a commander. (Arab.) Arab, a^iiir^ a nobleman, prince. — Arab, root a77iara^ he commanded. Der. ad77iir-al, q. v. Emit ; see Missile. Emmet, an ant. (E.) M. E. a77ite^ a77iote. A. S. cB77iete, an ant. + G. a77icise, an ant. Doublet, aTit, q. v. Emollient; see Mollify. Emolument; see Mole ( 3 ). Emotion; see Move. Emperor; see Pare. Emphasis; see Phase. Empire ; see Pare. Empiric, a quack doctor. (F. —L.— Gk.) O. F. eTTipiriquc.^Y,. e77ipiricus.^ Gk. kfj.Tr€ipLK6s, experienced; also one of a certain set of physicians. — Gk. Ift- = ly, in; TTHpa, a trial, allied to iropos, a way. and to E. Pare. Employ; see Ply. Emporium, a mart. (L. — Gk.) L. e77iporhi77i. — Gk. kpiropiov, a mart; neut. of kpLwoptos, commercial. — Gk. lyuTro/^m, com¬ merce, epLTTOpos, a traveller, merchant.— Gk. kpL- = kv, in; nopos, a way; see Em¬ piric. Empty, void. (E.) ^I. E. eiiipti. A. S. c£77itig, lit. full of leisure. — A. S. ce77ita, <£7}ietta, leisure. Empyrean, Empyreal, pertaining to elemental fire. (L. — Gk.) Adjectives coined from L. e77ipy7'(z-us^ Gk. kjjLTTvp- atoj, extended from epL-irvpos, exposed to fire. — Gk. l/z- = kv, in ; irdp, fire ; see Pire. Emu, a bird. (Port.) Port, an ostrich. Emulate. (L.) From pp. of L. ce7nnlari^ to try to equal. — L. cB77itilus, striving to equal. Emulsion, a milk-like mixture. (F.— L.) O. F. e 77 iulsion ; formed from L. e77iuls-ns, pp. of e-77itilge7'e, to milk out.— L. e, out ; i7itilgC7X, to milk, allied to Milk. En-, p7'efix, (F. —L.) F. eit- — L. hi-, in; sometimes used with a causal force, as CTi-case, cTi-cham, &c. See Em-. Enact; see Agent. Enamel. (F. — O. H. G.) M.E. en- amaile.^Y. cti ( = L. iTi)^ on ; aiiiaile, put for O. F. esinaily enamel (= Ital. siiialto), from O. H. G. S77iahja7iy to smelt. See Smelt, verb, and Smalt. Enamour; see Amatory. Encamp ; see Camp. Encase; see Capacious. Encaustic, burnt in. (F. — Gk.) O. F. eiicaustique. — Gk. kyrcavariKos, related to burning in. — Gk. kv, in ; I bum. See Calm. ink. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. eiike, — O.F. eiique (F. enc 7 'e).-^'L. encanstu7n, the purple ink used by the later Roman em¬ perors ; neut. of eiicaustus, burnt in. — Gk. eyTcavaros, burnt in. —Gk. kv, in; Ka'ioj, I bum. (Cf. Ital. iTtchiosti'o, ink.) Enceinte; see Cincture. Enchant; see Cant (i). Enchase; see Capacious. Encircle; see Circle. Encline; see Incline. Enclitic. (Gk.) Gk. kynXiriKos^ en- clining; used of a word which leans its accent upon another.— Gk. kyKkheiv, to lean upon, encline. — Gk. kv, on ; Kkiv€iv, to lean ; see Lean (i). Enclose; see Clause. Encomium; see Comedy. Encore, again. (F. — L.) F. encore (= Ital. a7ico7'a')y again.— L. hanc horaiii, for in ha7ic hora77i^ to this hour; see Hour. Encounter; see Contra-. Encourage; see Cordial. Encrinite, the stone lily. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. kv^ in ; Kpivov, a lily; with suffix -ITTjS. Encroach; see Crook. Encumber; see Cumulate. Encyclical, Encyclopaedia ; see Cycle. End, sb. (E.) M. E. ende. A. S. ende, sb. + Du. einde, Icel. e7idi, Sw. dnde, Dan. ende, Goth, andeis, G.,e7ide,^V.\.. a7ita^ end, limit. ^ Hence the prefixes ante-, anti-y a7i- in answer. Endeavour; see Habit. Endemic, peculiar to a district. (Gk.) Gk. €v 57]fJL-os, belonging to a people.— Gk. kv, in; bijpLos, a people; see De¬ mocracy. Endive, a plant. (F. — L.) F. e7idive. — L. hitiibiis. Endogen; see Genesis. Endorse; see Dorsal. Endow ; see dowager, under Date (i). Endue, to endow. (F. — L.) An older spelling of endow', XVI cent. — O. F. eii- doer (later endouer^, to endow (Burguy).— L. in-, and dota7'e^ to endow, from dos ENDURE. (stem dot-‘')f a dowry. See Endow. ^ Distinct from hidue. Endure; see Dure. Enemy; see Amatory. Energy. (F. - Gk.) O. F. energie. — Gk. kvepyeia, vigour, action. — Gk. hepyos, at work. — Gk. kv, in; €pyov, at work ; see Work. Enervate; see Snare. Enfeoff, to invest with a fief; see Fief. Enfilade; see File (i). Engage; see Gage. Engender; see Genus. Engine; see Genus. Engrain; see Grain. Engrave; see Grave (i). Engross; see Gross. Enhance, to advance, augment. (F.— L.) M. E. enhajisen. [Of O. F. origin ; but the word is only preserved in Pro- ven 9 al.] — O. Prov. enansar, to further, advance (Bartsch). — O. Prov. enans^ before, rather. — L. in ante, in front of, before; see Advance. ^ The h is an English insertion. Enigma. (L. — Gk.) L. (znigma. ~ Gli. aij/iyfia (stem alviyfxar-), a riddle, dark saying. —Gk. aiviaaopLai, I speak in riddles. — Gk. aJvos, a tale, story. Der. enigmat¬ ic (from the stem). Enjoin; see Join. Enjoy; see Gaud. Enlighten ; see Light (i). Enlist; see List (i). Enmity; see Amatory. Ennui; see Odium. Enormous; see ISTormal. Enough. (E.) M.E. inoh, enogh ; pi. inohe, enoghe. A. S. genoh, genSg, pi. genoge, sufficient.— A. S. gened A, it suffices. + Icel. gnogr, Dan. Swed. nok, Du. genoeg, G. genug, Goth, ganohs. The ge- is a mere prefix. NAK.) Enquire; see Query. Ensample; see Exempt, Ensign; see Sign. Ensue ; see Sequence. Ensure; see Cure. Entablature; see Table. Entail; see Tailor. Enter. (F. - L.) M. E. entren. - O. F. entrer.^1^. i7itrare, to go into. —L. in, in; and y'TAR, to cross, overstep; cf. L. trans, across, Skt. txi, to cross. See Trans-. Der. entr-ance. Enterprise; see Prehensile. Enthusiasm; see Theist. Entice. (F.) M. E. enticen, — O. F. en- EPIDEMIC.' 135 Hcer, enticher, to excite, entice. Origin unknown ; perhaps allied to Tickle. Entire ; see Tangent. Entity, being. (L.) A coined word, with suffix -ty from L. enti-, crude form of ens, being; see Essence. Entomology; see Tome. Entrails; see Interior. Entreat; see Tract. Enumerate; see IsTumber. Enunciate; see E’uncio. Envelop. (F.-L. a^td Teut.) M. E. efivolupen. — O. F. envoluper, later enve- loper, to wrap in, wrap round, enfold. - F. ( = L. in'), in ; and a base volup-, to wrap, of Teut. origin; this base is perfectly represented by M. E. wlappen, to wrap, which is merely another spelling of Wrap. And see Lap ( 3 ). Der. envelope, sb. develop, to unfold, open out. (F. — L. < 2 / 2 ^ Teut.) F. developpei', O. F. desveloper. — O. F. des- ( = L. dis-), apart; and the base velop- or volnp- (above). Environ; see Veer. Envoy; see Viaduct. Envy; see Vision. Epact. (F. - Gk.) O. F. epacte, an addi¬ tion, the epact (a term in astronomy). — Gk. ^iraKTos, added. — Gk. kirdyeiv, to bring in, add. — Gk. Itt-, for em, to; and dy€iv, to lead, bring. (VAG.) Epaulet; .see Spade. Ephah, a Flebrew measure. (Heb.— Egypt.) Heb. ephah, a measure ; of Egyp¬ tian origin ; Coptic epi, measure. Ephemera, dies that live for a day. (Uk.) XVI cent. —Gk. l^i]ii€:pa, neut. pi. of €(prjfi€po9, lasting for a day. — Gk. kcp- = krri, for; rjixepa, a day. Der. ephemer-al, adj., ephemer-is (Gk. €(prjfx€p'is, a diary). Ephod, part of the priest’s habit. (Heb.) Heb. ephod, a vestment. — Heb. dpJiad, to put on. Epi-, pi'ejix. (Gk.) Gk. k-ni, upon, to, besides; spelt eph- in eph-emei'al, ep- in ep-och, ep-ode. Epic, narrative. (L. —Gk.) L. epiciis.^^ Gk. kiriKos, narrative. — Gk. cttoj, word, narrative, song; see Voice. Epicene, of common gender. (L. — Gk.) L. epicoenus. — Gk. km-Koivos, common. — Gk. kni ; kolvos, common. Epicure, a follower of Epicurus. (L.— Gk.) L. E,picuriis.^^G\i, ’Em/coupo?; lit. ‘ assistant.’ Epicycle; see Cycle. Epidemic, affecting a people. (L. - Gk.) 136 EPIDERMIS. ERASE. Formed from L. epidemus^ epidemic.—Gk. €md7]fios, among the people, general. — Gk. €7r/, among; brjiMos, people. See Irndemic. Epidermis; see Derm. Epiglottis ; see Gloss ( 2 ). Epigram; see Grammar, Epilepsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. eptlep- sie, * the falling sickness; ’ Cot. — L. epi¬ lepsia. — Gk. €m\7}ipia, km\r]ipis, a seizure.— Gk. kiriXafx^dueiv^ to seize upon. — Gk. M, on; \apLpdv€iv, to seize. Der. epileptic (Gk. €Tn\r]VTiK6s). Epilogue; see Logic. Epiphany; see Phantom. Episcopal. (F. - L. - Gk.) .episcopal. — L. episcopalis^ belonging to a bishop. — L. episcopiis^ a bishop. — Gk. kmaKonos, an over-seer, bishop. — Gk. km, upon; (TfcoTTos, one that watches. (y'SPAK.) See Scope. Episode, a story introduced into another. (Gk.) Gk. kireiaobos, a coming in besides. — Gk. Itt- {km), besides; etaobos, an en¬ trance, elaobLos, coming in, from cly, in, obos, a way. Epistle; see Stole. Epitaph. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. epitaphe. - L. epitaphhwi. — Gk. kmTd(pios, upon a tomb. — Gk. km, on ; rdcpos, a tomb. Epithalamium, a marriage-song. (L. — Gk.) L. epithala77iiu??i. — Gk. kmOaXd- fiLOv, bridal song. — Gk. kni, upon, for; OdXafjLos, bride-chamber. Epithet ; see Theme. Epitome; see Tome. Epoch. (L. — Gk.) Low L. epocha.^^ Gk. knoxT], a stop, pause, fixed date. — Gk. Itt- {km), upon; Ixeti', to hold, check. (VSAGH.) Epode; see Ode. Equal. (L.) L. ceqtialis, equal. — L. cequus, just, exact. Cf. Skt. eka, one. adequate. (L.) L. adcequatus^ pp. of adceqtiare, to make equal to. — L. ad, to; cequus, equal. equanimity, evenness of mind. (L.) From Y,.cequani7nitas, the same. — \u.cequa 71 - hnis, of even temper, kind. — L. cequ-us, equal; a7ii77ius, mind. equation, a statement of equality. (L.) L. acc. cequatio7ie77i, an equalising; from pp. of cequa7'e, to make equal.— L. cequus, equal. equilibrium, even balancing. (L.) L. cequilibriu77i. — L. cequilib 7 'is, evenly balanced. — L. cequi-, for cequus, even; li- brare, to balance; see Librate. equinox. (F. — L.) F. eqtcmoxe.^la. cequi7ioctiu77i, time of equal day and night. — L. cequi-, for cequus ; Ttocti-, crude form of 710 X, a night; see Wight. equipollent, equally potent. (F. —L.) O. F. equipole7tt.’~^^. cequipollcTit-, stem of cequipolleTts, of equal power. — L. cequi-, for cequus ; pollens, pres. pt. of pollere, to be strong. equity. (F. — L.) O. F. equite. — L. cequitate7n, acc. of cequitas, equity. — L. cequus, equal. equivalent. (F. — L.) O. F. equivalent. — L. cequiuale7tt-, stem of pres. pt. of cequiuale7'e, to be of equal force. — L. cequi- {ceqtius); ualere, to be worth; see Value. equivocal. (L.) Formed from L. cequiuoc-us, of doubtful sense.— L. cequi- {cequus) ; uoc-, stem of uox, voice, sense; see Voice. Der. equivoc-ate, to speak doubtfully. ^ So also equi-a7tgular, equi- 77iultiple, &c. iniquity, vice. (F. — L.) M. E. hi- iquitee. — F. hiiquite. — L. iniquitate77i, acc. of hiiquitas, injustice. — L. in, not; cequitas, equity; see equity (above). Equerry, an officer who has charge of horses and stables. (F. — O. H. G.) Pro¬ perly equeriy means a stable, and mod. E. eque7'ry stands icye eque7'ry-77ia7i. — F. ecu7'ie, O. F. escuide, a stable; Low L. scui'ia, a stable. — O. H. G. skiira, skiu7'a (G. schauer), a shelter, stable. (y'SKU.) ^ Spelt equerry to make it look as if allied to equhie. Equestrian; see Equine. Equilibrium; see Equal. Equine. (L.) L. equhius, relating to horses. — L. equus, a horse. + Gk. ittttos, LKKos ; Skt. aqva, lit. * runner.’ (y'AK.) equestrian. (L.) Formed from L. equestri-, crude form of equester, bel®nging to horsemen. —L. eques, a horseman.— L. equus, a horse. Equinox; see Equal. Equip, to furnish, fit out. (F. —Scand.) O. F. equiper, esquiper, to fit out. — Icel. skipa, to set in order, allied to skapa, to shape. Allied to Shape. Der. equip-age, - 7 ne 7 it. Equipollent, Equity; see Equal. Equivalent, Equivocal; see Equal. Era.^ (L.) L. ce7'a, an era, fixed date. From a particular sense of cera, counters (for calculation), pi. of ces, brass, money. Eradicate; see Radix. Erase; see Rase. ERE. ESTEEM. Ere, before. (E.) M. E. A. S. soon, before; prep. adv. and conj. Du. eer, Icel. dr, O. H. G. er, G. eher\ Goth. air, adv., early, soon. ^ positive, not a comparative, form. ^ early, soon. (E.) M. E. erly. A. S. <£rl{ce,^^&v .; from drltc^', adj., not used.- A. S. dr, soon; He, like. ^ erst, soonest. (E.) M. E. erst. A. S. drest, superl. of dr, soon. or ( 2 ), ere. (E.) M. E. or, er, ar, vari¬ ous forms of ere. A. S. dr (above). (In the phrases or ere, or everi) Erect; see Regent. Ermine, a beast. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. ermine. •— O. F. ermine (F. hermine').^ O. H. G. harmin, ermine-fur (G. ermelin). — O. H. G. harmo, an ermine. A. S. hearma', Lithuan. szarmu. Littre ap¬ proves the derivation from Armenius mus, an Armenian mouse; cf. Ponticus mus, an ermine. Erode; see Rodent. Erotic. (Gk.) Gk. epcon/cos, relating to love. — Gk. kpojTi-, crude form of Lcus, love. Err, to stray. (F. — L.) M. E. erren.'^ O. F. errer.^^'L,. errare, to wander (for ers-are *). -f- G. irren, to stray, Goth. airzjan, to make to stray. (v^AR.) aberration. (L.) From L. acc. aberr- ationem, a wandering from \ from pp. of ab-errare, to wander from. errant, wandering. (F. —iL.) F. errant, pres. pt. of errer (above). erratum, an error. (E.) L, erratum, neut. of pp. of errare, to make a mistake. erroneous, faulty. (L.) Put for L. erromus, wandering. - L. errare (above) error. (F. - L.) M. E. errour. — L. errorem, acc. of error, a mistake. — L. errai'e (above). Errand. (E.) M. E. erende. A. S. (Erende, a message, business. Icel eyrei^i, orendi, Swed. drende, Dan. cErende \ U. H. G drunti, a message. The form of the word is that of an old pres. pt. : per¬ haps ^ a going,’ from y^AR, to go. Errant, Erratum, &c. ; see Err. Erst ; see Ere. Erubescent; see Ruby. Eructate. (L.) From pp. of L. eructare, to belch out. - L. e, out; ructare, to belch : allied to rugire, to bellow. (a/RU Erudite; see Rude. Eruption ; see Rupture. Erysipelas, a redness on the skin. (L. 137 — Gk.) L. erysipelas. — Gk. IpvaiTT^Xas, redness on the skin. « Gk. kpvji"-, for €pve-p6s, red; ireWa, skin. Escalade; see Scan. Escape; see Cape (i). Escarpment ; see Scarp. Escheat; see Cadence. Eschew; see Shy. Escort; see Regent. Esculent ; see Edible. Escutcheon ; see Esquire. Esophagus, gullet. (L. - Gk.) Late L. i^sopkag'us. ^ Gh. oiaoepayos, the gullet, lit. conveyer of food. — Gk. oiar-oj, I shall carry, from a base oi-, to carry (Skt. vi, to drive) ; (pay-, base of cpayeiv, to eat. Esoteric. (Gk.) Gk. kawrepiKos, inner; hence, secret.— Gk. kadr^pos, inner, comp, of €(7cy, adv., within; from ks = dis, into, prep. Opposed to exoteric. Espalier; see Spade. Especial; see Species. Esplanade; see Plain. Espouse; see Sponsor. Espy; see Species. Esquire, a shield-bearer. (F. — L.) M. E. squyer.^O. F. escuyer, escuier, a squire.— Low L. scutarius, a shield-bearer. — L. scut-um, a shield, cover (F. ecu). (y'SKU.) Doublet, .squire. escutcheon, scutcheon, a painted shield. (F. — L.) Formerly scutchion, scuchin ; XVI cent. — O. F. escusson, the same; answering to a Low L. acc. scutio- nem *, extended from L. scutum, a shield. Essay, Assay, an attempt, trial. (F. - L. — Gk.) O. F. essai, a trial. — L. exagium, a trial of ^weight. — Gk. k^dyiov, a weighing. -Gk. k^dy€Lv, to lead out, export goods. — Gk. 1^, out; dyeiv, to lead. (y'AG.) Essence, a quality, being. (F —L.) F. essence. —L. essentia, a being.— L. essent-, stem of old pres, part of esse, to be! (y^ AS.) See Is. Der. essenti-al ; and see entity. quintessence, pure essence. (F.-L.) Lit. ^ fifth essence.’ — L. quinta essentia, fifth essence (in addition to the four elements). Establish, Estate ; see State. Esteem, to value. (F.-L.) O.Y.esti- mer. — L. cestimare, O. L. cestumare, to value. Allied to Sabine aisos, prayer, Skt. isJi, to desire, (y' IS.) ^ aim, to endeavour after. (F. — L.) M. E. eimen. — O. F. aesmer, esmer, to estimate, aim at, intend. —L. ad', and cestimare, to estimate. r 3 EVER. 138 ESTRANGE. estimate. (L.) From pp. of L. (Bsti- mare, to value (above). Estrange; see Exterior. Estuary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.) L. (Estuariu77i^ the same. — L. (Bstua7'e^ to surge, foam as the tide.-■ L. heat, surge, tide, IDH.) Etch ; see Eat. Eternal. (F. — L.) hl.E. ete7'7iel. — F. ete 7 ' 7 iel. — L. (Ete7'nalis, eternal. — L. (Bter7ius, lit. lasting for an age ; put for cBui-te7’7ius'^ — L. (Eui-, for cenii77i, an age. See Age. Ether, pure upper air. (L. — Gk.) L. (Ether. — Gk. aWrjp, upper air; from its glowing. — Gk. aiOeiv, to glow. (^IDH.) Ethic, relating to custom. (L. — Gk.) L. ethicus, moral. — Gk. i^Olkos, moral. Gk. ^Oos, custom, moral nature ; cf. eOos, manner, custom. + Goth, sidtis, G. sitte, custom; Skt. svadhd, self-will, strength, from sva, self, dhd^ to place.^ Ethnic, relating to a nation. (L. — Gk.) L. cthfiiciis. ™ Gk. eOyLtcos, national. — Gk. eOvos, a nation. Etiquette ; see Stick (i). Etymon, the true source of a word. (L. — Gk.) L. ety7no7t. — Gk. irvixov ; neut. of eTVfjLos, real, true. — Gk. Ireos, true. Al¬ lied to Sooth. etymology. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. etyniologie. — L. ety77iologia. — Gk. Irvpo Xoyia, etymology. — Gk. eru/io-s, true; -XojLa, account, from Xeyeiv, to speak. Eu-, prefix, well. (Gk.) Gk. cu, well ; neut. of evs, good, put for Itr-us*, real, from AS, to be. Eucharist, the Lord’s Supper, lit. thanks¬ giving. (L. — Gk.) L. eiicharistia. — Gk. ^v-gapLCTTia, a giving of thanks. — Gk. €u, well; i shew favour, from favour, (y^ GHAR.) Eulogy; see Logic. Eunuch, one who is castrated. (L. Gk.) L. eu7iuchus. — Gk. £vv-ovxos, a chamberlain; one who had charge of sleeping apartments. — Gk. € 1 / 1 / 77 , 2 . couch; €X^Lv, to keep, have in charge. Euphemism, a softened expression. (Gk.) Gk. €v(p7]fJLL(T(JL6s, the same as ev(prjfx'ia, the use of words of good omen. — Gk. ev, well; (prjfj-i, 1 speak. BHA.) Euphony. (Gk.) Gk. evcpcov'ia, a pleas¬ ing sound.— Gk. €V(pctjvos, sweet-voiced. Gk. €v, well; cpojvr], voice. (V BHA.) Euphrasy, the plant eye-bright. (Gk.) Supposed to be beneficial to the eyes; lit. 'delight.’ — Gk, ixxppacia, delight. ■■ Gk. (v(ppaLU€Li', to delight, cheer. — Gk. €v, well; (pp^v-, base of (pp'nr, midriff, heart, mind. Euphuism, affectation in speaking. (Gk ) So named from a book Euphues, by J. Lyly ( 1579 ).-Gk. ^v(pvi]s, well-grown, ex¬ cellent.-Gk. €v, well; L. before ; fanum, a temple. Fanfare, a flourish of trumpets. (F. — Span. — Arab.) F. fanfare. — Span, fan- farra, bluster, vaunting. — Arab, farfdr, loquacious. "D&i. fanfarr-on~ade, bluster. Fang, a talon, claw. (E.) A. S. fang, lit. a seizing. — A. S. fangan *, to seize, only used in the contracted form fon (pt. tfeng, pp. gefangen).-^!)}!. vangen, to catch; Icel. fd (cf. fang, sb., a catch of fish), Dan. faae, Swed.yit, Goth. fzAan, G. fangen, to catch, fang, sb., a catch, also a fang, (y^ PAK.) Fantasy ; see Phantom. Far. (E.) M. E. fer. A. S. feor.-^-Dn. ver, Icel. fjarri, Swed. fjerran, adv., Dan. fjerit, G. fern\ Goth. adv. Allied to Gk. TT^pav, beyond ; Skt. paras, beyond, para, far. (y'Px^R.) The comp, farl/ier is a corruption of M. F..ferrer {\.e.far-er) ; due to confusion with further, comp, of Forth. Farce. (F. — L.) The orig. sense is * stuffing;’ hence, a jest inserted into a comedy. — F. farce, stuffing, a farce. — F. farcer, to stuff. — L. to stuff.-f-Gk. (ppdaaeiv, to shut in. force (2), to stuff fowls. (F. — L.) A corruption of farce, to stuff (above). Der. force-7neat, a corruption of farced meat or farce-77teat. Fardel, a pack, bundle. (F. — Arab.) M. E. fardel. ^O.F. fardel (F. fardeau'). Dimin. of F.fa7'de, a burden, now * a bale ’ of coffee. Prob. from Arab, fardah, a package (Devic). furl, to roll up a sail. (F. — Arab.) Formerly spelt furdle, farthel, to roll up in a bundle. From fardel, a bundle (above). Fare, to travel, speed. (E.) A. S.faran, to go, travel.-}-Du. varen, Icel. Swed.y^r^, Dan. fare, G. fahren, Goth, faran, to go ; Gk. TTopivojxai, I travel. Cf. L. experior, I pass through, Skt. pxi, to bring over, (y^ PAR.) De^.fare -well, i.e. may you speed well; thoroughfare, a passage through ; welfare, successful practice or journey. ferry, verb. (E.) M. E. ferien. A. S. fei'ian, to convey across. - A. S. faraji, to go.-FDe\. fe7ya, to carry; causal of fara, to go; Goth. fa7fan, to travel by ship, ford. (E.) yi.F.ford\a\^oforth, A. S. fat, 145 ford, a ford, passage. Allied to A. faran, to go ; and to frith ; see below. frith, firth, an estuary. (Scand.) M. E. firth. - \ce\. fjoT'^^r, a firth, bay; Dan. fio 7 'd, Svfed.fjdrd, the same; D. portus, a haven, Gk. TTopO/xos, a ferry. Allied to fo 7 'd (above). Farina, ground com. (L.) L. farina, meal. — L. far, a kind of grain; allied to Barley. Der. farinaceous, D.farina-ce-us. farrago. (L.) D. farrago, mixed food for cattle, a medley. — L. far, grain, spelt. Farm ; see Firm. Farrier; see Ferreous. Farrow, to litter pigs. (E.) From the farrow, a litter of pigs. - A. S. a pig; pi. fearas.-F-y^. PI. G. varch, a pig; G.fe7'k-el\ D. porcus; see Pork. Farther ; see Par. Farthing ; see Pour. Farthingale ; see Verdant. Fascinate. (L.) From pp. ofD.fascl nare, to enchant. Fascine, a bundle of rods. (F. - L.) O. P'. fascine. — L. faschia, a bundle of twigs. —a bundle. Fashion ; see Pact. Fast ( 1 ), firm. (E.) A. S. Du. vast, Dan. Swed. fast, Icel. fastr, G. fest. Cf. Gk. €fx-7redos, fast, steadfast. Allied to Foot. Der. fast { 2 ), fast ( 3 ). fast ( 2 ), to abstain from food. (E.) A. S. fcEstan, orig. to make fast, observe, be strict; from fcest (above), -j- Du. vasten, Dan. faste, Swed. and \ce\.fasta, G. fasten. fast ( 3 ), quick. (Scand.) A peculiar use of fast (i) above; this use is Scand. Cf. Icel. d7'ekka fast, to drink hard, sofa fast, to be fast a'^eep, fastr i verktwt, hard at work; &c. It means firm, close, urgent, quick. fasten. (E.) A. S. f(Est7tia7t, to make fast or firm. —A. S.yfei'/, firm. fastness. (E.) M. F. festnes, fastnesse, orig. strength. - A. S. fastness, the firma¬ ment, orig. that which is firm. —A. S.y^j-/, firm. Fastidious. (L.) D.fastidiosus, disdain¬ ful. — L. loathing; perhaps put for fastutidiu7n'^ (Vanicek). — D. fastu-s, arrogance ; tcediu7n, disgust; so that fas- tidiu77i = arrogant disgust. Fastness; see Past. Pat (i), gross. (E.) A.S.fcet.-FDvL. 7 jet, Dan. fed, Swed. fet, Icel. feitr. Cf. Skt. pivan, fat. Fat (2), a vat; see Vat, FATE. 146 Fate, destiny. (F. —L.) M. E. fate.^ O.Y. fat (not common). —L. what is spoken ; neut. of pp. of fai'i^ to speak.-{- Gk. I say, Skt. bhdsh^ to speak; A. S. bamtan ; see Ban. (y' BHA.) affable. (F. — L.) Y. affable.affa- bilis, easy to be spoken to. ^'L,.af- = ad, to; fari, to speak. confabulate. (L.) From pp. of L. confabulari, to talk together. — L. con- {ctiin), with; fabulari, to converse, from fabiila^ a discourse; see fable (below). fable, a story. (F. — L.) Y.fable. fabula, a narrative. — L. fa-ri, to speak, tell. fairy. (F. —L.) M. E. faerie, fayrye, enchantment. [The mod. use of the word is improper ; fairy = enchantment, the right word for ‘ elf ’ being fay?\^ — O. F. faerie, enchantment. —O. Y.fae, a fay; see below. fay, a fairy. (F. — L.) Y.fee,O.Y.fae, a fay. Cf. Port, fada, Ital. fata, a fay. — Low L. fata, a fate, goddess of destiny, a izy.^Y. fatum, fate (above). ineffable. (F. — L.) F. ineffable. — L. ineffabilis, unspeakable. — L. in, not; ef- (for ex), out; fa-ri, to speak. infant. (L.) L. infant-, stem of in-fans, not speaking, hence, a very young babe. — L. in-, not; fans, pres. pt. of fari, to speak, infantry. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. infanterie. — Ital. infanteria, foot-soldiers ; orig. a band of ‘ infants,’ as young men were called. — Ital. infa^tte, an infant. — L. infantem, acc. of infans (above). nefarious. (L.) L. nefarius, impious. — L. nefas, that which is unlawful. — L. 7ie, not; fas, law, from fari, to speak, declare. preface. (F. — L.) O. F. preface. — Low L. prcefatium'^, not found, put for L. prcefatum, a preface, neut. of p^'cefattis, spoken before. Father. (E.) M. E. fader. A. S. feeder. (The spelling with th approaches the Ice¬ landic.) 4-Icel./^z(5fr, Du. vader, Dan. Swed. fader, fadar, G. vater, Y. pater, Gk. Trarrjp, Pers. pidar, Skt. pitxi. PA.) Fathom. (E.) M. E. fad7ne. A. S. f(z6m, the space reached by the extended arms, a grasp, embrace. ^-Du. vadem, Icel. fa'Smr, a fathom, Dan. favn, Swed. fainn, an embrace, O.faden, Allied to Patent. (VPAT.) ^ Fatigue, sb. (F. — L.) O. F. fatigtie ; from fatigiier, to weary. — L. fatigare, to weary. Fatuous. (L.) Y.fatinis, silly, feeble. FEE. Der. in-fatuate, from pp. of L. infatitare, to make a fool of. fade, vb. (F. — L.) From Y.fade, adj., unsavoury, weak, faint. — L. fatuus, foolish, tasteless. vade, to fade. (F.-L.) A weakened form of fade (above). Fauces. (L.) L. fauces, pi., the upper part of the throat. Faucet, Fault; see Fallible. Faun; see Favour. Fauteuil; see Fold (i). Favour, sb. (F. -L.) O. Y.favetir — Y.fauore77t, acc of fauor, favour. — Y.faue7'e, to befriend. faun, a rural (Roman) deity. (L.) L. fatmus. — L. fauere, to be propitious. favourite. (F. — L.) Orig. fern, of Y.favori, favoured. Fawn (i) ; see Fain. Fawn ( 2 ), a young deer; see Fetus. Fay; see Fate. Fealty; see Faith. Fear. (E.) M. E. feer. A. S. fdr, a sudden peril, danger, fear. Orig. used of the peril of travelling. —A. S.fa7'an, to go, travel. + Icel. far, harm, G. gefahr, danger. Feasible; see Fact. Feast; see Festal. Feat; see Fact. Feather. (E.) M. E. fether. A. S. fe^er. -+ Du. veder, Dan. feeder, Swed. fjdder, fjo^r, Q.feder, Y.peniia (for pet-7ia^),S\it. patra. See Pen. (y^PAl.) Feature; see Fact. Febrile; see Fever. February. (1^.) Y.februarius, the month of expiation. — Y. februa, neut. pi., a festival of expiation on Feb. 15 . — L. februus, cleansing ; februare, to expiate. Feculent; see Faeces. Fecundity; see Fetus. Federal. (F. — L.) Y. fedh'al. Formed, with suffix -al, from L. feeder-, stem of foedus, a treaty. Akin to fides, faith. confederate. (L.) L. coiifoederatus, united by a cove7ia7it, pp. of co7ifcedera7'e. -L. C 071 - (cu 77 i), together; f(£der-, crude form of feedus, a treaty. Fee, a grant of land, propert)^ payment. (E.) M. E. fee. A. S. feoh, fed, cattle, property. + Du. vee, Icel. fe, Dan. fcE, Swed. fd, Goth, faihu, G. vieh, O. H. G. \fihu,Y.pecus\ Skt.pacu, cattle. (y'PAK.) See Pecuniary. fellow, a partner. (Scand.) M. E. FEEBLE. FERRULE. fe!atv8.»^lc,t\.feiagi, a partner in a ' felag.* — Icoi.felag, companionship; lit. a laying together of property. — Icel. fe, property; lag, a laying together, a law; see Law. Feeble. (F.-L.) M. E. feble.^O. F. foible, standing for Jioible^, as shewn by Ital. Jievole ( = flevole), feeble; since Ital. y? =y?. — L. Jiebilis, doleful; hence, weak. — \..Jiere, to weep. Allied to Fluent. foible, a weak point in character.— O. Y. foible (above). Feed; see Food. Feel. (E.) M. Y..felen. A. S.felan. -f Du. voelen, Q.fiihlen. Perhaps allied to Palpable. Feign ; see Figure. Feldspar ; see Field. Felicity. (F. - L.) O. F. felicite. - L. acc. fehcitatem. — L. felici-, crude form of felix, happy, fruitful; allied to Fetus. Feline. (L.) L. felhius, belonging to cats. — L. felis, a cat; lit. ‘ the fruitful; ’ allied to Fetus. Fell (I); see Fall. Fell ( 2 ), a skin. (E.) M. Y. fel. A. S. fel, fell. -F Du. vel, Icel. fell, Goth, fill, M. H. G. vel, L. fellis, Gk. ttcAAo, skin. Doublet, pell. film, a thin skin. (E.) A. S. film', O. YiiQs.film. Extended from the base fiu in A. ^. fel, skin, Goth.y?//, skin. Fell ( 3 ), cruel, dire. (E.) A. S. fel, in comp, wcelfel for slaughter, &c. -f- O. Du. fel, wrathful; whence O. F. fel, cruel. Fell ( 4 ), a hill. (Scand.) M. E. y^/.— Icel. fjall, fell, a hill; Dan. field, Swed. fjdll, a fell. Orig. an open down ; allied to Field. Felloe ; see Felly. Fellow ; see Fee. Felly, Felloe, part of a wheel-rim. (E.) M. E. felwe. A. S. felga, a felly. So named from the pieces being put together; from A. S. feolan, fiolan, orig. filhan, to stick, cleave to, allied to OoXh. filhan, to hide. + Du. velg, Da.n. fielge, G.felge. Felon, a wicked person. (F. —LowL.— C. ?) M. Y.felun.-O. Y. felon, a traitor. — Low L. felo7te7n, acc. of felo,fello, a trai¬ tor, rebel. Prob. Celtic. Cf. 02.e^.feallan, a traitor, Bret. fallo7ii, treachery; Irish and G3.t\.feall, to betray, deceive, allied to L. fallere, to deceive. Felt. (E.) M. Y. felt', not in A. S. 4- Du. vilt, G. filz', Gk. mAos, felt; cf. L. pileus, a felt hat. 147 filter, to strain. (F.-O. LowG.) F. filtrer, to strain through felt.— Du. vilt, felt; originally spelt filt. Felucca, a ship. (Ital. — Arab.) Ital. feluca.^ Ai 2 lh. fulk, a ship. Female ; see below. Feminine. (F.-L.) O. F. fc 7 ni 7 iin.^ L. femininus, womanly. — L. feiJihia, a woman. (Perhaps allied to Fetus.) effeminate. (L.) From pp. of L. effe7ni7ta7'e, to make womanish. — L. ef, for ex, thoroughly; fe7nina (above). female. (F.-L.) Put for femell, by confusion with male. M. Y.fe 7 nele. — O. F. fe7nelle. — L. fe77iella, a young woman ; dimin. of fetnina, a woman. Femoral, belonging to the thigh. (L.) L. fenioralis', adj. from fe 77107 '-, base of fe77iur, thigh. Fen, a bog. (E.) M. Y. fen. A. S.fe 7 t 7 t. + Du. veen, Icel. fe7z, Goth. fa7ti, mud. Cf. L. palus, a marsh. And see Vine wed. Fence ; short for defence', see Defend. Fend ; short for Defend, q. v. Fennel, a plant. (L.) M. Y. fenel. A. S. finol, finugle. — L. fceniculuzii, fennel; double dimin. of fe7iu77i, hay. fenugreek. (L.) Y. feztiwi Gi'cbciuji., Feoff; see Fief. Ferment ; see Fervent. Fern. (E.) A. S.feazm. 4" Du. vaz'en ; Skt. paTXia, a wing, feather, leaf, plant, the orig. sense being ‘ feather.’ Ferocity. (F. - L.) F. ferocite. - L. acc. ferocitatem, fierceness. — L. feroci-, crude form of ferox, fierce. — L. fez'us, fierce, wild. Allied to Deer. fierce. (F. - L.) M. E. fez's. - O. F. fers, filers, old nom. of O. F. fer, filer, ferns, wild. ^ Ferreous. (L.) L. ferreus, made of iron. — L. ferrtwt, iron. farrier. (F.-L.) Formerly ferrer, a worker in iron. — F.^r, \xovi..^Y. ferrtwt. ferruginous. (L.) Y. fert'uginus, same as ferrugineus, rusty. •^Y.fert'ugin-, stem of ferrugo, rust of vrou.'^Y.ferrutjt. Ferret (i), an animal. (F. — LowL.— C. ?) O. F. furet, a ferret. — Low L. ftwe- tus,furectus, SL ferret; also furo. Said to be from Y. fur, a thief; more likely from Yret.fiir, wise, Yl.fiFur, wise, wily, crafty, ffured, a wily one, a ferret. Ferret ( 2 ), a kind of silk tape; see Floral. Ferruginous ; see Ferreous. Ferrule, a metal ring at the end of a FETUS. 148 FERRY. stick. (F. —L.) ^ Corrupted spelling (due to confusion with ferrum^ iron) of the older form verril\ XVI cent. — O. F. virole.i a ferrule ; Low L. virolaj the same. From L. uiriola^ a little bracelet; dimin. of uirta^ an armlet. — L. uiere, to twist, plait. (V^WI.) Allied to Withy. Ferry; see Pare. Fertile. (F.-L.) Y. fertile, fertilis, fertile.— L. ferret to bear: allied to Bear (I). circuraference. (L.) L. circumfer- efitta^ boundary of a circle. — L. circuiti’- ferent-^ stem of pres. pt. of circwnferre^ to carry round. confer. (F. — L.) F. conferer.'^Y. con¬ ferred to bring together, collect, bestow. defer (i), to delay. (F.-L.) M. E. differren. - O. F. differer^ to delay. - L. differre, to bear different ways, delay. - L. dif, for dis-, apart; ferre^ to bear. defer ( 2 ), to lay before, submit oneself. (F. — L.) O. F. deferer, to admit or give way to an appeal. —> L. defer 7 'ef to bring down, bring before one. differ. (L.) L. differix, to carry apart, to differ. - L. dif, for dis-, apart; fei're, to bear. infer, to imply. (F. — L.) F. inferer. — L. inferre, to bring in, introduce. offer. (L.) A. S. off nan. — L. offe 7 ‘re, to offer.— L. of, for ob, near; ferre, to bring. Der. offer-t-or-y, from F. offertoire, L. offeHorm7n, a place to which offerings were brought. prefer. (F.-L.) O.Y. prefe rer. — L. prcB-ferre, to set in front, prefer. proffer. (F.-L.) O.Y. proferer, \o produce, adduce. - L. profe^'re, to brine forward. refer, to assign. (F. — L.) O. F. ref ever (F. referee''). 7xfe7're, to bear back, re¬ late, refer. suffer. (F.-L.) Isl.Y. soffren, suffi'e7t. “O. F. soff^'ir (F. souffrii''). siifferre, to undergo.—L. suf {sub'), under; fei'j'e, to bear. transfer. (F.-L.) F. t 7 'a 7 tsferer. — L. tra7tsfe7're, to convey across. Ferule, a rod or bat for punishing children. (L.) YormQi\yfe7'ula.’-^Y.fe7'ula, a rod. — L. ferh'e, to strike, -f* Icel. berja, to strike. interfere. (F. — L.) Formerly e7tter- feir, to dash one heel against the other (Blount). — F. e7itre, between; fe 7 'ir, to strike. — L. hiter, between ; ferhx, to strike. Fervent, hot, zealous. (F.-L.) O. F. ferve7it. — L. feruent-, stem of pres. pt. of fe7'uere, to boil. Allied to Brew. Der. fervour, from O. F. ferveur = L. acc. fe7'uore77i, heat; fervid, from L. feruidus. effervesce. (L.) L. efferuescere.’^Y. ef, for ex, out; feruescere, to begin to boil, inceptive of fe7 ue7'e, to boil. ferment. (L.) L. fe7'7neniu7n (short for ferui-77ie7itu77i), leaven. —L. fe7'uere, to boil. Festal. (L.) A late word, coined (with adj. suffix -al) from L. fest-tiTn, a feast, orig. neut. of festus, bright, joyful. (V BHA.) feast. (F. - L.) M. E. feste. - O. F. feste (F. fete).^~Y. festa, lit. festivals, pi. of festu7n (above). festival. (F. — Low L. — L.) Properly an adj. — O. F. festival, festive. — Low L. festiualis. -‘Y. festiuus (below). festive. (L.) Y. festiuus,'bt\or\fmgio a ie^?X.^Y. festuTn, a feast. fete. (F.-L.) Mod. Y. fete, the same as O. Y. feste', see feast (above). Fester, to rankle ; see Pood. Festive; see Festal. Festoon. (F.-L.) F. feston, a gar¬ land, festoon. — Low L. festone 7 n, acc. of festo, a garland. Usually derived from L. festuTn, a feast; but it is quite as likely to be from Low L. festis (O. F. fest, F. fzzte), a top, ridge, from Y. fastigiu 7 n, a top. Fetch. (E.) M. E. fecchen, pt. t.fehte, fcehte. K.'^. feccan, to fetch, Gen. xviii. 4 ; Luke xii. 20 . Allied to A. S. facian, to wish to get ; fcec, a space of time (hence prob. an opportunity). Allied to Pair. w PAK.) fetch, sb., a stratagem. Fete ; see Festal. Fetich, Fetish ; see Pact. Fetid. (F. - L.) O. F. fetide. - L. fetidus, foetidus, stinking.— L. fcetere, to stink. Allied to Fume. I'etlock, Fetter ; see Foot. Fetus, offspring. (L.) L. a bring¬ ing forth, offspring. — L. feuere *, an obso¬ lete verb, to generate, produce; allied to fu-i, I was; see Future, Be. effete, exhausted. (L.) L. effetus, weakened by having brought forth young. — L. ef, for ex, out; fetus, tliat has brought forth, pp. of feuere (above). fawn ( 2 ), a young deer. (F. — L.) O. F. fan, fao7i, earlier femt, a fawn ; answering to a Low L. form feto7ius * (not found). — L. fetus, foetus, offspring. FEUD. FIGURE. fecundity. (F. - L.) O. F. feconditS (Cot.) —L. acc. fecunditatem, fruitfulness. — L. fe-cundus, fruitful; allied to feHis^ offspring. And see Feline. Feud (i), hatred; see Foe. Feud ( 2 ), a fief; see Fief. Fever, a kind of disease. (F. — L.) M. E. feuer (fever).E.fevre (F.fevre). — L. febremy acc. of febris, fever, lit. a ‘ trembling.’ Cf. A. S. bifiaUy G. bebeUy to tremble. febrile, relating to fever. (F. — L.) F. febrile. — L. febris, fever; with suffix 4is. feverfew, a plant. (L.) A. S. fefer- fuge.'-~E. febrifuga, fever-dispelling. — L. febris, fever; fugare, to put to flight. Few. (E.) M. E. fewe. A. S. fed, pi. fedwe. + Icel. fdr, Dan. faa, Swed. fa, Goth., faws, E.paucus', Gk. Travpos, small. Fey, doomed to die. (E.) A. S. fdge, doomed to die. -f- Icel. feigr, Du. veeg\ G. feig, a coward. Fiat; see Fact. Fib. (F. — L.) A weakened and shortened form of fable, q. v. Fibre. (F. — L.) F. fibre. — L. fib^'a, a thread. Fickle. (E.) M. E. fikel. A. S. ficol; orig. an adj. from fe, sb., fraud. Fiction; see Figure. Fiddle, a violin. (L.) A. S. f^ele, Icel. fihla, Dan. fiddel, Du. vedel, G. fiedel. Apparently borrowed from L. uittda, uidula, a viol; see Viol. Fidelity; see Faith. Fidget. (Scand.) A dimin. form of fidge, to be continually moving up and down, spelt fike in North of England, M. E. fike7t, to fidget, to hasten. — Icel. fika, to climb up nimbly, as a spider; Swed. fika. to hunt after, Norw. fika, to take trouble, fika etter, to hasten alter, pursue. Fiducial ; see Faith. Fie. (Scand.) M.E. 75 ^. —Icel. fy, fei, fief; Ean.fy, Swed.fy, fie! Cf. G.pfui, Lat. phui, phy, Skt. phut, expressions of disgust. I’ief, land held of a superior. (F. — O. H. G.) O. F. fief, formerly spelt fieu (Scheler).— O. H. G. fihu (mod. G. vieh), cattle, property; cognate with E.fee, q. v. enfeoff, to endue with a fief. (F. — L. and O. H. G.) The spelling is Norman F.; formed from E. en L. in), in; and fief a fief (above). See below. 149 feoff, to invest with a fief. (F. — O. H. G.) Norman E. feoffer, O. E. fiefer, verb from F. fief, a fief (above). Der. feoffee, i. e. fiefe, where -e is the sufhx of the pp. feud ( 2 ), a'fief. (Low L. — F. — O. H. G.) Low L. feudujn, a Latinised form of O. F. fieu, also spelt fief (above). Der. feud-al, adj. Field. (E.) M. E. feld. A. S. feld. -f- Du. veld, Dan. felt, Swed. fait, G. feld ; cf. Russ.a field. Allied to Fell ( 4 ). feldspar, a kind of mineral. (G.) Corrupted from G. feldspath, lit. field-spar. fieldfare, a bird. (E.) A. S. feldefare, lit. ^ field-traveller; ’ see Fare. Fiend. (E.) M. E. fend. A. S. fiSnd, feSiid, lit. ‘ a hating one,’ an enemy, the enemy; orig. pres, part of fe67i,fe6gan, to hate. -F Du. vijand, Dan. Swed. fiende ; lee\. fjdndi, pres. pt. of fjd, to hate; Goth. fijands, from fijan, to hate; G. feind. (a/ PL) See Foe. Fierce ; see Ferocity. Fife. (F. - O. H. G.) E.fifre. - O. H. G. pfifa, G. pfeife, a pipe. — O. H. G. pfifen, to blow, whistle. See Pipe. Fig. (F. — L.) F. figue. — L. ficum, acc. of ficus, a fig. Fight. (E.) M. E. fihten, fehten, verb. A. S. feohta^i, to fight; feohte, a fight, -f* Du. vechte7i, Dan. fegte, Swed. fdkta, G. fechten, to fight. Figure. (F. — L.) E.figure. — E.figura, a thing made. — L. fi7igere (base fig-), to make, fashion, feign. 4 * Gk. Giyydveiv, to handle, Skt. dih, to smear (V DHIGH.) Der. disfigure, p7'efigure. configuration. (F. — L.) F. configu- 7'ation ; from acc. of L. configm^atio, a con¬ formation. — L. configuratus, pp. of con- figurare, to put together. — L. con- (cu7?i-) ; figura7'e, to fashion, from figu7'a (above). effigy. (L.) Short for an image. — L. efiig-, base of efii7ige7'-e, to form. — L. ef, for ex ; fi7tge7'-e, to form. faint. (F. — L.) M. E. feint. — O. F. feint, weak, pretended ; orig. pp. of femdre, to {eign.^E.fi77gei'e, to form, feign. feign. (F. —L.) yi.E.femen, — O. F. fei7id7'e.'^E.fi7ige7'e (above). fiction. (F. —L.) E.fictio7t.^E.fictio- ne77i, acc. of fictio, a feigning. — L. fictus, pp. of fi7tgere. figment. (L.) L. fig77ientu7n, an in¬ vention.—L.y?^-, base of fingere. transfigure. (F. — L.) F. transfigu7'er. FILAMENT. FINAL. 150 — L. transjigiirare^ to change the figure or appearance. — L. trans^ across (implying change) ; jigura, figure. Filament; see File (i). Filbert, fruit of hazel. (F. — O. H. G.) Formerly philiberd (Gower) ; short for Philiberd or Philibert nut, from the proper name Philibert ; (S. Philibert’s day is Aug. 2 O.Jili-bert, very bright; from fili (G. viel'), greatly, be^'t, berht, bright. ^ Called in Germany Lambertsnuss (S. Lambert, Sept. 17 ); prob. from the time of year of nutting. Filch. (Scand.) Extended from M. E. felen, to conceal. — Icel.y^/iZ, to hide, bury. filhayi, to hide. File (i), string, line, order. (F. — L.) O. F. file ; allied to F. fil, a thread. — L. fihuji, a thread. defile ( 2 ), to march in a file. — F. dc- filer, to defile. — F. de- = O. F. des- — L. dis-, apart; filer, to spin threads, from \u.filu7n. Der. defile, sb. enfilade, a line or straight passage. (F. — L.) F. enfilade, a long string (of things). —F. enfiier, to thread.— F. ^«- = L. in, in ; fil, a thread, from 'L.fihan. ■ filament. (F. — L.) 0.¥.filamen. — \^.filamentum, thin thread. — Low \^.filare, to wind thread. — 'L.filu/zi. filigree. (Span. — L.) Formerly fiili- g7'a7ie; XVII cent. — S^SLn.filigrafta, fili¬ gree-work, fine wrought work.— Span. a thread or row, filar, to spin ; gi'ano, grain or texture; so called because the chief texture of it was wrought in silver wire. From \^.filui7i, thread; g7'a7m77i, grain. fillet. (F. - L.) M. Y.. fillet. — O. F. filet, dimin. of fil, a thread. — Y.filu77i, profile. (Ital. — L.) Ital. p7'ofilo, a sketch of a picture, outline (Florio). —L, p 7 ' 0 , before, in front; filu77i, a thread (Ital. filo, thread, line). ^ The mod. Y.p7'ofil is also from Ital. p7'oJilo. purl ( 3 ), to form an edging on lace, in¬ vert stitches in knitting. (F. — L.) Fre¬ quently misspelt pearl. Contraction of purfie. — F. pourfiler, to purfle, embroider on an edge. — F. pour (L. p7'o'), confused (as often) with F. par (L. per), throughout; fil, a thread. File ( 2 ), a steel rasp. (E.) A. S. 7 ^^/.+ Du. vijl, Ydin.fiil, Swed.yf/, Qf.feile, Russ. pila, a file, sharp tool. Filial. (L.) From Y. fili-us, a son; filia, daughter ; orig. infant; cf. L. fielare, to suck, (y' DHA.) a£B.liation. (F. — L.) F. affLliatio7i, an adoption as a son. — Low L. acc. affilia- tio7ie77i. — L. af- = ad, to ; filhis, a son. Filibuster; see Fly. Filigree ; see File (i). Fill; see Full (i). Fillet; see File (i). Fillibeg, Philibeg, a kilt. (Gaelic.) Gsiel.fieileadh-beag, the modern kilt. — Gael. filleadh, a fold, plait, from the verb fill, to fold; and beag, little, small. Fillip, to strike with the finger-nail, when jerked from the thumb. (E.) An¬ other form of flip ; see Flippant. Filly; see Foal. Film ; see Fell ( 2 ). Filter; see Felt. Filth ; see Foul. Fin. (E.) A. S. fin, a fin. + Du. vm, Swed. fi7i7ie, Y. pi7t7ia. Final. (F. — L.) O. Y.fi7ial. — Y.fi7ialis, final. —L.yf«A, end. affinity. (F. — L.) F. affi7tite. — L. affi}iitate77i, acc. of afii7iitas, nearness.— L. afii7iis, near, bordering on. — L. af-, for ad, near ; finis, boundary, end. confine, to limit. (F. — L.) F. co7tfi7ier, to keep within limits. — F. co7ifin, near.— Y. confi7iis, bordering on. — L. {ctwi), with ; fi7iis, boundar}\ define. (F. — L.) O.Y.defi7ier, to de¬ fine, conclude. — L. defi7ii7'e, to limit. — L. de, do\^m ; fi7ii7'e, to end, from fi7iis, end. finance, revenue. (F. —L.) O.Y.fi7ia7ice. — Low L. fi7ta7itia, payment. — Low L. fi 7 ia 7 'e, to pay a fine. — Low L. fi7iis, a settled payment, a fi7iish or end, i.e. final arrangement; Y.finis, end. fine (i), exquisite, thin. (F. — L.) O.F. fi 7 i, wntty, perfect. — Y.fi7iitus, well rounded or ended, said of a sentence (Brachet) ; orig. pp. of finire, to end. — L.yf;^A. fine ( 2 ), a tax. (LawL.) Y^lw Y.fi7tis, a fine; a final arrangement; Y.fi7iis, end. See finance above. finial. (L.) A coined word; from L. fi 7 ii 7 'e, to finish. — end. finical. (F. —L.) A coined word; ex¬ tended from fine (i) above. finish, vb. (F. — L.) M. Y.fi7iischen. — O. Y.fi7iiss-, base of pres. pt. of finir, to finish. — to end. — L.yf;/A. finite, limited. (L.) Y.fi7iitus, pp. of fi 7 iire, to end, limit. — Y.fi7iis. Der. hi- fi7iite, i7i-fi7iit-esi77iaL refine. (F. —L.) Coined from re- and fi 7 ie (i), but imitated from F. 7‘ajfi7ier, to FINCH. ^ FLABBY. refine, comp, of L. re-, again, L. af-=^ad, to, and Y.Jin, fine. Der. rejine-inent \ cf. F. 7'affinef7ie7it. superfine. (F. — L.) From L. super, above; and fine (i). Finch, a bird. (E.) yi.Y..finch. A. S. fine.’if-iyxi. vink, 'Dan.finke, Swed. and G. fink\ y^.pinc, a chaffinch. Cf. Gk. arriy- yos, am^a, a finch; prov. E. spink. Der. chaf-finch, q. v., bull-finch, &c. Find. (E.) A. S.findan. -f- Eu. vmden, T)zxi.fi7tde, Swed. and lodi.fiftna {=finda), Goi\i.finthan, G.finden. Allied to 'G.petere, to seek after; see Petition, (y' PAT.) foundling, a deserted child. (E.) M. E. fundling\ formed with suffix -l-ing from A.S.fu*nd-e7t, pp. of fi7idan. Fine (i) and ( 2 ) ; see Pinal. Finger. (E.) A. S.y?^^^r.-j-Du. vmger, Icel. fingr, Dan. Swed. G. finger, Goth. Prob. allied to Pang; (fiuger= catch-er). Finial, Finical, Finish ; see Pinal. Fir, a tree. (E.) M. Id., fir; A.S.furh. -f-Icel. fura, Dan. fyr, Swed. fiuru, G. fdhre, . pyr. The same as L. quercus, an oak. Fire. (E.) A.S.fyr. Du. vuur, Icel. fyri, Dan. and Swed.y3^r, G.feuer, G^.irvp. Cf. dikt. pdva7ta {—piiand), purifying, also fire. (PU.) See Bolt ( 2 ). Firkin ; see Pour. Firm. (F. - L.) M. E. fer7ne. - O. F. fe7'7ne. — L. fir7nus, steadfast. Cf. Skt. dhara, preserving. (y^DHAR.) affirm. (F. - L.) M. E. ciffermen. - O. F. afer77ier, to fix. — L. af- = ad, to; fir- mare, to fix, from fir77ius. confirm. (F. <— L.) M. E. co7ifer77ien. — O.F. confermer.^^k,. C07i-fi7'mare, to make firm, strengthen. farm. (L.) M..Y..ferme. A. S.feor77i, a feast, food, property, use. — Low k,.Ji7'77ia, a feast, farm, tribute ; fern, of L. firmus, durable. (From the fixed rent.) firmament, celestial sphere. (F. — L.) O. d.firma77ient.^'L,.fir7namentum, a sup¬ port, also, expanse of the ^y.^\j.fi 7 ' 77 iare, to strengthen ; from fir77ius. in-firm. (L.) L. in-firmus, not strong, weak. Der. infir7n-ar-y, infir 7 n-i-ty. Firman, a mandate. (Pers.) Pers.y^r- mdn, a mandate, order. First ; see Fore. Firth ; see Prith. Fiscal, pertaining to the revenue. (F.— L.) O. F. fiscal. — O. F. fisque, the public 151 purse. —a basket of rushes, also a purse. confiscate, to adjudge to be forfeit. (L.) L. confiscattis, pp. of co7ifisca7'e, to lay by in a coffer, to confiscate, transfer to the prince’s privy con- {cu77i) ; fiscus, a purse. Fish. (E.) A. S. fisc.’^'Dw. visch, Icel. fiskr, Dan. and Swed. fisk, G. fisch, L. piscis, ^’ pysg, Bret, pesk, Irish and Gael. iasg (for piasg). Fissure. (F. - L.) O. F. fiss7i7'e. - L. fissu7'a.^G. fissus, pp. of finde7'e, to cleave. -f-Skt. bind, to cleave; A.S. bita7t, to bite. (y^BHID.) And see Vent (i). Fist. (E.) M. E. fist, fest, fust. A. wS. fyst.-^Du. vuist, G. faust, Russ, piaste. Allied to 'L.pug7tus, Gk. Trvyfirj, fist. Fistula, a deep, narrow abscess. (L.) From the shape; G.fistula, a pipe. Fit (i), to suit; as adj., apt. (Scand.) IStl.'E. fitten, to arrange. — Icel. and Norw. fitja, to knit together; Swed. didd.fittja, to bind together. -|- Goth, fetjan, to adorn, deck. Allied to Fetch. Fit ( 2 ), a part of a poem, attack of ill¬ ness. (E.) M. E. fit. A. S. fit, a song, a struggle.-(-Icel. fet, a pace, step, foot (in poetry), fit (of a poem). Allied to Fetch and Pit (i). Fitch, the same as Vetch, q. v. Fitchet, Fitchew, a pole cat, (F.— O. Du.) Fitchew is corrupted from O. F. fissau, a polecat.— O. Gvi. fisse, a polecat; from the smell. Cf. Icel. fisa, to make a smell; see Foist. Fitz, son. (Norm. F. — L.) Formerly fiz (with 0 as /A- — 0. ^.fiz (with 2 as ts) ; also filz, fils.^G. filius, a son. Five. (E.) M. E. fif; sometimes fine, as a plural. A. S. fif (for yf;^*).4-Du. vijf, Dan. Swed. fe77i, Icel. fi7n77i, Goth. fi77if G. fiinf, W. pu77ip, L. quinque, Gk. iri/jiTre (also nevre), Skt. pahcha7t. (Base KANKAN.) Der. fifth, A. S. fifia ; fif¬ teen, A. S. fifty 7ie ; fifty, A. S. fif tig. Fix. (F. — L.) O. Y.fixe, fixed. — G.fixus, fixed; pp. of figere, to fix. Cf. Gk. ocp'iy- yeiv, to compress. affix. (F. —L.) M. E. affichen.^ 0 . F. aficher. — O. F. a, to (L. ad) ;ficher, to fix, answering to Low L. figicare *, developcvl from figere, to fix. ^ So also pre-fix, stf fix (i.e. sub-fix), tra 7 is-fix. Fizz. (Scand.) Icel. fisa, Dan. fise; with the same sense as L. pede7'e. Flabby, put for fiappy ; see Flap, 152 FLACCID. FLATTER. Flaccid. (F. — L.) F. Jlaccide, — L. Jiaccidus^ limp. — L. Jlaccus, flabby. ‘ Flag (i), to droop, grow weary. (E.) Weakened form of Jiack^ to hang loosely ; M. E. Jlakken^ to flap about. From the base Jlac- of A. S. Jlac-or^ Hying, roving. -J- Icel. Jiakka, to rove ; Jlaka^ to flap; fiogJ^a^ to flutter ; G. jiackern^ to flutter. flicker, to flutter. (E.) Frequent, form of JLick^ weakened form of M. Ys.jiakken (above). flag ( 2 ), an ensign. (Scand.) Dan. flag, Swed. flagg, a flag; from base of Icel. fldgra, to flutter (above). flag ( 3 ), a reed; the same word as flag ( 2 ); from its Avaving in the wind. Flag ( 4 ), Flagstone, a paving-stone; see Flake. Flagellate. (L.) From pp. of L. flagellare, to scourge. flagellum, dimin. oiflagrum, a scourge. (^ BHLAG.) flail. (F. — L.) O.Y, flael (F. fle'au), a flail, scourge. — L. flagelhun (above). Flageolet; see Flute. Flagitious. (L.) F. flagitiosus, shame¬ ful. — L. flagitium, a disgraceful act. — L. flagitare, to act with violence. Allied to Flagrant. Flagon; see Flask. Flagrant, glaring, as a fault. (F. — L.) O. F. flagi'ant, properly burning. — L. flag 7 'ant-, stern of pres. pt. of flagrare, to burn.-f-Gk. to burn; Sk. bhrdj, (V BHARG.) conflagration. (F.-L.) F. conflag- ration. — L. acc. conflagrationem, a great burning. •^F.con- {cu??i), together; flagrare, to bum. flambeau. (F. — L.) F. fla7?ibea.u, a link, torch; dimin. of O. F. flatiibe, a flame ; see flame. flame. (F. — L.) O.Y. flame, flamme', also fla77ibe. — L. flanwia {=flag-77ia), a flame ; from the base flag-, to burn; cf. flagrai'e. See Flagrant. flamen. (L.) L. fld77ie7t, a priest of Rome. Prob. for flag-77ie7t *, he who bums the sacrifice. flamingo. (Span. — Prov. — L.) Span. flamenco, a flamingo; but said to be a Provencal word. The F. form is flai7iant, lit. ‘ flaming,’ but it was certainly confused with F. Fla7na7id, a Fleming, whence the peculiar form of the Span, word seems to be due. Still, the etymology is certainly from L. fla77i77ia, a flame ; from the flame¬ like colour of the bird. Flail; see Flagellate. Flake, a thin slice. (Scand.) Norw. flak, a slice, an ice-floe; cf. Icel. flak7ta, flagna, to flake off, Swed. flaga, a flake. Allied to Flay. flag ( 4 ), a paving-stone. (Scand.) Icel. flaga, a flag or slab of stone; flaga, a flake. A w^eakened form of flake. flaw, a crack. (Scand.) M. F.flawe. — Swed. flaga, a crack, flaw, also, a flake (as above). flitch, side of bacon. (E.) M. E. flicche. A. S.flicce. + Ictl.flikki. a flitch ; flik, a flap, tatter. Grig, a thin slice; weakened form of Flake. floe, a flake of ice. (Dan.) T> 2 cn..flage; as in iis-flage, an ice-floe, lit. ' ice-flake.’ Flambeau, Flame ; see Flagrant. Flamen, Flamingo; see Flagrant. Flange ; see below. Flank, the side. (F. — L.) F.flanc, lit. the ^weak’ part of the flaccus, soft; with inserted n as in jongleur from ioculat07'e7n ; see Flaccid. ^ Cf. G. weiche, softness ; also, the side. flange. (F. —L.) The same as prov. E. flanch, a projection; which, again, is a weakened form of flank ; hence it means ‘ a rim projecting on one side.’ flunkey, a footman. (F. — L.) Modem. From Y.flanquer, to flank, run by the side of, support, be at hand. —side. Flannel. (W.) Prov. E. flan7ten, a better form. —W. gwlarten, flannel, from gwlafi, wool. Allied to Wool. Flap, to beat with the wings. (E.) M. E. flappe7t, to beat; not in A. S. A variant oiflack, to beat; see Flag (i). 4- Du.flappen, to flap. 'Dqt. flabby (flappy). Flare; see below. Flash, to blaze. (Scand.) Swed. dial. flasa, to bum violently ; Icel. flasa, to r\i.fleginn. Allied to Flake, q. v. Flea ; see Fly. Fleam, a lancet, see Phlebotomy. Fleck, a spot. (Scand.) M. E. flek. — — Icel. flekkr, a spot; flekka, to stain ; Swed. flack, a spot, -f- Du. vlek, G. fleck. From the base FLAK, to strike, dab; cf. L. plaga, a blow, (y' PLAK.) Flection ; see Flexible. Fledge, Flee ; see Fly. Fleece. (E.) yi.Y..flees. K.^.flys.^ Du. vlies, G.fliess. Cf. Flesh. Fleer, to mock. (Scand.) M. Y.flerien. — Norw. to titter, giggle; also spelt flisa', ^sN^Yflissa, to titter. Fleet (i), a number of ships ; see Float. Fleet ( 2 ), a creek ; see Float. Fleet ( 3 ), swift; Fleet ( 4 ), to move swiftly; see Float. Flesh. (E.) yV.Y.flesch. A. S.fldsc, flesh. '\‘\Q,^.flesk, bacon ; Y 2 xv.fl.esk, flask, bacon ; G. fleisch. Prob. allied to Flake. Fleur-de-lis ; see Floral. Flexible. (F. - L.) F. flexible. - Y.flexibihs, easily \v^n\..^^Y.flexus, pp. of flectere, to bend. Der. inflexible. circumflex. (L.) L. syllaba circtmi- flexa, a syllable marked with a circumflex ( ) or ‘bent xxv2.x]s:..^Y. circumflexus, pp. of circuniflectere, to bend round. 153 deflect. (L.) L. de-flectere, to bend down or aside. flection, a bending. (L.) Better flexion ; from L. 2 vq.q.. flexione^n, a bending. — Y.flexus, pp. of flectere. So also flex-or, flex-ure. flinch. (F. — L.) A nasalised form of M. E. flecchen, to flinch, waver. — O. F. flechir, to bend, ply, go awry or aside, ^mdcv.^Y.flectere, to bend. inflect, to modulate the voice, &c. (L.) L. in-flectere, lit. to bend in. reflect. (L.) L. re-flectere, lit. to bend back, hence to return rays, &c. Flicker; see Flag (i). Flight; see Fly. Flimsy, weak, slight. (W. ?) Prob. from W. llymsi, sluggish, spiritless, flimsy. {flox fl — W. ll, see flum7neryi) Flinch; see Flexible. Fling. (Scand.) Swed. fldnga, to use violent action, romp, race about; i fldng, at full speed (taking one’s fling) ; O. Swed. flenga, to strike. + Uan. fletige, to slash ; ifleng, indiscriminately. Allied to Flicker and Flag (i). Flint. (E.) A. S. flint. Dan. flint; flhtta ; Gk. ttXlvOos, a brick. Flippant. (Scand.) Flippant is for flippand, the O. Northern pres. pt.; flip- pand = prattling, saucy. — Icel. fleipa, to prattle ; Swed. dml.flepa, to talk nonsense; cf. Swed. dial, flip, the lip. Weakened form of Flap. Flirt. (E.) Often written flurt, meaning to mock, gibe, scorn; Lowl. Sc. flird, to flirt. A. S. fleard, a piece of folly; fleardiaji, to trifle. Flit ; see Float. Flitch ; see Flake. Float, to swim on a liquid surface. (E.) M. E. floten ; also fleten. The form float is due to the sb. float, from A. S. flota, a ship. The verb is properly fleet, A. S. fleStan ; cognate with Icel. fljota, G. fliessen, to float, flow. We find, however, the (derived) verb flotiajt, A. S. Chron. an. 1031 (Laud MS.). (VPLU.) afloat. (E.) M. E. 071 flote, i.e. on the float, fleet (i), a number of ships. (E.) M. E. flete, a fleet. A. S.fledt, a ship; the collec¬ tive sense is later. — A. S. fleotaft, to float. fleet ( 2 ), a creek, bay. (E.) Cf. Fleet Ditch; fleet is a shallow creek, channel. M. E. fleet. A. S. fleSt, a bay of the sea (where ships floaf). fleet ( 3 ), swift. (E.) From A. S. FLOW. 154 FLOCK. fieotig, swift; allied to JleStan, to float; see fl-it below. fleet ( 4 ), to move swiftly. (E.) M. E. fleten^ to float, swim ; A. S. Jieotajt, the same ; see Float (above). flit, to remove from place to place. (Scand.) M. E. Jlittert. — Swed. jlytta^ to flit, remove ; Dan. Jlytte ; causal of Swed. Jiyta^ T)z.zi, fiyde, to float. flotsam, goods lost in shipwreck, and floating on the waves. (Law F. —Scand.) An O. F. law-term, barbarously com¬ pounded of the lce\. Jio^ (as 'nx flot-fundinn, found afloat); and the suffix -sai7i = Icel. -sa7nr = E. -so7ne in ga7Jie-so7ney wi7t'S07fie. Cf. Jetsam. flutter, to flap the wings. (E.) M. E. Jlotere7t, to fluctuate. A. S. jiotorian, to float about. — A. S. Jloty the sea; Jiota, a ship. — A. S. flot-y stem of Jiot-cTiy pp. of Jie6ta7i, to float. Flock (i), a company of sheep, &c. (E.) M. E. flok. A. S. flocc. -|- Icel. Jlokkr, Dan. Jioky Swed. Jiock. Perhaps a variant of Folk. Flock ( 2 ), a lock of wool. (F. —L.) O. Y.Jloc.^'L. Jloccus, a lock of wool. Cf. Lithuan. plaukas, hair. Floe ; see Flake. Flog, to beat. (L.) A late word; and a mere abbreviation of flagellate^ q. v. Flood; see Flow. Floor. (E.) A. S. flor. + Du. vloer, G. Jinr, W. llawr, Bret. Ieu7'^ Irish lar ( = pla7'). Floral, pertaining to flowers. (L.) L. Jlo7ulis, belonging to Flo7'aj goddess of flowers. — L.y?^?r-, stem of flos, a flower; cf. Jiorere, to flourish, allied to Blow ( 2 ). deflour, deflower. (F. —L.) M. E. deJlou7'e7t. — O. F. dejietirer. — Low L. de- Jio7'a7'e, to gather flowers. efflorescence. (F. — L.) F. ejffio7'escence, lit. ^ a flowering.’ From L. efflo7'escere, in¬ ceptive form of ef-Jlorere^ to blossom out. (L. ef- = ex), ferret ( 2 ), a kind of silk tape. (Ital.— L.) \\2iX.Ji07'etto, a little flower, also ferret; dimin. of Jio7'ey a flower.— acc. of Jlos, a flower. fleur-de-lis, flower of the lily. (F.) O. F. Jletir de Us. Here Us — Low L. lilius, corrupt form of L. UUu7?if a lily; see flower and lily. florid. (L.) Y.Jlo7ddtis, lit. abounding with flowers; hence rosy.^'L.Jlori-f crude form of fios^ a flower. florin, a coin. (F. — Ital. — L.) M. E. ^07^,71 (about A. D. 1337 ). —O. Y.florm, a florin. — Ital. fio7'ino ( = JiorUid), a coin of Florence, so called because it bore a lily, the symbol of that town. — Ital. fiore^ a flower; see ferret ( 2 ) above. floscule. (L.) L. jloscuhis^ a little flower ; double dimin. of Jlos. flour, finer part of meal. (F. — L.) Short for ^ flower of wheat.’ — F. fleur, short for Jleur de farme, flour; see flower below (which is a doublet). flourish, vb. (F. — L.) M. Y.florisshe7t. — O. Y . JietiTdss-, stem of pres. pt. of fleurir^ to flourish. —inceptive form of Jlo'rere, to blossom. flower, sb. (F. — L.) M. Y.flour. — O. F. flotir {Y.fleur).m~-Y.flore77i, acc. of flos. inflorescence, mode of flowering. (F. — L.) F. htflorescence. From the pres, pt. of L. i7iflo7'escere, to burst into blos¬ som. Florid, Florin, Floscule; see Floral. Floss; see Fluent. Flotilla. (Span. — L.) Span, flotilla, a little fleet; dimin. of flota, a fleet, cognate wdth O. Y.flote, a fleet of ships, a crowd of people. This O. Y.flote (fern.) is closely allied to L. flot (masc.), a wave ; from L. fluctus, a wave ; see Fluent, p. At the same time, the sense seems to have been affected by Du. vloot, IcQl.floti, a fleet. Flotsam; see Float. Flounce (i), to plunge about. (Swed.) Swed. dial, and O. ^wtdL.flu7isa, to plunge; allied to Flounder (i). Flounce ( 2 ), a plaited border on a dress. (F. — L. ?) Changed from M. E. frou7tce, a plait. —O. Y . froTtser, fro7icer, to gather, plait, wrinkle; f7'07iser le f7'07tt, to knit or wrinkle the forehead. Prob. from Low L. f7'07ttiare'^, not found, but regu¬ larly formed from fro7iti~, crude form of f 7 'ons, forehead; see Front. Flounder (i), to flounce about. (O. Low G.) XVI cent. Nasalised form of Du. floddere7i, to dangle, flap, splash through mire. Cf. S'wtdi. fladdra, to flutter. Flounder ( 2 ), a fish. (Scand.) Swed. flundra, Y>^n. fly7ider, Ictl. fly^ra, Prob. from floimde7d7ig about; see above. Flour, Flourish; see Floral. Flout; see Flute. Flow, to stream. (E.) A. S.flowan. -f- Y)\3i. vloeijen\ Icdi.floa, to flood; Y. pluit, it rains; Russ, pluite, to float; Gk. ttKUlv, Skt. plu, to float, swim. (y^PLU.) FLOWER. flood. (E.) A. S. Jiod^ a flood; from Jlowan (above), -f Du. vloed, Icel. jlod, Swed. Y) 2 in. Jiod, Goth. JioduSy a river, G. Jluth. And see Float. Flower ; see Floral. Fluctuate ; see Fluent. Flue (i), a chimney-pipe; see Flute. Flue (2), light floating down. (F. — L. ?) Also called fluff \ cf. prov. E. fluke, waste cotton. Prob. a mere corruption of flock (2), q. V. Fluent. (L.) From stem of pres. pt. of L. flue^'c, to flow. Cf. Gk. (p/\v€iu, to swell, overflow. affluence. (F.-L.) F. affluence.^!., affluencia, abundance. — L. affluent-, stem of pres. pt. of affluere, to flow to, abound. (L. af- =ad). confluent. (L.) From stem of pres, pt. of confluere, to flow together. So also conflux, from the pp. confluxus. defluxion. (L.) From acc. of L. de- fluxio, a flowing down. effluence, a flowing. (L.) From the pres. pt. of effluere, to flow out. fluctuate, to waver. (L.) From pp. of fluctuare, to float about. ■■ L. fluctus, a wave.-L. fluctus, old pp. of fluere, to flow. fluid. (F. - L.) O. F. fluide. - L. fluidus, Rowing. L. fluene, to flow. floss, untwisted silken filaments. (Ital. — L.) Ita.1 flosclo, Venetian flosso, soft, weak; floscia seta, floss silk. — L. fluxus. fluid, loose, lax. fluor, fluor-spar, a mineral. (L.) The L. fluor (lit. a flowing) was formerly in use as a term in alchemy and chemistry. fluere, to flow. flush (i), to flow swiftly. (F.-L.) Cf. flusch, a run of water (G. Douglas). — F. flux, 'a flowing, a flux, also a flush at cards;’ . bloc ha. Lit. ^ a jumper.’ Cf. Skt.//z/, to swim, to fly, also to jump. fledge, to furnish with feathers. (Scand.) The fledged is now substituted for M. E. flegge, ready to fly. — Icel. fleygr, able to fly. — Ictl.fileygja, to cause to fly, causal of fljtiga ; see Ply. Der.fiedge-ling. flee, to escape. (Scand.) Icel. flyja, flceja, to flee^ pt. { = 'E.fied) ; Swed. fly, Dan. flye, to flee. Allied to Icel. fljiiga, to fly. flight, act of flying. (E.) A. S. flyht, allied to flyge, flight. — A. S. flug-, base of pi. of pt. t. of fledgan, to fly. So also Swed. fly^^; Qc.flucht. Foal. (E ) M. E.y^/^, K.’^.fola. + Eu. veuleu, Icel.foil, DsLU.fole, Swed./dle, Goth. fula, G. fohleii, L. pullus, young of an animal, Gk.7ra)Aoj. (VPU.) filly, a female foal. (Scand.) Icel. flyIja, a filly, from foli, a foal; Dan. fdl, from foie ; Swed.yer.fette 7 ', vb. Fop, a coxcomb. (Du.) From Bu. fop- pen, to prate, cheat; fopper, a wag; fop- perij, cheating { = E. foppery). For (i), prep., in place of. (E.) Orig. a prep. A. S. for, for; also, before that; allied to A. S. fo7'e, before that, for; see Fore. + Du. voor, Icel. fyrir, Dan. for Swed. for, G.fHr. '^ For- ( 2 ), p7'efix. (E.) For- has usually an intensive force, or preserves something of the sense of fro7n, to which it is nearly related. (Quite distinct from fore-). A. S. for- ',\ee\.for-,fyrir-. Bum for-, Swed. fdr-, Du. G ver-, GotE fra-, fair-, Skt. para-, 1 he Skt. pa7'a is an old instrumental sing, of paz'a, far; hence the orig. sense is 'away.* Der. for-bea7', fo7'-bid, for-fend, fo7'-go (misspelt fore-go), foi'-get, for-give, FOR-. FORENSIC. 158 for-lorn, forsake^ forswear', see Bear, Bid, &c. For- {f), prefix. (F. — L.) Only in for- close foreclose), for feit, which see. Forage ; see Food. Foraminated, perforated. (L.) FromL. fora7nin‘, stem of foramen, a small hole. — forare, to bore ; see Bore. Foray, Forray, a raid for foraging. Foray, forray are old Lowl. Scotch spel¬ lings of Forage, q. v., under Food. Forbear. (E.) From For- ( 2 ) and Bear. K.S. forberan. Forbid. (E.) From For- ( 2 ) and Bid ( 2 ). forbeodan. -f- G. verbiete^i. Force (i), strength. (F. — L.) M. E. force, fors. — O. Y . force. — Low L. fo^-tia, strength. — Y.forti-, crude form of fortis, strong, (y' DHAR.) comfort, vb. (F. — L.) M. E. co^ifo^de^t, later co7?ifo7'ten. — O. F. co7tforter, to com¬ fort.—Low L. co7tfortare, to strengthen, deforce, to dispossess. (F. —L.) Legal. — O. F. deforcer, to dispossess (Low L. difforciare). — O. F. de- = des- = L. dis-, away ; and Y,fo7'ce (above). effort. (F. — L.) F. eJfoTd, an effort; verbal sb. from F. s'efforcer, to endeavour. — F. ef ( = L. ex) ; and force, force, fort. (F. — L.) O. F. fort, sb., a fort; a peculiar use of Y.fort, adj., strong. —L. fo7't-e7n, strong. fortalice, small fort. (F. — L.) O. F. fortelesce, 'Lovf Y. fortalitia •, see fortress below. forte, loud. (Ital. — L.) lidi. forte. — L. 2 lQ,q.. fort-em, strong. forti:fy. (F. — L.) O. F. fortifier, to make strong. — L. foTdi-, crude form of fortis ; ficare, for facere, to make. fortitude. (L.) Y. fortitudo, strength. ^Y.fortis, strong. fortress. (F. — L.) M. Y.fortresse. — O.Y.forteresce, fortelesce. — Low Y.forta- litia, a small fort. —Low Y.fortis, a fort; Y. fortis, strong. Force ( 2 ), to stuff fowls; see Farce. Force ( 3 ), Foss, waterfall. (Scand.) V72Xi.fos, Icel. fOSS, fors, a waterfall. Forceps, pincers. (L.) Y. forceps, orig. used for holding hot iron. — Y. for-mus, hot; capere, to hold. Ford ; see Fare. Fore, in front, coming first. (E.) A. S. fore, for, before, prep.; fore, foran, before, adv.-fDu. voor, Icel.fyrir, I)a.n. for, Swed. for, G, vor, GoSY. fau7’a, Y. pro, Gk. vpo, Skt. pra. The orig. sense is * beyond; ’ allied to Far. "Der. fore-arm, -bode, -cast, -castle, -date, -father, -finger, foot, -front, -go (in the sense ‘to go before’ only), -ground, -hand, -head, -judge, -know, -land, -lock, -man, -noon, -ordain, -part, -rank, -run, -see, -ship, -shorten, -show, -sight, -stall (to buy up goods before displayed on a stall), -taste, -tell, -thought, -token, -tooth, -top, -warn ; all easily understood. afore. (E.) A. S. 07iforan, adv., in front. before. (E.) M. E. bifo7'e. A. S. be- foran, biforan, prep, and adv. — A. S. be-, bi- (E. by) ; foran, before. first. (E.) K.^. fyrst {=for-est), the correct superb of fore, with vowel-change of 0 X.Oy.^Y^.fyrstr', Dan. fm'ste. former, more in front. (E.) Not early; XVI cent.; a false formation, to suit M. E. firmest, i. e. foremost ; see below. Formed by adding -er to the base for 7 n- of K.S.for 7 n-a, first, really a superb I form, precisely equivalent to L. prmius, where - 7 n- is an Aryan superb suffix. I . foremost, most in front. (E.) A double superb, the old superb form being mis- ! understood. Formed by adding -est to A. S. for 7 n-a, foremost, first; this gave for77iest, often written fyr7nest, which was ' turned into fore7nost by confusion with 7nost ! See below. forward. (E.) VI. Y. forward. A. S. fo 7 'eweard, adj. —A. before; -weard, suffix; see Toward. Der. forwards, M. Y. forwardes, where -es is the suffix of gen. case, used adverbially. And see Further. Foreclose, to preclude, exclude. (F. — L.) Better spelt forclose.^^O. Y.forclos, pp. of forclorre, to exclude, shut out. —O. Y.for-, from Y. foris, outside ; and clorre, to shut, from L. claudere. See Forfeit and Close. Forego, to relinquish ; see Forgo. Foreign. (F. — L.) The g is wrongly inserted. M. E. foraine, forey7ie. — O. F. forain, alien, strange. — Low Y. fora7teus, adj., from Y.foras, out of doors, adv. with acc. pb form, allied to Y.fores, doors; cf. Y. forum, a market-place, and E. door. Foremost ; see Fore. Forensic, belonging to law-courts. (L.) Coined from Y. forens-is, belonging to the ioxMm.'^Y. forum, market-place, meeting- place ; orig. a vestibule or door-way. Al- lied to Y. fores, and E. door. I forest. (F. — L.) O.Y.forest.^YcmY. ' foresta, a wood, forestis, open space of FORFEIT. FOUL. hunting-ground. (Medieval writers oppose the forestis, open hunting-ground, to the parcus, enclosed park.) —L. foris^ out of doors; adv. allied to Y,. fores, doors. Der. forcst-er, also spelt forster, foster. Forfeit, a thing forfeited or lost by misdeed. (F.-L.) Vl.Y., forfete\ whence forfeien, verb. - O. F. forfait^ a crime punishable by fine, a fine; also a pp. of fo 7 faire, forsfaire, to trespass. — Low L. fo 7 'isfactum, a trespass, fine; orig. pp. ! (neut.) of forisfacere, to trespass, lit. ^ to do beyond.’ — L. fo7'is facere, to do or act beyond or abroad; from foris, out of doors; and facere, to do. See Foreclose. Forfend, Forefend, to avert. (Hybrid ; E and F.) M. Y.. forfenden. An extraor¬ dinary compound of* E. for-, prefix, with fend, a familiar abbreviation of defend. See For- ( 2 ) and Defend; also Fend, I Fence. Forge; see Fabric. ' Forget. (E.) From For- ( 2 ) and Get. ‘ A. forgitan.’tIfYvi. vergeten, G. veigessen. Forgive. (E.) From For- ( 2 ) and Give. ^ A. forgifan.'^Y)Vi. vergeven, G. vergeben. Forgo, Forego, to give up. (E.) Bet¬ ter forgo. A. S. forgdn, to pass over. From For- ( 2 ) and Go. Fork. (L.) A. S. fore. — L. furca^ a fork. bifurcated, two-pronged. (L.) Low L. hifurcatus, pp. of bifurcari, to part in two directions. — L. bifu7'cus, two-pronged; from bi-s, double ; furca. a fork. Forlorn, quite lost. (E.) M. Y. forlorn. A. S. forloren, pp. of forleSsan, to lose utterly; from for-, prefix, and leSsan, to lose; see For- ( 2 ) and Lose. So also Dan. forloren, Du. and G. verloren, simi¬ larly compounded. Form. (F. —L.) O.Y. forme.^Y.forma, shape. (-v^DHAR.) O.Y. forme also means *a bench,* like Y. form. conform. (F. — L.) F. conformer.^^Y. con-fo-rmare, to fashion like. deform. (F. - L.) M. E. deformen, chiefly in pp. deformed. F. deffor7ne, adj., deformed, ugly. — L. deformis, ugly. — L. de, away; forma, shape, beauty. formula, a prescribed form. (L.) L. formula, dimin. of forma, a form. inform, to impart knowledge to. (F. — L.) F. informer.-^Y. in-formare, to put into form, mould; also, to tell, inform. ; reform. (F. — L.) F. reformer, to shape ; '^^’anew. —L. ^ 1 ^-, again; for77iare^ to form. / fUUL. 159 transform. (F.-L.) F. tra7isfor7ner. — L. transfor77iare, to change the shape of. Also uni-form, multifor77i, &c. Former ; see Fore. Formic, pertaining to ants. (L.) L. fo7miica, an ant. Formidable, causing fear. (F. — L.) F. fo7'midable. — L. formidabilis, terrible. — L. formidare, to dread; for7nido, fear. Formula ; see Form. Fornicate. (L.) From pp. oiY. for7iic- ari, to commit lewopess, seek a brothel. — L. fornic-, base of fornix, a vault, arch, brothel. Forsake. (E.) M. E. forsaken. A. S. fo7'sacan, to neglect, orig. to contend against, or oppose. — L. fo7'-, prefix ; and sacan, to contend, whence the E. sb. sake. See For- (2) and Sake. So also Swed. forsaka, Y) 20 s\. forsage. Forsooth. (E.) M. E. for sothe, for a truth. A. S. for sb^e; where for—iox, and so^e is dat. of sbS, truth; see Sooth. Forswear. (E.) From For- (2) and Swear. A. forswerian. Fort, Fortalice ; see Force (i). Fortify, Fortitude ; see Force (i). Forth, forward. (E.) M. Y. forth. A. S. foT^, adv.; extended from fore, before ; see Fore. + Du. voort, from voor\ G. fo7't, M. H. G. vort, from vor. Fortnight; see Four. Fortress ; see Force (i). Fortuitous ; see below. Fortune. (F. — L.) Y. fortune. — L. for- tuna, chance. — L. fortu-, allied to forti-, crude form of fo7's, chance; orig. ‘ that which is brought,’ from fer7'e, to bring; see Fertile. fortuitous. (L.) L. fortuitus, casual. •^Y.fortu- (as above). Forty ; see Four. Forward ; see Fore. Fosse. (F. —L.) F. fosse.’^Y. fossa, a ditch. — L. fossa, fern, of fossus, pp. of fodere, to dig. fossil, petrified remains obtained by digging. (F. —L.) O. Y. fossile, Hhat may be digged;’ Qo\..'^Y.fossilis, dug up. — L. f OSS- us, pp. of fodere (above). Foster ; see Food (and Forest). Foul. (E.) M. E. foul. A. S. fdl. + Du. vuil, Icel. fidl, Dan. fuul, Swed./is^/, Goth, fuls, G. faul. Akin to Putrid. (VPU.) filth, foul matter. (E.) A. S. fyl^. <^ A. S.ftil, foul (by vowel-change of u toy). i6o FOUND. foumart, a polecat. (E. and F.) M. E. fuhnart', comp, of M. E. ful^ foul (as above), and O. F. niarte^ 7nartref a marten ; see Marten. Found (i), to lay a foundation; see Fund. Found ( 2 ), to cast metals. (F. — L.) O. F. fondre.’^Y,. fundcj'Cy to pour,* cast metals. (^GHU.) font ( 2 ), fount, an assortment of types. (F.-L.) O. Y.fonfe, a casting of metals. — O. F. fondre^ to cast (above). And see Fuse (i). Founder; see Fund. Fotindling; see Find. Fount (i), a spring; see Font (i). Fount ( 2 ) ; see under Found ( 2 ). Four. (E.) M. E. feowiir, fower, four. A. S. fcower, -f- Icel. fjorir, Dan. fire, Swed._/yn 2 , Du. vier, Goth. fidwo7', G. vzer, \V. pedwar, Gael, ceithir, L. quatuor, Gk. T€TTap€s, 7 ia a apes, movpes, Russ, chetvero, Skt. chatvar. (Aryan type, kwatwar^ Der. four-th, A. S. fe6r\a ; fotir-teen, A. S. feowertyne ; for-ty, A. ^.feowertig. farthing, fourth part of a penny. (E.) M. E. ferthing. A. S. ferfizig, feor^ing, older form feoz'^lhtg. — A. S.fieorlS-a, fourth ; with double dimin. suffix -l-ing. firkin, the fourth part of a barrel. (O. Du.) From Du. vier, four; with suffix -kin (as in kilder-khi) answering to the O. Du. double dimin. suffix -k-en (G. -ch-ezt in znddchezi^. fortnight, two weeks. (E.) M. Y..fourte- flight', also fourten flight.Y.. fourten, i. e. fourteen; night, old pi., i. e. nights. A. ^.feowertyne niht. So also sennight— seven night. Fowl. (E.) M. E. foul, A. S. fugol, a bird. + Du. vogel, Icel. fugl, Dan. fugl, Swed. Goth., fugls, G. vogel. Fox. (E.) A. S. fox. -|- Du. vos, Icel. fox, f6a, Goth, fauho, G.fuchs. foxglove. (E.) A. S. foxes glofa, i. e. fox’s glove ; a fanciful name. vixen. (E.) M. E. vixen, fixen, a she- fox; answering to A. ^.fyx-en, made from fox by vowel-change of 0 to y, wdth fern, suffix -en ; precisely as A. S. gydeti, a goddess, from god, a god. Fracas. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. fracas, a crash. — F. fracasser, to shatter. — Ital. fracassare, to break in pieces. — Ital. fra, prep., among; and cassare, to break (imi¬ tated from L. interrufupere'). Cassare quassai'c, to shatter; see Quash. FRAGILE. Fraction, Fracture ; see Fragile. Fractious, peevish. (E.) ' A prov. E. word, from North. E. fratch, to squabble, chide ; ‘ the same as M. E. fracchen, to I creak as a cart. ^ Not from G. frangere. Fragile. (F. — L.) F. fragile. — L. fragilis, easily broken. — L. frag-, base of frangere, to break. defray. (F.-L.) O.F. defrayer, to pay expenses. - O.F. de- (= L. dis-)-, frait, expense (pi. frails = mod. F. frais^ ; from Low L. fractum, acc. of fractus, ex¬ pense (Ducange). The Low L. fractus is from G. fractus, pp. of frangere, to break. fraction. (F.-L.) F. fraction.^^G. acc. fractionem, a breaking. — L. pp. of frangere, to break. fracture. (F. - L.-) O. F. fracture. - G.fractura, a breach. — pp. of frangere, to break. fragment. (F.-L.) F. fragment.-' \j. fragmentum, a broken fvooo. — F.frag- (base of frangere') ; with suffix -mentum. frail. (F. - L.) M. E. freel. - O. F. fraile, brittle. — F. fragilem, acc. of fragilis', see fragile above. frangible. (L.) Late L. frangibilis, breakable; a coined word. — L. frangere, to break. infraction, violation of law. (F. — L.) F. infraction. — L. acc. infi'actionem, a weakening, breaking into. — L. infi'actus, pp. of infringere (below). infringe. (L.) L. infringere, to break into, violate law. irrefragable, not to be refuted. (F. - L.) F. irrefragable. — L. irref'agabilis, not to be withstood. — L. ir- (= in, not) ; re- frdgari, to oppose, thwart; from re-, back, and (probably) L. frag-, base of frangere, to break. (For the long a, cf. L. suf- frdgium, prob. from the same root.) refract, to bend back rays of light. (L.) L. refractus, pp. of re-fringere, to bend back. Der. refract-or-y, a mistaken form for refractary, from L. refractarius, stubborn, obstinate. Also refrangible, a mistaken form for refringible. refrain ( 2 ), the burden of a song. (P'. — L.) F. refrain ; so also Prov. refranhs, a refrain, refranher, refrenher, to repeat. So called from frequent repetition ; the O. F. refreindre, to pull back, is the same word as Prov. refrenher, to repeat; both are from L. refringei'C, to break back (pull back, hence, come back to, repeat). The w^ord is rather Prov. than F. FRAGRANT. Fragrant. (F.-L.). Y. fragrant. fragranteniy acc. of fragrans^ pres. pt. of fragrare^ to emit an odour. Frail; see Fragile. Frame, to construct. (E.) M. Y.fremeji. A. S. freinman^ to promote, effect, do, lit. to further. — A. S. strong, good, lit. forward. — A. S. fram^ prep., from, away ; see Prom, -f- Icel. fre7nja^ to further, from framr, adj., forward, frain, adv., forward, ■ allied to fra, from. "Dev. frame, sb. Frampold, quarrelsome. (C.) Obsolete. Also frampald. — W. ffromfol, passionate ; from ffromi, to fume, fret, ffro7n^ testy. Franc, Franchise; see Prank. Frangible; see Fragile. Frank, free. (F.-Low L.-O. H. G.) O. F. fraitc ; Low L. francus, free. — O. H. G. franko, a free man, a Frank. The Fraftks were a Germanic people. franc, a French coin. (F. —G.) M. E. frank. — O. Y. franc ; named from its being French, i. e. Frankish. franchise. (F.-G.) Ul.Y.franchise, — O. F. franchise, privileged liberty. — O. Y.f7'anchis-, stem of pres. pt. of franchir, to free. — O. F. f7'anc, free (above). Der. disfranchise, enfranchise. frankincense. CY.^G.andYi) O.F. franc encens, pure incense; see Prank (above) and Incense. franMin, a freeholder. (F.-G.) M. E. frankelein. — O. F. frankeleyn ( = franche- leyn^ ; Low L. franchilanus. — Low L. francus, free; see Prank (above). The suffix is from O. H. G. -line { = Y. 4-ing as in dar-lirtg) ; precisely as in chamberlain. Frantic; see Frenzy. Fraternal. (F. — L.) O. F. fraternel. — Low L. fraternalis, the same as L. fraternus, brotherly. — L. frater, cognate with E. Brother. fraternity. (F.-L.) O.Y.fraternite. — L. acc. fraternitatem, brotherhood. — L. fraternus, brotherly. - L. frater, brother. Der. confrateTmity, fratricide (i), murderer of a brother. (F. — L.) O. F. fratricide. — L. fratricida, a brother-slayer.— crude form of frater ; -cida, a slayer, from ccedere, to kill; see Caesura. fratricide ( 2 ), murder of a brother. (L.) From Y. fratri-cidium, the killing cf a brother. friar. (F. - L.) M. E. frere. ^ Q F. fi'e7'e,freire, lit. a brother. acc. of frater. FREEZE. 161 Fraud. (F. - L.) O. F. fraude, - L. fraudem, acc. of fraus, deceit, guile. Cf. Skt. dhiirta, fraudulent ; dhvn, to bend. (./ DHWAR.) defraud. (F. - L.) O. F. defi^auder, - L. defraudare, to deprive by fraud. Fraught, to lade a ship. (Scand.) We now use fraught only as a pp. M. E. frahten, fragten, only in the pp. fraught, — Swed. frakta, to fraught or freight, from frakt, a cargo ; Dan. fragte, from fragt, a cargo. -|- Du. bevrachten, from vracht; G. frachten, from fracht. Origin uncertain. freight, a cargo. (F.-O.H. G.) A curious spelling of F. fret, the freight of a ship, the gh being inserted by confusion with fraught above. - Y.fret, * the fraught or freight of a ship, also, the hire that’s paid for a ship; ’ Cot. - O. H. G. freht, orig. ‘service,’ whence use, hire. This O. H. O. freht is thought to be the same as fi'acht, a cargo. Fray (i), an affray. (F.-L.) Short for affray, or effray, orig. ‘ terror,’ as shewn by the use of fray in the sense of terror, Bruce, xv. 255 . See Affray. Fray ( 2 ), to terrify. (F.-L.) Short for affray ; see Affray. Fray ( 3 ), to rub away; see Friction. Freak (i), a whim, caprice. (E.) A quick movement; from M. E. frek, quick, vigorous. - A. S. free, bold, rash. + Icel. frekr, voracious; Swed. frdek, impudent, Dan. fr( 2 k, audacious, G. frech, saucy, O. H. Qr.freh, greedy. Freak ( 2 ), to streak, (Scand.) A coined word ; short for freckle below. freckle, a small spot. (Scand.) We find both frekell and freken or frakn,^ IcqX, freknur, pi., freckles; frdkne, Dan. fregne, a freckle. Cf. Gael. breac, Gk. irepfcvos, Skt. pxi(;,ni, variegated, spotted. Allied to Fleck. Free. (E.) M. Y. fre, A. S./r^^.+ Du. vrij, Icel. fri, Swed. Dan. ffi, Goth. freis, G. frei. Orig. acting at pl'^asure, re¬ joicing ; allied to Skt., priya, beloved, agreeable ; also to E. Friend. Der. free ¬ dom, A. S.frebdbm. Freeze^ (E.) M, E. fresen, A. S. freSs- an] Y’^. froren.'^\z^.frj6sa, Swed. Dan. fryse, Dv. vriezen, G. fideren, L. prurire, to itch, originally to burn (cf. pruina, hoarfrost), Skt. plush, to bum. (VPRUS.) frore, frozen. (E.) A.S, froren, pp. of freosan (above). G FRIGHT. 162 FREIGHT. frost. (E.) M. E. frost, forst ; A. S. first (for frose). - A. S. freSsan (pp. froren, for /?w«)-+Du. vorst, Icel. Dan. Swed. Q, frost \ Goth./m/J. Freight; see Fraught. Frenzy. (F. - L. - Gk.) U. E. frenesye. — O. F. frenaisie. — L. phrenesis. — Late Gk. (ppevTjcTLS = Gk. (pp^viTis, inflarnmation of the brain. — Gk. (pp€y-f base of 'etien. A. S. frcetwan, to adorn ; from frcetwi^ ornament. Root unknown. Fret (3), a kind of grating. (F. - L.) Common in heraldr3^ — O- Y.frete, a ferrule, frettes, pi., an iron grating (Diez) ; fretter, to hoop ; frette, fretty (in heraldry). Ct. Span, fretes, frets (in heraldry): Ital. /^r- riata, an iron grating. - P . ferrer, tc hoop with iron. - Y.fer, iron. - L. ferrum, iron. fret (4), a stop on a musical instrument. (F. —L.) Frets are bars across the neck of the instrument; the same word as fret (3). Friable, easily crumbled. (F. —L.) O.F. friable. friabilis.^Y. friare, to rub, crumble. Allied to Grind. Friar; see Fraternal. Fribble, to trifle. (F.) Prob. for fripple\ from O. Y. fripper, to rub up and down, to wear to rags. See Frippery. Fricassee, a dish of fowls cut up. (F. — Ital. ? — L. ?) Y .fricassee, a fricassee ; fern, of pp. of fricasser, to fricassee, also, to squander money. A fricassee is made of chickens, &c. cut up into small pieces. I suspect it to have been borrowed from Ital. fracassai'e ; to break in pieces. See Fracas. ^ Origin doubtful. Friction. (F. — L.) F. friction.^Y. acc. frictionem, a rubbing. — L. frictus, contr. pp. of fricare, to rub ; allied to friare, to rub ; see Friable. fray (3), to wear away by rubbing. (F. -L.) O.Y. frayer, to grate upon.-L. fricare. to rub. Friday. (E.) A. S. frige-dcEg\ where frige is gen. of frigu, love, also the goddess of love. Allied to Friend. (V PRI*) Friend. (E.) 'bJl.Y.frend. A.S.freSnd, orig. ‘loving,’ pres. pt. oifreon, freogan, to love. +Du. vriend ; IctY frcendi, from frjd, to love; Dan. frcende, Swed. frdnde, G. freund ; Goth, frijonds, a friend, pres. pt. of frijon, to love. Cf. Skt. pri, to love. {a/ pri.) Der. friendship, A. S. freond- scipe. Frieze (i), a coarse woollen cloth. (F. - Du.) F. frize, frise, ' frise ;’ Cot. ; also drap de frise, i.e. cloth of Friesland. - Du. Vriesland, Friesland, Vries, a Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. So also cheval de Frise, a horse of Friesland; xNY&aztchevaux de Frise, spikes to resist cavalry, a jesting term. Frieze (2), part of the entablature of a column. (F.) O. F. frize, ‘ the cloth called frize; also the broad and flat band that’s next below the cornish [cornice], or be¬ tween it and the architrave;’ Cot. Span. friso, a frieze; cf. fregio, a fringe, lace, border, ornament. Origin much disputed. Frigate. (F.-Ital.) O.Y. fregate, a frigate ;’ Cot. - Ital. fregata, a frigate. Origin uncertain. Fright. (E.) U.Y. fiyght. K.S.fyrhto, ^vrhtu.iii^Wfyrht, timid.+O. foi'oht, 'forhU Y^n. frygt, S^tYfruktan, G.furcht, Goth, faurhtei, fright, faurhts, fearful. Root unknown. FRIGID. FRONT. affright, to frighten. (E.) The double yis a modern mistake. M. E. afright, pp. affrighted. — A.S. dfyrhtan, to terrify; where the prefix d = (j. er- ; see A- ( 4 ). Frigid. (L.) 1^. frigidus, cold, adj.— L. frigere, to be cold. — L. frigus, cold, sb. "FGk. pL^OS, cold. frill, a ruffle on a shirt. (F. — L. ) Orig. a term in hawking; a hawk ruffling its feathers, from feeling chilly, was said to frill. — O. F. friller, to shiver with cold. — O. F. frilleux, chilly. — Low l^.frigidti- losus *, coined from L. frigidulus, chilly, dimin. form of frigidus (above). refrigerate. (L.) From pp. of L. re- fj'igerare, to make cool again. — L. re-, again; frigerare, to cool, from frigus, cold. Fringe, a border of loose threads. (F. — L.) M. E. fringe. — O. F. frenge * (not found), oldest form of F. frange, fringe ; the Wallachian form is frimbie, put (by metathesis) for fi7nbrie'^. — L. fi7?ibria, fringe ; allied to fibra, a fibre ; see Fibre. Frippery, worn-out clothes, trash. (F.) Stuff sold by a fripier. — O. F. fripier, * a fripier, or broker, trimmer up of old gar¬ ments, and a seller of them so mended ;’ Cot. — O. Y.fripper, to rub up and down, wear to rags. Origin unknown. Frisk ; see Fresh. Frith, Firth ; see Fare. Fritter; see Fry (i). Frivolous, trifling. (L.) L. friuolus, silly. The orig. sense seems to have been ‘ rubbed away;’ hence f7'iuola meant broken potsherds, &c. — L. friare, fricare, to rub; see Friable. Friz, Frizz, to curl, render rough. (F. — Du. ?) O. F. f7'‘izer, ‘ to frizle, crispe, curie ;’ Cot. [Cf. Span. f7'isar, to frizzle, raise the nap on frieze, from frisa, frieze.] Similarly the Y.frizer is from frise, frize., frieze; see Frieze (i). Der. frizz-le, fre¬ quent. form ; in commoner use. Fro ; see From. Frock. (F. - Low L.) M. E. frok. - G. F. froc ; Low l^.frocus, a monk’s frock, also spelt foccus (Ducange). Prob. so called because woollen; see Flock ( 2 ). ^ So Diez; but Bracket derives it from Cb H. G. hroch (G. rock), a coat. Frog (i), an animal. (E.) M. ^.frogge. A. S. froga, frocga. Also A. S. fro 'x, a froskr, Du. vorsch, G. frosch. Frog ( 2 ), a substance in a horse’s foot. (F. ?) It is shaped like a fork; perhaps a corruption of fork, q. v. Yet it was 163 certainly supposed to mean f 7 'og (though it is hard to see why) because it was also called a frush, i. e. M. E. frosh, A. S. f7'ox, a frog. See above. Frolic, adj., sportive. (Du.) XVI cent. Orig. an adj. —Du. V7'olijk, frolic, merry, •{‘G.frdhlich, merry. Formed with suffix -lijk ( = E. like, ~ly) from the O. Sax.f 7 'dh, O. Fries. f7'o ( = G. froh), merry. Der. frolic, sb. and verb. From, away, forth. (E.) A. S. fro 7 }i, f7'am. -|- Ict\. f7'a77i, forward, distinguished in use from f7'd, from; Swed. f 7 'a 77 i, Dan. f7'e77i, O. H. G. f7'a77i, forth ; Goth. fra 7 n, from ; f7'a77iis, adv., further. Allied to Far, Fare. (^PAR.) fro. (Scand.) The Scand. form. —Icel. frd, Gan. fra, from. froward, perverse. (E.) M. G. froward, commonly frawa7'd (Northern). A. S. f7'077iwea7'd, only in the sense ^ about to depart; ’ but we still keep the orig. sense of f7'07n‘'ward, i. e. averse, perverse. (Cf. waywa7'd, i. e. away-ward.) And see Toward. Frond, a branch. (L.) L. frond-, stem of f7'07ts, a leafy branch. Front. (F. — L.) yi.Y,. f7'ont, forehead. — O. F, fro7it, forehead, brow. — L. f 7 'ont- e7n, acc. of frons, forehead, brow. Allied to Brow. affront. (F.-L.) M. E. afroitten.^ O. F. afronter, to confront, oppose face to face. — O. Y. a (L. ad), to; front, forehead, face (above). confront. (F.-L.) F. confronter, to bring face to face. — F. co7i- = L. con- {cu7n), together; front, face (above). effrontery. (F. - L.) XVIII cent. - F. eff^7'onterie, ‘ impudency; ’ Cot. — O. F. effronte, shameless. —O. F. ef- = L. ef- (L. ex) ; f7'07it, face. frontal, a band worn on the forehead. (F. — L.) O. F. frontal. — L. frontale, an ornament for a horse’s forehead, front-, stem of frofis, forehead. frontier. (F.-L.) O. F. Low L. fro7tteria, frontaria, border-land. ^G.front-, stem of fro7ts (above). frontispiece. (P'. — L.) Misspelling of frontispice. — O. F. frontispice, ^ the fronti¬ spiece or fore-front of a house; * Cot. — Low L. fro7ttispiciu77i, a front view. — L. f7vnti-, crude form of fro77s ; specere, to see ; see Species. frontlet. (F. - L.) For fro7ital-et, dimin, of frontal (above). FRONTIER. FULL. 164 frounce, to wrinkle, curl, plait. (F.— L.) The older form of Jiou^ice ; see Flounce ( 2 ). Frontier, Frontispiece ; see Front. Frore, Frost ; see Freeze. Froth. (Scand.) M. E. frothe. — Icel. fro'^a, frau^, Dan. fraade^ Swed. fradga, froth, foam on liquids. Frounce; see Front. Froward ; see From. Frown. (F. — Scand.) M. fromten. — O. F. frogner^ only in comp. 7'efrogner, to frown, lower, look sullen. Cf. Ital. in- frigno, frowning, Ital. dial. (Lombardic) frigiiai'e, to whimper, make a wry face. Of Scand. origin; cf. Swed. dial, fry^ia, 'Norw.froy^ia, to make a wry face; Swed. Jihta, to giggle. Compare fleer. Fructify; see Fruit. Frugal, thrifty. (F. — L.) Y.frugal.^ Y.frugaliSy economical; lit. belonging to fruits. — L. frtig-i, frugal; orig. dat. of frux, fruits of the earth. Allied to Fruit. Fruit. (F. - L.) M. E. fruit, - O. F. f'uit, — L. f7'uctum^ acc. of finictus, fruit. — L. fructus, pp. of f7'ui {^=frugui'^'), to enjoy; allied to Brook (i). (^BHRUG.) fructify. (F.-L.) Y, fructifier,^\j. fructificare^ to make fruitful. — L. fructi-, for fructus^ fruit; ficarey for facere^ to make. fruition. (F. - L.) O. F. f7'uitio7i, enjoyment. Coined as if from L. fi^uitio *. fruit-us y the same 2 es> fructusy pp. of frui, to enjoy. frumenty, furmety, wheat boiled in milk. (F. — L.) O, Y. froume7ite, ‘ furmen- tie, wheat boyled; ’ Cot. Lit. made with wheat; the suffix -e = L. -atus, made with. — O. Y.frou7?ie7ity \i\\!t2X.^»Y.fru7nentu77i, com (from the base fru = frug'). Frustrate, to render vain. (L.) From pp. of L. frust7'ari, to render vain. — L. frustrdy in vain; orig. abl. fern, of obso¬ lete adj. ( = f7'ud-trus')y deceitful. Allied to Fraud. Frustum, a piece of a cone or cylinder. (L.) Y. frustu77i^ a piece cut off. Cf. Gk. OpavdfJLa, a fragment, from OpavciVy to break in pieces. Fry (i), to dress food. (F. — L.) M. E. f7'ie7i.^^O. Y. frire.^Y. f7'ige7'e, to roast, -f- Gk. cppvyeLv, to parch; Skt. bhrajjy to fry. (VBHARG.) fritter, a kind of pancake. (F. — L.) ^I. Y.f7yto2a7'e, f7'itou7'e. [Cf. F. f7dteaUy fritter,’ Cot.] —O. F, f7'itu7'ey a frying, dish of fried fish (also a fragment, Shak.). — O. F. frify fried. — L. frictusy pp. of frige7'e (above). Fry ( 2 ), spawn of fishes. (Scand.) M. E. f7d. — Icel. frcBy frjoy spawn, fry; Dan. Swed.+ Goth.seed. Fuchsia, a flower. (G.) Named after Z. Fuchsy German botanist, ab. 1542 . Fudge. (F. — Low G.) Prov. F. fuche, feuche (Hecart). — Low G.futsch ! begone! Fuel ; see Focus. Fugitive. (F.-L.) O. Y. fiigitif-^Y, ftigitiuuSy fleeing away. — L. fugit-U77iy supine of fuge7'ey to flee. + Gk. cpevyeiv, to flee; Skt. bhuj, to bend, turn aside, (y^BHUGH.) Der. centri-fugaly q. v.; feb7'iftigey feverfew. fugue, a musical composition. (F.— Ital. — L.) F. fugue, — Ital. fuga^ a fugue, lit. a fiight. ^Y.fuga, flight. refuge. (F. — L.) M. E. refuge.'^Y, refuge. — L. refugiuTUy an escape. — L. re-ftgerey to flee back. refugee. (F. — L.) F. refugUy pp. of se 7'efugiery to take refuge. — F. reftige (above). subterfuge. (F. — L.) F. subte7fugey ‘ a shift; ’ Cot. — Low L. subterftighwi, — L. subterfugerey to escape by stealth. Fugleman, the leader of a file. (G.) Put for fiugle77ian.~~G. flugel77ianny the leader of a wing or file of vaQw.^G.fugely a wing, dimin. of flugy wing, from fUegeUy to fly; ina^iny a man. See Fly. Fugue ; see Fugitive. Fulcrum, a point of support. (L.) L. fulcru7ny a support. — L. fulcirey to prop. Cf. Skt. dhru, to stand firm. Fulfil ; see Full. Fulgent, shining. (L.) From stem of pres. pt. of L. fulgerey to shine. Uk. (p\ey€iv, to bum; Skt. bhrdjy to shine. (V BHARK.) Der. effulgent (ef = L. ex) ; re-fulgent. fulminate, to thunder, hurl lightning. (L.) From pp. of Y. ful77imare, to thun¬ der. — Y.fulmin-y stem of ful77ien, a thunder¬ bolt {=fulg-77ien).^Y.fulgere, to shine. Fuliginous, sooty. (L.) Y. fuliginosusy sooty. — L. fuligin-y stem of fuligOy soot. Allied to Fume. Full (i), complete. (E.) A. S. y^z/.+Du. voly Icel. ftillr, Dan. fuld (for full), Swed. full, Goth.yzz/Z, G. full, Skt. pur7iay Gk, TrXrjprjSy Y. plenus, PAR.) fill, verb. (E.) A. S. fylla7t ; formed I from ful by vowel-change from u to y,'^ FULL. Du. vullen^ Icel. fylla^ Dan. fylde, Swed. fylla, Goih. fulljan, G. fallen, fulfil. (E.) yi.Y.. fulfillen, K.^.ful- fyllan, — A. ^.ful, full; fyllan, to fill. fulsome, cloying. (E.) M. E. fulsum, from M. E. ful, full; with suffix -sum ( = E. •some as in winsome.) And see Plenary. Full ( 2 ), to whiten cloth, bleach. (L.) Only (in this sense) in ^.full-er, a bleacher. A.S./ullere, a bleacher.—A. ^.fullian, to bleach. — Low L. fullare, (i) to cleanse clothes, ( 2 ) to full cloth. —L./^z/Zo, a fuller, bleacher. Perhaps allied to infula^ a white fillet. (See below.) Full ( 3 ), to full cloth, felt. (F. — L.) O. Y. foulerf * to full, or thicken cloath in a millCot. Also spelt fotder, to trample on.G. fullare, (i) to cleanse clothes, ( 2 ) to full. — L. ftillo, a fuller. (See above.) ^ The senses of full ( 2 ) and full ( 3 ) should be kept distinct; the sense of felting is due to the washing of clothes by trampling on or beating them. Fulminate; see Fulgent. Fulsome ; see Pull (i). Fulvous, Fulvid, tawny. (L.) From L. fuluuSj tawny, fuluidus, somewhat tawny. Fumble, to grope about. (Du.) XVI cent. — Du. fo7n7?telen, to fumble, -p Swed. fa77ila, Dan. fa7nle, Icel. fdbna, to grope about; due to the sb. appearing as A. S. fohn, the palm of the hand, L. palma \ see Pa m. Fume. (F. — L.) G.Y .fum.^G.fumum, acc. oifumus, smoke.-f-Skt. dim 771 a, ^moko. DHU.) Allied to Dust, fumigate. (L.) From pp. of L. fum- iga7'e, to fumigate.— L. fu7n-, for fu 7 nus, vapour; -igare, for age7'e, to drive about. fumitory, a plant. (F. — L.) Formerly fumiter. — F. fu77ieterre, fumitory (put for fume de terre).’^Y. fumus de terra, smoke from the earth ; so named from the smell. perfume, vb. (F. — L.) F. farfu 7 ne 7 ', to perfume, lit. to smoke thoroughly. — L. per, thoroughly \fu7nare, to smoke, from fu77ius. Fun, merriment. (C.) XVIII cent. - \fvdnfon7t, delight, pleasure, a tune, song; Gael. fonn. ^ Distinct from fond. Funambulist, a rope-dancer. (Span. — L.) Formerly funambulo.^S'pnn. fun- ambulo, a funambulist. —L.a rope; a7nbul-are, to walk ; see Amble. Function, performance, office. (F.-L.) O, F. function. acc. functionem, per¬ formance. —L. functus, pp. of fungi (base FURBISH. 165 /zz^), to perform, orig. to use.-f-Skt. <^/^zzy, to enjoy, use. defunct, dead. (L.) L. defimctus, i.e. having fully performed the course of life, pp. of defungi, to perform fully. — L. de\ and fungi (above). perfunctory. (L.) L. perfuncto 7 'ius, carelessly ^ono.-^Y. pe7functus, pp. of pcr- fungi, to perform fully, complete. Fund, a store. (F. — L.) O. F. fond, * a bottom, a merchant’s stock;’ Cot. — L. fundus, bottom ; cognate with E. Bottom. found (i), to lay the foundation of. (F. — L.) M. E. foimden. — O. Y. fonder. — Y. fundare, to found. — L./zz;zz/zzj' (above), founder, to go to the bottom. (F. -L.) M. Y. foundren, said of a horse falling.— O. F. fondrer, in comp, afondrer (obsolete), 'effondrer, to fall in (still in use); orig. to sink in. — F. fond, bottom. — L. fundus, bottom. fundament, base. (F. - L.) M. E. fu7ide7nent."~‘G. F. fonde7nent, foundation. — L. funda77ientu7n, foundation.— L.y^/zzZ- are ; see found (i) above. profound, deep. (F.-L.) Y.profond. — L. profundum, acc. of profundus, deep. — L. pro, forward, hence downward ; fimd- us, bottom. Der. p7^ofund-ity, F. pro- fondite. Funeral, relating to a burial. (L.) Low L. funeralis, adj., from L. funer-, base of funus, a burial. Der. funere-al, from L. fune7'eus, funereal. Fungus, a spongy plant. (L. — Gk.) L. fungus (put ioT sfungus). — Gk. crcpoyyos, At¬ tic form of (TTToyyos, a sponge ; see Sponge. Funnel. (W. ?) Perhaps from . jfy 7 iel, an air-hole; allied to W. ffyned, respira¬ tion, breathing, ffuit, breath. Cf. Bret. founil, a funnel for pouring in liquids. Fur. (F.-O. Low G.) ^V.Y. forre.^ O. F. for7'e, fuerre, a sheath, case; cf. Span, fori'o, lining for clothes, Y 2 X. fodero, lining, fur, scabbard. — Goth, fodr, scab¬ bard, orig. ‘protection ;’ Icel.yy^r, lining; allied to G. futter, which (like Icel. fd'^r) also means ‘ fodder.’ Allied to Fodder ; the senses of feeding and protecting being connected. Furbelow, a flounce. (F.) Prov. F. farbala, a flounce, in the dialect of Hainault (Diez) ; the usual form is F.Span. Ital. Port. falbala, a flounce. Origin unknown. Furbish, to polish, trim. (F.-O. H. G.) O. Y, fourbiss-, stem of pres. pt. of foui'bU', FURL. FUSE. 166 to furbish, polish. — O. H. G. furpjaUy M. H. G. vurben, to purify, clean, mb bright. Purl; see Fardel. Purlong; see Furrow. Furlough, leave of absence. (Du. — Scand.) Also spelt furloe. — Du. verlof^ leave, furlough; borrowed from Dsm.for- loVf Swed. fdrlofy leave. Cf. G. verlaub, furlough ; also Dan. orlov, p. As to the prefix, Du. G. ver-y Dan. for- are the same as E. for -; whilst Dan. or^Goih.. us, out. The syllable lof is Icel. lof (i) praise, ( 2 ) leave, the same as G. loby praise, allied to E. Lief. Furmety; see Frumenty. Furnace, an oven. (F. —L.) M.E.y^r- neis.^^O.Y.for7iaise.^G.fo7'nace7?iy acc. of for7taXy an oven. — L. foimuSy an oven; allied to for77inSy warm. Cf. Skt. gha7'77iay warmth, glow. Allied to Glow. Furnish, to fit up, equip. (F. —O.H.G.) O. Y. four7iiss-y stem of pres. pt. of fou7'7iiry to furnish, of which an older spelling is for 7 iiry the same word as Prov. formiry f 7 ' 07 iiir. — O. H. G. fru77ija7iy to provide, furnish. - O. H. G. fru?7iay utility, profit, gain ; cf. G. f7'077i77iy good. Allied to For¬ mer ; and cf. Frame. perform, to achieve. (F. — O. H. G.; with L. p7'efix^ Corrupted from M. E. pa7foiir7ie7ty \ 2 X 0 x pa7four77ie7t. — O.Y.par- four7iiry * to perform ; ’ Cot. — L. pery tho¬ roughly ; and O.Y. fou7 7iiry to furnish, provide (as above). veneer, to overlay with a thin slice of wood. (G. — F. —O.H.G.) G.fur7ti7'e7ty to furnish or provide small pieces of wood, to wtXiQQT.^Y.fotiT^iiry to furnish; a word of G. origin ; see above. Furrow. (E.) IsYY.forwe. K.S.furh, a furrow. -F U. furchoy a furrow. Cf. L. porcay a ridge between two furrows. furlong, -ith of a mile. (E.) A. S.fur- langy orig. a furrow-long, or the length of a furrow. — A. S.furhy a furrow ; la7tgy long. Further. (E.) Really the comp, of fo7'ey but usually misunderstood as comp, of forth. M. E. firmer. A. S. furdiury fuT^'^ory further. - A.S.for-e, adv., before; with comp, suffix -^or (Aryan -ta7'^. + Du. vorderSy adv., further ; comp, of vory before, with comp, suffix -der-s ; O. H. G.furdory from O. H. G.ftu'iy before. So also Gk. xrpoTcpoy, comp. ofTrpo. 'Dqh. furthery verb, A. S. fy7^7‘a7ty formed from fu7'^or by vowel-change of w to^. furthest, a mistaken form, made as the super!, of fo7'thy and due to a mistaken ety¬ mology of further. The true super!, of fore is first. Furtive. (F. — L.) O. F. fu7'tify fern. furtive. — Y. fu7'tiuuSy stolen, secret. — L. fu7'tu7ny theft. — Y.fura7dy to steal. — Y.fur, a thief.-f-Gk. (pwpy a thief, allied to (pkp^iVy to bear, carry (away). BHAR.) Fury. (F. — L.) Y.furie. — Y.furiay x 2 ige.^Y. furerey to rage. (>v^ BHUR.) infuriate. (Ital. — L.) Ital. hifuriatOy pp. of i7ifuria7'ey to fly into a rage. — Ital. uifuriay ‘ in a fury, ragingly ; ’ Florio. — L. i7iy in ; furiay rage (above). Furze. (E.) M. Y.firse. A. S.fyrs. + Gael. preaSy a briar. Fuscous, brown. (L.) Y.fuscuSy bro'VNm. obfuscate, to darken. (L.) From pp. of L. obfuscarey to obscure. — Y. ob'y and fuscuSy brown. Fuse (i), to melt by heat. (L.) A late word. Due to fus-ible (in G\i2xxoox^yfus-io7t, in Sir T. Browne. — Y.fusus, pp. of fimdere, to pour, melt. Allied to Gk. Goth. giutaTiy to pour, (y' GHU.) T7ov. fus-ible (from O. Y. fusible) ; fus-io7t. confound. (F. — L.) F. co7ifo7tdre. — L. C07i-fu7tde7'ey to pour together, confound. confuse. (L.) M. E. coTtfuSy used as a pp. in Chaucer. — L. confususy pp. of co7i- ftmdere (above). confute. (F. — L.) F. confuter. — L. co7ifuta7'ey to cool by mixing cold water with hot, to allay, also to confute. — L. con- {cu77i)y together; fut-isy a water-vessel to pour from, from the base fu-y to pour. See refute below. diffuse. (L.) L. diffususy pp. of dif- fu 7 tderey to shed abroad; (L. dif- = dis-y apart). effuse. (L.) L. effususy pp. of ef-fim- derOy to pour out. (L. ef-=ex.) foison, plenty. (F. —L.) O. Y.foisoUy abundance. — Y.fusio7temy acc. oifusio, a pouring out, hence profusion. — L. fiisus, pp. of firnderOy to pour. fusil ( 3 ), easily molten. (L.) Y.ftisi- lisy easily molten. — Y.fususy pp. oifundere. futile, vain. (F. — L.) Y. futile. — L. futilisy that which easily pours forth, also vain, empty, futile ; put for fud-tills ^ .-^Y. fud-i, pt. t. oifu7iderey to poui. infuse. (F. — L.) F. hifuser. — L. m- fusus, pp. of in-fu7iderey to pour in. profuse, lavish. (L.) Y. profususy pp. of p7'o-fu7iderey to pour forth. - FUSE. rsfund, to repay. (L.) L. re-fiindo'e^ to pour back, also to restore, give back. refuse, to deny a request. (F. — L.) M. E. refusen.^O. P'. refuser (the same as Port, refusar, Ital. refusare, to reject). It answers to a Low L, type refusare'*^y formed as a frequentative of refundere, to pour back, also to restore, give back (whence to reject), p. We may also note E. refusey sb., O. F. ref usy refuse, of which the orig. sense was probably dross to be re-fused. In any case, the etymology is from re-y back, and funderey to pour. refute, to oppose, disprove. (F. — L.) F. refuter. - L. refutarey to repel, rebut. The orig. sense was prob. ‘ to pour back; ’ see confute above. suffusion. (F.-L.) ¥. suffusion.-^Tu. stiffusioneiUy acc. of suffusio, a pouring suffusus, pp. of suffmtdere, to pour over. (L. suf = sub, under, also over.) transfuse. (L.) L. transfususy pp. of transfunderey to pour out of one vessel into another. ¥use ( 2 ), Fusee (i) ; see Focus. Fusee ( 2 ), a spindle in a watch. (F.-L.) O.F.fuseey orig. a spindleful of thread.- Low h.fusata, the same; fern, of pp. of fus- arey to use a spindle. — a spindle. fusil ( 2 ), a spindle, in heraldry. (L.) Dimin. of L. ftisusy a spindle. Fusil (i), a light musket; see Focus. Fusil ( 2 ), a spindle; see Fusee ( 2 ). Fusil ( 3 ), easily molten ; see Fuse (i). Fuss, haste, flurry. (E.) The sb. cor¬ responding to yi.F.fuSy adj., eager; A. S. fits, eager, prompt. + Icel. fdssy eager f(^, willing; O. H. Qt. funSy ready, willing. Fust (i), to become mouldy; see below. < gaff. 167 Fust ( 2 ), the shaft of a column. (F.-L ) In Kersey (i7i5).-0. ¥. fusty a trunk.- \^.fuste7ny acc. oi fustisy a cudgel, thick stick. fust (i), to become mouldy. (F.-L.) In Hamlet, iv. 4 . 39 . Coined from fusted oxfristyy answering to O.F.fustiy ‘fusty, tasting of the cask,’ Cot.-O. a cask, orig. a stock, trunk, log. — fustem (as above). fustigate, to cudgel. (L.) From pp. o\ l..fustigare, to cudgel.-“L. fust-y stem of fustiSy a cudgel; -igarey for agerOy to drive, wield. Fustian, a kind of coarse cloth. (F. — Ital. - Low L. - Egypt.) M. E. fustane ; also fustian. - O. F. fustaine.^\\2i\. fus- tagno'y Low fustaneum. — A.mh. fustdt, another name of Cairo, in Egypt, whence the stuff first came. ^ Introduced through Genoese commerce. Fustigate; see Fust (2). Fusty; see fust (i), under Fust ( 2 ). Futile; see Fuse (i). Futtoeks, certain timbers in a ship. .(E-) ‘ FuttockSy the compassing timbers m a ship, that make the breadth of it; ’ Kersey ( 1715 ). Q^Xled foot-stocks in Florio, s. v. staniine. The first syllable is for foot ; futtoeks is thought to be for foot-hooks, but perhaps futt-ocks — foot-ocks (cf. bull-ocJz), Origin obscure. Future, about to be. (F.-L.) O. F. futury fern, future. — \u. futurusy about to be ; fut. part, from fuiy I was; allied to Be. (V BHU.) Fuzzball, a spongy fungus. (E.) Cf. prov. ¥. fuzzyyfozy, light and spongy; Du. vooSy spongy. G. Gabardine, Gaberdine. (Span.-C.) ^Y>uu.gabardina, a coarse frock. Extended Loni Span, gaban, a great coat with a hood, allied to Span, cabazay the same, and Span, cabahay a cabin. Of Celtic orimn * see Cabin. ^ prattle. (Scand.) Frequent. 01 M. E. gabben, to lie, delude. — Icel. gabba, to mock; gabby mockery. Cf. Irish cab, goby the mouth. Allied to Gobble Gape. ’ Gabion; see Cave. Gable, a peak of a house-top. (F.- M. H. G. - C.) M. E. gable. - O. F. gable ; Low L. gabulum. — M. H. G. gabele, G. gabely a fork; gebel (G. giebel')y a gable, -f- Icel. gafl, Dan. gavl, Swed. gafvel, a gable, gaffel, a fork, Goth, giblay a gable, Du. gevel. But it seems to be of Celtic origin ; cf. Irish gab/ial, a fork, gable, Gael. gobhal, W. gafl, a fork; see Gaff. Gaby; see Gape. Gad (i), a wedge of steel; see Goad. Gad ( 2 ), to roam; see Goad. Gaff, a light fishing-spear, a sort of boom. (F. — C.) A ship’s gaff is named i68 GAFFER. GALLEY, from the forked end against the mast; the fishing spear is hooked. —O. gaffe, a gaff, iron hook. Of Celtic origin. — Irish gaf gafa, a hook, W. caff, a grasp, grapple, iovk, gafael, a hold. From Irish gabh,io take, cognate with L. capere, to take. And see G-able. (y^KAP.) Dev.^az/elock (obso¬ lete), a spear, W. gaf lack. javelin. (F. — C.) O. F. javelin, ‘a javeling,’ Cot.; allied to javelot, ‘a, gleave, dart,’ id. hlost likely orig. a pointed weapon with a forked end, such as could be made of a branch of a tree. — Bret, gavl, a place where a tree forks, Irish gaf, gaf a, a hook, gabhla, a spear, gabklan, a fork of a tree; Gael. gobhla?i, a prong; W. gaff, a fork, gajiach, a dart, (Irish bh as z/.) . Gaffer ; see Grand. Gag. (C. ?) M. E. gaggen, to suffocate. — W. cegio, to choke; ceg, the mouth. Gage (i), a pledge. (F. —L.) M. E. gage.'^Y, gage, verbal sb. from gager, to pledge. — Low L. nadiare, to pledge. — Low L. uaditwi, a pledge.— L. uadi-, crude form of uas, a pledge, -f* A. S. wed, a pledge. See Wed ; and see Wage. engage. (F. —L.) O. F. e7igager, to bind by a pledge. — F. en (L. in), in; gage, as above. Der. dis-engage. Gage {2), to gauge; see Gauge. Gain (i), profit. (Scand.) M. E. gain, gagn, gain, advantage; ^vftd.gagn, profit, Dan. gavn. gain ( 2 ), to win. (Scand.) Really from the sb. above. ‘Yea, though he gai^ie and cram his purse wdth crowns ; ’ and again, ‘To get a game by any trade or kinde; ’ Gascoigne, Fruits of War, st. 69 and st. 66 . But doubtless influenced by F. gagner, which it strikingly resembles both in form and sense. This F. gagner, O F. gaagnier (Ital. guadagiiare), is from O. H. G. weida7ijan = weide7to7t, to pasture, which was the orig. sense of the F. word ; from O. H. G. weida (G. weide), pasture-ground. Der. re-gam. Gainly; see Ungainly. Gainsay, to speak against. (E.) The prefix is A. S. geg7t, against, whence E. Again, Against. Gait. (Scand.) A peculiar use of M. E. gate, a way; see Gate. Gaiter, a covering for the ankle. (F. — Teut.) F. guetre, formerly guestre. The spelling with gu shews the word to be Teutonic {gu = G. w). Allied to M. H. G. wester, a child’s chrisom-cloth, lit. a covering; Goth, wasti, clothing; see Vest. Gala; see Gallant. Galaxy, the milky way. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. galaxie. — O. F. galaxie. — L. ga- laxia77i, acc. of galaxias. — Gk. yaXa^ias, milky way. — Gk. yaXaKs- for yakafCT-, stem of ydka, milk. See Lacteal. Gale. (Scand.) From Ibsin. gal, furious; Norweg. ein galen stor7n, a furious storm, eit galet veer, stormy weather. Cf. Icel. galinn, furious, from gala, to enchant, storms being raised by witches. Galeated, helmeted, (L.) L. galeatus* — L. galea, a helmet. Galiot ; see Galley. Gall (i), bile. (E.) M. E. galle. A. S. gealla. -j- Du. gal, Icel. gall, Swed. galla, Dan. galde (for galle), G. galle, 'L.fel, Gk. Allied to Yellow and Green. GaU ( 2 ), to rub a sore place. (F. — L.) O. F. galler.^0. F. galle, a galling, itch¬ ing. — L. callus, hard thick skin; Late L. callus, itch. See Callous. Gall ( 3 ), a gall-nut. (F. — L.) O. F. galle. — L. galla, a gall-nut, oak-apple. Gallant, gay, splendid, brave. (F. — M. H. G.) O.F. gallant, better galant, with one /. Orig. pres. part, of O. F. galer, to rejoice. —O. F. gale, shows, mirth, festivity. (Cf. Ital. Span. Port, gala, festive attire.) Allied to M. H. G. geU, mirthful,to be merry, Goth, gailjan, to rejoice. gala. (F". — Ital. — M. H. G.) F. gala, borrowed from Ital. gala, festive attire; whence di gala, merrily; cf. gala7ite, gay, lively. See above. gallery. (F. — Ital. —M. H. G.) O. F. gallerie, galerie, a gallery to walk in, also diversion, mirth. — Ital. galle7'ia ; Low L. gale7'ia, a long portico, gallery. —Low L. galare, to rejoice, amuse oneself; the same as F. galer (above).. galloon. (F. or Span. — O. H. G.) F. galo7i, ‘galloon-lace;’ Cot. Aho Span. galo7t, galloon, orig. finer}^ for festive occa¬ sions.— F\ and ^^^axi.gala, festivity (above). Galleon; see Galley. Gallery; see Gallant. Galley, a low-built ship. (F.) M. E. galeie. — O.F. galie ; Low L. galea, a galley. Orig. unknown. galleon, a large galley. (Span.) Span. galeo7t, a galleon. —Low L. a galley. gallias, a sort of galley. (F. — Ital.) O. F. galeace.^liaX. galeazza, a hea\ 7 ' galley. — Ital. and Low L. galea (above). galliot, small galley. (F.) O. F. galiote ; Low L. galeota, small galley. GALLIARD. Galliard, a lively dance. (Span. — C. ?) Span, gallarda (with ll as ly)^ a kind of lively Spanish dance, gallardo, gay, lively. The O. F. gaillard meant valiant or bold ; perhaps of Celtic origin ; cf. Bret. galloud, power, galloudek, strong, ^^.gallad able, gall, energy. Gallias j see Gralley. Galligaskins, large hose or trousers, (r. — Ital. . L.) Corruption of F. gar- guesques, greguesques, ‘slops, gregs, gallo- gascoins, Venitians ; * Cot. — Ital. Grechesco, Crreekish. -■ Ital. Greco, a Greek. L. GrcBcus, Greek. The name was given to a particular kind of hose worn at Venice Gallinaceous. (L.) L. gallinaceus, belonging to poultry. - L. gallina, a hen. — L. gallus, a cock. Galliot ; see Galley. GaUipot, a small glazed earthen pot. (Gu.) Corruption of O. Du. gleygot, a gallipot or glazed pot. - O. Du. gleye, shining potter’s clay; cf. N. Friesic shining, allied to G.glatt, smooth, polished, and to E. glad. And see Pot. Gallon. (F.) M. E. galon, galun. — r. gallon, jalon, a gallon ; orig. ‘ a large J ^ugn^entative form of the word which appears as mod. F. jale. a bowl. Orig. unknown. Galloon ; see Gallant. Gallop. (F.-O. Flemish.) M. E. galop- en ; also spelt walopen. - O. F. galoper. - . Flem. walop, a gallop. The word is due to a resemblance between the sound made by a galloping horse and that made by the boiling of a pot. - O. Fries, and . oax. walla or wallan, to boil; perhaps with the addition of Flem. and Du. op ( —E. up). Allied to E. well, verb, to spring up as water. Cf. E. wal-k, and Skt. (hxj , 2 :allop, from the same root. (V WAR.) GaUow to terrify. (E.) King Lear, iii. / to terrify : in comp. agcelwian. ^ Galloway a nag, pony. (Scotland.) G'^^^oway, Scotland. allowglass, a heavy-armed foot-sol- Ii-- a servant, a g 2 o//a^ a man-servant: glwatm, I wrestle. See GiUie gyga palga, cross, gibbet; whence mod. K|a/4pa-, the r being a sign of the pi. form. + Icel.,f«/^, Dan. Swed.^ir/^r, Goth, galga, a cross, G. galgen, * ^ GAMUT. 169 ^ (F.-LowL. 7 galoche. - Low L. calopedia (see Brachet), a clog, wooden shoe. — Gk fcaXoTTddiov, dimin. of Ka\6Trovs, KaX^irovs, a shoemaker s last. •• Gk. kcIXo-v, wood; ttovs a, loot. ' Galore, in plenty. (C.) Irish and Gael. go leor, gu leor, sufficiently; from leor, sufficient. The particle go or gu converts an adj. into an adv. Galvanism. (Ital.) Named from Gal- vcmi of Bologna, Italy; about a.d. 1701 . Gambado ; see Gambol. Gamble ; see Game. Gamboge. (Asiatic.) A corruption of Cambodia, in the Anamese territory, whence It was brought about a.d. 1600 . Gambol, a frisk, caper. (F. - Ital. - L.) b overly gambold, gambauld, gambaud. - O. b. gambade, ^ a gamboll; ’ Cot. - Ital. gambata, a kick. — Ital. gaiiiba, the leg ; the same as Y.jambe, O. F. gambe. Late L. gcijnba,^ joint of the leg. The true form o me base is camp- (Diez), corresponding to Gieek KajxKr), a bending, with reference to the bend of the leg. Cf. Gael, and W. cam, crooked. gammon (i), the preserved thigh of a hog. (F.» L.) O. F. gambon . j'ambon), a gammon ; from O. F. gambe, leg. jamb, side-post of a door. (F.-L.) F. jambe, a leg, also a jamb (see Cotgrave).* See Gambol. ^ Game. (E.) M. E. game, also gamen. A. b. gamen, sport. + Icel. gaman, Dan. gammen, O. Swed. gamman, O. H. G. m- man, joy, mirth. * gamble. (E.) A late word, put for ^mmde or gamde, a frequent, form which has taken the'place of M. gamenen, to play at games. - A. S. gamenian, to play I at games ; from gamen, a game. nonsense; orig. a jest (E.) M. E. gamen, a game (above). And see Backgammon. Gammer ; see Grand. ; Gammon (i), preserved thigh of a hog • see Gambol. ^ ’ Gammon ( 2 ), nonsense ; see Game. Gamut. (F.-Gk. ; andGPi Comp, of O. F. game, gamme, and ut. Here gamme represents the Gk. ya^ifxa ( 7 ), because the musical scale was represented by a, b, c, d, e,fg,iho last being ^= 7 . l/t is 'the old name for do, the i st note in singing, be¬ cause it began an old hymn to St. John, Ut queant laxis^ &c., used in learning ^3 170 GANDER. singing. Ga7nut is the scale, from 7 (^) to ut (a). Gander; see Goose. Gang (i), a crew; see Go. Ganglion, a tumour on a tendon. (L.- Gk.) Li. g'a7tg/zon.^G\^. ydyyXiov. Gangrene, a mortification of the flesh. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. gaitg7'e7ie. — L. gan- gi'CETia. — Gk. ydyypaiva, an eating sore. — Gk. ypaivciv, ypdeiv, to gnaw, (y' GAR.) Gannet; see Goose. Gantlet (i) ; see Gauntlet. Gantlet ( 2 ), Gantlope, a military punishment. (Swed.) Formerly gazitlope ; corrupted by confusion with gauzitlet. Again, gazitlope is a corruption of Swed. gatlopp, lit. ^ a running down a lane; ’ to run the gantlope is to run between two files of soldiers, who strike the offender as he passes. — Swed. gata, a lane, street (see Gate); and lopp, a running, from Idpa, to run, cognate with E. leap. Gaol, Jail; see Cave. Gape. (E.) A. S. gedpazt, to open wide ; from gedp, wide. Du. gapcTt, Icel. and Swed. gapa, Dan. gabe, G. gaffen. Cf. SVX.. jabh, jaTTtbh, to gape. gaby, a simpleton. (Scand.) Icel. gapi, a heedless man; cf. gapa77iti^r (lit. gape¬ mouthed), the same. —Icel. (above). gap. (Scand.) M. E. gappe ,and Swed. gap, a gap, abyss. — Icel. and Swed. gapa (above). And see Gabble. Gar (i). Garfish, a fish. (E.) A fish with slender body and pointed head. From A. S. gdr (or Icel. geirr)^ a spear; cf. Garlic. So also pike. Gar ( 2 ), to cause. (Scand.) Icel. and Swed. gdra, Dan. gj'dre, to make, cause; lit. to make ready. — Icel. gbrr, ready; see Yare. Garb (i), dress. (F. — O. H. G.) In ^h.3k,^0.¥. garbe, a garb, good fashion. — O. H. G. garaweft, M. H. G. gerweTt, to get ready. — O. H. G. garo^ ready; cognate with Y.. yare ; see Yare. Garb ( 2 ), a sheaf. (F. —O. H.G.) An heraldic term. — F. gaz'be. — O. FI. G. garba, a sheaf. Garbage ; see Garble. Garble, to select for a purpose; hence, to corrupt an account. (F. — Span. — Arab.) Grig, to pick out, sort, sift out. — O. F. garbeler'^ (not found), the same as gra- belter, to garble spices, or sort them out, orig. to sift. The same as Span, garbillar, Ital. garbellare, to garble or sift wares. — Span, gaz'billo, a coarse ^ieve. — Pers. ghar- GARRET. oil, Arab, ghirbdl, a sieve; Arab, gharbalat, sifting, searching. garbage, reiuse. (F. — Span. — Arab.) Prob. for garble-age ; see above. Cf. F. grabeau, refuse of drugs (Littre). Garboil, a commotion. (F. — L.) O. F. garbouil, ‘ a garboil, hurliburly; ’ Cot. Cf. Span, garbullo, a crowd; Ital. gaz'buglio, a garboil, disorder. From L. garr-ire, to prattle, chatter; and bullh'e, to boil, bubble, boil with rage. Thus the sense is ‘ a noisy boiling,* i. e. a hubbub. Florio has Ital. garabullare, to rave. See Jar (i). Garden. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E. gaz'dm. — O. F. gardiTt (F. jardiri), — O. H. G, gaz'thi, gen. and dat. of garto, a yard, cog¬ nate with E. Yard, q. v. (The gen. appears also in O. H. G. gartin-are, a gardener.) Gargle, Gargoyle ; see Gorge. Garish; see Gaze. Garland. (F. — Teut. ?) M. E. gerlozid, — O. F. gaz'lande. Cf. Span, guirzialda, \ia\.ghirlaTtda (whence mod. Y.guirlazide), a garland. Prob. formed, with suffix -ande, from M. H.G. wierelezi^, a supposed fre¬ quentative of wierezi, to adorn, from O. H. G. wiara, M. H. G. wiere, refined gold, fine ornament. Garlic ; see Gore ( 2 ). , Garment; see Garnish. Garner, Garnet ; see Grain. Garnish. (F. —O. LowG.) Also nuh. — O. F. gar/iis; warztis-, stem of pres, pt. oigazmh', ^var7^ir, to warn, avert, fortify, garnish ; all from the notion of ‘ wariness ’ or protection (hence decoration). From an O. Low G. source ; O. Fries. werTtia, to give a pledge, A. S. weamiazi', see Warn. garment. (F. — O. Low G.) M. E. ga7'7te77ie7it. — O. F. gar7te77ient, garTihzieTit, a robe (defence). —O. F.garnir (above). garniture. (F. —O. LowG.) F. niture, garnishment. — Low L. gaz'nitui'a, — Low L. garnitus, orig. pp. of garzih'e, to adorn, which is merely a Latinised form of F. garTtir (above). garrison. (F. — O. Low G.) Confused with M. E. garisouTt, warisou7i, a reward ; but the true form is M. E. garTtisoTt, ivai'- nison, provision, stores, supply. — O. F. ga7'7iiso7t, store, supply. — O. F. gar7tis-a7it, pres. pt. of gaz'Ttir, to supply, garnish (above). And see Warisoun. Garret. (F. — G.) M. E. gaTdte. — O. F. garite, place of refuge, watch-tower. — O. F. garir, warir, to preserve. — O. H. G. warjaii, to defend. Allied to Wary, GARROTTE. Garrotte; see Garter, Garrulous. (L.) L..garrulus, talkative. — L. garrire, to chatter, (y' GAR ) Garter. (F. -C.) O. F. (North of France, Hecart), spelt jartier in Cot- grave (F. jarretih'e). - O. F. garret (F. jarret), the ham of the leg ; a dimin. form. -Bret, gar, W. gar, shank of the leg; Irish cara, leg. garrote, garrotte. (Span. - C.) Span. garrote, a cudgel, tying a rope tight, strang¬ ling by means of an iron collar. Formed, with dimin. suffix -ote, from Span, garra, a claw, talon, clutch, grasp. - Bret., W., and Corn, gar, the shank of the leg. Gas. (Du.) The Belgian chemist Van Helmont (died a.d. 1644 ) invented two terms, gas and bias ; the latter did not come into use. He seems to have been thinking of spirit, volatile fluid CE.p/iost) and of Du. blazen, to blow. Gasconade, boasting. (Gascony.) F. ^sconnade, boasting; said to be a vice of Gascons ; at any rate named from them. Gash, to hack, cut deeply. (F. - Low L.) Formerly garsk, garse. - O. F. to scarify, pierce with a lancet. - Low L. garsa, scarification, by making incisions in the skin; called in Gk. kyx^pa^is. Perhaps cmrupted from an incision. Gasp. (Scand.) Icel. geispa, Swed. gdspa, Dan. gispe, to yawn. Certainly irom an old form gapsa *, extension of sapa, to gape; see Gape. (Cf. M. E. clapsen, to clasp, E.^ aspen from A. S. ceps.) Gastric, belonging to the belly. (L.- Gk.) L. gastricus-, from a crude form gastro-. — Gk. yaarpo-, crude form of yaarrjp, the belly. Gate (i), a door, hole, opening. (E.) M. K g^e, yate. A. S. geat, a gate, open- + Du. gat, a hole,, opening, gap ; Icel. gat, an opening. The orig. sense was ac- cess or ^a way to get in ; ’ from A. S. gcet, pt. t. 01 gttan, to get; see Get. • street. (Scand.) Common in the North; it also means 'a way.’- icei. ga^, Swed. gata, a way, path, street, fbove RcP P to get; see A ' j r’ ^^^P^re G. gasse, a street enve ft'om O. H. G. kezzan, to get' Frequently fancied to be allied to the v«b td impossible), from its use in fte phrases to g-an^ otto’s ^ate = to go one’s way, &C ; we inight as well derive way from ^ 0 , for the like reason' y, Cate (i) GAUNT. 171 answers to Teut. type GATA, but gate ( 2 ) to Teut. type GATWA (Pick, iii. fs); they are closely allied. ^ gait, manner of walking. (Scand.) A particular use of M. E. gate, a way; see gate ( 2 ) above. See also Gantlet ( 2 ). Gather. (E.) M. E. gaderen. A. S. gcedrian, gaderian, to collect, get together. — A. S. gader, together ; also gador, geador. ^ A. S. gced, a company, society a comrade). Allied to Good. + Du. gaderen, to collect, horn gader together; cf. gade, a spouse, G. gatte, a husband. together. (E.) M. E. togedere. — A.S. togcedre, to-gesdere. K, S. to, to, gador, gader, together (above). Gaud, a show, ornament. (L.) M. E. gaude.^l.. gaudiu7n, gladness, joy; hence* an ornament.to rejoice (base as in gamsus sum, used as pt. t.) -f- Gk. yauiv, to rejoice; yavpos, proud. Der. gaud-y, adj. See below. enjoy, to joy in. (F. - L.) M. E. emoien.j^Y. en (L. in)-, F. ioie, joie-, see joy (below). a valuable ornament. (F.-L.) ^.'E. towel, tuel.tm^O.Y. joel, jouel (later Joyau), of F. ioie, used in the sense 01 . trinket ; see joy (below). ^ Early misunderstood, and wrongly Latinised as as if it were a derivLive of iocm, joy. (F.-L.) M. E. ioye. -O. F. ioye, joye ; oldest form goye (F. joie) ; cf. Ital. gioja joy, also a gaud, jewel, Span./f^y^, a gaud. — L. gaudia, neut. pi., afterwards turned^ into a fern. sing. « L. gaudet^e, to rejoice (above). i^joice. (F. "• L.) M. E. reioisen. — O. F resjdis-, stem of pres. pt. of resjdir (mod. F. 7'ejouir), to gladden, rejoice.— L. re-, again ; F. esjdtr, to rejoice, from L. ex, much, very, and gaudere, to rejoice. Ga-Uge, Gag 6 , to measure the content Qv, ^ (F. — Low L.) Spelt gage in. Shak.^-0. F. gauger, later jauger, Ho pge,’ Cot.-O. F. gauged (not found), old form of jatige, ‘ a gage, instrument where¬ with a cask is measured; ’ Cot. Low L. gaugia (a.d. 1446 ). Doubtless allied to E.jale, a large bowl; see Gallon. Gaunt, thin, lean. (Scand.) An East- Anglian word, and therefore presumably Scand. Also spelt gant ( 1691 ). Cf. Norweg. gand, a thin stick, a tall and thin man, an overgrown stripling (Aasen); GENIAL. 172 GAUNTLET. Swed. dial, gank, a lean, half-starved horse (R etz). Gauntlet. (F. — Scand.) O. F. ganfelet, a double dimin. of ga/it, a glove. •- O. Swed. waiite^ a glove ; Dan. vaiite, a mitten, Icel. vottr (stem vant-'), a glove. + Uu. want^ a mitten. Prob. from Wind, verb. Gauntlet; see Gantlet (, 2 ). Gauze, a thin silken fabric. (F. — Palestine.) O. F. gaze. Cf. Low L. gazzatu7?i, gauze ; gazetum, wine from Gaza. Named from Gaza^ in Palestine, whence it was first brought. Gavelkind, a sort of tenure. (C.) Prob. spelt as now by confusion with A. S. gdfol. tribute. But the word is Celtic.— Irish gabhailcme, gavelkind, lit. * family- tenure.’ — Irish gabhaiU a receiving, tenure, from gabhaim^ I receive; cincy a race, tribe, family. Gavotte, a dance. (F.)' O. F. gavote. orig. a dance of the Gavotes, or people of Gap, a place in the departm.ent of the Upper Alps (France). Gawk, a simpleton, orig. a cuckoo. (E.) ^I. E. gowke. A. S. gedc, a cuckoo, -f- Icel. gaukr, Dan. gidg, Swed. gdk, a cuckoo ; G. gauch, a cuckoo, simpleton. Gay. (F. — M. H. G.) O. F. gai. — M. H. G. gcBhe (G. jdhe'), quick ; hence, lively. Orig. * full of go.’ — M. H. G. gdfi (G. geheyi), to go. See Go. jay, a gay bird. (F. — INI. H. G.) O. F. jay, also gai, a jay (F. geai). Cf. Span. gayo, a jay, gay a, a gay stripe on cloth. Named from its gay plumage ; see above. Gaze. (Scand.) M. E. gasen. — Swed. dial. gasa, to gaze, stare at. Cf. Gxo\d\.us-geis7ia7i, to be amazed. Allied to Aghast, q. v. garish, staring, showy. (Scand.) From the verb ga7'e, to stare, variant aigaze', see above. Cf. M. E. gaure7t, to stare, Chaucer, C. T. 5332 , 14375 . Gazelle, an animal. (F. — Arab.) For¬ merly gazel.'^O.F. gazel, gazelle.'^Kxdib. ghazdl, a wild goat, gazelle. Gazette. (F. — Ital.) O. F. gazette, an abstract of news, issued at Venice. — Ital. gazzetta, a gazette ; the orig. sense is either (i) a magpie, from gazzetta, a magpie, dimin. of gazza, a magpie, whence it may have meant ^ tittle-tattle; ’ or ( 2 ) a very small coin (perhaps paid for the privilege of reading the news), from Ital. gazzetta, a coin less than a farthing, probably from Gk. 7 ofa, a treasury. The reader may choose. Gear, dress, harness, tackle. (E.) M. E. gere. A. S. gearwe, fem. pi., preparation, dress, ornanient. — S. gearo, ready ; see Yare. And see Gar ( 2 ), Garb (i). Ged, a fish ; see Goad. Gelatine; see Gelid. Geld, to emasculate. (Scand.) M. E. gelde7i. — Icel. gelda, Dan. gilde, Swed. gdlla (for gdlda). Perhaps related to Goth, giltha, a sickle. Der. geld-mg, from Icel. geldmg, the same. Gelid, cool. (L.) F. gelidus.^'L. gelu, frost. Allied to Cool. congeal. (F. — L.) F. co7tgeler. — L. C07i-gela7'e, to cause to freeze together. gelatine. (F. — L.) F. gelatme, a kind of jelly. —L. gelatus, pp. of gelare, to freeze. — L. gelu, frost. jelly. (F. — L.) Formerly gelly. — F. geUe, ‘ gelly ; ’ Cot. Orig. fem. of pp. of geler, to freeze. — L. (above). Gem. (F. — L.) M. E. ge7?i7ne. — F. ge77i77ie. — F. ge77i77ia, ; also a gem, jewel. Gemini. (L.) L. ge77ii7ii, twins; pi. ge77ti7ius, double. gimbals, a contrivance for suspending a ship’s compass, to keep it horizontal. (F. —L.) Formerly also called ge77i77io'W or ge77i77iow-rmg, p. double ring, with two or more links.' The forms 7710W and gi77t77ial correspond to O. F. ge77ieau, masc., and ge77ielle, fem., a twin.— L. ge77iellus, a twin, a dimin. form of L, ge77ii7tiis, double. Gender (i), sex; see Genus. Gender ( 2 ), to engender; see Genus, Genealogy ; see Genesis. General, Generate; see Genus. Generic, Generous ; see Genus. Genesis, creation. (L. —Gk). F.geTtesis. — Gk. yiveais, origin, source. Allied to ykvos, race ; see Genus. GAN.) endogen, aplant that grows from within. (Gk.) From Gk. ^vbo-v, within ; y^v-, base of y'lyvofxai, I am bom, allied to yhos, race. exogen, a plant that increases out¬ wardly. (Gk.) From Gk. ^^ 0 J, outside, from out; and y€v~ (as above). genealogy. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. ge7iealogie. — O. F. ge7iealogie. — L. ge7iea^ logia. — Gk. yeveaXoy'ia, an account of a family, pedigree (i Tim. i. 4 .) — Gk. yeved, birth (allied to yevos) ; and -Xoyia, an account, allied to Xoyos (see Logic). Genet, an animal. (F. — Span. — Arab.) F.ge7iette, ‘a. kind of weesell;’ Cot.— Span. gmeta. — Arab. jarTieit (Dozy). Genial; see Genus. GENICULATE. GENUS. 173 Geniculate, jointed. (L.) In botany. From L. geniculuin^ a little knee, joint in a plant ; double dimin. of genu, a knee. Allied to Knee. genuflection, genuflexion, a bend¬ ing of the knee. (F. — L.) F. genuflexion. — Late L. acc. ge^tuflexionem. — L. genu, knee ; flex-us, pp. of flectere, to bend. Genital, Genitive, Genius; see Genus. Gennet; see Jennet. Genteel; see Genus. Gentian, a plant. (F. — L.) 0.'¥.gen- tia7te. — L. gentiana ; named after Ge7ttius^ an Illyrian king, abt. b.c. 180 . Gentile, Gentle ; see Genus. Gentry, Genuine ; see Genus. Genuflection ; see Geniculate. Genus, kin. (L.) Y,.genus (stem gener-), kin, race.+Gk. 761 / 0 ?, race. +A.S. ejyfi, kin. See Kin. (V GAN.) congenial, kindred. (L.) Coined from L. con- (cmn), with ; and genial, adj. from genius ; for which see below. congenital. (L.) Coined by adding -al to the obs. word congenite (XVII cent.) — L. congenitus, born with. — L. con- {cu7?z), with ; genitus, bom, pp. oigignez'e, to produce. degenerate. (L.) From pp. of L. degen- erare, to become base. — L. degener, adj., base. — L. de, down ; gezter-, stem of genus, race (above). engender, to breed. (F. - L.) M. E. e7ige7tdre7i. — O. F. eztgendz'er. — L. ingezi- €7'are, to produce. — L. in, in; generare, to breed, from gezier-, crude form of genus (above). engine. (F. — L.) O. F. engin, a tool. — L. ingeniuzn, natural capacity, also, an invention.— L. in, in; ge7iius', see genius (below). gender (i), kind. (F. - L.) M. E. gezidre (with excrescent cd). — O. F. genre, genez'e, abl. case of gemis, kind, kin. if[ The unusual deriv. from the abl. case is due to the common phrases genere 7iatus, hoc genere, 07n7ii gene7'e ; so also Ital. genere, kind. gender ( 2 ), to produce. (F. - L.) M. E. gendren ; a clipped form of e 7 igen- dren ; see engender above. general, relating to a genus, common. (F. — L.) O. F. gezieral. — L. genei'alis, belonging to a genus (stem ge 7 ier-). Hence gene7'al, sb., a leader; general-issiino, from Ital. gener alls S11710, a supreme commander, with super!, suffix -issimo. generate. (L.) From pp. of L. gcite- 7'are, to produce. — L. gener-, stem oigenus. generic, pertaining to a genus. (L.) Coined fromL. generi-, crude form of genus. generous. (F. -L.) O. F. generous, later genereux. — L. generosus, (properly) of noble birth.— L. geiier-, crude form of genus. genial. (F. — L.) O. F. genial. — L. genialis, pleasant; adj. from genius ; see genius (below). genital. (F. - L.) O. F. genital. - L. ge7iitalis, generative. — L. genitUTU, supine of gig7tere, to beget. genitive. (F. - L.) O. F. ge 7 iitfl. - L. ge7iitiuus, belonging to birth, applied in grammar to a certain case of nouns. —L. genituTn (above). genius, inborn faculty. (L.) L. genius, the tutelar spirit of any one; also wit, lit. ^ inborn nature.’ Allied to ge 7 ius. genteel. (F. — L.) M. E. gentil. — L. geiitilis, belonging to the same clan, a gentile (afterwards applied to mean well- bred, &c.) — L. genti-, crude form of gens, a clan, tribe. Allied to ge7ius. gentile. (F. - L.) O. F. gentil. - L. ge7itilis (above). gentle. (F. — L.) O. F. (above), gentry. (F. — L.) M. E. gentrie, high birth; corruption of M. E. geiitrise, the same. — O. F. ge7iterise, another form of genti Use, rank ( = Low L. geiitilitia*).^ L. gentilis ; see genteel above. genuine. (L.) L. ge7iui7ius, of the true genus or stock. — L. geiius. gin ( 2 ), a trap, snare. (F. — L.) M. E. gill, short for M. E. engin, a contrivance ; see engine above. Piob. confused with Icel. ginna, to dupe. indigenous, native. (L.) L. mdigenus, native. — L. mdi- = O. Lat. indo, within; and gen-ui, pt. t. of gig7ie7'e. ingenious. (F. — L.) F. ingenieux (Cot.) - L. ingeniosus, clever. — L. higen- iu77i, natural capacity; see engine above. ingenuous. (L.) L. ingeituus, inborn, free-born, frank. — L. in, in; gen-ui, pt. t. oi gignere, to beget. progenitor. (F.-L.) Formerly pro- geiiitour. — F. progeniteur. — L. progeiii- torem, acc. of progenitor, an ancestor.— L. pro, before; ge7iitor, a parent, from the supine of gigiiere, to beget. progeny. (F. - L.) O. F. progenie. - L. p7'oge7iie7n, acc. of progeiiies, lineage, offspring. — L.forth; ge7i-us, kin. 174 GEOGRAPHY. GHERKIN. regenerate. (L.) From pp. of re- generarej to produce anew. Geography. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. geographic. — L. geographia. — Gk. 760 ;- ypacp'ia, lit. earth-description. — Gk. yew- = y7]L0-, for yrjLOs, relating to yrj, earth; -ypacpia, description, from ypaer. Jlirt-gill 01 ginl Jlirt. jilt, a flirt. (L.) Formerly jillet, dimin. oi Jill, a flirt, orig. Jill or Gillian, a per¬ sonal name (as above). Gillyflower, a flower. (F. —L. — Gk.) Formerly gilofer, gerajlour. Corrupted from O. F. girojlee, ‘a gilloflower; ’ Cot. From F. clou de girojle, the same. —Low Fi,^caryopJiyllum, Latinised from Gk. /tci- pv6(()v\\ov, a clove tree, lit. ‘nut-leaf.’ — Gk. Kapvo-v, a nut; ^z^^,agrave, a channel, a groove. — Du. graven (above). grove, a collection of trees. (E.) M. E. groue (with z^ = z/). —A. S. grdf, a grove; properly a glade. Allied to Grave (i). Grave (2), sad. (F. — L.) Y. grave. L. g 7 'aue 77 i, acc. of g7'auis, heavy. + Gk. papvs, Skt. guru, heavy. aggravate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag- grauare, to add to a load. — L. ag- (^ = ad), to ; grauare, to load, from grauis, heavy. aggrieve. (F. — L.) M. E. ag7'eue7t. — O. F. agrever, to overwhelm. — O. F. a, to ; grever, to burden. — L. ad, to ; grauard, to burden, g 7 'auare, to weigh down, from grauis, heavy. grief. (F. - L.) M. E. grief, gref - O. F. grief, g 7 'ef, burdensome, sad, heavy. — L grauis, Der. grieve, vb., O. F. grever , L. g 7 'auare, to burden ; from grauis. Gravel. (F. — C.) M. E. gratiel. — O.F. gravele, dimin. of O. F. grave, gravel. Of GRAVY. Celtic origin ; cf. Bret, grouan^ gravel, Corn. groWf gravel, W. gro, pebbles. Gravy; see Greaves (i). Gray. (E.) M. E. graj/^ grey, A. S. gr\x. graauw, grdr, graa, Swed. grd, G. grau^ L. rauus, Gk. ypaios, aged, gray. Graze (i), to scrape slightly. (F.? —L.?) Formerly gj'ase. Apparently a coined word, founded on rase, i.e. to scrape ; the initial g may have been suggested by the verb to grate. See Rase. Graze (2); see Grass. Grease; see Crass. Great. (E.) M. E. ^ret, greet. A. S. gredt.^Dxi. groot, G. gross, groat, a coin worth ^d. (Du.) M. E. grote.^ O. Low G. grote, a coin of Bremen ; rneaning ‘ great,’ because large in compa¬ rison with the copper coins {Schwaren) formerly in use there ; cf. Du. groot, great, cognate with E. great. Greaves (i), Graves, sediment of melted tallow. (Scand.) O. Swed. grefwar, dirt; ljus-grefwar, lit. ‘ light-dirt,’ refuse of tal¬ low in candle-making ; Swed. dial, grevar, pb, greaves, -f- Low G. greven, greaves, G. griebe, gravy. (Scand.) Formerly orig. an adj. formed from greave (for greaves^, refuse of tallow. Hence gi'avy is (i) tallowy, (2) fat, gravy. Greaves (2), leg-armour. (F.) O. F. greves, ‘boots, also greaves;’ Cot. Cf. Span, grebas, greaves, pi. of greba. - O. F. greve, the shank, shin. Origin unknown. Grebe, a bird. (F. -■ C.) F. grebe. reamed from its crest.-• Bret, krib, a comb, kriben, a tuft of feathers on a bird’s head. So also Corn, and W. crib, comb, crest. Corn, criban, W. cribyn, a crest, tuft. Greedy. (E.) A. S. grcedig, gredig. + Du. gretig, Icel. grdfSugr, Dan. graadig, Goth, gredags ; Skt. gsidhra, greedy, from gxidh, to be greedy. (^GARDH.) Der. greed, hunger; answering to Icel. grd^r, Goth, gredus, hunger. Green. (E.) M. E. green. A. S. grene. + Du. ^^^, grcenn, Dan. ^sN^de.grdn, G. griin, Gk. ')(X(x)pos, Skt. hari, green or yellow. (-y^GHAR.) Allied to Yellow and Grow. Green is the colour of growing herbs. Der. greens, pi. sb. Greet (i), to salute. (E.) M. E. greten. A. o. gretan, to visit, address. ^ Du. groeten, G. griissen. Greet (2), to cry, weep. (E.) M. E. GRILL, 18 greten. A. S. grdetan, gretan. + Icel. grdta, Dan. grcede, Swed. grata, Goth. gretan, Cf. Skt. hrad, to sound, roar. ^ Gregarious. (L.) L. gregarius, belong¬ ing to a flock. — L. greg-em, acc. of grex, a flock. aggregate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag- gregare, to collect into a flock. - L. ag- (for to; greg-, stem of grex, a flock, congregate. (L.) From pp. of L. con-gregare, to collect into a flock. egregious, excellent. (L.) L. egregius, chosen out of a flock, excellent. — L. e, out; greg-, stem of grex, a flock. segregate, to separate from others. (L.) From pp. of segregare, to set apart from a flock.— L. se-, apart; greg-, stem of grex. Grenade ; see Grain. Grey; the same as Gray. Greyhound. (Scand.) M. E. greihound. — Icel. greyhundr, a greyhound. — Icel. grey, a dog; /iwzdr, abound. The Icel. grey is also used a/one in the same sense of greyhound ; cf. greybaka, a bitch, f Not allied to gray, which is spelt grdr in Icelandic. Griddle, a pan for baking cakes. (C.) Also called M. E. gredil. - W. gi'edyll, greidell, gradell, a circular iron plate to bake on, griddle ; from greidio, to scorch, singe. ^ Irish greideal, griddle; from greadahn, I scorch. Der. Hence M. E. gredire, a griddle, afterwards turned into gridiron, by confusion with M. E. ire — E. iron. Gride, to cut through. (E.) See Yard. Grief, Grieve; see Grave (2). Griffin, Griffon. (F. - L. - Gk.) Bet¬ ter griffon. M. E. griffon. - F. griffon ; formed from Low L. griffus, a griffon. — L.^ gryphus, extended form of gryps, a griffon. - Gk. ypv^p (stem ypviT-), a griffon, a fabulous animal supposed to have a hooked beak. — Gk. ypviros, curved, hook- beaked. Grig, a small eel, a cricket. (Scand.) Weakened form of czHck, still preserved in crick-et\ cf. Lowl. Sc. czHck, a tick, louse. — Swed. dial, krik, kz'dk, a creeping crea¬ ture. - Swed. dial, h'dka, to creep; cf. G. kriechen, to creep. % In phr. ‘as merry as a grig,* grig is for Gree/e (Troil. i. 2. 118); Merygreek is a character in Udall’s Roister Doister; from grcecari, to live like Greeks, i. e. luxuriously. Grill; see Crate. Ul GRIM. GROSS. 186 Grim, fierce. (E.) A. S. grim; allied to g7'a?7iy fierce, angry, furious. + Icel. grimi7i7% grim, gra77ir^ angry; Dan. grim^ grim, g7'a77i^ angry; G. g7‘i77i7?i, fary, gram^ hostile. Allied to Gk. xpofJ-rj, xpof^oSj noise. (VGHARM, from ^GHAR.) Grimace. (F. —Scand.) F. grwtace, *a crabd looke,’ Cot. —Icel. grima, a mask, hood; whence gri77iU7na^r, a man in dis¬ guise. A grwiace disguises the face. Cf. A.S. gri77ia, a mask. Perhaps allied to Grin. Grimalkin, a cat. (E.; partly O. H. G.) Prob. for g7'ay Malkhi^ the latter being a cat's name. Malkin = Mald-khi, dimin. of A/ald= Aland, i.e. Matilda ; from O. H. G. Alahthilt. Here = might; means battle. Grime. (Scand.) Swed. dial, grima, a smut on the face ; Dan. g7'i7n, grii77i, lamp¬ black, soot, grime ; Icel. g7'i7na, a disguise, mask. Allied to Grimace. Grin, to snarl, grimace. (E.) M. E. gren7ien. A. S. greniiian, to grin. grij7ie7i, to weep, fret; \z€i. g7'e7ija, to howl, T)2in.g7'i7ie, to grin, simper, Swed. grma, G. g 7 'einen. Allied to Groan, and to Grim. Grind. (E.) A. S. grmdan, pt. t. gra7id, grunde7t. Allied to 1^. fri-ai'e, to rub, Gk. 1^0 graze, Skt. ghiish, to grind. (VGHAR.) grist, a supply of com to be ground. (E.) A. S. grist. From the base g7'i- of g7'ind ; cf. blast from blow. gristle. (E.) A. S. g7'istle, cartilage; allied to g7'ist, and A. S. g7'istbita7t, to gnash the teeth. From the base of grind, with reference to the necessity of crunching it if eaten. So also Du. knarsbeen, gristle, from k7iarse7i, to crunch. Gripe. (E.) A. S. gripa7i, pt. t. grdp, pp. gripe7i, to seize. + Du. grijpen, Icel. gripa, Swed. gTdpa, Dan. gribe, Goth. greipa7i. G. g7'eifen, Russ, grabito, Skt. grah (Vedic^mM), to seize. (y'GARBH.) Allied to g7'ab, grasp. grip. (F. — Teut.) A late word. — F. gripper; of Teut. origin. grope. (E.) A. S. grdpian, to seize, handle; hence, to feel one’s way. — A. S. grdp. pt. t. of g7'ipan (above). See Grasp. Grisette, Grisled ; see Grizzly. Griskin. (Scand.) The lit. sense is ‘ little pig,’ now spine of a hog. Dimin. from M. E. gris, a pig. — Icel. griss, a young pig ; Dan. griis, Swed. gris, pig. -j" Gk. a young pig. Grisly, terrible. (E.) A. S. gryslic, terrible. Formed with suffix -He (like) from grysan, only found in comp, dgrysan, to shudder with horror. Allied to G. grausig, causing horror, and to Gruesome. Grist, Gristle; see Grind. Grit, coarse sand. (E.) Formerly greet. A. S. great, grit. + O. Fries, gret, Icel. grjot, G. gries. (From a base GRUT.) groats, grain of oats. (E.) M. E. g7'otes. A. S. grdta7i, pi. groats, A. S. Leech- doms, iii. 292 . Allied to Grit. grout, coarse meal; grouts, dregs. (E.) M. E. grut. A. S. griit, coarse meal, -f- Du. grut ; Icel. grautr, porridge, Dan. gr'dd. Swed. grot, boiled groats ; G. griitze, groats; Lithuan. g7'udas, com; L. ruduSj rubble. Allied to Grit. gruel. (F. — O. Low G.) O. F. ^uel (F. gruaul) — Low L. grutellum, dimin. of grutiun, meal. — O. Low G. and Du. g7'ut, grout (above). Grizzly, Grizzled, grayish. (F. —M. H. G.) From M. E. grisel, a gray-haired man. — F. gris, gray. — M. H. G. gris, gray ; cf. G. greis, a gray-haired man. grisette, a gay young Frenchwoman of the lower class. (F. — M. H. G.) F. gris¬ ette; named from the cheap gray dress which they used to wear. — F. gris, gray (above). Groan. (E.) M. E. g7'07ien. A. S. grdnia 7 i, to groan. Allied to Grin. Groat; see Great. Groats; see Grit. Grocer; see Gross. Grog, Grogram ; see Gross. Groin, the fork of the body, where the legs divide. (Scand.) The same as prov. E. g 7 'ain, the place where the branch of a tree forks, the groin. — Icel. grein, a branch, arm ; Dan. green, Swed. gren, branch, arm, fork. Der. g 7 'oin-ed, having angular curves that fork off. Groom. (E.) Prob. for goom. We find, indeed, O. Du. grotn, Icel. gromr, a boy, lad ; but these have no obvious etymology, and may be the same as O. Du. g077i, Icel. gumi, a man. If the r can thus be dis¬ posed of, the etym. is from A. S. guma, a man, allied to Icel. gu77ti, Goth. gu7?ia, L. homo, a man. In the comp, bride-groom, it is quite certain that the r is intrusive j see Bridegroom. Groove; see Grave (i). Grope; see Gripe. Gross. (F. — L.) O. F. gros (F. grosse), gross, great. — L. grossus, fat, thick. GROT. engross, to write in large letters, to occupy wholly. (F. - L.) The former (legal) sense is the older. From F. en gros^ in large, i. e. in large characters. - L. in, in; grossus, large. grocer. (F. — L.) Formerly gvosscT or engrosser, a wholesale dealer. - O. F. gras¬ sier, a wholesale dealer. - O. F. gros, great (above). Der. grocer-y, formerly grossery, grog, spirits and water. (F. -L.) Short from grogram; it had its name from Admiral Vernon, nicknamed O/d Grog, from hisgrograin breeches (ab. a.d. 1745 ) • he ordeied the sailors to dilute their rum with water. grogram, a stuff. (F.-L.) Formerly grogran, so called from its coarse grain. - O. F. grosgrain, grogram. — O. F. gros, coarse; grain, grain. Grot, Grotto, Grotesque ; see Crypt. Ground. (E.) A. S. grund. (Very likely from A. S. grund-en, pp. of grindan, to grind; the orig. sense being fine dust.) + Du. grand, Icel. grunnr, Dan. Swed. G. grund', Lithuan. gruntas, Cf. Irish grunnt, ground, base. groundling, a spectator in the pit of a theatre. (E.) From ground, with double dimin. suffix -l-ing, with a contemptuous force. grounds, dregs. (C.) This peculiar sense appears to be Celtic. - lees ; from grunnd, bottom, ground ; Irish gruntas, dregs, from grunnt, the bottom. So called from being at the bottom. groundsel, a small plant. (E.) Also grounds 2 vell (Holland’s tr. of Pliny). A. S. grundeswelge, lit. ‘ ground-swallower,’ i. e.' abundant weed. — A. S. grund, ground ; swelgan, to swallow. groundsill, threshold. (E.) From ground and sill, q. v. Also spelt zrunsel (Milton). Group ; see Crop. Grouse, a bird. (F.) Grouse appears to be a false form, evolved from the old word grice, which seems to have been ^ken as a pi. form (cf. mouse, mice). — O.Y griesche, gray, speckled; perdrix griesche, the gray partridge, poule griesche, a moorhen, the hen of the grice or moor- game ; Cot. The oldest form is greoches ( 13 th cent., in Littre, s. v. grilche), Per- haps grouse may answer to this O, F. greoches. Origin unknown^ Grout; see Grit. GRUNT. 187 Grove ; see Grave (i). Grovel, to fall flat on the ground. (Scand.) Due to M. E. groveling, properly an adv., signifying flat on the ground ; also spelt grofling, grojlinges, where the suffixes -ling, -hnges are adverbial; cf. head-long dark-hng.^U^\. grtifa, in phr. liggja d grupu, to he grovelling, symja a griffu, to swim on the belly; cf. also grdfa, grufla, to grovel; S^wed. dial, gruva, flat on one’s face, ligga d gruve, to lie on one’s face Perhaps allied to Groove. Grow. (E.) gr6wan,^\.. greSiv, pp. growen.’\‘TyM. gi'oeijen, \q,A. groa, Dan. groe, Swed. gro. Esp. to produce shoots, as herbs ; allied to Green. Der. grow-th from Icel. grd^r, growth. ^ Growl, to grumble. (Du.) Bu. gro lien, to grumble. 4 - G. grollen, to rumble ; Gk. ypvkKiQ^iv, to grunt, ^pv, grunting. Allied to Grumble. Grub, to grope in dirt. (E.) M. E. grobben. Prob. allied to A. S. grdpian, to grope ; see Grope. ^ Not allied to grave (i). Grudge, to grumble. (F.-Teut.) M. E. grochen, grucchen, to murmur. - O. F.* grocer, groucer, to murmur. Of Teut! origin; cf. Icel. krutr, a murmur, G. grunzen, to grunt. Clearly gru-dge, gru-nt, grow-l are all from the same imitative base ; cf. Gk. ypv, a grunt. Gruel ; see Grit. Gruesome, horrible. (Scand.) Dan.^r^, horror; with suffix -som, as in virk-so 7 n, active. Cf. Dan. grue, to dread, gruelig, horrid. -|- Du. gruwzaam, G. grausa^n. Allied to O. gruri, A. S.g^yre, horror, and to E. Grisly. Gruff, rough, surly. (Du.) Du. grof, coarse, loud, blunt. 4“ Swed. g 7 'of, Dan G. grab, coarse. Grumble, to murmur. (F. — G.) F grommeler (Cot.) - O. and prov. G.* g7'ummele7i, to grumble ; frequent, of grmnmen, grommen, to grumble (Du. grom7nen). Allied to G. gra 77 i, anger grimfnen, to rage; and to E. Grim. Grume, a clot of blood. (F. - L.) Rare. O. F. gru7ne, a clot. - L. gru7nus, a little heap. Grunsel; see Groundsill. ; extension o g^U7ian, to grunt. 4 * Dan. grynte, Swed. gry7nta, G. grunzen ; so also L. grunnire, Gk. ypv^€iv. All imitative; cf! Gk. ypv, the noise made by a pig. i88 GUAIACUM. GUN. Guaiaeum, a kind of resin, from lignum vitae. (Span. — Hayti.) Span, guayaco, guayacan, lignum vitae. From the language of Hayti. Guano. (Span. — Peruv.) Span, guano, huaiio. — Peruv. huanu, dung. Guarantee, Guaranty; see War¬ rant. Guard; see Ward. Guava. (Span. —W. Ind.) Span, guay- aba ; no doubt borrowed from the W. Indies. Gudgeon ; see Goby. Guelder-rose. (Du.) Here guelder stands for Gueldre, the F. spelling of the province of Gelderlajtd in Holland. Guerdon, recompense. (F. — O. H. G. and L.) O. F. guerdon. (Ital. guidar- done.) •‘'Low L. widerdonum, a singular compound of O. H. G. widar, back, again, and L. doymm, a gift. The word is really a half-translation of the true form O. H. G. 'widarl67i, a recompense. Here widar= G. wieder., back again ; and lo^i is cognate with E. loa7i. So also A. S. wi^er-ledft, a recompense, lit. ‘ back-loan.’ Guerilla, Guerrilla, irregular warfare; see War. Guess. (Scand.) M. E. gesse7t. Dan. gisse, Swed. gissa, to guess. 4 -Du. gisse7i, Icel. giska. Allied to Dan. gjette, to guess ; the Icel. giska stands for git-ska *, i. e. to try to get, from geta, to get. Thus guess is the desiderative of get ; see Get, Guest. (E.) '^L'L.gest. geest, gest, gast.-^lctl. gestr, Dan. giest, Swed. gdst, Du. gast, Goth, gasts, G. gast; L. kostis, a stranger, also an enemy. (^ GHAN.) Allied to Hostile. Guide. (F. —Teut.) gyde7z (also gyeft). — O. F. guider, to guide. Cf. Ital. guidare. Span, guiar. The gu (for w) shews the word to be of Teut. origin; it must be from a source allied to Goth. wita7t, to w’atch, observe, and to A. S. wita7t, to know. The orig. sense was ‘ to shew ;’ cf. Icel. viti, a leader, signal, A. S. wita7i, to observe. Allied to Wit. guy-rope, guy, a guide-rope, used to steady a weight in heaving. (Span. — Teut.) Span, guia, a guy-rope, guide. — Span. guiar, to guide (above). Guild, Gild. (E.) The spelling guild is as false as it is common. M. E. glide. — A. S. gild, a payment; whence gegilda, a member of a gild. — A. S. gildaft, to pay, yield ; see Yield. Guile; see Wile. Guillotine. (F.) Named after a physi¬ cian, y. /. Gtiillotm, died a. d. 1814 . First used, 1792 . Guilt, crime. (E.) M. E. gilt. A. S. gylt, orig. a fine for a trespass; hence, a trespass. Allied to A. S. gildan (pt. t. pi. guidon), to pay, yield; see Yield. Guinea. (African.) First coined of African gold from the Guhiea coast, a.d. 1663 . Der. guinea-fowl. ^ The guinea- pig is from S. America; so that it may mean Guia7ia pig. Guise ; see Wise, sb. Guitar; see Cithern. Gules; see Gullet. Gulf. (F. —Gk.) Formerly goulfe.^tY. golfe. — Late Gk. KoXepos, a variant of Gk. koXttos, the bosom, also, a deep hollow, bay, creek. Der. en-gulf. Gull (i), a bird. (C.) Corn, gullan, a gull; W. gwyla7i. gull ( 2 ), a dupe. (C.) The same ; from the notion that a gull was a stupid bird. Gullet, the throat. (F. — L.) M. E. golet. — F. goulet (Cot.); dimin. of O. F. gole,goule {F. gueule), the throat. •‘L.gula, the throat. (y^GAR.) gules, red. (F. —L.) M. "E. goules. F. gueules, gules, red; answering to Low L. gulce (pi. of gula), meaning (i) mouth, ( 2 ) gules. Prob. from the colour of the open mouth of the heraldic lion. — L. gula, the throat. gully, a channel worn by water. (F. — L.) Formerly gullet. — F. goulet, ‘ a gullet, a deep gutter of waterCot. The same word as gullet (above). Gulp. (Du.) Du. gulpen, to swallow eagerly. — Du. gulp, a great billow, wave, draught, gulp. Perhaps borrowed from O. F. golfe ; see Gulf. Gum (i), flesh of the jaws. (E.) M. E. g 07 ne. A. S. g67na, jaws, palate. -|-Icel. Swed. Or. gau77ien, palate, (y' GHA.) Gum ( 2 ), resin of certain trees. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. g077i7ne. — F. go77i77ie. — L. gu77i77ii. — Gk. Koinii, gum. (Prob. of Eastern origin.) Gun. (C. ?) M. E. go 7 tne.^‘y^. gwn, a bowl, a gun (in the latter sense as early as the 14 th cent.) Of obscure origin ; per¬ haps orig. the 'bowl’ of a war-engine, in which the missile was placed. gunwale, upper edge of a ship’s side. (G. a 7 td E.) See gunwale or gu7i7iel in Kersey ( 1715 ). A wale is an outer tirnber on a ship’s side; and the gu7t-wale is a GURGLE. GYVES. wale from which guns were pointed, A wale is a ‘ beamsee Wale. Gurgle ; see G-o?ge. " Gurnard, Gurnet, a fish. (F. - L. ; with Teut. suffix.) Gurnard is the better and fuller form. The word means 'a grunter,’ from the sound which the fish makes when taken out of the water. — O. F. grongnard (F. grognard), grunting, grunter, whence O. F. gom'nauld, grougnauty gur¬ nard (Cot.) — O. F. grogn-er, to grunt; with suffix -ard ( = G. hart).^!^. grunnire, to grunt; see Grunt, Gush. (Scand.) Icel. gusa^ to gush; allied to the strong verb gjosa (pt. t. gauss), to gush. Allied to Icel, gjota, to pour, giutan, \u.fundere. Cf. ’Dyx.gudsen, to gush. GHU.) See Gut, Geysir. geysir. (Icel.) Icel. gey sir,lit. ‘gusher.’- Icel. geysa, to gush; allied to gjosa (above). gust (i), a sudden blast, gush of wind. (Scand.) Icel. gustr, gjosta, a gust. — Icel. gjSsay to gush (above). So also Swed. dial. gust, stream of air from an oven. Gusset. (F. — Ital.) F. gousset, ‘ a gus¬ set,’ Cot. Also ‘ the piece of armour by which the arm-hole is covered,’ id. Named from its supposed resemblance to a husk of a bean or pea; dimin. of F. gousse^ husk of bean or pea. — Ital. guscio, a shell, husk ; of unknown origin. Gust (i), a blast; see Gush. Gust ( 2 ), relish, taste. (L.) L,. gustus, a tasting; cf. gustare^ to taste, (y^ GUS.) Allied to Choose. disgust, vb. (F. - L.) O. F. desgouster^ * to distaste, loath Cot. - O. F. des- ( = L. dis’), apart; gouster, to taste, from L. gus- tare (above). goht ( 2 ), taste. (F. - L.) F. go^ct, taste. — L. gustus (above). ragout. (F. - L.) F. ragoMy a sea¬ soned dish. — F. ragohtery to coax a sick man’s appetite. — F. re-y again ; Uy to; gohtery to taste. ■■ L. re- ; ad ; gustare. Gut, the intestinal canal. (E.) The same word as prov. E. gut, a water-course, channel. gutte. A.S.gut; ^l. gut- tas ; orig. ‘a channel.’ - A. S. gut-, stem of pt. t. pi. of geotan, to pour. (^ GHU.) -h Swed. gjuta, a mill-leat, Dan. gyde, a lane, O. Du. gate, a channel, G. gosse, a drain. IT No connection with gutter. Gutta-percha. (Malay.) The spell- 189 inggutta is due to confusion with \j.gutta. a drop, with which it has nothing to do. — Malay gatah, guttah, gum, balsam ; peixlia, the name of the tree producing it. Gutter ; see Gout (i). Guttural. (F. - L.) F. guttural. - L. gutturalis, belonging to the throat. — L. guttur, the throat. Perhaps allied to gutta^ a drop ; see Gout (i). goitre. (F. — L.) F. goitre, a swelled *Coxo 2 X.^\^.gutter, debased form oiguttur, throat. Guy, Guy-rope ; see Guide. Guzzle. (F.) O. F. gouziller, to swill down, swallow greedily (in the compound des-gouziller. Cot.) Allied to F. gosier, the throat, Ital. gozzo, the crop of a bird, throat. Remoter source unknown. Gymnasium. (L. . Gk.) L. gymna¬ sium. — Gk. yviJLvdaiov, an athletic school, where men practised naked.— Gk. yvfjLvd- CeiVy to train naked, exercise. — Gk. yvjjLvos, naked. Der. gymnast = yv/xvacrTTjs, a trainer of athletes; gymnast-ic. Gypsum. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) 'L.gypsum, chalk. — Gk. yvipov *, not found, by-form of yvipos, chalk. Prob. from Veis.jabsin, lime, Ardib.j'ibs, plaster, mortar. Gypsy. (F. - L. - Gk. - Egypt.) Spelt gipsen, Spenser, M. Hubbard, 86. Short for M. E. Egypcien. — O. F. Egyptien. — Late L. ^gyptianus ; from L. yEgyptius, an Egyptian. — Gk. AiyinrTios. — Gk. ktyvTTTos, Egypt. ^ The supposition that they came from Egypt was false; their orig. home was India. Gyre, circular course. (L. — Gk.) L. gyrus. — Gk. yvpos, ring, circle. Der. gyr-ate, from pp. of L. gyrare. gyrfalcon, gerfalcon, bird of prey. (F. — Gk. ? and L.) Formerly gerfaulcon ; girefaucon (used by Trevisa to translate L. gyrofalco). Modified from O.Y. gerfault, a gyrfalcon. — Low L. gerofalco, better gyro- falcOy i.e. a falcon that flies in gyres.— L. gyrus, a gyre; falco, a falcon. ^ Others make gero- stand for M. H. G. gir (G. geier), a vulture ; but M. H. G. girls itself derived from gyrare (Diez). Gyves, fetters. (C.) M. E. giues, gyues. Of Celtic origin ; cf. W. gefyn, Gael, geimh- eal {mh = v), Irish geimheal, geibheal, a fetter, gyve, bondage, captive. - Irish geibh- im^ I get,obtain,I take; cf. h.capere. HA. HABIT. 190 H. Ha, interj. (E.) An exclamatory sound. Cf. O. Fries, haha, to denote laughter; G. hCm Haberdasher, a seller of small wares. (F. —Scand.) So named from his selling a stuff called hapertas in O. F.; see Liber Albus, ed. Riley, pp. 225 , 231 . —O. Icel. hapurtaskj things of small value (Gud- mundus Andrese). I suspect that the true sense was ‘ pedlars’ wares,’ named from the haversack in which they were carried ; from Icel. haprtask, hafrtask, a haversack; orig. a bag for oats. — Icel. hafr, oats; taska, a pouch (cf. G. tasche, a pouch). See Haversack. Habergeon; see Hauberk, Habiliment; see Habit. Habit, practice, custom, dress. (F.-L.) O. F. habit j a dress, a custom. — L. habituniy acc. of habitus, a condition, dress. — L. habi¬ tus, pp. of habere, to have, keep. able, having power, skilful. (F. — L.) M. E. able ; also hable. — O. F. habile, able, abel, able. — L. habilis, easy to handle, active. — L. habere. Der. abil-i-ty (from L. acc. habilitatem'). average, a proportionate amount. (F. — L.) ‘Average (L. averagium, from averia, i. e. cattle) signifies service which the tenant owes the king or other lord, by horse or ox, or by carriage with either,’ &c.; Blount’s Law Diet., ed. 1691 . It meant use of horses, carriage, payment for car¬ riage, hence payment proportional to horses employed, &c.; at sea, payment propor¬ tional to losses of goods carried by a ship. The form average is French, answering to Low L. averagiuni above. — Low L. ave- rium, property, goods, but esp. cattle, horses (cf. Lowl. Sc. aiver, a horse). — O. F. aver (F. avoir'), to have, also, as sb., goods, pro¬ perty.—L. habere, to have, possess. binnacle, a box for a ship’s compass. (Port. — L.) A singular corruption of the older word bittacle, by confusion with bin, a chest. — Port, bitacola, a bittacle (i. e. binnacle); Vieyra. Cf. Span, bitacora, F. habitacle, the same. The Port, bitacola stands for habitacola*, the first syllable being lost. — L. habitaculum, a little dwell¬ ing, i.e. ‘ the frame of timber in the steerage of a ship where the compass stands ’ (Bailey), and prob. (at first) a shelter for the steersman. ■- L. hahitare, to dwell, fre¬ quent. of habere. cohabit. (L.) L. co-habitare, to dwell together with ; see habitation below. debenture, acknowledgment of a debt. (L.) Formerly debentur (Bacon). — L. de- bentur, lit. 'they are due,’ because such receipts began with the words debentur mihi (Webster); pr. pi, pass, of debeo, I owe ; see debt (below). debilitate. (L.) From pp. of L. debili- tare, to weaken. — L. debilis, weak ; put for de-hibilis^, i.e. not active. — L. de, away, not; habilis, active ; see able (above). debt. (F. — L.) A bad spelling of dett. M. E. dette. — O. F. dette (afterwards mis¬ spelt debte). — L. debit a, a sum due; fern, of debitus, owed, pp. of debere, to owe. Debere — de-hibere^, i.e. to have away, have on loan. — L. de, down, away; habere, to have. Der. debt-or, M. E. dettur, from O. F. deteur, L. acc. debitorein. deshabille, careless dress. (F. — L.) F. dhhabille, undress. — F. deshabiller, to undress. — F. des (L. dis-), apart, away, un-; habiller, to dress ; see habiliment (below). devoir, duty. (F.-L.) yi.Y.. deuoir. — O. F. devoir, dever, to owe. — L. debere, to owe; see debt (above). due. (F. — L.) M. E. dewe. — O. F. deu, masc., deue, fern.; pp. of devoir, to owe (above). duty. (F. — L.) M. E. duetee, in the sense ' debt due.’ A coined word, formed by analogy with E. words in -ty (of F. origin), from the adj. due (above). endeavour, to attempt. (F. — L.) Coined from the M. E. sb. dever, devoir, duty, with F. prefix en- ( = L. in). Due to the old phr. ' to do his deveA = to do his duty (Ch. C. T. 1600 ); see devoir (above). exhibit, to shew. (L.) L. exhibitus, pp. of ex-hibere, to hold forth. habiliment, dress. (F. —L.) F. hab- illeinent, clothing.— F. habiller, to clothe, orig. ' to get ready.' — F. habile, ready. — L. habilis ; see able (above). habitable. (F. - L.) F. habitable. — 'L. habitabilis, that can be dwelt in. — L. habitare, to dwell, frequent, of habere. habitant. (F. — L.) ¥. habitant, pt. of habiter, to dwell. — L. habitare, fre¬ quent. of habere. HABITABLE HAGGLE. habitat, the natural abode of a plant. (L.) L. habitat, it dwells (there) ; pres, s. of habitare, to dwell (above). habitation, abode. (F. — L.) F. habi¬ tation, ■■ L. acc. habitationem. — L. habi- tatus, pp. of habitare, to dwell, frequent, of habere. habitude. (F.-L.) F. habitude, cus¬ tom. — L. habitudo, condition. — L. habitu-m, supine of habere, inhabit. (F. — L.) F. inhabiter. — L. in-habitare, to dwell in; see habitation (above). inhibit, to check. (L.) L. inhibitus, pp. of in-hibere, to keep in, hold in. prebend. (F. — L.) O. F. prebende {¥.pr3ende). — L,. prcebe7tda, a payment, stipend from a public source ; orig. fern, of fut. part, of prcebere, to afford, give. — L. prce, before, habere, to have ; whence prcehibere, contr. to prcebere, Der. pre- bend-ar-y. prohibit, to check. (L.) L. prohibitus, pp. of pro-hibei'e, to hold before one, put in one’s way, prohibit. provender. (F. — L.) The final r is an E. addition, as in lavender ; it is prob. due to M. E. provendl, a trisyllabic word. — F. provende, 'provender, also, a pre- bendry ; ’ Cot. — L. prcebertda, a payment; in late L., an allowance of provisions, also a prebend ; see prebend (above). Habitable, Habitant, &c.; see Habit. Hack (i), to cut, mangle. (E.) M. E. hakken, A.S. haccan (Bosworth ; unautho¬ rised). + Du. hakken, Dan. hakke, Swed. hacka, G. hacken, to chop, hack. haggle (i), to hack awkwardly, mangle. (E.) A weakened form of hackle, frequent, of hack, to cut. hash, a dish of meat cut into slices, &c. (F. — G.) O. F. hachis, hash. — F. hacher, to hack. — G. hacken, to hack (above). hatch ( 3 ), to shade by minute lines, crossing each other. (F. - G.) F. hacher, to hack, also to hatch or engrave; see above. hatchet. (F. - G.) M. E. hachet.^F. hachette, dimin. oihache, an ,hacher, to cut. — G. hacken, to cut. Hack ( 2 ); see Hackney. Hackbut. (F. - Du.) Also hagbut.^ O. F. haquebute, ' a haquebut, a caliver ’ (i. e. a sort of musket) ; Cot. So called from the bent form of the gun ; the bent stock was a great improvement on the orig. straight one. A corruption of Du. 191 haakbus, an arquebus; due, apparently, to some confusion with O. F. buter, to thrust. — Du. haak, hook; bus, gun. See Arque¬ bus. Hackle (i), Hatchel, an instrument for dressing flax; see heckle, under Hook. Hackle ( 2 ) ; see heckle, under Hook. Hackney, Hack, a horse let out for hire. (F. —Du. ?) M. E. hakeney. — O. F. haquenee, ' an ambling horse; ’ Cot. (Cf. Span, hacanea, Ital. chinea, short for ac- chinea, the same.) — O. Du. hackeneye, a hackney (Hexham). Of obscure origin; but prob. from Du. hakken, to hack, chop, and negge, a nag. Perhaps Du. hakken may have meant ' to jolt; ’ cf. Swed. hacka, to hack, hew, chatter with cold, stammer, stutter. ^ Hack is short for hackney, and quite a late form; hence hack, verb, i. e. to use as a hack or hackney. Haddock, a fish. (E. ?) M. E. haddoke ( 16 th cent.) Orig. doubtful; the Irish for ' haddock’ is codog. Hades, the abode of the dead. (Gk.) Gk. aS?;?, aibris (Attic), mSryy (Homeric), the nether world. ' Usually der. from a, privative, and ideiv, to see [as though it meant ' the unseen ’] ; but the aspirate in Attic makes this very doubtful;’ Liddell and Scott. Haematite, Haemorrhage ; see He¬ matite, Hemorrhage. Haft; see Have. Hag. (E.) M. E. hagge; with same sense as A. S. hcegtesse, a witch, a hag. -f- G. hexe, M. H. G. hacke, a witch, O. H. G. hdzissa [prob. short for hagazissa^'], a witch. Most likely from A. S. haga, a hedge, bush; it being supposed that witches were seen in hedges by night. See Hag¬ gard (i) below. ^ We may particularly note Du. haagdis, haagedis, a lizard (plainly from Du. haag, a hedge), which strikingly resembles A. S. hcegtesse. Cf. urchin. haggard ( 2 ), lean, meagre. (E.) Orig. hagg-ed, i. e. hag-like, from hag. ' The ghostly prudes with hagged face,’ Gray, A Long Story, near end. Misspelt by con¬ fusion with the word below. Haggard (i), wild, said of a hawk; see Haw. Haggard ( 2 ), lean; see Hag. Haggle (i), to mangle; see Hack (i). Haggle ( 2 ), to be slow in making a bar¬ gain. (E.) In Cotgrave, s. v. harceler. Doubtless a weakened form of hackle ; fre¬ quent. of hack (i), to hew, cut, hence to ' 192 - HAGIOGRAPHA. mangle, stammer, and so to wrangle, cavil. This appears more plainly by Du. hakkeleii, ‘to hackle, mangle, faulter,’i.e. stammer (Sewel); hakketeren^ to wrangle, cavil. It is ultimately the same word as Haggle (i). higgle, to bargain. (E.) Merely a weakened form of the above. Hagiographa, holy writings. (Gk.) G]^. dyLoypacpa (/Si)3A/a), books written by inspiration. — Lrk. dylo-s, holy j ypdcp-eiVf to Vv^rite. Ha-ha, Haw-haw; see Haw. Hail (i), frozen rain. (E.) M. E. haghel, hayl. A. S. hagai, hagol. + Icel. hagl, Du. Dan. Swed. G. hagcL Cf. Gk. a round pebble. Hail (2), to greet; see Hale (i). Hail! ( 3 ) an exclamation; see Hale (i). Hair. (E.) M. E. heer. A. S. hcsr, her. + Du. haar, Icel. hdr, Dan. haar, Swed. hdr. Hake, a fish; see Hook, Halberd; see Helm (i). Halcyon, a king-fisher; as adj. serene. (L. — Gk.) Halcyon days = calm days; it was supposed that the weather was calm . when king-fishers were breeding. — L. halcyon, alcyon, a king-fisher. — Gk. aXKvojv, dXKvojv, a king-fisher. Allied to L. alcedo, the true L. name. Hale (I), whole. (Scand.) M. E. hell. — Icel. hetll, Dan. heel, Swed. hel, hale. Cognate^with’A. S. hdl, whole, Goth, hails, Gk. KaXos, fair. See whole (below). hail ( 2 ), to greet. (Scand.) M. E. heilen ; a verb coined from Icel. heill, hale (above); this word is common in greeting persons, as far heill —i 2 iTQWQ\\, ko? 7 i heill, welcome, hail! The Scand. verb is Icel. heilsa,^ Swed. helsa, Dan. hilse, to greet. hail ( 3 ), an exclamation. (Scand.) Icel. heill, hale, sound; used in greeting; see above. halibut, holibut, a fish. (E.) So called because excellent eating for holidays ; the lit. sense is ‘ holy (i. e. holiday) plaice.’ From M. E. hali, holy (see holy), and butte, a plaice (Havelok, 1 . 7 f 9 ). So also Du. heilbot, halibut, from heilig, holy, bot, a plaice; Swed. helgilundra, a halibut, from helg, holidays, a flounder. hallow, to sanctify. (E.) M. E. halwen, halewe7t, haloweit. A. S. hdlgian, to make holy, from hdlig, holy; see holy (below). hallowmass, feast of All Hallows, i.e. All Saints, (Hybrid; E. and L.) Short ^for All Hallows"' Mass, mass (or feast) of c HALF. All^ Saints. Here hallows' is the gen. of hcillows, pi. of M. E. halozve or halwe, a saint = A. S. hdlga, a saint, def. form of the adj. hdlig, holy; see holy (below), and Mass. ^ heal. (E.) M. E. helen. A. S. hdlan, to make whole; formed from hdl, whole, by the usual change' from d Xo n-sum,’wmsome.'^D\i. handzaa77i, tractable, serviceable. handy (i), dexterous. (E.) M. E. hendi (never ha^tdi), A. S. hendig, skilful ; formed from hand, hand, with suffix -ig and vowel-change. + Du. ha^idig, Dan. hcEndig, behcendig, Swed. hdndig, dexterous; Goth. ha?idugs, clever. handy ( 2 ), near. (E.) M.E. hende, A.S. gehende, near, at hand.-A. S. hand, hand. Hang, to suspend, to be suspended. (E.) The original strong verb was intransitive ; the weak verb was transitive ; they are now mixed up. The weak verb is from A. S. hangian, pt. t. ha7igode, to cause to hang; derived from the base of the A. S. strong \tih hon (contracted form of hangan), pt. t. heng, pp. hangen.’\‘lQ,t\. hengja, weak verb, from ha7iga (pt. t. hekk, for henk *, pp. haytghin ); G. hdngen, weak verb, from G. ha7ige7t (pt. t. hing, pp. gehange 7 t). Allied to L. cunctari, to delay, Skt. cank, to hesitate. (^KAK.) hank, a parcel of skeins of yam. (Scand.) Icel. ha7iki, a hasp, clasp, honk, hangr, a hank, coil; Swed. hank, a string, G._ henkel, a handle, ear of a vessel. The orig. sense seems to have been 'a loop’ to hang up by. From the verb above. hanker, to long after. (E.) Cf. prov. E. ha7ik, to hanker after, of which it is a frequent, form; cf. thephr. ‘ to hang ahout.^ From the verb above. Verified by O. Du. hengele7t, to hanker after "(from hangen) ; O. Du. ho7ikeren (Du. hu7ike7'ett), to hanker after. hinge. (Scand.) M. E. he 7 tge, that on which the door hangs; from M. E. he 7 tgen, to hang. - Icel. he7igja, to hang (above). Hanseatic, pertaining to the Hanse towns in Germany. (F.-O. H. G.) O. F. hanse, the hanse, i. e. society of merchants. — O.H. G. ha7tsa (G. hcmse), an association; cf. Goth. ha7isa, A. S. hSs, a band of men. (About A.D. IT 40 .) Hansel; see Handsel. Hansom, a kind of cab. (E.) From the name of the inventor (no doubt the same word as handsome^. Hap. (Scand.) M. E. hap. - Icel. happ, hap, chance, good luck; cf. A.S. gehcep, fit. The W. hap must be borrowed from E. Der. happ-y, i.e, lucky; hap-less, i.e. HAREM. luckless; hapdy, by luck {happily is used in the same sense). happen. (Scand.) M. E. happenen, hapnen, extended from happen, i. e. to hap. From the sb. above. mishap. (Scand.) M. E. mishappen, verb, to fall out ill; from Mis- (i) and Hap. perhaps. (L. and Scand.) A clumsy hybrid compound. — L. per, by (as in per¬ chance, where per vs,, strictly, Y.par) ; haps, pi. of hap. Harangue; see Ring. Harass. (F.) O. F. harasser, to tire out, vex, disquiet. Perhaps from O. F. barer, to set a dog at a beast.— O. H.G. haren, to call out, cry out (hence cry to a dog). (VKAR.) Harbinger; see Harbour. Harbour, shelter. (Scand.) M. E. her- be7"zve. — lodt.herbergi, a harbour, lit. ‘army- shelter.’ — Icel. herr, an army ; barg, pt. t. of bjarga, to shelter; O. Swed. h(Erbe 7 ge, an inn, from hcer, army, berga, to defend; O. H. G. he7‘eberga, a camp, lodging, from O. H. G. heri (G. heer^, an army, bergan, to shelter (whence F. auberge, Ital. albergo). {a/ KAR ; and see Borough.) Der. har¬ bour, verb. harbinger, a forerunner. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. herbergeour, one who provided lodg¬ ings for a man of rank. — O. F. herberg-er, to lodge, to harbour; with suffix -our (L. -aiore7n).m,0, F. herberge, a lodging, har¬ bour.—O. H. G. hereberga (above). Hard. (E.) A. S. heard. + Du. hard ; Icel. hardr, Dan. haard, Swed. hard, Goth. hardus, G. ha'rt. Perhaps allied to Gk. Kparvs, strong. hardy, stout, brave. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E. hardi. — O. F. hardi, brave ; orig. pp. of hardir, lit. to harden. — O. H. G. hartjan, to harden, make strong. — O. H. G. harti (G. ha'rt), hard (above). Hare. (E.) A. S. hara.’\‘TdM. haas, Dan. Swed. hare, Icel. heri, G. hase, W. ceinach (Rhys), Skt. papa, orig. pa.sa, a hare. The Skt. word means ‘jumper,’ from pap (for pas), to jump, leap along. harebell. (E.) From hare and bell, (Other derivations are fables.) harrier (i). (E.) Formerly harier\ from hare. Cf. bowyer from bow. Harem, set of apartments for females. (Arab.) Also haram. — Arab, haram, women’s apartments, lit. ‘sacred,’ or ‘prohi¬ bited.’ — Arab, root harama, he prohibited (because men were prohibited from entering). HARICOT. HASP. 195 Haricot (i), a stew of mutton, ( 2 ) kidney bean. (F.) F. haricot^ ‘mutton sod with little turneps,’ &c.; Cot. The sense of ‘ bean ’ is late ; that of ‘ minced mutton with herbs ’ is old. The oldest spelling is herigotCy 14 th cent. Origin un¬ known. Hark! see Hear. Harlequin. (F.) F. arlequin, harlequiriy a harlequin ; cf. Ital. arlecchino, a buffoon, jester. The Ital. word seems to be derived from F.; the O. F. phrase was li maisnie hier- lekin (Low L. harleqtiini fa7nilias)y a troop of demons that haunted lonely places. This I believe to be derived from O. Fries, helle kill (A. S. helle cyriy Icel. heljar kyn), i, e. the kindred of hell, host of hell, troop of demons. The change from hellequin to hai'lequm arose from a popular etymology which connected the word with ChaHes Quint \ Max Miiller, Lect. ii. 581 . Harlot. (F. — Teut.) Orig. used of either sex, and not always in a very bad sense; equiv. to mod. E. ‘fellow;’ Ch. C. T. 649 . — O. F. herlot^ arlot^ a vagabond; Prov. arloty a vagabond; Low L. arlotuSy a glutton. Of disputed origin ; prob. from O. H. G. karly a man. Hence also carlot^ As You Like It, iii. 5 . 108 , and the name Chai'lotte. Harm, sb. (E.) M. E. harm. hearm, grief, also harm.-|-Icel. harmr, grief, Dan. harme, wrath, Swed. hanUy anger, grief, G. harMy grief, Russ, srame, shame; Skt. qra?na, toil, from qram ; to be weary, (y' KARM.) Der. hariUy verb. Harmony, concord. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. hamnonie.^^Y. harmonie.^Y. har- monia.^G\i. apfiovia, a joint, proportion, harmony. — Gk. apfxos, a joining. — Gk. apuvy to fit. (y'AR.) Harness; see Iron. Harp. (E.) M. E. harpe. A. S. hearpe. +Du. harpy Icel. harpa, Swed. harpay Dan. harpey G. harfe. Perhaps allied to L. creparey to crackle ; if so, it meant ‘loud-sounding.’ harpsichord. (F.-Teut.a/^^Gk.) For¬ merly harpsechordy with intrusive s.-~F. harpechordy ‘a harpsichord,’ Cot. From Teutonic and Greek ; see Harp and Chord. Harpoon. (F. —L.) Formerly also pouy which is the F. spelling. - F. harpoUy a cramp-iron, a grappling-iron; whence also Du. harpoen. — O. F. harpey a dog’s claw or paw ; cf. se harpery to grapple. Cf. also Span. arpoUy a harpoon, arpary to claw, rend; Ital. arpagoney a harpoon, arpesey cramp-iron ; arpinoy a hook. The Ital. arpagone is plainly from L. acc. harpa- gone77iy a hook, grappling-iron; so also L. harpagay hook, harpaxy rapacious. All from Greek ; cf. Gk. apira^riy a hook, apiraG rapacious, ap-nrjy a bird of prey ; from apn-, base of dpird^eiVy to seize, cognate with L. rape7'e. See Harpy. Harpsichord; see Harp. Harpy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. ha 7 pie. — L. harpy iay usually in pi. harpy ice. — Gk. pi. dpTTviaiy lit. ‘spoilers.’— Gk. dp 7 r-, base of dpird^^iVy to seize, cognate with L. rapere. See Rapacious. Harquebus ; see Arquebus. Harridan, a jade, a worn-out woman. (F.) A variant of O. F. haridelky ‘a poor tit, leane ill-favored jade,’ Cot. ; i.e. a worn-out horse. Prob. from O. F. barer, to set on a dog, hence to vex ; see Harass. Harrier (i), a hare-hound; see Hare. Harrier ( 2 ), a kind of buzzard; see Harry. Harrow, sb. (E.) M. E. harwe. Not found in A. S. -HDu. harky a rake; Icel. herjiy Dan. ha7'Vy a harrow; Swed. harkay a rake, harfy a harrow; G. harkey a rake. Harry, to ravage. (E.) M. E. ha 7 'weny herieUy her'^ien. A. S. hergia7ty to lay waste, as is done by an army. — A. S. herg-y base of herey an army.Icel. herjay to ravage, from herry army; Dan. hcergey from hcer. The sense of here is ‘ destroyer.’ (y' KAR.) harrier ( 2 ), a kind of buzzard. (E.) I. e. harry-ery because it destroys small birds. And see Heriot. Harsh. (Scand.) M. E. ha7'sk. — Dan. harsky rancid ; Swed. harshy rank, rancid, rusty. + G. harschy harsh, rough. Cf. Lithuan. karttiSy harsh, bitter (of taste); Skt. kxity to cut. Hart. (E.) M. E. hart, A. S. heo7'ty heorot. -t-Du. herty Icel. hjortry Dan. hiorty Swed. hjorty G. hirschy O. H. G. hiruz. Allied to L. ceruusy W. caT^y a hart, horned animal; cf. Gk. K€paSy a horn. See Horn. Harvest. (E.) A. S. hxrfesty zxXxxmxi’, orig. ‘crop.’ -p Du. herfsty G. herbsty autumn; Icel. hausty Dan. Swed. host (con¬ tracted forms). Allied to L. carperOy to gather, (y’KARP, for SKARP.) Hash; see Hack (i). Hasp. (E.) A. S. hcepsOy bolt, bar of a door. 4 -Icel. hespay Dan. Swed. G. haspOy hasp. Lit. ‘ that which fits cf. A. S, gehcepy fit ; see Hap. 19 ^ HASSOCK. Hassock. (C.) AI. E. hassok, orig. coarse grass or sedge, of which the covering of hassocks was made. — V^.hesgog, adj., sedgy, from hesg^ s. pi., sedges ; cf. W. /lesgyn, a sieve, hesor, a hassock, pad. Allied to Irish seisg, a sedge, bog-reed. Hastate, spear-shaped. (L.) l^.kastatus, spear-like, — L. hasta, a spear. Allied to G-oad. Haste, verb and sb. (Scand.) O. Swed. hasta, to haste, hast, haste; Dan. haste, to haste, hast, haste. -|- O. Fries, hast, sb., Du. haasten, G. hasten, vb., Du. haast, G. hast, sb. Allied to Skt. ^ag (for ^as), to jump; see Hare, (y^ KAS.) hast-en, XVI cent. Hat. (E.) A. S. -^^z’/.-f-Icel. hattr, Swed. hatt, Dan. hat, Cf. L. cassis, a helmet. (-✓SKAD.) Hatch (t), a half-door. (E.) AT. E. hatche ; a hatch also meant a latch of a door. North E. heck. A. S. haca, bolt or bar of a door; also hcecce, a hook.+Du. hek, fence, rail, gate, Swed. hack, coop, rack, Dan. hcek, hcekke, rack. Allied to Hook. The orig. sense was prob. a latch or a catch of a door ; hence, various modes of fastening. Der. hatch-es, pi. sb., a frame of cross-bars over an opening in a ship’s deck; hatch-way. hatch ( 2 ), to produce a brood by incu¬ bation. (E.) From the coop or hatch in which the mother-bird sits. Thus Swed. hacka, to hatch, from hack, a coop; Dan. hcBkkebuur, a breeding-cage, from hcEkke, a rack. ^ Hatch ( 3 ), to shade by lines, in engrav¬ ing ; Hatchet, axe ; see Hack (i). Hatches; see Hatch (i). Hatchment, escutcheon; see Capital (i). Hate, sb. (E.) AT. E. hate. A.S. hete, hate; the mod. E. sb. takes the vowel from the verb hatian, to hate.+Du. haat, Icel. hatr, Swed. hat, Dan. had, Goth. hatis, G. hass, hate. Cf. W. cas, hate, casau, to hate. KAD.) hatred.^ (E.) AT. E. hatred, hatreden. The suffix is A. S. -r