ore 2 S270: ts 38trd 3 Vv. t.Z2 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION P Washington, D.C. erp 2 TRADE AGREEMENT DIGESTS Volume Il METALS AND MANUFACTURES Part 2 (This volume is in three parts. Part 1 includes digests on items provided for in paragraphs 301 to 328, inclusive, of Schedule 3 of the Tariff Act of 1930, which are listed for consideration in the proposed negotiations; Part 2 includes digests on listed items provided for in paragraphs 329-371, inclusive; and Part 3 includes digests on listed items provided for in paragraph 372 and the following paragraphs in Schedule 3 and digests on related items in the free list which are subject to import-excise taxes.) Prepared by the Tariff Commission for use in connection with trade agreement negotiations November 1946 List of Volumes in this Series Volume I - Chemicals, Oils, and Paints Volume II - Earths, Earthenware, and Glassware Volume III - Metals and Manufactures Volume IV - Wood and Manufactures Volume V - Sugar, Molasses, and Manufactures Volume VI - Tobacco and Manufactures Volume VII - Agricultural Products and Provisions Volume VIII - Spirits, Wines, and Other Beverages Volume IX - Cotton Manufactures Volume X ~ Flax, Hemp, Jute, and Manufactures Volume XI - Wool and Manufactures Volume XII - Silk Manufactures Volume XIII - Manufactures of Rayon or Other Synthetic Textile Volume XIV - Papers and Books Volume XV_ =— Sundries Volume XVI - Free List (Some of these volumes will be published in two or more parts} Contents Tariie e paragraph Title of Digest Pa ra) i i Chains, other than power transmission--- ts B29 Power-transmis.ion chains~---~—---.---~---- 3 Bae cae nuts, washers, and blanks of iron SCS er a ere a ap ctr 5 ees: * ae. tacks, “bracs, spikes, and etaples (ineiudés Wire nails cut nails arc. spikes, horseshoe nails, upholsterers' nails and > thumbtacks, cheir glides, etc.)-------- 7 be Rivets, studs, anc steel ateres —-------- 11 335 Grit, shot, end sand of iron or steel---- 13 330. T cheeet clasps, and corset and dress steels 14 got | - Card clothing-~-----------------------~-- 15 338 . Wood ‘screws of iron or stee]l------------ Ly 339 athtubs, levatories, a ES 28) @ fH} Yoh mH a) 2) oO. ie) Oo Ky te . = be © a) mM ~~ | | Pistols, revolvers, and partse -------~---- warine chronometers and parts-----~--------- Ships! logs, depth sounders, and parts----- Assemblies ana subassemblies for clocks and chockwork tecdhaniens <———e<—-—-—+ ae Clock cases-------~--~-~------~--~-~---~--~-~---- Taximeters and parts—--------~-----~--~--~---- Motor vehicles and parts, except inner tubes Motorcycles and parts--~---~--~-~------~-~---- Aircraft and parts (except tires and inner tubes ) ---~-~-------+~~~~-~+~+--~------+~-+-~---+- Motorboats (pleasure) and parts-—----------- Bicycles and parts---—--~-----—-—~~~-~-~-—-~-~-~--- 4 ¥ Lorks La ae 78 80 85 86 90 yo METALS AND MANUFACTURES Introduction This volume (Volume III) contains approximately 230 digests of baeataesc technical, and. trade data on metallic ores, metals, and metal manufactures, which have been listed (ap to Ncvember 9, 1946) by the Trade Agreements Committee for consideration in the ,roposed trade agreement negotiations with those foreign countries which have been inviteca to par- ticipate in the so-called "nuclear" group. The digests cover all listed products provided for in Schedule 3 of the Tariff Act of 1930 and related items on the Free List of the tariff act which are subject to import—ex- Cise taxes. Volumes similar to this one have been or are being prepared by the Tariff Commission on commodities provided for under other schedules of the tariff act which have been listed for these negotiations.. The prod ucts on-the Free List of the act which are subject to import-excise or processing taxes are treated as dutiable commodities and are covered by digests which appear in the volumes for the tariff schedules to which such products are most nearly related. In addition, a special volume will be issued covering all commodities on the Free List which have been listed for the negotiations, and which are not subject to import-excise or processing taxes, Volume. III is in three parts, Part 1 includes digests on items, pro- vided for in paragraphs 301 to 328, inclusive, of Schedule 3 of the Tariff Act of 1930, which are listed for consideration in the proposed negotiations; part 2 includes digests on listed items previded for in paragraphs 329 to 371, inclusive; and part 3 includes digests on listed items in paragraph 37< and all following paragraphs in Schedule 3 and digests on rélated items in the Free L bject to import-excise taxes Schedule 3 provides for a wide variety of metal products ranging from metallic ores through unmanufactured metais and mill products to completely fabricated articles ready for final consumption. The principal related products on the Free List which are subject to import—excise taxes are cop- : per oreas, unmanufactured copper, lignite, coal, and coke. United States production in 19 939 of the commodities of the kinds cov— erea by Schedule 3 and all related products on the Free List subject to import-—excise taxes (including ae not listed for the proposed negotia- tions) was as follow Tron and steel rolling mill and foundry products, 3,878 million dollars; nonferrous metals and ferro—alloys, aut million ae lars; other metal products (advanced manufactures), 9,294 million dollar Tee output of these products during the war, of course, preetly Peccdat the cutout in'1939.: As: most of the cutput of rolling mill and founcry products and as practically all of the non-ferrous metals and ferro-alloys are used in the production of advanced metal manufactures, a combined total of the three figures given here would contein extensive duplic tion. Moreover, there is considerable duplication within euch of these figures. 16) 4 * e j-/* a Au he —— 1/ The value of the domestic output of coal and related solid mineral fuels is not included in the production figures given here, as only negligible quantities of the imports of these products are subject to the import—excise tax. in 19239 domestic production of these fuels amounted to somewhat less than 1 1/4 billion dollars, exports amounted to about 67 million dollars, and total United States imports to 5 million dollars. (foré sLen value), of which $26,000 vas taxable, United States imports of all products provided for in Schedule 3 (those listed as well as those not listed for consideration in the pro- posed negotiations), and including related items on the Free List subject to import-excise taxes, amounted to 94 million dollars 1/ (foreign value) in 1939. The total imports in 1959 were Slightly smaller than in 1937, the peak year of the 1930's, but sul din deg ee ae larger than the average annual imports during the five pre-war years (19 5-39) . In the aggregate, these imports supplied about 0.7 percent ‘of i Tete of domestic consumption (estimated, excluding duplication) ‘before the war, though for many items the ratio was much higher or lower’ Imports cf low-priced iron and steel rolling mill and foundry products have come largely from Germany and Bel- gium, while high-priced steel products have come principally from Sweden. imports cf manganese ore, the most important nonferrous metal in the im- ports into the United States, coties largely from the U.5,5.h., India, the Gold Coast, and Cuba, The imports of advanced manufactures of metals come mostly from the highly industrialized countries of Europe. The value of United States exports of a. oroducts of the kinds pro- vided for in Schedule 3, including rele Wee items on the Pree List subject to import-excise taxes, amounted to l. Ne dolters OO 3 od Exports of metals and manufactures go to Roe ee every country of the world. Canada and the United Kingdom are the leading export markets; these two countries took avout one-third of the 1939 exports. The Fe krrsn Ml export items are motor vehicles, electrical apparatus, machine tools, other in- dustrial machinery, and iron and steel rolling mill products. te The ratio of the duties (and imrort-excise taxes) collected on all imports of products provided for in Schedule 3 (3 oe! lated j on the pape List which are subject te import~exc value of such imports was 30 percent in 1939. Those items Listed for consideration in the proposed negotiations, and covered by the digests contsinea herein, represented approximately 80 percent by value “or the total imports in 1939 of all commodities pro- vided for in Schedule’ 3 and all releted Free List items subject to import-— excise taxes.< The listed items represent about 75 percent of the value of imports in 1939 of iron snc steel rolling mill and foundry products, practically all of the imports of nonferrous ores, metals, and ferro- alloys, anc about €0 percent of the imports of all other metal products. Of the total value of imports in 1939 of Ros: items listed for considera-— tion in the proposed negotiations about tro-thirds were accounted for by the following 5 commodities in the eee of magnitude: nickel and manu- factures, ferro-alloys, clocks and watches, machinery and electrical ap- paratus, aluminum and manufactures Ps Explanatcry Notes The digests presented herein have been kept as brief as possible and contain only the data most pertinent to an understending of the internation— al competitive situation with respect to the various products... It was ob- viously impractical to incluée all the facts pertaining to the many commodi- ties listed for consideration. Supplementing + ata given in the digests, and available for use in the negotiations, is the extensive information con- tained in the files of the Commission and in its numercus published reports, as well as the knowledge and experience of its staff. c¢) a 1/ This figure docs not include imports of copper and other metals free of duty (or excise tax) for smelting, refining and export, or imports for consumption free of duty frow Cuba and the Philippine Islands, but it does include «11 taxable imports for consumption of such metals. 2/ Dees not include reexports of copper and gather metals imported cuty or tax free fo: smelting, refining, and export, but it does include exports of such metals contained in products on which drawback of the duty or tax S paid ana exports of such metals produced in the United States, 3/ Items, which in 1939 accounted for 70 percent cf the total value of 3s uncer Schedule 3, were subject to reduced rates of duty provided in trade agreements in effect on April 1, 1945. Par. No. 329 UNITED KINGDOM; CANADA ‘ GHAING, OTHER THAN POWER sible ISSION (See reluted digest on power-transmission chains, par. 329) Stat. import classes (1939): 620.44-+49 United States production, exports, and imports, 193’7- a ne re a Se Eg an een eT ee eee | . ' Imports for consumption from-- v7 D : TGC eS LCs, peste mera eee eet ee Year | Production E : ALL i UNITED | } ) | ) { ft CANADA |Germany ~] - Japan J countries! KINGDOM | Quantity (pounds) | | ™. | i i F 7; ryCd) “ TA5 3° *C ar ae | main Not | T4595 229 ILL {378 LOZ 432 327,189 | 117,408 |; 63,806 1938 | ayaa | 396034365 165,347 64,272 | 39509 1 "4676071 1E92T 1939 be |, 4,802,704 151,926 AAs lh2 | 52,683 | 27,278 | 6,417 1943 |) 2/39, 64,3, 8279/1, 561,870! ="), 561,670 | 2) aed 193 | 695, 74 65,2671 Not 4a “3 t : perry 4 0 09208 1 268") ee L3G AA gers | 510,14 21, 598 6,456 | 537 | 9,199 | 1,289 193948. SMOG oy COA i, uty 30 2;6461 » 55047 | 761 1943 |o» BBL 2/5, 188, 636 3/ 174, 803 Sols apr 478 | stots oon ee ! ts! p Mento dapsheve 2s ot tae tieratert preg Mimowtee Ai Includes |! ie toe beginning 19368. f Includes 18,012,483 pounds, valued at 2,880,150, exported under. lend-leass. / ? Free for Govermment vse, 446, 710 ee alued at $57,726; also 67,6360 Rel ne pounds, valued at $9,733, free as an act of international courtesy. source; Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Item Ynited States tariff rroposed negotiating Aet “or 1945 country 1939 rate Gents per pound Par. 329 Chains, other than power transmission: Anchor or stud link chains: 2 inches or more in diameter ---- 1-1/2 1-1/2 UNITED KINGDOM Less than <2 inches in ciameter -- 2 Zz dO. Other: Net less than 3/4 inch in : ; diameter ~-=-—~-—-~—-~.—_-- eee =~ "P83 7/8 erste Less than 3/4, not less than 3/8 UNTTED KINGDCH inch in ciameter ---------~-~-~ san 1-1/é Uf fx CAD ADA Less than 3/8, not less tha 5/16 inch in diameter --~-----~- eo fT fo 40. Less then 3/145 inch in diameter - 4 Ab ONITED KTP GbOM 1/ Trede agreement with Canada, effective oy ee m Note.— The phrase "in diameter" refers to the diamcter of the metal composing the links of the chain. For ad valorem equivalents oF the duties, see table at end of digest. Comment + n this digest range from large snchor chains to smell key chains» . Th sn welded links include wagon, dredge, loging, ancnor, and tire chains. C z. s formed by twisting or pending, iustead of welding include swing, ham ‘oOck ; Pe Stns dog, and i Tne chins EH gy .ndwtey schains. Some cnains for very heavy duty are cast from steel. ‘hey include mooring chains, log and stone conveyor chains, quorry cheins, and some anchor chins Excluded from the chains con- sidered in this digest sre watch chains and other types of chins worn hy individu- als, which cre oiapests ed as jewelry in oa eae. Loe a a CHAINS, OTHER THAN POWER TRANSMISSLON-Continued Official statistics for United States production of these chins ore not available, but output is known to be large snd may amount in value to 2s much as 15 million dollars « year. Imports are generclly lees than 1 percent of production and exports less than 5 percent. Tire chains generslly constitute about 50 percent of domestic production and welded chains obout 35 percent. The remainder consists of a large variety of sash and other weldless chains. There are probubly 50 domestic producers, most of which are sinzll or engnuged principclly in muking other products. HOV eae at Least 1x a, firms specialize in chains. The largest producer operates several plants in the Jnited States and has affiliated companies in Cannda and England sot only 2 few of this firm's plants produce chains ‘primarily. fie leading foreign producers are locnted in Germany cond the United Kingdom. ceive: producing countries of some importance are France, Belgium, Sweden, Itxly, ' CzechosLove ‘kis, Canada, and Japan. Both Geraany and the United hingdom «re importent in international trade. Their exports are usually substantially greater than those from the United States, The principal foreign markets for the American products are Canada, the United Kingdom, snd Latin Americsn The principal foreign suppliers of the United States market sre normally the Jnited Kingdom and Germany, although in some years substantial quantities have also been imported from Sweden, Canada, and Japan. After 1936 Canada increased in importance as 4 HpETTOR parti pohly of cheins 3/6 inch or more in dianeter. This' size also constituted the bulk of the imports from Jupan. Imports from Sweden were principally of chain between 3/8 and 3/4 inch in diameter. Anchor. chains normelly constitute oa very small purt of imports. Chains, other than power transmission: United States imports for consumption, by kinds, with principal sources and ad valorem equivalents, 1939 we YS, 3:Ad valorem : a é Kina sequivalent : L939 ; Principal sources 4 OR eee ees Pi ee i LN tO all en sh LEE 3 eee ne ; Percent :Total vaiue: Anchor cr stud link :; : : chains : “ : 2 inches or more in: oe : dianeter --------- : 3 : S11 ; Canada, $11 Less than 2 inches : in diameter —~-——-— : af se oe - so oe Other: : : Not less than 3/4 : $ : > UNIVED. KINGDOM 552,185 ;Sweden, $2,056; ee a) Pane] Nr Ne Or Oo Oo inch in dismeter - : : : Canada, 15645. Less than 3/h, not : : : less than 3/8 : : , inch in diameter -: 9 3 PRAS7SD + United Kingdom, 81,4723 Canada $821; : : ; Sweden, $413. tr” m HY (6p) cr Ch iS © a tS = ross 2) SES oe! hte. Oo 3) (e) er oe e inch in diametér -: 8 358 : Canada,,, 234; UNITED KINGDOM,{ 112 s than 5/16 inch: : 7 in mache --- : 20 : at Ae iia Gernony #5, oar e, Whe #1, 4,30; s UNT TED KINGDOM, 7 eth oak J ape: ay y fy TOL ee ° 1/ Based on 1937, as there were no imports in 1939. e/ Includes Austria. source; Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. m Par. No. 329 UNITED KINGDOM POVER-—TRANSHTSSION CHAINS (See related digest on chains; other than power—trensmission, par. 329) +. Stat. import classes (1939): 620.41-.43 - ae, re United States preducticn, exports, end imports, 1937-39 and 1943 a a a a (Rn i a ol SARI: OL ie MAL Saye Bis ee = = ne = er tens ee ee ce es me ee ee ree ee re ee, ne etry i '-Imports for consumption from— Domestic ae P r - } ' 9, _ Year Fpl: exports \ AT UNITED Czecho | | countr ies ; KINGDOM i | Slow vakia 2 tt saisansantonas ee ee eee ty ‘ ah ' | n | Canada | Germany 2/ J ———— 4 A 4 Guentity (pounds) a 314,580 |” 90,819 19,899 | = 4,355 | 3 G2, 321 51, 617 de PYAR (8) 12,074 4,43 an 32 Hee L937 1938 avail | 3+196,452 | 39 shle re ee 35 1943 as 2,250,063 j.2/131,710 | 11,596 5 ’ ee rie | - Not | | | 61,928 pea, | 26,122 Yaiue (dollars nso Hh os teh a. Pee re eee YADA etn —————~ tp 1937 ate dy WBGY252)): ic CLGSA ese VAN SOON hone sHbOu) | LsOFPual quot, A25 1938 enh $02,431 30,890 1 23,459 35836 | 15565. if BM ee 1939 Be 1,001,860 | 25,044 | 29, 366 | 4,351 738 | 141 1943 ic. 634,702 | 2/ 37,6711... 8,053 | — | ',.29, 618) | nay Although not officially reported, domestic production was probably around 1¢C miTlion dollars per year. . 2) ee Austria beginning 1938. ay ah for Government use, 117,162 pounds, valued at #27,100. Source: . Officiel statistics of the U. 3. RL of Commerce, except as noted. SS RNR ‘United States tariff Proposed i an 7 negotiating ACU OL 1945 country ne 1930 rate Percent ad valorem Par. 329 ; Power: transmission chains. and parts Not more iiss 2—inch pitch and more than 3 parts per pitch: Valued less than LOd per pound -—— 40 ; £0 UNITED KINGDOM alued 40¢ or more per pound —-- 40 +, 25 aia «4 —— a ewe. All other 35 ba Oe . do. if Trade agreement with the United Aingdom, effective January 1939. Comment Power—transmission cheins sre of two general types: mah Machined cheins, ‘and (2). Semifinished chains, generally referred to 18 sprocket cheins. The machined chains are high-ernde precision vroducts. Semivinished chains, usus of malleable cast iron, sre genernlly made with less precision and are, there z ~-lower priced. © Machined’ chains re generrily o of @-inch pitch or moe (2 inche or less between the centers of adjacent ae and contain more than three narts per pitch. Sprocket chains generally have a pitch of more than 2 inches. The United States is one of the lexding world producers of power transmission chains. They are frequently mede in connection with other products, particularly ustriel machinery and motor vehicle parts. Exports of American cheins probably »mount to less than 10 perc erin af pro- duction. They are shipped to all parts of the world, but Canada wlovieess the outstending market for meny years, in part because Hueet ues branc h ‘ta tories in Canada. making machinery, motor vehicles, etc., use the American chs vey in the manufacture of their products. aa POWER-TRANSMISSION CHAINS-—Continued The principal foreign producers are the United Kingdom and Germany. British chains are recognized throughout the world to be of high quelity, whereas German chains are generally of lower grade. Vv Total : imports are small in relation tc domestic production and are much less than exports. In terms of value, imports have been principally from the United Kingdom; in terms of quantity, from Germany. British chsins, principally of the machined typé, were formerly imported in much larger quantities than in the later prewer years, having been displaced extensively by American creins when the quality of the latter was improved. In addition, the improved American chain generally sold’at a lower price than the British. ae Y Imports from Germany were principally bicycle chain, a type which was also imported from Japen in fairly large ouantities for a few years in the middle “thirties. Both countries made this type cf chain principally for the American market, being a type not generally used for foreign-built bicycles. Conse “quently it competed directly with the domestic chain,. Imports of bicycle chain ‘under paragraph 329-decreased’ following a customs decision which classified such chain imported in lengths suitzble for use on bicycles as parts of bic cycles duti- able at 30 percent under Lae sts 371. Imports of power transmission chain by piteh, from principal sources, are shown in the following table. Data are given for: 1937 as well AS 1939 as it: was more representative of the prewar trade with respect to Germany. Power transmission chain and parts: United States imports for consumption, by kinds, with principal sources, 1937 and 1939 Sie - SRS lt SRG ST : 1939 Siasialeuite Kind : RTS : : AW ES Pia seen _ Value > Principal sources * Value‘ Principal rces Not. more than 2—inelytics 24 20m : : pitch and more than : : : : three parts per inch: $39, 568: UT TED KINGDOM ,¢21 lg : ts : - : Germany, $13,604; ¢ : : : Czechoslovakia, 3 : : : #2,'746; Japan, : 2 ee Sl sere : : ‘Valued less than 3: © “Me an am $s ae 40¢ per pound ——: 1/3) $5,032:Czech., #4, 3513 UNITED : ; : » KINGDOM, ':078 Valued 40¢ or more : : : : per pound ———-—: T/ : ..... 314, 660:UNITED KINGDOM, . 14,324; : : . + Canada, 1.303 ALL other ee eels Bik 416: UNITED KINGDOM, ¢ 5, 9523TRIT TED KINGDOM, Shy 3645 wap sea : 2 $20,540; Germany, : : Norway, 6955 Canada,$432: : : $821; France, $604; : : France, #320; Germany,2/ : : Canada, $451 ‘ 2. $142 i/.Not reported senaratély. 2/ Incluces Austria begimming 1938. Source: Official statistics of the U. §. Department of Commerce. + ee 2 Wr we Pars Noy 330 BOLTS, NUTS, WASHERS, AND BLANKS OF TRON OR STEFL BELGIUM Stet. import classes (1939): 620.50-620.52 United States production, exports, 2nd imports, 1937-39 anc. 1943 eee a Cr + + j tne setenasres rae Se ee oe ‘ i | Imports for consumption from -—— Meee Chie Tine Vlacwinenna® [nism riit wh te Year; Production aT | he be -/ extorts 2 tk TCT 1. United Pte iy Vy abet ° leountries | BELGIUM Canada Kinecony oe srmany 2 cha see Quenti ty ie ao a 1937 | ae | 1,277 557 1,016,679| 220,106 13,099 | 16,949 1938 1 neag’ | eid ; | 458,19 323,569 86,563] 13,858) 4)» 70,713 1939 ee) 020,000 mia Way yt 25a;01e 145 ,1.33} 46,301 3,279. | 45,673 ideo? H | mks | 1943 mite oe 977,55 a 97,2701 280 ee ee ee me er ee ee er ee we nee ee ee eres Value (dcllars) a rn re a ee er ye a ee ee ee > + | H i : ‘ { 1937 Dene | 47,728 36,2951 B,0L5) 49506 | 3,916 | 1938 | Neds eee 25,765 18,089) 237i, 2) 103 1939 | 2/13,535900 pohtue 5 AT, 94459) ayes 9,679 | ne Qe able = 13,15 50 sn 13,110, AQ -1/- Ineludes Austria beginning 1938. Noe ae tnekidee bob Le mits, washers; value figures inelude a.small amount of pro- . euetion-not -reporteé by quantity. 3/ Known to be many times larger than imports. Source: Official st.tistics of the U. S. Department of, Commerce. ; Tiem United Stites teriff Proposed | . negotirting : Act of 1945 country 1930 rate Nuts, nuit blanks, ance washers, of ; ere iron or steel. cago OG j 6/10¢ Saad BELGIUM eres with or without threads or nuts, and bolt blenks, of iron or steel. Ie Ue ig Lbs do. Spiral nut locks, anc lock washers, of iron or steel. 35% ad 35% ad COs val. val. : ’ retes on imports in 193) were ent ad valorem; I¢ ab pound, Note.— The ad valorem equivalent of the sp s follows: 6/10¢ per pound, equivalent to 6 ps 0 Cs U d QO ae 4 ae ee oo w- OC equivalent to 19 peneent a valorem. In 1937, 1 when imports were much larger and included more low-priced bolts, the ad valorem equivalents of the specific rates on imports wore: 6/104 per pound, equivalent to 9 percent ad valorem; ly per round, equivalent tc 7@ percent ad valorem. Comment Iron and steel bolts, nuts, and washers--the principel products in paragraph 330 -- are usually of standere design, although lock nuts and lock wishers are mace to special designs, The spiral nut lock is a washer mace of spring steel in tre form of an open spirel, roughened or machined so as to engage the nut and prevent it from turning on the thread. BOLTS, NUTS, WASHERS, AND BLANKS OF IRON OP STEEL - Continued Production in the United St-tes is carried on in many establishments, including steel mills, metal-fabricatins shops which manufacture for their own use, and a largé number of coneerns which specialize in fastening cevices for sale in the open market. According-to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, in 1939 there were 155 estab- -lishments. primarily engnged in the manufacture of bolts, nuts, rivets, lack washers, and similar procucts, Ohio is the ieading producing Stste, with 34 establishments af £9595 otioned by Illinois, Pennsylvenia, Michigen, and Massachusetts; these 5 Stites togothsr in 1939 had 106 establishments and about 14 other Stntes rccounted for the balance. The United Stutes is the worlde's leading producer, and both in quality of products and in the use of the most advinced methods of mass production it surpasses all other producing CORTE Se Imports before the war were much smaller than exports end constituted only a fraction of 1. percent of domestic consumption. They consisted mainly of bolt: blank of ordinniry sizes and tyres, usually of a lower grade than those generally made in the United States, anc they were sold through the low-priced hardwere trade, primarii on the Atlantic Coest. ‘Bolts and bolt blanks, mits, ete.: .United Stetes imports for consumption, by kind, with principsl sources, bik Kind Total value ; Principal sources Bolts and bolt ovlanks -~--------- Par PNG de : BELGIUM, #7,332; Canada, #1,826; : : Germany y- #1,493; United Gn ng- : : dom, #460; Denmark, #136; France : : $53; Switzerland, #25, Nuts, nut blanks, and washers —~-: 3,540 : BELGIUM, #1,642; United Kingdon, : : $1,213; “Canada, 4677; Switzer-~ : s lend, $$" Chimay 23, Nut locks, spiral, and lock 3 : washers. : 609 : BELGIUM, #485; Germany a $98 ; : : Canada, #20; United Kingdom, #6. 1/ Includes Austria. Source: Official statistics of tne U. S.’ Department of Commerce. i. Par. No. 331 . | BELGIUM NAILS, TACKS, BRADS, SPIKES, AND STAPLES (INCLUDRS WIRE NAILS, CUT NAILS AND SPIK#S,. HORSESHO NAILS, UPHOLSTSRERS! NAILS AND THUMBTACKS, CHAIR GLIDES, ETC.) Stat. import classes (1939): 6112.0-6112.9 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 Imports for consumption from-- Wed BS aboot Domestic | ie shea xports All | Nether- ae ome Tee | Germany 1/| BELGIUM | novi Japan Quantity (1,000 pounds) _ ? 1937 |2/1,469,565| 55,927 | 33,671 | 21,554 | 9,640. | 79 | 203 1938 Nea 63,979 | 17,022 | 0 630 | S094) lowe nO trey | 82. 1939 |£/1,806, 308 80,120 | 16,324 1 7-730 Sa aleliow LOU i eg 1943 ees 126,858 : AL she - =| Leer 2. | . Value (1,000 dollars) . 1937 beet t) (B toe | 3 oer ae eae ae an ae 1938 neds Site 6 650 | L69 | PIS. Pewrnyy ee: 1939 62,125 2,769 | 558 | 346 LGIMOM WC? Tel: dembteg Srisere 5983 | 4 - | os a ? 1 i/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 2/ Partly estimated. 3/ Includes 88,590 sie apatite pounds, valued at 3,655 thousand dollars, exported under Hend-aleases 4/ Includes 30 thousand pounds, valued at 2 mindset dollars, imported from Canada. Source’: ” Official statistics of the U. 8. Department of Commerce, except at noted. Ttem United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act of 1945 country 19:30 rate Pare 33.5 Nails, tacks, brads, spikes, and staples, of iron or steel: . Cut nails and spikes, over 2 in. <4/l0¢ 1b. 4/10¢ 1b. BELGIUM long ------~~--~---~-----=+--~-- Cut nails, hobnails, not over 2 in. long ----~-~-~—----~-~~~- 3 )915%'ad val, do. Horseshoe nails and nails, NeS.pefe —-—-——=+ + <= 1a¢ 1b. 1g% 1b. do. Tacks and brads, cut ~------ —-— 15% ad val. 15% ad val. doe Upholsterers! nails and thumb tacks, of two or more pieces - | . 17 of ilron or steel —------—--~-—~ BEML is Lig Loss do. Chair glides of two or more pieces of iron or ste-l ----- Seb. Lke 1b. V/ doe Staples in strip form for paper fasteners or stapling machines 20a) bs epaloy doe ‘Wire nails, spikes, tacks, brads, and staples: Not less than 1 inch in length nor smaller than 65/1000 in. ‘in diameter !—--—-—-+__ 4/10¢ 1b. 4/10¢ 1b. do. Less than 1 inch in length and : smaller than 65/1000 in. in diameter (+--+. +--+ —< 3/4¢ Lb. 3/4¢ 1b. doe Thumb tacks, n.s.ep.f, ---------- 6/10¢ 1b. 9/10¢ 10.2/ do. Spikes, tacks, brads, and staples, n.s.p.f. ----------- 6/10¢ 1b. °6/10¢ 1b. do. 1/ Presidential proclamation under sec. 336 of the’ Tariff Act of 1930, effective January 1933. . Note.- For ad valorem equivalents of the duties, see table at end of digest. at ‘3 a 8 ‘ ° NAILS; TACKS, BRADS, SPIKES, AND STAPLES (INCLUDES WIRE NAIL CUT NAILS*AND SPIKES, HORSESHOE NAILS; UPHOLSTERERS' NAILS AND THUMBTACKS, CHAIR GLIDES, ETC.)-Gon. Comment “Neils of iron or’steel are included in this paragraph. Those of other-metal .are dutiable under paragraph 397. Wire nails, as the name implies, are made of wire, and constitute ‘the largest item of the group covered by paragraph 331, both in domestic production and in prewar imports. Cut nails are square-sided nails, ‘cut-from-a: sheet of metal. --They have greater holding.qualities than wire nails and are, Sever Oe preferred to wire nails for certain kinds of work, such “the taying: oi hardwood: wail A te AaB Sa fe came alt op Seo te 8 RSG te samme There are two types of tacks-—-cut and wire. Cut tacks are used instead of _ wire. tacks for upholstering, for laying carpets, and other. purposes where greater holding qualities are desired, Spikes usually exceed 44 inches in ie whereas naiis-are usually less. than-46 inches... ..Hotmails have. short. shanks and large, thick heads, and are used chi Lef ly ror straits the soles of heavy shoes. Horse- shoe- nails are made-of wrought iron or.ingot iron. Upholsterers! nails are finishing naiis and are known in the trade as chair. nails. They are approximately one-half inch in length and have heads varying in size, shape, and finish, and are enameled or plated with brass, nickel, or other netalw. . (Upholsterers! nails of solid.brass are dutiable. under par. 397 as manu—, factures of metal not specially provided for.) Thumbtacks are used extensively: in stores, in homes, and by draftsmen. hey are either polished, plated, enam- eled, or covered with celluloid. A chair glide is a rounded steel disk with a center prong or with prongs bent down:from:-the edge of the disk. . They are in- serted in the bottom of furniture legs -to.facilitate the sliding of furniture over floors. (The one-piece chair glide with prongs bent down from the side of the disk is dutiable under par. 397.) .. Brads are small, slender nails, some of which have a projection on one or more sides instead of a regular head.: Wire brads are similar to finishing nails and are used largely in cabinet work. One of the principal uses of cut brads is in the laying of linoleum. i Staples are made of wire. Those for paper pfaiate ing or stapling machines are.made from tinned or brighly finished wire and are : other with solder to form a strip for use in stapling machines. -The United States.is the world's largest producer of nails, tacks, and most other articles included in paragraph 331, considered as a group. Those made of wire.constitute over 70 percent of total production, based on value. /_ In 1939 cut tacks constituted 6.6 percent of the total; horseshoe nails, cut nails, and spikes amounted to 4 percent; railroad spikes to over 16 percent; ‘and thumbr. ; tacks and upholsterers! nails to 2.1 percent. The domestic industry, considered ac a.whole, is on an export basis, 2nd except for .upholsterers! nails and-thumb- tacks it supplies the great bulk of United States consumption. The sénarate . domestic industries producing the different articles are fairly: well GORA sbi there is some overlapping not only in the production of these articles but: of: ; owner metal products. Wire:nails are produced principally in the wire mills: ae large, integrated steel plants, one of which probably accounts for about inet + ifthe of the total production. The leading foreign producers are the United Kingdom‘and Germany. Substan~ tial.quantities are also.made in Belgium, the Netherlands, Manages Japan, and other important industrial countries. -United States exports of items included in paspeciandt, 331 consist painnipaliy of wire nails, which amounted to over 60 percent of the total. value of exports i 1939. In the same year horseshoe nails amounted to over 7 percent-of the total, railroad spikes to over 9 percent, and tacks to about 3 percent. | Exports of. ail other items amounted to about 20 percent. The principal markets. for several years before the war were the Philippine Islands, the Netherlands ‘Indies, British Malaya, Cuba and other Latin American countries. ; 9g NAILS, TACKS, BRADS, SPIKES, AND STAPLES (INCLUDES WIRE NAILS, | CUT NAILS AND’ SPIKES, HORSESHOE NAILS, OLSTERERS' NAILS AND THUMBTACKS, CHAIR GLIDES, er fa Before the war imports for the paragraph as a whole came principally from Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Japan, and Austria, but for some of the indi- vidual import classifications other countries were the leading suppliers. Be- sides differences in foreign suppliers, there were differences also in the competitive conditions for the various classes. Imports consisted principally of (1) wire nails, spikes, tacks, brads, and staples not less than 1 inch in length nor smaller than 65/1000 inch in diameter, and (2) upholsterers' nails and thumbtacks of two or more pieces of iron or steel. Although the articles made of wire age aba. before the war,over half of the imports into the United States under this paragraph (in value) they were equiva- lent. to only about 1 percent of United States production. Germany and Belgium were the principal suppliers, imports from Germany normally exceeding those from Belgium. Sales of the imported wire items wore restricted largely to areas con- tiguous to ports of entry. The foreign articles were low-priced, but the added cost of transporting them cons itera bhe distances from the port of entry reduced this, advantage. : wiht Secduntioriggn pitresirons Unlike wire nails and related wire products, imports of upholsterers! nails and thumbtacks before the war supplied a large portion of United States consump-— tion. In 1931, of the total quantity of boaptpeks used ‘in the domestic market, over half were imported; of upholsterers! nails, 47 percent. In the 3-year period 1929-31 domestic production of u raiaibrenotal nails and thumbtacks declined white imports increased, even though the duty was increased in the act of 1930. In January 1933 the rates of duty on these articles were again increased by Pregidential proclamation. hair glides of two or more pieces were 2lso included under this proclamation. Despite the higher rate of duty, imports increased sub- stantially through 1937, but dedlined thereafter. © Before the war Germany was the principal supplier of upholsterers! nails, thumbtacks, and chair glides. Japan ranked second. Other fairly important suppliers at times were the Netherlands and Austria, Belgium being relatively unimportant. * Exports of upholsterers! nails and thumbtacks from the United Stdtes are riot reported separately in official statistics, but are known to be small. Imports of cut nails, cut spikes, and hobnails supply only a negligible part of United States consumption and constitute only a minor part of total imports of items included in this. paragraph. The United Kingdom was the most consistent supplier in the 1930's, but imports from that country were exceeded at times by those from Germany, Switzerland, Canada, and the Netherlands. There have been no imports recorded from Belgium since 1930, although it was a fairly important supplier before that year. United States exrorts are not reported separately, but probably exceed imports. The principal markets are in Latin America. Prewar imports of horseshoe nails amounted to less than one-tenth of 1 percent .of domestic production. They came principally from Sweden, Canada, and Germany. A few were imported from Belgium in 1937, but ordinarily Belgium was not a factor in imports. Domestic exports were much larger than imports and constituted a sub- stantial part of domestic output. The principal foreign markets are ‘Colombia and Japan, followed by Turkey and other Latin American countries. Betdre the war cut tacks and‘brads came principally from Czechoslovakia. After 1936 imports of staples for paper fasteners or stapling machines were irregu- lar, and although no single supplier dominated the trade, substantial amounts came from the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands at irregular intervals; before 1936 Germany was the principal supplier. Germany was also the chief sup- plier before the war of spikes, tacks, brads, and staples not specially provided for, which include such articles made of metal other than iron or steel. Irregu- lar shipments also came from Japan, Canada, and Belgium. NAILS, TACKS 10 , BRADS,. SPIKES, AND STAPLES (INCLUDES WIRE NAILS, CUT NAILS. AND. SPIKES, HORSESHOE :NAILS,. UPHOLSTERERS ! NAILS sas THUMBTACKS, esha anasane ETC. )-Con. ee the Foner table tiga by types: weed ‘principal. sources are shown for '1939-with the ad valorem equivalents’ of the rates Lor the various classifications having specific. mater of aie ; ~ Nails, tacks, brads, and’ related’ articles::- pity’ Mpa jhadee United States imports for consumption, by kinds, with principal. sources and equivalent -- @ : 1/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. Source: Official sta tistics of the Us Se e, 2 9 Department ad valorem rates for 1939 of Com :Ad valorem ‘ue :equivalent ; dea Sd acitinte : of the Kind : Pounds So MERE 248 2 Principal sources, : .duties : “Saige : 3 . J ; based on . switzerland, 249; ri i | ; : : aise err 211 : Horseshoe nails and nails, atulimals : ‘a 4 : ek ete ts cieiwehentie Pee sy LL 409%.” ule BS se Suecden , BOS aie tts’ Pea gitonet Loe ; Sots ts foe Germany yi:t/. F400 mete os Tacks and brads, cut. ~s——-3. .. 753 ‘146: United Kingdom, $146.°: Upholsterers! nails and. 3: . : as evict! thumbtacks of two or — 3 : H more pieces of iron or : ti lal A on steel -—-—--~--~--~+-----~~—-—; 819,773: mes yiavetenes we “166, 266; Ser tet mies : : pes Netherlands , 11, 6103: + : : : Japan, $10,146; : a my 3 37: BELGIUM, $10,057. + vital? . Chair glides of two or, : a ; ne came fs more pieces of iron or : ned i. ae are : steel ~---~-~--~-----~--;- 23'5320 2 Ao taGernaTyatnod lth tei, te eb Smee ‘Staples for paper fasten-: rer ug i we - ers or stapling machines : 3 6483 (445: Netherlands, $445 See .Wire nails, spikes, tacks,: : iG rt Aine: : brads, and staples:.. ; s : fe, : Not less than 1 inch:in ; : : : length nor smaller than: : : : 65/1000 inch in : Cary ee ; “heat at : . diameter ~---~-------~: iy 203,39 315 ,116;; Germany, =/- $156,039; ; 19.4 4 ; ee eo, donee LAG LUM 5. th bas 305, : Less than 1 inch-in et : : S. length and smaller than: : : ca 65/1000 inch in : : : : diameter. --+-+--+-—---~3 .. 62,023: mil Oe Germany, 4 $2,962; : bee . — : ee a BELGIUM, ‘ 205 : .: Thumbtacks, n.s.p.f. ----- : 4d A863 16,702: Germany ,. "Vers, 399; i 2h ; | page: : , : BELGIUM,. $220 . : Spikes, tacks, brads, and :. BOG Las 2,361: Germany , L/ PL Ack 3 ded staples, n.s.p.f. : “ EEE LE Oe 7 eames : Total ~-~---~-~----——-; i, Bah, eet 557,898: : ; mnerce. Par. Now 332 RIVETS, STUDS, AND STEEL POINTS BELGIUM Stat. import classes (1939): 620.53-.54 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 Imports for consumption from-- te Leak Bee | Domestic exports All countries ductio 3 a - Canada i{ Germany 2/ BELGIUM | France Quantity (short tons) 1938 - Nede send | 12 oe 2 ) . 2f 1939 -| 131,253 te aa Bhi a Mae : af 1943 = Nee piss : 6 | 3) aH _ : _ _- | ated Value (dollars). 1937 - ines «| Not 6,746 | ie | 1938 - Rete | avail | 2,585 | Se ail) 365 52 3°70 1939 ~ {13,608,632 able 4/| 2,943 Ey a66 Fl 227 331 262 1943 -| na. | 2,401 | 2,402 | ee Bent i ~ i/ Includes only rivets, hot-formed and cold-headed, made from rolling-miil > products. Value of quantities not reported is included. U. S. Gensus of Manufactures, 1939. 2/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 3/ Less than 1/2 short ton. 2/ Believed to be small but somewhat larger then imports. Source: Official stnutisties of the U.S. Department of Cammerce. Item United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act of 1945 country 1930 ANCA Par. 332 sowidetac studs, and steel points, laihed, machined, or brightened, and rivets or ave for nonskidding automobile tires ——--= erate mae BOR BC. 30% ad BELGIUM val. al. Rivets of iron and steel, n.s.p.f. l¢ per 1¢ per BELGIUM Lb, Lb. Note.- The l-cent-per-pouns duty was equivalent to 14 percent ad valorem on all imports in 1939. Comnent kivets are of two general types: solid and tubular or bifurcated. solid rivets have . wide variety of uses in the construction of boilers, machinery, ships, and Sh ee A pe aie or tubular rivets are commonly made of copper or copper-plated i and are used in such materisis as jieather and cloth. A stud is a kind of ee sar? a large Hee used chiefly sil ornament, or a short article of malleable iron which in size and appearance closely resembles a link cuff button. The latter kind of stud is used to join together the ends of machinery belts. Steel points are small pieces of steel of different sizes, in various patterns such as rosettes, stars, arrows, etc., each having an iron shank. Their chief? use is in the menufacture of decorative buttons, buckles, and cheap jewelry. 7: ‘ . hs = ; 4's 4 Bemis . ; . ee ae nm a la ce ee , { hn ee OO |. i Pc Ce he co Cee eo SoC co Lo ene Lonead seh ay inc tan Rh ogre iow Lead int inne” GS Veit HA PRE ET . 2 "h GeveR eit wait ane tee steno wee. fees tm ore ft on Lama Ct ot i ne a eee Single Se Br otal ae ce) Leander bie serene a a a ea ah o aaa : ‘pal ¥ 7 eer Ue . ¥ a a yn ee Ci , ee a Seay ae ae iS . : vo eo.) «i 4h \ bes “ ‘ : % as i raat y x 3 R y srk wv HM WH» i * Gs aay . ; ‘ Rare } . ‘ ii . TK: iteode } ; - x y eye wy iS ie oe iu! 7 42 : { , _ Py Leg 3 AES Ar fobs USirnkty amare tom eats ro a rT poe + ces 2) viene bears ‘ bia a 4 ; . . Wa namin at 4 ence dele Se di sa vaeiee) ee ae a ada! dan on Maine? O14 * soawey: 3 Wt a sak bowitt 3 i> tani parnvieite ie Yodt ances 4 a Rie carat ee ht iinet’ gett. Aseroncrons Pent iia A ee * bate ote ah abet nr . > SRR: conhenaal ya ey ae een ee ee ee ee onions o he aA 4h . nt dee tuned inka Soin ce: iii ets can be hooked over the studs to fasten the corset. steels are also made of flat wire, usually of high-carbon spring steel. The wire is covered with paper, cotton gauze, or other material, and then cut to length and the ends capped before incorporation in the garments. These processes are simple and are performed on automatic machines. ese articles are sometimes produced by manufacturers of corsets, as well as by accessory manufacturers. Production ves substantial until the enely 20's when changes in the style of women's clothing caused obits yall sikh and imports to declines sharply. Official statistical data are not ivailable for domestic production, but it is known that present output, al France has supplied practically all o snough small, ‘in much larger than imports. f th supplied by the United Kingdom in 1936 and 1937. smounts imported. K | aneth fan teetoo oie ei feeds eNO ie Pees GT TKy ae. =) aaciataheehitintatadiiaiaah itt akin eni aia ali) Bir. Sevan ee ef: Hatite yoda feotem Diana fee abode Shem Pal? otic aa daareg ma veooe ™ ta gern eyo a ndhedety ait seedy Zonta tall Be waptees oF: Dod avs prove Ga secant of ebeto ae pl we gages ed” PS eae aged sen exit dua og varie Bags codu e- FBR We YALA cote Pe 642. bo whom opie oxma.aieade grate | Mrett ude? Frio. Seed we ee gxelany sods | ‘gegen ay gedit wl- awe eee” eet. oid Bai YI Gy wie shane oni Sey hee bears { Cee Onte Lays on ry ? saitoan mike: ap péerde Pry aS “bai + feu beth ao LE om : " Pi vi "Ta 43 ow ‘ vu es * rey 14 ER *" Eyes cay aonb’ HOR ihc ansaid ¢ ie tte WI0S view ot Hiden Purinbadie arr gektaunem — pemeton ann o roe Bape 4 : 3 renk? agen hy bear “9 iotsidods wninue Ww alyia rad on eee | orn’ qe? ofl bv Foe ee ae Freker toeo'e intent } ‘ey pet goal te okt a eyyy jpriind a2 ght odie Spates i tamphad Routt fi | ee ay a sepia. ec ammatan) Lane git Xp, Bin begat rd hey ak ae Ae Sas Seine a A | a Pees ys _ sf 1 ge Ngtl okeenins). egy wy 7h onto Khon seen aqui bag bag : Lia | LS Pats NO, 337 CARD CLOTHING UNITED KINGDOM BELGIUM Stat. import classes (1939): 6097.0, 6097.1, and 6097.2 United ee production, exports, and imports, 1937~39 and 1943 Hae | winwat hc Imports for consumption from—- Year roducti cama are UNITED TGTUL 5 Pro J on 5 2xports phe TPED BELGIUM | Germany 2/ KINGDOM - + Quantity (1,000 sauare feet) Oj eer dian ps M2 a oe cee aa stale engi erage ts 1938 --~- |. Nelle facie y ps 1.68 | iL9 | I3 5 1939 ---- | ‘1,009 ce ee eo | 22 17 3 1943, --~- BEB. ei! | Be | oi = ‘ ; ‘ H { ; ie od Value (1,000 dolla ra) 1937 ---- oyeoy 1 gion Cobtaeesia Snoes adocde 26% 1938 SY yal 8h 287 250 | 25 | 10 1939 %—+=+ e eee 43 rene > a | Dace cyl 30 aa: 1943 Sire Heth. aoe 642 | 642 | ned st | i H c V/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. Source: Official statistics of the U. 5, Department of Commerce. Item United States tariff Proposed oe nig? negotiating Re Or 1945 country es —- nes rie ee Par. 33'7 Percent ad valorem -Card clothing not actually and. a ie permanently fitted to and‘ attached to. carding imchines or to parts thereef .t the time of importation: When menuracturead with round iron ~ ,/ or untemmore: steel wire ------~- 20 S15 UNITED KINGDOM When mamifactured with tempered _ eenslnBly repaint mero oot! WOU BUCS. Wile eee 25 =f 35 do. When manufactured with plated wire, or with felt face, wool face, or rubber-face cloth 1/ containing wool ~~-------~~--~---~— A5 35 UNITED KI} NGDON, , BELGIUM. : 1/ Trade agreement with United Kingdon, effective January 1939. Comment Card clothing is a heavy fabric of several cemented layers of cotton, wool, rubber, or other materials, set closely over its surface with short wire teeth. Cylinders, rolls, and other moving parts of carding machines are covered with card clothing, which cleans and straightens the cotton, ee or other textile fibers as they pass over the fine teeth. The construction of the clothing is varied to suit different fibers and end products. Distinct types are used for cotton, jute, and wool, and there are many variations within the types. Production is prin- cipally to replace worn-out clothing. Card clothing is made in the United States by about 10 manufacturers, some of yhom make other textile accessories. About half of them make clothing for cotton, ane all of them make clothing for wool. Automatic machines are used, but long Uraining is necessary before operators can prevent slight but damaging defects in the product. Clothing for jute is in limited use in the United States and domestic firms do not generally make it. This is the kind that was dutiable at 20 percent inder the act of 1930. fH G.. CARD CLOTHING-Continued Foreign producing countries sre Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, France, Switzerland, the Soviet Union, italy, and Japan. Great Britain is much the largests Most of the United States imports come. from the three members of an roel, The cartel supervises..optrations and fixes home and 9 the value of British Saas Nod was ; about twice that. in “English “combine"..ar: ca vi prices. in 193 the nited States. jou : : Roughly half of the card clothing made in this country is fer carding wool, but, as it is higher priced, the value may be 50 percent greater than the total: of ali other kinds, It is demmnded in great variety for many conditions and to meet individual preferences. Since ie have not found it profitable to keep in stock in this country the many varieties needed for prompt delivery, imports of this type hove been small. Clothing for cotton ca ree is.much more standardized, and importer rs keep large’ stocks near the Siic mills. Thus foreign competition is concentrated in the cotton textile industry, and imports furnish a large fraction of the consump- tion in this field. There seems to be practically no ‘GitGerente in quality or price between the domestic and the imported material. Imports, with short-term variations, have remeined at about the same level in quantity for many years, but as prices have increased their value has nearly doubled in 30 years. Consumption depends on cotton mill activity, not on price of card clothing. Card clothing: . United States imports ror consumption, by kind ee De “" with principal sources, 1939 het ; Perel = De: Kind i, Principal sources re ° V@Lue ° cs ; Round iron or untempered round : 3 ) Si66] Witte) se ee ee ~: $10,316 :; UNITED KINGDOM, $7,151; Germany,1/ : 5 eos Tempered round steel wire ----------- : 342,189 : UNITED KINGDOM, $319, 4045 Eelgiun, #15,198; GernenyWv/e3,769 eth eae neared ier laa a : 19,003 ; BELGIUM,’ $14,327, UNITED KINGDOM, : Se SA 1/ Includes Austria. == Source: Official statistics of the U. &. Department or Commerce. In 1939, after the reductions in the duties by the trade agreement with the Inited Kingdom effee 4 J ‘cetive January.1 of that year, imports were tHe eee er arger than in 1938, although smaller than in 1937. The improvement in the Unitec States cotton textile industry in 1939 as compared with 1938 mey have been a more important factor than the reduction in duties. However, the disturbed political and economic conditions in the United Kingdom may have prevented a greater increase in the im- porte. Par. No. 338 iy BELGIUM WOOD SCREWS OF IRON OR STEEL Stat. import class (1939): 620.82 United States production, exports, and import 5; 1937-39 and: 1943 i TE aneens beoenhok ake’ “aeica te a is . ule acheter Imports for consumption’ from-— « ie 4 ne) LAT ALSO OL AOL OT OCA OCCT, oes RE ie —_—_— —— Year Production | exvorts io ae a} pT RE SS | ‘ fy BELGIUM ~ ' Japan | Germa ny jr ‘Srtieden | | coun a Oe eT ee Sone ne ee —- — ————- --- - -— -—- + vat . _ - mecatt Cy (gross eo = ee 1937 7|24.6,200, O00 508 ,029 535,182 | a 357 4.00 ! 20,532 pee) 1938), , nea 236,9 el er cos | peo PMO ar Bee)” “ia BOY “Gag 1939 |=89, 800 , 000 | eta tbo! Of flo |... 35,950 Gy Oon Tf - 1943} nea. Bs, g92,011| 4/ 1,512] - 2a sane =| a | Value (dollsers} | i ce) mele eee We ne A oa: me eK aon cote Se, -Badigege i 1937|. 7,632,130]... 77,150} 39 1132 | 16,663 | 18,060 | 2 Oi ae 1938) nea. 4A 794 | 16,2201 9,061 | Li Tis 1,564 sel bs 1939) 6,026,299} 53,4811 11,878 8 | 9,562 | 1,045 | $06 | ~ 1943} na. [2/ 837,033] &/ 236 | = | =) 3 rh Ae Seat Ee ieee 5th) SES Eee ae ee Ee ny ee i Poe te ak SSSR HEY (ice thn hens A as een EE Po eS zy i/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 2/ Partly estimated. 3/ Includes 2,601,481 gross, valued at 1 12,124, exported uncer lend—lease. 4/ From Canada. Source: Official statistics of the J. S. Department of Commerce, except as noved. item United States tariff Proposed negotiating AGtCoL 1945 country 1935 rate Percent ad valorem Par. 338 Wood screws of iron or steel -—-~-----— 25 75 BELGIUM This digest is limited to wood screws of iron or steel. Those of nonferrous metals, the production of which amounted to less then one-fifth that of iron and steel screws in 1939, are dutiable wmder paragraph 397 and, therefore, omitted. j ipally in Connecticut. Some fa _” The domestic wood screw industry is located princi domestic firms are engaged primarily in the production of these items; others produce wood screws in conjunction with numerous other smeil metal articles. The manufacture of screws 1 highly sutomatic machine process well adapted to the economy of the United S Exports from the United States before 1930 constituted over 1O pet of domestic output. [uring those years Japan and the United Kingdom were by fear the principal markets for the American product. After 1930 the relative Sane of exports declined sherply, representing in a 9 less than one percent of produc- tion. By that time Japan hed ceased to be an importent market, end shipments to the aloe a market had declinea substantially. — Wiood screws are now distributed umong a large number of foreign markets, particularly in Latin America, Canada, and in the Asiatic area other than Japan. AL Fr CO WOOD SCREWS OF TRON OR STHEEL—Continued Leading foreign producers inciude Canada, England, France, Relgiun, Germany , Italy, and, since the early thirties, Japan. Before the war Germany, Sweden, _and the United Kingdom were probably the leading foreign exporters, with exports from Gernany greatly exceeding those from any Sthee country. Witn the establish- ment of the industry in Japan, the Japanese manufacturers were not only able to supply a D apeeawarrb. of their home market, but were able to enter expert markets. J United States imports of Rere screws amount to less than one percent of hotel vaiue of those produced in this country, but they are all of United Sta standard sizes end shapes ar aay directly competitive. For. many he Sweden was the principal supplier, accounting for over 95 percent of the imports (value basis) in 1929, the peak year. Belgium and Jepan were the leading sources in the middle thirties, after which Japan declined in importance. In 1937 the value of imports was approximately the same as in 1929, but the quantity was larger by 70 percent. In thet year Jopen eccounted for over 60 percent of the total qummtity imported and 46 percent of the value. Belgium age Sg for 32 percent of the quantity ond 42 percent of the vaiue. Imports since the begin- ning of the war, negligible in smount, have come principally from Ca nada. fe 19 Par, No. CAWADA 339 BATHTUBS, LAVATORIES, SINKS, AND OTHER SANITARY WARES OF PNAMELED Ti AON OR STEEL ‘ Stut. import class (1939): 6241.5 United States rroduction, exrorts, and imports, 1937-39 and 19/3 | jy, ane Imports for consumption from—— Year EPOCUCTION | mtn | RTT nine ie ere. | | ius oui meee Denmark CANADA ‘een frghobe ae VROMR TYLER. J Noble Kingdom _ | Quantity (rounds) Beri | P 7 | 1937 —-| Not | Not Ui hasten | Z i 300 1933 =! sg i a | _ s ile aveil— / aveil- ; beh 1939 ---| ! Ae EN les ha shan arhe ia | 320 . 1943 --l able | able Yj 4/1,066 | - ! ~ - i | i alue (dollars) ioe? coo sgkvIe00d | g4i,000 1 26 i | ea | 36 oe Terme hues | ett 000 | os a Nie i 1939 --- 425387000 41 082,000 | 98 | V7 | 21 | . 1943 ee Tiss 268 , 000 | 2! 262 | ~ ~ m tee BA 2 RS Met es Se ee Ege SO Ge, CI AER LIGA Dee Be teecer Sak OR SAORI (SSN UDIN SE Thc. OM Sh” i/ Exports are not rerorted in rounds, 2/ Imcorted from ae my, including Austria, 3/ Almost entirely era Mexico. Sources Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Ttem United States tariff Prorosed negotiating Act of 1945 country 1930 rate Par. 359 Hollow or flat ware, not specially proviced for, comrosed of iron or steel and enameled or glazed with vitreous glessess: Sanitery wares ---~---------~--- 5d lb. + en 30% ad val. 15% 2d vee, CANADA of Trade agreement with Sweden, cifective August 1935; bound in trade agreement with Czechoslovakia, from Note.— Becruse of ve duty not veen 5 f 1935 to April 1939 is Len nificent imrorte the =O ad valorem ie com LE ) cs be Oe) Co ymment Sanitary enameled ware is The rrincipal producing Stites Indiana, iJisconsin, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, Tenne Imports are negligible, Cuba, Canada, the Philirrine Islands, and So croduced in the United uth Anerican SSsee 3s ey equivelent of the States by ebout 20 concerns. are Pennsylvania, California, Ohio, Illinois, and West Virginia. Exports are pubetantss il and go principally to Mexico, countries. anys en WP. a 4 io “stot een i a e+ hes gnee samviinle ee Comegripee " iy & a dene seentsipies po e i Riba: nouns pron ~ hit ntti sot Be. a eee Ri ae wa i iliac Paiabnd tteahiniitin al attra eee ctu set au hh € > ao a | te . a ” ‘- ‘ al at * : ' in, aed ‘ & ! 4 elves ice esata oA pee Spm ian lhe wh A Ay saan shite * if 4 p ’ i ' Yc PUNE ee ace er (arma wBenw d D 7 Shai. BY “weg wt | ie ' f Wie ac ees TED um | ; A . ey ee dag ad Re ee mIRC ° Serge me dire (4 fre. A) eh gD yD ae NMR nag m4 ; gned iiglae Vy Re | ie t Oe ne OS = . t sa RE onc a ‘doa fancban nd ai | ‘ te a Oeste Tt’ «Gest bal ; an ahtthin hat Arias alan mh sie A in ally, hatha! GAP «denny emelahikinene-aemgie Te | VRE pe em pmon Uy amar a art IRAy aa snl grbicot af betaciet ton wis Tcane wi Racy | ih ae iid sabascath ite oat wh ont Wore hy PRUE EN bene pats wo ! 3 she ea if Fa p ws ay Perry oe | re 4 oe i , & ' i i? eu bp capers Lot peter). Sot he 1h ; 1A, 43 Fg re te .setedtimitn * wdar. Oe ee oo ae fas: “ . ' : . a . pn! f ¥ ; FA 1) cae ishisleats gt By bah a \- ; , j ye - Co me Rey a : ' ee by i aga ' ae a er ad j Wy gk 2 i ; vv i oe. Sn nl aa ae ‘ ‘ es aa died byl. ; j % Rr ee te i : + So ye as + vy ae ae eas) Mn wd é mt Oconee chi nbewy. Leyte gees: ann oe mR 55 NPA oa CR te 10,0 age ae tt oh Nhe Oh OL eas ST fi Pye Cen A tebe ia reste Laas Sat pris Bh Wu Koo ea 3 Ri cis stan yee: thebaadly.: ma \ Bae. ; ie me Pena id ya we mete a ae ‘ oma aeiad, Veh MARA. wha Aa ‘ mod, a by ‘Re by is (e ‘ ee - m VETER ys ohare th ome BOLT Pak ave oat te piel ais ‘deshaah ) wae ; b Lorne Ft Ae BEQT: AeA Lire Oat “lee toed Mnbigs car ety wid bakin ok peace i asin | (A, Sipe ee Coan bes cars : 1b ee Wel rw eas ' Sy a 5 ; if oe rr i) P ja ih i Sonia a i ' iN dy ii | : ; | ; ste accre OS, puns wane bs ne kot wet ey ) oe er RELI %- dep prem ra Ae hey. ackay le Jicelabwek? dane Seh@® a toa enie? ay aie ct alten we Og, eeay ming ey aiae ie ee } anata | ny ae ay | if Phy mm mney) H mT r Late "i i SAD i a ig ae ae hy any Pia 7 ie wate nt Pe § ee ey ee : | Par. No. 339 <0 CHINA GOLD-PLATED WARE . includes table (except catlery), household, and similar utensils, / and hollow or fie ears other gold-plated articles ry are dutiable in pers) 397, Stat. import class (1939}: 690.14 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 | Imports for consumption from—- ; Domestic Year Production 1] ae Inite ‘ : | exports ap | CHINA | 3 apan | aah lcountries |! . foe an erionbat 2 a sad Ge bw eee aS ae maven Pings ROR CAF OF OR . Sh RS «i same wath tine’ qb s time ease an: a ali oid, Pero rvamy hi aghots vie AMES eich Vee ae yrs OH rent sais ‘ee Seo tome bte- jt hsiecde Se" > Et OME err Ot ‘Sygie- els ho” wen done ive tte eet aie P URe ie tain Se et ot oe ) Prd abort SS ‘ a : irs ci eady ert T * te P me. F . ; ee ee me ee ee mate hie ibe Oe qodaioes ‘auk Ss wd wok pte or fertdvnabiesy athe 2 pill nubs io booed hy 2 tate sean ety ts, Fare Hah git wie nt Khe aay enn See view Lebeg aly” “tp iar i sae Sisanine: er Phe wragwond ee ‘got foxtu Bele iie- Baia: res ae tons eon § se P Pacer signi Fah iat Apion Ts ras hhe » at POLO uae a pally | ’ OG ee trae % ce ae ts Lene TD igtalad ee te ms ae ‘ ogee tt Bi uid ind. eesti buntiabanaaad on fay pith mca ete ka Sean Meh sha iegee he: Gees stan ; ee tte De x oma gel Poke fii sade tee pith. hey Li ait wn ing : s sbiaerey fous! ii tg site * oe i only 2 Cae oe’ a f 2 - ‘ . a 7 . a? ah -, apet ct earl a ra Phat: Sd rare yea a PriM ‘ y > wy Y ye rt wi a | i minty oO ay Q " ‘ “3 ON Tors Mt Puny: i iit Bee a) hh. 1 toy hares. & ry Appin “hat ths — eC it's is ty.e at oR on BiB deeie eo inde oti ‘pled | ; \ Bt ake oe 1 { “' Le baht ‘ube oF ;, noe MP | ii fins ae an Vihh RY ‘ i ie i ye el Oe oe hg a ie) rea we 4 Ser 2 ie hap / averse) ts i ake a er SE ak tee SCM RAE UY oriitg Te some es Geese 5 ie 7 3 , i £ , j bali Pal esr auras ’ A ee aah { aS ts A] Par. No. 339 25 BELGIUM HOLLOW OR FLAT WARE, NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR (See digest on Base metal utensils, n.e.s.) Stat. import class (1939): 620.97 « United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 2 Imports for consumption from-- | Year | PreGuction ect 28 roductic ae ; / PxpOEEe Bak | BELGIUM vee France Germany+/ ! countries | Kingdom Value (dollars) j ; ager ce , 0 ; 1937 | Now Not | 62,199 | 8,272 9,703 3,938 11,860 1939 | ait is ageni— 43,319 | 10,652 3,833 2,240 59395 coe | 2 a7 a / Se 387 | 95 512 3,088 able £/ able 2 Lf L262 | r 2 1/ Includes Austris. beginning 193é. 2 Estimated at 1 append dollars annually. 3/ Estimated at $50,000 to $100,000: annually, a 4f Principally from ane and Switzerland. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce, except as noted. Ttem United States teriff Prorosed negotiating AGT oF 1945 country 1930 rate Percent ad valorem Hollow or flat ware, of iron or steel, not specially rrovided for -—----~--~----——-~-------------—- 40 L,0 BELGIUM Comment Articles classified herein include iron ana steel products such as kettles, pans, boilers, fireplace sets, and incense burners. Many of these products are cast wares, coated, lage or tinned, to prevent corrosion. . While domestic production of these articles is believed to be relatively large in comparison with imports, the domestic industry has met with increasing competition in recent years from similar articies made in the United States enameled or made of aluminum or other nonferrous at » including nickel silver and chromium—plated ware,. The vsroduction of stainiess— eee stamped or spun ware 1s a comparatively recent development, and ge products are relatively high-priced. The domestic incustry incluces a few firms who make specialized lines, such as cast-iron griddles and Dutch ovens and stainless-steel cooking utensils and appliances, and other firms who manufacture a diversified line of household utensils. Little of this ware was made curing the war, | Imports consist chiefly of 2 pubs hc In recent prewar years belgium anc the United Kingdom were tne leading sources of imports; Germany was rormerly an important supplier, The United States is in a favorable position with respect to Voreign ae bo tion in most of these products; in others, competition is on a price basi While export data are not segregated, domestic exports are believed to be larger than imports, Competition in foreign markets has been chiefly from 26 a) HOLLOW OR FLAT WARE, NOT SPHCTALLY PROVIDED FOR--Continued countries, with established foreign markets, including Beigium, Czechoslovakia, snd lakhs Germany. Moreover, there is usually some production ‘of this type of ware by home industries in most foreign countries. yea a) Gina ps. » be Say ‘ a oT a. ered ee Ys ewe one Mee eeen ce ssan Keak ss a 8 ee eee ae omy ei 2 f MA 8 ea ste a oF mR oF Par. Ne, 339 a7 CZECHOSLOVAKIA UTENSILS AND HOLLOW OR FLATWARF--}NAMPELED Stat. import. classes (1939): 6141.0, 709.51 United States production, exports, and impérts, 1937-39 and 1943 ee et + ee ee Sa. Lees | eer eee 7 Pero i a ei lh a a > Imports for consumption from— { Year gary Domestic | Al a H | Co YOAITY | ; de aoe 2ECHO— oe | lied | exports | countries | Sweden ji SLOVAKIA | pea egher — fee ee aa uantity (pounds) ‘ j = | | 1,524,257! 900,3641 195,375] 243,057 1937 2,797 | 65 38 " | 59 381 1938 Lr | 1 ii1, 28) | 562,940 | 18,111 181,836 | See | 25,1523 1939 | “ened r 2. 306, 897 | fe 140 Lg, 036 52,752 | 30,690 | 14,517. 9 ee ‘2, 217,2431 2) 673 | = -| ~} 1st -———— et i cee Cee ee wan ie ' lyrsariastes jaine(doliars) | 1937 |19,657,849 i. 282,720] 164,068 51,545 | 56,544} 26,068 | 19,618 1938.7 Dee. : a7 ABA) qaqa SINT ums 25 ee 39,048} 10,433 | 2 526 1939 116,564,999 208,574). ©' 65,9061. 41,37 LOsi2eMe lo, BeeRIal™. 67004 1943 120 718,539 |24,790,177! 3 269! | = aeet, oe | ’ 93 ‘ ; 4 ’ i ? ; i ’ omy ' ee ee ae i a a a a eas 1/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 2/ Includes 411,559 pounds vaiued xt $83,415 export ed under lend-leage Bets 3/ Principally from Canada. Source: Official statistics of the U. &. Department of Commerce. . United States tariff > Proposed oT: | nese™ tiating Act of 1945 untry 1939 rate Per. 339% Table, Keusenela kitchen, and hospital utensils, and hollow or flatware, not specially pro- vided for: Composed. of iron or steel and enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses, whether or not con- training electrical heating elements -------—~-----—--—------ Se bbe Se) Lbs CZECHOSLOVAKIA + 30% + 15% ad val. ad val. 1/ Trade agreements with Sweden and Czechoslovakia eff ctive August 1935, and April 1938, respectively. The conesssion under the agreement with Czechoslovakia tarminated in April 1939, but the modificd rate remained in effect pursuant to agreement with Sweden, Note.- The duty on imports in 1937 was equivalent_to 45 percent ad valorem and in 1929 to 37 percent /war years not significant Comment Enameled utensils include products desiged for general household use (cook- ing utensils, pails, dishpans, etc.) and hospital ware (basins, sterilizers, etc,). They are made of sheet-steel blanks dipped in frit or enamel and then baked at high temperatures. Heavy power-driven stamping and other machines are required for economical production. a ® t= UTENSILS AND. HOLLOW OR PLAT WAKE~ENAMELED—Con tinued The quality of enameled utensils depends upon many factors, including the preparation of forms, and the composition and application of the enamel. © Mater- ials used in the enamel. composition include quartz, relcspar, dorax, ery oat tey and others.. In the production of enameled utensils of the finest quality as many us three coats of enamel may be applied; mottled-gray enamel: (granite ware) ‘requires but one coat, All grades ol. enameled utensils are produced in the United States. 25 ih! wee attained States production, which is the largest in the world, is centered in cee Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, West Virginia, New.York, and California. About 25 firms comprise the industry. The United States has ample supplies. of ‘the necessary raw materials, with ‘the exception of cryoiite which.is. imported duty-free from Greenland. ; +The foreign value of United States imports in 1937 was somewnat less: than 1 percent of the value of the comestic production and was iess then the value ote United States exports. Sweden, Germany, and Czechoslovakia were the principal sources of prewar imports which have consisted both of high and low quality goods. Imports with electrical heating elements have been inconsequential. ‘During the war the domestic industry, with certain governmental limitations as eo sUpPhige of raw materials was engaged in the production of nospitel and general-—use wares, including utensils for militery use end export. Hospital ware represented about 15 percent of the total annual value of production, and general-use ware, 85 pércent. . About 19 peyang of the total value of all. ae was for. military uSe and for export. on t . - a) Before the war the United States encountered keen competition in foreign mar- kets from Sweden, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Japan. The export trade of German, Czechoslovakian, and Polish producers wes promoted by tne formation of an international cartel in 1935. Canada end Cuba wore om leading markets for United States exports, but about 7L countries participute During the war since other important suppliers of foreign markets were eae end since countries with limited home industries wers unable to obtain the neces ) materials from abroad, United States export trade expanded shurply. After the reduction in the duty by the trade agreement with Sweden, effective A & ’ August 1935, imports averaged materially larger than during the immediately pre- ceding years. Part of this increase, however, may have been due to greater tota 3 demand accompanying recovery from the depression. ae Stitt. ite ad ¢ fee peeping ereinny ants Pan pe f lf * Except ~~ / af” Tucruges 255 wie 4/ “Inetudes Ayl valued st $393 a import classes electricsl . . Pe | ¢ ake ALUMINUM UTENSILS (1939): | ! applic 606 pounds 15 poun Ttan States procuction, exports, 29 630.40, 709,52. ees : at ¢ £36, 302 the U. et Wwe Department of tes ae 0) yR 4) Act of 1930) Paryog39 Tablé, household, kitche an, and hospitel utensils, anc hollow or flutwore, not aioe tay provided for: Composed wholly or in chief value of | aluminum, .whether or not.containe |. ing electrical heating elements -- 84¢ 1b “ir L0% 2d vel. The Note . band Becsuse of durability, excell ex steel percent of the and nousehola toasters, products mide is use of ware or egial oo average total imports in 19 A tl 3 9 iV te. valus ad voelorem e their fitness ent thermal priees——-aluminum utensils ha and tinple. total ~ <= VE in, 29395 constructed with electrical heating Aluminum include colored aluminum in the Comment Loe household needs——ligh conductivity, pleesing Sons replaced many similar articles Cooking utensils, the most important item, represented 85 of domestic production of AND HOLLOW OR FLATWARE and imports, in specified a Produgs, | Domestic eT SITs Le - earn paar ne A | exports Letras Bhs & | Italy | Germany < IPSS OSS Seatbelt 24 ii CAML Qua antd ty (pounds) 1931 —! | neae | aks 5,335.1 87,2644 1933 -| ins a, | | 101,755 | 4,378 | 669232 | 4935 =|" te yas 81,549 | 1,905 | 47,558 | Beer bey | 765,810] 86,114 | 1,, 600 30,163 1938 -| able™ | 677,290 ayes | 5,36 FLL 1939 -| | 537,534 26, 776 | 6,435 | 6,703 1943 -| eG 1 Lf 7s 994 | | 36 | Mapes eat i at |S Ate 98 | Yo. ah Ow | i Value (Gol} ars) i : ft i ey Pea F 1931 —|22,278,985! 386,744 61,711 (REL; meh 1933 =|16,400,412| 197,339 44,9591. . 3,745 | 25,606 1935 —l242550,212 | 202.154 51,226, 1 condy Th? 26,409 1937 =| 671,639] - 411,864 48,815} 3,641 | 18,707 1936 tel ojtaromter) oB6L,2Aer) 235247210. 440031. 4., 49548 1939 “134,727, 54 302 , 404 16,191, | AgO57 | 4,026 | 1943 ele - teal de reel bf 7,253 | “i 15 | | 2/ rai Austria beginning 1938 exported und nds valued at 6 $3,891 imported from on da and 16 imported from Mexico. statistics. of Con 4 NIT equivalent of the atey was about. 55 tness aluminun Some of these products, such trays, cups, alomentse and ceed fabrication of di she tariff No. 339 KT NGHOM Fare UNITED Imports for consumption from —— TH Wee UNITED ‘ Japan | KINGDOM ab ha MRL REE 7,482 3,625 195951 7, 729 16,058 oop bay LOPAgT 5 9 AT2' , erie be Pp. 7s, 1,635 fag A 581, 7,820 6,285 13,593 9,616 ote 5,917 2 288 2,799 yal 4 r lend-lea “ 2 a gh 893. pounds NRreETCE e Proposed negotiating country UND TD os oat hn KINGDOM percent on conbined with strength, and relatively low formerly made of tron kitchen, hospital, 2s perecolators end Other househohd. recent development ay = ’ ALUMINUM UT#NSILS AND HOLLOR OP SLATWARE-Contimed Aluminum utensils are stam ped, .cas en or sptin. Stamped WATE y made from sheet aluminum, comprises the bulk ae" ADHSSET outputs “The cuality of aluminum wvitensils depends among other factors, on the quality snd gage cf the aluminum alloy sheet used in their production and on the finish of the product. Design in some rticles is an important sales factor.’ . The domestic industry consists of about 30 Att employing about 8,000 work Ere Plants are located in Eouteal does Ohio, Wisconsin, Iidinois, Michizan, Nee Jersey, Colifornia, and Georgia. Both higti-priced cast and spun wared and lower-priced stamped utensils, that sell in chain stores, are »roduced: by the domestic industry. Because of the sreeminent pesiticn.of the United States in the aluminum field, the aluminum household utensil industry is ine favorable position with respect tec rew materials. During the wa ar net only were new alloys and manufectur-— ing processes develcped, but the Pune G ef aluminum declined, . Germeny was by rar. tne principa al source ef imports before the war. The United Kingdcm ranked second, snd a number of other countries, notebly Japan, Italy, Swedon, and Switzerland, .par . n the trade. The decline "in imports, which became most ucticea t ate 1930's, was attribut able part to the prepareticn for war .in m countrics pndethe con Saaea ys dah aluminum for military uses. During the war little aluminum ware was made in the United Feld Le hen ei use, since aluminum and available manpower and manuracturing equipment we r Guired for military preduction. Such utensils as wers. made were teste: for military kitchens end the eauipment of scldiers. Adah La ware of all types made in the industry in 1943 sas valued at approximately $ =e16) million Governirnent resulations controlling the producticn of aluminum cooking utensils, kitchen ware, and neasenend articles for civilian use were revoked in May. 19456 Although this facilitated production of aluminum ware, reconversion has been roterded somewhat by shortages of vasie forms and shapes. . Many of the facilities. used in the producti on of fabricated aluminum for war purpose are not edaptable to turning out forms for civilian use. There alsoe has been some shortage of labor in the particular localities where these produ cts are customarily made i Meny of the aluminum pecialties, whereas domes pole hOnR articles ine prices articles of foreign producers, novably those of Germany and Japan. Canada, tne Union of South africa, *he Philippines, Mexico, and South american countries were the leading prewar export mackets for sluminum ware*of United States manufacture. Exports went to 75 countries in 1939, Dy 1943 this’ trederhad been greatly reduced, and shipments were made to less ek halt that number. rticles imported in the past consisted of noncompetitive ‘ic output consisted largely of tocando kitchen and reign markets American products competed with lower— Oo cm 31 Pars Nos ‘339 QNITED KINGDOM COPPER UTENSILS AND KOLLOW OR FLATWARE Stat. import classes (1939): 643.09, 709.53 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 or consumption from—- Teas eee Wt ee Domestic rae © POE Se) 1 a4 ’ . baat exports ae nee a a ae bass aN : ina siadle a Franc | countries Mita KINGDOM i Velue (dollars) a937 ‘ . 2058 25930 i vc - font a 1939 _ : 5 iA woos 5,386 5,629 1943 yf 18 30 Dye, = 1/ Estimated at 1 to 2 million dollars annually. 2/ Know to be small. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce, except as noted. Item United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act of 194.5 country 1930 rate Percent ad valorem » housenold, kitchen, and yital utensils, and hollow or eich, not Donase lly provided omposed wholly or in chief value of copper (including copper in alloys other than brass), not vlated with platinum, gold, or silver and not specially provided for ASIDE SAR Tae 1/ 30 UNITED KINGDOM 1/ Trade agreement with Iran, effective Jume 1944; previously reduced to 35 percent in the United Kingdom trade sgreement, effective January 1939. In eddition to the tariff 1 articles in chief value of copper are subject to an import excise tax of 3 cents per pound under sec, 3425 of the Internal Revenue > Code. This tax has been in effect since June 21, 1932. od Comment Coprver articles and utensils are preduced in the ae States by two principal types of producers: Individual craftsmen and artists, who make specialties and ornamental goods such as vases and trays, and line: s who make cooking and other household utensils of copper. Sopper cooking utensils are plates with tin, chromium, pewter, or other base metal, They are relatively high priced. and the market is, therefore, limited. A substantial proportion of the domestic output of copper cooking utensils is for the hotel and restaurant trade. During the war, few of these articles were made as copper was required in the production of many was products Imports have included both high- and low-priced specialties as well as house- hold utensils. In recent prewar years China and the United Kingdom were the chief sources of imports. Iran generally supplied about 5 percent of the totel value, anc many other countries supplied small quantities. The United Stetes has been the principal export market for a number of countries, including Iran. Imports of utensils and ornamental articles of copper are largely noncompetitive with articles of copper produced in this country. Many of these articles, such as those from Chine, British India, Iran, and other countries of the Orient are made by native craftsmen, snd are of distinctive designs end ornamentation. ; | ” wad Gs nis oh Stat yi ee | tet na eee ht tw oct ean ea ria gill Oona Blo enti - ‘S. ehLouerm Station. A wetsits wit PYROWD Pete He ceeemal «ts nal ant ety : : ; ‘ 2 ea ae ; ‘ te Oe F ‘ . sah nl q ' > ha Ves, rs i ayy 2 i ‘ { F E ~ 4 “Panesar ve: te iy . vo Bp et ak atl, ’ t n can ) ; ¢ , ir is sees tf : : : bo) P : lier’. ree) eee . PS SERRE eae ai otek 2 a ie ae vis & ~ Wigpeberse LAL OROG ott T ete SES oui . ¢ > : ‘ P =< 2 y A va ’ 7 7 J2ad4 * f a) F ie ane cs : a: in my Se D *) PotteLey Jide ; tit | GCE a lone g tueclydhe Madeutodt eblan? te wollort bas ,elienedy lediqeod bab irivt ee * ton ore l) | 0 ea _ dedile mh ro, yh Lente. bean eed paditaplaoeah) ceygoo, by eolor © | _ eae paiio ‘eel Le at hheopiow ae i sons, ee, deedodis: Bait i (ener =. Ve sortie to- blog awning: ; . hob ivesg MeLakoout bon dis: MOT CNT EMD oe CL comamenipe on anion 6% Cais of Daotbow Wi dro kyer’y inakL ¢ ot vrhis rie Ae. ae ane atta J tigrnmers sis ‘what? ML 7 ov eOLOT Wearreest, evr eyalee .PhanewTy% sfiuirgd pobaeda. toent Sal} rk ph FO Fa, a i te ot Soetdirg ots tepioo To wile Daddy ml neloidiye a toty Vetoes auit oe goleibhs - werner bait a of) Bo CSAP goes Dede Bamie wae ingd 2 * to eet ahiipge, Mogae Shy, ph SR ES ‘etme Lr £ foatty: ak weed ‘was head aa? #9600 | PDMS ee fae mits sen Sptyes ree . 7 t (padiie a? F * » rit . . bart ei, rf * oat . 1 . Ly are 7 DE, eal : 2 Box 9 ery : Re: re 4 . ‘ ag . . ie ae +. 1 + We ss ay # - bys ere: ae 9 by ? ¥ Z y ’ + Aaa? * . a ty ay Louionka ott Yd and: xh pidean allt af besuh at, ‘bay ‘igi ib: ae . Baa wali Labo % Sua ech a athtean Ate remgvgors f wii i heal ig Prem b, ahr bars Acizlont oan oft wtetgvon teers. bras ype ent xonoe Kook Dy 4 ATES yattsd | Ade Per ad lie; as afigaudy gnibhocd gates ateeqgon Wh ts mu 7 ‘obser ge bes Booka Ah get hav Eaton axe youll edatom seat" Snr SHittwe oltwanply og "by wotttodonq Daisoetetdre 47 yee ache Qua(... ghana jaoteteee bee feted at % s' ene te > niet seal La een - tone ae can ‘| “ 3 i Fo & wh fl i C3 2 i: , h at | emidbheitt ao + Kies ae aaa bodman ia ality act spew aaa yee wy ta | un ‘peulhov Istud- eit to t ae spa Deg sO cake sae PM Catt sel wa ant ie Beale 3 ete bad fas ay vintewes sete ye + mae r pene, eee iM Tetoee MAND: oP; ci in in a Rac-varebt Leard me bere ge gemeed pr ve ey \ j ie a. os ar tn bp herr aD Pclaanel m ave) a Te ete ae GOR ice . nanaetl » sine “th 10 eth cae Tue, Par. No. 339 wh CHINA 32 BRASS UTENSILS AND HOLLOW OR FLATWARE S (Other bra factures are dutiable under par. 397) op) ay =) ae as i Nar 5 Stat. import class (1939): 6453.8 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 Domes at ie exports | | Year | Froduction | | countries | Fy We ae 170,244 110,403 . re = oe Pe Be OP Te tek ie tela 5. Wey 2) oa TS aw | Ae i 1/ Inciudes Burma in 1937. a/ tstimated at 2 te 3 million dollars annually. a - : eae Peentahics Aca Sa Sais) Soha cert + = 1 2 th £ 3/ Probably small. 4/ Includes imports from Switzerland valved at $6,233. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Bepauctnent of C ce, except as OUT swe WILL LOLEe rain Oc Fal Oe eS HLS Ol wehGe Ue jie VEepa ¢ Bure Ae Cor merc 2 CACSDE Lome) item United States tariff Proposed ims Act OL 1945 country 19390 rate Pere 339 Percent ad. valorem Table, household, kitchen, end hospital utensils, and hollow or flatware, not ee ec with platinum, gold, Oe Salyer, and not soecially provided for: composed wholly or in chief value of brads ——=——_-.. 40 U/ 29 CHINA - f * a ° a = ~~ oe . t 7 i . Z PAN szroenent with Tran, effective June 1944. In addition to the tariff duty, these articles are subject to an import-excise tex of 3 cents per pound under section 3425 of the Internal Revenue Code. States production of brass utensils consists of a S i= Li v hold articles, such «s urns, bowls, vases, hods, book ends, tra ts and ecclesiustical wares. cn ny of these articles are made frem sheet brass by stamping or pressing. They are made in the United States by manufacturers en- gaged in the production of a wide range of articles, including specialties made from other metals. There is also some production by smnil firms making spe- cialties for the arts trade. Few of these articles were made during the war because of the scarcity of brass. United States imports include beth ordin:ry household wares and specislties, and high- as well es low-priced articles. Chine, British Indie, the United a Kingdom, France, Japan, and Switzerland were sources of imports in vrewar years. Imports from the United Kingdom and other industriclised nations are very sim ated bps oO Mm © nu bo Somme tic products; imports from the isco are largely hend-made and are competitive with factory-made american and European products. 33 BRASS UTENSILS &ND HOLLOW OR #LATNARE--Continued War conditions have made it impossible thus far to uetermine the effect of the reduction in the duty on brass utensils uy the Trade Agreéinent with tran effective in 1944. It is probable that when normal conditions are restorea, total imports at the 30 percent-rate wili be -somewhet larger than woulu ‘enter at a 40 percent rate, and that the benefit of the concession wili go largely to China, Par. No. 339 4 CHINA ANTIMONY UTENSILS AND HOLLOW OR FLATWARE Stat. import class (1939): 679.66 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 | Imports for consumption from-—- | K D a) KH Domestic 7 , Cr ng ngs nn gen Production | ae ait ALL | LDA i | exports countries | neces! | Ree 7 Value (dollars) ; 1 1 1937 --- | ‘ Bode 61,304 | 58 , 398 aot. | heen eck: ak a2) 1, |) Ly 538 1939 = aveil~ mee 11,153'| 10,901 252 tk es able T/ }; able < n.a | - 1943 | | ae | 1/ Fstimated at $100,000 annually. 2/ Negligible. Source: offic cial statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce except as noted. United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act of 1945 country 1930 rate Percent ad valorem hospital utensils, and hollow or fiat ware, n.s.p.f.*** wholly or in chief alte of ** base metal, not plated with platinum, gold, or silver, and not specially provided for: “holly or in chief value of antimony ------------------------- 40 40 CHINA The chief use of antimony in the utensil field in the United States is as loy of white metals from which articles to be plated with silver or other s are formed. Little household ware is made of unplated antimony alloys. Production and trade in antimony utensils and household wares is centered in the Orient, where the tin-white color and metallic luster of antimony have led to its use in alloys from which articles such as hoale ack vases are fabricated. Os and China,formerly the largest produce’ rs of antimony ware), developed sorld markets for these articles before the war. Many of them are handicraft specialties of characteristic design and Siiktentatlon In wartime little antimony is used for household utensils on account of antimony requirements for military purposes. In peacetime, substantial cuantitiés of antimony are required in the production of storage batteries, cable covering, type metals, and chemical compounds. These uses may influence future trade in antimony utensils, Although imported antimony utensils encounter little competition from similar utensils produced in the United States, they do compete to some extent with utensils made of other materials. F 7 Ey ; ‘Benn hate & ar fn ce yoreognt fae 'g fits pine ; Sha, Be. ut BeSbs ee Ionia peed hh: 0 ‘ or ns ae pie ne : vfs ae rer ces rs eagle preemie ee on acmaeee Py, eiuion gr Iqncte, sore te Toatguged 22 4% eal as por frseeyey 4 iy inate ~* hy by Ew dy a paaBser 20, tan ned Piss 7% : a Mi 2088: peo e - bea aedachs! «f Loukiouabal sheer, ae oe eotiod dan epi faneda: fae eg + RE ee bel Onbw- TRY E womrappey, A ca mney” \ | | ton , iam opal he sete Fale a gee | wo ~bing ,omiindg abner om: bbivers Withwoge Sot Rae sededip a ae, : . to Melee Shel ab eo ehing: PIE. rs RN ts : wal Vis et rH sane aah esi Neen wetieahd rat ' AS av { 4 ! as ie bits ‘ ; 4 r , ’ ri 2 geared aes Fad reat i | : et ry yom mie oy Ly, wt and aa" Sout oe ie a ean pe ero. ty, 0 ; Bens ie LS ‘ ap SSe . el (v4 ‘ 1. a ry 4 ’ : aie. ' ‘ iT in ass Py : ; Nhe a mn wy ae Regt | ie ‘ a - , ' : , ae ; a? ‘nS: : ; f hn ax <= ‘ ! J ‘ 1. } : : 4 a4 : eer me bl ae li Le nett ot af natagy Sipial add ex. Dies? Bhaweder uphd ai erecta . Reo wat | . fete vo cavils ccihie badiebe od Gd hehe, dade -powd eladom' ‘et Rete he ‘mite weeolin UR hw hotakqen te eieal iil hen. Diadowgont obte ad «: _ beam “wy | Le oN _ Batsines ah eae bistounes ira el Aoswids -teomtene ak shane er +. " ' vel Tytivne be shoal Cie Ran seloe repped 8 . mer wes obyd % phe cohen Bien wfcge ye Abate ebb lera. hohah" re ae at ? hegolwveh (ote queatiud So. i DER. | et Migebierd un Met he ee yea ath atasd th sen, | piramheouscies bea rahe is % Pieuaiad Ah phibmeret ig ti - ie + hen ok i ! | BOS Samay Tad Spmmdposn raison pos tg et wen orn | . Peer es enh shirts ee e he 4 rt a " Mi | Bad el ee yh : PB, rennet “nk oboe émuiet commer ed ai cats taebeaioe bememeie ae on scien vehi “5 ee a on ; cd eA te pu y 4 ne Trtad Pid i wer . tape Pi EY ae cae : coe 26 P: Al « No. 339 ie UNITED KINGDOM PEWTFR UTFNSILS AND HOLLOW OR FLAT WARE (OTHER CHINA PEWIFR MANUFACTURFS ARE DUTIABLE UNDER PAR. 397) Stat. import classes (1939): 679.67, 709.54 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-29 and 1943 Imports for consumption from-—- Y ee ee Ve Domestic ral ear roauct1o is Rte! NITED exports . CHINA | France Japan | rhe aoa ¥ countries KINGDOM Value (dollars) 1937 102,434 ; Nene -| =| 4 : 1935 n.d. ide | ne&. -| =| - - 1939 Lear ene 21,642 16, 383| 1,169] 1,161 911 1943 Nea. able 2/ | 935 | 2311 2 - | 4,60 i } L/ Known to be negligi : ws > Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Derartinent of Commerce. United States tariff Proposed negotiating t VO/e x ¥ “1930, rate Percent ad valorem Pars 339% Table, household, kitchen, =nd hospi- tal utensils, and hollow or flirt ware, now specially provided for ***composed woolly or in chief value of ** base metal, and not specially provided for: Comvosed wholiy or in chief value of pewter, not pleted with platinun, gold, or silver: If containing electrical heating } 1 i r VWF wr balan ie i ie i 40 1/ 26 UNITED KINGDOM ee Oe SY Eee atk ke Senne 40 Af a5 UNITED KINGDOM CHINA 1/ Trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January 1939. Commen’ Pewter is a soft, easily worked alloy composed chiefly of tin ana lead or copper, and small quantities of antimony, bismuth, zinc, or other metals. Pewter has been used from early times in the fabrication of table and household utensils and ecclesiastical goods. It has been displaced to a large extent by other metals and alloys better fitted for hard usage or for plating with silver. Saies of pewter articies fluctuate with decrees of fashion. While output in most recent years has been valued at slightly over »100,000 annually, it reached a value of #3,726,000 in 1931, including hollow ware valued at $2,930,000 and novelties valued at $796,000. Littie pewter ware was made during the war. Pewter is usually a product of the silverware industry, to which it is closely allied both as to type of product and manufacturing Sens aoe - ’ ° * - 4 “3 Sack | 2g son ia b | ats 7 ; 14 Liars : | = tLe eet) miyeon Hi! “gtetgs ix ee Lenhvexiaroet NAHE: | fl $0 vo walled tat ool bomede far 07 F ae . i ¢ ; Sat, i DOV PLN re yo Jo0 -~ eres al 4 Ha) 7 he TX ‘ t oe * 4 “Otennesty te vilagieoowes son bn ad syag eancd 6a "2D Pan - ~ Srp he Bs gah de imo. * Tobi, ct 46. ULote Soeaa os) : noiritely Gi« pedals Sat @@ pie Ar ee sane t! * * bf os ae Yi rs ur scticod leoteteets galatnenas: NT: 7 . + owes : ’ rer ] 4 af ' Meyda) ars {> cA at ath ete uf i hk ‘BP riamess 9 24 | CWP YG . f US tet namatag ramen meen enananmtmicnne hoes J AOL wren owntaaYte , net yt A Satins adv hes F ayment 9 aba? Vie ‘ : J F te eye ry ; 4 ‘EB Mey caer 7 : “Weenies ie ™ O21 DR ft \Ateide betogmoe Yodde Petgor elles at hog sal ‘taiwoy am! nea We, gO ; i Iwai ,viorbtlite Nir ani Yd dearp (fine pina Pe ts en DLoaseaswil oes... a? 20 iota mod a | “ur ae aomsd ying ark wey obo qn | rae et $603 oy wd, a of Regalo lt sed i ol: subocty Jeviteslaetowe foe af Bctot - | Atiw paipaig sel ao epmde bee 3 yy ahd oe aeodle. Ses pring Co oe wi 0 ele OLLiay:, ’ necapeonieh My SoWFOGD (si ala ouly taholeus ante Siac ae Yrasiris i m bet AE og’. pat ), We S- Lia 06 Searen ict Baad ok Ji et a ay Vv & he ie dd tage” e Lee i a AAS ha pied tek iaie aon ‘THe ‘ang &® an ‘wh es Al ‘ 28 4, at Supa hare a9 : bg ? | Bi Hf, dotde of pg “Saabs WEE: rieibbn vit 30 : w=") ify ac erteee rad pened Jp harem ‘sage Me pobens ste eal ee wor mre aa adic ore zi uae _mmciyarteg babdgigudy fasta ‘Petty hogs Vlewse SaLIeld DNA geod atg | baat Ji costiue ae toa wee janis nel mere ep Be eam tad. saunhia., on mfr’ bol (ee as sohed (@ im i Pt d beter’ quiged - Lead Ca a J be ft a + é 4 Re + 36 Par. No. 339 CZECHOSLOVAKIA UNITED KINGDOM BASE METAL UTYNSILS, N, &. S. L (See digest on hollow or flet ware, not srecivlly crovided for, par. 339) Stat. import classes (1939): 679.70, 709.59 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 ‘Country ane 2 dai indy ie MM a A 1 ee 7 Production --~---------~-~--~------- : Estimated 25,060,000 annually a. Teas Domestic exports ---------~----- -~-: Estimated 500,090 to 1,000,000 - Ned. H ennuclly : Imports for consumption from: : : : Bed alas Total, all countries +---------: 354,615 : 234,093 : 174,045 ; J 22,140 SD aI nara ae dente dona semenlacnaaa SVG S\N Obese 7! 2) (48593008 216 a aaa aa aaa a Ui teeeeo saute oagea st: SLAG 4 Germany £/ --------~------~++-- : A751 se 18,661 Ao, ShL -'% 347 UNITED KINGDOM ------------- : S351h9) 3 Basse e .) JA,80e 3s 1,696 CZECiOSLOVAKIA ~------------ SP hg 73S eh * 395086»: ce Eee me - i/ Includes imports valued at $18,440 from Switzerland, 2/ Inciuces Austria beginning 1933. Source: Oficial statistics of the U. 5S. Department of Commerce, excert as noted. Isem United States tariff Prorosed AGG OL 1945 country 1930 rate Percent ad valorem Par. 339: Table, household, and kitchen and hospitel utensils, and hollow or flat ware, com- posed wholly or in chief value me bese metals, not plated with platinum, gold, or etd oid Ne Sepels:3 If containing clectrical heat- ing elements ~-------~---------- 40 40 UNITED KINGDOM QOL? eerie anne ema serene reer mer ee wane AO 40 CZECHOSLOVAKIA Comment The household and kitchen utensils here discussed include = grent variety of products made of iron or steel galvenized or plated with chromium, nickel, copper, or brass and of nonferrous metals ind alloys, such «s nickel silver, lead, and sinc. These articles are largely stamped or formed from sheet meted, The United States has a large production of kitchen and household utensils such as pots an? pans, cocktail sets, utility boxes, bock ends, strainers, graters, racks, trays, and holders, made of these materials. Some of these products are made with electrical heating elements. The domestic industry consists of a fev highly mechanized firms «ho make diversified lines, ani numerous smell conezrns who specialize in certain types of ware. The industry is distributed tnrougnout the United States. Imports include some cooking utensils, but specialties and imelements, such as pot clecners, boxes and stands of varicus kinds, strainers, vegetable miners, trays, anu ccoest.c sets, predominate. Cucchoslovakia has teen an important supplier of the letter wpe of ett but Japan, Germany, France, China, and the United Kingdom were also sources of imports in prewar years. Cecasionally there are small Ranoctaticns of products with electrical heating clements. 037 BASE METAL UTENS ras, N. i. 5 Heiaued riale,~particuturly ‘those used in coating SS DRPIng. ths. aan, peat of tien saw terrae or plating these articles, were scarce, and production Was “Linited. my a ee a ett etter ees - the United States.is in 2. erpons © MpE titive pes ition with Ripe spect to most eS. Marty of ‘them + coat rac ‘in highly mechanized plants, and of thes: nrticle r t essential raw materials in peacetimes sare ample. ten onde orts in some lines’ are large; in others, the United States mects strong competition in foreign aarkets from Eurep: an.and Asiatic producers 7 48 Par. Now 339 UNITED KINGDOM CARBONATED wATER STPHONS (Metal parts are classified in par. 397) Stat. import class (1939): 679.68 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 si : ; 5 : Domestic : f Year ; Production , if sate raha ° ° 2xpDOr = : Vaiue (dollars) ‘ 1937 en ——§ : Nea. 1938 -—------------- : ot ; Not : Tats 1S 6) See eer ee : avail- : evail- $ None LOR en : able / able : None i/ Estimated at $100,000 annually, 1937- ate source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce, except as noted. Item United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act of A945. country 2930. rate Percent ad vaiorem Par, 33) Carbonated water siphons, of copper, 4 brass, steel, or other base metal ae (except aluminum), nisepsf. -<--=-- 40 at gh UNITED KINGDOM 1/ Trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January 1939. Comment } Official statistics of United States croduction and expor of carbonsted water sipnons are not available, and there have been no imports since the import classification for these «roducts was established January 1, 19239. Th e re are two types of siphons used as containers and dispensers for carbonated water: A. simple form consisting of a giass bottle with a metal head, and a afiliabte: ca equipped with a cartridge holuer. Siphons are often encased with wire mesh or enveloped with a metal cover to enable them to with— stand pressure; they may also be cf all-metal construction. Metal parts of carbenated water siphons are dutiablie under provisions of paragraph 397. About six companies in the United 3S, and vicinity, engage erimarily in the production o Frarstak araceser ad cack houses, a4 i addition to allied metal »roduc uct three coneerns manufacture the refill- able type ox siphon. Glass bot les for siphons (pressure ware) are purchased from bottie makers. The assembled product is sold te the bottling industry and liquor—sup. ly trade. Refillable siphons are sold b, manufscturers te retail liquor, department, hardware, and drug stores. The competitive position of the United States industry appears to be strong. Following tne repeal of the 18th emendinent in 1933, substantial shipments were received from the United Kingdom. This situation appears to have been temporary, as imports, except for limited shipments of parts (par. 397), ceased as scon as producers were in a position to meet the demand. ) wu aa -2 ve ’ ca OOS eee i en eM Beds is AL A a r, : 4 # r? , a; hit . Stearn ore - Nee” edna ‘_ ee Pod cP er : ove, A a ae Pe j "3 ; (I) C8 SORES, Fe are i“ j é Ay be ‘a i ie el >, Waren ye Hyd we lige 4 te eT meh eect - sneer wipiinepop lie fa iid oe lO ae oye fy OT a et ee | i 3 : i Ne : al ful saat): 7. atte aire ter i elabelh iaitinpe ors ei tire ‘ ‘. - 7 : ) shah eT a eee ‘f , Tae Ae ror Ree ies Sa ey ; f ae ; ie . 74 : ta _ . a S5 ohh 4 halt , q oe 7 2) ; Pi del, z if | a! . , P sili) tee v ves ie 4 . ra ,4 roe ts | OS te, Too Re witeva +(e ipods at ‘ Br SX, . ; iii ; Pepe ay eR Ds . tan ar Vues oss tag wath ae VB with ey, Sat pw J a eee 8 ee: men et tome a evisidetinllldtacmieeliidiiiaabilnisiiendbidip hii Wien! 8 ev “! “pore errs ares ofa ti feeoxe ,atteded Bo Irmatdrre 06 ee al weil te reotentsase datert “es 5 | 3 ; if i , thse ce i " a . : ¢ t i Laem eae Shiiad ‘ganas, dasa 14 de Ne SON hoe MMMM Ma BRET RS cee PE Ea ae Oe oy Oe - WT eee 9 eax Jsoa | . + dia ted alee i . : : » ssaeey _— f Cece. SOM ene Re Rin wee | y- eee al itaqgob to paawighe adie vane | vi » . Lode eau vedio to: _ teeta. ¢ WOROUL A aiet uty ty Ub wet pBaetel, , (aumonages ‘REO epsilon aaek Arne Loyibdee’S ek shorts corner an ri ; : 4 Pf 7 et i oe a > 7 ai oe a . Pa <>. . . : manned ae : HPejuur Kings By ePyaire (ege: Hod re pba , Be tess ber tal ths outtndioain. tere? trod oct eatin advoont or peed avert aoa! tne goidelinia Sor ene sorkioa’4 $2OCL .l yaar} dodglifeswse saw aalcaadeiid bap ica ds fia tos0 Fe ea Seong lh tute Atel. OOD se bane navetirly te wend ° oy care oe hited Lares 6 tw obttod Rens 03S gerade weo't olante §” essbin h Leet morin ave aaodg?e . v1. bedoapierven Bie ‘pedgiape dere? af aie. it oftary ua aero Laven’ sys lw Letylevis 40 dwem ewe: prying ey, grein. Lat ot pandedinitenew fal Nadel te 1a wt osha qe vans eetunegtg be 10. NEE: eer hig tal bay, Ie eee hieiny eaten witigd: wh me emia wade basi writ! dye’ se wl yield ‘podinnt (de inge dont tet ant a selon a oF aber ant shee mosta Be net eahord ‘ele sh Pega ri i aboot soo be eter. Stes mien. $f tad ee . jE. Wem wie whit oa hata corp niet iMG? Se ale ala eintdioy Lee ; a peseten ws whi {ov et einen ea soi ae .- a peiieyhs | a oad shia bara! Yrowmbey pat itsed. ads bY koe a ‘ba@uesen od “yerets iniged sentry 4 Lieter of hii se gna a tfoe nay ' oe, roe S Total : Princ ipal source Tt AEE St a RE 3..value .3 ee ° 4 Engraved plates for designs ° on” : 3 , won PI ASG seeiswte niles eSse-H2-5f 00 $47): Mexico $47 Engraved plates of stcel for print-.2} 3. ne ' ing,-n.¢.S. —--------—- eens 5071. Canada, : «4,,3105 Germany Lf 419. Electrotype, stereotype, halftone, : 3 photogravure, photcengraved, and :; : plates of other material than : : : steel, engraved or otherwi.se pre: ; . --~- pared for printing -++++-+-+----~-=338,077 ¢ UNITED KINGDOM, “17,888; Cxanada, : me ES | ' . Lithographic pilates: of stone or 2 : . othcr material engraved, drawn, : H or prepared -------------~---~-- -—-: 2,000: UNITED KINGDOM, $2,574 sii “Tneludes | lustria. oa iG Source: Official statistics of’ the U. 58. Department of Gommerce. 43 Par. No. 342 UNITED KINGDOM UMERELLA RIBS, STRETCHERS, AND TUBES Stat. import class (1939): 679.6 NSY 7 ae ae ise * aes ies wainn Alte ee = 7 20 z United States production, exports,,and imports, 1937-39 and if ~—— —— | | Domestic ; Imports Tor cons een from-~ | al 2 Germany £& Year Production =/| oor al r c a j oye al tips | got | 29943 + 2,600 | ie on. 1938 =| avnile | avails 50 > 50 1939 --— 1c af LOL 90 i 1943 ——= | | 1937 -—— 1849, 769 a | Q 3 ; 1936 ——=| Nee { Hy t i824, eg ae || |e OOP TS. avail— 19 nble 2 we 1943 evewaes] The ch af H _ = | ~ te aa ; * i/ Figures shomm represent values oi frames. 2/ Includes Austria beginning 1938, 3/ Probably negligible. Source: Official stetistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. lten United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act. of 194 country es 930 rate Percent ad valorem Unbrella and parasol ribs and stretchers, pears wholly or in chief value of iron, steel, or other metal, in frames or otherwise, and tubes for umbrellas, wholly or partly finished --~---------- 60 60 UNITED KINGDOM Comment Umbrella ribs, stretchers, and bial essential components of assembled uubrellas, are produced in the United States by about six monufacturers, located in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. They are produced largely by ¢ auto— matic and semiautomatic machinery, but the final assembly into umbrella frames is by hand. Frames vary in See with the quality of the material, the number of ribs, and the finish. Finishes are in black, bronze, aluminun, silver, or gilt, the latter being used in some of the better grades of women's umbrellas. The small imports in the past have come chiefly from Japan anc Germany, and have included both metal frames and parts with low unit values anc higher-priced specialties, such as a spring-type frane from Gormany. of ae ie ~— as yy, P LT ei ae ae : f at - a \ p a,’ : a a Nag ‘sal LA inal 1 AR bee nat De ee Vis) 1 it. HP RE ead ts ‘ i . 't CAL Ge Bis =f , | ots eee A yah ia Uh feo ek ks mat 7 \ ey set Mi mies RSE ia creer So best sie ‘ rah = etn > . aaa ie oa Cee oe aT i x ars ma Ses ate Ae osu ate ms) Ibe : 4 ih aahienee ere en ae ee, 4 i ; 7 ‘ Rtn Of ~ F 1 Pat Fe 4 oe pi. a S wy? _ , Mh wy , , ey | : vi 7 on ase ~~ g a. 2 ee “ s¥ Se actttnanimsisnnan gies , whe i - Seri 4 Lee oe ry ewes ie ete -. , ie i ae is Ae iss : ban | oe (er : } an * ¥ heed t iy. as ‘ er’ "ex “Roles ; Sneeetyies leony Par val takerbged er ie Gora’ Tad? Bo solaktrty Sosa RRR Te an : : ite Je ¥ 4 . y RET adn 8 LS Neg eLihget i ‘e ¥ es 55 Soe eh ey 4 De inate , ’ PATTING Re APPT aS ine i" . i fis ‘ Ny Wah _OBREE TS, . . ees Me a adi Beas) Sot 7 : seh, ; sR cs nies} ; by 7 4 AGHIOS ie. ay at - | , Talis: . i ' | inn achiy ato. aed ved a ‘ , wer ole ne ; , irk. bo oud ov ehreagiie in a . “mr vltie re Catto 0 re ae | . | Suet y qebberemaly te’ woe hi HONE ca Ln | Vole: om Gein ak canab iL) AY a! CV) 7 aiding Meanie « ‘_* Ta . " Se Biehl . i < Ailadieansets “Geo itn Aste hk iat Mena aoauit Brig -. ihe phe. ‘(Miatenek: «nesta: lular Kia tied eh wigan baal aa WA eae 40" happend Lesiahiry ohn “godlt: - sdbtel OMe S0n «NeailNk . Ce SIE oe & c Eien | i ih ‘cdanan Colt git) Pipes “enna x “eng i itlaiedalisicnd BES eh etsy ‘eae he ¥ Desc Rs en ONT Be eatetateliRe plc Pinte 3 F re abr ve tetas? + batty’ ay pad ‘Meocatiies Sneha igile shark eh talkin. es genetic id bine auiow theme WOR ‘are eR gare ath j ery, a Ma ae rahe Oy ae : es AM et! : f ‘i Fi i se \ ie a ate. ‘a i J ’ a ee . oe hanD Pal ag eave bis ihe rege, wera i j MN, y iy a: “t f f or yy iv Y «@ Wasa ven oes wars ili? ee ae we * A iad Uae a is © Firm Lh Games we ey 3 dee Gene *)' . A 50 es a eo, / ty a Vigg ol a, at Vs a rs Okee ae tea es Par. NO. 343 UNITED KINGDOM Ld, VETREROANDS MACHINE NEEDLES, EXCEPT KPIOVING Stat. imsort classes: (1939): 6162.7. and 6162.3 Ynited States »rocduction, exports and imvorts, 1937-39 end 1943 ee re ne ee ee re eee Jmoorts Lor consumption fron— . Dr) epumeieehen Year Producti on Domestic ALL ITT TE exports . a en re 2 ee ee ee With wo Jo | Germany 1/| NETHERLANDS KTNCDOM Se nt ne ae ne ane . “@ountrie es Quantity — . (thousands) et rer rr = me re ee eee ! ea sien 2,342 : ———— 1937-35 Ce Not a ail id, 640 er O58 ‘ ; ’ { 12 78 R k ‘6,169 | / 746 5 t , . a 9 365 . | fyi! 05 pen ey rs able Bue £5300 | ee: pie TOE | | L943———— , Peale y Bf Ith oh: Bf 9 _— — ——— Valus (delluns) we ouae-vota been se icy memes or aa ,750 000 337,908 BECP ob ois 208) 34 21808 1) 6 ees 1938— | nea 323) 104 37,607 | 16,572 | 4,353 | 5 980 yoag--— | 4/ 2,500,000, _ 449,873 34,192.) 18,962 | 8,295 | 6,238 1943--— | Payee | 2/ 950,787 | 3/ 6,568 % ai wee 4,403 1/ Includes Austria, beginning 1934. 2/ Includes 2,771 asain valu $56,495 exported under lend=Lease Of thousands valued ‘ vreciee from Switzerland. 4/ weatimated. sources Official statistics of the U. & Department o Commerce except as noted. tten United States tariff Proposed negotis Ling Par. 343 1930 rate Machine needles, except knitting: Shoe machine-——-—-_..--___-~.--— } $1.15 per 1,000 $1.15 per UNITED KINCDOM Sewing and embroidery machine--— ) + 140% ad val. ha 8 8 Oe: A0% UNITED KINGDOM ad val. and NETHERLANDS Note.- In 1938 the ad valorem equivalent of the rate on shoe machine needles was AS percent ; in 1939 the ad valorem equivalent of the rate on sewing and embroidery machine needles was 52 percent. Oa Comment Needies for sewing, shoe, and embrcidery machines are made in a great variety of shapes end sizes: straight, curved, with eyes or heoxe, etc., for many kinds I skilled workmanship is necessary t. preduce needles in close conformity tbo the uniform shape, size, finish, end temper required for use in machines running at high speed. tate rr 3 ae rq pee, » a Hie ail te re icy | en ee peer rar Vane . \ : AS Baa rah hm aS Pe Webs reece yee = etee The Singer Sewing Machine C.., operating large American end Britis ! ! + and needle factcries, is the worid's Llargect maker cf Sewing—mach ine needles. Before the war the United Kingdon was th. Largest foreign buyer of United States a sewing-machine needles, ususliy teking 4 or © percent of the domestic cutput. Exports greatly exceed importe. The macnine manufacturers whe make needles benefit frem a tendency of users of their mechines ts buy needles from the same seurce. Fmbroidery machines, ex- “aK 3 cept certain small types, are nut made in the United States; they ere imperted ‘nly from Germany and Switzerland and t. seme extent from aa United Kingdom. i) a] Aithough imports cf embroidery needles are nut ceparately rerorted, it is probsble that the needles used in these foreign—-built machines are Ae mostly cf foreign origine Fmbroidery michine needles are used much less videly than scwing-machine and shoe=-machine needles. MACHINE NEEDLES, EXCEPT KN TLPTING ~Continued Machine needles, except knitting: United States imports for con sian sedis by kind and principal. sources, 1939 a nn er ee —_—_— >. Total : | SET Loree re ‘ Principal sources 3 value .3.. me a a i a ne Shoe machine -~------------: | B18: Germany} 18 Sewing and embroidery. _ ie 3 machine ----~----------—=: 34,194 ¢ German yas, 944; NETHERLANDS, 8,295; ik seth : -: UNITED KINGDOM, $6,238 are 1/ Includes Austr fficial sta mere Ee of the a S. eee era Commerce. ; Par . N O . 343 40 UNITED KINGDOM NEEDLES, HAND (CROCHET, KNITTING, AND TAPE NUEi ES); BODKINS, AND NEEDLE CASES OR BOOKS /HAND-SEWING AND DAL NTN ‘Ana ARE FREE OF DUTY, PAR. 1724./ Stat. import classes (1939): 6162.0, 6162.7, 6162.8, 6162.9 United States rroduction, exrorts, and imports, 1927-39 and 1943 Imports for consumption from-- |. py UNITED | f ' J ‘ Japan ‘Germany - KINGDOM 4 P Pith Domestic Year | Production | exports Czecho- | “slovakia Value (dollars) ¢ : H 1937-—-| nea Neg- | 142,889 530030, | 29,612 | 42,123,| , 15,887 1996—=[ news ee t 9o.2% 48,400 | 15,034, 25,929 9,581 1939 {| 2/500,000 | © ~*8- | LOS RUA Tort 7 ARITA vg 34,959, 16, 38¢ 902 1943-= eae” LbLe tc 4} S467 5551. 00 ney ial ” ay Inciudes iusiri ia beginning 138. ee Estimated. . i ieee Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce, excep os, noted. Item United States tariff _ Proposed , negotinting RCUrOL L945 scountry 1920 rate ° Ate Par, 34) . CAs Crochet needles or hooks ----—--- fo5 per ies M.+ 40% per M ad val. + 140% ad ival. UNITED. KINGDOM Tape, knitting, and all other needles, n.s.p.f., and bod- ; Wines of metal (=k 15% ad IY 30¢ ata orem ee 20 vel. UNITED KINGDOM Needle cases or needle books | meen eu ne furnished with assortments of needles or combinations of ' needles and other articles: If furnished with assort ments of needles only Ent valued at not less than - . ‘1.25 rer dozen cases or ; Sale ee ae I oe SE L5% ad py ae % val. ad val. UNITED KINGDOM ALL etner 2+... 45% ad 45% ad val. val. UNITED KINGDOM 2 4 ay Trade agreement with the ‘United Kingdom, effective January 1 ; ; Note.— The duty on the imrorts of crochet needles or hooks in 1939 was equivalent to 46.5 percent ad valorem. Comment Needles are commonly made of steel. Crochet and knitting needles, imror- tant types of needles used in: making garments and othcr articles by hand, are also made of aluminum, celluloid, casein, artificial horn, and bone, They are made in a varicty of sizes and etna dd derending upon their use. , Tare needles and bodkins are usually made of steel, nickel plated. Consumption of crochet and knitting needles is derendent uron the vogue for hend-made garments; tape needles and bodkins, as well as needie cases fitted with assortments of needles and other articles, are limited in demend. py | 47 NEEDLES, HAND “(CROCE aa, AMITTING, AND TAPE NEEDLES); BODKINS, AND NEEDLE CASES OR BOOKS /HAND-SENING AND Dai/iNG NEEDLES ARE YPREE OF ‘DUTY, PAR. 1724/-~Continued. Only 2 relatively few. comcanies in the United States make crochet and knit- ---ting needles ond relzted articles as their rrincipal rroducts; a somewhat Ce larger number make needles in conjunction with 4ther products. - Ordinery hand- “= sowt ng ar -darning. needle Sasa imported in needle cases or books, are eee fate inthe United States Domestic manufacture of needle causes or books . 4s.for. the. most, part an pe process carried on by comparatively snall concerns engaged in a variety of related activities. ~"” sili There eve no statistical date résrestine jer ii noc to tne ids z . ‘exports. Such-exports as occur The United Kingdon, Germany,’ and Ozechoslovakia have been the chief sources of .crochet.and knitting needles; ‘ the U A Kingdom, of tare needles and bodkins; and Jacan, of needle cxses or books furnished with assortments of needles and other articles. (See: table below.) During the war imrorts, chiefly fron the United Kingdom, declined to neg- ligible qudntities. ' In the postwar period competition beticen British ana United turers for the somewhat Limited domestic anephet for crochet and kn ig likely to be resumed. 5. cA states manufac— tting needles Crochet, tare, . knitting, and other neccles, n.s.p.f.; bodkins of metal, and needle cases or books: United States imrorts for consumption, by kinds, and by vrincipeal sources, 1939 Kind " Potel value > Oe Principal sources Crochet needles or hooks --------- : 439,075 : UNITED KIN ne Sop ls : : Gormany>5/#'7,21 3 Geechoslova akia, : £35u Tape, knitting, and other necdles,: a MesaVelay ny podkins of metal --: 54,,086 : UNITED KINGDOM, $41,373; : Pre CG. andy ais Germanys $2, 4473 Czechoslovakia, $543 Needle cases or books, with ss- : : sortments of needles or combins- ; : tions of necdiles and other : 3 articles: : H Furnished with aPpnwrendicn & of : : neecles only, velued 71.25 or : : bee Mir Deh more por dozen --~-----~-~--—---- : Jig LIO : UNITED KINGDOM, £729; aRERICCL : : $342; Japen, £99 Other ~-------~----~-- ~~ ——3 145793 = Saban ty $13,3455 pie KINGDOM, : : 51.038; Germany =7:-380. 1/ Includes Austrin. | Sources nagiordde 2 i ticssor, the U1. eter of Commerce. Par. No. 344 UNITED KINGDOM 13 CYLINDNIC: s Al, STEEL ROLES, GROUND AND POLISHED Stat. import classes (1939): 620.16 and 620.06 United States production, exports, and imrorts, 1937-39 end 1943 ee Se a eae ene ret eee te eT eh ee Te nm pt ee ee : Imports for consumption from—— Domestic exports All UNITED | pron eee | countries | KINGDOM | ks gah foe, aie in ; e ; Year | Production Quantity (pounds) | H See al ad | ‘a | a } i 5 ey BSiny Y( = =a ai aveil- | eavail- | saat ted | U,40 1,200 fein te able able ie ugk ravers one § ri 1943 : | - | ~ cet sr i ss gS SSeS iss sss pl ssa lp yess Gp pesn sessions st cS SSE NASD | alue {dollars | | Nc J ! Bo ; 5 Item Inited States tariff Proposed negotiating Act of 1945 country § mrt 1930 rate ; Perc ent cad ad valorem Pare 344 Cylindrical steel rolls,valued st 253 and over per pound: Conteining alloy----------~-----~—--- 40 40 UNITED KINGDOM Other-~------~-~---~---~---------~-- Z25 25 do. The cylindrical steel rolls here discussed are used tc roll cold strip steel, aluminum und copper sheets :nd foil, and, by the Jowelry napa to, roll -platinun, gold, and other precicus metels. They are of fine quadity, hnve a high polish, and are used where fine finishes sre required. These rolls -re mace in many Ssizes——mostly according to the specifie:.ticns : HarswkFade Eats % Lace 4M alae” ty Sab awn : : ! to ¢ : a ‘ 7 . ' 7 : ‘ : isn) Pics ; ky ed ‘ ; : ; , ; ; F, arte garg of OE Sed Pe) fy pod Foal ait 7" ea ae apo TS A - he. 4 Pow wor das Nh eee ee ae ‘ : ‘ ip 5 8 Foo odes 0 ‘ “s ; « Bret ih hath = * + peg ; ‘ ' aaa L Fx -s oe: ASS fonds a, ae OF 4¥ | ou $ ¥ fp « Fiaiad OA 58 sith d~egttael ee aS . ry oe "aby ‘e ~ YON MOT CE nt yes Cx Oped sat atiicid aliments tat:; ‘ ee ' a ae letdletiheeaied litte inie diated heat his tmeiadeded ‘oie ‘ a ' gi j : 4 Ly, ie Pawontyy 4 Ls oe ‘Y JA’ PS ah GEE toe , .- o (06ers {hw bho Ibe oy Heath ay bbws usoadgss jwxurt! aliens se, Soevn mee) eine ns Ede Ws iv et a ‘tok, tj,! 7, vd & De A rng a ah i gehioy Mehta ood ta ons See Woe ‘Whines oper Ne ak SHE a? Chat, wee Nene 4's tenteank 3 J turbed political and economic conditions in the United Kingdom. 50 HARNESS AND SADDLERY HARDWARE--Continued Harness end saddlery hardware; United States imports for consumption, Da ie by principal sources, 1939 — ae “ vl fe ee ae” . oe 5 wie ze 4 roantomsre piieepiiteampastbinl tte atdduiiiabaiiaiidial . Total value + Principal source Harness hardwarces . . ri : : ee ae Not. plated with gold or ‘silver ------ te. 3,003 : UNITED KINGDOM, {:2,694; | comnen owes : Germany, #1,151 4/ +--+ — Di ated- with. gold. or gliverie 3a: 38 : Mexico, #38 Saddlery hardivares ms ome Not plated with gold or silver -------: 11,639 © : UNITED KINGDOM, #11,502 Plated with gold or silver ----------- 2 308 . +: UNITED KINGDOM, $308 aves: aglly Rate of cuty 35 percent. Germany includes Austria Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Sh, bent Par. No. 346 METAL BUCKLES aie CZECHOSLOVAKIA ; + UNITED KINGDOM Stot. import classes (1939): 679.15, 679.16, and 679,17 United States production, exports and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 ‘Imports for consumption :from—~ | divota Domestic — ae a ls ae. em Year Production exports All UNITED ||. CZECHO-. |. Brance countries | KINGDOM | SLOVAKIA eon Guantity (thousend) 1937. —4 - 5,109 SE) eb Slee Wivecoari él wala LO pie aa fe, 2 Ee lee bynel Teh ; 4 pen ie nn | A089) « “eebesialoalnon ayant 1,864, Vig 280i een eu, BDO 230 ISAS qaseiden hae stowg| OF owe Camfed eee | = head ‘aide ee 1937 13,025 ee Poe oa i383 {| 8,584 2506 293 43 4058 _ | 11,966 —— 5AS 503 2,576. - ts - ug Includes” 376 thotisind buckles’ valued at #25481, imported from Mexico. .... Mi tele d >] 2/ Khovn to be muck in excess of imports. Source: Official statistics” of the U. & Department -of Commereee -~---- ~~: Item ; United States tariff * Proposed ~ : negotiating Act, of 1925. ¢ ts ' country 1930, . . rate ; ) Belt buckles, trouser buckles, and waistcoat buckles, shoe or slip- per buckles, and parts thereof, made wholly or partly. of. iron, steel, or other base metal: Valued at not more than 20::cents L/ , | Y per, hundred ee » 5 per, = 5¢ pen ' CZECHOSLOVAKIA bylOO & eT Pawo + — j 20% ad val. 20% ad val. Valued ‘at mofe than 20 and not’ more than 50 cents per hun-. / bec cee go Be ots Mii eet ea et _ UNITED KINGDOM 100 + 100 + 20%ad val. 10%ad val. Valued at more than 50 cents and "et not more than $1.66-2/3 per. _ Ot ene Ne OT ENON ee ee Kelme nec Fake * gos a TOG tm 2UOF / . e AHA 20¢ad val. 10%ad val. V/ Reduced to 34¢ per hundred plus 10 percent ad vaiorsm in the trade agreement with Czechoslovakia, effective from April 1938 to April; 1939. 2/ Trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January 1939. Note.— The duty on total imports of metal buckles valued at not more than 20 cents per hundred was equivalent to 62 percent ad valorem in 1937 and 51 percent in 1939; on those valued.at more than 20 and not more than 50 cents per hundred, 46 percent in 1937 and 27 percent in 1939; "and on those valued it more then 50 cents and not more than #1.66-2/3 per hundred, 33 psrcent in 1937 and 20 percent in 1929, 52 METAL BUCKLES ~ Continusd Comment ‘The belt, trouser, waistcoat, and shoe or slipper buckles provided for in paragraph wae, are made principally of iron, steel wire, brass wire, sheet steel, sheet brass, or a combination of thes: materials. Théy are‘usueily japanned, nickled, bronzed, or otherwise .coated or plated, and polished. The manufacture of buckles inthe United States is earried-.on-largely-in.con- junction with. the nanufa .cture of such small Hin Se Peon as snap fasteners, hut— tons, and metal trimmings for suspenders and garters. The vaiue of domestic, pro- Guction is not: available, “Dis it ia believed to be ai greater than the value of imports. ‘a Ricaiein Wom si tte wad de eeae bh eae hae mame eon eine, United ‘States narra of Grecian ere not over 20 cénts “pe f hondred came chiefly from Germany until 1934, when Czechoslovakia became the — incipal.-supplier. Buckles valued over 20 cents and not ov4r- 50 cents. per hundred have coms. principally from the United Kingdom, except in 193% and 1939 when Czechoslovskis was the source of more than half of the im»vorts. Buckl«s valued over 50 cents and not. over 41 .66=2/3 per: hundred -have been-imported: mainly- from the-United. Kingdom, and have constituted the most important’class in tarms of v-lue. The following table shows United States: siete for consumption of buCRies” of base metel,-for the years 1937 and 1939. Buckles of'-base metal: United States imports for consumption, preglnebtinieycociphadthatiatsdnsoanabilies _ - by value bracke ts, in 1937 and 19 39 Item... .. ‘ Quantity ; Value. , Principal. source ; Number 1937 Buckles:for belts, 2023 ound. : ee _trousers, (datos tee : : : hee Slippers, of ; 30 ~ iron, steel, or base 3 = H metal, and parts: : 5 5108 937 : #13 02>. s Valued not over 20 cents: : BET OEE FORD, ARPT he por } + 4,378,661 : 55227 : peak a og » 4 282,160 buckles Valued over 20 cents : : ee anne ey ue vaya not over 50 cents nee : $ ; : hundred — 3 64,512 3 het ied UNITED. KINGE DOM, 61,920: buckles Valued over 50 cents, : : 3°) andeh23iu not over $1.66-2/3 pers > 8:3: Be eaters hundred ~-~-------——-~} 665,764: 3 7,551 +: UNITED KINGDOM, 656,116 buckles iay eee : 4. and Oi heey A 9 2 ‘ L939 Buckles for belts, ‘: 3 : trousers, waistcoats, ‘: $ ; shoes. or slippers, of: : : iron, steel, or base 3 : H metal, and parts: SEU SOL OT sa. LBV OSes Valued not over 20 cents: ‘ H per hundred ———-~--+ 615,344 : 650 3 CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 300,000 buckles | ie : ws : : and $301; - France,: 200,000 | : : : buckles and #231. eae Valued over 20 cents, 3 : eR not over 50 cents per 3: 3 o2% : ‘hundred - : 98,960 : 397 3: Czechoslovakia, 50,0060 buckles : 3 2 cand: #244; UNITED KINGDOM, | : : : : 48,960 buckles and #153. -. Valued over :50 cents, $ : bi : not over $1.66-2/3 per: : : hundred sates) 1 1A9, 903.2) 22,01)> 3 UNITED KINGDOM. 2016769) Inigo : : *- and $11,695. Source: Official statistics of the 0. S. Department of Commerce. 2 METAL BUCKLES -— Continued The processes employed in the manufacture of buckles are about the same abroad as in the United States, and thd lower cost of labor, which represents a consider— able part of the total cost, tends to give an advantage to foreign producers. The duties on the two higher value brackets were reduced by the trade agreement with the United Kingdom effective January 1939. The value of imports from the Uniited Kingdom in 1939 was considerably larger than in previous years. However, probably mainly because of the disturbed political and economic conditions at that time 2nd the concomitant decline in imports from Czecheslovakia, which enter principally under the lowest value bracket, total imports in that year were no larger than entered in 1937. ris el , bi -sboeg sat Swan’ Siem tikes th) Sagat iid 8 wae yee this © Bowie HB ENT het Te Sgt mew, Ome nth yor att onbertg ayhvert. od eRapacithe. 4 rly © gh ROS 4 eta PS Voda” gd ke ele ex vasrtd Age ell i ARS bat PL koreans Ter eb era ey (Nipaderey, core anit geting annie wt ey (Mae eae Sengido auth Mytoe stesheonie Gene st lonatrcanta | a tg rene bowie ge Sates eds tae” srhipieiens 4 not wes ont ak © set? ryt ent whew ees fade ab ce eae ) cE wv P oP tl . ites if mgs fete mie Se a A, nara Priori mira ete Pee hy rrr Ad seeks es ee a woml 602 SRpmit ; COP Sl ed in Fs en ey ay F ie \ : yr LJ i a us Pr. Aves i) wy =e nth tae ifs 7 a. LP aie te D4 Par. No. 347 HOOKS AND BYES, METALLIC CZECHOSLOVAKIA Stat. import class (1939): 679.31 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 ——— imports for consumption from—— nn at ‘ Domestic . — a Yee. P roduction exports | ALI , Ge rmany 1/ Walted | ae Cy CHO— | Ravaite | countries | Kingdom | SLOY, ' ‘KIA Cuantity (pounds) 1937- Not | Not ae i A ok? eae ae 10 | NERS: a oe tote haexane avail- | 3,368 152 | 6) pig } 1 ageee 1939- | able able 437 | 43 | ee - | - 194,3- i lone) - | es | ie ace Me 1937- | 246,696 Not | 1,688 Bes | B. | auseee | a 1938- | Nea yedie tt» 5,323 en 13 1,647 1,463 1939- | 235,773 able | 415 | ae L | ab | - 1943- Nee ‘a text) scale —-—-: ae Includes Austria beginning 1938. Sources Official statistics of the U. &. Department of Commerce. Item United States tarirr Y Proposed negotiating Act of 1945 country 1930 rate Pais. Jae Hooks and eyes, wholly or in chief velue of metal, whether loose, earded, or otherwise, including woight of cards, cartons, and immediate wrappings and labels ~ 4%3¢ 1b. L4k¢ 1b. CZECHOSLOVAKIA + 25% + 25% ad val. ad vel. 1/ The ad valorem equivalent rate of duty based on 1939 imports amounted to 30 percent. Comment Hooks and eyes are garment fasteners made of wire. They have declin a sharply in »opularity since the early 1930's when annual production in the United States was valued at over 1 million dollars. This decline has been due to the increasing use of snap fasteners and more recently to the use of slide fasteners (zippers). Domestic exports are not reported separately in official statistics, but the trade claims that occasionally exports have been fairly substantial. E y The principal foreign producers have been Germany, England, Belgium, and oO 2 echoslovakia. For many years the first two countries were the principal sources = imports into the United States, but in the late 1930's Czechoslovakia became the leading supplier. ef oy ia at SHOT GE wks au val} Ve avtseiscdy -— A tina wodats Leg enti ty ee ci a > Talfo. OE Fo a | . sg Gths REGAINED My hee + es aS. + MAE 4) Ouro, Gia es wha be giag ba | @ bodan.ws abtinmtl CECL wo eead ae - y be paiavlupe avtnde? ta © - featiowh etiet nett sorely ‘ye phen eretoders seomery | ‘Detinl at wt seczoubon Eauaem sate ORL eae mit ot aah ead ec wet togh & warndlob eximfaet of iar to one od? of ne 7 Aa oot Bie’ | ead tod ,eobduidate taser thy Soha : se 1p ohn taend ra ihe) oe : J { Corer roi ay ae . Lao a 55 Par. No. 348 SNAP FASTENERS, CLASPS, AND PARTS, — CZFCHOSLOVAKIA NOT PLATED WITH PRECIOUS METALE, VALUED NOT MORE THAN #1.66-2/3 PsR HUNDRED Stat. import classes (1939): 679.51 -679«54. United States vroduction, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 Donestic exports Production ee SLOVAKIA | | | 7 | all, | countries Value (collars) Japan 1937 nea. | Saat 9 36,386 | 24,113 520), 193% na. | Not a) ‘93 39,891 31,211 536 1.939 ) ile 4 917 82 3 94,104 - 3494, EUG? Neds | able 2/ af 239 a = ay Includes Austria beginning 1938. 2/ Probably smaller than imports. 3/ Includes el! 99 imported from Ganads. Source: Official statistics of the U.S. opt haem of Commerce. Y . Ttem Unite tates. tart i Proposed ncgotiating Act of 1945 country 1930 rite Pereent sa valorem Snap fasteners, clasys, and ;arts, not, platec with gold, silver, or platinum, valuec not more taan $1 .66-2/3 oer hundreds: aati east sae and parts: Not iscunted on tape -----——— aces on tape - Other fasteners, clasros, and nartss / Not mounted on tape =) og DO. Mounted on tape —--———--- 60 2/60 Do. if Rate reduced to 30 percent in trade agreement with Czechoslovakia, effective April 1938, but terminated HOvTS Les 2} Rate reduced to 35 percent in trade agreement with Czechoslovakia, «ffective April 1938, but gana pees | Acril 1939. 5h CZEC HOSLOVAKIA Do. ONAN Own Cc oO Comment ——- There are two types of snap fasteners, sew-on ond rivet. The sew-on fasteners are used principally on wearing ayjtearel. Rivet fasteners, as the name imolies, are riveted to the article; they are used on a wide variety of articles such as gloves, galoshes, pocket books, belts, cays, and umbrellas. Among the articles included as clasps are spring rings, hooks for the ends of belts or Gennes certain types of jeweler's supplies, and swivel snay: hooks for watch chains. United States yroduction ceclined in velue from 8 million dollars in 1919 to about 5.5 million dollars in 1929 and to less than 2.5 million dollars in 1939, dus larecly to changes in the styles of women's clothes and to the increasing -ovularity of slide fasteners (zippers). Domestic exports are small in comparison with production. Refore the war the lending foreign producers were Germany, Austria, Czecho-— slovakia, and France. Substntial quantities were also madeé in Japan. The principal suppliers of United Ststes imports were Germany and Czechoslovakia, Japan ranking a poor third. The bulk of the imports consisted of fasteners of the rivet—on tyye. Fane ng aa EK anid vooned wore ae Pear, te, if tawont ty m oe: aa 12 teks. ty mvt ehilog i Soa pe athe on md) | bombo» Pantset nary . vs “eehtten Soe i a ee ATRL -.. a. Semana” ee how nici ron © mis ghrarin ynved ~- a + 3 ot r# a5 2 Gin “ve ole . i le etl ty © Oa sass oq ro hain evitesi's ,alterofecdned) ditty reaeaen ahedt ‘at Fasrret: vo we, Spbninet 2 ; eX , PETE Lire Bonn ankowne? ; f iedbed oe hitow'tt+ ,tkevaLeodoe st Ag 2 Erma marys eho we danotoy Pk Oe. yonet | ny RY ACME Lit4sA cormunahied did 4" i a F a ; are baa ttested gt Laks woe > “yt it se Fre bres ; (Ss, al PEt fe snindeilaatl fisiee: Vo) 7} Pe r > rss ae ge eae, ¢ radi ae Ms ci i t mn Aner way : wad ait whee,” ee 0 gstar te 4 ee ate ho LA 9 ee HOKE . agar § Rings * as wi Pogo ns ae sh r) ate Tee 1/ea « | 4 ie lan ...$1,2873; France, $649; ; . 3 CZECHOSLOVAKIA, $384 Trouser, steel ————------____—_ : 642. +: CZECHOSLOVAKIA,. $64? Metal buttons, n.esep.f, —-—----: 2,781 +: UNITED KINGDOM, $2,774 1/ Includes Austria. 3 Source: Official statistics of the U. S, Department of: Commerce, 98 Par. No. 350 , WITED KINGDOM i : S a eiainchoad SZECHOSLOVAKIA Stat.'import classes (1939) : 679 633-679 .36 United States production, exportia,”€ and | imports; 1937-39 and. 1943 t i Oe ae ‘Imports for consumption from ais | UNTTEDA Fle ozeCHO— countries | xINapom: ‘(© omeny SLOVAKIA ‘Domestic Production exports Year : | | | i Value (dollars (2) or gee leak BLoie2a le | Pie. | 7” 1937 | SQ b OKA TO re tivina ss Vem ba0 la Olstl 1 Lh oesoeT | AL, 549 | 28,546 19380) |iatemaa vo broinvesy. | niabohee. | 40,019 ' | 25,092 “| °'59,608 --) 14, 866 1939 |. 6,296, 352 “ 30,076 | 57,998 1 36,284" 125,330 9, 000 1943 |2/5,000,000| 2>4e (ane! 073 | 692 | Pye oo eee 1/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 2/ Estimated. 3/ Includes $360,406 from Mexico and %8,672 from Argentina. ' Source: Official statistics of the U. 5. Department of Commerce,except as noted. Item. - - Ws - » United. States. tariff - Proposed -: - | negotiating Act of » Jerry ed country 1930 — b MLS rate Percent ad valorem Pare sou ' Metal pins: “ Common or dressmakers! --~--------- 35 | i/ 30 UNITED KINGDOM Hair -- ------------- a 1/ 30 do. Safety —~~--—~~-----H 35 fern AB: +3 CZECHOSLOVAKIA ares a ct 35 ce | UNITED KINGDOM ang Trade egreement with United Kingdom, effective Jarnuary 1939. 2/ Safety pins were dutiable at 30 percent under the trade agreement with echoslovakia from April 1938 to April 1939. ) Somment Metal pins classified in parsgraph 350 are of base metal, principally steel and brass, not ee with gold or silver. A few, such as Hint t pins and florist pins, ha Ais heads of glass, paste, or fused enamel. Pins of precious metal or plated-with precious metel are classified as jewelry in paragraph 1527. The United States is one of the leading world Sag SG Practicaily all types of pins are made in this country in substantial quantities, except hat, florist, mourning, and similar pins with heads of glass, . sete) or enamel, the demand for which is comparatively smali and is supplied principelly by imports. The bulk of the demand for common, hair, end safety pins is supplied by the domestic manufacturers. Probably three-fourths of these pins ere produced in Connecticut. In 1939, the last year for which complete acho aaa data are available, domestic output was valued at over $6,296,600, of which $1,530.000 wes for common pins, $3,139,000 for hairpins and #1627, G00 for safetypins. Production of miscel- laneous types is nov reported separately but is known voc be small. The principal foreign markets for the American pins are in nearby countries, but the total amount exported is small in comparison with domestic production or with exports from the United Kingdom and Germany, the leading countries in the international trade. Prewar exports from Germuny were generally two to three times greater than those from the United Kingdom, probably principally because of Germany's ability to undersell the British in most foreign markets. 59 METAL PINS-Continued ¢ After World War I, imports into the United States increased steadily until et 1929, even though the duty was increased from 20 percent 35 percent in the act ef 1922. After 1929 there was a continuous decline in imports, both in total value and in relation to: domestic production, although the duty remained unchanged. Before World. Wan. IL,.imports. were principally from the United Kingdom, Germany, Czechoslovakia; end Japan, the last two countries becoming important late ingthe interwar period. Pins imported from the United Kingdom were of high quality, comparing favcrably with those produced in the United States. They consisted | princivedliy. et: common or. dressmaker-pins and hairpins.* Before 1933 safetypins imported principally from Germany, but after that ye _MigseelLlaneous ‘types were principally from Germany snd Japan. With normal sources cut off by the war, Canada became tne leading suppliér of United States imports ,of common pins and hairpins in 1943. Mexico supplied the few safetypins that, were imported, and the United Kingdom and Spain the miscel-— laneous pins. . Imports by kina and principal sources for 1939 are shown below. rea SZ P were [ Ye SAAS Omak fron, Cz POU LOMA wo Metal pins: United Stéetes imports Tor consumption, by kind, Ns and by principe? souress, 1939 . sees Kind 3 Veale Principal sources. ee ee a we ce ee ee oe ee ree ee ee ee ——— ° . ommon or dressmaker pi ec «eae mp aq 02.69" Common ae pins. : $30,468 ; UNT TED KINGDOM, $23,521; Czechoslovekie, : : $5,102; Germany.,1/ $1,675. Metal hair TWN) tes es . a 5 : ; TIT Wer Att Ge OE pins Pers pa sn Le KINGDOM, $26,9593 Germany 2#/#4.,4423 : : Japan, #1,406 Safest ata fin En fg a Eee Se ee eae y 4s : LNT RS Se an a j.' 7 ™ 4 ig } ypins -- : ey DOd : CZECHOSLOVAKIA, $19, 666; Germany 418, 288; :-- United Kingdom, $3,150 Other pins (hat, florist, :; : ete. Nadie (stamens bl A ° 2 « (erm: 3 if 7 ) 23,940 : Germany; $11,879; Japan, $6,140; : ; UNITED KINGDOM, $4,368 1/ Includes Aistria. A te 7 - ae ty a mane \ £8 . Loe . lay Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. ~n the trade agreeme bys at . : : : aud Sek ee Gee cay deme” nee URE USED? sakane Caeser Wai en baat gucaanne Tee ak o a carte a hairpins was reduced by one-seventh, but the reduction did Coir i i es Mee z gel as a wy > ~ a ar ba | : oe 7 = ; gi by taht poeeigeoled oe (which had then absorbed Czechoslovakia). Imports from the united Kingdom in. 1939 were ; te ; Pi = oo 2 hing a Sh ee considerably larger tha 38 3 5 ; Par. Now 351 OO UNITED KINGDOM PENS, METALLIC, EXCEPT GOLD Stat. import classes (1939): | 9790.1, $ ghar ats United States production, exports, ane Psi igh 1937-39 and 1943 Rrra consumption from—— UNITED KINGDOM : ‘ Cir beet year Procuction 5 ; Ge : exports ALL countries —_— ] 1937 ---- DEO al) Pax ach RO 3%4, 828 frets 1,434 ; omar: 4 1938.--——| Nee | TR3 5509 No. yeas OG af. 220, 630 - i |, 1939 ---- Lemos 34 ¢ | 139,471 281,407 | .. 280,875. re ae 1943 --—-| 2,138,000 | 470,692 | Y/ 18,156 | 16,000 | ty, eee j i i } Suiess i & | Value (dollars) es - eh 1937 ----| 1,161,346 118,003.|. “144,859 29473-1938 | jail 1938 axa" ade Nea. ls Pe Ey OM oa 955 an, | 94,545 | ey ie | ‘ i rea tae 978,808. 125,040,| 104,549 | 104,390 BOTs. i. ooo nea. |, 283,290 |: YS 6 Add : 5,902 | ee EE AE TESS, Se ene ea REN ER er Includes 2,135 gross, valued at $517, entered free as an act of international courtesy. - a a: Source: Official statistics of the U.'5. Department of Commerce, Item United States tariff Proposed Act of 1945 country 1930 rate Cents per gross PAT. 354. Pens, not ee provided Tors - A sete Ansel Pee eT ae ed Cf plain or carbon steel ---~--- ase 2 ma Se Deak abcpcare ae UNITED KINGDOM Wholly or in. part-of other ~ : ; -— ee se Sor as metal —-——=<—-—---—+—----~-+----_- 18 were Eset ensplanraemerger Aoswegimy Any of the, fcregoing with nib | Lie Be PR aehe end barrel in one piece --—~~ “0 Y/ 1 pl do. l/ Trsde-agreement with the United.Kingdom, effective January 1939. Note.— The tee of duty on haa? imports. of pens of plain.or:carben steely equivalent to 35 percent ad valorem; on pens wholly or.in part of other me Le 36 percent; and on pens with nib end barrel in one piece, 15 percent. as pw] 7 ai 9 ‘ Comment aie Pens (aiso known as penpoints or nibs) are commonly made from high-carbon strip steel. Others are made of RRBBR, nickel silver, or stainless steel; some are plated with tin, brass, silver, or gold. Pens with nib and barrel in one piece are largely used by draftsmen and artists. Approximately 75 percent of domestic consumption of pens is by large users, such as schools, banks, large industrial concerns, and governmental agencies, with whom price is a controlling factor. The remeinder of the consumption is meinly by consumers who are influenced relatively more by brand than by price. The trade in pens with nib and barrel in one piece is relatively unimportant because of limited demand. 6) F J PENS, METALLIC, EXCEPT GOLD—Continued The domestic industry consists of five manufacturers, located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and New York, whe also produce related stationery items. The industry employs about 370 persons. u————"THE United Kingdom has: leng been the.only important source of pens imported into.the United States. Approximately 80 per pens are the _ products of two British concerns whose brands are well established in the United States. These concerns have alse afforded United States producers severe compe— "tition in’ foreign markets. -- +. ... tlie : Bc cent of the imported Caren t, Fic Ce Followitig the outbreak of the war in Europe, sales of domestically produced pens increased as « result of increased industrial activity, cessation of imports, and expanded exports. By 1943 imports had declined to negligible quantities, end United States exports, which represented about one-tenth of production in prewar yeors, had reached their highest level since 1920. There is little possibility of increasing the consumption of pens in the “United Stetes because -of increasing. competition from fountoin pens and from book- keeping, billing, computing, end other office machines which have supplanted pens to a large extent. When the Eritish again become active in the trade, United States imports from that country wiil no doubt be resumed and United States exports will probe>5iy decline because of British competition in foreign markets. “Noteithstanding the reduction in the duties by the trade agreement with the Yoitec Kingdom, effective January 1, 1939, the ratio of imports cf pens to domestic prcoucticn was no higher in 1939 then in 1937. That fact may, however,’ have been duc in part to disturbed economic conditions in the United Kingdom. Pens, metallic, except gold: United States imports for consumption, by kinds, by principal sources, 193 XO Kind ’ Total value ‘ Principal sources Pens: of plain or carbon steel -~-: $50,622 ; UNITED KINGDOM, $50,608; Germany, +’ hese i igs Pens of other metal,:nis.p.f.' -—-: 50,500 : UNITED KINGDOM,.450,460; Japan, ghd : :. $34... Canada, w6 With nib and barrel in one piece She UNITED KINGDOM, $3,322; France, $563 Japan, wA9. ee oe ee ee ee my at a 7 i“ ae ic f° TN Rm ey boe U. S. Department of Commerce. rar, Nod, 352 62 UNITED EINGDOM CUTTING TOOLS WITH SPECIFIED ALLOYS Stat. import class (1939): 615.65 United States production, exports, and imrorts, 1937-39 and 1943 a omesti Year Production Domestic exports -_——- Not Anti | 1,901 avail- 4,142 | 2,175 | - 1,796 B.dao’.o4 112 334 609 | 513 ) $1 G22 oo = 1939. === 1943 i/ Include x Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. able a3 294 (see text) 5 1937 | No | a, (ae, ei) pia Ver a inning 1938. 05 Iten United States tarts Prorosed negotiating Act of 1945 country 1930 rate Percent ad valorem Par. 352 Cutting tools of all kinds, contain- ing more then 0.1 percent of vanadium, or more than 0.2 rercent of tungsten, molybdenum, or chromium --~---—---— 690 60 UNITED KINGDOM Comment The materials in this classification consist of metal-cutting tools of com- rositions which cont®in more than O.1 percent of vanadium, or 0.2 percent of tungsten, molybdenum, or chremiun, and which are designed for use in drill fresses, gear cutters, lathes, milling machines, planers, shapers, slotters, and tarring and threading machines. To a large extent these are knoun as igh-speed tools, but substitutes for high-sreed tool steel, such as tungsten-carbide tools, are within the categoly. The value of production of these tools was reported at 44 to 45 million doi- ‘Lars in 1937 and 41 to 42 million in 1939. Actuelly the total value was some- what higher, as large esteblishments croduce substantial quantities of curvting tools for their ovwm use and the value of these is in cart reported under their costs of materials and suprlies. Imports have been negligible, consisting lergely of srecial tyres or srecial alloys. The crincipal cources have been the United Kingdom and Germany. Although export data are not comparable to import or production figures, ex- ports are known to exceed imports greetly, since the exrorts of carbon-steel and alley-steel tools in these categories amounted to errroximately 3 million dollars in 1937 and 1939, and to 2 million in 1938. ie BPE SH) ea | 7) econ Donen tic exporic — a a t pee: ale Pe29 Ge? 3 94,551 : i/ AL , 043 Imports for consumption from— : sinerenrvr 3 eee & carburetor type —------—----—-——— op 7s ww do. Other types, horizontal, not over 5,000 Ibs, each’ pois 39) yp ROE aetna | ba Snelice Other Phas horizontal, not over | 2,500 lbs. each Be teehee og Machines with electrical elements which would be dutiable under par. 372 if they could be de- Signed to operate without such --element, not specially provided 5 sie for in the tariff act or in trade — | agreements —--——- oe —— 35 3/27 her electrical goods the duty on moat i Which has been chanzed by trade tae agreements: Steam boilers (of special specified designs, with electrical ele— ments) Cooking stoves and ranges —-—-----— 35 Sa sad b I nite Go's as _—— 5/ 174 UNITED KINGDOM CAN ADA Washing machines —-——-—_----__—_ 35 Of 17aeen! UNITED KINGDOM Telegraph apparatus ——-—---—_—__—___ 3 PTT IE do. Resgey pray HG eet oe 35th Lhemen UNITED KINGDOM, NETHERLANDS 35,. uch. bf 20 | oe 6 Hi All other electrical goods dutiable under par. 353 (except those Shown above on which duties have not been changed by trade agree— . ments) —---—--——-—----——---—_- — 35 3/ 25 UNITED KINGDOM Bound in trade agreement with Sweden, effective Augu st 1935. Trade agreement with Sweden, effective August 1935, Trade agreement with United Kingdom, effeotive January 1939. Trade agreement with Switzerland, effective February 1936. ‘Trade agreement with Canada, effective January .1936, 25 percent; agreement Canada, effective January 1939, 173 percent. Trade agreement with Canada, effective January. 1939, .- Trade agreement with Netherlands, -effective February 1936. 65 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS—Continued Comment “The electrical manufacturing industry includes 20 or more. branches producing goods differing widely in character and in the conditions under which they are made and’ sold. : There is some overlapping between electrical and other industries in such products as vacuum cleaners and other electrically operated machines. Before the war ‘the output of the United States industry was somewhat over 2 billion dol- lars annually. About two-thirds of this value was of products dutiable, when imported, under paragraph 353. The rest fell mostly uncer other varagraphs of schedule 3, and included insulated wire, automotive electrical equipment, incan- descent lamps, lighting fixtures, conduit, storage batteries, anda meters. The output of the industry as a whole increased greatly during the war, althousch pro- duction of some. goods for civilian supply was stopped. Production, imports, and exports of the principal groups of products in 1939 are shown in the table below, Electrical apparatus dutiable under paragraph 353: United States production, exports, and ide haley 1939, by kinds In thousands of dollars Production . Imports , Fxports oe le ee Engineering equipment and motors a ae 356, 658i LOO 163 »708 Machines with, electrical elements =----------: 289,779 3 oy tas 24,484 Radio sets and apparatus ---—— a: ETO is he Ee ; alee Telephone and telegraph apparatus -~--------- : 94,496 : tdi. es 3,659 Wiring devices ------ —--~----------—- ==: olor sad ied IY | wit Ry tite Primary cells and flashlights: --_-_—_—_—__----; 30,095 : a7 ; Asihiad Electric. ranges -----~---~-~-~-~---~--—---+-- : 19,733 : cee 379 X-ray. and. electro-medicai apparatus —-------- : a Ee A ae 85 * Se eed Calculating machines ~-—----------------~-~-- : 8,608 : 7 ae 1,603 » All. eae —-~-~-~----------+~----------- ------- : Gy BL Re 533 : Ls BOL ‘Total Petelvn chk as ------- MRO SOAs tet Dee eats i OA soo 1/ Production, imports, and exports oniy partially comparable. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. The engineering type of equipment distinguished in the above ‘table includes generators and a large amount of equipment for transmitting and distributing ‘electricity; in addition to the ‘tt shown in the table, much similar equip- “ment is produced ‘which, when imported, is dutiable under tier paragraphs. The group. of machines with electrical elements includes such articles as houschold refrigerators S, cleaners, and portable tools, which contain driving motors, or other. electrical elements. The electrical element may be the nrincipal part of such a machine or only’a minor part, snd the’ practicability of replacing the electrical element with some other device has usuaily determined whether the equipment should be dutiable as an electrical or a nonelectrical machine. In various trade agreements the duties on such electrical machines have been made equal: to those also -rejuced on Similar nonelectrical machines dutiable under paragraph 372. Wiring devices consist. of. such articles as lamp sockets, and wall eMagee and outlets The item "primary cells® includes mostly common dry cells. The United States is the world's largest: producer and consumer of electrical goods. . Two manufacturers, General Flectric and Westinghouse, dale anearly full line of slectrical products, and together supply about one-quarter of all electrical equipment produced in this country. Their ample capital and eouipment cnsble them to build large, expensive apparatus which smaller companies cannot handle, and to engage intensively in research to promote technical progress. There are nearly 3,000 other producers, ranging from large enterprises to small shops making simple specialties. 65a ELECTRICAL APPARATUS—Continued Plectrical goods are also made in nearly all other countries, and are a large jtem in the ' production of ‘the leading incustrial countries. In Great Britain, Sermany, Switzerland, and Japan are poe ee firms with manufacturing facilities 4 smaller than those of the United States, but approaching this country in the size and quality of the apparatus which they can build. Sweden, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, and Czechoslovakia also are equipped to build heavy apparatus in a more limited range. All these countries produce most other kinds of elec- trical ee _ Fven in most primarily agricultural countries some electrical goods are’ made, ‘although usually in a limited range and. often of rather low quality. Sone cof the factors affecting trade in the more important. branches of the + ; u aL Merchandising goods.--The size of the United States market permits mass pro- duction of many kinds of electrical geno As, such as refrigerators and cleaners, witt. economies in production cost offsett oh a Lower labor rates often prevailing in foreign countries. Imports of this class of goods are small, while exports are large and go to all parts of the world, Sellers of goods of this kind must main- tain adeguate servicing faciiities, which small-scale operators have difficulty in maint caining. Nsom Engineering equipment.—-Heavy equipment such as large generators is not made by. mass production methods, but domestic manufacturers offer the advantages of close contact between buyer and seller in planning details of large installations, ease of cbtaining replacement parts, known performance,and uniformity of equip- ment throughout large systems. Purchasers often net ae contract.for much or all of their smaller equipment with the builder of the. heavy. units. Imports are usually unimportant. Telephone equipment.+—-The American Telephone and Telegraph Co., which uses perhaps 80 percent of all domestic equipment, manufactures most of its owm re- “quirements through a subsidiary, the Western Flectric Co. The remainder of its needs are suprlied by several independent manufacturers. . The independent tele- phone operatines companies obtain their equipment ete from Yestern Flectric and partly from the independent manufacturers. Imports are largely for the. telephone system of Puerto Rico, orned by the International Telephone and Telegraph Company; the apparatus comes from the company's factoyy in Belgium. X=ray_and therapeutic apparatus.--At times X-ray equipment has becn imported from the Netherlands because some buyers have favored the product of a particular company in that country. This firm is now manufacturing in the United States. Great Britain has not been e leading producer of X-ray equipment. Radio apparatus.--In ‘the United States there are many producers of radio equipment, some of whom design, assemble, and sell the. sets, while others supply a large portion of the partes Ssets International trade in radio apparatus is closely ers by patents on inventions developed in several countries. The United Kingdom is a large producer of radio apparatus, and under the existing patent Situation imports into the United States are likcly to remain small what- ever the rate of duty: . Electrical apparatus not clsewhere classificd.-—-This class,much the lergest in imports, but ranking fourth in domestic production, consists of a great variet, of goods. Imports include. novelties, special kinds of apparatus develoned abro:z and components and replacement parts. for imported apparatus. Imports are so miscellaneous that no one kind is of special importance. Imports so classified also comprise a proportion of goods probably belonging under other electrical classifications which cannot be correctly allocated because of insufficient descriptions cn entries. 65b ELECTRICAL APPARATUS-Continued Comparison.of United States snd British industry end trade.—-As the entire paragraph is proposed for negotiation with the United Kingdom, a comparison of. the electrical industries in the two countries is: of interest. Because of differences in reporting, statistics are not always strictly Co British production of electrical apparatus in 193 35, the last year ie iekepes ported, was valued at about 500 million dollars, roughly one-quarter of nen that in the United: States inwag37 (This comparison includes all equipment. re- ported, wherever dutiable under tlie United States tariff. It is probably more informative ‘than: one between both countries in 1935, as the United Kinedom emerged from the depression sooner than the United States.) British exports in 1937, however, amounted to nearly 100 million dollars,’ two-thirds as great as United . States exports. Of this amount about. 70 million dollars worth went to British. __ countries, while the United. States supplied the same British countries with about 45 million dollars: worth, and exported another 14 million dollars worth: te: the United Kingdom itself... The United States imported only slightly over £300,000 from the United Kingdom.,’ In the table below are show United States production. in 1937 of electrical apparatus dutiable under paragraph 253, British production.- f approximately the - ame | geet in 1935, and United States and British exports and imports for 19375 ° . Electrical goods dUitebrestinder gs aragraph 353: United States anc British producticn, exports, and imports, 193 In. thousends of dollars a SR Reroduction 2s _ Imports : Exports wont = “United : : “Tnited : ~: United »a,United. »:United : States “Kitttome-ahates : Kingdom : States :Kingdom | : > (1935) ; ‘identmagalrt eee Engineering equipment : : : sana Ale : and motors. ~-----~------+ ey PLT yB86.- 93,600, + 158d 9 By 3, wih yO 39st, 25 LOO Machines with electrical: - : : : : elements if —-----~--~-- : Bo agoa! = 2hybO0 : 350.3 Di ahs RY See ie TAB. Radio sets and apparatus: 256,984 : 88,600 : 94.3 OyGOO.e Seyl0O! sete Telephone and telegraph ; - - : : : apparatus —-------~----~-- - 125 5083. .£ 27,5900 3 29 : 720 2 3754s LOO Wiring devices —-------~ : 62,390 ¢ 16,300 2 ee ae VigGat toy! « emo #2). es Primary cells and flash-: : : : : ; lights -~----~---------- ; ehsoet & 27,L00-% oP 3 Tite: Ul) 4,66. E20 Electric ranged =—-—~-~ : Paes. nee e 2 a ma. 3 400 s n.a X-ray and electro- : : : : : ; medical apparatus ----- : Doaeta t benOr & AUL gO. a By Ota 88 270 AQ) other Dee eee : 249,038 : 26,400 98: ‘ 1630 ¢ 1,584,679 yates Bo ie aa hee 2 1985 © nee, 1/ This clas at ane iy is not we il gotten. Only certain important machines are included in the statistics, and figures for United States and United Kingdom are only pertially SH Rene able. 2/ Less than 500. Source: Production from Fifth Census of Produetion of Great Britain and official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce; exports and imports from Trade of United Kingdom and official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. ELECTRICAL APP ‘ . = Shas. . . ane ie 65e AT ARAT m TVs —~Continued Includes Austria. Source: Official statistics nf santmant of Electrical epoarat bus an eee DES sidor erbarent: 3533 — United etates imports for consumption, by ay bee with principal sources, 1939 sa bees Kind Ft abate sources Fngineering g apparst 5) gaan $107, Lie; iat 875, 12s UNITED “INGDOM, Serie 4 oe [ LPs) a, tee git Canada, #7 5395 ne? Machines with electrical elements <3. 253, 657 : UNITED KINGDOM, iPV14:, 3383 cB catnation i ? cas : M84, 5203 icaapecsivs fel, We . Rania’ apparatus ‘and electronic ig : me _tubes wo - = - = ++ -2 113,423 : steered #62 LLY. Geehoritneth de ‘eign tala : | : $25,083; UNITED KINGEOM, 412,116 Telephone apparatus --4+----+------:. 50,561 : BELGIUM, 83 By 421; Sweden, #6. ne OAs ie ER Nee ce eee oe : _. b. UNTTED KINGDOM, ‘#4, 896 “geneeeeee appara tis: se ey) 3,254 3. UNITED KINGDOM, : $3,164 Wiring devices --------+=+=+-2-----: 39,458 3 Germany, V #26, Lee Conese #6953 ie ' nate ane 3 UNITED D KINGI $1, 558 - Primary cells and flashlight cases : 16,587 : Japan #10 peng ee 1, 7093 : : Hong Kong, ¢788 ; meee g ranges ~-~--------~-------- : 2,651 : CANADA, t2 ene, UNITED KINGDOM, $169 -ray 2nd’ electro- medical Yo ils ar 85,225. : Germany, L/ $25,956; NETHRRLANDS, re : $26, 880; Bveden , $17,229; UNITED : ; KINGDOM, $2,091 i oe ting machines...----+<------+- :. 36,747. 3: Sweden, $29,502; UNITED KINGDOM, : Ts Speech ten ana ls TR. esi " Gist EY OAD | siti tle Bleptrical, “apparatus , Ne. Ss a 61856347 ¢-Germany , L/ $293,691; France, = ea } : $132,497; UNITED KINGEOM, $35,155 mn Amn) eel ad =| 66 Par,- No, 353 ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MOTORS AbD UNITED KINGDOM PARTS . NETHERLANDS Stat. import classes (1939): 709.00, 709.01, 709.02, 109.30, 709.40, 709.43, 709.245; 709.49, 709.89, 7100.2 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and. i943 ees at rept > Es Imports for consumption / from—— , ae —_—— Year {Production Domestic 44°" UNITED NETHER A rn ‘ 2 L A ga Neatis exports i Germany & i Canada v AN TIVQULT countries KINGDOM LANDS * oe er eee KOR oe: Value (1,000 dollars) 1937 me ; 22 3 35. 1938 a 19,650. a 2 16 1939 | 432,698 |_ 20,708 107 75 14 | 7 ase 1943 nea. [2/4476 Af 342 | 5/. 1 ec also =i af Not strictly comparable for different years. 2/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 3/ Includes equipment valued at 64,103 thousand dollars exported under Lend-Lease. L/ Pree for Government use, 206 thousand dollars also includes importes valued at 97 thousand dollers duty-free as an act of TRverHA Store. courtesy. 5/ Less than 500 dollars. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department cf Commerce. Rin " -: Umi¥ted States. tariff _ Proposed 4. | negotiating hetretin, 1945 Saal country 1930 ise he rate ‘Percent acd valorein Par, 353 ah: ie: ee Generators and parts pret a ae 1/25 UNITED KINGDOM Transformers and parts —+----——-— 35 1} 25 do. | Converters and parts --~—---—--——-— 35 Y/ 25 Ger a! Motors, n.e.S. — DAT ok V/. 25 UNITED XINUDOM, . y | , : NETHERLANDS Motors, n.e.s., parts’ —--—----- fete ai Lfeg | UNITED KTAGDOM Furnaces, Se eh and ovens, - Ash | « ‘andparts ———----~—— waaaa---- 35 L/ 25 voll Seiteneese ee nrererce serena May open ders Flash steam boilers und parts —- 35. 2h 50 tars fs Pe Fans and blowers, and parts -——--— 35 35 ce 1/ Trede agreement with the United eet effective January 1939, 2/ Trade agreement with Switzerland, effective February 1936. Comment This group includes large zenerators and heavy equipment for power stations and industrial plants, other generators and mctors of all Sizes; and switchgear (not including the small wall t type). Tne Berane il Hlectric and Westinghouse companies, having the capital and equipment necessary for building the largest units lead the world production of this apparatus. They also make many of the smaller sizes. A few other domestic firms build heavy apparatus, and a con— Siderable number make the smaller motors and switches used in large quantities. Similar apparatus is made in all industrial countries, but the largest units are produced ie in Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan.: In those coun= tries, as in the United States, very few firms have the capital and facilities for such heavy work. 67 ENGINEERING BLECTRICAL ROUT PMEN AND MOTORS’ AND PARTS—Continued — The eae States is the ‘largest market. and the’ largest ord iucer of this equipment. twenty percent of its production was’ exborted in the prewar period, largely to dyhetn Hemisph=re ccuntries. Exports to Europe were relatively small, but there was- substantial, exportation to some British Empire: countries. The.United Kingdom is. far,below the United States in-preduction. but normally exceeds, .it in . exports, | thé geeater part... of which go te British kmpite ecuntries pact cs States exports to the ‘ee Kingdom ate many tin mes the AAIPOVUS fest Mee antry gor ah 3 mes sete tata te gga tom .. cvaieeiines oe he ‘Factors other’ ee duty which tend to restrict imports are the convenience of consultation between seller and buyer on details 4f lar ge ins stallations, the: advantage of having uniform equipment throughont large power Systems,- the well- known performance.of domestic apparatus, the facility of obtaining ~Palewshonth parts, and the financial relations often existing between buyer and seller in ‘the United States. a a Heavy electrical sdubenea sud motors: Unit ed States imports for ‘consumption, by kind, with principal sources 1939 Kind > Total : Principal sources ¢ valve. 2: Generators and parts +-------- : $46,362 :Germeny, 1/ $45,264; UNITED KINGDOM, $523 Transformers and parts ~—------: 7,148 :UNLTED KINGDOM, $5, 138 Convertors and parts -—-------- : 9,483 :UNITED KINGDOM, $2,977; Germany, 1/ $2 , 780 Retort cutee eee ~: 27,967 :Germany, ay €18,199; UNITED KINGDOM, $4,430 Motors, NeCeGe, parts ——----- irr ac, LAS aa a? $1; Sie a se slain $9305)05 ie : : ETHERLANDS y 4 > eh Furnaces, heaters, ovens & parts 4,236 ieee 1/ -s2 54133 UNITED KINGva, $21 Switchgear —-----~--—~---~----~~-~ : T,076 :Canada, “S244; Cente 1/-% #3315 Der Flash steam bollers, tc. —---: -: seme Fans end blowers ——-—---.—- : 4,727 :Germany 1/ $4,394; UNLTED KINGDOM, S144 Fan and blower parts ~-------- 8 sUNITED KINGDOM, 28 ee ee ae) eo ee tne a/ Includes Austria Source: Official statistics of the U. St Department of Commer "e, Par. Wo. 353 D 8 UNITED KINGD Oo RADIO AND SIMILAR FQUIPMENT AND PARTS Stat. import classes (1939): 709.61, 63, 65, and 75 United States production, exports, and imports, 1927-39. and 1943 Domestic ooo Imports for consumption from-- Year | Production exports Akl 1/| Nether- UNITED ! countrics| GeTmeny s/ lands KINGDOM 256, 984) 34 1938 atts 2 Be lO) 62 1939 ears ir es OC GY 113 NS. a 84,536 3/17 R389 1/. Includes Austria beginning 1938. ~ & 2/ Includes 62,807 thousand dollars exported under lend-lLease. = 3/. Free for Government use, 16,519 thousand dollars; aiso in QO ludes imports valued at 868 thousand dollars cuty-free as an act of international courtesy. 4/ Less than 500 dollars. } Sources Officiul statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Item United States tariff _nnonoses e negotiatin; cy Act of 1945 a a5, 1930 rite pehtiryy Percent ad valorem Pata 333 mA padia wet apnarntus -----~---~--- 35 l/ 5 25 UNITED KINGDOM 1/ Trade agreement with United Kingdom, effective January 1939, The manufacture of receiving sets and tubes is the mainstay of the radio in- dustry, accounting; for avout 85 percent os the total vaiue of the domestic output before the war. There are about 10 leading domestic makers of receiving sets and a number of smaller producers. There are also several manufacturers of tubes, several of transmission and special equipment, and many makers of parts. © Basic inventions and many_other valuable developments have been patented by the General Electric Co. and itsindependent offshoot, the Racio Corporation of America, and by the Hazeltine Corp., a nonmanufacturing engineering and research company, Neither of the two first-mentioned companies is the nennet in volume of production of sets, but licenses from the Radio Corporation and Hazeltine are practically necessity for the production of high-grade sets. ae of the set makers design their circuits and sets, using patents of these firms, manufacture some of their parts, buy the larger part of their components from the specialty makers, and assemble the sets. ap Foreign producers, notably Marconi in England, Phillips in Holland, and Telefunken in Germany, aiso control valuable patents. Since features from many of these patents were neeaed for the production of high quality sets, patent pools were formed for the. cross-licensing of patents. By the pool agreements, certain markets, particularly in continental Europe and the British Fmpire, were reserved in whole or in part to certain pool members. Other markets, such as Latin America were more competitive. As the pools were based on broad, vital patents, they coul ay guide the activities not only of the originators, but of other manufacturers who had to come to them for licenses. Many unassembled components of sets were not in sneral covereca by this rigid patent control, ce So long as the patent situation remains as it is, or is perpetuated by valuabl new inventions, imports into the United States are likely to be small, regardless o: RADIO AND SIMILAR EQUIPMENT AND PARTS—Continued the duty. The influence of.the pools on international trade is indicated by the recent acquisition, by the North American affiliate of the Dutch Phillips company, a two.-United States radio manufacturing companies, with their licenses to produce 1 this country. If the pools and agreements should be dissolved, however, there qula be a possibility of increased importation, especially from the large and capabie paameaiidiweein es During the war, production of civilian radio apparatus was sto output of military radio and related equipment was increased to per the civilian prewar rate. The design of the ordinary home radio does not, seem to have been radically affected by the remarkable developments during the war, but the warborn inventions wili doubtless find inany applications. A ee seems assured.to the industry also in the newly developing fields cf television and fre- quency modulation. To realize their advantages, new receiving sets are called for and a much greater volume of transmitting equipment is needed than:for the older radio. For the immediate future the backlog of demand accumulated during the war and the increasing popularity of cembination radio and phonograph sets offer capacity markets. Radio and similar equipment: United States imports for consumption, by kind, with principal sources, 1939 : : Popa —~4 ; Kind nie Principal sources ee +f Receiving sets —-----~-——--- : $3,873 : UNITED KINGDOM, $1,913; Germany, 1/ $689; : : Canada, $242. Radio tubes —--—-----—~--~-—--— : 2,086 : Netherlands, $1 ,6345 NITED KINGDOM, POLS. Other radio apparatus ----: 42,336 : Germany, 1/ $19,730; UNITED KINGDOM, $9,677; : > Canada, #4, 982. Other electronic tubes : : (except X-ray) ---—----- : 65,126 : Germany, 1/ $42,030; Netherlands, $22,108. i/ Includes Austriz. | Source; Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. 70 Par. No. 353 TED KINGDOM ma £ A LW re a eS 2 | re AK TELEGRAPH APPARATUS, N.E.S., J United States production, exports, and imrorts, 1937-39 and 1943 Imports for consumrtion from—- UNTTED : | KINGDOM | | 1951 Sens 1,764 | 1938 -~- 3,490 1626) 3 164, i | 120,069 | | Pro“uction was valued at §5,061,000 in 1927, the last year for separately reported, 2/ Includes arre idouacen vaiued at $997,845 exported under patie on / Includes imports valued at $131,292 duty-free as an act of international courtesy; also Pres Pie Government use, $10,700. Source: Official stétistics of the U. S&S. Denertment of Commerce wb Cdk : Item United States tariff Prorosed negotiating Bot of 1945 coun try 1930 rete Percent ad valorem 353 si ie ° Electrical telegrach (including printing and typewriting) arpa— ratus, instruments (other than leboretory) and devices, fin- ished or unfinished, wholly or P in ehier value of metal -~—-<--~-— 35 Vis UNITED KINGDOM af Trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January 1939. Comment Telugrarh Spe Ret formerly very simple,,has, with the developemtn of automatic operation and high-speed printing, become complex and varied. The Western Union Telegra ot "8, designs its apraretus, buys the Tuite aaa from electrical end other manufacturers, and assembles the instruments, European equipment is similar - in crinciple to that uged in the Unit oo Ste rtes, but the traffic is lighter end the arpparetus generally simpler, Expo. ts, which are many times imrorts, go largely to Canada and Latin America, One large firm which orerates foreign cacles and lines has a manufac- turing subsidiary in the United States. The Western Union Co. imports very little arrparatus. Occasionally some cable instruments are imrorted to match those on the foreign ends of cables. The: unusual increase in. imports in 1943 was almost wholly the result of special imports entered as a courtesy to foreign governments in connection with: war operations (see also Summary Digest on par. 353). ie a Ay moi ne! = fee r eT a ; et ee ait : pa Re ) it co Le gis ; i 5) ahes Lun mbes ay Mis a _ ici my + oe ae ots eS 4 Pan Tt =e. sep i a Sr nas M ei - pain ty abt ane ta » PLDI Pee OR Yl Ve ‘ ba Ligier Gutioehl me iad ' ~ | Ly dan kenersatet Yo 08th Oe Aaah FER Ra Ronakee ae ‘read ‘i } ? WU gO eee Poeweewed det well cede at: | Abia My oh a ob? to. WAdte byes LEO LG. ed % ; 2 ioe y ns Mie th Pe, ‘ 7 i ; . oe ee i ' aoe’ ‘ Ye ' ey dh .*) . "} P : te é ™?. 5 Cae ae hae ne Ooo ant f lh : os Falke as Oe, " | s] j 7 vi “: a oe — ro a Beas . —_: : *, ieee AA (6 Meta ond i : bets ae uy dae oe , i jal Wi = Mag i eer “ad ; ir ‘ 7 ‘ aa : { VAIS ae ah te ‘als. KDusbaehodny ¥ val ‘SpA , ? Reto! Kong raat . 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Mr Meare y eis Se ewe a4 i} BERNE $ PYY Aya BAS, erences Lai Saae ty: POLAw ys le) ; oh, eRe pee, mht Bat oi Ais Fase nies SUE: ‘ ' e . + we 4 s ‘ ¥ nl ' / + 4 6 {ie eee y * Pa) Ae ’ ' bt 4 R ® + . i CVA ME ARR AE NO ak: ita) ‘dja wine uhvwte 3 yOu ene : ite. ue CN RED Oey: Gai ee MEETS bree qpnetyghil hae; mite se MR est wie Ss Vs 5 , AT re Ww esy Bry hoon prea histga me wate eit Re ME Lea tale 1 ORT RRPOA Lune vay tart yh O98 Baw hat: dite ad veg tot ot hg bgginy ae 4s, PUB tO ALT eae a. ya eee whiny ‘canatie que: sor iaclion Ay, Ate hee hme ob wl aids tie i pepareh dy salah” 1 oe Ae ype Tarr Ste a en gins ph had at Hire: Week AWAD OU pad 10 ey Ch aan ARs oie Rio) Aina on ri : Ser ae otha sgt Ki, gate “ “he Ho ri) AAS tne ache {6 Rake aye Te Py fas wht Vi Leal ; ft ft “patel iandoemee ah Lary. Cea ite aie es fe Teal ay ity’ A a a S * > os - Se. = ee ee —— = = a > ao oe = ee aay it oe Na Par. No. 353 71 BELGIUM UNITED KINGDOM TELEPHONE APUARATUS,N.E.S.,AND PARTS Stat. import class (1939): .709.69 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937~39 and 1943 Imports for.consumption froma— \ ; ‘BE inal phd Cweden 4 Domestic Year Production +] exports All countries Value (1,000 dollars) | 1937 aces 115,883 3,282 27 7 2/ : a A 1938 nea. 3.935% 102 | 2) 13 65 1979 = 94,496 te 51 33 i | 5 creer nea. BF Peas ak 3 ie | 20 t 1/ Includes telegraphaonsratus. 2/ Less than 500 dollars. 3f Includes 12,154 thousand @callars exported un“er lend-lease. 4/ Free for Government use, 10 thousend doll:rs;duty-free as an act of inter- naticnal courtesy, 17 thousand dollzrs. uree: Official Sts et ine of the U. &. Department of Commerce. ep re) United Etetes tariff Proposed negotiating Act of La country 1930 rate Percent ad valorem Parsi 353 Electrical apparatus, instruments (other than Laboratory) | and devices -—-------~--~~—-~--~------- 35 35 BELGIUM UNITED KINGDOM Comment All kinds of telephone equipment are included in this digest except certain apperatus for general use, such as generators, oes at Ne wire, cable, and line material, and various components of apparatus when imported separately. Tele- phone equipment is used by telephone operating companies, railroads, power com-— panies, and for intra-—plant or intra—building communication. In the United States about $0 percent of the public telephone service is operated by the Bell sys tan n (American Telephone and Telegraph Co.) Ine system manufactures most of its own equipment through a subsidiary, tne Western Electric Coe, which produces about 90 percent of the equipment for all domestic telephone companies. The remainder is made by several Lcrlses iecranae manuiacturers,. The Western Electric Company buys a substantial part of the output of the independents and also sells equipment to independent telephone Sen aie One of the inde- pendent United States telephone companies, operating also in other parts of shhh and South America, has a manufacturing subsiciary in the United States, another in Belgium, and until recentiy one in Enjland. c F The Bell system formeriy owned telephone systems snd manufacturing subsidi- aries in many foreign countries, but sold them to the International Telephone and Telegraph Co.. In addition to its foreizn business, this company menufactures equipment in the United States for export. Its foreign factories are in Great Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Australia, Japan, China, and elsewhere. There are also important producers in Geena ny, Sweden, and other countries, a4 4 ’ a Ss Ker eh.o., AND PARTSContinued TELEPHONE. APPARATUS, 2 Imports into the United States usually consist chiefly of equipment shipped by the International Telephone and Telegraph Co. from its manufacturing subsidiary in Belgium to Puerto Rico, wnere it operates tne telephone system. The Beil system, making its own equipment, presumably would not buy foreign apparatus under any rate of duty. Imports (other than those of International Telephone ena “Téleerash COV inte” Puérto Rico) therefore wotld, if they developed, compete with the relatively small independent manufacturers for the business of the independent telephone companies. und for supplying private users. Servicing, the supply of ears and differences in design’and operation of foreign equipment, which wouid “have-to be-trsed in’ CONNEC TLR | with comestic éguipment, would “honcicap a foreigr le supplier impor ing on eny cut a large scale, ee ee ne 13 Par. No. neh NETHBRLAN UNITED caphentssty X-RAY, THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNCSTIC APPARATUS AND vARTS Stat. import classes (1939): -709.60, 709.70, and 709.71 United. States production, exports, und imports, vice able and 1943 Domestic exports Year | Production | na ee Germany 2/| a | LAN DS 2... ROUTES Bile 2ountries | | 1937 -| 19,272 2,022 201 | ans 90 11 3/ 19588 10 rat 1,992 | 181 Dil. 4 84 ui 3 1939 Te ee Paar Py 5 ng &5 36 | ed! Lid wR 1943 = nea. FE aa ol 1h ag : | adie 3 2 ccna eta rena | hy Neri? pried “Se oe Mts ee ee ae ae pee eee re iy Not strictly comparable from year to year. 2/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 3/ Less than 500 dollars. 4/ Includes 1,622 thousand dollars exported under lend-lease. 5/ Free for Government use, 9 thousand dollars from Canada. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Item United States tariff. Proposed ’ nepotiating ed of ee country : ue rate Pars 353 Popoeny nt ad valorem Therapeutic and diagnostic apparatus, instruments, and devices and parts BS m3 UNITED KINGDOM X-ray tubes --------~—---------~-~~+~+~~- 35 Ay 174 UNITED KINGDOM, NETHERLANDS X-ray apparatus, instruments, and 1/ devices, and parte wee uiar eh ema ty 35 174 DO’ if Trade agreement with Netherlands, effective February 1936. Comnent X-ray apparatus comprises vacuum bees in which a refractory metal is bom- barded by electrons, the apparatus for supplying and controlling - the requi ‘red electric potentials, and screens and various other auxiliary ecuipment. X-rays are used for medical and dental diagnosis and therapy, in industry for inspection of »saterials, food, end fabricated articles, end for routine and research work in ehemlstry and physics. Examples of other Peeacotee and diagnostic apvaratus are Giathermy apparatus for heating interior regions of the body, end the electro- ecarcrograph, for recording the action of the heart. The General Electric and Westinghouse companies and an af Dutch electrical firm make both tubes and appa aie in the Uni are mad= by several other firms, one of which is perhaps the 1 Lub and a number of others do not make tubes, but make X-ray apparatus and other electromedical equipment. X-RAY, THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC APraRATUS AND rARTS-Continued X-rey tubes and apparatus are made in most of the foreign industrial countries; the Netherlands and Germeny are the leaders... The Philips concern, a lerge Dutch manufacturing firm with world-wide connections, has been the only important supplier of United States imports. There was at one time a prefer- ence among many American physiciens for Philips apparatus, but this is now of less consequence. Furthermore, several years xpi me wie war Philips establishec a2 brench in the United States. Up to the outbreak the war this branch was importing a decreasing number of parts from the Reuneetenae ana manufacturing en increasing proportion of its apparatus. . The United Kingdom has not been a ea a producer of X-ray apparatus and tubes, en ie productive capacity doubtless was expanded during the war. United States UA: “i om UB R Britain have been very smail; exports to that - mp -% country have besn much larger than imports, ‘-ray, therapeutic, and diagnostic appa occugelle end parts; United States imports for consumption, by kind, with cipal sources, 1939 Kind : Pones: : Principal sources sEqusvasene * Value § :ad valorem : : : Percent Therapeutic and Giagnostic : : : apparatus —-----~---~----------—— 36,396 : Germany, V/ Coylals* UNE % ; : KINGDOM: 1,677; Denmark, : : > §8A6s : oo X-ray tubes —---~~--~~~--~-~~-. ~-—:16,581 ; NETHERLANDS, $11,651; ‘ : : Germany, / SANS SSe ; 2/ Other X-ray apparatus and parts :62,248 : Germany, aig $28 9723 $ : : Sweden, $17,229; ; : : NETHERLANDS, $15,024. : Sf e ie eee Austria. 2/ On German products, 35 percent ed valorem; on others, 175 percent. ource: of icial statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. S z ” Par. No. 353 UNITED KINGDO¥ PRIMARY CELLS (BATTERIES) FLASHLIGHTS, AND FLASHLIGHT CASES Stat. import classes (1939): 709.81 and 709,82 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 + Pro Dome stic Imports TOF consumer tion trom-— _ i rae) Year / exports ' ee m Tt ) Th rry ED Alt Japan | China wae UNITE lcountries | Xiooe Kong KING] 50M Value (dollars) 24,627,000 | 4,660,000 51,395 | 44,967 duction BY, 1937 | 1,079 3,766 ~ 1938 Neds 39.203 COG § 24,085 16,139 | 1,095 134 75 1939 (30, hs, ek pails 000 16,587 40,4 PAE (G9 738 - 2/3 54.1.1 000) 3/84,918 | cn - op i1/ Batteries only, no data Renee here on flashlight cases. 2/ Includes $2,234,910 exported under lend-le ASL 3/ Free for Government use, imports valued at: $83,063 from Canada. Sources Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Item United Staves tariff Proposed en of 94> country 1930 rate Percent ad valorem Par, 353 Primary colls (batteries) ------ ~ 25 a5 UNITED KINGDOM Flashlights and cases --------~-- 35 35 do Com nent b The dry cell used for flashlights, cortable radios, and many other rurroses is the principal type of primary cell. Wet primery batteries are used for signal- ling and various special furfosés. The United iia many European countries, and Japan male cry cells and flashlights in large numbers, They are easily made and are produced in many countries with minor ener al develorment, although the quelity may suffer because of insufficient technical knowledge and attention. For many years United States imports have been negligible in relation to domestic rfro- duction. nere is a large market for flashlight and dry cells in undeveloped countries, where lighting from rower lines is not universal. The United States exports few primary cells to Europe, but cxports @ greater value to British coun- tries than the United Kingdom exports to all countries, = ke Prim ry batteries and flashlights: United Stutes imrorts for consumption, by kind, with principal sources, i939 Kind ° Total value ° Princiral sources 2 ° J Primary batteries —-=... : 30 : Japan, $10; China, £9; Germany, J/ 48 Flashlights and cases ---;: 16,557 : Japan, “10,803; ee #4, 700 7 if Includes Austria. Sources fficial statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. “Tye ogee toe hae eta Oe: fale Gre poh taebeacidce irehaeari . sates: | > Aare > <9 ewe ” py 4) - ’ . ae Daren oo “8 rent * : ai er ey Ge Mm, 5.86508 4 rer rae rs OL Mili Bri thee Say i ’ a . 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DTG MT peep indigewe oan el apsd ‘ey pale fAsanl” 8 datos wah allen Auch tes, tM paras # | PE SLOTS! LV, oar area aoe RSS al -ipsieed aK Stl alin LT SG. Pepe: tebe oA ee bis bias aed ‘eee ae Lei eke! Seto Ry 88 ene by neni we “VS Tate Yh Sige , ' ~ . a wt on pel BPS OE? BAIR baie oF /fyseokan 2 ee os mys fev eth eygdl iis bide § Sy ai Be) pet iae'd as ae 2 a ty gel oe le ye = hs eB touts Tar, ts ett agtal a ag Pe nt) 3 ie@ oO o wit SE SY on tas at in us tity 43 ool t “rae pore’ yekroy LL pol wet Bes! Ps 22” satay ag A aan. Fad: eT ganl OF! CLL on wiemts Bios ‘ = r4 if die oat Sut Kus TOLER beg helt gis rae WAS atooteh wat Bod helt Drege oe h OEE eh eberinay ene et il ‘ a “f. aYvrpad ged ‘gone i - F r ee et “be beta sok: sth Bolated? : Ge park: : an seprrions, Roen stein ay Li Se oven OF ARS oh a a Sa af _. Nha ote a! i we SB MM $ ‘ ” SOA Be, Je | fae ant | Fa bins sawoew Witxegd ashi * eid ,, se . “7 : “secession? Ue Ds basi eke uiat | oe Detain on 7 8.0) oars. gw raotts: go lash Ate Shonebt ee: Ge | A he : eke i gros mile Fens s ahea? “emt” as Srevorg ony mik of n i 5a 1. AE pO RSME OTM » O24 yi estate Ded in? apf &L sha, ote Baa ofepowise f imical: prods wi oii el toads tine al 9 eane{S dnerariele gpg) cre jee Mabe aniion a 4 sea nel booed PTO oO Per ari Be awe beoket "be saronand, Inttaw Pinot oil wel Mitend’ wei ee eovgeserat evan Gir ont Lhob Paneer f E ‘gobna 0) teh akon Matoeier 1 467 atcerie? ome. aatddesie wil 4s bw} arizgt te omit dat A a iewruar of Ya dtiewtieg J Yo! tineteee fart. aed pao, a or dediniine: (ESEL “s certee) $5 29) 44) tp tier 5 cety Beek te, gmkdoukorg a778gG hardas * ul Pe 77 ELECTRICAL WIFI) No. 353 KINGDOM Pars UNITED Stet. rt clesses (1939) 709.31 and 709.98 United Strtes production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 ' } - + eT et = : | j j res (he sth ts | Iinports for consumption £/ from--— ! & Sle G a ee ee Year | Production exports 4 ALL Ace i eer 1 UNITED ; vo bt IB: Guo ves ed oT MAT Ang countries | ~ F er -iticAte) KINGDOM Canada Value (dollars) ‘ ! ! | er ee Lo, ol 59,363,761) 2,232,770 22,9124 | 205628 ‘19 | 1,549 58 1938 + fats 1 ay 30, ee A 527 | 31,737 167 1,083 979 1939 + 65,319,717 2,771,666} 39,458 | Bore 2,090 1,558 695 1943 - nea. /6,007,858|2/ 33,604 | =a Pia Who.na6 | 29,67 30,678 ; een eer er ee i eet ee = PL ipa» See aE partial SR: Fn NLS ee Lae vet 1/ Includes sockets, outlets, fuse blocks, and lighting switches z/ Classified in 1943 9s "Sockets, attachment plugs, and Wii tohes not over 10 amperes, cutouts and fuses not over 30 ampsres, and other wiring devices such as are used in house wiring." Not strictly comparsble with the years 1937-39. 3/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 4/ Includes $410,776 exported under lend—-lease. 5/ Includes imvorts from Canada valued at #28,097, duty-free as an act of international poplin a £1,878 free for Government uss. Source: Official statistics vat the U. S. Department of Commerc litem United States tariff Proposed negotis ting Act of 1945 country 1930 rate Percent ac valorem Pars O52 fleetrical wiring apparatus and Gevices: Sockets, attacnment. plugs, and switches not over LO amperes, cutouts and fuses ae over 30 amperes, and other distribution appiratus, and ee 35 Bis. UNITeD KINGDO Comment Wiring devices include small switches, wall outlets, lamp holders, and other small devices for distributing electricity in buildings. They are made in large numbars by many firms, both lerge and small, in the United Stutes and in many foreign countries. United Stutes exports, many times imports, go chiefly to countries in the Western Hemisphere. bifferences inst2llation regulations between the United Sta imports of wiring ices. pee bes a2 uy Cis arc for, A & construction and in £6: reestricy in stand and furope tend 1 | np Cro B ; “ Maibach! i teu . if 4 oo mt ahaa a sarap te rate: . c ny we ‘ Hy we: Png) j ae r ’ ate ak ‘ F on 4 a : ia vay yas io ie feo ry ’ hiya P 4 a aN 4q by a ; at pe J en OE eS es mak L ihe Pet PINE Roe Ie: ee ire) Wee eh Cee ee ee ee Te ian de We ons et A F ine if LA ties en 0 fy re ep roe + mace ee ‘Ahem ny Al Aa, f ne’, ' Se - ; = sy Ley Re ; ? ' oe ¥ ‘ f . * 7 i — , VO oars. | 2a ey ok , PPP Saad kn alae i ' (Biitsh Ayano Linhares dmg pihyzerbs ERERS RAL IN CON Aad 1 era ‘onan aie ce ag PRPS FHL ut PP ree) og enti eities' a inane it hes a. wade it shel aye Aoi ag res siaben (Oi Howe don aaunbane Sty yeputt RemiOkee Lena Weg ee ak tae bens , Sr? eae ee Paras. ae Baer ae ai: Lye) z Bs re sieewie rs > WE CE aie Ae FR aiae i gabe Seman” be rude $i, iP Al hier bh . | ; vole te a = mh Ssh i om atte 7 y 1 quilts tarte Trent: aly & a Pape Ua ORE oka: ore \ ¥ oe to Say ae 4 x Seye ie gM ATE Pe Pata s, shaun aon BOR PHO a ea As Nae a , PY ; ; CAD PORTE ANS TKD Se hy at Bet ego Teme : : ' yaa rae PAL, F w oan Ae ay ‘tah 4 a: ‘aan x61" Wider, heed appa 1 aeiibansraiie bagtn ietiansipbatlekd: anes fy Piss : one § 4 : "i a | M of hs ® # 4 t MG : [ y Hy a lie eee a IN Raa» fit ntl asthe ’ : : “f A Ve ¢ fs ’ x a rad Pa etal e : Fi +y ey : . i+h ne ae tg tno Sut Tags e sene eee hee igabire i" ne Pitts | ae Taal, bch as | ora hoa: igy ¥ ra , / | ‘On AVE. J Lk co 7 ee 4» i HO EW PLETE TEM «Abe HHI. thers mh roeee re eu ur : 4 has, itty enliny i hin Dy, o f I 2. it , 25 ; vd A A MR INI 5 aR sk mini pan | aes a ed bydsbcid Line “COS oi sateen Dos eh SORE AE ee ne Sat.) ga Ee babe ae ed bods Ade waitos yovedloaet | a a bok Re SS Ne Heras 4 tr00 ee RS Gee: OF ig tee ae Ee ara ane Reis ule dh we af baal ; ae BA OO Ba ie, cot biteel eae Canine. at hs spinel mth Dh SOR EES hed Lead Cees.) te 43 ut ps: bs yeti i sue anh ak Nee PLaihay he Ph) a , : ie : fe oe oF fi a mn a 78 Pars Nos 353 UNITED KINGDOM ELECTRICAL GOODS; N.E.S. AND PARTS " Stat. import class (1939): 709.99 bs . ™~ United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 =/ for consumption from— UNITED. KINGDOM Imports Domestic Production exports Japa countries: Japan 1937-| 164,045" | 9,249 | 467 : dey aees Siiwa| 152 of 20 TOF eo ese 96099 8 ay BY’ 136 195 112 22 1939-| 189,491 | 211,801 ' 519 | 294 e y , - cla 1 ap he Lip f 1937 --— a WY os ee + HE 338 Ne “$939- tawenne 305 TPAD seep oe Ns oe | Por, No, 353 UNITED KI NGD JOM 80 MACHINES wITH ELECTRICAL RLEME re AND PARTS rye Led brent SSeS (1939) :°7069.0-15 7100.0-.15 ie 7105, 3- Of 711.40= 59: . ' Stetes producti on, aoe iinports, exports, | + i - UNIPSE, KIN countrie aD M s |} 27,057 350 pret | 491 ae ae 25,739 381 182 tn 7 SL3- | Regen foms 25. LD pm ee BG ef mee BZ ~ hss 897 7 ral é { “1/ Not strictly comper nabs . for Reries, i Produtvion end exports shown dre those of only certain classes of nechines. Values for many other. nasties eennan. fe aeterained. “4 : . 37 Includes -Austria beginning 1938.” Sees ncluces 5,862 thousand dollers exrorted under lend-lease. 5/ Free for Government use, imports valued at 224 thousand dollars. lot HE Sy Bis == Pi L o ¢ ees S tot win e Cc Le LV POS DOUrces OLTLG A Tee Stectistacstor the U, ; Hepartment of Gommerce. This digest treuts "machines with electrical elements"’-in contrast to "elec- trical machinery, ue latter refers to machines nich are cureiy electrical, as generators and motors. On the othér hand, a machine for wdéodworking, for examrie, SaLthoueh Bt Hes have an essential clectrical element ‘such as ea driving motor, is fundamentaliy a woodworking, not -an electrical machine, To pe dutiable under paragrarh 353 @ machine must have as an esséntial feature an clectrical edement or device, Hence it has been held thet a machine whose only clcectrical feature is an electric driving motor, or rerhaps a heating élement, is cutiadle under this raragrarh only when it is S0 designed that the motor é6r element ‘forms an integral rart of the machine, If the motor could easily ‘be reclacéd by some other form of kee then tne machine is dutiable under aragriohn 372 as‘though it contained no eléct agg ome In most cases the econwmlic an comfetitive conditions governing importetion ere influenced only slightly or not avall by the fecility ‘with anien ie hetér theoretical Ly could be rerlacél by seme ‘other form 6f power, or by the crdsence of the driving motor, the value GiPcnicn 16 or ten only “alsmeall ype the :cost‘'of the whole-machine. Most nanufadturing madhinery is now electrically sriven, and the ditiable’ ¢lassification of many macnincs ‘derends on these incidental Testures of con: structic Nn, The provision in the United Kingdim trade agrecment 6f'1939 for electrically— equippéd machines not otherwise rproviied for (in the tariffiact or in trade agree- ments) ‘which would be ‘dutiable under paragrach 372 pay MMOL which could be designed to operate without such electrical element or device “Was intended to élimindte so far‘as fossible ‘the excess of the duties ataies ia ch 353 over those of perdgraph 372, by provicing the same rate (274 percent) regardléss ‘of whether such adtails as the locetion ‘and mounting'of ‘the motor made thém datidble under paragriph 353 or ‘372. : REE Se US yon s Lin Perovic Ss tS eh | Meee : eLow 2/5 rorcen made on sim hee everal clas ‘of industrial machines Yr Qs coveren by oc Sd for by name were reduced by varicus tradé agreements to rates tv of the ey in each case reductions i the same rate eerS machinery with clectrical elements, cutiable unde r paragrar ie be 33 : 81 MACHINES WITH ELECTRICAL E SLEMENTS, AND P PaARTS~—Continued These classes are shown in tabular form below, with the rates on machines with electrical clements (par. 353}: and on, kai cia noneicctrical, counterparts, Autiable | under paragrenh 372. Also shown are several classés of apparatus with clectrical eleflents, treated in this digest, nonelectrigel counterparts, of which either do not exist or arc of insufficient importance to’ warrant separate mention, such as house- hola vacuum cleen WMS oit aeRO “Calculrting machines are” treated in 4 separace divest. 3 at oe ra % wa As thea duties on fundies lly nonelectrical machines are now the same whether or not they contain electrical clements, it is not-likeiy ‘thrt meticulous éttention is raid romstae recat sing details of construction merely for the rurfose of allocating imports te Une. proper. statistieal classification, Too grédt dependence should not be tlaced, therefore on the figures reported. | ees t ! United States tariff ‘ : if-dutiable under ‘s~ Tf WwtiidLe ‘under Kind ;. Par. 353 {act ofs3.-», Pars. 372. (Act of sa. Ppate : . 1930, 35% on : 1930, 273% on’ s 3 all. classes) : ie :Class Now: 1945 rate :Class No.: 1945 rate H Sie percent, ¢ ‘percent : : : . Pers O53 : : r 2 Machines vith clectrical clements: 3 : ; $ Machines the duty on which was re—- ; : : : duced under par.353, but not : H a : under par, 3723 : : $ : eachenae having as en essential 3; : : . ature an electrical element or: $ $ 3 ener ee and which could be ‘mti- 3: $ H : able under par. 372 of the - : : : Taritl Acteot..1930,at.00f .8.kindes : : 3 which could be designed to oper-: : : : ate witnout such electrical : $ : is element or device (except art- : : 2 2: - ' «itles.of 2 class. of kind, with, ).< : : respect to which United States 3 H : : import cuties have been reduced 3 3 : : or bound against increase pur— : : H : suant to any agreement concluded : : : prior to November 17, 1938 under: “ : : section 350 of such act, as : : : : amenéied); all the foregoing, nee - : : specially rrovided for, Pim hind : : : or unfinished, wholly or in chiefs : : : value of metal, and not otherwise; : : : previtec for in any item numbered: $ : : 353 in the agreement with the : $ : ; United Kingdom; and carts theres : : et: of -~~--~-~~------~------~~~-~-~-~+~-~ gc PICOs St aus 1/ : 780.99 s. 275 Machines the duty on which was hot : H ; 3 - $ reduced uncer either rar, 352 ar Ai : 3 : par. 3723 5 : ] : Internal combustion ene saa nes,others : : $ then carburetor type, | rorbeowbelle : : : tyre, Welghing over z 000 ibse. ¢ dudes ey : tones each ---~-~---+-~---- oTptrran Peruana sas 35. 2. Pld R5..2 218 Perle .0 Leo —eee~ pee See eee Be oe ua ate : 1.29 : 273 Other than horizontel type,weigh-s : : ewig ing over 2,500 lbss. each,—---——++...711559' $35 >: 711.35 : 274 Parte Of ses bees. ic oth eee ~: : : 711.39 3 273 Continued on following cage. wee pee MACHINES WITH ELECT en BA Lr rte Kine 16° +75 f Jttss BLE 82 ENTS iND BaAf ATS-—C Unite? States Tf i.utiable under ; Pars Jos (hee OL s 1930, 35% on : classes ontinued tariff If dutiable under Par. 372 (Act of 1930, 27% sh on all classes Tate sClass"No.: 1945 Class No.: 1945 xe : 3 eee : percent ; : : ; Pars 3533 : : 2 : Machines with electrical elémenis; 3 : : 4 : : ; : Ma ncs tne duty on which was re- +; 5 . : enceduntdcr. tars, 3/2,,.gnd on +hich § “ : : corresroniding reducticns were made ¢: H : : under cars 353% ‘: : : :. : Testing.machines for determini 0 ARS 4 : $ the strength of meterials or art-—3 4 : : icles in tension, compression, : : iy pitt : af MoOTRLOn,, or Bheur,s, and certs +----: 7100.) : 20 a 780,62 '¢ 20 = Cordage machines, ena rarts ---~-~ ee a er ey a oF Loe hoes 20 +/ Tubacco cutting machines and in- 3: : ‘ . j dustriel cigarette Li ot ma- : : ere : Mid chines, and farts ---~-----------; ‘7100.4 : 22h 2/': 780.33 : 224 L/ Machines im peckaging pire tobacco: ‘ : » OE ancl ee wrapping cigarette sack-— ; : Heike : Bees nd rarts --~--~------~--- we (A005 8 174 4/ a eNO Pads Luis i/ i Machines for wrarrping candy; com—: : : : ‘bination cendy cutting and wrar- ¢: 4 : : bing machines, and rarts -------- DWP eh OP Ls ielied 173 yV o—7SOsae ¢ ae LY Internal combustion engines, car- :) ach ‘ jr einge : orl buretor ty ON ICEE & aerial Ra OM 2) Tia s 17s : 7 Lisle * LTS as Parts of +~---------~---—-—-~+—-+--—-——- 33 : fouvédisis - 17s ty Other than ‘carcuretor type, hori- + % Th ; gzonurl tye, weighing: not over = ¢ 3 = ae ; : 5,000 lbs, euch ~---- se cp —:) ‘es a ae fee Ys 8 er 173 1/ cr: Se Re ee ——* \ 711.50 $ Lis Se ee a 175 A/ Other than -horizontsel tyre, weigh-:) myieet seal / : ra | : ie / ing not over 2,500 kbs,-each ----3) 0°"? 3 a Tet te he aioe Petes RE ot ee :) a 2711.33 3 17%. 4/ ‘Machines Cutiabls under par, .353 ana: : : ; having no importent counterparts A : ; : : dutiabie under par, 372: : H H : ket-Isening machines and parts—; 7100.0 . 3, : : Ha anine *mechines and parts ------- sri LOG teh as: ; : Vacuur cleaners ------~----~------ --: 7069.0 c ° : Partig ---+-------------~+---------~-- 5 BE isada x8 + Other, cnc parts, such: as Locomo- 3 : 2 et tives, portable tools, refrig- : : er Sa ereters, and signs -----~-------- -: 7100.9 : 25d ; : : : : : if Trade agreement with the United Kingriom, effective January 1939. z/ Trade agrcement with Switzerland, effective Februxry 1936, PL cement with Canaau, effe trace agreement .ith Swec 2 eat a) Coes, 4 oO in e Cc C MACHINES WITH ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS AND PARTS ~-Continued Fy evap aie me nek 4 nero JOM ETD Vg 44letAS S entire aha yneg ir The machines listed above which are dutieble also under paragraph 272 are crimarily nonelectrical machines, and are discussed in digests relating to thet “puragraph,. No-comment is made here on such machines, Six other cissses are listed Which are distinctly electrical, having no Goimtertarts dutiable. uncer para graph 372. They are.discussseda in the following raragréeths. » were imrorted ore fo elapse a e icket-issuing mée.chines; much used by motion by an anieedisiots brunch owned by a British manufacturer. . Later +! rarts for assembly, and now has a factory in the ait tha Ste tes. Imrorts are now much smaller ena unlikely increése., Houschold electirc washing machines and vacuum cleaners are made by mass—pro- duction metnods by a number of moderate and large-sized companies in the United Siutes. It is understood thet one Canedicn manufacturer requested the reduction in the United Stetes duty on washing machines, but scarceiy any machines have entered since the reduction was made in 1939. Q A paten LUG sd vacuum cleaner, ness tro aks made by a Cwedish firm, in Sreden and in several owner European countrivs, was imported until 1932. Imports the rreced- ing year were over .£'700,000 in value. A corforation orgenized in the United States then acquired the United States. catents, and the cleaner has been made in the United Stutes since. ‘For some years after 1932 there wis a small flow of repair parts and few cleancrs from Sweden.’ A few machincs have also been supplied from the Nether- lands and’ Germany. ; a. Ls Some edn ‘ting These are discussed in digs and are not ee in Vo ee pope st a tyce developed in Sweden have been imrforted. -cleting to -:aragraph 3723; imrorte cre negligible - | imports shown. in this digest. -: Lo ‘In the class of "other" machines with electrical elements there -is a wide variety. Yrom time to time purticuiar machines are developed in foreign countries which fill a need, often in a narrow field. Such a machine may differ from the domestic only in some detail. If the demand is insufficient to warrent menufac-— ture'in the United States, the machine is imported, perhaps only until it is sufer- seded by « domestic model... But if « large market develoss, it is Likely that either an Amcrican manufacturer will obtain a license to make the machine in the United States or that the foreign producer will establish a factory in the United States for the purpose, perhaps at first importing the parts for assembly. In elvher icine eats Hore will. fall off or disappear, Imports uncer this classifics tion generally consist of 2 chunging conglomera- tion of machinery, with an udditional flow of unrelated devices, some of which may be imported only once. In pete the United States 1 the — in volume of production of .machines with electrical af caatec sites in cuality at least equals the best. Imports of the greup are equivalent to a very smali f Sei of domestic production ané exrorts far oe Wee imcorts. | « MACHINES WITH ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS AND PARTS--Continued Mines with clectricel clements: United Stetes imports for consumption, by kind, with principal sources, 1939 (en ee ° a e . - ’ Kind * Total value * Princir2l sources : : re Vocuum Glooners ----+-------- : $20,092 $ Netherlands, $12, 3923 SEE t/ my dh = Oc : ° #552493 UNITY ii “DD KL NGDO OM ; ne yal y 339 Germany , af $1,439; Canada, £706; .- Parta stsiapeiemocees ery 2,363 : : Sweden, $410 Ticket-issuing ~--------- ---! 12,987 : UNITED KINGDOM, $12,987 ; Testing ~---~---------------- : &,083 : UNITED KINGDOM, %6, 307; Germany, 2/ : ¢ &1,2604 Cordage ------------~--~----- -3 ara | Tovacco cutting and wrar- : 3 ekg eee ee ahem 182 : UNITED KINGDOM, 9182 Tobacco packaring ---------- ¢ - : iy: Cendy wrapping -~-------~----: gel : Germany, 2/ 43,112; UNITED KINGDOM, : : $2,100 Rie, + or nenane PotD TIM T ith wr yy be ° € and oie Oe Washing TGS “haber eerie : Oz UNIT BD KING NO “y 186 3 Canada, elas ; TETMANY y ay oh Machines rescmbling machines: i fete ae apt So f Ht ’ a4 As in is: a e ve SS Se Eee a at to se 4 Be 9 6s 6; Gerna Ly 9 ty oe 7 9 9483 Can: ada +9 eis 9 910; ha ae) SO ee ~ . : f : UNITED “ee ea Livia es er m2 tn ~* ~ " i cue x! a: 4 . ‘ah e a4 af ' ra <* ‘oa ‘ t f, = —=- - «2 on eae ee hy GPa, yt! 4 5 “ Se oe heen ves Si ey t. a ' ‘ ‘ . lelngiy . on i : ee ee ee Se me leentntti tinier tema Jit pe tr le ital ey ls gin «sens Bay if foe = neetqtig® Io. dew eages S SD aid te ay he Made Kaboi20. ‘ a4 * r 4 x 4 . ; ' aaa ac : ‘ ; ' hale : 7 >>> - > i nl Lay | : ET). ov ‘i . ) ¥ 440 Deon i ‘ i 4 a - § ; 7 u ‘ { ] ‘ \ i 4 { it f jl i Gay RIN < | , de fF, ? } 5 s y a ‘ i Tet J i aay aT i ’ F he yu . . ; Bi = ile ~ , “ . ‘ 4 i y i ny ET 4 | ; i“ elk , i tis i x - =F iN ore ie a m . ’ cr ” wos “te ae eal | ¥eu « 45 ; : re " Sh nee ile ; ‘ ‘ { } a Ojala he oO i ae : by ole ‘ oa 4 f “ ne : iz i mi wer i. - we faa eon ae b &5 Par. No. 353 ef % TY 7 ™ aia . UNL TED KIN GDOM AT, CALCULATING MACHINES AND PARTS d i 3 Calculeting Machines, par. Stat. import class (1939): 7786.6 1 States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 United OU: Imports for consumption from— waxy ei 1 Ae Te ! Ue ee pp Swed en | UN IT , DD ra rmany an ~~ ee . bIVs — oe sermse It a eet sey OS balan GGL ticativ Dey SOE MeELe 6 KINGEOM J uo wan eee ee ee i ia 4 . a a aolnr 7. ne " Fond 1l/ Includes all calculating machines. fe r SS 4 79 1 poet ++ r 7) 2/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. Mia 4. \ ss 1s ih 0) Ct ynlilars e he Al 195) tA 2. ct 2 ae ee } 5 | He fee HTN Cc & & K+ ae: '*) lades “hindu meena machines valued at 71 thousand dollars exported under ns t vanada . loo cD ry = O | k~ v pe) Ci e b.. p> 4 be | ri Of re 3 sources Official pepe nen of the JU. S. Department of Commerce. Item United States tariff Proposed 2 Act of LIAS country srical calculating machines, speciaily constructed for multi-~ / plying and dividing, and parts — 35 ay 25 UNITED KINGDOM 1/ Trade agreement with sweden, effective August 1935. Comment Geu e ving machines usuelly hseve a keyboard with about 90 keys. A machine ceveloped in Sweden with only 10 keys has been imported to some extent, but the i wel former anes is now making the machines in the United States under license. United States imports have consisted partly of these machines ony iene of German muchines of certuin tyoes. United States exports usually exceed imports by 50 ee ce . 9rUS to Sweden exceeded eiebia From that country even when the Swedis referred to were being imported. The United Kingdom, the largest fie: m eenranyt oe american calculaters, buys many times the amount of its export i enn Do ¥ hg sia i aN me Fook K Ui. ih i By » ne and de 0 HOL sie wohuy iedtogae wtedlab Lenaana fa te bait oe Gcsbstoare pl aes yh aun tame? Lo Finance, ox a wie Pe eaten EER sini i | oe As abet Mae! lt ) ‘ : pire ehratieionm intt cLaeow Le Pt whi Lean tc % fe: tahoe hanes mM TY es A Pe tng hae yenthaval has Rea (ih) PEEK haar Wits Pe erubeu® hots tawtewnga micort Sse OP feos dtr panddyad eB met ehioume Bis . Oty Se .taetKe ame oF bog teod aad-ayom. OL lin Hee motue4 ad | (Mat To Mee Rad Ath bed ia ord ah gaachdoren nh? qin som: ul vies a ie D Ydnay one aeqiroapr ated? to viawg betaine ovad alse | neat a) De Seeded Leomin Yidaca amtongte enbedt betta ~~ sq abalise 24a: wil! Weve. cathe Sock meet ainvoet tehwatats webu. of aerowte te atte toe? gRbeettEm oad Lau wit? hats ery | winrar Pars a otte ter puma +8 he Poaceae okt aunt? Sypont | cee OCT hLared wo wii tated: 5F Peete Bat itd papas ol ‘ an ‘“ ’ 7 = ae ee 1) n a pee ; AG Y F Wik ; A | - ' mat hae oat ra ay vis waite a1 af oe : + ane 7 7 ; b 4 af a Dy Re ¥ i pat y A = Hue .y , se iy an Bit = ; ff 7 Le a y e ry 4 2 Lay iF 7 eel ie Neh } Te Bic ny re : ; 1 86 Par. No. 35455, 357-8 CUTLERY 2/—(Summary Digest) UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE Stat. SaOE classes (1939): 6117.0-.63. 6118.0-613.90 (57 classes) United States production, expor S, and ame 1937-39 and 1943 a a a ee ee en eee ye i Imports for aorsumbiiton from— Domestic Year ALL 0 rit PNET ED et ice tile teen Aaa eereanit | countries | Germany3/| KINGDOM Whe N Sie FRANCE Value (1,000 dollars) 73,76, | 1,717 730 | 392 | 1 6pieael 66 | 1937, — 36 1938 nea. L/ 1,323 47a | 237 115 61 32 1939 -| 79,231 1,826 | 497 | hao | 150 71 | L3~ 1943. -| nae | 5/ 3,569 | 6/29 | Y/ | 29 cam Cea ! a ( 1/ Includes spoonware which is not separated in production statistics, end estimates for certain items totaling $1, 500,000 annually. Spoons are not included in export and import data and to.this extent production, export , and import data are not strictly comparable. 2) Partly estimated. / Includes Austria beginning 1938. i Does not include sterling, silver-plated, and other solid silverware, knives, forks, and steak sets, rot separately reported. 5/ Includes 226 Moucaduie ders exported under iend-lease. 6/ Free for Government use, 48 thousand dollars imported from Canada; also includes 119. thousand dollars importe od duty-free as an act of international courtesy from Canada. Ws Less than $500, . source: Official statistics of the Us De Department of Me ee LEN except as noted. i Item United es tariff, Proposed 1939 ars Range negotiating country 354 Rdives th. wiht blades —-—— P to" 35¢ ea. ‘ 550 ha sein a. Uipele ED: KINGDOM 354 Cuticle and corn knives, nail : rf . files, tweezers, manicure and ahaa pedicure nippers, and perts —- 60% ad val. . -* FRANCE 355 iwed biede cutlery =. —— 2¢ es.+ 25% ad val. to Lod ¢a,+. 45% ad val. .. -UNITED KINGDOM 357 Scissors and shears (other than pruning and.sheep shears) —— 34¢, 15¢, or 20¢ ea. + | do. ar 45% ad val. Os 357 Pruning.and sheep shears —-—— 10¢ ea, + 225% ad val...to do. nll? sadn. 3h¢ ea. + 45% ad val. 357 Nail, barbers!', and animal clippers a 354, 15¢, or 20¢ C2. + - do. as 45% ad val. 356 Safety razors —------~------——-—~—~ 5¢ ea. + 15% ad val. do. 358 Safety. razor blades (includes Jae biedes 2rastriy bp 34 ea. +15% ad val. do. 358 Razors. (other than safety razors me end electric shavers) ———-— 18¢ 25%, 30¢, 35¢, or 45¢ do. gee ea. + 30% ad val. 1/ A number of reductions were made in 1930 Tariff Act rates, but none subse- quent to January 1939. : Note.-— See table below for ad valorem equivalents of rates of wot a/ Includes pocket, table, butchers!, and related cutlery, razors, scissors, and shears, manicure tools, and clippers. Machine knives (Par. 356) and scythes Sickles, etc. (par. 373) are not included herein. CUTLERY—-Continued utlery safety razors and blades, scissors and shears, and pocket imives are the most important ‘subgroups in United States production and consumption. Imports are also greatest. in these suberqupe in: each of which they supply only a.smell part of domestic cl 66fisemption, “-" In some other subgroups » Srelatively small in: valué,-imports. bear. a comparetively nen ratio. to domes Sic profudtiany orn exforts5! fone oby.ragonsiang bradepoeuras by ate Bhg. rbgading Ftems, nofd lowed” pyc faded bless scnbserse cS 7Aesone 3 FAH BABES wo sol NAG UGS Spry PXROF NS a 2H? imports ,”.dnd. they al walortem equiva beénte: of the rath EEE SHR: ny + 419.328 pas (Sh0 en DOOR sie Cutlery: Summary, of United States production, exports, imports, and . ad valorem equivalents of rstes of duty, by groups of provucts gely39 . rt a RR A LR, A A ; ana a : € ‘ Ad-walortn ) : . Vomesvic 3; Ss pguivavent Subgroun . Production , exports : imports :of rates RE a eclectic porte ied eee pet tof duty 1 . yeliee Bee, poe PbO” L000" Se Percent ; dollars =; dollars 2 dc Sia, Laxvee’ ered bed a ou berth pane 32/45,353 eC eee 226 3: 36 to 69 Scissors and shears,n.e.ss —--———: 6,290 : 5/154? : ie She rwoo 1G Pruning and sheep shesrs --—--- —: 1,390 : = ( ‘ hee ae Sr Le oy Knives with folding blades —---- : 5,180 : Lf oe 3 Ao =f Ge eo ee Nail, barbers! and animal clip- : ‘ . ; : A ae ee grape set atone cate : Af5G 7 Sarewen 25, Safety razors and blades -------: 19,220 : jue a os OY S20 Ute" Les Other razors (except electric : oy Os : , shavers) and parts ——~—------—- : 95 : BPS? 3 59 : 96 to 152 Cuticle and corn knives, tweez— : : : ers, etc. —-------~-----~- a ; L0G : 50 46 60 Putte Poke Rate eds ess ate eta Bet set -¥/ The ranges here given are- based on average duties paid on actual imports in tite different. ‘Subgyoups. | Waere. the srates.are.¢ divided sinto- value’. denates bei tee een Beer! ‘are imich, greaten. than-here | SHOWA cx ef" -Inciudes spoons, which are not .separated from knives and. forks (gaslery) in ee eer statistics .3/ Seissors,’ shéars;-and. snips‘of, ont" kipds’ ‘Ly Estimated, 5/ Not available Source’ | Official Statistics of the U. &. Department of Commerce,excest as noted. 4 re The domestic industry is composed of about 145 firms, employing 12,000 workers. Cutlery is produced in 17 States, but mainiy in New Ingiand, New York, and New Jersey. Northeastern States account for about 90 percent of the total output. Most of the output is produced in or hear metropolitan cénters, but production in small torns is also substantial and for several. such towns cutlery constitutes the most important locs1 industry. All of the cutlery products snecified in the tariff act are made in the United’ States. Some of them either : secu aan” in the United States or were de- veloped ce foreign models for American use. ede il examples are safety razors if and blades, electric clippers, and Sterling and ¢ silv -plate 4 tableware in matched sets. ‘e pet Special gredes.of products, such as hi igh on: ornamented pockst knives, safety razors with hoilow ground blades, “and shears ith hendes inlaid vith enamel, are either not made in the United States or are wnliia: od in only negligible guanti- ties. Many of these products, such as safety razor blades and silver-plated tabie knives and forks, are produced in volume by mass—production methods for the United States market; others, such as highly ornamented shears and hollow ground razor blades, are not in sufficient demand-or are not of a nature to warrant the use of mass—production methods, Most con Leen manutacture products included in only one Se CUTLERY—Continued or two of the subgroups, but a few make products includea in several groups. Some concerns also make products other than cutlery, for examoie, manufscturers of sterling and silver-plated cutlery make hollow: ware, ‘and manufacturers... of ‘electric clippers make other electrical products. 7+ Imports have included practicaliy all varietie s of cutler have been imported .to a. very Limited extent. They. have ronmgec in. charac tex luxury goods of unusually fine workmanship to low-priced articles soid to chain stores. Fixed blade cutlery was ‘he princ 193 table cutlery with silver handles ($74, 586 asd \ although some n irom t ipal item imperted in 1939, especisily ) and ee batchers!, snd similar cutlery with hendles of wood or on and steel (#62,85' Ssfety rezors and blades were second in 5 RON mainly becnuse of noes of a leading foreign Bi make with hollow ground blades Straight razors ranked third in im -ortance. Imports, mainly hacause of the (oe rence of professional barbers for certein foreign makes y supplied about 62 percent of domestic requirements in 1929. 3 Seissors and shears valued over $1.75 por dozen constitutes the next most important b 6) groupe This class included relatively high-priced decoreted smears. Next in importance were cuticle and corn knives, tweegers, etc., which included specialties not made to any great extent in the United States. Snives with folding bla 1s were of some importance in imports mainiy becruse of importations of ornamen an) knives valued over $6 per dazen, and pruning and sheep shoars because of D =f ds restige value with certain domestic consumers, “- In prewar yeors Germany was the leading or an important source of imports of most of the articles included here ited Kingdom ranked next as a sup— plier of similar goods of characteristicully good quality. In 1939 Germany was the leading source of imports of straight razors, scissors, shears, and knives with folding blades, while the United Kingdom was the leading source of safety razors and blades end pruning end sheep snears, and an important si en source of imports of fixed biade cutlery, including popular sterling-silver designs. ee & supplier of relatively small shipments of most items, wae the BR foreign supplier of cuticle and corn aes, tweezers and other manicure imple- ments, and of nail, animal, and barbers! ciipvers, and an imporiant s 4 ate an 1 + chef knives. Denmark, with unique designs in sterling-silver table ¥ the leading supplier of imports of fixed blade cutlery. Sweden supplied small duantities of Se ade kit chen, table, and pocket Imives, while Japar non-European supplier of any importence, supolied low-priced articles 3 ing, the United States cutlery industry is in a ia to international competition. pantera is large and ex- tS. But the competitive situetion differs with individuél ite: ca low- and medium—oriced goods in Large demand in this country, th United Statcs has ample supply of essential raw materiais, manufacturing expericnce and equipment, and efficient distribution methods. Certain types of higher-priced weres and specialtics of particular countrics have been imported in small volume r despite the high duties. @ During the interwer period there was a substantial prowth in the American in- dustry because of four reeireeh (3.) Dintinution of imports; (2) use of war—created facilities for »eacetime produczion; (3) « merked inereseso in mechanization; and (4) the introduction of stainless stecl and iron which was widely adopted as « trade material, especially for kitchen and table cutier ; Under the Tariff Act of 1913 there wes a flourishing trade in imported cutlery except for the interrupticn of World War I. The Tariff Act of 1922 imposed rates of duty on cutlery (except safety razors and sume items cf fixed blade cutlery) which were among the highest in the metnis schedule, and aggregate import trade dwindled to very small proportions. Most of the rates originally imposed in the act of 1922 are still in force. 39 CUTLERY—Continued ~— ? The rates on ee cee blade cut blery W @ re reduced under the trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January i, 39. -Most other rates on cutlery. have t+ been reduced.and are. among the cae provided in the tariff. Most of the tes are compound. For several classe s of -erticles three or more iA yp brackets have. been. established, and the specifit pa rt of the compound duties makes the | ad valorem equivalent of the total c harge on ‘the lower-priced articles of gach velus bracket extremely. hig Bh; in general, moreover, the rates on the lower value bracket are higher than those on the upper brocketey f a y Far, Bos © 90 UNIT! D KINGDOM 4 Se spe WITH FOLDING BLADES Stat. import clas perrre iy: 612.00-24 (15 classes) Borg United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 —_—--~-: | Imports fox gonsumbtion from-- UN LPF : ay wy B: France: “Japan ! : | ; ' : pope IbLC | Production | All | ; | Serns any “LL | countries @ i | oR TNGDOM ! ' : WE eT EG USS ent SAL SAE RO Le 2 ns oe eal Pac hi SSE OEE er ere 1 oe ce * . La 4 \ ‘ i LEN Hee bof 4. . Guantity (numorr)” PS PR Oras ; 7 : : 26, /, 11 6,103 | i ; aS i toe b, 193 | Oe. 3 i St Lb, 364 4 98h | ROT i) | 2 — = a 426,557 PL es ae 7 oe 1 F bh y te t | orore 769, 567 °5 801 { ‘ ‘ ue obey H i aye © $ Fe 4 +. . . 0821 26,827" T2;0el) L783 12,267 el bybte 907s a0 see } Qed, 257 1937 1928 1939 1943 ee i { | Abe Ly ET SL A 8, 487 Ma 2B,” whine? L/h pee Ng Mer LOT ee DT “ 1 aes ) Serr Tee : © hie Ni NG. - es | my VAG 4 ne = ( 6 ' Fea h,2 59 Bl pe a. ae nt H f was 9 O33 | 4 ! | i t opal F : i on ’ | baw 6 ee ; SM rive “(dol Le rey UMD ar: | . i i H | i extn a ee td d oe | AOS By ; ae 9,04 ee oe - 4 L/ Includes usbriA beginning 1938. ef Probably value< st 150,000 ox therenbouts annually. of Free for Government use, 20240kmives valued at £6,199 from Canada. source: Che 312.1, stitiztics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. vet, Manin "s aaa cio | i Be sey ty Se reat ee ate ‘United Statce tariff Proposs4 negoti ating ve 1945 country ‘?) at Oo a) e) 22 jO 3 -~ ct Pare on ; “s « "1 j . sh We . ; 4 ae aia ons Peary” poc Ket, Chea on, ‘orunin ir, ne te te eriser, manicure, anc-:other- kniv> 0% 2 ar ET He OL at 3 Lig Dir ; Gece ah, \ +Vatved not over 404 per a aa Dae WAS, : e aie O% Valued ox 402, aot over 50¢ pete Se : gc ¢ EET OOO ie Ee ang open ie Seer | oe are Rea, 2 “4 50% acd val, Sear va. do ‘Valued ‘over"50/,:not over E125). , per dover” —-2 LL 2k ee eee LT ea! + Valued over £1.25, not over #3. per doz ~----~~-~--~-~---~-----~-~--~ 6a. + 1Sf ea. + Ad’ val. 55% ad ‘val! do Saver P25 Pee do mg val © 9 S50S ‘ade vail. f= ws’ ose BARE >) “Ve lued: over: ? 3 not. ever 6 est, doz ‘. Wm ON O-RN ' ‘Valued. over 86 ser dozen: Pen. ont pocke: taknives x ri th fold Con ae ndla a ectnclitel apt decora ted. with ebehings -or/end -ziided designs so .B5¢ ca. + 17k¢ ea. + F IF ‘ . , a is Sas ; a MER. RY _ NBER ; IH S5% Balvalr 27 3% er val. XL co Other: sraqtte ranma 5 ca 4+ 35¢@ cal + do a SSE aah wails 55% ad vel. Assombieé but not fully elie set Valued not over £1,25 - ry doz.-— 15¢ ca. + 15¢’ ea. + do fond oat ent 55% ad val. 55% ad val. Value. a baad: $1 ne not over B per, doz. 18¢ 64, +’ °' 184 ca. + do ys Biie 4 } 55% ad val, 55% ad val. _ Valued over $3, now: over £6 por. doz.25¢ ca. + ' 25¢ ea, + agra * n. ie tue, ets ph; 50% ad. val, 50% ad val. Valued over #6 per.dozen --------- S5¢yeawer) oI Zbarea. + do 55% ad val, ~° 55% ad val. ot KNIVES WITH FOLDING BLADES-—Continued ‘United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act_of ~ @i9h5 country 1930 rate Pear. 354 S Seth eek aE a Pen, pocket, clasp, pruning, cesar eraser, manicure, and Gthes knives with folding blades-—Continued: Blades, handles, or other parts: Valued not over $1.25 per dozen ---- ll¢ ea. + Illg¢ ca. + UNITED KINGDOM 55%.ad val. 55% ad val. Valued over #1.25,not over’ "3 per dozen, -------------------- ~-=-- 18¢ é¢a.°+ :182. ea 7 | | | | | 55% ad val. 55% ad val. Valued over $3, not over $6 per. doZen--——----- = = 20 Ca. Fo ee Ca, ”:C”*~*~*~C | 50% ad val. 50% ad val. Valued over $6 per dozen -------------35% ea. +t: <“35¢ceae bo do 55% ad val. 55% ad val.’ 1/ Trade agréement with Sweden, affective August 1935. Note.- See table below for ed: valorem | equivalents of rates of duty.. Comment - e-rrincipal produ cts included in the bl mi Se Other products are pruning knives, ele tricians! knives, ink Ordinary pen and pocketknives are th broad description of knives with folding and budding knives, clasp ge We cattle erasers, and manicure knives. Folding knives vary in number and type of blades snd in the articles such as files, scissors, corkscrewg, can openers, and leather punches which are some- times embodied in Siti construction. The many possible combinations of parts and the varied uses which they serve have led to a large number of patterns and heve accounted for the wide variations in retail prices. Folding knives vary in price Troia those made of inexpensive material snd retailing for 10$ each to high guality knives selling for $3.50 or more esch, Materials used in the construction of folding Imives include wood, bone, celluloid, and a number of other materails for handles; brass, steel, or nickel silver for linings; sabia or mickel silver for bolsters, and carbon steel or stainless steel for blades Practically all raw materials are of domestic origin; exceptions are. notiGiah sae tropical woods, and stag horn, owedish steel for blades was formerly imported to a limited extent. From a monufacturing standpoint, folding knives fall into two distinct . classes, namely knives with forged blades knives \ith,blenked blades. ...The .. former are hot forged under a meshine hammer, gtounu and polished, arid the parts assembled and carefully fitted by exp:rienced cutters. Knives: with blades blanked and shaped in the cold state fron relled strir steel: dnd ground and polished’ on. automatic machines are assembied by mechanical vrocesses, an are fitted. with..a minimum of expert cutlering. Such production is lew cost, but the products lack the finish and quality of those with forged blades. Fo eee knives are made in the United States in all grades, but those in the low-and medium-price grades predominate, the trend in production in recent years hav ving been toward greater use of mechsnical equipment and blanked blades. i About 20 firms produce folding knives in the ited States, eer some who confine their cutput chiefly to these products s, and others who preduce folding knives along with a general line of cutlery or in conjunction a othee types. of products. Preduction is centeréd in Connecticut, Riede Island, and New York. Most cf the plants are located in large’ manufacturing centers, bar several are in small tovms and ccnstitute practically the only industry in. their. ,comunities. 92 KNIVES WITH FOLDING BLADES-Continued United States consumpticn has been affected by changes in personal hebits, such as the widespread use of pencil sharpeners, mechanical pencils, and pocket manicure tools. Other factors of importance have been the increzsing ratic of clerical to manual workers, the changing activities of the youth of the country, and the small replacement demand fcr the mcre expensive knives and those used by electricians, herdsmen, agriculturists, and gardeners. Germany and the United Kingdcm fave been the leading scurces of imports, but a number of countries, including France, Sweden, Switzerland, Canada, Czechcslovakia, and Japan have participated in the trade. A certain prestige value has been attached to knives imported from the Solingen district in Germany and the ak ffield district in England. in prewar years German imported preducts eccnsisted cf. all t r classes and grades. While the United Kingdom produces all types, the ng of imports from that country have consisted of gocod-grade forged—blade knives. Knives from Sweden have predcminated the higher-priced value brackets and have included highly crnamented types. Knives 'frem Japan have been chiefly of low- grade suitable only for the chain store trade. During the war most of the domestic (as well as foreign) oreducers cf folding knives were engaged in the production of war gocds. Imports intc the ei States from the normal leading suppli-rs were greatly curtailed cr nil. n 1943 Canada and Switzerland, formerly relatively unimportant in import trade, were the chief suppliers of imports. The extent of prewar competition in the United States market betxcen dcmestic and imported fclding knives differed widely between the varicus grades cr value groups defined by the tariff act. Generally speaking, the competitive pcsition of the United States was fairly streng in kmives vith Bee ed blades selling in the low-and imedium—price brackets. In the highest class, fcr whick the demand in the United States is limited, foreign gccds with a certs prestige attached to the quality of their workmanship and design, had some advantage, even over the duty. ) . ; | ' The United States demand for the lowest prices knives, ‘thet is, these having a foreign velue of not more than 4O0¢ per dozen and a retail value cf 10% was for many years supelied entirely by imports. Germany and Japan were the chief suppliers. With development cf blanked blade production and the manufacture of this class of knife by dcemestic producers, imports déclined. ‘+n recent prewar years the demand in the United States for knives in the secénd and third value brackets, that is, those having fereign volues between 40¢ and $1.25 per dozen was also supplied largeiy by United States preducers of blanked blade knives. Japan, Germany, Italy, and Czechoslovakia were sources cf imperts. In the next class, those having a foreign value cf more than $1.25 and net over #3 per dozen and a retail selling price of 504 tc $1.25 each, the United’ States supplied most of the demand. Germany, the United Kingdom, and France were scurces of imports. in this class in prewar years; in 1943 rippin supplied the- imports. - In the next highest value bracket, knives haviny - foreign value cf $3 and nct cver $6 per dozen and 2 retail selling price at £1.25 to $2.50 each, the United States market was supplicd by dcmestic and impected knives, including forged—blade knives of high quality. Germany, the Ynited Kingdom, Sweden, France’, snd Switzerland participated in this trade. In the highest value bracket, knives having a foreign value excceding $6 per dozen and selling at retail fer mcre than $2.50 each, foreign competition in the United States was confined largely to those wich retail at ¥2.50 to $3.50 each. There is cnly a limited market for the nore expensive knives of fancy and combination-tocl patterns, and the domestic aemand tends towards prestige foreign gcods. i eae the United Kingdom, Sweden, and France were sources cf imports in prewar years in 1943 Switzerland was the chief source. Imports of inives assembled but nct fully finished, and of blades, handles, and J ’ > , other parts, are negligible, . re KNIVES WITH FOLDING BLAD'sS—Continued Pen, pocket, clasp, pruning andcher knives with folding blades, including assemblies, blades, handles’and parts: ~ United States. imports. fcr BPR EUP EAs by kinds, by principal sources with ad valorem eauivalent of the duty, be i :Total :Ad valorem: TEI «be : value:equivalent: Principal sources ; : Percént : ren, pocket, olasp, pruing; : : ; bidadng ensure, manicure and ; 3 ; cther Imives with folding : ; : blades: sill : eg: Valued not cver 40¢ per doz.:$2,271: 120 :Japan $2, 11145 Hungary $138; : : Ps Germany 4 2/ $19 ' Valued over 40¢ not cover 50¢: : ig per “ t ’ lan a 43 eacnioies NeQe &/ dD yehd i =“ | ei SPM hele Ly Includes Austria beginning 19 oN United Kingdom and Canada were the other principal sources. 3f Estimated.at about "1,500, 000 annun tiv es Probably sited at about 350,000 annually Source: Official statistics of the U, S. De noted. a, 5 4? /HVe * epartment of Commerce, excent as “LueMm ; : Tae ees item United States tariff Proposed ET TR a 2 nevotieving Act Qf 1945 country 4930 rate Pe P ercent ad Th, 1 Orer ee ee ee orn Knives, nail » manicure or S, and x inished —-————- 60 60 FRANCE * Note.— A proviso requires that the rate of duty on any of the foregoing, if assembled, but not fully finished, shall be not lese than the rate of duty on Similer patiy ee articles, and not Less in any cese than 15 cents each plus 55 percent ad ve.lorem. This proviso makes the duty on the ossembicd but unfin- ished article nigher than on the nished article if the valuation is under /3.00 each (e.g. at ©1.00 the duty is eculvalent to 70, percent ad valorem); but if ‘the. valuation exceeds $3.00, the duty is somewhat lowér (e.g. at $6.00 the duty. is equal to 57% percent ad valorem). oa = rt ole. Cnm an LOTTE GL wartennh tapeiner sn The United States ‘Sgharmen the bulk of its requirements of nail files and tiveezers, the major items discussed pda but dlinports a substuntial proportion of its requirements of manicure end pedicure ae ce Cuticle end corn knives are of limited importance in production and consumption. The production of nail files is largely a machine operation. Wail files are one of the products of the file—making eae. which is highly developed in the United States. Twee ee are stamped metal products made on stundard presses. Cuticle and corn knives and manicure and pedicure nippers are orot i | with more exacting quality requirements 96 CUTICLE AND CORN KNIVES, NAIL FILES, T° EEZERS, MANICURE AND PEDICURE NIPPERS, AND PARTS-Continued Nail files and tweezers, because of their use in beauty parlors, barber shops, and homes, are in'rather steady demand. Manicure and pedicure nippers and cuticle and corn knives are used largely by chiropodists and beauty and barber shop operators. The demand is limited and replacements are infrequent. _ The domestic industry is composed of about 10 companies located in New Jersey, Ohio, and Ney England. Three firms account for the bulk of the business. Most manicure products are preduced ‘by firms who confine their output to manicure tocls the remainder is by companies who fabricate other cutlery and metal ware. Imports have consisted largely of specinlties, including manicure and ‘pedicure nippers, which have not been produced to any extent in the United States. France, Germany, and Switzerland have been the leading sources cf imports. Other suppliers include the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Japan. Some imports, such as tweezers end files, ace quality sreducts competitive with domestic gocas. 977 Par. No. 354 UNITED KINGDOM FIXED BLADE CUTLERY (INCLUDES HUNTING, peepee PARRIERS!, HAY, TANNERS', PAINTSRS!', SHOE, BEET-TOPPING, AND SIMILSP LNIVES, AND TABLE KITCHEN, os Nase al ND STATLsR CUTLERY, shin ids 5, PORE » AND STPELS3 “HAY FORKS AND 4-TINED MANURE FORKS ARE NOT INCLUDED HEREIN) Stat.. import classes (1939): 613.60+78;. 613.80-85; 613.87-88 (25 classes) United States production, excorts, and imrorts, 1927-39 end 1943 a ee : Imports for consumrtion from—- ; uh has 7 Domestic : ; Year Production +/ =4 | UNTTED | : | exports At. ) Denmark | UNDE | Germéni 2/ fh GOURUPLES foe | 'KINGROME Kh 9 a. Ne saan Sip eainn bipen i-ehaarr nani yeaheah Gs tenis =k OAS RSENS el SES ST saree Alen SSe-aameessen saint Sa a a re Ie ee Qucatity (number) oi a H ") a PRY = reo ! NN ey - 1937 ---- Not Not | 726 9933 Slephe 199,452 | 227 5 . 3 = TIC AO if a avo l— avails “he nigg 7 co S spe pid: 1939 ---- SOs 1:10 38 pik 158,240 ded ySQn MO, 3 acu able able» 3/238 ,'798 - Ls Win acl 6g ge : Value (3ollars) ee ee ee — j { | | 199,4 Ba) 503,650 | 50,218 : 71503 STE ie aie rea | | i S iS) ie 4 OGY ’ 504 Chee “10, 552,230 | 416 220 286,185 | 66 , 367 1938 phen | Nee Nethe 207,149 O04 (Ae Pea] 4553953,207 | 3965255 _p25e%e7 | 7 | 9090 } | 1943 Mh as 8 | nN ° a e a eis) sos Se wii ow 3 ime kh we. Tae” 2 7 Aare l/ Iincluées spoons; fproductioén data are therefore not strictly export and import stutistics shown. * 2/ Includes Austria beginning 1738. 3/ Free for Government use, 203,162 valued at $41,673 from Canada; dutiable imports amounting to 26,225 valued at #45,993 from Mexico. sources Official statistics of the U. &. Department of Commerce. — Item United States tariff es OP FOE TD het OL 1930 a ime SO ~ \Ot ur a) aap O Par. 355 Table, butchers! carving, cooks!, hunting, kitch- en, Bread, .eake,) pie, SLRCINg,. cigar, butter, vegetabie,. fruit, cheese, conning, fish, carpenters! bench, cur- riers!, drawing, far- riers’, fleshing, hay, sugar—beet, beet—top- ping, tanners!', plumb- ers, painters! ,calette, artists!, shoe, and similar knives, forks, edhe and steels, and cleav-— ers, **%* finished or unfinished, not sree cially provided ror: With hendles of mother- of—pearl, shell, ivory, deer, or other animal , ROT fre l6¢ ea.t B¢ ea. 45% ad val. 25% ad RY, With hencles plated with and in chief value of silver --~------~-~~---- 16¢ ea. + 10¢ ea. + 45% ad’val. 25 ad val i ou a 384. 92,660 | ‘ i : | 52°91 ei | 63,343 (0,525 | Az 5 f 47,668 euths Was lan cinia 254 { pompar ie with also includes ‘Proposed negotiating country UNITED KINGDOM foley FIXED 96 BLADE CUT ct 2) rh Var. 355 Table, bucchers',.. cary— ing, *“-* * not spe- cially previded for: Cont!d, aera With hencles of silver {other than plated with silver), or other motel than alum- inum, nickel silver, iron or steel] -----=-- 164 yet 4 With Hancles of hard rupber, solid’ bone, celluloid, or any pyroxylin, césein, or. similar mete caxe, Ple, but- ter, LMI, cheese, and fish-=| o¢ Other —------~----- Sd With handles of wood or sood and steel, ceclaily de- Signed for other than ld, kitehen,or butchers! use, or with favegLern.ol Tickel = «ss Silver or steel other than austenitic: Less than 4" in len-th, exclusive of nandle ~-------- Za 4 Z* in’ Length or over, cxclusive of handle (except hay forks and 4-tined manure forks) ---~- &¢ a With handles of sny other materiel, in- cluding those with hendlcs of wood or wood and steel, not Srecially designed for other than house- hold, kitchen, or butchers! use: Less then 4" length, exc of nandle ----~--~- 2¢ pa S we |-d0 a ~ 49) A" in length or over, exclusive of © hendle (excerpt ha forks and 4-tined manure forks) ----- 8¢ LERY--Continued tO Owes Lo Si >¢ Porft at “Tia Wed A gil Na Se. ad val. a. + ad val. @ Oo ee. ad val. ea. + ad val, nN Or 16¢ eo. + i / 36%, ad val + v Cae + SA BATS © SQ ER e whe > os $s) ‘a fi. 1 ss As ed ha Ln © wae ~ ea. + } ad spe alu / ad val t/ QO Ga. + 5%, ag eal gee =} I ad eee Prorosed negotiating country UNITED KINGDOM dos GOs AGie: do. FIXED BLADE CUTLERY--Continued United States tariff. ay 4 Proposed cs spy hie ; ot negotiating RSE brent Gps rou country Toso YN Fete OE En ea Par. 355 efor | Tables —birtcher ety wear Pa tmgnpyttndedimintenaessect Quantity, * Value. 2 ‘Srecifices. Ads val.) «Dircete ke 4 a or of. duty : : Nuriber ©: : Hach 3:Percent: Percent : 2 : a : . Hunting, curriers', farriers', 3; : 3 : : hey, tannérs', painters!, 3 ‘ : 3 : shoe, beet-torping, and 4 : - Pn : similar kuives: ae : : y . With handles: : : : Pade : Mother-—of-pearl, shell, 3 : - He : ivory, end horn --------~-- : ee ie $296 3 on ee 25 : 49 Plated -ith and in chief 2 $ : ’ value of silver ----------- yee rigs 346 3 lie £25 : 61 Silver (except silver- ay plated) or metal other ~ than iron or steel, sium- ;: inum, ond nickel si oe ce ee oe ee ee ee ee ee 5 { | ee nw 26r chity : Number ; 2 Bach : Percent: Percent Hunting, curriers', farriers', ¢ : : } <5 : . hay, ctc,--Cont'd,: 3 : $ $ : ‘Other material: : 3 : : : Less than 4" long, ex- ; - rs H : clusive of handle --~---; 1,960 : $483 2¢ TE ; I/ 43 A" long or over, exclu- ; : H : sive of handle -------—- : ty 285 3 666 : 3d 5 pee , i/ 50 Without hancles; 5 “ : Blades less than 6" in 3 : : : length ---~-+-------------- : ee -:3 2 a ere er s Blades 6" or more’ in length: 6,463: 1,795. KG co ees ee 39 Subtotal ---------------: 54,043 : 13,776: © : Table, kitchen, butchers’, and : 3 : : Similar cutlery, cleavers, : : : . 3 forks, and steels: ; : : m 3 With hanciess : : : . : -Mother-of'-pearl, shell, : > : : ivory,: and horn: wena TsCp Reagent pOLe se OR ens 43 Plated with silver’ and in’ 3 bias ‘pt atin: : - ‘chief value of silver ----: The. TQBLG 2 kee = ees a 36 Silver (except silver : | s% : | : _.°, plated) or metal other : — : : than iron or ‘steel; nickélr" 7 re pi i aid a ' oe silver, and AE ~----: 41,093 : ‘74,586 : 16¢ Pc Seles 44 Rubber, bone, celluloid, .: at a : ryroxylin, casein, or 3 a 3 : Similar material: : : : : Table cutlery, —<-<-.-- SS. 0S | Gober o Ld 5 ee Femur ha Kitenen, butchers', and ; - : Bimler cutlery <---———. 16,199 : 3 OO S¢ Bees a : 69 Nickel .silver or steel, . ~ 2 ; other .than eustenitic: : : : Wd Less than 4" long, ex= .: : 3 - elusive of handles br ied ya | : Table cutlery --------; Sehey e LyhOe a Zerin Puluit tun ih 36 Kitchen, butchers!,end: nee Ane : similer cutlery fe me 35956, 5 AUS geteee idee 54 4" Long or over, exclu-.: as > : Sive of handle: : he's $ : Table cutlery -----~--:» 10,644 :, 3,487 : 4¢ FT hone hate | it 38 Kitchen, butchers',and; =~ =. : : similar cutlery -----<: GL sa Asta a 8¢ es ee 67 Other material, including : as a : wood, or wood and steels:.: ‘ : : Less then 4" long, ex- .: : a : clusive of handle; : “s . : : Table cutlery --------: 40,104: 7,957 : 2¢ gg Qa 36 Kitchen, butchers!,ands: +). : e : nose, fimiler cutlery —--~- go Ped ie) Eig te eea ee ag 5 ea: = rn? 55 : riety ebewetneee ng 7 : Continued on following page. ) ae — JY — TXED BLADE CUTLE“Y—Continued Fixed blade cutlery: “ United States imports for consumretion, by kind, rates of duty, end ad valorem ecuivalente of rates of duty, 1939--Continued F ae ee een ere en ea a aan ae : imports : Ie i aaah: aol tah ol ais a ; = RAY spe Ar em ‘ é : Berg ~ AN lerem | : : : Seeded ih gk 3 Item > Quentity.*,. Value .*. Specific * Ad vale}. cTse Lee : : Number 4 Sy ce gs POrcane.t-4- Percent | +... Table, kitchen, outchers', : : : : 3 and similar-cutlery, etc.: : H : : , Cont'd. : : : : 5 With handics-—Cont'd. : : : : : Other material, pichosiers : : ~ : wood, or wicod and steels: : : - BS An pele or Sgt exclu-s “ : pa : siv of handle: 3 : : : \ vx ae ee eee i-3 y a Ee C3 ~ 7 ct ct (ony t ea | ee Nj Oo. \ ost Wn @ ee ee ao NE ~~ j ~sl Oo. ee ~ t2 4+ ~ \. Pr ee ») O ee ee ee > ve Kitchen, butchers!, “end simiter cutlery int = O “ > ae ~J Wa . ON 20 ~~ ‘ VFX ~I ae ee OQ TS “G cA [rn Or O Without nendles: : $ : Blades téss than 6" in : : . $ ea maa : pices eae a, 9Le t at 2a Zo : Ao Blades length Subtotal Total imeorted from Sen in 1939 imciuded 63,972 lnives valucd’at % 36,207 Germany, and hence not entitied to the rates prescribed in trade agreements. mat a} this. On these the rete was 8 cents each pius 45 percent ad valorem, Hut since the Germar knives averaged 57. cents..cach,..and the - other knives averaged regs’ than 31 cents each, the ad valorem. equivalent on ee German knives works out #t 57 percent enc on the other knives.at 61, sercent. ..The . other -knives-were chiefly fre Frence, the Cte Kingdom, anc Us web: A Source: Official stetistics of the " &. denartacnt of Commerce. ‘Comment Fixed blade cutlery fells into three main classes: fi) Table cutlery ,..(2)..; butchers! and kitchen cutlery, and ede artisans cutlery. The last being. of. less importance than the other two “dius Se ct in co maltinlic sity of tyrcs resulting Pron diverse nd from varied in Sees of Aonidle and blade a MR. Se roducts range e and gattern from.smallsartisans! Wives, anch as palette Ikmives, to /beet- g knives 12 to 18 inches long with Nene, or eran blades and hey knives long with. two, haridies and a serrated bicce. In pricey fixed blade tutlery varies from inexpensive silver-plated table cutlery and paring knives sold in chein Te t Ral i?) hh Ou SE Ke 3 C3; yo Oo Q a ct oad ra) up A 7 te 3 ¢ > "TS pay he stores to high quelity butchers! and sréris 5 cLery sold in hardware stores and expensive sterling-silver table cutlery sold in jeweiry SLOTES. In the United Stetes market table cutlery with silver-plated and sterling— silver hancles is the most important group from Se Fe of volume and value of sales. Other types of table cutlery include goods with handles of wood, hard. rubber, bone, and synthetic materials, and those.made in one piece of nickel silver or carbon gbbel, The laiter are plated with nickel or chromium, or tinned. Blades ace tatle cutlery are made of stainless steel or iron, or carbon stecl, Table cutiery with handles of mother-of-ceari, shell, ivory, and horn has been largely replaced with cheaper but more durable types. RG Fe FIXED BLADE CUTLERY--Continued Butchers!, as well as high-grade cooks! knives, forks, and.steel:,. are made of crucible, er. special. steeis;: are hammer ae ‘hand erent; and fatricated throughout by expert craftsmen. - The continuous use to which rrofessirnal knives are put makes their durability and reliability of greater: consequence .han that of ordinary kitchen knives. The latter are not usually hammer forged but are blanked from sheet or strip metal, and the grinding and rolishing' are dane. by machine. Artisans! knives include both high-grade tools with blades of crucible or special steel, hammer forged, and tools of lower quality with blades blanked from less expensive steel. Hunting and sportsmen! s knives vary »reatly in quality and finish. . Domestic surplies of practical! ly all raw materials required in the fabrica- tion of fixed blade cutlery are ample. Some handle materials, such as certain hardwoods, are eae Articles rurchased by the fixed blade cutlery industry include une? bed! bledes; the sterling-silver-table-cutlery industry purchases most of its blades. . Sg Over 100 firms sre engaged in the domestic production of table, butchers’, kitchen, and similar cutlery. About 20 firms are of outstanding imrortance in each of the mein'’branches of the industry; ‘the remainder are small concerns fro- ducing one cr more types of cutlery and concerns making cutlery as one of a number or lines. Manufecture is concentrated on the eastern seaboard; New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania heve the largest output. Detaiied production statistics are given below, Fixed blade cutlery: United States production, by kind, 1937 and 1939 In thousands of dollars Item Faire go : 1939 Table and kitchen cutlery, not including silver- ; : Mleted.ond sterlite” salver eee tee ee —3 Leo33 : 4,936 Butchers! knives and cleavers: : : Knives ---------~-~--~~~—~~-~~~~-~~~~-~-~~-~-~---~--~ ; 1,191 : 681 Cleavers ---—----+-+——~-~=++~~—--++++355 se ed : ie Sterling ‘silver flatwere (includes cutlery) J/ --: 9,506 $ 9,897 Silver-plated flatware (includes cutlery): L/ : : Boteh Sate et en --~3 2,642 : 2,411 Commercial —---~-~---~~—-—---~-~+--~--~------~---~~--+-- : Lege : 23,009 Nickel silver flatware (includes cutlery) 1/ ----; 510 er 376 Other metals: ‘ - : Flatware (includes cutlery) CE geen RRR A ——: Tey $ ‘weezeOl fay og) alee BSR [Mina A dees, Boag gatt ck tine a : 40,658 : 45,353 In addition to cutlery, Platacre includes spoons, which are produced in sub- stantial: volume Cutlery (Imives and forks), however, represents an unknown but substential chee of the total value of flatware production. Sources Official statistics of the U. S. Desartment of Commerce. During the war, froducers in the United States and abroad greatly increased the pret of cutlery and other croducts for military use. Producticnver silve r-plaved and sterlirg silver articles in the United Stetes was limited to 50 ereent of 1941 or LOAZ output, 103 FIXED BLADE CUTLERY--Continued Domestic exports, in order of importunce, consist of butchers! and kitchen knives, tebloe cutlery (other than silver), silver-plated cutlery, and sterling- silver cutlery. Canada, Cuba, and South American countries have been the leading foreign markets for America un ate Creras } 1 te Imports include. friéc OF ute all eee of fixed blade cutlery. In orewar years table, kitchen, butehers', and simiiar ‘cutlery comprised the bulk of imrorts. Denmark and the United Kingdom were the most importent sources of sterling-silver’ table cutlery imrorts, and Germany and the United Kingdom of butchers! and kitchen cutlery. Imports of artisans! cutlery were chiefly from Finland; the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, France, ana Denmark also participated in the trade. The United Kingcom was the leading source of imports of unhafted blades. In 1943, with former important foreign suppliers inactive, there was a change both in the character and in the principal sources of the United States import trade. Mexico and Caneda became the principal scurces of imports, Mexico surrly-e ing the bulk of the imports of artisans! cutiery while Canada supplied the major rortion of the imported table, kitchen, and butchers! cutlery. Mexico will rrob- ably coniinue to be a more important source of imports than in prewar years Competition in the prewar period varied greatly with individual items. scene! speaking, the domestic market for low- and medium-rriced table and kitchen cutlcry wes supplied chiefly by types produced in large volume by highly mechanized methods in the United States. Import comretition was largely confined to goods with prestige value, to quality goods procuced at lower costs in certain foreign countries with long manufacturing experience, and to srecialties. In sterling-silver table cutlery, the individual import item with the highest value in prewar years, imports consisted larrely of popular designs of foreign manufac- turers and of vrestize foods. Other tyres of table cutlery imported in largest volume included relatively low-priced articles with hendles of plastics, wood, or wood and steel. In butchers! and high -grade chef's! knives, demand in the domes- tic market is partly from chefs and butchers of foreign birth, who tend to prefer foreign teal Blansed ‘saan have been found satisfactory for ordinary table and kitchen use but there is a rreference for knives with forged blades for rfro- fessional use. In artisans' knives, standard types produced in the United States frequently cdiffer from those of foreign countries and tend to limit this trade to domestic products. Specialties in hunting and similar knives are subject to the ne whims and p-references of buyers. t Table, kitchen, but curriers', and for .cchers!, and similar cutlery, and hunting, imiler knives; United States imrorts consumption, by kinds, by principal sources, 1939 Kind : Total value . Princirsl sources Hunting, curriers', farriers!, : hay, tanners!, painters', : shoe, beet-topping, and ; $ similar knives -~--~------- : $13,776 : Finland, $8,617; UNITED KINGDOM, : : $2,631; Sweden, $750; Germany, : s S571 Table, kitchen, butchers! : : and similur cutlery, H cleavers, forks, and : ; steels —------—-------~-----~ : 211,991 : Cenmark, $70,394; ew KINGDOM, : : $49,469; Germany, 1/ : $47,097; : ¢ France, $18,977 Sa a a a a a ES kT Ee aE l/ Includes Austria. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. 104 FIXED BLADE CUTLERY-——Continued The duties on fixed blade cutlery were reduced by from one-fifth to one-half in the trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January 1, 1929 (these reduced rates did not arply to imports from Germany). Notwithstanding this, the imports from the United Kingdom in 1939 showed decrease rather than increase, a fact attributable to the disturbed economic and political conditions in that year. ra Par. No. 357 ae UNITED KINGDOM PRUNING AND SHFEP SHFARS AND BLADES Stat. import classes (1939): 6118.0-2 + 4 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-29 and 19243 a ee wn ee ee to Sepia. toh en Pinetes + es ade bs | | __Imports for consumption from—— “ Eire t Domestic All nTrer | a/\ Switzer— Year {Production Hs : UNITE | Germany ny ee ‘wh | exports countries | KINGDOM | band’ ” Quantity (number) } 19355) 7,938 5,700 1937 1,945 i ' 1938 10,27: 4,908 2.57, 4. 312 1939 . 32,129 28,21 LW sletae: 20 1943 - | " cs OT AB a, et «gO Yaiue (dol y ue lars) ‘ : ay * Brite hs 1937 ---| © 1,727,100. | eo 14,571) 6,366 | 3,626 | 2,898: 1938 oy pirat | ol tion: sagt 8, 274 3,970.| 3,105° | 415 1939 ---|-13389,206 | avail- | | SU SAOOt “well 215 HAT LA Wyh2k WV A6% 03 1943 --- | TF iy pada Leiden. och sf - | - - eas ik | uf Includes ibs inerrant enips., th 2/. Includes Austria beginning 1934 3/ Exports of scissors, shearc, and snips of a11 kinds were valucd a €154535Lin 19395 exports of pruning and sheep shears proba bly é did not exceed #50,000 annual Source: Officis 1 statistics of the U."§. Department of Commerce, except as noted, a ‘ \ a Iten United States tariff < Proposed | ba negotiatin Act of 1945 ) country __ iio on rate Pays 57, Pruning and Valued not over 50f per-dozen 33¢ ea. ane UNITED KINGDOM + 45% i 5h 7 ad val. ad val. Valued over 50f, and not over . Per $1.75 ver dozen -------~----- a 15; mE 15¢ ea. . ny do + 15% le ons . Sadevaba = .: ad val. ; Valued over £1.75 per dozen —--.20¢ Cae . Log ea. do, ec eel T 2aee ad val. ad’ val. . 1/ Trade arreement vith the United Kingdom, effective January 1939. Note.- Ses table below for ad valorem equivalents of rates of duty. ‘Comment. , 7 ¥ » There are three principal types of pruning shears: A single-hand type design for pruning vines and the like, long-handled lopping shears used in heavier types Os pruning, and tree pruners. The latter are mounted on poles and have an oper- ating handle at the lower end. Sheep shears ars of a single charucteristic desig runing; and sheep shears vary in quality to meet the requirements of home and professional users. All types are heavily constructed and many are finely fittec ad made or the best materials. Designs for home use are usually of a somewhat jower grade and lower priced than those required by professional horticulturists . : ) PRUNING AND SHERP SHEARS AND sheep shes} sed. Frers We and pres The United States pruning and in Connecticut, almost entirely of jeveadetes. cons sheep shears one, or- two particular Blades for pruning ana shee industry along ¥ types. is composed of about 15 with other types of scissors States with Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. truction, only a 106 PLAD us DES- ep shears are companie and ene oe or speci importent production include New shee gel Domestic products. are small.proportion consisting of Domestic Consumption of increased use of been insignificant, Continued either forged or die make ealize s who either electrically English sheep with some customers, of imports have been foreign goodas with an Imports in the two having the cheaper cbvious . made of cast or pressed wetals. sheep snears eal Wonka ffected in recent years by the operated clippers. The United Kingdom nas been the leading source of imports. Shears, as well as some pruning shears, have a prestige valuc especialiy with gardeners of English birth, Other suppliers Germany, Switserlsnd, and France. Imports nave consisted almost wholly of the better grade average value in 1939 of over $6.00 a dozen (foreign value). lower value brackets described in the tariff act have been excluded by some of the highest rates in the United States Tariff. The compound duty on the highest value bra .ccket of pruning and sheep shears was reduced one-half by the trade agreement with (Ke United Kingdom, effective January 1, 1939. Tne much higher than that these cheap ar because 2ven insignificant priced shears dominant Spe id maximur imports. a auties on the on vere imch er, notwithstanding two lower 1939 ’ brackets, wnicn even before that time the upper bracket, ticles are unimportant in n reduction in the aiter were not reduced, both domestic and ates the trade agreement, had been presumably because British production and would probably have resulted in only imports of the larger than hit arin oti and the United Kingdom was the the disturbed political and economic of cutlery from that higher- conditions sent rates, and the which had prevented an increase in imports of other classes country. The following table. shows the range and height of the pre abruptness o1 the transitions from one brucket) te the ths Duties on pruning end sheep shears and blades Value : Duty ft Duty ; Per dozen Not over $0.50 If valued at 202 --- If valued at 50¢ ——- $0,501) to Sbs75 If valuea at 5i~ --—- If valued at $1.00 + If valued at $1.75 - Over @1.75 If valued at $1.76 ~ If valued at #2.00.4 If velued at $4.00 — If valued at £&.0uU - > Rate per dozen : $0.42 : plus é A5Sh ; $1.80 , plus oa HN Rok ec : $1.20 : plus ; 225% > Amount per dozen : $ : e "“h2e = 9¢, or Siz : , Bee + 223, OF 645b : PoL.O0 + 230, OF Save: :$1.80 + 45d, or 2.253 :1,.50 + 79h, or 2659: 2$1.20 + 40¢, or $1.60: Slee twos OL ie oe ‘Lecu. + 208 » OF eau ° . Ad valorem equivalent Percent aa 129 400 225 148 Ny) Wr ODEO I MD © STG IR NI 107 PRUNING AND SHFEP SHEARS AND PLADES-Continued Pruning and sheep snears and blades: United States imports for consumption, by kind, by principal sources, with equivalent ad valorem of the duty, 1939 :Total value:Ad valorem: Item : Principal sources :of imports :equivalent: Pruning and sheep shears and : : : blades for: : : Valued not over 50¢ per dozen --: os 204. ©: China, $3. Valued over 50¢ and not over : : ; ol.7?5 per dozen -------~------ : 64-3 197 ; UNITED KINGDOM, $64. Valued over ¢1.'75 per dozen ----: ' 24,736 +: 37 3: UNITED KINGDOM, $21,513; : : : Germany, 1/ $1,524; : : : Switzerland, $1,169. ee l/ Includes Austria. Source: Official statistics of the U. S, Department of Commerce. Hay Pi ihe! th Pe depiiceds wig sateen hare fat Re, lige inital roenton ee 1 mwerey wy bei EE . * ; oS vigilance anes er a uw nee aavantianitat ee Bray we ros YA ptr | oe ce th ‘is ca 56 sy ee) A ; ¥ ig Con ; | ee ene (Fee rene it a nae pra cre cS erg te : 4 , ree Lapel tate 8 gente 6k eRe bring. enlarging rept anes ae RENE te Serco Ste atnaece a eae A shoNanenel? Bis freind af ef ue t ig 444, Ue ‘a ier Pig he Pie { ee y » q ae th on vA yy uae Be Ba tie 4 iy WEG La a TRE ay 108 Par. No. 357 , UNITED K4NGDO SCIS‘ORS AND SHEARS, (EXCEPT PRUNING AND SHEEP SHFARS sickle sania: AND SURGICAL SCISSORS AND SHFARS), AND BLADFS THFREFOR Stat. class (1939): 6118.3-5 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937+39 and 1943 —_—— - wht ee Ronen tse me Imports for consumption from-— ee ee a ~~ | - | Production vy ava Year | ocu 2yports All | Germany am, Braves UNITED | | countries | | KINGDOM a ea a a am «ee ae ee \ i ’ ! Cuantity (number) | 5 | Fac ata ER Pe Seen Ey OO ee Sn , ig a) RN a ns 1697 ey, nae ee | 237,806 | 162,360! 2,363 12,005 Be 5) ee en tonne | een oyeie! OS" B87 10,822 oe ‘ | 105,94 73,060! 14,076 5 283 VOLE iad able | able | 739 geet 508 ; 2s of ae) eee ond Ree eel eee Ba et | Velue (dollars) hs ie a bh ae A ee. Cid AS |) SET, CLS SRT) ek Le eet ee Ce 1937 —-- | 4,704,916 | sea i. 92,63 | Tis ai. deta | 7,829 O38 aw | : 9,806 | Pee eek. | 1939 | 5,290,357 key Aa ee 082 jeg : te te 7 Ereies D9 goof eye of 40 ,U0K | 4 Ms (oe 29h ; De ead yee ne ar ease. 768 | > 657: ‘ a 1/ Includes Austrie beginning 1938 2/ Exports of ee » shesrs and Snips of all kinds were valued at €154,351 in 1939; exports of sci asia and shears described herein probably aid ane eEXce ’ ed £50,000 opengl Sources: “OFfTieial stetistics of th noteo, i @ ca T 2. vy 5S) a FY ctr 3 cr oO br Commerce, except as Item_ United States: tariff Bo BTOpO EEG : negotiating Act of TEES country 1930 rate rane: Scissors and other shears (except pruning anc BheRt Shears), finished or unfinished, and blades for same: Valued not over 50 ner dozen -~ 344 ea. 34¢ ea. UNITED KINGDOM + 45% + 45% ad val. ag val. Valued over 50%, not over bL,75 per dozen -~-+--+-+.+..~- Ie ea. 1L5e 6a. do : . + 45% + 45% ad val. acd val. Valued over £1.75 per dozen -—--—— 20¢ «a. 20% ea. do + 145% + 15% ad val. ad val. Note.- See table below for ad valorem equivalents of rates of duty. Comment Scissors and shears ot greatest ccmnercial importance included herein are rcusehold and office scissors and shears, manicure scissors, dressmakers!', tailors!', anc. barbers! shears, electricians! sicissors, voultry sheers, and cthet special trale scissors and shears. ae mine and sheep shears, the subject of a separate digest, differ frcem the abeve in construction, materials, methods of upnufactura, and quality of workmanship. LO? Hd ral Ltry ta. AAT AE oh 5 irs St PASO Pi Ales ae i ARM roe Mahe cs Ah ek Sti 5350 RS AN 3: SHEARS ’ (x AN! Ps LOE: ee ine Ari hre hae Pe Saab. a AND SURGICAL SCISSORS 4ND SHEARS), AND BLANAS THERwFCR-Continued e/ From a manufacturing standpoint, there are three princinsl types of general purpose scissors and shears: Forgec scissors and shears, ge and shaped from hot steel bars; ca ron scissors and shears ; uced by casting. the metal in sand moles; ana c sressed scissors stamped ie cola low-carbon ad metal or.wire. The latter are made only in lersi cast products are considered superior to ecld pres r are ree ctory where SnerRac Ss and durability a 1S in children's scissor Machine-forged types oredominate in domestic produc— tion but all grades are arias 0) QO oO r i. Consumption of household and trade scissors has been affected i years by changes in the habits of housewives who are becoming more i buy ready-made clothing, and by the increasing use of clectrically dr cutters in the textile industry. 2) v9 i hu. < to) i) a ae 0 Gr 5° The al aaa industry consists of abeut 20 firms whose princinal products are scissors nd shears. Raw materials are for the most part of domestic crigin. Pig iron Es fe india is used by some manufacturers of cast iren scissors and shears because of its high silicon and low sulphur and phosphorus content. foreign, in style. and, craftmanship ther goods similar in all physical ales? was the predominant source ci pre— Imports include sone goods dis that have uc American counterpart characterisvics to domestic products. war imports. The United Kingdom and France were the most important secondary sources. ek » China, Denmark, and pede, Pye varticioatea in the trade toa limited extents Imports from Germany Included both os gh— and low-grade products; those from Ae United Kingaom, France, Denmark, ene SV eden /- most exclusively of Be gpet be: imports from Japan ana China ha Dees ely low unit values, and were subject to very high cuties. Since American manufacturers supplied the bulk of tne demand for general purpose scissors and shears, prewar competition of imports vias confined te quality goods that hac = certain prestive value. rs and barbers of foreign birth who Some imported types were marketed to tailo had a preference for products of certain fcreign countries. Other imports -were ornate types of characteristic forcign design. SCISSORS AND SHEARS ? ND SURGICAL SCISSORS itl) Aun Are) AAT) DI ADRS PITRTTOR A: 3 AND SURGICAL SCISSORS AND SHEAR Jy 2 Dbixoa Litt ON Col tinued Se Es epumras oe oe eae coves pak US RES has ‘yl a gel Pe pa Res : SGisscrs and shears, n.€.s., and blades: Uuited States imports ht pos tiny wT) j ~~ “ Rae aunt nae Bs a for ccomsumption by kinds, by principal scurces, 1939 7 a | feo, Valorem: Tonaa 4 1+ requivalent: value. +: SW oir eee on wes : Principal sources Jem : cf the : of . Pe Sal etd SUrces i. OODLOR .% lnportes : FPeresat 3 : Scissors oendghears und blades: ; : ; 1/ ee ee ‘ Bid. naw Raven SAE Ri BOs for, (dy rary Valued not over 502 per dozen : 195 © 3 @L74:China, $995 Germany 7 ¢3735 : : o Tan Pie Gre nape eh ed : : suapan, #19; Czechoslovskia, #19 99 3 602:UNITED KINCDOM, 4203; Germenyl/ lj France, #168 Abs uy ny 2/ $41,375; WDaneS 3 3 UNITED KINGDOM, 1,853 o» i ~] Ne bee) OQ On Ga oO a 24 ° ee ee £5 u Ne ww Q ficial etatistices of the Us« . Department of Commerce. a cman eats a Soatt neem) Ree pala k: jg! SU ESRANT car sain besattanten sulin Rerognk ictal Incist git’ ‘aha tae, ies Aen Sapo ey: ae og Sh Pr Che NUNeLT NTE WLS CoE N ON i " , : sate shih ‘Letot perry oy a t% - ie iL 1) ae pat ' aes twee probes Hall oy oe an ane uae Fn ay , 7 iy A oft i ape a TE ae lp qiry ‘ Peres rete aime nr eet ah ametinen hide at ein ie > ia 5 deoba lt ‘Bey pay Aidshtouad -* 94 it) 2 iy Shieh ict * <' astead 9 Ti FOL. oe hoe Tt seat ea 2h . as a : B ‘tae ws igh “4 ae: ay tata a Tt? 2 %, —_ (ol ‘S~ - « 2 . ea," a ish ae. ‘ fy Fo) Pane: Hee pay by bai The ‘ iw iad KIL carrath ele hie . os ee :@ ws . A ob, oe cae See a “a Ae: = MS 3 heh: Fa.2 CZILG chat ns GOE oT h # ~ Cees) LE ga ee & s a Re ey wy | aera ite 3 28) takes “Let Ty Be: Par. Nos 357 UNITED -KING DOM. ID PN¢ 1 PDoVaNpMec ANY AwTMA CLIPPERS: NAIL, BARBERS", AND ANIMAL .-.., £ § roi Stat. import class (1939): 6118.6-.8 . ~ | iG eek Lannlal mio A United Etates production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 Domestic f exports UNITED Year Production France. a Gernany 1/ | KIRSDOM countries Quantity (number) tit DAS Bhs. labee>., 575 iy Ege ihe poral y tc ear a avail- es 3,145 234 Wy, FOSekarts I Proposed or a neyotiating Act of 1945 ei ; country 1930 rate aay i Parr S57 sad Oe OTE. “Clippers: Nail, barbers', and animal, and blades therefor, finished or unfinished: Valued not over 50¢ per dozen —— 34¢ ea, 33¢ ee. UNIT TED KINGDOM $Ae% +45% . uy ad val. ad val. Valued over 50¢ end not over Sl. 75 Der dogen s—.. 15¢ en. 15¢ ea, ad. +45% +45% ad val. ad val. Vaiued over “1.75 per-dozen — 20¢ ef. 20G* Gary IK Ly do’. | : | Ae +45% . Sava. Ad uwWie Je Comment aE Wa dig Somer ICE oe Barbers! and animal clippers are the major items considered herein; nail clippers are of lesser importance in‘domestic production anu consumption. Ordinary hand-operated barbers! ‘end ‘unimsl clippers are similarly con- structed, being equipped with two blades witn cuttin, teeth which give. a shearin: action een they pass over eachother, Barters':elippers-include the professional type used in barber and béauty shops'and a somewhat smaller size desined for home use, Animal clippers -include.thase, used. py: whens aqaitymen, ana horse- men, and Specially deat ened WwW pes for owners of pe Hand-operated barbers! « * 112 CLIPPERS: WAL, SANXSERS!', AND iol LMAL--Continued pers clippers have been supplanted to a certain extent by electrically operated clippers. Mechanically operated enimal clippers are equipped with e erank and a cutting head mounted on a flexible shaft. The domestic industry consists of about a Cozen companies, locatea in Wisconsin, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Illinois, Missouri, wna New York. Two firms produce the bulk of the output. Production in 1939 was divided as foliows;: ‘Produced _in oe PEOOUCER. 1h. meee PR Clipper industry ‘other “industries - Total a ri yn CR. HM) : rhe F; \ Find Electric --—-------—--- 555,375 = 55.378 Ya nd—cper ated barbers ' clippers imported under the provisions of the highest value breekes comprise the bulk of imports. Small quantities of nail clippers and clipper blades have been imported in tae lower vaiue brackets, but in the lowest | es none were imported in 1959. The compound duty on this bracket is equivalent to 129 percent on articles valued at exactly 50 cents a dozen, rising with every decrease in the valuation and reaching 255 percent ad valorem if the _article is valued at only « Number * Value * Number:? Value Production: - : : es VB Safety razors -~-—-~-~------~--—------------— : 10,4573 "GINGA Ssh ongarr ia fea Safety razor blades: — : : ee a Number reported ------~----—--~~—---~-------- ¢ 1,905, 708. 17,1092 Niet ~e nee “Number not reported ------------_---—---- : : A/OS > That ¢ + Tigees Subtotal (blades) -------- aa} : 17 55a : Total value -—-—-----------~---~---~-~----- —! e LY5220% - Hxports: : : : : Safety razors. -------—------—---~-----—----- : 7293 1343 509: $118 Safety razor blades —————————_+__-_-_-—— : 29,6513 Fla RIS 5a aA 04 Source: Official statistics of the Ue S. Department of Commerce. In 1944 there were 3,659 million safety razor bludes produced in the United States, and in the second-quarter of 1945 more thun 1 billion, The United Kingdom was the principal prewar source of imports or safety razorse A type with a hollow ground blade waich is accompanied by a sharpening device was one of the leading imports. Limited imports were received itso from Germany, France, Canada, and Sweden. Blades came from tne above countries, also from Czechoslovakia, Japan, end Switzerland. Sweden, France, and Japan were the chief sources of tne small imports of blades in strips Competition from imports is limited by « number of factors. The production of nolders snd blades is well adapted to mass-production methods in which American manufacturers excel; he method of distribution employed hy manutacturers favors the ‘home producer; Lap gate are Limited by requirement tnat imported blades be die sunk with the name of the foreign menufacturer , as.well as by the duties. The requirement that blades be die sunk with the name of the manufacturer is difficult to accomplish without injury to thin blades. he duties on safety razors and blades were sharply reduced by the trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January 1, 1939. Nevertheless, the imports in 1939 were smaller than in 1957, presumably because of the then generally disturbed political end economic Gonditiongs Jody ah SAFETY RAZORS, HANDLES, FRAMES, &4ND bLADES-Continued Safety razors, handles, frames, and blades: consumption, ‘ United States imports for by Kinds, by principal sources, With ad valorem equivalent oi the duty, 1939 : Total :Ad valorem: der iathle 2 the zien ; value :equivalent: Side winaleg a aideted tee : : \Peboent : Safety razors, handles, and : : 3 frames -—-----~~-----~--—--—— : $51,863: «0 s UNITED KINGDOM, 451,530; France, : : : $2703 Germany sat #56; Canada, “ : Mee Blades, in strips -----—------: puis 123 : France, $95; Sweden, 91; : : : Japan, $41 Other blades, finished or : : : unfinished — ——-——---—-----: 11,584: 23 : UNITED KINGDOM, 49,931; : : : Germany,=/ $1,671; Palestine, : ; s 482 1/ Includes Austria Source: Official stetistics of the Us S. De partment of Commerce. i, f ve pe ree) « her) rally es ita J ‘ f ’ ; : t ray 3 i. d. in ale tulo 7h olde ‘ sas "ate - pe tlctiees ‘ * ni ’ ae a ee ‘UL Sie ee? & og Tey ‘SHAD ’ ‘ . P ‘ ‘ } 7 oe ibs - i tor V¢ E hy a ae i re ay oe m ’ i he aT * ) . - rn : ae é ’ { rh ont it nyt We ve ; ; 4 : 2 ae : “TP si Siaeaie. " y ae Ri ual Mi ' ? j a e es 7s PS “7 iG Se Po eid oy ‘ ‘wh Angad ot axh. hothat.. amobald Sat, geomert, hoe Lagkoadiy et 4 thabe ge pa | = . ae i =I i AL gout oa 9: Thala tape warm! ane ; ‘ eli. br Us | adden nanebe-ocamnsverni inertness oneliante | ts Sats cn eee, ifn NAR wk f a ae 2 ae el RS ag os * » a Pee eee tin eee et snr tr ct, Snip Pl as tk nC c Ebina medtate y + 7 ‘ ef rs 4 Yomere a. POPS | Ve giby: gop bey yoomeet Ce ma meh. ee arn “+e Ua heG. ¥ ‘ hate ; <£ a roa b oe) 7 A y Assl. .. YS \ > - 2 tie . sewn Az Cee at 4 Ls £4, re 204i ale pei ‘ ; er e 4 - ; i oy pou ’ eR etme A etme ea. DE ND De ie AOE EE AI ID Ch Mat | DE ; . . STIS to Tremearayt Ga Gd BT Ser oatgbtcte:dak@kt tO ‘ ' he ms a Naat » ha ae : , : : ‘ J iw Pete ees op ‘en eyes Ha oo i”, “4 , , ‘. ’ Tah Fo Te eae ‘i ity : Salta pe ee aes ek / ; ae he eee: s han ant, ‘ ’ ¥ } ri rp se ; > 4 lef iis s ae rte. ua: ’ (nae. Sait wk % me se ou ee ion, ) r. a Ghee J gl a te tk fl ‘ Dasa ai in ia hg J } ‘ iv ial i vi 4 ! 4 P= , - 4 « J | on] i rey hs i ' pe | é n ‘ i dale \ ‘ é . ? [ ft on ace) 1 . ‘ RA Bye he 7 i ee i Or ees wey Z - “a - bx ~ 4 j “rr ; rer i sal vi | aa ea) aS : mall et 5 te, { j pee 3h my \ ; ‘7 Je fi br. WEEN OTe x3 Pinca Fe als * Oe ae Fas) ; : Pinter ul i ad “- rie ; Pa aoe ce ae VAs By he wey aha eee Gr) ¥. nt ri a ‘ my ‘ | ' F i. , “rut ' , digit, A. ix Pie { , : f } i as fal ra ee Lei 6, eae aes ; Ma a ; 7 coy ‘ € 3 1 2 i , sq} f :) an Re. ha irey La rs ah i, end Pee wetas ae te bidet Paes irwed Ne ie il Pax, ads peice is UNITED KINGDOM RAZOE iS (EXCEPT SAPETY RAZORS £50 ELECTRIC SHAVERS) AND Papts (arewae riantede SA RAS 1 oe i ESR ae, re ree Seé''se_ urate divest Gn” Ssatevy “Tarors, per, 3563 “electric shavers are dutiable in par. 353, CIE 42'7/40) Ch ~All eee Tey) / pas LES ae é +73 eats stat. import classes (1939): 6117.3, 2eyuZ, OL lieds 2nd 11706 ak Soe Ca lle? Le ae ee oO; 11} Jor CUS y 193 ev and 19435 oe} sty a ey, emNMRRR. 6 DMRS: | TT PP 7 ae ; 7 Re eve ai oy ai Imports for “consumption from-~ Product! on ‘ Domésti ! i exports | Al} , a a me a ee —— geen any roa “UNITED countries | “RENGDOM 1s: add fool ia ORE SRO. BP Oeene ‘Quantity (number) ices 1937 =| 209,810 | gage | 160, 701 | 155,066 t 4;678 | 936=+ Tae. Bee arise | 100,812 GEPOLOW, ego Qosene4| 1939 --- . DSR E27 cigs a aa \ 87,77). | 83,083 ees. EG pe!) S9ig el | ness MOET eMrey ey 4.0930 - | as 1937 . y baile ee tie Bias Not 1936) ++— ssa oa apret 5a 682 R21 eae oy 8 ee 5 , a ee 192° 99 600 sateen 58, 682 i oe i its Nede ! shy 1 Ley _ Value (dollars) ; cn a a a a ee 93,382 | 4,627 | 59,721 | 2,265 | 54,913 | 3 BOB Lat | - - | Efe Production figures represent number (where available) and value razors only | | Pig: import figures represent numbe inciudes Austria beginnine' 1‘ Principally from Sweden. la 3/ 138, eA and valu e of razors anc razor parts. Sources Official statistics of the U. &. Department of Commerce. litem United States tariff Proposed ie} gotiating Act of 1945 country 1920 rate ; Par. 355 Razors (except safety razors and electric shavers) and parts thereof, finished or unfinished: Valued at less then 75¢ per doz.° 13) ea. ae ea. +- 30%, Ve 4 u as peak ne val. . Cc Ae 75; and less than $1.50 per doz, ~----------------+-----~ 25%: a6 secgmtgtea + 30h, | Valued $1.50 and less than $3 - ad “vE per d02, -------9--- 30¢ ea, + 30% =] = Ge « ot a o -—y dus ' aa ad S Valued $3 and less than $4 ‘per AO%. meee ee eee — Ca. . 30% a. ; i VAL. Valued $4 or more per doz. -----— Ay G8.6. eet ea r : : + 208. Note.- Cee table below for ad valorem tfitvareAts 1s UNITED “tNGDOM ad 206 Tis Cie 30% eh rege: ad V3. pe ea. ad HOF. oko ee ea. : ory fold ” a ‘ dave. Os do. ae epee i wae AO. \faves Oo: duty. cy RAZORS (EXCEPT SAFETY RAZORS AND ELECTRIC SHAVERS) AND PARTS-Continued Comment Domestic consumption of ordinary (straight) razors is limited. Competition from safety razors and electric shavers has greatly reduced the demand for straight razors, particularly from the largest group of purchasers—-home users. The demand for straight razors is now largely confined to professional barbers who have a preference for certain foreign makes, mostly German. In 1939 United States production of straight razors comprised less than one-half of 1 percent of the total value of UOC CEE oferazors of all kinds. The trend in both domestic production and wae has been downward in recent years. Prewar imports usually supplied one-half or more of the United States requirements; in some recent prewar yeers they exceeded production. Straight razors do not lend themselves to mass production methods, Former- ly they were ‘anc forged. Dies and drop hammers or hydraulic presses are now commonly gears 8 in initial processes and blades are finished on grinding wheels. The quality of the blade is of primary importance in the trade. Blades are usually on of high-grade steel. Straight razors are made in a wide range of shapes, finishes, and handle materials. Six firms, located in New York, MaBgachyseyls., Pennsylvania, ond Titinois, some of whom produce other cutlery items, account for domestic output. Germany, and to a lesser degree the United Kingdom, have long dominated the world trade. Imports in the first two value brackets are mainly parts; they have been un- important, no importations whatever having occurred in 1939. Imports in the high- est value brackets are razors. Razors and parts: United States imports for consumption, by kind, by principal sources, with ad vaiorem equivalent of the duty; 1939 * Item Total Principal sources value equivalent Ad valorem ee @0 ee H : Percent H Razors and parts: : Se | : Valued less than 75¢ : : : per dozen ~------——-3 None : 8 Valued 75¢ and less : $ : than $1.50 per dozen~ : . None : > 3 Valued $1.50 and less : ‘ : than $3 per dozen —-—--: i Te: 3 Germany,1/$74. Valued $3 and less than: : 3 $4 per dozen +---=--—— , ” bgoer ria Germany,2/$938; France, $167; $ : : UNITED KINGDOM, $10. Valued $4 or more per : : : dozen ----~------------ i) 62,243 4 96 + Germany 1/$53,851; UNITED : : : KINGDOM, $3,383; France, $188; : Canada, #21. 1/ Includes Austria, source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. 113 Par. No. 355 HAY FORKS AND FOUR-TINED MANURE FORKS UNITED KINGDOM (See digest on other agricultural hand tools, par. 373, and digests on cutlery, pars. 355, 357, and 358) Etat. import classes (1939): 615.87, 615.88 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 ‘and -1943 for consumption from ——_.. . Imports Domestic Year-: {|}: Production. , Esa 3 aseckos CUNTTRD exports | bn ‘ Sweden = svakta nt {- !countries | LOVAKIS KINGDOM 1937 —— nee. Wilmer eg ops | eye 650 On | 37,650 a N 1938 --- |, nea. 73,272 | 5730, 5,400 320 9) , 1939 —- [L/" 2,500,000 ; 133 776 jel 16, 020 . | 16,080 a N 1943 --- ri 8. | 2h FISEO fo ik Mae ahs ie he oe i | 1 1937 —— Nae reais ok 4.26 8,223 8,223 us N | OPA Spee bi LAY ay 173 0 939 acd 2,000,000 | _, 70, 185 |2/ 2,677 2,677 uf n om ned. of 1.598) | ae L ee j a OE A SO Ons ORM i TEE CS ae Oy A | eee OCR RS ed SORE Sek 1/ Bstimated. 2/ Alt imports were without handles and with blades 6 inches or more in length. 3/ Includes 25,152 valued at $17,232 exported under lend-lease. Source: Official statistics of the U. &. Department of Commerce, except as noted. [tem United States tariff Proposed eee negotiating Act of ie OL L945 eoun ay, 1930 ate Pear agate ; Hay forks and 4-tined manure isles 2 finished or unfinished, n.s.p.f.: With handles of any material other t, han those more specifically menticned in par. 355, 4 inches in length or over, exclusive of hand)].e ------------------------ — 84+ 2¢ + UNITED KINGDOM ey ne ey, ad val.= ad val..= Without hendles, with blades 6 inches or more in length -—-—--—-- 84 + 2¢ + UNITED KINGDOM 45% 12% ad val.l/ ad yal .2/ iy The duty was reduced tc 4 cents each and 224 percent ad valorem, effective April 1933, wider Sec. 336 of the Tariff Act of 1930 ei Trade agreement with the United Kingdon, pPhteetive January 1939. Note.- The duty on all imports in 1939 was equivalent to 24 percent ad valorem. Comment Forks with handles of materials specially mentioned in par. 355 such as pearl, ivery, horn, silver, and rubber,are commonly used for household and commercial pur- poses and are dutiabdle at varicus rates; hay and manure forks, being wooden- handled, are dutiable at the rates show above. Two domestic producers supply most of the hay and manure forks used in the United States. Three grades zre made, differing in quality of handle, weight, and finish. Skilled labor is required in forming the tines. 119 HAY FORKS AND FOUR-TINED MANURE FORKS—Con tinued Great Britain, Sweden, and Germany are large producers. Some foreign forks 7g are of the higher grades, others are inferior to the American.in. quality and finish. e 1936 imports have come almost wholly from Sweden. ' They have been of Sinc good grade hut, because of the scarcity of ash in Sweden, birch has been used for handles. Imnortation from Sweden has been carried on mainly as an adiunct: to much larger importations of other Swedish products. In 1934 and 1936 imports valued at about $9,000 total for the 2 years came from the United Kingdom. _- Although the United Kingdom is a source of some of the knives and forks pro- vided for in paragraph 355, there have been no imports of hay forks or pe manure forks from that country for many years. Although the duty was reduced by 50 percent in the trade apreement with the United Kingdom effective January 1, 1939, the imports in that year. were much smaller than.in 1937 and they came exclusively from Sweden. 120 Po 4 ar. No. 356 MACHINE KNIV&S AND BLADES UNITED KINGDOM Stat. import class (1939): 613.91 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 —_——_—— —— +--+ a ne ae a 7 popes | __ Imports for “consumption from--— vhs Year Production exports 2/ Re All ite eae _ 2/ | GNTEED | countries | Sweden | Germany KINGDOM ____ Quantity (number) 5 a re . pg SOREL aa } i 90,932 | Weeks] | i al ' “haoe70 | nea. | | eae, Ly 121,721 | 472,615 | 158,993 | 296,658 |) 11,729 Plays 283,068 | 5/193 | hy A 100 : > | yea es en ee ERG HET ECs ESS Le ae EIEN i a ote Ao ea | | 1938 ----| Not =| 99,054 | neae | | BOP perel ee fil) AAG ,OPL | 2 735400 | ee be Mee ELEN Seemed 2d 1943 —---| able | 4/475,198 |5/ 3,050 | | ma he ee ae Machine knives, only. 2/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 3/ Large compared with imports (see text). 4/ Includes 34,196 valued at $51,142 exported wnder lend-lease. 5/ Includes 93 valued at $1,291 imported from Canada. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Item United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act of 1945 goun try 1930 rate Par. 356 Percent ad valorem Planing-machine knives, tannery and leather knives, tobacco knives, paper and pulp. mill knives, ° shear blades, circular clothand. cork cutters, circular cigarette cutters, and eil other cutting knives and blades used in power or hand machines (except knives and blades for meat- cutting, meat-slicing, or meat- chopping machines) ——-——~~———_-+-_ 2.2. 20 Y/ 20 UNITED KINGDOM af Bound in the trade agreement with Sweden, effective August 1935, and with the United Kingdom, effective January 1939. Comment The machine knives and blades here under consideration are flat or circular edge tools used for chipping, cutting, planing, shaving, slicing or splitting wood, leather, paper, tobacco, and certain other nonmetallic materials. Separate sta- tistics of United States production for these products are not available but for a broader group of commodities which includes machine knives, bl:des, dies, and their housings, the value of the domestic output wes $4,485,665 in 1937 and $45,928,753 in 1939, en | MACHINE KNIVES AND BLADES--Continued Statistics of United States exports of machine knives | are not strictly com. parable with the statistics of imports. It is believed, however, that exports | of the types of tools,here considered have usueily exceed imports of similar tools in past years. at eich United States imports have been “very largely edge tools sfttne shaller sizes or shapes and tools for ube on wood of paper have been the leading import items. The tools importea from. Sweden andthe .United Kingdom have included sdéme made of special steels. Py am ; / 4 : es “- me Domestic producers. have the ODER titive advantage over foreign producers of» + being wear the domestic market srid tin a position to supply -their customers more protiptly with such.replacement parts as machine knives and blades. \Moreover, > most of the machines now in use in the United States, which utilize knives and: blades,-are of domestic manufacture snd users of such machines would ordinarily prefer to obtain tneir replacements ‘of knives end blades from domestic producers. «yy a> scotty Par. No. 359 22 UNITED KINGDOM t- DENTAL AND SURGICAL NEEDLES AND DENTAL. FORCEPS Stat. import classes (1939): 9160.1-2; 9160.4:5: Unitec Stetes production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 ........ Imcorts for consumrtion from-- ° UNITED | Brae KINGDOM All countries Value (dollars Bet te Not | Not | 112,362 96,103 1h 564.5 : POS aseeh i. avails aveil~ | 72,927 65,103 7,149 1996 | able able Hh, O21) 375427 3,778 1943 aad (see text) | (see text 108,336 | LOS , 382 | | / l/ Include S SUL eg Source: .Official statis inning 1932. co = ics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Ttem United ates tariff ~~ “Proposed Act oie 1945 os country OuUn tr 1930 rate Percent ai valorem Par. 359" Surgical instruments, and farts thereof, inclucing hypodermic % *% % composed wholly or ot ixyon, steel, copper, brass, nickel, siuminum, or other metal * %s Hyrodermic and other surgical neecles ~-~---~-~---—-~-------------— 55 Dental instruments, and parts thereof, inclucing hypoclermic needles, * * * and forceps, wholly or in part of iron, steel, copper, bress, nickel, aluminum, or other metal 3 Hyrodermic needles 3nd extrac- tion Corceps --------~-~----~-~---- ao ay do. B.5 UNITED KINGDOM ea} Bex Comment ' United States production of needles and forceps is not se Sota oa total rro- duction of surgical and dent.1 instmaments exceryt dental burrs and drills was valued at $6,331,886 in 1937 and 48,028,385 in 1939. However, Piece values in- clude a wide variety of instruments which are not included in this Ciscussion. The industry expanded arpreciably during the wer. Imports have surplied a considerable aa of the domestic cemand for hypo- dermic needles anc the greeter part of the demand for other surgical needles; the United Kingdom has been practically the sole foreign source. Imports of dental forcers probaoly have been less than domestic froduction. Imports from Germiuny were valued 2% 357,900 in 1937 and $2,700 in 1939; since then the United Kingdom hes been the principal source. — ; Le) DENTAL AND SURGICAL NEEDLES AND DENTAL FORCEPS——Continued There are no comparable figures for United States exrorts of the instruments discussed in this digest. The United Stetes has had a substantial export trade in surgical instruments as a whole ae 480 in 1939 and ¢497,360 in 1937). Exports of all tyres. of centel instruments were $48,765, in 1939 and #43 981 in’ 1937. Probably some dental forcers were exported, but it scems likely that the exports of dent»1 and sursical needles were negligible, Denial and. surgic cal needles and dental forceps: United States imports for consumrtion, by erincipal sources, 1939 (ae er re en ee ee ee Kind ' Total value ; Princirpel sources Dental-hypodermic needles ------—---+--; $4,'738 : UNITED KINGDOM, $4,297 Dental extracting forceps ---4t--- : 4,352 : Germany $2,692; UNITED : 2 : KINGDOM, $1,815 Surgical hypocermic needles epee seers 5k : UNITED KINGDOM , #2 Other surgical needles -----~-----—~--; - 32,280 : UNITED KINGDOM, $31,015 RN eS = - Se i a 2 Sa Ae a ee es : 2 = oe —— wis tr = PS . | my Includes Austria. # ; . wources Official statistics of the U. S. Devartment cf Commerce. Le4 Par. No. 360 rs UNITED KINGDOM PYROMETERS AND LOISTURE TRSTERS AND PARTS United States oroduction, exports 1937—39 and 1943 ‘ ‘ OMeEStLe | Imports f LOL COonsuMm pti jon fromn— Yeor Production | - by Paes ity se ed +. aed wa acm t PEO Giy NK Yta A avails UNITED oo: ny 47 } ( ‘ad > i - “t iC e ee es ie Loomer tes Neem fe Value (dolinrs) a ee Te Peete) 7 3.; 193 7 wv NT + Sy ‘ i 91 5 | = 4 # 4 NOT } WOT : 1938) a | ‘ i ps em es avail- avail—- | p 1939 —— | | Play 3,008 | gehues. ' able qgble ' ‘ Dy Ut aheys Ly a ae ee ! i tag / a ae Le Qeo ' 1943 ——— \(see text) (see text)| . 15238 ph Acts Mies ae) eae putea a ee te ul eo ES diced = Riser, RRR a = pes Includes Austria beginnins 1938. 2/ Pyrometers mly. Source: Officinl statistics of the U. &. Department of Commerce. Ttem Unitad States tariff Proposed 2 Ga negotiating Act of 1945 country 1.930 rate 26 Par. 360 9 ne } A Pyrometers are sclenti ments, apparatus, ances, and parts in shied value of piated with gold, num, or n.f-pD. 1% Pit or finished npreement 1/ Trade Ie Pee distave utens ils, who vant ‘a * a metal, and Sliver, or a unfinished with Ne the Uni Percent ene 9 ST ere tare Ey es RE eS Ne ee testers which all Ley qetru- apoli- aly or not olati- and 40 ited Kingdom, Comne t, ett valorem é ad af, a's Fan ad — 25 ; active UNITED KINGDO: r 24 Janua is eS) 1939 rs ave used for the measurement of temperatures beyond the renge of 335 Some poth mersure ee record temperatures. Moisture testers are used ee Sei Renee the water content of solids, liquids, or gases. Only pyro- meters and testers which are designed for use in scientific Laboratories are in- cluded the class sroaue dustri Unt te Separate 7 value of both factured in the the outout of ports have never been cinal sources in ray ol ses Lie by Unite the reduction ; ee cs, Nag cers: ication eto secnussion. . * . mS sn data for the scic ae c . . ae dal snd scientific pyrometers we \ G9 é aa 1 ar: Stat es Was ds aa 2 yf 30 38 Lesa RR 24 5 rah cs > mt Y Poke! LAOS 03 ry Nas oe abi Woah, aa Ve ~~ At Se as Ope ages: ere | 2 Hs large. The United Kingdom = arc eae : esis d States imports. duty by trade 3 / Loe L937 igh qual 4. ~ - types ere not ilable The anid t moleture testers manu- , 027,000 in 1939. As ity and performance, im-— have been the prin- [ Y < Dae tar cee Ft!) i BEF Un. 99 ie PE. Re me # Raves ae Si hi (Kd at AC & tale Pease phs Mahe eh shoyt ¥t bad, phe Beaty ike fi ; ; r J ) Ae Win Fane fe ate + T' b 4B js «PEO pe i La > ig) de pet uy ¢ tlh" ee Rey hg ih He iter te ie 0 Oak. goon Sag bike wh A eR ial RO MY A wratit” ing 10° omy race ech: pigeon ane |x Penpals S97 Pic ie diay le AY “ov Beez nae ; i fn ' Lj a i ¥ : " i) ; i Sah OAL Gi ue ie waite ue = 4 i ‘ ; i ¢ a ie Kad Bad cash hie arte sander. wie wer s wil gfe versie weer’ 2" Mian i “ ances dan: Y "4 nd ‘ O @ Ane’ Unie cove, tea at Lee yitisiaa ch Ut Ail _[bapld ibaa Ane ls bantipi te bi ib aif tab 4 360 TNGDOM at AD Nr C3 Zz le = = e e INSTRUMENTS FOP, DETERMINING STRENCTH OF MATERIALS Stat. import class (1939): 918.27 od United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 snd 1943 ae pen is Sa SS * ta oie mere getnetEIe ethene Nm GR ee IE ERE RE Rt OE OR ET OTE SF SN NN SRG Rt tee NR aR | ee eptmenr ame | | Domestic cle for consumption from-- On ~ Year | Production | chet be RS Ra ak LS MOR | i exports ALL URED Gel iver | countries _ KINGDOM. land | oe a a ete ra = er ne ee re nen nt Value (dollars) | a ‘Not Not event 1,169 | / ; avail- | a/4, 637 “a 7,237 YC genes] (see text); 2/ 392 | : a af Includes $1,235 imcorted from Germany (inclv ding Austria yi 2/ Free for Government usc $300, 911 from Newfoundland and Labrador. Source: Official statistics of the U. &. Derartment of Commerce. 1937 vl 1938 avail- | 1930 wa able | able 19 | (see text) I ‘ A nn ae ae each RN Ge deat A ete A ern aan ene ae Ttcm United States tariff Proposed negotiating a coae ERAS. ~ country ao rite Par. 360 Laboratory instruments, Preity Ae aprlianccs, for Jjetermining the strength of materials or articles in rerun, compression, torsion, vr shear, and carts of the foregoing; any of the ‘foregoing wholly or in chief value of metal, and not plated with gold, Silver, or platinum, finished or un- finished, n.g.peP. ------ eee - AQ / Trade agrcemont with Gwitzerland, effective Pebrusry 1936. yy ra) Pa Pas af #0 UNITED K bo SF Ga as] ®) ms = Comment —_— The testing siete sncigey id discussion are laboratory physicel—-testing equir- ment for one or more of the following focterss Compression, tension, torsion, shear, harincss ee cage abrision resistance, friction, renetreation, and im- > 3 3 bf S| pact. There Variety of nochines is extensive, Experimental devices sre often ‘developed by research or ba saboratories and the working acparetus is produced by pair hia of peptdt if equipment. More machines are mace for com— mercial than for laboratory use, but they luck the precision of the laboratory equipment. un QO be ot c- oO bg No United or for those make this eoulL instruments States production date are available for either the totel output Signed for research. 2: e item United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act e pete 1945 rate country t Ss ad val. ad val. Se age {fs / Rifles, valued: Not over $5 éach ----- a ee ee No change UNITED KINGDOM Over $5, not over #10 me foo ge rate, ethane anal La boi! No change do. Over $10, not over $25 ; each ------~-------~ -— 6,00 45 No change do. Over $25, not over $50 each +~~---~-~--~—~-~-- 10.00 45 No change _ do. Over $50 each --~~--~+-~ ~ 65 of 323 do. Rifles, without locks or fittings ------~---- 10.00 mip P 4) No change do. Barrels for rifles, fur- i | ther advanced than rough bored -~--------- AsO 50 No change ACs ctocks for rifles -—-----+ 5.00 50 No change do. Parcve and fittings for rifles, n.s.p.f. ------ - a3 No change do. Shotguns, valued: al? Not ever $5 each --~-- 1.50 L5 #0 75 el 22% BELGIUM Over $5, not over $10 each -----~----—----— 4.00 45 200 3/ 224 do. Over $10, not over Fe yh P25 each eae es 6.00 45 3.09. 2/ 224 do. Over $25, not over ‘ $50 each ----------— 10.00 45 5,00 2, 22% de. Over ‘$50 each ~—.--.— " 65 i 2/3/ 324 UNITED KINGDOM, See footnotes on following page. BELGIUM 129 RIFLES, SHOTGUNS, AND PARTS-Continmued United States tariff | Proposed | | negotiating heirs) ae co aa 1945 rate Seyi country ' Each plus percent Each plus percent ad.val. ad val. Par. 365-Continued Shotguns without locks ce eww Shs ee or fittings ---------- $10.00 55° 5.00, 3/ ark BELGIUM Barrels for shotguns Re wi dele 1 in single tubes, | forged, rough bored —- ~ 10 = 3/ 5 do. Barrels for shotguns . further advanced than rough bored ----- 4.00 50 2.00 3/ 25 do. Stocks for shotguns See G0 he rigs 50) 3f 25 do. Parts and fittings for 3/ Efoteuns, neaspet ee - 55 - 27 do. 1/ Paragraph does not cover muzzle-loading shotguns and rifles, which ure duty- free under paragraph 1723. 2/ Trade agreement with United Kingdom, effective January 1939. 3/ Trade agreement with Belgium, effective May 1935. Note.— The ad valorem equivalents of the duties are shown in the table at the ena of this digest. . Comment Repeating and single-shot models of rifles are produced in the United States. Both military and sporting types ere made, the sporting arms predominating in peacetime years. About 46 percent of the rifles manufactured in 1937 and nearly 5S vercent in 1939 were repeating. The three main types of shotguns are single or Py ‘ Res Nah Watt, LA te gnte : M. % q rm Te ee ee nh, JOS RTA IAS 4 -# Py ; (ek = lab + ‘ ey I r 4 oe ane a s: ‘ sid pa tn 08) ry Ld | oo abd fers ot Vat eee tee & Ries eee tee B ‘ ‘ ir ; ie i ¥ Senate a ous Pad te > VPeee AN ye dead satchalnran RO Eee ae ee a ee ay or . 4s =~ = a> RS ee = —- « oF @& SE a. oe ROG RE ene rensee tend i Oa. BM ie > * i‘? wn ane penemnioaeontersi'd ones » = ~ i sen ah ie we a AL we ened ments ghenibemininne tare eyecare he acd ee wegen iain Drea | 3 ; Coase = cout [ot omar om natin " — Beer a theta mente Seite sn eomseine aig ER. eat an pres eQlvine 9 wth uide ina iillee age ay Wow. ie a i 131 Par. No. 365 UNITED KINGDOM > -BRLGIUM COMBINATION SHOTGUNS AND RIFLES Stat. import classes (1939): 947.41, NLS, WML OLR LT 947 LI United States ‘production, er ts, and imports, 1937-39 and'1943 Imports for consumrtion from-- Year |Production Domestic ‘ All we UNITED | bia | oye | exports on ol ini BELGIUM | Germany Lf Sweden - , countries KINGDOM aa cane oe’ Quantity (number, A selbst hte, 18 L N r 12 i ra fe) = ue aero ad 3 E io z . er) oes ae eal | | | j 1937 | i 5] ¢ cr ame | avail- avail-— hey : i 1943 | able 2/ able the ; Principal sources : . ; duties : ; Number < s, Percent. : Combination shotguns and rifles: : : : Valued each: : - : : Not more than $5 ------—- ‘ > fe 1] sea : Mexico, 17 Over $5, not over $i0 -—-; ns = 2 tae : ee Over $10, not over $25 —---: 15 SS ae 95 : Sweden, $135; Union of : : - : Bee Afrigs, (20 Over $25, not over $50 -—-; SR serous Th : Austria,=/ 6279 Over $50 —--------—- —-: 3 Se 5B s 45 : Austria ,2/¢ yIRO} ; : : : aernany 20 9505) : : ° : UNITED KINI SOM, wade et Totals for the 5-year period given in order to present deta in more than one r tvo price brackets, ie, In the second bracket the'minimum ad valorem ecuivalent is 85 percent, with 125 percent as the upper limit. “Imported during 1936. 4/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. UF - 133 Par. No. 366 UNITED KINGDOM Stat. import classes (1939): 947.00, 947.01, 947.02, 947.03 | Domestic Imports for oi leks from— i | Year Production exports AlL Wag Rea UNITED lecoutries | +e iy At sae? 1937 —-| 139,293 | 5 | as ! - | OIE oct Neds 58,869 | 157 | 46 | ig | 84, 1939 —- 90,447 | 16,857 | 126 | 90 | 1 at 7 1943 —— Nee i2/ 226,478 | 58 | - | ey 51 Se DEE NEES IB LDL SI SEW ieee OD SMe, YU Pea ea OA el, OER DUP Foe eS Value (doilars 1937 =|. 2, satG7onlle igeajosed. ott J63seral 6x4 eat OL a BOGE cet Per i tee 1,242,094 | ised 160 | 180 | 41 $939 -——-|- 1,554, 864 323,630 | mE eee a1) | 388 20 (1943 -—| mae 86,348,171 | 315 om fie er 5 208 __ eee ! i ' ; siehairiac Data covering: Suaenenee imports, and exports of pistol and revolver parts have not been included. .. Production data are'not available but the 1943 exports indicate there was a large outnut for military purposes. imports have been negligible. There were ‘substantial exports during war years for military pur-— poses: for example, United States exports a per ts in 1943 were 284307 ($235,668 lend-lease). 2/ Includes Austria beginning 1938. 3/ Includes’ 214,525 valued at $5 LOD Seo oupeiea under lend~—lease. . source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Item “United States tariff. «+ Proposed is negotiating LNs Ale} Cee) sean QTD cy 1930 —- rate Pars 365 Pistols and revolvers: Automatic, Single shot, or revolving: Valued not over #4 each ——---—~ $2.00 each } UNITED KINGDO: + 55% ad vale; Valued over #4, not over {8 é each —-——- —- nee — #2.50 each UNITED KINGDO: + 5 5% ete hag, 2 TO Valued over $8 each #3.50 each change UNTTED KINGDO’ + 55% Parts thereof and fittings tneteror —_.- ————-——--—~—— 105 porceant ‘ ) s) )x eh ad Va. ) ) UNITED KINGDO: Comment Single-shot pistols, automatic pistols, and revolvers constitute the three principal types of hand firearms. Pistols and revolvers, essential articles for military purposes, are limited in usage during peacetimes to the reauirements of police officers, householders and i are ee for protection and defense, and to sportsmen (largely for te reet manna dG The general sele and use of pistols nc revolvers in the United States is restricted by legislation, and the total sales to civilians are small. + =| we) Nn ._™~ PISTOLS, REVOLVERS, AND PARTS—Con tinued The sale of foreign pistols and revolvers in the United States is handicapped not only by the high duties but also aie the excellent quality and reputation of the domestic products. Imports, 1936 through 1942, amowuntcd.tco 500 mits or less annually, largely from the. United Rela ieclecin Many of the.imported arms are high-priced, single-shot target pistols. American pistols snd revolvers have enjoyed good salcs in world markets and heve been adopted as standard. models for use by military and police forces of a number cf cowutries. Exports of hand firearms are many times imports. rae Pistols and-revolvers: United States imoorts for consumption, . i equivalent ad valorem of the duties end principal sources, 1937 :Cuan—s ?Bouiva—: Kind etity-:-Value.:lent ad: Principel sources Soerragtt svalorems: Number: :Percents Pistols, and revolvers, ‘ - : ; automatic, single-shot, : : ‘ : magazine, or revolcniee : : “ Valued not over $4 each —: 142: #410: 124 : UNITED KINGDOM, 129 — £381 Valued over Bh. not cver s: : ; : ae ¢8 each ——————— ~——-: 160 : 1,022 : 94. : UNITED KINGDOM, 157 —- mb, 004 Valued over $8 each -—---——-: 209 : 3,203: 78 : UNITED KINGDOM, 204 — $3,112 Parts and fittings for —-: -: 136: 105 : Germany, $136 LEE ag source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department sf Commerce. Pars No. 368 (a,c) 135 UNITED KINGDOM MARINE CHRONOMETERS AND PARTS Stat. import classes (939): 954.33, 954.43, 955.85, 955.90 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-29 and 1943 . ; Domestic Production. _ exports. UNITED — KINGDOM Ali ae end Brazil countries Switzerland ! Quantity (nuinber) yy 1937 --- Not... Nias We geHt ts Baw 9." ot, el | ; 1938 ---} — avail- Nee VERITY: el) Mp eras? pach gid can | ae 1939 —- » able Pe Se pee i SEW iy bgt | y's é. 1943 ---| (see text) | vals: - Jewels contained in féregoing .25 ea. °.124 ea. do. -(c)(1)-. Parts Pare a aeept ala ty ears ries jewels) imported with com- plete movements (not exceed— ing in value 15 percent of value of such mechanisms) 2/. 45% ac 225% ad os val. val. (c)(6) Parts for (except jewels), YG ipel. af oe —----~---~-~ 65% ad 325% ad do. val. val. 1/ Trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January 1939. 2/ Value of parts in excess of 14 percent of value of complete mechanisms dutiable at rate provided for parts, n.s.p.f. in clause (c) (6). 3/ Does not include plates and assemblies or subassemblies. 136 MARINE, CHRONOME STERS AND PARTS—--Continued Comment Stendard marine chronometers are clocks constructed to operate with a very nigh degree of precision, being equipped with a special type of escapement found in no other type of timepiece. Virtually all of thém are used aboard ships, » principally for determining the longitude of the ship's position. At one time several domestic firms manufactured chronometersy but in the years immediately before the war the United States had ceased tc be 4 producer, oe during the wer one American watch manufacturer produced chronometers of great accuracy and “Suppiied a considerable part of the demands of the Navy and the eect Marine. Such production, SOvENer is not expected to: continue Jirtually all United Stateg imports of complete chronometers have been from the United Kingdom. Some parts have been imported from Switzerland. Exports from the United States of this class of instrument have been nil _except on lend—lease. pow In peecetime these instruments, which mst be maintained constantly to a high degree of accuracy, have a long life. From available information, it seems a pati hat the United Stetes Navy and the Merchant Marine have acquired a suffi- ient number to supply their needs for some years. Probably the number of new ots ronometers required as replacements will be small or even nil for a number of years. American manufacture has been stopped, since quantity production is essential in the United States in ordér to compete with the foreign made chronome- ters, and the market is never large. Marine chronometers and perts: United States imports for consumption, equivalent ad valorem of the duties, and principal sources, 1939 —— sEquivatent: Kind * Quantity © Value ¢- Principal sources : ; 2ac. “.).ovem: : Number ; . Percens = Marine chronometers: Valued :; : : : more than $10 ~~-+---~--——_— : AT + 6570037 : Jewels contained in --~---——-; eS Oe - :) 34.9 : United Kingdon, : : :) ; £6,079 Parts (except plates or : : : : jewels).imnorted with com-: : : : plete movenents ~---------; — : 64 : 22.5 3 France, $64 Parts for (except jewels); : —- 3: 5,202 ; 32.5 : Switzerland, $5,176 Take Dall » at : : ‘ Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. p Par. No. 368(a)(c) Lae UNITED KINGDOM SHIPS' LOGS, DEPTH SOUNDERS, AND PARTS Stat. import classes (1939): 959.023; 959.033; 959.072; 959.076 United Stites production, exports, and imports, 1937-39. and 1943 exports | Domestic | Imports for consumption from— Year Production oe een | All ot TED wre { KINGDOM |. countries ' V/ ituch greete: than imports. 2/ Small. ’ WOrEe 3/ Includes parts valued at 43,009 of which &2,769/ imported from fic United Kingdom. 4/ Includes rarts valued at £303 of which $247 imcorted from the United Kingdom. Ss } Source: Official stzxtis hoe of the U. S. Derartment of Commerce. Ttem United Siates tariff Proposed ) negotiating io Act of TORS © country 1930 LPAte ae Par. 368 (aflocks, cloc movements, * * * and any mechanism, device, or instru- ment.intended or suitable for measuring time, distance, speed, * * whether or not in cases, contsiners or housings: ' Ships! logs end derth-sounding mechanisms, devices, and instru- ments valued at more than $10-.- 4.50 Ge witbn pachee heave. ee ee . each . efich Sa Ao GSS PnBOee . ad val. ad val. UNITED KINGDOM Jewels contwined in the fore- going —----~~---—~--—-~-—---~-------- $0.25 $0.124 ; ppacnh., , seach * rida (c)(1Parts (except plotes and jewels) | imported with ¢omplete mecha- | nisms (not exceeding in value , 1s rereent of value of such SCT tis) ieee L5% 223% ad val. ad val. ; do. (c)(6)Parts for (except jewels)n.s.0. 93/058 322% ‘ ed val. ad val. do. 1/ Trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January 1939. 2/ Value of parts in excess of 14 percent of valué of complete mechanisms dutiable at rate provided’ for parts, n.s\.p. £% 3/ Does not include plates and assemblies or subassemblies. 524 ee & SHIPS'LOGS, DEPTH SOUNDERS, AND PARTS-—Continued Comment Ships! logs are distance speed indicators. There are three tyres: taffrail logs, which arc towed overside and transmit the Gistance traveled through a line to the indicating mechanism on.deck; under-water logs, which are attached to the hull and ocerate by means of impellers or rressure tubes; and tachometers, which indicate the speed of rotetion of the shirn's propeller shaft. Der th-soundin ng apraratus is cd three tyres, ell of which measure and indicate derth... One orerates by. means of a fressure tube sun's to the bottom, another by the action of a sinking PROT and a third on the echo frincirle. of taffrail logs is diminishing, and that of underwater or tube tyres of logs has not been extensive. Use of the tachometer tyres has been increa i All three tyres of certh sounders continue to be used, but there is an increasing tendency to install the ecno-tyre arparatus ag it rrovides more accurute sehen at high speeds. United States rroduction data are not available. Accorcing to trade informa~ tion, seven concerns manufacture ships‘! logs and threc, depth souncers. Taffrail logs suitable for seuxgoing vessels Sk not been made in the United States, but have been imcortecd from England; a smailer tyre for yachts 45 made in the United States and not imported. Some sevlaniened manufacturers ars equirred to produce marine types of vachometers. Most of the concerns are small but some are fairly large and the largcr ones rroduce other marine equioment. Imports were, unimportant in the decade before the war and did not, increase m..terially during the war. The United Kingdom is the rrincifal source of imports excert for tachometer tyres of marine sceed indicators, which are also produced in Switzerland. oe & tairly large surrly of sthis equipment is now on hand in the United States, and there will probably be only 6 sroradic demand for new equipment for some vears rarticulariy for selhey soundars. It seems likely that replacement for both the sreed and aerth indicators will be of the more modern tyres, in the manufacture of vhich the United mee excels. Ships! logs and derth sounders and rarts:s United Stetes imrorts for consumption, ad valorem equivalent of the -:luties, and r¢rincipal sources, 1939 Kind = Quantity ¢ Total :Ad valorem: — princiral sources : value equivalents : Number: | : Percent : Shics!' logs anc cerpth 3 3 3 : sounders, valucd more then 3 : : : BUG BRC ace ry ae : $21,9265. 34 : UNITED KINGDOM, 96 : ; : :.. valued at £16,688 Jewels contained in —--—-; > : -! - : Parts for (excerpt clates ; : : - and jewels) imported withs : : : comrlete movements ------ - - : in - : Perts for (excerpt jewels),: | : : - n.s.p.f. ~---—---~-~--~-~--- : > : SSONT ss" oA : UNITED KINGDOM, : : : Pw \) . ; : : : sa a Ie oo Ba SR Tos kr sla Rie source: Official ststistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Par. No. 368(c) (3) Lay UNITED KINGDOM ASSEMBLIES AND SUBASSEMBLIES FOR CLOCKS AND CLOCKWORK MECHANISMS Stat. import classes (1939): 955.83-.84; 959.068; 959.070 United States production, exports, end imports, 1937-39 «nd 1943 per AIG Pal Puey Oe” Ae sips Moun aiken ae Ar Gaweets aM. se i ‘4 | Imports for Sean / F 1 |p 4 a Year ; Production | aia gs ; | : i exports All : | Germenv i/ Canada : UNITED ene oie yl ectieatoa he Eg TN | RENGDOME © | | Quantity (number) . oe , Sr Ais Rahs: Ca ee a ; 1937 —-: Not Not fw roercar | 1,872 | 800 | 7,°725 ute oh emia) i avotie tienes to ee cs of «19200 | 19,166 ( . j weit 20.6 Db wih SBS | WP we Hb - 1943 --- salon | Dols - |} 17018 - aL To Lit): aN cotta atl lt ofa deinen oni onanin wot Value (dollars 1937 | Page oF pe bP aballia Wilrate pens, Not Not L) (eee Gay, ; : E 1938 ——: oe i | Bode | 13,406 ! : 3918 | 7167 | 3,689 1939 ahine able 2/ aWié 3f : {195 2 She | 1,054 38 1943 ——' | vA ata oo) o 27 | = iy . { ‘ ' } YT ae] to ssembled apne have been ¢ joined or except those a plate or plates. ed States manufacturers of clocks timekeeping, time-me-suring, and Unit ducers of pe ee a ee re ee ee ee ee assemblies or and instruments time—indicating 1/ Includes Austria beginning 1936. 2/ Greatly exceeds imports. 3/ Probably exceed imports. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Item United States tariff Proposed negotiating Act of 1945 country 1930 rate ar. 368(2)(3) Parts of clocks, clock movements, and clock work mechanisms: Assemblies or subassemblies consisting of two or more parts or oats joined or fastencd together [except plates or Spay Lf ——-—— 3¢ for ea. 3¢ for ea. UNITED KINGDOM part or part or piscce +65% piece +55% ad vals ad val. Jewels Se assemblies or tae saghi BS ee pice SOE Oe S025 ae do. in addli= in addi— tion tion V/ No assembly or subassembly shell be subject to a .reater amount of duty than the complete mechanism, etc., for which Bai tebie: Bimetallic bulance wheels, and main springs with riveted ends, shall each be considered as one part or piece Comment This seca aan deals with parts for clocks and clockwork mechanisms which subassemblies which have been have been large pro- mechanisms, devices, or instruments, While separate data are not available for the output of the assembled parts of the types herein considered, the value of the production of all movements and parts or clocks and clockwork aches enn made for sale sepa ein! (i.e., not as finished instrumerts) in 1939 was nearly 1 million dollars ASSEMBLIES AND SUBASS EMBL IES FOR CLOCKS AND CLOCKWORK “ECHANTSHiS—-Continued Assembled parts for clockwork mechanisms predominate in the imports of these categories, having accounted for 90 and 98 percent of the total value of imports in 1936,and 1939 respectively. The chief sources were Germany and the United Kingdom. Clock anc clockwork mechanism assemblies and subassemblies: United States imports for consumption, equivalent ad valorem of the duties, and principal sources, 1936 ‘ Si ie 2E uivalent: ee Kind Quantity Value 4 Principal sources : : sad valorem: a 0 ne : Number : ; Perceny Assemblies or subassembiies for clocks ; : : . and clock movements -----~-~-----~ mao-=2 10,891 : 3,360 : 39 : UNITED KINGDOM, : : : : $1,329 Jewels contained in ----------~- aa : - 3 - 3 ; Assemblies or subassemblies for clock- : : ris : work mechanisms ---~--~--~--~-------------- > 85,164.1.12,046. ¢ 86 : Germany; we, S87 i : : : ; UNTTED | i SINGDO', Se, : ; : >a qdke 5 260 Jewels contained in ----—~-----—~--—---~- : cys -: : LS soa ied ‘ en eo ee Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Denartment of Commerce. statistics as to the exports of these assembled parts are not available but Since exports of the clocks and clockwork mechanisms are fairly large it seems prob- able that exports of the assemblies, wnich would be needed for replacements or repairs, have much exceeded the imports. Led, Par. No. 368(e) CLOCK CASES BFLGIUM Stat. import class (1939): 955,98 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 Imports for consumption from—-—— e 3 Dk TN cai ieee: piel alae ink i Cee ais a ee Wear Progug Hon ae arr hee a/| . | ea | Ri OES | countries iy ‘rance | FLGIUM kee Quantity (number) PS. Ae ey ee, Se | | Pies | 1937 ae | | 15,971. | TL a71 1,953 | "11,299 1938 all ened hae So Zyhed 949 ey ALA 272 1939 avalt~ | small | ew EIA S81 LOA, 266 | 1,388 1943 able &/ | a . 5 ae e petatiiesakigeened eins inital alas alue (dollars) | | 1937 : ! 3,640 pL eran! 9 | mo75 | £5292 4 1938 Not 4,436 | 1808 201 | 1,000 51 1939 eae on wae Sry ates 896 617*| | 224 1943 | able & ! | ot - | 2: | - | 4 0 a ee ee nS u/ Includes Austrie beginning 1938. “2/ Value is included in velue of clock production Source: Official statistics of the U. &S. Department of Commerce. Item United States tariff Proposed negotinting Act of 1945 country 1930 rate Percent acd valorem Par. 368 (e) Cases, containers, or housings for clock movements, imported separately, N.Sepefs 45 15 B&LGIUM Comment The principal materials used in the construction of clock cases and containers or housing of clocks are pleted or unplated metals, plastics, wood, marble or onyx, and leether. Before the war about 25 wowpaatiners in the United States were en- gazea in the production of clock cases for sale nas such, more as a partial line than their sole product. This number has increxsed to more than 50 concerns, lorgsly hecense of a more ext=nsive use of plastics in the construction of these xtc les. Compared with United Stotes production of 16.4 million clocks of all types in 1937 and 15.9 millions in 1939, imports of clock cases were negligible. Exports are not reported sépsrately;although known to b> small, they may exceed imports in value. “HOR tg PSOE Una Be PRPC is tiProcet ssueccmeenes 7 rh ta SAP Ne Tid ae engi ipiemninn i aciemeeanaateeai. Samer enetnatene aiid , mel “ : ry , y a 4 - ne ia aceite bf claiiee ee} ain sneck |. RURRURE.| aeaunt . AM ca ‘a Ata, ah ie pe ae a, : “ od a ili ) $%. bncrs ia oe ene: oS eet a EE. = Gee eee ey PR ote =e ©, ‘ + . « eH te tli inthis a « 0 a ey Rm CT: Cok ter TEE 2) © WW ey Pars . . = ' ( if al stung } white ele cere atreeh tyme chant 04” to wearers mahtnep 01g Ree mad aes he =| ’ ’ + oy ia ere? , ceed ; is Ly es es tL Len r.4 7 : ’ i ag? * "Oi of oy : fag H - : vas ‘ tosh gS ——s , Nhe aia ‘ - 5 “a Sne,f fF ods t“O8 | gee ere - i= F deicot “Grae be Sewer eon sai ee eee aula ae hh Melia Ainaihieenaiatd ee hss tad eae’ ‘ - * » 7 bu. oe | Cees haste ona el PE aN Sn poke matin Nowy a cio mg Pig Goan a tl le ipl a RN n> waco ie 9 med twmamanl Ante shabimaennctioa A's san nly : 4 rs Sua ; ik er | a8, By ee - Cee ; * » abe ae i : " . ‘ ra , Wwe wn % SS # 2 et wy Ss —_ . ¥ mts | =~ = 4 S . . re » ot at vere . ee a ks o. ae tre 6 hb ee ete Aw Some at age ty + stm dma a Bt hie’ Boe ~ ae , Mey lel periotiass prnaes aah kath Mattooieny Mere To gion at hohwions 62 Onkev: hove Te Maer S La eae le Wah sn aes oe rerio ba sal saacns da fet Zo T Tt e | Se nae ed shies stim ER ialebthrcabeadivia dale : Pe moe | he ) Fen ey ; ; pO siceoaedl ar ‘ij a a Th, ‘ bale Seen @ ro e. 0 b ot f - ARES Rapes The a, "4 ‘ tw! ae r . ie | iO (oy Be , ") a sandal @o ,oY ‘aintoas gavin e ED! “= xin alan Gr lciga Aenlo wo TL la Ce ; 1} \ nae s uy ac: aetha pee b? Se i PR Sa Baro") ee oe at Sais San Mme bay tone weole o. meohieewainse st of foep efelaeiod te eee to efi on ynoe , en dy ligee Set Sau te hep ekg ven wdocign vith: wow Gai oss Os fat i: YreiDe ne ated, aN 3 OS 1 Seu oR? raj tae... vy OE. Fetiuds & oo wen he ae when BO) pened Reeiae Be entry | qari wry |. >» rt Lgl. Pm ta eh eee al ty gow? wy | ‘ein * nev’ * borterh, m fee th if een Ge aeliyriaeD ttt Br aOeMeay irae: an ae ai PRO ond ed utenti ' 7 ate : t ; bahar ap geqyy ifr Wo-axeeln motlife oeAl Ap noksowiechy: eat, yn nega he: Bh efrogxe .ofdieity “wrest annoy Maelo We ebpegal 5 OL nt hala Bi ef roy? Sans Yew \ ri slime 4 oF avout Ret eer Aid ae Wine TAXIMETBERS AND PARTS Par. No. ‘'368(g). UNITED KINGDOM Stat. import classes (1939): 959.066, 959.074 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 | oe EE ee Imports for consumption from——— Sore tp me Year Production oe | ONT TED exports All | NITED Canada countries KINGDOM ahstit a ee + --- Quantity (number) able \ yt la eae rors aa | 26 - 20 | Not t 1 ee { avail- | 1 1. a | 1943 ——|(See text) vk Value (dollars) | were aa MRNA ahhiarir: Brace. * ma , 830 | ai 620 | 1938 --- Not Not af yt .. 30 | 1939 avail- avail- 35 | 35 | my | TOL Foc able able = | oa | mi | eee — ————- imported from G:rmany (including Austria). e U. S. Department of Commerce. item United States tariff Proposs negotiating Act of 194 country it rete Par. 368(¢) Taximeters and parts thereof +~---—----- 85 85 UNITED KINGDOM Comment Taximeters are used in public conveyances, usually taxicabs, to indicate the fare. In recent years there hes been a Saugint shing demand due to the increasing use of zone fares. United States production and export data are not available, but it is known that dom=stic output, is large and exports are Lewes considerable, Four concesrns in the United Ste tes produce these registers. Imports in tie late 1930's, were negligible. For the 5-year ceriod 1931-35 annual imports were si ily slightly more averaging 35 taximeters with a value of $920, and parts valued at #171. ; as > REL Bat CEA Ge yates tae ge vi ees ila sees Peale 1m ag adh lac gt Uh ial onapos a kha satya. ans = Se rire a ini we aby aD, ; i i ry neces aoe naerersetaeidine a, HEINER RE a eee NE tee | Die Stes a i At oy Pais hehehehe bs gina ycenper th hn aburvceltgnnnming abe RUM ate Hach tines seks noone r'hieeen 8 . _ . > io 4 : ~ a, ! ty be ve A | i ; ‘ ; ans eg : a i) j kee a ; | { Tse | eine f f i RAY 5 i aa me Bee an PET F) ; 5 = ‘ a . “eo ct Fo nis antennae Oe fa ages arin etna anedreine spear ttn ye tars pre see an He ' 2 « Be ‘Stet iat | cena: mad meee asset en Fas pel rhs oa site)» vere | vole, S| eareeags tees ngrorneonnet re ; 4 é 27 Pie ' = , th & \ Q Wi “4 ; 4 ist 4 : i er \t whee: shed ap enqgeee *: henge = ote aur oe tometdong — rahe! , oe | since tenn ane Hm Bayt 0 , An C. an Pal aa tees PT ba CLES Ih AN D PART 2 i Le TNINS my Ae Lad ER TUBE on binued eee MOTOR VEd1 imports for 1939-Continued Sue ites SOUTCES, Motor vehicles and parts: United by kind, with principal 1 fora ys Kind Principal sources * value =; eo Automobile partes: : ec Engines —-~---~----—---——--~--+-- Sn 34 385 2) Thales 0149543 Germany, ee s = os a ER aX 8 ~ ta Generators -—----~--~---~---~-—-~- & 16,626. 4 Germany, O1L6,217 Starting motors ~--------—--—--- : 9 : CANADA, 49. Geraany , i/ $3,208; &1 ,676 Wi Spark plugs -------—----------: : — \e re Wr Ne oe /e Other parts —----------—~------ : 900,897 : Germany, $815, 683; : : Switzer. ends $16,705 > DOM, $15,041 : : Austr Includes Ofticia rtinent of Commerce. P @ peers perar O27 the Us Nepa ad we CA inn Pan ih, 3 CONSUNP CL t- UNITED N JM on, rl tea | be) a fa ies 3 3 8. = arene KINGUQ; Osis yey ees WADA its 2 KLNG— a a a ‘ a Mi: | | eh, ‘teh eee e aeitgeiiidn pl dpa nod hoe bi Pv Hescied 2e EL eer ERR Aeqhoaig. tie as - ey ak pil Na ne a 4 rae i ace z hohe ack. oe neta hee ats orton eerie aye Ha fie Moses Banat, = [a + 7 _ ie male : es y “4 ’ r \ " cad Had . y ane im ne a by agay Pr ee re ., : ' . va , : eee eds alls wa ms seta A pypeaaetae Soa’ aie stent 4 EBE ye” | ee | Pred . VSS, 95 etary ‘ PMG g A: ae enema ; ani ats WO GATAMAIF Go 6 . Iota nenennamns SOOM | mead cae rey She S14 ata inepeas 4 URed wise . mpd | ) . “ue Syme es ear aS en toe oak ahs Re gotlns © ee yi Be aa: « We OUR 4 | = sb amo ign i eye mee a J P G4 eth ARM PRN ay slaurdnea) 1 OF ’ : a 7s OR? Se ; LAG, ef ia gin ¢ i c g : Te Liles ! | ‘ ; (o oe ere ee CS ie oe Cees pen ieee . ape ‘ | “ 7 ; : ions | he ay i here of te Sa anes fe MORRO RANTS», pase ' ur ¢ we cA a i . 5 Lee “} On od ai a a od Par. No. 369(b)(c) 146 UNITED KINGDOM MOTORCYCLES AND PARTS CANADA Stat. classes (1939): 794.10, 794.11 “United States production, exports, and imports, 1937-39 ‘and 1943 UNITED KINGCOM Ali countries 18,900 tiniest | 1938 --- 2 tea | ; 3,064 | 1939 —-- LOL 3 Geet a one) ~~ OW Nea. <= Aa sre SS 8 i) Pan ie ‘S, j-4 +4 3 K mm 1 |“ 1937 --- | 7,030,816 1 eS NG OLIN NS 761, 1938 --- iB. Loge : 9,92 | "39 582 | 27,764 The TSB oe nea. 1,165,602 95,148 | 68,994 13,163, 1. 6;983 5) nea. hd? 304,872 4/.9,313 |. 2,109 | - +990 3, 306 -- if Includes Austria beginning i938. 2/ Excludes narts. * 3/ Includes 22,711 valued at $1 Lf Includes 23 cycles valued at $2,728 imported from Mexico. cial Source: Offi statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. United States tariff . Proposed negotiatin 1930 rate Percent ad valorem) Par. 369 , 7 ; (b) Motorcycles, finished or unfinished 10 ES aged UNITED KINGDOM, CANADA (c) Motoreycls perts, except tires and except parts wholly or in chief 3 value of class -—--------~------~---- re 2/ 1; UNITED KINGDOM, CANADA ot Rate bound in trade agreement with United Kingdom, effective Jenuary 1939. 2/ Trade agreement with UNITED KINGDOM; reduced rate was not applicable to imports from Germany. Comment It is estimated by the trade that about 60 percent of the motorcycles in the United States are used for sport or pleasure, 20 percent by police, and «O percent for commercial purposes. ‘There are two domestic manufacturers of standard motorcycles; severai others make light, low-powered machines not comparabie with either domestic or imported standard-sized motorcycles. The capacity of the United States industry is over 50,000 standard machines annualiy. | Prewar pro- duction varied with the popularity of motorcyeling, and ranged from nearly 60,000 in 1919 to’'7,000 in 1932, In 1942 capacity production was maintained, with a large production of additional parts, .all for military usésT~” As the demand lessened later in the Wir, the manufacturers turned.to other; war products. Pro- duction is now limited by:the scarcity of materials, Motorcycles are more widely used in Eurcpe than in the United States, because of the lower incomes and the higher taxes on automobiles wid motor fuel. Before the war more than 300,000 motorcycles were registered in tne United Kingaom. ' pa ee MOTORCYGLES AND PARTS-—-Continued This was about three ea ai the number registered in the United States, but british registration declined rapidly during the wer, anc at its close wes about equal to that in the United S shed .In!1937 British production was estimated at over 80,00U units, while thet of the United States was 18,000, ..Prewer British exports ringed from about 20,00 to 25,000 annually, of which half to two-thirds went to Britisn countries. United States exports were epout 3,000 annueliy. Germany was also a lurge procucer, although many of the Getman machines were of the small"motorized bike" tyje. It ig reported that the allowable quote for Germen procuction of standard motor- cycles -is to- be 10,000 anntdlly, “to be reached by 1949, while preduction of the small wee LS. to ws unlimited. Most Americen motorcycles range from 45 to 74 cubic inches in cylinder capacity, weigh 500.pounds or more, and heve two cyiindcers, british machines range from ebout 20° to 30 cubic inches, weigh unde ab pounds, and heve one or two cylinders. They have less speca and their adllity to carry passengers is less then-for American motorcycles. During’ the war c backlog of civilian demand wes built up.in the United States, whicn cannot be quickly satisfied, United States imports, which before the wa rurnged from about Z00 to 300 yearly, jumped to 6,355, viulued abel, 556; 0005 “iit "the first-9 months of 1946. Practiceliy all of tnem came from the United Kinxdom. Prices to dealers and retail prices of domestic and British motorcycles of the stnadard type in the United States market are quite similer, and notwithstanding the smaller size of the imported machines, G35: are sometimes higner. There re vere substantial imports of still smailer British machines, more neserly comparable with the small, light-weight American mocels. Danbebie manulactwurers of ¢ hive standard machines, aware that the lightness and economical operution of the British motorcycles appeal to some ricers, have under consideraticn the pro- duction of lighter-weight models of the standard wpe. 0 Although seis rcycles and automobiles ure dutinble under the same peregraph, and at the same rate (10 percent), the american motoreyele industry is in a very different mae oeiae from that of the automobile industry. Tae Limited United’ States motorcycle market does not allow mass production comparable to taat in the automobile industry, and British manufacturers heave the acvuntage of lower labor rates and a larger home and export inarket. : Motorcycles and parts: United ¢tutes imports for consumption by principal sources with the ad valorem equivulent of the duty, 7939 ‘s Total : ie . | 24d velorén i ___ Principal sources Reguivalent. me's am me ims mania * 3 Percent Motorcycles -; £79,146: UNTTED KINGDO t, $55,938; cermany ,2/ GL559973"" 3 10: ' : “ CANADA, x 6 ) 283 : a —: 16,002: UNITED KINGDOM, $13,056; Germeny,2/ $2,166 R . CG. ° = i/ Includes Austria. e/ Germany 25 percent ad valoren, ine countries 15 pereent ad valorem. Source: Official statistics, U. S. Department of Commerce. ; Par. No . 370 148 ais CANADA ATRCRAFT AN: PARTS (&XCEPL, TIRTS AND INNER TUBES} (For discussion of airplane: bivesanc inner tubes, se diges ic Casings, etcrpepary 1537 (b) and Inner Tubes,etc., par. 369(c)) Sta Stat. import classes (1939): 7910.1. '7930.2,7910.4, 7919.6;..and.79108 United States sroduction, exports, and imports, 1937-39 and 1943 ' ' 2 / ; hibies € Te Imr sorts ’ Civil 2/s.. Milataryeo: | Wotel’ "2 “engines 85,946: 226,561 js FA Ae eeneraes monen toga on eae : = yo ttiwS6yge9 2° ~ 965369 ; 256,571 1/ Figures represent rackets tions and therefore differ slightly from production figures ; 2/ Engines produced for ordnance and engine parts are not included herein. 3/ As reported by the Census of idanufactures Source: Statistical service, Aeronautical Chae r of Commerce, except as noted. 150 AIRCRAFT AND PARTS (EXCEPT TIRES AND INNER GS Resco Exports for many years before the war represented about 30 percent of the total value of domestic output. In the 3 years 1938-40 as the. threat .of war grew, sales to foreign countries accounted for over 50 percent of total output. In the 3 years 1941-43 the United States produced 153, O61 planes, including 105,126 combat planes. Approximately 28,000 of these were sent to our Allies. SR a aes Prior to the war many countries were using American-bult planes and engines on their airline services, and others were using American-bult engines and other cquip- ment in airframes of their own manufacture. Aircraft: Domestic exports, 1939 and 1943 : 1939 : 1943 Tien :Number: Value : Number : Value Planes, gliders, and lighter-than-air : 4 : z Craft +s ee > 1,221:$67,111,866:1/13,897:1/$1, 217,037,985 Engines --~------------~-~--~~~~-------- fiL yout Ay d20 0352-2803: 243,649,570 -Aircraft engine parts and accessories -: na: 6,853,833: na: 2/166,640,649 Aircraft instruments and parts ~---—--- . nbhs 9..3397,,902: na: 3/105,631,568 Propellers and parte-—.-——— ee ie we na 3° na : 78 5552 ,285 Bomb rack controls, deicers, struts, : ; : : | braces, etc, --g---------~-------~---- Soh ED. 4 na : na: 31,586,009 Bomb sights -—-----~----~---—------------ Ph. giniedic nals na : . #738 ,156 Parachutes and parts ---------~--------- : na: 7755389: na 3 1,814,740 Aircraft parts and accessories, n.e.s.-: na : 26,607,187: name _270 960 ,532 ‘otal ---~~-—--~-~-~--—--- —------------ : 2117, 806,212 2,142, 611,494 ae ee siete inj aa en aie) be On PLA Oye gee Te GME Re REN TTA ae TREC emg Ey OL Oa vif -oc.uces bombers, fighters, combat and light transports, communication planes, traineys, iand planes, gliders, and barrage balloons. ef ineiuees carouretors, cowls, crankcases, cylinders, spark plugs, etc. 3/ includes automatic pilots, gyros; navigation ane Peres radio transmitting and ».ceiving seis and parts, directors and range finders, self synchronous trans- mitters and indicators, sound locators, tachometers, and oniier instruments and parts. 4/ Includes Lend-Lease shipments valued at $1,976,923,172. Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Ccmmerce. Imports before the war were insignificant as compared with woe output and exports and have consisted chiefly of parts other than cngines. Few complete. air- craft and engines were imported. Switzerland, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and France were the leading sources of Gaueistiare The abnormally large imports in .1943 were the result of war requirements and were chiefly from Canada and the United Kingdom. Aircraft: United States imports for consumption, by kinds, with principal sources, 1939 and 1943 ——— + Oo Kind *Potal value’ Principal sources : pA Pee Airplanes ~------~--------~----~---~-~ : $4,394: CANADA, $4,394. Parts of aircraft except engines ---- 34,4403 Switzerland, $15,469; CANADA, : $7,020; United Kingdom, $4,792 : : Germany, $4,028; France, $2,643. >: a cae eae : 38,834: Switzerland, $15,469; CANAD : sOL1 Adds 151 AIRCRAFT AND PARTS (EXCEPT TIRES AND INNER TUBES)-Continued Aircraft: United States imports for consumption, by kinds, with principal sources, 1939 and 1943-Con. Kind Total value, Principal sources ; : 1943 Airplanes —----~------~-~-----~-~--~-- : 960,853: CANADA, $715,353; United Kingdom, : $242,500. Seaplanes and amphibians ~~----------- : 12,020,000: CANNADA, $12,000,000; ‘Italy, : $20,000. Other aircraft ---------------~------ : 46,828: United Kingdom, $43,500; CANADA, : : Seo oeen Engines -~—---~-~----------~----------- > 1,277,016: United Kingdom, $394,400; CANADA, : ¢ $377,000. Parts (other than engines) -~--------- ; 17,184,960: CANADA, $15,678,529; United King- : dom, $1,235,476. | A OL er Na, 31,489,057: CANADA, $28,397,210; United King- ee @0 280 8 ef eo @3 ef Source; Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. * The impact of the sudden termination of hostilities in mid-August 1945 on the aircraft industry was most drastic. In a matter of days around 90 percent of pro- duction scheduled for the remainder of 1945 was canceled. Cutbacks and terminations were encountered in all branches of the industry. But § months after VJ-Day, the industry was fairly well established at one-eighth of its peak wartime size. Em- ployment in 72 major piants, representing about four-fifths of the industry's total employinent, totaled 206,800. . Several factors helped to ease the transition from war to peacetime production. Government business was not completely withdrawn, and most of the aircraft companies were able to put into effect plans made in anticipation of the end of hostilities. Moreover, many companies had outstanding orders for transport and civilian planes. Many companies are now drawing into their own organizations work formerly done by subcontractors, and there is also a trend toward diversification of product. Altnough in the postwar period United States exports of aircraft will naturally be much smaller than during the war years when great numbers of planes were being shipped under lend-lease, exports seem likely, especially in the longer-term postwar period, to be materially larger than before the war. Tre domestic industry will probably be able to a large extent to follow the pattern of the automotive industry in marketing abroad large numbers of low-cost safe and highly-efficient units pro- duced by mass-production methods. KINGDOM MOTORPFOLTS (PLEASURE). AND; PARTS. Stat. import elnsses (1939): 7925. Pisilishoa As + 7925.5+7925 49 United States production, exports, and imports, 1937- 39 : ae 1943 See nearer nmneanoner: a mata Dome iden: UNLTED KINGIOM | ’ | Sweden { 4 (1,006 dollars) i : , slid wen? 1937..|- 15,000 ae see ae. eas 25 | “a5 | pgs) | newer: 1938... nea. Ladies ould yl hae wt ll a apn | ai adhe Mapas 352 1939. |. 23,000 bey Tikes ea gl ai (a | 20 Opes | oy ax Fe 2 a Mak 18 rm nai alls ‘lai | a 1/ Approzimate; includes value of domestic production of hoats (except Eifebosts) less than 5 gross tons, “nd outboard motors, which ore largely used in pleasure © ernpt.” ae ; ae ESS ; . | 2/ Exports represent motorboats with engines installed, irrespective of use, snd outkoard motorse 3/ Outboard mctors only, of which 1,156 thousend dollars were exported under lenc—lease. Source: Officiol statistics of the U. 5. Department of Commerce, except as noted. meee ere ere eT iris United States tariff Proposed Act. of L945 22,572). sFrance,. $2,398 Other parts --— : ey : UNITED KINGDOM, $3,392; _Cermeny, : F ay CANADA, %5985 Switzerland, : ° 27 Ae Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of Commerce. b Sc BICYCLES AND PARTS Par. 571 | ‘ ~ UNITED KINGDOM Stat. import classes (1939): 7940.1~-7940.9 United States production, exports and imports, 1937-39 and bie A ee ee Imports for consumotion from——. Domestic i | | Year ti Production exports | All UNITED - aii | hada or uf aban x | | countries | KINGDOM, |o27 TERSS. par IA, 5A er : veins (1,000 dollars) pers ” sittin ecslall 1938 | nea. 179 | 329 | 116) “<4: Sm etowa bam te: tap 1939 | 2/22,467 297 | ma FLOOR Airs 36. 26 mG 1943 | Nae | 3/1,016 | 2 | Sup 3 4/ - —-— — ay Includes Austria beginning 1938. 2 Bicycles only, parts not recorded. 3/ Includes bicycles and parts valued at 463 thousand dollars exported under . lend-lease. 4/ Less than 500. | ae e Source: Official statistics of the U. S. Department of. Commerce. Item United States tariff. , _ Proposed ; sera negotiating AoGwot. 1945 country 1930 _. rate ray. 311 Bicycles (with or without tires) and parts: Having wheels in diameter: Not over 19 inches ---—-----—-- 30% $1.25 ¢€a but. ; UNITED KINGDOM | BE oe mae ‘jess. than. . 15% nor more / aon BAK ‘than 30%.ad. val we Over 19, not over 25 inches -—- . 30% #2 ea., but not do. ad val. less than 15% nor more. than 30% ad . , we, LSS | Over.25ninches..—-.._----- 30%... #2.50 ea. but do. ad val. not less than 15% nor .more than 30% ea Bs “ss ad val.L, | Franes ———___- +, — 30% $1.25 ea... but not do. ad. val. less than 15% 1! nor mare than 30% pte rt aren nent ial d/ Parts (except frames and tires) -—-- 35; a 30% ad val. do. ad val. ' / Trade agreement with the United Kingdom, effective January 1939. Comment In the United States young people are the principal users of bicycles, but pleasure riding by adults is increasing, and many bicycles are used for messenger anc delivery purposes. Most boys wish their bicycles to look heavy and suggestive of motorcycles, and to be fitted with various accessories. Among the features they ‘favor are frames with two top bars, curves in the frame members, "tanks", prominent lamps, carriers over the rear wheel, and instrument panels. Such hicyecles are fitted witn large balloon tires. There is real need for sufficient ruggedness of construction to withstsnd the rough usage to which juveniles put their bicycles, but many of these features merely increase the weight for the sake of appearance. Most adult riders, on the other hand, wish their bicycles to be as Poo BICYCLES AND PARTS - Continued licht and easy-riding as possible For this cless of riders 4 light-weight type is made... The frame ee. may, be thinnee and of high-strength alloy steel, re- inforced at the joints. mall, light, high-pressure tires are used. All unneces—- sary structural members and accessories are omitted. Certain parts are refined and made lighter and more attention is given to good workmanship in the moving parts and the joints. The cogs brake is usually replaced by hand-operated brakes acting on the wheel rim Two~or three-speed gears are often provided. Such a mechine is much easier rs ride than the heavy type, and with proper care is equally or more durable. The typical light-weight models weigh from 25 to 30 pounds, the usual heavy type over 40 pounds. Before the wer nerh=ps’ 3 to 4 per- cent of tn= bicycles made in the United St tes were of the light type. In Canada the cemand is divided 2bout ecually between light ahd heavy models. In some parts of Latin America there is a demand for the heavy type, but in the rest of the world the use of the light tyve is almost universal. In the United States the demand for bicycles depends on the populzrity of riding. About 1899 there was a pa rhc wave which gave rise to a procuction of more than a million bicycles in that. ; years leter the output had dropped to a guarter of a million. It rema Lined ot much above thet level until 1934, when a new and more sustsined demane st«rted. The avernge production in the period 1935-41 was: over a million and a querter units yearly. During the war a simplified "Victory" model wis adonted; two manufscturers were allotted quotes totaling-144,000 bicycles: yearly. ~ Factory czpacity other than for these was con- ea se 3 n 47 - verted .to.war work, The Government in most cnses found it best to obtain bicy- cles..for use in Burope from fnglish manufscturers, instezd of shipping from the United States. There is new (1946) a large backlog of unsatisfied demand in this country. There are about a dozen bicycle manufscturers in the. United ete tes, no. one of which produces more than one-fifth of the total. Most of these firms nake only the frames, forks, seat posts, sprockets, and cranks. Some make a few other parts, but all buy many parts from specialty manufacturers, The handle bars and stems, spokes and nipples, and the pedals are made principally by the Torrington Co. One of the leading bicycle makers is a subsidiary of this firm. Two other firms make most of the seddles, three others most of the coaster brakes, and 30 or more others special. ae in verious parts such as chains anc even such small parts as valve stems. Two of the makers of bicycles build light-weight models, but chee tion of this type is 2a small fraction of their business end amounts to onlyabout 24 percent of the production ’of the industry. The lightest of these models su com parable in design snd appearence to the English type, About two-thirds of the bicycles are sold through meil-order houses ana automobiles supply and other chain stores, the remainder through departnent stores, jobbers, and direct sales to re- teil deslers, The United St-tes pa .S exported some bicycles to Canaca, Cubs, and Mexico, end small numbers to other ne The weight of Americsn bicy- cles is a ssrious handicep in most foreign mark oe, ana before the wer exports met severe competition from Great Britain, Germeny, and Japan. For a number of years before the war, the leading bicycle producers were Great Britrin, Germany, end Japan. The industries in the United States, Swecen, and Netherlands were much smaller, but by 1936 United Stites production was close ’ to thit of the leaders. Bicycles are made.also in France and in various other countries. The product coes not csmand large capital or extensive manufacturing facilities. Prewar production in the United St tes ranged from about 1-1/4 to 1-3/4 million bicycles yearly, in the United Kingdom about 2 million, and in Japan about 1 million. Annual production in the Netherlands was from 390,000 to 409,900 in Sweden from 250,000 to 300,000. German procuction in 1936 was aStineted at about 2 million, The United Kingdom is the largest producer and the principal. actual and potential foreign supplier to the United States. The wide use of bicycles in the United Kingdom and in British countriés gives British manufacturers a large home and export market. There are reported to be 140 firms manufacturing .bicvcles 156 BICYCLES AND PARTS — Continued and parts and accessories, or assembling from purchssed parts. Many of these oe, firms have otter activities, some being large corporstions making diversified -prod-. ucts. One claims to be the larg=st bicycle producer in the world, with an annual output of 750,000 bicycles. The total invested capitsl of the whole British industry is said to be about 30 million pounds sterling. Great Britain is also the largest exporter of bicycles. “In 1937 more than 800,900 British bicy- cles were exported, of which nearly 600,000 went to Indian ane British ng and 200,000. to other British countries. Briitieh bicycles are of high quelity and are = aml received in export markets. In the table below are shown compari s sons be- tween United States production 2nd exports and British production and exports, Since 1924. Complete bicycles: United Stites and United Kingdom production snd exports, 1924-45 and Janmusrv—June 1946 Aa pea kgs thousands) : of United States : United Kingcom oh Year ; Production.: Exorts ; Production : Exorts- 1924 -----—-—__-—_—___-_-—-- ref NeSe : Nis aye 1905's 201 1925 —~----—----—--—---------_---- = 3 2050 ne 640-3 277 1926 ----------------------------------: i 2 pg : 5% 680 -: 280, 1927 -----—-- ~-----~------------ -- 255° be 680 : 283 1928 --------------~~-----------—--------: 298s oe: VED" 339 1929 --------~----~----------------------- ghee e® Sa 6 3 840 3 368 193Q --------------------------—-------- : 285 FS Vip 882s. 247 1931 -~-~-—--~-~--------~---------------: . ci ele ere 1,000 * 173 1932 —--~------+-------------------------: 194 as 1 SOOO" L164. 1933 —---—---—-—---_----- __---—-------—— : 310 ; tlh iy Puig 205 i et Ni a Se lee Ae oy ve ite ni big sol eye Wwasys OD nn rene : oon og ee 377 1926 --~----~-------~--—----------------: Te eoe os 2,150 : 519. 1927 ---------—----- ok eh le Sais AAS : fs sae Pints 2,400 3 $31 1933 -------- ~-------—----- —----—-~-- —-3 870 3 aes 2 O0Ws 576 1939 ; 1,.260 : Bic ct Teen ih te PAO ie 1940 ---~--—---------------------------- - Veeso. * | Waa : re ie WAL -------~----------- ------------- —-3 Lyoeg.'s 28 ¢ Ta : aa © 1942 ---------------------------------- : 561 "s yes Osas8 > s 107 1943 -----------—-------—--—------------- : Sh rt es oils nas : itz LIL gmt Role code ac +--------- ; NILE foe ey 2 ibs nea. : ug W945 ~-----~--~--------—-------- ----------: Spe gs “ dy digg 1,000 : nua. 1926 (Jemery—June) ————----_-_______--- : 325: 1/ 9: thee eh rise, Ie th ane Sence ay) Preliminary . sources Official st a Ss oi the U. S. Department of Commerce and of the United Kingdom, and esti tic ates from trade sources. Many of the prewar German bicycles wore of good guality anc were exported to many countries. The Japanese product was of poor quality and so many complaints were mace by foreign buyers that the Japanese Government attempted to enforce stancards of auality for the export trade. Japanes= exports went mainly to the Orient, although ssrious efforts were made to esteblish markets in Western coun— tries, Prices of Japanese bicycles were very low, often one-half to one-third those of American bicycles, but poor quality restricted sales. Some Japanese parts were sold in the United St«tes for replacements or assembly. Nearly all the bicycles imported into the United St tes have been of the light-weight type. Imports increasec steadily from less than $30,000 in value in 1929 to nenrly #400,000 in 1939. Although there was a considerable incresse from 1938 to 1939, when the reduced duties went into effect under the British trade BICYCLES AND PARTS * Continued agreement, the increase was not outstanding from the preceding long-term trend, but that fact may have been due in part to the di teisbed 4 political and economic conditions in 1939. The duties under the agreement were framed to encourage, im— ports from Great Britain without encouraging further imports of low-priced bicycles from Japan. Up to 1936 imports from Japan had been increasing rapidly, although they had reached only a small value (#116,000) in relation to domestic production. They consisted almost wholly of parts, which could be used as replacements in American bicycles or for assembly. The Japanese industry was then growing rapicly. The provision that the duty should be specific, but not greeter than 30 percent nor less than 15 percent, resulted in duties averaging only slightly more than 15 per- cent on the high-priced British bicycles, but maintained the 30 percent rate on Japanese parts and on potential imports of low-priced bicycles from Japan. Prior to 1939 Gertany usually exceeded Great Britain as a supplier to the United States. German bicycles were of the light-weight type and usually well made. The reduced duties under the trade agreement did not apply to imports from Germany. During. the war imports of bicycles fell to almost nothing. In 1945 British manufacturers began: vigorous efforts to sell their light, well-made’ bicycles in the United States. Imports increased sharply in Peper of that. year, and in the first 9 months of" 1946 continued at a rate nearly 5 times as great as in any of the prewar years. ° In the 3 months July to September, 1946, imports amounted to $600,000. Sales of the imported machines were assisted by the accumulated ceaped in the fniaed States, which United States manufacturers could not quickly satisf by the increased interest in adult riding, with its emphasis on light weight, ie by the good workma anship usually found in British bicycles Import entry papers examined in June 1946° showed that British light bicycles were invoiced at an average of «bout #26 each. Duty, which at that time, when calculated ad valorem, was payable on an amount ‘which :included-the ‘so-called "British purchase tax" ef about 33 percent, amounted to somewhat over #5, Other charges made the landed cost about %36 each. These bicycles were sold to jobbers at about #44. Heavy American bicycles are sold to jobbers at about $25 each, lighter American bicycles which are now on the mar-— ket at about $38. The latter, however, are not of as good quality as the bes light bicycles made in the United States before the war, which were comparable to the better quality imported. The best American light type, which was made in the United States ‘before the war, is not yet again in production. If priced propor- tionately to the other models, it probably would be sold ata higher price than the British bicycles. Some lower quality British bicycles are imperted at a landed cost of sbout $30. In this period of great demand and rapidly changing costs and prices, ugusser, price comparisons are no + entirely satisfactory. The following table shows ‘the dis tribution of imports among the three duty brackets and the ad-valorem equivalent of the specific duties. SO emrews ume 6 158 BICYCLES AND PARTS -— Convinued Bicycles: United States imports for consumption, by principal source and duty brackets, 1939 bike brackets : Total France ; Germany 1/ ry ; ‘ é F| . ‘ . . ‘ i ‘ : is Ate ‘ . : ‘ A “eo 8 OF 24 : j _ ‘ “> Ne < . 4 . ‘ . > ' ‘ . P . ' , - . . Pitts agar “ 97) Sw AAP oe nae ADp aimee quiet lye ‘ 4 . Sh OE Ne | - , . - o e . ‘ - . r . . . ‘ , s We ome he Tew vie wr ote were ee et ae Bice ‘ - ade, gay) sie : roth, ay es - ve he" . + 5 oar eek bye ae in 3 0112 1035545