Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington No. I A SKETCH OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA TOGETHER WITH AN INDEXED EDITION OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY^S 1917 MAP OF WASHINGTON AND VICINITY BY W. L. McATEE WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1918 Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington No. I A SKETCH OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA TOGETHER WITH AN INDEXED EDITION OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY’S 1917 MAP OF WASHINGTON AND VICINITY BY W. L. McATEE WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1918 H. L. & J. B. MCQUEEN, Inc. Washington, D. C. CONTENTS. sS' lo. S 3 Al(^ ' a \ ai oO •T \ ecies of fishes that have been described from this region at least 8 are now recognized as good species and one as a variety; these are fwo minnows. Xofropis hudsonius anuirus (iirard, Xotropis analostanns (lirard, a silver-side, Menidia hcri/Uina Cope, and a darter Bolcosoma eff ulgens Girard. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Smith, Hugh M., and Bean, Barton A. List of Fishes known to inhabit the waters of the District of Columbia and vicinity. Bui. U. S. Fish Commission, 1898 (1899), pp. 179-187. Lists 81 species. Bean, Barton A., and Weed, Alfred* C. Recent additions to the fish fauna of the District of Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XXIV, pp. 171-174, .Tune 16, 1911. Lists 12 species, 11 of them additional to previous list. McAtee, W. L., and Weed, Alfred C. F^rst list of the fishes of the vicinity of Plummers Island, Md. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XXVIII, pp. 1-14, Feb. 12, 1915. Lists 54 species, 1 new' to District list. Radcliffe, Lewds, and Welsh, W. W. A list of the fishes of the Seneca Creek, Montgomery County, Maryland, region. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 29, pp. 39-45, Feb. 24, 1916. Annotated list of 41 species, none additional to District list. BATRACHTANS AND REPTILES. Though these two groups are not closely related, custom- arily they are treated together, a procedure followed in the list by Dr. W. P. Hay the only report on these forms for the r-egion of the District of Columbia. The batrachians inhabiting this vicinity comprise 14 species of salamanders, 3 toads, and 10 frogs, and the reptiles include 4 lizards, 21 snakes and 11 turtles. This tabulation includes two more batrachians than are listed by Dr. Hay, namely: Fowler’s Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 45 toad, a species more perfectly understood now than then, and the spotted salamander. Three turtles also have been added, one of which, the northern wood tortoise (Glemmys insGulpta) , has been collected several times near Plummers Island, Md. The name of one snake is removed, the form being Natrix bisecta of Cope, which as Dr. Hay states was founded on an abnormal and unique specimen. This type specimen was collected in Washington, and the material upon which a species of tree frog, Hyla cvittata, was de- scribed by Gerrit S. Miller was obtained nearby at Four-mile Run, Va. Only two of the species of snakes re])orted are venomous, namely: the copperhead and the rattlesnake. The former is common, but the latter apparently is extinct. Warden recorded it in 1816. The species here verging on their northern limit are the mud eel (Hireu lacertiua) , Holbrook’s salamander (Spelerpes yutiolineatus) , the brown-back lizard (Lygosoma laterale), the six-lined lizard f Cnemidophorus sexlineatus), the spotted racer fCallopettis guttatus), scar- let snake (Cemophora coccinea), and the keeled green snake (CyclopMs aestivus). Species venturing little beyond the Piedmont Plateau are the long-tailed triton (Spelerpes longicaudus ) , brown triton (Desmognathus fuscaj. and the Allegheny blacksnake (Gallopeltis obsoletus), while the dia- mond back terrapin (Malaclemmys ceutrata) and the two turtles mentioned in the last item of the following bibliog- raphy belong to the coastal plain fauna. Whether the north- ern wood-tortoise (Glemmys insculpta) and the Jefferson Salamander ( Ambystoma jeffersonianum fuscum) should also be considered as highland species or whether they exist here merely on the southern fringe of a more general range is uncertain. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fisher, A. K. Spelerpes guttolineatiis Holbrook, in the vicinity of Washington, D. 0. Am. Nat. 21, No. 7, July, 1887, p. 672. This and 4 other species captured near Munson Hill, Va. 24 Warden, D. B. — A chorographical and statistical description of the District of Columbia, 1816, p. 13. 4(> Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. Miller, Gerrit S., Jr. A new tree frog from the District of Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13, pp. 75-78, Sept. 28, 1899, Hyla evittata, n. sp., Four-mile Run, Va. Hay, W. P. A list of the batrachians and reptiles of the District of Columbia and vicinity. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XV, pp. 121-145, figs. 1-3, June 20, 1902. Lists 56 species of which 1 is invalid and 3 are without definite records. Stejneger, Leonhard. A salamander new to the District of Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 15, pp. 239-240, Dec. 16, 1902. Ambystona maculatum (punctatum), a species now known to be fairly common and widely distributed. A snake new to the District of Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18, pp. 73-74, Feb. 21, 1905. Cemophora coccinea, Anacostia. Henshaw, H. W. An extension of the range of the wood tortoise. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XX, p. 65, June 12, 1907. Taken Aug. 19, 1906, near Plummers Island, Md. Allard, H. A. Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri Putnam). Science N. S. XXVI, Sept. 20, 1907, pp. 383-384. Records this species from Washington, D. C. Dunn, E. R. A preliminary list of the reptiles and amphibians of Virginia. Copeia, No. 53, Jan. 25, 1918, pp. 16-27. Records 21 species of reptiles and 16 amphibians from Alexandria County, and 25 and 22, respectively, from Fairfax. Two species of turtles, Pseudemys concinna and Graptemys pseudogeographica are additional to those recorded in previous publications. BIRDS. Some of the earlier references to the birds of the region are of interest. We are informed that one of the Indian names for the Potomac was Cohonguroton or river of swans. “Keim, DeB. Randolph. Keim’s Illustrated Handbook. Washington and its Environs, 1874, p. 39. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 47 It is said,^® however, that Occoquan was the farthest up river feeding place of the swans ; but hocks of as many as 300 were seen there and of two kinds, both trumpeter and whooper. There is no later record of the trumpeter swan, however, and the whooper in modern books is called whistling swan to distinguish it from the European bird. The Potomac was a noted resort for the canvasback duck, the favorite ground for the species extending from Analostan Island to Craney Island 25 miles below. It is said that myriads of them were jiresent, fairly covering the stream.-' As if in prophecy one author (Elliot) deprecates the shoot- ing with large guns, especially at night. As we now know, it is due to this and similar ])ractices that such large gatherings of these splendid birds are things of the past. Evidently it was not necessary in those early days for hunters to journey far from the city. In 1707, Francis Paily remarks : “Game is plenty in these })arts, and, what perhaps may appear to you remarkable, I saw some boys who were out a shooting, actually kill several brace of partridges in what will be one of the most public streets of the city.’’ “In 183b a flock of 30 to 40 wild turkeys flew over Georgetown going toward Chain Fridge and a man on the bridge killed 0 of them.” In the Proceedings of the National Institute for the Pro- motion of Science are various interesting notes relating to the birds of the District. The donations announced at the meeting of September 12, 1842, especially are noteworthy,®® Four specimens of Leach's j)etrel, one of Wilson’s petrel, and one Audubon shearwater were presented. The birds were taken the preceding month, August, 1842, and the records in each case are the first for the District. This Eliot, Jonathan. Historical Sketches of the Ten Miles Square form- ing the District of Columbia, etc., 1830, p. 431. 27 Hall, Basil. Travels in North America in the Years 1827 and 1828. Edinburgh, 1829, Vol. Ill, p. 68. 28 Journal of a tour in Unsettled Parts of North America in 1796 and 1797, London 1856, p. 128. 29 Nile’s Weekly Register^ 51, 128, October 22, 1836. 89 Third Bulletin of the Proceedings of the National Institute for the Pro- motion of Science. Feb., 1842, to Feb., 1845, p. 251. 48 Bulletin 1, Biological {Society of Washington, li)18. incursion of maritime species is undoubtedly that referred to by Haley, who says ‘^durin<» a violent easterly storm a few years ago, the Potomac was covered with multitudes of Mother Cary’s chickens (Thalassidroma leachii) which had been forced out of their usual course by the gale.^^ In the bulletin of the National Institute also are earlier 1 ‘ecords (all in 1842 and 1848) for the surf scoter (Second Bui., p. 148), the double-crested cormorant, old squaw (Third Bul.,.p. 202), snow bunting (Third Bui., p. 224), and yellow rail (Third Bui., j). 820) than are cited in later pub- lications, and the only record for the ivory gull (Second BuL, p. 134). Of birds which once frequented the 1 )istrict but which now are gone we may mention : the passenger pigeon, now wholly extinct, the sandhill crane, Carolina parakeet, and prairie chicken.^- The wild turkey and the rutted grouse no longer find congenial haunts within the District, but occur spar- ingly in some of the wildest adjoining territory. Practically the same is true of the pileated woodpecker, although this species being of a more roving disposition may, occasionally, be detected within our limits. The wood duck, once a breeder within the District, now nests only in the more secluded parts of nearby stream valleys, but still occurs within the District during migration. These species have been driven away, either by direct persecution by man, or by the destruction of habitats essential to their welfare. Another bird, the black-throated bunting or dick-cissel, has departed for reasons of its own. Much territory here is suited to its needs, but the bird has withdrawn from much of its former eastern range, including the District of Colum- bia. On the other hand, certain species have become more common in recent years. Among them we may mention the crow blackbird, orchard oriole, Cape-May warbler, butcher- bird, robin, and the mockingbird. To replace the lost black- throated bunting another finch, Bachman’s sparrow, is gradually occupying this region as a breeding home. The 31 Washington Described, 1861, p. 27. 32 In the National Museum is a specimen of prairie chicken that was taken in the Custis Spring marsh March 13, 1885. This isolated occurrence is rather mysterious. Xatural History of District of Columhia — McAtee 49 starling, a new-comer, sometimes abundant in winter, has also begun to nest in small numbers. The English sparrow was introduced into Washington in 1871. The following contemporaneous account of the matter may not be entirely pleasing to those who have had dis- agreeable experience with this hardy little stranger. “A flock of imported sparrows was set at liberty in the public grounds in 1871, for the destruction of insects. Each year new cages are placed in the trees for the accommodation of their increased numbers. These useful birds are fed regu- larly every morning during the winter in Franklin, Lafay- ette and other squares.” The first list of birds of the District of Columbia, that has so far come to light was published by David Baillie Warden in 1816. (See bibliography below.) It contained 32 species, among them the passenger pigeon, now extinct, and the snowy owl, a rare bird here. The beginning of the modern series of lists is that of Coues and Prentiss of 1861. It contains 225 species. Jouy increased this to 230 in 1875, and to 240 in 1877. The second edition of Coues and Prentiss’s work in 1883 contained 248 species. No other list appeared during the next 15 years, in which period a number of additions to the District avifauna were noted, the total number of species reaching 284 (See bibliograxjhy) as recorded by Richmond in 1898. This number is increased by one in Cooke’s list of 1908, which omits one living sjjecies listed by Richmond, the true total, therefore, being 286. The introduced starling (Sturnus vulgaris), which has been seen in numbers in and about the District since 1913 (a number breeding in 1917), is a species not included in any of the published lists. The European skylark and white-rumped sandpiper also have been recently observed. As noted in previous pages, the ivory gull, trumpeter swan, and white ibis are additional species which have been recorded as visitants to this region but for which there are no definite records. 33Keim’s Illustrated Handbook, Washington, etc,, 1874, p. 39. 50 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Warden, David Baillie. [Birds seen in the District of Columbia.] A chorographical and statistical description of the District of Columbia, Paris, 1816, pp. 210-211. 32 species. Codes, Elliott, and Prentiss, D. Webster. List of birds ascertained to inhabit the District of Columbia, with the times of arrival and departure of such as are non-residents, and brief notices of habits, etc. Sixteenth Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1861 (1862), pp. 399-421. 226 species listed, 1 erroneously. Burroughs, John. Spring in Washington, with an eye to the birds. Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XXIII, May, 1869, pp. 580-591. Reprinted in Wake Robin, Cambridge, 1895, pp. 127-156. Notes on flowers; birds; crow roosts; orchard oriole breeding in Capitol grounds; other birds there; black-throated bunting; red- headed the most common woodpecker, more common than the robin; and summer yellow-bird more common in town than out. Shufeldt, R. W. Birds of the District of Columbia. Field and Forest, Vol. I, Nos. 8-9, Jan.-Feb., 1876, pp. 79-80. A list of 38 common permanent residents and 29 common winter residents, the latter including Ectopistes migj'atorius. Six other species are mentioned. Jouy, Pierre Louis. Catalogue of the Birds of the District of Columbia. Field and Forest, Vol. II, No. 9, Mar., 1877, pp. 154-156; No. 10, Apr., 1877, pp. 178-181. 240 species in all. Mr. Jouy read a list of 230 species of birds at a meeting of Potomac-side Naturalists Club, Nov. 15, 1875. Coues, E. and Prentiss, D. Webster. Remarks on Birds of the District of Columbia. Field and Forest, Vol. II, No. 11, May, 1877, pp. 191-193. Comment on Jouy’s Catalogue, with which these remarks were also separately published, Washington, D. C., 1877, pp. 1-11. Jouy, Pierre Louis. Field Notes on some of the Birds of the District of Columbia. Field and Forest, Vol. Ill, No. 3, Sept., 1877, pp. 51-52. Notes on 6 species, one, the lark sparrow, an addition to the list. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 51 Roberts, W. F. Additions to the List of District Birds. Field and Forest, Vol. Ill, Nos. 10-12, Apr.-June, 1878, p. 172. Macrorhamphus griseus. Total now, 242. Cones, Elliott, and Prentiss, D. Webster. Avifauna Columbiana; being a list of birds ascertained to inhabit the District of Columbia, with the times of arrival and departure of such as are non-residents, and brief notices of habits, etc. The second edition revised to date and entirely rewritten. Bui. No. 26, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 133 pp., 4 maps, 100 figs. Lists 248 species; describes various parts of the Washington region. Hen Shaw, H. W. Ornithology of the Zoological Park. Ann. Rep. Smith. Inst. (1890), 1891, pp. 66-68. 61 breeding species listed. A few migrants mentioned. Richmond, C. W. List of birds of the District of Columbia, Washington, D. July, 1896. Part I, pp. 1-12 (All issued). A regrettably uncompleted list, broken off at the fortieth species. Maynard, L. W. Birds of Washington and vicinity, including adjacent parts of Maryland and Virginia. With introduction by Florence A. Merriam (In revised edition Florence Merriam Bailey), pp. 11-18, and a list of all birds found in the District of Columbia by Dr. C. W. Richmond, pp. 178-186. Washington, D. C., 1898, 204 pp., 18 figs., revised edition 1902, 210 pp., 18 figs. Includes 292 forms; 1 hybrid, 5 subspecies of species otherwise represented and 2 extinct birds are listed, the true total being 284 living species. Bartsch, Paul. Notes on the herons of the District of Columbia. Smiths. Misc. Coll. 451, pp. 104-111, Pis. 32-38, Dec. 9, 1903. Habits and other notes for 9 species. Osgood, W. H. ''Helminthophila lawrenceV' near the District of Columbia. Auk XXIV, No. 3, July, 1907, pp. 342-343. Taken on Plummers Island, Md., May 12, 1907. This bird is a hybrid between H. chrysoptera and H. pinus, and therefore not an additional species to the District list. 52 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of M^aHhington, B)1H. Coolve, W. \V, Bird Migration in the District of Columbia. First Ed. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXI, pp. 107-118, April 11, 1908. Second Ed. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXVI, pp. 21-26, Feb. 7, 1913. These two publications give detailed information on the migra- tion season of birds in the District and surrounding region, and bring the records of species observed up to date. The total number of forms listed is 294 of which 1 is extinct, 2 are hybrids and 6 are subspecies of species otherwise represented, leaving 285 living species known to occur in the vicinity of the District. One extinct bird, the Carolina Paroquet, and 1 living species, the American wigeon, listed by Richmond, were inadver- tently omitted. MAMMALS. The mammals that maintain existence in thickly popu- lated areas are small, inconspicuous and elusive. The larger forms that are compelled to live more or less in the open disappear. Among those which have inhabited the vicinity of the District of Columbia within historic times, but which are now locally extirpated, are buffalo, elk, white-tailed deer, wild cat, puma, gray wolf, black bear, pine marten, beaver and black rat. The last-named species was introduced from the Old World, but disappeared before its later imported congener and rival, the brown rat. Buffalo disappeared from Virginia and therefore from this vicinity soon after the establishment of the first permanent settlements, but gray wolves were present and destructive as late as 1728. This is proved by the fact that in that year a law was passed placing a bounty of 200 pounds of tobacco upon each wolf scalp. Elk persisted in Virginia until 1844. Forty-one species of mammals are now known to live in the neighborhood of the city of Washington, of which three were described as new to science as late as 1910 to 1913. Two of these species are shrews, one of which is called Microsorex winnemana, and the third species is a bat named Myotis winnemana. The specific name winnemana means Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 53 ^‘beautiful island” and alludes to Plummers Island, the Home of the Washington Biologists’ Field Club, near and upon which the types of the two species respectively were collected. Included in the total number for the region are the opossum, 5 species of squirrels, the woodchuck, 9 species of mice and rats, the musk-rat, rabbit, house-cat, 2 foxes, the raccoon, skunk, otter, mink, weasel, 5 shrews, 2 moles, and 8 species of bats. One other species, the golden mouse (Peromyscus nuttallii) of more southern distribution has been reported,^^ but the record needs verification. The rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) has been taken at Colonial Beach, Virginia, and sooner or later probably will be captured within the accepted limits of the District fauna. The red squirrel is about at its eastward limit in this region, ranging but little farther out upon the coastal plain, while the wood rat is restricted to the Piedmont Plateau. Cooper’s lemming mouse and Sorex fontinulis seem to be confined to sphagnum bogs; the distribution of former is more to the northward and in the mountains. The District is at the northern limit of the range of the harvest mouse. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bailey, Vernon. List of the mammals of the District of Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. X, pp. 93-101, May 28, 1896. The list names 37 species (including Felis domestica) known to occur within 20 miles of the Capitol and most of them within the District limits. The record for the wildcat is conjectural and prob- ably should have been added to the list of locally extirpated species which consists of 7, the white-tailed deer and pine marten being omitted. Meams, L. Z. On the occurrence of the genus Reithrodontomys in Virginia. Am. Nat. 31, 1897, pp. 160-161. Records R. lecontii from Ft. Myer, Va. This form is now called R. humulis impiger. (See Howell, A. H., N. A., Fauna, 36, 1914, pp. 20-21.) 3* Haley, W. D. In Philip’s Washington Described, 1861, P. 23. 54 bulletin Biological Society of Washington, 1918. Preble, Edward A. A new Microsorex from the vicinity of Washington, D. C. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XXIII, pp. 101-102, June 24, 1910. Microsorex winnemana sp. n. Type from bank of Potomac River near Stubblefield Falls, Va., April 25, 1903. Hollister, N. Remarks on the long-tailed shrews of the eastern United States with description of a new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40, pp. 377-381, April 17, 1911. Describes Sorex fontinalis n. sp. from Beltsville, Md. This species was recorded as personatus, by Bailey. A District record for the long-nosed shrew (8. longirostris) aiso is given. Nelson, E. W. A new bat from the eastern United States. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XXVI, pp. 183-184, Aug. 8, 1913. Myotis winnemana sp. n. Type from Plummer’s Island, Md., Aug 31, 1907. A. K. Fisher. EARLY HISTORY OF MAN IN THE DISTRICT. Id certain localities about the District, i*elics of the aborigines are abundant and they throw much light on the mode of life of those tribes of the North American Indians that inhabited the neighborhood. These were of Algonquian stock, the tribes living in this region in Captain John Smith’s time being the Nacochtanks, Taukenets, and Moya- ones with headquarters respectively along Eastern Brancli, near Mount Vernon, and near the mouth of the Piscataway River. The settlements of these tribes were broken up about 1676 by raids of the Susquesahanocs, and some of them retired to Virginia, where they joined the Pamunkeys, while those remaining in Maryland consolidated under the name of Piscataways. These removed to Pennsylvania about 1700, leaving this region in undisputed control of the white men. The Indians of this • region spent their time in fishing, trapping, hunting, and fighting. The relics of their occupa- tion of the land comprise every variety of stone implement common to the North American Indian, fish hooks, pottery both of clay and soapstone, and traces of mats and other fabrics. The richest localities for archaeologic finds are the eastern shore of Eastern Branch, the Maryland shore of the Natural History of District of GolumMa — McAtee 55 Potomac near Cabin John and Little Falls, Virginia shore at Chain Bridge, opposite Analostan Island, and near mouth of Four-mile Run, the quartzite workshop along Piney Branch, and soapstone quarries near Tennallytown and Falls Church. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Holmes, W. H. A quarry workshop of the flaked-stone implement makers in the District of Columbia. Am. Anthropologist 3, No. 1, Jan., 1890, pp. 1-26, Pis. 1-4. On Piney Branch near Rock Creek. Brief note on further work, pp. 224-5. Excavations in an ancient soapstone quarry in the District of Columbia. Am. Anthropologist 3, No. 4, Oct., 1890, pp. 321-330. Rose Hill Quarry near Tennallytown. Distribution of stone implements in the tidewater country. Am. Anthropologist 6, No. 1, .Tan., 1893, pp. 1-14, Figs. 1-2, Pis. 1-2. Kengla, Louis A. Contributions to the archaeology of the District of Columbia. An essay to accompany a collection of aboriginal relics presented for the Toner medal, 1882. 42 pp., 5 pis., 1 map.' Washington, R. A. Waters & Son. 1883. Mason O. T., et al. The Aborigines of the District of Columbia and the lower Poto- mac — A Symposium, under the direction of the vice president of section D. The American Anthropologist, Vol. II, 1889, pp. 225-266, Pis. I-VII, 1 small figure (map). Consists of: Introduction by Otis T. Mason, pp. 225-227. The Geologic antecedents of man in the Potomac Valley. By W. J. McGee, pp. 227-234. The paleolithic period in the District of Columbia. By Thomas Wilson, pp. 235-241. Pis. I-IV. Ancient village sites and aboriginal workshops in the District of Columbia. By S. V. Proudfit, pp. 241-246, PI. V. Pottery of the Potomac Tide-water region. By W. H. Holmes, pp. 246-252, PI. VI. The shell mounds of the Potomac and Wicomico. By Elmer R. Reynolds, pp. 252-259, 1 map. Indian tribes of the District of Columbia. By James Mooney, pp. 259-266, PI. VII. 51) HuUetin 1, Biological Bo(‘ictg of WashingtO}i , JDJ8. Mason, Otis T. The archaeology of the Potomac Tide-water region. Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 12, pp. 367-370, Pis. 15-17, 1 fig., 1890. Proudfit, S. V. Note on the turtle-back celt. Am. Anthropologist 1, No. 4, Oct., 1888, pp. 337-339. Work of Indians not of paleolithic man. A collection of stone implements from the District of Columbia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13, pp. 187-194, Pis. 10-14, 1890. Tooker. W. W. On the meaning of the name Anacostia. Am. Anthropologist 7, No. 4, Oct., 1894, pp. 389-393. Derived from w'ords meaning “at the trading town.” Wilson, Thomas. The paleolithic period in the District of Columbia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 12, pp. 371-376, Pis. 18-21, 1890. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The writer wishes to express his great appreciation of the following courtesies: for reading the whole manuscript of the preceding pages to Mr. William Palmer; for reading various sections, to Dr. Walter Hough, Mr. E. A. Preble and Mr. P. L. Ricker. Natural History of District of Cohunhia — McAtee 57 DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA REGION. THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU AND COASTAL PLAIN AS FAUNAL AND FLORAL PROVINCES. In previous chapters some reference has been made to species characteristic of the Piedmont Plateau and of the Coastal Plain. The common boundary of these physiographic provinces is known as the fall line, and its significance as a line of separation of faunas and floras is well worth fuller consideration. No matter where the naturalist may carry on his re- searches, he finds species that are near or at the limit of their range. One species leaves off at a certain place, another presses a little farther on ; the observer finds himself at the northern limit of some forms, and at the eastern or western or southern limit of others. The problem of defining boundaries that seem significant because of their nearly or quite coinciding with a suflScient percentage of the totality of range limits usually is a most difficult one. To illustrate the case by local instances, it may be noted that present information indicates among others the following terminations of range as the Potomac River is ascended : Marshall Hall — Taxodium distichum, Polypremum pro- cumbens, Pluchea camphorata. Hunting Creek — Sabbatia dodecandra, Micranthemum micranthemoides, Utricularia macrorhiza. Little River Marshes — Echinochloa waiter!, Jussiaea decurrens, Cyperus erythrorrhizos, Cyperus michauxianus, Hyla evittata. New Cut Road — Liquidambar styraciflua. Chain Bridge Flats — Sagittaria rigida. Zizania aquatica, Scirpus debilis, Quercus prinoides. Great Falls — Rhynchospora corniculata, Carex decom- posita, Quercus michauxiana, Rumex verticillatus. Parony- chia dichotoma. Ilex decidua. 58 Bulletin 1, Biological ^ocietjf of Washington, 1918. Seneca Creek — (^nentiis dij^itata, Quercns j>liellos, Tecoma radicans. In the reverse direction there is a similar «;radnation in the ranges of the upland forms, for instance : Great Falls — Aspleninm montanum, Rhus aromatica, Viburnum pubescens. Stubblefield Falls — Betula lenta. Little Falls — Ha{)tisia australis, Lathyrus venosus, Cea- nothus ovatus. Allium cernuum, Eupatorium altissimum, Rudbeckia triloba. Coreopsis tripteris. Rosslyn — Bicuculla canadensis, Bicuculla cucullaria, Cornus alternifolia, Solidago canadensis. Marshall Hall — Cystopteris fragilis, Athyrium pycno- carpon. Occoquan — Pinus strobus, Tsuga canadensis, Rhododen- dron maximum. Charles County, Md. — Quercus imbiicaria. If the whole catalogue of plants were searched for such records, and the whole body of other organisms laid under contribution, there would hardly be a rod of ground along the Potomac that would not be distinguished as the farthest point in the upward or downward extension of some species. No doubt a similar condition exists with reference to species whose chief ranges lie to the east and to the west of this region. As previously remarked, this state of affairs makes it difficult to point out significant lines between distributional areas. In a country without salient topographical features the odds against success are practically prohibitive. Where natural barriers exist the task is more hopeful. A barrier does exist in the vicinity of Washington, and its importance is such that the distribution of life of this area cannot be properly conceived nor adequately discussed without taking cognizance of it. This barrier and boundary line, or rather zone, is the common border of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Piedmont Plateau usually referred to as the Fall .Line. So far as it conveys the idea of a sharp division between physiographic provinces, the term Fall Line is a misnomer. Natural History of District of Golurnhia — McAtee 59 Indefinite and often ill-defined, the meeting place of these provinces — that higher bench at the foot of the Allegheny Mountain system, known as the Piedmont Plateau, and the lower land or Coastal Plain composed of materials car- ried down from the plateau and westward areas and marine sediments deposited during its several submergences below sea-level — is better called a zone, a zone of interdigitation. The irregular character of the boundary between the sur- fical deposits of the two provinces is due to two causes: (1) the rocks of the Piedmont are exposed eastward beyond the line of their higher outcrops by the erosion of stream valleys; and (2) westward of this line Coastal Plain forma- tions mantle the divides between such streams, sometimes to a distance of several miles. Hilltops far back in the Piedmont province bear caps of Coastal Plain deposits, an indication of the former extent of these sediments and of the vast amount of erosion necessary to have carried oft* the remainder of them. The reverse condition — that is, islands of Piedmont rocks in the Coastal Plain, does not exist for the reason that the rock surface dips steeply and is now exposed as far as the base-levelling action of the streams makes possible. The Piedmont Plateau originally was a shore line against which the Coastal Plain sediments were deposited and in its superficial characters, the boundary zone between these prov- inces still retains many of the characters of a strand. The upper border of this zone is undulating, suggesting the tongues of sand left on the beach by the last tide, the exposed rocky stream beds resemble the gullies cut here and there in the sand by the receding water, while the Coastal Plain debris capping the hills, is like the drift cast up by storm tides, patches of which hither and yon have not yet been washed back to the sea that upheaved them. ^ The sedimentary deposits which make up the Coastal Plain are chief- ly clays, gravels and sands, which, with the exception of some sandstones, are unconsolidated. The estuarine streams of this region have broad open valleys with muddy vegetation-covered banks. The streams of the Pied- mont Province, on the contrary, flow in narrow gorges cut into and usual- ly across the structure of the metamorphic and igneous rocks. These rocks include granite gneiss, gneiss, schist, soapstone, serpentine, diorite and gabbro. ()0 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. For expression, in a single line, of the boundary of the Piedmont Plateau and the Coastal Plain in the region of the District of Columbia, the line of the present easternmost outcrops of the metamorphic rocks (shown as a heavy line on map, which see, p. Ol) will do as well as any. It does not coincide with a line connecting the principal waterfalls, for which the line is named, since these generally are some distance back from the actual edge of the outcrops. The boundary between Coastal Plain and Piedmont floras and faunas agrees well with the outcrop line north of the Potomac. Roughly the Potomac itself then becomes the boundary as far down as the great bend north of Fredericks- burg, where the river cuts its way across the Coastal Plain. However, the Coastal Plain is recognizable as a tangible type on the Virginia side comprising the flood plain of the river and its tributaries. The hills have a prevailing Piedmont biota. Nevertheless, one must be prepared to find some Coastal Plain species accompanying their native geologic formations which cap the hills near the river. Conspicuous patches of these formations lying farther back are shown on the map by heavy broken lines. The Fall Line as a Faunal and Flo^'al Line. Be it ever so indefinite and ill-defined, the fall-line must be recognized as having some significance as a faunal and floral line because it lies between regions that have had very distinct geological histories. A succinct sketch of this his- tory may be quoted from W. J. McGee, who says: ^‘Today there is a lowland plain rising gently from the Atlantic and stretching mountainward to the elbow of the Delaware at Trenton and Philadelphia, to the embouchure of the Susquehanna into Chesapeake Bay, to the great elbow of the Potomac at Washington and Alexandria, to Fred- ericksburg, and to the bend of the James at Richmond. This lowland plain widens from a point at Sandy Hook to 150 miles at Cape Hatteras. Still further westward there lies an upland plain, 10 to 100 miles wide, overlooking the low- lands and overlooked by the mountains. Along the common boundary of the lowlands and the uplands the land surface drops from a mean altitude of 300 feet to less than 100 feet, Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee The Piedmont Plateau and the Coastal Plain in the vicinity of the District of Columbia. Solid heavy line indicates eastern- most outcrops of the metamorphic rocks. Broken heavy lines show the positions of important isolated bodies of Coastal Plain Deposits. Stream courses are dotted. G2 Bulletin 1, Biological Bociety of Washington, 1918. and the riveis cascade from narrow rock-bound gorges into broad tidal (p. 230) estuaries. Now, during the Columbia period, ocean water overwhelmed nearly all of the lowlands between the present coast and the fall line and washed the upland margin where now stand Fredericksburg, Washing- ton, Baltimore, and Philadelphia ; and north of Philadelphia it swept still further inland, submerging the uplands to 300 and even 450 feet above present tide level. Then the Poto- mac embouched into open ocean at the “Three Sisters”; at the culmination of the submergence, shoal ocean-waters rolled over the highest land between Washington and the coast, and the Anacostia, the Patuxenf, and Chesapeake Bay were not; while during even the inferior stages of water the lower Potomac was an estuary many times broader and deeper than today.” The greater part of the Piedmont Plateau remained a land surface while the Coastal Plain was submerged several times. Not only was all land life on the Coastal Plain entirely extirpated during these submergences, but even during the emergences ecologic conditions for long periods and over great areas were radically different from those on the Plateau. The tide flats, the salt marshes, the low-lying flood-plains of the rivers which long characterized the landscapes after each emergence were not suited to the needs of most of the upland species. On the contrary, the land was occupied and held by species already adapted to the conditions. As the Coastal Plain was elevated after the last depression, upland species gradually advanced upon it, but to accom- plish this they needed powers of migration and the ability to take and hold a place in the face of probably somewhat adverse conditions. Not all species were able to do this, and some, on account of lack of adaptiveness, or small ability to extend their ranges, required a very long time to reach, or may not yet have reached, places in the coastal Plain ecologically suited to them. Conversely, certain other species found only in the Coastal Plain the conditions neces- s«The American Anthropologist, Vol. II, 1879, pp. 230-231. Natural History of District of Coliimhia — McAtee G3 sary to their welfare, as for instance the strand, salt marsh and pine barren plants, or for other reasons never were able to advance from the Coastal Plain to the uplands. It is obvious, therefore, that for reasons of geological history, if for no other, the fall-line must be granted some importance as a faunal and floral boundary. Inspection of the remarks upon distribution in the “Plant Life of Maryland” reveals that approximately 163 (out of a total of 1,400) species of plants are restricted to the Coastal Plain, while 46 others are chiefly so. Corresponding figures for the Piedmont Plateau are 175 and 48. Search through the local herbarium for the District of Columbia region shows that out of a total of some 1,600 species 193 occur only on the Coastal Plain, and 86 others do not extend far upon the Piedmont. Similar statistics for the latter area are 308 and 76.^^ Thus from 24 to 31 per cent of the plants of Maryland and the District of Columbia region are restricted in dis- tribution either to the Coastal Plain or the Piedmont Pla- teau, and an additional 6 to 11 per cent do not far overstep the boundary of these provinces. Lists of the most characteristic or best known species of the District of Columbia region are subjoined. In addition to these most of the species listed further on for Falls Church, Plummers Island, Little Falls and Great Falls also jiertain to the Piedmont and those for the Magnolia bogs, and for Beltsville, Odenton, Hollywood, Riverdale, Hyatts- ville, Bladensburg, Benning and Hunting Creek mostly are characteristic of the Coastal Plain. ^ Special Publication 3, Maryland Weather Serv ice, 1910, 533 pp. ® Halophytes are not excluded from this number, since of the 32 listed by Shreve (op. cit. pp. 83-85), 11 reach the Washington area. The reduc- tion in variety of halophytes, as one proceeds from the coast toward the Piedmont Plateau is gradual. If the fall line were farther west some of these plants would range farther in that direction. The distribu- tion of fishes points to the same conclusions. 3® The figures for the Washington area are incomplete because the col- lections are not entirely worked up. For permission to use the herbarium the writer is indebted to Messrs. W. R. Maxon and P. C. Standley. The unfinished manuscript of the new catalog of the Washington flora also was kindly put at my disposal by Professor A. S. Hitchcock. ()4 Bulletin 1, Biological ISocietg of Washington , 11118. SELECTED SPECIES OF THE WASHINGTON FLORA THAT APPARENTLY ARE RESTRICTED TO THE PIEDMONT PI. ATE All. Osmunda claytoniana Pteretis nodulosa Woodsia obtusa Filix bulbifera Dryopteris clintoniana goldiana hexagonoptera marginalis Camptosorus rhizophyllus Asplenium pinnatifidum trichomanes montaniim Athyrium thelypteroides Pellaea atropurpurea (in natural situations) Cheilanthes lanosa Selaginella rupestris Isoetes engelmannii valida Pinus strobus pungens Tsuga canadensis Panicum gattingeri linearifolium xalapense annulum latifolium Muhlenbergia sobolifera schreberi Brachyelytrum erectum Eragrostis hypnoides caplllaris frankii Melica mutica Uniola latifolia Festuca obtusa Bromus purgans incanus Elymus striatus Hystrix hystrix Hemicarpba micrantha Fimbristylis baldwiniana Scirpus planifolius lineatus Carex nigro-marginata jamesii frankii davisi albursina hirtifolia careyana platyphylla oligocarpa hitchcockiana torta Arisaema dracontium Coinmelina erecta Melanthium latifolium Allium tricoccum cernuum Erythronium albidum Lilium philadelphicum Vagnera stellata Trillium sessile grandiflorum Iris cristata Sisyrinchium intermedium mucronatum Cypripedium parviflorum Blephariglottis peramoena Tripbora trianthorphora Liparis loesellii Corallorhiza wisteriana Betula lenta Populus virginiana Quercus acuminata leana Hicoria cordiformis microcarpa ovata Ostrya virginiana Celtis crassifolia Cerastium oblongifolium Silene alba Delphinium tricorne Aconitum uncinatum Anemone virginiana Natural History of District of Columhia — McAtee 65 Anemone quinquefolia Clematis viorna Trautvetteria carolinensis Ranunculus septentrionalis Thalictrum caulophylloides revolutum Caulophyllum thalictroides Jeffersonia diphylla Bicuculla canadensis Dentaria diphylla Arabis dentata canadensis patens Sedum telephioides Mitella diphylla Ribes rotundifolium Aruncus aruncus Rubus odoratus Agrimonia gryposepala Baptisia australis Trifolium reflexum Stylosanthes biflora Meibomia pauciflora Meibomia grandiflora bracteosa Lathyrus venosus Oxalis grandis Ptelea trifoliata Polygala senega Tithymalus commutatus Tithymalopsis paniculata Chamaesyce preslii Floerkea proserpinacoides Rhus aromatica Euonymus atropurpureus Staphylea trifolia Acer saccharum Impatiens aurea Ceanothus ovatus Vitis rupestris Hypericum prolificum Viola conspersa pallens grandis filicetorum striata Cubelium concolor Dirca palustris Oenothera prasina Panax quinquefolium Heracleum lanatum Sanicula marylandica gregaria Erigenia bulbosa Zizia aurea Taenidium integerrima Cornus alternifolia stolonifera Rhododendron maximum Steironema hybridum Dodecatheon meadia Obolaria virginica Phlox subulata divaricata Polemonium reptans Hydrophyllum canadense virginicum Ellisia nyctelea Phacelia covillei purshii Mertensia virginica Lithospermum canescens Isanthus brachiatus Scutellaria saxatilis incana serrata versicolor Monarda clinopodia Blephilia hirsuta Clinopodium vulgare Koellia clinopodioides verticillata Penstemon penstemon Leptandra virginica Mecardonia acuminata Dasystoma virginica Veronica americana scutellata Utricularia gibba Conopholis americana Ruellia strepens Viburnum pubescens Diervilla diervilla Triosteum perfoliatum (I<) Hulletin I, Bioloylcal Society of Wushinyton, 1918. Valeriana paiiciflora Valerianella chenopodifolia woodsiana Campanula americana Adopogon dandelion Hieracium paniculatum Eupatoriiim altissimum sessilifolium urticifolium verticillatum Laciniaria scariosa Solidago flexicaulis racemosa canadensis rigida rupestris Aster oblongifolius shortii concinnus cordifolius corrigiatus curvescens oviformis ericoides pilosus schreberi unibelliformis gracilescens phlogifolius sagittifolius sylvestris tradescanti Erigeron philadelphicus Antennaria solitaria Polymnia canadensis Silphiiim trifoliatum Chrysogonum virginianum Riidbeckia triloba Helenium nudifloriim Heliopsis helianthoides Riidbeckia fulgida triloba Helianthiis divaricatus dowellianus Coreopsis tripteris Mesadenia reniformis Senecio paiiperciiliis smallii Cirsium virginianum Some well-known species which are chiefly confined to the Piedmont but which range more or less upon the Coastal Plain are: Osmunda claytoniana Lycopodium clavatum Ohamaelirium luteimi Lilium canadense Erythronium americanum Unifolium canadense Juglans cinerea Quercus imbricaria Cimicifuga racemosa Aquilegia canadensis Hepatica hepatica Sanguinaria canadensis Heuchera americana Saxifraga virginiensis Hydrangea arborescens Hamamelis virginiana Opulaster opulifolius Cercis canadensis Panax trifolia Aralia nudicaulis Pyrola spp. Sabbatia angularis Collinsonia canadensis Dianthera americana Viburnum cassinoides Senecio aureus Natural History of District of Columhia — McAtee 67 SELECTED SPECIES OF THE WASHINGTON FLORA THAT APPARENTLY ARE RESTRICTED TO THE COASTAL PLAIN. Lygodium palmatum Dryopteris simulata Anchistea virginica Lycopodium adpressum carolinianum Isoetes saccharata Pinus taeda Taxodium distichum Potamogeton amplifolius compressus robbinsii Lophotocarpus calycinus Sagittaria subulata longi rostra Erianthus saccharoides Paspalum longipilum psammophilum Echinochloa waiter! Panicum condensum mattamuskeetense spretum columbianiim thinium ensifolium virgatum cubense stipitatum verrucosum clutei lucidum lanuginosum pseudopubescens addisoni oligosanthes scoparium aculeatum Chaetochloa geniculata Cenchrus carolinianus Aristida gracilis Muhlenbergia schreberi palustris Alopeciirus geniculatus Uniola laxa Paniciilaria obtusa pallida Festuca octoflora myuros Bromus villosus Elymus striatus arkansanus Cyperus fuscus microdontus rotundus erythrorhizos retrofractus Eleocharis ochreata olivacea quadrangulata Scirpus fluviatilis sylvaticus Fuirena hispida Rhynchospora macrostachya axillaris gracilenta Scleria triglomerata Carex gracillima oonjuncta cauescens disjuncta bromoides incomperta lanuginosa vestita lacustris folliculata intumescens collinsii abscondita glaucodes debilis oblita typhinoides louisianica rostrata bullata swanii styloflexa Eriocaulon decangulare Chrospermum muscaetoxicum Melanthium virginicum Stenanthium robustum Tofieldia racemosa Dioscorea paniculata 08 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. Iris verna Sisyrinchium atlanticum Perularia flava Blephariglottis blephariglottis Pogonia ophioglossoides Ibidium odoratum Limodorum tuberosum Ophrys australis Acnida cannabina Chenopodium boscianum Cabomba caroliniana Magnolia virginiana Ranunculus obtusiusculus sceleratus Roripa sylvestris Radicula hispida Sarracenia purpurea Itea virginica Aeschynomene virginica Stylosanthes riparia Meibomia rigida Lathyrus palustris Strophostyles missouriensis Polygala lutea curtissii Tithymalopsis arundelana ipecacuanhae Ilex glabra Ascyrum stans Viola brittoniana nepetaefolia Ammannia koehnei Rhexia virginica mariana Ludwigia hirtella Jussiaea decurrens Oenothera laciniata Oenothera sinuata Myriophyllum spicatum Clethra alnifolia Kalmia angustifolia Steironema lanceolata Polypremum procumbens Sabbatia dodecandra Bartonia paniculata Gentiana saponaria Koellia virginiana Lycopus uniflorus Gratiola sphaerocarpa Agalinis setacea Otophylla auriculata Micranthemum micranthemoides Utricularia subulata juncea Plantago aristata nuttallii cordata Oldenlandia uniflora Viburnum nudum Eupatorium hyssopifolium cannabinum maculatum serotinum Erigeron ramosus Pluchea camphorata Solidago elliottii odora puberula Aster concolor dumosus radula Helianthus angustifolius mollis giganteus Bidens connata Some well-known species which are chiefly confined to the Coastal Plain but which range more or less upon the Pied- mont are : Lorinseria areolata Rhynchospora corniculata Typha angustifolia Orontium aquaticum Zizania aquatica Peltandra virginica ^ Scarcely any of them reach the Piedmont in Pennsylvania or northern New Jersey. — Witmer Stone. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 69 Myrica carolinensis Quercus digitata Ilex laevigata prinoides Phoradendron flavescens Drosera spp. Liquidambar styraciflua Clitoria mariana Ilex opaca phellos lyrata michauxiana decidua Hibiscus moscheutos Opuntia opuntia Aralia spinosa Leucothoe racemosa Pieris mariana Monarda punctata Tecoma radicans Baccharis halimifolia Arnica nudicaulis To put in another way the facts of plant distribution with reference to the Fall Line, it is evident that plants which prefer the higher elevations, that can exist only upon rock outcrops (including such well-known controllers of vegeta- tion as limestone and serpentine), or in the vicinity of water- falls, or that thrive best in deep humus, loams and clays, are chiefly restricted to the Piedmont. On the other hand, plants of the beaches, salt marshes, tide flats, pine barrens, and magnolia bogs and those that prefer lower elevations and such soils as sand and sandy loams are found almost exclu- sively in the Coastal Plain.'^^ In general the conditions tend to restrict most of the aquatic and semi-aquatic groups to the Coastal Plain. Thus I this province has the lion’s share of Potamogeton, Sagittaria, and of grasses and sedges in general, although such large genera as Panicum and Carex are more evenly divided. A number of other genera, as Quercus, Meibomia, Eupatorium, and Solidago also are about halved by the two regions. How- ever, some groups show a distinct preference for the Pied- mont, including the ferns, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Arabis, Saxifragaceae and Araliaceae. On the whole the series of plants which produce the early spring show of flowers pertain to the Piedmont rather than to the Coastal Some interesting pairs of species may be cited as indicating the diverse conditions on the Piedmont and Coastal Plain as possible factors in speci- ation. They are (the Piedmont form in each pair being cited first) : Uniola latifolia, U, laxa; Tofieldia glutinosa, T. racemosa; Iris cristatau I verna ; Lathy rus venosus L. palustris ; Stylosanthes biflora, S. riparla; Aralia racemosa, A. spinosa; Steironema hybridum, S. lanceolatum; Vibur- num cassinoides, V. nudum ; Helianthus divaricatus, H, mollis ; and Seneclo aureus and S. tomentosus. 70 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington^ lUlH. Plain, perhaps for one reason on account of richer accumu- lations of humus. We have seen that the potency of ecologic requirements and of historical factors are such that about a third of the entire flora of the Washington area is confined (or nearly so) to one side of the Fall Line or the other.^^ jjj proceeding from this conclusion to consideration of the part played by the Fall Line in delimiting faunal elements, we must recall not only the great diversity in edaphic conditions between the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain, but also the divergence between the more complete ecologic surroundings of animal life that consist of these conditions added to and modified by vegetation. Plants and plant associations have great influence on animal life, and the presence or absence of certain plants is the determining factor in the distribution of numerous ani- mals. This is especially true of insects, various specias of which breed exclusively upon single host species. Such forms are frequent among the jumping plant lice (Psyl- lidae), ordinary plant lice (Aphidae), scale insects (Coc- cidae), leafhoppers (Jassidae), lace bugs (Tingidae), leaf bugs (Miridae), leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae), weevils (Rhynchophora), and but- terflies and moths (Lepidoptera) . The influence of the different conditions above and below the fall line, upon another group of insects, the Orthoptera, members of which are not so restricted in feeding habits, as those mentioned, is brought out in a paper by Rehn and Hebard.^^ They record 47 species as pertaining chiefly to the Piedmont, 101 to the Coastal Plain, while only 52 range generally over both areas. Ulke lists 23 species of beetles of austroriparian and 14 ^In this connection note R. M. Harper’s statement that “The rather vaguely defined ‘Austroripai'ian area’ of some botanists — or rather biolo- gists — is practically the coastal plain, and the boundary between that and the ‘Carolinian area’ is simply the fall-line, the cause of which is purely geological, and not climatic.’’ (Bui. Tori’ey Botanical Club, 31, No. 1, Jan., 1904, p. 10). « Rehn, J. A. G., and Hebard M. Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthop- tera of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Region of the Southeastern United States. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. 68, 1916, pp. 87-314, Pis. 12-14. «Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, 1902, pp. 3-4. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 71 of alleghenian affinities, another way of saying that in this region they are restricted to the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Plateau respectively. Among hymenoptera, the following, I am informed by Mr. H. L. Viereck, are confined to the Coastal Plain : Perdita novi-angliae, P. halictoides, Andrena miserabilis, Bombius scutellaris, Pepsis clegans, Stictla Carolina, and Bembix cinerea. Knowledge of the local dis- tribution of these and other groups of insects is not so detailed as in the case of the Orthoptera. If it were, sta- tistics as to their relation to the fall line would no doubt be fully as impressive. A similar distinction between the life of the Piedmont Plateau and the Coastal Plain is not so clearly reflected in the higher groups such as mammals and birds. Nor should it be expected. Both of these orders are much better equi])])ed for migratory mov'ements than either ])lants or insects and both are adaptable to a greater range of conditions. How- ever, some slight effect can be traced even in these higher groups. The wood rat, for instance, is certainly confined to the Piedmont, and the red squirrel seems not to venture much beyond. The woodchuck, chipmunk and otter are more at home in the Piedmont, while among the shrews, Micro- sorex, so far as known, occurs only on the Piedmont and Sorex fontiualis only in the Coastal Plain. The birds which as breeding species appear to respond to the differences in conditions on the two great divisions of our area are for the Piedmont: Nighthawk, Worm-eating Warbler, Kentucky Warbler and Bewick’s Wren ; and for the Coastal Plain : Florida Gallinule, Least Bittern, Bank Swal- low, and Long-billed Marsh Wren. Among batrachians and reptiles Siren lacertina, Hyla evittata, Coluber guttatus, Lygosoma latcrale and Malaclem- mys centrata belong to the Coastal Plain, while SpeJerpes longicaudus, Coluber obsoletus, Crotalus horridus and Clem- inys insculpta are Piedmont forms. The influence of the fall line on the distribution of abor- iginal men and its control over city-building and the indus- tries of modern man are interesting topics concerning which the following is quoted from McGee : ^Through the Potomac 72 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. Valley passes one of the most strongly marked geologic and cultural boundaries on the face of the earth. * * * It is known to students of modern manufactures as the fall line because along it the rivers descend as abruptly as the land; and it is even more notable as a line of deflection than as one of declivity in rivers. The great waterways of the Middle Atlantic slope maintain their courses through Appalachian ranges and Piedmont hills alike; but on reaching the coastal lowlands they are turned aside literally by a sand bank little higher than their depth, and thence hug the upland margin for scores of miles before finally finding their way into the ocean. So the coastal lowlands are nearly isolated by the tidal bays and river-elbows along their inner margin. Measured along the fall line, the Hudson is barred from the Rappahannock, 300 miles southward, by only 60 miles of land and unnavigable water. This remarkable physiography is now and ever has been reflected in the culture of the region. The pioneer settlers of the country ascended the tidal canals to the falls (p. 233) of the rivers, where they found, sometimes within a mile, clear, fresh water, the game of the hills and woodlands, and the fish and fowl of the estuaries, and, as the population increased, abundant water-power and excellent mill-sites, easy ferriage, and prac- ticable bridge-sites; here the pioneer settlements and vil- lages were located; and across the necks of the inter-estu- arine peninsulas the pioneer routes of travel were extended from settlement to settlement until the entire Atlantic slope was traversed by a grand social and commercial artery stretching from New England to the Gulf States. As the population grew and spread, the settlements, villages, and towns along the line of Nature’s selection waxed, and many of them yet retain their early prestige; and the early stage- route has become a great metropolitan railway and tele- graph route connecting North and South as they were con- nected of old in more primitive fashion. And just as these natural conditions influenced the white invader, so, and even ^ In this connection the effect of the tidal character of streams below fall line, and consequent absence of powerful eroding currents should not be overlooked. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 73 more strongly, must they have influenced the migrations, settlements, industries, and character of the aboriginal mon- archs of the Potomac waters and woodlands.” The Fall Line as a Barrier. The fall line has importance as an actual barrier to the spread of the fauna of the streams which cross it, since they are uniformly characterized by abrupt descent. The following illustrates this influence: Of the 80 species of fishes known to be native to the region of the District of Columbia, 8 which ascend the river to spawn are stopped either by Little Falls or Great Falls. Fourteen others are so dependent upon Coastal Plain conditions that they never ascend the river even as far as the falls. In other words, more than one-fourth of the native fish fauna is confined to the Coastal Plain. Three species of fishes, namely, the brook trout, trout perch, and Miller’s thumb, appears to be con- fined to waters above the fall line. These various categories of species are given in full in the following lists. What effect, if any, the fall line has upon the distribution of other aquatic creatures is unknown. Salt water fishes coming Carcharhinus obscurus Brevoortia tyrannus Stolephorus mitchilli Cyprinodon variegatus Tylosaurus marinus Siphostoma fuscum Orthopristus chrysopterus Fishes ascending Acipenser sturio brevirostris within the Washington area. Leiostomus xanthurus Menticirrus saxatilis Chaetodipterus faber Gobiosoma bosci Opsanus tau Prionotus carolinus Achirus fasciatus river to Little Falls. Pomolobus mediocris pseudoparengus aestivalis ^9 The American Anthropologist, Vol. II, 1879, pp. 233-234. W. J. McGee. Except for a few reptiles and batrachians previously cited. 74 Bulletin J, Biological Society of Washington^ Jf)I8. Fishes ascendinj^ river to Great Falls. Alosa sapidissima Morone americaoa Hocciis lineatiis Fishes occurring only in the Piedmont. Snivel inns fontinalis Gottns meridionalis 1 *ercops i s ( >ni i scomay cns BIBLIOGRAPHY. Barton, N. H., and Keith, Arthur. Description of the Washington Quadrangles. Geologic atlas of the United States. Washington Folio. 1901. pp. 1-7. Miller, B. L., Bonsteel, J. A., Alexander, W. H., Newell, F. H., Bauer, L. A., and Besley, F. W. Maryland Geological Survey. Prince George’s County. 1911. 251 pp., 13 pis., 3 figs. Topographical and geological maps in separate cover. Contains an extensive bibliography, pp. 33-68, many of the cita- tions in w'hich relate to the coastal plain. Clark, W. B., and Miller, B. L. The Physiography and Geolog\^ of the Coastal Plain Province of Virginia, with chapters on The Lower Cretaceous, by E. W. Berry, and The Economic Geology, by T. L. Watson. Bui. No. IV, Virginia Geological Survey, 1912, 274 pp., 19 pis., 1 fig., geological map. Like the preceding this publication contains a valuable bibliog- raphy, pp. 19-45. MAGNOLIA BOGS NEAR WASHINGTON, D. 0., AND THEIR RELATION TO THE PINE BARRENS. In treating the Wpes of collecting grounds in the District of Columbia region, a task to which this chapter and the next are devoted, it is easiest to begin with an account of the most strikingly characterized areas. In the writer’s opinion this distinction clearly belongs in this region to the white sand and gravel bogs, or magnolia bogs, found only in the Coastal Plain formations. The name Magnolia Bogs is selected for the areas about to be discussed, because it has a certain currency, and be- cause the swamp magnolia or sweet bay {Magnolia vir- Natural History of District of Golumhia — McAtee 75 giniana) probably is not absent from one of them (of any size), something which is not true of any other equally con- spicuous plant. These bogs are restricted to Coastal Plain formations, for it is only among those that the surficial deposits give the proper basal conditions. Where a surface layer, usually of coarse white gravel, or of gravel and sand mixed, is underlaid by an impervious layer of clay and flushed by a constant flow of spring water, there grows with- out exception, and only there, some combination of the plants which characterize what are here called Magnolia bogs. Such bogs exist at a number of points along Indian Creek and its continuation the Eastern Branch, as at Ammendale, Hollywood, Riverdale, Hyattsville, Bladensburg, Reform School, Kenilworth and Deanewood. At the head of Brier Ditch, a tributary, similar boggy spots exist at Lanham ; on the next tributary to the south are the Carter’s Lane and Lygodium bogs; and along Beaver Dam Branch, the Magruder and Sarracenia bogs. On the other side of the valley and flowing into Paint Branch are the four Powder- mill bogs (others now drained once existed here) ; and tribu- tary to Northwest Branch the Brookland, Terra Cotta and Takoma bogs. Along Piney Branch and Rock Creek were the two Brightwood bogs, Holmead Swamp, and Magnolia Run Bog. The last four are all in the extreme edge of the main body of Coastal Plain formations. In the bed of, and across the creek from, Holmead and Magnolia Run bogs are exposures of Piedmont Rocks. Along Four-mile Run Valley, near Green Valley, and along the north side of Four-mile Run Hill and Hunting Creek, are similar boggy spots. Bogs of more or less the same nature exist at Laurel, Accotink ( ?), Suitland, Silver Hill, Surattsville, Savage, Arundel and Oden ton. It may well be that a large number of such bogs await discovery. It is the writer’s purpose to describe in some detail the Magnolia bogs with which he is best acquainted, namely, the Powdermill bogs near Paint Branch (2 miles west of Belts- By referring to the brief statement (p. 59) of the nature of Coastal Plain and Piedmont deposits, it will be seen that only the former include alternating clays and gravels. 76 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. ville, Md.), and to attempt to throw some light upon a ques- tion, inspired by consideration of these bogs, that is: Why we have no pine barrens in our region, nor indeed anywhere in the Maryland Coastal Plain? By way of introducing what at first thought may impress the reader as rather unrelated topics for discussion, I pre- sent a quotation relating to the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, from Dr. Witmer Stone, than whom there is no closer student of the Pine Barrens of that State, and with whom the writer esteems himself fortunate to have made two visits to this most interesting region. In his account of Polygala lutea, in that model local flora, “The Plants of Southern New Jersey,” Dr. Stone says : “This is one of the showiest plants of the Pine Barrens, one of those that render the region so strikingly different from the uplands beyond the fall line. I well remember my first visit to the Pines, when the low moist spots were all dotted with the brilliant heads of the Polygala, with here and there stalks of white-fringed orchis, and the small orange-fringed orchis, so like the Poly gala in color, with Xyris and Eri- ocaulon and a host of other things hitherto unknown. The mosquitos and heat were nothing when such a natural flower garden lay before one’s eyes, and the poor flora of my upland pastures seemed to sink into insignificance beside such riches.” Dr. Stone has here given us a vivid picture of his first impression of the Pine Barrens, and when the reader realizes that the same combination of plants Dr. Stone mentions may be seen in our own Magnolia bogs, as those at Odenton and Suitland, the query will seem less strange — why have we no pine barrens? To proceed with the details of the discussion, which neces- sitates description of typical Magnolia bogs, I will begin with the general surroundings of my favorite group — the Powdermill Bogs. These lie near the here sharply defined inner border of the Coastal Plain, and two of the four indeed lie on top of what is really a Piedmont Hill. The Coastal Plain country here is strikingly different from the Rep. N. jTstate Museum, 1910 (1911), p. 520. ~ Natural History of District of Columhia — McAtee 77 Piedmont, in the preponderance of sandy and gravelly soils. For instance, this region is the nearest to Washington, where one can walk long distances in soft sandy roads — an experience which on some of the hottest days makes a last- ing impression concerning the geological and other peculiari- ties of the Coastal Plain. As to the general flora of the area, the common oaks are Quercus marilandica, steUata and alha. The pines include Pinus rigida and virginiana, the latter more common ; chest- nut and chinquapin abound, as do also sweet gum, dog"wood and sassafras. The commonest shrubs are mountain laurel, pink azalea, blueberries and huckleberries. Among the herbs, Gypripedium accmle, Polygala incarnata, Baptisia tinctoria, Sarothra gentianoides and Chrysopsis mariana are the most characteristic of the indigenous species. The growth imme- diately surrounding the Magnolia bogs includes red maple, alder {Alnus rugosa), sour gum, holly (Ilex opaca) and Pinus virginiana. The bogs are fringed, or dotted with clumps of Magnolia virginiana, Myrica, swamp azalea, sheep laurel, Gaylussacia dumosa, Vaccinium conjmhosurn, Vihurnuin nudutn and cas- sinoides and other shrubs named in the subjoined list. Around the bases of the shrub colonies are deep cushions of sphagnum in which grow some of our showiest orchids as Pogonia ophioglossoides and Limodorum. The open centers of the bogs, or interspaces between the shrub islands give a view of the surface stratum of these areas — the white gravel, or gravel and sand, flush to the surface or slightly overflowed with clear, cool spring water. In the water grow algae, and the lycopods, Utricularia, Sundews, Xyris, Tofieldia and many other of the plants mentioned below. On the slightest elevations of the gravel are clumps of lichens of the genus Cladonia, here growing in water, though elsewhere seen in the dryest possible situations.^^ “ Bog ecologists have invented a sublimated white ribbon conception of physiologically dry water. This brand is so charged with bog extract, it is alleged, that plants living in it do not imbibe so much as of the ordinary kind, hence willy-nilly have a physiologically dry experience. This theory will not serve to explain the presence of Cladonia in Magnolia bogs, how'- ever, as the water is constantly flowing and as free from matters in solu- tion as is possible in natural waters. 7 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 191H. Utricularia cornuta cleistogama inflata purpurea clandestina fibrosa Galium pilosum puncticulosum Lobelia nuttallii canbyi Sclerolepis uniflora Eupatorium leucolepis Solidago stricta puberula fistulosa Aster spectabilis Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba Nabalus virgatus Anne Arundel County, Md. Georgetown, Del, Williamson, Dorchester County, Md, Morris Pond and Ellendale, Del, Wil- liamson, Harford County, Md. Anne Arundel County, Md, Wicomico County and Leon, Md, Worcester County, Md. Ellendale and Georgetown, Del. Wil- liamson. Wicomico County, Md. Ellendale, Del. Occurs according to “Plant Life of Maryland.” Occurs about Washington, D. C. Ocean City, Md. Wicomico County, Md. Worcester County, Bush River, Chop- tank River, Md. Ellendale, Del.; Sussex County, Del. The 53 species of plants found in Magnolia bogs in the vicinity of the District of Columbia added to the 71 occur- ring elsewhere in the Coastal Plain region to the eastward that are identical Avith species listed by Stone as character- istic of the Pine Barren flora of New Jersey make up 70.5 per cent®^ of that list (total, 173). Polygala lutea, Polygala cruciata, Rhexia mariana, and Xyris caro- liniana are species i-ecorded by Brereton, but included in the list of plants not found by Ward (Flora pp. 12-13), which have since been collected in Magnolia bogs. May we not also hope to discover in these bogs other plants mentioned, and with little doubt seen, by the older writers such as Chamaedaphne calyculata, Trichostema lineare, Arethusa bulbosa and Pogonia divaricata? A number of other characteristic species are found in eastern Virginia. Three occurring in the Norfolk-Virginia Beach area may be mentioned : Nymphaea americana (variegata), Hudsonia ericoides and Aster gracilis. This fact undermines considerable speculation based on the supposed absence of Pine Barren plants from Maryland and Delaware. For instance the following from Harshberger (Dr. J. W., The Vegetation of the New Jersey Pine Barrens, 1916, p. 2) : “This isolated island of pine-barren plants was removed still further from contact with the Southern pine-bar- rens by the unequal depression of the coastal plain, so that with the excep- tion of the island vegetation, the typic coastal plain plants were extermi- nated in the depressed portion of the plain in Delaware and Mary- land * * * for Shreve has indicated the almost utter lack of pine- barren plants in Maryland.” Natural History of District of Columhia — McAtee 87 Seven-tenths of the distinctive Pine Barren plants, there- fore, occur in eastern Maryland and Delaware, yet there are no Pine Barrens. What is the reason? In considering this point it may be helpful to give a brief picture of the New Jersey Barrens. The soil is sand, one is tempted to say pure sand, loose and shifting where dry, and compact where wet. Gravel occurs in varying degrees being most abundant on the area known as the Plains, where the vegetation is depauperate and favorable conditions for ])lant growth evi- dently at the minimum. Pooi* soils rule, therefore, and with the poorest is associated the climax of vegetational features that have won for these areas the name ‘‘barrens.’’ Briefly noting the vegetation beginning with the largest growths, Pinus rigida is the only sj)ecies, attaining tree stature in the dry j)arts of the tyj)ical Pine Barrens, (flia- maecyparis almost as exclusively occuj)ies a corresponding position in the well-watered places where it is the most im- portant element of the cedar swam])s. Over the ordinary surface of the Barrens, however, Pinus rigida reigns supreme. Next to it in stature are four oaks: Qiicrcus morilandica, Q. stellata, Q. prinoides and Q. ilicifolia. A conspicuous characteristic of the undergrowth is the tendency of the species to occur in colonies. In the drier parts, here Arctosta phylos uva-ursi mats the surface, there Dendrium huxifoliuni monopolizes a s])ace, or it may be Hudsonia ericoides, Gaulthcria procumhcns, KaJniia angiistifolia or Gaylussacia or Vaccinium. In wet places Chamaedaphne calyculata, alder, clammy azalea, and Rhus vernix are conspicuous. The actual floor of the Barrens in dry sandy areas abounds with Cladonia and in the wet spots with sphagnum and Sarracenia. On wet bare sand grow the characteristic species of Lycopodium and that greatest treas- ure of the Pine Barrens — the little curly fern, Schizaea pusilla. Obviously the predominant elements of the Pine Barren flora are plants that either prefer the so-called poor (pre- sumably acid) soils, or that find sanctuary in soils in which competition with the plants of neighboring areas is greatly S8 bulletin 1, Biological l^ocietg of Washington. It) IS. reduced or eliminated. Applyinjr these facts to the situa- tion in Maryland and Delaware, and bearing in mind that 70.5 per cent of the characteristic i)ine barren plants are known to occur, it would seem that the chief reason for the lack of true Pine Barrens is that large tracts of the soils which Pine Barren plants are able to monopolize are wanting. <5- The fact that some of the very elect of the Pine Barren rtora occur here and there tucked away in bogs, where they are protected from competition with the ordinary vegetation of the district, shows that our region had its chance for IMue Barrens in that there certainly was a movement of the Pine Barren flora over the area. This idea is further supported by the character of the fossil flora of the region which includes such Coastal Plain types as Osmuuda, Taxodium, Myrica, Planera and Andro- meda. Even Dendrium, one sj)ecies of which now is a char- acteristic Pine Barren plant, has been found. (See espe- cially papers by Dr. E. W. Berry, Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, 38, 19(H>, pp. 103-182; 37, 1010, pp. 10-29, and American Naturalist, 43, 1900, pp. 432-436.) heaving in abeyance the question of absolute origin of the Pine Barren flora, it may be stated that general agreement is to the effect that at one time there was a great body of this flora along much, possibly most of the Atlantic Coast. Then came one or more of the later subsidences to which the (^oastal Plain has been subjected. These were exceedingly slow, of course, and there was ample time for plants to shift their stations in response to the ever encroaching coast line. In this connection consider R. M. Harper’s conclusions : “The most satisfactory system of geographical classification of the vegetation of temperate Eastern North America is one based on geology,” and "The coastal plain, which is defined on strictly geological grounds, is probably the most distinct natural subdivision of temperate Eastern North America, differing notably- from all other subdivisions in soil, topography, and geological history, and to a corresponding extent in its flora.” (A Phyto- geographical Sketch of the Altamaha Grit Region of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. 17, Part I, 1906, p. 342). Also Witiher Stone's remark: “I heartily agree with Dr. Hollick’s contention that ‘the mechanical structure of the soil’ is the most potent factor in the distri- bution of plants” (Plants of Southern New Jersej', p. 81). ^Lycopodium caroUnianum, Tofieldia racemosa, Abama americana. Polygala lutea. Lndwigia hirtella, and others. Natural History of District of CoUimhia — McAtee 89 The struggle for place must have been intense, however, for conditions on the Piedmont were unfavorable. Probably in many cases a strip back of the beach was the only suitable habitat for the Pine Barren plants. During the last retro- grade movement, however, these plants must have found numerous favorable habitats, and where these have not been destroyed by drainage, by covering with other deposits, or by operations of man, the plants remain to this day. What happened may be compared to the movement of plants dur- ing the glacial periods. Their response to the progress of the ice is undoubted, and during the retreat of the glaciers bodies of northern plants were stranded here and there and have persisted usually on mountain tops where the condi- tions are most like those to which they were acclimated and where competition consequently was least severe. So with the Pine Barren plants. The movement of this flora toward, if not onto, the eastern part of the Piedmont IMateau, when the latter was depressed, and their retreat (before competing species) when it was again elevated must be compared to the flow and ebb of the tide, which leaves merely a bit of foam at one point, a little pool at another, but, where conditions favor, a whole lagoon. What may be thought of as persistent spume from this vegetational tide are the few colonies of Pine Barren plants lodged in the Appalachian Mountains.®^ Our Magnolia bogs represent the See especially Kearney T, H. “The lower austral element in the flora of the southern Appalachian region. A preliminary note.” (Science, N. S. 12, pp. 830-842, Nov. 30, 1900), and The Pine-Barren Flora in the East Tennessee Mountains. (Plant World, 1, No. 3, Dec., 1897, pp. 33-35). In the latter paper the following typical pine barren plants are mentioned : Eupatorium album, Ascyrum stans, Juncus aristulatus, Pogonia divaricata, and Itea virginica. The suggestion is made that “probably, * * * they are the lingering survivors of a more southern flora, once widely dis- tributed over the southern Apalachian region.” (p. 3-5.) This theory is approved by Norman Taylor (Flora of the Vicinity of New York, 1915, pp. 25-26. The relict theory may be entertained, if we assume that the whole region over which Pine Barren plants are now found was once occupied by the Pine Barren flora, but that this has since been crowded by an aggressive new flora out of all but the most favorable areas. But neces- sary premises for this conception do not seem probable, since it is doubt- ful whether the largely non-autophytic Pine Barren flora, which now seems to have such strict limitations as to soil and other edaphic condi- tions, ever was predominant in the soils resulting from simple disintegra- tion of the metamorphic rocks. At any rate the relict hypothesis will not explain the presence of Pine Barren plants in our Magnolia Bogs and 00 Bulletin 1, Biolorfiml Society of Washington^ 1918. tide pools, while such areas as the Pine Barrens of New Jersey and (leorjijia are vast la«oons, and as it happens, the chief reservoirs of a tide that is not yet wholly still, and wdiich may in future undergo movements similar to those we must believe have occurred in the past. In conclusion, therefore, it seems clear that the Magnolia Hogs of the vicinity of Washington harbor the survivors of one or more of the plant weaves that accompanied each depression of the Atlantic Coast Region. The antiquity of some of these little w’aifs and the vicissitudes they have survived entitles them to our respect, while the slender thread upon which their continued existence depends com* mends them to our most considerate care. While the Magnolia bogs contain a large number of char- acteristic Pine Barren plants, and the District of Columbia, eastern Maryland, and l)elaw\are together can boast repre- sentatives of seven-tenths of the typical Pine Barren species, there are no Pine Barrens in the region. The reason appears to be absence of considerable areas of the necessary surface deposits to permit extensive colonization of Pine Barren plants and to protect them from competition with other types of vegetation. OTHER TYPES OF COLLECTING GROUNDS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA REGION. The writer neither expects to replace, nor hopes to equal in interest the delightful accounts of local collecting places that similar spots in the Coastal Plain which have been entirely and repeatedly submerged. That they have been left in these places by a tidal movement of the Pine Barren Flora, as above outlined, is the irresistable conclu- sion. Probably the occurrence of numerous pairs of closely related species in the Coastal Plain and Southern Appalachians may be taken as evidence of a similar movement, and further as proof of a lapse of time since the last commingling of the floras sufficient for the development of the diver- gences now shown. It seems more natural to regard the Coastal Plain rather than the region of Archean rocks as the ancestral home of a flora which shows such pronounced dependence upon silicious soils. R. M. Harper, especially, points out the probable recent origin of the Coastal Plain flora (Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. 17, Pt. 1, 1906, pp. 11-13). This tidal movement of plants occurred along our whole Atlantic Coast, and evidences of it as far North as Labrador, together with an interesting discussion of the matter have been published by Professor M. L. Fernald. (Rhodora, 13, July, 1911, pp, 135-162.) Natural History of District of Columbia — 3IcAtee J)1 may be found in the writings of Ward and Cones.®® Approaching the subject from a somewhat different point of view, only brief descriptions of localities will be given, but an effort will be made to point out distinctive features of various areas, and especially to name the peculiar or at least characteristic species that have been collected in each. In the last chapter, where the Magnolia bogs were treated in detail, the prevalence of sandy soils in the Coastal Plain was mentioned. This characteristic is especially noticeable at what have proved to be the most interesting collecting places in the Coastal Plain, one of which is Beltsville. The Powdermill Bogs, as stated in the foregoing chapter, are located about two miles west of Beltsville. They do not monopolize the interesting features of this region, however, as the country in all directions about them has proved to be good collecting ground. Among insects bee-flies (Bomby- liidae) and robber-flies (Asilidae) are especially numerous both in individuals and in species. Here only in the Wash- ington region have been captured Lepidophora, Systoechus, and Metacosmus of the former family, and only here and near Berwyn an undescribed species of Rhabdoselaphus of the same family. Of the Asilidae, Asilus johnsoni and Dasyl- lis champlaini have been collected only at Beltsville, and of Tabanidae or horseflies, Tahanus astutus and T. super ju- mentarius have been obtained only here and T, recedens and Chrysops cuclux here and in the Eastern Branch country toward Berwyn. Three species of Syrphidae: Microdon craigheadi, Eristalis saxorum and Xtjlota facialis, also have only been tak^n in the Powdermill vicinity. The bogs are an especially good place to And the Dascyllid beetle, Odo 7 i- tonyx trivittis. Interesting species of Elater are attracted Flora, 1881, pp. 17-26. Avifauna, 1883, pp. 11-27. Less compre- hensive, but nevertheless interesting matter bearing upon this subject was published by Dr. E. L. Greene, in Cybele Columbiana, 1, No. 1, Dec., 1914, pp. 11-14. Dr. Greene’s remarks apply chiefly to the Upper Potomac Val- ley. The “localities of special interest to the botanist’’ of Ward include the Rock Creek Region ; the Upper Potomac Region ; the Lower Potomac Region ; the Terra Cotta Region ; the Reform School Region ; the Holmead Swamp Region, and the Eastern Branch Region. Coues treats the Poto- mac River Region (High Island to Alexandria), the Eastern Branch Re- gion (Bladensburg to Giesboro) and the Rock Creek Region. J)2 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. to the Howers of Cletlira, tlie Amelanchiei* bushes produce Baperda Candida and B. tridentata, and Sassafras in this neighborhood seems to harbor an unusual number of Oberea ocellata and 0. ruficollis. Oliimpiapin bushes are common and to their Howers come a horde of longicorns of the genera, Leptura, Strangalia, and others; Balaninus of a number of species; and once in great abundance Amphicoma ursina. The Beltsville vicinage has many large ant colonies and ant guests are more than ordinarily common. Species of Microdon have been mentioned, and among others several species of Cremastochilus also have been collected, including the rather scarce C. knochii. In connection with Hemiptera, Beltsville is of interest as the type locality of the strikingly colored Reduviid Psel- liopus harheri, and of certain varieties of species of the Mirid genus Paracalocoris. Tree hoppers inhabiting chestnut and hickory are especially common. Odenton, Md., is another sandy locality of considerable interest to collectors. Near the station, and somewhat cut up by railway embankments is one of ihe best developed Mag- nolia bogs of the region. In late summer Polygala lutea and the white-fringed orchid here makes a gorgeous show. Scrub or bear oak {Quercus ilicifolia) is common at Odenton, and indications are that the locality will repay search for other Pine Barren plants. The country near Odenton has proved to be a particularly good place for collecting Hemiptera, especially Miridae. It has yielded some very desirable beetles also, among which are CremastochiUis leucostictus and the austral Meloid, Tetraonyx quadrimaculata. Laurel, Md., on the Patuxent River, is one of the locali- ties from which both Piedmont and Coastal Plain conditions are easily accessible. The gorge of the river above the town is very interesting and has been found a good collecting locality. Three young men will long remember a Decoration Day spent there, when Yellow-bellied Flycatchers were com- mon, and two Mourning Warblers and a Philadelphia Vireo were collected. The Patuxent River is bordered by extensive swamps below Laurel, and hidden in these are bogs which still yield pitcher plants {Sarracenia purpurea), white- Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 93 fringed orchids, and Polygala lutea. A list showing the great variety of trees occurring in the vicinity of Laurel has been published by Robert Ridgway.®^ A little toward Washington from Laurel are Con tee, Muir- kirk and Ammendale, all profitable spots for botanical ex- ploration. The first-named also has been quite productive of both plant and animal fossils. Passing the Beltsville vicinage which has already been described, it may be noted that at Hollywood there is a boggy swamp, notable for Dryopteris slmulata, and an extensive colony of Unifolium canadense. Branch ville is adjacent to a large wooded swamp which harbors various hawks and a larger than usual number of small mammals. Riverdale and Hyattsville are notable chiefly for their Magnolia Bogs, the character of which has previously been discussed. The former locality is jioted for best stocked climbing fern locality and the latter for colonies of Iris verna and of Partheniiim integrifolium. Excavating opera- tions in the Hyattsville bog have resulted in its having more and deeper water than the remainder of these bogs. This favors the development of aquatic insects, among which Pelocoris and Notonecta uhleri are rarely collected else- where. Bladensburg is an old place, with many historical asso- ciations, and its environs offer good collecting. Formerly it was a favorite resort for collectors. It is an especially good place for the small vernal beeflies {Bombylius pyg- maeiis and B. pulchcllus) and for the interesting autumnal robber fly (Nicoles politus). Such good, although not rare, bugs as the Nabid (Carthasis decorat us) and the Mirid (Cylapus tenuicornis) have more than once been collected at this point. Somewhat farther down the Eastern Branch, below the Pennsylvania Railroad, is Licking Banks, the hill behind which is one of the ^‘high spots” most frequented in spring by migrating birds. An exposure of an indurated sandy deposit at the foot of the hill furnishes nesting sites for «7Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 17, 1894, p. 417. 94 Jiulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. kingfishers, swallows and burrowing bees. Among the latter once flourished a colony of Anthophora from whose nests were obtained specimens of the rare Meloid, Hornia minatipennis. In illustration of the marshy portions of the Eastern Branch, the section in the bend opposite Benning will be discussed. The abundance of wild rice here, the bird hosts that feed upon it, and the sport dependent upon their pres- ence, need not be commented upon, for they have been fully described by (\uies. Among the characteristic or peculiar })lants of this part of the marsh are Scirpus flnviatilis and ecies. They are, respectively, the bat, Myotis icinneinana, and the shrew, Microsorex u:in)iemanaJ^ The river shores near riiiinnier's Island, while not so assiduously explored as the island, have yielded many inter- esting species. From the Virginia side may be mentioned the southern flower fly Meromacras cruciger, the beetles Cychrus andreivsH and Pterontichus apyroximatas, and the cicada, Melampsalta parvida. The Maryland shore has yielded si>ecimens unique in local collections of the small locustid,' Falcicula hchardi, and of the robber Hy, Proctacan- thus rufiventris. Upstream from Plummers Island are: the so-called Pin- natifidum bluff, sole locality for the little fern, Asplenmm pinnatifidum, Stubblefield Falls, on the bluff near which grows SAveet birch, Betula lento, the mouth of Scotts Run, notable for its fine colonies of hemlocks and walking fern, Cupid'S Bower Island,'^ with a fine stand of large hollies (Ilex opaca) and Difficult Run, an interesting locality and excellent collecting spot, where a few species have exclu- sively been collected, examples being Scutellaria versicolor, Dasystoma laevigata, and Cirsium virginianum. A short distance above Difficult Run begins the Great Falls vicinity, one of the best marked and most interesting collecting areas in the whole Washington region. No reason is apparent why the environs of this chief fall and greatest rock-bound gorge of the Potomac should be the sole haunt in our area of so many species of animals and plants, but the fact remains that the area is thus very strongly char- acterized. Only in this stretch of the river valley have been found such shrubs as Rhus aromatica, Tiburnum puhescens and Primus piimila. Two rock-loving plants, Selaginella rupestris and Polypodium polypodioides, haA e been collected solely at Great Falls, and they are associated with a cliff fiora, which, though not peculiar, is characteristic. This assemblage includes also the hairy fern, CheilantJies lanosa; This name is derived from the language of the Indian tribes which once inhabited the region ; it signifies beautiful island. The roach {Cryptocercus punctulatus) has been found only here. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 107 the live-for-ever, Sedum telephioides, Phlox subulata, and prickly pear. The rock pools harbor distinctive aquatics among which are Isoetes engelnianm valida, Nalas gracilUma and Callitriche autumnalis. A fuller list of the most inter- esting plants follows : CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF THE GREAT FALLS REGION WITH NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTIONAL RELATION- SHIPS OF SOME OF THEM. Asplenium montanum Piedmont Cheilanthes lanosa Piedmont Polypodium polypodioides Coastal Selaginella rupestris Piedmont Isoetes engelmanni valida Piedmont Typha angustifolia Coastal Potamogeton diversifolius Naias gracillima Piedmont Muhlenbergia capillaris filipes Coastal Stipa avenacea Danthonia compressa Piedmont Gymnopogon ambiguus Coastal Fimbristylis baldwiniana Coastal Rhynchospora corniculata Coastal Carex decomposita davisi Ibidium plantagineum Piedmont Salix wardi Coastal Quercus michauxii Coastal Paronychia dichotoma Piedmont Brasenia schreberi Trautvetteria carolinensis Piedmont Neobeckia aquatica Sedum telephioides Piedmont Rubus odoratus Piedmont Prunus pumila Piedmont Lathyrus venosus Piedmont Polygala ambigua Piedmont polygama Callitriche antumnalis Rhus aromatica Piedmont Ilex decidua Coastal Vitis rupestris Piedmont Napaea dioica Piedmont Viola pallens Piedmont Opuntia opuntia Coastal Steironema hybridum Gratiola virginiana Viburnum pubescens Piedmont Eupatorium semiserratum Coastal Solidago racemosa Piedmont 108 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. Great Falls is distinguished zoologically as well as botani- cally, for as previously lueiitioued, the Falls is the upstream limit of 3 species of aiiadromous fishes, and the only credible record, and that an ancient one, for the rattlesnake, is for Great Falls. So far as insects are concerned, this vicinity is an excellent collecting place. It is an especially good locality for the following scarce robber hies: Lasiopogon tetragrammica , Xicocles pictus, Nusa fulvicauda, Lampria hicolor, and Asilas inuneei. The deer fly, Chrysops dim- mocki, has been collected only at Great Falls in our region; and the same is true of the leptids, Kachiceriis ohscuripennis and R. nitida, and the syrphids, Microdon aurulentus and Pelecocera pergandci. Among Hemiptera the small cicada, Tettigia hieroglyph ica, and the scutellerid, Acantholoma denticidata, have been collected solely near Great Falls, and among beetles the clerid, Pyticera quadripunctata. The ear- wig, Doru aculeatuni, has been taken exclusively in a small swamp on the Virginia shore here, and the large velvet ant, Dasymutilla occidentalis, has been observed more plenti- fully along the towpath on the Maryland shore than else- where. In conclusion let it be understood that the collecting localities treated in the foregoing paragraphs, even if added to those described by Ward and Cones, do not exhaust the list of favorable collecting places in the Washington region. Most interesting spots undoubtedly yet await exploration. Other things being reasonably equal, the amount of good collecting done determines the rank and relative interest of the various localities. The many good things discovered on Plummer’s Island, for instance, were brought to light by the most intensive collecting that has been done on any area of equal extent in our region. The rewards for collecting in any even partly unspoiled neighborhood seem to be in pro- portion to the efforts put forth. May our entire area be made to yield the maximum of species, facts and interesting experiences, but may none of it be ravished of its natural charms. Natural History of District of Columbia — 2IcAtee 109 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The writer appreciates very much the help of the follow- ing persons in checking up the contents of the preceding three chapters : Messrs. W. R. Maxon, E. A. Preble and E. S. Steele, each of whom read all three; Mrs. Agnes Chase, and Drs. Witmer Stone and E, T. Wherry, who read the first two. Mr. N. H. Darton kindly corrected statements regarding geology and Mr. G. P. VanEseltine checked remarks on the genus, Carex. 110 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. INDEX TO THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1917 MAP OF WASHINGTON AND VICINITY. INTRODUCTION. The desirability of preparing an indexed map of the region nsually considered as appertaining to the Washington fauna and flora has long been appreciated by the writer. Lack of a suitable base, however, has prevented action upon the plan until the excellent new inap^^ of Washington and vicinity was published. Although this map does not include the full area, taken in by the varying radii of from 10 to 25 miles used by the different workers, the opportunity seemed the best likely to come within a reasonable period, a fact recog- nized by the Council of the Biological Society which cheer- fully gave the necessary cooperation of financial guarantees. The plan has been to index not only all localities named on the base map, but to show by means of the index symbols the location of as many other places as possible, especially those of interest in connection with all branches of the natural history of the region. All of the old collecting spots that could be traced and located, all of the archaeological and anthropological sites and minor topographical details as springs, etc., have, so far as practicable, been indexed. For the purpose of indexing, the original map (41% by 46% inches in size) was quartered.'^® The center of the map is at a point not far west of the Massachusetts Avenue bridge over Rock Creek. From that point the territory covered by the map extends approximately ll^/o miles to the north and to the south and 10 miles to the east and west. Upon each quarter of the map, squares 23 by 20 in number, have been outlined in red. Each of these units therefore takes in an area approximately % mile square. The quarters of the large map are designated by the ini- 77 Washington and Vicinity. Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia. U. S. Geological Survey, 1917. 78 Maps are contained in a pocket attached to back cover. Natural History of District of Columhia — McAtee 111 tials NW, NE, SW and SE printed upon a surface exposed after folding. The vertical rows of squares into which each quarter is divided are designated by letters from A to T and the horizontal rows by numbers from 1 to 23. Indexing to squares is by the familiar method, and capitals exclusively are used. For closer indexing, where desirable, each unit square has the four quarters formed by imaginary lines bisecting the sides, designated (always in lower case), as a, b, c, d, thus : a b c d For instance, Glen Echo is at NW, L 17b; NW indicating the map quarter, L and 17 the ab- scissae to be followed to their intersection, and b the quad- rant of the square so reached. It should be explained that the lower case letter for close indexing is not used for places actually named on the map. In the processes of quartering and ruling the maps slight variations were unavoidable. Indexing was done on a nearly perfect set, however, and in using the index allowance may be made for any notable shifting of the ruling that may be observed on the maps in hand. It has been found desirable to group certain items in the index and the following general headings : Building, Fort, Hill, Park, Road, School, and Water, have been adopted to cover all items naturally includible under them. Building includes everything that might be expected, except School, which itself is a complex heading. Exceptions are made in the case of Park, Fort and Hill, when they are compounded into an actual proper name of a place. To illustrate the diversity of inclusions under a single heading, those under Water may be cited : Basin, Bay, Bog, Branch, Brook, Canal, Channel, Creek Ditch, Falls, Flow, Gut, Inlet, Lake, Marsh, Pond, Pool, Race, Reservoir, River, Run, Spring,®^ Swamp, and Water. ^9 In local usage the tidal portion of tributaries of the Potomac below Washington is typically called the creek, while the upper portion is called the run : Thus, Hunting Creek, Cameron Run, Occoquan Creek, Bull Run. Variations in this practice occur, especially near Washington. The number of springs in the area covered by the map is amazing. Over 100 are indexed, and probably this is not more than a tenth of the whole number. 112 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, J9J8. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following references have been used in the preparation of the index. In addition, as many place names as possible have been gleaned from publications mentioned in the bibliographies included in the Sketch of the Natural History: Bacon-Foster, Corra. Early Chapters in the Development of the Potomac Route to the West. Records Columbia Hist. Soc. 15, 1912, pp. 96-322, Pis. 7-20. Baker, Marcus. The Boundary Monuments of the District of Columbia. Records of the Columbia Historical Society 1, pp. 215-224, May 11, 1897. Set in 1791-2 by Major Andrew Ellicott. Bryan, W. B. Bibliography of the District of Columbia being a list of books, maps, and newspapers, including articles in magazines and other publications to 1898. 211 pp. Washington, Govt. Printing Office, 1900. A history of the National Capital from its foundation through the period of the adoption of the Organic Act I, 1790-1814. 1914, 669 pp., 4 maps, 2 pis. Has much on early ownership of land now the District of Columbia. Busey, S. C. Picture of the City of Washington in the Past. 1898, 384 pp. Contains among other things notes on old homes and seats in the vicinity which explains many place names now in use. Casselman, A. B. The Virginia Portion of the District of Columbia. Rec. Columbia Hist. Soc. 12, 1909, pp. 115-141, 1 map. The retrocession from various points of view. Natural History of District of Colwnbia — McAtee 113 Coues, Elliott, and Prentiss, D, Webster. Avifauna Columbiana, * * * Second Edition. Bui. 26, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 133 pp. Chapter II, Location and Topography of the District of Columbia, pp. 11-27, is of especial interest in the present connection. Guide to Washington, and its scientific institutions. International Congr. of Geologists. Fifth Session, Washington, 1891. Prepared by the Local Committee. 64 pp., 2 maps, one the geo- logical sheet of Washington folio. Chapter on Geology of Washington and vicinity, pp. 38-64. Mooney, James; Babcock, Wm. H. ; Holmes, W. H.; Phillips, W. W. Hallett, and Ward, Lester F. Geographic nomenclature of the District of Columbia. American Anthropologist 6, No. 1, Jan., 1893, pp. 29-52. Recommendations as to names of streets, alleys, circles, bridges, roads, streams, etc. A number of Ward’s names for places in Rock Creek Park are explained. Suitable names from the District flora and fauna and from the Powhatan language are listed. Parker, H. N., Willis, Bailey, Bolster, R. H., Ashe, W. W., and Marsh, M. C. The Potomac River Basin. Geographic History — Rainfall and stream flow — Pollution, typhoid fever and character of water — Rela- tion of soils and forest cover to quality and quantity of surface water — Effect of industrial wastes on fishes. Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 192, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907, 364 pp. 6 maps and profiles. Phillips, P. Lee. List of maps and views of Washington and District of Columbia in the Library of Congress. 56th Congress, Senate Document No. 154, 77 pp., 1900. The beginnings of Washington as described in books, maps and views. 1917, 78 pp., 24 pis. View of Washington showing original land holdings and their names. Proudfit, S. V. A collection of stone implements from the District of Columbia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13, 1890, pp. 187-194, Pis. 10-14. Contains “Map of the District of Columbia, showing ancient vil- lage sites, etc.” 114 Bulletin 1, Biohxjical Society of Washington, 1018. Rand, McNally & Co. Pictorial Guide to Washington, including complete descriptions of the Capitol, Library of Congress, White House, the Departments, Mount Vernon, Arlington, and all other points of interest. 1909. 195 pp., 1 map. Rives, J. T. Old families and houses — Greenleaf’s Point. Records Columbia Hist. Soc. 5, 1902, pp. 54-63. Rogers, Wm. E. The Historic Potomac River. Records Columbia Hist. Soc. 16, 1913, pp. 25-63. Saul, John A. Tree Culture, or a sketch of nurseries in the District of Columbia. Rec. Columbia Hist. Soc. 10, 1907, pp. 30-62, 6 pis. Shoemaker, Louis P. Historic Rock Creek. Records Columbia Hist. Soc. 12, 1909, pp. 38-52. Patterson Paper Mill just above P Street bridge, then known as Paper Mill Bridge. A mill on Rock Creek just above Blagden’s was known as White’s & Peter’s Mill, and the surroundings as Crystal Springs Tract. Pierce Mill was known also as Shoemaker Mill. Snowden, W. H. Some old Historic Landmarks of Virginia and Maryland. Fourth Edition, 1902. 124 pp. Standard Guide (cover title). Washington, the Nation’s Capital, 1904, 167 text pp., 200 illus. 1 map. Stewart, John. Early maps and surveyors of the city of Washington, D. C. Records of the Columbia Historical Society 2, 1895, pp. 48-71. Taggart, Hugh T. Old Georgetown. Rec. Columbia Hist. Soc. 11, 1908, pp. 120-224. Espiritu Santo, name of early Spanish voyagers for the Potomac. A map by Noel, London, shows the upper Potomac as a tributary of Anacostia River and called Turkey Buzzard Run. The Point at Arsenal was called Turkey Buzzard Point and since has been called Youngs, Greenleafs and Arsenal Point. Anacostian Ids. included Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 315 Analostan or Masons Id,, and Alexanders or Holmes Id. Analostan also called My Lords Id., and Barbadoes. St. Elizabeth was the name of a land-grant in 1663; names of others of these old grants persist, as Giesborough, Rock of Dumbarton, Argyle, Mount Pleasant and Pleasant Plains. A grant in 1664 is for a tract of land called Rome situated on the Tiber. Georgetown founded in 1751. Rolling roads were those on which tobacco was transported in hogsheads mounted on axles. Saw Pit Landing was at Georgetown side of mouth of Rock Creek. Early names of Easby’s Point are Cedar, Windmill and Peter’s Point. A wharf at Braddock’s Rock was called The Key of all Keys, a corruption of the Quay of all Quays. Tindall, William. The origin of the parking system of this city. Records of the Columbia Historical Society 4, 1901, pp. 75-99. Ward, Lester F. Guide to the flora of Washington and vicinity. Bui. 22, U. S. National Museum, 1881, 264 pp., 1 map. “Localities of special interest to the botanist,” pp. 17-26 is valu- able. So far as they pertain to the area of the present map all localities shown on Ward’s map, or listed in his text or in that of the six supplements that have been published have been indexed. Woodward, Fred E. A ramble along the Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia with a Camera. Rec. Columbia Hist. Soc. 10, 1907, pp. 63-87, 14 pis. Illustrates 26 stones. With a camera over the old District Boundary Lines. Rec. Columbia Hist. Soc. 11, 1908, pp. 1-15, 9 pis. Illustrates 14 stones or their sites; sketch map of boundary line in Virginia. The recovery of the Southern Corner Stone of the District. Records Columbia Hist. Soc. 18, 1915, pp. 16-24, PI. 1. LIST OF MAPS USED. Data from the following maps, so far as it differed from that on the base map, has been incorporated into the index. Reprints of early maps are cited under the entries for 1852 and 1877: 1845. Plan of the town of Alexandria, D. C., with the Environs, exhibit- ing the outlet of the Alexandria Canal, the Shipping Channel, wharves. Hunting Cr., etc. From actual survey by Maskell C. Ewing, Civ. Engr., 1845. 110 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. 1852. Maps of the District of Columbia and City of Washington and Plats of the Squares and Lots of the City of Washington. Printed in pursuance of a resolution of the Senate of the United States, 1852. Contains 3 large maps as follows: Map of the City of Wash- ington in the District of Columbia, Established as the Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States of America, 1839; Reprint of map of the Territory of Columbia by Andrew Ellicott (1793) ?; Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia ceded by the States of Virginia and Maryland to the United States of America and by them established as the seat of their Government after the year 1800. 1861. Topographical Map of the District of Columbia, surveyed in the years 1856, ’57, ’58 and ’59 by A. Boschke. 1864. ? Environs of Washington. Prepared from original Surveys in the [U. S.] Engineers’ Department. 1865. Defenses of Washington. Extract of military map of n.e. Virginia showing forts and roads, 1865. 1870. Plan of the City of Washington in the District of Columbia estab- lished as the Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States, extended to embrace the Suburban towns, Villages, etc., and the City of Georgetown and showing original and other valuable data not to be found on any maps heretofore published. Also a diagram of the Avenues showing their true courses and distances and a plan of Alexandria. By William Forsyth, 1870. 1877. City Atlas of Alexandria, Va., from official records, private plans and actual surveys, based upon plans deposited in the Department of Surveys. G. M. Hopkins, 1877. Includes copy of Plan of Alexandria Town, 1749. 1879. Atlas of fifteen miles around Washington including the Counties of Fairfax and Alexandria, Virginia, compiled, drawn and published from Actual Surveys by G. M. Hopkins, C. E. Philadelphia, 1879. 1882. Map of Washington and vicinity. Prepared at the office of the U. S. Geological Survey. 1882. In Ward, Lester F. Guide to the Flora of Washington and vicinity. Bui. 26, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 117 1887. Map of Washington, D. C., and Environs, with marginal num- bers * * * by Axel Silversparre, C. E, 1889. Topographical map of the District of Columbia, and a portion of Virginia, revised and corrected under the direction Major Chas. W. Raymond, Corps of Engineers, Engineer Commissioner D. C., by Captain T. W. Symons, Corps of Engineers, 1889. Authorities: Original map compiled under the direction of Maj. G. J. Lydecker by Capt. F. V. Greene, 1884. Topographical maps of the District of Columbia made for the Commissioners, D. C., by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1879-1884, J. W. Donn, Assistant C. and G. Survey. Military maps made by the Engineer Department, U. S. Army, 1861-65. Boschke’s map of the District of Columbia, 1861. Carpenter’s Assessment maps, 1882. 1891. Map of the District of Columbia and adjacent portions of Mary- land and Virginia. Thos. J. Fisher and Co., 1891. Prepared by W. Kesley Schoepf. 1892. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Topographic Map of the District of Columbia. Scale, 1:4800. Incomplete. 1892. Map of the District of Columbia and vicinity, showing the prin- cipal points of interest, including the present condition of the Defenses of Washington. Compiled from the latest maps and from original surveys and reconnoissances by the Engineering Platoon of the Engineer Corps, D. C. N. G. F. L. Averill, C.E., First Lieut. Comdg. Platoon, 1892. 1894. District of Columbia. Surveyed between 1880 and 1892. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Scale, 1:9600 Incomplete. 1894. Laurel Sheet, Maryland, Reconnoissance Map. [Topographic Atlas of the United States] U. S. Geol. Survey, 1894. Reprinted 1906. 1894. Map of the City of Washington showing the Public Reservations under control of Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, prepared under the direction of Colonel John M. Wilson, Lieut. Col. Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., in charge of Public Buildings and Grounds, 1894. John Stewart, C. E. Surveyor and Draughtsman. 1894. Frederick Sheet. Maryland-Virginia. Reconnoissance Map. [Topographic Atlas of the United States.] U. S. Geol. Survey, 1894. Reprinted 1906. 118 bulletin 1, Biological Bocietg of WaHhington, 1U1H. 1896. Roberts’ Road Map of the District of Columbia and adjoining por- tions of Maryland and Virginia, 1896, W. F. Roberts. This is Ward’s 1882 Map with a few additions, and the roads marked to indicate their quality. 1897. Mt. Vernon Sheet. Virginia-Maryland, Reconnoissance Map. (Topographic Atlas of the United States.) U. S. Geol. Survey, 1897. Reprinted 1898. 1901. Washington Folio. District of Columbia, Maryland-Virginia'. Geologic Atlas of the United States. Folio 70, Library Edition. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1901. 4 pp., 5 maps. Contains 1 Topogiaphic, 1 Physiographic and 3 Geologic maps. 1903. Map of Prince Georges County and District of Columbia showing the Topography and Election Districts. Maryland Geological Survey, 1903. 1906. Map of Rock Creek Park showing Roads and Bridle Paths. Nov., 1906. Compiled under the direction of the Rock Creek Park Board of Control, John Biddle, Major, Corps of Eng’rs., U. S. A., Secretary. 1907. Patuxent Folio. Maryland-District of Columbia. Geologic Atlas of the United States. Folio 152, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907. 12 pp., 3 maps. 1909. New Index Map of Washington, D. C. Compiled from Official Surveys, Private Plans and best authorities. 1909 (?). Brentano’s. Contains a good street index. 1910. Map of Fairfax County, Virginia, compiled by Columbus D. Choate, 1910. 1910. Map of Montgomery County and District of Columbia showing the topography and Election Districts. Maryland Geological Survey, 1910. 1915. Rural Delivery Routes. Fairfax County, Va. Postoffice Depart- ment, 1915. 1915. Potomac River, Great Falls to Little Falls, and adjoining parts of Maryland and Virginia. W. L. McAtee in McAtee, W. L., and Weed, A. C. First List of the fishes of the vicinity of Plummer’s Island, 'Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 119 Maryland. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28, pp. 1-14, Pis. 1-2, Feb. 12, 1915. The map also separately printed 1916. Soil Map. Maryland, Montgomery County Sheet. In Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Maryland, by W. T. Carter, Jr., and J. P. D. Hull, U. S. Bureau of Soils, March 25, 1916. 39 pp., 5 pis., 1 fig., 1 map. 1917. Soil Map. Virginia, Fairfax-Alexandria Counties Sheet. In Soil Survey of Fairfax and Alexandria Counties, Virginia, by W. T. Carter, Jr., and C. K. Yingling, Jr., U. S. Bureau of Soils, 1917, 43 pp., 4 pis., 1 fig., 1 map. PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS. The writer is greatly obliged to the following persons who have cooperated in making the index as complete as prac- ticable: E. S. Burgess, A. K. Fisher, Gnstavns A. Gambs, H. W. Henshaw, W. R. Maxon, William Palmer, E. A. Preble, E. S. Steele, Geo. B. Sndworth, and Ewing Summers. INDEX.« A. Abingdon, birthplace of Nellie Custis, SE, B 9b. Academy, see under School. Addison, or Addison Heights, SE, A 9. Agassiz Park, SE, L 7. Alexandria (County Seat Fair- fax County, 1754-1800), SE, ABC 15, 16, 17. Alexandria Light or Lighthouse, SE, C 18a. Alta Vista, NW, O 11. Alton Farm, NE, D lid. American University Park, NW, Q 19. Ammendale, NE, R 5. Anacostia, SE, HI 7, 8. Annandale, SW, F 12. (Last fight on Virginia soil, in Civil War, here April 10, 1865.) Ardwick, NE, T 20. Arlington Estate — A r 1 i n g t o n Cemetery. Arlington Heights — Vicinity Ar- lington P. O. Arlington Junction, SE, A 8. Arlington Mills — Barcroft. Arlington P. O., SW, R 8. Arlington Sta., SW, T 5. Arlington Sta., old name for Barcroft. Arlington Wireless Sta., SW, S 7. Armory, see under Building. Arsenal, see under Building. Ashdale, SW, K 5. Ash Grove, NW, A 21. Asylum, see under Building. Aubreys Ferry — Masons Ferry. Aurora Heights, SW, R 4. • Aurora Hills, SE, A 10. Autrey Park, NW, M 2. Avalon, or Avalon Heights, NE, K 22c. Avenel, NE, I 11. Avenue, see under Road. Users of the index are invited to communicate to W. L. McAtee, Biological Survey, locality names which should be added to the index. If sufficient accumulate a supplement will be issued. 120 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1U1H. B. Bailys Corners — Baileys Cross- roads. Baileys Crossroads, SW, M 10. Balls Crossroads — Ballston. Balls Hill, NW, F 20. Ballston, SW, O 5. Barcroft, SW, O 9b. Barkers Crossroads, SW, D 22. Barracks, see under Building. Basin, see under Water. Bathing Beach (on Tidal Basin), SE, C 5a. Battery, see under Fort. Bay, see under Water. Beane, NW, N 9. Bellaire, SW, P 5d. Belle Haven, an old name for Alexandria (1669). Belleview, NW, A 17. Bellevue, NW, C 12. Bellmont — Warwick. Bell’s Mill, NW, J 9. Beltsville, NE, Q 7. Bench marks (altitudes in black type). 15 SE, B 4 133 SW, P 11 16SE,G22 134 NW, A 13 21 SE,OP 1 135 NW, A 13 30 SW, S 11 142. NW, A 12 31 SE, A12 145 SW,T7 36 SE, A 12 150 NW, A 12 46SW,T11 150 SE, R 5 46 NW,0 22 152 SW, R 3 47 SE, C16 158 SE, S5 52 NE, N 17 159 NW, A 12 53 NE, N 16 165 NW, L 18 53 NE, 0 14 171 NW, A 12 55 SW, P 16 182 NE, Q 5 61 NW, L 16 190 SW, Q 3 62 NW, L 17 191 SE, T5 62 SW, S 3 193 SW, R 13 66 NE,P 12 205 NE, G 18 69 NW, J 16 222 SW, R 3 77 NW, I 16 222 SW,R4 85 NW, I 16 230 NW, M 20 93 NW, I 16 239 SE, P 22 101 NE,Q 8 241 SE,L22 102 NW, H 16 244 SE,R 21 109 NW, H 16 246 SE, 0 23 117 NW, H 16 249 SE, R 18 118 NW, G 16 252 SE, T 13 119 NW, B 14 266 SE, Q 16 119 NW, G 16 267 SW, P 3 119 NW,E 15 267 NW, K 20 120 NW, F 16 268 SE,T 14 121 NW, B 14 275 NW, J19 126 NW, A 13 279 NE, N 3 Bench marks — Continued. 285 NW, H 21 374 SW, All 289 SW, B 17 399 SW, F3 300 NW, Q 18 403 SW, N 3 318 SW, B 10 414 NE, L 1 323 SW, A 17 421 SW, C 4 333 NW, F 22 429 SW, E 2 335 SW, B 9 450 SW, D 1 362 SW,C 6 459 NE, B6 364 SW, O 3 476 SW, C 2 366 NW, F 22 483 NW, B 23 Benning, SE, MN 3 Benning Race Course, SE, LM 2. Berry’s Woods, NE, G 22a. Berwyn, NE, O 12, 13. Berwvn Heights, NE, PQ 13. Bethesda, NW, Q 14. Bladensburg, NE, N 20. Blithewood P. O., NE, R 21. Bluemont Junction, SW, M 7. Bolivar, SW, P 5c. Bon Air, SW, M 7. Bosford Camp, SW, L 11a. Boulevard Heights, SE, N 7. Boundary — Florida Avenue. Boundary Line, Alexandria and Fairfax Counties, Virginia. NW, N 21 to L 23. SW, L 1 to I 4 to T 14. Boundary Line, District of Co- lumbia and Maryland. NW, T 15 to L 23. NE, C 13 to A 15 and N 23. SE, N 1 to Q 4 and C 18. Boundary Line, District of Co- lumbia and Virginia. NW, N 21 to P 23. SW, P 1 to T 5. SE, A 5 to C 18. Boundary Line, Maryland and Virginia. NW, A 8 to N 21. SE, C 18 to B 23. Boundary Line, Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties, Md. NE, O 1 to F 16. Bradbury Heights. SE, N 7. Braddock. SE, A 14. SW, T 14. Braddock Heights — Braddock. Braddock Rock, SE, B 4. Bradley Hills Park, NW, A 12. Boundary Stones. Northwest Side of District. 1 SW, J 2. 2 SW, L 1. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 121 3 NW, M 22. 4 NW, O 21. 5 NW, P 20 6 NW, Q 18. 7 NW, S 17. 8 NW, T 15. 9 NE, A 14. North corner, NE, C 13. Northeast Side of District. 1 NE, D 14. 2 NE, F 15. 3 NE, G 17. 4 NE, H 18. 5 NE, J 20. 6 NE, K 21. 7 NE, M 22. 8 SE, N 1. 9 SE O 2. East Corner, SE, Q 4. Southeast Side of District. 1 SE, 05. 2 SE, N 7. 3 SE, M 8. 4 SE, K 10. 5 SE, J 11. 6 SE, H 12. 7 SE, G 14. 8 SE, F 15. 9 SE, D 16. South Corner, SE, C 18. Southwest Side of District. 3 SW, S 14. 6 SW, N 9. 7 SW, M 8. 9 SW, J 5. West Corner, SW, I 4. Branch, see under Water. Branchville, NE, P 12. Brentwood, NE, M 20. Brick Haven, SE, A 8a. Bridge, Anacostia, SE, H 7. Bridge, Aqueduct, SW, T 2, 3. Bridge, Arch or Union Arch — Cabin John Bridge. Bridge, Benning, SE, K 3. Bridge, Boulder, NE, B 19d. Bridge, Cabin John, NW, K 16. Bridge, Chain, NW, O 22. Bridge, Connecticut Avenue, NE, B 23. Bridge, Free — Aqueduct Bridge. Bridge, High — Calvert Street Bridge, NE, B 23a. Brige, Highway, SE, BC 6, 7. Bridge, Long, SE, C 6, 7. Bridge, Low — Woodley Park Bridge. Bridge, Massachusetts Avenue, NW, A 23. Bridge, Navy Yard — Anacostia Bridge. Bridge, Owl, NE, K 18c. Bridge, Paper Mill, old name for P St. Bridge, SE, B 1, 2. Bridge, Pennsylvania Avenue, SE, IJ 6. Bridge, Pierces Mill, NE, B 20c. Bridge, Thompson’s, NE, A 23d. Bridge, Woodley Park, NE, B 23a. Bridgepoint — south end of Long Bridge. Bridgeport — south end of Long Bridge. Brightwood, NE, D 17. Brightwood Park, NE, DE 18. Brightwood Sta. w'as at NE, E 15d. Brills — River View. Broad Creek, SE, H 22. Brook, see under Water. Brookland, NE, HI 21, 22. Brookmont, NW, O 20. Brookside, NW, M 12d. Brooks Sta. — Brookland. BUILDING. Armory, Columbia, was at 6th and B Sts. S.W., SE, E 5-6. Arsenal, was on site of Wash- ington Barracks. Asvlum, German Orphan, SE, J 8. Asylum, St. Vincent’s Orphan, NE, G 23. Barracks, Marine, SE, H 6a. Barracks, Washington, SE, E 7, 8. Building, House of Represen- tatives Office, SE, F 5b. Building, Municipal, SE, D 4a. Building, Pan American, SE, C 4a. Building, Red Cross, SE, C 4a. Building, Senate Office, SE, F 4b. Building, State, War and Navy, SE, C 3c. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, SE, D 5a. Bureau of Fisheries, SE, E 5a. Bureau of Standards, NW, T 20 . Cabin, Joaquin Miller, NE, B 17. Capitol, SE, F 4d. Chapel, Emory, NE, D 17b. Chapel, Mt. Olivet, SW, H 19d. Chapel, St. Cecilias, NE, J 16. 122 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washiufjton, W18. Buiklinj; — Continued. Chapel, Stewart, NE, 1 5. Chapel, Walkers, NW, M 23. Church, Annanclale, SW, G 12. Church, Bethesda, NW, Q 11. Church, Broad Creek, SE, G 23. Church, Evergreen, NW, J 6. Church, Gibson Grove, NW, J 14. Church, Grace, NE, C 11a. Church, Herman, NW, I 14. Church, Howardsville, SW, P 13b. Church, Mt. Olivet, SW, K 19c. Church, Mt. Olivet, SW, N 4. Church, Mt. Pisgah, NE, J 10. Church, Oxon Hill, SE, H 16d. Church, Pleasant Grove, NW, A 20. Church, Pohick, SW, B 23a. Church, St. Barnabas, SE, K 14d. Church, St. Gabriels, NW, C 11 . Church, St. Ignatius, SE, K 16. Church, St. Johns, NW, J 22. Church, St. Johns (1694) — Broad Creek Church. Church, St. Marks, NE, K 3. Church, Shiloh, NW, B 21. Church, Sitka, NE, J 9. Church, Wakefield, SW, B 13a. Coast and Geodetic Survey, SE, F 5b. Department of Agriculture, SE, D 4, 5. Department, Interior, SE, E 3c. Department, Post Office, SE, D 4b. Department, Treasury, SE, C 3d. Factory, Soap, SE, E 11c. Filtration Plant, NE, F 22. Foundry, Foxall, SW, R 2a. Gallery, Corcoran Art, SE, C 3c. Glass House, Old, s.e., cor. Water and 22d Sts. SE, B 4d. Government Printing Office, SE, F 3. Guard House, Central, was at La. Ave. betw. 9th and 10th Sts. S.W., SE, D 4b. Hall, City, SE, E 3, 4. Hall, Continental, SE, C 4a. Home for the Aged and Infirm, SE, B 14, 15. Build i ng — Co ntin ued. Home, Lutheran, NE, I 23. Home, Masonic and Eastern Star, NE, G 17. Home, U. S. Soldiers, NE, F 21 . Hospital, Freedmens, NE, E 23. Hospital, Garfield, NE, D 23b. Hospital for the Insane, Gov- ernment, SE, GH 9, 10. Hospital, Marine, formerly on site of Workhouse, SE, J 5. Hospital, Naval, SE, H 5c. Hospital, St. Elizabeths — Government Hospital for the Insane. Hospital, Tuberculosis, NE, D 20 . Hospital, Walter Reed, NE, D 15. Hotel, Ferry (Old), SE, D 16d. House, Alms, SE, J 5a. House, White, SE, C 3. Houses, Work, SE, J 5c. Institute for Deaf Mutes, Co- lumbia, SE, H 2. Institution, Smithsonian, SE, D 4d. Jail, SE, J 5a. Laboratory, Carnegie Geophy- sical, NE, A 20. Laboratory, Carnegie Terres- trial Magnetism, NW, T 18. Library of Congress, SE, G 4c. Library, Public, SE, E 2, 3. Lincoln Memorial, SE, B 4c. Magazines, Army and Navy Powder, were at SE, J 5c. Magazine, Belleview, SE, D 13. Magazine, U. S. Powder, SE, D 13. Manor, Holmead, was at 14th St. and Spring Road, NE, D 21a. Mansion, Executive, SE, C 3d. Mill, Adams, NE, B 22c. Mills, Arlington, SW, O 9b. Mill, Balls, NW, B 15c. Mill, Barcrofts, SW, L 11a. Mill, Barton Grist, NW, P 19d. Mill, Bells, NW, J 9. Mill, Blagdens, NE, B 19d. Mill, Bone, SW, E 20d. Mills, Burnt, NE, G 8. Mills, Clouds— Eads Mill. Mill, Clouds — Triadelphia Mill. Mill, Columbian, another name for Foxall Foundry. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 123 Building — Continued. Mill, Custis — Arlington Mills. Mill, Dodges, SW, T 2c. Mill, Dominion Grist, SW, Q 16b. Mill, Eads or Edes, NW, P 23d. Mill, Hunt and Roberts Flour, SW, T 16c. Mill, Larges Saw, SW, G 13b. Mill, Loughborough, NW, P 17d. Mill, Lyons, SE, A lb. Mill, Nelsons, NW, K 21d. Mill, Old, SW, L 21a; NW, B 15c. Mills, Old Northwest, NE, D 3. Mill, Old Sligo, NE, H 15. Miil, Orndorffs, old name for Bells Mill. Mill, Patterson Paper, SE, B Ic. Mill, Peters or Whites and Old Mill, at NE, B 19d. Mill, Pierce; another name. Shoemakers Mill, NE, B 20. Mill, Riggs, NE, J 13. Mill, Roachs, SW, T 11b. Mill, Swinks, NW, E 18. Mill, Triadelphia, SW, N 15. Mill, Viers, NW, Q 4. Monument, Washington, SE, C 4d. Museum, U. S. Army Medical, SE, E 5a. Museum, U. S. National. New, SE, D 4d. Old, SE, DE 4, 5. Museum of Hygiene, U. S. Na- val, SE, B 4a. Navy Yard, SE, GH 6, 7. Observatory, National, was formerly at SE, AB 3, 4. Observatory, Naval (U. S.), NW, T 23. Observatory, Old (Steele), SE, AB 3, 4. Office, Land, SE, E 3c. Office, Pension, SE, E 3d. Public Health & Marine Hos- pital Service, SE, B 3a. Public Market, SE, DE 4. Sanatarium, Takoma Park, NE, G 14. Sewage Pumping Station, SE, G 6, 7. Slave market was at 13th and F Sts. N.W. Slave pen was at 8th and B Sts. S.W. Building — Continued. Steel Plant, SE, E 10, 11. Tavern, Dowells, SW, M 14c. Tavern, Drove, SW, T 16a. Tavern, Drovers Rest, SW, Q lb. Tavern, Old Stone, NW, Q 14d. Tavern, Orquarts, SW, M 14c. Tavern, Padgetts or Pagets, SW, H I, 13. Tavern, Taylors, SW, J 7b. Water Tower, Takoma Park, NE, G 15c. War College, SE, E 8. Bunker Hill, NE, H 21. Bureau, see under Building. Burgundy Farm, SW, Q 17c. Burnt Mills, NE, G 8. Burnt Mills, a name on old maps for Old Sligo Mill. Burrville — Burtville on map. Burtville, SE, O 3. Bush Hill, SW, N 17. C. Cabin John Bridge, NW, K 16. Cabin John P. O., NW, J 15. Calvert Station, NE, N 17. Cameron Ford, SW, S 17a. Camp Springs, SE, Q 16. Canal, see under Water. Capitol Heights, SE, PQ 4 to 6. Capitol View, NW, T 9. Carberry Meadows (Ward), NW, N 18 to P 23; SW, PQ 1, 2. Carlin Spring Pavilion — Glen- carlyn. Carlins or Carlin Springs — Glen- carlyn. Carrol Estate (Ward) — North- ern corner of District of Columbia. Carrollsburg, an old settlement on Greenleafs Point. Carroll Springs, NE, B 10. Causeway to Analostan Id., SW, T 3. Cavalry Depot, Old, was on Gies- boro Point. Cedar Heights, SE, Q 3. Cedar Lane, NW, O 12. Cemetery, SW, S 14. Cemetery, SE, N 5. Cemetery, NW, T 23. Cemetery, Arlington National, SW, ST 5, 6. Cemetery, Battle, NW, D 17b. Cemetery, Congressional, SE, J 5. Cemetery, Glenwood, NE, FG 23. Cemetery, Graceland, SE, IJ 2, 3. 124 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, B)1H. Cemetery, Harmony, NE, H 23. Cemetery, Holmead, was bound- ed by 19, 20, S and U Sts., NE, C 23; SE, C 1. Cemetery, Jewish, SE, I 10. Cemetery, Mt. Olivet, SE, I 12. Cemetery, National, SE, A 16. Cemetery, U. S. National Mili- tary, NE, F 20. Cemetery, Oak Hill, SE, A 1. Cemetery, Oakwood, SW, K 6. Cemetery, Prospect Hill, NE, F • 23d. Cemetery, Rock Creek, NE, F 19. Cemetery, St. Elizabeths, SE, HI 10 . Cemetery, St. Marks, NW, M 1. Cemetery, St. Marys, NE, G 23. Cemetery, U. S. Military — Ar- lington Cemetery. Channel, see under Water. Chapel, see under Building. Charlton Hei ghts — Berwyn Heights. Chautauqua — Glen Echo. Checkerberrv Bluff (Ward), NE, B 22a. Cherrydale, SW, OP 3, 4. Chesapeake Junction, SE, Q 4. Chesterbrook, NW, K 23. Chestnut Ridge, NE, D 7. Chevy Chase, NW, S 16. Chevy Chase, North, NW, S 12. Chillum, NE, H 17. Church, see under Building. Circle, see under Park. Claggett Estate, NE, CD 14. Claremont, NW, G 11. Clarendon, SW, PQ 5. Clarenford, SW, O 5. Clark, SW, T 7. Cleveland Heights — Clev eland Park. Cleveland Park, NW, T 21; NE, A 21. Cliffbourne, NE, B 23. Clinton, SE, R 21, 22. CLUBS. Club, Anglers, NW, C 14c. Club, Bannockburn Golf, NW, L 16. Club, Chevy Chase, NW, S 15. Club, Columbia Country, NW, S 13. Club, Lock Tavern, NW, A 12. Club, Montgomery Country, NW, K 10. Club, Washington Country, SW, M 2. Clubs — Continued. Club, Washington Suburban, NE, E 19. Cohasset, NW, K 13d. Colesville, NE, G 1. College, see under School. College Hill — Meridian Hill. College Lawn P. O. — College P3 Bowen Road. Road, Ridge, NE, A 17 to B 19. Road, Ridge, NW, Q 21 to R 23; SW, R 1. Road, Ridge, SE, L 4 to N 7. Road, Riggs, NE, F 18 to J 13. Road, River, NW, A 6 to S 19. Road, River, SW, T 3 to 11; SE, A 11 to 15. Road, Rock Creek Church, NE, E 21 to F 19. Road — Continued. Road, Rock Creek Ford, NW, T 16; NE, A 16 to 18. Road, Rock Creek Ford (G. M. Hopkins), NE, B to D 18. Road, Rockville — Georgetown and Rockville Road. Road, Rockville (Ward), NW, L 1 to T 6; NE, A 6 to B 7. Road, Rolling, SW, A 17 to D 23. Road, Sandy Spring (Ward), NE, F 16 to J 11. Road, Sargent, NE, I 16 to H 20 . Road, Seven Locks, NW, J 2 to 15. Road, Seventh Street (Ward) — (Georgia Avenue. Road, Seventh Street (old name in Georgetown), SW, R to T 1. Road, Shepherd, NE, D 17 to F 18 Road, Sheriff, SE, M 2 to T 1. Road, Sligo Mill, NE, H 15 to F 17. Road, Spring, NE, CD 21. Road, Suitland (Ward), SE, K 8 to O 10. Road, Swart — Rock Creek Ford Road. Road, Telegraph, SW, L 23 to S 16. Road, Temple, SE, M 13 to P 23. Road, Tunlaw, NW, R 21 to S 23; SW, S 1. Road, Upper Marlboro, SE, Q 16 to T 14. Road, Walker, SE, J 8 to M 13. Road, Wheeler, SE, G 10 to K 14. Road, Windy Gap, SW, S 3ab. Road, Woodley, NW, S 21 to T 22; NE, A 22 to B 23. Street, Boundary, or Bound- ary — Florida Avenue, NE, DE 23; SW, E 1 to I 3. Street, First s.e.. Foot of, SE, F 7b. Street, M Extended, SE, I to K 2. Street, Sixteenth, NE, C 18 to 23. Street, Spring, NE, CD 21. Turnpike, Alexandria & Wash- ington, SE, B 15 to 7. Xatural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 135 Road — Continued. Turnpike, Ashton and Coles- ville, NE, G 1 to N 14. Turnpike, Baltimore or Boule- vard, NE, T 2 to K 21. Turnpike, Colesville, NE, D 13 to G 1. Turnpike, Georgetown — Lees- burg Road. Turnpike, Leesburg, NW, A 21 to C 23; SW, C 1 to T 16; SE, A to C 16. Turnpike, Leesburg and Alex- andria — Leesburg Turnpike. Turnpike, Washington and Baltimore — Baltimore Boule- vard. Turnpike, Washington and Brookville — Brookville Road. Turnpike, Washington and Marlborough — Marlboro Road. Robey, SW, F 4c. Rock Creek P. O., was at NE, F 18d. Rock Springs, NW, M 18. Rockville, NW, JKL 1. Rockwell, NW, K 23. Rosedale, SE, I 4d. Rosemont, SW, T 15; SE, A 15. Rosiers Bluff — Indian Queen Point. Rosslyn, SW, S 3. Run, see under Water. Rupperts Copse, SE, L la. S. St. Asaph — territory to east of present Mt. Ida station. St. Elmo, SE, A 12. Salona, old name for Langley. Sandy Lauding (on map), NW, B 9; (Wards) NW, A 14; (local name) NW, H 16. Saul’s Nursery, NE, D 19. Sawpit Landing, SW, A 3a. Scheutzen Park, NE, E 21, 22. Scheutzen Park, SE, G 2a. Scheutzen Park, Green Spring, SW, S 2b. SCHOOL. Academy, Holy Cross, NE, A 20 . Academy, LaSalle, NE, Q 5. College, Christian Brothers, NE, Q 5. School — Continued. College, Columbia, old site of predecessor of George Wash- ington University, Chapin St. to Columbia Road, 14th St. to University Place, NE, CD 22. College, Gallaudet, SE, H 2. College of Agriculture, Mary- land State, NE, M 14. College, Trinity, NE, G 22. College, War, SE, E 8. School, A, SW, P 13. School, Blair, NE, G 11. School, Bliss Electric, NE, E 14c. School, Camp Springs, SE, P 16. School, Casper (misspelled Carper), NW, C 17. School, Dw^yer, NW, S 1. School, Edgewood, NE, P 3. School, Episcopal High, SW, Q 13. School, Forestville, SE, S 10. School, Girls’ Reform, NW, P 21 . School, Glen Echo, NW, L 15. School, Groveton, SW, Q 21. School, Hume, SW, T 8. School, Jefferson, SW, T 8. School, Kemper, SW, S 10. School, Laurel Grove, SW, K 21 . School, Locust Grove, SE, N 18. School, Montrose, NW, O 5. School, National Training, for Bovs, NE, KL 22. School No. 2, SE, F 22. School No. 8, SW, P 13. School, Oak Grove, SE, S 1. School, Odrick, NW, B 21. School, Oxon Hill, SE, I 17. School, Paint Branch, NE, N 9. School, Pine Grove, SE, S 7. School, Piney Grove, NE, Q 14. School, Pohick, SW, B 23. School, Racetrack, SW, G 11b. School, Reform — N a t i o n a 1 Training School for Boys. School, Riggs, NE, I 15. School, Scotland, NW, J 6. School, Saegmuller, NW, N 22. School, St. Barnabas, SE, K 14. School, Suitland, SE, O 10. School, Valley, SW, R 18. 1»‘U) Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Wanhington, PJIH. School — Continued. School, Wakefield, SW, B 13. School, Wayside, NW, G 5. Seminary, Chevy Chase, NW, S 15. Seminary, Episcopal Theologi- cal, SW, Q 14b. Seminary, Fairfax — Theologi- cal Seminary. Seminary, National Park, NE, A 10. Seminary, Theological, SW, Q 14. University, American, NW, R 21 . University, Catholic, NE, G 21. University, Georgetown, SW, S 2. University, Howard, NE, E 22. Scotland, NW, J 6d. Seat Pleasant, SE, T 4. Seat Pleasant P. O., SE, Q 3. Selva, NW, I 22. Seminary, see under School. Seminary Sta., SW, R 16. Seven Locks, NW, H to J 16. Sewage Farm (Takoma Park), a septic tank only, no farm, NE, H 15. Shadyside, NW, K 11. Shepherds Ferry, SE, D 14d. Shepherd Landing, SE, D 15. Shepherd Sta. (Ward), SE, E 11. Sheridan Gate (Arlington Na- tional Cemetery), SW, T 5. Silver Hill, SE, M 11. Silver Spring, NE, DE 13. Slashes (Coues), north of N St. between 14th and 21st, SE, BC 1, 2. Sligo, NE, D 12. Smithfield, NE, H 2. Soapstone Quarry (Ward) is that at head of Soapstone Creek, NW, T 19d. Soapstone Quarry and ruins of soapstone sawmill, NW, K 17b. Somerset, formerly S. Heights, NW, Q 16. Sonoma, NW, O 12. South Arlington, used loosely for settlements south of Ar- lington P. O., to and includ- ing Cowden. South End, SE, B 7b. South Washington, SE, A 8. South Washington (Steele) — vicinity of James Creek Canal. Spring, see under Water. Springfield, SW, G 17. Spring Hill, NW, C 18. Spring Park — Union Station Sta., Alex., SE, A 16a; SW, T 15, 16. Springvale, not on map, about one mile west of Elkins. Square, see under Park. Station, see under Railroad. Stott, NE, G 18. Street, see under Road. Suitland, SE, O 10. Summit, SW, N 2c. Sunnyside, NE, Q 9 (R. R. Sta.) ; NE, P 8c (Electric Ry. Sta.). Surrattsville — Ulinton, SE, R 21. Swamp, see under Water. Swimming Landing, NW, P 23a. Syfax, SW, S 7d. T. Table Mountain Pine Woods (Ward), NE, A 19. Takoma Park, NE, E to G 15. Tavern, see under Building. Tenallytown P. O. — Tenleytown. Tenley or Tenley Town, NW, S 19. Tenleytow'n Junction, NW, Q 18c. Terra Cotta, NE, G 19. Terrett Crossroads, SW, R 13. The Triangle, NE, C 11. Thrifton, SW, Q 3. Tollgate, SW, G 4. Torrej^son (Torrison), SW, M 6. Trinidad, SE, H 12. Truxtun, NW, B 12. Tunlaw Heights, NW, S 21d. Turnpike, see under Road. Tuxedo, NE, P 23. Twining, SE, J 6, 7. Tysons Crossroads (county seat Fairfax County, 1742-54), NW, BC 23. U. Ulles Crossing, NE, P 7. Uniontown (Ward) — northeast- ern part of Anacostia. University, see under School. Upton, SW, L 5. University Heights, NW, Q 20. University Station (Catholic), NE, H 21. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 137 V. Valerian Bluff. Ward’s name for a ridge on the north side of Rock Creek near the upper end of the Zoological Park. Polemonium reptans once abundant. Vanderwerken, SW, M 1. Vansville, NE, R 6. Veitch, SW, MN 6. Vinson, SW, R 5. Violet Ridge, NE, C 22c. Violet Rock, SW, R 2d. Viresco, NW, 1 22. Virginia Highlands, SE, A 9 Virginia Manor, NE, S 3. Vis-a-vis Landing, SE, S 2c. W. Waggaman Estate, NE, A 22, 23. Walbridge Estate or Place, NE, BC 20, 21. Walnut, SW, Q 4d, R 4a. Warwick, SE, B 23. Wasena Park, NE, O 19. Washington Heights, SE, B 1, NE, B 23. WATER. Basin, Inner, SE, C 4c. Basin, Lydecker — M c M i 1 1 a n Park Reservoir. Basin, Tidal, SE, BC 5. Bay, Broad, SE, E 23. Bog. This name should really be used for most of those here called “Swamps.” Bog, Suitland, SE, QR 11. Branch, Barnaby, one of the small streams in the Sol- diers’ Home grounds. Branch, Bear — Long Branch. SW, C 3 to A 9. Branch, Beaverdam, NE, T 20 to P 23 and MN 23; SE, N to Q 1. Branch, Boglevs, NW, I 3 to K 5. Branch, Bowies (Ward), on map as Booze (probably a corruption) Creek, NW, O 13 to J 14. Branch, Broad, NW, S 16 to T 18; NE, A 18 to B 20. Branch, Bryan, NW, J 23 to 21. Branch, Cabin, SE, QR 8 to P 1. Branch, Carey, SE, I 17 to H 20 . Branch, Carroll, NW, C 12 to A 12. Water — Continued. Branch, Cattail, NE, T 23 to R 22. Branch, Cool Spring, NW, C 11 to A 10. Branch, Deep Cut, SW, G 19 to E 20. Branch, Eastern of the Poto- mac, NE, M 20 to 23; SE, M 1 to E 9. On older maps it includes Anacostia River plus Indian Creek. Branch, Fenwick, NE, B 12 to C 14. Branch, Field Lark, SW, G 21 to 23. Branch, Foundry, NW, S 20 to R 23; SW, R 1 to S 2. Branch, Greenbrier, NW, B 2 to A 4. Branch, Gulf, NW, M 23 to O 22 . Branch, Hunters Mill, SE, L 21 to G 22. Branch, Kilgour, NW, E 8 to D 6. Branch, Laudanum, SW, F 17 to E 18. Branch, Limekiln, NW, B to A 11. Branch, Little Falls, NW, S 16 to O 19. Branch, Lockes, probably the same as Blagdens Run. Branch, Long (Tributary to Accotink Creek, SW, B 4 to A 9. Branch, Long (Tributary to Accotink Creek), SW, A 14 to B 15. Branch, Long (Tributary to Accotink Creek), SW, H 19 to 23. Branch, Long (Tributary to Fourmile Run), SW, Q 6 to T 10. Branch, Long (Tributary to Sligo Branch), NE, F 10 to H 15. Branch, Maddox, NW, Q 21 to P 23. Branch, Naylors (Ward), equals Minnehaha Creek, NW, O 14 to L 17. Branch, North of Little Hunt- ing Creek — Paul Spring Branch. Branch, Northwest, NE, E 1 to M 20. 188 Bulletin 1, Biological Bocietg of WaHhiugiou, BUS. Water — Continued. Branch, Northwestern of the Potomac, see Northwest Branch. Branch, Paint. Some old maps apply this name to Indian Creek, leaving Little Paint Branch for what is now called Big Paint Branch. Branch, Paint (Big), NE, G and K 2 to M 20. Branch, Little Paint, NE, O 1 to N 11. Branch, Paul Spring, or Pauls, tributary of Little Hunting Creek, SW, R 21 to T 22; SE, A 22, 23. Branch, Payne, SE, S 15 to Q 18. Branch, Pike, SW, O 20 to S 17. Branch, Piney (Tributary to Rock Creek), NE, E 10 to B 21. Branch, Piney (Tributary to Watts Branch), NW, E 1 to C 6. Branch, Reedy — Tiber Creek Branch, Sandy (Tributary of the Potomac River), NW, B 1 to A 2. Branch, Sandy (Tributary of Watts Branch), NW, B 5 to A 6. Branch, Silver Spring, NE, D 13 to C 14. Branch, Sligo, NE, B 6 to J 18. Branch, Snakeden, NW, I 4 to J 7. Branch, Soapstone — Soapstone Creek. Branch, Southwest, SE, S 9 to T 7. Branch, Spring, formerly ran from SE, I 3c to J 4c. Branch, Stickfoot, SE, J 9 to G 8. Branch, Thomas, NW, M 9 to J 13. Branch, Ubers, SW, I 7. Branch, Watts, NW, H 1 to A 6. Branch, Watts (Ward), SE, Q 7 to L 2. Branch, West, a name for Northwest Branch. Branch, Willett, NW, Q 14 to P 17. Brook, Lanier Heights, NE, B 22d. Water — Continued. Brook, Little Falls — L i 1 1 1 e Falls Branch. Brook, Mintwood, NE, B 23a. Brook, Mt. Pleasant, NE, C 21. Brook, Pierces Mill, NE, AB 20 . Brook, Waterloo, SE, A 9 to B 10. Canal, Chesapeake and Ohio, NW, A 7 to Q 23; SW, A 1 to T 2. Canal, C. & O. (Old course through city) was from SE, A 3 (mouth of Rock Creek which fed canal) along river and B st. s.w., which it paralleled to E 4 (6VL> and B Sts. s.w.), turned south to position of West Capitol St., followed that to 3d St., turned south to E 4d (3d St. and Maryland Ave.), southeast along Canal St. to F 5d (E and South Capitol), thence by a southwesterly course still traceable by form of city blocks through James Creek to its mouth, SE, EF 8. A branch ran from F 5d along Virginia Ave. to 2d St. s.e., and down that to the river, SE, G 7a. Canal, C. & O. In 1793 ended at Outlet Lock, mouth of Maddox Branch, NW, P 23. Canal, James Creek, SE, F 6 to E 8. Canal, Potomac. The old course on Virginia side was from Aqueduct Bridge, SW, S 2, through what is now Arlington Experimental Farm, west of Arlington Junction (SE, A 8) east of Addison, across Four-mile Run near mouth to about middle of present Alexan- dria river front. Cascade, The (Ward) — fall at mouth of Gulf Branch. Channel, Georgetown, SE, A 4 to D 9. Channel, Washington, SE, D 5 to E 9. Creek, Accotink, SW, A 9 to F 23. Xatural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 139 Water — Continued. Creek, Beaver Dam, NE, T 9 to R 10. Creek, Big or Great Hunting — Hunting Creek. Creek, Booze (Bowies), NW, O 13 to J 14. Creek, Broad, SE, FG 22, 23. Creek, Cabin John, NW, K 1 to L 16. Creek, Dalecarlia — Little Falls or Falls Branch. Creek, Dogue, SW, M 19 to N 23. Creek, Goose — Tiber Creek. Creek, Henson, SE, T 14 to G 23. Creek, Hunting, SE, AB 17, 18, 19. Creek, Indian, NE, S 2 to P 15. Creek, James, originally St. James. Began where Li brary of Congress now is and ran to juncture of S. Capitol and Canal Sts. (SE, FS 6), thence to what is named on our map James Creek Canal. Creek, Little Hunting, see Paul Spring Branch. Creek, Minnehaha, NW, O 14 to L 17. Creek, Piney (Ward), SE, P 2 to M 1. Creek, Piscataway. Tributar- ies at SE, Q 22, 23, S 22 to Q 23 and T 22, 23. Creek, Pohick, SW, A 20 to C 23. Creek, Rock, NW, P 1 to T 10; NE, A 11, 12, A 14 to 23; SE, A 1 to 3. Creek, Soapstone, tributary to Broad Branch, NE, A 19 to B 20. Creek, Tiber or Tyber. Cross- ed Florida Ave. at 7th St. N.E., E 23 (this part called Reedy Branch) to SE, F 2 (N. Y. Ave. and N. Capitol St.) to F 4 (Botanic Garden) where it entered the canal. The mouth was at C 4 (Tidal Basin). It received branches which crossed Florida Ave. at about R St., SE, F 1, New York Ave. (S. E. G 2), and at New Jersey Ave. and Water — Continued. D St. n.w. (F 3), a tribu- tary arising at about H 3d. The Tiber, large near the mouth, as are all of the Coastal Plain Streams, once occupied a large part of what is now The Mall, from Botanic Garden to northern edge of Tidal Basin. Creek, Tinkers, SE, S 17 to L 23. Ditch, Brier, NE, T to P 16. Ditch, Funkstown, was in the old settlement Hamburgh. Falls, Bullneck, NW, C 17ac. Falls, Great, NW, A 12. Falls, Little, NW, N 21. Falls, Lower — Little Falls. Falls, Matilda or Upper — Great Falls. Falls, Scotts Run, NW, F 16c. Falls, Stubblefield, NW, F 16. Falls, Triple, at mouth of Foundry Run. Flow, Buttermilk — Dead Run. Gut, Galway — Roaches Run. Gut, Piney Run (Coues) — course of Piney Run. Gut, Succabels, SE, L 2, 3. Gut, Turtle ((^oues), SE, J 4. Inlet, Roaches, mouth of Roaches Run. Hole, Cat, NW, G 16c. Lake, Chevy Chase, NW, S 13. Marshes, Eastern Branch, NE, MN 20 to 23; SE, LM 1, 2. Marsh, McCormicks (Coues), NE, N 23. Pond, Black, NW, A 8, 9. The Pond at NW, BC 15, is bet- ter known by this name. Pond, Brasenia, Carberry Meadows below Eads’ Mill. Ponds, F'sh, in part filled, in part now used as bathing pools, SW, C 4c. Ponds, Shaws Lily, SE, M 1. Pool, Nvmphaea, NW, B 15b. Race, SW, Q to T 16; for Hunt and Roberts Flour Mill, T 16c. Reservoir, SW, T 16. Reservoir, Alexandria, SW, K 9, J to L 10, LM 11. Reservoir, Dalecarlia, NW, OP 20 . 140 Bulletin 1, Biological Society of Washington, 1U18. Water — Continued. Reservoir, Distributing, SW, QR 1. Reservoir, High St., SW, T lb. Reservoir, Howard Hill — Mc- Millan Park Reservoir. Reservoir, McMillan Park, NE, EF 22, 23. Reservoir, New — McMillan Park Reservoir. Reservoir, Receiving (Ward) — Dalecarlia Reservoir. Reservoir, Reno, NW, S 18c. Reservoir, Sixteenth St., NE, C 18. River, Anacostia (Eastern Branch of the Potomac), NE, M 20 to 23; SE, M 1 to E 9. River, Little, SW, T 3 to 5; SE, A 4, 5. River, Potomac, NW, A 7 to P 23; SW, P 1 to T 4; SE, A 3 to B to E 23. Old names were: Indian, Cohonguro- ton; Spanish, Espiritu Santo; English, Pembrook, Patowo- mek, Patowmek. Run, SW, O to Q 16. Seems to be race of Dominion Grist Mill at Q 16b. Run, Aralia, NE, A 22, 23. Run, Asarum, NE, A 20cd, B 20c. Run, Asplenium, is one of the small runs on the Virginia shore above Chain Bridge, so named for Asplenium an- gustifolium. Run, Back Lick, SW, F 13 to O 16. Run, Berry, NE, G 22. Run, Blagden, NE, C 18 to B 20 . Run, Bullneck, NW, C 19 to D 16. Run, Bulls, NW, N 9 to M 12. Run, Cameron, SW, O 16 to T 17. Run, Cascade (Ward), NE, AB 21 . Run, Cow — Lubber Run. Run, Cystopteris, one of the small runs on Virginia shore below Chain Bridge. Run, Dead, NW, G 21 to I 16. Run, Dead Mans — Gulf Branch. Run, Deep — Turkey Run. Run, Deep — Foundry Run. Water — Continued. Run, Delaney, probably SW, G 6 to I 7. Run, Difficult, NW, A 15 to B 15. Run, Doctors, SW, P 6 to 10. Run, Donaldson, SW, N 2 to O 1; NW, OP 23. Run, Donaldsons, also applied to stream from SW, O 2 tO P 1. Run, Flag, SW, E 15 to D 17. Run, Foun dry — Foundry Branch. Run, Glen Echo — Minnehaha Creek. Run, Gold — Bullneck Run. Run, Goldianum (Ward), SW, PQ 2. Run, Goldie, NW, J 17. Run, Gravelly, upper channel Roaches Run, SE, A 6. Run, Green Spring, SW, S 1, 2. Run, Hickey, NE, I 22 to J 23; SE, J 1 to K 2. Run, Holmes, SW, D 3 to O 16. Run, Hooff’s, SW, A 14-17. Run, Hydrophyllum (Knowd- ton), SW, O 2 to Q 1. Run, Indian, SW, G 13 to K 17. Run, Little Pimmit, NW, L 23 to 21; SW, M 3 to L 1. Run, Lobelia, NE, A 22, 23. Run, Lovers, a mistake for Lubber Run. Run, Lubber, SW, N 4 to 8, so called on 1793 map. Run, Lucky, SW, P 13 to Q 10. Run, Magnolia, NE, C 22a. Run, Middle, SW, A 23. Run, Mill — Foundry Run. Run, Mitella (Ward), NE, A 22, 23. Run, Observatory, NW, T 22, 23; NE, A 23. Run, Old C. H. (Ward) — part of Wolftrap Run, NW, B 23 to A 22. Run, Oxon, SE, Q 8 to E 15. Run, Pawpaw, NW, C 16, 17. Run, Pimmit, NW, H 23 to O 22; SW, D 2 to H 1. Run, Piney, SE, Q 6 to L 3. Run, Piney (Tributary to Dogue Creek), SW, M 21 to N 23. Run, Prospect — Bullneck Run. Natural History of District of Columbia — McAtee 141 Water — Continued, Run, Rhododendron — Gulf Br. Run, Roaches (Ward), a tide channel formerly cutting off Alexander Id., SE, A 6 to B 8 Run, Rock, NW, E 8 to I 16. Run, Rock, name on old maps for Donaldsons Run. Run, Rocket (Ward), NW, T 23; NE, A 1. Run, Rocky, NW, B 22 to A 15. Run, Scotts, NW, C 23 to F 16. Run, Spout, SW, P 5 to R 3. Run, Talapaumin, NE, A 22, 23 Run,' Taylor, SW, R 13 to S 17. Run, Tipularia, SW, B 3a. Run, Tripps, SW, F 4 to K 10. Run, Tunlaw — Foundry Branch. Run, Turkey, NW, J 20 to 17. Run, Turkey Buzzard. Name on old map for upper Poto- mac, supposed to be a tribu- tary of Anacostia River. Run, Turkeycock, SW, I 12 to L 16. Run, Waterloo, SE, T 20 to M 22. Run, Windy, SW, O 3 to Q 2. Run, Wolftrap, SW, C 2 to A 2; NW, B 23 to A 22. Spring, Arlington, SE, A 6c. Spring, Bladensburg, NE, N 20d. Springs, Carlin, SW, N 8b. Spring, Cold, NE, M 8a. Spring, Crystal, NE, C 18c. Spring, Custis, SE, A 6a. Spring, Fern, SW, P 1. Spring, Gibsons (old name), SE, I 3c. Spring, Hume, SE, A 11. Spring, Indian, NE, F 9b. Spring, Indian, NW, D 23c. Spring, Miller Cabin, NE, B 17b. Spring, Silver, NE, D 13d. Spring, Table Mountain Pine, probably — Crystal Spring. Spring, Takoma Park, NE, G 16a. Spring, Wilson, SW, S 11b. Spring, Woodley Bridge, NE, B 22c. Water — Continued. Spring (continued), NW, A 11a; A 12a; A 13 (between 2 houses shown outside boundary line); A 13d; A 14c; A 15c; B 15c; B 16a; C 15c; D 16c; D 17b; D 23b, c; E 16c, d; E 18b; F 16a, b; G 17a, b; H 16a, b, c, d; I 16b; I 17a; I 21d; J 13d; J 16a; .J 21c; K 11b; K 16b; L 18d; N 17a; N 20c; N 21c; N 22b, d; N 23d; O 21b; O 22a, b; O 23a; P 14c; P 19d; P 22b; Q 21c; R 23d; T 19b; T 20d. NE, A 19b; A 20d; A 21b, c; A 23b; B 19a; B 20a; B 23c; C 14c; C 21a; G 14c, d; L 7c; M 7c; M 23c; N 16c; O 11b; O 19a; P 12d; P 18a. SW, G 6a; H 7c; H 8a; J 13d; L 6a; L 11a; M Id; M 17a; N 6c; P 2c; Q 2c, d; S 3a, c. SE, A la; A 10b, c; A 17a, d; A 22b; B 17c; B 22a, c; B 23c; F lid; L la; N 7d. Swamp, Bladensburg. This and the Hyattsville swamp are continuous. Swamp, Brightwood Park, NE, E 18c; another at D 8c. Swamp, Deanwood, SE, O 2. Swamp, Fort Totten, NE, H 19. Swamp, Gerardia, NE, M 20. Swamp, Holmead, NE, C 21a. ^wamp, Hyattsville, NE, O 18, 19. Swamp, Lygodium, or River- dale, NE, R 18c. Swamp, Magnolia, or Magnolia Run, NE, C 22a. Swamps, Paint Branch, or Powder Mill, NE, M 7c (No. 1); M 8a (No. 2 or Cold Spring); L 7d (No. 3), L 7c (No. 4). Swamp, Phlox, NE, G 18d. Swamp, Sarracenia, SE, M 1. Swamp, Walbridge — Magnolia Run Swamp. Swamp, Woodwardia — Hyatts- ville Swamp. Water, Broad — Widewater. Water, Wide, NW, B 14. Waterloo Sta., SE, B 9c. 142 Bulletin J, Biological Society of Washington, 1918. Waycroft, SW, N 5. Wedderburn, SW, B 3. Wesley Heights — v i c i n i t y of American University. West Chevy Chase, NW, R 16c. West Falls Church, SW, GH 4. West Highlands, NW, S 21b. West View, NW, L 11. West Washington — Georgetown. Wheaton, NE, B 6. Whitehouse, NE, P 9. Whiteoak, NE, H 6. Whites, NE, T 23. Wildwood, NE, H 15a. Wildwood, NW, HI 11. Wilen Heights, NE, K 21b. Wilson Sta. — Handover. Windermere, NW, D 11. Windham, NW, P 5. Windy Gap, SW, S 3b. Wintergreen Ridge, NE, B 19d. Winthrop Heights, NE, J 23. Wiscasset, NW, M 17. Woodford, SW, A 3. Woodley (Ward), NE, A 22, 23 SE, A 1. Woodley Park, NE, A 22. Woodmont, SW, P 3d. Woodmont, NW, Q 13. Woodridge, NE, IJ 22. Woodside, NE, CD 12. 'Woodside Station, NE, C 12. Y. Yarrow, NW, P 9. ♦ \' No. 55 ^ PAT. JUl'' *02. 3LUMBBAN CLASP :E5TFR.MAS5. HOLYOKE.MASS. ROCXVILlECONH HA.'TTfORO.CQNN. WAUKECAS.ILL :iKClKNi^l.OHIO. SAN FRANCISCC3.CAL. No. 55 of the District of Columbia. Solid heavy line indicates eastern- most outcrops of the metamorphic rocks. Broken heavy lines show the positions of important isolated bodies of Coastal Plain Deposits. Stream courses are dotted. ■/.nr .. ■ • i', in' h' : y - , y ** w — •■■■1 : m-nr i/'- \ ' ' \ " • -A.»^ i^b ,■ V-^ ' fl.Tq If' !J • ' r..;=ca3; ■ ' V-’ h;r Kv . hr" / rn rk" —• ■" — “] Li ‘ ^ P 1--^ f ‘'T'dil HHB -1 ■ 1 ' /^ i R r >■ ■'■ ! i:k./ >_ i \ ' .^V •. n ■ ■. . >.- -'-Tr^ /r' •i -■■■':?; ' . / 1 v'a II ■ \ * I 7 ■ J i*"jCL> r- ' !'■ »- - » ■ . ' N. W. *4 •»a •ft... $1 t: i%r-»- IS- ^ s4r- t- — 1-7-’ — :^rr~^ n, k- 'I' - ;, j .- ; , / ■; I _ > ■ 4.-' -. ' ' r Vi ft) ” j| V/ 4 ■X t..: 1 i . i4' . M ; -i - I- Jy". '''■ ' ■ ^ ' . i. ’ ' ' N.\ V ^4r-l v,,.i._... 4T ^ J} f ■ ' : ■ Xris ,4V-*- \-y “W i v'.i ni ti^i'i ixioj^ry^s KiVi»ibn j •<»f ’ ''"'s :^' ' '. ' , -jj* ?ij^y ' artiX’'-'4*’V'Xya4»^»it8' ; V-^S ' 4 ^ I- -/A.' 4 WASHINGTON DEPARTl^NT OT THE UTIERIOR FRANKLIN K.LANE, SECRETARY- US. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEV GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRBCTOR lunv< s. w. N. E. .ND S. E. ■> I I • :f > r ' .