M59b 
 
 ► 
 
 THE 
 
 BUILDING CODE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 TOWN OF 
 
 MILFORD, CONN. 
 
 1918 
 
 ARCHITECTS’ 
 
 AND 
 
 BUILDERS’ GUIDE 
 
 
THE 
 
 BUILDING CODE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 TOWN OF 
 
 MILFORD, CONN. 
 
 T • / 
 
 1918 
 
 ARCHITECTS’ 
 
 AND 
 
 BUILDERS’ GUIDE 
 
2 
 
 AN ORDINANCE 
 
 ENTITLED ‘ THE BUILDING CODE OF THE 
 TOWN OF MILFORD, CONN.” 
 
 Be it Ordained by the Selectmen of the Town of Milford : 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION AND SUPER- 
 VISION. 
 
 Name 
 
 Section i. The name and title of 
 this ordinance shall be "THE 
 BUILDING CODE/’ and it shall be 
 known and cited as such. 
 
 Liberally Construed 
 
 Sec. 2. The Building Code is 
 hereby declared to be a remedial ordi- 
 nance and shall be liberally con- 
 strued, so as to secure the beneficial 
 interests and purposes intended, and 
 shall apply to all parts of the Town. 
 
 The Rules of the Code shall be 
 applied -to gas appliances only where 
 gas is specifically designated. 
 
 Object and Sco^e 
 See. 3. The object and scope of 
 Ibis ordinance are the governing and 
 regulating of the construction and 
 erection, remodelling, alteration, re- 
 pairing, moving and removal, and 
 securing of buildings of any descrip- 
 tion in the Town of Milford, and pro- 
 viding for the safety of buildings, 
 and the safe use of them, and provid- 
 ing for all other matters pertaining 
 to buildings and building operations 
 in said Town. 
 
 Sec. 4. It shall be unlawful and 
 subject to the penalties hereinafter 
 provided for any person, persons, 
 tfrm, or corporation to construct, 
 erect, repair, alter, add to, move or 
 memove any building or portion there- 
 of, or to carry on any building opera- 
 tions in the Town of Milford, Con- 
 tieut, except in compliance with 
 terms and provisions of this 
 a. 
 
 POWERS AND DUTIES OF BUILD- 
 ING INSPECTOR 
 
 Order Work Stopped — Render Build- 
 ing Safe 
 
 Sec. 5. The Building Inspector 
 shall have the authority to stop the 
 eonstruction of any building, or the 
 making of any alterations or repairs 
 of any building, within said Town, 
 when the same is being done in a 
 reckless or careless manner, or in 
 violation of this Code or any ordi- 
 nance of said Town, and to order, in 
 writing, or parole, any and all per- 
 sons in any way or manner whatever 
 engaged in so constructing, altering, 
 or repairing any such building, to 
 stop and desist therefrom; and to 
 have the authority, if he find any 
 building or part thereof in an unsafe 
 condition, and so that said unsafe 
 condition may be averted by the im- 
 mediate application of precautionary 
 measures, to cause such precaution- 
 ary measures to be taken, and aH 
 work necessary to render said build- 
 ing or any part thereof safe to be 
 done after having served written no- 
 tice upon the owner, lessee, occupant, 
 or agent of said building, personally. 
 Dangerous Buildings to be Torn 
 Down — How Reported 
 
 The said Building Inspector shall 
 have authority to direct the fire de- 
 partment, after written notice ha# 
 been served upon the owner, lessee, 
 occupant, or agent personally, or 
 without such notice if delay in serv- 
 ing such notice would in his opinion 
 imperil the public safety, to tear down 
 any defective or dangerous wait 
 stack, chimney, or any building or 
 any part thereof, or in ease of tho 
 destruction or partial destruction by 
 
DIREST 
 
 0 > 
 
 0 . 
 
 g 
 
 irev r by the action of the elements, 
 any part of the building left stand- 
 ing, that is in his opinion unsafe, and 
 it shall be the duty of the Fire de- 
 partment to execute said order forth- 
 with; and said Inspector shall imme- 
 diately after such removal make re- 
 port in detail to the selectmen, the 
 assessors of the Town and the owner, 
 giving in detail the conditions neces- 
 sary for such action; and if the owner 
 ©f such building is a non-resident of 
 the Town, a copy of such report shall 
 be sent to his last known address, 
 and a like copy served upon his 
 agent or lessee of such premises, 
 fixamination of Buildings — To be 
 
 Made Safe — Inspector to do Work. 
 
 When. — Cost. How Paid? 
 
 The said Inspector is hereby em- 
 powered and whenever in his judg- 
 ment occasion may require, he shall 
 enter into and upon any building, 
 staging, other structure, or premises 
 for the purpose of examining the 
 same in relation to its proper ventila- 
 tion, sanitation, and safety; afl*d 
 may make such orders in reference 
 thereto as to him seems proper to 
 the fulfillment of the provisions of 
 this Code; and may make examina- 
 tions of any buildings or premises to 
 investigate divergence from or failure 
 to comply with the provisions of this 
 Code. And if the owner or lessee of 
 such building, staging, or structure 
 shall fail or neglect to comply with 
 the requirements of such orders, the 
 said Building Inspector, upon the 
 written order of the Board of Select- 
 men may enter upon such premises, 
 hire necessary help, and perform such 
 work as is necessary in the judgment 
 of the Building Inspector to be imme- 
 diately performed, so as to secure 
 public and private safety. The ex- 
 penses so incurred shall be a lien on 
 the property, and if the same remain 
 unpaid sixty days or more after legal 
 notice, which shall be given by the 
 Town Clerk, that the same is due, an 
 addition of three-quarters of one per 
 centum shall be made to the amount 
 oi etch assessment or expense for 
 each month the same shall so remain 
 unpaid after said lien is filed, and the 
 
 •tf 
 
 same shall be collectable as a part of 
 such assessment or expense* and be 
 and remain a lien on such property 
 in like manner and subject to the 
 same modes of enforcement and col- 
 lection as the principal sum to which 
 the same is added. 
 
 Plans to be Filed Before Commencing 
 Operations — To Show What? 
 
 Sec. 6. Before the erection, con- 
 struction, or alteration of any build- 
 ing" or part thereof, or shed, exten- 
 sion, or piazza is commenced, the 
 owner, architect, or builder shall file 
 with the Building Inspector a clear 
 statement in writing of the proposed 
 improvement, building, or alteration, 
 together with a copy of the plans and 
 specifications of the same, which 
 statement shall show the size and 
 map of the land upon which the 
 structure referred to is to be erected 
 or altered, and the distance of such 
 proposed erection, alteration, or con- 
 struction from the street line and 
 from adjoining buildings on the 
 same or adjacent lands or lots, a 
 record of which shall be kept in the 
 office of said Inspector. 
 
 Extending Beyond Building Line 
 
 No part of any building shall ex- 
 tend beyond the building line on any 
 street, except bay windows and cor- 
 nices above the first story, and such 
 projection beyond the building line 
 shall not exceed thirty inches; pro- 
 vided, however, that in no case shall 
 amy building or part of a building 
 extend beyond the street line. 
 
 Permit to be First Obtained 
 
 And the erection, construction, or 
 alteration of such building or part 
 thereof, shed, extension, or piazza, 
 shall not be commenced or proceeded 
 with until the said owner, architect, 
 or builder shall receive a certificate 
 or permit from said Inspector, after 
 an examination by the Building In*: 
 spector into such plans and specifica- 
 tions. And after he is satisfied 
 that such sufficient means of fire pro- 
 tection, ventilation, sanitation, and 
 general construction as therein des- 
 cribed are provided as are conducive 
 to safety and sanitation, and are 
 otherwise as orovided in tftfe Code. 
 
he shall issue said permit. Said 
 plans and specifications shall remain 
 on file at the office of the Building 
 Inspector for one month after the 
 completion of said building. 
 
 Drawings — Kind Required 
 Sec. 7. All plans and drawings 
 which are to be filed with the Build- 
 ing Inspector, as provided in this 
 Code, shall be drawn to a scale Of 
 not less than one-eighth of an inch 
 to the foot' on paper or cloth, in ink 
 of by some process that will not fade 
 or obliterate. All distances and di- 
 mensions must be accurately figured 
 and drawings made explicit and com- 
 plete, showing the sewerage and 
 drain pipes, and location of all 
 plumbing ‘fixtures within such build- 
 ing. Each set of plans presented for 
 permit must be accompanied by spec- 
 ifications describing all materials to 
 be used in the proposed building, and 
 both the plans and specifications 
 must be approved by the Building In- 
 spector before a permit is granted. 
 And no detail or working drawing at 
 a lesser scale than one-half inch to 
 one foot shall be submitted to said 
 Building Inspector. Special drawings 
 to illustrate any particular point or 
 points shall be furnished when re- 
 quired. 
 
 Plans, etc., not to be Altered — Alter- 
 ations Allowed When 
 Sec. 8. No deviation from the 
 plans and specifications submitted to 
 the Building Inspector which shall 
 affect the safety or sanitary condi- 
 tions of the building, shall be per- 
 mitted without first securing a per- 
 mit from the Building Inspector. 
 
 Fees For Permits 
 Sec. 9. When the cost of any 
 building, alteration, or addition 
 thereto, as herein specified, as esti- 
 mated by the Building Inspector, 
 does not exceed the sum of ninety- 
 nine dollars, there shall be no fee, 
 and when the cost does not exceed 
 the sum of five hundred dollars, the 
 fee for the permit, as provided in this 
 Code, shall be one dollar; when the 
 cost as so estimated is between five 
 hundred dollars and two thousand 
 dollars, two dollars; and when the 
 
 * cost, as so estimated, is in excess of 
 | two thousand dollars, two dollars 
 | pl us one dollar for each one thousand 
 | dollars or fraction thereof in excess 
 | of two thousand dollars. 
 
 | Permits Good for Six Months — Period 
 Extended When 
 
 If, after a permit for the erection, 
 
 I alteration, or repair of any building 
 j shall be granted, the operation called 
 
 I for* by the said permit shall not* be 
 
 II commenced wUhin six months from 
 | the date of said permit, a new permit 
 | hall be taken out by the owner or 
 | his agent, and the fees herein fixed 
 jn'or the original permit shall be paid 
 4 therefor before any work' on any 
 Ijruch building is . carried on or com- 
 Imenced; unless rthe commencement of 
 jsuch work has been delayed on ac- 
 | count of strikes or unavoidable oc- 
 
 I lcurrence, of which the Building 
 Inspector shall be the sole judge. 
 Work Ordered Stopped When — Work 
 to be Suspended Until Decision of 
 Board 
 
 Sec. 10. The said Building Inspec- 
 tor shall have authority to order 
 stopped and suspended any and all 
 work or building operations of any 
 character whatsoever, which he 
 deems being done or constructed in a 
 careless, unsafe or unsanitary man- 
 ner; and if the orders of said Inspec- 
 tor are not obeyed and the work so 
 stopped or suspended, the contractor, 
 foreman, person, or persons so dis- 
 obeying such orders shall be liable to 
 arrest, and upon conviction in the 
 Town Court of said Town of Milford, 
 shall be fined not more than fifty 
 dollars, or imprisoned in the County 
 Jail not more than six months, or 
 both;' provided, however, that any 
 person who deems himself aggrieved 
 by such order or orders of the said 
 Inspector shall have the right of ap- 
 peal to the Board of Selectmen for a 
 hearing, which hearing the said Se- 
 lectmen shall order and hold within 
 at least three days of the service of 
 the aforesaid order, at which time 
 the said Selectmen shall hear the 
 parties in interest, inquire into the 
 facts, and render such decision as to 
 them seems meet and proper; but, 
 
pending such hearing and the re udi - 
 tion of said judgment or decision, all 
 building operations and work < oin- 
 plained of as aforesaid shall be sus- 
 pended and held in abeyance, under 
 the penalty hereinabove provided. 
 
 CHAPTER H 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Sec. 11. Alteration. — Any change, 
 addition, or modification in- construc- 
 tion. 
 
 Sec. 12. Apartment House. — A 
 building which shall be designed for 
 or used as a residence for three or 
 more families or households, living 
 independently of each other, with in- 
 dependent plumbing facilities. 
 
 Sec. 13. Areas. — Open sub-surface 
 spaces adjacent to a building. 
 
 Sec. 14. Attic Story. — A story sit- 
 uated wholly or partly in the roof. ' 
 
 Sec. 15. Basement.-— A story suit- 
 able for occupancy, partly, but not 
 more than one-half, below the grade. 
 
 Sec. 16. Bay Window. — A window 
 projecting from the outer face of a 
 wall. 
 
 Sec. 17. Building. — Any structure 
 erected by art and fixed upon or in 
 the soil, composed of several pieces, 
 and designed for use in the position 
 in which so fixed. 
 
 Sec. 18. Building Line — S. line 
 beyond which property owners or 
 others have no legal or vested rights 
 to extend a building or any part 
 vnereof, without special permission 
 and approval of the proper authori- 
 ties; ordinarily a line of demarcation 
 between public and private property, 
 but also applied to a building restric- 
 tion line as the same may be estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Sec. 19. Building Owner. — The 
 owner, agent, or trustee of the 
 building or premises under considera- 
 tion, construction, alteration, remov- 
 al, repair, or effected under this 
 Oode. 
 
 Sec. 20. Cellar. — That portion of 
 a building not suitable for habitation 
 below the first floor of joists, if 
 wholly or partly below the level of 
 tfae adjoining street or ground. 
 
 Sec. 21. Columns. — Isolated, per- 
 p , icular supports of wood, stone, 
 
 iron, steel, or other structural mate- 
 rial. 
 
 Sec. 22. Court. — An open unoccu- 
 pied space, other than a yard, on the 
 same .lot with a building. A court 
 not extending to the street or yard 
 is an Inner Court; a court extending 
 to the street or yard is an Outer 
 Court; if it extends to the street it is 
 a Street Court; if it extends to the 
 yard it is a Yard Court. 
 
 Sec. 23. Factor of Safety. — The 
 quotient obtained by dividing the 
 breaking load Joy the safe load. 
 
 Sec. 24. Footings. — The first 
 
 course or courses laid at the bottom 
 of a foundation wall or pier. 
 
 Sec. 25. Foundations. — The low- 
 est walls or supports of a building. 
 
 Sec. 26. First Story. — The story 
 the floor of which is at or first above 
 the level of the sidewalk or adjoin- 
 ing ground; the other stories to, be 
 numbered in regular succession, 
 counting upward. 
 
 Sec. 2 7. Frame Building. — A 
 
 building or structure of which the ex- 
 terior walls are constructed of wood. 
 Buildings sheathed with boards and 
 partially or entirely veneered on the 
 outside with four inches of brick 
 work or other masonry shall be 
 deemed frame buildings. Wood frames 
 covered with metal shall be deemed 
 frame buildings. 
 
 Sec. 2 8. Grade. — The surface of 
 the ground, court or sidewalk ad- 
 joining the building. 
 
 Sec. 29. Girder. — A horizontal 
 structure support which carries floor 
 beams or joists, or walls over open- 
 ings, or other loads. 
 
 Sec. 30. Ground Floor. — The floor 
 which is first above and near the level 
 of the grade. 
 
 Sec. 31. Hall.— (a) A Public Hall 
 is a hall, corridor, or passageway 
 used in common by all the occupants 
 within a building. 
 
 (b) A Stair Hall includes the 
 stairs, stair landings, and those por- 
 tions of the public halls through 
 which it is necessary to pass in going 
 between the entrance floor and the 
 
 oof, 
 
 (c) Assembly Hall includes all 
 
churches, convention halls, audito- 
 riums, exposition buildings, music 
 kails, railroad depots, or that part of 
 any building containing an assembly 
 room for a concourse of more than 
 one hundred people. 
 
 Sec. 32. Height of Building. — The 
 perpendicular distance from the cen- 
 ter of the sidewalk in front to the 
 highest point of the roof. If the total 
 fall of grade on any side exceeds ten 
 feet in the length of the building, the 
 height shall be measured at the low- 
 ermost corner; and when the height 
 of a building is limited, it shall be 
 terraced or stepped off at every ten 
 feet change of grade. 
 
 Sec. 33. Height of a Wall. — The 
 height of a wall is measured from its 
 base line either at the grade or at 
 the top of a girder to the top of the 
 ®oping or the center of the highest 
 gable; foundation and retaining walls 
 are measured from the grade down- 
 ward. 
 
 Sec. 34. Height of a Story. — The 
 perpendicular distance from top to 
 top of two successive tiers of floor 
 beams. 
 
 Sec. 35. Hotel. — Any building or 
 part thereof designed to be used or 
 s*sed for supplying shelter and food 
 or shelter to residents or guests and 
 having a public dining room, cafe, or 
 office, or either. 
 
 Sec. 36. Inspector. — Inspector 
 shall mean the Building Inspector of 
 the Town of Milford. 
 
 Sec. 37. Incombustible Roof or 
 Non-Combustible Roof. — On build- 
 ings and sheds, a roof covered with 
 an incombustible material not sub- 
 ject to ignition or combustion from 
 sparks of fire on the surface of the 
 roof, shall be considered a non-com- 
 bustible or incombustible roof. 
 
 Sec. 38. Incombustible Stud Parti- 
 tion. — One plastered on both sides 
 upon metal lath, or plaster board, 
 ■wire cloth for the full height, and 
 fire-stopped between the studs with 
 incombustible material eight inches 
 high from the floor and at the ceiling. 
 
 Sec. 39. Incombustible Material. 
 
 - — When referred to as a structural 
 material — brick, stone, terra cotta, 
 
 concrete, iron, or steel. 
 
 Sec. 4 0. Length of a Building. — 
 Its greatest lineal dimension. 
 
 Sec. 41. Lintel. — The beam or 
 girder over an opening with ends 
 resting on masonry. 
 
 Sec. 42. Loads on Buildings. — (a) 
 Dead load shall consist of the weight 
 of walls, floors, roofs, partitions, and 
 all permanent construction. 
 
 (b) Live load shall consist of all 
 imposed, fixed, or transient loads, 
 other than dead, due to the use and 
 occupancy of the building and its ex- 
 posure to wind and pressure. 
 
 Sec. 43. Lodging House. — A 
 building designed or used for supply- 
 ing shelter to lodgers, but in connec- 
 tion with which no public cafe or 
 dining room is maintained. 
 
 fj>ec. 44. Mill Construction. — That 
 form of construction in which heavy 
 posts and girders with wide spacing 
 support floors and roofs of heavy 
 planking. 
 
 Sec. 45. Ordinary Construction. — 
 Wood joists with wood or iron posts 
 and beams. 
 
 Sec. 46. Owner. — Any person, 
 firm, corporation, or agent for the 
 same, controlling property in the 
 Town of Milford. 
 
 Sec. 47. Office Building. — Shall 
 mean and include every building 
 which shall be divided into rooms 
 above the first story and be intended 
 and used for office purposes, and no 
 part of which shall be used for liv- 
 ing purposes, except for the janitor 
 and his family. 
 
 Sec. 48. Partition. — An interior 
 sub-dividing wall. 
 
 Sec. 49. Piers. — Isolated masses 
 of brickwork or masonry forming 
 supports. 
 
 Sec. 50. Post. — Isolated perpen- 
 dicular wooden support. 
 
 Sec. 51. Public Buildings. — All 
 buildings devoted in whole or in part 
 to the use of the general public, 
 either for the purposes of state or 
 places of assemblage. 
 
 Sec. 52. Repairs. — The recon- 
 struction or removal of any part of 
 an existing building for the purpose 
 of its maintenance in its present class 
 
/ 
 
 ®f construction and grade of occu- 
 pancy. 
 
 Sec. 53. Reinforced Concrete. — 
 Portland cement concrete in which 
 are imbedded steel or wrought iron 
 members to take tension or shearing 
 strains. 
 
 Sec. 54. Shed. — A rough or un- 
 finished structure for storage, or an 
 open structure for temporary shelter. 
 
 Sec. 55. Story. — The space from 
 top to bottom of any two successive 
 floor beams. 
 
 Sec. 56. Skeleton Construction. — 
 That form of construction in which 
 all loads and stresses are transmitted 
 to the foundations by a skeleton of 
 framework of metal. 
 
 Sec. 57. Street Line. — The line of 
 demarcation between a street and the 
 abutting property; the inner line of 
 the sidewalk of the required width. 
 
 Sec. 58. Tenement House. — Any 
 house or building, or portion thereof, 
 which is rented, leased, let or hired 
 out, to be occupied, or is arranged or 
 designed bo be occupied, or is occu- 
 pied as the home or residence of 
 three families or more living indepen- 
 dently of each other, and doing their 
 «ooking upon the premises, and hav- 
 ing a common right in the halls, 
 stairways or yards. 
 
 Sec. 59. Theatre. — A building or 
 portion of a building in which it is 
 designed to make a business of the 
 presentation of dramatic or other 
 performances for the entertainment of 
 spectators, and having a permanent 
 stage for said performances which 
 ean be used for scenery and other 
 stage appliances. 
 
 See. SO. Thickness of Wall. — The 
 minimum thickness of sueh wall ex- 
 clusive of air space. 
 
 Sec. 61. Vault, Sidewalk. — An un- 
 derground construction beneath the 
 sidewalk. 
 
 Sec. 62. Vault, Fire-Proof. — A 
 loom or space in a building with 
 ftoor. side-walls, ceiling and doors 
 constructed of fireproof material. 
 
 Sec. 63. Veneer. — The outer fac- 
 ing of brick, stone, concrete, tile, or 
 metal of an inclosing wall, used for 
 the protection or ornamentation of 
 
 the backing. 
 
 Sec. 64. Veneered Building. — A 
 frame structure, the walls of which 
 are covered above the foundation 
 wall with brick or stone four inches 
 in thickness. 
 
 Sec. 65. Walls (a) Apron. — That 
 portion of an inclosing wall between 
 the door and window sills of a story 
 and the door and window heads or 
 lintels of the next story below. 
 
 (b) Bearing Wall. — The wall on 
 which either or both the floor and 
 roof construction rest. 
 
 (c) Curtain Wall. — The inclosing 
 wall of an iron or steel skeleton 
 frame, or the non-bearing portion of 
 an inclosing wall between piers. 
 
 (d) Division Wall. — The bearing 
 wall running from front to rear sub- 
 dividing a building. 
 
 (e) Dead Wall. — A wall without 
 openings. 
 
 (f) External Wall. — Any outer 
 wall of a building other than a party 
 wall. 
 
 (g) Fire Wall. — The coping or par- 
 apet walls above the roof. Also any 
 division or partition wall dividing 
 spaces into limited areas for fire pro- 
 tection purposes. 
 
 (h) Foundation Walls. — That por- 
 tion of an inclosing wall below the 
 first tier of floor joists or beams near- 
 est and above the grade line; and 
 that portion of any interior wall be- 
 low the basement or cellar floor. 
 
 (i) Length ot — The distance be- 
 tween the centers of adjoining front* 
 rear, cross, or return walls, irrespec- 
 tive of any intea-mediate steel or 
 light combustible or non-return brick 
 partition. 
 
 (J) Partition. — Any interior wa& 
 of a building. 
 
 (k) Party.— Every wall used, or 
 built in order to be used, as a separa- 
 tion of two or more buildings. A 
 wall built upon the dividing line be- 
 tween adjoining premises for their 
 common use. 
 
 (l) Retaining.— A wall built to re- 
 sist lateral pressure. 
 
 Sec. 66. Warehouse. — A building 
 used for the storage of merchandise. 
 
 Sec. 67. Wire Glass. — Wire woven 
 
i 
 
 not less than one-quarter of an inch 
 thick. The term “fireproof glass,” 
 which used in connection with wire 
 glass, means hammered glass not 
 less than one-half an inch thick. 
 
 Sec. 68. Yard. — An open unoccu- 
 pied space on the same lot with a 
 building, between the extreme rear 
 line of the lot. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 QUALITY OF MATERIALS. 
 
 Quality 
 
 Sec. 69. All materials shall be of 
 quality suitable for the purpose for 
 which they are intended to be used, 
 and conform to trade and manufac- 
 turers’ standards. Each material 
 must be free from imperfections 
 whereby its strength or durability 
 may be seriously impaired. 
 
 Materials Rejected When 
 The Building Inspector shall have 
 the authority to reject materials 
 which are unsuitable and below the 
 usual standards, and may require 
 tests to be made by the architect, en- 
 gineer, builder, or owner to deter- 
 mine the strength of any structural 
 materials. 
 
 Brick 
 
 Sec. 70. Brick shall be well burned 
 and hard. When old bricks are used 
 they shall be thoroughly cleaned. 
 When the season will permit, bricks 
 shall be wet before using. 
 
 Soft Bricks 
 
 No soft bricks shall be used in any 
 part of a building exposed to the 
 weather, or in any internal or exter- 
 na] piers, nor !in any part of a wall 
 where there is a greater height than 
 forty feet of wall above said brick. 
 Bond — Supports of Brick and Stone- 
 work — Bearing of Lintels 
 The bond of brick work shall be 
 formed by laying one course of head- 
 ers for at least every ,?ix courses of 
 stretchers. All stone and brick work 
 over openings exceeding four feet in 
 width shall he supported with stone 
 or iron lintels of sufficient strength 
 to carry the superimposed weights, 
 excepting where such stone or brick 
 work shall be supported with sub- 
 stantial stone or brick arches. All 
 lintels supporting stone or brick work 
 
 8 >■ 
 
 | must bear on stone, brick, or iron of 
 sufficient strength. 
 
 Stone 
 
 Sec. 71. Stone shall be sound and 
 hard and of sufficient dimensions for 
 its intended use. 
 
 Sand 
 
 Sec. 72. Sand used for mortar 
 shall be clean, sharp grit sand, free 
 from loam, dirt, or organic matter. 
 
 Lime 
 
 Sec. 73. Lime shall be thoroughly 
 burned quick lime of good quality 
 and well slacked before using. 
 
 Cement 
 
 Sec. 74. Any natural cement 
 which is a product of calcination of 
 natural rock such as Akron, Louis- 
 ville, and other cements; slag Port- 
 lands will he classed as a natural 
 cement. 
 
 Portland Cement 
 
 Sec. 75. The Standard Portland 
 cement of commerce, either domestic 
 or foreign which shall be capable of 
 passing the requirements as set forth 
 in the “Standard Specification for 
 Portland Cement” by the American 
 Society for Testing Materials. 
 
 Test 
 
 Neat Cement. Strength 
 
 24 hours in moist air 200 lbs 
 
 7 days ( 1 day in moist air, 
 
 6 days in water) 550 lbs. 
 
 28 days (1 day in moist air, 
 
 27 days in water) 650 lbs. 
 
 MORTARS 
 
 Lime 
 
 Sec. 76. A properly proportioned 
 mixture of lime and sand, not more 
 than three parts sanid to one part un- 
 slacked lime. 
 
 Lime and Cement Mortal* 
 
 Sec. 77. A properly proportioned 
 mixture of cement and sand with 
 lime added, not more than four parts 
 sand to one part each of dry cement 
 and slacked lime. 
 
 Cement Mortar 
 
 Sec. 78. A properly proportioned 
 mixture of cement and sand, not 
 more than four parts sand to one of 
 Portland cement, nor more than 
 three parts sand to one of Rosendale 
 cement. 
 
 Mortar for Plastering How Mack 
 
9 
 
 V 
 
 Sec. 79. Mortar for plastering shall 
 he made as follows: The mortar shall 
 be slacked, made into putty, and cool- 
 ed before putting in the hair which 
 must be well separated. One bushel 
 of hair will be required for every 
 three barrels of putty; one and one- 
 half barrels of sand to one barrel of 
 putty may be mixed for the first or 
 scratch coat, after being thoroughly 
 mixed as above. The said mixture 
 must be stacked for at least three 
 days before using. The said mortar 
 shall be used on lath surfaces with a 
 second coat of mortar in which two 
 and one-half barrels of sand to one 
 barrel of putty, and less hair may be 
 used. 
 
 Any of the approved patented 
 wall boards or plaster board may be 
 used w r here strength is not particu- 
 larly required. 
 
 Concrete 
 
 Sec. 80. When the structural use 
 of concrete is proposed, a specifica- 
 tion stating the quality and propor- 
 tion of materials and the methods of 
 mixing the same shall be submitted 
 to the Building Inspector. 
 
 Ingredients 
 
 Concrete for foundations shall be 
 made of at least one part cement to 
 three parts of sand and five parts of 
 clean, broken stone, free from dirt 
 and dust, of such size as to pass in 
 any way through a two-inch ring, or 
 good, clean gravel may be used in 
 the same proportion as broken stone. 
 
 Thoroughly Mixed 
 
 The ingredients of the concrete 
 shall be thoroughly mixed to the de- 
 sired consistency and the mixing shall 
 continue until the cement is evenly 
 distributed and the mass is uniform 
 in color and is homogeneous. Methods 
 of measurement of proportions of the 
 various ingredients, including water, 
 ■hall be used, which will secure sep- 
 arate uniform measurement at all 
 times. 
 
 Machine Mixed 
 
 Where the conditions will permit, 
 a machine mixer of a type which in- 
 sures a proper mixing of the mater- 
 ials throughout the mass, shall be 
 
 used. 
 
 Hand Mixed 
 
 When it is necessary to mix by 
 hand the mixing shall be on a water- 
 tight platform and a special precau- 
 tion must be taken to turn the ma- 
 terials until they are homogeneous in 
 appearance and color. 
 
 Consistency 
 
 The materials must be mixed wet 
 enough to produce a concrete of such 
 a consistency as will flow into the 
 forms and about the metal reinforce- 
 
 I ment, and which on the other hand 
 can be conveyed from the mixer to 
 the forms without separation of the 
 coarse aggregate from the mortar. 
 Timber 
 
 Sec. 81. All timbers and wood 
 Ishall be of good sound material, free 
 from rot, large, or loose knots, 
 shakes, or any imperfections whereby 
 the strength may be impaired, and 
 be of such size and dimensions as the 
 purposes for which the building is in- 
 tended require. 
 
 Iron and Steel 
 
 Sec. 82. All structural wrought or 
 cast iron, or steel, in quality, require- 
 ments of tests, workmanship, and in 
 assemblage and inter-connections of 
 shapes shall be in accordance with 
 the standard specifications of the 
 Association of American Steel Manu- 
 facturers, as given in ‘the hand book 
 of the respective standard manufac- 
 turers; provided, that for buildings 
 of skeleton frame fireproof construc- 
 tion, the Building Inspector may, at 
 any time, require the owner to en- 
 gage recognized experts to supervise 
 the mill, shop, and field work, and 
 who shall file certified copies of their 
 reports on the progress of the work 
 for the approval of said Building In- 
 spector, and no work shall be conceal- 
 ed or built upon until the Building 
 Inspector has been furnished satis- 
 factory proof that it is up to the ac- 
 cepted standards. 
 
 Stresses in Materials How Calculated 
 — Factors of Safety How 
 Determined 
 
 Sec. 83. The stresses used in ma- 
 terials hereafter to be used in con- 
 struction shall be the calculated 
 stresses due to their "dead load" plus 
 
the applied “live load.” The allow- 
 able factors or units of safety or the 
 dimensions of each piece or combina 
 tion of materials required in a build- 
 ing or structure, if not given in this 
 Code, shall be ascertained by com- 
 putation according to the rules pre- 
 scribed by the standard modern au- 
 thorities on strength of materials, 
 applied mechanics and engineering 
 practice, provided, that the Building 
 Inspector may, and in cases of truss- 
 ed or reinforced concrete buildings 
 two or more stories high shall, re- 
 quire the owner or architect or engin- 
 eer to submit a certified copy of such 
 computation or strain sheets for ex- 
 amination and approval with the ap- 
 plication for the Building Permit. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CALCULATION OF STRESSES. 
 
 Tests of Filled Ground 
 
 Sec. 84. Sound, natural earth 
 shall not be loaded to more than the 
 following in tons per square feet: 
 
 Gravel and coarse sand, well 
 
 compacted or hard pan 6 tons 
 
 Hard rock : 20 tons 
 
 Fairly hard rock 6 tons 
 
 Dry, hard clay or fine sand 4 tons 
 
 Moderately dry clay or mod- 
 erately compact sand 2 tons 
 
 Soft sand or clay or undis- 
 turbed alluvial soils. - 1 ton 
 
 No foundation shall be started on 
 filled ground until proper tests have 
 been made and permit granted by 
 the Building Inspector. When a doubt 
 arises as to the safe sustaining pow- 
 er of the earth upon which a build- 
 ing is to be erected, the Building In- 
 spector may order borings to be made 
 or direct the sustaining power of the 
 soil to be tested by and at the ex- 
 pense of the owner of the proposed 
 building. 
 
 Sec. 85. Allowable safe load 
 ton per square foot: 
 
 *o 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 Q 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Sh 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 -c 
 
 a 
 
 •H 
 
 •o 
 
 * 
 
 
 • S3 -w 
 
 
 0 
 
 Laid in Mortar 
 
 CD 
 
 cti g 
 © © 
 
 8 
 
 & 
 
 
 s.il 
 
 'O 
 
 >» 
 
 U 
 
 0 
 
 
 H) 
 
 
 123 
 
 G< 
 
 Common Kiln Run 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 Common Selected Hard...6 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 Hard Pressed Hydraulic 
 
 
 
 
 or Vitrified Shale 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 paving 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 Stone Rubble, irregular 
 
 
 
 
 bonded 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Stone Rubble, Coursed, 
 
 
 
 
 well bonded 
 
 -1-.6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Stone Ashlar or block 
 
 
 
 
 with full beds 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 Concrete: Cement 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 
 Sand 2, Stone 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 Concrete: Cement 
 
 1, 
 
 
 
 
 Sand 2, Stone 5 
 
 ......... 
 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 Terra Cotta Blocks 
 Sec. 86. Terra Cotta building 
 blocks built in a wall facing may be 
 loaded seven tons per square foot of 
 effective section, if unfilled, and ten 
 tons per square foot, measured on 
 the beds, when filled solid with brick- 
 work or concrete. 
 
 Brick Inner Facing — Loads on Hol- 
 low Tile Blocks — Loads on Port- 
 land Building Blocks. 
 
 Sec. 87. When hard, hollow 
 bricks are used as the inner facing of 
 a hard selected brick wall, the wall 
 shall be estimated as if laid up in 
 kiln run brick. Where the hollow 
 tile blocks are used for building par- 
 titions or as inclosing walls, the 
 joints shall be well filled with mor- 
 tar, and the effective bearing parts of 
 the tiles shall not be loaded more 
 than one hundred and fifty pounds 
 to the square inch for hard fire clay 
 tiles, nor more than one hundred 
 pounds per square inch for hard or- 
 dinary clay tiles, nor more than sev- 
 enty-five pounds per square inch for 
 porous tiles. Portland building 
 blocks used for outside walls and 
 partitions shall not be loaded to more 
 than one hundred and fifty pounds 
 injper square inch of available or effec- 
 Itive section. 
 
Hollow Tile Blocks Used When 
 Sec. 88. Hollow tile blocks may 
 be used for residences and light con- 
 struction not over three stories in 
 height. The blocks shall be twelve 
 inches thick for the first story and 
 ten inches thick for the second story, 
 and eight inches for the third story, 
 and in two-story buildings the blocks 
 shall be eight inches thick for the 
 first story and eight inches thick for 
 the second story, and shall be laid in 
 mortar composed of one part Portland 
 cement, two and one-half parts sand, 
 and not more than one-tenth part of 
 lime putty. The said blocks must be 
 well burnt, hard and dense. 
 
 Made Solid When 
 Where joists rest upon walls of hol- 
 low tile blocks, the bearing surface 
 shall be made solid with Portland ce- 
 ment, concrete or brick laid in Port- 
 land cement mortar. 
 
 If the walls are made of hollow 
 tile and exposed to the weather, such 
 hollow tile must be covered on the 
 exposed sides with at least 3-4 inch 
 Portland cement stucco and be well 
 scored with grooves to receive coat- 
 ing. 
 
 Girders and Joists Resting on Walls 
 Sec. 89. Wherever girders or 
 joists rest upon walls so that there is 
 a concentrated load on the block of 
 over one ton, the blocks supporting 
 the girders or joists must be made 
 solid by filling with Portland cement 
 concrete. Where such concentrated 
 loads shall exceed three tons, the 
 blocks for two courses below and for 
 a distance extending at least eighteen 
 inches each side of such girder, shall 
 be made solid. Where the load on 
 the wall exceeds five tons, the blocks 
 for three courses beneath it shall be 
 made solid with similar material. 
 Wherever walls are decreased in 
 thickness the top courses of the 
 thicker wall must be made solid in 
 ttie same manner. 
 
 Loads on Dense Hollow Blocks 
 Provided always, that no dense hol- 
 low blocks shall be loaded to an ex- 
 cess of three hundred pounds per 
 ■quare inch of net end section in com- 
 pression; or if ordinary semi-porous 
 
 V 
 
 11 
 
 blocks are used, they shall not be 
 loaded to exceed two hundred pounds 
 per square inch of net section. 
 
 Piers to be Solid When 
 All piers or buttresses that support 
 loads in excess of five tons, shall be 
 filled solid with Portland cement con- * 
 Crete. Lintels spanning over four 
 feet six inches in the clear shall rest 
 on blocks filled solid with concrete. 
 
 Crushing Strength. 
 
 All hollow blocks shall be subject 
 to the regular inspection provided for 
 by this Code for other masonry build- 
 ing material. The ultimate crushing 
 strength shall be at least seven times 
 the load they are required to sup- 
 port. 
 
 Live Loads Allowed. 
 
 Sec. 90. The minimum “live 
 loads,” uniformly distributed, in 
 pounds per square foot to be imposed 
 on floors in buildings as follows: 
 
 ‘Public Building proper” 100 
 
 “Detention Buildings-” 
 
 In cells or wards 60 
 
 In the public corridors, halls, 
 stairways, offices, chapel, 
 clinical assembly or court 
 
 rooms : 90 
 
 “School Buildings” 
 
 In class rooms 70 
 
 In the corridors, halls, and 
 stairways, laboratories and 
 
 assembly rooms 90 
 
 “Assembly Halls” — “Theatres” 
 
 In auditoriums with fixed seats 90 
 In lobbies, passageways, cor- 
 ridors, stairways, and in 
 auditoriums with movable 
 
 seats 100 
 
 In any hall used for dancing 150 
 
 “Hotels” 
 
 In private rooms and apart- 
 ments 50 
 
 In halls, corridors, passage- 
 ways, stairways, offices, lob- 
 bies, dining rooms, cafes, 
 and rooms for public use 90 
 
 “Office Buildings” 
 
 In offices proper 60 
 
 In all hallways, stairs, lobbies, 
 and rooms for the common 
 
 use of tenants 100 
 
 “Store Buildings” 
 
 For light merchandise, 
 
12 
 
 Ground floor . — 125^Block stone piers „ 1:10 
 
 Balance of building 100 | Wooden posts , 1:16 
 
 For heavy merchandise, at least iron columns 1:20 
 
 least 200 I Wrought iron columns 1:40 
 
 Work- 
 
 “Warehouse” — “Factory” - 
 shop” 
 
 When the nature of their occu- 
 pancy is general, the loads will 
 be the same as for store build- 
 ings, except in cases where the 
 buildings are used for the sale, 
 storage or manufacture of very 
 light, or of heavy merchandise 
 or machinery, when they shall be 
 proportioned to the loads they 
 carry. 
 
 • | Steel columns - 1:44 
 
 | Size of Columns, Posts and Piers 
 I Sec. 92. When used as principal 
 | supports for walls or floor construc- 
 iiion, brick or stone piers shall not be 
 I less than twelve inches by twelve in- 
 jjches; cast iron columns not less than 
 I five inches in their least diameter or 
 | width, and no shell shall be less than 
 | one-twelfth of the diameter or side, 
 I but never less than three-quarters of 
 Ian inch thick; wrought iron or steel 
 
 “Apartment Houses” — “Clubhouses” [built-up columns noj less than six in- 
 
 feches in their least diameter or side, 
 1 with not less than one-quarter inch 
 j metal in any of their parts. 
 
 Same as for “Hotels/ 
 
 “Tenement Houses.” 
 
 In private rooms and apart- 
 ments : 50 
 
 In public halls, corridors and 
 
 stairs 50 
 
 “Miscellaneous” 
 
 For floors of miscellaneous 
 buildings and for floors not in- 
 cluded or loaded more heavily 
 than in the above classification 
 and for floors subject to vibration 
 from machinery, or that of drill 
 rooms, riding schools, etc., or 
 those supporting moving loads, 
 the Inspector shall determine 
 the imposed loads by calculation. 
 
 Roofs on all buildings 40 
 
 Attic floors when not used for 
 
 storage 2 0 
 
 When used for limited habita- 
 tion or storage, never less than 
 three-quarters of the average 
 load assigned to the floor below. 
 Stairs and fire-escapes, generally, 
 
 unless otherwise provided 80 
 
 Sidewalks, vaults and coverings 
 over sidewalks, lifts and coal 
 
 holes — — 300 
 
 Length of Columns, Piers and Posts 
 Sec. 91. No free standing or built 
 in column, pier or post shall exceed 
 the following proportions of the least 
 side or diameter to the height with- 
 out being anchored, stayed, or tied 
 by beams or girders in at least two 
 directions at right angles to each 
 other. 
 
 Brick piers 1: 8 
 
 Loads on Foundations 
 Sec. 93. Steel shell columns, con- 
 crete filled not allowed less than 4 
 inches in diameter and must be ap- 
 proved by Inspector. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 Inspection — Protected From Caving 
 In 
 
 Sec. 94. Where possible, all exca- 
 vations for buildings shall be made 
 at least nine inches beyond the line 
 of masonry ' to permit of inspection, 
 and shall be properly guarded and 
 protected by the person, persons, or 
 corporations causing the same to be 
 made, so as to prevent the same from 
 becoming dangerous to life and limb, 
 and shall be sheath piled where it 
 may be necessary, cr by some other 
 method approved by the Building In- 
 spector, to prevent the adjoining soil 
 from caving in by reason of its own 
 weight or by reason of any weight 
 that may rest upon it. 
 
 Protection of Adjoining Building — 
 Expense How Borne 
 Sec. 95. Whenever any excavation 
 is made on land adjoining a building, 
 the owner of the land upon which 
 such excavation is made shall shore 
 up, protect and take every precaution- 
 ary measure to protect and save from 
 injury or harm any footings, founda- 
 tions, walls or parts thereof, or any 
 part pf the building, which is liable 
 

 13 
 
 to occur by reason of such excava- 
 tions, provided the depth of such ex- 
 cavation exceeds three feet below 
 grade. If such excavation does not 
 exceed three feet, then any such ex- 
 pense shall be borne by the owner of 
 such building. 
 
 Traffic Uninterrupted. 
 
 Sec. 96. When buildings to be 
 erected or altered front on business 
 thoroughfares and in congested busi- 
 ness districts, the. Building Inspector 
 may require that sidewalk traffic be 
 maintained without interruption by 
 means of elevated or covered side- 
 walks. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 FOUNDATIONS AND FOOTINGS. 
 
 Construction — Piles 
 Sec. 97. Every building except 
 buildings erected upon solid rock, 
 shall have foundations of brick, stone, 
 steel, iron, or Portland cement con- 
 crete laid not less than four feet be- 
 low the surface of the earth, on solid 
 ground on level surface of rock, or 
 upon piles or ranging timbers when 
 solid earth or rock is not found. 
 Piles intended to sustain a wall, pier 
 or post shall be spaced not more 
 than thirty-six nor less than tw T enty- 
 five inches on centers, and they shall 
 be driyen to a solid bearing, if prac- 
 ticable to do so, and the number of 
 such piles shall be sufficient to sup- 
 port the super-structure proposed. 
 
 Wood piles or posts may be used 
 tinder frame buildings. Where built 
 over water or on meadows land, 
 they must project above the water 
 a sufficient height to be above high 
 tide, and building may be placed 
 directly thereon without other 
 foundation. Providing, however, 
 that such building shall not be over 
 two stories in height, and the posts 
 or piles must be at least five inches 
 in diameter at the small end, and 
 »ot more than eight feet apart. 
 
 Dimension of Piles. 
 
 Sec. 98. No pile shall be used of 
 less dimension than five inches at the 
 amall end and ten inches at the butt 
 for piles of twenty feet or less in 
 length, and twelve inches at the butt 
 for piles more than twenty feet in 
 
 length. No pile shall be weighted 
 with a load exceeding thirty thousand 
 pounds. 
 
 Sustaining Power of Piles — Piles, 
 How Protected. 
 
 Sec. 99. When a pile is not driven 
 to refusal, its safe sustaining power 
 shall be determined by the following 
 formula: Twice the weight of the 
 
 hammer in tons multiplied by the 
 
 I ! height of the fall in feet divided by 
 least penetration of pile under the 
 last blow in inches plus one. The 
 Building Inspector shall be notified of 
 the time when test piles shall be 
 riven. The tops of all piles shall be 
 cut off below the lowest water line. 
 When required, concrete shall be 
 rammed down in the interspaces be- 
 tween the heads of the piles to a 
 (depth and thickness of not less than 
 
 I twelve inches and for one foot in 
 width outside of the piles. 
 
 Capping Timbers. 
 
 Sec. 100. Where ranging and cap- 
 ping timbers are laid on piles for 
 foundations, they shall be of hard 
 wood not less than si» inches thick 
 and properly joined together, and 
 their tops laid below the lowest water 
 line. 
 
 Metal in Foundations — Footing Be- 
 low Water Level 
 
 Sec. 101. Where metal is incor- 
 porated in, or forms part of, a foun- 
 dation, it shall be thoroughly pro- 
 tected from any rust by paint, as- 
 phaltum, concrete, or by such mater- 
 ials and in such manner as may be 
 approved by the Building Inspector. 
 When footings of iron or steel for 
 columns are placed below the water 
 level, they shall be similarly coated, 
 or inclosed in concrete, for preserva- 
 tion against rust. 
 
 Loads on Caissons 
 Sec. 102. When foundations are 
 carried down through earth by piers 
 of stone, brick, or concrete in cais- 
 sons, the loads on the same shall not 
 by more than fifteen tons to the 
 square foot, when carried down to 
 rock; ten tons to the square foot, 
 when carried down to firm gravel or 
 hard clay; eight tons to the square 
 foot in open caissons or sheet pile 
 
14 
 
 trenches when carried down to rock. 
 
 Materials Used — Base Course 
 Sec. 103. Foundation walls shall 
 be built of stone, or brick, with ce- 
 ment mortar, or of Portland cement 
 concrete, except foundations for frame 
 buildings and private stables, and 
 for buildings not more than two stor- 
 ies in height, which may be built with 
 lime and cement mortar. If built of 
 Portland cement concrete, they y shall 
 be at least four inches thicker than 
 the wall next above them in a depth 
 of twelve feet below the curb level, 
 and for every additional ten feet, or 
 part thereof deeper, thy shall be in- 
 creased six inches in thickness. The 
 footing or base course shall be of 
 stone or concrete, or both, or of con- 
 crete and stepped up brick work, of 
 sufficient thickness and area safely to 
 bear the weight to be imposed there- 
 on. 
 
 Concrete Footings — Stone Footings — 
 
 Width of Base Course 
 Sec. 104. If the footings or base 
 course be of concrete, the concrete 
 shall not be less than eight inches 
 thick. If of stone the stone shall be 
 of large size, and at least six inches 
 in thickness for walls, and not less 
 than eight inches in thickness for 
 piers, columns or posts. The footing 
 or base course, except under frame 
 buildings, whether formed of concrete 
 or stone, shall be at least eight in- 
 ches wider than the bottom width of 
 walls, and at least six inches wider 
 on all sides than the bottom width of 
 the said piers, columns, or posts. If 
 the superimposed load is such as to 
 cause undue transverse strain on a 
 footing projecting six inches, the 
 thickness of such footing shall be in- 
 creased so as to carry the load with 
 safety, by adding extra course or 
 courses of above dimensions. All 
 base stones shall be well bedded and 
 laid crosswise, edge to edge. 
 
 Stepped Up Footings 
 If stepped up footings of brick are 
 used in place of stone above the con- 
 crete, the offsets, if laid in single 
 courses, shall not exceed one and one- 
 half inches, or if laid in double cours- 
 es, then each shall not exceed three 
 
 inches, offsetting the first course of 
 brick work, back one-half of the 
 thickness of the concrete base, so as 
 properly to distribute the load to be 
 imposed thereon. 
 
 isolated Piers as Supports — Inverted 
 Arches 
 
 Sec. 105. If, in place of a contin- 
 uous foundation wall, isolated piers 
 are to be ’built to support the super- 
 structure, where the nature of the 
 ground and character of the building 
 make it necessary, in the opinion of 
 the Building Inspector, inverted 
 arches resting on a proper bed 
 of concrete, both designed to 
 transmit with safety the superim- 
 posed loads, shall be placed between 
 the piers.' The thrust of the outer 
 pier shall be taken up by suitable 
 wrought iron or steel rods and plates. 
 
 Grillage Beams 
 
 Sep. 106. Grillage beams of 
 wrought iron or steel resting on a 
 proper concrete bed may be used. 
 Such beams must be provided with 
 separators and bolts, inclosed and 
 filled solid between with concrete, 
 and of such size and so arranged as 
 to transmit with safety the superim- 
 posed loads. 
 
 Headers in Stone Walls 
 Sec. 107. All stone walls twen- 
 ty-four inches and not less than 
 eighteen inches in thickness, shall 
 have at least one header extending 
 through the wall in every three feet 
 in height from the bottom of the 
 wall, and in every three feet in 
 length, and if over twenty-four inches 
 in thickness, shall have one header 
 for every six superficial feet on both 
 sides of the wall, laid across each 
 other to bond together, and running 
 into the wall at least twenty inches. 
 All headers shall be at least twelve 
 inches in width, and six inches in 
 thickness, and consist of good flat 
 stones. 
 
 Stones, How Laid 
 No stone shall be laid in such 
 walls in any other position than on 
 its natural bed. No stone shall be 
 used that does not bond or extend 
 into the wall at least six inches. 
 Stones shall be firmly imbedded in 
 
cement mortar and all spaces and 
 joints thoroughly filled. 
 
 Thickness of External Retaining 
 Walls 
 
 Sec. 108. External retaining walls 
 shall be constructed of sufficient 
 thickness safely to support the out- 
 side pressure when earth embank- 
 ments are adjacent to any founda- 
 tion or curb wall. 
 
 Sewer Connections Before Founda- 
 tions Laid 
 
 Sec. 109. In all cases a connec- 
 tion with the street sewer where the 
 same exists, shall be established be- 
 fore beginning the work of laying 
 foundations. Before the walls of 
 buildings are carried up above the 
 foundation walls, the cellars shall be 
 connected through drain tiles and 
 catch basins with the street sewer. 
 Should there be no sewer in the 
 street, or if the cellars are below 
 the sewer or ground water level, then 
 provisions shall be made to prevent 
 water accumulating in the cellars to 
 the injury of the foundations or the 
 occupancy of the basement cellar. 
 
 CHAPTER VH. 
 
 WALLS, PIERS AND PARTITIONS. 
 Table No. 1 
 
 Sec. 110. Table of thickness of 
 brick walls for heavy buildings, such 
 as warehouses, mercantile buildiDga, 
 
 and factories: 
 Basement 
 
 <D 
 
 ,® o 
 
 • rj 
 
 X 
 
 p. 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 H H 
 
 o ° 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 to m 
 
 PQ 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 18 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 
 t— 1 
 
 00 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 3 20 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 4 24 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 5 24 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 6 28 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 7 28 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 i SO 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 Stories 
 
 3 4 5 6 7 8 
 
 12 
 
 12 12 
 16 12 12 
 16 16 12 12 
 16 16 16 12 12 
 20 16 16 16 12 12 
 
 poses, and upper stories for resi- 
 dences, or entire building for resi- 
 dences. 
 
 Basement 
 
 
 
 < V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cn 
 
 .® a) 
 
 x 
 
 <x> 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 Stories 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 PS 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to to 
 
 PQ 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 T 
 
 8 
 
 1 18 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 18 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 20 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 24 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 “ ! 
 
 5 24 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 6 28 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 7 28 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 8 28 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 Eight-Inch 
 
 Brick 
 
 Walls 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 When 
 
 Allowed 
 
 
 
 
 Sec. 112. Separate private dwell- 
 ings or those built in block form or 
 private stables, not more than two 
 stories high, or more than 30 ft. 
 without break or buttress, more than 
 16 ft. span or with story height of 
 not over 9 inches clear may be built 
 of 8-inch brick walls. All eight- 
 inch brick walls must be built with. 
 Portland cement mortar. When re- 
 inforced concrete is to be used in- 
 stead of bricks or blocks, it must be 
 at least six inches thick, and all 
 reinforcing approved by the Inspec- 
 tor. 
 
 Wall Ties. • 
 
 Sec. 113. All wall ties shall be of 
 galvanized iron or steel, not less 
 than six inches long, as approved by 
 the Building Inspector. 
 
 Walls of Buildings Other Than Wood 
 Sec. 114. The walls of all build- 
 ings, other than frame or wood build- 
 ings, shall be constructed of stone, 
 brick, hollow tile, Portland cement 
 concrete, iron or steel, or, if approved 
 by the Building Inspector other hard, 
 incombustible material, and the sev- 
 eral component parts of such build- 
 ings shall be as herein provided. 
 
 The same amount of materials shall 
 be used in piers or buttresses and 
 •urtaiD walls. 
 
 Table No. 2 
 
 Sec. 111. Table of thickness of 
 brick walls for buildings with first 
 •tory to be used for mercantile pur- 
 
 Buiklings Inclosed 
 Sec. 115. All buildings shall be 
 inclosed on all sides with independent 
 or party walls. 
 
 Walls and Piers to be Bonded 
 Sec. 116. The walls and piers of 
 all buildings shall be properly and 
 
\ 
 
 16 
 
 solidly bonded together with close 
 joints filled with mortar. They shall 
 be built to a line and be carried up 
 plumb and straight. 
 
 Thickness Maintained 
 Sec. 117. The walls of each story 
 shall be built up the full thickness 
 to the top of the beams above. 
 
 Mason Wbrk in Freezing Weather 
 Sec. 118. Walls or piers, or part 
 of walls and piers, shall not be built 
 in freezing weather, unless the brick 
 and mortar be heated. 
 
 Thickess of Walls Increased 
 Sec. 119. When walls are more 
 than twenty-five feet apart, four 
 inches shall be added for every suc- 
 ceeding interval of ten feet or part 
 thereof of increase of distance be- 
 tween them without intermediate di- 
 vision walls or rows of column and 
 girder supports. 
 
 Thickness Increased For Reduction of 
 Area 
 
 Sec. 120. When any horizontal sec- 
 tion of wall shows more than twen- 
 y-five per cent, reduction of area on 
 account of flues, openings, and re- 
 cesses, four inches shall be added for 
 every succeeding interval of ten per 
 cent, or part thereof of reduction, 
 provided that in walls of uniform 
 thicknesses, such reduction does not 
 exceed fifty-five per cent, of the 
 wimple, or, in masonry pier construc- 
 tion, not more than seventy per cent, 
 for each bay. 
 
 Thickness Increased For Heavy 
 
 Floor Roads . ‘ 
 
 Sec. 121. When the floors of a 
 building of an established height are 
 to be loaded heavier than the max- 
 imum given in the tables of permis- 
 sible loads, the thickness of walls 
 shall be proportionately increased. 
 Thickness Increased For Additional 
 Length 
 
 Sec. 122. All buildings over one 
 hundred feet in depth, without a 
 erosswall or proper piers or but- 
 tresses, shall have the side or bearing 
 walls increased in thickness four 
 inches more than is specified in the 
 respective sections of this Code for 
 the thickness of walls for every one 
 limndred feet, or part thereof, that 
 
 the said buildings are over one hun- 
 dred feet in defth. 
 
 Walls Corbeled — Joist Hangers 
 Sec. 123. All party or division 
 walls of a less thickness than twelve 
 inches shall be corbeled, not less 
 than three inches on sides, to re- 
 ceive the floor joists, or instead of 
 corbeling, approved malleable iron or 
 steel joist hangers may be used. 
 
 Additional Stress 
 
 Sec. 124. Where it appears that 
 extra or additional stress shall come 
 upon any wall or pier, extra provi- 
 sion shall be made for carrying the 
 same by additional thickness of walls 
 or additional size of pier, or the ad- 
 dition of proper pilasters. 
 
 Inside Portion of Walls. 
 
 Sec. 125. The inside four inches 
 of any wall may be built of hard- 
 burnt hollow brick, properly tied 
 and bonded by means of full header 
 courses every sixth course into the 
 walls, and of the dimension of the 
 ordinary bricks. 
 
 Linings Not Part of Thickness 
 Sec. 12 6. Where hollow tile or 
 porous terra cotta blocks are used 
 as lining or furring for walls, they 
 shall not be included in the meas- 
 urement of the thickness of such 
 walls. 
 
 Hollow Walls 
 
 Sec. 127. In all walls that are 
 built hollow the same quantity of 
 stone, brick, or concrete shall be 
 used in their construction, as if they 
 were built solid, as in this Code 
 provided, and no hollow wall shall 
 be built unless the parts of same 
 are connected by proper ties, placed 
 not over twenty-four inches apart. 
 
 Recesses in Walls 
 Sec. 128. No recess or chase for 
 water, soil, steam or other pipes, 
 shall be made in any exterior or in 
 any other bearing wall to more than 
 one-third of its effective thickness, 
 and the recesses around said pipe or 
 pipes shall be filled with solid ma- 
 sonry, or plastic incombustible ma- 
 terial, after the pipes are in place, 
 for the space of one foot at the top 
 and bottom of each story. No re- 
 cesses shall be made in any exterior 
 
or other bearing walls less than 
 twelve inches thick, and no continu- 
 ous vertical recess other than flues 
 in stacks shall be nearer than five 
 feet to any other recess. 
 
 Channeling in Walls 
 
 Sec. 129. No channeling shnll be 
 done in walls which are less than 
 twelve inches thick, except for small 
 gas pipes and wire conduits. Re- 
 cesses for stairways or elevators may 
 be left in the foundation or cellar 
 walls of all buildings, but in no case 
 shall the walls be of less thickness 
 than the walls of the third story, un- 
 less reinforced by additional piers 
 with iron or steel girders or iron 
 and steel columns and girders, se- 
 curely anchored to walls on each, 
 side. 
 
 Horizontal Chase 
 
 No horizontal chase shall be more 
 than four feet in continuous length, 
 unless the wall is made proportion- 
 ately thicker. 
 
 Wind Pressure 
 
 Sec. 130. All structures exposed 
 to wind shall be designed to resist 
 a horizontal wind pressure of thirty 
 pounds to every square foot of sur- 
 face thus exposed, from the ground 
 to the top of same, including the 
 roof, in any direction. In no case 
 shall be the overturning moment due 
 to wind pressure exceed seventy- 
 five per cent, of the moment of sta- 
 bility of the structure. In all struc- 
 tures exposed to wind, if the resist- 
 ing moments of the ordinary mater- 
 ials of construction, such as mason- 
 ry, partitions, floors and connections 
 are not sufficient to resist the moment 
 of distortion due to wind pressure, 
 taken in any direction on any part 
 of the structure, additional bracing 
 shall be introduced to make up the 
 difference in the moments. 
 
 Calculations For Wind Pressure 
 
 In calculations for wind bracing, 
 the working stresses set forth in 
 this Code may be increased by fifty 
 per cent. In buildings under one 
 hundred feet in height, provided the 
 height does not exceed four times 
 the average width of the base, the 
 wind pressure may be disregarded. 
 
 Supports of W r alls 
 Sec. 131. It shall be unlawful to 
 erect, construct, or build any rear, 
 front, party, division, or partition 
 masonry wall upon wooden girders, 
 rafters, or lintels, or to support any 
 such wall by any wooden support 
 whatever; but all such supports shall 
 be of iron, brick, or stone, and shall 
 rest on sufficient stone or metal bear- 
 ing blocks. 
 
 Header Courses in Brick Work 
 In all brick walls every 6th course 
 shall be a header course, except for 
 running bond, then every 6th course 
 shall be bonded into the backing by 
 cutting the course of the face brick 
 and putting in diagonal headers be- 
 hind the same, or by spliting the 
 face brick lengthwise and backing 
 with a continuous row of headers. 
 If laid in other bonds, all headers 
 must be full headers, if possible, 
 otherwise the thickness of the wall 
 must be 4 inches greater than would 
 be otherwise required', and every 
 sixth course must be full header. 
 If running bond is used the wall 
 must be 4 inches greater than called 
 for. 
 
 Openings to Have Arches 
 Sec. 132. Openings for doors and 
 windows in ail buildings shall have 
 good and sufficient arches of stone, 
 brick, or terra ootta, well built and 
 keyed with good and sufficient abut- 
 ments; or lintels of stone, iron, or 
 steel of sufficient strength, which 
 shall have a bearing at each, end of 
 not less than five inches on, the wall. 
 
 Strength of Arches 
 Sec. 133. All masonry arches shall 
 be capable of sustaining the weight 
 and pressure which they are de- 
 signed to carry, and the stress at 
 any point shall not exceed the work- 
 ing stress for the material used, as 
 given in this Code. 
 
 Tie Rods 
 
 Sec. 134. Tie rods shall be used 
 where necessary to secure stability. 
 Walls Not to he Carried up More 
 Than One Story in Advance of 
 Each Other 
 
 Sec. 135. In no case shall any 
 wall or walls of any building be 
 
18 
 
 carried up more than one story in 
 advance of any other wall, except by 
 permission of the Building Inspector. 
 And this prohibition shall include 
 the inclosure walls for skeleton 
 buildings. 
 
 Walls to be Bonded Together 
 Sec. 136. The front, rear, side, 
 and party walls shall be properly 
 bonded together, or anchored to each 
 other every six feet in their height 
 by wrought iron anchors, not less 
 than one and one-half inches by 
 three-eighths of an inch in size, and 
 not less than twenty-eight inches in 
 length. 
 
 Exterior Piers Anchored 
 Sec. 137. All exterior piers shall 
 be anchored to the beams or girders 
 on the level of each tier. 
 
 Walls Coped — Coping Omitted When 
 —Parapet Walls Two Feet Above 
 Flat Roofs 
 
 Sec. 138. All exterior walls, on 
 lot line and division and party walls 
 over fifteen feet high shall have par- 
 apet or coping walls carried at least 
 eighteen inches above the roof, and 
 shall be coped with incombustible 
 material. The front and rear walls, 
 if facing on streets, alley, or open 
 space may have the parapet wall 
 omitted. Open balustrades shall not 
 be placed above the cornice line of 
 any building unless they are built 
 of incombustible material directly 
 over the wall below, nor shall the 
 top rail of such balustrades be over 
 five feet above the roof line. Par- 
 apet walls and party or division walls 
 shall extend at least two feet above 
 flat roofs. 
 
 Walls Furred With Wood 
 Sec. 139. In all walls furred with 
 wood the brick work between the 
 ends of the woo l beams shall project 
 the thickness of the furring beyond 
 the inner face of the wall for the full 
 depth of the beams. 
 
 Height of Stories 
 Sec. 140. The height of stories 
 for all given thicknesses of walls 
 shall not exceed: 
 
 First story 16 feet in the clear 
 
 Second story 14 feet in the clear 
 
 Third story 12 feet in the clear 
 
 Fourth and up- 
 per stories 11 » feet in the clear 
 
 And if any story exceeds the fore- 
 going heights, the walls of any such 
 story and all walls below that story 
 shall be increased four inches in 
 thickness. 
 
 Facing of Walls — Not Part of 
 Thickness 
 
 Sec. 141. Stone, cement block, or 
 terra cotta facing shall be not less 
 than four inches in thickness at any 
 place, and shall be securely an- 
 chored to the brick backing at least 
 every two feet vertically and hori- 
 zontally. The facing wall shall not 
 be counted as part of thickness of 
 brick walls, unless the average thick- 
 ness of facing is six inches or more, 
 and the facing thoroughly bonded 
 into the walls, in which case half 
 the average thickness of facing shall 
 be allowed in calculating thickness 
 of wall in accordance with table. 
 
 Curtain Walls Thickness — Height 
 Sec. 142. No curtain wall for steel 
 frame buildings shall be less than 
 twelve inches, except that walls eight 
 inches in thickness may be used be- 
 tween piers or steel supports not over 
 twelve feet on centers and not over 
 twelve feet high, for buildings, of 
 one or two stories, when approved by 
 the Building Inspector. 
 
 Dividing Walls in Apartment Houses 
 Sec. 143. In all apartment and 
 tenement houses, three stories or 
 more in height, the dividing walls 
 >r partitions between the apartments 
 provided for each family, where not 
 eparated by a hall or staircase, shall 
 be made of incombustible material. 
 In the absence of definite sub-divi- 
 sions between the apartments of dif- 
 ferent families, eight rooms shall be 
 counted as the equivalent of one 
 apartment. In all buildings, not of 
 fireproof construction, there shall be 
 for every eight rooms in any one 
 story, dividing walls or partitions of 
 incombustible material separating 
 the rooms from the contiguous 
 spaces. 
 
 Dividing Walls in Double or Block 
 Houses 
 
 Sec. 144. In double houses or 
 

 houses in block form, not over two 
 stories high, the dividing walls 
 shall he of brick not less than 8 
 inch brick filled partition, or other 
 incombustible material, approved by 
 Building Inspector, extending from 
 the cellar to one foot above the roof 
 and two feet above flat roofs, except- 
 ing in case of steep roofs of double 
 houses, where division walls shall be 
 carried to under side of roof boards. 
 Brick Walls Around Elevator Shafts 
 
 Sec. 145. When brick walls sur- 
 round stairways, elevator shafts, shav- 
 ing pits and light shafts, they shall be 
 not less than eight inches thick, but 
 no such eight-inch wall shall be built 
 more than eighteen feet high with- 
 out lateral support or anchorage, and 
 the total height of any eight-inch 
 brick wall shall not exceed fifty feet. 
 Calculating Strength of Piers and 
 Portions of Walls 
 
 Sec. 146. In calculating the 
 strength of isolated piers or divi- 
 sions forming portions of walls, the 
 least dimension shall be considered 
 in determining the loads which such 
 piers may carry. If outside walls 
 are of pier construction, the piers 
 shall be graded in size according to 
 weights to be carried, but not less 
 than sixteen inches thick for upper 
 story and shall increase four inches 
 for each two stories below, they 
 shall also be graded as to width of 
 face according to span of bays. 
 
 Such piers shall have a width of 
 twenty-four inches for an eight foot 
 bay, measuring from center to cen- 
 ter of pier, and shall increase four 
 inches in face width, for each two 
 feet or fraction thereof that the 
 width of the bay is increased. Cur- 
 tain or panels between piers shall 
 be of brick and at least eight inches 
 thick. 
 
 Height of Isolated Brick Pier 
 
 Sec. 147. No isolated brick pier 
 shall be built whose height exceeds 
 eight times its least dimensions, and 
 any such pier where receiving con- 
 centrated loads, shall have suitable 
 bearing blocks of stone or iron, so 
 proportioned as properly to distri- 
 bute the load to come upon it. 
 
 Construction 
 
 All isolated piers shall be built of 
 cut stone, Portland cement, con- 
 crete, or good, hard, well-burnt 
 brick laid in Portland cement. 
 
 Piers Faced 
 
 Sec. 148. In case piers are faced 
 with pressed brick, they shall be so 
 laid as to have proper bearings of 
 mortar under each pressed brick, so 
 that the strength of the pier may be 
 fully maintained on all sides, the 
 central part of the pier shall be laid 
 in Portland cement. 
 
 Brick in Piers — How Laid 
 
 Sec. 149. Brick piers shall be 
 built of good, hard, well-burnt brick 
 of uniform size, laid' in cement or 
 lime mortar, with uniform joints 
 throughout facing and backing, and 
 of sufficient size to carry safely the 
 
 I load which they are intended to car- 
 ry. Each course of brick shall be 
 laid over the whole surface of the 
 pier and each brick shall be thor- 
 oughly surrounded by mortar, ar.d 
 all shall be -properly bonded, and the 
 joints slushed full of mortar before 
 the next course shall fie laid. The 
 top of tilie pier, when finished, shall 
 be level for the cap stone, plate, or 
 other covering. 
 
 Dividing partitions in double fiouses 
 or buildings in block form 
 
 Setc. 150. The division walls be- 
 tween stairs or stores and living 
 rooms shall be of brick not less 
 than eight inches thick or other 
 fireproof materials, approved by the 
 Building Inspector. 
 
 Openings in Fire or Party Walls — 
 Fire Doors 
 
 Sec. 151. Openings in the fire or 
 party walls of buildings shall in no 
 case exceed eight feet in width, nor 
 ten feet in height, and above each 
 such opening there shall be a cur- 
 tain wall between the top of the 
 opening and the ceiling line of at 
 least three feet. The opening shall 
 be provided with approved automatic 
 self-closing standard fireproof doors 
 on fioth sides of the wall. 
 
 Public Stairhalls Inclosed How 
 Sec. 152. Public stairhalls and 
 cellar stairs in apartment blocks, or 
 
tenement buildings, siball be inclosed, 
 by brick walls, or walls of incom- 
 bustible materials of equal fire re- 
 sisting capacity, and openings to 
 separate apartments or tenements 
 shall be by approved fire doors, and 
 no transom shall be allowed. 
 
 Walls of Light Shafts How Construc- 
 ted — Two Feet Above Roof 
 
 Sec. 153. In every building here- 
 after erected or altered, all walls or 
 partitions forming interior light or 
 vent shafts, shall be constructed of 
 brick or of other incombustible ma- 
 terials, approved by the Building 
 Inspector. 
 
 The walls of all light or vent 
 shafts, whether pxterior or interior, 
 shall extend at least two feet above 
 the roof, shall be of brick, hollow 
 tile or other fireproof material ap- 
 proved by the Building Inspector, 
 and covered with a ventilating sky- 
 light with openings equal to area of 
 shaft. 
 
 Shaft Windows — Supports of Shafts 
 
 Sec. 154. The windows in said 
 shafts shall have metal frames and 
 sash and wire glass. Ceiling lights 
 under shafts shall have wire glass in 
 metal frame. Where shafts start 
 above the first floor, they shall be 
 supported by steel beams. 
 
 Walls of Dumb Waiters, etc. 
 
 Sec. 155. Walls of dumb waiter, 
 clothes sliutes, or other similar 
 shafts must be built of or lined with 
 incombustible material, and shall be 
 provided with an approved metal 
 clad door at each opening. 
 
 Ash Fits 
 
 Sec. 15 6. All receptacles for ash- 
 es shall be of galvanized iron, brick, 
 or other incombustible material. 
 When the ash pit is located in a base- 
 ment or cellar, it shall have brick 
 walls at least eight inches in thick- 
 ness, and if the fioor over the same 
 is of wood, such pit Shall be covered 
 over with either brick, arching stone, 
 or concrete not less than four inches 
 thick with four inches of air space 
 between the covering of pit and the 
 ceiling, except for pits built directly 
 under the trimmer arches of hearts. 
 
 No person shall store asihes on a 
 wooden floor or in close proximity to 
 
 any woodwork, whatever. 
 
 Rake Ovens — How Installed 
 
 Sec. 158. Bake ovens shall rest 
 on solid foundations or steel beams; 
 the sides and ends shall be at least 
 two feet from any woodwork, and 
 the crown or arch at least four feet 
 fiom ceilings that have wood joists. 
 The hearth in front of al'l bake ovens 
 shall extend at le .at three and one- 
 half feet beyond the face thereof. All 
 woodwork over ovens shall be pro- 
 tected by plastering or metal. 
 
 Shaving Fils 
 
 Sec. 158. Shaving pits in all fac- 
 tories where wood-working machin- 
 ery is used shall be constructed of 
 brick, stone, or other incombustible 
 .material, and shall be separated 
 from the boiler room by standard 
 are doors with bottom sill at least 
 twelve inches above the fioor of 
 boiler room. All such factories shall 
 have metal chutes leading to said 
 shaving pits from each wood-work- 
 ing machine. 
 
 Walls of Kiln Drys 
 
 Sec. 159. Walls of kiln drys 
 shall be constructed of brick or of 
 other incombustible materials. 
 .Smoke Houses— Protection — Walls 
 
 Sec. 160. All smoke houses shall 
 be of ifireproof (construction, with 
 brick walls, iron doors and brick or 
 metal roof. 
 
 An iron guard shall ibe placed over 
 and not less than three feet above 
 the grate, and the hanging rails shall 
 be of iron, and an iron grating shall 
 be placed under the first row of 
 hanging rails, and be not less than 
 eight feet above the floor of the fire- 
 pit. 
 
 The walls of all smoke houses 
 shall be built at least three feet 
 higher than the roof of the building 
 in which they are located, and shall be 
 not less than twelve inches in thick- 
 ness and be coped with stone or its 
 equivalent. 
 
 Walls of Drying Rooms. 
 
 Sec. 161. All walls, ceilings, and 
 partitions inclosing drying rooms, 
 when not made of fireproof material, 
 shall be wire lathed and plastered, 
 or covered with metal, tile, or other 
 hard incombustile material. 
 
\ 
 
 21 
 
 feet in front of it. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 BOILER, OVENS, AND HEATING 
 APPARATUS. 
 
 Flue Connections 
 
 Sec. 162. All boilers, furnaces, 
 fireplaces, ovens, and all other heat- 
 ing apparatus mentioned under this 
 chapter shall be properly connected 
 with a flue, chimney, or stack as di- 
 rect and within the shortest distance 
 possible. 
 
 Temporary Heaters — Installation 
 
 Sec. 163. Temporary heaters foi 
 use during the erection of buildings 
 shall be placed upon a layer of brick 
 •jr a bed of sand four inches thick 
 with legs resting oh brick, and shall 
 not be set within five feet of any 
 woodwork, and shall be protected 
 with a sheet-iron pan underneath, 
 projecting at least six inches beyond 
 the sides of the heater. 
 
 Brick Set Boilers — 10 H. P. Portable 
 Boilers 
 
 Sec. 164. No brick set boiler for 
 the generation of hot water, or steam 
 for heating or power, or any portable 
 power boiler or engine over ten 
 horse power, shall be placed on any 
 wood or combustible beam or floor 
 Portable Boilers — Installation — A sh 
 Pans — Ash Pans in Front — Wood 
 
 Ceilings and Beams Protected — 
 Combustible Partitions 
 Protected. 
 
 Sec. 165. Wood or combustible 
 floor and beams under and not less 
 than three feet in front and one 
 foot on the sides of all portable boil- 
 ers shall be protected by a suitable 
 trick foundation of not less than 
 tv o courses of brick well laid in 
 mortar on sheet iron and asbestos 
 board; the said sheet iron and as- 
 bes ; os shall extend at least twenty- 
 fou** inches outside of the foundation 
 at ti e sides and front. Bearing lines 
 of brick, laid on flat with air spaces 
 between them, shall be placed on 
 the foundation to support a cast iron 
 ash pan of suitable thickness, on 
 which the base of the bo'ler shall be 
 placed, and shall have a flange turn- 
 ed up in the front and on the sides, 
 four inches 'high. Said pan be in 
 width not less than the base of the 
 boiler, and shall extend at least two 
 
 If a boiler is supported on a cast 
 nonbase, with the bottom of requir- 
 ed thickness for an ash pan, and is 
 placed on bearing lines of brick in 
 the same manner as specified for an 
 ash pan, then an ash pan shall be 
 placed in front of the said base and 
 shall not be required to extend un- 
 der it. 
 
 All wood ceilings and beams over 
 and lip to a distance of not less than 
 four feet in front of all boilers shall 
 be shielded with plaster or metal. 
 The distance from the top of the 
 boiler to said shield Shall be not less 
 than twelve inches. 
 
 No combustible partition shall be 
 within four feet of the sides and 
 back and six feet from the front of 
 any boiler, unless said partition shall 
 be covered with metal over asbestos 
 to the height of at least three feet 
 above the floor, and shall extend 
 from the end or hack of the boiler 
 to at least five feet in front of it; 
 then the distance shall be not less 
 than two feet from the sides and five 
 feet from the front of the boiler. 
 High Pressure Boilers Located 
 Where 
 
 Sec. 166. No boiler for the gener- 
 ation of more than ten horse power 
 shall be placed in any frame build- 
 ing. Boilers "of more than ten and 
 less than seventy-five horse power 
 shall not be located within eight 
 feet of any frame building; if more 
 than seventy-five and less than 250 
 horse power, they shall be at least 
 twenty feet distant from any frame 
 building, and if of greater capacity 
 than 250 horse power, they shall not 
 be less than thirty feet distant. 
 Boiler and Fuel Rooms 'Where Lo- 
 cated — Openings — Roilcr and 
 Fuel Rooms in Buildings 
 
 Sec. 167. Boiler and fuel rooms 
 and smoke houses, which may here- 
 after be constructed, shall be located 
 not less than eight feet distant from 
 any other building and shall be built 
 throughout of incombustible mater- 
 ial. All the openings to such boiler 
 and fuel rooms and smoke houses, if 
 same are located within thirty feet 
 of any other building, shall have. 
 
22 
 
 shutters and doors of metal, or wood 
 covered with metal on both sides and 
 edges. 
 
 Boiler and fuel rooms, when con- 
 structed in buildings, shall be sep- 
 arately inclosed in brick walls so ar- 
 ranged that all openings between 
 them and other parts of the building 
 will be securely closed with fire 
 doors at the end of each day’s work. 
 Boiler Rooms, etc., Not Provided for 
 in Code Board to Prescribe 
 
 Sec. 1G8. If any question should 
 arise relating to boiler rooms, fuel 
 rooms, and rooms containing gas or 
 gasoline engines, for which there is 
 no provision in this Code, the Build- 
 ing Inspector shall have full power 
 to act, and his decision in the matter 
 shall be of the same effect as if con- 
 tained in this Code. 
 
 Brick Set Hot Air Furnaces — Covers 
 — Walls 
 
 Sec. 169. All brick set hot air 
 furnaces shall have two covers, with 
 an air space of at least four inches 
 between them; the inner cover of 
 the hot air chamber shall be either 
 a brick arch or two courses of brick 
 laid on galvanized iron or tin, sup- 
 ported on iron bars; tbe outside cov- 
 er, which is the top of the furnace, 
 shall he made of brick or metal sup- 
 ported on iron bars, and so con- 
 structed as to be perfectly tight, and 
 shall be not less than twelve inches 
 below any combustible ceiling or 
 floor beams. 
 
 The walls of the furnace shall be 
 built hollow in the following man- 
 ner; one inner and one outer wall, 
 each four inches in thickness, prop- 
 erly bonded together, with an air 
 space of not less than two inches 
 between them. 
 
 Portable Hot Air Furnaces — Instal- 
 lation 
 
 Sec. 170. All portable hotair fur- 
 naces shall have a double cased 
 jacket of not less than No. 26 iron 
 from the base to the top of casting, 
 with an air space of at least one 
 Inch between, and shall be placed 
 at least two feet from any wood or 
 combustible partition or ceiling, un- 
 less the partitions and ceilings are 
 properly protected by a metal shield, 
 
 when the distance shall not be less 
 than one foot. 
 
 Wood Floors Protected 
 
 Wood floors under all portable 
 furnaces shall be protected by two 
 courses of brick work well laid in 
 mortar on sheet iron. Said brick 
 work shall extend at least two feet 
 beyond the furnace in front of the 
 ash pan and lower course 'bricks 
 shall be spaced so as to allow ven- 
 tilation. 
 
 Cold Air Boxes — Construction 
 
 Sec. 171. The cold air boxes of 
 ?11 hot air furnaces shall be made 
 cf metal, brick, or other incombusti- 
 ble material, for a distance at least 
 ten feet from the furnace, and shall 
 be so constructed as to be kept free 
 from dust. 
 
 Changes in Heating Appliances 
 
 Sec. 172. In cases where hot wa- 
 ter, steam, hot air, or other heating 
 appliances or furnaces are hereafter 
 placed in any building, or flues or 
 fireplaces are changed or enlarged, 
 clue notice shall first be given to 
 the Building Inspector by the person 
 cr persons placing the said furnace 
 or furnaces in said building, or by 
 the contractor or superintendent of 
 laid work. 
 
 Kitchen Range — Wood to be 
 Protected — Ranges on Combusti- 
 ble Floors — Wood Ceilings 
 Guarded — Ventilating Hood 
 Over Ranges 
 
 Sec. 173. Where a kitchen range 
 is placed within six inches of a wood 
 wainscot or wood partition, the said 
 wood-work should be shielded with 
 metal from the floor to the height of 
 not less than two feet higher than 
 the range. 
 
 All ranges on wood or combufitible 
 floors and beams that are not sup- 
 ported on legs and have ash pans 
 three inches or more above their 
 base, shall be set on zinc or brick 
 or cement foundations. 
 
 'No range shall be placed against 
 a furred wall. 
 
 All wood ceilings over all large 
 ranges, and ranges in hotels and 
 restaurants, shall be guarded by 
 metal hoods placed at least nine In- 
 ches below the (ceiling. 
 
 i 
 
A ventilating pipe connected with 
 a hood over a range shall be at least 
 nine inches from all lath and plaster 
 or woodwork and shielded. If the 
 pipe is less than nine inches from 
 lath and plaster and woodwork, then 
 the pipe shall be covered with one- 
 half inch of asbestos plaster or 
 other incombustible covering. No 
 ventilating pipe connected with a 
 hood over a range shall pass 
 through any floor unless protected. 
 
 Laundry Stoves — I nstallation 
 
 Sec. 174. Laundry stoves on wood 
 or combustible floors shall have zin: 
 or a course of brick, laid on metal, 
 on the floor under and extended 
 twenty-four inches on all sides of 
 them. All stoves for cooking and 
 •heating purposes, shall be properly 
 supported on iron legs resting on the 
 floor one foot from all lath and plas- 
 ter or two feet from woodwork; if 
 the lath and plaster or woodwork is 
 properly protected by a metal shield 
 then the distance shall be not less 
 than one foot A metal shield shall 
 be placed under and twelve inches 
 in front of the ash pan of all stoves 
 that are placed on wood floors. 
 
 Tjow Gas Stoves — Open Gas Stoves — 
 
 Gas Burners Prohibited When 
 — Vent Pipes 
 
 Sec. 175. All low gas stoves shall 
 be placed on iron stands, or the 
 burners shall be at least six inches 
 above the base of the stove, and 
 metal guard plates placed four inch- 
 es below the burners, and all wood- 
 work under them s/ball be covered 
 with metal. Open gas stoves shall 
 be isolated in the same manner as 
 provided for stoves; if properly air 
 insulated within themselves, shall be 
 placed two feet distant from all un- 
 protected woodwork, or one-foot 
 from plastered stud partitions. 
 
 The use of gas burners or heaters, 
 located in a floor-system under an 
 open register, or on the outside of 
 the firepot of any hot air furnace, in 
 which the products of combustion 
 are allowed to escape into a room, 
 is hereby 'prohibited, and all such 
 burners or heaters so located shall 
 be removed within forty days after 
 ♦be passage of this Code. 
 
 Gas Log, Grate, Etc. 
 
 Sec. 176. No gas log, gas grate, 
 or other fireplace heater shall he 
 installed in any building except in a 
 brick fireplace connected with a 
 chimney flue, unless in the opinion 
 of the Building Inspector a fireplace 
 and flue are unnecessary. 
 
 Core and Annealing Ovens — Instal- 
 lation. 
 
 Sec. 177. All core and annealing 
 ovens, or any portable smelting fur- 
 naces, shall be set on incombustible 
 hearths with an air space of at least 
 five inches between hearths and the 
 bottom of such ovens or furnaces. 
 The construction of hearths and 
 protection of surrounding woodwork 
 shall he the same as prescribed for 
 portable boilers, or hot air furnaces. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 STOVE AND SMOKE PIPES. 
 Stove and Smoke Pipes Nine Inches 
 From Woodwork 
 
 Sec. 178. No stove or smoke 
 pipe or any pipe conducting the 
 products of combustion from any 
 range, oven, or heater shall be con- 
 cealed in any wood partition or be 
 placed nearer than nine inches to 
 an unprotected lath and plaster or 
 hoard partition, ceiling, or any 
 woodwork. 
 
 *<arge Smoke Pipes Twenty Inches 
 
 From Woodwork — Extra Large 
 Smoke Pipes Three Feet 
 From Woodwork 
 
 Sec. 179. Smoke pipes of greater 
 diameter than twelve inches and less 
 area than six square feet, must be 
 at least twenty inches from any 
 woodwork, unless the same is prop- 
 erly protected by a shield, in which 
 case the distance shall not be less 
 than twelve inches. 
 
 Smoke pipes of larger area than 
 six square feet shall be kept at least 
 three feet distant from any woodwork, 
 unless the same is properly protected 
 by a shield, in which case the dis- 
 tance shall not be less than eighteen 
 inches. 
 
 Metal Shields — Size. 
 
 Sec. 180. The metal shields pres- 
 cribed in the previous section shall 
 be at least twice the diameter of the 
 pipe in width and shall have a ven- 
 
24 
 
 tilated air &pace of at least one in!ch 
 between shield and woodwork. 
 
 Sec. 181. No wood casing, fur- 
 ring, or lath shall be placed against 
 or cover any smoke flue or metal 
 pipe used to convey hot air or steam. 
 No Wood Around Flues, etc. — Smoke 
 Pipes of Large Stoves 
 Seic. 182. Smoke pipes of large 
 laundry stoves, large cooking ranges, | 
 and of furnaces shall not be less 
 than fifteen inches from any wood- 
 work, unless they are properly 
 guarded by metal shields; if so 
 guarded such pipes shall be not less 
 than nine inches distant. 
 
 Smoke Pipes Through Roofs — Roof 
 Protected- — Thimble 
 Sec. 183. No smoke pipe shall 
 pass through the wooden roof of any 
 building unless a special permit be 
 first obtained from the Building In- 
 spector for the same. If a permit is 
 so granted, then the roof through 
 which the smoke pipe passes shall 
 be protected in the following man- 
 ner: A galvanized iron ventilated 
 
 thimble of the following dimensions 
 shall be placed: in case of a stove 
 pipe, the diameter of the outside 
 guard shall be not less thah twelve 
 inches, and the diameter of the in- 
 ner guard eight inches larger than the 
 smoke pipe, and for all furnaces, or 
 where similar large hot fires are 
 used, the diameter of the outside 
 guard shall be not less than eighteen 
 inches and the diameter of the in- 
 ner one, twelve inches larger in 
 diameter than pipe. The smoke pipe 
 thimbles shall extend from the un- 
 der side of the ceiling or roof beams 
 to at least nine im^ies above the roof, 
 and they shall have openings for 
 ventilation at the top of the guards 
 above the roof. 
 
 Where a smoke pipe of a boiler 
 passes through a wooden roof, the 
 same shall be guarded by a ventila- 
 ted thimble same as before specified, 
 thirty-six inches larger than the 
 diameter of the smoke pipe of the 
 boiler. 
 
 Smoke Pipe Through Wood Parti- 
 tions — Smoke Pipes Connected 
 With Flue 
 
 Sec. 184. Where smoke pipes 
 
 pass through a wood or plastered 
 partition, or furred wall, or floor, 
 they shall be surrounded either by 
 a body of hard, incombustible ma- 
 terial, measuring at least four inch- 
 es all around such smoke pipe, or 
 they shall be surrounded 'by a dou- 
 ble safety thimble of sheet metal 
 made of two concentric rings of 
 sheet metal -at least one inch apart, 
 and the entire thimble so construct- 
 ed that there will be a circulation of 
 air beween the two rings forming 
 same. 
 
 No smoke pipe shall project 
 through an external wall unless con- 
 nected with a chimney or metal 
 stalck carried above the roof. 
 
 Pipes For Hot Air — Construction 
 
 Sec. 185. Where pipes are used 
 for the distribution of hot air from 
 hot air furnaces in buildings, such 
 pipes must be made of metal and 
 double, the space betweeen the two 
 metal pipes shall be at least three- 
 eighths inch; such pipes shall 'be 
 made with air tight joints and be 
 securely fastened to the partitions 
 through which they pass or in lieu 
 thereof the pipes may be covered 
 with asbestos paper, weighing not 
 less than fourteen pounds per one 
 hundred square feet, thoroughly 
 pasted to pipes and also wired every 
 two feet with copper wire, and the 
 studs and other woodwork within 
 one inch of the pipe shall be lined 
 with bright tin, and the pipes shall 
 be covered with metal lathing or 
 plaster board. 
 
 Openings For Registers 
 
 Seic. 186. The openings in floors 
 for hot air registers shall be sur- 
 rounded with borders of incombus- 
 tible material, not less than two in- 
 ches wide, firmly and securely set 
 in place. The register boxes' shall 
 be double, the distance between the 
 two thicknesses of tin being at least 
 one inch, or they can be single if 
 covered with asbestos paper and 
 woodwork lined with tin in a similar 
 manner to that specified in the para- 
 graph for the pipes. 
 
25 
 
 V 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 CHIMNEYS, FLUES, AND FIRE- 
 PLACES. 
 
 Foundations — How Built 
 
 Sec. 187. The foundations of 
 chimneys, flues and stacks, whether 
 inside or outside of buildings, or 
 whether connected with the same or 
 isolated, shall be designed and built 
 in conformity with the provisions re- 
 lating ,to foundations of buildings. 
 Chimney Construction 
 Sec. 188. All chimneys shall be I 
 built of brick, stone, or other fire- 1 
 proof material. The exterior walls | 
 cf chimneys shall be at least four 
 inches thick and constructed with a 
 suitable flue lining of terra cotta, or 
 eight inch walls without lining may 
 be used. 
 
 Chimneys Corbeled 
 Sec. 189. No chimney or fire 
 place shall be corbeled from a wall 
 more than four inches, or be hung 
 from a wall less than twelve inches 
 thick unless it projects equally on 
 each side of the wall; nor shall a 
 chimney or fire place rest upon any 
 wooden floor or beam. 
 
 Walls of Chimneys — Piers of Chim- 
 neys — Chimneys Cut Off 
 Sec. 190. The walls of all chim- 
 neys shall rest upon footings at or 
 below the level of the ground, or 
 upon a continuous support of mason- 
 ry or metal extending to footing as 
 above stated; provided, however, 
 that on written permission of the 
 Building Inspector, chimneys may be 
 built upon a footing or flooring of 
 masonry or concrete supported by 
 iron beams which have secure bear- 
 ings on masonry, iron, or steel at 
 both ends. 
 
 Where chimneys are supported by 
 piers, the piers shall start from the 
 foundation. 
 
 When a chimney is to be cut off 
 below, in whole or in part, it shall 
 be wholly supported by stone, brick, 
 iron, or steel. 
 
 Dangerous Chimneys 
 Sec. 191. All chimneys which 
 shall be dangerous in any manner 
 whatever, shall be repaired and 
 made safe, or taken down. 
 
 Smoke Flues Size 
 Sec. 192. No smoke flue shall be 
 less than eight inches by eight 
 inches. 
 
 All smoke flues shall be pro- 
 portioned to the volume of gases to 
 pass through the same. 
 
 Flue Connections Limited 
 Sec. 193. Not more than two 
 stoves or two furnaces shall be con- 
 nected with an eight inch by eight 
 inch flue, nor more than four stoves 
 cr three furnaces with an eight inch 
 by twelve inch flue. 
 
 Smoke Pipes Entering Flues 
 Sec. 194. Where smoke pipes en- 
 ter flues, the brick work must bo 
 corbeled out to the face cf the studs; 
 the part thus corbeled out shall not 
 be less than sixteen inches by sixteen 
 inches, but in no case shall such cor- 
 beling exceed the thickness of the 
 wall. 
 
 Terra Cotta Crocks 
 Sec. 195. Terra cotta crocks shall 
 be inserted for receiving all smoke 
 pipes. 
 
 Chimney Tops Above Roofs 
 Sec. 196. Tops of chimneys shall 
 extend at least three feet above flat 
 roofs, and as high as the main ridge 
 or pitched roofs, except that chim- 
 neys at or near the ridge shall ex- 
 tend to at least two feet above the 
 r'dge. 
 
 Fireplaces and Chimneys to Have 
 Joints Smooth or Lined 
 Sec. 197. All fireplaces and chim- 
 'neys in stone or brick walls in any 
 building hereafter erected, except a* 
 herein otherwise provided, and any 
 chimney, or flue hereafter altered or 
 repaired, without reference to the 
 purpose for which they may be used, 
 shall have the joints struck smooth 
 cm the inside, except when lined on 
 the inside with well-burnt clay or 
 tfrra cotta pipe. 
 
 Size of Fireplaces 
 Sec. 198. All fireplaces shall be 
 at least twenty-four inches wide, and 
 the hearth shall extend at least 
 twelve inches beyond the opening on 
 each side, and at, least eighteen 
 inches in front. 
 
 Fireplace Fire Backs 
 ' Sec. 199. The fire backs of all 
 
• 26 
 
 fire places hereafter erected shall he 
 not less than eight inches in thick- 
 ness of solid brickwork, nor less 
 than twelve inches if of stone. 
 
 Grate in Fireplace 
 
 Sec. 200. When a grate is set in 
 a fireplace, a lining of fire brick, at 
 least two inches in thickness, shall 
 be added to the fi rehack, unless soap 
 stone, tile, or cast iron is used. 
 
 Walls of High Pressure Boiler Flues 
 
 Sec. 2 Oil. The walls of all high 
 pressure boiler flues shall be not 
 less than twelve inches thick, and 
 the inside four inches of such walls 
 shall be fire brick, laid in fire mor- 
 tar, for a distance of twenty-five feet 
 from the source of heat. 
 
 Double Walls For Smoke Flues — 
 When 
 
 Sec. 202. All smoke flues of 
 smelting furnaces or of steam boil- 
 ers, or other apparatus which heat 
 the flues to a very high temperature, 
 shall be built with double walls of 
 suitable thickness with an air space 
 between the walls; the inside four 
 inches of the flues shall be of fire 
 brick, 'laid in fire mortar, for a dis- 
 tance of not less than twenty-five 
 feet from the source of 'heat. 
 
 Smoke Flues For Existing Buildings 
 
 Sec. 203. For any now existing 
 brick buifding, where it becomes 
 necessary to provide a smoke flue of 
 larger size than any flue within the 
 building, -such flue may be placed on 
 the outside of the building, and be 
 made round in shape and of Sheet 
 metal not less than one-eighth of an 
 inch in thickness, properly riveted 
 together at all joints, and carried up 
 to a height not less than ten feet 
 above the roof, and be properly 
 braced at intervals for its entire 
 length, with flat iron bands secured 
 with expansion bolts to the wall, 
 leaving a free air space of not less 
 than four inches between the out- 
 side of the metal flue and the brick 
 wall of the building, and have a 
 clean-out door at the bottom. This 
 metal flue shall rest on a suitable 
 cast iron plate at the bottom, sup- 
 ported on a suitable foundation of 
 masonry. 
 
 Iron Cupola Chimneys 
 
 Sec. 204. Iron cupola chimneys of 
 foundries shall extend at least ten 
 feet above the highest point of any 
 roof within a radius of fifty feet of 
 such cupola, and be covered on top 
 with a heavy wire netting, and 
 capped with a suitable spark ar- 
 rester. 
 
 No woodwork shall be placed 
 within two feet of the cupola. 
 Trimmer Arches For Fireplaces — 
 
 Size — Length — Wood Centers Re- 
 moved 
 
 Sec. 205. All fireplaces and chim- 
 ney breasts whether intended for 
 ordinary fireplace uses or not, shall 
 have trimmer arches to support 
 hearths, and no woodwork shall be 
 used under such arches. 
 
 The said arches shall be at least 
 eighteen inches in width, measured 
 from the face of the chimney breast, 
 and they shall be constructed of 
 brick, stone, burnt-clay, or concrete. 
 
 The length of a trimmer arch shall 
 be not less than the width of the 
 chimney breast. 
 
 Wood centers under trimmer 
 arches shall be removed before plas- 
 tering the ceiling underneath. 
 
 Heaters in Fireplaces 
 
 Sec. 206. If a heater is placed in 
 a fireplace, then the hearth shall be 
 six inches wider than the full width 
 of the heater. 
 
 All fireplaces in which heaters are 
 placed shall have incombustible 
 mantels. 
 
 Sec. 207. No wood mantel or 
 other woodwork shall be exposed 
 back of a summer piece; the iron 
 work of the summer piece shall be 
 placed against the brick or stone 
 work of the fireplace. 
 
 Summer Pieces 
 
 Sec. 208. No fireplace shall be 
 closed with a wood fire board. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 FRAME BUILDINGS. 
 
 Definition 
 
 Sec. 209. A frame building shall 
 be taken to mean a building or 
 structure of which the exterior walls 
 shall be constructed of wood. Build- 
 ings sheathed with board and par- 
 tially or entirely veneered on the 
 

 n 
 
 outside with, four inches of brick 
 work or other masonry shall be 
 deemed frame buildings. Wood 
 frames covered with metal shall be 
 leemed frame buildings. 
 
 Location on Lot 
 
 Sec. 210. Frame buildings shall 
 be located or built not less than two 
 feet from the side lines of the lot 
 upon which the same is located, 
 when such building is one story in 
 height; and at least three feet from 
 said lot lines for buildings two 
 stories in height, and at least four 
 feet from said lot lines for buildings 
 three stories in height. 
 
 Height 
 
 Sec. 211. No frame building 
 shall be hereafter erected or altered 
 over three stories in height, or to be 
 occupied by more than four families. 
 But nothing herein shall be taken to 
 prevent the construction of blocks of 
 frame buildings separated by fire 
 walls as specified in this Code. 
 
 Middle Posts Required When 
 
 Sec. 212. In all frame buildings 
 that exceed twenty-four feet in 
 depth, there shall be a middle post 
 # on each side four inches by six inches 
 in one continuous length, and if 
 buildings exceed twenty feet in 
 width, there shall also be a post the 
 same as above. 
 
 Structural Members 
 
 Sec. 213. All beams, girders, col- 
 umns, trusses, and other structural 
 members shall be proportioned of 
 sufficient strength to sustain the load 
 to be supported. In all cases suit- 
 able provisions shall be made to 
 take up and properly distribute the 
 stresses due to concentrated or ec- 
 centric loading, and also to prevent 
 danger from horizontal or vertical 
 deflection or the buckling or shear 
 of the members. 
 
 Fire Stops 
 
 Sec. 214. The space between tne 
 studs on the to<p of first floor joists 
 of outside and inside walls of all 
 frame buildings shall be closed wit! 
 two inch fire stops, shutting off all 
 spaces. On all the other floors of 
 frame buildings constructed with a 
 board girt, the spaces on the under 
 side and also on top of joists shall 
 
 be filled with a fire stop not less 
 tnan two inches thick, securely fast- 
 ened and properly fitted to fill voids 
 between outside studding. 
 Woodbeams in Buildings of Incom- 
 bustible Construction 
 Sec. 215. All wood beams and 
 other timbers in any wall of a build- 
 ing built of stone, brick, concrete, or 
 iron, shall be separated from the 
 beam or timber entering in the oppo- 
 site side of the wall by at least four 
 inches of solid mason work; such 
 separation may he obtained by cor- 
 beling or by staggering the beams. 
 Beams and Timbers Cut For Pipes — 
 Carpenter to Direet Cutting 
 Sec. 216. No beams or other tim- 
 bers shall be cut for pipes or tubes 
 in any manner which shall impair 
 the strength of the timbers; and in 
 no case shall they be cut further 
 from the bearings than twice the 
 depth of the timber. When studs 
 are cut more than one-third their 
 depth, they shall be reinforced. All 
 cutting shall be done by or under 
 the direction of the carpenter. Joints 
 shall be bored near the middle for 
 pipes, when it is impossible to place 
 them as above provided. 
 
 Drawings and Strain Sheets When 
 Furnished 
 
 Sec. 217. Drawings of all trusses 
 and special or unusual framing 
 sizes of members, shall be submitted 
 with plans and specifications to the 
 Building Inspector if requested and, 
 when required by Building Inspect- 
 or, a strain sheet showing stresses in 
 truss members shall also be sub- 
 mitted. 
 
 Interior Studding 
 Sec. 218. 0 All interior studding 
 shall be but one story in height, set 
 on caps or soles, except where parti- 
 tions are over girders; the studding 
 shall be seated on the girders and 
 have caps not less than three inches 
 thick with two inch fire stops at each 
 story. 
 
 Wood Trimmer and Header Beanie 
 Sec. 219. All wood trimmed and 
 header beams shall be proportioned 
 to carry with safety the loads they 
 are intended to sustain. 
 
28 
 
 3£nds oi Tail Beams — Beams Bev- 
 elled Back 
 
 Sec. 220. The ends of all tail 
 beams shall be properly framed or 
 thoroughly spiked into the header 
 beams. 
 
 The ends of all beams buried in 
 /masonry walls shall be bevelled back 
 not less than three inches 
 
 Joist Hangers- — AValls Anchored 
 
 Sec. 221. In all eight inch divi- 
 sion walls, joists shall not rest in 
 the wall, but shall be supported upon 
 approved joist hangers, unless the 
 wall is corbeled so as to keep the 
 ends of joists four inches apart. 
 
 Walls shall b^ anchored to ends of 
 joists every five or six feet by 
 wrought iron anchors not less than 
 one-quarter of an inch by one and 
 one-half an inch-, and not less than 
 sixteen inches long. 
 
 Walls running parallel to joists 
 shall be anchored by similar anchors 
 extending over two joists. 
 
 Wall Plates 
 
 Sec. 222. Wall plates shall be 
 
 anchored to walls every five or six 
 feet. 
 
 Woodwork 1 Inch From Chimney 
 
 Sec. 223. No timber or other 
 woodwork shall he placed within one 
 inch of the outside of the wall of 
 any chimney or flue. 
 
 Girder Ends Air Space 
 
 Sec. 224. The ends of girders 
 buried in walls shall have an air 
 space around them. 
 
 Wood Floor and Roof Beams 
 Bridged 
 
 Sec. 225. All wood floor and 
 wood roof beams shall be properly 
 bridged with cross bridging, and the 
 distance between bridging or be- 
 tween 'bridging and walla^ shall' not 
 <exc'eed eight feet. 
 
 No Wood Posts in Cellars 
 
 Sec. 2 2 6. Wood posts will not be 
 allowed in cellars of any buildings 
 over two stories in height. 
 
 Sills 
 
 Sec. 227. Sills in frame buildings 
 shall not be less than four inches by 
 six inches. 
 
 Girders 
 
 Sec. 228. Girders shall not bej 
 less than six inches by six inches and j 
 
 shall be of sufficient strength to 
 carry the superimposed load. 
 
 Temporary 1-Story Building 
 
 Sec. 22 9. Temporary one-story 
 frame buildings may be erected for 
 the uses of builders, within the limit 
 of lots whereon buildings are in 
 course of erection, or on adjoining 
 vacant lots without a permit by 
 Building Inspector. 
 
 Temporary structures shall also 
 include platforms, stands, election 
 booths, and tents. 
 
 Sheds 
 
 Sec. 230. Sheds of wood not over 
 fifteen feet high, open on at least 
 one side, may also be built, but a 
 fence shall not be used as the hack 
 or side thereof. 
 
 Such sheds may be built in isolat- 
 ed localities under such conditions 
 as the Building Inspector may pres- 
 cribe. 
 
 Fences 
 
 Sec. 231. Fences of wood shall 
 not be erected over ten feet high, 
 above the surface of the ground, and 
 shall be properly supported and 
 braced. 
 
 Signs 
 
 Sec. 232. Signs of wood shall not 
 be erected over two feet high on any 
 building, but no sign of wood shall 
 be placed above the front wall or 
 cornice or roof of any building. 
 
 Sky Signs 
 
 Sec. 223. Sky signs, or any de- 
 vice in the nature of an advertise- 
 ment, announcement, or direction, 
 constructed of sheet metal or wire 
 fastened to wood frames supported 
 upon or above or attached to any 
 building shall be deemed to be wood 
 signs. 
 
 Metal When Required 
 
 If such sky signs shall exceed two 
 feet in height, they shall be con- 
 structed entirely of metal, including 
 the uprights, supports, and braces 
 for same, and shall not be more than 
 nine feet in height above the front 
 wall or cornice or roof of the build- 
 ing or structure to which they are 
 attached or by which they are sup- 
 ported. 
 
 Permit For Signs 
 
 Sec. 234. Before any wood or 
 
metal sign shall 'be placed in position 
 upon, above or attached to the out- 
 side of any building, a permit shall 
 first be obtained from the Building 
 Inspector. Such signs shall be 30 
 constructed, placed, and supported 
 as not to be or become dangerous. 
 
 MILL CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Definition 
 
 Sec. 23'5. That form of construc- 
 tion in whioh heavy posts and gird- 
 ers with wide spacing support floors 
 and roof of heavy planking. 
 
 Size of Timbers 
 
 Sec. 236. In mill construction, no 
 timber shall be less than six inches 
 in either of its cross' dimensions. 
 
 Floor and roof planking of more 
 than five feet spans shall not be less 
 than one and three-quarter inches )n 
 thickness. 
 
 Caps For Wood Posts 
 Sec. 237. Wood posts shall have 
 iron or steel caps and bases with 
 pintle connections, or steel or iron 
 box caps with projections for receiv- 
 ing ends of girders made so that 
 girders shall be self releasing. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS, THEATRES, 
 AND PLACES OF ASSEMBLAGE. 
 
 General .Statement 
 Sec. 238. In all public buildings, 
 or buildings of a public character, 
 such as hotels, churches, theatres, 
 restaurants, railroad depots, public 
 halls, and other buildings used 
 or intended to be used for pur- 
 poses of public assemblage, amuse- 
 ment, or instruction where large 
 numbers of people are congre- 
 gated, the halls, doors, stairways, 
 seats, passageways and aisles, and 
 all lighting and heating appliances 
 and apparatus shall be arranged as 
 the Building Inspector, shall direct 
 to facilitate egress in cases of fire or 
 accident, and to afford the requisite 
 and proper accommodation for the 
 public protection in all such cases. 
 
 Aisles to be Unobstructed 
 Sec. 239 All aisle and passage- B 
 ways in said buildings shall be kept 
 free from camp-stools, chairs, 
 benches, and other obstructions, and 
 no person other than an employe or 
 policeman or fireman shall be al- 
 
 lowed to stand in or occupy any »f 
 said aisles or passageways, .during 
 any performance, service, exhibition, 
 lecture, concert, ball, or any public 
 assemblage. 
 
 Inspector May Make Orders. 
 
 Bee. 240. The Building Inspector 
 may at any time serve a written or 
 printed notice upon the owner, 
 lessee, or manager of any of said 
 buildings, directing any act or thing 
 to be done or provided in or about 
 the said buildings and the several 
 appliances therewith connected such 
 .as halls, doors, stairs, windows, 
 seats, 'aisles, fire-walls, fire appa- 
 ratus, and fire-escapes as he may 
 deem necessary. 
 
 Sec. 241. Nothing herein con- 
 tained shall be construed to author- 
 ize or require any other alterations 
 to theatres existing prior to the date 
 of this Code than are specified in 
 this chapter. 
 
 Buildings Subject to Provisions 
 
 Sec. 24 2. Every theatre or opera- 
 house, or other building intended 0 
 be used for theatrical or entertain- 
 ment purposes, or for public resort 
 or entertainments of any kind, here- 
 after erected, shall be built to com- 
 ply with the requirements >bf the 
 Building Code recommended by the 
 National Board of Fire Underwrit- 
 ers, New York, fourth edition and 
 revised 1915, and which is hereby 
 made part of this code. 
 
 Staircase 
 
 Sec. 243. The staircase from the 
 upper balcony to the next below shall 
 be not less than thirty inches in 
 width in the clear, and from the 
 first balcony to the ground, three 
 feet in width in the clear, where the 
 seating capacity of the auditorium is 
 for one thousand people or less, 
 three feet six inches in the clear 
 'rhere exceeding one thousand and 
 not more than eighteen hundred, 
 four feet in the clear where exceed- 
 ing eighteen hundred people. 
 
 Number of Exits 
 
 Sec. 244. Every theatre or public 
 building accommodating three hun- 
 dred persons shall have at least two 
 exits; where accommodating five 
 hundred persons, at least three exits 
 
30 
 
 snail be provided. 
 
 Doorways — Width 
 
 Sec. 245. Doorways of exit or en- 
 trance for the use of the public shall 
 be not less than 'live feet in width, 
 not including the fire exit doorways, 
 and for every additional one hun- 
 dred persons or fraction thereof in 
 excess of five hundred, to be accom- 
 modated, an aggregate of twenty 
 inches additional exit width must be 
 provided. 
 
 Doors Open Outwardly 
 All doors of exit or entrance shall 
 open outwardly and be hung to 
 swing in such a manner as not to 
 become an obstruction in a passage 
 or corridor, and no such door shall 
 be closed or locked when the build- 
 ing is open to the public. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 CONCRETE BLOCKS. 
 
 tfse of Concrete Blocks 
 Sec. 24 6. Hollow concrete build- 
 ing blocks may be used for buildings 
 five stories or less in height where 
 said use is approved by the Building 
 Inspector; provided, however, that 
 such blocks shall be composed of at 
 least one part of standard Portland 
 cement, and not to exceed five parts 
 of clean, coarse, sharp sand or 
 gravel, or a mixture of at least one 
 part of Portland cement to five parts 
 of crushed rock or other suitable 
 aggregate. Provided, further, that 
 this section shall not permit the use 
 of hollow blocks in party walls. Said 
 party walls must be built solid. 
 
 Material 
 
 Sec. 247. All material shall be 
 of such fineness as to pass a one-half 
 inch ring and be free from dirt or 
 foreign matter. The material com- 
 posing such blocks shall be properly 
 mixed and manipulated, and the hol- 
 low space in said blocks shall not 
 exceed the percentage given in the 
 following table for different height 
 walls, and in no case shall the walls 
 cr webs of the block be less in 
 thickness than one-fourth of the 
 height. The figures given in the ta- 
 ble represent the percentage of such 
 hollow space for different height 
 walls. 
 
 Stories 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 4th 
 
 5th 
 
 3 and 4 . . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 
 1 and 2 . . . 
 
 . 33 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 5 ... 
 
 . 20 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 Thickness of Walls 
 Sec. 248. The thickness >of walls 
 for any building where hollow con- 
 crete blocks are used shall not be 
 less than is required by this Code of 
 brick walls. 
 
 Hollow Block Facing Bonded to 
 Backing 
 
 Sec. 249. Where the face only is 
 cf hollow concrete building blocks, 
 and the backing is of brick, the fac- 
 ing of hollow concrete blocks must 
 te strongly bonded to the brick 
 either with headers * projecting 
 four inches into the brick work, 
 every fourth course being a heading 
 course, or with approved ties; no 
 brick backing shall be less than 
 eight inches. Where the walls are 
 made entirely of hollow concrete 
 blocks, but where said blocks have 
 not the same width as the wall, every 
 fifth course shall extend through the 
 wall forming a secure bond. All 
 walls, where blocks are used, shall 
 be laid up in Portland cement mor- 
 tar; two parts sand, one part Port- 
 land cement. 
 
 Age Before Using 
 Sec. 250. All hollow concrete 
 building blocks, before being used in 
 the construction of any building in 
 the Town of Milford, shall have at- 
 tained the age of at least four weeks, 
 or one week, if steam cured at least 
 thirty-six hours. 
 
 Blocks Made Solid When 
 Sec. 251. Wherever gkrders or 
 joists rest upon walls so that there 
 is a concentrated load on the block 
 of over one ton, the blocks support- 
 ing the girder or joists must be 
 made solid. Where such concen- 
 trated load shall exceed three tons, 
 the blocks for two courses below and 
 for a distance extending at least 
 eighteen inches each side of said 
 girder, shall be made solid. Where 
 the load on the wall from the girder 
 exceeds five tons, the blocks for 
 three courses beneath it shall be 
 made solid with similar material as 
 in the blocks. Wherever walls are 
 
V 
 
 31 
 
 decreased in thickness, the top 
 course of the thicker shall be solid. 
 
 Loads on Hollow Blocks 
 Sfec. 252. Provided, always, that 
 no wall, or any part thereof, com- 
 posed of hollow concrete blocks, 
 shall be loaded to an excess of eight 
 tons per superficial foot of the area 
 of such blocks, including the weight 
 of the wall, and no blocks shall be 
 used that have an average crushing 
 strength of less than one thousand 
 pounds per square inch of area at the 
 age of twenty-eight days; no deducr 
 tion shall be made in figuring the 
 area for the hollow spaces. 
 
 Piers Solid When 
 Sec. 253. All piers and buttresses 
 that support loads in excess of five 
 tons, shall be built of solid concrete 
 blocks for such distance below as 
 may be required by the Building In- 
 spector. Concrete lintels and sills 
 shall be reinforced by iron or steel 
 rods in a manner satisfactory to the 
 Building Inspector, and any lintels 
 spanning over four feet six inches in 
 the clear shall rest on solid concrete 
 blocks. 
 
 Blocks to be Tested 
 
 Sec. 254. Provided, that no hol- 
 low concrete building blocks shall be 
 used in the construction of any 
 building in the Town of Milford un- 
 less the maker of said blocks has 
 submitted the product to the full 
 test required by the Building In- 
 spector and placed on file with said 
 Building Inspector a certificate from 
 a reliab’e testing laboratory showing 
 that samples from the lot of blocks 
 to be used have successfully passed 
 the requirements of the Building In- 
 spector, and filing a full copy of the 
 test with the Board. 
 
 Inspector May Require Tests 
 Sec. 255. The manufacturer and 
 user of any such hollow concrete 
 blocks, as are mentioned in this reg- 
 ulation, or either of them shall, at 
 any and all times, have made such 
 tests of the cements used in making 
 such blocks, or such further tests of 
 the completed blocks, or of each of 
 these, at their own expense, and 
 vnder the supervision of the Build- 
 ing Inspector as he shall require. 
 
 Portland Cement Used 
 
 Sec. 256. The cement used in 
 making said blocks shall he Portland 
 cement, and must be capable of pass- 
 ing the minimum requirements as 
 set forth in the “Standard Specifica- 
 tions for Cement” by the American 
 Society for Testing Materials. 
 Regulations Apply to New Materials 
 v Sec. 257. These regulations shall 
 apply to all such new materials as 
 are used in building construction, in 
 the same manner and for the same 
 purposes, as stone, brick and con- 
 crete are now authorized by the 
 Building Laws, when said new mate- 
 rial to be substituted departs from 
 the general shape apd dimensions of 
 ordinary building brick, and more 
 particularly to that form of building 
 material known as “Hollow Concrete 
 Block” manufactured from cement 
 and a certain addition of sand, 
 crushed stone, or similar material. 
 Applications for Use of New Mate- 
 rials 
 
 Sec. 258. Before any such mate- 
 rial is used in buildings, an applica- 
 tion for its use and for a test of the 
 seme must be filed with the Building 
 Inspector. A description of the ma- 
 terial and a brief outline of its man- 
 ufacture and proportions of the ma- 
 terials used must be embodied in the 
 application. 
 
 Kinds of Tests 
 
 Sec. 259. The material must be 
 subjected to the following tests: 
 Transverse, Compression, Absorp- 
 tion, Freezing, and Fire. Additional 
 tests may be called for when, in the 
 judgment of the Building Inspector, 
 the same may be necessary. All 
 such tests must be made in some 
 laboratory of recognized standing 
 under the supervision of the Build- 
 ing Inspector. The tests will be 
 made at the expense of the applicant. 
 
 Result of Tests Filed 
 
 Sec. 260. The results of the tests, 
 whether satisfactory or not, must be 
 filed with the Building Inspector. 
 They shall be open to inspection up- 
 on application to the Building In- 
 spector. 
 
 Number of Samples for Tests 
 
 Sec. 261. For the purposes of the 
 
tests, at least twenty samples or test 
 pieces must be provided. Such sam- 
 ples must represent the ordinary 
 commercial product. They may be 
 selected from the stock by the Build- 
 ing Inspector or his representative, 
 or may be made in his presence, at 
 his discretion. The samples must be 
 of the regular size and shape used 
 in construction. 
 
 In cases where the material is 
 made and used in special shapes and 
 forms, too heavy for testing in the 
 ordinary machines, smaller sized 
 specimens shall be used as may be 
 d ; rected by the Building Inspector, 
 to determine the physical character- 
 istic specified in this chapter. 
 
 When Tested 
 
 Sec. 262. The samples may be 
 tested as soon as desired by the ap- 
 plicant, but in no case later than 
 sixty days after manufacture. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 PLUMBING. 
 
 I.icense — Bond to Be Filed — License 
 Fee 
 
 Sec. 263. Any person, persons or 
 corporation desiring to engage in 
 the business of plumbing as a master 
 plumber, or master plumbers, before 
 receiving a license to do so, shall 
 file in the office of the Building In- 
 spector, a petition in writing, giving 
 the name of the person, persons, firm 
 or corporation, and the place of busi- 
 ness of said person, persons, firm or 
 corporation petitioning to become a 
 licensed master plumber or master 
 plumbers, and agreeing that he or 
 they will abide by the rules and reg- 
 ulations of the Building Inspector 
 and the town ordinance. Before re- 
 ceiving a license the applicant shall 
 execute and deposit in the office of 
 the Building Inspector, a good and 
 sufficient bond payable to the Town 
 of Milford, to be approved by sahl 
 Building Inspector, in the sum of 
 $1,000 conditioned that said appli- 
 cant will indemnify and save harm- 
 less the Town of Milford and the 
 Building Inspector of and from all 
 accidents or damages caused by him 
 or them in any work done by virtue 
 of his or their said license. Said 
 petition shall be accompanied by a 
 
 license fee of ten dollars, to be paid 
 into ihe treasury of the Town of Mil- 
 ford, whereupon said Building In- 
 spector shall issue to said applicant 
 a license to engage in the business 
 of master plumber or master plumb- 
 ers. 
 
 Definitions 
 
 Sec. 264. The following terms 
 f hall have the meanings respectively 
 assigned to them: 
 
 Repair of Leaks shall mean such 
 repairs as are necessary to protect 
 property, but do not involve any 
 change in construction. 
 
 Y Branches shall mean a branch 
 of sufficient angle to direct the flow 
 and prevent backing up. 
 
 Air Pipes or Back Air Pipes shall 
 mean air pipes from traps that ex- 
 tend toward the main soil pipe or 
 the cuter air and connect with not 
 more than three traps. 
 
 Vent Pipes shall mean general 
 lines of back air pipes connecting 
 with more than three fixtures. 
 
 Drain shall mean that part of the 
 drainage system of a building ex- 
 tending through basement or cellar 
 to sewer. 
 
 Soil Pipe shall mean that part of 
 the drainage system of a building, 
 of four inches or more internal 
 diameter, between basement or cellar 
 and the highest fixture in the build- 
 ing. 
 
 Ventilation Pipe shall mean the 
 extension of the soil pipe from the 
 highest fixture to and through the 
 rcof. 
 
 Surface Drain shall mean a con- 
 nection w T ith drain in the basement 
 to allow egress of surface water or 
 overflow. 
 
 Fixture shall mean any receptacle 
 or outlet placed for the purpose of 
 disposing of waste water or other 
 matter and connecting with the 
 waste, soil, or drain pipe of a build- 
 ing. 
 
 Permits Obtained When 
 
 Sec. 265. Every plumber, before 
 doing any work in any building, shall, 
 except in the case of repair of leaks, 
 file in the office of the Building In- 
 spector, upon blanks for that pur- 
 pose, an application for a permit, 
 
V 
 
 and a plan or sketch of the work to I brass ferrules and soldering nipples 
 be performed; and no such work shall jshall be full size wiped soldered 
 
 be done in any building without a 
 written permit from the Building In- 
 spector. 
 
 Sewer Connection — Cesspools 
 Sec. 266. The plumbing of every 
 building shall be separately and in- 
 dependently connected outside the 
 
 branch, round or flange joints. Soil 
 and waste pipes shall have proper 
 “T-Y” or “Y” branches for all fix- 
 ture connections. No connections to 
 lead bends for water-closets or slop 
 sinks shall be permitted, except the 
 required back air pipe where a con- 
 
 building with the public sewer, ifjtinuous vent is not pVacticable. 
 
 such sewer is provided, or with a 
 proper and sufficient private drain or 
 sewer laid outside of the building, 
 and if a sewer is not accessible, 
 with a proper cesspool or sewer dis- 
 posal plant. Several buildings may 
 have a common sewer connection if 
 such connection is approved by the 
 Building Inspector. 
 
 No cesspool or disposal plant shall 
 be placed nearer than 15 feet to any 
 residence. 
 
 Pipes Inspected Before Covered 
 
 Tests 
 
 Sec. 267. Pipes or fixtures shall 
 not be covered or concealed from 
 view until approved by the Building 
 Inspector, who shall examine or test 
 the same within two working days 
 after notice that they are ready for 
 inspection. Plumbing shall not be 
 used unless when roughed in, the 
 waste, vents, and back air pipes] and 
 
 Earthenware Traps 
 Sec. 269. All earthenware traps 
 must have heavy brass floor plates, 
 soldered to the lead bends, or, where 
 brass or iron pipes are used, to be 
 screwed to the same and bolted to 
 the trap flange, and the joint to be 
 made gas tight without the use of 
 red or white lead or any similar 
 substance or rubber washers, the use 
 of which, in the making of said con- 
 nections, is hereby prohibited, and 
 no device for such connections will 
 be permitted to be used unless it has 
 been approved by the Building In- 
 spector, 
 
 Traps Protected From Syphonage — 
 Air Pipes For Waterciosets — 
 Size of Air Pipes 
 Sec. 270. Traps shall be protect- 
 ed from syphonage or air pressure 
 by lead, galvanized iron, or brass 
 air pipes of a size not less than one 
 
 traps are first tested by water or suf-| and one ~haIf inches for traps of two 
 ficient air pressure in the presence l inclies or Jess » and ’ two inches for 
 of an inspector, when such testing | traps lar & er than two inches, and 
 
 is practicable. 
 
 After all fixtures are connected 
 and in place the entire system shall 
 be tested in the presence of the 
 Building Inspector or his representa- 
 tive, by the peppermint test, smoke 
 test or other method approved 
 the Building Inspector. 
 
 by 
 
 larger. Back air pipes shall con- 
 nect with the top of traps or as near 
 the top as practicable. 
 
 Air pipes for water-closet traps 
 shall be connected to the highest 
 point of bend or trap, closet bend 3 
 to be back-aired where there is 
 
 ... is more 
 
 ■ than one closet in the same line, and 
 
 Waste Pipes to Have Separate Trap may ^ ° f two inch bore if for no 
 
 * — Bipe Connections 
 Sec. 268. The waste pipe of ev- 
 ery independent sink, basin, bath 
 tub, water-closet, slop hopper, ur 
 inal, or other fixture shall be fur- 
 nished with a separate trap, which 
 
 shall be placed 
 
 as near as practi- 
 
 cable to the fixture which.it serves. 
 
 All connections on lead waste and 
 back air pipes and of lead pipes to 
 
 more -than four fixtures and less 
 than forty feet in length; if for more 
 than four fixtures or more than 
 forty feet in length, they shall be 
 of larger bore. 
 
 Air pipes shall he run as direct 
 as practicable, and if one and one- 
 half inches in diameter shall not ex- 
 ceed thirty feet in length. Two or 
 more air pipes may be connected to- 
 gether or with a vent pipe; but in 
 
34 
 
 every such case the connection shall 
 he above the top of the highest lix- 
 ture. 
 
 Diameters of Vent Pipes — Vent Dines 
 Sec. 271. Diameters of vent pipes 
 shall not be less than two inches foi 
 main vents through less than seven 
 stories, three inches for water- 
 closets on more than three floors and 
 for other fixtures in more than seven 
 stories. All vent pipes shall be in- 
 creased one inch in diameter before 
 passing through the roof. Vent lines 
 shall be connected at the bottom 
 with a soil or waste pipe or with the 
 drain, in such a manner as to pre- 
 vent accumulation of rust scale and 
 properly to drip the water of conden- 
 sation. Offsets shall be made at an 
 angle of not less than forty-five de 
 agrees. 
 
 By approval of the Building In- 
 spector a suitable non-syphon trap 
 may be used without back air vent- 
 ing pipe. 
 
 Soil Pipes Supported 
 
 Sec. 272. Soil pipes or iron waste 
 pipes, vents and back air pipes, shall 
 be supported by clamps to the wood- 
 work, iron drive hooks to brick walls, 
 or bolted clamps to iron girders. 
 
 Chemical Laboratories 
 Sec. 273. Fixtures and waste 
 pipes in chemical laboratories shall 
 be installed in accordance with plans 
 approved by the Building Inspector. 
 
 Stable Fixtures 
 Sec. 274. The drainage of stable 
 fixtures shall be constructed to plans 
 approved by the Building Inspector 
 Superimposed Fixtures — Batteries 
 Sec. 275. In buildings where a 
 series of bath-rooms or kitchens are 
 located directly over each other and 
 have a common soil or waste pipe, 
 the back air pipe required shall be 
 a vent line connecting with each out 
 let branch close to the water-closet 
 connection or outlet from the sink 
 trap, each branch vent to connect 
 with the vent line above the top of 
 the highest fixture on each floor, the 
 vent line shall connect to main vent 
 line above the top of the highest fix- 
 ture in the building. 
 
 In the case of batteries of water- 
 
 closets or other fixtures the special 
 air pipe from each trap may be 
 omitted, provided that the soil or 
 waste pipe, undiminished in size, is 
 continued without any other fixture 
 connection to a point above the roof, 
 or revented into the main soil pipe 
 system above- the top of the upper- 
 most fixture. 
 
 Drip Pipes 
 
 Sec. 276. All drip or overflow 
 pipes shall be extended to some place 
 in open sight, and in no case shall 
 such pipe be connected directly 
 with the drain pipe. No waste pipe 
 from a refrigerator or other recep- 
 tacle in which provisions are stored 
 shall be connected with a drain or 
 other waste pipe. Refrigerator 
 wastes connecting with two or more 
 stories shall be supplied with a trap 
 on the branch for each floor. 
 
 Water-Closet Water Supply 
 Sec. 277. Every water-closet or 
 line of water-closets shall be sup- 
 plied with water from a tank or 
 cistern, and shall have a flushing 
 pipe of not less than one and one- 
 quarter inches in diameter. 
 
 Separate Water-Closets — V entilated 
 Sec. 278. In every building here- 
 after erected, there shall be a sep- 
 arate water-closet for each tenement 
 of three rooms or more, and at least 
 
 I "one water-closet for every two tern 
 ements of less than three rooms, 
 fifteen persons living, occupying, or 
 .employed therein; said water-closets 
 shall be located in well ventilated 
 rooms with a suitable window open- 
 ing into the outer air, or with a suit- 
 able ventilating shaft. 
 
 Sec. 279. Water-closets, sinks, or 
 basins shall not be inclosed. 
 
 Sec. 280. Sinks and laundry-tubs 
 shall be made of non-absorbent ma- 
 terial. 
 
 Diameters of Soil and Waste Pipe 
 Sec. 281. The diameters of soil 
 and waste pipes shall be not less 
 than those given in the following 
 table: 
 
 Inches 
 
 Soil pipes 4 
 
 Main waste pipes, except as 
 otherwise specified 2 
 
Main waste pipes for kitchen 
 sinks on four or more floors 3 
 Branch waste pipes for laundry 
 
 tubs 1 Yz 
 
 Branch waste for kitchen sinks 1 Yz 
 
 Branch waste for urinals lYz 
 
 No branch waste for other fix- 
 tures shall be less than 1 Yz 
 
 With the approval of the Building 
 Inspector a three inch soil pipe may 
 be used for one water-closet where 
 it is not practicable to use a four- 
 inch pipe. 
 
 Sec. 282. Brass ferrules shall be 
 of the best quality, bell-shaped, 
 extra heavy cast brass, not less than 
 four inches long and two and one- 
 quarter inches, three and one-half 
 inches, and four and one-half inches 
 in diameter, and of not less than the 
 following weights: 
 
 Diameters Weights 
 
 2 Yz inches 1 pound, 0 ounces 
 
 3 Yz inches 1 pound, 12 ounces 
 
 4 Yz inches 2 pounds, 8 ounces 
 
 One and one-half inch ferrules 
 shall not be used. 
 
 Soldering Nipples 
 Sec. 283. Soldering nipples shall 
 be of heavy cast brass or of brass 
 pipe, iron pipe size. If cast, they 
 shall be of not less than the follow- 
 
 ing weights: 
 
 1 Yz inches .0 pound, 8 ounces 
 
 2 inches 0 pound, 14 ounces 
 
 2 Yz inches 1 pound, 6 ounces 
 
 4 inches 3 pounds, 8 ounces 
 
 Clean-outs — Screw Cap 
 
 Sec. 284. Where clean-outs are 
 used, the screw cap shall be of brass, 
 extra heavy, and not less than one- 
 eighth of an inch thick. The en- 
 gaging parts shall have not less than 
 six threads of iron pipe size, and 
 shall be tapered. Clean-outs shall 
 be of full size of trap up to four 
 inches in diameter, and not less than 
 four inches for larger size. 
 
 The screw cap shall have a solid 
 square or hexagonal nut, not less 
 than one-half inch high, with a least 
 diameter of one and one-half inches. 
 The bodies of brass clean-out fer- 
 rules shall be at least equal in 
 weight and thickness to the calking 
 ferrule for the same size of pipe. 
 
 Use of Lead Pipe 
 Sec. 285. The use of lead pipes 
 is restricted to short branches of the 
 soil and waste pipes, bends, and 
 traps, and roof connections of inside 
 leaders. 
 
 Lead Soil and Waste Pipe 
 
 Sec. 286. Lead soil and waste 
 pipe shall not be less than the fol- 
 lowing average thickness and weight 
 per linear foot: — 
 
 Weight per 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Linear Foot 
 
 1 Yz 
 
 in. 
 
 .14 
 
 in. 
 
 3.50 
 
 pds. 
 
 2 
 
 in. 
 
 .15 
 
 in. 
 
 4.75 
 
 pds. 
 
 2 Yz 
 
 in. 
 
 .20 
 
 in. 
 
 5.74 
 
 pds. 
 
 3 
 
 in. 
 
 .21 
 
 in. 
 
 7.54 
 
 pds. 
 
 3 Yz 
 
 in. 
 
 .22 
 
 in. 
 
 9.00 
 
 pds. 
 
 4 
 
 in. 
 
 .23 
 
 in. 
 
 10.66 
 
 pds. 
 
 4 Yz 
 
 in. 
 
 .24 
 
 in. 
 
 12.34 
 
 pds. 
 
 5 
 
 in. 
 
 .25 
 
 in. 
 
 14.50 
 
 pds. 
 
 6 
 
 in. 
 
 .28 
 
 in. 
 
 18.76 
 
 pds. 
 
 7 
 
 in. 
 
 .30 
 
 in. 
 
 23.27 
 
 pds. 
 
 8 
 
 in. 
 
 .32 
 
 in. 
 
 28.18 
 
 pds. 
 
 9 
 
 in. 
 
 .34 
 
 in. 
 
 33.70 
 
 pds. 
 
 10 
 
 in. 
 
 .36 
 
 in. 
 
 40.06- 
 
 pds. 
 
 11 
 
 in. 
 
 .37 
 
 in. 
 
 45.02 
 
 pds. 
 
 12 
 
 in. 
 
 .37 
 
 in. 
 
 49.98 
 
 pds. 
 
 Brass Pipe 
 
 Sec. 287. Brass pipe for soil, 
 waste, vent, and back air pipes shall 
 be' thoroughly annealed, seamless, 
 drawn brass tubing, of not less than 
 No. 13 Stubbs gauge. 
 
 Pipe Connections 
 
 Sec. 288. No slip joints or unions 
 shall be used on traps, waste, vents, 
 or back air pipes. Threaded con- 
 nections on brass traps shall be of the 
 same size as pipe threads for the 
 same size pipe, and shall be tapered. 
 Connections between lead and iron 
 shall be made by brass sleeves' or 
 screw nipples wiped to the load and 
 calked or screwed into the iron, ex- 
 cept on nickel or finished metal 
 fittings where exposed. 
 
 Weights of Brass Pipes 
 Sec. 289. The following average 
 thicknesses and weights for brass 
 pipe per linear foot shall be used: — - 
 Weight per 
 
 Diameter Thickness Linear Foot 
 lYz in. .14 in. 2.84 pds. 
 
 2 in. .15 in. 3.82 pds. 
 
 2 Yz in. .20 in. 6.08 pds. 
 
36 
 
 3 
 
 in. 
 
 .21 in. 
 
 7.92 pds. 
 
 11 
 
 in. .37 in. 
 
 45.02 pds. 
 
 4 
 
 in. 
 
 .23 in. 
 
 11.29 pds. 
 
 12 
 
 in. .37 in. 
 
 49.98 pds. 
 
 4 y 2 
 
 in. 
 
 .2 4 in. 
 
 13.08 pds. 
 
 
 Fittings 
 
 
 5 
 
 in. 
 
 .25 in. 
 
 15.37 pds. 
 
 Sec. 294. Fittings 
 
 on wrought 
 
 6 
 
 in. 
 
 .28 in. 
 
 19.88 pds. 
 
 iron 
 
 vent pipes shall 
 
 be galvanized 
 
 Cast Iron Pipes 
 
 recessed cast iron threaded fittings. 
 
 Sec. 290. Cast iron pipes shall bei Fittings for “plumbers tubing” 
 
 uncoated, sound, cylindrical, and 
 smooth, free from cracks and other 
 defects, of uniform thickness and of 
 grades known to commerce as 
 “standard” and “extra heavy.” If 
 buried under ground, they shall be 
 coated Avith asphaltum or red lead. 
 
 Weights of Cast Iron Pipe 
 Sec. 2 91. Cast iron pipe, includ- 
 ing the hub, shall weigh not less 
 than the following average weights 
 per linear foot: 
 
 2 in 5 1-2 pounds 
 
 3 in 9 1-2 pounds 
 
 4 in /..13 pounds 
 
 5 in 17 pounds 
 
 6 in 20 pounds 
 
 7 in. (not stock size) ...27 pounds 
 
 8 in 33 1-3 pounds 
 
 10 in 45 pounds 
 
 12 in 54 pounds 
 
 Joints 
 
 Sec. 292. All joints shall be made 
 with picked oakum and molten lead 
 run full, and be made gas tight. No 
 cement joints or connections between 
 iron and cement or tile pipe shall 
 be made within two feet of any 
 building. 
 
 Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe 
 Sec. 293. Galvanized wrought iron 
 pipe shall be of not less than the 
 following thickness and weight per 
 linear foot: 
 
 shall be heavy weight with sharp 
 threads. 
 
 Fittings for waste or soil or re- 
 frigerator waste pipes of wrought 
 iron or brass pipe shall be galvanized 
 wrought iron, cast iron, or brass, re- 
 cessed and threaded drainage fit- 
 tings, with smooth interior waterway 
 and threads tapped, so as to give 
 uniform grade to branches of not 
 less than one-quarter of an inch per 
 foot. | '■?§ 
 
 All joints on wrought iron or 
 brass pipe shall be screwed joints 
 made up with red lead, and any burr 
 formed in cutting shall be carefully 
 reamed out. 
 
 Drain and Ventilating Pipes 
 
 Sec. 2 95. Drain and connecting 
 
 ventilating. pipes, vents, and back air 
 pipes shall be of sufficient size and 
 made of extra heavy cast iron pipe if 
 under ground, and if above ground 
 shall be made of extra heavy cast 
 iron, galvanized wrought iron of 
 standard weight, or if not less than 
 No. 13 standard gauge brass pipe 
 within the building, except that lead 
 pipes may be used for short connec- 
 tions- exposed to view. Cast iron 
 drains shall extend not less than two 
 feet^ from the outside face of the 
 wall, beyond and away from the 
 building. 
 
 Drain Pipes » ported — Fall 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Weights per 
 Linear Foot 
 
 Sec. 296. Drain pipes above 
 ground shall be secured by irons to 
 
 1% 
 
 in. 
 
 .14 
 
 in. 
 
 2.68 
 
 pds. 
 
 walls suspended from floor timbers 
 
 2 
 
 in. 
 
 .15 
 
 in. 
 
 " 3.61 
 
 pds. 
 
 by strong iron hangers, or supported 
 
 2 % 
 
 in. 
 
 .20 
 
 in. 
 
 5.74 
 
 pds. 
 
 on brick, stone, or concrete piers. 
 
 3 
 
 in. 
 
 .21 
 
 in. 
 
 7.54 .pds. 
 
 Proper man-holes shall be supplied 
 
 3y 2 
 
 in. 
 
 .22 
 
 in. 
 
 9.00 
 
 pds. 
 
 to reach clean-outs and traps. Every 
 
 4 
 
 in. 
 
 .23 
 
 in. 
 
 10.66 
 
 pds. 
 
 drain pipe shall have a fall of not 
 
 4y 2 
 
 in. 
 
 .24 
 
 in. 
 
 12.34 
 
 pds. 
 
 less than one-quarter inch per foot, 
 
 5 
 
 in. 
 
 .25 
 
 in. 
 
 14.50 
 
 pds. 
 
 and shall be extended from a point 
 
 6 
 
 in. 
 
 .28 
 
 in. 
 
 18.76 
 
 pds. 
 
 two feet outside the outside face of 
 
 7 
 
 in. 
 
 .30 
 
 in. 
 
 23.27 
 
 pds. 
 
 the wall, unobstructed, to and 
 
 8 
 
 in. 
 
 .32 
 
 in. 
 
 28.18 
 
 pds. 
 
 through the roof, undiminished in 
 
 9 
 
 in. 
 
 .34 
 
 in. 
 
 33.70 
 
 pds. 
 
 size, and to a height not less than 
 
 10 
 
 in. 
 
 .36 
 
 in. 
 
 40.06 
 
 pds. 
 
 two feet above the roof, and not less 
 
o7 
 
 
 than one foot above the top of any 
 window within fifteen feet, and not 
 lees than eight feet above the roof, 
 if the roof is used for drying clothes 
 or as a roof garden. 
 
 Drain Pipe Branches 
 Sec. 297. The drain pipe shall be 
 supplietd with a “Y” branch fitted 
 with a brass clean-out or with an 
 iron stopper, if required, on the 
 direct run, at or near the point 
 where the drain leaves the building. 
 Changes in direction shall be made 
 with curved pipes, and all connec- 
 tions with horizontal or vertical 
 pipes shall be made with “Y” 
 branches. Saddle hubs shall not he 
 used. 
 
 Blow-off Tanks — Cooling Tanks For 
 Steam Pipes 
 
 Sec. 298. All high pressure steam 
 boilers shall be connected with a 
 blow-off tank of a capacity not less 
 than thirty per cent, of the largest 
 boiler connected with such tank. The 
 location of and the connection to 
 said blow-off tank shall he subject 
 t N o the approval of the Building In- 
 spector. 
 
 No steam exhaust or steam drip, 
 unless it be provided with a cooling 
 tank of a capacity approved by the 
 Building Inspector, or unless it 
 be connected with the blow-off 
 tank, shall connect with any drain 
 leading to the sewer. Every blow- 
 off tank shall be supplied with i 
 vapor pipe not less than two inches 
 in diameter, which shall be carried 
 above the roof and above the highest 
 windows of the building. 
 
 Grease Trap — Traps For Inflamma- 
 ble Materials — Traps For Vehicle 
 Washstamls 
 
 Sec. 299. Every building from 
 which grease may be discharged in 
 such quantity as to clog or injure 
 the sewer, shall have a special grease 
 
 trap. 
 
 Every building in which gasoline, 
 naphtha, or other inflammable com 
 pounds are used for business pur 
 ■poses, shall be provided with a 
 special trap, so designed as to pre- 
 vent the passage of such materia’ 
 into the sewer, and ventilated with a 
 separate pipe rising to a point four 
 
 feet above the roof. 
 
 The waste pipe of every wash 
 stand for vehicles shall he provided 
 with a sand trap of sufficient capac- 
 ity. 
 
 Waste Pipes to Have Grease Traps 
 When 
 
 Sec. 300. The waste pipe from 
 the sink of every hotel, eating house, 
 restaurant, or other public cooking 
 establishment, shall be connected to 
 a grease trap of sufficient size, easily 
 accessible to open and clean, placed 
 as near as practicable to the fixture 
 that it serves. 
 
 Rain Water Leaders 
 
 Sec. 301. Rain water leaders 
 which open near windows or for 
 verandas or lower stories of build- 
 ings shall be trapped, where con- 
 nected with sewer or cesspool. 
 
 Sec. 3 02. Rain water leaders 
 within any building shall not be con- 
 nected with any waste or soil pipe 
 except below the lowest fixture and 
 on a full “Y.” 
 
 Back Water Valves. 
 
 Sec. 303. Wherever a surface 
 drain is installed in a cellar or base- 
 ment, it shall be provided with a 
 deep seal trap and back water valv*. 
 Drain pipes from fixtures in cellars 
 and basements liable to back flow 
 from a sewer, shall he supplied wiL: 
 tack water valves. 
 
 Rain Water Leaders on All Buildings 
 
 Sec. 304. All buildings shall be 
 kept provided with proper metallic 
 leaders for conducting water from 
 the roofs in such manner as shall 
 properly protect the walls and 
 foundations of. said buildings. In 
 no case shall the water from said 
 leaders be allowed to flow upon the 
 sidewalk, but the same shall be con- 
 ducted 'by pipes to the sewer. 
 
 If there should be no sewer in 
 the street upon which said building 
 fronts, then water from such leaders 
 may be conducted by suitable pipes 
 below the surface of the sidewalk to 
 the street gutter. 
 
 In no case shall it be allowable 
 for the drop from roofs or buildings 
 to flow or be conducted upon public 
 sidewalks and no leader whose upper 
 inlec is -below the main roof shall be 
 
58 
 
 connected with the sewer. 
 
 Special Fixtures 
 
 Sec* 305. When special fixtures 
 or traps are required that do not 
 conform to the provisions of this 
 Code, the Building Inspector may, at 
 his discretion, grant such privileges 
 as he may deem proper. 
 
 Gas Fittings— Gas Mains and Meters 
 Sec. 3 06. All gas mains entering 
 any building shall be thoroughly 
 cemented into the wall and shall 
 have a shut-off near the curb line. 
 Gas meters shall not be placed un- 
 derneath any stairway or in any 
 clothes or storage closet, or in the 
 dead space beneath the floors undei 
 show windows, or in room or hall 
 for lodging purposes, and when lo- 
 cated in any cellar or basement such 
 location shall not be in any fuel or 
 furnace room, but they shall be 
 placed close to the front wall, at 
 least four (4) feet above the floor 
 and as near a window as possible 
 with an unobstructed passageway 
 leading thereto. 
 
 Burners and Fires 
 Sec. 307. The term “burner” 
 shall apply to any single gas outlet 
 consuming not less than six (6) or 
 more than ten (10) cubic feet per 
 hour, and the term “fire” to any sin- 
 gle outlet consuming from fifty (50) 
 to and not exceeding seventy-five 
 (75) cubic feet per hour. 
 
 Sizes of Pip© 
 
 iSec. 308. The size of pipe used 
 for illuminating purposes shall not 
 be less, nor the length greater, to the 
 number of burners stated than those 
 specified in the following table, ex- 
 cept that if the number of burners 
 is not more than half the stated 
 maximum, the length of run may be 
 increased one-half. 
 
 
 
 Greatest 
 
 Greatest 
 
 Size 
 
 Length 
 
 No. of 
 
 of Pipe. 
 
 Allowed. 
 
 Burners. 
 
 % 
 
 inch. . . 
 
 . . . 10 
 
 feet 
 
 2 
 
 y 2 
 
 inch. . . 
 
 . . . 30 
 
 feet 
 
 6 
 
 % 
 
 inch. . . 
 
 . . . 60 
 
 feet 
 
 20 
 
 i 
 
 inch. . . 
 
 . . . 80 
 
 feet 
 
 35 
 
 1 Y* 
 
 inch. . . 
 
 . . .120 
 
 feet 
 
 60 
 
 i y 2 
 
 inch. . . 
 
 . . .160 
 
 feet 
 
 100 
 
 2 
 
 inch. . . 
 
 . . .200 
 
 feet 
 
 200 
 
 2y 2 
 
 inch . . . 
 
 . . .300 
 
 feet 
 
 300 
 
 3 inch 450 feet 450 
 
 4 inch 600 feet 750 
 
 But no riser from a meter shall be 
 less than a three-quarter ( % ) inch 
 pipe. 
 
 In applying the above table, the 
 number of burners to outlets in va- 
 rious locations shall be estimated as 
 follows: 
 
 Parlor ceiling outlet. ... 4 burners 
 Dining room ceiling outlet 4 burners 
 Bedroom ceiling outlet. . 3 burners 
 Kitchen ceiling outlet. . . 1 burner 
 Bracket and newel post 
 
 outlets l burne T ‘ 
 
 Hall, pantry, washroom 
 and bath room ceiling 
 
 outlets v . . 1 burner 
 
 An outlet for a gas range or water 
 heater or a gas log or grate shall be 
 counted as equivalent to and not less 
 than six (6) burners and all heaters 
 shall have a valve on the service 
 pipe. 
 
 Smaller pipe than half-inch (%) 
 shall not be used for kitchen outlets 
 in ceilings. 
 
 Quality of Pipe 
 
 Sec. 309. The pipe shall be of 
 the best quality of wrought iron or 
 steel pipe, with galvanized malleable 
 iron fittings, and joints shall be 
 made with white lead, preferably 
 applied to the male threads. 
 
 No second-hand pipe shall be used, 
 except that when a building is un- 
 dergoing reconstruction or repair 
 such gas pipe as is taken out and 
 found in good condition may be re- 
 run. 
 
 Supports and Grades 
 Sec. 310. All pipes shall be suit- 
 ably supported and stayed with pipe 
 hooks, straps and screws. 
 
 All pipes shall be properly graded, 
 and, if practicable, toward the 
 meter. \A bracket outlet shall pre- 
 ferably be run as a riser than as a 
 drop. No gas pipe shall be laid in 
 cement, unless the pipe and channel 
 in which it is placed are covered with 
 tar, nor within six (6) inches of an 
 electric wire. 
 
 Risers 
 
 Sec. 311. The rising line of pipes 
 in all buildings shall be carried up 
 on an inside partition out of the 
 

 39 
 
 reach of frost and shall be placed 
 where the stop-cock can be readily 
 got at. In buildings of large, undi- 
 vided floor spaces the risers shall be 
 run exposed at least six (6) feet dis- 
 tant from any window. 
 
 Drops or Outlets 
 
 Sec. 312. Drops or outlets shall 
 »ot be left more than three-quarters 
 ( % ) of an inch below plastering, 
 centre-piece, or woodwork. 
 
 Stop-Pins 
 
 Sec. 313. All stop^pins to keys or 
 cocks or fixtures shall be screwed 
 or pinned into place. 
 
 Capping and Inspection 
 
 Sec. 314. After the piping Is run 
 all openings shall be closed with 
 iron caps and in no case shall lead 
 raps be allowed^ and all unused out- 
 lets shall be kept Gapped. All split 
 pipe or defective -fittings shall be re- 
 moved and no pipe or defective fitting 
 repaired with cement or lead will be 
 allowed. No gas-fitters’ cement shall 
 be used except at a fixture joint. All 
 pipes shall be examined and tested 
 before said pipes are concealed, and 
 due notice shall be given by the fitter 
 to the Inspector when any pipe is 
 ready for inspection. 
 
 Tests 
 
 Sec. 315. The gas piping in any 
 building shall be tested air-tight by 
 the gaa fitter under the direction of 
 the Inspector., viz: First, when 
 roughing in is completed and before 
 the floors are laid; and, second, 
 when the entire building is com- 
 pleted and the work ready for gas 
 fixtures. Said tests shall be made by 
 having all openings closed and sub- 
 jecting the piping to an air pressure 
 test that will support a column 
 ©f mercury two (2) inches in 
 height at least fifteen (15) minutes, 
 provided that in no case shall a 
 spring or steam gauge be used. 
 
 There shall be a final test of all 
 fixtures and pipes by two (2) inches 
 of mercury, which must stand five 
 (5) minutes; this test to be made 
 ia the presence of the Inspector. 
 
 On proof of a satisfactory test the 
 Inspector shall issue a certificate of 
 inspection to the fitter, covering said 
 work. 
 
 Gas Brackets 
 
 Sec. 316. All gas brackets shall 
 be placed at least two feet six inches i 
 below any ceiling or woodwork un- 
 less the same is properly protected 
 by a shield, in which case the dis- 
 tance shall not be less than eighteen 
 (18) inches. No swinging or folding 
 gas -bracket shall be placed against 
 any stud partition or woodwork. No 
 gas bracket on any lath and plaster 
 partition or woodwork shall be less 
 than five (5) inches in length, meas- 
 ured from the burner to the plaster 
 surface or woodwork, and shall be 
 at least nine inches from any door 
 or window casing. No outlet shah 
 be placed behind any door or within 
 four (4) feet of any meter. 
 
 Hose Outlets 
 
 Sec. 317. No independent connec- 
 ! tion for a hose outlet shall be placed 
 above the stiff joint on any chande- 
 lier or pendant, but such connection 
 shall be brought id-own to an accessi- 
 ble point. 
 
 Extensions or Alterations 
 
 Sec. 318. Where any material ex- 
 tensions or alterations are to be 
 made the work shall be done in con- 
 formity to the provisions of this 
 Title.. 
 
 Condemnation and Removal 
 
 Sec. 319. The Inspector shall 
 promptly condemn and order the re- 
 moval, reconstruction or repair of 
 any system of gas piping or portion 
 thereof, which does not conform to. 
 these regulations. He shall order 
 the necessary repairs to be made 
 when defects are found in any old 
 system of gas piping or fixtures con- 
 nected therewith, and such repairs 
 shall be promptly made by the re- 
 sponsible party upon service of 
 order or notice. 
 
 Electrical Work — Electrical Wiring 
 
 Sec. 320. No electrical wiring or 
 installation of electrical apparatus 
 or appliances for furnishing light, 
 heat, or power shall be introduced 
 into or placed in any building or 
 structure in the Town of Milford, 
 except in compliance with the rules 
 and regulations of the National 
 Board of Fire Underwriters, known 
 as the “National Electrical Code,” 
 
40 
 
 and the said rules and regulations 
 are hereby made a part of the re- 
 quirements of this Code. The instal- 
 lation of all such electrical work shall 
 be subject to the approval of the 
 Building Inspector. 
 
 Knob and tube work prohibited. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 HOISTWAYS, ELEVATORS, AND 
 WELL HOLES. 
 
 Well Holes, etc., to be Guarded 
 Sec. 321. Every hoistway, hatch- 
 way, stairway, or well hole in every 
 building shall hereafter be securely 
 guarded by means of proper gates, 
 railings, or guards, or other inclos- 
 ures, which may be approved by the 
 Building Inspector. Such guards or 
 railings shall not be less than three 
 feet in height nor the lower rail 
 more than one foot above the floor, 
 and shall be so constructed as to, 
 effectually prevent persons from fall- 
 ing into such hoistways, hatchways, 
 stairways, or well holes. The own- 
 ers, lessees, or occupants of any 
 building in the Town of Milford in 
 which hatchways or well holes exist, 
 or shall hereafter be constructed, 
 shall cause the same to be effectually , 
 barred, or inclosed, for the preven- 
 tion of accidents therefrom. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the Build- 
 ing Inspector to notify such persons 
 mentioned in the preceding section 
 who have hatchways or well holes in 
 their buildings, to have the same 
 properly guarded or inclosed. 
 
 Openings in Fireproof Walls 
 Sec. 32 2. In every building here- 
 after erected or altered to be used 
 for manufacturing or mercantile pur- 
 poses, in V/hich there shall be hoist- 
 ways, elevators, or well holes, not in- 
 closed in walls, constructed of brick 
 or other fireproof material and pro- 
 vided with fire doors, the openings 
 thereof through and upon each floor 
 of said buildings shall be provided 
 with approved automatically closing, 
 metal clad, hatch doors for every 
 such hoistway, elevator or well hole. 
 Outside windows or openings into ev- 
 ery elevator shaft or hoistway shall 
 have such sign or device to indicate 
 the existence of said shaft or hoist- 
 
 way as shall be approved by the 
 Building Inspector. 
 
 Elevator Shafts Inclosed 
 
 Sec. 323. Elevator shafts in all 
 mercantile and manufacturing build- 
 ings, exceeding three stories in 
 height, hereafter built or altered, 
 shall be inclosed with walls or par- 
 titions of approved fireproof mater- 
 ial, and have automatically closing 
 metal clad doors at ali openings 
 thereto. 
 
 Adjoining Stairway Inclosed 
 
 Sec. 324. In all buildings here- 
 after erected or altered, wherever 
 elevators are placed in the well holes 
 of or adjacent to stairways, such 
 elevators and stairways shall be in- 
 closed with partitions of approved 
 fireproof materials. 
 
 Grating in Elevator 
 
 Sec. 325. There shall be placed be- 
 low the machinery and sheaves at 
 the top of every elevator shaft, here- 
 after constructed or altered, a sub- 
 stantial grating or screen of iron, so 
 constructed as to prevent persons or 
 objects from falling into such shafts, 
 and sufficiently open to permit flames 
 and smoke to pass through to the 
 skylight or windows. If such shaft 
 shall be floored over with a solid 
 flooring, such flooring shall not cover 
 more than one-half of the area of 
 such shaft, and at least one-half of 
 the area of such shaft shall be cov- 
 ered with an approved open grating. 
 
 Skylights 
 
 Sec. 326. In all buildings here- 
 after erected or altered, the roof im- 
 mediately over hoistway, elevator 
 stair, open shaft or well hole, shall 
 be provided with a skylight contain- 
 ing not less than twenty square feet 
 of glass; said glass shall be set in 
 metal sashes or frames, in lights of 
 not less than two hundred square 
 inches each, and shall not exceed 
 one-eighth inch in thickness. There 
 shall be suspended immediately be- 
 low this glass a strong wire, netting. 
 Provided, that if in the sides of an 
 elevator pent house, or at the top 
 of any such shaft or well hole, there 
 be windows having thirty-five square 
 feet of glass of the thickness herein 
 specified for skylights, then the 
 
41 
 
 Building Inspector may, at his dis- 
 cretion, permit the skylights above 
 described to be omitted. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 STAIRWAYS AND DOORS. 
 
 Stair Halls — Number — Width — 
 Location 
 
 Sec. 327. All non-fireproof build- 
 ings, in which, above the first floor 
 there is to be, or in which provision 
 is made for an occupation for the 
 same at times by fifty to one hundred 
 or more persons employed, engaged, 
 transient, or guests therein, there 
 shall be at least two stair halls, each 
 not less than three feet six inches 
 wide. 
 
 The width of the stairs shall be 
 increased six inches for each incre- 
 ment of fifty persons or part thereof 
 over one hundred, up to three hun- 
 dred, or when five feet is reached. If 
 the number of persons so occupying 
 tuch premises exceed six hundred, 
 three stairs, five feet in width each, 
 shall be constructed. 
 
 In all cases, the stairs shall be 
 located at as great a distance as 
 practicable from each other, and in 
 cases where the persons so occupying 
 such buildings are not all on one 
 floor, the widths and number of 
 stairways in the several stories shall 
 be governed as above by the total 
 number of persons who will at any 
 time be on any floor. All persons 
 above any given story shall be 
 counted in addition to the persons 
 on that story. 
 
 Lot Area — Stairs Required 
 
 Sec. 328. Irrespective of the 
 number of persons occupying public 
 buildings foroiag a lot area exceed- 
 ing five thousand square feet, and 
 not exceeding seventy-five hundred 
 square feet, there shall be provided 
 at least two continuous lines of 
 stairs, and every such building shall 
 have at least one continuous line 
 of stairs, for each five thousand 
 square feet of lot area covered or 
 part thereof, in excess of that re- 
 quired or seventy-five hundred square 
 feet of lot area. 
 
 When any such building covers an 
 area of lot greater than fifteen thou- 
 
 sand square feet the number of 
 stairs shall be increased proportion- 
 ately. For fireproof buildings, one 
 less flight of stairs than above called 
 for shall be required in each case, 
 unless the floor area exceeds seventy- 
 five hundred square feet, in which 
 case there shall not be less than two 
 stairs. 
 
 Stairs in Tenement Houses — Width 
 
 Sec. 329. Every tenement or 
 building, occupied by three or more 
 families, and every two family dwell- 
 ing constructed in flats which has 
 rooms used or intended to be used 
 as sleeping rooms on the attic floor, 
 shall have at least two flights of 
 stairs, not less than three feet wide 
 in the clear, which shall extend 
 from the entrance floor to the top 
 story, and every apartment shall be 
 directly accessible from an entrance 
 hall by means of at least one such 
 flight of stairs, said stairs not to con- 
 tain winders. 
 
 If there • are more than sixteen 
 rooms above the second floor, exclu- 
 sive of bath and toilet rooms, the 
 width of the hallways and stairs 
 he increased six inches for every ad- 
 ditional sixteen rooms or fraction 
 thereof, up to eight rooms, or until 
 the width of five feet is reached. 
 
 A wooden door shall be provided in 
 the partition separating apartments 
 on the attic floor of two family 
 dwellings constructed in flats. 
 Stairways in School Buildings 
 
 School buildings, if more than one 
 story in height and having more 
 than three rooms above the first 
 story, shall have at least two sepa- 
 rate and distinct stairways, as far 
 remote from each other as practic- 
 able. School buildings or all build- 
 ings containing a general assembly 
 room, shall have stairs and fire es- 
 capes proportioned as prescribed 
 for Assembly Halls. 
 
 Assembly Halls — Stairs — Width 
 
 Eire Escapes — Metal Stairs 
 
 Sec. 331. Every hall seating three 
 hundred persons and not more than 
 six hundred persons, shall hare at 
 least two separate and distinct stair- 
 ways for ingress and egress, the 
 
I 
 
 same to be placed as far apart as 
 possible. 
 
 Every hall seating more than six 
 hundred persons and not more than 
 twelve hundred persons, shall have 
 at least three separate and distinct 
 stairways. 
 
 All stairs for ingress and egress 
 leading to any assembly hall or halls, 
 shall be at least four feet wide and 
 provided with hand rail on each side. 
 The rise of the stairs shall not be 
 more than seven and one-half inches 
 to each step and the tread not less 
 than ten and one-half inches. 
 
 In addition to the above described 
 stairway, assembly halls shall be 
 provided with fire escapes as pro- 
 vided by law, provided that in as- 
 sembly halls having a greater seating 
 capacity than seven hundred and 
 fifty the aggregate width of such 
 emergency exits which shall be pro- 
 vided for each floor, balcony and 
 gallery of such building, shall be 
 one-half of that provided for the 
 main exits, and no emergency exit, 
 door or stairway shall be less than 
 three feet in width. 
 
 All metal stairs shall have the 
 treads and landings supported the 
 whole width and length of same on 
 sheet metal of sufficient strength to 
 sustain the imposed load required. 
 
 Width of Outside Doors 
 
 Sec. 332. The aggregate width of 
 doors opening at the street level, 
 for halls rented or used for public 
 assemblies of any kind, for school 
 houses, orphan asylums, insane asy- 
 lums, reformatories of any kind, 
 shall be at least equal to the aggre- 
 gate width of stairways; extra width 
 shall be added to accommodate oc- 
 cupants of first floor, and such doors 
 shall not be locked during business 
 hours, or while such buildings are 
 occupied by large numbers of people, 
 and all such doors shall open out- 
 wardly. 
 
 Doors Open Outward 
 
 Sec. 333. The outside doors of 
 
 Public hearing 1 January 24, 1918. 
 
 Approved and Adopted by Board c 
 
 Signed : 
 
 all assembly halls, theatres, 
 churches, factories, and other build- 
 ings occupied by large number of 
 people shall be made to open out- 
 ward. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Board Acts on Matters Not in Code 
 
 Sec. 334. All matters and ques- 
 tions relating to building or building 
 operations not covered or provided 
 for in this Code shall be decided by 
 and left to the discretion of the 
 Board of Selectmen and their deci- 
 sion shall be as final and binding as 
 if contained in this Code. 
 
 Appeal — Board of Appeal 
 
 Sec. 335. Whenever any person, 
 persons, firm, or corporation consid- 
 ers himself aggrieved by any ruling, 
 decision, or order of the Board of 
 Selectmen relative to any matter 
 concerning buildings or building op- 
 erations in the Town of Milford, or 
 any matter over which the Board of 
 Selectmen has authority, he shall 
 have the right to appeal to a board 
 of arbitration, provided the party so 
 appealing executes with a responsible 
 surety a proper bond conditioned to 
 pay all expenses incident to such ap- 
 peal. 
 
 The said Board shall consist of 
 three persons, one of whom shall be 
 selected by the Board of Selectmen, 
 one by the party appealing, and the 
 other by the two members thus se- 
 lected. 
 
 The decision of said Board on any 
 matter brought before it shall be 
 final. 
 
 Penalty 
 
 Sec. 336. Every person, persons, 
 firm, or corporation, violating any of 
 the provisions of this Code, where 
 the penalty is not otherwise pre- 
 scribed, shall be fined not more than 
 Fifty Dollars upon conviction for 
 each violation. 
 
 Sec. 3 37. This ordinance shall 
 take effect upon its adoption and ap- 
 proval. 
 
 f Selectmen, January 30, 1918. 
 
 Manley J. Cheney ) Selectmen of 
 Bobert A. Syrett > the Town of 
 William F. Renaud ) Milford 
 
I 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Chapter I Administration and Supervision 2 
 
 Chapter II. Definitions 5 
 
 Chapter III. Quality of Materials ✓.. 8 
 
 Chapter IV. Calculation of Stresses 10 
 
 Chapter Y. Excavations * 12 
 
 Chapter VI. Foundations and Footings , 13 
 
 Chapter VII. Walls, Piers and Partitions 15 
 
 Chapter VIII. Boilers, Ovens and Heating Apparatus 21' 
 
 Chapter IX. Stove and Smoke Pipes 23 
 
 Chapter X. Chimneys, Flues and Fireplaces 25 
 
 Chapter XI. Frame Buildings 20 
 
 Chapter XII. Public Buildings, Theatres and Places of Assemblage 29 
 
 Chapter XIII. Concrete Blocks 30 
 
 Chapter XIV. Plumbing 32 
 
 Chapter XV. Hoistways, Elevators and Well Holes 40 
 
 Chapter XVI. Stairways and Doors 41 
 
 Chapter XVII. Miscellaneous 42 
 

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