ftUWB RKTOBlCAl LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN IN MEMORY OF STEWART S. HOWE JOURNALISM CLASS OF 1928 STEWART S. HOWE FOUNDATION 917.731 C4327 Hon. Win. B. Ogden, First Mayor of Chicago. Mr. Ogden was born in Walton, N. Y., June 15th, 1805. At six- teen he took charge of his father's business, and at twenty-one was a mercantile partner. In 1834 he was a member of the New York Legislature, and in June, 1835, came to Chicago, where at the first election under the city charter (in 1837) he was chosen Mayor. From that time until his death. in 1877 Mr. Ogden was a very prominent factor in developing the Garden City. In business matters he was remarkably successful, amassing his millions. As a practical man, friend, and benefactor, he had few equals. "Many a family in Chicago," says a biographer, "owe their success to his- kind assistance." CHICAGO: AN INSTRUCTIVE AND ENTERTAINING HISTORY WONDERFUL CITY. WITH A USEFUL STRANGER'S GUIDE. CHICAGO : [COPYRIGHTED, 1888.] RHODES & McCLURE PUBLISHING CO. 1888. The stories and sketches found in this volume furnish an interesting, instructive, and exhaustive history of the most remarkable city in the world. They have been care- fully gathered from living men, many of whom are not yet "old," whose early life on "Chicago soil" antedates any single building now standing in the great city! It is curiously strange, and no less significant, to hear Ex-Lieut. Gcv. Bross tell of building his first house "out on the wild prairie," near what is now the Exposition grounds, and of "driving home his cows" from a region now solid with blocks for nearly seven miles beyond ! Equally strange is Judge Caton's story of " treeing a great bear" and kill- ing it in the wild woods, now within the business center of the wonderful city! But strangest of all are the stories of Gurdon S. Hubbard, whose early Chicago life looked out "all round" on an absolute wilderness, with his nearest "settle- ment" down at Danville, 130 miles away! Chicago is the product of modern civilization, not only as represented in the old world, but also the new. And it is the newest of the new! Hence her river "runs up stream," etc. And this feature gives a peculiar and signifi- cant interest to the stories and sketches in this volume, which have been gathered from the " old settlers," various books on Chicago, the press, and friends. In a very enter- taining manner they outline the wonderful history and great success of a most remarkable city. A complete "Visitors' Guide" has been added, for the benefit of those who visit Chicago. Chicago's First Owners. AMUSING, FIRST THINGS, POEMS, STORIES AND SKETCHES, VISITOR'S GUIDE, WISE AND OTHERWISE, WONDERS AND BEAUTIES, BUSINESS GUIDE, - PAGE. 85 17 197 26O 215 85 133 300 . Abraham Lincoln, Hon. Isaac N. Arnold's Story of (Black Hawk War) 105 Amusing Indignation Meeting, An 100 Amusing Story of a Script-Ticket, "Good for a Drink" ... 88 Army from Danville, 111., to Kescue Chicago from Indian Massacre, An 53 Arnold's Personal Experience in the Great Fire, Hon. Isaac N 123 IB Bear Story, Judge Caton's Chicago 92 Beaubien, Mark, Chicago's Early Fiddler 91 Bits of History 130 Bloody Hand, The ' 288 Board of Trade 166 Boulevards 133 Bridge Story, A 169 Bridges, The Turning 169 Bross, Cook County in 1831, Sketched by Ex-Lieut. Gov. 96 o Campbell Park 144 Caton's Bear Story, Judge 92 Central Park 141 Chicago, Ind 27 Chicago Lumber Yards 164 Chicago, The Name 17, 186, 187 Chicago, Va 26 Chicago Water Works 146 Chicago, Yesterday and To-day, by Gen. Strong 180 (IX) X CONTENTS. Chicago's Early Fiddler 91 Chicago's First Church 70 Chicago's First Irishman 93 Chicago's First Minister 70 Chicago's First Wedding 79 Church, The First 70 City Hall 176 Clock Peddler Flanked an Early Law, How a Yankee. ... 87 Congress Park , 144 Cook County in 1831, Sketched by Ex-Lieut. Gov. Bross. 96 Court House 176 Crib, The Lake 150 Custom House 156 ID Dearborn Park 144 Devil, Parson Hinton's Sensational Lectures on the 107 Douglas Monument 172 Douglas Park 144 Drinks, Eegulating the Price of Ill IE Elevators 161 Ellis Park 144 Escape, A Narrow 118 .Explosion, A Eemarkable 293 IF Ferry, The First 65 Fiddler, Chicago's Early 91 Fiftieth Birthday of Chicago, The 187 Fire, A Dreadful Scene in the Washington Street Tunnel During the Great 120 Fire, A Man Saves His House by Hard Cider in the Great 122 Fire, A Wedding Reminiscence of the Great 116 Fire, Graphic Description of the Great 123 Fire, How a Woman Was Saved in the Great 118 CONTENTS. XI Fire, How the Post-Office Cat Saved Its Life in the Great. Ill First Chicago Visitor, The, Sketched by Long John Wentworth 19 First Church, The 70 First Daily Newspaper, The 79 First Drawbridge Across the Chicago River, The 67 First Ferry, The 65 First Irishman, Chicago's 93 First Minister, The 70 First School-Teacher in Chicago, The 66 First Settler on Chicago Soil, The 23 First Sunday-School in Chicago, The 69 First Things, Some 130 First Wedding, Chicago's 79 Fort Dearborn 28 Fort Dearborn Massacre 30 Fourth in 1836, The 294 0- Getting on in the World Without Money 88 Ghost, The West Indiana Street 228 Ghost Who Walked the Jail Yard at Midnight, The 958 Graphic Picture of Chicago Yesterday and To-day, A, Gen. Strong 180 Greeley, Where Horace Got His "Go West, Young Man !" 175 Hand, The Bloody 288 History, Bits jof 130 Horse-Race on the Ice, A Laughable Story of a 168 Hotel Buildings of Chicago 175 Hotel Story, A Laughable 275 How a New Dress Was Exchanged for a Fortune 104 How Chicago Escaped Being the Paris of America 24 How the State Senators Were Tortured 1 10 How the Yankee Clock Peddler Flanked an Early Chicago Law.. 87 XII CONTENTS. Hubbard, Chicago 50 Years Ago, Sketched by Gurdon S. 4 Humboldt Park ..................................... 87 Hunting Wolves Around Chicago ..................... 62 I Illustrations, Table of ............................... 23 Indians, Buying Chicago Lands from the .............. 41 Irishman, Chicago's First ............................ 93 J Jefferson Park ..................................... 142 Judge Caton's Boarding-House, and the Fate of the Land- lady's Daughter ............................... 64 Judge Caton's Chicago Bear Story .................... 92 Judge Caton's First Night in Chicago ................. 64 L Lake Park ......................................... 144 Laughable Court Work ................. ." ............ Ill Laughable Hotel Story, A ........................... 175 Laughable Story, A ................................. 85 Lincoln Park ..... . ................................. 135 "Long John's" Story of an Early Chicago Wedding ..... 74 Love-Letters in the Early Days of Chicago ............. 85 Lumber Yards ..................................... 164 IM: Massacre, A Thrilling Adventure of a Survivor of the 40 Massacre, The Chicago .............................. 30 May-Story, Phil. Hoyne's ............................ 291 Minister, The First .......................... ". ..... 70 Money, Getting on in the World Without .............. 88 Mule, A Phenomenal ................... ' ............. 287 Murderer's Wraith, The .............................. 289 Music Hall, A Floating .............................. 114 Name Chicago, The .......................... 17, 186, 187 Newsboys' Home, The .............................. 193 CONTENTS. XIII o Old Jack, The Singing Ferryman 114 DP Parks 133 Par Central 141 Park, Douglas 144 Park, South , 140 Park, Union 149 Parks, Other 144 Peattie, Elia W., Story of Early Chicago 260 Phil Hoyne's May-Story 291 Picture Gallery of Chicago 26 Post Office 156 Post Office, The Early 102 IR, Real Estate Transaction, A Heavy 41 Regulating the Prices of Boarding, Horse-Feed, and the Drinks Ill Remarkable Explosion, A . 298 River, The 150 s Scott, Gen. Winfield 101 Script-Ticket "Good for a Drink," A 88 Singing Ferryman, Old Jack, The 114 Slamming Doors at Midnight, The Ghost 285 South Park 140 Specters that Played Hob with Early Citizens 283 Spooks, Rare Tales of 283 State Senators Blown to Atoms 110 St. James' Episcopal Church 77 Stock Yards, Union 158 Story, A Laughable 85 Story of a Dance, A Laughable Hotel 175 XIV CONTENTS. Story of Early Chicago, A, Elia W. Peattie ............. 260 Story of Love-Letters, A Laughable ................... 85 T Tales of Spooks, Bare ............................... 288 Telescopic View of the Chicago Horizon 50 Years Ago, Sketched by a Resident, Col. Gurdon 8. Hubbard ....... 45 Tunnels ........................................... 150 Tunnel, Dreadful Scene in the Washington Street ...... 120 TJ Union Park _____ ................................... 139 Union Square. . . ................................... 144 Vernon Park ..................... . ................. 144 Violets ............................................ 80 Visitor's Guide, The ................................ 215 Washington Square ................................. 144 Water Works ....................................... 146 Wedding, Chicago's First ................... , ........ 79 Wedding, "Long John's" Story of an Early ........... 74 Wentworth Franked Love-Letters, How Congressman ... 85 Wentworth Not Able to Pay for His Church Pew ........ 107 Wentworth Beads to Citizens from New York Papers ____ 102 Wentworth's Story of an Early Chicago Wedding ....... 74 West Indiana Street Ghost, The ...................... 285 Wicker Park ....................................... 144 Winnebago Scare, The .............................. 45 Wraith, The Murderer's ............................. 289 Wraith, The Prairie ................................ 284 CONTENTS OF VISITOR'S GUIDE, .A. Abbreviations in Visitor's Guide 217 Academies 241 Adams Express 245 Adventist Churches , 225 Advice for Pleasure -Seekers 189 African Churches, Methodist Episcopal 232 American Express 245 Amusement Places 251 Asylums 222 IB Baptist Churches 225 Baggage Companies 245 Baltimore and Ohio Express 245 Banks 223 Banks, Savings 224 Boundaries, City 236 Bridges, City 237 Burning of Chicago, The, Poem, by Will Carleton 200 Business Directory 300 Buying of Chicago Lands from the Indians 41 o Cab Co., Chicago 220 Cab Co., Gurney, Phaeton, and 222 Cab Lines 220 Cab Ordinance 218 Cab Patrons, Hints to 221 Cab Stands 220 (XV) XVI CONTENTS OF VISITORS' GUIDE. Campbell Park 250 Carleton, The Burning of Chicago, Poem, Will 200 Catholic Churches, Eoman 233 Cautions to Travelers : 189, 217 Cemeteries 224 Central Park 250 Chicago Est Delenda, Poem, W. C. Eichards 212 Chicago, Poem, Bret Harte 210 Chicago, Poem, John G. Whittier 209 Christian Churches 226 Churches v 225 City Corporation 235 City Express Companies 245 City Officiary 249 Coach Ordinances 218 Colleges 237, 240 Commercial Colleges 240 Companies, Express 245 Companies, Eailroad 252 Congregational Churches 226 Congress Park 250 Consuls 237 Convents 238 Courts 288 County of Cook Courts 239 County Officiary 249 ID Danish Baptist Churches 226 Danish Evangelical Lutheran Churches 228 Dearborn Park 250 Dental Colleges 240 Depositories, Safe 224 Depots, Eailroad, Freight 252 Depots, Eailroad, Passenger 252 Dexter Park.. 250 CONTENTS OF VISITORS' GUIDE. XVII Dispensaries ........................................ 289 Douglas Park ...................................... 250 Dutch Beformed Churches ........................... 227 IB Educational ......................................... 240 Elevators .......................................... 244 Ellis Park ............ ............................. 250 Engine Companies, Fire ............................. 235 English Baptist Churches ............................ 225 English Congregational Churches ..................... 226 English Evangelical Lutheran Churches ............... 229 Episcopal Churches, Protestant ....................... 227 Episcopal Eeformed Churches ........................ 228 Erie Express ....................................... 245 Evangelical Association of North America, German, Churches .................................... 228 Evangelical Lutheran Churches ....................... 228 Evangelical Eeformed Churches ...................... 230 Evangelical United Churches ......................... 230 Exposition, Inter-State .............................. 174 Express Companies ................................. 245 Fire Alarm and Police Telegraph ..................... 236 Fire Alarm Signals .................................. 236 Fire Alarm Stations ................................. 236 Fire Department, City ............................... 235 FortDearborn ...................................... 196 Fort Dearborn Memorial, The ........................ 196 Free Methodist Churches ............................ 252 Free Will Baptist Churches .......................... 226 Freight Depots, Kailroad ...................... ..... 252 Friendless, Home for the ............................ 193 Funds' Meeting Houses ............................. 230 XVIII CONTENTS OF VISITORS' GUIDE. o- GagePark ......................................... 250 Garfield Park ...................................... 250 General Offices, Eailroad ............................. 252 German Baptist Churches ........................... 226 German Congregational Churches ..................... 227 German Evangelical Lutheran Churches ............... 229 German Methodist Episcopal Churches ................ 232 Government Officers ................................ 246 Government Offices ................................. 246 Grant Monument ................................... 256 Groveland Park .................................... 250 Guide, Business .................................... 300 Guide, Visitor's ..................................... 215 Hack Ordinance .................................... 218 Hall, Eugene J., Fort Dearborn Memorial, Poem ........ 197 Halls, Music ....................................... 251 Halls, Public ....................................... 251 Hansom Cab Co .................................... 220 Harte, Bret, Chicago, Poem .......................... 210 Home for the Friendless ............................. 193 Home, Newsboys' ................................... 193 Hospitals .......................................... 246 Hotels ............................................. 247 Humboldt Park ..................................... 250 I Illustrations, Table of ............................... 23 Independent Churches .............................. 230 Independent Evangelical Lutheran Churches ......... '. 229 Indian Monument .................................. 25G Industrial Exhibition ................................ 1 74 Inter-State Exposition ................................ 174 CONTENTS OF VISITORS' GUIDE. XIX Jackson Park ...................................... 250 Jefferson Park ............ : ........................ 250 Jewish Synagogues ................................. 230 Judiciary .......................................... 248 IK: Kindergartens ...................................... 241 Lake Park ................................ ; ........ 250 Legal Colleges ....................................... 240 Libraries .......................................... 248 Lincoln Monument ..... ............................ 256 Lincoln Park ...................................... 250 Literary Colleges ................................... 240 IM: Medical Colleges .................................... 240 Memorial of Fort Dearborn .......................... 196 Memorial of Fort Dearborn, Poem, Eugene J. Hall ...... 197 Methodist Episcopal Churches ........................ 230 Methodist Episcopal Missions ......................... 231 Military ........................................... 248 Miscellaneous Churches .............................. 235 Missions, Baptist ................................... 226 Missions, Congregationalist .......................... 227 Missions, Methodist Episcopal ........................ 231 Missions, Presbyterian .............................. 233 Monument, Douglas ................................. 172 Monument, Grant ................................... 256 Monument, Indian . . ! .............. ................ 256 Monument, Lincoln ................................. 256 Monument, Schiller ................................. 256 Monuments, Public ................................. 256 Museums .......................................... 282 Musical Colleges .................................... 240 XX CONTENTS OF VISITORS' GUIDE. Music Halls ........................................ 240 New England Express ............................... 245 Newsboys' Home .................................... 193 Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Churches ............. 229 Norwegian Churches, Methodist Episcopal .............. 232 o Officers, Government ................................ 246 Offices, Government ................................. 246 Offices, Kailroad ....................... . ............ 252 Offices, General Eailroad ............................. 252 Offices, Railroad Freight ............................. 252 Offices, Eailroad Passenger .......................... 252 Offices, Eailroad Ticket .............................. 252 Officiary .......................................... 249 Officiary, Chicago City ............................... 249 Officiary, Cook County .............................. 249 Opera Houses ...................................... 251 Ordinance, Cab ..................................... 218 Ordinance, Coach ................................... 218 Ordinance, Expressmen .............................. 220 IP Pacific Express ..................................... 245 Panoramas ......................................... 250 Parks ...................................... . ........ 250 Passenger Depots, Eailroad .......................... 252 Pharmaceutical Colleges ............................. 241 Poetry ........................................... 197 Police Courts ......................... .' ............. 239 Police Stations ..................................... 239 Police Telegraph ................................... 236 Porters, Public ..................................... 219 Post Office ......................................... 251 Post Offices, Branch ................................ 251 CONTENTS OF VISITORS' GUIDE. XXI Presbyterian Churches .............................. 232 Presbyterian Churches, Scotch ........................ 283 Presbyterian Churches, United ....................... 233 Professional Colleges ................................ 240 Public Monuments ........................ .......... 256 Railroad Depots .................................... 252 Eailroad Expresses ................................. 245 Railroad Freight Depots .................. ........... 252 Railroad General Offices ............................. 252 Railroad Lines, City ................................ 237 Railroad Passenger Depots ............. .............. 252 Railroad Ticket Offices. ... ........................... 252 Railroads .......................................... 252 Rates, Cab Distance ................................ 221 Rates, Cab Hour ........... ....................... 221 Reading Rooms ..................................... 248 Richards, Wm. C., Chicago Est Delenda, Poem ......... 212 Roman Catholic Churches ........................... 233 s Safe Depositories .................. ................. 224 Schiller Monument ................................. 256 Schools, Grammar .................................. 242 Schools, High .................... ................. 241 Schools, Primary ................................... 243 Schools, Public ..................................... 241 Scotch Presbyterian Churches ........................ 233 Seminaries ......................................... 241 Signals for Fire Alarm ............................. 236 South Park ............................... ......... 251 Spiritualists ....................................... 234 State of Illinois Court ............................... 239 Stations of Fire Alarm .............................. 236 Stations, Police ..................................... 289 Stations, Postal .................................... 251 XXII CONTENTS OF VISITORS' GUIDE. Swedenborgian Temples ............................. 284 Swedish Baptist Churches ........................... 226 Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Churches ............... 229 Swedish Methodist Episcopal Churches ................ 238 T Telegraph, Fire Alarm and Police ..................... 236 Theaters ........................................... 251 Ticket Offices, Railroad .............................. 252 Trotting Park ...................................... 166 Tunnels, City ...................................... 237 TJ Union Park ........................................ 250 Union Stock Yards ................................. 158 Unitarian Churches ................................. 235 United Presbyterian Churches . . . .$ ................... 238 United States Courts ................................ 239 United States Express ............................... 245 United States Officiary ............................. 249 Vernon Park ...... . ................................ 251 Veterinary Colleges ................................. 241 Visitor's Guide, The ................................ 215 Washington Park ................................... 251 Washington Square Park ............................ 251 Waterworks, City .................................. 237 Welsh Congregational Churches ...................... 227 Wells, Fargo & Co. Express ......... . ................ 246 Whittier, John G., Chicago, Poem .................... 209 Wicker Park ....... i ............................... 251 Woodlawn Park.. 251 ARCHING THE TUNNEL 153 AT PLAY IN THE PARK 145 AUDIPHONE 6 BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING 165 BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING, OLD 854 BOOTBLACK, A 192 BUSINESS CENTER OP CHICAGO, BURNED IN A NIGHT 124 CAB, CHICAGO HANSOM 220 CAB, GURNET 222 CAT, OLD POST-OFFICE 121 CHICAGO A YEAR AFTER THE GREAT FIRE 84 CHICAGO, BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF BUSINESS 181 CHICAGO IN 1852 4 CHICAGO IN 1820 47 CHICAGO ONE DAY AFTER THE FIRE 127 CHICAGO POST-OFFICE 103 CHICAGO Six YEARS AFTER THE MASSACRE 42 CHICAGO WATER WORKS 147. CHICAGO WATER WORKS, OLD 146 CITY HALL AND COURT HOUSE, WASHINGTON STREET FRONT.. 173 COURT HOUSE (BURNED, 1871), THE OLD 177 COURT HOUSE, CLARK STREET FRONT 178 CRIB IN THE LAKE, THE 151 DEARBORN STREET BRIDGE, OLD 68 DOUGLAS MONUMENT, THE 173 DREXEL BOULEVARD AND SOUTH PARK 133 ELEVATOR AND LUMBER YARDS 163 ENGINES AT WATER WORKS, THE 149 EXPOSITION BUILDING, THE 174 FATHER MARQUETTE ON His JOURNEY IN 1674 21 FIRE AS SEEN FROM THE LAKE, THE GREAT 117 FIRST CHICAGO VISITORS, THE 19 FIRST FAMILY RESIDENCE IN CHICAGO 25 FIRST HOTEL IN CHICAGO, THE 61 FIRST SETTLER ON CHICAGO SOIL, THE 23 FLAG, UNION 297 FORT DEARBORN AS REBUILT IN 1816 29 FORT DEARBORN FROM THE NORTHEAST 37 FORT DEARBORN, SITE OF 199 (XXIII) XXIV ILLUSTRATIONS. FORT DEARBORN, THE ORIGINAL, BUILT IN 1804 28 GEN. CLARK, AFTER WHOM CLARK STREET, WAS NAMED 26 ''GONE, BUT NOT FORGOTTEN" 258 GRANT MONUMENT, THE 257 HOME FOR THE FRIENDLESS 8, 194 INDIAN, AN 25 INDIAN VILLAGE, THE 19 KINZIE'S HOUSE, JOHN 25, 195 LAKE SHORE DRIVE AT LINCOLN PARK 136 LUMBERYARDS 163 MAPS OF CHICAGO 255, 298 MONUMENT, DOUGLAS 173 MONUMENT, GRANT 257 MONUMENT, SCHILLER 259 OGDEN, WM. B FRONTISPIECE. OLD POST-OFFICE CAT 121 PARK, AT PLAY IN THE 191 PARK VIEW, A 196 PARK VIEWS 143 PATROL, THE POLICE 75 PEACEFUL HOME OF EARLIER DAYS, THE 44 PHOSNIX, THE CHICAGO 211 PIONEER, THE 183 PIONEER HOME, THE 50 POLICE PATROL, THE 75 POST-OFFICE 103 POST-OFFICE CAT, THE OLD 121 PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL 6 RUSTIC BRIDGE, ETC., IN UNION PARK. ; 142 SCHILLER MONUMENT 259 SECTIONAL VIEW OF CRIB, TUNNEL, WATER WORKS, ETC 154 SECTIONAL VIEW OF LA SALLE STREET TUNNEL 157 SECTIONAL VIEW OF WEST SIDE WATER WORKS, TUNNEL, ETC. 155 SPOOK, A 290 STOCK YARDS AND TRANSIT HOUSE 158 STORE OF W. M. HOYT 1&9 SUPPOSED ORIGIN OF THE GREAT FIRE 129 TRANSIT HOUSE 158 TROTTING PARK 167 TUNNEL, ARCHING THE 153 UNION FLAG 297 UNION STOCK YARDS 159 VIEW IN JEFFERSON PARK. . 142 ILLUSTRATIONS. XXT VIEW IN UmoN PARK 138 VIEW OP FOUNTAIN IN LINCOLN PAKK 134 VIEW ON CHICAGO RIVER, WITH TURNING BRIDGE 170 VIEW ON DEARBORN AVENUE BEFORE THE FIRE. 109 WATER TANKS AT STOCK YARDS 160 WATER WORKS, ASHLAND AVENUE 152 WATER WORKS, CHICAGO AVENUE 147 WOLF HUNT IN EARLY DAYS, A 68 CHICAGO RAILROADS. DEPOT Baltimore 4 Ohio, Chicago 4 Alton,. 3 Chicago* Atlantic, /I Chicago. Burlington 4 Qulncy. 3 Chicago 4 Eastern Illinois, rand Trunk, 6 Chicago, 'Milwaukee 4 St.Eaul, 3 Chicago 4 North Western. S Chicago, Hock Island 4 Tactfc, 4 Chicago, St. Louis Plttiburgy 8 Chicago, 4 Western. Indiana. Share-ft MTchijn Southerny < tf.e. ISt \LoulTille, Tfew ilbanj 4 Chicago, ichigan Central, 1 York, Chfcjfgpi 6 Wa/ne 4 Chicago, 3 h, St.Louis 4 Pacinc, DEPOT OF ICAGvQ FIRST THINGS. The Name. _^_ The first geo- graphical notice of Chicago, is found i n a map dated Quebec, Canada. 1688, on which k ' Fort Checagou " occupies the exact location of the pres- ent city, and the form of Lake Mich- igan is represented quite correctly. In an atlas, pub- lished in 1696, by Le Sieur Sanson, "Geographer to the King," we find the whole Mississippi River, from its origin to the Gulf of Mexico, is named " Cha- caqua." In other old works it is called the " Chacaqua, or Divine River." A manuscript, purporting to have been written in ] 726 by M. de Ligny, at Green Bay, and brought from France [17] 2 18 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. by General Cass, mentions the place as " Chicagoux; " and that name is found to occur several times in the official correspondence of the earlier years of the present century. The name of " Chicago " has been interpreted to mean "' Wild Onion," after the herb which once grew profusely on the banks of the river. But the above historical facts tend to prove that the word had a much nobler meaning; added to which we know that the word Checaque was used HO the name of thunder, or the voice of the Great Manitou. If we include this supernatural factor, Chicago might be called the " Divine City," or, more literally, " A Thunder- ing City." It has been suggested, however, that all of the above in- tentions may be harmonized, if we atttach to the name the meaning of " strong," as it is well known that the Indian speech contained many more of these incongruous congru- ities than are to be found in the languages of the present day. FIRST THINGS. 19 The First Chicago Visit- ors. -Sketched By " Long s John " Wentworth. Thosebestac- quainted with In- dian antiquities give Chicago a far-reach- past. As there Iwere Indians before jthe discovery of the ^continent, there Imust have been con- jspicuous and cen- jtral points for coun- cils, and Chicago was undoubtedly one of them. The name, or its spelling, or its pronunciation, may have been different. But the Indians were not troubled with dictionaries or spelling-books. There were no spelling- schools among them. No book agent ever annoyed their Boards of Education. 20 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. John Quincy Adams (says Mr. Wentworth) whose seat was near mine in Congress, seeing me write " Chicago," said: "That's the way everybody spells it now; but, under my Administration no two Government officers, writing from there, ever spelled it the same way." He repeated over a long list of the various ways in which it was for- merly spelled. Then he said: "I see you have not settled upon your pronunciation yet, as members of your own delegation pro- nounce it differently," as we then did. The first written account of the Northwest bears the date of 1654, when two French fur-traders from Canada visited this country, and two years after returned and gave such glowing descriptions of the region as excited a gen- eral disposition to explore it. Yet there may have been white men in Chicago even be- fore that time. It is claimed that there was a missionary station at Mackinaw about 1607. The place thereof is still known as Point Ignace. It was there that the remains of Father James Marquette were taken, about 1720, from the banks of Marquette River, 'over in Michigan, where he died May 18, 1675. In 1700 there were thirty-Jive of these missionary sta- tions or quasi-military posts located all the way from Frontenac (now Kingston), on Lake Ontario, via Detroit, Mackinaw, Green Bay, Chicago, Peoria, St. Louis, etc., to New Orleans. About the same time there was another route by land, via Fort Wayne, to Chicago. Their route out of Chicago was down the north fork of the South Branch through Mud Lake, then called le petit lac, to the Desplaines River, and generally in the same little boats with which they had passed over the lakes of the east. Marquette was undoubtedly the first white man who tar- ried any length of time in Chicago. He was undoubtedly FIRST THINGS. 21 our first clergyman. The church, however, in which he preached was spared the necessity of extinguishment in the Chicago fire. The following extracts from Father Marquette's journal are interestingly descriptive of the early surroundings at Chicago in his day: " Dec. 4, 1674. We started well to reach Portage River (Chicago River), which was frozen half a foot thick. There was more snow there than anywhere [The first Chicago visitor, Father Marquette, on his journey, ial674.] else, and also more tracks of animals and turkeys. The land along the shore is good for nothing, except on the prairies. Deer-hunting is pretty good as you get away from the Pot- tawatamies. " Dec. 12. We could not say mass on the Feast of the Conception on account of the bad weather and the cold. During our stay at the mouth of the river, Pierre and Jacques killed three buffalo and four deer, one of which ran quite a distance with his heart cut in two. They con- tented themselves with killing three or four turkeys of the 22 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. many which were around our cabin (probably an Indian wigwam, which were sometimes called cabins), because they were almost dying of hunger. Jacques brought in a part- ridge (prairie chicken) that he had killed, every way re- sembling those of France, except that it had like two little wings of three or four feathers, a finger long, near the head, with which they cover the two sides of the neck where there are no feathers. " March 30. The north wind having prevented the thaw till the 25th of March, it began with a southerly wind. The next day game began to appear; we killed thirty wild pigeons. On the 28th the ice broke and choked above us. On the 29th the water was so high that we had barely time to uncabin in haste, put our things on trees, and try to find a place to sleep on some hillock, the water gaining all night. "March 31. Besides this outlet the river has an- other (meaning the Desplaines), by which we must de- scend. Only the very high grounds escape inundation. That where we are has increased more than twelve feet. Here we began our portage more than eighteen months ago. Geese and ducks pass constantly. We contented our- selves with seven." In May, 1675, Marquette returned and passeql out of the Chicago River to the other side of the lake and to the eternal shores beyond. He died on his way to Mackinaw, May 18th, 1675, in his 38th year, and was buried on the banks of the stream which now bears his name. Father Marquette was a native of France, who after re- ceiving a suitable education devoted himself to the cause of his Master. It was this work which brought him to the New World, in which he labored faithfully until death He was a man of fine intelligence and remarkable industry and well deserves the monument recently erected to his name on the shores of Lake Michigan. FIRST THINGS. 23 The First Settler on Chicago Soil-And What Became of His " Claim." It is a little sin- gular, " in the natu- ral order of things," that the ' 'first set- tler " of Chicago should have been a negro, all the way from San Domingo. Nevertheless this is the historical fact. His name was Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, and he " drove his stakes " in 1796 in the neighborhood of Dearborn and Water streets, where he built a rude hut, and " laid claim " to the surrounding country. He did his best to ingratiate himself into the affections of the Indians, with the idea of becoming a chief. When this point was accomplished he intended to send back for more of his fellow-countrymen, and plant a San Domingo colony on the banks of the Chicago River and the adjacent prairies. After residing here a few years, and meeting with poor success in becoming a chief, he removed to Feoria, then known as Fort Clark, where he died. A Frenchman, Le Mai, a trader, succeeded the negro settler in his dwelling and claim, who, after several years' occupation, sold in turn to a man subsequently of note in the settlement, John Kin- zie, who was then residing with his family at the mouth of the St. Joseph River, on the eastern shore of the lake, now in Michigan. Mr. Kinzie, at this time, was the agent of Astor's 24 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. celebrated American Fur Company. He held possession of the negro's claim, and subsequently enlarged "the original hut" and otherwise changed it into a comfortable dwelling which, in 1804, he and his family made their place of abode. This was the first "family house " erected in Chicago. How Chicago Escaped Being a French City and the Paris of America. Chicago was essentially French until the erection of Fort Dearborn, in 1804, which brought the English language on the shores of Lake Michigan. When the last war between Great Britain and France broke out on the American Continent, the French had ex- tended their power up the Ohio River, as far as Fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburg, and were contemplating a line of militia-posts from that place to Lake Ontario. Had they succeeded in this, and held their power on this continent, Chicago would certainly have been a French city, and, in all probability, the Paris of America; with the General Assembly here, composed of delegates from Hali- fax, Quebec, Montreal, St. Louis, New Orleans, and the Pacific cities. When the French defeated the British forces at Fort Du Quesne, and left their Commander--in-Chief, Gen. Braddock, dead upon the battle-field, they thought they had inflicted a fatal blow upon British power in America; but they in- flicted a greater one when they left alive upon the same battle-field the juvenile George Washington, destined so soon to lead to glory the colonists, spurred to battle by the eloquence of John Adams in Faneuil Hall, and of Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses of Yirginia. After the treaty of peace between Great Britain and 26 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. France, in 1763, by which the Canadas were ceded to Great Britain, our relations to the two countries were entirely reversed. ' ""* And by the treaty with Gen. Anthony Wayne with the Indians at Greenville, O., in 1795, the Indians ceded to the United States: " One piece of land, six miles square, at the mouth of the Chicajo River, emptying into the southwest end of Lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood." This was an old French fort, probably built over 100 years be- fore, by the earliest French explorers. This was the first transaction, on record, in Chicago real estate. Gen. "Wayne (says " Long John ") spelled Chicago with a " j." The baby's name in 1795 was "jo." He had not got the "go" then. It was Chica jo. Chicago, Va. [Gen G. R. Clark, after whom Clark St., Chicago, was named,) Under the conquest of Gen. George Rogers Clark, whose FIRST THItfGS. , 27 expedition Virginia had fitted out, and the expenses of which were never refunded, that State claimed the whole Chicago country. In 1778 her Legislature created the County of Illinois, embracing all the State of Illinois. The address was then " Chicago, Va" And but for the ordinance of 1787, which ceded the Northwestern Territory to the United States, according to Mr. Wentworth's face- tious remark: "Chicago might have been raising slaves up to the time of Lincoln's Proclamation, and the white laborers, who have done so much for the development ot the city, been entirely excluded. As it was, we were only com- pelled to catch the slaves that others raised, whilst follow- ing the old Indian trail to Canada and freedom." Chicago, Ind. In 1800 Illinois was organized into a Territory with Indiana, under the name of Indiana Territory, with Gen. William Henry Harrison as Governor. The seat of gov- ernment was Yincennes, Ind., and then all were Hoosiers. The address was " Chicago, Ind." This state of things continued for about nine years, when the name of " Hoosier" was changed to that of " Sucker," by the organization of what was called the "Illinois Territory" with Kinian Edwards as Governor, and with the seat of government at Kaskaskia. This took place in 1809. It was, however, under the Hoosier administration that Fort Dearborn was erected in 1804, and named after Gen, Henry Dearborn, a conspicuous officer in the American Revolution, and afterwards Secretary ot War. 28 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Fort Dearborn. Fort Dearborn was built by the United States Govern- ment in 1804, and garrisoned with about fifty men and three pieces of artillery. Its location was on the south bank of the river, just east of Rush Street Bridge. It had two block houses, one on the south-east corner, the other at the northwest. On the north side was a sally-port, or subterranean passage, leading from the parade ground to the river, designed as a place of escape in an emergency, [The original Fort Dearborn, as built in 1804.] or for supplying the garrison with water in time of siege. The whole was inclosed by a strong palisade of wooden pickets. The ground adjoining on the south side was in- closed and cultivated as a garden. Up to the time of its erection no white man had made his home in this region. For eight years the garrison was quiet, and the traders were prosperous, the number of the latter having been con- siderably increased. Then the United States became in- volved in trouble with Great Britain, which finally broke out into the war-flame. The Indians took the war-path FIRST THINGS. 29 long before the declaration of hostilities between the two civilized nations. This resulted finally in the awful "Fort Dearborn massacre," iri which the fort was burned. For four years after this terrible event the place was de- serted by all save the Indians. Even the fur-traders did not care to visit the scene of so much disaster, and Chicago seemed to have been remanded into aboriginal darkness.- [Fort Dearborn ax rebuilt in 18! ;.; Iii 1816 the fort was rebuilt, under the direction of Capt Bradley, and was thereafter occupied continuously by United States troops for twenty-one years, except for a short time in 1831. In 1837 it was abandoned, as the In- dians had been removed far to the westward. The fort stood, however, till 1856, when it was demolished. STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Fort Dearborn Massacre A Thrilling Story by an Eye-Witness. It was on the morning of the 15th of August, ,/ 1812, that Fort Dearborn, by military authority, was evacuated. As the troops left the fort the band struck up the Dead March. Captain Wells took the lead, at the head of his little band of Miarnis. He had blackened his face before leaving the garrison, in to- ken of his impending fate. They took their route along the lake shore. When they reached the point where commenced a range of sand-hills intervening between the prairie and the beach, the escort of Pottawatamies, in number about five hundred, kept the level of the prairie, instead of contin- uing along the beach with the Americans and Miamis. They had marched perhaps a mile and a half, when Cap- tain Wells, who had kept somewhat in advance with his Miamis, came riding furiously back. " They are about to attack us," shouted he ; " form instantly, and charge upon them." Scarcely were the words uttered when a volley was show- ered from among the sand-hills. The troops were hastily brought into line, and charged up the bank. One man, a veteran of seventy summers, fell as they ascended. The re- mainder of the scene is best described in the words of an eye-witness, Mrs. Helm, the wife of Captain Helm, and step- daughter of Mr. Kinzie : " After we had left the bank," says Mrs. Helm, " the firing became general. The Miamis fled at the outset. Their chief rode up to the Pottawatamies and said : " ' You have deceived the Americans and us. You have FIRST THINGS. 31 done a bad action, and (brandishing his tomahawk) I will be the first to head a party of Americans to return and pun- ish your treachery.' So saying, he galloped after his com- panions, who were now scouring across the prairies. " The troops behaved most gallantly. They were but a handful, but they seemed resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possibly. Our horses pranced and bounded, and could hardly be restrained as the balls whistled among them. I drew off a little, and gazed upon my husband and father, who were yet unharmed. I felt that my hour was come, and endeavored to forget those I loved, and prepare myself for my approaching fate. " While I was thus engaged, the Surgeon, Dr. Yan Yoor- hees, came up. He was badly wounded. His horse had been shot under him, and he had received a ball in his leg. Every muscle of his face was quivering with the agony of terror. He said to me : ' Do you think they will take our lives ? I am badly wounded, but I think not mortally. Perhaps we might purchase our lives by promising them a large reward. Do you think there is any chance ?' " ' Dr. Van Yoorhees,' said I, ' do not let us waste the few moments that yet remain to us in such vain hopes. Our fate is inevitable. In a few moments we must appear before the bar of God. Let us make what preparation is yet in our power.' " ' Oh ! I cannot die,' exclaimed he, ' I am not fit to die if I had but a short time to prepare death is awful ! ' " I pointed to Ensign Ronan, who, though mortally wounded and nearly down, was still fighting with despera- tion on one knee. " ' Look at that man,' said I, ' at least he dies like a sol- dier.' " ' Yes,' replied the unfortunate man, with a convulsive 32 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. gasp, ' but he has no terrors of the future he is an unbe- liever !' "At this moment a young Indian raised his tomahawk at [The Massacre.] me. By springing aside, I avoided the blow which was in- tended for my skull, but which alighted on my shoulder. 1 seized him around the neck, and while exerting my utmost FIRST THINGS. 33 efforts to get possession of liis scalping-knife, which hung in a scabbard over his breast, I was dragged from his grasp by another and older Indian. " The latter bore me struggling and resisting toward the lake. Notwithstanding the rapidity with which I was hur- ried along, I recognized, as I passed them, the lifeless re- mains of the unfortunate surgeon. Some murderous toma- hawk had stretched him upon the very spot where I had last seen him. "I was immediately pmnged into the water and held there with a forcible hand, notwithstanding my resistance. I soon perceived, however, that the object of my captor was not to drown me, for he held me firmly in such a position as to place my head above water. This reassured me, and regarding him attentively, I soon recognized, in spite of the paint with which he was disguised, The Black Partridge. " When the firing had nearly subsided, my preserver bore me from the water and conducted me up the sand- banks. It was a burning August morning, and walking through the sand in my drenched condition was inexpress- ibly painful and fatiguing. I stooped and took off my shoes to free them from the sand with which they were nearly filled, when a squaw seized and carried them off, and I was obliged to proceed without them. "When we had gained the prairie, I was met by my father, who told me that my husband was safe and but slightly w r ounded. They led me gently back toward the Chicago River, along the southern bank of which was the Pottawatamie encampment. At one time I was placed upon a horse without a saddle, but, finding the motion in- supportable, I sprang off. Supported partly by my kind conductor, Black Partridge, and partly by another Indian, Pee-so-tum, who held dangling in his hand a scalp, which by the black ribbon around the queue I recognized as that 3 04 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. of Capt. Wells, I dragged my fainting steps to one of the wigwams. " The wife of Wau-bee-nee-mah, a chief from the Illinois River, was standing near, and seeing my exhausted condi- tion she seized a kettle, dipped up some water from a stream that flowed near, threw into it some maple sugar, and stirring it up with her hand gave it me to drink. This act of kindness, in the midst of so many horrors, touched me most sensibly, but my attention was soon diverted to other objects. " The fort had become a scene of plunder to such as re- mained after the troops marched out. The cattle had been shot down as they ran at large, and lay dead or dying around. This work of butchery had commenced just as we were leaving the fort. I well remember a remark of En- sign Ronan, as the firing went on. ' Such,' turning to me, ' is to be our fate to be shot down like brutes !" "'Well, sir,' said the Commanding Officer, who over- heard him, 'are you afraid?' " ' No,' replied the high-spirited young man, ' I can march up to the enemy where you dare not show your face;' and his subsequent gallant behavior showed this to be no idle boast. " As the noise of the firing grew gradually less, and the stragglers from the victorious party came dropping in, I received confirmation of what my father had hurriedly communicated in our rencontre on the lake shore namely, that the whites had surrendered after the loss of about two- thirds of their number. They had stipulated, through the interpreter, Peresh Leclerc, for the preservation of their lives, and those of the remaining women and children, and for their delivery at some of the British posts, unless ran- somed by traders in the Indian country. It appears that the wounded prisoners were not considered as included in FIRST THINGS. 35 the stipulation, and a horrible scene ensued upon their being brought into camp. " An old squaw, infuriated by the loss of friends, or ex- cited by the sanguinary scenes around her, seemed pos- sessed by a demoniac ferocity. She seized a stable-fork and assaulted one miserable victim, who lay groaning and writh- ing in the agony ot his wounds, aggravated by the scorching beams of the sun. "With a delicacy of feeling scarcely to have been expected under such circumstances, Wau-bee-nee- mah stretched a mat across two poles, between me and this dreadful scene. I was thus spared in some degree a view of its horrors, although I could not entirely close my ears to the cries of the sufferer. The following night five more of the M'ounded prisoners were* tomahawked. " The Americans, after their first attack by the Indians, charge-: 1 upon those who had concealed themselves in a sort of ravine intervening between the sand-banks and the prairie. The latter gathered themselves into a body, and after some hard fighting, in which the number of whites had become reduced to twenty-eight, this little band succeeded in breaking through the enemy, and gained a rising ground not far from the Oak Woods. The contest now seemed hopeless, and Lieut. Helm sent Peresh Leclerc, a half-breed boy in the service of Mr. Kinzie, who had accompanied the de- tachment and fought manfully on their side, to propose terms of capitulation. It was stipulated that the lives ot all the survivors should be spared, and a ransom permitted as soon as practicable. " But in the meantime a horrible scene had been en- acted. One young savage, climbing into the baggage-wagon containing the children of the white families, twelve in number, tomahawked the children of the en tire group. This was during the engagement near the sand-hills. When 36 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Captain Wells, who was fighting near, beheld it, he ex- claimed : " ' Is that their game, butchering the women and children? Then I will kill too !' " So saying he turned his horse's head and started for the Indian camp near the fort, where had been left their squaws and children. " Several Indians pursued him as he galloped along. He laid himself flat on the neck of his horse, loading and tiring in that position, as he would occasionally turn on his pur- suers. At length their balls took effect, killing his horse and severely wounding himself. At this moment he was met by Wlnnemeg and Wau-ban-see, who endeavored to save him from the savages who had now overtaken him. As they supported him along, after having disengaged him from his horse, he received his death-blow from another Indian, Pee-so-tum, who stabbed him in the back. " The heroic resolution of one of the soldiers' wives de- serves to be recorded. She was a Mrs. Corbin, and had. from the first, expressed the determination never to fall fall into the hands of the savages, believing that their pris- oners were always subjected to tortures worse than death. " When, therefore, a party came upon her, to make her a prisoner, she fought with desperation, refusing to surrender, although assured, by signs, of safety and kind treatment, and literally suffered herself to be cut to pieces, rather than become their captive. " There was a Sergeant Holt, who, early in the engage- ment, received a ball in the neck. Finding himself badly wounded, he gave his sword to his wife, who was on horse- back near him, telling her to defend herself. He then made for the lake, to keep out of the way ot the balls. Mrs. Holt rode a very fine horse, which' the Indians were desir- FIRST THINGS. 37 ous of possessing, and they therefore attacked her in hopes of dismounting her. " They fought only with the butt-ends of their guns, for their object was not to kill her. She hacked and hewed at their pieces as they were thrust against her, now on this side, now on that. Finally she broke loose fram them and dashed out into the prairie. The Indians pursued her, shouting and laughing, and now and then calling out: [Fort Dearborn from the Northeast.] " ' The brave woman! do not hurt her!' " At length they overtook her again, and while she was engaged with two or three in front one succeeded in seizing her by the neck behind and dragging her, although a large and powerful woman, from her horse. Notwithstanding that their guns had been so hacked and injured, and even themselves cut severely, they seemed to regard her only with admiration. They took her to a trader on the Illinois 38 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. River, by whom she was restored to her friends, after hav- ing received every kindness during her captivity. " Those of the family of Mr. Kinzie who had remained in the boat, near the mouth of the river, were carefully guarded by Kee-po-tah and another Indian. They had seen the smoke then the blaze and immediately after the re- port of the first tremendous discharge sounded in their ears. Then all was confusion. They realized nothing until they saw an Indian come towards them from the battle-ground leading a horse on which sat a lady apparently wounded. " ' That is Mrs. Heald,' cried Mrs. Kinzie. ' That Indian will kill her. Run, Chandonnai ' (to one of Mr. Kinzie's clerks), ' take the mule that is tied there and offer it to him to release her.' " Her captor by this time was in the act of disengaging her bonnet from her head in order to scalp her. Chandonnai ran up, offered the mule as a ransom, with a promise of ten bottles of whisky as soon as they should reach his village. The latter was a strong temptation. " ' But,' said the Indian, ' she is badly wounded she will die. Will you give me the whisky, at all events?' " Chandonnai promised that he would, and the bargain was concluded. The savage placed the lady's bonnet on his own head, and, after an ineffectual effort on the part of some squaws to rob her of her shoes and stockings, she was brought on board the boat, where she lay moaning with pain from the many bullet wounds she had received in both arms. "The horse she had ridden was a fine-spirited animal, and, being desirous of possessing themselves of it uninjured, the Indians had aimed their shots so as to disable the rider without injuring her steed. " She had not lain long in the boat when a young Indian of savage aspect was seen approaching. A buffalo robe was hastily drawn over Mrs. Heald, and she was admonished FIRST THINGS. 3ft to suppress all sound of .complaint as she valued her life. " The heroic woman remained perfectly silent while %the savage drew near. He had a pistol in his hand which he rested on the side of the boat, while with a fearful scowl he looked pryingly around. Black Jim, one of the servants who stood in the bow of the boat, seized an ax that lay near and signed to him that if he shot he would cleave his skull ; telling him that the boat contained only the family of Shaw- nee-aw-kee Upon this the Indian retired. It afterward appeared that the object of his search was Mr. Burnett, a trader from St. Joseph's with whom he had some account to settle. " When the boat was at length permitted to return to the mansion of Mr. Kinzie, and Mrs. Heald was removed to the house, it became necessary to dress her wounds. " Mr. K. applied to an old chief who stood by, and who like most of his tribe possessed some skill in surgery, to extract a ball from the arm of the sufferer. " ' No, father,' replied he, ' I cannot do it it makes me sick here ' (placing his hand on his heart). " Mr. Kinzie then performed the operation himself with his penknifa " At their own mansion the family of Mr. Kinzie were closely guarded by their Indian friends, whose intention it was to carry them to Detroit for security. The rest of the prisoners remained at the wigwams of their captors. " The following morning, the work of plunder being com- pleted, the Indians set tire to the fort. A very equitable distribution of the finery appeared to have been made, and shawls, ribbons, and feathers fluttered about in all directions. The ludicrous appearance of one young fellow who had arrayed himself in a muslin gown, and the bonnet of one of the ladies, would under other circumstances have afforded matter of amusement. 40 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. A Thrilling Adventure of One of the Fort Dearborn Massacre Prisoners, as told by Himself. Walter Jordan, a non-commissioned officer among the regulars in Fort Dearborn, thus describes the terrible con- flict: On August 15, 1812, at 8 o'clock, we commenced our march with our small force, which consisted of Capt. Wells, myself, and one hundred Confute Indians; Capt. Heald's one hundred men, ten women and twenty children in all two hundred and thirty-two. We had marched half a mile when we were attacked by six hundred Kickapoo and Winnebago Indians. In the moment of trial our Confute escort joined the savage enemy. Our contest lasted ten minutes, when every man, woman and child was killed, except fifteen. Thanks be to God, I was one of those who escaped. First they shot the feather off my cap, next the epaulet from my shoulder, and then the handle from my sword. I then surrendered to four savage rascals. The Confute chief, taking me by the hand and speaking English, said: "Jordan, I know you. You gave me tobacco at Fort Wayne. We won't kill you ; but come and see what we will do with your Captain." So leading me where Wells lay, they cut off his head and put it on a long pole, while another took out his heart and divided it among the chiefs, and ate it up raw. Then they scalped the slain and stripped the prisoners, and gathered in a ring with us fifteen poor wretches in the middle. They had nearly fallen out about the divide, but my old chief, the White Raccoon, holding me fast, they made the divide and departed to their towns. They tied me hard and fast the first night, and placed a guard over me. I laid down and slept soundly until morn- ing, for I was tired. In the morning they untied me and set me parching corn, at which I worked attentively until FIRST THINGS. 41 night. They said if I would stay and not run away they would make a chief of me, but if I would attempt to run away they would catch me and burn me alive. I amused them with a fine story, in order to gain their confidence, and fortunately made my escape from them on the 19th of August, and took one of their best horses to carry me, being seven days in the wilderness. I was joyfully received on the 26th at Wayne. On the 28th they attacked Fort Wayne and blockaded it until the 16th of September, when we were relieved by Gen. Harrison. Buying Up Chicago Lands from the Indians A Heavy Real Estate Transaction. Black Partridge, who w r as the leading chief of the Potta- watomies, and, in behalf of his tribe, on the 24th of August, 1816, sold to the United States Commissioners in session in St. Louis the following lands: "Beginning on the left branch of the Fox River; thence running so as to cross Sandy (Au Sable) Creek, ten miles above its mouth; thence in a direct line to a point ten miles north of the west end of the Portage, between Chicago Creek, which empties into Lake Michigan, and the river Des Plaines, a fork of the Illinois; thence in a direct line to a point on Lake Michigan ten miles northward of the mouth of Chicago Creek; thence along the lake to a point ten miles southward of the said Chicago Creek; thence in a direct line to a point on the Kankakee, ten miles above its mouth; thence with the said Kankakee and the Illinois River to the mouth of the Fox, and thence to the begin- ning." Consideration, a " considerable quantity of mer- chandise " and one thousand dollars worth of goods at cost price, for each year, for twelve succeeding years, to be de- FIRST THINGS. 43 livered on some point of the Illinois River, not lower down than Peoria." The object of this important and early treaty with the Indians, it is said, was in the interest of the " Illinois and Michigan Canal," which as early as 1814 was mentioned in the " Niles Register " as a " stupendous idea," by which Buffalo and New Orleans were ultimately to enjoy uninter- rupted water communication. A later treaty, made Oct. 20, 1832, secured from the Pottawatomies the balance of their territory south of the above tract, for which they were to receive an annuity of fifteen thousand dollars for twenty years, forty -five thousand dollars delivered at the signing of the treaty, and twenty thousand the year following. Billy Caldwell was to re- ceive six hundred dollars a year, and Alexander Robinson two hundred. It will be seen that this tract of land averaged twenty miles in width, and extended from Chicago to Ottawa. In conjunction with other tribes, the Pottawatomies soon after ceded what interest they had in the country at large for other considerations and annuities, and were removed beyond the Mississippi in the year 1836. Thus ended all Indian claims to Chicago soil. FIRST THINGS. 45 The Winnebago Scare A Telescopic View of the Chicago Horizon Fifty Years Ago -Sketched by a Living Resident of Chicago, Col. G. S. Hubbard. At the breaking out of the Winnebago war, early in July, 1827, Fort Dearborn was without military occupation. Doctor Alexander "Wolcott, Indian Agent, had charge of Fort Dearborn, living in the brick building, just within the north stockade previously occupied by the commanding officers. The old officers' quarters, built of logs, on the west, and with- in the pickets, were occupied by Russell E Heacock, and one other American family, while a number of voyageurs, with their families, were living in the soldiers' quarters, on the east side of the inclosure. The store-house and guard-house were on either side of the southern gate ; the suttler's store was east of the north gate, and north of the soldiers' bar- racks ; the block-house was located at the southwest and the bastion at the northwest corners of the fort, and the maga- zine, of brick, was situated about half-way between the west end of the guard and block houses. The annual payment of the Pottawatamie Indians occurred in September of the year 1828. A large body of them had assembled, according to custom, to receive their annuity. These left after the payment for their respective villages, except a portion of Big Foot's band. The night following the payment there was a dance in the soldiers' barracks, during the progress of which a vio- lent storm of wind and rain arose ; and about midnight these quarters were struck by lightning and totally con- sumed, together with the store-house and a portion of the guard-house. The sleeping inmates of Mr. Kinzie's house, on the oppo- site bank of the river, were aroused by the cry of "firef" from Mrs. Helm, one of their number, who, from her win- 46 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. dow, had seen the flames. On hearing the alarm I, says Col. H., with Kobert Kinzie, late Paymaster U. S. Army, hastily arose, and, only partially dressed, ran to the river. To our dismay, we found the canoe which we used for cross- ing the river tilled with water ; it had been partially drawn up on the beach, and became filled by the dashing of the waves. Not being able to turn it over, and having nothing with which to bail it out, we lost no time, but swam the stream. Entering by the north gate we saw at a glance the situation. The barracks and store-house being wrapped in flames, we directed our energies to the saving of the guard-house, the east end of which was on fire. Mr. Kinzie, rolling himself in a wet blanket, got upon the roof. The men and women, about forty in number, formed in line to the river, and with buckets, tubs, and every available utensil, passed the water to him. This was kept up till daylight before the flames were subdued, Mr. Kinzie maintaining his position with great fortitude, though his hands, face, and portions of his body were severely burned. His father, mother, and sister, Mrs. Helm, had meanwhile freed the canoe from water, and, crossing in it, fell into line with those carrying water. Some of the Big Foot band of Indians were present at the fire, but merely as spectators, and could not be prevailed upon to assist. They all left the next day for their homes. The strangeness of their behavior was the subject of discus- sion among us. Six or eight days after this event, while at breakfast in Mr. Kinzie's house, we heard singing, faintly at first, but gradually growing louder as the singers approached. Mr. Kinzie recognized the leading voice as that of Bob Forsyth, and left the table for the piazza of the house, where we all followed. About where Wells street now crosses the river, in plain 48 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. sight from where we stood, was a light birch-bark canoe, manned with thirteen men, rapidly approaching, the men keeping time with their paddles to one of the Canadian boat songs. It proved to be Governor Cass and his Secre- tary, Robert Forsyth, and they landed and soon joined us. From them we first learned of the breaking out of the Win- nebago war, and the massacre on the Upper Mississippi. Governor Cass was at Green Bay by appointment, to hold a treaty with the Winnebagoes and Menominee tribes, who, however, did not appear to meet him in council. News of hostilities reaching the Governor there, he immediately pro- cured a light birch-bark canoe, purposely made for speed, manned it with twelve men at the paddles and a steersman, and started up the river, making a portage into the Wis- consin, then down it and the Mississippi to Jefferson Bar- racks below St. Louis. Here he persuaded the commanding officer to charter a steamer, and embarking troops on it, ascended the Missis- sippi in search of the hostile Indians, and to give aid to the troops at Fort Sue! ling. On reaching the mouth of the Illinois River, the Governor (with his men and canoe, hav- ing been brought so far on the steamer) here left it, and ascending that stream and the Desplaines and passing through Mud Lake into the south branch of the Chicago River, reached Chicago. This trip from Green Bay round, was performed in about thirteen days, the Governor's party sleeping only five to seven hours, and, averaging sixty to seventy miles travel each day. On the Wisconsin River they passed Winnebago encampments without molestation. They did not stop to parley, passing rapidly by, singing their boat songs ; the In- dians were so taken by surprise that, before they recovered from their astonishment, the canoe was out of danger. Gov FIRST THINGS. 49 ernor Cass remained at Chicago but a few hours, coasting Lake Michigan back to Green Bay. As soon as he left the citizens of Chicago assembled for consultation. Big Foot was suspected of acting in concert with the Winnebagoes, as he was known to be friendly to them, and many of his band had intermarried with that tribe. Shab-o-nee was not here at the payment, his money hav- ing been drawn for him by his friend, Billy Caldwell. The evening before Governor Cass' visit, however, he was in Chi- cago, and then the guest of Caldwell. At my suggestion he and Caldwell were engaged to visit Big Foot's village (Geneva Lake), and get what information they could of the plans ot the "Winnebagoes; and also learn what action Big Foot's band intended taking. They left immediately, and on nearing Geneva Lake arranged that Shab o-nee should enter the village alone, Caldwell remaining hidden. Upon entering the village Shab-o-nee was made a pris- oner, and accused of being a friend of the Americans and a spy. He affected great indignation at these charges, and said to Big Foot: "I was not at the payment, but was told by my braves that you desired us to join the Winnebagoes and make war on the Americans. I think the Winnebagoes have been foolish; alone they cannot succeed. So I come to council with you, hear what you have to say, when I will return to my people and report all you tell me; if they shall then say we will join you I will consent. " After talking nearly all night they agreed to let him go, provided he was accompanied by one of their own number. To this proposal Shab-o-nee readily consented, though it placed him in a dangerous position. His friend Caldwell was waiting for him in the outskirts of the village, and his presence must not be known, as it would endanger both of their lives. FIRST THINGS. 9* The brave Shab-o-nee was equal to the emergency. After leaving, in company with one of Big Foot's braves, as the place of Caldwell's concealment was neared he com- menced complaining in a loud voice of being suspected and made a prisoner, and when quite near said: u We must have no one with us in going to Chicago. Should we meet any one of your band or any one else, we must tell them to go away ; we must go by ourselves, and get to Chicago by noon to-morrow. Kinzie will give us something to eat, and we can go on next day." Caldwell heard and understood the meaning of this, and started alone by another route. Strategy was still to be used, as Shab-o-nee desired to report; soon nearing Chicago he said to his companion, " If Kinzie sees you he will ask why your band did not assist in putting out the fire? Maybe he has heard news of the war and is angry with Big Foot; let us camp here, for our horses are very tired." This they did, and after a little the Big Foot brave sug- gested that Shab-o-nee should go to the fort for food and information. This was what he wanted to do, and he lost no time in reporting the result of his expedition, and, pro- curing food, returned to his camp. Starting the next morn- ing with his companion for his own village, on reaching it he called a council of his Indians, who were addressed by Big Foot's emissary; but they declined to take part with the Winnebagoes, advising Big Foot to remain neutral. On receiving Shab-o-nee's report, the inhabitants of Chi- cago were greatly excited. Fearing an attack, we assembled for consultation, when I suggested sending to the Wabash for assistance, and tendered my services as a messenger. This was at first objected to, on the ground that a majority of the men at the fort were in my employ, and in case of an attack no one could manage them or enforce their 52 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. aid but myself. It was, however, decided that I should go, as I knew the route and all the settlers. An attack would probably not be made until Big Foot's ambassador had returned with his report; this would give at least two week's security, and in that time I could, if successful, make the trip and return. I started between 4 and 5 p. m., reaching my trading house on the Iroquis River by midnight, where I changed my horse and went on ; it was a dark, rainy night. On reaching Sugar Creek I found the stream swollen out of its banks, and my horse refusing to cross I was obliged to wait till daylight, when I discovered that a large tree had fallen across the trail, making the ford impassable. I swam the stream and went on, reaching my friend Mr. Spencer's house at noon, tired out. Mr. Spencer started immediately to give the alarm, ask- ing for volunteers to meet at Danville the next evening with five days' rations. By the day following, at the hour ap- pointed, 100 men were organized into a company, and appointing a Mr. Morgan, an old frontier fighter, as their Captain, we immediately started for Chicago, camping that night on the north fork of the Vermillion River. It rained continually, the trail was very muddy, and we were obliged to swim most of the streams and many of the large sloughs ; but we still pushed on, reaching Fort Dear- born the seventh day after my departure, to the great joy of the waiting people. We reorganized, and had a force of about 150 men, Morgan commanding. At the end of 30 days news came of the defeat of the Winnebagoes and of their treaty with the commanding officer who went from Jefferson Barracks, as before stated. Upon hearing this Morgan disbanded his company, who returned to their homes, leaving Fort Dear- born in charge of the Indian Agent as before FIRST THINGS. 53 An Army from Danville, 111., Rushing to the Rescue of Chicago from an Indian Massacre Incidents by the Way. The response to Col. Hub bard's visit to Danville for Chi- cago's safety from the Indians is shown by H. W. Beck- with, Esq., which he condensed from notes taken at several lengthy interviews with Mr. Hezekiah Cunningham : In the night time, about the 15th or 20th of July, 1827, I was awakened by my brother-in-law, Alexander McDon- ald, telling me that Mr. Ilubbard had just come in from Chicago with the word that the Indians were about to mas- sacre the people there, and that men were wanted for their protection at once. The inhabitants of the county capable of bearing arms had been enrolled under the militia laws of the State, and organized as " The Vermilion County Bat- talion," in which I held a commission as Captain. I dressed myself and started forthwith to notify all the men belonging to my company to meet at Butler's Point, (six miles southwest of Danville), the place where the county business was then conducted and w r here the militia met to muster. The captains of the other companies were notified the same as myself, and they warned out their respective companies the same as I did mine. I rode the remainder of the night at this work, up and down the Lit- tle Vermilion. At noon the next day, the Battalion were at Butler's Point; most of the men lived on the Little Vermilion River, and had to ride or walk from six to twelve miles to the place of rendezvous. Volunteers, were called for, and in a little while fifty men, the required number, were raised. Those who agreed to go, then held an election of their officers for the campaign, choosing Achilles Morgan, Cap- tain; Major Bayles, First Lieutenant; and Col. Isaac R. Moores, as second. The names of the private men, as far as I now remember them are as follows: George M. Beck- 54 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. with, John Beaslej, myself (Hezekiah Cunningham), Ju- lian Ellis, Seaman Cox, James Dixan, Asa Elliot, Francis Foley, William Foley, a Mr. Hammers, Jacob Heater, a Mr. Davis, Evin Morgan, Isaac Goen, Jonathan Phelps, Joshua Parish, William Reed, John Myers (" Little Yermilion John"), John Saulsbury, a Mr. Kirkman, Anthony Swisher, George Swisher, Joseph Price, George Weir, John Vaughn, Newton Wright, and Abel Williams. Many of the men were without horses, and the neighbors who had horses and did not go, loaned their animals to those who did; still there were five men who started afoot, as there were no horses to be had for them. We disband- ed, after we were mustered in, and went home to cook five days' rations, and were ordered to be at Danville the next day. The men all had a pint of whisky, believing it essential to mix a little of it with the slough water we were to drink on our route. We arrived at the Vermilion River about noon on Sun- day, the day after assembling at Butler's Point. The river was up, running bank full, about a hundred yards wide, with a strong current. Our men and saddles were taken over in a canoe. We undertook to swim our horses, and as they were driven into the water the current would strike them and they would swim in a circle and return to the shore a few rods below. Mr. Hubbard, provoked at this delay, threw off his coat and said, "Give me old Charley," meaning a large, steady-going horse, owned by James But- ler and loaned to Jacob Heater. Mr. Hubbard, mounting this horse, boldly dashed into the stream, and the other horses quickly crowded after him. The water was so swift that " old Charley " became un- manageable, when Mr. Hubbard dismounted on the upper side and seized the horse by the mane, near the animal's FIRST THINGS. tt head, and, swimming with his left arm, guided the horse in the direction of the opposite shore. We were afraid he would be washed under the horse or struck by his feet and be drowned; but he got over without damage, except the wetting of his broadcloth pants and moccasins. These he had to dry on his person, as we pursued our journey. I will here say that a better man than Mr. Hubbard could not have been sent to our people. He was wel; known to all the settlers. His generosity, his quiet and determined courage, and his integrity, were so well known and appreciated that he had the confidence and good-will of everybody, and was a well-recognized leader among us pioneers. At this time there were no persons living on the north bank of the Vermilion River near Danville, except Robert Trickle and George Weir, up near the present woolen factory, and William Reed and Dan Beckwith; the latter had a little log cabin on the bluff' of the Vermilion near the present highway bridge, or rather on the edge of the hill east of the highway some rods. Here he kept store, in addition to his official duties as Constable and County Surveyor. The store contained a small assortment of such articles as were suitable for barter with the Indians, who were the principal customers. We called it " The Saddle- Bags Store," because the supplies were brought from Terre Haute in saddle-bags, that indispensable accompaniment of every rider in those days before highways were provided for the use of vehicles. Mr. Reed had been elected Sheriff the previous March, receiving fifty-seven out of the eighty votes that were cast at the election, and which represented about the entire voting population of the county at that time. Both Reed and Dan wanted to go with us, and after a warm contro- versy between them, as it was impossible for them both to 56 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. leave, it was agreed that Reed should go and that Beck with would look after the affairs of both until Reed's return. Amos "Williams was building his house at Danville at this time; the sale of lots having taken place the previous April. Crossing the North Fork at Denmark, three miles north of Danville, we passed the cabin of Seymour Treat. He was building a mill at that place; and his house was the last one in which a family was living until we reached Hubbard's Trading Post, on the north bank of the Iroquois River, near what has since been known as the town of Bun- combe; and from this trading house there was no other habitation, Indian wigwams excepted, on the line of our march until we reached Fort Dearborn! It was a wilderness of prairie all the way, except a little timber we passed through near Sugar Creek, and at the Iroquois. Late in the afternoon we halted at the last crossing of the North Fork, at Bicknell's Point, a little north of the present town of Rossville. Here three of the footmen turned back, as the condition of the streams rendered it impossible for them to continue longer with us. Two men who had horses also left us. After a hasty lunch we struck across the eighteen-mile prairie, the men stringing out on the trail Indian file, reaching Sugar Creek late in the night, where we went into camp on the south bank, near the pres- ent town of Milford. The next day, before noon, we arrived at Hubbard's Trading House, which was on the north bank of the Iro- quois, about a quarter of a mile from the river. A lot of Indians, some of them half naked, were lying and lounging about the river bank and Trading House; and when it was proposed to swim our horses over, in advance of passing the men in boats, the men objected, fearing the Indians would take their horses, or stampede them, or do us some other FIRST THINGS. 57 mischief. Mr. Hubbard assured us that those Indians were friendly, and we afterward learned that they were Pottawa- tomies, known as " Hubbard's Band," from the fact that he had long traded with and had a very great influence over them. It is proper to state that we were deficient in arms. "We gathered up squirrel rifles, flint-locks, old muskets, or any- thing like a gun that we may have had about our houses. Some of us had no fire-arms at all. I, myself, was among this number. Mr. Hubbard supplied those of us who had inefficient weapons, or those of us who were without them. He also gave us flour and salt pork. He had lately brought up the Iroquois River a supply of these articles. We re- mained at Hubbard's Trading House the remainder of the day, cooking rations and supplying our necessities. The next morning we again moved forward, swimming Beaver Creek and crossing the Kankakee River at the Rapids, just at the head of the island near Momence ; push- ing along we passed Yellowhead's Tillage. The old chief, with a few old men and the squaws and pappooses, were at home. The young men were off on a hunt. Remaining here a little time, we again set out, and going about five miles encamped at the point of the timber on Yellowhead's Creek. The next morning we again set out, crossing a branch of the Calumet to the west of the Blue Island. All the way from Danville we had followed an Indian trail, since known as " Hubbard's trace;" there was no sign of roads; the prairies and whole country was crossed and recrossed by Indian trails, and we never could have got through but for the knowledge which Mr. Hubbard had of the country. It had been raining for some days before we left home, and it rained almost every day on the route. The streams and sloughs were full of water. We swam the 58 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. former and traveled through the latter, sometimes almost by the hour. Many of the ponds were so deep that our men dipped up the water to drink as they sat in their saddles. Col. Hub- bard fared better than the rest of us ; that is, he did not get his legs wet so often, for he rode a very tall, iron-gray stallion that Peleg Spencer, Sr., living two miles south of Danville, loaned him. The little Indian pony which Hub- bard rode in from Iroquois to Spencer's was so used up as to be unfit for the return journey. We reached Chicago about four o'clock on the evening of the fourth day, in the midst of one of the most severe rain-storms I ever experienced, accompanied by thunder and vicious lightning. The rain we did not mind we were without tents and were used to wetting. The water we took within us hurt us more than that which fell upon us, as drinking it made many of us sick. The people of Chicago were very glad to see us. They were expecting an attack every hour since Col. Hubbard had left them; and as we approached they did not know whether we were enemies or friends, and when they learned that we were friends they gave us a shout of welcome. They had organized a company of thirty or fifty men, composed mostly of Canadian half-breeds, interspersed with a few Americans, all under command of Capt. Beaubien. The Americans, seeing that we were a better-looking crowd, wanted to leave their associates and join our company. This feeling caused quite a row, and the officers finally restored harmony, and the discontented men went back to their old command. The town of Chicago was composed at this time of six or seven American families, a number of half-breeds and a lot of idle, vagabond Indians loitering about. I made the ac- FIRST THINGS. 59 quaintance of Robert and James Kinzie, and their father, John Kinzie. We kept guard day and night for some eight or ten days, when a runner came in I think from Green Bay bringing word that Gen. Cass had concluded a treaty with the Win- nebagoes, and that we might now disband and go home. The citizens were overjoyed at the news, and in their gladness they turned out one barrel of gin, one barrel of brandy, one barrel of whisky, knocking the heads of the barrels in. Everybody was invited to take a free drink, and, to tell the plain truth, everybody did drink. The ladies at Fort Dearborn treated us especially well. I say this without disparaging the good and cordial conduct of the men toward us. The ladies gave us all manner of good things to eat. They loaded us with provisions, and gave us all those delicate attentions that the kindness of woman's heart, would suggest. Some of them three ladies whom I understood were recently from New York distributed tracts and other reading matter among our company, and interested themselves zealously in .our spiritual as well as temporal welfare. We started on our return, camping out of nights, and reached home on the evening of the third day. 60 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. The First Hotel in Chicago. Chicago, now so justly prond of her many magnificent hotels, some of which are the finest in the world, opened her "first tavern" in 1829, under the following official cast-iron stipulations: County Commissioners' Court, Peoria County, December 8, 1829. Present: Francis Thomas, George Sharp, and Isaac Egman. Ordered: That a license be granted to Archibald Cald- we'll to keep a tavern at Chicago, and that he pay a tax of eight dollars, and be allowed the following rates, and give a bond with security for one hundred dollars: Each half pint of wine, rum, or brandy 25 cts. " pint " " " " 37^ " " half-pint gin 18f " pint ' u gill of whisky half-pint " " pint 18| 41 breakfast, dinner, or supper 25 " night's lodging 12 Keeping horse over night on grain and hay. . . 25 The same as above, 24 hours Horse feed This paternal Chicago tavern was located on the w r est side of the North Branch, a few rods from the junction of the rivers. There were but two houses in that bi region of country" at that time, one the residence of Che-che-pin- gua (Alexander Robinson), and the other the store of James Kinzie. 62 STORIES AND SKETCHES OP CHICAGO. HuntingWolves Around Chicago An Exciting Instance in Which a Herd Take to the Ice in the Harbor. One of our early amusements (says an old settler) was that of wolf-hunting. Experienced Indian ponies were plenty in our city. The last hunt I remember had for its object the driving of as large a number of wolves as possible up to the ice upon the lake shore, and as near the mouth of the harbor as could be done. There was to be no shooting until the wolves had got upon the ice. No person was to fire unless his aim was entirely over ice, and then to the eastward. Two parties started early in the morning, one following the lake shore south, and the other the river, to meet at a common center not far from Blue Island. Then they were to spread themselves out, cover as much territory as possi- ble, and drive the wolves before them. About 4 o'clock in the afternoon a wolf made his ap- pearance in the outskirts of the city. The news was spread, and our people turned out on foot, keeping along the mar- gin of the river, so as to drive the wolves upon the ice of the lake shore. One wolf after another made his appear- ance, and soon we saw the horsemen. The number of wolves was about the same as that of Samson's foxes. The men were so eager to get the first fire at a wolf that the tramp of their horses broke the ice; and, as the wind was rather brisk, it broke away from the shore, with the wolves upon it, and drifted northeasterly, very much in the same direction as that taken by the recent unfortunate bal- loon. But the wolves, unlike the man in the balloon, took no reporter on board. Men, women, and children lined the bank of the lake, expecting to see the ice break in pieces and the wolves swim ashore. But it did not do so. Our people watched the ice, and could see the wolves running from side to side, 64 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. until they faded away from view. When I took my last look they appeared about the size of mice. About two weeks afterward a letter appeared in a Detroit paper containing an account of some farm settlements on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan being attacked by a large body of hungry wolves. They destroyed fowls and cattle, and for several days spread terror through the neigh- borhood. "We always supposed that these were our wolves, but our hunters never laid any claim to them, as the news of their arrival was so long in reaching here. Judge Caton's First Night in Chicago His " Boarding-House," And What Be- came of the Landlady's Daughter! The first night I slept in Chicago (says the Judge) was in a " log-tavern" (the name they went by then), west of the junction of the rivers, kept by "W. W. Wattles. The next day I learned that the best entertainment was to be had at the crack boarding-house of the place, kept by Dexter Graves, at five dollars per week. It was a log-house near the middle of the square just north of the present Tre- inont House. If it was a log-house, I assure you we had good fare and a right merry time, too. There were seven beds in the attic in which fourteen of us slept that summer, and I fear we sometimes disturbed the family with our carryings on o' nights. I know of but one of those fourteen boarders besides my- self now living. Edward H. Haddock knows who slept with me in that attic. Haddock was a sly fellow then ; lor before one of us sus- pected what he was at he made sure of the flower of the family and a real gem of priceless value she was who still FIRST THINGS. 65 survives to promote the happiness of those around her. Young ladies were in demand here in those days. The First Ferry. The official record of the first Chicago ferry, dated June 2, 1829, is as follows: Ordered: That Archibald Cly bourn and Samuel Miller be authorized to keep a ferry across the Chicago River, at the lower forks, near Wolf's Point, crossing the river below the Northeast Branch, and to land on either side of both branches, to suit the convenience of persons .wishing to cross. And that said Clybourn and Miller pay a tax of two dollars, and execute a bond with security for one hun- dred dollars. The rates for ferriage to be one-half the sum that John L. Bogardus gets at his ferry at Peoria. Ordered: That the following rates be, and they are hereby, allowed to be charged and received by the different ferries, by their respective owners, in this county, to wit: For each foot passenger 6 Jets. " man and horse 12 " " Dearborn sulkey chair with springs. 50 " " one-horse wagon 25 " " four-wheeled carriage, drawn by two oxen or horses " cart with two oxen " head of neat cattle or mules 10 " hog, sheep, or goat 3 " hundred-weight of goods, wares, and merchandise, each bushel of grain or other article sold by the bushel 6^- And all other articles in equal and just proportion. 5 66 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. First School-Teacher in Chicago He Opens in a Little Barn Twelve Feet Square His Own Sketch of His Early Labors. Mr. John Watkins was Chicago's first school-teacher. In describing his early labors he says: I arrived in Chi- cago in May, 1832, and always had the reputation of being its first school-teacher. I never heard my claim disputed. I commenced teaching in the fall, after the Black Hawk war, 1832. My first school-house was situated on the North Side, about half-way between the lake and the forks of the river, then known as Wolf Point. The building was owned by Col. Richard J. Hamilton, was erected for a horse stable, and had been used as such. It was twelve feet square. My benches and desks were made of oldstore boxes. The school was started by private subscription. Thirty scholars were subscribed for. But many subscribed who had no children. So it was a sort of free-school, there not being- thirty children in town. During my first quarter I had but twelve scholars, and only four of them were white. The others were quarter, half, and three-quarter Indians. After the first quarter I moved my school into a double log-house on the West Side. It was owned by Rev. Jesse Walker, a Methodist minister. and was located near the bank of the river where the north and south branches meet. He resided in one end of the building, and I taught in the other. On Sundays Father Walker preached in the room where I taught. In the winter of 1832-3. Billy Caldwell, a half-breed chief of the Pottawatomie Indians, better known as Sau- ganash, offered to pay the tuition and buy books for all In- dian children who would attend school, if they would dress like the Americans, and he would also pay for their clothes. But not a single one would accept the proposition condi- tioned upon the change of apparel. FIRST THINGS. 67 When I first went to Chicago there was but one frame building there, and it was a store owned by Robert A. Kin- zie. The rest of the houses were made of logs. There were no bridges. The river was crossed by 'canoes! I was born in Scipio, Cayuga County, N. Y., in 1802. I left Chicago in 1836, and 'have resided in Joliet and vicinity ever since. I had the acquaintance, when in Chicago, of Col. Richard J. Hamilton, Thomas Owen (Indian Agent), Geo. W. Dole, John Wright, P. F. W. Peck, Philo Carpen- ter, John S. C. Hogan, Col. John B. Beaubien, Mark Beau- bien, John H., Robert A., and James Kinzie. I will now give you the names of some of my scholars : Thomas, William, and George Owen; Richard Hamilton; Alexander, Philip, and Henry Beaubien; and Isaac N. Har- mon, now a merchant in Chicago. I remember Stephen R. Beggs, who sometimes preached in Father Walker's building where I taught school. Mr. Watkins is still residing at Joliet. The First Drawbridge Across the Chicago River Sketched by the Builder. Nelson R. Norton came to Chicago November 16, 1833. He says: Soon after I arrived I commenced cutting the lumber for a drawbridge on the land adjoining Michigan avenue, afterward owned by Hiram Pearsons. In March, 1834, I commenced building it, and I think it was com- pleted by the first of June. The first steamboat that passed through it was the old Michigan, with a double engine, commanded by Capt. C. Blake, and owned by Oliver Newberry, of Detroit. The bridge had an opening of 60 feet, with a double draw. I think the length was 300 feet. This is the best of my recollection. The width was 16 feet. It was located at Dearborn street. FIRST THINGS. 9 Credit me with building the first vessel at Chicago. I built the sloop Clarissa in the spring of 1835. This was the first sail vessel launched on the west side of Lake Michigan, if not the first on the lake. The first freight taken down the lakes was in 1834, being a lot of hides, from cattle that had been slaughtered for the Government troops. I was born at Hampton, Washington Co., N. Y., on November 8, 1807. The First Sunday-School in Chicago Sketched by the Rev. Arthur Mitchell. D.D. Dr. Mitchell, now pastor of the first church organized in Chicago (First Presbyterian), in a recent historical dis- course thus describes the first Sunday-school: Several months before the schooner's arrival from Fort Brady (which brought the Rev. Jeremiah Porter to Chi- cago), before there was either school-house, or church, or minister in the settlement, four earnest workers had started a Sunday-school. Its first session was held (so I learn from Mr. Porter) in a log house at the Point, on the west side of the south branch ot the river. There were fifteen scholars, mostly children of tiie French and half-breed residents. They were untutored little urchins, and had to be collected each Sabbath by the teachers. Mr. Philo Carpenter, a druggist, a member of Dr. Be- man's Presbyterian Church, in Troy, N. Y., was the Su- perintendent. This was the first Sunday-school established in Northern Illinois, except one opened by that heroic Home Missionary, Rev. Aratus Kent, (known as Father Kent), in a dram-shop in Galena. The Sunday-school (in Chicago) was opened August 19, 1832, <0 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. In April, 1833, Father Walker, an aged Methodist minister, came to Chicago to reside. He lived in a log cabin on the west side of the river, near the North Branch, and preached there on the Sabbath. The Methodists are the pioneers. The first minister to preach the gospel in Chicago was a Methodist. He had about thirty days' start of Mr. Porter. The Sunday-school in its first two years of labor had been moved from the log houe on the Point, first to Father "Walker's house, then to the Fort, then to the second story ol one of the three frame buildings used as stores. This stood at the corner of La Salle and South "Water streets, then the business part of the village. Mr. Carpenter was still Su- perintendent, and John "Wright Secretary and Librarian, "the library being comfortably carried" so writes Dr. Humphrey " in a silk handkerchief. It soon became nec- essary, however, to substitute a basket for the silk hand- kerchief," Mr. Joseph Meeker having arrived in July, '34, with great spoil a quantity of second-hand books, which had been used in a Sunday-school in the city of New York. Chicago's First Minister and First Church-Sketched by the Pastor. Chicago's first minister, the Rev. Jeremiah Porter, still lives, and all the way from his home on the Pacific Coast comes the following description of his first arrival and early labors in the city by the sea. Mr. Porter says : " On the arrival of Major Fowle at Fort Dearborn, on the 4th of May, 1833, in a schooner direct from Fort Brady, with his missionary pastor (Mr. Porter) on board, they found, in- cluding troops of the United States Army, some four hundred people at Chicago; but no minister or priest had FIRST THINGS. Tl ever visited them so far as they could learn, except Father Jesse Walker, who as an itinerant Methodist minister had come once a month from his Indian mission on the Fox River, and gathered a few Christians in a log school house on the west side of the river. But Philo Carpenter had preceded the army chaplain by a year, and had established a sabbath-school and a prayer- meeting. John Wright and his son, John S. Wright, were associated with Mr. Carpenter in these incipient Christian efforts, laying foundations for many generations. The elder Mr. Wright, by writing, had tried for months to secure a minister for Chicago, and when to his surprise on that Monday morning he met the minister (as he went to din- ner in his log boarding-house), whom he had known eight years before a student in Williams College, and learned from him that he had come with a part of a scattered church, he exclaimed with admiration : " This is like the bursting out of the sun from the darkest clouds ! Yesterday was the darkest day we ever saw. We were to lose one of our praying officers, and were expecting only godless men with the new troops, and Mr. Carpenter has gone back to New York for his spring goods." With the aid of Major Fowle and his men, the carpenter shop at Fort Dearborn was changed into a house of wor- ship. The first sermon, however, was preached in Father Walker's school-house, west of the South Branch, just over the bridge. The first text of the new minister (Mr. Porter) was: "Herein is My Father glorified that ye bear fruit; so shall ye be My disciples. (John xv., 8.) No minister of any church, or priest, except Father Walker, was found north, south, east or west, within one hundred miles! Niles, Mich., east; Danville, 111., south; 72 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Galena, 111., west; Princeton, southwest, and the Stock- bridge Indians, north, on the Fox River, Wis., were the only near churches ! During the month of June (the 26th), 1833, a Presby- terian Church was gathered, consisting of two officers of the army and their wives, three wives of soldiers and eleven soldiers, all from the church at Fort Brady. The cit- izens of Chicago who united at the organization were only four gentlemen and four ladies, all by letter from churches in New England, except Philo Carpenter, who was a native of New England, coming from Dr. S. S. Beman's church, Troy, N. Y., and Mrs. Charles Taylor, sister of the present General Orlando "Wilcox, U. S. A. From this acorn of a church, planted forty-seven years ago, have grown the oaks that now fill the fifth, if not the fourth, city of the American United States. John Wright, Philo Carpenter, and Major De L. Wilcox, were^chosen elders of the church and set apart by the pastor. On the first Sabbath of July, 1833, the blessed Sacrament of the Lord's Supper was administered in the town that now has 500,000 inhabitants. And of those first communi- cants four continue to this day to testify of those days of small things: Mr. Carpenter, identified from that day with all the moral and spiritual interests of Chicago; Miss Taylor; Eliza Chappel, who two years afterwards became the pastor's ivife, and is still; and himself." The Rev. Arthur Mitchell, D. D., the present pastor of the church organized by the Rev. Jeremiah Porter, adds : " In the first year of Mr. Porter's labors the church in- creased from twenty-six to sixty-seven members. Letters were presented twenty years old by persons who had passed all those years at frontier posts. The little church could not give a support to their pastor. He was sustained by FIRST THINGS. 73 the Home Missionary Society; but steps were taken imme- diately by them and money raised to build a house of wor- ship. On the 4th of January, 1834, that house was dedicated to God. It was a frame building, about forty feet in length by twenty-five in width, and cost $600. It would seat about two hundred; and the settlers, with the attendants from the garrison, filled it comfortably every Sunday. The walls were simply plastered, the floor bare, the seats home-made benches, made of ordinary boards. It stood on what is now the alley of the lot at the southwest corner of Lake and Clark streets. "People wondered," so I have been told by an aged lady who worshipped in that primi- tive place, " what on earth Mr. Porter had put the church away off there for, out on the prairie!" The young pastor evidently had faith in the future of Chicago. The building stood out in the open fields, with- out any fence around it. Several of the members lived on the West Side, where there were then three houses but one of those houses, though only twenty feet by fourteen, accommodated that winter seventeen persons! For them it was quite a circumstance to reach the church. The river had to be crossed by a sort of floating bridge, near whatsis now Randolph street, and they must then go skipping from one log to another across the swamps and bogs of the muddy prairie. Sometimes they were sadly bemired on the way, and more than once ladies had to be picked up by strong arms and lifted across the black and treacherous holes." 74 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. "Long John's "Story of an Early Chicago Wedding The Whole City Invited Stylish Outfits, and What Became of a Lock of the Bride's Raven Hair. I remember attending the wedding of one of Lafram- boise's daughters. She was married to a clerk in the Post- office. The clerk was the one who delivered letters, and of course was well known to all our citizens, and was remark- ably popular. He went to the printing office and had fifty cards of invitation struck oft'. But when people went for their letters they politely hinted that they expected a card of invita- tion to the wedding. So he was compelled to go to the printing office and have fifty more struck oft'. These did not last long, and he had one hundred more. Then he said that tickets were of no use, and everybody might come ; and about everyone did come. The ceremony was performed by Rev. Isaac ~W. Hallam, pastor of the St. James' Episcopal Church. The house was of no particular use, as it was full and surrounded with people. This wedding made a strong impression on my mind, as it was the first time I ever saw the Indian war-dance. Some of the guests not only had their tomahawks and scalping- knives, bows and arrows, but a few of them had real scalps which they pretended they had taken in the various Indian wars. Their faces were decorated with all the favorite pic- tures of the Indians. And some of our young white men and ladies played the part of the Indian so well that it was difficult to distinguish them from the real ones. It has been a wonder to me that, while our professors of music have been inventing so many different kinds of dances, none of them have reproduced the Indian war-dance, which to me is much more sensible than nine-tenths of those which are now practiced at so many of our fashion- able parties. I presume that the trouble is that our ladies THE POLICE PATROL. 76 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. consider that the Indian war-paint extemporized for the occasion would interfere with the original paint put on be- fore they left their homes, and which they wished to remain through the evening. One of our young men claimed that at this wedding, amid the crowd, unperceived, he had clipped a lock from the bride's long, flowing, raven hair. Some of this hair he had put into a breast-pin, and very soon thereafter these Indian bridal breast-pins were about as thick as were the manufactures from our old court-house bell after the fire. One man who had \vorn one for some years was suddenly taken sick, and expected to die. He called his wife to his bedside and told her he deemed it his duty to state to her that he had been deceiving her for years, and he could not die in peace until he had made a confession. " I must tell you before I die that the hair in that pin I have been wearing so deceitfully is not the hair of that Indian chief's daughter, but your own." With pitiful eyes he looked to his wife for forgiveness. "And is that all that troubles you?" said she; " what you have just revealed in your dying hour only confirms my opinion of you. I always supposed you thought more of me than you did of a squaw!" And now I suppose you think that that man died in peace. But he did not. He is alive now. There is occasionally an instance where a man has survived a confession to his wife. But w T here, oh where, is there an instance of a woman who has survived a confession to her husband? After the marriage of this Indian chiefs daughter, several of our wealthy citizens (wealthy for those days) gave return parties. I remember attending a very elegant one given at the house of Medard B. Beaubien. I think the fashionable society of Chicago subsisted for about two months upon that wedding. Mr. Beaubien has given me several invita- FIRST THINGS. 77 tions, as he has others of our old settlers, to visit him at his residence among the Pottawatomies. He told me that I would be a big Pottawatomie! He gave as a reason for abandoning Chicago, where he was a merchant, that he would rather be a big Indian than a little white man. He has the reputation of being the handsomest man that was ever in this city. I met him at Washington, a few years ago, and he attracted great attention for his remarkable personal beauty. St. James' Episcopal Church. Concerning Chicago's first Episcopal Church and its early labors, the Hon. Isaac JS". Arnold says : John H. Kinzie and Mrs. Juliette A. Kinzie. with Gur- don S. Hubbard, may be considered, more than any others, the founders of St. James' Church. Others aided and con- tributed, but the Kinzie family took the lead. The parish was organized in 1834, and on the 12th of October, 1834, Rev. Isaac W. Hallam arrived in Chicago, and took charge of the parish. The first regular services were held in a room in a wooden building standing on the corner of Wolcott (now N". State) and Kinzie streets, fitted up by Mr. Kinzie and others as a place of worship, and which afterward, being used in the Presidential campaign of 1840 as a place for political meetings, was named " Tippecanoe Hall." In 1835 or 1836 John H. Kinzie donated two lots on the southeast corner of Cass and Illinois streets as a site for the church edifice, and in 1836-1837 a brick church was erected thereon. On the 26th of March, 1837, the body of the church was first occupied for public service. The entire cost of the church, exclusive of the organ, was 78 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. $14,000. On the Monday following the first service most of the pews were sold at auction, and brought the sum of $13,862, which, with subscriptions and the proceeds of a fair, paid the cost of the church and left a balance of $4,000, which was used toward the erection of a rectory. At the home of John H. Kinzie (standing on the north- east corner of Cass and Michigan streets) the Bishops and clergy of the Diocese of Illinois were always welcome. The Venerable Bishop Chase always found there a home and a genial welcome. Indeed, the hospitality of the Kin- zie family was proverbial all over the Northwest. In the reminiscences of Bishop Chase, published in two volumes, by James B. Dow, Boston, 1848, this family is spoken of. In a letter on p. 389, dated Monday, July 26, 1837, the good old Bishop says: "The consecration of St. James 1 Church, Chicago, took place yesterday at half-past ten. The church was filled to overflowing, even before the Bishop met the wardens and vestry at the door. The Rev. Mr. Hallam read the morning prayers, and myself the ante- communion and sermon. Text: 'The Lord is in this place. This is none other than the House of God, and this the gate of heaven.' The whole number of communicants is now about thirty. I went to the Kinzies. Mrs. Magill, and all the young, and Mrs. K. were most attentive to my every want, etc." Indeed, such was the prominence and activity of Mrs. John H. Kinzie in the early days of the Protestant Epis- copal Church of Illinois, that she was sometimes called u The Female Bishop of Illinois" FIRST THINGS. 79 The First Daily Newspaper. The first daily newspaper printed in Chicago was the Chicago Daily American, edited by Wm. Stuart, the first number of which bears date April 9th, 1839. The closing words of the editor's " salutatory" are as follows : ""We now launch our humble bark on the great ocean of the world, with plenty of sheet, but still with no certainty of sale, and with what pilotage we may command, we must trust the destiny of its voyage to the winds and waves, the sunshine and the storm." The First " Loafer" in Chicago. The first " loafer" on record was Richard Harper. The city census of July 1st, 1837, gave the occupation of every citizen. In this instance the record reads, " Richard Har- per, loafer." This man, it is said, was " respectably con- nected" in the city of Baltimore, and, be it known, afterward reformed. He left the young city no doubt in disgust, and made his way back to his native place, and afterward became one of the six Washingtonian Reformers who started the great temperance reformation which spread over the country in 1840. So it is said. Chicago's First Wedding. The first wedding in Chicago of which there is any record occurred July 20th, 1823. Curiously enough, the contracting parties were a physician, Alexander Wolcott, M. D., and Ellen M. Kinzie, who was the first child born in Chicago. John Hamlin, J. P., who was returning from a business trip to Green Bay, Wis., to his home in Fulton 80 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. County, officiated on the occasion, and made them " husband and wife" by a very plain but solid-binding ceremony. All the prominent chiefs and braves of the Pottawatomies, and other tribes, were present at this first of the long and rapidly extending list of Chicago marriages. Miss Kinzie was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John Kinzie. She was born in the autumn of 1807, and was just " sweet sixteen" the year of her marriage. Violets. The first divorce suit in Chicago was brought in 1835. The first " one-horse shay " to make its appearance was in 1834; Philo Carpenter, proprietor. " Horse cars " made their appearance in the city, " as far up as Twelfth street," April 25, 1859. The first Coroner was John R. Clark, and his first inquest was " over the body ot a dead Indian." Mr. Robert Fergus issued the first Directory of Chicago. It appeared in 1839, and contained 1.660 names. The first church fair held in Chicago was given by the ladies of the Protestant Episcopal Church, June 18, 1835. David McKee was Chicago's first blacksmith. He also in early days carried a monthly mail from Fort Wayne to Chicago. The first white woman to make her home in Chicago from New England was Mrs. Hadassah Trask, who arrived May 26, 1826. The first Justice of the Peace in Chicago was John Kin- zie, commissioned July 28, 1825, as shown by the records of Peoria County. The first bank established in Chicago was a branch of FIRST THINGS. 81 the State Bank of Illinois, in December, 1835, of which W. H. Brown was cashier. The first lawyer who appeared on the Chicago horizon was Russell E. Heacock. He arrived July 4, 1827, and " still lives " in the city. Chicago boasted of its first brick house in 1831, built by Caleb Blodgett on the North side of Adams street, between Dearborn and State streets. The first railroad to run out of Chicago, was the " Galena and Chicago Union," which penetrated the distant village of Elgin (forty miles), in 1850. Chicago's first City Clerk was Isaac N. Arnold, since a member of Congress, and now the Honorable President of the Chicago Historical Society. The first census of Chicago was taken July 1st, 1839. It showed a grand total population of 4,170 persons, of whom 3,989 were white, 77 black, and 104 sailors. The first large vessel that ever entered the Chicago River was the schooner " Illinois," which " sailed up " July 11, 1834, amid the acclamations of the citizens. The first livery stable in Chicago was kept by Lathrop Johnson, now a resident of Ontonagon, Mich. He also " run " the first stage line between Chicago and Milwaukee. The first arrival of passengers from the East by railroad was via the Michigan Southern line, Feb. 20, 1852, and the first train by the Michigan Central was May 21, 1852. The first lady " schoolmarm " in Chicago is said to have been Mrs. Stephen Forbes, who opened a school in 1830 near what is now the corner of Randolph street and Mich- igan avenue. The first Sunday Liquor Law was adopted Sept. 1, 1834, prohibiting the opening of any " tippling shop or grocery " on Sunday, under a penalty of $5, one half to go to the complainant. 6 82 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. The first jail was built in the autumn of 1833, " of logs well bolted together," on the northwest corner of the public square. It was standing as late as 1853, when it gave way for the " New Court House." The first Postmaster of Chicago was J. S. C. Hogan, who kept a " variety store " on South Water street. He was appointed in 1833, and once a week received a mail from Niles, Mich., brought on horseback. The first side-wheel steamer, the " Geo. W. Dole," was built by that gentleman in 1840, at the junction of the two branches of the Chicago River, from timber that grew on the North Branch of the Chicago River. The first male child born in Chicago was Merriweather L. Whistler, son of Lieut. Whistler. He was born in Fort Dearborn during the autumn of 1805, and at the age of about seven years was drowned at Newport, Ky. The first white man hung in Chicago was John Stone evidently a hard case who was executed July 10th, 1840, on a gallows erected " back of Myrick's tavern," near the lake shore, in expiation of the murder of Mrs. Thompson. The first sail-vessel that ever arrived in the Chicago port is believed to have been the United States schooner "Tracy," with Dorr for Master. It came around the lakes from Detroit some time in 1803, bringing Capt. John Whistler, who came to build a fort. The first tax-list on record is for the year 1825, which shows the entire personal property not including the American Fur Company to have been valued at $4,047, on which the whole tax paid was $40.47, with only thirteen persons, all told, as the tax-payers. The first " celebration " of any character took place July 4th, 1836, in honor of the removal of the first shovelful of dirt in the construction of the canal. It is said every man, woman, and child in good health in the village was present FIRST THINGS. 83 on the eventful occasion. The temperance people had lem- onade, and others whisky; but finally, it is said, the two liquids got seriously mixed. The first steam fire-engine was introduced by Mayor Wentworth, during his first term in 1857. It was appro- priately called " Long John." During his second term, in 1861, he introduced two more, and called them " Liberty" and " Economy," in honor of a favorite watchword of his. The first steamers that stirred the waters of Lake Mich- igan in front of Chicago, were the " Sheldon Thompson' and " William Penn." They arrived July 8th, 1832, and had on board Gen. Winfield Scott and a lot of soldiers for the Black Hawk war. At that date there were only five dwelling houses in Chicago, three of which were made of logs. The first public building in Chicago of which any men- tion is made was an " Estray Pen," erected on the southwest corner of the public square. The lowest bid for the con- tract was $20, put in by Samuel Miller; but failing to com- plete the structure according to specifications, he was paid only $12 by the Treasurer. This is supposed to be the first instance where a contractor failed to fulfill his contract. The first street leading to Lake Michigan was laid out April 25, 1832. It commenced at what was then called " the east end of Water street," and is described by Jede- diah Wooley, the surveyor, as follows : " From the east end of Water street, in the town of Chicago, to Lake Michigan. Direction of said road is south 88 degrees east from the street to the lake, 18 chains 50 links." Said street was laid out fifty feet wide. The viewers on this occasion " also believe that said road is of public utility, and a convenient passage from the town to the lake." AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. Love Letters in the Early Days of Chicago. How Some of Them were "Franked" by the Aid of Mr. Wentworth. A Laughable Story. Soon after my election to Con- gress says Mr. Wentworth, who tells this story a young man who had rendered me material service made me a call, and observed that postage was very high; in which sentiment I con- curred, and prom- ised to labor to reduce it. He then remarked that I would have the franking privil- ege; to which I assented, and promised to labor to abolish it. But all this did not seem to interest the young man s and 85] 86 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. I was perplexed to know the drift of his conversation. Finally, with great embarrassment, he observed that he was engaged to a young lady at the East, and wanted to know if I could not frank his letters. I explained that there was but one way to avoid the re- sponsibilities of the law, and that was for him to write his letters to me, and then I could write a letter to Tier, calling her attention to his; and she could have the same privilege. The correspondence took this form until the Congressman from her district asked me if, at the close of the session, I was going home by the way of his district. I did not comprehend him until he stated that he was well acquainted in the family of the lady with whom I had been corresponding, and suggested that if I was going to be married before the next session, it would be pleasant for us to board at the same house! This put a new phase upon my way of dodging an abuse of the franking privilege, and I wrote to my constituent that he must bring his courtship to a close, and he did so. Four letters from him and three from her covered the transaction, and I stand indebted to this day to the " con- science fund" of the Post-office Department for $1.75. But this was a very insignificant sum to pay for the se- curing of a good Yankee girl to the West in those days. But every time anyone speaks to me about the corrup- tions and defalcations among public men of the present day, I see " Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin " written on the wall! I think of that $1.75, and say nothing. AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 87 How the Yankee Clock- Peddlers Flanked an Early Chicago Law which Re- quired only One Man to Break, but Two to Keep. Ex-Lieut. Gov. Bross is responsible for the following amusing incident in connection with " the law " and " clock- peddlers:" It must be borne in mind that the first settlements were made in the southern parts of the State, by immigrants prin- cipally from Virginia, Kentucky, and some of the other Southern States. Many of them had a sort of " holy hor- ror" for that ubiquitous, ever-trading sharper, "the live Yankee." To guard against his depredations, a law was passed February 14th, 1823, duly enacting that " No person shall bring in and peddle or sell wooden clocks in this State, unless they first take out an extra license;" for which the price was $50. The penalty for violating the law was fixed at the same sum. This " said sum " would make a sad inroad upon Jonathan's profits, and hence, under the impulses of his " higher law " notions of the value of money, he pursued his " chosen calling," without any regard to the majesty of the law in " such case made and provided." He was of course arrested, and in due form arraigned be- fore the court of Fayette County. The fact of " selling " was not denied, but it appeared in evidence that one Yankee brought them "in" across the river at St. Louis and another "sold" them. The counsel for the prisoner Wm. H. Brown, Esq. contended that it must be shown that the prisoner did both tk bring in and peddle or sell" Jonathan, as usual, escaped and went on his way " ped- dling" and "selling" his wooden wares. We believe his " Yankee-ship " has always, since the failure of that law to " head him off," been permitted to exercise his peculiar habits without " let or hindrance." 88 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Getting on in the World Without Money. An Amusing Story of a Scrip-ticket, " Good for a Drink " that Got Into a Contribution-box. Mr. Wentworth is responsible for the following: In early days nearly every man in Chicago doing business was issuing his individual scrip, and the city abounded with little tickets, such as, " Good at our store for ten cents," " Good for a loaf of bread," " Good for a shave," " Good for a drink," etc., etc. When you went to trade, the trader would look over your tickets and select such as he could use to the best advantage. The times for a while seemed very prosperous. We had a currency that was interchangeable, and for a time we suf- fered no inconvenience from it, except when we wanted some specie to pay for our postage. In those days it took twenty- five cents to send a letter east. But after a while it was found out that men were over- issuing. The barber had outstanding too many shaves ; the baker too many loaves of bread ; the saloon-keeper too many drinks, etc. Want of confidence became general. Each man became afraid to take the tickets of another. Some declined to redeem their tickets in any way, and some absconded. And people found out, as is always the case where there is a re- dundancy of paper money, that they had been extravagant, had bought things they did not need, and had run in debt for a larger amount than they were able to pay. Of course nearly every one failed and charged his failure upon Presi- dent Jackson's specie circular. In after times I asked an old settler, who was a great growler in those days, what effect time had had upon his views of Gen. Jackson's circular. His reply was that Gen. Jackson had spoiled his being a great man. Said he, " I came to Chicago with nothing, failed for $100,000, and AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 89 could have failed for a million if he had let the bubble burst in the natural way." A single instance will illustrate to what various purposes those little tickets of indebtedness could be put. A boy had a ticket " Good for a drink." He dropped it into the church contribution box, and heard no more of it. He told another boy, who did the same thing, with the same result. That boy told his sister, who told her mother, who told her husband, who deemed it his duty to tell the deacon! Meanwhile the boys were putting in the tickets " Good for a drink," and telling the other boys to do the same. The deacon, alive to all the responsibilities of his posi- tion, for the first time in his life entered a saloon; called the barkeeper one side and asked him to change a $1 scrip, well knowing he could not do so unless it were in liquor tickets. The saloon-keeper was afraid to offer such tickets, and de- clined to make the change, until the deacon gave him a hint that although he did not stimulate himself he thought he could use the tickets. " Then," said the deacon, " I have a curiosity to know the extent of the circulation of these tickets, and really wish you would put a private mark upon them and notify me when one returns." Think of a deacon putting such currency into a contri- bution box ! But he did it. and the boys put in some more. On Monday afternoon the deacon was notified that one of his tickets had been redeemed. Oh, what a chance for a scandal case! Imagine that such a thing had happened in our day ! Think of our enterprising news-gatherers calling upon a deacon and asking him what was the average time of a liquor-ticket's going from his church contribution box to a saloon! With solemn tread the deacon made his way to his pastor's 90 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. residence, and asked him wJmt disposition he made of the various tickets taken from the contribution box. The reply was that his wife assorted them, strung them upon the different strings, entered them upon a book, and gave the church credit as she used any of them. " And do you say, my dear brother," asked the deacon, " that you have no knowledge of the particular uses to which these tickets have been put?" " I do say so," said the pastor. The deacon breathed freer. He had cleared his pastor, but I have no doubt he prayed, " May the Lord have mercy on his poor wife!" The wife was called and her husband said, " The deacon wishes us to give an account of the proceeds of the contri- bution box." " Not exactly so, my dear sister," said the deacon, " but I wish to know for what purposes the liquor-tickets have been used." She comprehended the matter at once and promptly re- plied, " Why, Deacon, did you want them ? I never thought you were a drinking man! Now, as you didn't have the tickets, will you share with us the proceeds ? Let us all take a drink!" She rushed to her pantry, brought out a pitcher, with tumblers, and it was filled with milk! In making the change with the milkman his eyes had fallen upon these tickets, and he said he could use them. Thus throwing the liquor-tickets into the contribution box was but a repetition of the old adage, " Evil be thou my good." They had discharged all the functions of the modern greenback, even to furnishing a poorly-paid clergyman's children with milk. AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 91 Chicago's Early Fiddler, Mark Beaubien. One oi the noted men who formed an essential factor in the extemporized enjoyments of early Chicago was Mr. Mark Beaubien. He was born in Detroit, Mich., in 1800, and was an eye-witness of Gen. Hull's surrender of the American army in 1812. He came to Chicago in 1826. Judge Caton says of him : " He used to play the fiddle at our dances, and he played it in such a way as to set every heel and toe in the room in active motion. He would lift the sluggard from his seat and set him whirling over the floor like mad! If his playing was less artistic than that of Ole Bull, it was a thousand times more inspiring to those who are not educated up to a full appreciation oi what would now create a furor in Chicago ; but I will ven- ture the assertion that Mark's old fiddle would bring ten young men and women to their feet and send them through the mazes of the dance, while they would sit quietly through Ole Bull's best performance pleased, no doubt, but not enthused so that they could not retain their seats." Ex-Lieut. Gov. Bross, in alluding to old times, gets off the following on " Mark ": "Not satisfied with being al- ready chief ferryman, as well as a merchant, or with having experienced the clemency of the court, in the shape of a remittance of a fine of ten dollars, "assessed to him for a fracas " with John G. Hall, he also applied for and received a license to " keep a tavern," being charged therefor the moderate sum ol six dollars. As an offset to these various evidences of favor, he well-nigh met with a worse fate than old Charon, for he was " ordered " to ferry the citizens of Cook County " from daylight in the morning until dark, without stopping" The reason for this stringent order, as given by Dr. Kimberly, was that Mark 3,t the time kept two race horses, and he had such a passior* >< the sports of 92 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. the turf that he would every day, if possible, get up a race with some of the Indian " bloods," and sadly neglect his duty to ferry the good .citizens of Cook County free, accord- ing to the law in such case made and provided. Mark Beaubien still lives, and at the recent " Old Set- tlers' Reception," it is said, fiddled the times of earler days while many of the " boys " of ye olden times danced as ol yore. Judge Caton's Chicago Bear Story. Late in 1833 (says Judge Caton) a bear was reported in the skirt of timber along the South Branch, when George White's loud voice and bell he was as black as night in a cavern, and his voice had the volume of a fog-horn, and he was recognized as the town-crier summoned all to the chase. All the curs and hounds of high and low degree were mustered, with abundance of fire-arms of the best quality in the hands of those who knew well how to use them. Soon bruin was treed and despatched very near to where the Rock Island Depot now stands. Then was the time when we chased the wolf over the prairies now within the city limits, and I know some that were of the party who pursued one right through the little hamlet and onto the floating ice near old Fort Dearborn. O, those were glorious times, when warm blood flowed rapidly no matter how low stood the mercury. Then in winter the Chicago River was our skating-rink and our race-course. In those days young Caton and John Bates would oc- casionally skate up the south branch to " Hardscrabble," where Bridgeport is now located. AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 93 The First Irishman in Chicago His Picture as Fainted by " Long John." The names of the voters in 1830, says Mr. Wentworth, indicate a large influx of the Anglo-Saxon race; but among them was one Irishman, probably the first who ever trod Chicago soil. The first thought that occurred to me was, What could bring an Irishman out here all alone ? Who was to help him celebrate St. Patrick's Day? Who was to attend his wake? His name was Michael Welch. What have our Irish Aldermen been thinking of, that they have never given us, in honor of their first settler, a Welch avenue, a Welch street, a Welch school-house, or a Welch fire-engine? The next thought that occurred to me me was, What could he be doing out here all by himself? Now, what would an Irishman naturally do when he found himself here all all alone, hundreds of miles distant from any other Irishman? He was a bugler. He blew his horn. He was a dis- charged soldier, and, having faithfully served out his time, he stopped long enough to vote the straight Jackson ticket, and then joined Captain Jesse Brown's Rangers, and marched on to clear the Indians out of the way of his coming countrymen, who were already aroused by his bugle's blast, as his patron St. Patrick, centuries before, had cleared the snakes out of his way in the land of his na- tivity. Captain Jesse Brown was a brother of the late Judge Thomas C. Brown, of our Supreme Court, and was author- ized by President Jackson to raise a company of men, who were called " Brown's Rangers," and was ordered to report to Gen. Stephen W. Kearney, on the Western frontier. There is a prevailing impression that Irishmen never go anywhere except in squads. But the history of the Ameri- can Continent will prove that Irishmen have ventured as 94 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO, far alone upon hazardous explorations as any other men. But he dislikes to stay alone. Like the honey-bee, when he finds a good thing, he wants some others to come and help him enjoy it. My original Congressional district extended north to the Wisconsin line, west to the Rock River Valley, south so as to embrace Princeton, LaSalle, Bloomington, Urbana, and Danville. I had to travel all over this district with a horse and buggy, and visit the sparse settlements. I often found an Irishman cultivating the soil alone. But when I made a second visit I found some more Irishmen there, or else the original one had gone. Gov. Winthrop, of Boston, in his journal under date of 1642, tells us of one Darby Field, an Irishman, who could not rest contented after his landing in America until he had climbed to the top of the White Mountains. He was the first man to ascend Mount Washington, and when asked why he went, replied, " Merely to take a look at the coun- try!" The official dispatches of one of the battles of the Mexi- can War commended the conduct of Private Sullivan, of one of our Chicago regiments. In the battle he had ad- vanced before his company, engaged in single combat with a Mexican officer, and killed him. I called President Folk's attention to the report, and asked for Sullivan's promotion. He referred the matter to the Adjutant General. Time passed along, and no appointment was sent to the Senate. I called upon the Adjutant General, and he read me a letter from Sullivan's superior officer, commending his courage and general good conduct, but strongly protesting against his appointment as Lieutenant in the regular army, on account of his deficiency in West Point education. I appealed to the President, and it did not take long to satisfy him that good fighting in war-time would counter- AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 95 balance all deficiencies in education, and Sullivan was pro- moted. Some time after the close of the war, his father called upon me, said he had not heard from his son for a long time, and wanted me to find him. I wrote to Washington, and received for answer that Sul- livan resigned -his Lieutenancy at the close of the war. In- side the official letter was a note marked " private and un- official." " Tell Sullivan's father to read the news from Mexico. I inclose some scraps from a New Orleans news- paper, and the Col. Sullivan therein mentioned is reported to be the late Lieut. Sullivan of the regular army." Some time afterward an officer of the army gave me the following account : After the close of the war with Mexico, some of the officers were tarrying late at dinner, when Lieut. Sullivan entered and was saluted with " Will you join us, Lieut. Sullivan ? " " Col Sullivan, if you please, gentlemen," was the reply. Whereupon one of the officers said : " It will not surprise us at all if you are Col. Sullivan. If your killing that Mexican was of so much account as to put you on an equality with us who have studied four years at West Point, and have seen considerable active service, a little personal favoritism might carry you still higher, and make you a Colonel. Why, Lieut. Sullivan, if you should kill another Mexican, those politicians at Washington would make you Commander-in-Chief ! " " Gentlemen," said Sullivan, " It is business that brings me here. Here is my commission as Colonel in the Mexican revolutionary army, and now you know my authority. And now, here's my business in this paper, which I will read." He then read a paper authorizing and requesting him to employ a competent engineer upon his staff. The officers reminded him that they knew nothing of the face of the Mexican country, had no maps, knew not his route, and in- sisted that they could be of no service to him. " You do not understand me, gentlemen," replied Sullivan; "it is not for what I am going to do that I want any of your assist- ance. I only want you to map it out after I have done it. You 96 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. are always talking about your military school, and what you have studied, and the like of you will be at school hereafter, and they will want to study Sullivan's Route to the Capital of Mexico ; and if ever I should be Emperor, whom should I want for Secretary of War but my own Engineer ?" Sullivan set out upon his march with no one to map his route. He penetrated forests where no man had ever been before. He came out of forests where men least expected him. He appeared to be everywhere, and the inhabitants could make no calculation where he was not. They either all joined him, or fled before him. He had everything his own way, until, in his efforts to join the main army, he found himself in the fortified country. Here he missed his engineer and his military education. He was wounded, taken prisoner, marched into the Plaza, a bullet pierced his heart, and that was the last of Sullivan. But it just took a Chicago Irish boy to teach the Emperor Maximilian how to die the death of a soldier some twenty years afterward ; and Sullivan had as much right in Mexico as Maximilian. Cook County and Chicago in 1831 Sketched by Ex-Lieut. Gov. Bross. The county of Cook, in 1831 (says Gov. Bro&s), embraced all the territory now included in the counties of Lake, Mc- Henry, Dupage, "Will, and Iroquois. At that time Fort Dearborn was occupied by two com- panies of United States infantry, under the command of Major Fowle. The resident citizens were Mr. Elijah "Wentworth and family, occupying a house partly log and partly frame, owned by Mr. James Kinzie. Mr. "W. kept a tavern, the best in Chicago. In the vicinity of this tavern resided Mr. James Kinzie and family, Mr. William See and family, Mr. Alexander AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 97 Robinson and family (afterward living on the Desplaines, two miles north of River Park, where he died only a few years ago), and Mr. Robert A. Kinzie, who had a store com- posed of dry goods a large portion of them Indian goods groceries, etc. Across the North Branch of the Chicago River, and nearly opposite Mr. Wentworth's tavern, resided Mr. Sam- uel Miller and family, and with them Mr. John Miller, a brother. Mr. Miller also kept tavern. On the east side ot the South Branch, and immediately above the junction with the North Branch, resided Mr. Mark Beaubien and family, who also kept tavern ; and a short distance above him, on the South Branch, resided a Mr. Bourisso, an Indian trader. Between Mark Beaubien's tavern and Fort Dearborn there were no houses, except a small log cabin, near the foot of Dearborn street, and used as an Indian trading house. Near the garrison, and immediately south, on the prop- erty sold by James H. Collins, Esq., to the Illinois Central Railroad Company, Was the residence of J. B. Beaubien and family, who was connected with the American Fur Com- pany in the Indian trade. He had near his residence a store, containing such goods as were suitable to the busi- ness. A short distance south of him on the lake was a house, then unoccupied. On the north side of the river, and immediately opposite the garrison, stood the old " Kinzie House," as it was com- monly called, which was also then unoccupied, and in a very dilapidated state. A short distance above, on the main branch of the river, and on the ground since occupied by the Chicago and Ga- lena Railroad Company, stood what had been the Govern- ment Agency house, and known to the " oldest inhabitant" 7 98 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. as " Cobweb Castle." That was then unoccupied, Dr. Wol- cott, the Government Agent, having died the fall before. In its vicinity were several small log buildings for the accommodation of the blacksmith, interpreter, and others connected with the Agency. The blacksmith then occupy- ing one of the buildings was a Mr. Magee, who afterward lived in Dupage County. Billy Caldwell, the principal chief of the Ottawa, Potta- watomie, and Chippewa Indians, occupied another. He was then interpreter for the Agency. Col. Thomas J. Y. Owen, who had been, the winter be- fore, appointed to succeed the late Dr. Wolcott, had not then taken up his residence in Chicago; G. Kercheval, who was then Sub- Agent, was a resident. Dr. E. Harmon and James Harrington had taken up their residence, and were making claims on the lake shore. Here we have some dozen families in the spring of 1831, constituting, with the officers and soldiers in the fort, the entire population of Chicago. In June following, the garrison, by order of the Secretary of War, was abandoned by the troops, and left in charge of Col. T. J. V. Owen, the Government Agent of the Ottawa, Pottawatomie, and Chippewa Indians; and by September the fort, together with the old Kinzie House and the one on the lake shore (formerly vacant), were filled with immi- grant families. In the latter part of September the payment of the In- dian annuities was made by Col. Owen. There were pres- ent on that occasion about four thousand Indians, and among them was a deputation of eight Sauk and Fox In- dians, belonging to the band of the celebrated Black Hawk. Their object was to induce the Ottawas, Pottawatomies, and Chippewas to join them in their contemplated invasion AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 99 of the Rock River country, and wrest it from the whites, who, they alleged, had obtained it fraudulently. Had it not been for the influence of Billy Caldwell, little doubt was entertained of the success of their mission. Cald- well was well advised of the weakness of the Indians and the strength of the Government, and by his influence and representations prevented the alliance. After the payment, a scene of drunkenness, debauchery, and violence occurred, such as is never witnessed except at an Indian payment. During the fall, in the month of November, the schooner Marengo, belonging to Oliver Newberry, of Detroit, arrived. She encountered a heavy gale on Lake Michigan, which was just subsiding on her arrival. There being no harbor, she anchored out in the lake, more than half a mile from the shore, nearly in front of the fort, where she remained until the lake became suffi- ciently calm to unload. This could only be done by the aid of small boats, crossing "the bar at the mouth of the river, which then emptied into the lake near the foot of Randolph street. The Marengo was commanded by Captain Stewart, a veteran sailor who had long been in the employment of Mr. Newberry. The Telegraph, which arrived in July, and the Marengo were the only arrivals during the season, except the one that transported the troops to Green Bay. The principal part of the population of Chicago during the winter of 1831-2 occupied the quarters in the garrison, and were ministered to, in the way of creature comforts, by that estimable citizen, Geo. "W. Dole, who was the only merchant then in Chicago, except Mr. R. A. Kenzie at " Wolf Point" which was the name given to the " settle- ment" at the junction of the North and South Branches. The winter was long and intensely cold, and the popula- 100 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. tion of the surrounding country so sparse that no traveler could be found sufficiently reckless to traverse it. There were then no mail routes,post routes nor post offices at Chicago, and the only means its inhabitants had of knowing anything of the world was by sending a half- breed Indian once in two weeks to Niles, in Michigan, to procure all the papers, both old and new, that could be had. " Great caution," says Colonel Hamilton, " was exercised in reading the old first, that we might be properly advised of events in the world as they occurred. " The trip was made on foot, and usually occupied a week. The arrival of ' the mail ' was an event of quite as much interest then as it is now; but notwithstanding our exclu- sion from the world, we were not unhappy, and doubtless enjoyed ourselves as well as its inhabitants now do." "A debating society was formed, composed of most of the male inhabitants of the fort, over which presided J. B. Beaubien with much efficiency and dignity. Although not very conversant with ' Jefferson's Manual,' he had no oc- casion to use it, as every member was disposed to be orderly and behave himself; and each and all felt bound to contrib ute as much as possible to the general sum of knowledge and usefulness. "To vary the amusement, a dance was occasionally got up at the house of Mark Beaubien, Esq., and for those who had no taste for such amusements a religious meeting was gen- erally held once a week in the fort by Mark Noble, Jr., and his wife and two daughters, and Mrs. R. J. Hamilton, who were all members of the Methodist Episcopal Church." Col. Hamilton has paid a just tribute to the zeal and piety of Mr. Noble. He was the principal speaker at all these religious meetings, and his exertions in the cause of truth were greatly blessed. He was a young man of practical common sense and great ability, and well fitted for a stan- AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 101 dard-bearer on the borders of civilization. It will be seen that the Methodists were zealous workers in the great cause in Cook County and Chicago as early as 1831. Gen. Winfield Scott in Chicago His Official Report to Gov. Beynolds An Interesting Bit of History. The following is taken from the Louisville (Ky.) Adv&r- tiseroi' July 27, 1832: HEADQUARTERS !N". W. ARMY, ) CHICAGO, July 15, 1832. j" SIR To prevent or correct the exaggerations of rumor in respect to the existence of cholera at this place, I address myself to your Excellency. Four steamers were engaged at Buffalo to transport United States troops and supplies to Chicago. In the headmost of these boats, the Sheldon Thompson, I, with my staff and four companies, a part of Col. Eustis' command, arrived here on the night of the 10th inst. On the 8th all on board were in high health and O spirits, but the next morning six cases of undoubted chol- era presented themselves. The disease rapidly spread itself for the next three days. About one hundred and twenty persons have been affected. Under a late act of Congress, six companies of rangers are to be raised and marched to this place. Gen. [Henry] Dodge, of Michigan, [Senator,] [then embracing Dodge ville, Wis.] is appointed Major of the battalion, and I have seen the names of the Captains, but I do not know where to address them. I am afraid that the report from this place, in respect to cholera, may seri- ously retard the raising of this force. I wish, therefore, that your Excellency would give publicity to the measures I have adopted to prevent the spread of this disease, and 102 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. of my determination not to allow any junction or com- munication between uninfected and infected troops. The war is not at an end, and may not be brought to a close for some time. The rangers may reach the theater of opera- tions in time to give the final blow. As they approach this place, I shall take care of their health and general wants. I write in great haste, and may not have time to cause my letter to be copied. It will be put in some postoffice to be forwarded forthwith. I have the honor to be, your Excellency's most obedient servant, WINFIELD SCOTT. His EXCELLENCY Gov. JOHN REYNOLDS. Early P. 0. Days " Long John" Perched on a Dry-Goods Box, Beads to the Cit- izens the New York Papers. " Long John " facetiously describes the early post-office days as follows: One of our most reliable places of enter- tainment was the Post-office, while the mail was being opened. The Post-office was on the West side of Franklin street, cornering on South Water street. The mail coach was irregular in the time of its arrival, but the horn of the driver announced its approach. Then the people would largely assemble at the Post-office and wait for the opening of the mails which at times were very heavy. The Postmaster would throw out a New York paper, and some gentleman with a good pair of lungs and a jocose temperament would mount a dry-goods box and com- mence reading. Occasionally I occupied that position myself. During ex- citing times our leading men would invariably go to the Post-office themselves, instead of sending their employes. [103J 104 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. The news would be discussed by the assemblage, and oftentimes heavy bets would be made, and angry words passed. If it was election times, there would be two papers thrown out, ol opposite politics, two reading stands established, two readers engaged, and the men of each party would assemble around their own reader. This condition of things would last until the mails were opened, when the gathering would adjourn until the next blowing of the driver's horn. This gathering afforded the best opportunity for citizens to become acquainted one with another. . How a New Silk Dress was Exchanged for a Fortune ! I was introduced, says an old settler (in the early days of Chicago), to a Lieutenant in the army, who had just come to take charge of the Government works in this city. He had great confidence in our future, and expressed his intention to invest all his means here. He was eventually ordered away to some other station, but kept up his interest in Chicago. His taxes became high, too high in proportion to his pay as an army officer and the support of his family. His wife had once placed the price of a new dress in a letter which was to leave by the return of a mail which brought her husband an exorbitant tax-bill. He expressed his intention of ordering, by the same mail, the sale of his Chicago property, as his means could endure his taxes no longer. His wife ordered her letter from the mail, took out the money, and, saying that she preferred the Chicago property to a new dress, insisted that he should use it to pay his AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 105 Chicago taxes. The next summer he visited our city, and rented his property for enough to pay the taxes. That lady lost her dress for that year, but she gained thereby one of the largest and most celebrated (Kingsbury) estates in our city. The narrator wisely adds: I mention this fact to warn our ladies that they should never ask for a new dress until they find their husband's tax-receipt in his wallet; and at the same time, I would also caution husbands not to try to carry so much real estate as to make their poorly-clad wives and children objects of charity when they make their appearance in the streets. Hon. Isaac N. Arnold's Story of Abraham Lincoln. The Hon. Isaac .N". Arnold, a long, and honored resident of Chicago, tells the following interesting incident con- cerning the early surroundings of the Garden City in con- nection with young Lincoln, Gurdon S. Hubbard, and others : In 1832 John Dixon kept the ferry across' Rock River, and the latch-string of his hospitable home was never drawn in against the stranger. The Black Hawk war was pend- ing, and settlers and whole families had been killed and scalped upon the prairie. The National Government sent Gen. Scott with some regular troops to Chicago, and to these were added some companies of Illinois mounted volunteers, called out by Governor Reynolds, to aid in protecting the settlers and chastising the Indians. Among the regulars who met on the banks of Rock River, at the crossing then called " Dixon's Ferry," under the im- 106 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. mediate command of General Atkinson, were Lieutenant Colonel Zachary Taylor, subsequently President of the United States; Lieutenant Robert Anderson, the hero of Fort Sumter; Lieutenant Jefferson Davis, and Private Abraham Lincoln, of Capt. lies' company of Illinois Mounted Rangers. These facts I received from John Dixon, a hale man of more than eighty years (of Dixon, 111.) Anderson and Davis were young lieutenants, just from West Point, and Lincoln was a tall and boyish-looking young man of twenty-two. So far as I know, our fellow-citizen, Gurdon S. Hubbard is the only living citizen of Chicago who was engaged in this expedition against Black Hawk. When Major Anderson visited Washington, after his evacuation of Fort Sumter, he called at the White House to pay his respects to the President. After the Chief Mag- istrate had expressed his thanks to Anderson for his con- duct in South Carolina, Mr. Lincoln said: "Major, do you remember of ever meeting me before? " No," replied Anderson " I have no recollection of ever having had that pleasure." " My memory is better than yours," said Lincoln. "You mustered me into the United States service, as a high pri- vate of the Illinois volunteers, at Dixon's Ferry, in the Black Hawk war." Father Dixon, the ferryman, and guide of the United States forces, and even then well known by the Winneba- goes as " Nachusa," or "Whitehead," says that in all the marches, whenever the forces approached a grove or depres- sion, in which an Indian ambush might be concealed, and scouts were sent forward to examine the cover, Lincoln was the first man selected ; and he adds that while many, as they approached the place of suspected ambush, found an excuse AMUSING AND OTHERWISE 107 for dismounting to adjust girths or saddles, Lincoln's sad- dle was always in perfect order. " Nachusa " adds two or three other facts in regard to Lincoln : One was that while the little army was en- camped around the ferry, every evening, when off duty, Lincoln could be found sitting on the grass, with a group of soldiers, eagerly listening to his stories, of which his supply seemed, even at that early day, inexhaustible; and that no one could induce the young volunteer to taste the whisky which his fellow-soldiers, grateful for the amuse- ment which he offered them often pressed upon him. The Hon. John Wentworth's Early Experience in Church Matters -Not Able to Kent but Half a Pew His Description of Parson Hinton's Sensational Lectures on "The Devil." Not feeling able to sustain the expense of a whole pew, I engaged one in partnership with an unpretending saddle and harness maker (S. B. Cobb), who, by a life of industry, economy, and morality, has accumulated one of the largest fortunes in our city, and still walks our streets with as little pretense as when he mended the harnesses of the farmers who brought the grain to this market from our prairies. The church building in those days was considered a first- class one, and we had a first-class pew therein, and the an- nual expense of my half of the pew was only $12.50, more than it would have been in the Savior's time. People wonder at the rapid increase in the price of real estate at the West; but it bears no comparison with the in- crease in the price of gospel privileges. A good clergy- man is well worth all that a liberal-hearted congregation may see fit to pay him. But the people ought to cry out against the reckless waste of money, steadily increasing 108 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO, in the erection of extravagant church edifices. And the pride in such matters seems to eat up all other considera- tions. During the recent panic, a Christian lady of this city, with a large family of children, whose husband was sud- denly reduced from opulence to penury, astonished me by observing, with tears in her eyes, that her most grievous affliction was that she would be compelled to give up her pew in the church, which was the most expensive in the city, and take one in a cheaper edifice. And yet our peo- ple sing in every church, " God is present everywhere." At the close of service one day, Parson Hinton said he thought Chicago people ought to know more about the devil than they did. Therefore he would take up his his- tory, in four lectures. First he would give the origin of the devil. Second, state what the devil has done. Third, state what the devil is now doing. And fourth, prescribe how to destroy the devil. These lectures were the sensation for the next four weeks. The house could not contain the mass that flocked to hear him, and it is a wonder to me that those four lectures have not been preserved. Chicago newspaper enterprise had not then reached here. The third evening was one never to be forgotten in this city; as it would not be if one of our most eminent cler- gymen, with the effective manner of preaching that Mr. Hinton had, should undertake to tell us what the devil is doing in this city to-day. The drift of his discourse was to prove that everybody had a devil; that the devil was in every store, and in every bank, and he did not even except the church. He had the devil down the outside and up the middle of every dance; in the ladies' curls, and the gentle- men's whiskers. In fact, before he finished, he proved con- 110 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO clusively that there were just as many devils in every pew as there were persons in it; and if it were in this our day, there would not have been swine enough in the Stock- Yards to cast them into. When the people came out of church, they would ask each other: "What is your devil?" And they would stop one another in the streets during the week, and ask, " What does Parson Hinton say your devil is?" The fourth lecture contained his prescription for destroy- ing the devil. I remember his closing: " Pray on, breth- ren and friends ; pray ever. Fight as well as pray. Pray and fight until the devil is dead ! The world, the flesh, the devil, Will prove a fatal snare, Unless we resist him, By faith and humble prayer. In this grand contest with his Satanic Majesty, he, our leader, fought gloriously, but he fell early in the strife. We, his hearers, have kept up a gallant fight to this day, but, judging by our morning papers, the devil is far from being dead in Chicago. An Amusing Indignation Meeting How State Senators Were Tortured in True Indian Style and Blown to Atoms. The Hon. Grant Goodrich is responsible for this story, graphically illustrating the anger of young Chicago on a certain occasion : In the winter of 1834-5, Gurdon S. Hub- bard, John H. Kinzie, and others visited the Legislature at Yandalia, to urge the passage of a bill to commence the work on the canal. They succeeded well in getting it through the House of Representatives, and securing the Bledsres of votes enough AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. Ill to carry it in the Senate ; but two Senators who had agreed to support it changed their minds, and secured its defeat. The indignation at Chicago was hot and fierce, and she must give some signal expression of it. A cannon was pro- cured, effigies of the offending Senators made, and placed on the bank of a cellar, whexe the Tremont House now stands, and John and Robert Kinzie, and others, performed around them the ceremonies which the Indians practiced around prisoners, devoted to mockery, torture, and an ignominious death, after which one was shot into fragments from the mouth of the cannon. The other one was laid upon a rude bier, and carried upon the ice in the river, escorted by Geo. White, as master of ceremonies, the town bell-ringer and the only negro here. The effigy was then placed over a can of powder, which was exploded, up-heaving the ice, and blowing the Senator high in the air, and tearing him into fragments, amidst the shouts and jeers of the multitude. We were compelled (says the Judge) to furnish our own amusements, and this is a specimen of the way in which it was done. Laughable Court Work Regulating the Price of Boarding, Horse-Feed, and "The Drinks." The Commissioners' Court, under the act organizing the county, was opened March 8, 1831. The first record we have is that " Samuel Miller, Gholson Kercheval, and James Walker, Commissioners tor Cook County, were sworn into office by J. S. C. Hogan, Justice of the Peace. William See was appointed Clerk of the Commissioners' Court, who, after being duly sworn and giv- ing bonds ' according to law, the Court proceeded to busi- ness.' 112 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. . " Archibald Clybourne was appointed County Treasurer, and an order passed that the ' S. "W. fraction of Sec. 10, in T. 39 JS"., E. 14: East of the third principal meridian, be en- tered for county purposes.' " At the next meeting, March 9, the Treasurer is author- ized to borrow one hundred dollars, with which to enter the land before mentioned, and he is directed ' not to give more than six per cent, interest.' It is also ordered that Jesse Walker be employed to enter the land, that Jedediah Wooley be nominated to the Governor for County Surveyor, and that there be three precincts in the County of Cook, to-wit: ' The Chicago Precinct,' the ' Hickory Creek Precinct,' and the ' Dupage Precinct.' " The boundaries of these three precincts were established, Judges of Election appointed, 'and the times and the places of holding the same. Grand and Petit Jurors were selected, and some other minor business transacted, when the ' Court adjourned until Court in course.' " April 13, 1831. A special term was held. The record says : " Court was called at the hour of 10 o'clock in the morning, and Samuel Miller and Gholson Kercheval, being present, formed a quorum, and proceeded to business. " Ordered, That there be a half per cent, levied on the following description of property, to wit : On town lots, on pleasure carriages, on distilleries, on all horses, mules, and neat cattle above the age of three years ; on watches, with their appurtenances, and on all clocks." Elijah "Wentworth and Samuel Miller were licensed to keep a tavern in the town of Chicago, and taxed therefor the sum of $7 and $5 respectively. The following financial measure was also adopted, and as one of the " quorum " on this occasion was also one of the prospective " tavern-keep- ers," we have a right to presume that the tariff was fairly adjusted : AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 113 " Ordered, That the following rates be allowed to tavern- keepers, to wit : Each half-pint of wine, rum, or brandy 25 cents, Each pint do 37% " half pint of gin pint do gill of whisky half-pint do pint do For each breakfast and supper 25 " dinner 37% " " horse feed 25 " Keeping horse one night 50 " Lodging for each man, per night 12% " For eider or beer, one pint 6^ " " " one quart 12%" The first licensed merchants in Cook County, as appears from the licenses granted at this time, were B. Laughton, Robert A. Kinzie, Samuel Miller; and the first auctioneer, James Kinzie. Russell E. Heacock was licensed to keep a tavern at his residence. Initiatory steps were taken for the establishment of a ferry across both branches of Chicago River, at the forks, over which the people of Cook County, with their " traveling apraties" (according to the record), were to be passed free. Rates of ferriage were specified for outsiders, and a ferry scow was purchased from Samuel Miller for sixty-five dol- lars. At the next meeting of the Court, Mark Beaubien filed his bond for $200, with James Kinzie as security, and having agreed to pay into the Treasury fifty dollars, and " to ferry all citizens of Cook County free," became the first ferryman of Chicago. During vacation of Court, permits to sell goods were ob- tained from the Clerk by Alexander Robinson, John B. Beaubien, and others. At the next term of Court, June 6, Jesse Walker, who 8 114 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. had been commissioned to enter the land selected for county purposes, reported that he had been refused permission to enter the same, and paid back the money put into his hands for that purpose. The fees received by the members of the Commissioners' Court at this time were, as appears from appropriations made them, at the rate of $1.50 per day for actual term time, which were paid in county orders. Old Jack, the Singing Ferryman A Floating Music Hall. An interesting institution, says Mr. Wentworth, was the ferry-boat between the North, and South sides. It was a general intelligence office. Business was done principally upon the South Side, while most of the dwelling-houses were upon the North Side. The ferryman knew about every person in town, and could answer any question as to who had crossed. The streets had not been raised to their present grade, nor the river deepened or widened, and the boat was easily accessi- ble to teams. It was pulled across by a rope, and was not used enough to kill the green rushes which grew in the river. If a lady came upon the South Side to pass an evening, she would leave word with the ferryman where her hus- band could find her. Bundles and letters were left with him to be delivered to persons as they passed. He was a sort of superannuated sailor, and ii he had not sailed into every port in the world, he had a remarkable faculty of making people think he had. His fund of stories was inexhaustible, and he was con- stantly spinning his interesting yarns to those who patron- ized his institution. Like most sailors, he could not pull AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 115 unless he sung, and to all his songs he had one refrain with a single variation. His voice was loud and sonorous. If he felt dispirited, his refrain was, " And I sigh as I pull on my boat." It he felt jolly (and people took particular pains to make him so), his refrain was, " And I sing as I pull on my boat." All night long this refrain was disturbing the ears of those who dwelt near the banks of the rive,r. Song after song was composed for him, in the hope of changing his tune, but it "would not be long before he would attach to it his usual refrain. One of our musical composers com- posed a quadrille, which our young folks used to dance in the evening on the ferry, during certain portions of which they would all join in old Jack's refrain, and sing, " And we'll dance as we ride on the boat." There was a little boy who took great delight in Jack's company, whose parents lived on the margin of the river near the ferry, and as in the last of his sickness he was burning with a violent fever, nothing would quiet him but the sound of old Jack's voice. Old Jack had just sung " And I sigh as I pull on my boat," when the boy whispered his last words to his mother, u And I die while Jack pulls on his boat." Jack heard of this, and his lungs became stronger than ever. Racking both his memory and his imagination for songs, all night long he sung, with his plaintive refrain, " Charlie dies while Jack pulls on his boat." A distinguished poetess, traveling at the "West about this time, was tarrying at the "Lake House," and heard of the incident. She wrote for a New York magazine some beautiful lines ap- propriate to the last words of the child and the circum- stances. These were reproduced in our Chicago papers. Old Jack went to church one Sunday, and the clergyman preached from the text: " Whosoever shall be ashamed of 116 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Me and My words, of Him shall the Son of Man be ashamed when He shall come in His own glory." After church was over the clergyman took Jack to task for making so much noise on his ferry-boat, and told him he was going to have him removed. " You can't do it," said Jack. " Why not? " said the clergyman. "Your sermpn, sir, your sermon! You said we must make a practical application of it." " How can you apply that to your position? " " In this way," said Jack; " the Mayor appoints a ferry, man. I will just tell him, he that is ashamed of me and my boat, of him will I be ashamed when I go to the polls on the day of election." Jack was not removed. But he went one fall to the South with the robins ; but, unlike the robins, he returned no more. He probably saw the coming bridge. A Wedding Reminiscence of the Great Fire. A wedding fixed for the week after the great fire was postponed by a letter of the lady to her lover, who was in an Eastern city. She was the daughter of a wealthy mer- chant, and in the letter, after telling him of the fire, she wrote : " Our wedding will have to be postponed for at least one year, as I am in no condition at present to be married; not that I love you less than ever, for you know that better than I can tell you, but that we have no house to live in and my father is rendered almost destitute by the fire. His place of business was, as you know, in the burnt district, and was swept away in company with a number of others the second night of the fire. We expect to have a new house built in 118 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. a few weeks, just around the corner from where we formerly resided, near street and avenue. I am very glad you did not come to this city when you intended, for then you would be as the rest of us, half scared to death. Father was up at the time, and saved two suits of clothes the one he had on and another but we, that is Mar. Jeannette, and I, were less lucky. You would have been surprised to see me, the morning after we were driven out of the house, with a pair of Jim's old pants on, one slipper, one shoe, and a waterproof cloak. This was, indeed, my complete outfit, and it was not until yesterday that I received some other clothes from my cousin Mary, who sent them from Cincin- nati. That would have made a splendid wedding suit, wouldn't it? " The city is building up lively. Work is lively, but a number of laborers have left this, the doomed city. " Frank, please come on and see us as soon as you can; I want to see you very badly." It is said that Frank did not decline that invitation, nor did he consent to postpone the wedding a year, or any longer than a new outfit could be provided. How a Woman was Saved in the Great Fire by Brave Men A Narrow Escape. The following thrilling episode connected with the great fire is narrated by an eye witness: A woman was seen at the window of a building, shrieking for assistance. The building was on fire within, and the only hope of escape, the staircases, had been destroyed. The walls were still safe, and a short ladder was procured. A man with long, silvery hair mounted a box and cried out: " A hundred dollars to any brave man who will go to her rescue !" AMUSING AND OTHERWISE lit) A dozen men sprang forward, and the leader said: "We don't want your money, but we will try!" Throwing oft' his coat, the stranger seized a rope, ran up the ladder, and entered the lower window. He was lost to view for a moment, but soon returned, his shirt blackened with the smoke and burned by the falling embers. " Let some one come up," he shouted ; " I want some help." Another followed, and the ladder was drawn in and pushed up through the burning flames at the staircase. They mounted to the story above and repeated the process. They \vere now within one story of the poor woman. She mean- while had been caught by the flames, and to save herself had been obliged to tear off her outer clothing. Not a moment was to be lost, and when the men appeared at the window with hair curled with the intense heat, their clothing in rags and partially burned and sent down the coil of rope for a new ladder (theirs having been broken by a falling timber), all hope seemed gone. But by great efforts they raised the ladder to where they were, and once more essayed to reach the hapless woman above them. But the flames were too hot, and they were forced back from the interior to the window. Here they essayed to throw the rope to the woman, but in the excitement of the occasion they could not succeed. The leader, however, was a man of resources, and lowering the rope again, he started for the hook. One was attached, and when drawn up he managed to hand the rope to the woman, and shouted to her to make it fast and descend to them. She tied the rope to some place, still strong enough to sustain the strain, but could not, in her weakness, risk herself in the descent. All seemed lost; but the crowd soon beheld the first of the men slowly ascending the rope, hand over hand. Cheer 120 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. after cheer hailed him as he drew himself into the window. In a moment the woman was lowered to the story below, where she was seized by the second brave rescuer, who drew her into the room and waited for the descent of his com- panion. The rope was not long enough to reach from where it was attached to the pavement, but a second was produced, and a piece of twine attached to a stone was thrown in, which enabled them to haul it up. The two then lowered the woman, almost " in natura puribus" to the street, and the first lowered the second and then came down himself. A Dreadful Scene in the Washington Street Tunnel During the Great Fire. While the great fire was raging in the South Division a thrilling scene occurred in the Washington street tunnel, which led to the West Side. Several of the bridges over the South Branch being on fire, the tunnel was resorted to by thousands of people who desired to pass from one divi- sion to the other. At a moment when the passage-way was filled with pedes- trians, rushing wildly in either direction, the gas suddenly gave out, and all were left in total darkness. A terrible panic, a collision, and the trampling to death of the weaker by the stronger seemed inevitable. But, strange as it may seem, everybody in that dark recess seemed at once to comprehend the necessity for cool- ness and courage; not a man lost his presence of mind; but all, as with one accord, bore to the right, each calmly enjoin- ing upon others to be cool and steady, and to march steadily on till the end of the tunnel could be reached. Rapidly, but without confusion, the two columns moved on through the thick darkness with almost military preci- AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 121 sion, the silence being broken only by frequent shouts of " right," " right." There was no collision, and no one was harmed, but all reached the ends of the tunnel in safety, and then, for the first time in almost ten minutes, breathed freely. How a Cat in the Old Postoffice Saved its Life by Jumping into a Fail of Water One of the features of the Postoffice was the "official cat." This notorious feline may or may not have had a name; at any rate it is not now known. It had been once before burned out, and was, therefore, in a measure prepared for this calamity. On the night of the great fire the cat was present and assisted in the removal, though she did not go herself. Nobody invited her, and she was too much of a public-spir- ited employe to go without permission. 122 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. When the work afterward of removing the safes was in progress, the tearing away of a partition revealed the faith- ful public servant in a pail partially filled with water. She had rented this as temporary quarters, and apparently enjoyed the cool shelter which it aiforded. From her position it appeared impossible that she could have gone away and returned after the fire, and so she may be set down as a liv- ing being who passed Sunday night and Monday in the burnt district. A Remarkable Incident in the Great Fire, where a Man Saves his House by Throwing Hard Cider on it. A policeman named Bellinger lived in a small, white, wooden cottage on Lincoln place. When he saw the fire coming he hauled up the sidewalk, raked up the leaves and burned them, hewed down the fence and carried it into the house in pieces, and notified his neighbors that, live or die, he would stick to that house. The fire advanced and gave battle. It flung torches into his porch; it hurled them through the windows. It began and kept up a hot bombardment of flaming shot upon the roof. He met it at every point; with hands and boots, with water and wet blankets, and finally as the last wave of fire enveloped the building in a sirocco, and whirled through the crackling tree-tops, and gyrated madly over the adjacent walls, and wavered and whirled over the smoking roof, Bel- linger cast a pail into his cistern and it was dry. The blankets were on fire. Then the Bellinger genius rose triumphant. He assaulted his cider barrels, and emptied their contents on the roof. It was the coup de guerre* It gave him victory. His blankets were scorched, his hands blistered, his boots distorted, and his cider spilled, but his house was saved! AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 123 The Hon. Isaac N. Arnold's Personal Experience in the Great Chicago Fire A Graphic Description of that Wonderful Conflagration. The Hon. Isaac N. Arnold, the friend and biographer of President Lincoln, whose name is well known in this and other countries, and who is still a resident of Chicago, de- scribes his own thrilling adventures in the great tire as follows : There was literally a rain of fire. It caught in the dry leaves; it caught in the grass; in the barn; in the piazza; and as often as it caught it was put out. before it got any headway. When the barn first caught, the horses and cows were removed to the lawn. The fight was continued, and with success, until 3 o'clock in the morning. Every moment flakes of fire falling, touching dry wood, with the high wind, would kindle into a blaze, and the next instant would be extinguished. The contest after 3 o'clock grew warmer and more fierce, and those who fought the devouring element were becoming exhausted. The contest had been going on from half-past 1 until after 3, when young Arthur Arnold, a lad of 13, called to his father: " The barn and hay are on fire!" "The leaves are on fire on the east side," said the gardener. "The front piazza is in a blaze," cried another; "the front greenhouse is in flames, and the roof on fire." " The water has stopped!" was the last appalling an- nouncement. " Now, for the first time," says Mr. A., " I gave up hope of saving my home, and considered whether we could save any of the contents. My pictures, papers, and books, can I save any of them ? " An effort was made to cut down some portraits, a landscape of Kensett, Otsego Lake, by Mignot it was too late! Seizing a bundle of papers, gathering the children and servants together, and leading forth the animals they started. But where to go? AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 125 They were surrounded by fire on three sides ; to the south, west, and north raged the flames, making a wall of fire and smoke from the ground to the sky; their only escape was east to the lake shore. Leading the horses and cow, they went to the beach. Here were thousands of fugitives hemmed in and imprisoned by the raging element. The sands, from the Government pier north to Lill's pier, a dis- tance of three-quarters of a mile, were covered with men, women, and 'children, some half-clad, in every variety of dress, with the motley collection of things which they sought to save. Some had silver, some valuable papers, some pictures, some old carpets, beds, etc. One little child had her doll tenderly pressed in her arms, an old woman a grunting pig, a fat woman had two large pillows, as portly as herself, which she had apparently snatched from her bed when she left. There was a singular mingling of the awful, the lu- dicrous, and the pathetic. Mrs. Arnold and her little daughter Alice had been sent away to the residence of Mrs. Scudder, and the party were accordingly separated, a circumstance which added to the anxiety of the wanderers. After toiling along W. B. Ogden's pier, they hired a small row-boat, and were conveyed to the lighthouse, where they were cordially received by the authorities, and other refugees who had preceded them. The party remained prisoners in the lighthouse, and on the pier on which it stood, for several hours. The shipping above in the river was burning; the im- mense grain elevators of the Illinois Central and Galena Railroads were a mass of flames, and the pier itself, some distance up the river, was slowly burning toward the light- house. A large propeller fastened to the dock a short distance 126 STORTES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. up the river caught fire, and the danger was that as soon as the ropes by which it was fastened burned off it would float down stream and set fire to the dock in the immediate vicinity of the lighthouse. Several propellers moved down near the mouth of the river, and took on board several hun- dred fugitives and steamed out into the lake. If the burning propeller came down it would set fire to the pier, the lighthouse, and vast piles of lumber, which had as yet escaped in consequence of being directly on the shore and detached from the burning mass. A fire com- pany was organized of those on the pier, and with water dipped in pails from the river the fire kept at bay, but all felt relieved when the propeller went to the bottom. The party were still prisoners on an angle of sand, and the fire running along the north shore of the river. The river and the fire prevented an escape to the south, west, and north. The fire was still raging with unabated fury. The party waited for hours, hoping the fire would sub- side. The day wore on, noon passed, and 1 and 2 o'clock, and still it seemed difficult, if not dangerous, to escape to the north. Mr. Arnold, leaving his children in the light- house, went north toward Lill's, and thought it was prac- ticable to get through, but was not willing to expose the females to the great discomfort and possible danger of the experiment. Between 3 and 4: in the afternoon the tug-boat Clifford came down the river and tied up near the lighthouse. Could she return taking the party up the river through and beyond the fire to the West Side, or was it safer and better to remain at the lighthouse? If it and the pier, the lum- ber and shanties around should burn during the night, as seemed not unlikely, the position would not be tenable, and might be extremely perilous ; besides, Mr. A. was extremely anxious to know that Mrs. A. and little Alice were safe. 128 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Kush, Clark, State, and Wells street bridges had all burned, and their fragments had fallen into the river. The great warehouses, elevators, storehouses, docks on the bank of the river, were still burning, but the fury of the fire had ex- hausted itself. The party resolved to go through this narrow canal or river to the south bank, outside the burning district. This was the most dangerous experience of the day. The tug might take fire herself, the wood- work of which had been blistered w r ith heat as she came down; the engine might get out of order and the boat become unmanageable after she got inside the line of fire, or she might get en- tangled in the floating timber and debris of the bridges. However, the party determined to go. A full head of steam was gotten up, the hose was at- tached to the engine, so that if the boat or clothes caught it could be put out. The children and ladies were put in the pilot house, and the windows shut and the boat started. The men crouched clear to the deck behind the butt works, and with a full head of steam the tug darted past the abut- ments of Rush street bridge; as they passed the State street bridge the pilot had to pick his way carefully among falling and floating timber. The extent of the danger was now obvious, but it was too late to retreat. As the boat passed State street the pump supplying cold water ceased to work, and the exposed wood in some parts was blistering. " Snatching a handker- chief," says Mr. Arnold, " I dipped it in water, and covering the face and head of Arthur, whose hat the wind had blown away, I made him lie flat on the deck, as we plunged for- ward through the fiery furnace. On we sped past Clark and Wells streets." " Is not the worst over?" asked Mr.]Arnold of the Captain, as the boat dashed on and on. AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 129 " We are through, sir," answered the Captain. " We are safe." " Thank God!" came from hearts and lips as the boat emerged from the smoke into the clear, cool air outside the fire lines." The party went ashore at Lake street, and Mr. Arnold commenced a search for his wife and child, whom he found had gone to Evanston. It was not until the next night that the whole family were united at the residence of Judge Drummond. 130 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Singular Incident in Connection With the Great Fire. On State street was the fine row of five-story marble- front buildings known as " Booksellers' Row." These magnificent buildings were one hundred and ninety feet deep, and, including the basements, were filled with books and stationery. Griggs & Co., besides a large stock of im- ported works, had whole floors of school books. The West- ern News Company, besides its immense sales-room, had a force of sixty persons engaged in packing goods. All these stores were elaborately finished, and of course included heavy stocks of paper and other stationery. An exploration of the ruins failed to discover a single book, or a sheet or a quire of paper. The only legible thing found was a single leaf, badly scorched, of a Bible, and this is said to have contained that part of the first chapter of Jeremiah which opens: " How doth the city set solitary that was full of people, how she became as a widow. "She weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks." That is all that was left of the more than a million of books contained in all these immense stores. Bits of History. CHICAGO had a debating society as early as 1831, with J. B. Beaubien for the first President. It was considerable of an " institution " during its day. HON. JOHN WENTWOKTH arrived in Chicago Oct. 25, 1836, and, as he laughingly asserts, was in time to see the first white man hung, which occurred on the open grairie, south of the Court House. AMUSING AND OTHERWISE. 151 THE first will on record is that of Alexander Wolcott, filed April 27th, 1831, before R J. Hamilton, Judge of Pro- bate. EVEN Chicago was " slightly tainted " with negro slavery. " Black Jim " was a negro slave, owned, it is said, by John Kinzie, who brought the sable brother to Fort Dearborn in 1804. THE first lady visitors to Chicago from New England were Mrs. Lydia Pomeroy and Mrs. Beard (mother of the cele- brated artist by that name) and wife of Captain James Beard, who commanded the vessel " Selina," and entered the port of Chicago in the summer of 1809. LOCAL rivalries made their appearance in the young city as early as 1831. At that date there were only two mer- chants, and one of these R. A. Kinzie was located on the West Side, at " Wolf Point" which was the name given to the " settlement " at the junction of the north and south branches of the river. The other merchant, Geo. W. Dole, resided in " the lower village," on the South Side near where the Tremont now stands. After much advice and mature deliberation, P. F. W. Peck, a third merchant, who arrived in 1831, determined to locate in the " lower village," be- lieving it would ultimately be the future Chicago. MORE than half a century since, I first came to Chicago on horseback, from Saint Louis, stopping on the way at the log-cabins of the early settlers, and passing the last house at the mouth of Fox River. I was married in Chicago, having to send a soldier one hundred and sixty miles, on foot, to Peoria, for a license. The northern counties in the State had not then been organized, and were all attached to Peoria County. My dear wife is still alive and in good health; and I can certify, a hundred times over, that Chicago is a first-rate place from which to get a good wife. David Hunter, Washington, D. C., 1879. WONDERS AND BEAUTIES. The Parks and Boulevards. The parks and boulevards of Chicago are remarkable for their numbers, magnificence, beauty, and the short space of time in which they have been brought to such a high degree of perfection. What was recently but a dry, dead level, and comparatively barren prairie, as if by magic has been changed into magnificent spaces of rivers, lakes, lawns, and groves, with all the park accompaniments of older cities. The visitor should, therefore, as he glides through these immense pleasure grounds, remember that about all he sees that make up the Chicago parks has been " imported," and that all this has been effected with much labor of head and hand, and at great expense. 1133] WONDERS AND BEAUTIES. 135 The Boulevards, as shown in the accompanying map, con- nect the principal parks, and will form, when completed, a continuous drive of 30 miles, with a width varying from 150 to 250 feet. Lincoln Park. This popular park is located on the lake shore, two miles north of the Court House, and is easily accessible by the Clark or "Wells street line of street cars, or in the summer by excursion boats, which usually start from Clark street bridge. A more pleasant way, perhaps, would be to take a carriage and pass into the park via the celebrated "Lake Shore Drive," which you will enter at the North Side "Water "Works." Lincoln Park has a frontage on Lake Michigan of two and a quarter miles, and contains 250 acres. WONDEES AND BEAUTIES. w It is noted for its chain of miniature lakes in the center, the magnificent view of Lake Michigan along its eastern boundary, its beautiful flower beds, zoological gardens, and extensive groves of natural foliage. It is said that fully 1,500,000 persons visited these lovely grounds during the past year, and that as many as 3,000 vehicles passed through it in a single day. In the northern portion of the Park will be found several extensive hot-houses and hot-beds; also the "French Flower Garden," in the center of which is the fountain presented by Ferry H. Smith, Esq. The lover of flowers will be highly delighted with a visit to this region of Lincoln Park. The Zoological Gardens in Lincoln Park. In this fine collection will be found buffalo, elk, wolves, foxes, and other animals. A sea lion has been recently introduced, and the lakes are tenanted by swans, geese, ducks, and other fowls. The " Bear Pit " is an interesting place at the north end of the Park, which the visitor should not fail to see. Here the bears a wild specimen of which was killed within the "city limits" not a great many years ago are snugly "at home," and are quite willing to show their dexterity, at least occasionally, by climbing to the tip-top of the snarly oak tree at the mouth of their caverns. There are also several specimens of " the great American eagle," with room enough to "spread their wings," and other native birds, comfortably housed in this Park. THE PARKS OF CHICAGO. [1381 WONDERS AND BEAUTIES. 139 Union Park. This is a little gem park in the West Division, bounded by Ashland and Ogden avenues and Madison and Lake streets. It abounds with rustic bridges, miniature lakes, etc., and is a popular resort. Take the Madison or Randolph street cars west to Ogden avenue, distant one and a half miles from the business center. 140 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHIC; AW). South Park. South Park, including South Park proper, the Lake Shore Park, and the Boulevards, contains 1,003 acres, located in the southern part of the city, about six miles from the Court House. These parks are approached by two magnificent roadways, known as the Drexel Boulevard (sometimes called the Grove Parkway) and the Grand Boulevard, each 200 feet in width, the former having a continuous stretch of fine floral ornamentation in its center. There are fourteen miles of driveway and thirty miles of walks in these parks. It is said, when fully completed, as a park system they will be WONDERS AND BEAUTIES. 141 unsurpassed by any grounds in the world. Enough has already been done to render them exceedingly attractive. The " South Open Green " said to be the largest un- broken lawn in the world which greets the eye of the visitor as he enters the north end of the " System," is but the preface page of the wondrous beauties now being de- veloped in these parks. The Drexel Boulevard is, perhaps, not surpassed by any similar driveway in the country. No visitor fails to see it, as well as the whole South Park Sys- tem, for it is worth while to see a park " in process o*f erec- tion," as well as the grounds, which are ultimately to be- come the finest in the world. Visitors can easily reach the South Park by taking the Cottage Grove avenue cars on State street and going to Thirty-ninth street, where connection is made with steam cars, or phaetons (in the summer), to the park. It can also be reached by railroad from the depot at foot of Lake street; also by carriage drive up Michigan or Wabash avenues to South Park avenue, and thence over the Grand Boulevard. Central Park. Central Park is located near the western limits of the city, about four miles from the Court House, and is accessible to visitors by the Madison street cars, which carry passengers to the main entrance. This park covers 185 acres, and contains some very beautiful artificial lakes, lawns, groves, etc., and the foundations of the unfinished " Fire Monument," which was to have been built out of the many great iron safes ruined by the great fire. Humboldt Park. This park, which covers 200 acres, is located in the north- western part of the city, and may be reached by the Milwau- kee avenue cars. It is noted for its fine lakes and band stand. Humboldt, Central, and Douglas Parks are con- nected by boulevards 250 feet in width. 142 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Jefferson Park. This is a petite, but very beautiful park, in the West Division, bounded by Monroe, Throop, and Adams streets and Center avenue. No carriages enter this park, which renders it popular with the little ones. Take the Madison street cars to Center avenue, and go south one square. VIEW IN JEFFERSON PARK. VIEW IN UNION PAKK. 144 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Douglas Park. Douglas Park is in the southwestern part of the city, four miles from the Court House. Though among the newest, it is a magnificent park. It contains 180 a, . Visitors will find the Ogden avenue cars (a branch of tue Madison street lines) the most convenient to reach this pleasure- ground. Lake Park. This is the most accessible park in the city, and is noted for its refreshing breezes in the summer time. It extends along the lake shore from Jackson street to Park Row, and is bounded west by Michigan avenue. The great Exposi- tion Building is located at the north end. Though not as large as some other parks, its convenience and coolness make it among the most popular summer evening resorts. Other Parks. There are many other smaller parks in the city, some of which are very beautiful. Among these are Dearborn, Vernon, Wicker, Campbell, Ellis, Congress, and also Wash- ington Square and Union Square. AT PLAY IN THE PARK. [145] 10 146 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. The Chicago Water Works. The North Side Water "Works are located on Chicago avenue and Pine street, near the lake shore, and may be reached by the State street line of cars, or by carriage. The first man to conceive and perfect the peculiar and stupendous mechanism by which Chicago obtains the purest water of any city, perhaps, in the world, was E. S. Ches- brough. It is said that in boyhood and early manhood he THE NEW WATER WORKS AT FOOT OF CHICAGO AVENUE. [147] 148 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. had been made thoughtful and self-reliant, and that he thus became a most persevering, hopeful, and positive man. As City Engineer he suggested in 1863 the plan " to take the water from about two miles east of the pumping works, where the lake is supposed never to be afiected by impuri- ties from the river," and bring it in a brick tunnel to the present works, where it might be distributed throughout the city. This plan was considered a " visionary scheme," an "expensive experiment," in fact, "an unprecedented bore," by the conservatives /)f that day. But notwith- standing all this, the necessary legislation was secured and on the 9th of September, 1863, the contract for making the great tunnel and crib was awarded to Messrs. Dull & Gowan, of Harrisburg, Pa., for $315,139. The work began March 17, 1864, and the last brick was laid Dec. 6, 1866. The tunnel is five feet in diameter and two miles long. At the east, or Crib end, it is sixty-six feet below the water level of the lake, and under a head of eighteen feet, with a velocity of 4 2-10 miles per hour, it will deliver 57,000,000 gallons of water daily. Received through this spacious tunnel, the water is lifted by the immense engines into the stand-pipe, or " water tower," 175 feet high, from whence by its own weight it is distributed through the mains and into the dwellings. A similar tunnel has been recently made leading from the Crib to the corner of Ashland and Blue Island avenues, where are located the West Side Pumping Works. It is six miles in length, and may be said to pass under and across the entire city, in a southwesterly direction. This tunnel system is pronounced one of the grandest triumphs of modern engineering. Visitors to the North Side water works will be greatly interested in seeing what is said to be the largest engine in 150 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. the world, procured at an expense of $200,000, and which pumps 2,750 gallons of water at each " stroke." It is a 1,200 horse-power, with a large fly-wheel 26 feet in diam- eter. The four engines combined are equal to 3,000 horse- power. A magnificent view of the city and of Lake Mich- igan may be had from the summit of the great Water Tower, reached, however, with some difficulty by a winding and seemingly endless stairway. The Crib. Two miles from the lake shore, in an easterly direction from the North Side Water Works, is " the Crib," which to the eye is a veritable cottage in the sea, and in which, the year round, dwells a " happy family," who superintend the grand entry of the waters at that end of the line. Many have wondered how they live in such absolute isolation. A visit, however, easily made on excursion boats in the sum- mer-time, will show all the "comforts of a home," including telephone communication, etc. The Crib was built on shore, and launched like a sea- ves- sel. No expense was spared to make it strong. It is forty feet high, and constructed in pentagonal form in a circum- scribed circle of 98^ feet in diameter. It is made of three walls the outer, the center, and the inner and all firmly braced and bolted together so as to form one great structure. Each of these walls is calked and tarred like the hulk of a vessel. Twelve-inch square timbers of white oak were used for the first twelve feet from the top, and white pine of the same dimensions for the remaining forty- eight feet. These timbers are bolted together with strong square rods of iron. The bottom is composed of twelve- inch timbers firmly bolted. 152 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. When completed it contained fifteen separate water-tight compartments. In the center is " the well," through which the shafts descend to the bottom of the lake. Including the West Side Water Works, it is possible for Chicago to receive now 150,000,000 gallons daily. [West Side Pumping Works on Ashland Avenue.] In 1871 the city had 272 miles .of water-pipe; to-aay it has nearly 500 miles. It also has over 3,000 fire hydrants. This immense " water system " of the young Garden City has been perfected at an expense of about $8,000,000. ARCHING THE TUNNEL. 156 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Postoffice and Custom House. This magnificent building, which, including grounds, has been erected at an expense of $6,000,000, occupies the square between Dearborn, Clark, Adams, and Jackson streets. It is a three story, basement and attic stone edifice, in the style of architecture known as the Romanesque with Venetian treatment. The basement and first floor are devoted entirely for post- office purposes; the second floor is for customs, internal revenue, sub-treasury, commissioner of pensions, and special mail agents ; and the third for courts, and offices connected with the Interior Department. The approaches are from each of the four streets, the entrance to the courts, customs, and sub-treasury being by grand stairway from Adams and Jackson streets. The interior finish is exceedingly rich and fine, and is well worth a visit from the stranger. (See page 103.) River Tunnels. Chicago has under her rivers two immense tunnels, com- pleted at an expense of a million dollars. The one first constructed is under the South Branch at Washington street, which connects the South and West Divisions of the city. It is known as the Washington Street Tunnel, and may be seen by following that street to the river. It was in this tunnel that the thrilling scene occurred during the great fire elsewhere described in this volume. The larger and more interesting of the two tunnels is un- derneath the main river at LaSalle street, connecting the North and South Divisions of the city, and known as the LaSalle Street Tunnel. It is a marvelous underground SECTIONAL VIEW OF LA SAL.L.E ST. TUNNEL, SHOWING MASONRY [157] 158 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. highway, containing two passage-ways for vehicles, besides a footway for pedestrians, passing not only under the river but also under several squares on either side, making it of an easy grade and, with its long rows of gas-lights, a very " cheerful tunnel ! " The Union Stock Yards. [Stock Yards and Transit House.] The Union Stock Yards, the great live-stock emporium of the world, whose yearly receipts foot up 8,000,000 head, are located in the southwest part of the city, and may be reached by State street cars, or by the Madison and South Halsted line. The business man, at least, who is visiting 160 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Chicago will be interested in what is to be seen at this wonderful place. The yards occupy an area of 345 acres, and have a capac- ity of 150,000 head of stock, besides stalls for 500 horses. Eight miles of streets and alleys penetrate every portion of the yards, and three and one-half miles of water troughs and ten miles of feed troughs are in use. There are 2,300 [Water Tanks at Stock Yards.] gates, 1,500 open stock-pens, and 800 covered pens for hogs and sheep. There are also enormous water-tanks supplied with water from artesian wells, with thirty -two miles of drainage to facilitate cleanliness, etc. All the railroads have branches entering the yard, and the facilities lor " handling stock " are simply wonderful. It is said that as many as 500 cars WONDERS AND BEAUTIES. 161 can be loaded or unloaded at the same time, the whole op- eration occupying only a few moments. Near the Stock Yards are located the immense packing houses for which Chicago is noted, some of which are capa- ble of transforming 15,000 live hogs into dressed pork in the short space of twenty-four hours ! They are really one of the " great sights " of the city, and should be visited in connection with the Stock Yards. The Grain Elevators. The grain elevators of Chicago purely a Chicago inven- tion rank among the great wonders of the city. They are found at various places along the river and in connection with one or more railway lines. The capacity and facilities of these remarkable institutions may be best given by the following account of one recently built : " The building is 312 feet long, 84 feet wide, and 130 feet high, and is divided into 150 bins 65 feet deep, with a storage capacity of 1,250,000 bushels. The yard will hold 300 or 400 cars. Two switch engines, when in full opera- tion, are required to put in and take out cars. Two tracks receive each ten cars, unloaded at once, in six to eight min- utes, each car having its elevator, conveying the grain to its large hopper-scale in the top of the building. When weighed, it is spouted to the bin appropriated to that kind and quality. To carry the grain to the several bins renders the elevation necessary. Allowing fifteen minutes to unload each set of ten cars, four hundred are unloaded in ten hours, about 140,000 bushels. " The shipping facilities equal the receiving, there being six elevators for that work, each handling 3,000 bushels per hour, or 180,000 bushels in ten hours. The grain is run 11 THE LUMBER DISTRICT. [162] KLEVATOR AND LUMBER YARDS. [1631 164 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. out of the bins to another set of elevators, which throw it into large hoppers at the top of the building, in which it is weighed, and sent down in spouts into the hold of the vessel. "The same company have another elevator on the oppo- site side of the slip for a slip at right angles to the South Branch is cut to lay vessels alongside the warehouse and ten other large elevators and five smaller afford the same facilities. Any one of thirteen of them, too, will unload a canal boat of 5,000 or 6,000 bushels in an hour and a half or two hours; an aggregate from 65 canal boats alone of 357,000 bushels in ten hours." The machinery of this large establishment requires an engine of 400 horse-power. Chicago has 20 similar elevator buildings, with a total capacity of 15,600,000 bushels, and actually handled including flour reduced to wheat dur- ing the past year, 137,624,833 bushels of grain. Chicago Lumber Yards. (See Illustrations on pages 163 and 163.) Chicago is noted for the greatest lumber market in the world. The principal yards are located on the South Branch, and may be reached by the Madison and South Halsted line of cars. The number of laborers engaged in this business would populate a respectable city. About three hundred firms are represented, with a capital of many millions. The yards, of course, connect with the river and railroads, and possess facilities for handling lumber that is marvelous. Fifteen hundred million feet is the average annual move- ment. The greater portion of this lumber is brought from the immense pineries of Michigan and Wisconsin. CHICAGO BOARD OF TBADE. (166) 166 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. The Board of Trade Building, the finest in the world, is at the foot of LaSalle street, and fronts on Jackson street. The gallery, commanding a full view of the "bulls and bears," is accessible to visitors during business hours, and those desiring to know what it is to be ' 'on change" should not fail to look in. The "Exchange Hall" is 161 feet long, 152 feet wide, and 80 feet high. There are four elevators in the building. In the corners are telegraph offices, etc., connecting the great outside world, which "change" the bulletins with the speed of lightning to the great joy or sorrow as it happens of the "longs" or "shorts." Around the walls are tables on which are exhibited samples of grain, bearing the trade nomenclature, "No. 2 Spring," "Rejected," etc., while in the more central parts are the local groupings of members buying and selling the various commodities, the largest of which is generally that devoted to wheat. This immense building was occupied in April, 1885, and cost about $2,000,000. Aside from the terrific buzz of its nearly two thousand members, the Board of Trade is noted for its immense operations in stocks and other commodities. In it you can feel the pulses of commerce all over the world. Trotting Park. The Washington Park Club, of Chicago, was established by a company oi Chicago business men, who determined that Chicago should have the best appointed race-course in the country. The city office is at room 27, (entre sol) Palmer House. The club house is at Sixty-first Street and South Park Ave- nue. The officers of the club are as follows: President, Lieutenant-General Philip H. Sheridan; Vice 168 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Presidents, Samuel "W. Allerton, Albert S. Gage, Charles Schwartz, and Columbus R. Cummings; Treasurer, John R. Walsh; Secretary, John E. Brewster. Many prominent racing events have taken place in Chi- cago. Among the greatest of them have been the two fol- lowing: In October, 1878, occured the handicap race between Rarus, Hopeful and Great Eastern ; the former going to har- ness, Hopeful to wagon, and Great Eastern under saddle. Thirty thousand people witnessed this race, and two days later Hopeful exceeded all previous performances of that way of going by drawing a wagon in three heats in the un- precedented time of 2 :16, 2:17, 2:17. July 25, 1879, the blind pacing horse, Sleepy Tom, lower- ed the pacing record by doing a mile in 2:12J. A Laughable Story of an Early Horse Race on the Ice. Judge Caton told the following laughable story to the "Old Settlers" at their recent "May meeting" in Chicago: Let me ask Silas B. Cobb if he remembers the trick Mark Beaubien played on Robert A. Kinzie to win the race on the ice? See now how Mark's eye flashes fire and he trembles in every fiber at the bare remembrance of that wild excitement. (Mr. Beaubien was present.) This was the way he did it: He and Kinzie had each a very fast pony, one a pacer and the other a trotter. Mark had trained his not to break, when he uttered the most unearthly screams and yells which he could pour forth, and that is saying much in that direction, for he could beat any Pottawatomie I ever heard, except Gurdon S. Hubbard and John S. C. Hogan. The day was bright and cold. The glittering ice was smooth as glass. The atmosphere pure and bracing. The start was about a mile up the South .Branch. WONDERS AND BEAUTIES. 169 Down came the trotter and the pacer like a whirlwind, neck and neck, till they approached Wolf Point, or the junction, when Kinzie's pony began to draw ahead of the little pacer, and bets were two to one on the trotting nag as he settled a little nearer to the ice, and stretched his head and neck further and further out, as if determined to win if but by a throat-latch. It was at this supreme moment that Mark's tactics won tie day. He sprang to his feet in his plank-built pung, his tall form towering above all surroundings, threw high in the air his wolf-skin cap, frantically swung around his head his buffalo robe, and screamed forth such unearthly yells as no human voice ever excelled, broken up into a thousand accents by a rapid clapping of the mouth with the hand. To this the pony was well trained, and it but served to bring out the last inch of speed that was in him, while the trotter was frightened out of his wits, no doubt thinking a whole tribe of Indians were after him, and he broke into a furious run, which carried him far be- yond the goal before he could be brought down. Hard words were uttered then, which it would not do to repeat in a well-conducted Sunday-school, but 'the winner laughed with a heartiness and zest which Mark alone could manifest. The Bridge a and a Bridge Story-' Chicago has thirty-six bridges, each of which is made to " swing " on tables in the center of the channel by means of a simple mechanism manipulated by the bridge-tender. It not unfrequently happens that, in the hurry to turn a bridge, afoot passenger is "caught" on the boards and WONDERS AND HEAUTIES. Itl " necessarily detained " until shore connections are made. When, in the hot days of summer, and the Chicago River at its worst, this is a serious matter to the olfactories. For example: In the summer of 1879 a gentleman who had an office on the North Side had occasion to pass the State street bridge on his way home, where the odors arising from the river are very strong; and arriving at the bridge just as it was being turned he determined not to run the risk of standing so near the deadly stench, but run over the bridge and thus escape it. But he was too late, and was obliged to remain on the bridge while some half dozen vessels passed through the draw. He hardly dared to draw a full breath for ie^r of inhaling the poisonous miasma. He was unable to escape, and began to calculate what his chances were of escaping the terrible disease likely to be engendered by the poisonous vapors which he was obliged to breathe. To obtain some data upon which to found his calcula- tions, he thought he would inquire of the two bridge-tenders to ascertain, if possible, about how long a man could live in such an unhealthy situation. Not deeming it prudent or expedient to make the question direct, and ask how long they expected to survive, or, what was equivalent, how many of their predecessors had died during the last five years, he concluded to make indirect questions, and the following colloquy ensued: " Pretty bad smell from the river to-day." "Yes," answered the elder of the two, Martin Casey, "it is so bad it nearly makes me sick." " Must be rather unhealthy to breathe such an atmo- sphere," said our friend, who stood trembling in his boots for fear the odor which nearly made the tender sick would fill his system with the poisonous virus of that odor. 172 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. " Yes," replied Casey, " I guess it is not very healthy to breathe till one gets used to it; but I have got used to it." " Got used to it? What do you mean? How long have you breathed this terrible odor?" " I have not breathed it all the time, of course, for I am here only half of the time during the day and night; and then in 1854 I was sick or got hurt and was off a week or two but I have breathed this kind of air ever since I com- menced being bridge-tender, which was in 1853." " You don't say you have breathed this air during the last 26 years and not been sick?" " Yes, sir," said Casey, " I have worked on these bridges for 26 years, and the river has been awful sometimes, but it never made me sick, only to be a little sick at the stomach." The bridge turned and our iriend walked off, and wisely concluded that the odors trom Chicago River were decidedly more disagreeable than dangerous. The Douglas Monument. This beautiful and appropriate monument, erected in honor of the gifted citizen of Illinois, and the liberal donor of the Chicago University grounds, is located on the lake shore at the eastern terminus of Douglas avenue, in the southern part of the city. It is built of granite from IIol- lowell, Me., at an expense of about $100,000. It is 104 ieet high, surmounted with an excellent bronze statue of Douglas, executed by Leonard Volk, a Chicago artist. The residence of Senator Douglas was in this immediate vicinty. A neat little park surrounds the mausoleum, which adds much to the beauty and significance ot the final resting place of the great Senator. DOUGLAS MONUMENT. [173] 174 STOB1ES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. The Industrial Exhibition Building. This is said to be the largest building in the world with- out interior roof supports, its present dimensions being 1,000 by 225 feet; all of which was completed within ninety-six days, at an expense of $400,000. It is purely a Chicago production, and for exposition purposes is without a parallel in the history of human industries. Its convenience of location on the lake front just east of the business center together with its agreeable and popular manager, J. P. Reynolds, who in all cases carefully consults the public interest, make the building an import- ant factor of Chicago. It is within this building that some of Chicago's largest assemblages convene, and not unfrequently as many as ten, twenty, forty, and fifty thousand people come together. This building has been the scene of several national con- ventions of the Republican and Democratic parties. Musical festivals have been held here also. Every autumn the Inter- State Exposition is held here, and gives pleasant, profitable exhibitions. Also in November, each year, the American Fat Stock show is held here. WONDERS AND BEAUTIES. 175 The Hotel Buildings of Chicago and a Laughable Hotel Story Where Horace Greeley got his " Go West Young Man." Chicago may justly boast of its many magnificent hotels, some of which are not surpassed by any similar build- ings in the world. The Grand Pacific and Palmer, each cost about two millions, while the Tremont, Sherman, and Gardner possess, respectively, nearly an equal capacity. There are also about forty other hotel buildings in Chicago, many of which would be an ornament in any city. The Lake House (burned out Oct. 1871), was Chicago's first hotel that aspired to first-class pretensions. The Hon. John "Wentworth tells an amusing story con- cerning this early " stopping place" of Chicago: There was an elegant party given at the Lake House one evening, when one of the most fashionable men on the North Side, who was a candidate for office, thought he would throw an anchor to the windward by dancing with a South Side dressing-maid, while he supposed his wife was being enter- tained at the supper-table. But she entered the ball-room while the dance was going on. At once a proud heart was fired. Quicker than thought she spoke to a carriage-driver who stood at the door looking in : " Can you dance, Mike? " " It's only for the want of a partner," was the response. Seizing him by the hand, she said, "Come on!" and, turning to the crowd, she said, " This is a game that two can play at!" and immediately the dance went on, amid the applause of the whole room the man with the South Side dressing-maid, and his w r ife with the South Side driver. And thus free suffrage began its work against artificial social position. Not long after my first election to Congress, upon open- ing my mail at Washington, I found a letter dated in the 176 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. western part of Iowa, then far in the wilderness, reading in this way: " MY DEAR OLD CHICAGO FRIEND : I see you have been getting up in the world, and it is so with myself, who am the Sheriff's deputy here, and I also keep hotel. I am the same one who made all the fuss dancing with the lady at the Lake House ball, and you were there ; and the girl I married is the same domestic her husband danced with. The Judge of the Court boards at our house, and he often dances with my wife at the big parties here, where we are considered among the first folks, and I reckon my wife Bridget would put on as many airs as the lady did at the Lake House, if she should catch me dancing with domestics. I found out that those people who made so much fuss at the Lake House were not considered much where they came from. But they emigrated to Chicago, and then set up for big folks. So I thought I would marry Bridget and start for a new country where I could be as big as anybody. And now remember your old Chicago friend, and tell the President that I am for his adminis- tration, and would like 4o get the postoffice here." I remember that during that session of Congress I boarded at the same house with Horace Greeley, and he was frequently in my room ; and I think that it was from this letter he borrowed his sentiment, "Go West, young man!" The New Court House and City Hall. This magnificent building, located on the Public Square, with a frontage of 340 feet on Clark and LaSalle streets, and 280 feet on Washington and Randolph streets, is the most elaborate edifice in Chicago, and is said to be the finest of its kind in the world. It is in the modern French renaissance style of architecture, with a colonade story of Corinthian columns surrounding the sub-building, the whole producing a very fine architectural effect. These columns are each thirty-five feet high, and support an elegantly-proportioned entablature, which is divided into THE OLD COURT HOUSE-Burned 1871. HIT] 180 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. architrave, frieze, and cornice. Over this entablature is an attic story, enriched with allegorical groups, representing Agriculture, Commerce, Mechanical Art, Peace and Plenty, and Science Art. The principal story is of Athens marble, with polished columns, pilasters, and pedestals of Maine granite. The whole is thoroughly fire-proof, and will cost, when fully completed, about $5,000,000. Chicago " Yesterday and To-Day" A Graphic Picture by Gen. Strong. At a recent reception given by the Calumet Club to the " Old Settlers of Chicago," Gen. Strong in his address of welcome said: More than forty years ago, Harriet Martineau, who was here, wrote of the then Chicago : " It is a remarkable thing to meet such an assemblage of educated, refined, and wealthy persons as may be found there living in such small, inconvenient houses on the edge of the prairie." And to- day you founders of Chicago witness the strange if not anomalous spectacle of your municipal bantling throwing into commotion the three leading nations of Europe, and causing their hoary statesmen to take down their long- shelved industrial creeds, and even to revise again what was supposed to be the postulates of political economy; and all Europe, wonderful to relate, is discussing the re-enactment of corn-laws "When we contemplate these astounding results, how our incredulous minds turn back to verify for themselves the almost fabulous story of the date and origin of such a mu- nicipal prodigy ; to try to discover the succession of events and their cause, which have produced the miracle of civic growth and power. And, sure it is, we find your story true. Were they living, I would also call Heacpck as a witness tin 182 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. the sagacious, enterprising, " Shallow-Cut " Heacock the fundamental canon of whose hydraulic faith was that water would not run up hill. He was right, and you boys had to knock under or the canal would not have come. And Garrett, too, Auctioneer Garrett, him of the prophetic soul, who, with Abraham's faith, predicted the future greatness of Chicago, founded the Garrett Biblical Institute of Ev- anston, and, when short of change, was wont to send back to his laundress to be rewashed the shirts he could not re- deem. But we have the living witnesses here to-night. Hubbard, Gurdon S. Hubbard, the oldest of this Trojan band; and Beaubien, the Apollo of the early settlers; and Caton, and John "Wentworth, and Scarnmon, and Drummond, and Skinner, and Hoyne, and Blodgett, and Grant, and Morris, and Goodrich, and the Burleys, and Cobb, and Walter, and Arnold, and Raymond, and King, and "Williams, and the Wadsworths, and Beecher, and the Kimballs Mark and Walter and Laflin, and Dickey, and Van Higgins, and Carpenter, and Carter, and Gray, and Stewart, and the Rumseys, and Stearns, and Boone, and Freer, and Taylor, and Wright, and Eldridge, and Follansbee, and Gale, and Botsford, and more than one hundred others whom I may not stop to name, gathered from all parts of the land the men of that little log and clapboard village. And there were the women, too the noble, faithful women your wives, who nursed the infant Chicago, and who, in all these years of waiting, shared your sacrifices, lightened your burdens, and sustained your faith. Gentlemen, you saw the infancy of this city, and you see it to-day. Yesterday a hamlet; to-day a continuous city, covering an area of more than fifty square miles. Yesterday not a single vessel had entered this port. Now more vessels WONDERS AND BEAUTIES. 183 enter and leave this port every year in the season of navi- gation than in the same months enter all three of the largest Atlantic ports. Yesterday you built your houses of logs. Now the lumber that is yearly sold in Chicago would freight a con- tinuous line of vessels 250 miles in length, and would load a freight train 1,400 miles long. [The Pioneer.] Yesterday you could not give away a lot of ground. Now every week there are more voluntary sales of real estate than in all the cities of JN~ew York, Philadelphia, and Boston, and I think I might safely throw in St. Louis 184 ISTORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. and Cincinnati. These are prophetic sales, too; prophetic of future growth, for the purchasers are largely from the other cities I have named. Yesterday you fattened your yearly pig and made your own pork. You bought and sold none. Now the hogs and the hog-product sold and made here yearly exceed thirteen hundred million pounds, a line of living hogs that would reach nearly a quarter around the globe. The lard made by one Chicagoan is known the world over. Yesterday the neighboring farmer dragged in through the mud his few bags of wheat or corn. Now one hundred and thirty million bushels of grain are sold yearly in Chicago I mean are actually received from the adjacent country. . Instead of the back-room of the store where you kept your wheat, there are now elevators with a capacity of fifteen million bushels. Yesterday the aggregate sales of stock and merchandise, and manufacturers' products of all kinds, were less than ten thousand dollars yearly. To-day they are seven hundred and fifty million dollars. The annual sales of one dry- goods house are over twenty million dollars. Yesterday the prairie-schooner was your only means of transportation. Now twelve thousand vessels yearly enter your port, and ten thousand miles of railway have their headquarters here, not including the Eastern lines, nor lines in the far West not controlled here, but which look to this city as their market. Yesterday was heard the anvil of the single blacksmith. Now may be heard the hammers of the largest rolling mill corporation in the world, employing in all its branches over four thousand men and supporting over twenty thousand people with its capital stock above par, while even Pitts- burg mills barely survived the late panic. Yesterday you waded through mud between your stores WONDERS AND BEAUTIES. 185 and houses. To-day there are 122 miles of con- tinuous street railway, 650 miles of streets, 7.8 miles of boulevards, and 844 acres in improved parks. Yesterday you dug your shallow wells in the surround- ing swamp. To-day you have 430 miles of water mains, and are annually supplied with 19,564,000,000 gallons of the purest water in the world. Yesterday you groaned under a debt of seven thousand dollars, and feared municipal bankruptcy. To-day the ob- ligations of the city, if non-taxable, would stand on a par with the bonds of the Federal Government, and the mu- nicipal debt is less per capita than any other large city on the continent. I hurriedly mention these few facts, showing what clothes your infant wears, because some of you now residing at a distance are not aware how the child has kept on growing since you left. Why, they thought they had destroyed it by fire a few years since. I'll tell you now (otherwise you might not know it by what you see) they did burn it up ; that is, they burnt several hundred million dollars of build- ings and property. But the men you left here, and others that came in, built it right up, better than before; for you can't burn pluck, and enterprise, and courage, and faith. They are the indestructible gifts of God, and the best legacy you, the founders of Chicago, shall ever leave your chil- dren. 186 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. THE NAME "CHICAGO" 167 YEARS AGO. After reading a letter about the meaning of the name "Chicago," I have made a tracing from an old map in my possession published by H. Moll, near the Strand, London, in 1720, "according to the newest and most exact observa- tions." It is mainly a French map, and is largely copied from one published in Paris in 1718, "Done by MODS. Delisle." Chicago was in 1720 the "Land carriage of Chekakou." You will also notice in the northwest corner of the sketch, the "Land carriage of Ouisconsine" where I think the Town of Portage now is, which seems to preserve the meaning of the old name. Note also the "lead mines," near where Galena now is. The early French voyageurs in their batteaux and bark canoes used to start from Mon- treal, ascend the Ottawa until they could reach a portage connecting them with waters discharging into Lake Huron, thence through Georgian Bay to Mackinac, thence by both shores of Lake Michigan to the " Land Carriage of Chek- akou," or by way of Green Bay (or as now known) to the "Land Carriage of Ouisconsine." By these "land carriages" they reached the Mississippi, which they followed north- ward to St. Anthony's Falls (Minneapolis) and southward to the Gulf of Mexico, carrying with them their little traffic and the Roman Catholic religion, christening all points with the names of saints, which in most instances still cling to them. The title to the old map from which I made the tracing is "a new map of the north parts of America, claimed by France under ye names of Louisiana, Mississippi, Canada and new France, with ye adjoining territories of England and Spain." Devil's Lake, Dak. HENRY W. LORD. STOKIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. 187 THE NAME "CHICAGO." I have at different times noticed the Indian word Chic- au-go translated into English, but once, I believe, correctly. The word " Chic-aw-go" or " Chic-aw-go-ish" is the Pottawatomie (and nearly the same in the languages of the Ottawa and Ochibewas) word for the wild onion, and " chic-auc," the word used for the little animal commonly called the ' 'skunk" or polecat, and I think very aptly named by the Indians " Chic-auc," it being very near the flavor of the wild onion. The " Chic-au-go" River received its name from the fact that hundreds of acres near its mouth and along up its banks were covered with this unsavory plant, the wild onion. This I know for I have pulled many a handful in the early days before a furrow had turned its virgin soil. No Pottawatomie talker will dispute the above explanation. I give this to your readers for what it is worth. D. W. H. HOWARD, Wauseon, O. I neglected above to give you the name of Big Fork River in the same Indian tongue, which is "Che-tree-teoo Ce-pe," which certainly does not sound much like "Chic-au-go." CHICAGO'S FIFTIETH BIRTHDAY. March 4, 1887, was the fiftieth anniversary of the incor- poration of Chicago, and March 4, 1887, was the seventy- second birthday of Hon. John Wentworth. August 10, 1833, or about two years after Cook County was partitioned off from Peoria County, the Tillage of Chicago was incor- porated into a town. The statistics of the following year show that there were about 111 registered voters; and that the tax receipts amounted to only $48.90; and that it be- 188 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. came necessary to raise a loan of $60 for improving the streets. Emigration, however, began almost at once to drift westward, and by 1836 the town had made decided pro- gress. In July of that year the first sale of canal lands took place, and titles were given to purchasers by the Trustees. Nov. 18, 1836, at a meeting of Trustees with representatives of three districts into which the town was then subdivided, it was resolved to petition the Legislature for a city charter. All the provisions of a city having been decided on the Trustees dispatched a messenger by stage-coach to Vandalia where the Legislature was then located. The act of incor- poration, which enlarged the area of the city to about 10 square miles, was passed March 4th 1837. The limits were North avenue, Twenty-second street, the Lake, and Wood street. Provision was made in the act for the division of the city into six wards, each of which should elect two Ald- ermen. So crude was the postal service in those days that the news of the passage of the act of incorporation was brought to the city by John H. Kinzie and Gurdon S. Hubbard several days in advance of the mails from the South. At the election May 2, William B. Ogden, the Democratic candidate for Mayor, defeated John H. Kinzie, who ran on the Whig ticket, by a vote of 469 to 240. By the act of incorporation the public-school system was also established, with the Council as Commissioners. The first municipal quarters occupied by the Council consisted of a room in the " Saloon Building," at the corner of Lake and Clark streets, which was leased for 5 years from May, 1837. The first census, taken July 1, 1837, showed a total popu- lation of 4,179, of whom 3,989 were white and seventy-seven colored. During the same year Fort Dearborn was aban- doned as a military station, the first water-works were in- stituted, and the first cargo of wheat left the port. The post office was located at this time in a general variety store STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. 189 at the corner of Franklin and South "Water streets. Rush Medical College was founded March 2, 1837, but owing to the financial crash that came upon the city the same year building was abandoned and no lectures were given until 1843. After the crash all progress remained at a standstill for some time. The State Bank which was established in 1836, went down amid the wreck, and general financial dis- aster overwhelmed for a time the ambitious speculators of the promising city. Just before the failure, the Council was unconditionally refused a loan of $25,000 by the State Bank. GOOD ADVICE FOR PLEASURE-SEEKERS IN LARGE CITIES. (from the Omaha World.) Keep sober. Avoid crowds. Keep to the right. Don't tip the waiter. Don't talk to strangers. Keep your wits about you. Keep your eyes wide open. Don't let strangers talk to you. Do not talk loud, dress loud, nor act loud. If you wear a watch, keep your coat buttoned up. Never exhibit money or valuables in public places. If you want information ask a uniformed police officer. Never let your curiosity get the better of your discretion. Don't try to create the impression that you are a millionaire. See that the way is clear before you attempt to cross the street. Always go about as if you were on business, whether you are or not. 190 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO. Don't run after a street car. There will be another one along in time. Don't patronize the shop that keeps a man on the side- walk to urge you. Don't be afraid to say "no," and to say it understand- ingly and decisively. Look out for the young man who wants to carry your gripsack for 10 cents. Never expect to get something for nothing. It will be a dear purchase in the end. Move along on the sidewalk with the procession, and don't try to buck against it. When you are in doubt keep straight ahead until you meet a police officer then ask him. You don't need much money to visit a dime museum. Leave what you don't require at home. Never hand the car conductor, bootblack, or newsboy a $5 bill and expect him to make change. Look out for the fellow who wants to "step inside'- or around the corner to change your bill. If you meet a friend or acquaintance don't stand and talk with him in the middle of the sidewalk. Have your name and address and the name and address of some friend always in your pocket. Make a memorandum of the street and number where you leave anything that you expect to get again. Do not employ a hack or cab unless its number is con- spicuously displayed, and remember the number. Before starting for any given place ascertain the most di- rect route, and then follow it without asking questions. Avoid the man who says he came from your town and mentions to you the names of some people you know. Don't wrangle with a hackman but if you think he is swindling you, call a police officer, and leave the matter to him. A FAKE VIEW, v NEWSBOYS' HOME. 198 The Newsboys' Home. The Newsboys' Home, of Chicago, was established in 1858. It is temporarily in a brick building, stone front, with three stories and basement, at 1421 Wabash avenue. It contains fourteen rooms. Supper, breakfast and lodging are furnished the boys for fifteen cents. Boys over sixteen years are not admitted. Donations of clothing and money are always acceptable. Mrs. Eliza W. Bowman is matron. Over one hundred boys make it their headquarters. The Newsboys' Appeal is the organ of this meritorious institu- tion. (Take Wabash avenue cars to Fourteenth street.) Home for the Friendless. The Chicago Home for the Friendless is situated at 1926 Wabash avenue. It is an imposing looking building. Mrs. M. H. Moudy is the matron and superintendent. Miss Dell D. Moudy is the assistant matron and superin- tendent. It is an undenominational institution, supported by voluntary contributions from all classes. Its officers are members of various churches in the city and suburbs. Women and children are received. Children are pro- vided for persons who desire to adopt them, under rules and regulations prescribed by the courts and the manage- ment. Contributions of money, clothing, provisions, etc., are always acceptable. Besides eating and sleeping ac- commodations, this Home also very wisely provides for its inmates an infirmary, nursery, kindergarten and industrial class. Subscribe for The Home Visitor. The Burr Mission School, Industrial School and Free 184 STORIES AND SKETCHES OP OHIO AGO. Chapel, on Third avenue, and the Burr Industrial School in the building of the Home, are branches of the work of the Home for the Friendless. They were founded by Jonathan Burr, of Chicago, and are monuments better than stone or brass. Their results will expand thro' all eternity. From the last report of the Home for the Friendless we quote: Admitted during the year: Adults, 1,128; children, 919; total, 2,047. Dismissed: Adults, 943; children, 677i total, 1,620. Surrendered to the Home, 59; given to homes, 46; died, 26; given indenture for, 18; release of guardianship for adoption, 9; received from hospital, 128; sent to the hospital, 73; helped to work, 181. Of those re- ceived, 1,179 were Protestants; 824, Catholics; 43, Jews; Quaker, 1. Home of the Friendless. 9 ** 09 I S i 196 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. FORT DEARBORN. THE FORT DEARBORN MEMORIAL TABLET ERECTED BY "W. M. HOYT ON THE SlTE OF FoRT DEARBORN. Among the many objects of interest in the city which at. tract the attention of strangers is the marble tablet which occupies a prominent place in the north wall of the large building at the corner of Michigan avenue and River street. This tablet, which measures 15x6 feet, is known as the Fort Dearborn memorial tablet, from the fact that the building in which it is placed stands upon the site of Fort Dearborn. The Chicago Historical Society suggested the tablet, and Mr. W. M. Hoyt, of the well-known wholesale grocery house of the W. M. Hoyt company, the largest in the country, had it made and gave the space for it. After the tablet had been placed in position it was unveiled with great cere- mony on Saturday afternoon, May 21, 1881, in the presence of a large crowd of people. The following program was successfully carried out : 1. The First Regiment of Illinois State Guards, Col. S vvain commanding, will march to the ground and form in front of the tablet. 2. Calling to order of the assemblage by the President of the Chicago Historical Society, Hon. Isaac N. Arnold. 3. Presentation of the tablet by R. J. Bennett, of the firm of W. M. Hoyt & Co., to be followed promptly by the unveiling, with appropriate military salutes. 4r. Response by Hon. Isaac N. Arnold. 5. Poem by Eugene J. Hall, of Chicago. 6. Music National air. 7. Historical address by Hon. John Wentworth. 8. Military march from the ground. FORT DEARBORN. 197 THE MEMORIAL OF FORT DEARBORN. EUGENE J. HALL. Here, where the savage war-whoop once resounded; Where council fires burned brightly years ago; Where the red Indian from his covert bounded, To scalp his pale-faced foe. Here, where gray badgers had their haunts and burrows; Where wild wolves howled and prowled in midnight bands; Where frontier farmers turned the virgin furrows, Our splendid city stands. Here, where brave men and lovely women perished, Here, where in unknown graves their forms decay, This marble, that their memory may be cherished, We consecrate to-day. No more the farm-boy's call or lowing cattle, Frighten the timid wild-fowl from the slough; The noisy trucks and wagons roll and rattle O'er miles of pavements now. Now, are our senses startled and confounded, By screaming whistle and by clanging bell, Where Beaubien's merry fiddle once resounded, When summer twilight fell. Here stood the Fort, with palisades about it, With low, log block-house in those early hours; 198 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. The prairie fair extending far without it, Blooming with fragrant flowers. About this spot the buildings quickly clustered, The logs decayed, the palisades went, down ; Here the resistless Western spirits mustered And built this wondrous town. Here, from the trackless slough, her structures started And, one by one, in splendor, rose to view. The white ships went and came, the years departed, And still she grandly grew. Till, one wild night, a night each man remembers, When round her homes the red fire leaped and curled, The sky was filled with flame and flying embers, That swept them from the world. Men said: "Chicago's bright career is ended," As by her smouldering stones they chanced to go, While the wide world its love and pity blended To help us in our woe. O where was ever human goodness greater? Man's love for man was never more sublime! On the eternal scroll of our Creator 'Tis written for all time. Chicago lives, and many a lofty steeple Looks down, to-day, upon this western plain. The tireless hands of her unconquered people Have reared her walls again. FORT DEARBORN. Long may she live, and grow u wealth and beauty. And may he children be in coming years True to their trust and faithful to the a- duty As her brave pioneere! J9 in the folds ' of thy hair! From out the black heaps of thy ruins new columns of beauty shall rise, And glittering domes shall fling grandly our nation's proud flag to the skies! From off thy wide prairies of splendor the treasures of autumn shall pour; The breezes shall sweep from the northward, and hurry the ships to thy shore! For Heaven will look downward in mercy on those who've passed under the rod, And happ'ly again they will prosper, and bask in the blessings of God. Once more thou shall stand mid the cities, by prosperous breezes caressed, O grand and unconquered Chicago, still Queen of the North and the West. CHICAGO. iX)9 CHICAGO. JOHN GREENLEA.P WHITTIKR. Men said at vespers: "All is well! " In one wild night the city fell; Fell shrines of prayer and marts of gain Before the fiery hurricane. On three score spires had sunset shone, Where ghastly sunrise looked on none. Men clasped each other's hands, and said: The City of the West is dead! " Brave hearts who fought, in slow retreat, The fiends of fire from street to street, Turned, powerless, to the blinding glare, The dumb defiance of despair. A sudden impulse thrilled each wire That signalled round that sea of fire; Swift words of cheer, warm heart-throbs came; In tears of pity died the flame! From East, from West, from South and North, The messages of hope shot forth, And, underneath the severing wave, The world, full- handed, reached to save. Fair seemed the old; but fairer still The new, the dreary void shall fill With dearer homes than those o'erthrown, For love shall lay each corner-stone. 210 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF CHICAGO, Rise, stricken city! from thee throw The ashen sackcloth of thy woe; And build, as to Amphion's strain, To songs of cheer thy walls again ! How shrivelled in thy hot distress The primal sin of selfishness! How instant rose, to take thy part, The angel in the human heart! Ah! not in vain the flames that tossed Above thy dreadful holocaust; The Christ again has preached through thee The Gospel of Humanity! Then lift once more thy towers on high, And fret with spires the western sky, To tell that God is yet with us, And love is still miraculous! CHICAGO. October 10, 1871. BRET HARTS. Blackened and bleeding, helpless, panting, prone, On the charred fragments of her shattered throne Lies she who stood but yesterday alone. Queen of the West! by some enchanter taught To lift the glory of Aladdin's court, Then lose the spell that all that wonder wrought. CHICAGO. Like her own prairies by some chance seed sown, Like her own prairies in one brief day grown, Like her own prairies in one fierce night mown. She lifts her voice, and in her pleading call We hear the cry of Macedon to Paul > The cry for help that makes her kin to all. But haply with wan fingers may she 'feel The silver cup hid in the proffered meal, The gifts her kinship and our loves reveal. 211 212 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. CHICAGO EST DELENDA. W. & RICHARDS, D. D A city sovereign in the golden West, But yesterday magnificent in pride, To-day, the wail of anguish from her breast Wakes echoes to each mighty ocean's tide. A wail of anguish, rung out by the flames That licked her splendors level to the dust, And blazoned hers, the chief of ill-starred names That history holds in melancholy trust. Her matchless miracle of sudden rise, That mocked at fable and enchantment's art, Is peerless now no more in our sad eyes, That see her glories, like a dream, depart. Her palaces were poems wrought in stone ; Her marts, like Egypt's, for the world poured grain ; Her prairies girt her with a golden zone ; Her fame seemed that of Carthage come again. But Roman legions at Chicago's breast Hurled no red bolts that hapless Carthage rent ; In peace the hot cup to her lips was prest, And shrieking to her funeral pyre she went. O day of horror ! day of ruthless woe ! That stripped the West's young queen of all her pride, Her stately domes and lofty towers laid low, And 'whelmed her homes in terror's crimson tide ! CHICAGO EST DELENDA. 213 Checked are the currents of her boundless trade ; Her giant granaries smoke with smouldering wheat ; Her daughters, in their silks no more arrayed, Half clad and homeless, shiver on the street. If of her magic growth her heart beat proud, And in her stones and stocks she took delight ; If jealous rivals called her fast and loud, None grudge her tears of pity in her plight. Proud, but beneficent, and fast to spend The easy gold her skill was swift to make ; Of arts and toil at royal rate the friend, And wisdom's lover for its own sweet sake. Ah, luckless queen her strength and beauty scarred, She lies to-day on ashes for her bed ; And all the land in her despoil is marred, And all its joy in her despair is dead. The East and West their eager hands stretch forth, To pour their wine and oil at her scorched feet ; In love and largess blend the South and North A people's pain and pity swift to meet. Her sons her crumbled greatness will rebuild, When the blanched terror flies their kindling lips, And the glad glow of pride again shall gild Their queen's fair face, now prone in foul eclipse. COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE Cits of Chicago, COMPRISING OFFICIAL INFORMATION OF BAGGAGE, HACK, CAB, AND STREET CAR RATES AND LINES; EXPRESS, RAILWAY, AND STEAMBOAT LINES; SUBURBAN TOWNSJ STREETS, AVENUES, AND BOULEVARDS; PARKS; PLACES OF AMUSEMENT; PUB- LIC HALLS AND BUILDINGS; CHURCHES, ASYLUMS, DISPENSARIES, AND HOSPITALS; SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, AND UNIVERSITIES; BANKS; CEMETERIES; CON- VENTS; CITY, COUNTY, AND GOVERNMENT OFFICES; FOREIGN CONSULS; HOTELS; LIBRA- RIES AND READING KOOMSJ POST-OFFICES; SOCIETIES AND CLUBS ; TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES', THEATERS; TRANSPORTATION LINES; BRIDGES, TUNNELS, AND WATER WORKS; AND LIST OF LEADING BUSI- NESS MEN AND WOMEN. EDITED BY R. S. RHODES. CHICAGO: RHODES & MCCLURE PUB. Co. 1888. IDieitore GUIDE TO CHICAGO. (SEE MAP LAST PAGE OF BOOK ABBREVIATIONS. Al Alley Av Avenue Bet Between Bldg Building Boul Boulevard Cor Corner Ct Court E East E. S East Side . Fr From N North N. D North Division Ne Northeast Nr Near N. S North Side Nw Northwest Op Opposite Pk Park PI Place Rd Road R R Rail Road Ry Railway S South S. D South Division Se Southeast S. S South Side Sq Square Sw Southwest St Street W West W. D West Division W. S . . . . West Side CAUTIONS TO TRAVELERS. 1. Always make a bargain beforehand. 2. Take number of expressman, hackman, or cab-driver, in case of any difficulty, and report at office and to the police, at the City Hall. (217) 218 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 3. Never repose confidence in strangers. 4. Hotel proprietors, according to the laws of Illinois, are not liable for guests' valuables, unless placed in their care at the office. 5. Look out for the " elefant." Keep to the right. 6. Keep your eyes open and your mouth shut. Keep your feet from stumbling and your ways from guile. 7. Buy and use our " CHICAGO HISTORY AND GUIDE." COACH AND HACK ORDINANCE. The price to be charged by the owner or owners, or drivers, of hack- ney coaches, or other vehicles for the conveyance of passengers, except cabs, omnibuses, for hire within the city of Chicago, shall be as follows, to be regulated and estimated by the distance on the most direct routes. namely: For conveying one or two passengers from one railroad depot to an- other railroad depot, $1. For conveying one or two passengers not exceeding one mile, $1 . For conveying one or two passengers any distance over one mile and less than two miles, 81.50. For conveying each additional passenger of the same family or party, 50 cents. For conveying one or two passengers any distance exceeding two miles, $2. For each additional passenger of the same family or party, 50 cents. For conveying children between five and fourteen years of age, half the above rates may be charged for like distances, but for children under five years of age no charge shall be made. For the use by the day of any hackney coach, or other vehicle drawn by two horses or other animals, with one or more passengers, eight dol- lars per day. For the use of such carriage or vehicle by the hour, with one or more passengers, with the privilege of going from place to place, and stopping as often as may be required, as follows: For the first hour, two dollars; for each additional hour or part of an hour, one dollar. CAB ORDINANCE. The prices or rates of fare to be asked or demanded by the owners or drivers of cabs or other vehicles drawn by one horse, or other animal, for the conveyance of passengers for hire, shall be not more than as follows: GUIDE TO CHICAGO. iU9 One mile, or fraction thereof, for each passenger for the first mile $ 25 One mile, or fraction thereof, for any distance after first mile, for one or more passengers 25 For the first hour '5 For each quarter hour additional after first hour 20 For service outside of city limits, and in the parks, for the first hour 1 00 For each quarter hour after the first hour 25 Between any two R.R.depots - 25 All such vehicles shall be under the direction of the passenger from the time he or she calls said vehicle until the same is discharged, and will be paid for accordingly. In the case of a vehicle being engaged by the hour and discharged a distance from its stand, the owner or driver shall have the right to charge for the time necessary to return to such stand, where engaged. In all cases when the hiring of a hackney coach, cab, or other vehicle for the conveyance of passengers, is not at the time thereof specified to be by the hour, it shall be deemed to be by the mile. Every licensed owner or driver of any hackney coach, cab, or other ve- hicle, shall have the right to demand his fare of the person or persons employing him, on entering his coach or cab, and may refuse to convey any person who will not comply with said demand. No owner or driver of any hackney coach, cab or other vehicle for the conveyance of passengers, shall refuse to convey any person with or without baggage, as aforesaid, when applied to for that purpose; or, hav- ing undertaken to convey such person, shall omit or neglect so to do. Every passenger shall be allowed to have conveyed upon above ve- hicles, without charge, his ordinary traveling baggage, not exceeding in any case one trunk and twenty-five pounds of other baggage. For every additional package, where the whole weight of baggage is over one hun- dred pounds, if conveyed to ny place within the city limits,, the owner or driver shall be permitted to charge fifteen cents. PUBLIC PORTERS Shall be entitled to charge for each trunk or package which they may carry, twelve and a half cents, for any distance not exceeding one-fourth of a mile, and twenty-five cents for any distance exceeding one-fourth, of a mile; and no public porter shall demand or exact any greater sums than are herein permitted. 220 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. EXPRESSMEN Are allowed to charge for loads not exceeding five hundred pounds weight, one mile, fifty cents. Every additional mile may be charged for at the rate of twenty-five cents for each and every mile. For over five hundred pounds, fifty cents for every additional five hundred pounds, or fraction thereof. CAB LINES. Chicago Cab Co., 1254 Wabash avenue; telephone, 8348. Chicago Hansom Cab Co., office and stables, 203 to 207 South Clinton street; telephone, 5501; C. A. Needham, superintendent. STANDS: Rowe Brothers, jewelers, State and Monroe streets. Monroe street, opposite ladies' entrance, Palmer House. Tribune Building, Dearborn and Madison streets. And principal depots. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 221 HINTS TO OUR PATRONS. Having decided that you want a Cab, be sure and secure one of the Chicago Hansom Cab Company's. This company is the largest in the city, having fifty-one elegantly appointed Cabs. It is the aim of this com- pany to place before the public a service so x>erfect in all its details that even the most fastidious can not complain. On getting into one of our Cabs, first, notice the number; it is not much trouble, and helps to insure you against losses or overcharge?. Then state how you want the Cab, by the hour or otherwise, as this omis- sion is often the cause of a dispute. On arriving at your destination, ask the driver how much; it is his business to know exactly how much it ought to be, and if you think he is overcharging you, pay him what he asks, and report same as soon as pos- sible to our office, 47 Monroe street. This is far better than the unseem- liness of a dispute on the public streets, and you can rely on a prompt return of your money if the driver is at fault. NOTE. This refers only to the Chicago Hansom Cab Company's Cabs. DISTANCE RATES: One mile or less, for each passenger, .... 25 cents. Each additional mile or fraction thereof, one or two passengers, 25 cents. For one stop or wait of not over five minutes, no charge will be made. For over five minutes, or more than one stop or wait, 10 cents will be charged for each ten minutes or part thereof. HOUR RATES: For one or two persons, per hour, within four mile limit, - 7o cents. For each quarter hour additional, or fraction thereof, - 20 cents. For one or two persons, per hour, outside four mile limit, also Lincoln Park, - - $1.00 For each quarter hour additional, or fraction thereof, - 25 cents. When continuous stop of one half hour or more is made, the charge per hour will be at rate of 70 cents When service is desired by the hour, it must be so stated at the time of engaging the cab, otherwise the distaro *-ate will be charged. 222 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. Hour engagements, when the cab is discharged at a distance of over half a mile from the stand, the time necessary to return to the stand will be charged for. No time engagements will be made for less than the price of one hour. When cabs are ordered from a distance "by telephone or otherwise, service witl be charged from time of leaving stand. GURNET PHAETON & CAB Co., 39 to 45 W. Adams. Telephone, 4404. (For Bates of Fare, see " Cab Ordinance," above.) ASYLUMS. Chicago Nursery and Half Orphan Asylum, 855 N. Halsted. Chicago Orphan Asylum, 2228 Michigan Av. Chicago Protestant Orphan Asylum, 2228 Michigan Av. Chicago Reform and Industrial School, Feehanville, 111., on Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R. Cook County Insane Asylum, Jefferson, 111., on Chicago, Milwaukee A St. Paul R. R. Cook County Poor House, Jefferson. Erring Woman's Refuge, 31 11 Indiana Av., S. E. corner Thirty-first. Foundlings' Home, 114 S. Wood, near W. Madison. German Orphan Asylum, Rosehill, HI., on Milwaukee Div.[C. & N. W. R. R. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 223 Good Samaritan Industrial Home, 151 Lincoln Av.,' office 171 and 173 Randolph. Guardian Angel, German (Rom. Cath.), Orphan Asylum, Rosehill. Home for the Aged, W. Harrison, cor. Throop Home for the Friendless, 1926 Wabash Av. Home for Incurables, Racine Av., southeast corner Fullerton Av. House of Providence (for young women), Calumet Av., corner 26th. House of the Good Shepherd, N. Market, corner Hill. Martha Washington Home, Lake View. Office 568 W. Madison St. Newsboys 1 and Bootblacks' Home, 1421 Wabash Av. Old People's Home, Indiana Av., northwest corner Thirty-nint) Rehoboth Industrial Home for Fallen Women, 129 Fourth Av. Servite Sisters' Industrial Home for Girls, 1396 W. Van Buren. Soldiers' Home, South Evanston, on Milwaukee Div. C. & N. W. R. R. St. Joseph's Home for the Friendless, 409 and 411 South May.- St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, Douglas Av., corner Lake Av., near Douglas monument. St. Mary's Orphan Asylum, 2928 Archer Av. St. Mary's Training School for Boys, Feehanville, 111. St. Vincent's Foundling Asylum and Lying-in Hospital, 191 La Salle Avenue. Talcott Day Nursery and Kindergarten, 169 W. Adams. Uhlich Evangelical Lutheran Orphan Asylum, Burlinf. northwest corner Center. Washingtonian Home, 566 to 572 W. Madison. Working Women's Industrial Home, 216 Fulton BANKS. Bank of British North America, 107 Royal Ins. bldg., Quincy. Bank of Montreal, 226 LaSalle. Canadian Bank of Commerce, LaSalle, nw. cor. Adams. Chicago Clearing House Association, 80 LaSalle. Chicago National Bank, Dearborn, sw. cor. Madison. Chicago Trust and Savings Bank, 120 LaKalle. Commercial National Bank, Dearborn, se. cor. Monroe. Continental National Bank, LaSalle, sw. cor. Adams. Corn Exchange Bank, 222 LaSalle. Drover's National Bank, 4207 S. Halsted. First National Bank, Dearborn, nw. cor. Monroe. Hibernian Banking Association, Lake, sw. cor. Clark. 224 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. Hide and Leather National Bank, 68 and 70 LaSalle. Home National Bank of Chicago, 184 W. Washington. Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, 145 and 147 Randolph. International Bank, 108 LaSalle. Merchants' Loan and Trust Co., 103 Dearborn. Merchants' National Bank, 80 and 82 LaSalle. Metropolitan National Bank, LaSalle, nw. cor. Madison. National Bank of America, nw. cor. LaSalle and Washington. National Bank of Illinois, 113 Dearborn. Northwestern National Bank, Clark, ne. cor. Washington. The Prairie State Loan and Trust Co., 110 W. Washington. Traders' Bank, 138 LaSalle. Twenty-second St. Bank, Twenty-second, cor. Michigan av. Union National Bank, LaSalle, sw. cor. Washington. Union Stock Yards National Bank, Union Stock Yards. Western Investment Bank, 86 LaSalle. SAVINGS BANKS. Dime Savings Bank, 104 Washington. Hibernian Banking Association, Lake, sw. cor. Clark. Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, 145 and 147 Randolph. Prairie State Loan & Trust Co., 110 W. Washington Union Trust Co. Savings Bank, 133 Dearborn. SAFE DEPOSITORIES. Chicago Safety Vaults, 104 Washington. Commercial Safety Deposit Co., 88 Monroe. Fidelity Safety Deposit Co. , 143 Randolph. Merchants' Safe Deposit Co., 78 LaSalle. National Safe Deposit Co., 160 Dearborn. Royal Safe Deposit Co., 167 Jackson. CEMETERIES. Anshe Maarabo, Green Bay road, near city limits. Beth Hamedrash, Oakwoods, S. of city limits. B'Nai Sholom, Green Bay road, S. of Graceland. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 225 Calvary, ten miles N. of city, on Mil. Div., C. & N. W. R. R. Cemetery of the Congregation of the North Side, Waldheim. Cemetery of the Congregation of Sinai, Rosehill, on Mil. Div., C. & N. W. R. R. Cemetery of the Congregation cf Sons of Peace. Green Bay road, S. of Graceland. Cemetery of the Free Sons of Israel, Waldheim. Cemetery of the Hebrew Benevolent Society, S. of Gracelan,d. Chebra Gemilay Chasadim, Green Bay road, S. of Graceland. Chebra Kadisha Ubikar Cholim, Green Bay road, S. of Graceland. Concordia, five miles W. of city limits, on Madison. Forest Home Cemetery, office 88 "Washington. German Lutheran of St. Paul and Emanuel Churches, two miles N. of city limits, near Graceland. Graceland, Green Bay road, two miles N. of city limits. Mt. Greenwood Cemetery, Washington Heights on C. & G. T. Ry. Oakwoods, Hyde Park, on 111. Cent. R. R. Rosehill, seven miles from city, on Mil. Div., C. & N. W. R. R. St. Boniface (German Catholic), Green Bay road, three miles N. of city limits. Waldheim, on Galena Div. of C. & N. W. R. R., ten miles from city Zion Congregation Cemetery, Rosehill. CHURCHES. ADVENTIST. Christian, 91 S. Green. German, Noble, sw. cor. W. Superior. Scandinavian, 269 W. Erie. BAPTIST. English. Bethesda (colored), 2931 Dearborn. Brighton Park, Thirty-eighth, cor. Blanchard avenue. Centennial, W. Jackson, cor. Lincoln. Central, N. Halsted, cor. Belden avenue. First, South Park avenue, cor. Thirty-first. Fourth, Washington boul., cor. Paulina. Humboldt Park. Immanuel, Michigan avenue, near Twenty-third. 5 226 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. I/a Salle Avenue, La Salle avenue, near Division. Memorial, Oakwood boulevard, near Cottage Grove avenue. North Ashland Avenue, N. Ashland avenue, near W. North avenue. Olivet, (colored,) Harrison street, cor. Holden place. Providence, (colored,) 15 N. Irving place. Second, cor. Morgan and W. Monroe. South, Lock, cor. Bonaparte. Western Avenue, Western avenue, cor. Warren avenue. Dearborn Street, Hope, (Sunday-School,) 432 Milwaukee avenue. Paulina Mission, Portland avenue, cor. Twenty-eighth. Trinity, W. Indiana, cor. N. Lincoln. Free Will Baptist- Free Will. cor. Loomis and W. Jackson. Danish. First, 187 N. Union. German. First, Bickerdike, cor. W. Huron. Mission, Wentworth avenue, cor. Twentieth. Second, Burling, cor. Willow. Swedish. First, Oak, near Sedgwick. Second, Butterfield, near Thirty-first. CHRISTIAN. Central, Indiana avenue, cor. Twenty-fifth. First, W. Jackson, cor. Oakley avenue. South, cor. Drexel av. and Fortieth. West Side, Western avenue, cor. W. Van Buren. CONGREGATIONAL. English. Bethany, Superior, cor. Lincoln. California Avenue, W. Van Buren, cor. Calif ornia avenue. Central Park, W. Forty-first, cor. Fulton. Central Park Chapel, W. Lake, cor. Albany avenue. Church of the Good Shepherd, 3207 S. Ashland avenue. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 227 Church of the Redeemer, Lake View, 1} m. N. of city limit. (Se Lake View church.) Clinton Street, S. Clinton, cor. Wilson. First, W. Washington, sw. cor. Ann. Immanuel, 2809 State. Lake View, Lill av., cor. Seminary av. Leavitt Street, W. Adams, cor. Leavitt. Lincoln Park, cor. Mohawk and Garfield av. Millard Avenue, Millard av., cor. Central Park av. and 23d. New England, Dearborn av., cor. Delaware pi. Northwest Chapel, Powell av., cor. Cherry pi. Pacific. Plymouth, Michigan av., nr. 26th. South, Drexel Boulevard, cor. 40th. Tabernacle, W. Indiana, se. cor. Morgan. Union Park, cor. S. Ashland av. and Washington Boul. Union Tabernacle, S. Ashland av., cor. W. 20th. Western Avenue Chapel, Western av., cor. W, Polk. German. Pilgrim, W. Indiana, cor. Hoyne av. Sedgwick Street Mission, Sedgwick, cor. Blackhawk. South. Ullman, cor. James av. Welsh. Church, Peoria St., near Jackson. Missions. Ashland Avenue, S. Ashland av., cor. W. 12th. Oakley Avenue, Oakley av., bet. W. Indiana and Hubbard, Orton, W. Lake, cor. Seymour av. Plymouth, 31st, cor. Butterfield. Portland, 31st, cor. Portland av. Randolph Street, 98 W. Randolph. DUTCH EEFORMED. First Reformed Holland, W. Harrison, cor. May. Holland Christian Reformed, W. 14th, nr. Throop. EPISCOPAL. Cathedral, SS. Peter and Paul, cor. W. Washington and Peoria. Calvary, Warren av., bet. Oakley and Western a vs. 228 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. Chapel of St. Luke's Hospital, 1430 Indiana av. Church of Our Savior, Lincoln av., cor. Belden av. Church of the Ascension, N. LaSalle, cor. Elm. Church of the Epiphany, cor, Ashland av. and Adams. Church of the Good Shepherd, Genesee av., cor. 24th. Church of the Holy Communion, S. Dearborn, nr. 29th. Church of St. Clement, State, cor. 20th. Grace, 1445 Wabash av., nr. 16th. St. Andrew's, Washington Boulevard, cor. Robey. St. Ansgarius', Sedgwick, near Chicago av. St. Barnabas', Park av., cor. W. 44th. St. James', cor. Cass and Huron. St. Luke's, 388 Western av., bet. Harrison and Polk. St. Stephen's, Johnson, bet. W. Taylor and Twelfth. St. Thomas' (colored), Dearborn, nr. 13th. Trinity, Michigan av. and 26th. EPISCOPAL (REFORMED.) Christ, Michigan av. and 24th. Emmanuel, Hanover, nr. 28th. Grace, Girard st., nr. Milwaukee av. St. John's, 37th, cor. Langley av. St. Matthew's, Fullerton av., cor. Larrabee. St. Paul's, Adams Street and Winchester av. Tyng Mission, Archer av., cor. 21st. EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION OP NORTH AMERICA. German. First, 35th, cor. S. Dearborn. Harrison Street, W. Harrison, cor. Hoyne av. Salem, W. 12th, cor. Union. Second, Wisconsin, cor. Sedgwick. Sheffield Avenue, Sheffield av., cor. Marianna. St. John's, Noble, cor. W. Huron. Fullerton Avenue, cor. Larrabee. EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN. Danish. St. Stephen's, Dearborn, cor. Thirty-sixth. Trinity, 440 and 442 W. Superior. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 229 English. Church of the Holy Trinity, 400 LaSalle avenue. Grace, Chicago avenue, cor. N. Franklin. Memorial Mission, Ashland avenue, cor. Augusta. Trinity, Elm and LaSalle av. Wicker Park, N. Hoyne avenue, nw. cor. LeMoyne. German. Bethlehem, Paulina, cor. McReynolds. Emmanuel, Brown, cor. W. Taylor. St. Jacob's, Garfield avenue, cor. Fremont. St. John's, Superior, cor. Bickerdike. St. Mark's, Ashland avenue, cor. Augusta. St. Matthew's, Hoyne avenue, between Twentieth and Twenty-first. St. Paul's, Superior, cor. N. Franklin. St. Peter's, S. Dearborn, S. of Thirty-ninth. St. Stephen's, nw. cor. Wentworth avenue and Twenty-fifth. Trinity, (U. A. C.,) Hanover, cor. Kossuth. Trinity, (West Chicago,) 9, 11 and 13 Snell. Zion, W. Nineteenth, near S. Halsted. Norwegian. Bethania, W. Indiana, se. cor. Carpenter. Bethlehem, N. Center avenue, cor. W. Huron. Evangelical, N. Franklin, cor. Erie. Our Savior's, May, cor. W. Erie. St. Paul's, N. Lincoln, cor. Park. St. Peter's, Hirsch, cor. Seymour avenue. Trinity, W. Indiana, sw. cor. Peoria. Swedish. Evangelical Lutheran Mission, 280 N. Franklin. Gethsemane, May, cor. W. Huron. Immanuel, Sedgwick, cor. Hobbie. Salem, Bushnell, near Archer avenue. Tabernacle Mission, cor. S. LaSalle and Thirtieth. EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN (INDEPENDENT.) Church of Peace, N. Wood, cor. Iowa. First, Augusta, near Samuel. Salem, N. Wood, cor. Jane. 230 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. EVANGELICAL REFORMED. First German, 181 Hastings. SVANGELICAL UNITED. Fifth German, St. John's, Cortland, nr. Seymour av First German, St. Paul's, Ohio, sw. cor. N. LaSalle. Fourth German, St. Peter's, Chicago av., cor. Noble. Second German, Zion, Union, nw. cor. W. Fourteenth. Third German, Salem, Wentworth av., cor. Twenty-fourth FRIENDS. Central meeting, Room 7, Athenaeum building, cor. Dearborn and Randolph. Orthodox Meeting House, Twenty-sixth, bet. Indiana and Prairie avs. INDEPENDENT. Chicago Avenue, (Moody's), nw. cor. Chicago and N. LaSalle avs. Central, Central Music Hall, State, se. cor. Randolph. Mosley Chapel, 2539-2541 Calumet av. People's, Chicago Opera House, sw. cor. Clark and Washington. West Side Tabernacle, W. Indiana, se. cor. Morgan. JEWISH. ushe Ernes, 262 Division. Anshe Russia, Judd, ne. cor. Clinton. Congregation Ahave Emunah, 386 Clark. Congregation Beth. El, N. May, nr. W. Huron. Congregation Beth. Hamedrash, 134 Pacific av. Congregation Beth. Hamedrash Hachodosch, 129 Harrison. Congregation B'Nai Abraham, Johnson, se. cor. Wright. Congregation Ohabey-Sholom, 576 S. Canal. Congregation of the North Side, cor. La Salle av. and Oak. Congregation Ohev Sholom (Orthodox), 626 Milwaukee av. Kehilath Anshe Maaref (Congregation of the Men of the "\Yust), Indiana av. cor. Twenty-sixth. Kehilath B'Nai Sholom (Sons of Peace), 1455 Michigan av. Sinai Congregation, Indiana av., cor. Twenty-first. Zion Congregation, cor. S. Sangamon and Jackson. METHODIST EPISCOPAL. Ada Street, bet. W. Lake and Fulton. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 281 Asbury, Fifth av., nr. Thirty-first. Centenary, W. Monroe, nr. Morgan. Clark Street, se. cor. Clark and Washington. Dickson Street, Dickson, nr. North av. Emmanuel, Marshfield av., bet. Van Buren and Congress. First, se. cor. Clark and Washington, Methodist Church blk. Fulton Street, cor. Fulton and Artesian av. Grace, cor. N. LaSalle and Locust. Grant Place, cor. Grant pi. and Larrabee. Halsted Street, 778 to 784 South Halsted. Jackson Street, W. Jackson, cor. Francisco. Lake View, Sheffield av. and George. Langley Avenue, Langley av., cor. Thirty-ninth. Lincoln Street, S. Lincoln, cor. Ambrose, nr. Blue Island av. Mauehfield Avenue, Marshfield av., bet. Van Buren and Congress. Michigan Avenue, Calumet av., bet. Thirty-second and Thirty-third. Northwest, cor. Milwaukee and Western avs. Park Avenue, cor. Park av. and Robey. Paulina Street, Paulina, nr. Archer av. Simpson, Bonfield, nr. Hickory. State Street, cor. Forty-seventh and State. St. Paul's, cor. Newberry av. and Maxwell. Trinity, Indiana av., nr. Twenty-fourth. Wabash Avenue, cor. Fourteenth and Wabash av. Wesley. Western Avenue, cor. W. Monroe and Western av. Winter Street, Union Stock Yards. Missions, Asbury Chapel, Kossuth, cor. Stewart av. Deering, Dunning and Ward. Erie Street, cor. Erie and Robey. Milwaukee Avenue, 1036 Milwaukee av. New City, S. Ashland av., nr. Forty-seventh. African. Bethel, 239 Third av. Quinn's Chapel, Fourth av., nr. Van Burea. St. Stephen's, 682 Hubbard. German. Center Street, Dayton, cor. Central Mission, Lake View. 282 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. Ebenezer, Ullman, cor. Thirty-first. First, 51 and 53 Clybourn av. Immanuel, W. Nineteenth, cor. Laflin. Maxwell, 308 Maxwell. North Ashland Avenue, 485 N. Ashland av Portland Avenue, Portland av., cor. 38th. Norwegian. First, cor. W. Indiana and Sangamon Lake View, Baxter, cor. Noble av. Maplewood Avenue, cor. Thompson and Maplewood av. Swedish. First, nw. cor. Market and Oak. Second, N. May, bet. W. Ohio and W. Erie. Third, Fifth av., cor. Thirty-third. FREE METHODIST. First, 49 N. Morgan. Milwaukee Avenue, Milwaukee and Western avs. South Side, Fiftieth, nr. Wabash av. PRESBYTERIAN. Belden Avenue, Belden av., cor. Seminary av. Campbell Park, Leavitt, s. of Harrison. Church of the Covenant, N. Halsted, nr. Belden av. Eighth, Washington Boul., cor. Robey. Fifth, Indiana av. and Thirtieth. First, cor. Indiana, av. and Twenty-first. First German, Howe, cor. Center. Forty-First Street, Prairie av,, cor. Forty-first. Fourth, Rush and Superior. Fullerton Avenue, Fullerton av., nr. Clark. Holland, Noble, cor. W. Erie. Jefferson Park, W. Adams, cor. Throop. Lake, Winter, cor. Forty-second. Noble (Holland), Noble, cor. W. Erie. Railroad Chapel, 1419 State. Reunion, S. Ashland av., cor. Hastings. Second, Michigan av. T cor. Twentieth. Sixth, Vincennes av., cor. Oak av. Third, S. Ashland av., cor. Ogden av. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 233 Westminster, cor. W. Jackson and Peoria. Welsh, W. Monroe, cor. Sangamon. Missions. Burr, Wentworth av., cor. Twenty-third. Foster, Maskell Hall, 173 S. Desplaines. Hope, Augusta, nr. Western av. Howe Street, 75 Howe. Moseley, 2539 Calumet av. Onward, W. Indiana, cor. Hoyne av. (Services are held at all the missions at 3 p. m.) SCOTCH PRESBYTERIANS. First, cor. S. Sangamon and Adams. UNITED PRESBYTERIANS. First, cor. W. Monroe and Paulina. ROMAN CATHOLIC. All Saints, Twenty-fifth pi., nr. Wallace. Cathedral of the Holy Name, cor. Superior and N. State. Church of our Lady of Sorrows, 1406 W. Jackson. Church of the Annunciation, N. Paulina, sw. cor. Wabansia av. Church of the Assumption (Italian), Illinois, nr. N. Market. Church of the Holy Angels, 1104 Oakwood boulevard, nr. Langley av. Church of the Holy Family, cor. May and W. Twelfth. Church of the Holy Trinity (Polish), 546 Noble. Church of the Immaculate Conception, N. Franklin, nr. Schiller. Church of the Nativity, cor. Thirty-seventh and Dashiel. Church of the Sacred Heart, cor. W. Nineteenth and Johnson. Immaculate Conception, B. V. M. (German), Bonfield st. Jesuit, Twelfth and May, (Blue Island av. cars.) St. Adelbert's Church (Polish), cor. W. Seventeenth and Paulina. St. Agnes', Brighton Park. St. Aloysius' (German), Thompson and Davis. St. Aiphonsus', Lincoln av., cor Southport av. St. Ann's, 55th, cor. Wentworth av. St. Anthony of Padua (German), cor. Hanover and Twenty-fourth pi. St. Augustin's (German), 49th, cor. Laflin. St. Boniface's (German), cor. Cornell and Noble. St. Bridget's, Archer av., cor. Church pi. St. Cecilia's, cor. Bristol and Atlantic. 234 GUIDE TO CHICAGO St. Charles Borromeo, Hoyne av., nr. 12th. Ct. Columbkill's, N. Paulina, cor. W. Indiana. St. Elizabeth's, 41st st., cor. State. St. Francis' of Assissi (German), W. 12th, cor. Newberry av. St. Gabriel's, Wallace, cor. 45th. St. George's, (German,) 3915 Fifth avenue. St. James', Wabash avenue and Twenty-ninth. St. Jarlath's, Hermitage avenue, cor. W. Jackson. St. John's, Clark, cor. Eighteenth. St. John Nepomucene's, (Bohemian,) cor. 25th and Portland av. St. John the Baptist, (French,) Thirty-third court, near Beers. St. Joseph's, (German,) N. Market, cor. Hill. St. Josaphat's, (Polish,) Southport and Belden avenues St. Malachi's, Walnut, cor. Western avenue. St. Mary's, Wabash avenue, se. cor. Eldridge court. St. Mary's of Perpetual Help, (Polish,) Lancaster St. Michdtel's, (German,) Eugenie, cor. Hurlbut. St. Patrick's, Desplaines, cor. W. Adams. St. Paul's, S. Hoyne avenue, cor. Ambrose. St. Peter's, (German,) Clark, cor. Polk. St. Philip's, Park avenue, cor. W. Forty-third, St. Pius', Ashland av., cor. W. Nineteenth. St. Procopius', (Bohemian,) Allport, cor. W. Eighteenth* St. Rose of Lima, Ashland avenue, near Forty-Eighth. St. Stanislaus Kostka's, (Polish,) Noble, cor. Ingraham. St. Stephen's, N. Sangamon, cor. W. Ohio. St. Sylvester's, California and Shakspeare avenues. St. Vincent de Paul's, Webster avenue, cor. Osgood. St. Wenceslaus', (Bohemian,) 173 DeKoven SPIRITUALISTS. Chicago Lyceum of Truth-Seekers; Chicago Association of Spiritualists and Mediums' Society; Chicago Spirits' Conference Society, all three meet at Liberty Hall, 213 W. Madison. First Society, 55 S. Ada. (Martine's Hall.) South Side, Indiana av., cor. 22d. (Martine's Hall.) Spiritualists' and Mediums' Meetings, 2730 State. United, 2730 State. SWEDENBORGIAN. German Society of the New Jerusalem, Temple, N. Ashland avenue, near W. Chicago avenue. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 235 Immanuel, 520 Fulton. Lincoln Park Chapel, N. Clark, near Menominee. New Church Temple, Van Buren, east of Wabash avenue. Union Park Temple, cor. W. Washington and Ogden avenue. UNITARIAN. All Souls', Oakwood Boulevard and Ellis av. Church of the Messiah, Michigan avenue and Twenty-third. First, cor. Michigan av. and 23d. Third, cor. W. Monroe and Laflin. Unity, Dearborn avenue, se. cor. Walton place. T7NIVERSALI8T. Church of the Redeemer, Warren av. and Robey. St. Paul's, 1625 Michigan av., near Eighteenth. MISCELLANEOUS. Bethlehem Chapel, 683 Center avenue. Disciples of Jesus the Christ, 221 W. Madison. Dunkards. 708 W. Lake. Gospel Hall, 3231 State. Gospel Rooms, cor. N. May and Fulton. Mariners', N. Market, cor. Michigan. Society of Ethical Culture, Haverly's Minstrel Theater. Union Chapel, 97 S. Desplaines. Western Avenue Mission, Western avenue, cor. W. Ohio. Woman's Gospel Temperance Association, cor. Noble and Ohio. W. C. T. U., Bethesda Mission, S. Clark. CITY CORPORATION. (See " COURTS" and " OFFICIARY.") CITY FIRE DEPARTMENT. Office, basement, City Hall. Engine Companies. Number of steamers with hose carts attached, 34; chemical engines, 6; hook and ladder trucks, 10; men, 480; horses, 188. Fire Insurance Patrol. Office, 176 Monroe; three companies, 29 men. 236 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. CITY TELEGRAPH OF FIRE AJ.AUJI AND POLICE. Office, basement, City Hall. Signals. First alarm: The number of the bcx from which the alarm is given struck three (3) times on all the gongs and bells. Second alarm: Two-eleven (2-11), followed by the number of the box struck once. Third alarm: Three-ejeven (3-11), followed by the number of the box truck once. Second and third alarm combined: Four-eleven (4-11), followed by the aimber of the box struck twice. General alarm: Six-eleven (6-11), struck three (3) times, followed by the number of the box struck once. To this call the entire department will respond. Call for Hook and Ladder Co.: Eleven (11) blows followed by the number of the Truck Co. wanted, and one round of box where the Truck Co. is wanted; as, (11-2-125) H. & L. 2 will run to box 125. Fire out: One (1) blow on all the gongs and bells. If a second fire is signaled and put out before notice of the extinguishment of the firft firo is given, notice of this fact will be announced by one (1) stroke as a'jo v e, repeated in seven seconds; and the same manner, three strokes fcr a third fire; four, for a fourth, etc. Stations. The Fire-alarm Stations are numbered on the South Side, from 12 t.> 259, or from the foot of South Water to the Union Stock Yards. On the West Side, from 261 to 741, or from Canal and Harrison to Hamlin and Madison. On the North Side, from 752 to 986, or from Lighthouse and North Pier to Fullerton and Clybourn avs. CITY BOUNDARIES. Northern: Fullerton av. from the Lake to the River, the River from Fullerton av. to Western av., and W. North av. from Western av. to Crawford av. Southern: Oakwood av. from the Lake to Lake av., Egan av. from Lake av. to Western av., and the Illinois and Michigan canal from Western av. to Crawford av. Western: Crawford av. from the Illinois and Michigan canal to W. North av. and Western av. from W. North av. to the River. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 28? CITY BRIDGES. From South Division to North Division: Rush, State, Clark, Wells, 4. From South Division to West Division: Lake, Randolph, Madison, Adams, Van Buren, Harrison, Polk, Twelfth, Eighteenth, Twenty-second, S. Halsted, Main or Throop, Ashland Av., Western Av., Kedzie Av., 15. From North Division to West Division: Kinzie, Indiana, Erie, Chicago Av., N. Halsted, 2, Division, 2, North Av., Clybourn PL, Fullerton Av., 11. From South Division to Bridgeport: Archer Av. f 1. Other Bridges: Fuller, in Bridgeport, 1. CITY TUNNELS. La Salle, S. D. to N. D. Washington, S. D. to W. D. CITY WATERWORKS. North Side, Chicago Av. and Pine. (State St. cars.) West Side, Ashland and Blue Island Avs. (Blue Island Av. cars.) CITY RAILWAY LINES. (Fare, five cents. Commutation rates on C. P. & W. D. lines.) Chicago City Railway Co., 2020 State. Chicago Passenger Railway Co., Cor. Harrison and Western Av. North Chicago City Railway Co., N. Clark, Cor. Division. Weet Division Railway Co., State, N. E. Cor. Randolph. COLLEGES. (See "Educational.") CONSULS. Arwtro-Hungary, 2 Clark, Henry Clausenius. 238 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. Belgium. 106 Washington, Charles Henrotin. Denmark, 259 Milwaukee Av., Emil Dreier. France, R. 25, 78 Monroe, F. E. Brumwaert; Chancellor, L. Schoen- feld. German Empire, R. 524, Chicago Opera House bldg., Vice-consul, Dr. F. Meier. Great Britain, 78 Michigan Av., Vice-consul, John Dunn. Italy, 669 S. Halsted, A. Scuitti. Mexico, R. 30, 126 Washington, Joaquin A. Vargas. Netherlands, 44 Kinzie, L. J. J. Nieuwenkamp. Sweden and Norway, 226 Milwaukee Av., Vice-consul, Peter Svanoe. Switzerland, 157 State, Louis Boerlin. Turkey, 92 Washington, Charles Henrotin. Venezuela, R. 31, 94 Washington, David V. Whiting. CONVENTS. Benedictine Sisters, N. Market, cor. Hill. Franciscan Sisters, N. Franklin, cor. Hill. French Sisters of Notre Dame, S. Halsted, nw. cor. Congress. German Sisters, Lincoln av., cor. Southport av. Good Shepherd, N. Market, cor. Hill. Ladies of the Sacred Heart, W. Taylor, cor. Throop. Little Sisters of the Poor, W. Harrison, cor. Throop. Polish Sisters, Noble, cor. Ingraham. Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ, 212 Hudson av. and 52 Newberry av. Religious of the Holy Heart of Mary, S. May, cor. Eleventh. Servite Sisters of Mary, 1266 W. Van Buren. Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin, 210 Maxwell and 141 W. Adams. Sisters of Mercy, Wabash av., cor. Twenty-ninth, and cor. Oakley and Park avs. Sisters of the Third Order of St. Dominic, 511 N. Franklin. St. Benedict and St. Scholastica, N. Market and Hill. COURTS. City Law Department, City Hall. County Law Department, County building. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 239 United States. Commissioner in Admiralty, Lawrence Proudfoot, E. 734, 110 Clark. Circuit, R. 31, Custom House bldg. Claims, Custom House bldg. State of Illinois. Appellate, of First District, 110 Clark, 4th floor. County of Cook. Superior, County bldg. Circuit, County bldg. Criminal, R. 6 to 8, Criminal Court bldg., Michigan, nw. cor. Dearborn av. Entrance, Michigan. (North Clark St. cars.) County, R. 24, County bldg. Probate, County bldg., first floor. City Police Courts and Stations. N. D., 242 Chicago av. S. D., Cor. Harrison and Pacific av. W. D., Second Precinct, cor. W. 12th and Johnson. W. D., Third Precinct, 15 S. Desplaines, nr. Randolph. DISPENSARIES. Alerian Brothers' Hospital, 539 to 559 N. Market. Bennett, 511 and 513 State. Bethesda Free Medical Mission, 368 Clark. Central Free Dispensary of W. Chicago, Wood, cor. W. Harrison. Central Homoeopathic, S. Wood, cor. York. Chicago College of Dental Surgery, 6 Washington. Chicago Medical College, sw. cor. Prairie av. and 26th. Dispensary of the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children, Paulina, cor. W. Adams. Free Medical Mission, 234 Chicago av. Hahnemann College, 2813 Cottage Grove av. Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, 121 S. Peoria, nw. cor. Adams. South Side, sw. cor. Prairie av. and 26th. (Chicago Medical Col- lege.) St. Luke's, 1426 to 1430 Indiana av. West Side, W. Harrison, cor. Honor*. 240 GUIDE TO CHICAGO Woman's Christian Association, 1516 Wabash av. Woman's Hospital of the State of Illinois, 8411 Cottage Grove av. Women's Christian Association, (for women and children,) 39 Howland Block. Women's Hospital of Chicago, cor. Douglas and South Park avs. EDUCATIONAL (See also " Business Directory.") COLLEGES. Commercial. (See " Business Directory.'") Literary. St. Ignatius' College, 413 W. 12th. Professional. Dental. Chicago College of Dental Surgery, ne. cor. Madison and Wabash av. Legal. Union College of Law, 82 and 84 Dearborn. Medical. Bennett, 511 and 513 State. Chicago Homoeopathic, S. Wood, cor. York. Chicago, sw. cor. Prairie av. and 26th. College of Physicians and Surgeons, 813 W. Harrison. Hahnemann, 281G Cottage Grove av. Rush, cor. W. Harrison and Wood. Woman's, 337 and 339 S. Lincoln. Musical. Chicago Academy of Musical Science, R. 24, 126 Dearborn. Chicago Musical College, Central Music Hall. Chicago Musical Seminary, 92 Loomis. Hershey School of Musical Art, Clarence Eddy, general director, R. 14, 34 Monroe. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 241 Pharmaceutical. College of Pharmacy, 465 State. National Institute of Pharmacy, 69 Dearborn. Veterinary. Chicago Veterinary College, 2539 State ACADEMIES AND SEMOTABIES. (See also " Business Directory.") Baptist Missionary Training School, 2383 Michigan ar. Chicago Manual Training School, Michigan av., nw. cor. 12th. Chicago Theological Seminary, cor. Ashland and Warren avs. Evangelical Lutheran School, 268 Girard. Illinois Training School for Nurses, County Hospital. Industrial School, 510 Sedgwick. McCormick Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, 1060 N. Halsted. Seminary of the Sacred Heart, 485 W. Taylor. Servite Sisters' Industrial Home for Girls, 1396 W. Van Buren. St. Francis Xavier's Academy, cor. Wabash av. and 29th. St. Patrick's Academy, sw. cor. Park and S. Oakley avs. St. Patrick's R. C. Commercial Academy, 135 S. Desplaines. St. Pius' Academy, 740 Vanhorn. Unity Industrial School, 80 Elm. Kindergartens. Chicago Frcebel Association, 1237 State. Herford Free, Church of the Messiah, Michigan av., nr. 14th. Kindergarten and Mission, 3022 Portland av. Miss Belle Reed, 2809 State. Mosely Chapel, 2539 Calumet av. Talcott and Day Nursery, 169 W. Adams. PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 78. City Board of Education, City Hall. County Board of Education, County bldg. Cook County Normal School, Stewart av. , nr. 67th. (On ' ' Rock Island " E. R.) High Schools, 3. N. Division, no. cor. Wendell and Wells. 16 242 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. S. Division, sw. cor. 26th and Wabash av. W. Division, se. cor. Morgan and Monroe. Grammar Schools, 47. Andersen, Lincoln, nr. Division. Armour street, se. cor. Armour and Bickerdike sq. Brighton, Douglas av., bet. Lincoln and Robey. Brown, Warren av. , bet. Page and Wood. Burr, sw. cor. Ashland and Waubansia avs. Carpenter, sw. cor. Center av. and Huron. Central Park, se. cor. Walnut and Kedzie av. Clarke, Ashland av., bet. 13th and Hastings. Cottage Grove, Douglas av., bet. Cottage Grove and Stanton avs. Dore, W. Harrison, bet. Halsted and Desplaines. Douglas, se. cor. 32d and Forest av. Emerson, nw. cor. Walnut and Paulina. Franklin, ne. cor. Division and Sedgwick. Froebel. W. 21st. nr. Robey. Garfield, ne. cor. Johnson and Wright. Grant, Wilcox av., bet. Western and Campbell avs. Hancock, Fair field av. and 12th. Haven, Wabash av., bet. 14th and 16th. Hayes, Leavitt, bet. Walnut and Fulton. Headley, ne. cor. Lewis and Garfield av. Holden, ne. cor. Deering and 31st. Thomas Hoyne, se. cor. Illinois and Cass. Jefferson, nw. cor. Nebraska and Laflin. Jones, se. cor. Harrison and 3d av. Keith, sw. cor. Dearborn and 34th. King, W. Harrison, bet. Western and Campbell avs. La Salle, nw. cor. Hammond and Eugenie. Lawndale, sw. cor. Central Park av. and 25th. Lincoln, Laxrabee, bet. Belden and Fullerton avs. Marquette, sw. cor. Wood and Congress. McClellan, se. cor. Wallace and Douglas av. Moseley, nw. cor. Michigan av. and 24th. Newberry, nw. cor. Willow and Orchard. Oakley, se. cor. Oakley av. and Ohio. Ogden, Chestnut, bet. Dearborn av. and State. Pickard, sw. cor. Hinman and Oakley av. GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 243 Raymond, se. cor. Wabash av. and Eda. Scammon, Monroe, bet. Halsted and Desplaines. Sheridan, se. cor. 27th and Wallace. Skinner, ne. cor. Jackson and Aberdeen. Throop, Throop. bet. 18th and 19th. Von Humboldt, nw. cor. Rockwell av. and Hirsch. Walsh, se. cor. W. 20th and Johnson. Washington, Morgan, bet. Erie and Ohio. Webster, se. cor. Wentworth av. and 33d. Wells, nw. cor. Ashland av. and Cornelia. West Jackson Street, W. Jackson, bet. California av. and Francisco. Primary Schools, 28. Arnold, ne. cor. Burling and Center. Brainard, 13th pi., bet. Leavitt and Hoyne av. Brenan, Lime, bet. Archer av. and 27th. Calumet Avenue, Calumet av., bet. 26th and 28th. Cooper, W. 19th, bet. Ashland av. and 19th. Elizabeth Street, nw. cor. Lake and Elizabeth. Foster, Union, bet. O'Brien and Dussold. Healy, Wallace, nr. Thirty-first. Huron Street, sw. cor. Huron and Franklin. Irving, Lexington, bet. Hoyne av. and Leavitt. Kinzie, nw. cor. Ohio and La Salle av. Kosciusko, sw. cor. Division and Cleaver. Langland, Cortlandt, bet. Leavitt and Oakley av. Lincoln Street, ne. cor. Ohio and Lincoln. Longfellow, Throop, bet. 19th and 21st. Manierre, Hudson av., bet. Blackhawk and Conners. Montefiore, se. cor. Sangamon and W. Indiana. Motley, Snell, s. of Chicago av. Oak Street, ne. cor. Oak and Milton av. Pearson Street, se. cor. Pearson and Market. Polk Street, Polk, bet. Hoisted and Desplainea. Sheldon, sw. cor. State and Elm. Vedder Street, Vedder, bet. Halsted and Vine. Ward, se. cor. Shields av. and 27th. Wentworth Avenue, nw. cor. Wentworth av. an 1 30th. Wea Fourteenth Street, W. 14th, bet. Union and Desplaines. West Thirteenth Street, W. 13th, bet. Center av. and Throop. Wicker Park, Evergreen av., bet. Robey and Hoyne av. 244 GUIDE TO CHICAGO. ELEVATORS. Capacity, bu. Air Line, 7 N. Market 750,000 Central, A, foot of S. Water 1,000,000 Central, B, foot of S. Water 1,500,000 Chicago Barley, N. Ashland av., cor. Bloomingdale road C M B. & Q., A, W. 16th, nr. Lumber 1,250,000 B, " 850,000 " C, " 1,750,000 " D, " 2,000,000 E, " 1,000,000 Chicago and St. Louis, Lime, nr. River City, 42 Lumber .' 1,000,000 Danville, S. Ashland av., nr. Levee 450,000 Fulton, N. Canal, cor. Carroll av 300,000 Galena, nr. Eush st. bridge 750,000 Hess Elevator Co., 383 Carroll av Illinois River, foot of W. Washington 200,000 Illinois River Elevator Co., S. branch Chicago river, bet. Madi- son and Washington Indiana, 19th, cor. Grove 1,500,000 Iowa, Lumber, cor. W. 14th . 1,500,000 Kune, Julian & Co., Stewart av., cor. W. 18th National, 2416 Archer av 1,000,000 Neely's, 2212 Grove, cor. 23d 600,000 Northwestern, W. Water, foot of W. Indiana 600,000 Pacific, N. Branch Chicago river, cor. Haines 1,000,000 Pacific, B 1 ,000,000 Rock Island, A, Clark, cor. 14th 1,500,000 Rock Island, B, Clark, cor. 14th 1,250,000 Stevens, R. G., 89 Maxwell , St. Louis, W. of Halsted st. bridge 1,000,000 St. Paul, N. Canal, cor. Carroll av 1,000,000 Union. 235 Lumber 700,000 Wabash, cor. Thirty-third and Ullman 1,750,000 Washington, foot of W. Washington GUIDE TO CHICAGO. 245 EXPRESS COMPANIES. Baggage and City. (See "Business Directory.") KAILROAD EXPRESSES. Adams. Main office, 187 and 189 Dearborn, Adams Ex. bldg. Branch office and depot, 2 W. Madison. On Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne and Chicago, Chicago, St. Louis and Pitts- burg, Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis, and thro 1 service on Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railways. American. Main office, 72 to 78 Monroe. Branch offices, 23 Chamber of Com- merce, 214 LaSalle, Central Depot, foot of Randolph, III. Cent. Depot, foot of Twenty-second, 123 Twenty-second. Thirty-first St. and Indiana av., Thirty-seventh St., Cottage Grove av., Van Buren and Market, Grand Trunk Depot, cor Sherman and Polk, Northwestern Depot, Kin- zie, cor. Franklin, 208 N. Clark, 476 and 1228 Milwaukee av., Canal and Bunker, 176, 735 and 1002 W. Madison. On Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, Chicago and Eastern Illinois, Chicago and Grand Trunk, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, except Council Bluffs and Prairie du Chien divisions, Chicago and Northwestern, except Milwaukee division, Illinois Central, Louisville, New Albany and Chicago, Michigan Central, New York, Chicago and St. Louis (" Nickel Plate ") Railways. Baltimore and Ohio. Offices, 65 Washington, 83 Clark, Wabash av. and S. Water, B. & 0. Depot, foot of Monroe. On Baltimore and Ohio R. R. Erie and New England. Office, 87 and 89 Washington. Pacific. Office, 87 Washington. On Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Ry. United States. Office, 87 Washington. On Chicago and Alton, Chicago & Atlantic, Chicago, Rock Island