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 STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 WILLIAM G. STRATTON, Governor 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 
 
 VERA M. BINKS, Director 
 
 
 
 Fuels and Power in 
 Manufacturing Industries 
 
 W. H. Voskuil 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 DIVISION OF THE 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 JOHN C. FRYE, Chief URBANA 
 
 CIRCULAR 259 
 
 1958 
 
 ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL 
 SURVEY LIBRARY 
 
 OCT 17 196b 
 
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 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 3 3051 00003 8632 
 
FUELS AND POWER 
 IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 
 
 W. H. Voskuil 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 This study compares the quantities and costs of each of the 
 fuels used in manufacturing in 1947 and 1954, according to reports 
 by the Bureau of the Census, which classified the industries into 
 20 manufacturing groups. Thermal value of each fuel is converted 
 intoBtu's and costs are computed in cents per million Btu's for each 
 fuel. Changes in the cost of each fuel and in the quantity and cost 
 per worker are reported for each manufacturing group. The cost of 
 fuel is compared with wages paid in the industry, and changes in 
 the ratio of fuel costs to wage costs are also reported for each in- 
 dustry. 
 
 The trend of fuel and power consumption per worker in each 
 of the industry groups was almost invariably upward from 1947 to 
 1954. Natural gas, in most instances, has been the lowest cost 
 fuel but showed a greater percentage increase than either coal or 
 oil. Coke is highest priced, and fuel oil is second highest. Fuel 
 consumption per worker is largest in the metal smelting, fuel pro- 
 cessing, chemical, and ceramic industries. It is low in the textile 
 and apparel group and in metal fabricating industries. 
 
 Consumption of electrical energy, quantities purchased from 
 utilities, quantities generated by industry, and consumption of elec- 
 tric power in 1947 and 1954 is reported. 
 
 FUELS AND ELECTRIC POWER IN MANUFACTURING 
 
 Coal, coke, oil, natural gas, and manufactured gas are the fuels used by 
 manufacturing industries. Inasmuch as most manufacturers can use any one of 
 the several types of fuel available, they are interested in knowing how the fuels 
 compare in cost, how much of each is used, and how important their cost is in 
 manufacturing processes. 
 
 A detailed report of fuels and electric power used in manufacturing was 
 made by the Bureau of the Census in 1947 and again in 1954. The two reports, 
 together with data from the Census of Manufactures on employment and value 
 of output of manufactures, form the basis of this report. 
 
 The census data available for 1947 and 1954 permit a comparison of 
 changes in quantities and costs of each of the fuels used, the quantities of 
 fuels and power used per worker in each industry or industry group, the quanti- 
 ties of electricity used in each type of manufacturing industry, and a comparison 
 of wage costs with fuel and power costs (table 1). 
 
 [1] 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Table 1. - Economic Changes in Manufacturing 
 1947 and 1954 
 
 Gross national product, billions 
 of dollars 
 
 Persons employed, thousands 
 
 Wages and salaries, thousands of 
 dollars 
 
 Value added by manufacture, thousands 
 of dollars 
 
 Quantity of fuels used, billion Btu's 
 
 Value of fuel and purchased electric 
 power, thousands of dollars 
 
 Purchased electric power, million 
 KW hrs. 
 
 Purchased electric power, value, 
 thousands of dollars 
 
 Electric power produced, million 
 KW hrs. 
 
 Electric power used, million KW hrs. 
 
 Fuel used per worker, million Btu's 
 
 Kilowatt hours of electricity used 
 per worker 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 increase 
 
 $233.3 
 
 
 $360.7 
 
 35.3 
 
 14,294 
 
 
 15,651 
 
 8.0 
 
 $39,689,527 
 
 $62 
 
 ,993,321 
 
 59.1 
 
 $94,425,825 
 
 $12 
 
 ,373,030 
 
 57.5 
 
 7,201,203 
 
 7 
 
 ,702,217 
 
 7.0 
 
 $3,331,518 
 
 $4 
 
 ,924,729 
 
 47.7 
 
 102,822 
 
 
 187,027 
 
 81.0 
 
 $954,717 
 
 $1 
 
 ,725,350 
 
 81.1 
 
 43,936 
 
 
 69,683 
 
 69.3 
 
 140,947 
 
 
 247,666 
 
 77.0 
 
 504 
 
 
 492 
 
 - 
 
 9,860 
 
 
 16,107 
 
 63.4 
 
 Table 2. - Changes in Fuel Consumption 
 
 1947 
 
 Coal, thousands of tons 110,869 
 
 Coal, cost, thousands of dollars $692,827 
 
 Coke, thousands of tons 66,171 
 
 Coke, cost, thousands of dollars $729,403 
 
 Fuel oils, thousands of bbls. 166,947 
 
 Fuel oils, cost, thousands of dollars $474,945 
 
 Natural gas, millions of cubic feet 1,238,311 
 
 Natural gas, cost, thousands of dollars $210,637 
 
 Manufactured gas, millions of cubic feet 1,347,763 
 
 Manufactured gas, cost, thousands of dollars $82,921 
 
 Mixed gas, millions of cubic feet 1,418,879 
 
 Mixed gas, cost, thousands of dollars $89,611 
 
 a Includes anthracite. 
 
 b Millions of cubic feet, all gases. 
 
 c Cost of all gases. 
 
 1954 
 
 91,457 
 $676,804 
 
 54,371 
 $867,865 
 
 185,541 
 
 $578,220 
 
 5,914,855 
 
 $847,268'' 
 
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4 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Table 4. - Fuel and Power and the Worker 
 
 1947 1954 
 
 Number of workers, thousands 14,294 15,651 
 
 Salaries and wages paid, thousands of dollars $39,689,527 $62,993,321 
 
 Cost of fuel and power, thousands of dollars $3,331,518 $4,924,729 
 
 Fuel and power cost - percent of wages 8.4 7.8 
 
 Cost of fuel and power per worker $233.07 $314.66 
 
 Fuels Consumed 
 
 The period 1947 to 1954 has shown differential changes in the quantity 
 and value of fuels used (table 2). Fuel oil and natural gas have both increased 
 in amounts used but coal has decreased. Coke, which does not compete with 
 the other fuels, followed the trend of pig iron production. 
 
 Table 3 shows each fuel converted into Btu equivalents in order to compare 
 them easily. 
 
 Fuel and Electric Power and the Worker 
 
 Workers in manufacturing industries in the United States probably use 
 more fuel and electric power than workers in other important industrial nations. 
 The trend is toward making more fuel and power available to the worker. Reports 
 of the Census of Manufactures for 1947 and 1954 provide the data in sufficient 
 detail to present a statistical record of this trend. 
 
 Cost of fuel and electric power has risen less rapidly than salaries and 
 wages. Trends are summarized in table 4. 
 
 Fuel and Power Consumption by Manufacturing Groups, 1947 and 1954 
 
 In its detailed examination of fuels and power used in manufacturing, the 
 census classifies more than 450 individual manufacturing industries into 20 
 manufacturing groups. 
 
 The distribution of fuel among the 20 manufacturing groups is shown in 
 table 5 which features the heavy fuel requirements of the iron and steel and the 
 nonferrous primary metal industries. In the aggregate, five predominantly heat- 
 processing industries (nos. 26, 28, 29, 32, and 33) use three-fourths of all 
 fuels used in manufacturing. 
 
 Fuels and Power and the Worker, 20 Industrial Groups 
 
 Fuels and power used by the worker vary among the 20 industrial groups. 
 Also, the ratio of fuel to electric power varies with the nature of the industry. 
 Process industries, generally, consume more fuel than fabricating industries. 
 
 All industry groups have shown an increase in both fuel and electric power 
 used per worker in the interval between 1947 and 1954 (table 6). 
 
 Salaries and Wages Compared with Cost of Fuel and Power 
 
 Table 7 shows two items in the cost of manufacturing - salaries and wages, 
 fuel and power costs - and the ratio between them. Inspection of the table shows 
 
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8 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 that high fuel and power costs are concentrated in five industry groups that are 
 mainly "heat-processing" industries. Important fabricating industries such as 
 manufacture of machinery and transportation equipment have only small fuel and 
 power costs in comparison to salaries and wages. 
 
 Fuel and Electric Power Costs 
 
 Table 8 indicates in general that the industries increased their expendi- 
 tures for electric power more than their expenditures for fuel in the interval be- 
 tween 1947 and 1954. 
 
 TRENDS OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND COST 
 IN EACH OF 20 MANUFACTURING GROUPS 
 
 Tables 9 through 28 present an analysis of the fuel and power costs and 
 other pertinent economic data for each of the 20 major industrial groups. 
 
 In each of the 20 industrial groups, changes have occurred in employment, 
 wages and salaries, kind and quantity of fuels used, cost of fuels, and quan- 
 tity of electric power used. 
 
 In general, the ratio of fuel costs to wages paid has declined from 1947 
 to 1954. There is a wide difference among industry groups in the quantities of 
 energy used for each man employed. 
 
 Industries which require heat in the manufacturing process rank among 
 the highest in fuel consumption. Among those that are very high or higher than 
 the average are food processing, pulp and paper manufacture, chemicals, petro- 
 leum refining, glass making, and ferrous and nonferrous smelting industries. 
 The rise of the aluminum reduction industry, in particular, has served to raise 
 the use of electric power. 
 
 In the examples listed above, availability of fuel or power at a low or 
 moderate cost is an important factor in locating of industry. This is strikingly 
 true of ferrous blast furnace operation, primary steel manufacture, aluminum re- 
 duction, glass manufacture, and some of the chemical industries. 
 
 In such industries as tobacco manufacture, textile mill products, apparel, 
 furniture production, printing, and in several of the metal fabricating industries, 
 the cost of fuel and power is a minor element in cost of production,and plant lo- 
 cations are unaffected by fuel costs. 
 
 Among the fuels themselves, the cost of gas is on the average lower than 
 the cost of coal or oil, but has increased most rapidly from 1947 to 1954. This 
 is probably accounted for by a decline in the number of industrial-interruptible 
 contracts between gas utilities and industrial fuel consumers. Fuel oil prices 
 are considerably above coal or gas prices, but fuel oil maintains its position 
 in the market because of advantages of fuel in liquid form. 
 
 Coke prices are highest because of the high cost of coke manufacture. 
 
FUELS AND POWER 
 
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 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Table 9. - Food and Kindred Products 
 
 Item 1947 
 
 Number of employees 1,441,84.7 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars $3,789,387 
 
 Average payroll $2,628 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 
 Coal 348 
 
 Coke 5 
 
 Fuel oil 92 
 
 Gas 112 
 
 Total 557 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars $170,252 
 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 4.5 
 
 Btu's per worker, million 386 
 
 KW hours per worker 7,053 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 
 Coal 23 
 
 Coke 54 
 
 Fuel oil 48 
 
 Gas 21 
 
 1954 
 
 1,647,204 
 
 $6,201,482 
 
 $3,765 
 
 293 
 
 2 
 
 123 
 
 259 
 
 677 
 
 $250,433 
 
 4.0 
 411 
 8,190 
 
 29 
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 55 
 27 
 
 Percent 
 change 
 
 14.2 
 63.6 
 43.3 
 
 -15.8 
 
 -60.0 
 
 33.6 
 
 131.2 
 
 21.5 
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 10.9 
 16.1 
 
 26.1 
 37.0 
 14.6 
 28.6 
 
 Table 10. - Tobacco Manufacturers 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 1947 
 
 111,782 
 
 $205,838 
 $1,841 
 
 13 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 $3,862 
 
 1.9 
 125 
 1,959 
 
 26 
 
 49 
 36 
 
 
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 1954 
 
 change 
 
 94,862 
 
 -15.1 
 
 $259,688 
 
 26.2 
 
 $2,737 
 
 48.7 
 
 7.0 
 
 -46.2 
 
 .1 
 
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 2.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 ~ 
 
 10.1 
 
 -28.6 
 
 $3,684 
 
 - 4.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 — 
 
 105 
 
 -16.0 
 
 3,480 
 
 77.6 
 
 42 
 
 61.5 
 
 63 
 
 — 
 
 52 
 
 6.1 
 
 45 
 
 25.0 
 
FUELS AND POWER 
 Table 11. - Textile Mill Products 
 
 11 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 
 
 1954 
 
 
 change 
 
 1,233,431 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,037,425 
 
 
 -15.9 
 
 $2,836,166 
 
 
 $3 
 
 ,032,481 
 
 
 69.2 
 
 $2,299 
 
 
 
 $2,923 
 
 
 27.1 
 
 173. 
 
 
 
 
 130. 
 
 
 
 -24.9 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
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 68. 
 
 
 
 
 67. 
 
 
 
 - 1.5 
 
 5. 
 
 2 
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 5 
 
 342.3 
 
 246. 
 
 220. 
 
 -10.6 
 
 $84,036 
 
 
 
 $80,721 
 
 
 - 3.9 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 7 
 
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 200 
 
 
 
 212 
 
 
 6.0 
 
 8,140 
 
 
 
 11,877 
 
 
 45.9 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
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 53 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
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 44 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 4.5 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 80.9 
 
 Table 12. - Apparel and Related Products 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 1947 
 
 1954 
 
 1,081,844 
 
 1; 
 
 ,190,064 
 
 $2,527,499 
 
 $3; 
 
 ,201,795 
 
 $2,336 
 
 
 $2,690 
 
 16.0 
 
 
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 4.0 
 
 
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 22.2 
 
 
 $9,161 
 
 
 $3,568 
 
 .4 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 * 
 
 762 
 
 
 1,021 
 
 29 
 
 
 * 
 
 32 
 
 
 * 
 
 58 
 
 
 * 
 
 26 
 
 
 * 
 
 Percent 
 change 
 
 10.0 
 26.7 
 17.9 
 
 ■61.1 
 
 33.9 
 
 * Not available. 
 
12 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Table 13. - Lumber and Products, Except Furniture 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Table 14. - Furniture and Fixtures 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 
 change 
 
 635,708 
 
 
 645,936 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 $1,337,612 
 
 
 $1,933,523 
 
 
 44.6 
 
 $2,104 
 
 
 $2,978 
 
 
 41.5 
 
 23. 
 
 
 
 22, 
 
 
 
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 — 
 
 
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 20. 
 
 
 
 24. 
 
 
 
 20.0 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 20. 
 
 
 
 566.7 
 
 46. 
 
 
 
 66. 
 
 2 
 
 43.9 
 
 $47,834 
 
 
 $57,727 
 
 
 20.7 
 
 3. 
 
 6 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 72 
 
 
 102 
 
 
 41.6 
 
 3,678 
 
 
 6,609 
 
 
 79.7 
 
 25 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 44.0 
 
 — 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 — 
 
 58 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 22.4 
 
 16 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 56.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 Item 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 
 change 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 322,384 
 
 
 340,689 
 
 
 5.7 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 $824,061 
 
 
 $1,197,370 
 
 
 45.3 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 $2,556 
 
 
 $3,514 
 
 
 37.5 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 27. 
 
 
 
 17. 
 
 
 
 -37.0 
 
 Coke 
 
 • 
 
 2 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 -50.0 
 
 Fuel oil 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 33.3 
 
 Gas 
 
 2. 
 
 2 
 
 6. 
 
 
 
 172.3 
 
 Total 
 
 32. 
 
 4 
 
 27. 
 
 1 
 
 -16.4 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 
 $9,898 
 
 
 $11,755 
 
 
 18.8 
 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 
 1. 
 
 2 
 
 • 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 
 100 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 -20.0 
 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 2,872 
 
 
 3,570 
 
 
 24.3 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 25 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 34.8 
 
 Coke 
 
 32 
 
 
 82 
 
 
 156.25 
 
 Fuel oil 
 
 55 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 25.5 
 
 Gas 
 
 34 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 - 8.8 
 
FUELS AND POWER 13 
 
 Table 15. - Paper and Allied Products 
 
 Percent 
 Item 1947 1954 change 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 449,833 
 
 530, 
 
 ,204 
 
 17.9 
 
 $1,280,672 
 
 $2,217, 
 
 ,418 
 
 73.1 
 
 $2,847 
 
 $4: 
 
 ,182 
 
 46.9 
 
 390.0 
 
 
 329.0 
 
 -15.6 
 
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 — 
 
 71.0 
 
 
 135.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 69.3 
 
 
 117.0 
 
 6.9 
 
 530.6 
 
 581.3 
 
 9.6 
 
 $147,670 
 
 $220 : 
 
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 49.0 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 9.9 
 
 — 
 
 1,179 
 
 1 
 
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 - 7.0 
 
 34,204 
 
 44 
 
 ,396 
 
 29.8 
 
 27 
 
 
 32 
 
 18.5 
 
 32 
 
 
 71 
 
 121.9 
 
 39 
 
 
 43 
 
 10.3 
 
 12 
 
 
 21 
 
 75.0 
 
 Table 16. - Printing and Publishing Industries 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 715,450 
 
 
 
 804, 
 
 381 
 
 12.4 
 
 $2,277,263 
 
 
 $3; 
 
 ,625, 
 
 128 
 
 59.2 
 
 $3,183 
 
 
 
 $4, 
 
 507 
 
 41.6 
 
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 6 
 
 
 
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 7 
 
 
 $11,409 
 
 
 
 $3, 
 
 843 
 
 -66.3 
 
 « 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 — 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 — 
 
 1,789 
 
 
 
 2, 
 
 095 
 
 17.1 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 _ — 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 — 
 
 53 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 — 
 
 * Not available. 
 
14 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Table 17. - Chemicals and Allied Products 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 632,319 
 
 739,369 
 
 16.9 
 
 $1,910,463 
 
 $3,407,186 
 
 78.3 
 
 $3,021 
 
 $4,608 
 
 52.5 
 
 497 
 
 550 
 
 10.7 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 -98.2 
 
 100 
 
 106 
 
 6.0 
 
 158 
 
 482 
 
 205.1 
 
 810 
 
 1,139 
 
 4.1 
 
 $211,199 
 
 $335,293 
 
 58.8 
 
 11.1 
 
 9.8 
 
 — 
 
 1,281 
 
 1,540 
 
 20.2 
 
 31,013 
 
 83,009 
 
 167.7 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 13.0 
 
 44 
 
 39 
 
 -11.4 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 6.8 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 
 92.8 
 
 Table 18. - Petroleum and Coal Products 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's i 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 212,003 
 
 215,840 
 
 1.8 
 
 $739,345 
 
 $1,101,812 
 
 49.0 
 
 $3,487 
 
 $5,105 
 
 46.4 
 
 67 
 
 37 
 
 -44.8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 100.0 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 13.6 
 
 456 
 
 656 
 
 43.9 
 
 546 
 
 720 
 
 31.9 
 
 $68,398 
 
 $128,660 
 
 88.1 
 
 .9 
 
 11.7 
 
 — 
 
 2,575 
 
 3,336 
 
 29.5 
 
 30,651 
 
 48,994 
 
 59.8 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 15.0 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 75.0 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 2.4 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 77.8 
 
FUELS AND POWER 15 
 
 Table 19. - Rubber Products 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 Item 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 259,092 
 
 
 246,526 
 
 - 4.8 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 $783,464 
 
 
 $1,059,337 
 
 35.2 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 $3,023 
 
 
 $4,297 
 
 42.1 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 74. 
 
 
 
 58.0 
 
 -21.6 
 
 Coke 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 .0 
 
 -100.0 
 
 Fuel oil 
 
 9. 
 
 
 
 12.0 
 
 33.3 
 
 Gas 
 
 8. 
 
 
 
 12.0 
 
 50.0 
 
 Total 
 
 91. 
 
 1 
 
 82.0 
 
 - 9.9 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 
 $21,227 
 
 
 $24,005 
 
 13.1 
 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 
 2. 
 
 7 
 
 2.3 
 
 — 
 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 
 352 
 
 
 333 
 
 - 5.3 
 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 13,296 
 
 
 15,207 
 
 14.4 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 21 
 
 
 25 
 
 19.0 
 
 Coke 
 
 37 
 
 
 58 
 
 56.7 
 
 Fuel oil 
 
 41 
 
 
 46 
 
 12.2 
 
 Gas 
 
 19 
 
 
 30 
 
 57.9 
 
 Table 20. - Leather and Leather Products 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 383,175 
 
 
 356,574 
 
 - 6.9 
 
 $873,566 
 
 
 $1,027,310 
 
 17.6 
 
 $2,279 
 
 
 $2,881 
 
 26.4 
 
 32. 
 
 
 
 16.0 
 
 -50.0 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 .0 
 
 -100.0 
 
 5. 
 
 
 
 7.0 
 
 40.0 
 
 
 4 
 
 3.0 
 
 65.0 
 
 37. 
 
 5 
 
 26.0 
 
 -30.7 
 
 $11,830 
 
 
 $12,152 
 
 2.7 
 
 1. 
 
 4 
 
 1.2 
 
 — 
 
 98 
 
 
 73 
 
 -25.5 
 
 1,235 
 
 
 2,050 
 
 66.0 
 
 28 
 
 
 41 
 
 46.4 
 
 45 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 
 53 
 
 6.0 
 
 29 
 
 
 37 
 
 27.6 
 
16 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 Table 21 . - Stone, Clay, and Glass Products 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 462,072 
 
 491,803 
 
 6.4 
 
 $1,210,768 
 
 $1,938,067 
 
 60.1 
 
 $2,620 
 
 $3,941 
 
 50.4 
 
 445 
 
 357 
 
 -19.8 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 -50.0 
 
 88 
 
 94 
 
 6.8 
 
 226 
 
 98 
 
 -56.6 
 
 769 
 
 554 
 
 -27.9 
 
 $202,870 
 
 $274,743 
 
 35.4 
 
 16.8 
 
 14.2 
 
 — 
 
 1,664 
 
 1,126 
 
 -32.3 
 
 17,093 
 
 23,531 
 
 37.6 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 22.7 
 
 5b 
 
 69 
 
 25.5 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 
 22.7 
 
 22 
 
 115 
 
 422.7 
 
 Table 22. - Primary Metal Industries 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 1,157,124 
 
 1: 
 
 ,117,053 
 
 - 3.4 
 
 $3,594,548 
 
 $5, 
 
 ,097,460 
 
 14.8 
 
 $3,106 
 
 
 $4,563 
 
 46.9 
 
 411 
 
 
 258 
 
 -37.2 
 
 1,607 
 
 
 1,384 
 
 -13.9 
 
 386 
 
 
 338 
 
 -12.4 
 
 518 
 
 
 877 
 
 69.3 
 
 2,922 
 
 2,857 
 
 - 2.2 
 
 $1,128,352 
 
 $1 
 
 ,423,534 
 
 26.2 
 
 31.4 
 
 
 27.9 
 
 — 
 
 2,525 
 
 
 2,558 
 
 1.3 
 
 35,126 
 
 
 62,690 
 
 78.5 
 
 21 
 
 
 26 
 
 23.8 
 
 42 
 
 
 61 
 
 45.2 
 
 49 
 
 
 52 
 
 6.1 
 
 28 
 
 
 35 
 
 25.0 
 
FUELS AND POWER 17 
 
 Table 23. - Fabricated Metal Products 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 971,461 
 
 1 
 
 ,011,951 
 
 4.9 
 
 $2,832,835 
 
 $4, 
 
 ,397,326 
 
 55.2 
 
 $2,916 
 
 
 $4,314 
 
 47.9 
 
 60 
 
 
 42 
 
 -30.0 
 
 11 
 
 
 4 
 
 -63.6 
 
 31 
 
 
 37 
 
 19.4 
 
 24 
 
 
 59 
 
 145.8 
 
 126 
 
 142 
 
 12.7 
 
 $57,051 
 
 
 $73,625 
 
 29.1 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 — 
 
 130 
 
 
 140 
 
 7.7 
 
 4,016 
 
 
 5,785 
 
 44.0 
 
 26 
 
 
 33 
 
 26.9 
 
 60 
 
 
 90 
 
 50.0 
 
 55 
 
 
 64 
 
 16.4 
 
 37 
 
 
 46 
 
 24.3 
 
 Table 24. - Machinery (Except Electrical) 
 
 Item 1947 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 1, 
 
 ,545,323 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 $4 : 
 
 ,804,563 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 
 $3,109 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 
 110 
 
 Coke 
 
 
 17 
 
 Fuel oil 
 
 
 38 
 
 Gas 
 
 
 28 
 
 Total 
 
 
 193 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 
 
 $75,019 
 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 
 
 1. 
 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 
 
 125 
 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 
 3,832 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 
 25 
 
 Coke 
 
 
 63 
 
 Fuel oil 
 
 
 52 
 
 Gas 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 1,541,658 
 
 - .2 
 
 $7,190,551 
 
 49.7 
 
 $4,664 
 
 50.0 
 
 85 
 
 -22.7 
 
 9 
 
 -47.1 
 
 46 
 
 21.1 
 
 61 
 
 117.9 
 
 201 
 
 4.1 
 
 $109,838 
 
 46.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 — 
 
 130 
 
 4.0 
 
 5,228 
 
 36.4 
 
 30 
 
 20.0 
 
 89 
 
 41.3 
 
 60 
 
 15.4 
 
 43 
 
 19.4 
 
18 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 Table 25. - Electrical Machinery 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 801,359 
 
 
 959,119 
 
 19.6 
 
 $2,271,039 
 
 
 $3,950,989 
 
 73.9 
 
 $2,833 
 
 
 $4,119 
 
 45.4 
 
 55. 
 
 
 
 38.0 
 
 -30.9 
 
 5. 
 
 
 
 .5 
 
 -90.0 
 
 14. 
 
 
 
 21.0 
 
 50.0 
 
 8. 
 
 4 
 
 22.0 
 
 161.9 
 
 82. 
 
 4 
 
 81.5 
 
 - 1.1 
 
 $29,842 
 
 
 $37,904 
 
 27.0 
 
 1. 
 
 3 
 
 1.0 
 
 — 
 
 103 
 
 
 85 
 
 -17.4 
 
 4,512 
 
 
 5,843 
 
 29.5 
 
 24 
 
 
 34 
 
 41.7 
 
 65 
 
 
 89 
 
 36.9 
 
 50 
 
 
 54 
 
 8.0 
 
 39 
 
 
 47 
 
 20.5 
 
 Table 26. - Transportation Equipment 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 Item 
 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 change 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 1 
 
 ,181,680 
 
 1 
 
 ,704,572 
 
 44.2 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 $3 
 
 ,719,583 
 
 $8 
 
 ,295,767 
 
 123.0 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 
 $3,147 
 
 
 $4,866 
 
 48.2 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 110 
 
 - 7.6 
 
 Coke 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 5 
 
 -44.4 
 
 Fuel oil 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 40 
 
 25.0 
 
 Gas 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 46 
 
 76.9 
 
 Total 
 
 
 186 
 
 
 201 
 
 8.1 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 
 
 $65,453 
 
 
 $94,389 
 
 44.2 
 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 ~ 
 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 
 
 157 
 
 
 119 
 
 -24.2 
 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 
 5,229 
 
 
 5,102 
 
 - 2.4 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 29 
 
 20.8 
 
 Coke 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 88 
 
 104.6 
 
 Fuel oil 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 60 
 
 20.0 
 
 Gas 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 45 
 
 25.0 
 
FUELS AND POWER 
 Table 27. - Instruments and Related Products 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 1947 
 
 1954 
 
 19 
 
 Percent 
 change 
 
 231,997 
 
 272. 
 
 ,583 
 
 17.4 
 
 ,665,347 
 
 $1,200, 
 
 ,319 
 
 80.4 
 
 $2,867 
 
 $4, 
 
 ,403 
 
 53.6 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 14.0 
 
 40.0 
 
 .1 
 
 
 .1 
 
 — 
 
 3.0 
 
 
 5.0 
 
 66.7 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 5.0 
 
 316.7 
 
 14.3 
 
 24.1 
 
 68.5 
 
 $5,696 
 
 $10. 
 
 ,392 
 
 82.4 
 
 .9 
 
 
 .9 
 
 — 
 
 62 
 
 
 88 
 
 41.9 
 
 2,349 
 
 3 ; 
 
 ,647 
 
 55.2 
 
 28 
 
 
 34 
 
 21.4 
 
 63 
 
 
 129 
 
 104.8 
 
 48 
 
 
 56 
 
 16.7 
 
 37 
 
 
 40 
 
 8.1 
 
 Table 28. - Miscellaneous Manufacturers 
 
 Item 
 
 Number of employees 
 
 Payroll, in thousands of dollars 
 
 Average payroll 
 
 Fuels used, trillion Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 Total 
 
 Cost of fuels, thousands of dollars 
 Percent, fuels cost of payroll 
 Btu's per worker, million 
 KW hours per worker 
 
 Fuel costs, cents per million Btu's: 
 Coal 
 Coke 
 Fuel oil 
 Gas 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 1947 
 
 
 1954 
 
 
 change 
 
 464,420 
 
 
 695,917 
 
 
 49.8 
 
 $1,205,508 
 
 
 $2,658,182 
 
 
 120.5 
 
 $2,595 
 
 
 $3,820 
 
 
 47.2 
 
 25. 
 
 
 
 27. 
 
 
 
 8.0 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 -33.3 
 
 12. 
 
 
 
 31. 
 
 
 
 158.3 
 
 2. 
 
 4 
 
 24. 
 
 
 
 900.0 
 
 39. 
 
 7 
 
 82. 
 
 .2 
 
 107.1 
 
 $15,742 
 
 
 $33,462 
 
 
 133.9 
 
 1. 
 
 3 
 
 1. 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 85 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 34.1 
 
 2,399 
 
 
 6,470 
 
 
 169.7 
 
 28 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 14.3 
 
 50 
 
 
 74 
 
 
 48.0 
 
 49 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 8.2 
 
 36 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 2.8 
 
20 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
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FUELS AND POWER 21 
 
 ELECTRICITY IN MANUFACTURING 
 
 A detailed report of electric power used by each manufacturing industry 
 was made by the Bureau of the Census in 1947 and again in 1954. (Electricity 
 "used" in manufacturing industries is calculated as purchased energy plus 
 energy generated less energy sold.) The manufacturing industries obtain elec- 
 tric power for use in manufacturing partly by purchase from public utilities and 
 partly by generating additional power. 
 
 Use of electric power and requirements per worker vary with individual 
 manufacturing industries and groups. Approximately 460 manufacturing indus- 
 tries are divided into 20 groups, each of which represents a number of more or 
 less closely related industries. 
 
 Manufacturing industries increased their use of electric power 64 percent 
 for each person employed in the interval between 1947 and 1954. The average 
 quantity of electric power used per worker rose from 9,924 KW hours in 1947 to 
 16, 107 KW hours in 1954. The average conceals wide disparities in the quan- 
 tities of electricity used per worker among the 20 groups of manufacturing in- 
 dustries as classified by the census. The largest users of electric power are 
 paper and allied products, chemicals, petroleum and coal products, stone, clay 
 and glass, and primary metal industries (table 29). 
 
 Group Analysis 
 
 Several of the industry groups show a high rate of increase. For instance, 
 tobacco manufactures increased their use of electricity 78 percent, lumber 80 
 percent, chemicals 168 percent, petroleum and coal products 60 percent, leather 
 and leather products 66 percent, primary metals 78 percent, and instruments 
 55 percent. 
 
 On the other hand, food products, printing and publishing, and rubber 
 products showed relatively small increases. Transportation equipment used less 
 electric power per worker in 1954 as compared with that used in 1947. 
 
 A group-by-group analysis of industries showing the greatest increase in 
 electric power consumption reveals some interesting sidelights. In tobacco 
 manufacture, electric power consumption is small but, nevertheless, consump- 
 tion showed an increase per worker of 78 percent in the interval from 1947 to 
 1954. This may be due to a greater degree of mechanization in cigarette manu- 
 facture and also to a greater change in output of cigarettes compared with cigars 
 and smoking tobacco. For example, cigarette output increased 14 percent and 
 cigars 9.5 percent, but the output of smoking and chewing tobacco decreased 
 18 percent. 
 
 Lumber 
 
 Sawmills and planing mills account for the greatest increase in use of 
 electric power by lumber industries. This classification used 2, 810 million KW 
 hours out of a total of 4, 269 million KW hours or 65.8 percent. The use of elec- 
 tric power by sawmills and planing mills increased from 3, 714 KW hours per 
 employee to 8, 748 KW hours, or an increase of 135.5 percent between 1947 and 
 1954. 
 
22 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Table 30. - Chemical Industry Summarized 
 
 
 
 
 Electric 
 
 power used 
 
 
 
 KW hrs. 
 
 used 
 
 Industry 
 
 no. 
 
 (million 
 
 KW hrs.) 
 
 Wor 
 
 kers 
 
 per worker 
 
 
 
 
 1947 
 
 1954 
 
 1947 
 
 1954 
 
 1947 
 
 1954 
 
 281 9 a 
 
 
 
 4,623 
 
 34,928 
 
 45,494 
 
 97,006 
 
 101,618 
 
 360,060 
 
 2829 a 
 
 
 
 5,379 
 
 7,181 
 
 85,015 
 
 67,531 
 
 63,271 
 
 106,336 
 
 39 other 
 
 groups 
 
 9,608 
 
 19,265 
 
 501,810 
 
 574,832 
 
 19,146 
 
 33,514 
 
 All chemical 
 
 groups 
 
 19,810 
 
 61,374 
 
 632,319 
 
 739,369 
 
 31,013 
 
 83,009 
 
 a Among the 41 subdivisions of the chemical industry classified by the census, 
 
 two inorganic chemicals (not elsewhere specified) and organic chemicals (not 
 
 elsewhere specified) account for a large portion of the electric power used 
 in this industry. 
 
 Chemicals 
 
 The group of 46 separate chemical industries increased their consumption 
 of electric power from 31, 013 KW hours per worker to 83, 009 KW hours, a jump 
 of 168 percent for the entire group of chemical industries (table 30). 
 
 Two of the groups, inorganic chemicals and organic chemicals not else- 
 where classified, account for major quantities of electric power consumption and 
 also major increases in power use by workers. 
 
 Electric power in the inorganic chemical group rose from 101, 618 KW hours 
 per worker to 360, 060 KW hours per worker, an increase of 254.33 percent. In 
 the organic chemical group, the consumption increased from 63, 271 KW hours 
 per worker to 106, 336 KW hours, an increase of 68.06 percent. 
 
 The remaining 44 subdivisions of chemical manufactures averaged 19, 146 
 KW hours per worker in 1947 and 33, 514 KW hours in 1954, an increase of 75.04 
 percent. 
 
 Petroleum refining and byproduct coke manufacture together showed an 
 increase of about 60 percent. 
 
 Metallurgical Industries 
 
 The metallurgical industries group is the largest user of electric power 
 among the 20 manufacturing groups classified by the census. The group com- 
 prises ferrous metals, primary and secondary nonferrous metals, nonferrous metal 
 rolling and drawing, foundries, and miscellaneous types of industries. It ac- 
 counts for 28 percent of the total electric power used and its per capita consump- 
 tion is exceeded only by the chemical groups. 
 
 The general average of electric power consumption in the metallurgical 
 group rose from 35, 126 KW hours per person to 62, 690 KW hours per person. 
 
 The aluminum industry is the largest consumer of KW hours of electric 
 power per person as indicated in table 31. 
 
 Ferrous electrometallurgical products followed aluminum reduction as a 
 user of electric power per worker. Other large users were primary zinc smelt- 
 ing, primary copper, and steel plants and rolling mills. 
 
FUELS AND POWER 
 
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24 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Table 32. - Electric Power Used in Manufacturing 
 1947 and 1954 
 (in millions of kilowatt hours) 
 
 
 1947 
 
 1954 
 
 Electric power purchased 
 
 107,822 
 
 186,066 
 
 Electric power generated 
 
 43,936 
 
 74,381 
 
 Total 
 
 146,758 
 
 260,447 
 
 Less sales 
 
 5,811 
 
 8,944 
 
 Net total 
 
 140,947 
 
 251,503 
 
 Sources of Electric Power 
 
 The manufacturing industries purchase about 70 percent of all electric 
 power used and produce the remainder in their own plants. Purchases of elec- 
 tricity in 1954 totalled 10 billion KW hours, requiring consumption of approxi- 
 mately 9 million tons of coal equivalent. This should be added to the reported 
 fuel consumption in manufacturing industries in order to get a total of fuels 
 needed. 
 
 The use of electric power in manufacturing has increased from a net total 
 of 140, 947 million KW hours in 1947 to 251, 503 million KW hours in 1954 (table 
 32). This increase in use of electric power is of interest to the electric utility 
 industry; it is of special interest to know where the increases have occurred 
 and what may be the future trends. 
 
 FUEL CONVERSION FACTORS 
 
 The conversion of fuel values of each kind of fuel to a common factor is 
 a necessary first step in a study of economic competition among the several 
 fuels used in the United States. A general conversion table has been prepared 
 by the U. S. Bureau of Mines that is used for general comparisions (table 33). 
 
 the conversion figures have been used in this report in the general tables 
 on fuel used in manufacturing. Manufactured and mixed gas are each valued at 
 250 Btu's per cubic foot. 
 
 In arriving at this average value for manufactured and mixed gases, ac- 
 count is taken of the quantity of average Btu value of each of the processed 
 gases used as fuels in manufacturing; that is, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, 
 still gas, and public utility manufactured gases. A tabulation of the quantities 
 of these gases used in manufacturing is given for 1947, and this tabulation is 
 used as a basis for arriving at an average Btu value. This is applied to the 
 coal and petroleum industry group and the primary metals group, the two groups 
 in which most of the manufactured and byproduct gases are used. 
 
FUELS AND POWER 
 
 25 
 
 Table 33. - Conversion Factors 
 
 Item 
 
 Unit 
 
 Btu per unit 
 
 Bituminous coal 
 
 ton 
 
 26,200,000 
 
 Anthracite 
 
 ton 
 
 27,200,000 
 
 Crude oil 
 
 bbl. 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 Natural gas: 
 
 
 
 Before treatment 
 
 cu. ft. 
 
 1,075 
 
 After treatment 
 
 cu. ft. 
 
 1,000 
 
 Natural gasoline 
 
 bbl. 
 
 4,620,000 
 
 Coke-oven and manufactured gas 
 
 
 
 products : 
 
 
 
 Coke 
 
 ton 
 
 26,000,000 
 
 Gas 
 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Converted to 540 
 
 Tar 
 
 bbl. 
 
 6,300,000 
 
 Light oils 
 
 bbl. 
 
 5,460,000 
 
 Refinery products: 
 
 
 
 Motor fuel 
 
 bbl. 
 
 5,250,000 
 
 Kerosene 
 
 bbl. 
 
 5,640,000 
 
 Diesel and gas oil 
 
 bbl. 
 
 5,920,000 
 
 Residual fuel oil 
 
 bbl. 
 
 6,270,000 
 
 Coke 
 
 bbl. 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 Lubes 
 
 bbl. 
 
 6,060,000 
 
 Wax 
 
 bbl. 
 
 5,570,000 
 
 Asphalt 
 
 bbl. 
 
 6,640,000 
 
 Road oil 
 
 bbl. 
 
 6,640,000 
 
 Shale: 
 
 
 
 Ore 
 
 ton 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 Oil 
 
 bbl. 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 Refinery (still) gas 
 
 cu. ft. 
 
 1,500 
 
 FROM: Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 7582, Energy Uses 
 and Supplies, 1939, 1947, 1965, table 19, p. 32, 1950. 
 
 Notes 
 
 In calculating the total quantity of fuels (as billion Btu's) used in manu- 
 facturing, blast furnace gas must not be counted because it has already been 
 calculated in coke. Coke-oven gas and refinery and still gas are counted be- 
 cause they come from coal and oil fuels used as raw materials in manufacturing 
 and not as fuels for processing other materials into manufactured goods. 
 
 Btu Value of Manufactured Gases 
 
 The average Btu content of manufactured gas is calculated from the table 
 "Gas Consumed for Fuel in Manufacturing Industries, by Type of Gas, " p. 17 3, 
 in MC203, Census of Manufactures, 1947. A Btu value of 90 per cubic foot was 
 assigned to blast furnace gas and 520 Btu to coke-oven gas. These figures were 
 multiplied by the reported volumes of gas of each kind, summed, and averaged. 
 The result, rounded off, was 250 Btu's. 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 259 
 25 p., 33 tables, 1958 
 
4nnEnn| 
 
 CIRCULAR 259 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 URBANA «®-