■ ' : ■ ' \>\ "L I 5 R_A FLY OF THE UN IVLRSITY Of ILLINOIS 940.91319 M54a ILL. HIST. SURVEY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/americanhistoricOOmere > ^- AMERICAN HISTORICAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR EDITED BY NI^VTON D. MERENESS Reprinted from the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1919, Volume I, pages 137-294 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1923 DEC U 1*6 rmuwots Hist, SuRvey M 54 «, IV. AMERICAN HISTORICAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. Edited by NEWTON D. MERENESS. - - 137 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. INTRODUCTION. A distinguished American educator, writing on the subject of scholarship during the World War, states that scholars in the human sciences "did not dominate the situation" as did scholars in the physical sciences; that they, "with distinguished exceptions, per- mitted the man in the street or the man in the editor's chair, or in Congress, or in the Cabinet, to proclaim his amateur pronouncement and to get away with it. The crises for the future," he warns, " will have to do with problems of human conduct rather than of the control of physical things ; and as these crises come our scholars in human relations should be more ready to mobilize." 1 The primary purpose of this survey of historical activities during the war has been the assembly of facts necessary to a stimulating comparison of actions and achievements in the field of history throughout the country, and particularly to draw more attention to the fact that in a crisis such as the recent one it may be even more important that historical scholarship should be mobilized for the winning of a war than for the doing of the things necessary to a history of that war. Scholarship in the field of history is too unlike scholarship in the physical sciences for close comparison. But as for the measure of mobilization of history men in the late war, a brief summary dis- closes that shortly after the entry of the United States into the war the leaders of the historical profession established a National Board for Historical Service, primarily for the purpose of mobilizing j historical scholarship for the education of the public with regard to ^the issues of the war; that a good measure of the more successful fo operations of the Committee on Public Information were under the ^direction of a historian; that a number of history teachers contrib- uted to the war information series issued by that committee; that many were among its " four-minute " speakers. When the General oj Staff Committee on Education and Special Training began sending j, soldiers to colleges for vocational instruction and established the war aims course, two of the four inspectors of that work for the ^entire country were history men. Later 5 of the 12 division direc- ts tors of the war issues course were history men. In the negotiation of a treaty of peace the services rendered by American historians T were, perhaps, quite as effective as those rendered by the diplomatists. »F. P. Keppel " Scholarship in War," Columbia University Quarterly, July, 1919. 139 140 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. In many of the States there was during the war a history committee of the council of defense, and in most of them there is now a war-records or a war-history commission for the collection and preservation of war records and for the preparation of a history of the States' participation in the war. The reports by States, which comprise the greater portion of this paper, were, with few exceptions, furnished by directors or secre- taries of these commissions in response to an appeal contained in the following letter: 1140 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C., January 28, 1920. Wayne E. Stevens, Secretary, War Records Section, Illinois State Historical Library, State Capitol, Springfield, III. Dear Dr. Stevens : The National Board for Historical Service, at Its last meeting in Washington, requested Mr. Leland, its secretary, to make arrange- ments for the preparation of an account of historical activities in the United States during the years 1917, 1918, and 1919, that were undertaken in conse- quence of the war, and for the publication of that account in the Annual Re- port of the American Historical Association. Mr. Leland has asked me to assist in this matter, and in response I am seek- ing the necessary cooperation in every State in the Union. May I ask, then, that you be so good as to furnish us with the account for the State of Illinois? That there may be some measure of uniformity in the accounts from the several States I have prepared the following outline : 1. Historical research and the production of books for increasing the fund of historical knowledge regarding questions pertaining to the war. 2. The diffusion of historical information necessary to an enlightened public opinion regarding the issues of the war : (a) By the contribution of articles for publication in newspapers and periodicals. (o) By promoting the circulation of books and periodicals containing im- portant historical information. (c) By lectures. (d) By teaching in schools and colleges. 3. Cooperation with the State council of defense, cooperation with the Na- tional Board for Historical Service, cooperation with the National Government in the prosecution of the war and in the negotiation of peace. 4. Preparation during the progress of the war oi histories of the organization and operation of different branches of war service; for example, State and county food administrations. 5. The collection and preservation of war records. 6. Preparation for an early history of the State's participation in the war. Under this head it may be quite worth while in some States to contrast the so-called county history, produced primarily for the purpose of extracting the largest possible sum of money from the county, with the genuine county history prepared by a person with some historical training and for a much lower price. The maximum space allotted in the report for the entire account, State and national, is about 200 pages. Any suggestions from you for improving this outline will be most heartily appreciated. With keen interest in the subject and a justifiable measure of ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 141 State pride, who will say that we can not make this project a large success for the National Board for Historical Service, for the American Historical Association, and for the historical interests of every State in the Union? Will it be convenient for you to have the account for your State prepared by the 1st of April? Very truly, yours, Newton D. Mebeness. It will be seen that Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of the outline relate to con- tributions toward the winning of the war, and Nos. 4, 5, and 6 relate to the collection and preservation of a record of the struggle. On the latter head an appeal was also made to historical branches of the Federal Government and to a few sectarian organizations. The historical sketch of the National Board for Historical Service is by Mr. Leland, its secretary, and the director of this project for a survey of war-time historical activities- From some States repeated appeals for a report have brought no response, and from others not all was reported that was desired. The majority, however, responded graciously and effectively, and the editor is under lasting obligations to all who have participated in this cooperative performance. WAR DEPARTMENT. By Oliveb L. Spatjiding, Lieutenant Colonel, General Staff, Chief Historical Branch. For several years before the recent war interest in military history had been steadily increasing among officers of the Army, and its importance had come to be more fully realized than before. This interest was greatly stimulated by the establishment of well-planned historical courses at the service schools, but the evolution had not yet reached the stage of developing a special historical organ when the war began. In the spring of 1918 this organ made its appearance in the form of the historical branch, war plans division, General Staff. This branch at once began its collection of historical documents and pre- pared to make use of them. It was fortunate in securing the services of several historians of standing, who joined it, serving under emer- gency commissions. It was evident that nothing could be done for a long time on activities abroad, but a beginning was made with activities in the United States Sections were formed to deal with diplomatic rela- tions and with the economic and military mobilization of the country and for the collection and preservation of photographs. A detailed and careful analysis was made of the ground ultimately to be cov- ered which resulted in an outline suitable for a very complete his- tory of the participation of the United States in the war. This out- 142 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. line, of course, was never considered to be a finished product, but remained always subject to current revisions. To fill the blank spaces left in this outline for operations, a mem- ber of the branch was detached and sent to France. He was placed on duty at general headquarters in the historical section, General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, and established its archives. That section passed through many vicissitudes, but succeeded in col- lecting a large quantity of documents. It was finally designated as the custodian of all historical documents which had ceased to be " live files " in the office of origin. In the spring of 1919, more officers having become available on account of the termination of hostilities, the general headquarters section was much enlarged and undertook a considerable amount of field work. The ground covered by the most important of the American operations was studied and record made of all evidence found there which might assist in later interpretation of docu- ments. This evidence was put in the form of maps, sketches, photo- graphs, and written field notes. This work was undertaken only just in time, for while evidence of this nature was still plentiful, it was rapidly disappearing. The clearing up of debris and the plow- ing of fields was progressing with great rapidity — a most encourag- ing indication of early rehabilitation of the country. Meanwhile, a similar historical section had been established, inde- pendently, at headquarters of the Services of Supply, and had been very active in collecting material dealing with every phase of that intricate organization. Original documents were accumulated or located in the files where they originated, and special historical sum- maries were called for from all services. After the armistice, when the peace conference assembled, a rep- resentative of the historical branch was sent to Paris to follow its proceedings. A large mass of material on the diplomatic situation was thus obtained. In June, 1919, these activities abroad ceased. Representatives of each of the historical sections there were brought to Washington and placed on duty in the historical branch, which was then reorganized on a greatly reduced scale for work on a peace basis. Its functions were to preserve historical documents relating to the wars of the United States; to make these documents, or the information con- tained therein, accessible to agencies of the War Department and to students and investigators properly accredited; and to prepare his- torical monographs on military subjects of interest to the War De- partment. To these duties has recently been added supervision of historical work of all bureaus and services of the War Department. The archives consist of two departments — one for written docu- ments and one for photographs. The collection of written documents ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 143 is not yet large, but is rapidly growing, and will become very im- portant on the closing of general headquarters, American Expedi- tionary Forces, when all purely historical documents on file there will be added to it. It now includes all the original files of the branch dealing with activities at home; a considerable amount of diplomatic material; a valuable collection of papers of the services of supply in France ; the files of the General Purchasing Board and of the American representative on the military board of allied supply in Paris; and a small collection of documents dealing with opera- tions, including the field notes of the general headquarters historical section. The collection of photographs, both still and moving, is very large, including all official photographs of the Signal Corps illustrating the war with Germany and much private work; orders have recently been issued adding to it the Brady collection of Civil War photographs. In connection with the archives a small bureau of information is maintained for answering inquiries on historical questions. These come in increasing numbers from agencies of the War Department and from outside inquirers. Lack of personnel prevents undertaking any considerable investigation, but when specific questions are asked an effort is made either to give the information or to indicate where and how it may be obtained. Facilities for research, somewhat limited as yet, are provided for properly accredited investigators. Among the collecting activities of the archives, two are deserving of special mention here. The connection between French and American units in operations was so close that it is impossible for us to form a picture of our own work without constant reference to French documents. Some of them are found in the files of the American units concerned, but by no means enough. Permission has therefore been secured from the French minister of war for a representative of the historical branch to work in the archives in Paris, and much valuable material is being secured in this way. Strong efforts are also being made to secure personal narratives of participants in action. Superior commanders have been invited to contribute statements supplementing official reports and many are responding. To get the intimate detail of combat, a list of questions has been prepared and is being sent to selected subordinate officers and enlisted men. Their responses are coming in considerable num- bers and are proving very interesting and valuable. Eelations have been established with the association of State historical bureaus. This will probably result in a marked growth of the demand for research facilities. To make information really available, however, it is not sufficient to collect the documents. The files are accessible to few, and if they 144 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. were more widely accessible the papers would be destroyed by con- stant handling. It is necessary, therefore, to print and distribute them. For many reasons it would be desirable to arrange certain docu- ments relating to the recent war on the plan of the records of the War of the Rebellion — that is, classified according to military opera- tions. But this involves waiting until the documents for the entire series are in hand, which will not be for many years. A different plan of classification has been adopted which permits beginning at once with any documents that can be collected and filling in the series gradually. The general classification is: (A) Records of military operations overseas. (B) Records of the services of supply overseas. (C) Records of military activities in the United States. Work has been commenced on class A. The detailed program is as follows : Records of the World War. Class A. — Records of military operations overseas. Section I. General headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, France. Vol. 1. Commander in chief's office. Vol. 2. Chief of Staffs office. Vol. 3. First section, General Staff. Vol. 4. Second section, General Staff. Vol. 5. Third section, General Staff. Vol. 6. Fourth section, General Staff. Vol. 7. Fifth section, General Staff. Vol. 8. Adjutant General's office. Vol. 9. Judge Advocate General's office. Vol. 10. Inspector General's office. Vol. 11. Chief of Artillery's office. Vol. 12. Chief of Infantry's office. Vol. 13. Chief of Tank Corps' office. Vol. 14. Chief of Air Service. Section II. First Army. Vol. 1. Field orders and annexes. Vol.2. Orders. Vol.3. Intelligence summaries. Vol.4. Operation reports. Vol. 5. War diary. Vol. 6. General orders. Vol. 7, Correspondence and messages. Section III. Second Army. Vols. 1 to 7 as in Section II. Section IV. Third Army. Vols. 1 to 7 as in Section II. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 145 Section V. First Corps. Vol. 1. Field orders and annexes. Vol.2. Orders. Vol. 3. Intelligence summaries. Vol. 4. Operation reports. Vol. 5. War diary. Vol.6. General orders. Vol. 7. Correspondence and messages. Section VI. Second Corps. Vols. 1 to 7 as in Section V. Section VII. Third Corps. Vols. 1 to 7 as in Section V. Sections VIII, IX, X, etc. One for each corps. Section — . First Division. Vol. 1. Field orders and annexes. Vol. 2. Orders. Vol. 3. Intelligence summaries. Vol. 4. Operation reports. Vol. 5. War diary. Vol. 6. General orders. Vol. 7. Correspondence and messages. Will include the records of the brigades and regiments. Sections . One for each combat division. Section — . Miscellaneous units. Vol. 1, part 1; vol. 2, part 2; vol. 3, part 3; etc., part 4 will include records f units which were assigned as Army or corps troops. Class B. — Records of Services of Supply overseas. Section I. Headquarters Services of Supply. Vol. 1. Commanding general's office. Vol. 2. Chief of Staff's office. Vol. 3. First section, General Staff, Services of Supply. Vol. 4. Second section, General Staff, Services of Supply. Vol. 5. Fourth section, General Staff, Services of Supply. Vol. 6. Adjutant General's Office, Services of Supply. Vol. 7. Judge Advocate General's Office, Services of Supply. Vol. 8. Provost Marshal General. Vol. 9. Director General of Transportation. Vol. 10. Director Motor Transport Corps. Vol. 11. Chief Surgeon. Vol. 12. Chief engineer . Vol. 13. Chief of Chemical Warfare Service. Vol. 14. Chief of Air Service. Vol. 15. Chief Signal Officer. 25066*— 23 10 *46 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Vol. 16. Chief Quartermaster Corps. Vol. 17. Chief Ordnance officer. Vol. 18. War Risk section. Vol. 19. General purchasing agent. Vol. 20. Renting, Requisition, and Claims Service. Section II. Base section No. 1, Services of Supply. Vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3, vol. 4, vol. 5, etc. Each section to correspond to the' organization of the headquarters of the Services of Supply section. Section III. Base section No. 2, Services of Supply. Section IV. Base section No. 3, Services of Supply. Section V. Base section No. 4, Services of Supply. Section VI. Base section No. 5, Services of Supply. Section VII. Base section No. 6, Services of Supply. Section VIII. Base section No. 7, Services of Supply. Section IX. Base section No. 8, Services of Supply. Section X. Base section No. 9, Services of Supply. Section XI. Intermediate section, Services of Supply. Section XII. Advance section, Services of Supply Class C— Records of military activities in the United States. To consist of the' reports of the heads of departments and committees, together with the docu- ments which were made public— e. g.: Vol. 1. Secretary of War. Vol. 2. Chief of Staff. Vol. 3. Directors of General Staff Division. Vol. 4. Adjutant General. Vol. 5. Inspector General. Vol. 6. Judge Advocate General. Vol. 7. Quartermaster General Vol. 8. Director of finance. Vol. 9. Surgeon General. Vol. 10. Chief of Engineers. Vol.11. The Construction Division. Vol.12. Chief of Ordnance. Vol. lfy Chief Signal Officer. Vol. 14. Chief of Field Artillery. Vol. 15. Chief of Coast Artillery. Vol. 16. Director of military aeronautics. Vol. 17. Bureau of Aircraft Production. Vol. 18. Director of air service. Vol. 19. Chemical warfare service. Vol. 20. Chief Motor Transport Corps. Vol.21. Militia Bureau. Vol.22. Provost marshal general. Vol. 23. The Council of National Defense. Vol.24. War Council. Vol. 25. The Students' Army Training Corps. Vol. 26. Commission on Training Camp Activities. Vol. 27. Committee on Education and Special Training. Vol.28. War Credits Board. Vol. 29. Claims Board, War Department. Vol.30. Real estate service. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 147 A few of the papers of general headquarters were printed in France for lim- ited distribution, but will ultimately be reprinted in this series. In selecting I documents for publication efforts are being made to collect first those for which ! actual demand develops in the Army schools or elsewhere. Manuscript for five volumes has been sent to the Public Printer, as follows : Section II. First Army. Vol.1. Field orders. Vol.3. Intelligence summaries. Section VI. Second Army Corps. Vol. 1. Field orders. Vol. 3. Intelligence summaries. Section IX. Fifth Army Corps. Vol.3. Intelligence summaries. For the preparation of historical monographs the field is unlimited ; as many officers and civilian writers as could be found could be kept busy for an indefi- nite period. It is only just beginning to be possible to undertake such work, and very few qualified officers are available. Relations have been established with the American Historical Association, and it is hoped that these may grow more intimate, so that historical workers in civil life may be led to take up military specialties. In so far as the few officers of the branch are concerned it is necessary to limit the field; it still remains too broad. In the first place, work is being confined to the War with Germany. There is no present intention of preparing a complete " official account " ; economic affairs must be omitted, except in so far as they may incidentally be drawn into question in connection with other investigations. This leaves, broadly speaking, three subdivisions of the work — mobilization and demobilization, includng all activities in the United States, operations abroad, and the services of supply abroad. The detailed plan in so far as developed is given below. Where a title is given without special mark the monograph is contemplated or in preparation ; a title in italics indicates a monograph completed and awaiting publication ; a title in italics with a star indicates a published monograph. Section I. Narrative History of Military Operations. A. The major operations of the American Expeditionary Forces: 1. " Cambrai " — H. B. Monograph No. 5. 2. " Somme Defensive and Lys." 3. "Aisne and Montdidier-Noyon." 4. " Champagne-Marne and Aisne-Marne." 4(a). "The Third Division on the Marne." 5. " Somme Offensive, Oisne-Aisne, Ypres-Lys." 5(a). "Operations Second Corps in Somme Offensive.*' — H. B. Monograph No. 10. 6. " St. Mihiel." 7. " Meuse-Argonne." 8. "Blanc Mont (Meuse-Argonne-Champagne) J ' — H. B. Monograph No. 9. 9. " Vittorio-Veneto." B. " Operations in North Russia, 1918-1919." C. "Operations in Siberia, 1917-1920." D. " Operations in Italy, 1917-1918." 148 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Section II. Studies of Services of Supply. A. " Organization of Services of Supply, American Expeditionary Forces."— H. B. Monograph No. 7. B. "Replacement of Personnel, American Expeditionary Forces:' — H. B. Monograph No. 8. C. " Procurement of Supplies, American Expeditionary Forces." D. " Initial Equipment and Supply, American Expeditionary Forces." Section III. Special Tactical Studies. *A. " A survey of German Tactics, 1918." — H. B. Monograph No. 1. W. D. Document No. 883, 1918. *B. "A study in Troop Frontage."— H. B. Monograph No. 4, W. D. Doc. No. 992, 1919. C. " A study in Battle Formation." — H. B. Monograph No. 6. Section IV. Military Activities in the United States. *A. " Economic Mobilization, in the United States for the War of 1917."-^ H. B. Monograph No. 2, W. D. Document No. 885, 1918. *B. " A Handbook of Economic Agencies of the War of 1917" — H. B. Mono- graph No. S, W. D. Document No. 908, 1919. Section V. Histories of Teoop Units. A. " Outline History of Divisions." B. " Outline History of Regular Regiments." The first and easiest work is to put into coherent shape the outline of each operation and of the service of each American unit and to make a general sur- vey of the other fields — mobilization and the services of supply. This work, it will be seen, is well underway. The papers will be as short as practicable, but in sufficient detail to lead an investigator into any part of the subject which he may wish to study. Special attention will be given to citations of authority, and the aim will be to make the papers serve both as an accurate general state- ment and as an introduction to the documents. Upon these will be based a series of monographs, each taking up some one particular feature of the basic papers and developing it. These, again, will serve, each in its own department, the same purpose as the general papers upon which they are based ; they will bear the same relation to them, let us say, as the 1 : 20,000 map does to the 1 : 200,000. These should involve a considerable amount of critical study and should go somewhat deeply into the basic original documents. The purpose of each being limited, they can begin to use the magni- fying glass; they can go beyond the operation report, perhaps, to the penciled message written in a shell hole. These papers being so constructed as to serve as a further index to the docu- ments, it is evident that the map scale may be again increased if desired. A smaller feature of any particular subject may be taken up and treated with greater elaboration of detail. But historical work in the War Department is not limited to the work of the Historical Branch. While there is no other purely historical organization, many bureaus and services devote some attention to such work. Shortly after the close of the war various services initiated steps toward the preparation of histories and reports dealing with their activities. When re- quests for authority to publish were received it was found impossible to grant ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 149 these requests, as some services contemplated the most extensive publication, including all their activities, both at home and abroad, in the greatest detail, while others contemplated no publication at all. So the entire matter was re- ferred to the Historical Branch, which was directed to make a survey of all historical work already published and contemplated by the services. This sur- vey brought out the fact that there was a great divergence of views and inten- tions among the services as to what class of material should be published and as to the amount of publication. One service, for example, had accumulated a mass of material amounting to several hundred volumes, giving detailed data on their entire field of activities, beginning with procurement in the United States and Europe and ending with operations on the field of battle. Other services, on the other hand, while they had collected certain historical documents, did not desire any publications whatever other than their annual reports. Some services had not undertaken a collection of documents relating to their war activities. The survey indicated that if each service were au- thorized to go its own way in the matter of the publication of its history there would result a great deal of duplication as well as omission. To meet this situation the Historical Branch was directed to prepare a gen- eral scheme to unify historical publications of the services, and it was also directed to assume supervision and control. The general scheme, as approved, may be outlined as follows : Each chief of service was directed to appoint a suitable historical officer, who would repre- sent his service in all matters of historical publication. Historical publications were divided broadly into two classes — those that treated of the activities of one service only and those that treated of two or more services. Papers of the first class are to be prepared by the proper historical officer, with the assist- ance of the Historical Branch, and those of the second class by the Historical Branch, assisted by the interested historical officers. Papers of a purely technical character require practically no supervision from the Historical Branch other than in matters relating to form and bibliography, while papers with a tactical or strategical bearing, or those dealing with general policy, would call for a very close coordination. A conference was held at the office of the Historical Branch of all service historical officers, where the general scheme was explained, and each historical officer was requested to submit to the Historical Branch a general outline of publication to meet the requirements of his particular service, such outline including all important activities of his- torical interest. These proposed outlines are now being received and are, when necessary, modified to fit into a general scheme for all War Department publi- cations. Particular attention is invited to the above plan as it constitutes the first step ever taken by the War Department to unify Government publications of a historical nature. While the plan provides a system by means of which a supervision is exercised over these historical papers, nevertheless, it by no means limits in any way or discourages the services; on the other hand, it will result in many valuable publications that otherwise would not be prepared. It is needless to say that these publications will conform to proper historical standards, and by no means the least value of this supervision will consist in the requirement that service publications shall be based in the future upon the best obtainable sources, and that such sources shall be indicated in the bibliography attached. Somewhat akin to this work of War Department services is a custom now becoming established in the preparation of histories of troop units. The Historical Branch is preparing brief outlines, but many units desire to go 150 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. into detail. When any unit seeks information from the War Department as to its own history, it is becoming the practice to refer it to the Historical Branch ; in many cases a representative of the unit comes to Washington, where the Historical Branch furnishes him desk room and facilities for research, and gives advice and guidance as to method and form. In this way histories of several divisions and regiments are being prepared conforming to accepted historical standards. Appendix. survey of historical work under preparation and contemplated by various services and departments of the war department. I. The following memo, was received by the Historical Branch, War Plans Division, on February 8, 1920: February 6, 1920. Memorandum for the Judge Advocate General. Subject : Survey of historical work. 1. The chief of staff has directed a survey to be made at once of the his- torical work being done in each of the bureaus and services of the War Depart- ment. It has come to his knowledge that a considerable amount of work has been done in connection with the preparation of historical matter for the majority of the services. He desires that this work be unified, so that the completed histories will fit into some general scheme, and he has directed that the supervision and control shall be under the Historical Branch, War Plans Division. 2. An officer of the Historical Branch, War Plans Division, will accordingly call upon you with regard to this matter. I request that you afford him facilities for acquainting himself with the work already done and with the plans in prospect. As soon as this survey can be made the necessary con- ferences will be held in order to arrive at a basis for carrying on this very important task. (Signed) Wm. Lassiter, Colonel, General Staff, Acting Director, W. P. D. Copies to Historical Branch ; Chief, Coast Artillery Corps ; Chief. Militia Bureau ; Chief, Signal Office ; Chief. Chemical Warfare Service ; Chief, Construction Division ; Quarter- master General ; Chief, Transportation Service ; Chief of Ordnance ; Director of Air Serv- ice ; Chief, Motor Transport Corps ; Chief of Engineers ; Chief of Field Artillery ; Surgeon General of the Army ; Inspector General of the Army ; Adjutant General of the Army. II. Pursuant to this memo, an officer of this branch visited the services enumerated above. This officer had an interview with the chief of service when such was practicable. When this was not practicable he saw the second officer in charge; and in every case he interviewed the officer engaged in his- torical work and examined such historical data as were accessible. III. The following is a result of this survey: Coast Artillery. 1. No historical matter has been published, and no definite steps taken with a vfew toward publication, but it is the intention of this corps to prepare a history of Coast Artillery activities during the war. The material for such a publica- tion is on file, but not collated. 2. No personnel engaged in historical work. Militia Bureau. 1. No historical matter has been published and no definite steps taken with a view toward publication. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 151 2. The bureau is considering the preparation of a document giving an account of the use of militia during the war in the capacity of " Home Guards," refer- ring particularly to the guarding of important manufacturing plants, bridges, tunnels, etc., in case of national emergency. 3. No personnel engaged in historical work. Signal Corps. 1. This corps is preparing a roster of the corps personnel of all grades and ranks (commissioned and enlisted) that took part in the late war. Not for publication. 2. There was prepared a history of the Signal Corps in the American Expedi- tionary Forces (operations and services of supply), consisting of over 2,000 typed pages, illustrated. This is not for publication. 3. A history of the Signal Corps in the United States during the war was prepared, but is not for publication. 4. The annual report of the Chief Signal Officer, 1919, which has been pub- lished and distributed, was based upon the above-mentioned histories. 5. No personnel available for historical work. Chemical Warfare Service. 1. No historical matter published and no publication contemplated. 2. The attached Exhibit A, secured from the Chemical Warfare Service, gives a list of historical matter compiled, showing number of volumes and contents. 3. The following remarks pertain to the compilations enumerated on this exhibit : (1) One volume, 300 pages, a resume of Chemical Warfare Service activities in the United States, typed, temporarily bound, and indexed. (2) Very brief, 10 pages. (3) This compilation covers the subject technically. (4) Fifty-nine volumes, temporarily bound, typed, indexed with maps and charts. Many documents attached to text. (5) Eleven volumes, bound temporarily, typed, indexed, map charts and docu- ments attached. (6) Brief. (7) Six parts, maps, charts, and index. (8) Fifteen parts, typed, maps, and charts. (9) A personal narrative, prepared by Gen. A. A. Fries, 70 pages, typed, tem- porarily bound and indexed. (10) Ten parts, each 50 pages, typed, maps, and charts; copies of supporting documents attached. (11) One part, 20 pages, maps, charts, and copies of supporting documents attached. (12) One part, 30 pages, typed; supporting documents attached. (13) Fifteer parts, 20 pages each, typed ; maps and charts attached. None of th« above compilation should be published in their present form. They should constitute material upon which to prepare matter for publication. This is also the opinion of Gen. Sibert. 4. The Chemical Warfare Service has published in technical magazines various monographs of scientific interest. 5. No personnel employed in historical work. 152 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, Construction Division. 1. This division has compiled 556 temporarily bound volumes, typed and indexed, constituting a detailed history of the organization, functions, and operations of the division during the war, including a complete history of each construction project. It is 98 per cent complete. Exhibit B is a table of contents. 2. Based upon the above, there has been compiled 17 volumes, temporarily bound, 200 pages each, constituting a resume. None of the above is for publi- cation. 3. Seven clerks, no officers, are engaged in completing the first-named work. Quartermaster Corps. 1. No historical matter published and none contemplated. 2. There has been compiled and filed a short history of every activity of this corps during the war. A short resume of this has been compiled. 3. Exhibit G is a copy of a memorandum sent to every industrial firm in the United States that had business relations during the war with the corps. The replies received are filed and will constitute valuable data in an economic study of the war. 4. Personnel: Two clerks. Transportation Service. 1. The annual reports of the Transportation Corps, 1918 and 1919, contain all the historical matter published. 2. A publication is under preparation in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War, edited by Capt. R. F. Wilson, which will constitute a history of transportation service operations during the war. It is based upon the two annual reports referred to above, also upon additional data now being furnished by this service. The title of this work will be " The Road to France." It will probably be a publication similar to "America's Munitions." 3. Personnel : One officer, no clerks. Ordnance Department. 1. A series of monographs have been published and are in process of publi- cation relating to various ordnance material used during the war. The sub- jects are treated historically and technically. The entire series will comprise 35 publications, 27 of which are partly or wholly completed. These are issued as confidential documents for circulation within the Ordnance Department only. Exhibit D is a list of these monographs. 2. There is under preparation a history of each ordnance district. There were 13 districts, 12 in the United States and 1 in Canada. When completed this will probably be published in one volume of 300 pages. This will be a popu- lar publication, showing what ordnance material was obtained in each district and from whom. It may be classed as economic rather than technical. 3. Material has been collected for a history of the Ordnance Department in the American Expeditionary Forces. This material has not yet been edited. 4. Personnel : Six clerks. Air Service. 1. Data on Air Service history may be discussed under three headings: (a) Bureau of Aircraft Production; (b) Division of Military Aeronautics; (c) Air Service, American Expeditionary Forces. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 153 (a) The text has been completed, but no steps taken toward printing. Many supporting documents collected; two volumes. (6) The preparation of this work has not progressed very far. Supporting documents are being collected ; two volumes. (c) This work was compiled in France and consists of 269 volumes, includ- ing maps, charts, and supporting documents. One copy of this work is filed with general headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, which copy con- tains many original reports of squadron and group commanders. 2. Personnel: One officer, 11 clerks. Motor Transport Corps. 1. Two works on the history of the corps are in process of preparation — (a) history of the Motor Transport Corps in American Expeditionary Forces; (6) history of the Motor Transport Corps. The work (a) consists of motor operations with troops at the front and motor operations in the Services of Supply. It will consist of 17 chapters, probably 600,000 words, including the appendix. The appendix will be approxi- mately 65 per cent of the entire work; maps, charts, plans, photographs, and documents are included. All of the chapters have been completed except four which are now in the following state of completion (Feb. 16, 1920) : Chapter on supply, 60 per cent complete; chapter on repair, 15 per cent complete; chapter on literature of Motor Transport Corps, 95 per cent complete; chapter on con- clusions, 20 per cent complete. Chapter 15 of this work is a bibliography. The completed portion is typed and filed in folders. The text contains refer- ences to accompanying documents. The system of references should be improved. The work has been read by Gen. Walker, who made certain corrections. Chapters on technical subject were reviewed by qualified technical officers, though this fact does not appear in the text. Chapters 1 to 16 may be classified as technical, in that they treat in considerable detail of Motor Transport Corps matters. The work (&) is nearing completion. It will finally consist of two volumes of 2,000 pages in all. A considerable portion of this work has already reached the printer, and first proof has been received for correction. Of the entire work 60 per cent refers to American Expeditionary Forces' activities of the corps and 40 per cent to activities in the United States. The portion relating to American Expeditionary Forces' activities is based primarily upon the work (a). The work includes maps, charts, and photographs. Col. Ireland, Motor Transport Corps, who is editing work (a), recommends that work (b) be completed at once, as it will be of considerable value to the corps, to the service schools, and to the motor-car industry. Before publication this work should be examined to ascertain if references to supporting documents are complete. 2. Personnel: One officer, 2 clerks. Corps of Engineers. 1. There was published, under date of July 8, 1919, but only recently distrib- uted, a " Historical Report of the Chief Engineer, including all operations of the Engineer Department, American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-1919. There are 68 appendixes to this history, which were not published but are filed. They 154 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. consist of technical articles relating to particular Engineer activities, written by the officers who specialized upon the particular work. 2. There is on file a series of monthly reports on operations made by organiza- tions (engineer) in the United States and American Expeditionary Forces, also voluminous reports on the engineer depot at Camp Humphries. The former consists of 36 temporarily bound volumes and the latter of 36 volumes. Both have maps and charts attached and are typed. 3. There was planned a final history of the Corps of Engineers, which was to consist of an account of the activities of each engineer organization. This work was never completed. The data to compile such a work is on file. 4. There is on file a series of " Reports of Individual Experience " of Engi- neer officers. These consist of personal narratives which all Engineer officers were asked to prepare. About 30 per ceDt of replies have been received. 5. A list of citations and awards has been prepared. 6. There is a " research file," consisting of reports made by Engineer officers upon new methods of engineering observed either in the Allied or German armies. 7. This corps has a collection of photographs taken by Engineer personnel, classified according to geographical localities and by organizations. This col- lection has been fully indexed. 8. No personnel in historical work. Field Artillery Corps. 1. No historical matter has been published and no such publication is an- ticipated. 2. There are being compiled data of artillery organizations that served with the American Expeditionary Forces. 3. There is a file devoted to historical material on the operations of the School of Fire and Artillery Officers' Training School. 4. Personnel: Two officers, one clerk. Medical Corps, 1. No historical publications issued. 2. A work is under preparation, entitled " Medical and Surgical History of the World War." It was suggested by a similar work prepared after the Civil War. Various selected medical officers have been assigned subjects concerning which they have special knowledge. An editorial board is charged with the arrangement of the material. This work will include 15 volumes of about 500 pages each. Exhibit E attached gives the subject matter of the chapters. The first three chapters will relate to tactical and administrative subjects. Five volumes will probably be completed by June 30, 1920, and thereafter one volume every two months. 3. Personnel: Two officers, three clerks. Inspector General, 1. No historical material yet published. 2. A history of the Inspector General's Department during the war is now being prepared. It will probably not exceed 75 pages. 3. No personnel engaged in historical work. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 155 The Adjutant General. 1. No historical publication written. 2. There is under preparation a record showing the participation of organi- zations in engagements during the war. 3. It is contemplated to bring Heitman's Register of the Army up to date. 4. Data is being prepared showing losses during the war, classified according to organizations and States. 5. A card system has been established showing the strength of Regular organizations at the end of each month. This is based upon the monthly returns. 6. No personnel for historical work. NAVY DEPARTMENT. By Capt. Dudley W. Knox, United States Navy, Officer in Charge of the Historical Section, Navy Department. The fact that publication of the naval records of the Civil War is not yet complete, perhaps indicates an apathy within the Navy respecting the recording of its history. In any event, American participation in the Great War had progressed for more than a year before any definite steps were taken toward naval historical collec- tion. Stimulated by the admirably organized British Historical Section of the War Cabinet, which, under the eminent naval his- torian, Sir Julian Corbett, had included the war activities of Navy, Army, and other governmental agencies since before 1914, Admiral Sims early recommended the formation of an American Naval His- torical Section. But it was not until June, 1918, that the Navy Department acted favorably upon Admiral Sims's recommendation, and even then only to the extent of forming an exceedingly small historical section in Washington, under the charge of Rear Admiral W. W. Kimball, retired. Notwithstanding repeated requests that the necessary per- sonnel, including trained historians, be sent to London to undertake the collection of documents and data, Admiral Sims did not obtain the requisite authority to create an historical section of his staff until after the armistice was signed. On November 18, 1918, he received telegraphic instructions that, " owing to the signing of the armistice, it is considered too late to send an Historical Section abroad. Request that services of your staff be utilized as far as possible to collect data for naval history. * * * " Accordingly, a section was then created in London in charge of Capt. D. W. Knox, assisted by a number of other active and reserve officers, among whom was one historian, Lieut. T. B. Kittredge, United States Naval Re- serve Force. Since demobilization was impending, and was expected to in- clude the abolition of headquarters in London, the work of the His- 156 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. torical Section abroad was limited necessarily to the selection, copy- ing, arrangement, indexing, and filing of appropriate documents from the voluminous and varied headquarters files. After prelimi- nary study of French and British systems, it was decided to follow the latter closely. Selections were limited to papers relating to the operations of naval forces. All papers were arranged primarily by geographical areas, and placed in chronological order within each area. Subdivision by subjects, except for supplementary files, was avoided when possible, since the British were most emphatic in stat- ing that any attempt to collect and permanently bind records by subjects was a mistake and would handicap historical writing greatly. Necessarily some documents, such as reports covering a long period of time, statistical data, etc., had to be filed by subjects; but the geographical-chronological system was followed as closely as practicable. This work occupied a large clerical force for about six months, after which the historical collection was transferred to Washington. Meantime the Historical Section in the Navy Department, after adopting the system of filing used in London, endeavored to collect material through the various bureaus and offices of the department, and the other naval organizations elsewhere, ashore and afloat. But progress in this collection was exceedingly slow, owing to the handi- cap of very limited office force within the section, to the lack of funds, and to the reluctance of many offices to part with their files. In July, 1919, the Navy Library, which had previously had cog- nizance of naval historical records, was transferred to the His- torical Section; and under the act of March, 1919, Congress first appropriated money for the collection and classification of naval data relating to the late war. These two events enabled the section to make fair progress thereafter in its work, though funds, clerical force, and office space were still inadequate, and these deficiencies will probably prevent completion of the collection and filing of material in a form suitable for use comprehensively by historians for many years. The historical archives are divided into three main branches — pictorial, logistics, and operations. The former includes photo- graphs, posters, maps, charts, etc. The scope of logistics is so vast and the volume of documents so great that it would be physically impossible for the Historical Section to handle them. The plan has been adopted, therefore, of requesting each of the various logistic offices and bureaus of the department to preserve its own documents and to write the history of its own peculiar activities. Several monographs of this nature have already been completed. Since many logistic offices were abolished soon after the war, it will be necessary for the section to undertake some work in connection with ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 157 logistic documents. But work in connection with the operation files — that is, the selection, arrangement, filing, and indexing of documents pertaining directly to the distribution, employment, and movements of ships and other naval combatant units — is expected to constitute the principal task of the section. The operations material is divided into five classes: Telegrams, general correspondence, war diaries, docketed papers, and statistics; and in each of these the geographical chronological system of ar- rangement is followed as closely as practicable. The intimate relation between the operations of the American and French Armies is paralleled by a similar relation between the operations of the American and British Navies. Much research work in the files of the British Admiralty may be necessary before American naval history covering the Great War can be written accurately and comprehensively; and the interdependence of the State, War, Navy, and other departments of the Government renders further reseach at home, outside of the Navy, indispensable. General plan of files, Historical Section, Navy Department. [Memorandum prepared by Lieut, (j. g.) P. B. Whelpley, U. S. N. R. I*fl In order to give a clear idea of the work undertaken, the following summary is drawn up as representing the work that has been done and the scope of the work projected : I. Records. — The primary task is the selection, arrangement, and indexing of those papers in the Navy Department files which have historical significance. Only such papers shall be selected for the historical files as deal directly with the naval operations of the United States Naval Forces. All papers, letters, and telegrams relating to operations will be chosen for the collection, no matter whether the individual paper may seem of importance or not. The papers selected consist of several classes, each of which may be handled in a slightly different way. These classes are: (1) General correspondence and reports; (2) cables and telegrams; (3) war diaries; (4) documents and special reports; (5) statistical and related matters. 1. General correspondence and reports are filed in three ways — by areas, by subjects, and by dates. (a) The area files are divided into six series, and letters are filed, in general, according to the date of the event referred to in the letter, if the matter dealt with is an active operation ; or according to the date of the letter if the subject of the letter relates to plans, policies, or general discussions of some feature of the military situation. (&) The subject files are divided into 19 groups, and are arranged as in the area files, chronologically, according to the date of the event to which reference is made. (c) The chronological files are divided into two classes — (1) letters, and (2) cables and telegrams. These are not yet complete, but expansion is always pos- sible by the copying of matter on hand in other files. 2. Cables and telegrams will be filed in three ways — chronologically, by areas, and by subjects. In the subject file, cables and telegrams are filed with letters and reports, but in the area and chronological files they are separate. 158 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 3. War diaries. — From these diaries there has been made up a special chrono- logical diary by days on cards. In addition to this card system the war diaries are being bound up intact and in such a way as seems most convenient for future reference. 4. General files— Documents, reports, and special papers. — In addition to the papers maintained in the historical chronological collection a file of documents and special reports of various kinds is being made. Those, for example, of in- telligence publications relating to war operation are being included in this de- partment of the collection and appropriately indexed. There is also included a complete set of such papers, as follows : (a) Weekly reports of force commander, European waters, to Washington, (o) Weekly reports from the detachment commanders. (c) Daily information bulletins. (d) Force instructions. (e) Circular letters. (f) Monthly roster of officers. (g) Weekly staff memoranda, heads of sections. (h) Admiralty daily reports of operations. (i) French daily antisubmarine bulletin. (j) Force commander's daily memorandum of admiralty conferences. In addition to those named, there will be a number of others of a similar character. 5. Statistical. — Statistical and related matter is being collected and indexed thoroughly, and it is hoped that this class will form a useful part of the historical files. II. Indexes. — The value of the historical collection will depend largely upon the completeness of the various indexes which shall be made. So far as it is possible to predict, these indexes should consist of the following : (1) A cross-reference subject index; (2) a chronological index of events; (3) an alphabetical index of events; (4) a general index of cables and tele- grams. 1. For each series of papers there has been compiled a general cross-reference subject index. The headings under which subjects are indexed have been made a matter of careful study in order to insure uniformity and completeness in the indexing method. The matter has been arranged under several subject headings, and under appropriate subheadings so as to facilitate reference to all papers included in the collection relating to any subject on which infor- mation may be desired. This index is maintained on cards and includes ref- erences to all general correspondence, telegrams, war diaries, special reports, statistical data, and to any other matter, such as printed documents which may be included in the historical collection. In this way it should be suf- ficiently complete to permit one at a glance to determine exactly what informa- tion is available concerning any particular operation or event. 2. The chronological diary of naval events of the war prepared by Lieut. Whelpley is being enlarged both on paper and on cards, the former bound ac- cording to months, in temporary bindings. 3. The alphabetical index of events is the complement of the chronological diary, furnishing under names of persons, and vessels, and events, the same information given therein under dates. These together should constitute a quick reference to data pertaining to the Navy in the war. 4. The indexes of cables and telegrams sent from the Navy Department to London headquarters, and from the London headquarters to the Navy De- partment, have already been prepared. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 159 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS. By Maj. Edwin N. McClellan, Officer in Charge, Historical Division, United States Marine Corps. While the historical work of the United States Marine Corps began systematically on September 8, 1919, when the Historical Division of the corps was officially established under Maj. Edwin N. Mc- Clellan, considerable progress was made prior to that date. Early in 1918 Maj. Theodore H, Low, in addition to his duties as the recruiting officer stationed in Washington, D. C, and with the assistance of the personnel of his recruiting office, voluntarily gath- ered certain historical material relating to the Marine Corps. On February 28, 1919, Maj. Edwin N. McClellan was detached from Marine Corps headquarters and directed to proceed to France and report to the commanding general of the American Expedition- ary Forces for assignment to duty as historical officer for the Marine Corps for the purpose of acquainting himself with all matters of historical interest to marines. Arriving at Chaumont, France, on March 13, 1919, Maj. McClellan received orders attaching him to the historical section, General Staff, general headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces. Maj. McClellan divided his work into two general divisions : First, a study of all data on file at general headquarters, Second Division headquarters, Fourth Brigade of Marines headquarters, and included organizations of marines, and the records of the services of supply ; and, second, a careful study of the ground in France, England, Scot- land, Wales, Ireland, and Germany, where marines operated or were located. He was temporarily attached to the Fourth Brigade of Marines, Second Division, in Germany, from March 16 to 25, 1919, and June 21 to 27, 1919, engaged in this work. On various occa- sions he visited the marine battlefields in the Verdun sector, in the Marne salient, near Soissons, Marbache sector, St. Mihiel salient, Blanc Mont in the Champagne, and the Meuse-Argonne. He also visited the various points located in the services of supply where marines were serving or had served. Maj. McClellan spent from May 19 to June 6, 1919, in visiting localities in the British Islands, such as Southampton and London, England; Rosyth, near Edinburgh, Scotland; Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands; Castletownbere, Bantry Bay, Ireland; and Cardiff, Wales, where marines had served either on board ship or ashore with the Navy. On August 6, 1919, Maj. McClellan sailed from Brest and reported in Washington, D. C, August 20, 1919. On August 23, 1919, the acting adjutant and inspector directed that the Historical Division of the adjutant and inspectors de- 160 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. partment be established and assigned Maj. McClellan to duty as official in charge. On September 8, 1919, the major general commandant issued Marine Corps Orders, No. 53. This general order officially estab- lished the Historical Division with duties outlined as follows: (a) To establish historical archives which shall be the deposi- tory for all material of a historical nature; that is, material from which administrative value has disappeared. (b) To prepare a history of the United States Marine Corps for period of the World War. (c) To revise and bring up to date the history of the United States Marine Corps. Archives, including original documents and information from 1775 to the present date, were accordingly established and the work commenced on the preparation of a history for the World War. This work progressed so favorably that on November 26, 1919, a brief history called "The United States Marine Corps in the World War", was published preliminary to the final and detailed history of the United States Marine Corps during the World War in course of preparation. The first edition of this book, consisting of 50,000 copies having become exhausted, the major general commandant directed that a second edition of 100,000 copies, revised to as late a date as practicable, be prepared and published. In addition to the above-mentioned history, the Historical Divi- sion has prepared and had published in various service magazines many articles referring to the history of the marines in the World War and in prior periods. The work of revising and amplifying the present history of the United States Marine Corps is progressing steadily and within two years a history of the corps from 1775 to date will be published in several volumes. STATE DEPARTMENT. By Gaillard Hunt. In September, 1918, Secretary Lansing appointed Gaillard Hunt, special officer of the Department of State, to undertake the prepara- tion of the State Department's history of the war. A small bureau was organized and the work has been continuously in progress since his appointment. The scope of the work is illustrated by the title "The history of the World War as shown by the records of the Department of State." While no printing has as yet been under- taken, several volumes of the work are ready for the printer. The plan contemplates a narrative account followed by the documents (all from the State Department's records) upon which the narra- tive is based. The work begins with the assassination of the Arch- ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 161 dulce Ferdinand, followed by the outbreak of hostilities in Europe; the repatriation and protection of American citizens at the beginning of the war; the custody of the interests of the belligerents by Ameri- can diplomatic and consular officers; this Government's peace pro- posals; contraband of war and neutral rights; progress of the war, etc. How many volumes will be required for the completion of the work can not at this date be prognosticated. THE NATIONAL BOARD FOR HISTORICAL SERVICE. By Waldo G. Leland. ORIGINS AND ORGANIZATION. The National Board for Historical Service was one of the organiza- tions — the one most centrally located — which grew out of the desire and effort of historical scholars to render useful public service during (he war. The idea of the board was evolved in the course of discus- sions by a small group in Washington during the first weeks of April, 1917, and was presented to a larger group in the form of an invitation from Dr. J. F. Jameson, director of the department of historical re- search in the Carnegie Institution, to attend a conference in Wash- ington on April 28. The object of the conference was thus stated : The problem is one wbich has no doubt presented itself to the mind of every history man in the country. Many of them would doubtless be glad to spend a good deal of time in public service in war time, and most of all in service appropriate to their special acquirements, but are not in the way of hearing of useful tasks that they could undertake. Our thought is that if the questions involved could be immediately considered in a preliminary way, by an informal conference of a dozen members of the profession representing different regions of the country and different aspects of history — American, European, economic, diplomatic — an organization might be devised by which all this store of competence and patriotic good will, instead of running to waste or lying untouched, might be systematically drawn upon to meet actual needs, felt or unfelt, of the Government or the public. The conference thus called was held in the offices of the department of historical research of the Carnegie Institution on April 28 and 29. 2 A docket has been drawn up which stated the problem of the con- ference to be as follows: (A) To provide a means for placing the historical scholarship of the coun- try at the service of the Government. (B) To utilize historical scholarship for patriotic and educational ends, and to enable it to do its part in providing the general public with that fund of accurate knowledge which is an essential basis of intelligent opinion. »The following were present during all or part of the conference: J. F. Jameson, who acted as chairman ; W. G. Leland, who acted as secretary ; Guy S. Ford, Frederic L. Paxson, Andrew C. McLaughlin, Henry B. Bourne, Frederick J. Turner, George M. Dutcher, Charles D. Hazeu, Charles H. Hull, James T. Shotwell, Albert E. McKinley, Gaillard Hunt, John C. Fitzpatrick, H. Barrett Learned, Edmund C. Burnett, Victor Clark, Thomaa W. Page, and Edward G. Lowry. 25066°— 23 11 162 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. (C) To secure the interests of history and of historical students by promol ins the intelligent collection and preservation of historical materials, and i: other ways. In the course of the ensuing discussion it soon became clear tha historians in all parts of the country had had the problem, as pre sented to the conference, very much on their minds. The Mississipp Valley Historical Association, meeting two days before, had adopte< resolutions urging that " means be taken by the Government of th United States to facilitate the sound historical instruction of th people of the United States to the end that a correct public opinio] with full knowledge of the facts that have made for our freedom anc democracy in the past may stand stubbornly in our struggle for th maintenance of those principles in the future." The department o history of the University of Wisconsin had drawn up, for discussioi in the conference, a memorandum outlining the organization anc functions of a "bureau of historical information" to be c'reate< under the Committee on Public Information, the general aim o which should be " to aid in the formation of a correct public opinion to advise departments of Government needing historical data, t< provide accurate data for writers and journalists, and to coordinate existing historical agencies." At Columbia University an organ! zation of the faculty had already been effected and had commence* the publication of a series of " Columbia war pamphlets," the con* tents of which, however, were not confined to historical material These examples but serve to illustrate the intense desire of historica' scholars to find some way of rendering effective service of the nature for which their studies and special knowledge qualified them. The conference devoted its attention principally to the considera tion of the various kinds of service most needed and of the mos ( i effective means and organization for their performance. Each on present stated what he and his colleagues conceived to be most expe dient in the region which he represented ; Mr. Arthur Bullard pre sented the views of the Committee on Public Information as to th< : various ways in which its work could be furthered by historica scholars ; Mr. Geoffrey Butler, of the British High Commission, wh< was present for a short time, explained what British scholars hac been able to do along the lines under consideration, and Mr. Edwarc G. Lowry, experienced journalist and writer, made valuable sug gestions as to practical methods of reaching the public. As the dis cussion progressed there appeared to be a striking agreement as t( the needs which historical scholars might serve to satisfy. Thest were conceived of as, first, the education of public opinion with re spect to the deep-lying causes and fundamental issues of the wai and the reasons for American participation in it; second, the pres entation of past national experience in so far as such experience ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 163 night furnish useful lessons for application in the present emergency; third, the supply of technical services to the Govern- ment; and fourth, the assurance for the benefit of future historians Df the preservation of the documentary and other material essential for recording the history of the present time. As to the most effective methods of meeting these needs there was a variety of opinion. For the first two, chiefly educational in char- acter, suggestions were made respecting the supply of material, largely in the form of popular historical articles, to the daily and periodical press, the publication of series of small pamphlets or even of books, the organization of lecture courses, and especially the pro- vision of instruction in schools and colleges. It was also suggested that the compilation of reliable reading lists respecting the war for the use of public libraries would furnish a guidance much needed and sought for at the present moment. For the third, the supply of technical service to the Government, it was clear that future developments would determine the nature of such services and the most appropriate methods of rendering them. Preliminary inquiries of the Council of National Defense, of the Bureau of Education, and of the Committee on Public Information made it appear that aid to the Government would probably take the form of cooperation with the last two. As to the fourth need to be met, the collection and preservation of material for use in future research, it was evident that this object would be accom- iplished indirectly through suggestions to existing organizations and •institutions, such as libraries and historical societies and other agencies, and through watchfulness with respect to the archives of the Government— Federal, State, and local— especially the records of the various branches of war administration already created or likely to be developed in the future. The form of organization best suited to render the services which have been indicated, most representative of the historical profes- sion and most likely to inspire public confidence, was a matter that (was long and earnestly discussed. Although the American His- ttorical Association was represented in the conference by some of lits officers and councilors, these had no authority to establish a [war organization of any sort in the name of the association. Indeed, ;it was the feeling of some, perhaps of most present, that the nature of the situation required that each one taking part in the work of •the new organization should do so as an individual scholar engaging ino other responsibility than his own. It was felt that no group could represent the historical profession in any formal way, but I only those members of it who sympathized with the purposes of the group and who accorded it their support. It was realized that the new organization must necessarily be informal and unofficial, 164 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. without authority except such as it might acquire through deserving and gaining the support of historical scholars and the confidence of the public. At the same time the possibility that the American His- torical Association might think best to substitute some other form of organization was not lost sight of and provision was made for such an eventuality. With these considerations in mind the following resolutions were adopted : As an emergency measure, to serve until action by the American Historical Association, the undersigned, meeting In Washington upon invitation by the Carnegie Institution of Washington through its department of historical re-, search, have adopted the following resolutions : Resolved : I. That there be formed a National Board for Historical Service. II. That the headquarters of the board shall be in Washington, D. C. III. That the purposes of the National Board for Historical Service shall be : (a) To facilitate the coordination and development of historical activities in the United States in such a way as to aid the Federal and the State Govern- ments through direct personal service or through affiliation with their various branches. (o) To aid in supplying the public with trustworthy information of historical or similar character through the various agencies of publication, through the < preparation of reading lists and bibliographies, through the collection of his- | torical material, and through the giving of lectures and of systematic instruc- tion, and in other ways. (c) To aid, encourage, and organize State, regional, and local committees, as well as special committees for the furtherance of the above ends, and to cooperate with other agencies and organizations, especially in the general ' field of social studies. IV. That the board shall be composed of at least nine members who shall I select a chairman, vice chairman, secretary, and treasurer from their own num- ber, and that the said board shall have power to add to its membership, to fill vacancies, to appoint advisory and associate members, to organize affiliated or subsidiary boards of committees, to receive and disburse moneys, and to perform such other acts as may be necessary for the accomplishment of the purposes herein stated. V. That the board, until further action by itself in conformity with these resolutions, shall be composed of the following : Victor S. Clark, of Washington ; Robert D. W. Connor, of Raleigh, N. C. ; Carl Russell Fish, of Madison, Wis. ; Charles D. Hazen, of New York City; Charles H. Hull, of Ithaca, N. Y. ; Gaillard Hunt, of Washington ; Waldo G. Leland, of Washington ; James T. Shotwell, of New York City ; Frederick J. Turner, of Cambridge, Mass. Adopted at Washington, D. C. April 29, 1917 : Henry E. Bourne. H. Barrett Learned. Edmund C. Burnett. Waldo G. Leland. Victor S. Clark. Albert E. McKinley. George M. Dutches. Andrew C. McLaughlin. Guy S. Ford. Thomas Walker Page. Charles D. Hazen. Frederic L. Paxson. Charles H. Hull. James T. Shotwell. Gaillard Hunt. Frederick J. Turner. J. Franklin Jameson. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 165 The first effort of the board thus created was directed to enlisting the support of the members of the historical profession, and at the same time to securing from these latter information respecting the state of public opinion and suggestions as to the kinds of service most needed. Accordingly the following circular letter was sent on May 1, 1917, to 165 historical scholars in all parts of the country, in- forming them of the organization of the board and of its purposes, and asking for information and suggestions: Last Saturday, at the invitation of the Carnegie Institution, extended through its department of historical research, a score of students of history gathered in Washington and, after discussing what such men might do in the present emergency, elected a " National Board for Historical Service," with head- quarters here. This is a voluntary and unofficial organization of individuals spontaneously formed in the hope that through it the store of competence and patriotic good will possessed by the history men of the country, instead of running in part to waste, or even lying untouched, may eventually be drawn upon to meet the needs of the public or of the Government. To that end the board, as a first step toward preparedness, both for continuing war and for eventual peace, takes occasion to solicit the cooperation of interested persons, and the present letter is to invite from you such advice and suggestions as you may care to contribute. The organization of subsidiary State or local committees to work under the direction of the board is not, so far as we are now informed, desirable, and it is understood that in cooperating with us for any of the foregoing purposes you will be acting, as we did, upon your in- dividual responsibility, and that the function of the board will be, for the present, to serve as a coordinating body between voluntary workers in the common cause. The generalness of this statement is sufficient indication that much remains to be done in determining the ends toward which, and not less in ascertaining the material devices and the personal means through which, such voluntary work may be performed. But it appears that a survey of the situation and needs of the country in this respect, as they present themselves to the observation of history men in various regions, is one of the preliminary steps, and it is for cooperation in this that we first appeal to you. Among the matters concerning which your opinion in as definite a form as possible is especially desired are : (1) What is the attitude of people, or of various classes of people, in your region toward the participation of the United States in the war? Are our purposes understood? As understood, are (hey approved? Where approved, what can be done to keep popular attention fixed upon them, to the end that our national idealism shall not perish in the conflict or yield to admiration of courage or of efficiency as ends in themselves? If our national purposes as understood in any degree fail of approval, by what argument, anywise historical in complexion, can they be so explained as to secure approval? (2) How can such arguments or appeals be most effectually presented, by books or pamphlets, through the metropolitan or the local press, by speakers, or otherwise? (3) What opportunities have you personally to procure the dissemination of appropriate matter, e. g., through your local press, through lectures to schools or to the general public, through libraries, or historical societies? Do you know any persons of historical knowledge and training in your region who have real 166 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. qualifications, either by experience in newspaper writing or in public speaking, for disseminating such information, and who could and would give time to doing it? (4) Can you reach, or suggest some way of reaching, teachers before their vacations begin? Do you know of any summer schools, largely attended by teachers, the management of which would probably welcome lectures of such a character in case the board can suggest appropriate lecturers? (5) In the conference many suggestions were made of subjects upon which useful articles might be prepared. The following may be instanced by way of example : A. Historical aspects of war problems in the United States, e. g., raising and maintaining armies ; exercise of war powers by the Federal Government ; war taxation ; economic adjustments ; suppression of disorder ; problems of transportation; supply and distribution of food, especially in the Confederate States; etc. B. International and foreign problems, particularly those likely to influence American policy, e. g., Irish questions; conceptions of freedom of the seas; open door in China ; enforcement of treaties ; restatement of Monroe Doctrine ; neutralization ; American interests in Turkey ; etc. (6) Will you not make suggestions of other subjects, and possible writers? (7) Have you knowledge of matter already in print (outside of such gen- erally known material as would be noticed in the American Historical Review) that seems to be effective for such purposes? Where, specifically, may it be found? (8) Do you know of any collections that are being made of local fugitive material illustrative of the war, especially of the attitude of sections of your community or region toward it? Are you in a position to encourage the making of such collections? Where and how? (9) Do you know of any funds available for the actual and necessary ex- pense of any parts of such an undertaking as has been suggested, either nationally or locally? Will you not consult, especially as to regional needs and probable attitudes of mind, such of your colleagues or acquaintances as may be able to give use- ful advice on any of the points mentioned, or on any others pertinent to the general purposes of the board, and send the results, as promptly as practicable, to Waldo G. Leland, secretary, 1133 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C? The board will then endeavor to draw from the replies a statement of definite needs and possibilities, and will presently communicate with you again. The response to this letter was most encouraging ; not only did it indicate an almost unanimous approval of the purposes of the board and give promise of support and cooperation, but it furnished a large body of information relative to the state of mind of the coun- try and the needs of the moment as well as a variety of practical and valuable suggestions. Thus fortified the board was in a position to formulate the policy which was to guide it throughout its existence. This policy may be described briefly as follows: To maintain the nonofficial character of the board as a group of individual scholars each representing only himself; not to organize branches but to encourage or cooperate with regional or local groups having similar objects which might be created ; to maintain a close contact with members of the histori- ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 167 cal profession in all parts of the country by informing them fre- quently of the work of the board and by proposing to them certain activities or calling upon them for services ; not to express opinions or judgments as a board nor to attempt to establish standards of historical orthodoxy; not to publish pamphlets, articles, or books in the name of the board, but to leave to their authors full responsi- bility for all publications made under its auspices or pursuant to its suggestions; and, finally, to cooperate with or serve the Govern- ment in such ways as it might be called upon to do. The activities of the board at once began to assume a varied char- acter. It is not easy to classify them all, but most fall into one or another of the categories of research, publications, lectures, educa- tion, Government service, and preservation of war records. These categories are not mutually exclusive, for most research, for ex- ample, was undertaken in some form of Government service, and the publications and lectures were chiefly of an educational charac- ter ; nor are they completely comprehensive, for there were numerous activities of a miscellaneous sort which can not be classified. They may serve, however, as a cadre for the following account of the board's work. RESEARCH. In the conferences which preceded the organization of the board and in the discussions which followed it was clear that there was a general feeling among historians that for the time being at least activities of research should be directed to matters having a bearing upon actual problems in order that accurate knowledge of the ex- perience of the past might be invoked for such present guidance as it should afford. The resources of the board were not such as to enable it to carry out for itself any elaborate program of research; it was obliged, with few exceptions, to content itself with encourage- ment and suggestion. To this end a letter was composed and sent (May 11, 1917) to some 75 or more professors of history, most of whom had charge of graduate or research courses, in which the problem was thus presented: European historians have long had the quickening, though at times dan- gerous, consciousness that their modern historical problems were instinct with life; that their topics for research involved sensitive international relations, were live wires connecting with stores of dynamite, were liable at any moment to pass from history into present action. Are not American historians learning that some of the important facts in our democratic development are more intimately connected with present urgent choices of domestic policy and foreign relations than had been commonly ap- preciated? Is it not possible that in research work during the present summer and winter, at least, we ought to make fuller use of our realization that out of history there are issues of life to-day? 168 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Can we not give greater zest to our research work, both in seminary and as individuals by dealing with phases which are directly or indirectly connected with present problems? Shall we not feel better justified in following the scholar's calling if by our investigations we furnish material useful to Amer- icans in determining their decisions in the great issues which now confront them and which will, in changing forms, confront them for a considerable future? These are matters, not only of presenting the results of previous study and writing; they are matters for new and unforeseen adjustments of old to new; for research, and for research under the pressure of instant demand for in- formation. In the first place it is important to be able to furnish a background for news items. Our board is already in a position where we shall often have advance information as to what will be news in certain lines some time before the event. This advance information would give a student familiar with the field and bibliography of the suggested subject time to produce an article which, though not final, will yet possess an intimacy of touch and an orientation im- possible to a reporter * * * . In the second place there are certain aspects of history with which the public should be familiar, but the significance of which is apparent only to one with a long perspective. In such cases the historians of the country should take the initiative, not waiting for the press. In his speech at the Gridiron Club dinner, in Washington, February 26, 1916, President Wilson showed how deeply he was influenced by the historical mode of approach to his problem. He said : " You can never tell your direction except by long measurements. You can not establish a line by two posts; you have got to have three at least to know whether they are straight with anything, and the longer your line the more certain your measurement. There is only one way in which to determine how the future of the United States is going to be projected, and that is by looking backward and seeing which way the lines ran which led up to the present moment of power and of opportunity. There is no doubt about that." The historical research and thought of the country should surely be con- cerned with this work of surveying American tendencies and ideals. It is im- portant for us to know what, in the opinion of the profession, such subjects are, and to know whether they are being studied, and if so, where. If they are be- ing neglected, we may be able to promote their study, and if they are being studied, we are in a position to bring the concentrated results before the public widely over the country. The third function of research is one in connection with which the board can do little, but the leaders of research in the country by correspondence and inter- course may do much. It is obvious that the problem of world reconstruction will not cease to be vital to the next generation. Not in detail but in general, it is possible to foresee the kind of questions which it will ask of its historians. Ought not a good proportion of the young scholars in our seminaries be directed to interest themselves, whatever their fields, along lines which may contribute to the wise solution of these problems which will be the pivot of politics and legislation during their lives? An illustration may be made in the fact that the devotion and skill which have been given to a study of the Napoleonic wars, and even of our Civil War, have yet left almost untouched many subjects which throw most direct light upon the difficulties of to-day. Will it not be, possible for us to do something — we all realize how little prophetic we are — to make this loss of experience as slight as it may be for the future? ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 169 As a firat step will you not write the board any ideas you may have on the general subject and any contribution you may be prepared to make? After we receive information, we shall be glad to communicate with you, noting whether certain topics seem to be in need of attention by historians. In case of subjects actually under study we shall be glad to be of use in giving a national currency to the concentrated historical results. Will you not convey the ideas of this letter to such of your colleagues as you think willing and able to assist in the work? It is difficult to form an estimate of the results of this letter. In respect to furnishing the historical background for news items they were negligible, for the board never developed the close contact with journalism that it had expected in the early days of its existence to make. It is not probable, either, that the immediate course of seminar work in the universities was much affected; it is not easy to make sudden changes of direction and in any event most able-bodied mem- bers of the seminars were soon engaged in quite other lines of effort in the officers' training camps. Probably the letter stimulated indi- vidual research and production ; certainly the war period was marked by a large output of historical publications, articles, and books hav- ing a bearing upon contemporary events and issues. A number of articles suggested by the board were published in the American His- torical Review and elsewhere, and the board secured directty some 30 or more articles for the Historical Outlook, in addition to the documentary materials and the educational or pedagogical articles of a suggestive nature w T hich it also contributed to the latter maga- zine. The board was undoubtedly a factor in creating the atmos- phere which favored the production referred to; indeed, one of the most widely read books of the period was by a member of the board : " Alsace-Lorraine under German Rule," by Charles Downier Hazen. The board took a more active part in the publication of biblio- graphical aids to research. A list of articles in periodicals relating to the war was prepared by Miss Harriette M. Dilla, who offered her services in the summer of 1917, and it was published in mimeo- graphed form by the Library of Congress. Profs. G. M. Dutcher, A. H. Lybyer, and others compiled a " Selected bibliography of the war " which was printed in the Historical Outlook (then the History Teacher's Magazine) for April, 1918. An expansion of this bibli- ography, in which the board was much aided by Prof. Ella Lonn of Goucher College, was well advanced by the close of the war but was not completed. Members of the board assisted in preparing the bibliography compiled by Prof. T. W. Riker and published by the committee on special training and education, of the War Department, (C. e. 17, Bibliography no. 1) for use in the war-issues course of the Students' Army Training Corps, and Dr. Leo F. Stock made a digest of the war legislation of the Sixty-fifth Congress and a calen- dar of the Executive orders relating to the war, the first of these 170 AMEKICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. compilations being published in the Historical Outlook for October, 1919. After the close of the war an elaborate bibliography of peace and reconstruction, prepared by Prof. Joseph Schafer, the vice chairman of the board, was published by the World Peace Founda- tion (League of Nations Series, II, special number). The most important work of research carried on by the board or by its members was in cooperation with the so-called " House In- quiry " or " Peace Inquiry," the organization which under Col. Ed- ward M. House gathered information respecting the problems which seemed likely to come up for consideration at the Peace Congress which would meet upon the conclusion of the war. The Inquiry had its own organization and the members of the board who belonged to it worked as individual scholars and not as representatives of the board, but it is worth noting that they were entrusted with some of the most important sections of the Inquiry's work. Thus Prof. J. T. Shotwell, the first chairman of the board, was an administrative of- ficer of the Inquiry ; Prof. Charles H. Haskins directed the investiga- tion dealing with the problem areas of the Western Front, Belgium, Luxembourg, Alsace-Lorraine, etc., in which Prof. Wallace Note- stein also took part; Prof. A. C. Coolidge conducted research in Russian and Polish matters, and Prof. Dana C. Munro was in charge of the investigations relating to the Near East. But the board also conducted certain researches for the Inquiry in its corporate capacity. The most extensive of these investigations took the form of compiling a compendium of the diplomatic history of Europe, Asia, and Africa since 1870. This work, which was called for upon a month's notice, was directed by Professors Frank M. Anderson and Amos S. Hershey who secured the collaboration of 60 or more scholars. The result of this cooperation was published by the Department of State: Handbook for the diplomatic history of Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1870-1914 (Washington, 1918). Another investigation called for by the Inquiry was into the nature and history of governments less than sovereign, which was conducted for the board by Profs. W. W. Willoughby and Charles G. Fenwick in cooperation with the Institute for Government Research. PUBLICATIONS. In early discussions as to possible activities of the board it had seemed that publication would take an important place. Compre- hensive but somewhat vague plans were entertained for supplying material of various kinds to newspapers and periodicals, of estab- lishing a series of pamphlets or small books, even of maintaining some sort of a periodical, but it was soon found that many diffi- culties, the nature of which may be readily imagined, opposed the execution of such ambitious projects. The members of the board ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 171 did not have the experience in practical journalism which was essen- tia] to any atempt at feeding the columns of the daily press. Few members of the historical profession were in the habit of writing for newspaper publication or had acquired *that style of literary expres- sion which seems to be successful in American journalism. The two or three articles which the board furnished for rewriting and adaptation to newspaper use were so denatured in the process that there was little encouragement to continue the practice. To a less extent the same difficulties surrounded the publication of magazine articles. It had been thought that the board might maintain a sort of reservoir of materials suitable for the popular or serious periodicals, and a tentative arrangement was even made with one of the standard monthlies whereby the board was to supply a certain number of pages of material for each issue, but the board had no more success as a literary agent than as a press agency, and wasted little time in fruitless experimentation. It was realized from the beginning that the activities of the board along the lines mentioned, even if successful, must be largely supplemented by the individual and unorganized efforts of the members of the historical profession. Accordingly, the following letter of May 13, 1917, was sent to some 225 men and women, his- torians or teachers of history, in all parts of the country : There has never been a period in American history when public opinion has needed such a broad foundation of unfamiliar fact. The crisis in which we are now, was brought upon the Nation by outside forces rather than by in- ternal movements. The solution of the present situation moreover requires on the part of the people a large amount of fact with which they are unac- customed to deal. The historian knows that in determining the public opinion of the moment as well as that of to-morrow, which means so much for the future, the resources of human experience are bound to be drawn upon to a very great degree. He knows also how important it is that the facts furnished to the people shall be genuine and the interpretation of them made by experts rather than by quacks. At no time in our history has the historian been so obviously called to the immediate service of the Nation ; the formation of the National Board for Historical Service is an effort to provide a medium for the rendering of such service. The board, however, realizes that the major portion of the work must be done by the members of the profession acting in their own localities, where the influence of their personality is an established factor. The correspondence which this board has already had with members of the historical profession in many parts of the country reveals an encourag- ing realization, on the part of historians, of their responsibilities and oppor- tunities. We And that in many cases professors and teachers are giving special courses or series of lectures on the issues of the present moment; some are addressing public meetings, clubs, churches, or special gatherings ; some are interesting themselves particularly in stimulating the teachers of the public schools, while many are writing special articles which appear in cur- rent magazines and newspapers. 1^2 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. It seems clear to us that the local press affords an important medium through which the historian may render a most useful service. By making the acquaintance of editors and reporters, by watching the columns of the local newspapers for statements that in the interest of truth should be con- troverted, by offering editorial "material, by writing communications or special articles of historical character pertinent to immediate questions, and by furnishing the correct historical background for many items of current news the historian may exercise a salutary influence in his community. It seems to us that this is a time when all the accumulated resources of reputation, information, and judgment belong to the Nation and should be put at the disposal of the public. We shall be glad if you will keep us informed from time to time of your own and of other activities and especially if you will make such suggestions as may occur to you, in order that the board may serve the historical profes- sion in general as a sort of clearing house of information. The resources of the board did not allow it to embark upon any schemes of publication of its own. Plans for a series of pamphlets were much discussed but it was early determined, as a part of the board's policy not to publish or edit pamphlets or volumes. If the board had no publications of its own, however, it took an active part in preparing and editing the series of pamphlets issued by the com- mittee on public information, an activity which will be described; below as a part of the Government service which the board was called upon to render. Furthermore, the board's relation with the Historical Outlook, the columns of which were placed at its disposal by the editor, Dr. Albert, E. McKinley, and the publishers, the McKinley Publishing Co., of Philadelphia, was such as to make that periodical, for the time j being, almost an organ of the board. The use which the board made/ of these facilities was chiefly in the conduct of its educational work and is described under that head. The single publication made by the 1 board as such, the War Readings, prepared by Mrs. Dana C. Munro (Scribner), to a certain extent a deviation from its policy, was also ; educational in character. During the last months of the board's existence the vice chairman was authorized to secure the publication, though not in the name of the board, of a volume of essays by different writers, entitled, " Dem - ocracy in -Reconstruction." 3 LECTURING. In the field of lecturing the board formulated and carried out a more systematic program than in that of publications. It made a canvass of the historical profession in order to ascertain who of its • F. A. Cleveland and Joseph Schafer, " Democracy and Reconstruction " (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1919). A volume of 23 essays grouped under the heads "Ideals of democracy," "After-war social problems," "After-war labor problems," "After-war trans- portation problems," "After-war political problems." The introductory essay is by Prof. Schafer, " The historical background of reconstruction in America," ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 173 members were able to deliver lectures in the various summer schools, particularly in the schools most frequented by teachers, and suggested to the directors of these schools, through the Bureau of Education, that lectures on the issues of the war be made a feature of the summer program. The board also furnished the names of possible lecturers, and syllabi of lecturers for use when special lecturers were not avail- able, and furnished the names of lecturers, on request, to such or- ganizations as the community chautauquas, to churches, clubs, so- cieties, etc. In this connection should be mentioned the work of the New Eng- land Group for Historical Service, the organization of which grew out of suggestions by the board, and which cooperated most effectively with the latter.* This group not only delivered a series of lectures at Camp Devens under the auspices of the board, but also independently, a large number of lectures in the towns and summer resorts of New England. The principal project of lecturing organized and carried out by the board was the delivery of 5 illustrated lectures in 22 of the major training camps. 5 These lectures were given under the auspices of the educational committee of the War Department's Commission on Training Camp Activities and with the material aid of the Y. M. C. A. and the Knights of Columbus. A large number of scholars took part in this work, which required in many cases an extended residence in camp. Each lecture was repeated a sufficient number of times to enable all men who wished to do so to hear it. The board provided the lantern slides, and by way of suggestion an outline of each lecture, the subjects of which were as follows: The warring countries and their geography; The growth of Germany and of German ambitions ; The French Eepublic and what it stands for ; The British Empire and what it stands for ; How the war came about and how it developed ; The American democracy and the war. In some cases the series was given by a single lecturer, in others by several, each one dealing with the subject with which he was most familiar. This activity of the board was organized and carried out by Dr. J. F. Jameson. In the late spring of 1917 the board received a request from the University of London to provide a lecturer on American history for * The New England Group for Historical Service was composed of the following, some of whom were also members of the national hoard: Arthur 1. Andrews, secretary; H. J. Ahern, Warren A. Ault, S. P. R. Chadwick, Samuel L. Conner, A. C. Coolidge, Theodore F. Collier, Irving H. Countryman, Herbert D. Foster, Rollin M. Gallagher, A. H. Gilmer, Charles H. Haskins, Roy W. Hatch, J. L. Keegen, A. C Lane, Charles R. Lingley, Leo S. MeCollester, C H. Mcllwain, George S. Miller, Theodore Clarke Smith, Frederick L. Thompson, Mason W. Tyler. 5 C&mps Beauregard, Custer, Devens, Dix, Dodge, Doniphan, Fremont, Funston, Grant, Greene, Jackson, Lee, Lewis, Logan, Mc Arthur, McClellan, Meade, Oglethorpe, Sheridan, Sherman, Taylor, Upton. 174 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. its summer session. This the board was unable to do on such short notice, but in the course of correspondence during which the original invitation was much broadened, it was decided that a lecturer should be sent to England to speak on American history and Amer- ican participation in the war, before the universities of the United Kingdom and Ireland. For this mission the board, having secured from various sources 6 the requisite funds, selected Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, who sailed for England in April, 1918, accompanied by Mr. Charles Moore. Professor McLaughlin delivered lectures before the Universities of London, Oxford, Cambridge, Eeading. Bristol, Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, New- castle, Nottingham, Exeter, Southampton, Bangor, Cardiff, Edin- burgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Dublin, his tour having been ar- ranged by Prof. Arthur P. Newton, of Kings College, London. He also addressed the Eoyal Historical Society and gatherings of teach- ers of history in London, as well as a meeting of workingmen in Walsall. 7 Another series of lectures arranged by the board was delivered by Prof. George M. Wrong, of the University of Toronto, who, spoke on Canadian history and institutions before the summer; schools of Harvard, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Chicago, North- western, and Wisconsin Universities in July and August, 1918. EDUCATIONAL WORK. No division of the board's work was more varied or more exten- sive in scope than that which dealt with education. Some of this' work was carried on indirectly, some of it in cooperation with the; Bureau of Education, and some of it by the board in its own name. In May, 1917, the board furnished the Bureau of Education with the text of a letter to high-school principals, which had been com posed by Prof. Guy Stanton Ford for use in Minnesota, urging that the approaching commencement exercises be directed " toward an elevated and enlightening discussion of the faith in popular govern- ment." This was distributed by the bureau as its " Civic Education Letter, 1917, No. 1." At the same time and in the same way a letter drawn up by the board was sent to all directors of summer schools (Bureau of Education, "Civic Education Letter, 1917, No. 2"), suggesting that lectures on the war be included in the school pro- grams; this suggestion was followed up with correspondence and •The contributors who made possible this mission were Messrs. Cass Gilbert, Thomas W. Lamont, Charles Altschul, J. M. Longyear, and G. S. Baker. 'Professor McLaughlin contributed an informal account of his mission to the His- torical Outlook for December, 1918, under the title " Impressions of Britain in war time." His lectures have been published in book form, America and Britain (E. P. Dutton, 1919). Their subjects concerned America's entry into the war, British and American relations, the Monroe Doctrine, and the background of American federalism. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 175 practical suggestions as to lecturers and subjects, an activity which has already been described. It was also through the Bureau of Education that the board inaugurated one of its most important undertakings, the publication of a series of suggestions respecting the teaching of history in the secondary schools, designed to show how the history courses might be made more profitable and more enlightening in view of con- temporary events. These suggestions were prepared by four com- mittees, each dealing with one of the fields of history which compose the high-school curriculum, ancient, general European, English, and American. 8 To serve as an introduction to the series the board prepared a pamphlet entitled " Opportunities for History teachers : the lessons of the Great War in the classroom," which was published by the Bureau of Education as its " Teachers' Leaflet No. 1, 1917," and distributed widely among teachers of history during the summer of 1917. In this pamphlet certain general suggestions were offered in an endeavor to point out the duties and responsibilities of the history teacher in the present emergency, the proper use of history in stimulating patriotism and especially in developing the sense of duty and of civic obligation, and to warn against the abuse of history and chauvinistic tendencies. Then followed more specific sugges- tions respecting the four fields of history which have been enumer- ated. This pamphlet was followed up by progressive suggestions and comment in each of these fields, which were published serially in the Historical Outlook (History Teachers' Magazine) from Sep- tember, 1917, to May, 1918, and which were designed to accompany the four courses through the school year. The preparation of a companion pamphlet of suggestions in his- tory, civics, and geography for the use of teachers in the elementary schools was undertaken with the aid of Prof. J. M. Gambrill, but changing circumstances prevented its completion. In the summer of 1918 a second pamphlet was prepared for the board containing an " Outline of an emergency course of instruction on the war," by Charles A. Coulomb, Arnold J. Gerson, and Albert E. McKinley. This was intended for use in both elementary and sec- ondary schools and was published by the Bureau of Education as " Teachers' Leaflet, No. 4, 1918." 9 At the same time a short history 8 These committees were as follows : Ancient history, R. V. D. Magoffin, chairman, J. H Breasted, S. P. R. Chadwick, W. S. Davis, W. S. Ferguson, A. T. Olmstead, W. L. Wester mann ; medieval and modern European history, D. C. Munro, chairman, F. M. Anderson Arthur I. Andrews, S. B. Harding, D. C. Knowlton, Margaret McGill ; English history A. L. Cross, chairman, Wayland J. Chase, E. P. Cheyney, Blanche E. Hazard, L. M. Lar son, Wallace Notestein ; American history, Evarts B. Greene, chairman, W. L. Fleming, R. A. Maurer, F. L. Paxson, T. C. Smith, James Sullivan, E. M. Violette. 9 The authors of this pamphlet subsequently published a textbook based on their Outline School History of the Great War (American Book Co.). 176 AMEEICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. of the war, adapted to the upper grades of the elementary school was written by Eva March Tappan, at the suggestion of the boarc 1 and published by Houghton Mifflin Co. : The Little Book of the War 1 while a selection of readings for school use was compiled for th' board by Mrs. Dana C. Munro and edited by Prof. Robert C. Claris of the University of Oregon. It was published by Charles Scritf ner's Sons under the title of " War Readings." l[ A French war reader for use in high-school and college classe lC was also compiled by the board, with the assistance of Prof. Charle A. Downer, who furnished the linguistic editing and vocabulary the historical editing being done chiefly by Miss Esther M. Gai' braith, but a series of untoward circumstances prevented its publica^ tion before the close of the war and it was abandoned. The intrcj duction to the reader was, however, published in a translation b; Professor Downer, in National School Service, the educational peri 1 ^ odical of the Committee on Public Information, for December 13 1918. This introduction was in the form of a charming address tl American school children by the veteran French historian, educatoi 11 tfnd academician, Ernest Lavisse, entitled " Why a Frenchman love 5 America," which was procured for the board by the French Missioif Through the columns of the Historical Outlook the board pub te lished a number of aids to teachers in addition to the series of sug tE gestions already noted. These took the form of special articles anc^ particularly of " war supplements " containing documentary anc| other material. The first of these (January, 1918) was a " Topica Outline of the Great War," by Prof. Samuel B. Harding (also pub] lished as a pamphlet of the Committee on Public Information) , whic} ;i) served as a most complete and valuable guide for the organization of courses, lectures, and readings. A companion supplement (March 1918) was the " Selected Bibliography of the War," by Profs. G. M 1 * Dutcher and A. H. Lybyer, already noted, while a geographical sup! plement (April, 1918), prepared by Professors Harding and Willian E. Lingelbach, furnished a small but exceedingly useful collectior^ of war maps for school use. Other supplements contained docu ments and other illustrative material respecting the German occu- pation of Belgium, the war aims of Germany as regarded France British views on reconstruction and historic peace congresses anc alliances, while two others were devoted to a bibliography of peace! and reconstruction and to a digest of the war legislation of the Sixty fifth Congress. One of the most important supplements (January 1919) was a comprehensive review of the " Economic Mobilization of the United States," prepared by the Historical Branch of the Genera] Staff under the direction of Maj. F. L. Paxson, a member of the board. The special articles took the form of discussions of specific ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 177 )roblems such as the effect of the war on labor and capital, European teutrals and the peace conference, the Kussian Revolution and the yar, etc., and after the armistice there was contributed a series of larratives of personal experiences or accounts of special phases of vav activity by various members of the historical profession. 10 Re- >rints of many of the contributions and entire copies of the His- orical Outlook were purchased by the board in large quantities and listributed in response to requests for suggestions and information. In the second half of 1918, with the creation of the Students' Irmy Training Corps and the organization of the War Issues bourse as a part of its curriculum, the cooperation of the board with he War Department's Committee on Education and Special Traili- ng became an important part of the former's educational work, rhis took the form of advising with respect to the War Issues bourse, and particularly of aid in preparing a pamphlet of " Ques- ions on the Issues of the War " (C. e. 21). This latter compilation, vhich was not in any sense a catechism, contained some 112 ques- ions selected as most significant and representative from among everal thousand queries actually presented in writing by men in mili- ary training. The questions were grouped under various heads and sach group was accompanied by detailed references to easily acces- sible sources from which the information desired might be obtained. Uso for use in the War Issues Course, Prof. A. E. McKinley brought ogether in a volume, "Collected Materials for the Study of the vVar," the war supplements of the Historical Outlook with some )ther material, and this collection of sources and aids was generally tdopted to supplement the lectures and textbooks with which the course was conducted. In the latter half of 1917, in order to stimulate teachers to prepare ;hemselves for explaining the war to their classes, the board offered >rizes for essays by teachers in the public schools on the subject ' Why the United States is at war." This contest was organized in L5 States, the funds for the prizes being obtained chiefly through the 10 This series was made up of the following articles : " The Food Administration : A test if American democracy," by E. S. Brown (May, 1919); "War tasks and accomplish- aents of the Shipping Board," by J. G. Randall (June, 1919) ; " With the First Division," >y Lieut. R. A. Newhall (October, 1919) ; " The German press and the war," by Victor 5. Clark (November, 1919) ; " Over there in Siberia," by Capt. L. B. Packard (December, 919) ; " How American aviators were trained," by Col. Hiram Bingham (January, 1920) ; "Morale work in an Army camp," by Ma.i. R. V. B. Magoffin (February, 1920) ; 'The committee on public information," by Prof. G. S. Ford (March, 1920) ; " Tbe pro- urement of quartermaster's supplies during the World War," by Albert L. Scott (April, 920) ; " Experiences of a Y. M. C. A. secretary in Russia," by T. P. Martin (May, 1920) ; " Intelligence work at First Army headquarters," by Capt. J. C. Parish (June, 1920) ; ' Going over," by Ensign S. C Clement (November, 1920). 25066°— 23 12 178 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. generosity of various individuals. 11 In each State the competitio' 5 was held in two groups, one comprising the teachers in the secondar schools, the other the teachers in the elementary schools, and in eaci group prizes aggregating $150 were offered, both first prizes beinjl of $75. The winners of the first prizes competed in their respective groups for two national prizes offered by the board. Dr. Leo 1 Stock had general charge of the content, and in each State a directoj was appointed who named the committees of award and attended tij other details. Some 688 essays were offered in competition, Nort.ei Carolina leading the other States with 94 competitors. 12 The chief educational activity to which the board devoted the lasf 1 months of its existence in 1919 was a fresh study of the whoI« pro' gram of historical instruction in the schools. The request to under, pi take this work came from the National Education Associatioi through its commission on a national program for education, anc the first step taken by the board was to secure the cooperation o the American Historical Association. The two organizations ap pointed a joint committee on history and education for citizenshij in the schools, 13 the organization of which was completed in Feb; ruary, 1919. The committee held meetings and conferences in Wash;|)f ington, New York, and Chicago, and individual members of it wer in constant contact with associations or other groups of histon teachers in all sections of the country in order that the work of thi committee might have the benefit of the best opinion and the widest experience. The program which the committee set for itself wa| formulated, as follows, in its " Preliminary statement " of March 15 (a) Starting from the idea of education for citizenship, the committee wfllj plan courses in history for the eight years of the common school and the foul years of high school, taking account also of the " six-three-three " arrangement^ where that is in vogue. In addition it will consider the special needs of tnj normal school, the vocational school, the rural school, and the distinctive Americanization programs. 'L (&) As its most urgent problem, the committee will study the question omi the high-school history courses, and will prepare a report on a first year oi history and a second year of history in the high school. These courses, to bad given either in the first and second or the second and third years (this point! " The choice of States was determined by the ability of the board to secure funds, th<, donors specifying for which States their respective contributions were to be used. Th< contest was held in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, NeW" 1 York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin 1 ^ and Minnesota. The donors were Charles Altschul, George L. Beer, W. A. Brice, Gen J. S. Carr, Thomas Chadbourne, jr., Howell Cheyney, Paul Cravath, John Crosby, Samue B. Harding, Dwight W. Morrow, Sigourney Stern, Cornelius J. Sullivan, and the North Carolina Historical Commission. 12 The results of the competition and the names of the State directors and committees of award were announced in the Historical Outlook for April and May, 1918. 13 The committee was composed as follows : Joseph Schafer, chairman ; Daniel C Knowl ton, secretary ; William C. Bagley, Frank S. Bogardus, Julian A. C. Chandler, Guy Stan ton Ford, Samuel B. Harding, Andrew C. McLaughlin. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 179 i be decided after further investigation), are to be (1) a course in modern story and (2) a course in United States history. (c) The committee accepts the report of the former Committee of Eight of le American Historical Association (The Study of History in the Elementary chools, New York, Scribners, 1909) as the basis of the common-school his- »ry work, but it expects to study this report with a view to adjusting its commendations to the new situation which will result from a recasting of le high-school work, and for the purpose of effecting other improvements mt may seem practicable. One suggested change is to strengthen and dignify le sixth-grade history, covering European backgrounds, in order to make it rve as an introduction to the modern history course in the high school as ell as to the American history course of the seventh and eighth grades, that end the committee believes the sixth-grade work in history should b made a basis of promotion, as is the history of the upper two years. (d) For controlling its procedure in the outlining of courses, the committee ill attempt to apply the principle that " every new step in history instruc- on should be a step forward in the subject." It will seek to eliminate dupli- ation by a careful selection of subject matter to be taught at each stage of the ork in history. It also contemplates setting up some effective standards for leasuring results in history instruction. (e) The committee are agreed that methods of teaching history should be Wisidered in the forthcoming report, that specimen lessons should be pre- Bnted, and that one of the guiding principles in methodology is the necessity f placing greater stress than formerly upon significant interpretative ideas as pposed to a multiplicity of unrelated facts. 1 The aims of the committee as set forth at the same time are also '/orth quoting in full both because of their high idealism and because f the clear conception which they reveal of the value of history as an issential part of any program of education : ' 1. The supreme aim in the teaching of history and social science is to give iositive direction to the growth of those mental and moral qualities of chil- dren which, rightly developed, constitute the basis of the highest type of litizenship. I 2. We gladly acknowledge that all sound training, through whatever feature If the school curriculum, contributes helpfully to this desired end; but we re nevertheless convinced that the historical training affects the result most 'lirectly. 1 3. Historical training (a) frees the mind from the trammels of time and place, substituting the idea of social development and change for the in- tinctive notion of a static social world, performing in this respect a service h education analogous to that performed by biology for organic nature or by :eology for inorganic nature, (b) It tends to produce openmindedness, which aitigates native prejudice and permits truth to gain recognition, (c) It in- luces patient inquiry for the purpose of disclosing the facts of a given situa- tion before passing judgment, (d) It gives some grasp upon the methods of investigation and the tests of accuracy, (e) It develops that form of judg- ment which deals with the shifting and conditional relations of men in society, aipplementing the scientific judgment which arises from the study of animate ind inanimate nature and of mathematics, (f) It yields, or should yield, the ligh moral and ethical concepts of loyalty to principles and to institutions by evealing the cost at which the elements of civilization have been secured :or us. 3 80 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. The work of the committee was actively carried on during the spring and summer of 1919, a tentative report being presented in the Historical Outlook for June of that year; and a further report was presented to the American Historical Association in December, 1919, and was published in the Historical Outlook for February, 1920. Upon the adjournment of the board on December 30, 1919,! the committee was continued as a committee of the American His- 1 torical Association but its further history is not a part of this! chronicle. 14 The miscellaneous and minor activities of the board in the field of education were numerous. The board was represented by its chairman in the Emergency Council on Education which was or- ganized under the National Research Council, and the chairman! or members of the board took part in various educational confer- 1 ences, such as those of the National Society for the Scientific Study of Education held at Atlantic City in February, 1918, and the Con- ference on International Relations in Education called by the United States Commissioner of Education, and addressed gatherings of" teachers in different parts of the country. The board als® carried on an extensive correspondence with educators and history teachers!; who wrote to it for suggestions, advice, or information. In these : and in many other ways the board endeaA^ored to serve the interests,; of history and of education and to advance the cause of reasoned'; and intelligent patriotism. GOVERNMENT SERVICE. Various services which the board performed for the Government have already been described, including the investigations undertaken- for the Peace Inquiry, the service to the War Department in provid- ing lectures in the camps and assistance in the organization of the War Issues Course, and the cooperation with the Bureau of Educa- ; tion in the publication of suggestions for teachers. The two prin- cipal forms of Government service, however, consisted of coopera- tion with the Committee on Public Information and the examination of the daily and periodical press of the enemy countries. The Committee on Public Information was already at work before ?he establishment of the board, but its organization had not been completed. Partly as a result of suggestions from the board the - committee created a division of civic and educational cooperation, of which Prof. Guy Stanton Ford was director, assisted later by Prof. Samuel B. Harding, both of whom were members of the board. | The principal function of this division was the preparation of war i* Subsequent reports of the committee are printed in the Historical Outlook for March, April, May, June, 1920. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 181 pamphlets of patriotic or informative character and their publica- tion and distribution, a work in which the board cooperated to such I an extent that it was to all intents and purposes an auxiliary of the division. The board advised with respect to the subject matter of proposed pamphlets, suggested writers, aided in the work of research which the nature of some of the publications made necessary, and ! served as a distributor of the pamphlets to teachers and students of ! history. The board procured for the division the material for cer- tain pamphlets, as " The Great War : From Spectator to Partici- pant," by Prof. A. C. McLaughlin, and " The Battle Line of Democ- racy," a collection of patriotic prose and verse of America and of the I allied countries, compiled by Miss Elizabeth Donnan and Miss : Frances G. Davenport, and took an active part in the compilation of the War Encyclopedia. Members of the board wrote or compiled certain other of the pamphlets, notably " The Government of Ger- many," by Charles Downer Hazen ; " American Interest in Popular Government Abroad," by Evarts B. Greene ; " Conquest and Kul- tur," by Wallace Notestein, a compilation of quotations from Ger- man sources revealing the plans and purposes of pan-Germanism; and " German War Practices," by Dana C. Munro, dealing with the treatment of civilians and of conquered territory, based on a careful examination of German and neutral evidence and on the records of the Department of State. A special service rendered by the board was the critical examination of certain documents procured from Russia by Mr. Edgar Sisson, which seemed to establish the existence of a German-Bolshevik conspiracy. The authenticity of these docu- ments having been questioned in some sections of the press the mat- ter was referred by the committee to the board, which appointed a special committee of historical experts. The report of this com- mittee, which pronounced in favor of the authenticity of the essen- tial documents, though not of all, was published by the Committee on Public Information as " The German-Bolshevik Conspiracy (War Information Series No. 20)." 15 The most important single undertaking of the board was the maintenance of an Enemy-Press Intelligence Service. In the spring of 1917 the Pictorial Service of the British High Commission pro- cured for the board a regular supply of the more important German newspapers and periodicals. These were at first utilized by an ex- perienced journalist, the late Gustav Pollak, who supplied the Com- mittee on Public Information with translations of extracts suitable for use by the American press. When Doctor Pollak was obliged by reason of his health to give up this work a special Enemy Press 18 A concise account of the work of the Committee on Public Information, by Prof. G. S. I\>rd, was published in the Historical Outlook for March, 1919. 182 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Bureau was organized by the board upon direct request by the President, and one of its members, Mr. Victor S. Clark, was made director of it. The work of this bureau rapidly assumed large pro- portions; additional newspapers and periodicals were procured, some through the French Mission, some through the Belgian Infor- mation Service, and some through direct subscription in Holland and Switzerland, until the board was in current receipt of some 3i German and Austrian daily papers and about 50 periodicals, in- cluding carefully selected medical, agricultural, technical, scientific, political, and general journals. This material was read by Doctor Clark, who dictated transla- tions of summaries to a corps of stenographers. These summaries were typed in multiple and classified, and the various sets were distributed as they were produced. One set was transmitted to the State Department, two sets to the Military Intelligence section of the General Staff, one of which was sent to the General Staff of the American Expeditionary Force in France. A fourth set was sent to the Peace Inquiry, until it was transferred to Paris after the . armistice. A fifth set was sent to the library of Princeton Uni- versity in return for the services of a stenographer; and a sixth set was filed in the bureau. Special portions of the translated ma-f terial were also transmitted to the Food Administration, the Public , Health Service, the Federal Reserve Board, the Bureau of Educa- i tion, and to other offices of the Government, and from time to time to certain periodicals when it was considered desirable to secure their; publication in the United States. The State Department was occa- • sionally furnished with copies of matters of unusual importance, as in the case of the German-Russian treaties. The files of newspapers and periodicals were also used extensively by Government offices such as the War Trade Board, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Children's Bureau, and others in the course of special investigations by their own employees, 16 while the Committee on Public Information maintained a translator and typist in the bureau until the close of the war. The work of the bureau was continued until July 1, 1919. The newspapers and periodicals were then disposed of in various ways, chiefly to the Library of Congress and to the Hoover collection of Stanford University, and the file of summaries was deposited in the Division of Manuscripts of the Library of Congress. These trans- lations, numbering over 20,000 items, have been reproduced by pho- tography for six subscribing libraries, 17 making available for re- 16 Far example, " The Food Situation in Europe," by Alfred Maylander, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 242, April, 1918. 17 University of Illinois, University of Chicago, University of Michigan, University of Wisconsin, Vassar College, Pomona College. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 183 search a large amount of carefully gathered information respecting economic, social, political, and intellectual conditions in the countries of the Central Powers. COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF WAR RECORDS. From the first days of its existence the board regarded as one of its most important duties the effort to encourage the collection and preservation of all material which would serve to record the mobili- zation of the military, economic, social, and intellectual forces of the country. It was realized that the emergency of war would necessi- tate a canvass of the Nation's resources, human and material, such as had never before been undertaken, and it was felt to be a matter of vital importance that the record of this canvass in all its details should be preserved. The efforts of historians of the present genera- tion to reconstruct the social and economic history of the Civil War and the difficulties encountered by them in discovering and assem- bling the essential materials made them still more keenly aware of jthe necessity of immediate effort and activity with respect to con- temporary records. Furthermore, agencies suitable for undertaking such activities, which were almost nonexistent in 1865, were now plentiful in the form of historical societies, State commissions of his- tory, and libraries. Accordingly on May 10, 1917, a subcommittee of the board sent the following letter to all State historical commissions, to the more active historical societies, and to a large number of libraries, in all to some four or five hundred institutions and or- ganizations. The National Board for Historical Service is a voluntary and unofficial body, the principal object of which is to furnish a medium through which in the present crisis the historical scholarship of the country may render its appro- ;priate and, we hope, effective service. It seems clear to us that if the interests of the student of history are to be secured the various historical agencies of the country, and especially the historical societies and libraries, must bestir themselves to provide for the I systematic and inclusive collection and the effective preservation of all kinds of material serving to record and illustrate present events. Naturally such a problem presents itself in different ways to different ! agencies. The Library of Congress, the agent of the National Government, is ! endeavoring to collect all material of national importance; the State agency (historical society, department of history, historical commission, etc.) natu- rally seeks to preserve a record of State activities. The amount of formal literature relating to the war is already of formidable jextent, and only the largest institutions can hope to make any considerable (collection of it. There are, however, many kinds of material which are of the greatest value to the historian and which the library or society that interests itself in local matters can collect more effectively than can the larger institutions. 184 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION-. This material is such as illustrates the local state of mind — the local reac- tions, local events, etc. Such material includes the following: 1. Official documents, such as municipal ordnances, proclamations of mayors, notices of hoards, etc. 2. Semiofficial documents : Resolutions of public meetings, of labor unions, of church societies, etc. 3. Public-service documents : Announcements, notices, orders, etc., issued by public-service corporations. 4. Fugitive printed material: Posters (recruiting and other); programs of concerts, meetings, fairs, etc., held for purposes connected with the war. 5. Economic material : Price lists, advertisements. 6. Propaganda material. 7. Clippings. 8. Pictorial material : Photographs of local events, of soldiers, and bodies of troops, etc. 9. Mnnuscript material : Letters, diaries, sermons, addresses, etc. These categories are mentioned only by way of illustration. It is assumed that societies and libraries are as a matter of course acquiring such books and newspapers as they can. It is a part of our plan, if the matter meets with general approval from those to whom this letter is addressed, to prepare a small pamphlet of information, and suggestions respecting the collection of war material for permanent pres- ervation. Will you not cooperate with us to the extent of informing us as specifically' and in as much detail as possible with respect to what your own society or 1 library is doing or is planning to do along these lines? We should also be glad to receive from you any constructive suggestions that may have occurred to you as a result of your experience. For the board. Gaillard Hunt, Robert D. W. Connor, Waldo G. Leland, Subcommittee. This letter brought a large number of replies which showed that many organizations, especially those officially connected with State governments had had the matter of record preservation seriously under consideration or had already engaged in systematic work to that end. From the replies there was also extracted much informa- tion which was of value to the board in its subsequent work but which was never compiled in the form of a pamphlet as had been su££ested in the letter. Bo Three months later a similar action, but in a slightly different direction, was taken by the board when it learned of the organi- zation, by certain State or county councils of defense, of special com- mittees for the collection of war records, and accordingly sent the following letter of August 15, 1917, to the secretaries of all the State councils of defense : The National Board for Historical Service is endeavoring to do two things: To make our past experience useful for the present, and to see to it that our ' ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 185 present experience is preserved for the future. We believe that experience is the greatest human asset, and that its use and preservation are matters of the greatest public importance. Would it not be within the range of the functions of your council to appoint a State committee on history? The following quotation from a letter of the chairman of the history com- mittee of the Council of Defense of Eau Claire County, Wis., gives an idea of the kind of work that may be done. Any Grand Army man must appreciate what it would have meant to him if this had been during the Civil War : " It is the purpose of this committee to gather, preserve, index, and make available for public use a record of the sentiments and activities of organiza- tions and individuals of the county in the present war. "As regards the newspapers it is the intention to preserve in scrapbooks a complete series of the editorials and also the local news items bearing or con- nected with the war. All this material will be card indexed and this index will refer to the publication and issue from which each item is taken. " Much attention will be given to the preservation, with proper data attached, of photographs and other pictures pertaining to the collections of organizations and individuals of the county in this war. Programs of patriotic gatherings and of all meetings in any way connected with the war. Also personal letters written by those in any branch of the military service will be gathered so far as possible. * * * "A small credit was placed at our disposal by the county council of defense, and the committee had made up one hundred large scrapbook leaves * * *. This provides for every paper in the county except the one whose editor has not responded. * * * "All material gathered will be handed over to our public library on com- pletion of work." Our board will be in a position to cooperate with such a committee. With- out local assistance we will be able to do little. As a result of the suggestion thus communicated a number of State councils appointed committees, or " State war history com- missions," as they were more commonly termed, which were soon in active operation. Meanwhile the board sent letters to certain nongovernmental war organizations calling attention to the probable value of their records for historical purposes and urging their careful preservation. In- formation was also secured with respect to the condition of gov- ernmental war records in Washington, and in some cases members of the board were called in consultation with respect to the classifica- tion and disposition of such material. In order still further to focus attention upon the importance of the collection and preservation of war records the board proposed to the Public Archives Commission of the American Historical As- sociation that the conference of archivists, which was to be held as a session of the annual meetings of the association in Philadelphia, in December, 1917, be devoted to a discussion of that subject. This suggestion was adopted and the secretary of the board and others 186 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. read papers respecting the value of certain groups of governmental archives and the status of State and local collections. 18 During 1918, and especially after the armistice, many additional war history commissions were created, and a marked energy began to be displayed in most parts of the country in the collection of all material that might serve to record the war activities of the various States. With these bodies the board cooperated, in the summer and fall of 1919, in the organization of the National Association of State War History Organizations, the purpose of which was to fur- ther the work of the State bodies by exchange of information and suggestions, and especially by the exploitation of the war archives of the National Government for material of value to the States. The connection of the board with this new association did not extend beyond the aid in organizing it already referred to and placing at its disposal all the information collected by the board with regard to war records in Washington. Indeed, the association thus formed practically took over from the board the function of encouraging the collection and preservation of materials for the history of the war. 19 Thus, while the board's activity with respect to war records was 5 confined to encouragement, suggestion, and watchfulness, it had' nevertheless a very real part in starting an important movement; from which the history of the United States must receive an incal- culable benefit. PERSONNEL, PROCEDURE, FINANCES. The membership of the board increased from 9 to 25 during tht 32 months of its existence, most of the additions being of scholar? who came to Washington for longer or shorter periods of war work; The complete personnel of the board was as follows : Chairmen. — James T. Shotwell, April 29-November 9, 1917; Evarts B. Greene, November 9, 1917-September 11, 1918; Dana C, Munro, September 11, 1918-December 30, 1919. Vice chairmen. — Charles H. Hull, April 29-November 9, 1917 Dana C. Munro, November 9, 1917-September 11, 1918; Joseph Schafer (executive officer), September 11, 1918-December 30, 1919. 18 The proceedings of this conference are printed in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1917. 19 An elaborate account of the work performed by the various State organizations was contributed to the American Historical Review for October, 1919, by Franklin F. Hol- brook, " The Collection of State War Service Records." The proceedings of the National Association of State War Historical Organizations will be found in this report. A manu- script survey of war records in Washington prepared for the new association by Dr. New- ton D. Mereness is in the Document Division of the Library of Congress ; a more elab- orate survey of the economic war records of the Government is in preparation by Waldo 6. Leland and Newton D. Mereness for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 187 Secretary-treasurer. — Waldo G. Leland, April 29, 1917-December 30, 1919. Members. — Carl Becker, Milledge L. Bonham, Victor S. Clark, Robert D. W. Connor, Archibald C. Coolidge, William E. Dodd, Carl Russell Fish, Guy S. Ford, Samuel B. Harding, Charles H. Haskins, Charles Downer Hazen, Charles H. Hull, Gaillard Hunt, J. Franklin Jameson, Henry Johnson, William E. Lingelbach. Charles Moore, Wallace Notestein, Frederic L. Paxson, Frederick J. Turner. To these should be added Dr. Leo F. Stock of the Carnegie Insti- tution who, though not becoming a member of the board, served as its recorder and took an active part in its work. Of the above, 6 were residents of Washington (Messrs. Clark, Hunt, Jameson, Leland, Moore, and Stock) and 12 resided there during all or part of the war (Messrs. Bonham, Fish, Ford, Greene, Harding, Hull, Munro, Notestein, Paxson, Schafer, Shotwell, and Turner) ; the other members were in Washington occasionally. There were also many other scholars in the capital during the war and from their counsel and active assistance the board profited much, as likewise from the advice, suggestions, and aid of many more whose duties* lay elsewhere. In a very real sense the effective personnel of the board included a large section of the historical profession. After its organization on April 29, 1917, the board held but few formal meetings, these being on May 7, May 31, and November 9-10, 1917, September 11, 1918, and December 30, 1919. During May and June, 1917, the members of the board who were in Washington held almost daily meetings of an informal character, of which, however, minutes were kept, and a general informal meeting was held in Phila- delphia in December, 1917, during the annual meeting of the Ameri- can Historical Association. The business of the board was trans- acted and its work directed by various committees. After November 9, 1917, an executive committee composed of the officers and of some of the members in Washington had the responsible direction of the board's activities and held frequent meetings; the executive commit- tee was aided by four standing committees — on research, bibliography and records, education, and cooperation with other organizations and with the Government — and also by special committees appointed from time to time for temporary purposes. The period of full ac- tivity of the board extended from its organization until the end of 1918 ; during the first half of 1919 its work was confined chiefly to the educational survey and the Enemy Press Service, which have been described, and after July 1 its activities practically ceased. The work of the board was supported chiefly by an appropriation from the Carnegie Institution, of Washington, made through its department of historical research. The department also provided 188 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. offices, telephone and other service, and the assistance of the members of its staff, two of whom devoted practically all of their time to the board's work. Two officers of the board were made temporary asso- ciates of the department, thus enabling them to come to Washington for periods of service extending over several months. The Enemy Press Bureau derived its principal support from a direct appropria- tion by the Carnegie Institution and had its offices in the latter's Administration Building. The funds which the board received from other sources than the Carnegie Institution were mainly in the form of gifts for special purposes, chiefly the British lecture mission and the prize essay competition, and of royalties from the sale of the War Reader. There were also certain miscellaneous receipts, the most considerable of which was from the sale of the German and Austrian newspapers and periodicals. The final statement of the treasurer on December 26, 1919, 20 showed a balance of over a thousand dollars, with the prospect of certain addi- tional receipts in the form of further royalties. After authorizing, the treasurer to meet any outstanding liabilities, or such as might be incurred in closing up the affairs of the board, it was voted that the sum remaining in the treasury, together with future royalties, be' given to the American Historical Association to constitute the, Andrew D. White Fund, the income of which was to be employed in the support of such international undertakings as might be ap- ; proved by the association's two representatives in the American Council of Learned Societies, of which it is a constituent member. The board also bequeathed to the association its committee on his- tory and education for citizenship and the idea of a committee on service. ^ < 80 Final statement of receipts and expenditures, December 26, 1919. Receipts : Department of historical research $11, 558. 08 Other sources 7, 944. 17 Expenditures : Services $2, 517. 82 Travel 1, 559. 57 Supplies | 2, 216. 36 Bank charges 1. 00 Prizes; , 4, 670. 00 Historical Outlook 2, 006. 18 Committee on history and education for citizenship 1, 803. 90 Enemy Press Bureau 1, 752. 15 Britisfc lecture mission 1, 100. 00 Training camp lectures 510. 90 Services at Peace Inquiry 161. 39 War Reader 50. 00 French War Reader 47.60 19, 502. 25 18, 396. 87 Balance 1, 105. 38 ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 189 It is impossible to estimate the permanent influence of the board and of its work. What it was able to do was only a small part of iv hat was done by the historical profession as a whole, but the com- mon experience demonstrated in convincing fashion that historical scholarship can serve effectively a multitude of needs and that his- torical scholars can contribute services of great value in time of emergency. Most important of all, however, was the fresh realiza- tion of the responsibility of the historian and of the teacher of history. It is through them that future generations will know and judge the period through which we have just lived. The conception which a people has of itself, of its principles of conduct and of its part in the affairs of the world, is the essential factor in determining- its action at any given time, but this conception is itself determined chiefly by what it believes its past to have been and by the lessons which it draws from that past, and this belief and these lessons are shaped by the historian. THE GENERAL WAR-TIME COMMISSION OF THE CHURCHES. By Samuel McCrea Cavert, Associate Secretary, Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America. The General War-Time Commission of the Churches was organ- ized September 20, 1917, by the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, as the agency through which the Protestant churches of the country should cooperate in carrying on their work in behalf of the Army, the Navy, and the Nation during the war. Dur- ing the five months preceding the organization of the General War- Time Commission preliminary activities had been carried on by the existing agencies of the Federal Council. The first important historical record which the General War-Time Commission of the Churches has prepared appeared at the end of 1919 under the title, " War-Time Agencies of the Churches : Direc- tory and Handbook," a volume of 337 pages, edited by Margaret Renton, office secretary of the General War-Time Commission of the Churches, and published by the commission. This volume is an ac- count of the war activities of the various denominational and inter- denominational agencies of the churches. It attempts to bring to- gether the outstanding facts concerning the work which was done by the official authorized agencies of the churches for war service. It deals particularly with the agencies included in the constituency of the General War-Time Commission of the Churches, but, for pur- poses of completeness, a brief record of other religious bodies, such as the Jewish Welfare Board, the National Catholic War Council, the Committee on War Activities of the Knights of Columbus, and of the Christian Science War Activities, is given. Part I of the volume 190 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. is a record of the work of the various denominational war agencies, giving in each case the personnel of the organization and of all its standing and special committees, and a summary of the lines of work which it carried on. The following organizations are thus treated : The War Commission of the Northern Baptist Convention. The War Council of the Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention. The War Work Commission of the Christian Church. The National Service Commission of the Congregational Churches. The War Emergency Committee for the Disciples of Christ. ^ The Commission on National Service of the Evangelical Associa- tion. The War Welfare Commission of the Evangelical Synod of North America. The American Friends Service Committee. The National Lutheran Commission for Soldiers' and Sailors' Welfare. The Lutheran Church Board for Army and Navy, United States ■ of America, of the Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other States. The War-Time Commission of the African Methodist Episcopal i Church. The National War Council of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The War Work Commission of the Methodist Episcopal Church, ' South. The War Work Commission of the Methodist Protestant Church. The United States Service Commission of the Moravian Church. The War Work Commission of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. The General War Work Council of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. The National Service Commission of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. The National Service Commission of the United Presbyterian Church. The War Commission of the Episcopal Church. The War-Time Commission of the Reformed Episcopal Church. The Christian Reformed War Service Commission. The War Service Commission of the Reformed Church in America. The National Service Commission of the Reformed Church in the United States. The War Work Council of the Unitarian Churches. The War Commission of the United Brethren Church. The War Service Commission of the United Evangelical Church. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 191 Part II of the volume gives a similar record of the activities of the various interdenominational and cooperative agencies representing the Protestant churches in various lines of work. ^ A summarized statement of each of the following organizations is given : The Committee on War Work of the American Bible Society. The Committee on War Literature of the American Sunday School Union. The General War-Time Commission of the Churches. The War Work of the other commissions of the Federal Council of the Churches ©f Christ in America. The United Committee on War Temperance Activities in the Army and Navy. The Home Missions Council. The National Committee on the Churches and the Moral Aims of the War. The War Service Department of the Salvation Army. The Committee on the War and the Religious Outlook. The National War Work Council of the Young Men's Christian Associations. The Interdenominational Young People's Commission. The War Work Council of the National Board of the Young Women's Christian Associations. Special consideration is given to the work of the General War-Time Commission of the Churches as the inclusive organization made up of official representatives of practically all the existing Protestant agencies for war service. The work of its committees on Survey of the Field; on Army and Navy Chaplains; on Camp Neighbor- hoods ; on Interchurch Buildings and War Production Communities ; on the Welfare of Negro Troops ; on Interchange of Preachers and Speakers between the Churches of America, Great Britain, and France; on the Employment of Returning Soldiers; on Social Hy- giene; on Voluntary Chaplains; and other committees, is given in summarized form. A supplement to the volume gives a complete list of the war-time publications of the various agencies of the Protestant Churches. A further historical record is now in preparation — the Report of the General War-Time Commission of the Churches. This is to be a much more detailed history of the cooperative work of the churches through the General War-Time Commission of the Churches than is given in the War-Time Agencies of the Churches, described above. It will embody the official reports of its various committees, record all its more important actions and utterances, and present a general interpretation of the significance of the work which was done by the churches during the war. It will contain also appendixes giving statistical information concerning the number of regular chaplains 192 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. in the Army and Navy, voluntary chaplains, work done in war pro- duction communities and in the various other lines. The prepara- tion of the volume is in the hands of Rev. Gaylord S. White, formerly associate secretary of the General War-time Commission. The chief sources of data for this forthcoming record of the coop- erative work of the churches during the war are as follows: The official record of the fortnightly meetings of the executive committee of the General War-Time Commission of the Churches. The official reports of the committees charged with responsibility for various phases of work. The data secured through the press-clipping service concerning the work of the chaplains and the churches. Extensive correspondence with chaplains, camp pastors, and other workers in the camps. Two comprehensive surveys of the religious forces at work in the training camps, one prepared in November, 1917, the other in May, 1919. The complete roster of the chaplains of the Army and Navy, to- gether with their assignments and denominational affiliations. The collection of war-time publications of the churches in the library of the Union Theological Seminary. It will be observed from this statement that no effort is being made to secure a roster of all the members of the Protestant Churches who served in the war. The aim is rather to chronicle the service which was rendered by the authorized agencies of the churches. NATIONAL CATHOLIC WAR COUNCIL By the Committee on Historical Records. Summary of the work which has been done by the committee on historical records from its inception to April 1, 1920, and outline of what remains to be accomplished. Broadly speaking, there were three parts to the program: I. A complete census of Catholic men in the service (Army, Navy, Marine Corps). II. The foundation ef national Catholic archives, or a central depot where the student of Catholic activity in the war would be enabled to find easily and efficiently all the source material to be used for that purpose. This source material, generally speaking, can be catalogued under three headings: (a) Newspaper material: For this purpose a periodical department was in- stituted. Letters were sent out to all the Catholic papers, and immediately the files of the Catholic press of the country began to grow. (6) Private letters and diaries of those in the service. (c) Books, published by every sort of organization on American cooperation In the war, which would furnish materials for the Catholic historian. III. Cooperation. — (a) Cooperation with the other national standing com- mittees of the committee on special war activities. By this is meant that the ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 193 chairmen and secretaries of the other committees expected to be kept in con- stant touch with all newspaper accounts dealing with their particular field of activity. (b) Cooperation with the Catholic press: It was hoped that the committee on historical records would be able to send out frequently, if not weekly, " releases " telling of the work done by individual Catholics in the service. (c) Cooperation with other agencies outside the committee on special war activities. I. What Has Been Accomplished. A summary report of the work that has been done should contain a reply to the following general question : " How far has the committee succeeded in com- piling and completing an accurate record of Catholic American activity during the Great War?" Reports of the activities of the committee on historical records were made to the committee on special war activities, usually at monthly intervals, the first one being given on July 11, 1918. These reports show the following results : (A) COMPLETION OF SERVICE LISTS. In May, 1918, a general letter was sent to all pastors in the country, request- ing a list of the men in the service. This was followed in August by a second general letter calling for the names of the men called in the second draft. The cooperation of the diocesan chanceries was secured in collecting the names. A card index of the parishes which reported was made up, the card for each parish containing the number of men in service in the various branches. After this analytical index was completed work was begun on a card index containing the service record of each Catholic who served. The results thus far in this whole work are as follows : Parishes reported, 4,815 ; total names reported, 243,349 ; individual service cards made, 58,310; itemized by dioceses in the following table : Individual census cards written to April 1, 1920. Scranton 3, 338 Wichita 219 Wheeling 1, 875 Wilmington 128 Winona 267 Belmont 37 Alaska 34 Ruthenian-Greek 36 Baltimore . 4, 604 Boston 24, 173 Chicago 3, 548 Dubuque 060 Philadelphia 2, 951 Altoona 3, 307 Erie 827 Harrisburg 941 Peoria 635 Pittsburgh 10,788 Total 58,310 (B) COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL MATERIAL. 1. Catholic newspapers. — Files of 61 newspapers, printed in the English language and 19 in foreign languages, are collected in the periodical department. These files are more or less complete from the beginning of the war. A card index of all war material in 42 of the more prominent papers has been completed up to July 1, 1919. 2. Catholic magazines, — We have files of 43 American Catholic magazines, printed in English and 7 foreign-language magazines, together with 15 college publications. 25066°— 23 13 194 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 3. Episcopal pronouncements. — A number of the heirarchy have sent us com- plete files of their pronouncements and addresses during the war. From many others we have received occasional papers of importance. 4. Published reports of Catholic gatherings incidental to the war. — We have gathered through the Knights of Columbus campaign committee and through the efforts of a number of interested indivcluals newspaper clippings of detailed meetings held by Catholics throughout the country. These clippings approxi- mate 10,000 in number. In addition to these we have on hand upwards of 1,000 memorial booklets recounting the various memorial gatherings held in various parts of the country. 5. All other material. — Our archives contain about 4,000 miscellaneous papers, such as letters of historical importance, diaries, reports of chaplains, photo- graphs, etc. These have all been indexed analytically and filed for ready refer- ence. Included in this material are the complete files of the war council's committee, which handled the drive for funds in connection with the committee or other war-service agencies. (C) PROBLEMS OF COOPERATION. The work of the other committees was soon found to be cognate to each other, but not of that distinctive historical bearing which necessitated prompt cooper- ation on the part of our committee. Had this cooperation been carried out in a systematic manner each one of the standing committees needing guidance or accounts of the work being done should have delegated one of its own staff as a searcher in their periodical department. II. What Remains to be Accomplished. (A) COMPLETION OF SERVICE LISTS. It is estimated that fully 1,000,000 Catholic Americans served their country during the great war. As we already have the names of approximately 250,- 000, it remains for us to gather in the records of 750,000 more. These names are to be secured from the 5,977 parishes which have not as yet sent in any report and from the 4,815 parishes which reported, since many of those lists were sent in before the full number was known. These remaining names should be collected in the following manner: 1. Letters should be sent to chancellors of all dioceses asking for any lists they may have on file and for assistance in securing cooperation of pastors in completing the census. 2. Letters will then be sent to every parish which has not reported, and follow-up letters will be sent out until the census is completed. 3. The reports received will be analyzed and indexed as heretofore, and indi- vidual census cards will be written. This means the making of 5,977 parish service cards and approximately 940,000 individual census cards. 4. After all the names are in our files they should be compared with the rosters in the adjutant general's office of each State, in order to secure a more complete and accurate record of the service of each man. (B) COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL MATERIAL. 1. Catholic newspapers. — (a) The files must be completed by securing issues not yet received covering the period between 1914 and the present. Where these copies can not be secured from the publisher it will be necessary to inter- ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 195 est subscribers to send in the papers we need. This has been done already in several cases with good results. (b) Some papers have never been received, and further efforts should be made to secure complete files for the period of the war. (c) The card indexing of war material in all these papers must be completed. To do this it will be necessary, in addition to having some one to catalogue the English-language papers, to solicit the assistance of persons who can index the war items in French, German, Polish, Bohemian, and other foreign-language papers. 2. Catholic magazines. — Steps must be taken to complete the files of our magazines and to make up an index of the war articles in them. 3. Episcopal pronouncements. — It is believed that it will now be possible to secure sets of Episcopal pronouncements from each diocese. Those already re- ceived have been catalogued and additions to this file will be indexed upon receipt. 4. Published reports of Catholic gatherings. — While our newspapers and other files contain a great many such reports, a much larger number remain unre- corded in our archives, especially those reported in the public press. In order to complete our archives it will be necessary to have a report of every impor- tant Catholic gathering incidental to the war. 5. All other material. — While receipts of letters, diaries, photographs, etc., so far have been encouraging, this source of material has only been touched. Appeals must be made through the Catholic press and through pastors to make people realize the necessity of furnishing us with such material. In addition to our request for complete service lists, we should appeal to pastors to have their parishioners send us every bit of material of possible historical interest. COOPERATION WITH OTHER COMMITTEES. With the winding up of the other standing committees of the Committee on Special War Activities, we expect to secure for our archives the files of these committees, as the War Council archives should properly be in the custody of the Committee on Historical Records. III. Composition of the History. With all the necessary material in hand, properly analyzed and indexed, it will be possible to take up the work of actually writing a complete scientific history of Catholic American activity during the great war. The tentative outline for this comprehensive work is as follows : I. Catholics in past American wars. II. The Catholic Church during the period of American neutrality (August, 1914-April, 1917). III. Catholics and the call to arms — the draft. IV. Catholics in training schools and camps. V. Catholic social, educational, recreational work in the camps. VI. Catholics at the front — the Catholic honor roll. VII. The organization of Catholic relief, national and local. VIII. Catholic cooperation with national and State war administration. IX. Catholics at home during the war — the fight behind the lines. X. Catholics and the financing of the war : Liberty loans, war-saving stamps, contributions to welfare work, etc. XI. Catholic contribution to allied relief— e. g. f Belgium, etc 196 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. XII. Catholic women and the war: (a) Catholics in the Red Cross and Army Nurse Corps; (b) sisterhoods; (c) other agencies of welfare at home and abroad. XIII. Catholic students in the Students' Army Training Corps. XIV. Effects of the. war on Catholic life in America. XV. Catholics at the close of the war. Mr. Michael Williams, editor of the National Catholic War Council Bulletin, is now preparing a story of Catholic participation in the war, which will con- sist of about 400 pages of text and will be published September l. 20 This book will outline in narrative form the record of American Catholic activity during the war in all its phases, and will be a companion volume to the recently pub- lished Knights of Columbus book. 21 While, of course, it will not be exhaustive, it will be as accurate as possible, and will furnish a very good starting point for the complete record which we hope to publish eventually. THE COLLECTION OF JEWISH WAR RECORDS. By Julian Laevitt, Director Office of War Records, American Jewish Committee. The establishment of a historical record of Jewish service in the war was undertaken in November, 1917, by the American Jewish Committee, acting in cooperation with the Jewish Welfare Board, the American Jewish Historical Societ}^ the Jewish Publication Society, and other related organizations, under the immediate direc- tion of Dr. Cyrus Adler. The actual search for material was attended with problems of exceptional difficulty. As is well known, the official records of the Army and Navy were not accessible during the war ; and even if they had been accessible they would have been of comparatively slight value in the initial stages of the undertaking, as they make no note of religious affiliations. Unofficial lists were not in existence. The Jews in the service came from every section, city, and village in the country, were scattered in every branch of the service, and in many cases were not affiliated with any known Jewish organizations or institutions. The combing out of their names involved, therefore, the organization of a systematic search among the men in the camps and at the front and among their friends and relatives at home. The Jewish Welfare Board assumed the first part of the task, in- structing its workers in America and overseas to forward all in- formation of a statistical character gathered by or known to them, including religious censuses taken by the board or by their agencies, furlough records for Jewish holidays, and individual registration cards signed by the Jewish soldiers in the welfare huts. The office of Jewish war records, on the other hand, concentrated upon the families and friends of the soldiers and sailors in the United States. To this end it enlisted the cooperation of all religious, fraternal, 20 American Catholics in the War. New York, 1921. a The Knights of Columbus in Peace and War. New Haven, Conn., 1920. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 197 industrial, and labor organizations throughout the country, distribut- ing among them several million registration cards calling for in- formation as to name of soldier; home and service address; age, nativity, branch of service, rank, regiment, company; date of in- duction, or discharge, whether volunteered or drafted; in what actions engaged, and whether wounded, cited, or promoted. In addition the office instituted a press-clipping service for the col- lection of data as to all reports of enlistments, service-flag dedica- tions, honor rolls, and all other possible sources of information. All Army orders and assignments, casualty lists, the records of local draft boards, Red Cross lists, and similar sources were thoroughly searched and followed up for possible clues. From all these sources there were collected more than 500,000 records, which were carefully collated, and, after duplicates were eliminated, copied in triplicate, and filed in three separate cata- logues — one arranged alphabetically and so devised as to bring together automatically all variant forms of names which are espe* dally liable to misplacements because of common errors in reporting, copying, or transliterating; another catalogue arranged by branches of the service, with officers and honor men " signaled " ; and a third arranged by States, cities, and towns. At present the collection covers about- 150,000 records of individual soldiers, sailors, and marines, freed of all duplications; about 25,000 press clippings systematically arranged; numerous photographs; letters and documents of historical value ; and about 8,000 question- naires (holographic, with few exceptions) embodying the following information as to commissioned officers, casualties, and citations: 1. Name in full. 2. Present service or business address. 3. Legal residence. 4. Date and place of birth. 5. Birthplace of parents. 6. Education. 7. Brief summary of civilian career before joining service. 8. Full name and highest rank. 9. Arm of service. 10. Branch. 11. Method of entrance into service. 12. Date of entrance into service. 13. Rank or rating upon entrance into service and first organiza- tion, unit, station, or ship. 14. Date of leaving service. (If still in service, so state.) 15. Highest rank or rating and last organization, unit, station, or ship. 198 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 16. Promotions or official recommendations for promotion received, with dates thereof. 17. Length of time spent overseas or afloat, counting toward service chevrons. 18. Duties and general location of organization, unit, or ship. 19. Participated in the following actions. 20. Honors, medals, citations, official expressions of appreciation or thanks, etc. 21. Casualty. (Circumstantial details as to nature of casualty, time and place, name of hospital, etc.) 22. Summary of service record in form of chronological statement of official movements and duties. (Wherever possible, send photo- graphs, diaries, copies of official citations, etc.) As the process of gathering and verifying the data is still under- way, it is as yet impossible to furnish definitive figures bearing upon the record of American Jews in the war. Certain preliminary find- ings have, however, been published in the first and second reports of this office, which may be had upon application to the American Jewish committee, 31 Union Square, New York City. THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE WAR HISTORY ORGANI- ' : ZATIONS. i Responding to the call of Dr. James Sullivan, State historian of New York, representatives of the war history organizations of 16 States met in Washington, D. C, in September, 1919, to discuss prob- lems confronting them in the collection and compilation of the rec- ords of the participation of their respective States in the World War, and in particular to determine the most effective and economical means of procuring information from the national archives. The immediate outcome of the deliberations was the establishment of the National Association of State War History Organizations with the following constitution : I. The name of this organization shall be the National Association of State War History Organizations. II. The headquarters of the association shall be located at Washington, D. C. III. The purpose of the association shall be to facilitate the gathering of historical materials relating to the participation of the several States in the World War from the archives of the United States Government and other cen- tral depositories, and to provide for the exchange of publications and informa- tion among the members. IV. The membership of the association shall be limited to any official organi- zation or agency in each State or Territory of the Union empowered to collect material pertaining to the World War. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 199 V. The officers of the association shall be a president, a vice president, and a secretary-treasurer, no two of whom shall be from the same State or Territory. The duties of these officers shall be those usually appertaining to their respec- tive offices. VI. The executive committee shall consist of the officers of the association and two additional members elected by the association. Meetings of the executive ; committee shall be held on call of the president, or upon the written request of any three members of the committee. This committee shall be empowered to make provision for carrying out the purposes of this association. VII. The annual meeting shall be held in April of each year in the city of Washington. Special meetings may be called by the executive committee, and shall be called upon the written request of 10 members. VIII. The officers and two elective members of the executive committee shall be chosen each year at the annual meeting. IX. A quorum for a meeting of the association shall consist of a majority of the members of the association. A quorum for a meeting of the executive com- mittee shall be three. X. This association shall come into existence as soon as 10 official organiza- tions have joined. There shall be an annual membership fee of $200 for each member of this association, payable in advance. The funds of this association shall be expended at the direction of the executive committee, subject to any specific instructions of the association. Dr. Newton D. Mereness, director of research of the association in Washington, has made a preliminary survey of the records in the national depositories which may be considered of value to State war history organizations. The report of this survey, with three appendixes, is a document of 126 typewritten pages. A more detailed study of the records of the Food Administration, the Ship- ping Board, and of the hearings before the House and Senate com- mittees, is well underway. The number of inquiries coming to the Washington office is growing steadily and attention to a request from some one State has often been a means of acquiring information of value to other States. There is also being assembled in the Wash- ington office a small collection of documents, any one of which may, upon application, be loaned to a member of the association. THE AMERICAN- LEGION". By Eben Putnam, National Historian. Such activities of the American Legion as might be classed as " along historical lines " have been to the present time chiefly co- operation with organizations established for the purpose of collect- ing and preserving data relating to the World War. The American Legion is the largest organization of its kind in the world, and its activities are manifold. It is essentially an organization of young men, men from every walk in life, individually holding varying 200 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. ideas with regard to matters generally, but unanimous in their love for their country. It is therefore not to be wondered at that the organization along with its welfare committees, and the usual activi- ties of an organization of veterans of the military and naval services has developed plans for increasing the interest every veteran should have in his country's history and his community and for inculcat- ing American ideas in the mind and heart of the alien resident with us. The former is handled through the department and post historians, the latter through the Americanization committees of the national and departmental organizations. Nearly every department and nearly every post of the American Legion has provided for the office of historian, and nearly every one of these has filled that office by election. The constitution of the national organization did not provide for such an officer, and when the need arose for a national official who might aid in coordinating the efforts of the department historians, the executive officers of the legion selected the historian of the Massachusetts department to acti as national historian. 22 The legion historians are primarily concerned in preserving data, pertaining to the history of their respective units ; that is, the depart- ment or post. The post historian is particularly concerned in col- lecting data concerning the members of the post, especially their service in the war. Most of these department and post officers have had no training; in historical work and have had to be instructed with regard to the manner in which they should perform their duties. It has been the policy of the national organization to urge the local legion historians to cooperate with whatever agency was in existence for preserving data relating to the war. In many instances this policy has been carried out with considerable success. Town war-history committees, State and county war-history organizations, local libraries, and historical societies have benefited by the help given by the legion organizations. As time passes and as the various posts become more stable in their membership the cooperation between the legion posts and local historical organizations will increase. The American Legion is as yet a young organization. Its policies along lines of historical work have yet to be established. So far it has assisted in the collection of the records, service and family, of 1 its members; the collection of data concerning the relatives of men 22 At the second national convention the constitution of the American Legion was: amended to provide for a " National Historian " elected by the National Executive Com- mittee, which body prescribes his duties. Eben Putnam was chosen to the office thus established. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 201 who died in the service ; the compilation of a complete report of all persons who died in the service; the collection of materials for mu- seum exhibits (loaned by legion members or others upon the recom- mendation of the legion) ; and the sponsoring of movements for the erection of proper war memorials. The work which it has been suggested might be done by depart- ment and post historians is best learned by the annexed bulletins, the first intended for department, the second for post historians. Ln many cases the recipient of these bulletins has adopted the sugges- tions with enthusiasm and has succeeded in accomplishing a sub- stantial beginning. As this note will doubtless reach the hands of secretaries and other >mcers of historical societies throughout the country, it is hoped that they will appreciate the fact that the American Legion is willing to lielp in the great task of collecting data for the history of the part Laken by towns and other communities in the war and will inform themselves of the address of the post historians in their vicinity and obtain their cooperation in this work. Under proper guidance sjreat assistance can doubtless be obtained from the legion posts. Appendix. The American Legion, National Headquarters, Meridian Life Building, Indianapolis, Ind. — Bulletin. June 11, 1920. Drganization No. 50. Subject : Department historian, duties of. 1. The duties of the department historian should bring him in touch with national headquarters, post officials, and with Federal, State, and local organi- sations concerned in collecting data pertaining to the war, its preservation ind utilization. 2. These duties naturally divide themselves under the following heads: Annalist, necrologist, archivist, librarian, cabinet keeper. (A) Annalist: The department historian is an annalist, inasmuch as he makes a report yearly of an historical nature. These yearly reports over a aumber of years, the annals of the department, should be an inspiration and ?uide to the historian who in years to come will write the history of the department. The yearly report should summarize (a) department activities; (o) post activities. (B) Necrologist: As necrologist, the department historian should preserve obituary notices of department officials, important members of the legion who have died within the department, and of officers of posts who died in office. He should have a complete list of all members of the legion who have died within the department, with statement of their service and what can be ascertained concerning their life and their immediate family. 202 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. (C) Archivist and librarian: The department historian should have charg of all printed and manuscript materials dealing with the World War, or an! other subjects, which come into possession of the department headquarter* All department records not in current use should pass into his charge. Record of dormant or defunct posts should be turned over to the care of the depari ment historian. He should be consulted by posts planning to make collection pertaining to the war, and with regard to selection of depositories, shoul posts determine to part with any collections. (D) Cabinet keeper: All articles other than printed or written narrative and books, such as relics, souvenirs, things of curious and interesting natun such as naturally would find a place of rest in a museum, which come int possession of the department headquarters should pass to the care of tli department historian. A collection of this nature would form in time museum. The term cabinet keeper is used in the sense of curator. 3. It is essential that the department historian should communicate wit post historians as occasion demands. He should have knowledge of local coi ditions existing wherever a post is situated, in order that he may be in position to advise the post historian regarding the best method of carrying o his work. To this end information should be sought of local post officials, t discover whether there exist local organizations which could cooperate with th post. 4. The department historian should be informed concerning the existence an activities of organizations which are gathering information concerning th war. He should cooperate with State commissions, historical societies, an' libraries engaged in this work. He should see that proper recognition is e^ tended to him as representing the American Legion in the department, so th^ the American Legion, representing ex-service men and women, will be consults with regard to the work these bodies carry on. 5. Whatever publications of a nature affecting the legion in the department ar issued by public authority should be filed with the department historian. H should endeavor to obtain copies of all publications issued within the depari ment which relate to participation in the war, preparation for war, and result ing effects. The collection of such material should be carried on in no narro" spirit, rather too much than too little. 6. The department historian should report at stated intervals to the nationi adjutant. These reports should cover: (a) Principal features of his work as department historian since last repor and development of work formerly reported as in progress. (6) What laws or legislative acts concern the collection and preservation o data concerning the part the State has taken in the war, what changes ma have been made or are in contemplation, with remarks pertinent to the subject (c) What commissions are in existence, or contemplated, dealing wit matters which should come under his observation, and what is being accon plished by these commissions. 7. The annual report of the department historian should be in print, an copies distributed to national headquarters, the various department historian? all posts within the department, and such libraries and other places of deposi as may desire them. In case the annual report is not printed, duplicate copie should be filed at national headquarters. 8. Attention is directed to a bulletin entitled " Notes on historical work submitted to national headquarters by the Minnesota Historical Society, copie ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 203 of which may be had upon application to the organization division, national headquarters, and which every department historian is requested to procure and place on file. 9. In order that department historians may familiarize themselves with some of the activities of State war record commissions, they are advised that by appli- cation to Prof. A. E. McKinley, secretary of the National Association of State War History Organizations, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pa., information may be obtained concerning matters of interest. Also, that a summary of the proceedings and publications of the various units eligible to membership in the above association was printed in the October, 1919, American Historical Review (address Woodward Building, Washington, D. C), under the title, "The col- lection of State war service records." Membership in the American Historical Association is suggested as an aid to keeping in touch with historical conditions throughout the country. 10. National headquarters of the American Legion has been very ably assisted in preparing the outlines of all historical work by Eben Putnam, department historian of Massachusetts. Mr. Putnam will very gladly give any assistance desired. Address any requests to him at Wellesley Farms, Mass. Lemuel Bolles, National Adjutant. The American Legion, National Headquarters, Meridian Life Building, Indian- apolis, Ind. — Bulletin. July 19, 1920. Organization No. 54. Subject: Post historian, duties of. 1. The post historian should be selected for his interest, his methodical habit, his intelligence, and tactfulness. These are fundamental requirements for the position, which is one of no light duties and responsibilities. Faithfulness in the face of repeated discouragements will be found to be an essential qualifica- tion, but eventually the work accomplished by the post historian will be found to be not only of importance but increasing interest and value. 2. The post historian can well bear in mind the words of the department his- torian of Iowa, " the patriotic duty of the hour is the collection and preservation of the historical materials relating to the World War." Ten years from now the work of the historian will be more appreciated than it is to-day. 3. The work of historian can be best performed in small to medium sized posts. Large posts should make provision to distribute the work of post his- torian among several members, appointing committees to assist the historian, each member to have charge of certain sections. As post historians serve with- out pay, have duties which if properly performed must interfere largely with their leisure hours, too much can not be expected of them. 4. The duties of the post historian affords a wide field of activity. There should be close and effective cooperation between the adjutant and historian; the work of one supplements that of the other. 5. The average community will quickly respond to well-directed efforts of the post historian ; his work will interest people in the post and will help the post and the community as well. Do not fail to realize that if valued letters and other materials are loaned or given to the post for preservation there is created an obligation which is sacred and which should be lived up to. Here the post 204 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. historian is responsible, for he should, as a rule, have charge of collection of materials of historical nature. 6. Some of the duties of the post historians : (c) Obtain from each member as complete as possible a statement of his or her participation in the war. It is advisable not to confine the work to mem- bers only. Complete records of every person eligible to membership should be secured. Interest the families of the men and women who served, and through their help much valuable information and material can be collected. (&) Get information regarding the family affiliation of members, also suffi- cient facts concerning their life before and since the war to enable a brief but satisfactory biographical notice to be prepared should the occasion arise. Eventually it may be desired to publish a post history, in which case, unless attention is given these matters as members are received, needed information will be lacking. (c) Obtain copies of letters, extracts from diaries, written while in the serv- ice, copies of orders affecting any post member relating to decorations, cita- tions, etc. (d) Obtain information regarding those who died in the service, who if liv- ing would be eligible to membership. An honor roll containing the names of those who died in the service should be in every post headquarters. Permission might well be sought of their next of kin to enroll their names as charter members. (e) Cooperate with the local historical society, the local library if such or- ganizations exist. If they have done nothing along the lines of collecting data concerning the town's part in the war, try to stimulate and develop a proper in- terest in your work, and obtain their cooperation. Seek information from the county or State historical society, or from the war records commission, if one is appointed in your State. Representatives of such organizations will be very glad to help advance your work. (f) Keep informed regarding the activities of the post, especially of matters which should be mentioned in the annual report of the historian. Do not de- pend upon the formal records of the adjutant ; file everything which is printed concerning the post. (g) Keep in touch with the department historian; be prompt to answer in- quiries; be prepared to make your annual report to the department historian when called upon before the annual department convention. 7. National headquarters has compiled a form for the use of post historians in gathering the individual records, and sample copies may be obtained upon request. 8. The above suggestions were compiled by our acting national historian, Eben Putnam, of Wellesley Farms, Mass., and approved by national head- quarters. Lemuel Bolles, National Adjutant. ARIZONA. By H. A. Hubbard, of the Department of History, University of Arizona. The various departments of the University of Arizona cooperated in a course of lectures to the student body, and an outline of the entire course was prepared by these departments under the direction ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 205 of Miss Frances Perry, head of the department of English com- P °A t number of the members of the faculty gave lectures in Tucson and other towns of the State on the historical background of the war. The Arizona Historical and Archaeological Society has made an effort to have all the newspapers of the State bound and filed, so that this record may be permanently preserved. A meeting has been called to attempt to secure the cooperation of various organizations in preserving a record of their work. ARKANSAS. By Daixas T. Hekndon, Secretary of the Arkansas Historical Commission, from his report January. 1919, to the Board o£ Trustees. Now that the Great War is over, even though it be but a few days ago that the guns ceased firing, it would seem to be not a day too early to begin maturing and executing plans for salvaging the history of Arkansas's part in the greatest of all wars for right against might-for justice, freedom, and peace." Indeed, to have waited until after the war was won, even though it had been but the day after peace; to begin saving material for the history of the mighty efforts and achievements daily in process about us now all but two years since, would have been in our present circumstance, it seems, nothing short of criminal negligence. „ The particular circumstance here to which reference is had-that circumstance which has made it not only possible but also a duty, at least implied, to store up day by day as the war went on the essential facts of Arkansas history actually in the act of unfolding-is the fact that the State maintains a department of public archives and history under the form and title of the Arkansas History Com- mission. In peace as in war, in times of stress or in times of easy- going contentment, the business of the commission is clearly set down in words to this effect: Keep always reaching out hands in every direction, guided by discriminating eyes, firmly grasping and ea-erly gathering in such information as will in aftertime reveal the essential facts of the history of all those sundry activities in flux and vital to the material and spiritual development of the State as a whole. , ,, , . , For a view of the whole mass of matter saved thus far as seemingly material to the history of the State in the war, I doubt if I can pos- sibly define it better at a single stroke than I did in a letter of date 206 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. as early as August, 1917, addressed the State council of defense. Says that letter in part : Nearly everything of any particular significance in the way of information concerning the status or movement of the Arkansas National Guard organiza- tions since the day this commission first began its work, a not inconsiderable fund of information revealed in dispatches relating to the mobilization and tour of service of the Arkansas National Guard on the Mexican border last year (1916), as well, and even more especially, nearly everything, I believe, of any importance that has been and is being done or said in Arkansas by way of preparation for war since the declaration against Germany — we have made it our business and mean to continue systematically to treasure up day by day in the public archives of this commission agreeable to what I esteem the very best practical method for getting at the facts of history contained in the daily news and sundry contemporary reports. If, on the other hand, now one turn with me to the card catalogue of this material; if one but scan only hastily the principal subjects which appear at the top of each card in the file, and take no account for the moment of all the other more searching details set out in the index outline obviously suggestive of nearly everything of any bear- ing at all upon the war where in any manner it has touched Ar- kansas, here it is — a copy of the subjects so presented in the order of one's a, b, c's : War, the Great — In Arkansas: Aliens; Army; Aviation; Banks; Boards of commerce; Cantonments; Casualties; Censorship; Children; Churches; Civil War veterans ; Council of Defense ; Court-martials ; Daylight saving ; Declara- tion of war ; Decorations ; Deserters ; Discharges ; Discipline ; Disloyalty ; Dis- trict boards; Draft; Exemption boards; Farmers; Flag, the; Food Adminis- tration; Food conservation; Food preparedness; Foreign born; Fort Roots; Four Minute Men ; French Orphans ; Fuel Administration ; Fuel conservation ; Give-a-bushel ; Health ; Heroism ; Home Guards ; Hospitality ; Hospitals ; Indus- try ; Insignia ; Insurance ; Jews ; K. of C. ; Labor ; Legislature ; Letters ; Liberty loans ; Libraries ; Liquor ; Loyalty ; Medical Corps ; Members of Congress ; Mili- tary bands ; Mining ; National airs ; National Guard ; Navy ; Navy League ; Negroes ; Newspapers ; Patriotism ; Peace ; Post Office ; Prisoners of ; Profiteer- ing ; Promotions ; Questionnaires ; Reconstruction ; Recreation ; Red Cross ; Relics ; Salvation Army ; Sanitation ; Schools ; Schools of officers ; Service flags ; Slackers ; South, the ; Sports ; Taxation ; Thrift ; Transportation ; Tuberculosis ; Unfit, the ; Universal service ; Vice commission ; Volunteers ; Valor honored ; Weather ; Woman's service ; Woman suffragists ; Y. M. C. A. Again, if one were actually in quest of information about any one of these all but a hundred subjects which appear in the aforesaid out- line of general topics, as, let us say, for example, the Red Cross, then the choice of material even now at one's disposal would comprise the following articles, and many more besides : Red Cross: Parade in Little Rock; Tour State; Pulaski County Society or- ganized; Story of growth; State must do its part; Drive by counties; Why it ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 207 should be helped; Train to tour State; Pulaski County over top in financial campaign ; To raise $5,000 in Argenta ; One thousand members march in parade ; State gives $664,000; Fund exhausted; Hospital unit T mobilized; State's quota of subscriptions; State's quota of members, 325,000; Campaign manager prays; Headquarters opened at Hotel Marion ; In time of disaster ; Mass meeting ; State's work for, praised ; Raising funds for ; State's quota oversubscribed ; Organize for Christmas drive; and Pulaski County; State surpasses quota; Organize for selling seals of; State oversubscribes quota; Making Christmas drive; Carry bundles and help; Campaign for pure milk; Made Navy gar- ments; Workers hold rally, etc. With reference to the matter of starting a World War museum in connection with our State history museum work, I quote the follow- ing from the same report: It has long since occurred to me that, at the proper time, measures should be taken to procure for the history museum of the State an impressive col- lection of memorials commemorative of the deeds and experiences of Arkansas soldiers in camp and on the battlefields of France. The spirit, if not indeed the letter of the law to which our State museum owes its existence, seems ample in the sweep and compass of its aims to warrant us in proceeding forthwith to negotiate plans, to the end that the commission be, in the full- ness of time, fitted out handsomely with suitable exhibits of the war. Agree- able to that view of the provision of law which makes it "the duty of the commission to collect and preserve memorials of the Mexican and Civil Wars," and otherwise " to build up a museum at the capitol," I have written several letters to friends in France who, I thought, might possibly be in a position to help us forward such a plan. The following letter, for example, written and posted November 12, the day after peace was announced, pur- poses the minimum of what, it seems, the commission ought to vouchsafe upon this head : " Now that the war is over — Little Rock celebrated the peace only yester- day, and such a spontaneous manifestation of happiness I never expect to see again — I venture to hope the stress upon you has somewhat relaxed. Moreover, the times now seem ripe for laying out certain plans as regards the work of the history commission, which I believe you can and will gladly help us perfect. Whence I presume to write you at this juncture. " Arkansas will want and must have a * War Museum ' for the benefit of those of us now living and those to come after, in order that we may thus be enabled to visualize something of the grim realities of this greatest, no doubt, of all wars. We have the place to equip such a museum, and I am just now getting up our biennial budget of recommendations to the legislature, which meets, as you know, in January. I trust the commission may think proper to urge an appropriation to be used in acquiring the necessary collection of memorials. Wherefore, I am writing to know if you can not at once procure and send me a collection of material such as you may think proper, said collection to be set aside, marked permanently, as your personal contribution. I know of no one better qualified than yourself to make a suitable collection. If you can do this thing I believe it will be a service never to be forgotten; assuredly I shall not forget it. I wish you might start a large box moving this way at the earliest possible moment. I shall hope to hear from you very shortly." 208 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Agreeable to the plans set out above, we have received and cata- logued nearly a thousand relics of the various battlefields in France where Arkansas soldiers and other Americans participated in the Great War. The following introduction to the catalogue of the aforesaid souvenirs of the Great War is taken from my last annual report, submitted to the board of trustees on the 17th of this January : The exhibits in this quarter of the Arkansas History Commission are cata- logued below by sections in the order of display, the first cabinet being desig- nated cabinet A. Each item listed is accompanied by significant descriptive matter, which has been carefully selected and briefly phrased from informal memoranda furnished the director of the department by Mr. Gulley, who, at the instance and request of the history commission, made the collection while in France in the employment of the overseas postal service of the American Expeditionary Forces. It was and is the aim of the commission, as vouchsafed by the measures taken in season to procure this, an initial collection, to make forthwith a beginning in the matter of collecting memorials of the World War, which collection is here distinctly set apart as a World War museum. Such a museum, to which it is hoped may be added hereafter from time to time other more significant donations touching the part which Arkansas played in the war, will stand, in some small degree, as a fitting reminder through the years to come of the spirit of patriotism which the citizenship of Arkansas evinced at home in loyal self-denial and in deeds of valor on the field of battle in an hour when the mettle of every man's loyalty to the Nation was tried in the fire of a national peril. The history men of Arkansas took charge of the war aims course, which was given to the Students' Army Training Corps. They were also active in the drives for the sale of Liberty bonds and for the collection of funds for the Red Cross and other war agencies. CALIFORNIA. By Genevieve Ambrose, Secretary, War History Department, California His- torical Survey Commission. The formal preparation, during the progress of the war, of his- tories of the organization and operation of different branches of war service began when the war history committee of the State council of defense was organized in March, 1918, at which time circulars were sent to every war agency advising them of the importance of preserving the records of California's part in the war; and later, in August, 1918, there was sent to every war agency in the State a re- quest for a comprehensive report of its activities. Many of the war agencies, such as the State food administration and the Red Cross, etc., diverted a part of their staffs to the preparation of the histori- cal records, and other war agencies requested their several depart- ments to furnish complete reports of their particular fields of work. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 209 In some cases the official annual reports of the organization and operation of the war agencies served as excellent historical records. It has been discovered recently that in a few instances the preserva- tion of the war history started prior to the organization of the State war history committee. This is true of a few of the California ex- emption boards. One local board in particular, realizing the im- portance of the preservation of war records, began by having one of the local papers photograph each group of men as they were called by the board. This plan was carried on up to the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, in order to secure a complete gallery of all the men inducted into service. The war history committee of the State council of defense, the members of which were appointed by the director of the State de- fense body in 1918, was the first central State agency to undertake the collection and preservation of the California war records. The plan of organization called for the formation, under the direction of the executive secretary of the State committee, of a county war history committee in each county in the State. Nominations for the members and chairmen of the county committees were usually made by the chairman of the county division of the State council of de- fense to the executive secretary of the State war history committee, and by him submitted to the director of the State council of defense, who then made the formal appointments. No set form of organiza- tion was prescribed, so that each county committee was created as best fitted the conditions of that particular county. It was aimed to have on each county committee representatives of the various war agencies, librarians, editors, history teachers, and other persons who might seem best qualified to render assistance. The work outlined by the State war history committee for its county committees was of a twofold character : First, they were expected to prepare reports or contemporaneous histories dealing with local war activities, and to gather and compile such other statistical information as might re- late to the part taken by their respective counties in the great con- flict. Second, they were expected to assemble and preserve news- paper clippings, war programs, war addresses, photographs, manu- scripts, documents, posters, and fleeting war history material of every character. Special attention was directed to obtaining biographical sketches and photographs of all men in our country's service. Upon organization, which occurred before the termination of hostilities seemed likely, the county committee was expected to pre- pare an exhaustive and detailed history of the county's participation in the war to date, with quarterly reports in the future. To insure 25066°— 23 14 210 AMERTCAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. uniformity, a general form of report was arranged, in which were set forth the various war activities upon which a detailed report from each county committee was desired, among which were Red Cross ; liberty loan, war-saving stamp, and thrift drives ; food admin- istration; four-minute men; women's organizations; legal aid com- mittee; Americanization committee; war community council; farm labor committee ; public service reserve ; medical and dental aid ; Boy Scouts ; soldiers' welfare ; rehabilitation of returned soldiers ; public health, etc. On each county committee one person was designated as historian and was made responsible for compiling the full report for the county. The suggestion was made by the State war history committee that the county historian should parcel out the work to representatives of the war agencies, and that after the reports of the various war activities had been assembled the full report should then be forwarded to the State war history committee. The State committee prescribed a set of uniform rules regarding the reports and records, such as preserving the source material from which various reports were compiled, using a uniform-size page for the reports, making duplicate copies of each report, noting whether or not the records of the organization considered in the report were kept in a full and accurate manner, and whether or not there was danger of their being lost to future historians. The State war history committee laid great stress upon the importance of collect- ing biographical sketches and photographs of all men in the service, and suggested the cooperation of the local newspapers in every com- munity to make this collection complete. On January 31, 1919, the State council of defense formally went out of existence, at which time its various committees lost their legal status. However, the executive chairman of the State council of defense, on the date of the council's disbandment, recommended that certain of its committees, among which was the war history committee, be continued until provision could be made for their sup- port by other existing agencies. The work of the war history com- mittee was therefore continued and largely supported by the State board of control, where it was located until July, 1919. The Cali- fornia Historical Survey Commission, whose secretary was appointed executive secretary of the war history committee, also devoted a portion of its funds to the maintenance of the war history work. During the interim between January and July the State legislature met and enacted a law which placed the work of compiling the war records under the jurisdiction of the California Historical Survey Commission, where it was duly transferred from the State board of ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 211 control on August 1, 1919, and placed under the direction of the war history department of the historical survey commission. The plans for carrying on the work which were made by the war history committee of the State council of defense have been followed in the main by the war history department. With the development of the work, however, it has been necessary to make a few changes. For instance, the war history department advocates the enlargement of the county committee to include representatives of the following organizations: Local exemption boards; local posts of the American Legion; local press; boards of trade or chambers of commerce; board of supervisors; women's clubs (women especially active in war work) ; librarians (county and city) ; district attorney. In addition to this list the county committee have been urged to secure the coopera- tion of local historians and historical societies, and also representa- tives of educational institutions and of the various civilian war activities. The county chairmen have been asked to make the nomination of the members whom they wish to add to their com- mittees to the secretary of the war history department, who submits the same to Gov. William D. Stephens, by whom formal appoint- ments are made. The county committees are urgently requested by the war history department to collect all records and reports in duplicate, so that one set may be retained in the county archives and the other set forwarded to the war history department for lasting preservation in the State archives. Specific plans for the publication of the material which is col- lected are now underway, and the proposal has been made that each county publish its own Avar history, since much of the material that will be of vital interest to the counties can not be included in the State resume of the particular county's war activities. It has been suggested, therefore, that a bill be introduced at the next session of the State legislature that will provide for State cooperation with the counties in the publication of their histories to the extent of per- haps one-third the cost of said publication. The majority of counties favor this plan for the county publication and feel that the preserva- tion of the military records and the war activities of the citizens of each county will be, in future years, a matter of tremendous interest to every person in the county. The procedure of the county committees, after their organization along the lines above mentioned, is much the same as that outlined by the war history committee of the State council of defense. For example, the war history department recommends that each member of the county committee be assigned the task of collecting or super- vising the collection of material pertaining to one or more of the fol- lowing 14 main divisions of the war history as set forth in the " Sug- 212 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. gested Outline for a State or County War History," which has just been issued : 1. Period before America's entrance in war. 2. Military, naval, and aviation activities. 3. Agriculture and the food supply. 4. Industry and labor. 5. Commerce, transportation, and communication. 6. War finance and revenue. 7. Social, welfare, and relief agencies and work. 8. Education. 9. Religion in the war. 10. Professional men and women in war work. 11. Women in the war. 12. War legislation and administration of government. 13. Public opinion and the war. 14. Post-war period. The suggestion has been made that the member so assigned to the one or more particular subjects may wish to associate with himself others who are interested in or have valuable information of the par- ticular phase of the war history, in which event he should be named the chairman of a subcommittee composed of those whom he wishes to call upon for cooperation in his work. The suggestion has been made also by the war history department that subcommittees of the main county committee be organized in each township or other politi- cal subdivision. COLORADO. By C. C. Eckhardt, Department of History, University of Colorado. Although Colorado was as remote from the scenes of the World War and suffered as little physically as any region in the country, there was a lively interest in the war long before America entered the great conflict, and once the Nation had determined to do its part in the titanic struggle there were many in the State that felt not merely the need of doing what they could to give the public information as to the causes and meaning of the war, but also to collect and preserve records of Colorado's part in prosecuting the war. Prof. M. F. Libby, of the department of philosophy of the Uni- versity of Colorado, wrote a syllabus, "War Points for Americans, a brief statement of our position regarding the war," which was pub- lished by the National Security League. Prof. C. C. Eckhardt, of the history department of the University of Colorado, wrote articles on " The Alsace-Lorraine Question," " The North Slesvig or Dano-German Question," and " The Old Inter- nationalism and the New League of Nations," which appeared in the Scientific Monthly for May, 1918, and January and May, 1919. The various libraries of the State posted lists of books and articles ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 213 on the war, and through the extension division and the library of the University of Colorado many hundreds of books and articles were sent to all parts of the State to individuals, clubs, and schools. Many members of the faculties of Denver University, Colorado College, State Teachers' College, the Colorado Agricultural College, and the University of Colorado gave numerous addresses on the war and its origin. Prof. M. F. Libby, of the University of Colorado, made an extensive tour in the Southern States giving lectures on the war under the auspices of the National Security League. In 1918 members of the history department of the University of Colorado gave courses on the war : Prof. T. M. Marshall, " The United States and the War"; Dr. Donald McFayden, "The Diplo- matic Background of the War " ; and Prof. Libby, of the philosophy department of the same institution, gave a course on the war, and after the armistice, a course on " The World Outlook." The University of Colorado cooperated with the State council of defense in gathering war records, part of the funds for which being supplied by the State council of defense. The University of Colorado gathered war records of all men and women in the service, records of its own graduates as well as all others. In spite of the persistent efforts of Prof. James F. Willard, head of the history department, and the faithful cooperation of many others throughout the State, this work is by no means com- plete. In the southern part of the State, when the Mexicans were asked to fill out these war record blanks, they were quite suspicious, and in some cases refused to comply with the request, fearing that they were filling out some kind of registration blank for a new military draft. One school superintendent in a number of cases took the sheriff of the county along to aid in securing the desired information and signature. But even with these heroic measures the records are not complete for that district. Elsewhere our friends report that it is very difficult to get responses from the war veterans or their families. It seems much easier to fight for victory than to fill out blanks that tell about it. The most extensive and comprehensive undertaking was the col- lection of newspaper clippings on war activities throughout the State. Over a hundred newspapers from all parts of Colorado were sent gratis to the history department of the State University. Here, under the direction of Prof. James F. Willard, a class read the papers, made clippings, and classified them as to general State ac- tivities, activities of the various counties, the subheadings being as follows: Red Cross, food and fuel consumption, war gardens, Knights of Columbus, Y. M. C. A., Liberty loan, Women's Council of Defense, etc. Great quantities of information were thus pre- served, but owing to a lack of funds the work could not be complete. 214 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. The State historical society collected copies of all draft lists, and these are on file in Denver at the society's headquarters, as are also the complete records of the Four-Minute Men of some parts of the State. The society also sent out questionnaires to men and women in the service, these being distributed through the efforts of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Women's Council of Defense, and the American Legion. The society also sent out civilian questionnaires. The society has been making an energetic drive to secure photographs of the men, war pictures and trophies, letters and diaries, and anything else connected with the war. The records of the State council of defense and the Women's Council of Defense are preserved with the State historical society. Duplicates of most of these records are also deposited at the Uni- versity of Colorado. In many counties vigorous efforts were made to keep a record of the men in the service, El Paso, Gunnison, Boulder, and others really succeeding, while in the remainder of the counties the records are incomplete. GEORGIA. By Lucian Lamar Knight, State Historian. The department of archives and history, State of Georgia, was created less than two years ago in the midst of the great World War, and while trying to keep an observant eye on the international horizon the State historian and director of the department was also charged with the responsibility of assembling together in one place all of the scattered archives of the State capitol for permanent preservation, safe custody, and classification. In conjunction with the State council of defense, which organiza- tion has now ceased to exist, the department has compiled a roster of all who have made the supreme sacrifice, whether engaged in service on land or water, or in the air, from the State of Georgia. It has also compiled a complete list of Georgia casualties, including every Georgia soldier, sailor, or marine who was wounded in the service of the United 'States. It has been the purpose, only partly carried out, however, to gather together all information concerning the effect of the war on Georgia's social, financial, educational, economic, and religious condition; the State's attitude toward the war; local activities, etc. No attempt has been made to compile a roster of all the Georgia troops enlisted, because such an effort would only parallel, with poor success, the activities of the United States Government along this line, which, under an act of Congress, will no doubt be thorough and can be secured by the various States on application. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 215 However, the department is trying to secure a complete list of all Georgia boys who, prior to the declaration of war by the United States, enlisted under foreign flags. ILLINOIS. By Wayne E. Stevens, Secretary War History Section, Illinois State Historical Library. Historical activities in the State of Illinois, which were under- taken as a consequence of the World War, may be conveniently considered from two points of view — (1) as a contribution toward the winning of the war and the arranging of a lasting peace; (2) as a means of preserving for posterity a record of the struggle itself. In many specific instances these two phases of historical activity nec- essarily coincided, but the distinction is a convenient one and has been observed in the preparation of this survey. The most valuable contribution of historians to the winning of the war was unquestionably the molding of public opinion through the dissemination of information concerning war aims, both from the lecture platform and through the medium of the press. In Illinois the lead was taken by the colleges and universities, and imme- diately upon the outbreak of war sj^stematic publicity campaigns were organized. At the University of Illinois a war committee was authorized in December, 1917, the purpose of which was to spread information concerning the war, not only among members of the universit}^ but throughout the State. Divisional committees were appointed as follows : Publication of leaflets and pamphlets, public- ity, talks and lectures at the university, and lectures throughout the State. Shortly after the outbreak of hostilities a committee on pub- licity was organized at the University of Chicago, which was later divided into subcommittees on speakers and publications. It need scarcely be said that the members of the departments of history, as well as those of the closely related departments of political science and economics, were active in the work of these committees. Pamphlets were published, the purpose of which was to set forth clearly, and with a strict regard for accuracy, the issues of the con- flict. Two series of pamphlets may be mentioned, the "University of Chicago War Papers" 23 and the "University of Illinois War Leaflets." The first series, for example, included such titles as " The Threat of German World Politics," "Americans and the World Crisis," " Sixteen Causes of War," and " England and America." Many of these pamphlets were published in large editions and dis- tributed widely throughout the State. ■» See " The University Press and the War," in University Record, January, 1919, p. 106. 216 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Illinois educational institutions also rendered an extremely valu- able service through organized public speaking. Shortly after the outbreak of war, a speaking campaign was opened at the University of Chicago by a series of lectures on " Why We are at War." 24 At the University of Illinois, a series of lectures on war subjects was given by members of the department of history, which was later sup- plemented by addresses arranged by the committee on talks and lec- tures. There were also occasional lectures on historical topics con- nected with the war by visitors at the University, while faculty members spoke from time to time in various parts of the State. At the same institution there was a committee on extension lectures, which arranged for a series of talks to the soldiers at Camp Grant by members of the departments of history, economics, and political science. Among the subjects of these talks were " The Geographical Background of the War," " The British Empire and What It Stands For," and " Germany and Her Ambitions." Prof. James W. Garner, of the department of political science at the University of Illinois, also delivered a number of lectures before American soldiers in France. Professors of history wrote bulletins for the use of Liberty loan workers, while they themselves often spoke in behalf of the various war drives. They rendered particularly valuable service by contributing articles on war subjects to newspapers, as well as cer- tain of the more popular magazines. The University of Chicago committee on publicity arranged at an early date for the publication of articles in the leading Chicago dailies, while it was arranged that some of this material should be handled by news syndicates. In this connection it should be stated that from April to October, 1918, the work of the Committee on Public Information in Italy was di- rected by Prof. Charles E. Merriam, of the department of political science of the University of Chicago. One of the most obvious methods of educating the public with ref- erence to war aims was through the adaptation of courses in the pub- lic schools, colleges, and universities, as well as by the organization of new courses. In the very nature of the case, the principal burden of this task fell upon the teachers of history. An enumeration of even a relatively small number of such courses is impossible. There were general courses dealing with the origin and backgrounds of the war while there were others dealing with more specific aspects of the struggle, which were given by specialists in certain phases of Euro- pean history. The University of Chicago, for example, offered a course on " The Background of the Great War " which is fairly typi- cal. Political, social, and economic conditions among the European 24 For an account of war lectures delivered under the auspices of the University of Chicago, together with lists of lectures and subjects, see University Record, January, April, and October, 1918, pp. 54, 105, and 239. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 217 belligerents were considered, while special emphasis was placed upon the traditional attitude of the United States toward European affairs, together with the causes and influences leading up to our participa- tion in the war. Departments of political science offered new courses in diplomacy and foreign relations which were adapted to current war issues and were essentially historical in character. Mention must not be omitted of the war issues course, which was given at various institutions in connection with the Students' Army Training Corps. The extremely large enrollment in this course often taxed to the utmost the resources of the departments of history, and it became necessary to obtain assistance from other departments. At the Uni- versity of Illinois a committee on the war issues course was estab- lished, which became in large measure responsible for the general task of disseminating information concerning the war and related subjects. Prof. Evarts B. Greene, head of the department of history of the University of Illinois, as chairman of the National Board for Historical Service, cooperated with the Committee on Education and Special Training of the War Department in planning this course. There were two national war agencies, the function of which was to assist in the formation of an enlightened public opinion — the Com- mittee on Public Information and the National Board for Historical Service. It was also the purpose of the Committee on Public Infor- mation to follow closely and keep itself informed concerning the state of public opinion throughout the country. The attitude of the large German-speaking element of the population was of special concern, particularly in the case of a State like Illinois, where there is a rela- tively large German population. For a period of several months Prof. Laurence M. Larson, of the department of history of the Uni- versity of Illinois, read some 20 daily and weekly German- American newspapers published in the State, summarizing and reporting upon their contents to the Committee on Public Information. One of the most valuable publications of the Committee on Public Information was the War Cyclopedia, many of the articles in which were contrib- uted by members of the departments of history and political science of the universities of the State. At the request of the committee, Prof. W. S. Robertson, of the department of history of the University of Illinois, who was in South America during a part of the war, made certain investigations concerning Latin America and the war and the relations between Latin American Republics and the United States. The second agency which assisted in the formation of public opinion was the National Board for Historical Service. Prof. Evarts B. Greene, of the University of Illinois, was chairman of the board from November, 1917, to September, 1918, and in this capacity co- operated with the Committee on Public Information, the Committee on Education and Special Training of the War Department, the vari- 218 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ous allied commissions, and organizations of similar character. On behalf of the National Board for Historical Service, Prof. Greene organized certain historical investigations for the use of the House " Inquiry." Prof. William E. Dodd, of the department of history of the University of Chicago, was also a member of the board. During the war it came to be recognized that it was of the first importance that there should be the most complete accord between the United States and the associated powers. Such an accord could only be based upon a mutual understanding between the nations at war with Germany of their ideals and purposes. The historian, by reason of his cosmopolitan outlook and his familiarity with the ideals and institutions of nations other than his own, was especially qualified to assist in bringing about such an understanding. It was the privilege of Prof. A. C. McLaughlin, head of the department of history of the University of Chicago, to be instrumental in furthering friendly and cordial relations between the United States and Great Britain. Prof. McLaughlin was sent on a mission to Eng- land by the National Board for Historical Service, where he lectured extensively in the spring of 1918. The intimate knowledge of condi- tions in England acquired during his visit abroad enabled him, upon his return to tjie United States, to inform the public through the medium of lectures and published articles of the ideals for which the two nations had been jointly striving during the war. One tangible result of Prof. McLaughlin's visit was the publication after his return to the United States of a volume entitled "Britain and America," New York and London, 1919. Because of skill in research and wide knowledge of world affairs, acquired in many instances through years of study, the services of the historian were invaluable in the gathering of data upon the basis of which the peace settlement was formulated. In 1917 Col. Edward M. House instituted his " Inquiry into the terms of peace " and gathered about him a group of experts for the purpose of collecting the necessary information. Prof. Albert Howe Lybyer, of the de- partment of history of the University of Illinois, an authority on the Balkans and Near East, joined the House "Inquiry" in August, 1918. Prof. Laurence M. Larson carried on certain investigations relating to Slesvig, Finland, Spitzbergen, and other problems of Scandinavian interest which were expected to arise at the peace conference. The American Commission to Negotiate Peace was organized shortly after the armistice and attached thereto were numerous ex- perts, from whose number were selected the American members of the committees, commissions, and councils that were created by the peace conference. Prof. Lybyer, who had already been associated with the House " Inquiry," was also attached to the Commission to ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 219 Negotiate Peace, serving as assistant in the Balkan division of ex- perts from December, 1918, to April 1, 1919. On the latter date he became general technical advisor to the King-Crane Commission on Mandates in Turkey, and visited Syria, Palestine, and Constan- tinople. Prof. Pitman B. Potter, at present of the University of Illinois, prepared for the commission two studies, entitled " Peace Proposals, December 12, 1916, to November 11, 1918," and "Au- tonomy and Federation within Empire." After the armistice the University of Illinois began the publica- tion of a series of pamphlets on problems involved in the inter- national settlement, in which work the department of history took the lead. In the foregoing discussion attention has been directed largely to the services rendered by professional historians and other persons in related departments of academic life. Their work is of unusual interest in a survey of this character because of the special quali- fications which they possessed for the work described, by reason of their ability to ascertain facts derived from long practice in re- search ; their ability to interpret facts, acquired through the process of sifting and analyzing historical data; and by reason of the fund of historical information already at their disposal, accumulated through years of study. There were numberless other persons and agencies, in Illinois as elsewhere, which did extremely valuable work along similar lines, but space does not permit a discussion of their activities. Having considered briefly the service which historical training contributed to the winning of the war, something should be said concerning the agencies in Illinois which have been active in preserv- ing a record of the events of the war and in collecting and preserv- ing the materials which must be used by future historians. First of all wil] be considered historical studies which have already appeared or the publication of which is planned in the near future; and, secondly, progress made in the collection and preservation of war records in Illinois. Few general historical studies relating to the State in the war have appeared as yet, owing to the comparately short period of time which has elapsed since the cessation of hostilities. In Bogart and Mathews, The Modern Commonwealth, 1893-1918 (Vol. V, Cen- tennial History of Illinois) is a chapter by Prof. Arthur C. Cole, entitled " Illinois and the Great War." Though of necessity very brief, this chapter constitutes by far the best summary of the history of Illinois in the war which has appeared. Several projects for publication are known to be underway. An official history of the State's participation in the war is planned, to consist of several vol- umes, some of which will be devoted to a narrative of events, while 220 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. others will include selected documentary material. The publication of this history may not be expected for some two or three years, but in the meantime the necessary material is being collected. A work entitled " Illinois in the World War," a commercial project which has been undertaken by the State Publication Society, is expected to appear shortly. It will consist for the most part of accounts of various State war activities written by the persons who directed them. Thus it will in reality constitute a source, or a collection of sources, rather than a real history in the form of a connected narrative. Certain studies of the war in its more general aspects have been made from time to time by Illinois writers. A volume by Prof. William E. Dood, entitled " Woodrow Wilson and His Work," has been published by Doubleday, Page & Co. Prof. James W. Garner has written a treatise on " International Law and the World War " in two volumes, which at the time of writing this article was in the press of Longmans, Green & Co. This study, while it belongs properly within the field of political science, will necessarily contain a large amount of historical material. The same may be said of Prof. John A. Fairlie's " British War Administration," which has appeared as a volume of the Preliminary Economic Studies of the War, published | by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Several military histories have been published, relating to units I made up in whole or for the most part of Illinois troops. There is now being edited for the press a history of the Thirty-third Division, by Col. Frederic L. Huidekoper, division adjutant. Be- sides a narrative account of the organization of the division, which was composed of Illinois National Guard troops and its operations in France, there will be a volume of appendixes containing official orders, memoranda, and other documentary material. There will also be a volume of official operation maps. This history, which is being published at the expense of the State, is a scholarly work in every sense of the term, and will not only be of interest to the general reader, but of value to the student of military science. An account of one of the units of the Thirty-Third Division has already been published in a work entitled " The 131st U. S. Infantry (1st Inf., 111.. N. G.) in the World War." The general narrative is by Col. Joseph B. Sanborn, commanding the regiment, while the conduct of operations is described by Capt. George N. Malstrom. A splendid pictorial record of the Thirty-third Division is con- tainec m a volume entitled " Thirty-third Division Across No-Man's Land," Kankakee, 1919. A history of the Eighty-sixth Division, which was formed at Camp Grant and contained a large number of Illinois men, has been compiled by members of the Eighty-sixth Division Association and is now in the press of the State Publication ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 221 Society. A very comprehensive and semiofficial narrative is con- tained in the volume entitled " Great Lakes Naval Training Station, A History," by Francis Buzzell, Boston, 1919. The author was his- torian of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh naval districts. Of great interest, though of rather unequal value, are the " official " histories and final reports of the various war activities carried on within the State. Noteworthy among these publications is the " Final Report of the State Council of Defense of Illinois." Besides giving a general description of the work of the council, the report summarizes the activities and achievements of the various subcommittees, while there is an appendix which contains a large amount of exceedingly useful material in the form of texts of statutes, resolutions, reports, etc. Supplementing this report is the " Final Report of the Woman's Committee of the State Council of Defense of Illinois and the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, Illinois Di- vision," a volume of 316 pages. " The Web," by Emerson Hough, of Chicago, is the story of the American Protective League. Besides a general description of the origin and work of the league, the volume includes a more detailed account of its activities in the larger cities, including Chicago. Mr. George R. Jones, State chairman of the Four-Minute Men, has published a useful little volume entitled " History of the Four-Minute Men of Chicago." Many of the welfare organizations are planning to preserve a record of their activities in permanent form. A history of the war activities of the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation throughout the central department, which includes Illinois, is being compiled under the auspices of the National War Work Council. The military edition of the Columbian and Western Catholic, October IT, 1919, contains a series of articles describing with con- siderable fullness the work of the Knights of Columbus in Illinois. The various establishments of the War Camp Community Service in Illinois have compiled separate reports describing their work. Of special interest are the reports covering the work of the organization in Chicago and Rockford. No official history of the Red Cross in Illinois has been prepared, nor has any general report of its work been compiled covering the central division, of which Illinois is a part. At the request of the director of the central division, however, nearly all of the county chapters have prepared brief histories of their war activities. These histories, as a rule, vary in length from 1,000 to 5,000 words, and a few have been published. A number of educational institutions have undertaken to preserve a record of their war service. Schools, colleges, and universities have included much data of this sort in their catalogues, bulletins, annuals, 222 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. alumni publications, etc. At Northwestern University a history of the various war activities connected with the institution is in manu- script and will soon be ready for the press. The University of Illinois has designated a committee, including two members of the department of history, to undertake the preparation of a record of the university in the war. The collection of material has been going forward for several weeks, and the committee is formulating plans for publication. A similar committee has been appointed at the University of Chicago. The University Record, October, 1917-Janu- ary, 1919, inclusive, contains a series of articles edited by Dr. David A. Robertson, which constitute a very good general summary of the war service of the institution. At the Western Illinois State Normal School a manuscript is ready for the press which includes the names of students and alumni of the institution who were in uniform, together with a brief record of each man's service. The projected volume will also include a summary of the contributions of the school to civilian war activities. The libraries of the State rendered inestimable service by acting as distributing centers for information of all sorts relating to the war. Mr. P. L. Windsor, of the University of Illinois library, has under- taken a State- wide survey of this phase of the work of the libraries, the result of which it is hoped to publish at some future date. The county war history is a popular form of expression of inter- est in local war achievements, and in a large number of the 102 counties of Illinois such projects are underway. In many instances these histories are in the nature of commercial enterprises, while in other counties the work has been undertaken by public-spirited citizens of the locality with no idea of personal profit. The com- mercial publication as a general rule is characterized by expensive printing and ornate binding, though the content is usually less valu- able than in the case of the second class of county histories men- tioned above. Most of these "histories" conform pretty closely to a standard type. They include the names and sometimes fairly com- plete service records of persons who were in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. There is usually a brief sketch of each of the va- rious civilian war agencies within the county. In these sketches the names of personnel and statistics of work accomplished, funds raised, etc., usually predominate. The preservation of the original records relating to Illinois in the war is perhaps of more immediate importance than the writing of history, for it is upon material of this sort that the future historian must depend. The war records section of the Illinois State His- torical Library is the agency which is organizing the work through- out the State. A war history committee was appointed under the State council of defense and a movement initiated looking to the ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 223 preservation by the various counties of the State of original war records. The organization of the State council of defense was dis- banded soon after the armistice, however, the result being that very little was accomplished. In July, 1919, the general assembly appro- priated the sum of $20,000 for the following biennium, to be used by the Illinois State Historical Library for the purpose of collecting and preserving data relating to the State in the war. A war records section was organized, responsible to the library board of trustees, a secretary was appointed, and the gathering of material was com- menced. The work of the war records section consists of two separate, though closely related, phases (1) the gathering and preserving of material relating to the State as a whole, and (2) the organization of local war history committees, the duty of which is to perform a simi- lar service for the counties in which they are located. General records and data pertaining to the participation of Illinois in the war are being assembled at Springfield, where they will constitute a permanent war records collection, which will be housed ultimately in the Centennial Building now being erected adjacent to the State capital. A detailed description of this material will be unnecessary as it resembles very closely that which is being gathered in other States. Particular emphasis is being placed upon original records, in the form of correspondence, minutes of proceedings, memoranda, reports, etc., of State war activities. The headquarters of these State agencies have been carefully canvassed, and in some instances the war records section has been made the depository of a part or all of their working files covering the period of the war. Copies of county Red Cross chapter histories are being obtained for the war records collection while reports from local food and fuel administrators, as well as the chairmen of other county war activi- ties, are being gathered. Ephemeral material in the form of pamphlets, circulars, bulletins, and publicity matter of all sorts is being collected. The section also has a growing collection of posters and photographs. A survey of Illinois manufactures during the war has been undertaken. A memorandum has been sent to several hundred concerns in the State, requesting data concerning their com- mercial and industrial problems during the war, and a large number of valuable reports have been received. The collection of soldiers' letters and diaries will also be emphasized. Immediately upon its establishment the war records section began the task of organizing the various counties of the State to insure the preservation of local material. War records committees were organ- ized in certain counties, while elsewhere other agencies, already in existence, were persuaded to undertake the task. In this connection the libraries of the State, particularly those located at the various 224 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. county seats, have been very useful. The sort of material which the counties are being asked to collect is similar in character to that which is being gathered by the State, save for its more local in- terest and value. Special effort is being made to insure the preser- vation of the records of local committees which comprised the com- munity war administrative machinery. In some counties the ma- terial gathered is being placed in the courthouse, while in others it is being placed in the library at the county seat for safe keeping Some county committees have published war histories, while others are planning to do so. As has been stated it is planned ultimately to publish an official history of Illinois in the war ; and in the collection of material, both State and local, this end is being kept constantly in view. The libraries of the State, acting independently, and upon their own initiative, have done extremely valuable work in the collection of general material relating to the war. This is especially true of the libraries of our educational institutions, which in planning their collections have kept in mind the needs of future research students. In many instances their activities have extended to the gathering of European material, as well as that pertaining to the United States. The University Record, October, 1918, page 237, contains a good de- scription of the activity of the University of Chicago library in col-^ lecting historical material. INDIANA. By John W. Oliver, Director War History Records, Indiana Historical Commission. I One of the first steps taken in Indiana to acquaint the people at large with the many issues involved in the World War was the publica-. tion of a war-service Textbook. Immediately following the organi- zation of the State council of defense in May, 1917, the members realized the need of carrying home to every family in Indiana a thorough understanding of the causes of the war and the great issues at stake. The best medium through which this information could be diffused was a textbook — one that could be read and under- stood by school children as well as adults. Acting upon the sugges- tion of the State council of defense, Gov. James P. Goodrich authorized the publication of such a volume. The State board of education was requested to edit and publish the volume, and in January, 1918, it was ready for distribution. The volume, numbering 151 pages, contains two of President Wilson's messages — the one read to Congress on April 2, 1917, and the message read at the opening of Congress, December 3, 1917; ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 225 addresses by Gov. James P. Goodrich, and Ex-Gov. Samuel M. Ralston; a discussion of State councils of defense by George Ade; an article on the meaning of war by Louis Howland; and several other articles devoted to some phase of the World War. Numerous war poems are also included in the volume. Several thousand copies of this volume were distributed throughout the State, and it became a great factor in bringing home to the people the real meaning of war. In an effort to enlighten the public regarding the many issues of the war, a great work was done both by individuals and by organi- zations. A pamphlet entitled " The Soul of the German Empire," published in 1915 by William M. Cochran, Indianapolis, was one of the first to appear calling attention to the character of the na- tion that was later to become our enemy. Two other pamphlets written by an Indiana man, that were circulated throughout the country before the United States entered the war, were " Germans in America " and "America's Debt to England," by Lucius B. Swift, In- dianapolis, 1916. This latter paper was read at the annual meet- ing of the American Historical Association at Cincinnati, 1916. The Quarterly Bulletin, issued by the Indiana State Library, June, 1917 (vol. XII, No. 2), was devoted entirely to a bibliography on war publications. A selected list of books dealing with war finance, military science, education and the war, universal military service, relief work in the war, food supply, women and the war, and other kindred subjects, was distributed throughout the State in the sum- mer of 1917. "War Readings, a bibliographical reference to war items from current literature, 1917," by Katherine Merrill Graydon, professor of English in Butler College, Indianapolis, furnished a most valuable guide for the war material in magazines and periodi- cals. The schools, colleges, and universities of Indiana carried on a systematic war-educational campaign by means of lectures, war courses, and assigned readings in order to reach the thousands of students enrolled in these institutions. Indiana University led the way by offering a special course on the World War and its causes during the summer school for 1917. The course was also offered during the regular sessions of 1917-18, and again during the sum- mer term of 1918. In the fall term of 1918, a course on war aims was offered for the students enrolled in the Students' Army Train- ing Corps. Several articles relating to the war were written by different members of the faculty, and were printed in each issue of the Alumni Quarterly. The chief contributors were Profs. James A. Woodburn, Samuel B. Harding, A. L. Kohlmeier, and James C. McDonald. At Depauw University, Greencastle, a special series of lectures relating to the World War was provided for by the Mendenhall 25066°— 23 16 226 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Foundation. Dr. John R. Mott gave six lectures ; Dr. John Kelman, of Edinburgh, Scotland, gave several; and President W. H. P. Faunce, of Brown University, gave several addresses on the war. All of these have since been published by the Abingdon Press, of New York City. In addition to this special series of lectures a course on the causes of the war and the " war aims course " were given by the department of history. Prof. W. W. Sweet, head of the history department, published a series of brief articles relating to the war in the Indianapolis News. Special courses relating to the World War were also given by Purdue University; University of Notre Dame; the two Indiana State Normal Schools, Terre Haute and Muncie; Butler College, Indianapolis; Earlham College, Richmond; Wabash College, Craw- fordsville; Hanover College, Hanover; Tri-State College, Angola; Franklin College, Franklin; Vincennes University, Vincennes; Cen- tral Normal College, Danville; and Indiana Central University, In- dianapolis. In addition to the special courses on the war, given , in each case by the department of history, the faculty members in each institution gave a series of lectures during the convocation periods, and on other special occasions. Several articles relating to war subjects were contributed by the faculty members to the local school papers and magazines. In each of the institutions mentioned the libraries arranged a special collection of ready reference books, pamphlets, and periodicals, containing war material, which the stu- dents were urged to read. Several of the college libraries circulated . their collection of war material and assisted local clubs and societies : in making a study of the war. The most important contribution made by the historical profession j in Indiana during the session of the Peace Conference was a series of articles on the League of Nations, prepared by Prof. James A. Woodburn, of Indiana University, and published in the Indianapolis Star during the month of April, 1919. Special mention should also be made of the war services rendered by another Indiana historian, Prof. F. S. Bogardus, of the Terre Haute Normal School. He was one of the first men called into service by the War Department, early in 1918, to formulate the war issues course used by all colleges and universities that enrolled men for vocational and technical training. The same course was later used by the Students' Army Training Corps institutions. Prof. Bogardus had charge of the central district, covering 13 States in all, extending from West Virginia to Colorado. During the progress of the war no steps were taken on the part of the State looking toward the publication of any special histories on war organizations or particular units. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 227 With respect to the collection and preservation of war records, the Indiana State Library took the lead in April, 1917, in urging upon all local libraries and historical societies the importance of selecting and preserving all material relating to the war activities in Indiana. Special attention was called to the value of preserving complete files of all local newspapers. Early in 1918 a bulletin was issued by the Indiana State Library calling upon the different counties to take steps toward building up a collection of local war records. A few months later a second bulletin, issued jointly by the State library and State council of defense, was sent to all county councils of de- fense, urging them to prepare a final report covering the work of their organizations. Immediately following the signing of the armistice, Gov. Good- rich called together the members of the Indiana Historical Commis- sion and suggested that this organization take steps at once to collect and compile the official war history of the State. The expenses in- curred for the work were paid out of the governor's emergency con- tingent fund until the legislature convened, when an appropriation of $20,000 was voted for this special work. The historical commis- sion opened headquarters in the statehouse, and proceeded at once to organize local war-history committees in each county in the State. Two bulletins were issued setting forth an outline of the work that was to be covered in building up a State war-history collection. The counties were urged to make their own local collections of records complete in every detail, and to include a report covering every organization that had helped toward the winning of the war. Also the counties have been urged to prepare their histories for pub- lication at the earliest possible date. At this writing (Apr. 1, 1920) eight counties have published their war histories, and more than half of the counties in the State have their material assembled. The scope of the work carried on by the historical commission covers every organization in the State that engaged in war work. Reports of the State council of defense, the history of the five Lib- erty loan drives, the fuel and food administrations, the numerous war-relief organizations, and all other phases of war work are to be included in the collection of war records. Three of the five volumes which the historical commission ex- pects to publish are now under way, and it is expected that they will be in the press within the next few months. The first of these will be the gold star memorial volume. It will include the name and a brief biographical sketch of every man in Indiana who lost his life in the World War; also the pictures of as many men as can be ob- tained will be included in this volume. The second volume will be given over to the history of the State council of defense and the ac- tivities of the State conscription board. The third volume will con- 228 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. tain the history of the five Liberty loan drives and the war savings and war thrift stamp campaigns. Further publications will have to be deferred until an additional appropriation is made. IOWA. This report was prepared under the auspices of the State Historical Society. Historical activities in the State of Iowa during the years 1917, 1918, and 1919, undertaken in consequence of the World War, were largely confined to the schools, including the higher State and private educational institutions, and to certain State institutions which were particularly interested in the dissemination of historical knowledge regarding the war or in the preservation of historical materials. Along the lines of historical research and publication of war ma- terial, the State University of Iowa issued in January, 1919, a Syl- labus on the Issues of the War, prepared by the collaboration of members of the university staff in connection with the war issues course for the Students' Army Training Corps. Through its ex- tension division the university also issued various bulletins bearing upon historical aspects of the war. Among these may be named one on " German Submarine Warfare Against the United States, 1915-1917," by Louis Pelzer, and one on the " Monroe Doctrine and the War," by Harry G. Plum. Bulletin No. 40 published in August, 1918, is a bibliography of war materials prepared for use by the Iowa Patriotic League in the high schools of Iowa. It is supple- mented by Bulletin No. 48, which brings the bibliography down to May, 1919. The State Historical Society of Iowa during the period 1917-1919 issued 24 numbers in a series of booklets entitled " Iowa and War." Although many of these numbers dealt with earlier wars in which Iowa had a part, the following titles will indicate the scope of the material relating to the W^orld War : " Iowa War Proclamation," "An Iowa Flag," " The First Three Liberty Loans in Iowa," " Social Work at Fort Dodge," " Organized Speaking in Iowa During the War," " The History of Iowa's Part in the World War," "A Tenta- tive Outline for a County War History," "A Tentative Outline for a State War History," " The Writing of War History in Iowa." The State Historical Society also published in 1919 a bulletin of information entitled " Collection and Preservation of the Materials of War History — A Patriotic Service for Public Libraries, Local Historical Societies, and Local Historians." The diffusion of historical information through newspapers and periodicals was considerable in amount, though not the result of a great deal of organized effort from within the State. The news* ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 229 papers drew much material from the publications of the National Committee on Public Information. A reversal of this service is ;ypified in the contribution to the Historical Outlook (a publica- tion of nation-wide circulation) of an historical outline under the title "United States and the World War" by Harry G. Plum, of the State University of Iowa. The libraries of the State made every effort possible to secure md make accessible to the public books and periodicals containing important historical information. Lectures concerning the issues of the war were provided by the higher educational institutions, the public schools, and by numerous other agencies. With the coopera- tion of the State council of defense, a bureau of speakers for Iowa was organized, which coordinated the public speaking in the State, particularly in connection with the campaigns for funds for welfare organizations, for Liberty loans and for other war purposes. The diffusion of historical information through this agency was very considerable. In the schools and colleges teachers naturally emphasized the historical phases of the World War. In most of the colleges courses on the issues of the war were given and had large enrollments. A valuable adjunct to the teaching of history in the high schools was the work of the extension division of the State University of Iowa, |in organizing in August, 1918, the Iowa Patriotic League, which enrolled high schools and high-school students in the study of the great problems of the day, especially those problems brought out by the war and reconstruction. Cooperation with the State council of defense was close in all efforts which had historical connections; as, for example, the organi- zation of the bureau of speakers and the Iowa Patriotic League, and in the diffusion of war information through the printed word. Co- operation with the National Board for Historical Service and with the National Government in the prosecution of the war and in the negotiation of peace was of a general nature only. During the progress of the war the State Historical Society of Iowa drew up and published in the Iowa and War Series tentative outline plans for the writing of histories of the various war activi- ties of the State. In accordance with these plans the society began the preparation of volumes on the Food Administration in Iowa, The Red Cross in Iowa, Welfare Campaigns in Iowa, and other simi- lar subjects. A short sketch of " The Fuel Problems in Iowa during the World War" has been published by the fuel administrator for the State, Mr. Charles Webster. The collection and preservation of war records has been carried on in the counties through the county historical societies, public libraries, and other agencies, and for the State at large by three 230 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. principal organizations. The general assembly of Iowa provided for the organization of an Iowa war roster commission and granted an appropriation of $20,000 for the preparation and publication of a roster of Iowa soldiers, sailors, and marines in the recent Mexican border service and in the World War. The active part of this com- mission is the adjutant general of the State, for whose office Col. Frank E. Lyman, cooperating with the War Department, is now engaged in the compilation of the war records of Iowa men. The historical department at Des Moines has been, during and since the war, actively engaged in gathering information, through questionnaires and other means, concerning Iowa soldiers. A large body of material has been secured and placed upon cards and a con- siderable collection of photographs of soldiers has been made. A special effort has been made to secure data in regard to casualties among troops from the various Iowa counties. A somewhat different system of collection has been adopted by the State Historical Society of Iowa. Although efforts have not been neglected to collect material of a general nature and along all lines of war activities, the collection along individual lines has been pushed. For example, assignments of special topics for research and writing have been made in various fields, and the individual who is to write upon a given subject is given the task, and afforded every aid possible therein, of collecting the material bearing upon his sub- ; ject. The material thus gathered, though not covering so wide a field, is more intelligently selected and lends itself immediately for publication purposes. A considerable body of war material has been collected in this way for use and for preservation. The preparation of histories of Iowa's part in the war has already ; made considerable headway, although as yet comparatively little has been published. In a number of the counties of the State "honor rolls " have been published. These are, for the most part, collections i of photographs of men in the service from the county, together with a brief statement of each man's service record. These is usually little or no other content, the purpose of the publication being commercial rather than historical. A few publications are appear- ing in which reading matter predominates, and it is expected that the number will steadily increase. In many counties histories of a more promising character are being prepared. A county historical society has been organized in one county with this purpose in view, and it is hoped that the existing county historical societies will tak^ an active part in seeing that the history of the part taken by the county is written with regard to future historical value rather than present financial value. A history of the Eighty-eighth Division, recently published, is typical of the attempt to record the history of combat organizations recruited in whole or in part from the State. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 231 The roster which is being compiled by the Iowa war roster com- mission will be accompanied with a certain amount of historical matter of a general nature, and will constitute a most valuable addition to the war history of the State. The most comprehensive plan for the writing of Iowa's part in the World War is that of the State Historical Society of Iowa. In a series entitled "Iowa Chronicles of the World War" the society is planning to issue volumes covering all phases of the war activities of the State both at home and overseas. These volumes will be assigned to historically trained men and will be the result of careful research. One volume is already completed and several others are nearing completion. KANSAS. This report was prepared from a letter by F. H. Hodder, Department of His- tory and Political Science, University of Kansas. The history men of the University of Kansas were sufficiently active during the war. Mr. Hodder organized 50 sections of the war aims course, taught two of them, and lectured at Camp Funston. Mr. Patterson was one of a committee of three that administered all the educational work of the Students' Army Training Corps. He also taught two sections of the war aims course. Mr. Moore was in Washington working, first for the War Trade Board and later in the Department of State. Mr. Melvin gave all the lectures for seven sections of the vocational group. Mr. Davis was engaged in Red Cross work on the firing line in France. Mr. Crawford and Mr. Chubb did double duty in teaching. The instructors in other edu- cational institutions were, in all probability, equally active. KENTUCKY. By Fred P. Caldwell, State Historian for Kentucky Council of Defense. There was not, during the years 1917, 1918, and 1919, nor is there at this time a Historical Commission in Kentucky. The only war history work that has been done is that which is being done under the direction and supervision of the Kentucky Council of Defense. That body was created by the Kentucky Legislature in March, 1918. While the purpose of the council was " to assist the State and Fed- eral Governments during the contiuance of war," it was felt that this statement of the purposes of the council was broad enough to include the diffusion of historical information, and the gathering and preserving of historical material. From the date of its creation the Kentucky Council of Defense co- operated with the Council of National Defense and the Committee on Public Information in the diffusion of historical information 232 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. necessary to an enlightened public opinion regarding the issues of the war, this being done by procuring the publication in newspapers and periodicals of articles furnished for that purpose, and also by promoting the circulation of books and periodicals containing im- portant historical matter. Books and pamphlets furnished by the Committee on Public Information were widely distributed for the use of speakers. Many speakers of national and international fame were brought to the State by the State council of defense with the cooperation of the Council of National Defense and the Committee on Public Information, Sir Frederick E. Smith (now Lord Birken- head), then attorney general of Great Britain and now lord chan- cellor, being among the number. The week of September 25 to 30 was set apart by the publicity committee of the State council of defense as patriotic week, and during that period 898 different pa- triotic meetings were held in the State under the direction of Dr. H. H. Cherry, chairman of that committee, the total number of meetings held under the direction of that committee during the war being more than 3,000. Prizes were awarded in the schools and colleges for essays and speeches on patriotic subjects, and in other ways the young people of the State were enlightened as to the issues of the war. The Kentucky Council of Defense, the food administra- tion, the fuel administration, the American Red Cross, and other war agencies cooperated with the Federal Government in many and varied ways in the prosecution of the war. Realizing that much valuable material relating to the part which Kentucky was playing in the war would be lost unless promptly collected and preserved, the State council, in September, 1918, took active steps to collect and preserve historical records. It appointed a " State historian," and caused local historians to be appointed in each of the 120 counties in the State. The county historians in turn appointed assistants in the various parts of their counties, and thus the work was begun. The historical work not having been finished on March 15, 1920, when the State council of defense passed out of existence, the Ken- tucky Legislature continued it in existence as the Kentucky Council of Defense for two years longer — that is, until March 15, 1922 — for the sole purpose of completing and preserving Kentucky's war history. When the work was first taken up by the council there were few precedents to guide it. It was necessary to formulate a plan of its own, and to prepare forms and blanks. It was determined that two main branches of work would be done — first, to collect in the central office records of State-wide interest, and, second, to collect in each county records of special interest to the people of the county. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 233 First, as to the county records. The plan adopted for the county records called for three separate lines of work; first, making indi- vidual records on " war record sheets " of all soldiers, sailors, ma- rines, chaplains, nurses, aviators, and others from Kentucky who were in the service during the war; second, making records of the work done by the county councils of defense, Red Cross, Liberty loan committees, war savings stamps committees, Y. M. C. A., Y. M. H. A., Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, women's clubs, War Camp Community Service, Salvation Army, Boy Scouts, Boys' Working Reserve, food and fuel administrators, War Mothers, Four- Minute Men, churches, schools, and all other organizations which did war work; third, collecting and preserving other war data and records of historical interest. In June, 1919, the council of defense conducted a State-wide " historical drive," the purpose of which was to arouse public interest in the collection and preservation of historical material. In this drive the newspapers of the State were of great help. They pub- lished for several weeks lists of the men who died or were wounded in the service, citations of men who had won special honors, sketches of Kentucky's ranking officers, reports of work done by local organi- zations, and articles prepared by the local historians relating to the county's war history. In several counties the local historians prepared the material for, and the papers printed, " historical " and " memorial " editions. In this way a great deal of material of permanent historical value was preserved. These special editions contained fairly complete records of the part which the various counties played in the war, both through their armed forces and their civilian war workers. Some of the papers published photographs of the men who had given their lives, and photographs of the principal civilian workers. The historical drive was an unqualified success, and through the pub- licity which it created the local historians were able to collect a great deal of valuable material. By the use of " war-record blanks," which were sent to each county, it was proposed to secure the following information as to each person in the service: Name, rank, address, nearest relative, date and place of entrance into the service, branch in which he served, promotions, casualties, date of discharge, etc. While many of the counties have had war-record blanks filled for practically all of the men in the service, there are still many counties in which only a small number of blanks have been filled, and some in which no records of any kind have been made. To remedy this condition it is the purpose of the council, during the next two years, to send to each county a copy of the " statement of service " of each soldier and sailor from that county. This can be done by copying the 234 AMEBICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. " statements of service " when they are sent to the adjutant general of Kentucky by the adjutant general of the United States. When the county records are completed they should contain state- ments of service of all soldiers and sailors who lived in that county, reports of war work of civilian organizations, records of the men who died or were wounded, copies of the citations of the men who won special honors, photographs, addresses, and newspaper and other articles of historical value. The records will be bound in permanent form and placed in the archives of the county. It will thus be seen that the main purpose of the council is to help each county make for itself a permanent record of its war activities. It is believed that such records, using each county as a unit, will be of far greater value than would be the gathering of a great mass of material at one central depository. No plans have been made as yet for the publication of any material. No doubt many of the counties will at some time in the future publish their county war histories. Most of the material to be collected and preserved in the central office of the council will be records of State- wide interest. Some rec- ords collected and to be collected include the following: Records of Kentuckians who lost their lives in the service; records of the wounded; list of Kentuckians who won special honors, with copies of official citations and newspaper clippings with reference to such honors ; reports of State- wide work of Kentucky Council of Defense, Liberty loan campaigns, war savings stamp campaigns, food and fuel administrators, Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Y. M. H. A., Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, women's clubs, schools, churches, Four-Minute Men, selective service department, and other war work agencies; histories of overseas divisions in which Ken- tucky men served; naval activities; transport service; rosters of Kentucky men in each division ; rosters of Kentucky men at officers' training camps; Students' Army Training Corps; roster of Ken- tucky National Guard; histories of Camp Taylor, Camp Knox, and Fort Thomas ; statements of services of Kentucky physicians, nurses, chaplains, and Army welfare workers in the war zone. From this statement it will be seen that it is proposed to make the war history of each county in the State complete in itself, and collect at the central office war literature and records of State-wide interest. LOUISIANA. By M. J. White, Department of History, The Tulane University of Louisiana. Louisiana has not been particularly active in the collection and publication of war history material, but from present indications ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 235 the legislature, which assembles at Baton Rouge this month (May, 1920), will make an appropriation for the purpose. The State council for defense undertook an important work when it made arrangements for compiling a record of every soldier, sailor, marine, volunteer, and member of the National Guard of the State who was in Federal service. A war record director has been ap- pointed for each of the 64 parishes, a house-to-house canvass under- taken for the purpose of securing the necessary data, and the records are to be preserved in leather-bound volumes. A copy of the record for each parish is to be placed on file at the parish courthouse, and a complete record for Louisiana will be kept in the State files at the capitol. Since the first of the year two pamphlets dealing with war activities in Louisiana have been published. " Louisiana in the War," by Herman J. Seiferth, published and sold by the Times-Picayune, of New Orleans, consists in the main of short reports by chairmen or members of the various committees and boards that made up the State war organization. Isoline Rodd Kendall (Mrs. John S. Ken- dall) has written "A Brief History of Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, New Orleans Division." In the public parks of New Orleans and in many of the cities and towns of Louisiana memorial groves of live-oak trees have been set out; memorial tablets have been placed in public buildings all over the State; libraries have collected war books and pamphlets and war posters ; and the Louisiana State Museum, at New Orleans, has brought together a considerable collection of valuable war relics. At the present time $300,000 is being raised by public subscription, portions of this sum being allotted to each of the parishes, for a State memorial, to be placed upon the grounds of the State university at Baton Rouge, in memory of Louisianians who lost their lives in the war. Prof. William Woodward, of the Newcomb School of Art, Tulane University, has, upon his own initiative, and at his own expense, painted the portraits of several Louisiana men and women who served the ; r country in Europe. He has hopes that his pictures may becom© the nucleus of a State collection to record the late war. MAINE. By Orren C. Hormell, Department of History, Bowdoin College. The historically trained men and women of Maine at the outbreak of the war were among the first to devote themselves to the prosecu- tion of the war either in the active military service or in those lines of domestic service for which their training had best prepared them. Those in the historical profession in Maine who were so unfortunate 236 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. as to be excluded from active military or naval service contributed in no small measure toward making the prosecution of the war suc- cessful. Members of the department of history and government in all four Maine colleges (Bates, Bowdoin, Colby, and the University of Maine) gave public lectures upon historical and political subjects which would aid the citizen to understand the issues of the war and win their undivided support for a vigorous prosecution of the war. During the life of the Students' Army Training Corps the depart- ments of history and government of the four Maine colleges were turned over almost entirely to the teaching of war subjects. At Bates College the war issues course was given by Prof. R. R. N. Gould; at Bowdoin, Prof. O. C. Hormell was the director of the course and Prof. Daniel Stanwood of the department gave some of the lectures. At Colby, Prof. William Black had charge of the course ; while at the University of Maine Prof. Caroline Colvin and Asst. Prof. Albert A. Whitmore shared in the conducting of the course. Prof. O. C. Hormell, of Bowdoin, and Prof. Stewart Macdonald, of Colby, gave a course in military law in their respective colleges. Froin March until June of 1919 Prof. O. C. Hormell, of Bowdoin, as a member of the Army Education Corps of the American Ex- peditionary Forces taught civics at the American University at Beaune, Cote d'Or, France, and lectured on political subjects at several American Expeditionary Forces posts in France. The most noteworthy work done in consequence of their historical training, by historically trained men in Maine, during the war, was by Prof. (Capt.) Herbert C. Bell and Prof. (Capt.) Thomas Van Cleve, of the department of history at Bowdoin College. When it was discovered by general headquarters in December, 1917, that Capt. Bell was a trained historian, he was assigned the task of sub- mitting daily, to the commander in chief, confidential reports on the political developments in the various belligerent countries. Soon afterwards he was made editor of the Press Review. In May, 1918, Capt. Bell was detailed to write the confidential cables which were sent regularly twice a day by the commander in chief to the Sec- retary of War. After the armistice he was sent to London to in- vestigate all known schemes for a league of nations, and to prepare copies for Gen. Bliss of the Peace Commission. During December (1918), and January (1919), he submitted three reports — (a) a col- lection of schemes, (b) a critical abstract of the schemes presented, and (c) a proposed constitution for the league based upon the abstract. In this work he was ably assisted by Lieut. Lawrence Crosby (Bangor, Me.), who had received his historical and legal training at Bowdoin and Oxford. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 237 Prof. (Capt.) Van Cleve, September, 1918, was made a member of a special department maintained at general headquarters for studying the political conditions in the allied and enemy countries. He was put in charge of the "enemy sections" and prepared sev- eral articles each week on Germany and Austria-Hungary. The articles, especially after the armistice, dealt with such questions as German morale, activities of the political parties, revolutionary move- ments, the financial and economic situation, workingmen's and sol- diers' councils, the new German constitution, etc. The articles pre- pared by Prof. Van Cleve appeared in the "Press Review, Second Section, General Staff, General Headquarters, American Expedi- tionary Force." State and local war materials were quite generally preserved throughout the State. Through the offices of the adjutant general, State librarian, and committee of public safety, records have been kept of the various war activities within the State, much of which will be published by the State in due time. Much data concerning the local participation in the war have been preserved by the Maine Historical Society Library, Evelyn L. Gilmore, librarian; Bangor Public Library, Charles A. Flagg (now deceased), librarian; Port- land Public Library, Alice C. Furbish, librarian; and by the libraries of the four Maine colleges. Rev. Edwin Carey Whittemore, a trained historian, of Water- ville, collected data on, and is now preparing a history of, the. war records of Waterville and Winslow. MARYLAND. By Karl Singewald, Maryland War Records Commission. Patriotic Education. — The work of patriotic education was carried on actively and effectively in Maryland, especially by the educational committees of the Maryland Council of Defense and of the women's section, and by the four-minute men. The committees cooperated with the Government to the fullest extent in distributing the litera- ture issued by the Committee on Public Information and other Government agencies, and conducted public meetings continually throughout the State. Dr. John H. Latane, professor of American history, and Dr. A. O. Love joy, professor of philosophy, of Johns Hopkins University, were notably active in patriotic speaking and in directing the edu- cational campaign. Dr. Lovejoy prepared a pamphlet, "What are we fighting about?" which was printed by the Maryland Council of Defense. This pamphlet went through five editions, and attained a considerable circulation even outside of the State of Maryland. 238 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. The history department of Goucher College devoted its efforts largely along war lines. A series of eight public lectures upon the Origin of the Great War was delivered by Asst. Prof. Katharine J. Gallagher- The department cooperated with the National Board of Historical Research in furnishing bibliographies upon special issues of the war. Asst. Prof. Mary W. Williams prepared a bibliography of the war for the History Teachers' Magazine in 1918. Dr. Ella Lonn prepared a syllabus for general courses on patriotic education. This syllabus was published as " What Uncle Sam and Maryland do for you," under the auspices of the Americanization committee of the women's civic league of Baltimore. All members of the department were active in patriotic speaking and instruction. Mention should be made also of the book, America's Case Against Germany, by a Mary lander, Dr. Lindsay Rogers, adjunct professor of political science, University of Virginia, an excellent study of the events leading up to our entrance into the war in. the light of international law. War records. — The State of Maryland has made adequate pro- vision for compiling its war records in a very comprehensive and thorough way. The Maryland Council of Defense, after the armi- stice, created a historical division for this important undertaking. The legislature, at its recent session, passed an act creating a war records commission of five members to take up and carry on the work of the historical division. The undertaking of the historical division includes: (1) records of all Marylanders who served in the military and naval forces of the United States or of the Allies in the war, and letters, diaries, etc. ; (2) records of military units composed largely of Marylanders; (3) records of military establishments in Maryland during the war; (4) records of Marylanders who rendered noteworthy service in rela- tion to the war in a civilian capacity, in Government positions, in welfare or relief work, in finance or industry, etc.; (5) records of nonmilitary war agencies and activities, in Maryland; (6) records of Maryland war industries; (7) war exhibits — photographs, post- ers, publications, etc. Historical committees were organized in the counties of the State. These committees are serving gratuitously, and in many of the counties are doing excellent work. Altogether the compilation of the historical records is progressing very satisfactorily. The report of the Maryland Council of Defense to the Governor and General Assembly of Maryland, a printed volume of 330 pages, covers fuily the history of the council and of the many war activi- ties conducted with its support. The appendix is an important col- lection of documentary material — laws, reports, and other papers. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR, 239 Appendix, program for war records. 1. Military Records (individual). — Over 60,000 Marylanders were in the service. The commission is endeavoring to obtain the war service record of every such Marylander, on a form prepared for this purpose. It is meant to include Army, Navy and Marine Corps, and also services transferred to the military forces during the war — Public Health Service, Coast Guard, Light house Service and Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel, etc. It is desired also to include those who served in the forces of the Allies, whether before or after the entrance of the United States into the war. In addition to the formal war service records, the commission urgently re- quests photographs, copies of citations and commendations, clippings, letters, narratives, diaries, etc. Such material is of very great interest and value for the historical collection. Marylanders include not only those who entered the service from Maryland, but also those who formerly lived here. Whenever, for any reason, the form cannot be filled out by the one who was in the service, it should be done by a member of the family. 2. Military Units. — It is extremely important to gather as full records as pos- sible of the military units in which Marylanders served, and of ships and naval stations. The records desired include histories, rosters, especially of Maryland men (with addresses), copies of official orders and other records, narratives, diaries, unit newspapers, photographs, insignia, trophies, souvenirs, etc.; also records of activities of auxiliary organizations of the various units. 3. Military Establishments in Maryland. — Maryland, on account of favorable location, received a large share of the big Army and Navy establishments re- quired by the war — notably Camp Meade, Camp Holabird, Aberdeen proving ground, Edgewood Arsenal, Curtis Bay ordnance depot, zone supply and port storage office, General Hospital No. 2 at Fort McHenry, General Hospital No. 7 at Evergreen, Jr., United States Naval Academy, Indianhead naval proving ground, section 1 of Fifth Naval District, Naval Overseas Transportation Service, and a score of other camps, posts, and offices. Official histories and records of personnel are being received, of course, but It is greatly desired to obtain also all possible records, including historical state- ments or narratives by Marylanders stationed at such establishments, copies of camp or post newspapers, other publications, clippings, photographs, souve- nirs, etc. 4. Civilian records (individual). — A form of war service record somewhat similar to the military form is being used for record of civilians connected with the Army or Navy or in the war work of the welfare organizations, and of those who rendered service of special importance or had experiences of unusual interest in any capacity in relation to the war — in government position, in finance or industry, in patriotic, welfare or relief agency, etc. It is desired to include services prior to the entrance of the United States into the war, and also reconstruction activities. 5. Civilian war agencies and activities. — There were a number of war agencies that stood out conspicuously: the Maryland Council of Defense; such United States Government agencies as the Selective Service Boards (military in function), Food Administration, Fuel Administration, Shipping Board, Railroad Administration, Liberty loan, war savings; the Red Cross; welfare organiza- tions operating under the Commission on Training Camp Activities, including 240 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. the Y. M. C. A.. Y. W. C. A., K. of C, J. W. B., Salvation Army, A. L. A, and w. c. c. s. The compilation of war records, however, is not limited to these especially conspicuous agencies It is important to secure adaquate records of every agency and activity in Maryland in relation to the war : United States Govern- ment offices and activities; State, county, and local governing bodies and officers; patriotic, welfare, and relief organizations; financial institutions and business houses; commercial, agricultural, and labor organizations; profes- sional associations ; churches, schools, fraternal organizations ; public meetings, celebrations or other notable events, etc. Broadly, it may be stated that a historical report is desired from every organization that did anything worthy of record in relation to the war. The records desired include history of war activities, including record of personnel; clippings; forms, publications, posters; photographs and other ex- hibits, etc. The war records commission, moreover, is the proper depository for the files and records, e. g„ minute books, correspondence, etc., of agencies of a temporary character. 6. War industries.— The contribution of Maryland's industries to the win- ning of the war was very large, notably in shipbuilding and munitions, but also in a great many other lines. The war records commission urgently re- quests a historical report from every Maryland manufacturer, producer, dealer, or contractor on production, supply, or construction work for war purposes. 7. Newspaper files and clippings. — Newspaper files for the period of the war constitute very important historical records. Since it is impossible in many cases to obtain complete files, it will be helpful if anyone who has copies preserved of Maryland newspapers of date between July 1, 1914, and October 1, 1919, will contribute them. Clippings also of items of war interest are valuable. 8. War literature, etc. — It is desired to collect all literature — books, pam- phlets, addresses, sermons, poetry— produced by Marylanders, or related to events in Maryland in connection with the war. Also, similarly, music, drawings, paintings, cartoons, etc. Note. — For the sake of uniformity, all reports, papers, etc., as far as possible, should be on letter size paper (8^ by 11). MICHIGAN. By Charles Landrum, Special Historian of the Michigan War Preparedness Board. In no war has there been so full a realization of the importance of events and relationships as in the late World War. Along with the development of the destructive branches of the military, there have been evolved constructive agencies that were to outlast the war activities of the Governments and contribute much toward the solution of reconstruction problems which now confront the Nation. Important among these agencies is the historical interest shown dur- ing the war by which the contemporary activities, both civil and military, are being chronicled and carefully preserved for the use of the future historian. In the State of Michigan the importance of this historical interest was early recognized and provision made for the collection, classification and preservation of such documen- ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 241 tary and ephemeral material as would make it possible to transmit to the coming generations a complete and accurate account of the State's civil and military activities in the war. During the period of the World War prior to America's entrance, sufficient time elapsed to permit a thorough consideration of the issues at stake in the great struggle. Viewing our participation in the war as a remote possibility, students directed their energies and efforts along almost purely historical lines. These lines of investi- gation almost invariably lead through the labyrinthian windings of the diplomatic relations involved in the evolution of the Triple Alliance and that of the Entente, together with a more or less super- ficial study of the unification of Germany and the development of the military system of Prussia with its counterpart in the respective nations involved in the war. Students and scholars used this purely historical background as a setting for comparisons between the Prus- sian and American systems of government. With the end of American neutrality and our entrance into the struggle appear such articles as "The University of Michigan in the War)' by Kobert Mark Wenby and by Arthur Lyon Cross; "Michi- gan in the Great War," by Col. Roy C. Vandercook; "History of Camp Custer," by Lieut. George H. Maines; " History of the Thirty- Second Division," by Lieut. Col. August H. Gansser; and many others bearing on aspects of the relation of Michigan to the war; while the book entitled " Democracy and the Great War," by George Newman Fuller, secretary of the Michigan Historical Commission, put out by the State department of public instruction for use in the schools throughout the State and largely used in the Students' Army Training Corps, in a very concise and able manner dealt with the national phase of the subject. These and many other creditable productions had for their motive, for the most part, the clarification of the issues of the war with a view to deepening spiritual convic- tions and thus making the State more efficient as a unit in the war machine. The collection and preservation of the official records and other historical data relating to the war has largely devolved upon the public libraries of the State, which have become the depositories for all agencies engaged in this phase of the work. The State board of library commissioners made plans for the performance of this service, and all the libraries of the State have assisted in its execution. In such libraries as the Detroit Public Library, State Library, the libraries of the University of Michigan and the colleges of the State, Grand Rapids Public Library, Saginaw Public Library, Kalamazoo Public Library, the Houghton Public Library, and many others, are preserved complete files of the newspapers and magazines of 25066°— 23 16 242 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Michigan, as well as the documentary and more ephemeral material relating to the war. These collections are increasing daily in vol- ume, and only the lack of facilities properly to care for this material will embarrass the librarians who have voluntarily assumed the re- sponsibility for this work. The popular lecture proved to be a valuable means of enlightening the public in regard to the causes of the war and in maintaining a spirit of devotion, service, and sacrifice, which was so apparent throughout the entire period of the war. The efforts of the uni- versity, the colleges, the pulpit, the four-minute men, the Chautau- qua and lyceum bureau, and the Open Forum were especially com- mendable. Prominent among the platform orators were Prof. Claude H. Van Tyne, in the National Security League, and Caroline Bart- lett Crane, head of the women's work in the State, and many others, who gave their time and talent in an effort to foster and sustain a spirit of cooperation and unity. In the World War the colleges played a more important role than in any previous war — a result of the tremendous growth and expan- sion of the colleges and universities in the last half century. Not only did the alumni and students furnish the leaders in the prepa- ration for and prosecution of the war, but the colleges themselves become nuclei from which radiated the influences necessary to sus- ; tain the war spirit and in which were carried on the scientific activi- ties essential to the successful prosecution of a modern war. Thus, during the war, the university and the colleges of Michigan were transformed from a peace basis to a war basis, and the curricula revised to meet the exigencies of the time, by the introduction of courses on causes of the war, food conservation and substitutes, nurs- ing, military training, naval engineering, etc. So complete was the transformation that by the close of 1918, when the Students' Army Training Corps had been introduced, the university and colleges presented the appearance of armed camps rather than institutions of learning. This transformation of the higher institutions was inevitably reflected in the high schools and graded systems. By legislative enactment, military training was made compulsory in high schools where classes of 20 or more made application for that subject. Such organizations as the Junior Red Cross and the Boys' Working Reserve were all-inclusive of the public-school system, and demand for instruction made it necessary that the State department of public instruction supply a special course of lessons upon the great war, thus disseminating much historical information throughout the State and rendering public opinion more enlightened and resolved. By such methods public opinion was thoroughly aroused and senti- ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 243 ment so crystallized around the " win the war " effort that the State readily responded to every call made upon it in the struggle. The most important agency, both as regards the prosecution of the war and the collection, compilation, and preservation of historical material relating to the war, has been the Michigan War Prepared- ness Board, created by legislative enactment April 18, 1917, with the duty of assuming general control and management of all war opera- tions within the State. By this act the war preparedness board was to consist of Gov. Albert E. Sleeper, chairman; Attorney General Alex. A. Groesbeck; Auditor General Oramel B. Fuller; State Treas- urer Samuel Odell; Secretary of State Coleman C. Vaughan; and Superintendent of Public Instruction Thomas E. Johnson (successor to Fred L. Keeler, deceased). Diversified and engrossing as were the duties of this board, yet it found time to provide for the historical interests of the State. Provision was made for the collection of war records of the soldiers and sailors from their respective counties and for collecting and preserving the records of civilian activities relating to the war. Through the cooperation and courtesy of the Michigan Historical Commission and the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, the services of their joint secretary, Dr. George Newman Fuller, were secured by the war board to take charge of collecting the material and of publishing a history of Michigan in the Great War. Coeval with the activities of the war preparedness board the Michigan Historical Commission had been organizing the work of collecting and preserving the material relating to the war, both ephemeral and documentary. The Michigan History Magazine, published quarterly by the commission, had special articles giving publicity to the drive for historical material, and a carefully pre- pared bulletin (No. 10) containing a detailed plan for collecting ma- terial in the various counties, together with an outline for county histories, was widely distributed throughout the State. The method of collecting the material has been to organize the county as a unit, enlisting the cooperation of the local historical so- cieties and various social and patriotic organizations, such as the women's clubs, the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Grand Army of the Republic, together with the schools and libra- ries, and, where possible, the lodges, churches, and business men's organizations. The material is brought to a central depository in the county, usually a public library at the county seat, where it is classified and filed for preservation. In this way the spirit of local interest and pride has been made productive along historical lines and much material that would otherwise be lost has been saved from destruction and made available for the future historian of the war. 244 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. MINNESOTA. By William Stearns Davis, Department of History, University of Minnesota, and Franklin F. Holbrook, Secretary of the Minnesota War Records Com- mission. When America entered the World War it is probable that only in two or three States of the Union were there larger elements which misdoubted the need of belligerent action, and which for varying motives preached "neutrality," than were present in Minnesota. This was not entirely due to the existence of a large German popu- lation. The State was remote from any possible scene of hostili- ties; the chief economic interests centered around agriculture, and international problems, dangers, and duties were very vague in the minds of many entirely patriotic citizens. The moment, therefore, that Congress declared war, and indeed for some months earlier, as it became clearer that we must participate in the European strug- gle, the obligation of social science teachers in the colleges and uni- versities of the State was plain — to assist in teaching their fellow citizens the awful seriousness of the world crisis and the unavoid- ; ability of our playing a manly part in it. j Thus, in the faculties of the private institutions, Prof. John D. Hicks, of Hamline University, published numerous articles on war issues, gave patriotic lectures and conducted with success the Stu- dents' Army Training Corps war aims courses in his institution. Similar important services were rendered by Prof. Henry D. Funk, of Macalester College ; and Prof. James Howard Robinson, of Carle- ton College, was on the board of lectureship for the National Se- curity League and conducted the Students' Army Training Corps , war aims work at Northfield, while his assistant, Mr. Henry R. Mueller, was privileged to render active military service in France during the war period. At the University of Minnesota very soon after the declaration of war a conference was held of the active members of the history and political science departments, at which it was agreed to under- take systematically a campaign of patriotic education throughout the State. The keynote of the conference was that it was criminal to ask citizens to make heavy economic sacrifices, and, very possibly, themselves to fight and die, unless every possible means were taken to convince them of the justice and necessity of our joining in the struggle. It was arranged to prepare an annotated edition of Presi- dent Wilson's War Message, explaining all the historical and dip- lomatic allusions in a form capable of very general circulation. The manuscript of this annotated edition was ready in April from the pens of Profs. C. D. Allin and William Anderson, of the po- ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 245 litical science department, and William Stearns Davis, of the his- tory department ; but before it could be printed locally it was taken by the Federal Committee on Public Information at Washington. By them it was published officially as the first in their much circu- lated War Information Series under the title " The War Message and the Facts Behind It," the alterations and additions to the origi- nal draft being very few. This publication was merely the forerunner of a number of pa- triotic, informational documents prepared by members of the State university faculty. Jn May, 1917, Dean Guy S. Ford, of the gradu- ate school, was summoned to Washington as director of the civic and educational division of the Committee on Public Information. He remained at this important post for the duration of the war. It is not too much to say that he was responsible for an extremely large fraction of all the undeniable successes which the committee achieved, and that he was never associated with any of those dis- cussions which arose around some by-products of that well-known organization. The departure of Dean Ford was the beginning of an exodus from the university faculty, which sometimes made the prosecution of the prosaic but indispensable historical teaching work something of a problem. At the request of the Minnesota State Public Safety Commission a popular handbook was prepared, mainly by the social science de- partments, in June, 1917 — " Facts About the War " — a brochure of some 60 pages, containing brief concrete articles calculated to sup- ply patriotic speakers with handy, specific information on such matters as " Submarine aggressions," " Conscription v. the volunteer system," " The Pan-German dream," " The Belgian deportations," etc. The pamphlet was in such request that it was soon reprinted, and a good many of the articles were also reprinted in their own speaker's handbook, issued by the South Carolina State Council of Defense. In the fall of 1917 Prof. A. C. Krey, of the department of history, went to Washington and devoted considerable time rendering effec- tive service in the preparation of the pamphlet, " German War Prac- tices," which was issued under the editorship of Dr. Dana C. Munro, of Princeton, by the Committee on Public Information, and which raaked among the most effective documents issued during that time of ardor. Prof. Wallace Notestein, of the department of history, in collabo- ration with his colleague, Dr. Elmer Stoll, of the English depart- ment, about the same time, published through the same committee, first, an annotated edition of "The President's Flag Day Oration (June 14, 1917)," and then a fairly elaborate volume, " Conquest and 246 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. Kultur: Aims of the Germans in Their Own Words." In the first pamphlet they had the assistance of Profs. William Anderson and A. C. Krey; in the second that of Profs. Anderson and Mason W. Tyler, also two or three other scholars in sister institutions. The last-named compilation, prepared with learning and scrupulous accuracy, was widely reprinted in the newspapers of the country. Prof. Notestein was then given leave of absence from the Univer- sity of Minnesota for the duration of the war. He worked mainly on Col. House's " Inquiry " of experts to prepare data against the negotiation of peace, dealing chiefly with the problem of Alsace- Lorraine ; subsequently he went to Paris in 1919 and occupied a dis- tinguished position on the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, as "chief of the German section." Prof. Mason W. Tyler also conducted investigations and prepared reports for the House "In- quiry," his field being the Balkans and the Adriatic. While these gentlemen were serving the cause away from the campus the "common task" went on for their less fortunate col- leagues, handling a student body, which, if it somewhat lost in numbers, still remained large and replete with exacting problems. The history department was administered in the absence of Dean Ford, by Prof. A. B. White; and in September, 1918, he under- took the arduous duty of director and organizer for the " war aims " work of the Students' Army Training Corps, when suddenly some 4,000 students, many of them with exceedingly fragmentary notions of human annals, had to be put through an adequate course in what amounted to the history of Europe for the past 40 years. Thanks to Dr. White a sufficient corps of instructors were assem- bled, library facilities mobilized, and a very disjointed body of student soldiers set at systematic problems. The Students' Army Training Corps in this university showed the vicissitudes of the same undertaking in other institutions, but it is right to assert of the " war aims " work that it genuinely gave to the pupils a great deal; that many of them left the university with clear notions of scientific history, as well as a mass of patriotic propaganda ; and that the success of the " war aims " course was attested by the fact that after the Students' Army Training Corps was disbanded many students who had attended by compulsion while in khaki cheerfully elected history when they continued their studies by free choice. Nearly all the other members of the history and political science groups found opportunities for something more than the classroom routine. Profs. C. D. Allin and William Anderson, of the political science department, gave numerous patriotic addresses and taught Students' Army Training Corps classes in " war aims." Prof. Jeremiah Young, of the same department, besides similar service, di- rected and organized special courses of study in European problems, ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 247 especially available for teacher's institutes, in several States of the Northwest. He also acted as district inspector in the Students' Army Training Corps. In the history department Prof. L. B. Shippee taught several sec- tions in the " war aims " work and contributed to the handbook on diplomatic history published by the Government under the chief direction of Prof. Frank M. Anderson, of Dartmouth College. Prof. Mason W. Tyler cooperated in these same forms of work. In addi- tion he assisted the Committee on Public Information in the prepara- tion of several of its pamphlets, and did not a little to assemble material on many significant diplomatic subjects for Col. House's " Inquiry " and Prof. F. M. Anderson's handbook on foreign rela- tions before mentioned. Prof. Solon J. Buck, besides his large services through the Minnesota Historical Society, elsewhere referred to, gave public addresses and taught a class in " war aims " during the Students' Army Training Corps epoch. Prof. N. S. B. Gras was instructor in a similar course ; and prior to his coming to Minnesota, in the fall of 1918, he had been research assistant in the War Trade Board at Washington, busied chiefly with the details of American trade with Italy and the British Empire. Finally may be mentioned the work of Prof. William S. Davis, who, in addition to teaching in the Students' Army Training Corps work, wrote, in collaboration with Profs. William Anderson and Mason W. Tyler, already named, "The Roots of the War — a Non- technical History of Europe, 1870-1914." This book was published in May, 1918, by the Century Co., at the suggestion of the Committee of Public Information. It enjoyed considerable circulation in civilian reading circles and military libraries, and was adopted by about 50 colleges and universities as their textbook in the Students' Army Training Corps. From the very beginning of American participation in the war the Minnesota Historical Society has been active in the collection of local war history material, but for some time the burden of this work has rested upon a separate, though closely affiliated, agency — the Minnesota War Records Commission. This commission was created provisionally, at the suggestion and with the cooperation of the historical society, by the Minnesota Com- mission of Public Safety in October, 1918, and was established by law the following April. Its primary object is to collect and preserve, in State and county war records, collections, all available material relating to Minnesota's part in the war. The commission acts through its immediate representatives, which include a field agent; through voluntary county war records committees, which have been organized in all parts of the States; and with the cooperation of other State departments and organizations, including the American 248 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Legion. The work of the central body is financed by the State at th© rate of $5,000 a year during the present biennium, 1919-1921, while the county committees draw their support from county boards and other local governing bodies, which are specially authorized by law to appropriate funds for local war record purposes in amounts rang- ing from $250 for villages and $1,000 for counties to $5,000 for cities of the first class. One of the commission's aims is to compile and collect records of the individual services of all Minnesota soldiers, sailors, marines, Army welfare workers, and leaders in civilian war work, and to duplicate these records so far as possible in the State and county collections. For this purpose use is made of a series of appropriate blank forms, or questionnaires. The usual means are taken to reach members of the various groups under canvass, but in the case of the largest group, the service men, the commission has enjoyed an ex- ceptional advantage. In the fall of 1919 the legislature granted a cash bonus to these men and created a body known as the soldiers' bonus board to raise and distribute the funds allowed for this pur- pose. At the suggestion of the war records commission the board included the commission's military service record form among the blanks which every applicant for the State bonus is required to fill out. As a result the commission has received through the bonus board upward of 80,000 completed service records, and there is every prospect that the arrangement will result in the recording of rather complete data on the careers of most Minnesota men in the service. In addition to such formal statements of service, the commission seeks, and in many instances has obtained, from service men and others supplementary material, such as photographs, letters, cita- tions, and other personal records. From a number of individuals prominent in different lines of activity the commission has obtained, through personal solicitation, private collections of material which is valuable not only for its personal associations, but also for its contributions to various phases of the history of State and national participation in the war. Other material acquired for the State collection relates to the history of organized or group activities conducted on a State-wide basis or otherwise of interest to the State as a whole. Books and printed matter assembled by the commission and the historical society include histories of military units, county war histories, files of local newspapers and of camp and overseas publications, and numerous collections of the printed and other miscellany which formed a part of the working paraphernalia of every prominent wa^ organization. Another class of material secured consists of unpub- lished reports and narrative accounts covering the work of leading State and local war agencies, including Minnesota county chapters ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 249 of the American Ked Cross, State and local branches of the Food Administration, the University of Minnesota, and the State branch of the Fuel Administration. In the course of the personal canvass which has yielded much of the foregoing material, special efforts have been made to secure the custody of the headquarters files of official correspondence and papers of the various war agencies active in the State. Considerable bodies of such records have already been received from the Minnesota branches of national agencies, such as the United States Employment Service, Woman's Committee of the National Council of Defense, Y. M. C. A. War Council, Jewish Welfare Board, American Library Association, and War Camp Community Service; from State agencies, such as the department of home economics of the State agricultural college and the American- ization committee of the Minnesota Commission of Public Safety; from local agencies, such as councils of home defense, Liberty loan committees, recruiting agents, and Boy Scouts ; and negotiations for other similar bodies of original records are in progress- To the col- lection of battlefield relics, motion-picture films, photographs, posters, and other mementoes of the war period assembled in the historical museum, the commission has been able to make notable additions. The county committees of the commission are asked to collect the war records of their several communities in accordance with sugges- tions outlined in bulletins entitled "A State-wide Movement for the Collection and Preservation of Minnesota's War Records" and " County War History : Prospectus and Guide to the Collection of Ma- terial," the latter being issued in mimeographed form. The work of the committees is directed for the most part at long range through the medium of these bulletins and of circular letters and correspondence, though State workers have had personal conferences, either at State headquarters or in their home communities, with some 25 of the local leaders. Widely varying degrees of interest and efficiency are shown by the local organizations, but it may be stated that, taken as a whole, the committees are accumulating considerable material of value, and that committees here and there throughout the State will undoubt- edly see the work through. A number of the committees in rural counties have obtained from their county boards the legal maximum of $1,000 and the city of St. Paul has granted to its county committee the sum of $5,000. These committees and others which have secured smaller sums have their own letterheads, printed circulars, and blank forms, and a number employ paid secretaries or clerks. Ten commit- tees have decided, upon their own motion, not only to gather the counties' war records, but to prepare and publish county war his- tories. One of the most active committees, reporting in November, 1919, had compiled complete lists of service men, Gold Star men, Red 250 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Cross nurses, and others in war service from the county; secured service records and photographs from about 75 per cent of these men and women; collected group photographs of all draft contingents, National Guard companies, and local war- work committees; made transcripts of practically all of the records of the local draft board (except questionnaires) before the originals were sent to Washing- ton ; and assembled more or less complete files of reports and original records representing the activities of practically all the leading local war agencies. All the committees are encouraged to build up collec- tions of material for preservation in the counties, and to send in for the State collection such duplicate material as can readily be secured or provided. When the State commission was established as a statutory body it was directed not only to collect material but also " to provide for the preparation and publication, as a permanent memorial record, of a comprehensive documentary and narrative history of the part played by the State in the World War, including conditions and events within the State relating to or affected by the war ; and also for the preparation and publication of a condensed narrative of Minnesota's part in the war, suitable for distribution to the soldiers and sailors from the State in recognition of their services to the Common- wealth." A tentative plan for the proposed comprehensive history, previously submitted in a bulletin entitled " Minnesota's Part in the War; Shall it be Adequately Recorded?" contemplated a 10- volume work, consisting of three volumes giving brief individual mention of all service men and leading civilian war workers of the State; one volume containing biographical sketches and portraits of the men who lost their lives in the service ; three volumes of important, typi- cal, and interesting documents of the period ; and three volumes pre- senting in a series of historical narratives the story of the State's war service in all its various phases. But the realization of this, or of any other plan of publication which the commission may adopt, awaits the granting of more adequate funds by the legislature. In the meantime the commission is devoting its energies to the more im- mediately important task of collecting material. MISSISSIPPI. The following letter was received from the director of the Depart- ment of Archives and History : Jackson, Miss., March 8, 1920. Mr. Newton D. Mkreness, Washington, D. C. My Dear Mb. Mereness : I am in receipt of your appeal to the various his- torical agencies to join you in a cooperative plan for the preparation of an ac- count of historical activities in the United States during the recent war. At present all available funds in this department are used in local historical work ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 251 for the collection and classification of materials relating to the war. We wish, first, to get all our local material collected and in shape before going further. Regretting that we are not in a position to join you, and with kind regard, I am, Sincerely, yours, Dunbae Rowland. MISSOURI. By Floyd C. Shoemaker, Secretary of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Historical research for increasing the fund of historical knowl- edge regarding questions pertaining to the war was confined to magazine and newspaper articles, if exception is made of the volumi- nous literature published by State institutions, boards, and organiza- tions of a purely utilitarian character, and if further exception is made in the case of all research that is nonhistorical. By strict criti- cism exception might also be well taken in the case even of news- papers, but such a criticism could hardly apply to some of the jour- nalistic productions. The Missouri Historical Review, published by the State Historical Society of Missouri, carried a series of articles, beginning in April, 1917, on " Missouri and the War." This series was not concluded until July, 1919. The articles were written in a popular style, but were based upon historical research. They summarized the questions pertaining to the war as far as they con- cerned Missouri, and summarized the activities of Missouri in con- nection with these questions. A large percentage of public-spirited and educated citizens of Mis- souri contributed articles for publication in newspapers and periodi- cals for the diffusion of historical information necessary to en- lighten public opinion regarding the issues of the war. These contributions were, however, not necessarily more extensive or valu- able than those which appeared in the newspapers and periodicals of other States. It was part of the patriotic spirit of the times to perform this service. The result was thousands of contributed articles of this character. The circulation of books and periodicals containing historical in- formation was largely under the control and direction of the Mis- souri Library Commission at Jefferson City, acting through the public libraries of the State. The most important agencies were the uni- versity library and the large public libraries in St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph. Special mention should also be made regarding this character of work of the five State teachers' college libraries and also the denominational college libraries. Lectures on historical subjects were either under the control and direction of patriotic organizations or educational institutions. Of the latter, special mention should be made of the University of Missouri and the five State teachers' colleges. 252 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Cooperation between the State council of defense and the State Historical Society of Missouri was very close. It resulted in the for- mer body placing all of its correspondence and records, both public and private, on deposit with the historical society. War histories under preparation during the war relating to the organization and operation of different branches of war service were confined to reports of State boards having direct connection with such service, such as the Report of the Missouri Council of Defense for 1917, 1918, and 1919, published by the State of Missouri in 1919, and the proposed report of Adjutant General Harvey C. Clark, State of Missouri, on the complete roster of Missouri men in service. The collection and preservation of war records have been under- taken by two agencies, the adjutant general's office in Jefferson City and the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. The for- mer has confined its activities to soldier records, enlisting in this work citizens in each of the counties of the State and in the city of St. Louis, and enlisting also the services of the Missouri Historical Society. The State Historical Society of Missouri has confined its activities to the collection and preservation of the published reports of volunteer organizations, ephemeral war literature, such as posters circulars, etc., records of Missouri casualties, embracing personal his- tories of each casualty, the records of the State council of defense, and copies of reports of State-wide volunteer war organizations. There is no work in preparation covering the history of the State's participation in the war. This matter has, to a large extent, been met by the articles which appeared in the Missouri Historical Review during the progress of the war. A number of county histories, how- ever, have been produced, or are in process of compilation. Some of these are commercialized projects; others are genuine county war histories. MONTANA. By Paul C. Phillips, of the Department of History and Political Science, University of Montana. Historical activities in Montana in connection with the war amount to practically nothing. There was no historical research. With regard to the diffusion of historical information necessary to en- lighten public opinion there were about the usual number of ar- ticles appearing in newspapers. Most of the articles, however, were syndicate matter and unsigned. I personally wrote several articles while I was in Washington, and these were published in a number of Montana newspapers. The libraries furnished a good many books regarding the war, and a number of people took correspondence courses on subjects relating to the war. The university extension ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 253 department offered a number of lectures on such topics as " The Nations of the War," throughout the State, while the war was going on. The university offered in the summer time a special course on the historical background of the war and the war itself. The course on the historical background of the war was very similar to the course on war issues offered to the Students' Army Training Corps. Nothing has been done to collect and preserve a record of the war. NEBRASKA. Information supplied by the Secretary of the Nebraska State Historical Society. The secretary of the Nebraska State Historical Society was over- seas during the war, acting in the capacity of a war correspondent. He brought home files of European newspapers, pamphlets, war hand- bills and posters, and museum material. The society has received the records of the State council of defense and is still collecting man- uscript and other material for future book publications. Several county histories have already appeared, and two or three of them are of real merit. An appropriation of $7,000 for war-record and war-history work was made by one branch of the legislature in 1919, but was cut out in conference committee. Nevada. By Jeanne Wier, Secretary of the Nevada Historical Society. 1. Historical research and the production of books for increasing the fund of historical knowledge regarding questions pertaining to the war : No publication of books ; some research work conducted by Nevada Historical Society. 2. The diffusion of historical information necessary to an en- lightened public opinion regarding the issues of the war: (a) By the contribution of articles for publication in newspapers and periodicals : " Why America is in the war," by President Walter E. Clark, University of Nevada ; " Who is it that rules Germany," by Charles W. Spencer, professor of political science, University of Nevada; "What Germany wants," by Jeanne Elizabeth Wier, pro- fessor of history, University of Nevada. All of the above were printed in the Reno Evening Gazette, March 11 to April 1, 1918. (b) By promoting the circulation of books and periodicals con- taining important historical information: Library of the Nevada Historical Society containing war literature was open to the public. The department of history in the University of Nevada constantly cited its students to such articles. (c) By lectures: A series of lectures was given by members of the university faculty at the Reno high school. Prof. Romanzo Adams spoke on the economic causes of the war on March 27, 1918. 254 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. (d) By teaching in schools and colleges: The history department in cooperation with the economics department at the University of Nevada gave a three-hour course on war history, for one semester, to the Students' Army Training Corps. Dr. Romanzo Adams, of the economics department, gave one-third of the lectures, and Asst. Professor Feemster, of the history department, gave the remainder. Prof. R. C. Thompson and Prof. Jeanne Elizabeth Wier assisted with the quiz sections, and were to have delivered the later lectures of the course had it not been discontinued with the first semester. 3. Cooperation with the State council of defense, etc. The Nevada Historical Society acted as the historical division of the council of defense. 4. Preparation during the war of histories of the organization and operation of different branches of war service: Nothing com- pleted though beginnings were made. 5. Collection and preservation of war records: Nevada Historical Society has gathered much material. 6. Preparation for an early history of State's participation in the War: The Nevada Legislature of 1919 appropriated $5,000 for col- lecting and writing its war history, and $2,000 for the printing of the same. Work assigned to secretary of the Nevada Historical Society, Jeanne Elizabeth Wier. NEW HAMPSHIRE. This report was prepared from a letter by Richard Wellington Husband, associate dean, Dartmouth College. In August, 1917, Mr. R. W. Husband was appointed State war his- torian by the New Hampshire Committee on Public Safety. His duties were twofold: first, to write a narrative of the activities during the war period of the committee on public safety and of its eighteen sub- committees ; second, to compile the service record of all persons of New Hampshire who were in the military or naval forces of the United States and its allies. The first part of the task is completed and ready for the press ; the second is nearing completion. New Hamp- shire had approximately 23,000 persons in the service, and Mr. Hus- band has succeeded so far in securing the service record of over 20,000 of them. All material for this record has been collected by voluntary workers in each town and city of the State. During the war Mr. Husband, on various occasions, published articles in the newspapers and elsewhere giving some account of New Hampshire's progress in meeting its obligations at the close of the war. He pub- lished an article in the Granite Monthly on " The Wartime Temper of the State." ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 255 The history of the New Hampshire Food Administration has been written by James W. Tucker and Prof. Kichard Whorisky, and is an excellent record of what was done by Huntley N. Spaulding, Federal food administrator for New Hampshire, and his associates. Prof. Frank M. Anderson, of Dartmouth College, was commis- sioned to prepare a thoroughgoing account of diplomatic relations of the United States from about the year 1870. He accompanied the Peace Commission to Paris as expert advisor in American diplo- matic relations. The New Hampshire Historical Society, acting upon the recom- mendation of the State war historian, has voted to apply to the State government for an appropriation necessary to secure possession of all documents still existing in the State which tell of the various war activities. NEW MEXICO. By Lansing B. Bloom, Secretary of the State Historical Service. The State Historical Service of New Mexico, consisting of a board of three members, was organized in August, 1917, for the purpose of gathering and compiling the war records of the State. A secretary, under salary, took charge of the office October 1, and quarters were furnished by the State museum. In 18 of the 26 counties representative men and women accepted positions as " county historians " and some of them have given very effective help to the historical service. In other counties coopera- tion has been given by units of the Red Cross home service and the American Legion and by various individuals. It was decided that the historical service should secure, among other data, the records of the men in military service, and accordingly one of the first tasks undertaken was to card-index every man who entered service from New Mexico. So far as possible this was done from official sources of information, but the data thus secured were a relatively small part of the information gradually gathered and entered on the records of these men. Some sixty daily and weekly papers of the State supplied their issues to the historical service dur- ing the war-period ; everything of historical value was blue-penciled, and the papers were filed chronologically for preservation and for reference as needed. The great mass of data on all lines of civilian activities during the war has not yet been digested, but before the papers were tiled every item on the men in miltary service was entered on the proper index card. As a result the usual experience is that, when a former officer or enlisted man asks to see his record in the archives, he is surprised at the completeness and correctness of the information already entered. 256 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. These military records have been further supplemented, however, by a special record-blank, printed in the fall of 1919 and sent out to every man in the index. Of these about 25 per cent have been returned undelivered, which corresponds favorably with the reported 33 per cent which the Federal authorities have been unable to reach at their home addresses. Some 4,500 have been filled out and sent back, accompanied by unmounted pictures, and these have been filed individually in fireproof cases. Original letters and copies and miscellaneous papers are placed in their respective files. Many of the men have not yet sent in their records, but forms are con- tinually coming in, and it is hoped with the cooperation of local agencies ultimately to have this part of the records very complete. As soon as casualties were reported, correspondence was taken up with relatives or friends. Of the 456 who died in service, or directly from disabilities incurred in service, pictures of 398 and complete records of nearly all are in the archives, and the rest are being obtained gradually, though in some cases with great difficulty and after long search. Copies of the pictures, in uniform size and with names in gummed lettering, are being placed in fixed frames under glass on the walls of the memorial room in the old palace of the governors, and similar copies accompanied by biographical sketches will complete the "Book of Gold," which lies on the table. Still other copies have been sent to the relatives, as well as more than 300 enlargements furnished at cost. This photographic record alone represents an outlay in labor and materials of approximately $2,000, or an average of $5 for each man of whom a picture has been secured. Three large tablets placed on the walls of the memorial room show, in six long columns, the names and home addresses of all who died in service; and a framed map, indicating the counties in outline, shows by gold stars the total that died from each county. In glass cases are displayed a valuable aggregation of war souvenirs, includ- ing both loans and gifts to the State museum. The number of these is steadily growing, as men who served turn in documents, histories of units, souvenirs, and curios which they brought back from the front. The value of the State's war archives has already been demon- strated repeatedly, and a few instances may be cited. Last summer the father of one who died in service lost all his possessions by fire, including all records relating to his son; but he received from the historical service a transcript of the data in the archives and a copy of the picture which he had first loaned. Relatives of a Santa Fe county man who died after discharge lost the papers necessary to secure the bonus due them, and the War Department could not locate his record. He was found indexed in the State office and his ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 257 identity established. Lists and information have been supplied to various units of the Red Cross home service, and of the American Legion, to the Federal Office for Vocational Training, to State and county offices in connection with tax exemption. Similar indexes and records of civilians and their part in the war might be built up, if an adequate office force and the necessary funds were provided, by digesting the great mass of material already in the archives and by gathering in the records now scattered all over the State. In January, 1919, a preliminary history of New Mexico in the Great War was prepared in manuscript, with illustrations, but a combination of circumstances prevented its intended publication. Four chapters, however, appear in the 1919 Blue Book. The historical service, having been left without funds in January, 1920, was formally transferred to the State museum in April of that year. NEW YORK. The information in this report was furnished by James Sullivan, State Histo- rian and Director of the Division of Archives and History. Several members of the University of the State of New York delivered lectures in various cities and villages of the State, some- times under the auspices of the local historical or patriotic societies, and at other times as agents of the Committee on Public Information or in behalf of the Liberty loans, to make clear to the people the issues at stake. The people chosen for this work were naturally those from the history field, as it was a work which came in their particular bailiwick. The Division of Archives and History, along with the State library, did a considerable amount in the matter of making selections of books to be distributed to the libraries throughout the State on subjects pertaining to the World War. It also undertook to dis- tribute to historical societies and others the numerous pamphlets which were sent to it by the Committee on Public Information. Exhibitions were given in the State library at Albany and also in local libraries of this kind of material. Special shelves were set aside in the high school and other libraries of the State, and pam- phlets relating to the war placed thereon. By means of the University Bulletin, which is issued to all of the schools of New York State twice a month, lists of books and material of a patriotic nature were got together by the division of archives and history and placed in the hands of the teachers for the purpose of encouraging them to convey to their pupils the full information with reference to the objects for which the war was being fought. 25066°— 23 17 258 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. The division cooperated with the State council of defense, and the head of it, at the request of the adjutant general and the governor, made a tour in certain sections of the State during what was known as "Wake-up America week." The division also cooperated with the same body and with the Department of Justice of the United States in making certain translations of correspondence and other papers which were taken from aliens and others. Within a few days after the declaration of war on the part of the United States circular letters were sent out from the division to the 110 historical societies of the State ; to all of the 750 libraries ; to the corresponding number of school libraries; to patriotic societies, such as the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Sons of the American Revolution; to chambers of commerce; to certain in- dividuals ; and to town, county, village, and city clerks, urging upon them the extreme desirability of starting a collection of all kinds of material listed under categories similar to those indicated by the Na- tional Board for Historical Service. A correspondence was also car- ried on with the chairmen of the county councils of defense, sub- ordinate branches of the State council of defense, along similar lines. Many of those appealed to undertook this work with a considerable degree of enthusiasm, but very many were so pressed with other duties of the war service that very little was done. The Y. M. C. A. and Red Cross were petitioned to have accounts prepared of their work in New York State. Some of this is still underway. The ma- terial which has been gathered has in some cases been transmitted to the State library for classification and preservation, and in other cases the local library, particularly when it is in a fireproof building, has retained the local material. The Senate and the Assembly of the State passed a resolution in April, 1919, calling upon the division to prepare a history of New York State's participation in the World War. To assist in the col- lection of this material the Legislature also passed a law calling for the appointments of local historians in each political unit of the State. About 50 per cent of these have so far been duly chosen and have been set to work to gather material of interest for this history. In some localities the political division has already published the results of these investigations ; the city of Buffalo may be cited as an example. In some counties — Chautauqua for example — there has been under- taken a history of the county's participation in the World War by a commercial publishing company. Similarly in some cities commer- cial agencies have undertaken this work; namely, in Albany. Paragraphs 1198 and 1199 of the act are as follows: A local historian shall be appointed, as provided in this section, for each city, town, or village, except a city of over 1,000,000 inhabitants. Such local historian shall be appointed as follows : For a city, by the mayor ; for a town, ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 259 by the supervisor; for a village, by the president of the board of trustees. Such historian shall serve without compensation, unless the governing board of the city, town, or village for which he or she was appointed, shall otherwise provide. In a city having a board of estimate and apportionment a resolution or ordinance establishing compensation or salary for such historian shall not take effect without the concurrence of such board. The local authorities of the city, town, or village for which such historian is appointed may provide the historian with sufficient space in a safe, vault, or other fireproof structure for the preservation of materials collected. It shall be the duty of each local historian, appointed as provided in the last section, in cooperation with the State historian, to collect and preserve ma- terial relating to the history of the political subdivision for which he or she is appointed, and to file such material in fireproof safes or vaults in the city, town, or village offices. Such historian shall examine into the condition, classification, and safety from fire of the public records of the pubic offices of such city, town, or village, and shall call to the attention of the local au- thorities and the State historian any material of local historic value which should be acquired for preservation. He or she shall make an annual report, in the month of January to the local appointing officer or officers and to the State historian of the work which has been accomplished during the preceding year. He or she shall, upon retirement or removal from office, turn over to the local city, town, or village authorities, or to his successor in office, if one has been then appointed, all materials gathered during his or her incumbancy and all correspondence relating thereto. The State historian, at regular in- tervals, not less than once a year, shall indicate to the local historians the general lines along which local history material is to be collected. So far as this State is concerned there seems to be a disposition to turn to the historians for expert guidance along the lines indicated in the questionnaire. The historical and patriotic societies of the State, under the urging by the division, seemed to feel that it was their particular duty to see that the historian undertook the work of conducting the publicity in such a fashion as to make the popula- tion a unit in its opinion about the conduct of the war. Though this was but a natural line of activity, too much tribute can not be paid to the work of these bodies in placing before the public the facts that made the people whole-hearted in their support of the Government. NORTH CAROLINA. By Robert Burton House, Collector of war records, North Carolina Historical Commission. During the years 1917, 1918, and 1919 history exerted a vital, practical force in North Carolina, resulting in a more intelligent and effective effort to win the war by the people of the State and in a renewed and deepened appreciation of history. The study, teach- ing, and writing of history, and the preservation of historical ma- terial manifest a renewed and varied activity to-day because of the service rendered by history during these years. 260 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION". History served both to form opinion for war and to conduct the war. Even while it was yet a European struggle the war forced itself more and more insistently on the people of North Carolina as a problem on which to inform themselves and take sides. Neu- trality of opinion rapidly became impossible. History, both past and contemporary, formed the subject matter of their consideration during this period of forming opinions. The entry of the United States into the struggle found the people enthusiastically in support of this action, but unready for it. History then became the guide to organization and action. Historians not only furnished historical information to the people of the State as a guide to action, but also themselves, in many instances, directed action as executives. By teaching, writing, speaking, and doing specific pieces of war work they put both history and historians squarely into the war. Naturally, therefore, history retains to-day in large measure the interest, importance, and support which it gained during the years of the war. A larger proportion of the people of North Carolina study history now than before the war. More fields of historic in- terest are being explored now than before the war; and institutions both for teaching and for preserving history receive increased support. Enthusiastic support by them of the war as a national undertak- ing engendered in the people a desire to know more about America as a nation, about American national ideals in particular; for the utter repudiation of opposing national ideals brought out a positive assertion of our own. Study of American national ideals led nat- urally to consideration of the national ideals of the whole race of English-speaking peoples. Citizens of the State, both in the schools and colleges, and outside of them, formed clubs to study and per- petuate American and British national ideals and traditions. To furnish materials for this study two books appeared through the research and industry of four professors in the University of North Carolina: American Ideals, by Norman Foerster and W. W. Pierson (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1917), and The Great Tradition, by Edwin Greenlaw and J. H. Hanford (Chicago, Scott, 1919). American Ideals brings together in one volume the great expressions of American national ideals from the earliest times to the present. The Great Tradition includes within one volume the national ideals of all English-speaking people from the earliest times to the present. Supplementing these books and giving addi- tional vital information, the following books appeared from the pens of North Carolinians or in North Carolina: The Nation at War, A. B. Scherer (New York, Doran, 1918) ; Our War with Ger- many, J. S. Bassett (New York, Knopf, 1919) ; The Navy and the Nation, War Time Addresses, Josephus Daniels (New York, Doran, ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 261 1919) ; Builders of Democracy, Edwin Greenlaw (Chicago, Scott, 1918) ; and Bulletin No. 25 of the North Carolina Historical Com- mission (Raleigh, Edwards & Broughton, 1919), a series of papers on Anglo-American relations designed to be read at Raleigh at the Tercentenary of Sir Walter Raleigh in 1918. The celebration of the tercentenary was prevented by the influenza epidemic, however. Because of the rural nature of North Carolina, and the consequent isolation of families and sections from the currents of enthusiasm and information so strong in more urban States, the newspaper, the church, the school, the public speaker, and the library were vital factors in disseminating information and forming opinion. Through these agencies historians exerted their greatest influence. There is not a paper, a church, a school, or a college in North Carolina that did not radiate their influence. The speakers' bureau for the Liberty loans, publicity for chapters of the Red Cross, and other forms of publicity service, were directed by Mr. R. D. W. Connor, secretary of the North Carolina Historical Commission. All the colleges of the State sent professors out to speak on the war. The University of North Carolina, through its Bureau of Extension, gave a war infor- mation service of nation-wide usefulness. By extension study cen- ters, group lectures, correspondence courses, single lectures, readers' service through the library, and a series of war information leaflets, it reached every corner of the State with vital information. The service rendered by the other colleges of the State was of a nature similar to that of the University of North Carolina, but not so ex- tensive. Every library in the State had to expand its service to meet the unprecedented demands for material on the war. All of the col- lege libraries sent out packets of books and pamphlets upon request. The formal teaching of history in those colleges maintaining a Students' Army Training Corps suffered a slump, however, in 1918. The Students' Army Training Corps courses forced academic stu- dents to revise their regular courses, and because history was one of the easiest subjects to defer till normal times, in practically all the colleges of the State, history was deferred in favor of military science. This slump in the usual courses was compensated for in some degree by the large attendance on the war issues and war aims courses of the Students' Army Training Corps. Moreover, all academic classes expanded in some way to include an interpretation of the war. One popular method was by keeping a bulletin board of information. Since the war, however, history seems to be re- gaining its attendance with interest. All of the leading institutions of North Carolina have modified their American and modern Euro- pean history courses to interpret the war. And in addition they offer courses in contemporary American history, inter-American re- lations, new diplomacy, origins of the Triple Alliance, American 262 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. foreign policy, causes and outcome of the World War. There is also manifested an increasing interest in Hispanic-American his- tory. The full power of this historical service was therefore behind the State council of defense and all the war-work organizations. Dr. D. H. Hill, himself a historian, turned from his work of years (the preparation of a history of North Carolina in the Civil War) to di- rect the North Carolina Council of Defense. Not only did the his- torians in the State throw their influence behind the great financial drives, but contributed largely to them personally both in money and in direction. Practically all the colleges of the State were 100 per cent contributors to war finance and war charity. Practically all of them sent several members of their faculties into whole-time war work. The concentration of the people of the State on action prevented any great concentration on preparing histories of this action. In fact, the war-savings stamps committee was the only organization to prepare and publish a history of its activities. However, the council of defense, food administration, fuel administration, and draft executives preserved completely their records. Likewise all the colleges of the State preserved records of their students, facul- ties, and alumni who were in the service. The State College for Women also collected and published information on the contributions of North Carolina women to the war. The North Carolina Historical Commission exerted a powerful influence in preserving all forms of war records. Its secretary, Mr. R. D. W. Connor, directed the historical committee of the council of defense. This committee organized assistants in a majority of the counties of the State, and even by the conclusion of the war had preserved a fairly representative collection of war records. The work of the North Carolina Historical Commission in pre- serving war records was given support by the general assembly of 1919, when they authorized and directed the historical commission to employ a person not only to continue collecting war records, but to prepare from them a History of North Carolina in the Great World War. 25 The work of collecting data for this history is now actively progressing. NORTH DAKOTA. By O. G. Libby, President of the North Dakota War History Commission. The War History Commission of North Dakota was appointed by Gov. Frazier in 1918. At the session of the Legislature in 1920 the State made a small appropriation to assist the Commission in its 88 Chapter 144, Public Laws, 1919, sees. 3-5. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 263 work. A plan has been devised by Adj. General Fraser for securing the service record of every man in the Army or Navy from North Dakota. The commission has secured the cooperation of most of the county superintendents in collecting war material. A small pamphlet has been prepared which will be mailed to a selected list of citizens who will be asked to aid in the collection and compilation of the materials for a State history of the war. OHIO. By C. B. Galbreath, Secretary of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. No definite information is at hand regarding the contributions by the history men and women of Ohio toward the winning of the World War. The people of Ohio were, however, active In seeking and disseminating information that would lead to a clearer under- standing of the issues of the war. Clippings from newspapers and periodicals in the files of the Ohio State Archaeological and His- torical Society show that almost every section of the State con- tributed something toward the enlightenment of the community in which they circulated on the causes and issues of the great conflict. The library interests of the State early saw the opportunity for service that came with our entrance into the war, and promptly took action to supply books, newspapers, and periodicals to the various camps and cantonments in Ohio. Before the soldiers ar- rived at Camp Sherman a small working library had been estab- lished on the site of that cantonment, through the cooperation of the Ohio State Library and the public library at Chillicothe, and a sys- tem of operating it had been carefully worked out by J. Howard Dice, library organizer of Ohio; Burton E. Stevenson, librarian of the public library of Chillicothe; and Miss Edwina Glenn, former librarian of one of the branch libraries in Brooklyn, N. Y., and daughter of Maj. Gen. Glenn in command at Camp Sherman. Later Mr. Dice entered the military service and returned from France in July, 1919. Mr. Stevenson continued in charge of the work at Camp Sherman for a time, and because of the excellent record that he made here was later sent to France as the representa- tive of the American Library Association to take charge of the work near the scene of military operations. Excellent work was done also at other military posts in Ohio, and the soldiers in train- ing in this State, as well as those temporarily within its borders on their way to cantonments in other States or points of debarkation on the coast, were liberally supplied with reading matter. 264 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. There was much public speaking. In this way every school dis- trict of the State was reached. There were addresses by the Four- Minute Men under direction of the national organization and volun- tary lectures by practically every man and woman in the State able and willing to speak on the war. There were, of course, numerous addresses by distinguished speakers from other States and other nations, and patriotic appeals in the Liberty loan, war chest, and other campaigns. The State-supported universities and normal schools were centers of great activity and enthusiasm in everything pertaining to the war. In February, 1918, Gov. Cox appointed the Historical Commission of Ohio. This action was purely voluntary on the part of the gov- ernor, as there was no legislation providing specifically for this action. It had the hearty support, however, of a number of citizens, who realized the importance of the work that such an organization might perform. The commission was appointed as the official agency of the State for the collection and preservation of records and mate- rials pertaining to Ohio's part in the present war. The following were designated as members of the commission: Elbert J. Benton, Western Reserve University; John E. Bradford, Miami University; Glenn D. Bradley, Toledo University; Isaac J. Cox, University of Cincinnati; George A. Cribbs, Mount Union College; Elizabeth Crowther, Western College for Women ; Martha L. Edwards, Lake Erie College ; George C. Enders, Defiance College ; K. S. Latourette, Granville; Thomas N. Hoover, Ohio University; Walter D. Nis- wander, Ohio Northern University ; William F. Peirce, president of Kenyon College; Benjamin F. Prince, Wittenberg College; Emilius O. Randall, secretary Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society; A. S. Root, Oberlin College; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Ohio State University; Charles Snavely, Otterbein College; Richard T. Stevenson, Ohio Wesleyan University ; John I. Stewart, Muskingum College; Elizabeth A. Thompson, Municipal University of Akron; Mary A. Young, Oxford College for Women; Rev. Francis W. Howard, Holy Rosary Church, Columbus, secretary general of the Catholic Educational Association of the United States. The purpose of the commission, as specifically stated, was to collect and preserve records and materials pertaining to the World War. Prof. Arthur M. Schlesinger, of the Ohio State University, was chairman of the commission. His report, bearing date of October 25, 1918, is here given: The commission proceeded at once to effect a cooperative arrangement with the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, according to which the headquarters of the commission were established at the society's building, the facilities of the building were placed at the disposal of the commission, and an agreement was reached, with the consent of the governor's office, that the ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 265 collections of the commission should be lodged in the library of the society. The Ohio State University also cooperated with the commission to the extent of releasing the chairman from one-half of his teaching duties during the second semester of the year 1917-18 and of assisting in providing office supplier. At the outset the commission decided that it would endeavor to build up a great centralized collection of war records of all kinds, civilian and mili tary, which would represent the activities of the people of the State with reference to the present war. To explain the scope of the proposed collection a bulletin was published for free distribution to every interested person. Pursuant to the purpose agreed upon, the work of the commission during the seven months of its existence has consisted of two phases : 1. The appointment of chairman of county branches of the historical com mission. Up to the present time 63 county chairmen have been appointed, besides a special representative in Camp Sherman. It is the business of each county chairman to collect the documents, reports, and other records which show how the war has affected the life of his community in all its aspects. This material he is directed to send to the central office when a sufficient amount had been accumulated. 2. The collecting of material : A vast amount of Ohio's war records has already been collected and tentatively classified. A detailed enumeration would be out of place here ; but perhaps it may be in order to submit a brief charac terization of the general classes of material. (a) Pictorial material: The pictorial records of the present war are unique as compared with those of any other war in which the United States has been engaged. The commission has collected 240 large paper posters and an even greater number of lithographs, representing the many phases of activity of the Federal and local governments and of the nonofficial war service agencies. When proper supplies are obtained for the purpose, all the posters will be mounted on cloth to insure permanent preservation. At the present time 63 of them have been so cared for. The R. E. Wagner Co., official photographers at Camp Sherman, have presented the commission with a large collection of exceptionally fine panoramic views of the camp while the Eighty-Third Division was there. The commission has acquired two sets of motion picture films, one being the six reel film entitled " The Remaking of a Nation." This film, which is more than a mile in length, was presented to Maj. Gen. Edwin F. Glenn and depicts a draftee's life at Camp Sherman from the time of his first arrival until he is turned out a finished product. Another item of interest is an autographed photograph of our war President, Woodrow Wilson. (&) Printed material: The printed records of Ohio's part in the war are of many kinds and only a few classes can be mentioned here. The commission is receiving 139 newspapers representing most of the counties in the State. The newspapers of certain of the leading counties are being bound up, and those from the rural counties are being clipped for all references to local war activities and the clippings placed in scientifically planned scrapbooks. In ad- dition to newspapers of the ordinary kind the commission has made a special effort to gather newspapers and magazines printed in camps and elsewhere wherever Ohio soldiers are to be found in large numbers. Besides possessing one of the few absolutely complete files of the Camp Sherman News, the commission has files of two other papers from Camp Sherman, four papers from Camp Sheridan, three from Wright Field, the Ohio Rainbow Reveille printed " somewhere in France," and other papers of a similar character. The many war service instrumentalities which have sprung into existence to meet the needs created by the war have also been responsible for a large crop of printed periodicals and mimeographed publicity matter. As an ex- 266 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ample of such printed periodicals the commission has files of the Ohio Food Bulletin, the Lake Division News, and the Central Liberty Loan Committee Bulletin (Cleveland). With reference to publicity material the commission has established points of contact with practically every governmental or non- governmental war agency in operation in Ohio and is receiving regularly all literature prepared for the use of newspapers, as well as other publications issued. In order to have a record of how the war has affected the religious and industrial life of the people the commission is receiving a fairly complete list of the religious periodicals of Ohio and also a representative list of chamber of commerce publications, labor newspapers, agricultural periodicals, trade papers, and house (industrial corporation) organs. The collection of the com- mission contains much other printed material of a varied character which reflects religious and economic activities within the State in their relationship to the war. The racial contributions of Ohio to the war are represented by collections of German, Slavonic, Rumanian, and Negro newspapers. Under the supervi- sion of Mr. Carl Wittke, of the Ohio State University, all references to Ger- man-American activities and opinions in connection with the war have been clipped and mounted in scrapbooks; and it is not too much to say that this series of books will hold a unique value for future students of history. One product of the activity of the commission along this line has been the gift by Mrs. Bertha H. Krauss, Maj. Gustav Hirsch, and Mr. Ralph Hirsch, of Columbus, of 260 bound volumes of the Express and Westbote, covering the important historical period from 1843 down to the present time. Through the agency of the Federal authorities in the State the commission has obtained a number of interesting examples of antiwar propaganda used in Ohio. (c) Written records : The commission has the substantial nucleus of a col- lection of soldiers' letters and diaries, the most important acquisition being a collection of several hundred letters received by Prof. Wendell Paddock, of the Ohio State University, from former students in many branches of the service. The commission also possesses a number of patriotic addresses in written or typed form, and also some accounts written by public officials of their activity in war service; such as, for instance, the account of the fuel crisis in Ohio during the winter of 1917-1918, written by Mr. E. D. Leach, former assistant State fuel administrator. (d) Emblematical material: This portion of the collection consists of badges and buttons representative of the many branches of war service carried on in the State, of medals presented by counties and municipalities for patriotic service, and of banners and flags symbolic of wartime celebrations or patriotic achievement. (e) Relics: The commission has made little progress in the collection of relics of the European battle fields, believing that this is a function which can be better performed by the curator of the Museum. However, the com- mission has encouraged the collection of relics and expects to cooperate in every way with the curator in this work. However tedious the foregoing enumeration may have seemed, I desire to state again that it is merely suggestive of the work performed and is in no sense a complete statement of it. Surely enough has been said to suggest the vast possibilities of the work in which the historical commission is engaged and the solemn responsibility which rests upon the State of Ohio to collect war records which will show our American boys overseas that their splendid work is being appreciated now and being commemorated for all time to come. Ohio has neglected this work in the case of former wars ; she is one of the foremost ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 267 States in this work now and will have no excuse for not carrying it through properly. Those of you who are skillful in reading between lines have already guessed that such progress as the historical commission has already made would have been impossible without the material assistance and wise counsel given to the commission through the good offices of the secretary of the Ohio State Archaeo- logical and Historical Society, Dr. E. O. Randall. Such financial aid was in- dispensable in view of the fact that the historical commission was created between sessions of the general assembly. To Dr. Randall, the commission and the interests represented by the commission can uot be too grateful. How- ever, it should be evident that the historical commission can not properly ac- complish the purposes for which it was created without funds of its own ; and as an affiliated branch of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, I believe that the society will wish to see that generous provision is made by the general assembly for the performance of this work. In 1919 Prof. Schlesinger resigned to accept a position at the head of the department of American history in the University of Iowa. In his absence the work was taken up by W. Ferrand Felch. On August 26, 1919, Mr. Felch made a report to the Ohio State Archaeo- logical and Historical Society which is summarized as follows: The writer of this statement of the condition of the archives of the Historical Commission of Ohio has been in the office as executive secretary of the com- mission for only two short months, and can not, therefore, give anything more than a cursory and insufficient report of the work. Owing to the retirement of Dr. Arthur M. Schlesinger, the duties thereof have devolved upon the acting chairman, Dr. E. O. Randall, from whom a full report can be expected at the end of the year. The historical commission was appointed by Gov. James M. Cox in Febru- ary, 1918. The members designated to conduct its work were, in the main, the leading historical professors of all the colleges and universities of the State. This commission has since been augmented by the appointment of a series of county chairmen, acting under the instructions of the State chairman, to gather all available material in the counties that might otherwise be thrown away. The complete and satisfactory history of any county's participation in the war can be printed only after it has been edited or largely compiled from the archives of the State commission. It was my first impression, and Dr. Schlesinger's that the archaeological museum will become in time the Mecca for county historians, or, as he phrased it, a " laboratory " for scientific historical research, experiment, syn- thesis, and exploitation — forever. We are still receiving papers from 67 of the 88 Ohio counties, in many cases two or three papers from a county, making about 150 papers in all. Scrapbooks are being formed steadily, by daily accretion. Ten are on the shelves; 16 are ready for the bindery, and 10 more partially filled out to the requisite average of 200 pages to a volume. We receive a goodly number or German newspapers, which are read and edited for our scrapbook collection by Proi Wittke, of the historical department of the university, who is also the representative in the business of accumulating the data for this commission In FranKlin County. We have also a number of Slavonic newspapers, Rumanian, Bohemian, Polish, and other languages, published in Ohio — at Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, and Youngstown principally; and we are still receiving, also, all 268 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. forms of blanks, press releases, printed and regulated forms, from the United States Government and State bureaus of governmental activity, which are yet in use. It appears from the report of Mr. Felch that 21 counties of Ohio are not represented in the material collected and preserved in the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. It is the pur- pose of the secretary of the society at an early date to make an effort to collect newspapers and newspaper accounts relating to the war from each of these 21 counties. This will be much more diffi- cult now than it would have been 2 years ago, but not so difficult as it will be 8 or 10 years hence ; and the matter is of such importance that effort and expense should not be spared to make the newspaper record for the State complete. Prof. Carl Wittke, instructor in American history, of Ohio State University, has critically examined the collection of German papers and clippings made from the same by himself for the commission, and has published an interesting monograph entitled " Ohio's German- Language Press and the Peace Negotiations " in the January, 1920, number of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. It has also been issued in separate form. In this connection it is proper to note that Prof. Schlesinger has contributed an excellent article to the Mississippi Valley Historical Keview, December, 1919, entitled "The Khaki Journalists, 1917-1919." A few histories of military units from Ohio have already been published. Some of these are a credit to the authors, while others are a little like certain county histories, projected not so much for the purpose of faithfully portraying the service of the military organization as for extracting money from soldiers and their civilian friends. Some historian, or organization of historians, could probably at this time render a substantial service by preparing a statement in circular or pamphlet form, designed to guide those writing, or contemplating the preparation of histories of the various military organizations that participated in the World War. At present there is a project underway for the preparation of a history of the Thirty-seventh Division, made up almost entirely of Ohio soldiers, by cooperation of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society and a committee on history appointed by representatives of the division. A similar plan is suggested for a history of the Eighty-third Division, which was organized and trained at Camp Sherman. It is too early to make any definite pre- dictions m regard to the outcome of these plans, but the prospect is promising. The historical commission is taking up and hopes soon to press with vigor a systematic collection of narratives from Ohio soldiers who rendered distinguished service in the war. Two instances will ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAB. 269 illustrate : A small number of Ohio men were with the little handful of American engineers under Gen. Carey when his " scratch " army halted the advance of the great German drive before the gates of Amiens. At least two of these Ohioans were killed and a surviving comrade is writing for the society an account of this action as he saw it. A number of Ohio soldiers were with the first troops that marched through London, August 15, 1917. Some of these will give their impressions of this historic march. They were the first foreign troops that had marched through that city since the days of William the Conqueror in 1066. RHODE ISLAND. By St. George L. Sioussat, Brown University, with the cooperation of H. W. Chapin, Librarian, Rhode Island Historical Society, and H. O. Bbigham, State Librarian. I. Historical research and the production of books for increasing the fund of historical knowledge regarding questions pertaining to the war. Answer. No special lines of historical research, and there have been no books pertaining to the war, except as hereinafter noted. Prof. Theodore Collier, of Brown University, prepared and pub- lished in Paris (1919) "A New World in the Making: Constructive Studies in the Issues of the War, for the use of the soldiers of the American Expeditionary Forces" Prof. St. George L. Sioussat, of Brown University, contributed to the " War Cyclopedia," published by the Committee on Public Infor- mation. II. The diffusion of historical information necessary to an enlight- ened public opinion regarding the issues of the war: (a) By the contribution of articles for publication in newspapers and periodi- cals; (b) by promoting the circulation of books and periodicals con- taining important historical information; (c) by lectures; (d) by teaching in schools and colleges. (a) There appears to be no record of organised effort directed toward the end indicated. Prof. St. George L. Sioussat, of Brown University, contributed to the History Teacher's Magazine for Octo- ber, 1917, a brief article, " English Foundations of American Insti- tutional Life." (b) No such activities recorded, except that collections of books on the war and its historical phases were made at the Providence Public Library, Brown University, and the Providence Atheneum. (c) In addition to lectures which might incidentally have an his- torical bearing, which were given under the authority of the col- leges, the chamber of commerce, the Y. M. C. A., the Bureau of Public Information, and other such agencies, definitely organized 270 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. lectures upon the causes of the war and the relation to it of the United States were given at some of the training camps of the Army, the Navy, and the Merchant Marine, in and near Boston, by Prof. Sioussat, in connection with the work of the New England group for historical service. Prof. Collier gave lectures of similar character in Rhode Island and later in Y. M. C. A. service overseas devoted much time to lectures to the men in the American Expeditionary Force. (d) The course upon the issues of the war, planned by a com- mittee under the authority of the United States War Department, was given at the Rhode Island State College, in the summer of 1918, to the Training Detachment, Mechanics' Unit, by President Howard Edwards ; also, in connection with the Student Army Training Corps, this course was given from October to December, 1918, by President Edwards and Prof. Churchill. In Brown University the war issues course was given, in the sum- mer, by J. M. Gathany. In the first third of the college year 1918-1919, in connection with the Students' Army Training Corps, the management of the course upon the issues of the war was placed in the care of a committee consisting of Prof. H. B. Gardner, W. G. Everett, and St. George L. Sioussat. The lectures in the course were given by Prof. Sioussat, with a final lecture by President W. H. P. Faunce; and a number of quiz sections were conducted by Profs. Harkness, Gardner, Fowler, Benedict, Griffith, and Drs. Hansen and Bratcher, in cooperation with Prof. Sioussat. III. Cooperation with the State council of defense, cooperation with the National Board for Historical Service, cooperation with the National Government in the prosecution of the war and in the negotiation of peace. Apparently no such service is recorded as rendered by men de voted to the historical profession, other than the service overseas of Prof. Collier and the war-camp lectures of Prof. Sioussat, to which reference is made elsewhere. In 1919 Dr. K. K. Smith, assistant professor of Greek literature and history in Brown University, spent several months in Greece in Y. M. C. A. work. IV. Preparation during the progress of the war of histories of the organization and operation of different branches of war service ; for example, State and county food administrations. Answer. S. Ashley Gibson, city editor of the Providence Journal, has prepared, at the request of Gov. E. Livingston Beeckman, a brief history of the State council of defense in relation to the war, with short sketches of the different branches of war activities. In addition, the following sketches exist in manuscript: Herbert O. Brigham, " History of the Food Administration " ; J. Taylor Wilson, " History ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 271 of the Food Administration " ; Mrs. Albert D. Mead, " History of the Woman's Committee." Of material already in print may be cited the Yearbooks of the Providence Chamber of Commerce for 1917 and 1918-19, in which are included reports of the committee of one hundred of the chamber of commerce and the war council of the Providence Chamber of Com- merce. These are very informal. A selective service manual was issued by the director of selective service. There may be noted also the publication entitled " Roll of Honor, Ward Eight," compiled under the direction of the executive committee of the Eighth Ward Republican Club. Statements of the service of the officers and students of Brown University and of the Rhode Island State College are included in the printed annual reports of the presidents of the respective in- stitutions. These reports contain also an interesting record of the changes in the organization of the work of these institutions which were brought about to meet war conditions. Rhode Island State College has published a brochure, "Rhode Island State College to Her Sons, 1917-1919." This contains an honor roll of " Our hallowed dead," and a list of " Our living heroes." Brown University has published " Brown University in the War : A Report of the War Records Committee" (Providence, May, 1919). This comprises the " Brown Honor Roll : Biographical Sketches of Forty-two Brown Men who died in Military or Naval 'Service"; a " Directory of Military Service," which is intended to give the names of all men in all branches of service, and an article, " Brown Uni- versity in the War," by Prof. J. Q. Dealey. Other publications of Brown University are a leaflet, " Brown in the War " (August, 1918) ; " Information in Regard to the Military and Naval Courses to be Offered during the Academic Year 1918-19 at Brown University" (September, 1918) ; "Bulletin of Brown University, Reorganization of the Curriculum for the Period of the War" (October, 1918). Commendably full accounts of the activities of the National So- ciety of the Colonial Dames in the State of Rhode Island and Provi- dence Plantations are found in the annual year books of the society (1915-16, 1917, 1918, 1919). Besides supporting many phases of Red Cross and other relief work and the various drives, the society in 1917 prepared and presented to the President of the United States a protest against the German deportations in Belgium, and in 1919 contributed to the Red Cross a motor ambulance with kitchen trailer. In the annual reports of the Rhode Island Hospital is summarized the work of one of the chief agencies of Rhode Island's contribution to the medical side of the war, both as to personnel and in the per- formance of services. Especially to be noted is the record of the organization of naval base unit No. 4, organized in connection with 272 AMERICAN HISTORICAL, ASSOCIATION. this hospital. The Halifax disaster was the occasion for the organ ization of an emergency relief corps. The Sons of the American Revolution, other societies, churches, and civic bodies have taken part in exercises of a character partly historical, in connection with national holidays, school celebrations, Americanization courses, etc. These events could be traced by the clippings elsewhere mentioned, but no systematic attempt to compile a general record appears to have been made. V. The collection and preservation of war records. Answer. The service records have been transferred to the custody of the War Department at Washington. The soldiers' and sailors' information bureau have maintained a card file of questionnaires, and the soldiers' bonus board have now in preparation a card record based upon the statements made in discharge papers. Secondary war records have been kept as follows : Photographs and illustrative material were collected by the soldiers' and sailors' information bureau and transferred to the custody of the State librarian. Mov- ing-picture films illustrating certain phases of the local activities have been deposited in the Rhode Island Historical Society. Papers of the Americanization committee have also been deposited with the society. The Rhode Island Historical Society has confined its poster collection entirely to those issued in Rhode Island, of which there have been a limited number. During the war the Rhode Island Historical Society clipped all the items in the Providence Journal dealing with the part played by Rhode Island and Rhode Islanders in the Great War, including the activities in Rhode Island and beyond its borders. These clippings have been mounted chronologically in a series of scrapbooks. The Rhode Island Historical Society also began to make extracts of historical material which was contained in letters from boys at the front. These extracts were typewritten, arranged by subjects, and mounted in scrapbooks. Owing to the vast amount of letters this work was by no means exhausted, and has been discontinued on account of lack of funds. The soldiers' and sailors' information bureau, operated by the director of the draft, maintained a clipping file, which was placed in the custody of the State librarian. On the day the United States declared war the Rhode Island His- torical Society issued an illustrated broadside containing a picture of the Hessian sword captured by Americans on Rhode Island in 1778. This sword was placed on exhibit in the portrait gallery of the society during the war and labeled "A Trophy Captured from the Germans by Americans in 1.778." The other side of the case was left vacant, with a card stating that the space was reserved for trophies ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 273 captured from the Germans in the present war. Later this was filled with such trophies. VI. Preparation for an early history of the State's participation in the war. Under this head it may be quite worth while in some States to contrast the so-called county history, produced primarily for the purpose of extracting the largest possible sum of money from the county, with the genuine county history prepared by a person with some historical training and for a much lower price : Answer. There has already been published " Battery A, One hun- dred and third Field Artillery in France" (an organization largely composed of Ehode Island men). Similar publications are in com- pilation by Battery B and Battery C, One hundred and third Field Artillery. There are no plans for an early history of the State's participation in the war except as stated above. " The Providence Journal Almanac " for the years 1918, 1919, and 1920 has numerous articles concerning the activities of Ehode Island war relief organizations, State's welcome to returned service men, Rhode Island honor men in the World War ; also list of events local to Rhode Island. SOUTH CAROLINA. This report was prepared from a letter by A. S. S alley, Jr., Secretary, His- torical Commission of South Carolina. The history men of South Carolina seem to have nothing to report regarding their contributions toward the winning of the war. There was no special war program for teaching history in the schools and colleges. There was also no collecting of records during the war, there being no one to collect, no money to use for that purpose, and no place in which to keep the records if they had been collected. It is reported as not known whether the council of defense saved its records or not. " Those who did things," we are told, " seemed to think it would never be necessary to tell anybody what was accomplished." However, in 1919 the general assembly appropriated $500,000 for the erection of a building as a memorial chapel to South Carolina soldiers in the war. This building is to house the historical department of the State, which is expected to gather materials relating to South Carolina's part in the war. SOUTH DAKOTA. Contributions by the history men of South Dakota toward the winning of the war consisted mainly of addresses and the war-aims course to the Students' Army Training Corps. The legislature has provided for a State historical commission, to consist of the gov- 25066°— 23 18 274 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ernor, adjutant general, and three members to be appointed by the governor. The adjutant general is to have personal supervision of the work; a historian, appointed by the commission, is to have charge of the details. An enumeration of all service men is to be made by assessors on blanks provided by the adjutant general. County superintendents of schools and the teachers of the State have also been asked to assist in this matter. The department of history has in preparation reports of activities of several war agencies. A number of county histories have been published by private enterprise and others are in preparation. TENNESSEE. This report was prepared from a letter by John Tbotwood Moore, Director of the Department of Library, Archives, and History, State of Tennessee. The Department of Library, Archives, and History is actively en- gaged in collecting the individual records of Tennessee soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines in the World War. For this purpose the State is thoroughly organized in each of the 96 counties. There is a county mother chairman, with subchairmen in each civil district, collecting individual records, original letters, and trophies. The records are to be housed in a memorial hall, for the erection of which the legislature has appropriated the sum of $2,000,000. For the publication of war history there is the Tennessee His- torical Committee of 25 members appointed by the governor. They are now actively at work under various subheads collecting and publishing all of Tennessee's war history from the organization of the State to the present time. A few volumes have already been published. TEXAS. By Milton R. Gutsch, Director, Texas War Records, University of Texas. The declaration of war against Germany and the passage of the draft law caused so much confusion in the organization of the higher institutions of learning in the State of Texas that relatively little time could be devoted to research and production in the field of causes of the conflict. Nevertheless, a great deal was accomplished in the diffusion of historical information relating to the war issues for the purpose of instructing the public and establishing an enlight- ened public opinion. Articles were prepared by the faculties of the University of Texas and the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas for publication by the State press. The Texas History Teachers' Bulletin of May 15, 1918, published by the history staff of the University of Texas, contained a 75-page summary of the causes and events of the war prepared by Professor Duncalf. The ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR. 275 summary was entitled "A War Text for Texas Schools." It made no pretense of being either a thorough or final treatment of the war. Its purpose was to gather in concise form the more significant phases of the war so that they would be easily taught in the Texas schools. In the preface the author emphasizes the responsibility of the teachers in the development of wholesome public opinion. He says : A heavy responsibility rests upon all history teachers in our present crisis, for their instruction will have great influence upon the opinions of their pupils. Amid the bitterness and hatred that war develops it becomes increasingly neces- sary for as many people as possible to keep clearly in mind the main issues of this conflict. Disloyalty and intrigue are abroad, and Americans should one and all so understand our part in this war that no doubt or faint heartedness can turn us aside from what we have undertaken to do. This war text consists of eight chapters. The first, " Conditions at the Outbreak of the War," is divided into the following : "America," " The Rivalry of European Nations," " Prussia," " The German Con- stitution," "Why Germany has not Become Democratic," "Germany's Demand for a place in the Sun," " Germany's Justification of the War," " The Growth of Large Armaments," and " Efforts to Limit the Preparation for War." The second chapter discusses the " His- torical Background of the War," "The Franco-Prussian War," " The Triple Alliance," " The Dual Alliance," " Change in English Policy," "The Anglo-French Entente," "The Morocco Question," "The Rise of the Balkan States," "The Development of German Interests in the East," "Austrian Annexation of Bosina and Herze- govina," " The Balkan Wars," " Germany and Russia," and " Ger- many and England." Chapter 3, on the "Austro- Serbian Contro- versy," emphasizes "Austrian Hostility toward Serbia," "The Menace of Pan Slavism to the Dual Monarch," " The Assassination at Serajevo," and the "Austrian Ultimatum." Chapter 4 discusses the " Efforts to Avert War and Their Failure," " Russia's Position," " Sir Edward Grey's Proposals," " Germany's Attitude," and " Mobi- lization." Chapter 5 on " How the War Began," the more important topical headings are " Great Britain not Prepared for War," " England Anxious to Preserve Peace," " The Neutrality of Belgium and Luxemburg," " German Demands upon Belgium," " England Enters the War," and " Other Countries Enter the War." Chapter 6, on " The Progress of the War," discusses the " Methods of War- fare," and contains a chronological summary of the military progress of the war. Chapter 7 takes up the question of " How the United States Entered the War;" and Chapter 8 is a summary of "The Issues Involved," with the following divisions : " German Militarism Must be Crushed," " No Hope for Peace from the German People," "The Principle of Nationality," "What Allied Victory Will mean," *A League to Enforce Peace," 276 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION'. This text book was used in many of the Texas schools and a second edition was necessary. The Texas History Teachers' Bulletin, issued quarterly and sent free of charge to every history teacher in the State of Texas, pub- lished regularly selected bibliographies on the war. It also made an effort to ascertain what was being done in the high schools of the State in the teachings of the war, and to make known the results of this investigation to the history teachers of the State. On April 8, 1918, a questionnaire submitting the following questions was sent to every high school in the State of Texas : 1. Is any attention being given to the study of the present conflict in the history classroom? If so, how much? 2. What effect, in general, has the war had upon (a) the content of each of the several history courses in your curriculum; and (6) upon the method of instruction? 3. What effect, if any, has the war had upon the students' knowledge of (a) geography, (&) government, (c) ecnomics? Do the students know the location of the most important States involved in the war and their geographic rela- tions? Are they sufficiently interested in the struggle t© observe voluntarily the shifting battle lines? 4. What methods, if any, are followed in the study of the war? 5. What attention, if any, is given to (a) the causes of the entrance of the United States of America into the war, (&) the part which America ought to play, (c) the aims of the United States? The answers received t© this questionnaire showed a wholesome interest in the study of the war throughout the State. On the average one-sixth of the time allotted to history was consumed in the study of the war, its causes, events, and objects. Parallels and con- trasts were made use of in each of the courses. Contemporary peri- odicals, bulletin boards, pictures, lantern slides, lectures, class dis- cussions, and war maps were used in the instruction. The teachers were unanimous in stating that the war acted as a stimulant to the study of geography, economics, and government. The responsibilit3 T of the teacher in teaching good citizenship was emphasized by all. With reference to the circulation of books and periodicals con- taining important historical information relating to the war, the extension loan library of the University of Texas made the following report for the year 1918 : Number of libraries loaned on war subjects, April, 1917, to November, 1918, 1,113. Estimated number of people who used libraries, 5,500. Most popular subjects, with the number of libraries loaned on each : Military training, 161 ; Red Cross, 54 ; women and the war, 37 ; school entertainments (patriotic), 35; patriotism, 34; United States and the war, 32; thrift, 31; causes of the war, 30 ; results of the war, 29 ; Russia and the War, 29 ; war, 28 ; food conservation, 28; conscription, 24; democracy, 24; Government control of railroads, 24. ACTIVITIES DURING THE WORLD WAR, 277 Purposes for which libraries were used: School work — Supplementary reading. Theme writing. Debates. School entertainments. Club work. Campaigns to raise money for the Red Cross, Liberty loans, and United war work. For the information of individuals who desired to inform themselves on war topics. Professors Barker, Bantel. Duncalf, Henderson, Hendrix, Penick, Riker, Royster, and others of the State university, delivered a series of lectures to the several classes of soldiers stationed at Camp Mabry. A number of the faculty also assisted in the dissemination of war in- formation by serving as members of the four-minute speakers' organi- zation. The department of extension of the University of Texas cooper- ated with the Texas State Council of Defense through the inter- scholastic league, the division of home economics, and the division of information. A book entitled " Patriotic Selections," edited by Dr. E. D. Shurter, chairman of the Interscholastic League, and paid for by the State council of defense, was presented to every school belonging to the league. In presenting this book to the schools Dr. Shurter had this to say : Let all the speakers in the declamation contests remember this, that you are commissioned by our Government to deliver to Texas audiences the patriotic messages from our leaders that are contained in this book; that whether you win in a particular contest or not you are performing a patriotic service that is officially recognized by our State council of defense; and, above all, that you are doing your part in helping America to win a World War which involves not only the freedom of our own country, but the freedom of republican govern- ment everywhere. It is estimated that the boys and girls belonging to the Inter- scholastic League delivered patriotic selections from this book to Texas audiences aggregating 200,000 people in the various local, county, district, and State contests of the league. The division of home economics of the department of extension in cooperation with the State council of defense published bulletins for free distribu- tion giving war-time recipes. In its annual report in 1918 the divi- sion of information, department of extension, University of Texas, had this to say . The publicity committee of the Texas State Council of Defense has recognized this division of the university department of extension as the depository for visual instruction material used in its work, and has placed here $1,000 worth of equipment to be circulated throughout the State. This equipment con- sists of 10 steropticons, fitted not only with high-power inazda lamps, but also 278 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. with high-power acetylene gas lamps, so that they can be taken into any rural church or school and operated with a Prest-o-lite gas tank, such as can be ob- tained from a garage, and 2,000 lantern slides, which are to be divided into sets of about 50 each, and sent out with appropriate lecture material. Mr. Riker, of the school of history, is preparing a number of sets of slides with lecture material that will also circulate under the auspices of the Texas State council of defense. The first set deals with Germany's dream of empire, and traces the development of the German Empire from the little Duchy of Braden- burg to its present " Mittel-Europa " form. Besides the equipment provided by the State council of defense for the spread of war information, this division itself purchased a great many lantern slides on such subjects as " Destroyed Art in Belgium and France," " The Story of the Flag," " The Bell and the Flag," and "America and Destiny." It also cooperated with the United States Food Administration in circulating lantern slides deal- ing with food problems of the war. All freshmen and sophomores in both the University of Texas and the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas were required to take the course on " War aims and issues." Uniformity in subject matter and instruction at the University of Texas was obtained by means of a syllabus prepared by the department of history. The history department in every possible way cooperated with the Na- tional Board for Historical Service. A great deal of progress has been made in the collection and classi- fication for permanent preservation of the war records of the State of Texas. This work is being done by the Texas war records collec- tion, an organization created by the board of regents of the Univer- sity of Texas, October 22, 1918, under the supervision of Dr. Milton R. Gutsch, adjunct professor of history in the University of Texas. At that time an appropriation of $7,500 for the collection of Texas records and of $5,000 for the collection of general war records was made. The organization consists of the director and the central ad- ministrative staff, the county and community war records organiza- tions, and the auxiliary agencies. The chairman of the county war records committee in each county is appointed by the director upon the recommendation of prominent citizens. The chairman then ap- points his own committee. The Daughters of the Confederacy, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the Federation of Women's Clubs are assisting in the collection of the county war records of the State. The objects of the organization are: (1) The collection of all ma- terial relating to the contributions of Texas in men and resources, to the winning of the war; (2) The classification of such material; and (3) its preservation. The materials to be collected are: (a) Gen- eral material, both American and foreign; (b) State materials; (