LI B RA I^Y 
 
 OF THE 
 
 U N IVER5ITY 
 
 Of ILLINOIS
 
 [Publications op the National Union, No-n-XXIVi^ nr: 
 
 mfi/se'* 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 OF THB 
 
 RT. HON. B. DISRAELI, M.P., 
 
 AS 
 
 LORD RECTOR 
 
 OF THB 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. 
 
 Delivered at Glasgow on Wednesday^ November I9th, 1873. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 NATIONALiEUNION OF CONSERVATIVE AND CONSTITUTIONAL 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS, 
 53, PARLIAMENT STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W. 
 
 November, 1873.
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PEINTED BY THE CENTRAL PEESS COMPANY, LIMITED 
 
 112, Strand, W.C.
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 RIGHT. HON. B. DISRAELI, M.P., 
 
 AT 
 
 GLASGOW UNIVERSITY, 
 
 On Wednesday, the I9th November, 1873. 
 
 Mr. Disraeli was installed as Lord Rector of the University of 
 Glasgow at noon in the Kibble Crystal Palace, a large circular 
 glass building erected within the Botanical Gardens, in the Great 
 Western Road, and capable of holding 4,000 people. In consequence 
 of the Common Hall of the new University not being completed, and 
 the Chapel accommodating only from 1,800 to 2,000, it was found 
 necessary, so great was the demand for tickets of admission, to have 
 recourse to the Crystal Palace, the acoustic properties of w^ich entirely 
 realised the favourable expectations which had been formed of it. 
 The doors were opened before 11 o'clock, and long before the hour 
 announced for the commencement of the proceedings every portion 
 of the building was crowded, nearly the whole area of the hall being 
 occupied by the students, who conducted themselves throughout the 
 proceedings in the most exemplary manner. They amused themselves 
 in the interval by occasionally singing snatches of patriotic songs, and 
 indulging in repeated rounds of applause to their favourites. 
 
 Among those on the platform were Sir Edward Colebrooke, M.P. , 
 Mr. DalgUsh, M.P., Mr. Gordon, Q.C., M.P., Major Hamilton, M.P., 
 Mr. Charles Dalrymple, M.P., Colonel Campbell, M.P., Sir William 
 Stirling-Maxwell, Sir Francis Sandford, Sir Thomas Gladstone, Sir 
 Peter Coats, Sir James Lumsden, the Lord Provost of Glasgow, Mr. 
 James Baird (of Cambusdoon), Mr. Cleland Burns, Mr. J. A. Campbell, 
 Sheriffs Dickson, Murray, and Clarke ; Mr. Millar, Q.C., Dr. Hender- 
 son Ejirkwood, Professor Hodgson, Edinburgh University ; Dr. Gillan, 
 Moderator of the General Assembly ; Principal Fairbairn, Free Church
 
 College ; Rev. Dr. Eadie, Rev. Dr. Jamieson, Mr. M. Corry, private 
 secretary to Mr. Disraeli, &c. 
 
 Precisely at 12 o'clock the Very Rev. the Principal, Dr. Caird, 
 preceded by the beadle bearing the mace of the University, and 
 followed by Mr. Disraeli, made his way to the platform. The Lord 
 Rector was hailed by loud and most enthusiastic applause. 
 
 The Principal having uttered a Latin prayer, the honorary degree 
 of Doctor of Laws was conferred in the usual form upon Mr. Disraeli, 
 Sir E. Colebrooke, Sir William Stirling Maxwell, Mr. E. S. Gordon"" 
 (Dean of Faculty), Dr. Rainy, Dr. Hooker (Director of Kew Gardens), 
 and Sir Francis Sandford. They were severaUy introduced by Pro- 
 fessor Robertson to the Principal, who conferred the degree, the 
 officers of the University investing each with the Doctor's hood. 
 
 Mr. Disraeli, who was received with much applause, then pro- 
 ceeded to deliver his rectorial address as follows :— 
 
 "My first duty, and my deepest gratification is to thank you for 
 the honour which you conferred on me two years ago. It is a high 
 one. No one can be insensible to sympathy from the unknown, but 
 the pleasure is necessarily heightened when it is ofiered by the educated 
 and refined ; when that body is representative, and above all, when it 
 represents the youth of a famous country. My next duty, and one 
 of which the fulfilment is scarcely less gratifying, is to avail myself of 
 the privilege attendant on the office to which you have raised me, and 
 to o£fer you some observations either on the course of your studies or 
 the conduct of your lives, which, if made by me, will be made without 
 pretence or presumption, quite satisfied if, when we are separated, any 
 chance remark of mine may recur to your memory, and lead you to 
 not altogether unprofitable meditation. 
 
 Were I to follow my own bent, I would dwell on those delightful 
 studies which occupy a considerable portion of your time within your 
 academic hall, studies, which, while they form your taste and 
 strengthen your intelligence, will prove to you in future years both a 
 guide and a consolation ; but when I recollect the illustrious roll of 
 those who have preceded me in this office, and remember how fully 
 and how recently many of them have devoted their genius and their 
 learning to such an enterprise, I am inclined to think that the field, 
 though in my opinion inexhaustible, has been for the present suffi- 
 ciently cultivated, and that as you are about to enter life at a period 
 which promises, or rather which threatens, to be momentous, it would 
 not be inappropriate were I to make some observations which may tend
 
 to assist you in your awaiting trials. He who would succeed in life and 
 obtain that position to which his character and capacity entitle him, 
 has need of two kinds of knowledge. It would seem at the first blush 
 that self-knowledge were not very difficult of attainment. If there be 
 any subject on which a person can arrive at accurate conclusions, it 
 should be his own disposition and his own talents. But it is not so. 
 The period of youth in this respect is one of great doubt and diffi- 
 culty. It is a period alike of false confidence and unreasonable 
 distrust, of perplexity, of despondency, and sometimes of despair. It 
 has been said by an eminent physician that there are very few persons 
 of either sex who have attained their 18th year who have not contem- 
 plated withdrawing from the world — withdrawing from that world 
 which, in fact, they have never entered. Doubtless, this morbid 
 feeling is occasioned in a great degree by a dread of the unknown, but 
 it is also much to be attributed to, and it certainly is heightened by, 
 an ignorance of themselves. How, then, is this self-knowledge to be 
 acquired, and where are we to obtain assistance in this quest ? From 
 the family circle ? Its incompetency in this respect is a proverb. 
 Perception of character is always a rare gift, but around the domestic 
 hearth it is almost unknown. Every one is acquainted with the 
 erroneous estimates of their offspring which have been made even by 
 illustrious parents. The silent, but perhaps pensive boy is looked 
 upon as a dullard, while the flippancy of youth in a commonplace 
 character is interpreted into a dangerous vivacity which may in time 
 astonish, perhaps even alarm the world. A better criterion should be 
 found in the judgment of contemporaries who are our equals. But the 
 generous ardour of youth is not favourable to critical discrimi- 
 nation. Its sympathy is quick, it admires and applauds ; but 
 it lavishes its applause and admiration on qualities which 
 are often not intrinsically important, and it always exag- 
 gerates. And thus it is that the hero of school and of college 
 often disappoints expectation in after life. The truth is, he has 
 shown no deficiency in the qualities which obtained him his early 
 repute, but he has been wanting in the capacity adapted to subsequent 
 opportunities. Some are of opinion that the surest judge of youthful 
 character must be the tutor. And there is a passage in Isocrates on this 
 head not without interest. He was an accomplished instructor, and 
 he tells us he always studied to discover the bent of those who attended 
 his lectures. So, after due observation, he would say to one, ' You 
 are intended for action, and the camp is the life which will become
 
 6 
 
 you ;' to another, * You should cultivate poetry ;' a third was adapted 
 to the passionate exercitations of the Pynx ; while a fourth was clearly 
 destined for the groves and porticoes of philosophy. The early Jesuits, 
 who were masters of education, were accustomed to keep secret registers 
 of their observations on their pupils, and generations afterwards, when 
 these records were examined, it is said that the happy prescience of 
 their remarks was strikingly proved by the subsequent success of many 
 who had attained fame in arts and arms. But the Jesuits, gentlemen, 
 whatever they may be now, were then very clever men ; and I must 
 confess that I am doubtful whether the judgment of tutors in general^ 
 would be as infallible as that of Isocrates. In the first place, a just 
 perception of character is always a rare gift. When possessed in a 
 high degree it is the quality which specially indicates the leader of 
 men. It is that which enables a General or a Minister to select 
 the fit instrument for the public purpose ; without which all the 
 preparations for a campaign, however costly and complete, may be 
 fruitless, and all the deliberations of councils, and all the discussions 
 of Parliament, prove mere dust and wind. Scholars and philosophers 
 are in general too much absorbed by their own peculiar studies or 
 pursuits to be skilled in the discrimination of character, and i^ 
 the aptitude of a pupil is recognised by them it is generally when 
 he has evinced a disposition to excel in some branch of 
 acquirement which has established their own celebrity. No 
 centlemen, I believe, after all, it will be found that it is best and 
 inevitable, in the pursuit of self-knowledge, that we should depend on 
 self-communion. Unquestionably, where there is a strong predisposi- 
 tion it will assert itself in spite of all obstacles, but even here only 
 after an initiation of many errors and much self-deception. One of 
 the fruitful sources of that self-deception is to be found in the sus- 
 ceptibility of the youthful mind. The sympathy is so quick that we 
 are apt to transfer to our own persons the qualities which we admire 
 in others. If it be the age of a great poet, his numbers are for ever 
 resounding in our ears, and we sigh for his laurels ; if a military age, 
 nothing will content us but to be at the head of armies ; if an age of 
 oratory and politics, our spirit requires that we should be leaders of 
 parties and Ministers of State. In some instances the predisposition 
 may be true, but it is in the nature of things that the instances must 
 be rare. In 99 cases out of 100 the feeling is not idiosyncratic but 
 mimetic, and we have mistaken a quick sensibility for creative power. 
 Then comes to a young man the period of disappointment and
 
 despondency. To publish poems which no one will read, to make 
 speeches to which no one will li sten ; after reveries of leading 
 armies and directing counsels, to find yourself on your en- 
 trance into the business of life, incapable of influencing the 
 conduct of an ordinary individual, all this is bitter ; but 
 all depends upon how the lesson is received. A weak spirit will not 
 survive this catastrophe of his self-love. He will sink into chronic 
 despondency, and, without attempting to rally, he will pass through 
 life as a phantom and be remembered, as an old man, only by the 
 golden promise of his deceptive youth. But a man of sense will 
 accept these consequences, however apparently mortifying, with 
 courage and candour. He will dive into his own intelligence, he will 
 analyse the circumstances of his failure, he will discriminate how much 
 was occasioned by indigenous deficiencies, and how much may be 
 attributed to external and fortuitous circumstances. And in this 
 severe introspection he may obtain that self-knowledge he requires ; 
 his failures may be the foundation of his ultimate success, and in this 
 moral and intellectual struggle he may discover the true range of his 
 powers and the right bent of his character and capacity. So much, 
 gentlemen, for self-knowledge, a subject that for ages has furnished 
 philosophers with treatises. I do not pretend to be a philosopher, 
 and I have not offered you a treatise, but I have made some remarks 
 which are at least the result of my own observation. But assuming 
 that you have at length attained this indispensable self-knowledge, 
 and that you have an opportunity, in the pursuits of life, of following 
 the bent of your disposition, we come now to the second and not less 
 important condition of success in life : have you that other kind of 
 knowledge which is required — do you comprehend the spirit of the 
 age in which your faculties are to be exercised ? Hitherto you have 
 been as explorers in a mountain district. You have surveyed and 
 examined valleys, you have penetrated gorges, you have crossed many 
 a ridge and range, till at length, having overcome all obstacles, you 
 have reached the crest of the commanding height, and, like the soldiers 
 of Xenophon, you behold the Sea. But the sea that you behold is 
 the Ocean of Life ! In what vessels are you going to embark ? With 
 what instruments are you furnished ? What is the port of your desti- 
 nation ? It is singular that, though there is no lack of those who will 
 explain the past, and certainly no want of those who will predict the 
 future, when the present is concerned — the present that we see and 
 feel — our opinions about it are in general bewildered and mistaken.
 
 8 
 
 And yet, without this acquaintance with the spirit of the age in which 
 we live, whatever our culture and whatever our opportunities, it is 
 probable that our lives may prove a blunder. Wlien the young King of 
 Macedon decided that the time had arrived when Europe should 
 invade Asia, he recognised the spirit of his age. The revelations of the 
 weakness of the Great King, which had been made during the im- 
 mortal expedition of the Ten Thousand, and still more during the 
 campaigns of Agesilaus, had gradually formed a public opinion which 
 Alexander dared to represent. When Caius Julius perceived that the . 
 colossal empire formed by the Senate and populace of Rome could not 
 be sustained on the municipal institutions of a single city, however 
 illustrious, he understood the spirit of the age. Constantine under- 
 stood the spirit of his age when he recognised the Sign under which he 
 was resolved to conquer. I think that Luther recognised the spirit of 
 the age when he nailed his Theses against indulgences to the gates of 
 a Thuringian church. The great Princes of the House of Tudor, and 
 the statesmen they employed, were all persons who understood the 
 spirit of their age. But it maybe said, — ' These are heroic instances. 
 A perception of the spirit of their age may be necessary to the success 
 of Princes and statesmen, but is not needful, or equally needful, for 
 those of lesser degree.' I think there would be fallacy in this criti- 
 cism, and that the necessity of this knowledge pervades the whole 
 business of life. Take, for example, the choice of a profession ; a 
 knowledge of the spirit of the age may save a young man from 
 embracing a profession which the spirit of the age dooms to become 
 obsolete. It is the same with the pursuits of commerce. This know- 
 ledge may guard a man from embarking his capital in a decaying 
 trade, or from forming connections and even establishments in 
 countries from which the spirit of the age is gradually diverting all 
 commercial transactions. I would say a knowledge of the spirit of 
 the age is necessary for every public man, and in a country like ours, 
 where the subject is called upon hourly to exercise rights and to fulfil 
 duties which, in however small a degree, go to the aggregate of that 
 general sentiment which ultimately governs States, every one is a 
 pnblic man, although he may not be a public character. But it does 
 not follow, because the spirit of the age is perceived and recognised, it 
 should be embraced and followed, or even that success in life depends 
 upon adopting it. What I wished to impress upon you was that 
 success in life depended on comprehending it. The spirit of the age 
 may be an unsound and injurious spirit ; it may be the moral duty
 
 of a man, not only not to defer to, but to resist it, and if it be unsound 
 and injurious, in so doing he will not only fulfil his duty, but he may 
 accomplish his success in life. The spirit of the age, for instance, 
 was in favour of the Crusades. They occasioned a horrible havoc of 
 human life ; they devastated Asia and exhausted Europe ; and, 
 in all probability, in acting in this instance according to the 
 spirit of the age, a man would have forfeited his life, and 
 certainly wasted his estate, with no further satisfaction 
 than having massacred some Jews and slain some Saracens. 
 *'What then, gentlemen, is the spirit of the age in which we our- 
 selves live ; of that world which in a few years, more or less, you will 
 have all entered ; where you are to establish yourselves in life ; where 
 you have to encounter in that object every conceivable difficulty ; 
 perplexities of judgment, material obstacles, tests of all your quali- 
 ties, and searching trials of your character ; and all these circum- 
 stances more or less affected by the spirit of the age, an acquaintance 
 with which will assist you in forming your decisions and in guiding 
 your course ? It appears to me that I should not greatly err were I 
 to describe the spirit of this age as the spirit of equality ; but 
 * equality ' is a word of wide import, under which various schools of 
 thought may assemble and yet arrive at different and even contra- 
 dictory conclusions. I hold that civil equality — that is, equality of 
 all subjects before the law, and that a law which reccJ^nises the per- 
 sonal rights of all subjects — is the only foundation of a perfect com- 
 monwealth — one which secures to all liberty, order, and justice. The 
 principle of civil equality has long prevailed in this kingdom. It has 
 been applied during the last half-century more completely to the con- 
 stantly and largely varying circumstances of the country ; but it had 
 prevailed more or less in Britain for centuries, and I attribute the 
 patriotism of our population mainly to this circumstance, and I 
 believe that it has had more to do with the security of the soil than 
 those geographical attributes usually enlarged upon. Another land, 
 long our foe, but now our rival only in the arts of peace, thought 
 fit, at the end of the last century, to reconstruct its social 
 system, and to rebuild it on the principle of social equality. To 
 effect this object it was prepared to make, and it made, 
 great sacrifices. It subverted all the institutions of the country : 
 a Monarchy of 800 years whose traditionary and systematic 
 policy had created the kingdom ; a National Church — for, though 
 Romanist, it had secured its liberties ; a tenure of land which
 
 10 
 
 maintained a valiant nobility, that never can be restored ; it con- 
 fiscated all endowments and abolished all corporations ; erased from 
 the map of the soil all the ancient divisions, and changed the land- 
 marks and very name of the country. Indeed, it entirely effected 
 its purpose, which was to destroy all the existing social elements 
 and level the past • to the dust. This experiment has had fair play, 
 and you can judge of its results by the experience of 80 years. It 
 is not in Scotland that the name of France will ever be mentioned 
 without affection, and I will not yield to any Scotchman in my 
 appreciation of the brilliant qualities and the splendid achievements 
 of its gifted people. We are not blind to their errors, but their 
 calamities are greater than their errors, and their merits are greater 
 than their calamities. When I heard that their bright city was 
 beleaguered, and that the breach was in the wall, I confess I felt that 
 pang which I remember, as a child, I always experienced when I 
 read ot Lysander entering the City of the Violet Crown. But, 
 gentlemen, I may on this occasion be permitted to say that of all 
 the many services which France has rendered to Europe — Europe, 
 that land of ancient creeds and ancient Governments, and manners 
 and customs older than both — not the least precious is the proof 
 she has afforded to us that the principle of social equality is not one 
 on which a nation can safely rely in the hour of trial and in the 
 day of danger. Then it is found that there is no one to lead 
 and nothing to rally round. There is not a man in the country 
 who can assemble fifty people. And rightly : since for an 
 individual to direct is an usurpation of the sovereignty of the many. 
 Those who ought to lead feel isolated, and those who wish to obey know 
 not to whom to offer their devotion. All personal influences are dead. 
 All depends on the Central Government, a sufl&cient power in fair 
 weather, but in stormy times generally that part of the machine 
 which breaks. Civil equality prevails in Britain, and social equality 
 prevails in France. The essence of civil equality is to abolish privi- 
 lege ; the essence of social equality is to destroy classes. If the principle 
 of equality at the present day assumed only these two forms, I do not 
 think that there would be much to perplex you in your choice, or in 
 your judgment as to their respective results. But that is not so. The 
 equality which is now sought by vast multitudes of men in many 
 countries, which is enforced by writers not deficient in logic, in 
 eloquence, and even learning, scarcely deigns to recognise civil equality, 
 and treats social equality only as an obsolete truth. No moral or
 
 11 
 
 metaphysical element will satisfy them. They demand physical and 
 material equality. This is the disturbing spirit which is now 
 rising like a moaning wind in Europe, and which, when you enter 
 the world, may possibly be a raging storm. It may therefore be 
 as well that your attention should be called to its nature, ani 
 that you may be led to consider its consequences. The leading 
 principle of this new school is that there is no happiness which 
 is not material, and that every living being has a right to a 
 share in that physical welfare. The first obstacle which they find 
 to their object is found in the rights of private property. Therefore, 
 they must be abolished. But the social system must be established 
 on some principle ; and, therefore, for the rights of property they 
 would substitute the rights of labour. Now the rights of labour can- 
 not be fully enjoyed if there be any limit to employment. The great 
 limit to employment, to the rights of labour, and to the physical and 
 material equality of man, is found in the division of the world into 
 States and nations. Thus, as civil equality would abolish privilege, 
 social equality would destroy classes, so material and physical equality 
 strikes at the principle of patriotism, and is prepared to abrogate 
 countries. Now I address a race of men who are proud, and justly 
 proud, of their country. I know not that the sentiment of patriotism 
 beats in] dny breast more strongly than in that of a Scotchman. 
 Neither ime nor distance, I believe, enfeebles that passion. It is as 
 vehement on the banks of the Ganges as on the banks of the Clyde, 
 and in the speculative turmoil of Melbourne as in the bustling energy 
 of Glasgow. Why is a Scotchman proud of his country ? Because 
 the remembrance of it awakes a tradition of heroic exploits and in- 
 spiring emotions, of sacrifices for its sake in the field and on the 
 scaffold ; of high examples of military skill and civil prudence ; of 
 literary and scientific fame ; of commanding eloquence and profound 
 philosophy, and of fascinating poesy and romance, all of which a 
 Scotchman feels ennoble his existence, and all of which he is con- 
 scious have inevitably [sprung from the circumstances of his native 
 land. So that the very configuration of the soil and the temper 
 of the clime have influenced his private virtues and his public life, 
 as they unquestionably have given a form and colour to those works 
 of creative genius which have gained the sympathy and admiration of 
 the world. No, gentlemen, it is not true that the only real 
 happiness is physical happiness ; it is not true that physical happiness 
 is the highest happiness ; it is not true that physical happiness is a
 
 12 
 
 principle on which you can build up a flourishing and enduring 
 commonwealth. A civilised community must rest on a large realised 
 capital of thought and sentiment, there must be a reserved fund of 
 public morality to draw upon in the exigencies of national life. 
 Society has a soul as well as a body, the traditions of a nation are 
 part of its existence. Its valour and its discipline, its religious faith, 
 its venerable laws, its science and erudition, its poetry, its art^ its 
 eloquence, and its scholarship, are as much portions of its eiistence as 
 its agriculture, its commerce, and its engineering skill. Nay, I would 
 go further, I would say that without these qualities material 
 excellence cannot be attained. But, gentlemen, the new philosophy 
 strikes further than at the existence of patriotism. It strikes at the 
 home ; it strikes at the individuality of man. It would reduce 
 civilised society to human flocks and herds. That it may produce in 
 your time much disturbance, possibly much destruction, I pretend 
 not to deny ; but I must express my conviction that it will not ulti- 
 mately triumph. I hold that the main obstacles to its establishment 
 are to be found in human nature itself. They are both physical and 
 moral. If it be true, as I believe, that an aristocracy distinguished 
 merely by wealth must perish from satiety, so I hold it is equally 
 true that a people who recognise no higher aim than physical enjoy- 
 ments must become selfish and enervated. Under such circum- 
 stances the supremacy of race, which is the key of history, 
 will assert itself. Some human progeny, distinguished by 
 their bodily vigour or their masculine intelligence, or 
 by both qualities, will assert their superiority and conquer a world 
 which deserves to be enslaved. It will then be found that our boasted 
 progress has only been an advancement in a circle, and that our new 
 philosophy has brought us back to that old serfdom which it has taken 
 ages to extirpate. But the still more powerful — indeed, the insur- 
 mountable — obstacle to the establishment of the new opinions will be 
 furnished by the essential elements of the human mind. Our idiosjnti- 
 cracy is not bounded by the planet which we inhabit. We can inves- 
 tigate space and we can comprehend eternity. No considerations 
 limited to this sphere have hitherto furnished the excitement which 
 man requires, or the sanctions for his conduct which his nature impe- 
 ratively demands. The spiritual nature of man is stronger than Codes 
 or Constitutions. No Government can endure which does not recog- 
 nise that for its foundation, and no legislation last which does not 
 flow from this fountain. The principle may develope itself in mani-
 
 13 
 
 fest forms — shape of many creeds and many churches ; but the prin- 
 ciple is divine. As time is divided into day and night, so religion 
 rests upon the providence of God and the responsibility of man. One 
 is manifest, the other mysterious ; but both are facts. Nor is there, 
 as some would teach you, anything in these convictions which tends 
 to contract our intelligence or our sympathies. On the contrary, 
 religion invigorates the intellect and expands the heart. He who has 
 a due sense of his relations to God is best qualified to fulfil his duties 
 to man. A fine writer of antiquity — perhaps the finest — has recorded 
 in a passage his belief in Divine Providence, and in the necessity of 
 universal toleration : — 
 
 " These things and all things, at all times, I say, 
 My faith is come straight from the gods to men. 
 Whoso deems other form of doctrine true, 
 He has his creed ; let me adhere to mine." 
 
 These lines were written, more than two thousand years ago, by the 
 most Attic of Athenian poets. In the perplexities of life I have some- 
 tunes found them a solace and a satisfaction ; and I now deliver them 
 to you, to guide your consciences and to guard your lives." 
 
 Throughout his address, and at its close, the Lord Rector was enthu- 
 siastically cheered.
 
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