BTHE 
 IBLICAL 
 
 WOIiLD 
 
 MARCH 1906 
 
 ^ttUam aaainej Harper 
 
 1856-1906 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 
 CHICAGO AND NEW YORK 
 
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The Biblical World 
 
 PUBLISHED MONTHLY 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1882 
 
 The Hebrew Student Vols. I, II, 1882-1883 
 
 The Old Testament Student Vols. III-VIII, 1883-1888 
 
 The Old and New Testament Student . Vols. IX-XV, 1889-1892 
 The Biblical World, New Series .... Vols. I-XXVI, 1893-1905 
 
 EDITOR , 
 
 WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER 
 
 [Died January 10, 1906] 
 
 ASSOCIATE EDITORS 
 Ernest DeWitt Burton, Shailer Mathews, Ira Maurice Price, Robert Francis Harper, James Henry Breasted, 
 Clyde Weber Votaw, Herbert Lockwood Wii.lett, Edgar Johnson Goodspeed, Eri Baker Hulbert, Franklin John- 
 son, Charles Richmond Henderson, George Burman Foster, Alonzo Ketcham Parker, John Wildman Moncrief, 
 Theodore Gerald Soares, Gerald Birney Smith, and James Richard Jewett 
 
 ERNEST DE WITT BURTON, Secretary of the Board of Editors 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 MARCH, 1906 
 
 MEMORIALS OF WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER 
 
 Frontispiece: William Raincy Harper. 
 
 Editorial -------...-_... 161 
 
 Biographical Sketch. Professor Francis W. Shepardson, Ph. D. - - - - - 162 
 
 The Granville Period. Chancellor E. Benjamin Andrews, D.D., L.L.D. - - - 167 
 The Morgan Park Period. Professor Eri B. Hulbert, D.D. - - - - - 171 
 
 The Yale Period. Frank Knight Sanders, Ph.D., D.D. - - - - - -177 
 
 The Chicago Period. Professor A. K. Parker, D.D. ------- 182 
 
 In His Study. John Merlin Po-wis Smith, Ph.D. - - - 188 
 
 In His Classroom. Professor Ira Maurice Price, Ph.D. ------- 192 
 
 196 
 200 
 204 
 209 
 216 
 220 
 223 
 
 In the Field of Semitic Scholarship. Professor Emil G. Hirsch, Ph.D., LL.D. 
 
 As An Old Testament Interpreter. Professor George Adam Smith, D D. - 
 
 As an Editor. Professor Shailer Mathews, D.D. ------- 
 
 In the Popularization of Bible Study. Assistant Professor Clyde W. Votaw, Ph.D 
 As University President. Professor Albion W. Small, Ph.D., LL.D. - - - 
 In Association with His Colleagues. Professor Ernest D. Burton, D.D. - 
 His Religious Life. Professor Charles Riifus Brown, Ph.D., D.D. 
 Appreciations. President Nicholas Murray Butler, LL.D.; President W. H. P. Faunce, 
 D.D., LL.D.; Professor Marcus Dods, D.D.; President Charles Cuthbert Hall, D.D., LL.D.; 
 Professor David G. Lyon, Ph.D.; President G. Stanley Hall, LL.D.; President Augustus 
 H. Strong, D.D., LL.D.; Professor Milton G. Evans, D.D.; Professor George Barker Stevens, 
 D.D., LL.D.; Rev. Edward Judson, D.D. ; Frank Billings, M.D.; Mr. Andrew MacLeish; 
 Professor Frank Frost .Abbott, Ph.D.; Professor George E. Vincent, Ph.D.; Dean Harry Pratt 
 Judson, LL.D.; Professor T. C. Chamberlin, LL.D. -------- 22 
 
 Bibliography. Assistant Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed, Ph.D. ----- 24 
 
 Communications for the Editors should be addressed to them at the University of Chicago, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Business correspondence should be addressed to the University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. 
 
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 For Great Britain: LuzAC & Co., 46 Great Russell Street, London, England. 
 
 Entered January 38, 1893, at the Post-Office at Chicago as Second-Class Matter under Act of Congress, March 3, 1879 
 Copyright, 1905, by The University of Chicago 
 
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 CHICAGO AND NEW YORK 3 
 
THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 Volume XXVII MARCH, I906 Number 3 
 
 (JJtiitorial 
 
 The present issue of the Biblical World is devoted entirely to 
 articles commemorative of the hfe and work of him to whom the 
 journal owes its existence, and who from its first issue to his death 
 was its editor, Wilham Rainey Harper. The proceeding is exceptional, 
 perhaps unparalleled. But to the minds of those on whom there 
 now falls the editorial responsibiHty this course appears not only jus- 
 tified, but demanded. The relation of this journal to Dr. Harper, of 
 whose brain and heart in a peculiar sense it was the child, to which 
 he had devoted thought and strength and money without reserve, as 
 well as the services which in the last quarter of a century he had ren- 
 dered to the cause of biblical study and rehgious education, make it 
 fitting that we should employ the pages of one issue in a portraiture 
 of the life and character, and a survey of the work, of one who 
 throughout his career as editor characteristically kept his person- 
 ality in the background, subordinating it to the cause for which 
 the journal stood. The verdict of history upon his whole career 
 it is far too early to render. What we here present must rather 
 be the testimony of his contemporaries, material for the future 
 historian. 
 
 Yet we who enjoyed that intimate relation with him into which 
 we were brought through our association with him as our chief, must 
 here record the strong affection which we had for him, the profound 
 respect in which we held him, and the keen sense of loss with which 
 we contemplate the fact that the tasks which hitherto we have shared 
 with him we must now seek to carry forward without the inspiration 
 of his presence and the guidance of his genius. 
 
 161 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 
 
 FRANCIS W. SHEPARDSON 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 William Rainey Harper was born in New Concord, Muskingum 
 County, Ohio, July 26, 1856, and died in Chicago, January 10, 1906. 
 His ancestors on both sides of the family were Scotch-Irish. His great- 
 grandfather was Robert Harper, who came from Ireland in 1795 '^^th 
 his wife Janet, and a son Samuel then aged fifteen years. They 
 found a home at first in western Pennsylvania with others of that 
 hardy Presbyterian stock, the son Samuel removing after some years 
 to a farm about two miles north of the village of New Concord, Ohio. 
 In 1848 a grandson, also named Samuel, became a resident of the 
 village near by, marrying Ellen Elizabeth Rainey, a member of 
 another family which, emigrating from Ireland, had found a home 
 first in New York, and afterward in Cambridge, Ohio. The first- 
 born child of this marriage was named Wilham Rainey Harper after 
 his maternal grandfather. 
 
 Samuel Harper, the father, a dry-goods merchant, was a leading 
 citizen of the village, a pillar in the United Presbyterian church, and 
 a moving spirit in the affairs of Muskingum College, a small denomi- 
 national school in New Concord. To this institution the son was sent 
 for his education, entering the preparatory department when he was 
 eight years old. From his earliest childhood he had been fond of 
 books. He pursued his studies with avidity, easily held his own with 
 more mature students, and was ready for the freshman class at ten. 
 Since the school was designed primarily for the training of those who 
 were to enter the ministry of the denomination, the study of the Bible 
 in several languages was a prominent feature of the curriculum. And 
 it may have been more significant than anyone then thought that this 
 youthful student delivered his commencement oration in Hebrew, 
 when he received the degree of bachelor of arts at the age of fourteen. 
 
 For three years after graduation he remained at home, clerking in 
 his father's store, pursuing favorite studies under tutors, and, inci- 
 
 162 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 
 
 163 
 
 dentally, leading the New Concord Cornet Band, in which capacity 
 he made a visit to Granville, in Licking County, which adjoins Mus- 
 kingum on the west, to furnish music for the commencement exercises 
 of the class of 1873 of Dcnison University. In the fall of that year 
 he entered Yale College for graduate work in philology under Profes- 
 sor William Dwight Whitney, to whose inspiration he always felt 
 greatly indebted. At nineteen he received the degree of doctor of phi- 
 losophy from Yale. In the same year he married Ella Paul, daughter 
 of Rev. David Paul, the president of Muskingum College and his 
 first teacher in Hebrew, and went to 
 Macon, Tenn., where he spent a year 
 as principal of the Masonic College. 
 With this experience as a teacher he 
 accepted an invitation to become a 
 tutor in the preparatory department 
 of Denison University, removing to 
 Granville in the fall of 1876. 
 
 Here he came under the inspira- 
 tion of the president of the college, 
 Rev. E. Benjamin Andrews, the 
 second of the great teachers who 
 influenced his life. A fortunate situ- 
 ation soon made him principal of 
 the preparatory department, and the 
 two men, working harmoniously to- 
 gether, stirred the institution to its depths. They introduced many 
 innovations, quickened the intellectual life of their pupils, drew many 
 students to the college, and exerted a wonderful influence over those 
 under them, making every student of either a friend for life. At 
 Granville, too. Dr. Harper united with the Baptist church, thus 
 coming into connection with the denomination under whose auspices 
 he w^as to have his great opportunities in the field of education- 
 Before his plans for Granville Academy had really begun to develop, 
 he was called to the Baptist Union Theological Seminar}' at Morgan 
 Park, 111., where he came under the influence of a third great teacher, 
 Dr. George W. Northrup. 
 
 At Morgan Park he proceeded to carry out two educational ideas 
 
 A STUDENT AT VALE 
 
164 
 
 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 which had taken firm hold upon his mind — one the behef in the value 
 of the inductive method of teaching languages, and the other the deter- 
 mination to awaken fresh interest in Hebrew by means of instruction 
 by correspondence. He wrote textbooks for the study of Hebrew, 
 organized a correspondence school of Hebrew, established periodicals 
 called the Hebrew Student and Hehraica, and started summer schools 
 of Hebrew. In this work he spent large sums of money raised by 
 personal solicitation, or taken from his own scanty resources, often at 
 
 THE HOUSE IN NEW CONCORD, OHIO, WHERE WILLIAM R. HARPER WAS BORN 
 
 much personal sacrifice. At about this time also he began to associate 
 others with himself in a plan out of which eventually grew inductive 
 textbooks in Latin, Greek, and English. 
 
 Soon he was brought into connection with the Chautauqua system, 
 at first in a minor way, then becoming principal of the Chautauqua 
 College of Liberal Arts, and later principal of the entire system. While 
 thus engaged he received a call to the faculty of Yale University, and 
 before very long was sustaining a dual relationship to that institution* 
 as professor of the Semitic languages and Woolsey professor of biblical 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 
 
 165 
 
 literature. Here again, as at Granville and Morgan Park and Chau- 
 tauqua, he aroused great enthusiasm among his pupils, and by means 
 of public lectures, delivered in the principal cities of the country and 
 at various colleges, awakened a widespread interest in the study of 
 the Bible. 
 
 Then came his career in connection with the University of Chicago, 
 whose history during the years of its existence is largely the biography 
 of its first president. Every detail of its educational policy was worked 
 
 THE HOME OF WILLIAM R. HARPER IN HIS BOYHOOD AND YOUTH, NEW 
 CONCORD, OHIO. STILL IN THE POSSESSION OF THE FAMILY 
 
 out under his careful supervision; every building bears his approving 
 stamp; every instructor was known by him personally and received 
 appointment on his recommendation. The University was the fruition 
 of his Hfe's labors. For now that his work is done it is interesting, 
 and instructive as well, to see how the hand of God led him along life's 
 pathway; how each stage of the journey seemed to prepare him for 
 the next. When but a lad in the little college at home, he learned to 
 study the Bible as part of the curriculum, and became interested in 
 Hebrew. A youth, at Yale, he came under the inspiring influence of 
 
1 66 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 a trained specialist, and longed himself to become a teacher of power. 
 At Granville he found connection with the Baptist denomination, and 
 the friendship and encouragement of President Andrews. On the 
 recommendation of the latter he went to Morgan Park, found a wider 
 outlook, had better opportunity to carry out some of his cherished 
 projects, and w^on the friendship and esteem of Dr. Northrup, who in 
 time was to join others in recommending him as the one to carry 
 out large ideas for education. His Chautauqua connection was inval- 
 uable, giving him wide acquaintance, added experience as an admin- 
 istrator, and surer conviction of the worth of some of his educational 
 ideas. At Yale again he had maturer acquaintance with university 
 work ; and then, sixteen years after receiving his doctor's degree, he 
 was ready to leave New Haven behind him to undertake the great 
 life-work for which these years had so well prepared him. 
 
 Others who came into close contact with him are to tell of his special 
 work in each of the manifold activities of his less than fifty years of 
 life. He was an inspiring teacher, a successful author, a founder of 
 journals, a wonderfully stimulating lecturer on bibhcal topics, one of 
 the greatest of American college presidents, a leading spirit in the 
 National Educational Association, the ReHgious Education Associa- 
 tion, and other organizations for advance in educational lines, a 
 religious leader who exerted vast influence in Sunday-school circles 
 and in general religious education, a patriotic and active citizen, a 
 devoted parent, and a friendly and companionable man. But in 
 all this Hfe he was pre-eminently a teacher. As such he desired to 
 be known and appreciated. The demands of his position forced 
 him to become an administrator — and he was a successful one, too. 
 But, as his life's work is reviewed, it is perfectly clear that the domi- 
 nant note is that of the teacher, and for that he will be remembered 
 more and more as the years go by. It would be a noble life-work 
 for any man to build the University of Chicago. It would be suffi- 
 cient ground for praise that one had stimulated his whole generation 
 to greater interest in the Bible. But, if his own wish were respected, 
 the highest meed of praise would be given for his work as a teacher — 
 and that will live longest, because it will repeat itself forever in the 
 lives of the many whom he stimulated to higher purpose. 
 
THE GRANVILLE PERIOD 
 
 CHANCELLOR E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS, LL.D. 
 The University of Nebraska 
 
 Mr. Harper began teaching at Denison University, Granville, 
 Ohio, in September, 1876, a year after his leaving Yale with the 
 degree of Ph.D. This intervening year he had spent in the service 
 of the Masonic College at Macon, Tenn. His election at Granville 
 had occurred on the nomination of Professor Henry A. Rogers, 
 who had known him at Yale, and he accepted, it was understood, 
 in considerable part because Professor Rogers urged him to do so. 
 
 He was to be tutor — he later became principal — in the prepara- 
 tory department in the college, subsequently known as Granville 
 Academy. It was an arduous and responsible position for a youth 
 of twenty — exactly his age at his accession — and the young doctor 
 would not have been intrusted with it had not Rogers formed and 
 expressed an exceedingly high opinion of his ability. 
 
 At first his youthful look and manner disconcerted not a few. 
 His predecessors in oi^fice had been much older men. Some, if not 
 all, of his colleagues were so. Indeed, he had a goodly number of 
 pupils who wTre his seniors by several years. The standards of the 
 school had always been veiy high. Its faculty had embraced as 
 accomplished teachers as I have ever known. Professor Rogers, 
 whom Harper succeeded as principal, was one of these. The college 
 faculty contained classical and teaching talent of the first order, 
 not surpassed by any with which I have ever been acquainted. In 
 a word, the gentlemen with whom Harper was thrown in contact 
 and compared upon coming to Granville, while able and willing to 
 help him, were of a character to have discouraged a weaker man. 
 
 This was not the effect upon Harper. Quite the reverse. With- 
 out the slightest assumption or parade he proceeded to the business 
 before him, which he began to dispatch with such address and 
 ability that all apprehensions touching his success presently disap- 
 peared, giving way to high expectations. These in turn soon began 
 
 167 
 
1 68 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 to be fulfilled. The man's second and later years at Granville were 
 a continuous record of such fulfilment. 
 
 Dr. Harper did not, at Granville, in all things give promise of 
 the eminence which he was destined to attain. He evinced no 
 propensity or talent for writing. He had, apparently, no over- 
 mastering ambition in any particular direction. He certainly wished 
 to work into teaching the Semitic tongues, if possible, but the slender 
 likeUhood, at first, of any opportunity in that direction did not 
 seem to pain him acutely, and he addressed himself to the teaching 
 of Greek and Latin, not only with the most unremitting assiduity, 
 but also, so far as one could see, with extreme pleasure. 
 
 While always perfectly exemplary in conduct and very devout, 
 he did not, during the years here under review, betray any special 
 interest in theology, in biblical study, or in any of the great themes 
 of religious philosophy. You would not have picked him out then 
 as likely to head a department in a theological faculty, or to dis- 
 tinguish himself as an organizer of theological work in any branch. 
 His interests were not speculative, but concrete. So far as I can 
 recall, he relished the classic tongues less because of the history 
 and literature to be got at through them than as a field for the 
 application of his grammatical knowledge in reading by himself and 
 in drilling others. 
 
 In view of this non-contemplative bent which Dr. Harper's men- 
 tality showed, some, when he was invited to permanent member- 
 ship in the faculty of the Seminary at Morgan Park, urged him 
 against acceptance. They felt sure of his success if he devoted 
 himself to classical teaching, but feared his relative failure and dis- 
 satisfaction if he became a Semitist in a theological school. Had 
 the call then come which subsequently carried him to Yale, all 
 would have bidden him to accept; but at the time of his going to 
 Morgan Park Semitic studies had nowhere begun to be cultivated 
 as part of a liberal discipline. 
 
 It was at Granville that Dr. Harper took — or renewed — his stand 
 as a Christian man. I dare say he regarded himself a believer be- 
 fore this; but, I should think, did not regard as of great seriousness 
 any religious profession he might have made earlier. He desired 
 baptism by immersion, reaching this purpose entirely through 
 
THE GRANVILLE PERIOD 169 
 
 thought of his own, not at all by others' exhortation. It was the 
 writer's privilege to be his attendant in making preparation for the 
 ordinance, and during and after the same. 
 
 In this episode of his experience already appeared the Harper of 
 later life. There was no period of wavering, of alternate advance 
 and retreat. Duty made itself known clearly, and was performed 
 with promptness and decision. 
 
 Still more prophetic of what it was to be at his maturity was 
 Harper's early teaching. Teaching was his delight, and his meat 
 and drink. He looked forward to each class period as to a feast. 
 Teaching did not weary or cloy him. Before his class his mind 
 and his body also were all activity. His thought was instantaneous 
 Question or correction followed answers hke a flash. He would 
 scrutinize with precision half a dozen pupils' several work at the 
 blackboard, hinting, warning, correcting, praising, gently ridiculing, 
 while at the same time attending to recitation after recitation by 
 other members of the class. His comments were clear, concise, 
 exact, and helpful, calculated to inspire and encourage, and not to 
 depress. His own knowledge, always ample, ready, and precise, was 
 never paraded, though always apparent in spite of him, and admired 
 by everyone. 
 
 It was model teaching. Bright pupils shot forward phenomenally ; 
 dull ones made good progress. All worked to the best of their 
 ability, made to share what seemed to be their teacher's conviction 
 that, unless they became efficient classicists, some terrible fate cer- 
 tainly awaited them — in this world at any rate, and possibly here- 
 after. No scolding was used, no mean sarcasm. Diligence, atten- 
 tion, punctuality, and hard study were expected as matters of course, 
 and were consequently forthcoming. 
 
 Like every true teacher, Principal Harper took a deep interest 
 in his pupils. He loved them. Not alone their progress in study 
 engaged his thought, but their manners and morals as well. Hence 
 not alone the briUiant boys, whom he praised and idolized, cherished 
 strong affection for him, but the slower ones as well, all being certain 
 that he was seeking their good, and that naught but good could come 
 from compliance with his precepts. Under such a master, drill could 
 not mean drudgery, or obedience slavery. 
 
I70 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 Once several of Dr. Harper's students fell to visiting a saloon. 
 Informed of this, and determined to end the habit, Dr. Harper in 
 person " raided " the saloon, finding a number of the culprits, whom 
 he duly admonished, taking occasion also to give the proprietor a 
 piece of his mind. 
 
 The above paragraphs pave the way for the remark that already 
 in his Granville days Dr. Harper was an extraordinary disciplinarian. 
 Student rows were never a feature of his administration. This was 
 partly because his pupils loved him, partly because he gave them 
 plenty of work, and most of all because his air and manner spread 
 a genial seriousness through the entire student body. No American 
 educator has, I think, handled so great a number of students as Dr. 
 Harper did, with so little friction. 
 
 Assistants as well as students felt and yielded to this quiet, 
 natural mastery. There was nothing of the " boss " about Dr. 
 Harper. He did not dictate or lay down the law, but got his wishes 
 obeyed through reason, argument, and that indefinable force char- 
 acterizing all natural leaders, well denominated the power of "bring- 
 ing things to pass." This aspect of Mr. Harper's many-sided 
 nature was clearly in evidence early in his Granville period. So 
 also were his incessant industry, his titanic power for toil, and his 
 scrupulous method in all his work. 
 
 In 1878, the Theological Seminary at Morgan Park being un- 
 expectedly in need of instruction in Hebrew, midyear Dr. Harper 
 was mentioned as able to supply this lack. Overtures were made 
 to him, and by him accepted, subject to approval by the Denison 
 trustees. The plan was that he should spend the winter at Morgan 
 Park, returning to Granville after the seminary closed in April, to 
 complete the year's work at the academy. With a great deal 
 of reluctance, making this decision by them a cardinal event in 
 Harper's career, the Denison authorities acceded to the arrange- 
 ment. For the remainder of the year the understanding was that 
 Harper's main work lay at Granville, and that he was aiding at 
 Chicago only in a temporary way. Little by little, however, his 
 relation with the seminary he was serving so well became sub- 
 stantive, and it could not spare him. The transference thither of his 
 entire activity was but a matter of time, to occur so soon as Denison 
 could make shift to spare him. 
 
THE MORGAN PARK PERIOD 
 
 ERI B. HULBERT 
 Thj University of Chicago 
 
 In the minutes of the Board of the Theological Union covering our 
 period the first and last entries referring to Dr. Harper are as follows: 
 
 June i8, 1878. Dr. Northrup presented the name of W. R. Harper as a 
 suitable person to fill the vacancy in the Seminary in the department of Hebrew. 
 
 May 12, 1886. The resignation of Professor W. R. Harper was read and 
 regretfully accepted. 
 
 His term of service began January i, 1879, and continued through 
 seven and one-half years. A youth of twenty-two, he came as an 
 instructor, but a little later was advanced to the full professorship. At 
 first his salary was $800, then $1,000, then $1,800. 
 
 If we were seeking a phrase which would fitly describe him in his 
 Morgan Park career, we should call him a young, enthusiastic Hebra- 
 ist. It is to be noted that his earlier special scholastic training had 
 been in philology; that, if language be excepted, he had never taken a 
 lesson in any branch of theological learning; that he was called to Mor- 
 gan Park specifically to teach the Hebrew tongue; and that through 
 his stay he followed his linguistic bent and held himself for the most 
 part to the task assigned him. In those days the two biblical profes- 
 sors happened to be hnguists and little more ; and so the one taught the 
 Hebrew text of the Old Testament, and the other the Greek text of the 
 New, drilling their students in forms and vocabularies, syntax and 
 etymology, and beyond this giving only minor attention to either Testa- 
 ment. If in theory this drill was the means to a higher end, the means 
 filled the foreground almost to the hiding of everything else. In after- 
 years Dr. Harper's vision broadened; but at this period he was chiefly 
 a boundlessly enthusiastic Hebraist, with all the excellencies, and some 
 of the defects, of such a character. 
 
 At the beginning his enthusiasm spent itself in his regular seminary 
 class work. He was in charge of a department, and he magnified his 
 office. He had before him a company of young men to whom it was 
 
 171 
 
172 
 
 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 his bounden duty to impart the knowledge of a foreign tongue. With 
 crayon and blackboard through the eye he printed its hieroglyphics on 
 their brains. Singly and in concert he taught them the unfamiliar 
 Hebrew sounds. x\lert, patient, tactful, untiring, he bent his energies 
 to his single purpose, persistently bringing to bear his rare inteUigence, 
 his matchless methods, his illuminating genius, his resistless will. In 
 
 PROFESSOR AT MORGAN PARK 
 
 the first hour, with the printing of a few Hebrew characters on the 
 board, his men began to catch his spirit, and ere long he had them in 
 his grip. His own enkindled and kindhng fervor swept them on with 
 an impetuosity which knew no faltering. Such were the singleness 
 and exclusiveness of his aim that neighboring interests were left un- 
 noted. He was little mindful of the bodily welfare of his students; 
 of their undue attention to a single study; of their neglect of other 
 branches; of the consequent lack of balance in their clerical training; 
 of the ill effect of this on their future ministry. These were responsi- 
 
THE MORGAN PARK PERIOD 173 
 
 bilities which he did not heed, or which he shifted to the students them- 
 selves. If the less impulsive, forecasting their future needs, steadied 
 themselves, it was not because the caution came from their ardent and 
 impelHng professor. ]\Iany indeed did not then see, and do not even 
 yet see, that their ministerial preparation would have been more wisely 
 made if their devotion to linguistics had been less excessive. Their 
 instructor in after-years, with vision clarified and judgment matured, 
 went so far as to make Hebrew itself an optional study. Youthful 
 enthusiasm later reflection sobered and regulated. 
 
 At the end of two years Dr. Harper found that his superabounding 
 zeal could not work itself off in regular classes in term time. The im- 
 pulse seized him to utiUze the vacation periods. In 1881, in the semi- 
 nary lecture-rooms, he opened the first of his famous summer schools, 
 which were held thereafter year by year regularly. One summer a 
 second school was conducted at Worcester, Mass., to meet New Eng- 
 land's needs, and the following summer a second school at New Haven, 
 and yet a third in Philadelphia appealed to a still wider constituency. 
 At the first, language study dominated everything. Think of a class 
 of beginners in Hebrew reciting four hours a day, and five days in the 
 week, and through a stretch of ten weeks. Think of the heavy dis- 
 count on eating, sleeping, exercise, rest, and recreation which this 
 prolonged memory tug and this unremitting mental tension neces- 
 sarily exacted. Think of the magnetic or hypnotic power of a teacher 
 who could entice a crowd of graybeards and youth, of pastors and 
 students, of parents and their children, of matrons and young girls, 
 into such a class. In the later schools this incessant grind was some- 
 what relieved by a morning chapel service and by an afternoon popu- 
 lar lecture. In the second summer an imported eastern Hebrew 
 professor aided a class of advanced students in making a new transla- 
 tion of Malachi. This was printed and scattered far and wide in proof 
 of the utihty of summer schools. In subsequent sessions exegetical 
 work was undertaken and popular features were introduced, which 
 tended somewhat to break the monotony and to liven up the schedule. 
 
 The time drew on apace when our young enthusiast could not con- 
 tent himself with seminary classes and summer schools. He saw 
 somewhere a notice to the effect that some rabbi proposed to teach 
 Hebrew by correspondence. Forthwith, with an electric pen, he drew 
 
174 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 up a series of lessons, and importuned the ministers whom he knew 
 to begin or review their Hebrew. The next year the lesson-shps 
 were printed, and names and addresses of clergymen of the various 
 denominations were gleaned from the ecclesiastical yearbooks, and 
 alluring circulars were sent broadcast over the land inviting to the 
 study or the restudy of the language of the Old Testament. The 
 renaissance had come indeed, and its inspiring genius, unable to 
 handle it singly, called to his aid his more capable students and other 
 helpers. The expanding work crowded him out of his private library 
 into larger quarters, and thence into a vacant store which he rented in 
 the village. There fonts of Hebrew type and outfits for compositors, 
 bookkeepers and proofreaders, lesson-correctors and business ex- 
 ploiters, were installed; and the village postmaster attained a higher 
 postal rank by reason of increasing traffic and the sale of stamps. The 
 awakened interest created the demand for better study-helps. The 
 Elements of Hebrew had appeared in 1881; Hebrew Vocabularies, in 
 1882. Out of the lesson-slips, made at first with an electric pen, 
 grew a printed pamphlet entitled Lessons of the Elementary Course, 
 which later, combined with the Hebrew Manual, became the Hebrew 
 Method and Manual, now so extensively used. 
 
 This business of promoting Hebrew, so auspiciously begun and so 
 •rapidly extending, could not get on without an organ. The new jour- 
 nal was christened the Hebrew Student, later named the Old Testament 
 Student, later still the Old and New Testament Student, and in these 
 last days the Biblical World. The Hebrew Student was popular in 
 character; to meet the more technical linguistic needs, Hebraica 
 was launched, afterward renamed the American Journal of Semitic 
 Languages and Literatures. 
 
 Were these various enterprises in which our Semitic enthusiast 
 embarked money-making schemes ? On the contrary, they were 
 money-losing. A mercenary thought never entered the promoter's 
 mind ; he was toiling for the public good, and his only use for money 
 was to advance the cause. So friends were solicited to render finan- 
 cial aid; stock companies were formed, and shares were sold; and into 
 the pool went the professor's own money, and all he could beg and 
 borrow. 
 
 To round out the great endeavor and make it in every way complete 
 
THE MORGAN PARK PERIOD I75 
 
 one thing more was needed. With the machinery for making trained 
 Hebraists running smoothly and successfully, its originator plainly 
 foresaw that a market for the finished product must be created. He 
 thereupon evolved the idea of establishing Hebrew and Bible chairs 
 in all the colleges of the land; and to his aspiring pupils there came 
 in consequence the alluring vision of useful and lucrative positions. 
 It would seem that Christian colleges, glorying in the Bible as their 
 very corner-stone, could not be induced to put Hebrew on a par with 
 Greek and Latin, nor to raise the Sacred Scriptures to the same dignity 
 with the pagan classics; and it would also seem that the students m 
 training for these college chairs, soon to be established, had to content 
 themselves for the most part with plain country pastorates. 
 
 It must not be inferred that Dr. Harper during his residence in 
 Morgan Park was wholly engrossed with Hebrew and its cognates. 
 He found ample time for all sorts of duties in no wise related to his 
 favorite pursuit. No member of the faculty was more ready to take 
 his share of the miscellaneous routine tasks of the Seminary. In the 
 church of which he was a member he was successively clerk, deacon, 
 treasurer, finance-committee man, and Sunday-school superintend- 
 ent. Lack of time was never urged in plea against an interest needing 
 his aid. The most notable proof that his chosen vocation did not 
 exhaust his energies or his sympathies, that time hung heavy on his 
 hands, and that he was pining for something to do, is found in the fact 
 that he was both able and willing to assume the responsibihties and 
 burdens incident to becoming the principal of the Chautauqua College 
 of Liberal Arts, a position he filled so well that a few years after leav- 
 ing Morgan Park that whole vast enterprise was committed to his 
 guiding genius when he was made principal of the Chautauqua 
 
 System. 
 
 The Morgan Park period, with its origination and experiment, is 
 in a sense the key to Dr. Harper's later career. Those days of heroic 
 struggle witnessed the uncertain beginnings of educational ideas which 
 afterward, proved and developed, became corner-stones of the univer- 
 sity which he built. The Institute of Hebrew with its correspondence 
 teaching convinced him of the efficacy of such instruction, and has 
 its counterpart today, not only in the Institute of Sacred Literature, 
 but in the whole correspondence work of the University. With the 
 
176 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 Publication Society of Hebrew, with its printing-office and its journals, 
 he satisfied himself of the essential importance in educational leader- 
 ship of such a department of publication as the University Press now 
 is. His summer schools live again in the Summer Quarter of the 
 University; and of many universities; and his principle of concen- 
 tration in study is recognizable in the whole system of major and 
 minor courses and subjects. Indeed, the Morgan Park period, com- 
 paratively obscure as it may now seem, yields to no period of his hfe 
 in creative activity, which is the more remarkable as he had then no 
 powerful friends to sustain his enterprises, and was himself under 
 thirty years of age. The heavy burdens of work and responsibihty 
 which he then so eagerly assumed and, single-handed, against great 
 odds, carried to success, constitute these days the heroic period of 
 his life. 
 
 This brief survey of the Morgan Park period reveals Dr. Harper 
 in the making. He was not then the man he subsequently became, 
 but the promise and the potency were there. He had not yet attained, 
 but he was on his way to all we know and admire and love. 
 
THE YALE PERIOD 
 
 FRANK KNIGHT SANDERS, PH.D., D.D. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 When Professor Harper came from Morgan Park to New Haven 
 as professor of Semitic languages at Yale University, in the fall of 
 1886, at the very beginning of the administration of President Timothy 
 Dwight, he had that in which his soul dehghted — a creative oppor- 
 tunity. There were traditions which favored the establishment of 
 such a chair, inherited from the oriental studies and collections of 
 Professor Salisbury, and enforced by the eminence and active sym- 
 pathy of Professor Whitney in Indo-European languages. More- 
 over, for many years Professor Day, in the theological school, had 
 given instruction to divinity men and others in Hebrew, Aramaic, 
 and Syriac. Yet a real department of Semitic languages awaited 
 organization. 
 
 It was at a fortunate and timely juncture. With the administra- 
 tion of President Dwight began the real and rapid expansion of Yale 
 College, and of the schools which had grown up around it into a true 
 university. With these growing ideals Professor Harper was in strong 
 sympathy. He threw himself with stirring enthusiasm into his work, 
 making himself almost at a bound the center of a group of earnest 
 students. He was appointed instructor in Hebrew at the Divinity 
 School, and succeeded in infusing within a few days an enthusiasm 
 for the subject among the members of the large junior class. Of this 
 class I was myself a member. To us all his methods and his ambi- 
 tions were a revelation, and his leadership was so inspiring that the 
 hours of study which he demanded were given as a matter of course 
 and with great heartiness. 
 
 Besides the fifty or more theological students who quickly began 
 to follow his leading, he had, during that first year, seven graduate 
 students who were giving all or a large proportion of their time, 
 under his direction, to the Semitic languages. He offered eight hours 
 of Hebrew, four of x\ssyrian, four of Arabic, and one each of Aramaic 
 and Svriac. 
 
lyS 
 
 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 He also re-established in New Haven, bringing the necessary 
 staff with him'from IMorgan Park, the American Institute of Hebrew, 
 an organization of which he was the principal, established to promote 
 correspondence instruction in Hebrew and other Semitic languages. 
 
 With the following year several important advances were made. 
 His brother. Dr. Robert F. Harper, joined him as an instructor in 
 Semitic'_languages. Between them they offered thirteen hours of 
 
 PROFESSOR AT YALK 
 
 Hebrew, six hours of Assyrian, four hours of Arabic, two hours of 
 Aramaic and Syriac, and one hour of Ethiopic. One untechnical 
 course, entitled "Hebrew and Other Semitic Literature," offered to 
 undergraduates, presaged the historical courses soon to come in 
 rapid^succession. Only one more graduate student was registered, 
 but at least two-thirds of the theological men were giving a large 
 proportion of their time and energy to his courses. 
 
 In the fall of 1887, if my recollection serves me right — possibly 
 in the following spring — an event took place which made a very 
 
THE YALE PERIOD 179 
 
 important change in his plans and constituency. A convention was 
 held at Yale of representatives of the Young Men's Christian Associ- 
 ations of the colleges of New England. Professor Harper was invited 
 to address the convention on the study of the English Bible. So strong 
 were his strictures on the ignorance of the average college man regard- 
 ing the Bible, and so clear was his vision of what ought to be done, 
 that the convention voted to invite him to prepare a series of inductive 
 Bible studies for the use of college men. He saw the opportunity 
 thus opening before him, and with characteristic promptness his 
 organizing activity began. He offered for 1888-89 to undergradu- 
 ates a two-hour course in the English Bible on the "Old Testament 
 Wisdom Literature." He began a regular weekly university lecture 
 course on "Old Testament History." In response to a special appeal, 
 he delivered a long course of lectures to the public of New Haven. 
 He broadened the scope of the Institute of Hebrew to include corre- 
 spondence instruction in the Enghsh Bible, giving the new organiza- 
 tion the title of "The American Institute of Sacred Literature." The 
 first correspondence course in the English Bible ever used was a 
 course which he himself prepared on Samuel, Saul, David, and Solo- 
 mon. It was printed in the Old Testament Student, of which he 
 was editor. It was not wholly successful as a course for students, 
 since it called for an undue proportion of time ; but as a course for 
 an individual student or for a class, under correspondence instruction, 
 it met with great approval. Meanwhile, the Semitic work was not 
 neglected. The graduate students in the Semitic department almost 
 doubled in number, the instructors were increased to four, and the 
 courses offered covered a wide field. 
 
 In 1889 the Woolsey professorship of biblical literature was estab- 
 lished, and Dr. Harper became the first incumbent. This year he 
 introduced a course in Enghsh on "Prophetical Literature," which 
 drew a tremendous following in the university, from undergraduates, 
 divinity men, and graduate students aUke. It was a memorable 
 experience, epoch-making for many an earnest student. At the 
 same time a university series on "The Origin and Contents of the 
 Psalter" was largely attended. 
 
 By 1890-91 the new work in the English Bible in the university 
 had become thoroughly systematized on a tri-yearly plan. A course 
 
l8o THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 was given on "Legal Literature," in the series including "Propheti- 
 cal and Wisdom Literature;" a course was given on "Early Hebrew 
 Traditions and Institutions," in the series which covered "Hebrew 
 History." Two clubs were founded — the Semitic Club for lectures 
 and discussions, and the Hebrew Club for reading the Hebrew Bible 
 through together every three years. 
 
 By this time the department of Semitic languages at Yale used 
 the services of four additional instructors, and had attracted a group 
 of twenty-five graduate students, in addition to instructing not less 
 than two hundred other students in the university, and many out- 
 siders. Professor Harper was overwhelmed with invitations to speak 
 on Bible study, and did in fact exert a widespread formative influence 
 in the shaping of pubhc sentiment in its favor. This activity did 
 not come to an end with his removal from the university, nor did the 
 department fall to pieces. His organizing genius was adequate for 
 permanence. 
 
 Professor Harper did not readily yield his place in the hearts of 
 Yale men and of the community. He was happy in his work, and 
 foresaw a rapidly widening influence in it, which appealed to him. 
 The call to the still larger responsibility and opportunity at Chicago 
 was reviewed in all its possible aspects for months before it was 
 accepted. No man ever assumed a duty with a clearer conception 
 of the necessity of foregoing the rewards that are assured for the 
 sake of the achievements that may be made. 
 
 Dr. Harper left behind him at Yale a host of happy memories 
 He was popularly regarded as a man who needed no sleep. How- 
 ever belated the campus student, a beacon light shone out from his 
 study in North College. However early one arose, the light was 
 there. 
 
 Busy as he was with his multifarious interests, he never lacked 
 the time for a friendly chat. Those interviews with him late at night, 
 when others were asleep, have marked the beginning of a more serious 
 life, and a more wholesome and sacrificial ambition, for many a man 
 at Yale. He was too great a man and too real a leader to discourage 
 any form of aspiration. His pohcy with subordinates and pupils 
 alike was to give each man his largest chance and to urge him to 
 make a record. 
 
THE YALE PERIOD l8i 
 
 In his five years at Yale Dr. Harper revealed his power and genius 
 as a teacher. With all his great administrative gifts he was pre- 
 eminently a molder and leader of thoughtful men. It was never his 
 method to bend their purposes to his by emphasizing his own ideas, 
 but rather to draw out from them an expression of their own convic- 
 tions or opinions, and, making these a starting-point, tactfully to 
 draw them on to his own larger and wiser point of view. He loved 
 to recognize and honor a productive mind, yet never failed to urge 
 that mind to its severest and noblest efforts. His unquenchable 
 enthusiasm for the theme which occupied his attention at any one 
 time, and his habit of concentrating his whole personality into its 
 consideration, gave him great power as a teacher. In a very brief 
 space of time he aroused a genuine enthusiasm for Hebrew among 
 the divinity men, traditionally hardened against it. In even less 
 time he challenged the interest and secured the steady loyalty of a 
 large group of college men for the Bible viewed historically. This 
 concentrating habit made him a valued friend. When a student 
 called upon him in his study, he made the visitor feel at once that he 
 regarded the visit as an honor and an opportunity, and that he 
 would rather see him just then than anyone else in the world. 
 Not one man in a thousand can be thus prodigal of his time. It was 
 possible to Dr. Harper because he laid supreme value on this informal 
 contact with men, and because he worked while others slept. 
 
 Dr. Harper's life at Yale was quickly over. After five years he 
 resigned his two chairs of instruction and the instructorship in Hebrew, 
 to enter upon the task of founding the great university with which 
 his name will be predominantly associated. He left behind him a 
 promising department, which has continued to make itself felt, 
 traditions of scholarship and enterprise which have never been sur- 
 passed, and the memory of a rich, tactful, generous, friendly person- 
 ality, "built large and deep," which will long remain as a working 
 ideal for his loyal pupils of that half-decade. 
 
THE CHICAGO PERIOD 
 
 A. K. PARKER 
 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 At the second meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University 
 of Chicago, held September i8, 1890, a nominating committee re- 
 ported recommending as president of the new university Professor 
 WilUam Rainey Harper, of Yale. "The report was adopted," says 
 the minute-book of the board, " and Dr. Harper was elected by a 
 unanimous and a rising vote." Professor Harper asked that he might 
 be allowed to withhold his answer for six months. His letter of accept- 
 ance was dated New Haven, February 16, 1891, and he entered for- 
 mally upon his new duties on the first day of July in the same year. 
 
 Alluring indeed was the creative opportunity offered him in Chi- 
 cago. A university was to be built from the ground up, most fortu- 
 nately located just within the limits of a great city, assured of ample 
 resources, and subject only to the conditions that two-thirds of the 
 trustees were to be Baptists, and that the Baptist Union Theological 
 Seminary at Morgan Park was to be its divinity school. To the young 
 president these conditions were in no sense restrictions. They were 
 assurances rather that it was to be his privilege to work in a familiar 
 and welcome companionship, and with a free hand. Precedents for 
 the vast undertaking to which he was committed there were none. 
 But if traditions to guide him were wanting, neither were there any 
 to hamper. The doors of the old University had now been closed five 
 years, and the acrimonious debate over what it had done, and what it 
 had failed to do, had quite died out. A considerable body of its 
 alumni, who might otherwise have stood apart from the new insti- 
 tution, unsympathetic and critical, were promptly and generously 
 adopted by it, and became at once its cordial and loyal supporters. 
 The jest was current in those early days that the University manu- 
 factured its immemorial customs while its walls were building, and 
 boasted an organized body of alumni and a professor emeritus before 
 its first freshman class was enrolled. 
 
 182 
 
THE CHICAGO PERIOD 
 
 183 
 
 The scheme of organization of the University of Chicago, as drawn 
 up by its President, adopted by the Board of Trustees and pub- 
 Hshed in Official 'BiiUetin No. j, dated January, 1891, is one of the 
 most original educational manifestoes ever set forth. Never was a 
 unique invitation accepted with a bolder inventiveness. Not that the 
 plan in any of its features was revolutionary or designedly sensational. 
 Its challenge to criticism lay in the matter-of-fact proposal to do forth- 
 
 PRESIDEXT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO— ABOUT 1892 
 
 with what reformers and theorists had merely dreamed of doing in a 
 distant future. "The work of the University," its opening sentence 
 read, "shall be arranged under three general divisions, viz.: the Uni- 
 versity Proper, the University Extension Work, the University Publi- 
 cation Work." Nothing is more characteristic of the eager and con- 
 fident spirit in which then and always President Harper attacked his 
 problems than his refusal to admit that the organization of the second 
 and third of these "general divisions" might prudently be postponed 
 
l84 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 until the ''University Proper" had been fairly set going. These 
 three divisions were essential to his far-sighted and noble conception 
 of a university, and the University of Chicago would fall below its 
 magnificent opportunity if it were not equipped with at least the essen- 
 tial things at the outset. The result has abundantly justified the 
 practical idealism of this extraordinary plan. Ten years' experience 
 of its everyday working has led to the modification of relatively unim- 
 portant details, but its distinguishing features, the "four-quarters 
 system," with its attendant scheme of examinations and credits, the 
 quarterly convocations, the flexible adjustment of vacations, the ar- 
 rangement of courses in "majors " and " minors," the organization of 
 the students by colleges rather than by classes, the value set upon 
 non-resident work, are in successful operation today. It is the scheme 
 of one who beUeved, in his own words, that "the university is an 
 institution of the people and born of the democratic spirit." 
 
 Perhaps none of the trustees of the University at all realized the 
 full import of the action of the board when, immediately after Dr. 
 Harper's formal acceptance of the presidency, it appointed him, April 
 II, 1891, Head Professor of the Department of Semitic Languages 
 and Literatures. It was proper, of course, that recognition should 
 thus be made of his eminent scholarship. He might well enough, 
 consistently with other and more important duties, have the over- 
 sight of the instruction given in this department, and lend to it the 
 prestige of his name. But the President had already settled it with 
 himself, as the indispensable condition of acceptance of the call to 
 leave Yale for Chicago, that he must still hold his place in the class- 
 room. It was not only that he loved more than anything else to teach, 
 and that he knew that upon the continuance of regular study depended 
 the maintenance of his citizenship in the republic of scholars. He 
 had already recognized his calling of God to further and extend 
 by every possible means the popular study of the Bible. That he 
 might show himself faithful to this high calling was, from the begin- 
 ning of his career at Morgan Park, the ruling desire, the mastering 
 passion, of his life. To fail to appreciate this fact is to misunderstand 
 President Harper altogether. Never for an hour did he relinquish 
 this ambition. Once when the trustees feared that he might break 
 down under very heavy and, as it seemed at the time, unavoidable 
 
THE CHICAGO PERIOD 185 
 
 administrative duties, and in their solicitude urged him to abandon 
 his professorship and all that it involved, submitting thus to a hard 
 necessity, but a necessity nevertheless, he answered without a mo- 
 ment's hesitation: " If I must choose, my choice is made. Another 
 president is easily found. I will go gladly to my books and my 
 pupils." In the office of the University Recorder Professor William 
 R. Harper's class reports may be seen today, made out in due form 
 and bound up with those of his colleagues. Quarter by quarter, year 
 by year, the record of his classroom work goes on, with hardly more 
 interruption than that which the service of any other instructor of 
 equal rank sustained. When University instruction began in the 
 autumn of 1892, in its first schedule of studies the President offered 
 courses in "Advanced Hebrew Grammar" and in "Arabic." Later, 
 to name titles at random, his courses were "Old Testament Prophecy," 
 "Minor Prophets of the Assyrian Period," "Ethiopic," "Hexateuchal 
 Analysis," "Earlier Suras of the Koran." For several years he gave 
 the Old Testament survey course required of all candidates for a 
 Divinity School degree. Would anyone who knew him only in the 
 classroom have guessed that this tireless and enthusiastic instructor 
 was finding time and strength also for the most scrupulous and de- 
 tailed attention to the multifarious engagements and engrossing claims 
 of the president of a university which was still in the making ? It 
 is amazing to recall that in the summer quarter of 1905, when he knew 
 that the sentence of death against him had gone out, he was still giv- 
 ing regular classroom instruction, and that he even announced courses 
 for the succeeding quarter. 
 
 But Dr. Harper's work as a teacher could never be narrowed to 
 the discharge of the routine duties, however important and arduous, 
 of a professor of Semitics. Already at Yale he had entered upon a 
 signally successful propaganda of Bible study by means of public 
 lectures and correspondence courses. This effort was continued at 
 Chicago with unabated energy and enthusiasm. Tw^o of the most 
 popular outhne correspondence courses, "The Work of the Old Testa- 
 ment Sages" and " Foreshadowings of the Christ," were prepared 
 here ; and a series of lectures on the book of Genesis early in his 
 Chicago residence aroused very wide interest. If his frank disavowal 
 of traditional interpretations alarmed some, many more found in his 
 
l86 ' THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 reverent constructive criticism a glad release from the haunting mis- 
 giving that, under the handling of modern scholarship, the Bible would 
 no longer appear the supreme revelation of God to man. The 
 American Institute of Sacred Literature v^as transferred to Chicago, 
 and its work widened and enriched. Two journals, dating in their 
 inception from the Morgan Park period — Hebraica, now the Journal 
 oj Semitic Languages and Literatures, and the Old and New Tes- 
 tament Student, today the Biblical World — came with him also, and 
 remained under his editorial control to the day of his death, the 
 objects of mingled solicitude and pride. No one who was so for- 
 tunate as to be among his guests on that occasion will ever forget 
 the dinner with which he celebrated the twenty-first anniversary 
 of two events, the appearance of the first number of the Hebrew 
 Student and the birth of his eldest son. To the Hst of periodical 
 publications called into existence by his enthusiasm for the dis- 
 semination of sound Christian learning must be added the Ameri- 
 can Journal oj Theology, "edited by the Divinity Faculty of the 
 University of Chicago," whose first number is dated January, 1897. 
 
 The crowning achievement, however, of President Harper's hfelong 
 biblical activity was the organization, three years ago at a convention, 
 the call for which was issued by the Council of Seventy of the Ameri- 
 can Institute of Sacred Literature, of the ReHgious Education Associa- 
 tion. Its career has hardly begun, but it is not rash to prophesy that 
 this heir of his loftiest ideals and his purest ambitions will yet appear, 
 in the reckoning up of his contributions to the higher life of the Ameri- 
 can people, worthy to be ranked with the University itself. 
 
 Always in the midst of these incessant and varied labors for the 
 furtherance of biblical learning and religious education throughout 
 the country. Dr. Harper held steadily in mind the claims upon him of 
 the young men and women of the University. The end of all school 
 discipline and instruction, he was never tired of repeating, is char- 
 acter. From the beginning he had taken thought for the rehgious 
 needs of his students, giving to the University a chaplain, estab- 
 lishing later the university preachership, offering official recognition 
 and support to the religious organizations of the undergraduate 
 body, planning Sunday-afternoon lectures on biblical themes, and 
 
THE CHICAGO PERIOD 187 
 
 conferences for the discussion of questions relating to Christian behef 
 and conduct. 
 
 A unique organization, to which he gave much care and thought, 
 is the Christian Union of the University, upon whose official board its 
 many and varied religious activities are represented by instructors and 
 students alike. One of the memorable occasions of his last years was 
 the conference of men and women interested in the different aspects 
 of the religious life of the University, meeting one evening in his 
 study to consider ways and means for the advancement in the Uni- 
 versity of practical religion. How keenly he appreciated the approval 
 given to the new plans proposed by him, and the pledges to sup- 
 port them ! No one who hstened to his urgent appeal for co-opera- 
 tion could doubt that this was the matter which of all others lay 
 nearest his heart, this the responsibility for which he held himself 
 most strictly to account. 
 
 The final word in a story too briefly told within the limits set upon 
 this article must be given to the great task assumed while still at Yale, 
 and with which he was engaged during his entire University service. 
 Whatever might be the duty claiming attention at the present moment, 
 in the background lay the commentary upon the Minor Prophets 
 which he had entered into contract to write ; and pleasurable antici- 
 pations of a laboriously won vacation took oftenest the form of an 
 interval of withdrawal from all University occupations and engage- 
 ments to give himself wholly to his Hebrew texts. The last and longest 
 of these retreats was the six months of the summer and autumn of 1904, 
 spent at Williams Bay, Wis., engaged in the most congenial employ- 
 ment of his life. Never again was he to know days so quiet and so 
 fruitful as these. In the goodness of God, it was permitted him to 
 take into his hands before he died the printed volume Amos and Hosea. 
 In other books. The Trend in Higher Education and Religion and the 
 Higher Life, he had collected papers which expressed his matured 
 conclusions upon matters which had necessarily engaged his attention ; 
 this was his contribution, wrought out through years of toil and sacri- 
 fice, not unmixed with joy, to that supremely important task of Chris- 
 tian scholarship — the interpretation afresh to its own generation of 
 the ancient and imperishable oracles of God. 
 
IN HIS STUDY 
 
 JOHN MERLIN POWIS SMITH 
 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 To see Dr. Harper in his study was to see him at his best. Shut 
 in among his books, he was in complete harmony with his environ- 
 ment. Here was his haven of refuge from the cares and responsibil- 
 ities of public life that sought him more and more frequently and 
 persistently. His abiUty to leave all these disturbing and distracting 
 interests on the outside of his study-door was one of the indispensable 
 prerequisites to the accompHshment by him of so much Hterary and 
 scholarly work during the later years of his hfe. In his study, as else- 
 where, he was able to bring all of his marvelous strength to bear on 
 the task in hand. There was no dissipation of energy on account of 
 divided interests ; all the powers of his mind were devoted for the time 
 being to the solution of the problem, or completion of the task, he 
 had set himself. In such work as this he took keen delight and found 
 abiding satisfaction. 
 
 President Harper's pleasure in his scholarly pursuits may be ac- 
 counted for in part as the joy felt by every normal man in the perform- 
 ance of his own chosen work. But it was more than this. It was the 
 inevitable accompaniment of his purpose in all his studies. That 
 purpose was not the attainment of learning for its own sake, but rather 
 for the added power it furnished for the furtherance of the great con- 
 structive aims of his life. He was never the scholarly recluse, but 
 always the apostle of learning. He never forgot his mission to teach. 
 Consequently his scholarly labors produced results of two distinct 
 kinds, the first being those in the realm of pure scholarship and 
 intended for the select few who speciahze in Semitic studies; the 
 second, those intended to present the assured results of scholarly 
 research in intelligible and attractive form to the mind of the average 
 man. The great value and efficacy of the latter propaganda were due 
 in no small measure to the accuracy and authority they derived from 
 the more specialized and technical studies upon which they were 
 
IN HIS STUDY 189 
 
 based. Dr. Harper's keen interest in this general, educational work 
 along biblical lines is attested by the relatively large amount of time 
 he gave out of his precious hours of study to the preparation of such 
 works as his elementary textbooks in Hebrew, his series of "Construct- 
 ive Studies," and popular articles and editorials in the Biblical World 
 and its predecessors. 
 
 In undertaking a new piece of investigation. Dr. Harper brought to 
 it an open mind. In so far as it is possible for an intelligent man, he 
 came to his task free from any preconceived ideas regarding its out- 
 come, determined to discover the facts and to allow them to speak for 
 themselves. He was a zealous lover of Truth, and spared no pains 
 necessary to find it. His zeal in this cause knew no bounds; and in 
 this behalf toil was a pleasure, and misunderstanding and vitupera- 
 tion but light afflictions which wTre for the moment. 
 
 It was his habit to work in accordance with carefully considered 
 plans. He made a program for each quarter's work, assigning 
 to each day and to each hour its specific task. The same sys- 
 tematic, methodical spirit ruled his study hours. He invariably 
 worked out a plan for the performance of every piece of study or WTit- 
 ing. He analyzed his subject in advance down to the most minute 
 detail, and decided fully upon the method of procedure. Having done 
 this, he was able to move steadily forward, without let or hindrance, 
 to the consummation of his efforts. 
 
 Another characteristic that facilitated the progress of his labors was 
 his exceptional ability to utilize the products of preceding and con- 
 temporary scholars. He never wasted his time in doing over again 
 things that had already been done satisfactorily. Nor did he believe 
 in taking time to do things which were of such a character that they 
 could be done for him by his co-laborers. He had the faculty of 
 enabling his assistants to see with his eyes and to follow his methods 
 so faithfully that the product of their co-operating minds was as much 
 his as it w^as theirs, and could be utilized to the fullest advantage in 
 the fabric of the final structure. His method, then, was first of all to 
 get before him everything of value that had ever been said upon the 
 subject with which he was dealing, and familiarize himself with it 
 thoroughly. Such an inundation of other men's thoughts would drown 
 out all originality of method and conception in the minds of most men. 
 
19© THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 But the strength of Dr. Harper's mental individuality protected him 
 from this danger, and enabled him to assume an independent, critical 
 attitude toward our inheritance of learning, to select from it such 
 elements as seemed to him to accord with known facts, and on the 
 basis of this deposit to erect his own building. Contact with the 
 thoughts of other men did but stimulate his own creative mind to 
 larger and richer suggestiveness. He was thus able to work and think 
 through to his own solution of a problem unhindered and unpreju- 
 diced by the knowledge of other men's attempts to solve it. His inde- 
 pendence and originality are evidenced also by his ability to break 
 new ground, as, e. g., in his application of the inductive method to the 
 study of Hebrew and its cognates, and in his attempts to reconstruct 
 the poetical utterances of the prophets at a time when scarcely any 
 attention had been given to the poetic structure of prophecy. 
 
 Dr. Harper possessed the patience of the scholar in an eminent 
 degree. He would not hurry an important piece of investigation. 
 The fact that his commentary on Amos and Hosea was fourteen years 
 in the making is proof of this statement. It might have been pub- 
 lished long before, had he been content to do less thorough work. But 
 he was himself his most relentless critic. The greater part of it was 
 worked over time and time again before he consented to consider it 
 finished. The element of time scarcely entered into his thought. He 
 expended time, strength, and money unstintedly upon the preparation 
 of this his opus magnum. It was with him a labor of love. He 
 worked easily and rapidly. He was able to penetrate to the heart 
 of a problem as unerringly as if guided by instinct. His decisions 
 were made promptly when once he was in possession of all the 
 facts. Consequently he was able to turn out a mass of work in certain 
 lines on short notice. But in those paths where progress is necessarily 
 slow he was never so unwise as to be in haste. Here he applied him- 
 self with indefatigable energy and patient continuance that meant 
 success. How a man oppressed by so many cares and interested in 
 so many great enterprises could sit down to a lifelong task among his 
 books and papers, and work away as calmly and steadily as though 
 all time were at his disposal, was a constant occasion of wonder 
 and admiration. 
 
 The study was the starting-point of most of Dr. Harper's activities. 
 
IN HIS STUDY 191 
 
 In it he delved into the heart of things; there he learned what scholar- 
 ship was; there he developed the ideals which controlled his whole hfe- 
 work; and there he found recreation, refreshment, and solace amid 
 the years of arduous toil involved in bringing those ideals to tangible 
 realization. His hours in the study gave sohdity and value to his in- 
 struction in the classroom and from the lecture platform. The scope 
 and ideals of the University of which he was the guiding spirit are the 
 direct outcome of his devotion to a high order of scholarship. Had he 
 not been rooted and grounded in the wisdom and learning of the past, 
 and in sympathy, therefore, with the noblest educational ideals of the 
 race, who knows but that he might have given the Middle West a 
 mere school of applied science, instead of a great university standing 
 for the promotion of all phases of human knowledge ? 
 
 His own high standards of scholarship for himself led him to expect 
 of his colleagues work of an equally high grade. His constant pursuit 
 of Semitic learning kept him in touch with the many other scholars 
 comprising the various faculties of the University, rendered him sym- 
 pathetic with them in their frequent sacrifices for the sake of their 
 beloved science, made him appreciative of good scholarly work when- 
 ever he found it, and led him to do everything in his power to facili- 
 tate the progress of every piece of scientific investigation. 
 
 By tastes and training a scholar, by natural endowments quahfied 
 to attain a commanding position among the scholars of his generation, 
 and loving and longing intensely for the life of the scholar in the quiet 
 companionship of his books, Dr. Harper did not hesitate to sacrifice 
 his inclinations and prospects upon the altar of a greater service to 
 humanity when the conviction was borne in upon him that the good 
 of the causes he held so dear was to be furthered by his exchanging 
 the study for the oflice. But through his self-renunciation other men 
 have been and will be enabled to make more and better use of their 
 studies, and the science of Old Testament interpretation, though losing 
 greatly through the withdrawal of so much of his time and strength, 
 has gained a dignity and a vantage-ground, not only in a great uni- 
 versity, but also in the entire Mississippi Valley, which it could other- 
 wise not have attained. 
 
IN HIS CLASSROOM 
 
 IRA MAURICE PRICE 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 The scholar, the administrator, and the leader was pre-eminently 
 a teacher. Teaching was his chosen profession, and this would have 
 been his preference, as he frequently said, if he had been obhged to 
 choose between the presidency and a professorship in the University 
 of Chicago. For full thirty years he most ably filled the noble office 
 of teacher. The first four years were devoted mainly to teaching the 
 classical languages; and the last twenty-six years, to the supreme 
 work of his life— the teaching, the popularization, and the world-wide 
 extension of a knowledge of Hebrew and the English Bible. 
 
 Dr. Harper combined within himself more of the best traits of the 
 real teacher than any man we have ever seen in the classroom . In 
 his early years in Morgan Park he drew to the Seminary and to his 
 classroom men whom he had pertinaciously followed up with his 
 enthusiastic and glowing visions of the future which was possible, in 
 the pastorate or the work of teaching, for any man who would devote 
 himself to the study of the Hebrew language. Dr. Harper's own 
 personality won them, and gave him a large place in their hearts even 
 before the classroom was entered . 
 
 At the first meeting in the classroom the contagious enthusiasm 
 of the teacher seized us . It was here, as we met day after day, week 
 after week, that we saw, with increasing deHght, the attractiveness, 
 and charm, and skill of the teacher. The intense earnestness and 
 concentrated energy with which the work of the hour was carried on 
 fairly electrified the class, and set every mind to thinking along the 
 line of the lesson or discussion. Questions were put in such form, 
 or such suggestions were made, as to arouse the mind of the dullest 
 student, and set him to asking questions. 
 
 This inspiration, or goading to thought, was marvelously enhanced 
 by another trait, which Dr. Harper often displayed with fine effect. 
 
 192 
 
IN HIS CLASSROOM 193 
 
 He possessed the ability to state all the arguments on two sides of 
 a question with such fulness and fairness that at the conclusion of 
 his summary no one present could tell on which side of the question 
 his teacher stood. This clement of strength in the classroom was often 
 turned against him by his critics, on the ground that he was "on the 
 fence" and noncommittal, and thereby was undermining the faith 
 of the students. The abiHty to do this very thing was the best 
 kind of evidence to his pupils that he was master of his subject ; for 
 only a fair-minded and judicial teacher could make such a presen- 
 tation. It is universally conceded that this trait is grounded on a 
 sound principle of instruction, that characterizes our great educa- 
 tional institutions of today. Dr. Harper did not, nor does any true 
 teacher, teach his students what to believe, but how to think, to find 
 their own way through the lines of argument to a rational conclusion* 
 Such a method of procedure at first almost drowned some men who 
 had never before been dropped into deep water and [told to swim. 
 But the exhilaration of learning how to do it, and of successfully 
 doing it, soon won universal favor for this true pedagogical method, 
 and for the teacher who could use it in so masterful a manner. 
 
 Dr. Harper was an exacting teacher, requiring of students the very 
 best that they could do, and as much or more than they could do ; for 
 he always had a large surplus of assignments, lest we should run out 
 of work. More than this,, he required that the work be done in a 
 thorough manner, even if we prepared only a small part of the 
 assigned task. His exacting thoroughness — the first element of re- 
 search — made his work both hard and easy; hard to get for the first 
 time, but always easy to hold after it was once thoroughly mastered. 
 
 His requirement of well-prepared and thorough work came out 
 with special emphasis when the members of his class presented 
 papers for criticism and discussion. If the reader of any given paper 
 had done faithful work and was himself a student of more than ordinary 
 ability. Dr. Harper went into the criticism of his product with the 
 sharp analytical power of a jurist. He spared no pains to reveal its 
 every weakness and its strength, that he might thereby set before the 
 man and the class clean, clear-cut statements of the problems under 
 discussion, and the possibihties of their solution. This keen, critical 
 analysis was made in the same spirit as that in which a surgeon uses 
 a knife. 
 
194 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 But underneath his exactions, which were often trying ones, we could 
 always discern a tender, sympathetic heart, especially for the slow, 
 hard-plodding student. He had no place in his classroom, or in his 
 heart, for the lazy or poorly prepared man of ability. The difficulties 
 of the hard-working, earnest student always appealed to him. He set 
 himself mentally alongside such a one, and in a kind, brotherly, 
 sympathetic manner helped him out into the light, but always did 
 it by compelling him to do his own thinking. If such a man had 
 presented a paper to the class that was not strong, but the very best 
 he could produce. Dr. Harper treated him gently, and usually detained 
 him after the dismissal of the class, for a conference, in which the 
 genuine, large-hearted sympathy of the teacher removed all the sting 
 from his criticisms, and sent the weak brother on his way rejoicing. 
 
 Another illustration of his sympathy often came to the surface for 
 the student who faced great difficulties in the new^ views of the Old 
 Testament. Dr. Harper's generous consideration and careful guidance 
 have led many a man over the rocky places, and out into the full light, 
 to a rational faith and a larger vision of the truth. 
 
 As the Hebrew professor became better acquainted with his stu- 
 dents, and they with him, there grew up between them certain confi- 
 dential relations that revealed the inner spirit of the man. This dispo- 
 sition or attitude led him, now and then, in the classroom to reveal 
 little confidences concerning his own life that bore on the theme of the 
 hour. Sometimes he would relate incidents in the life of some noted 
 Bible scholar, or an illustration that he had seen or read, that gave added 
 strength to the theme under treatment. At such times he so opened his 
 heart and mind to his students that they felt that he was one of them, 
 that he was a comrade rather than their master at the desk; and such 
 he was at heart. Such good fellowship, such confidential relations, 
 revealed more clearly than ever before the deep reverence which under- 
 lay all his work. Even the keenest analysis and the most critical treat- 
 ment of a book or chapter were based on a deep-seated and tender 
 reverence for God's Word. 
 
 Dr. Harper's analytical power, and his keen appreciation of the 
 difficulties of the students, seem to have led him to make the most 
 careful preparation in advance. Every theme for study was minutely 
 analyzed, almost to single-line statements, and made so plain that it 
 
IN HIS CLASSROOM 195 
 
 could not be misunderstood. Such outlines and analyses, provided 
 with bibliographies, were distributed in his classes and made the basis 
 of subsequent work. 
 
 These powers, with his inexhaustible energy, and large comprehen- 
 sion of the needs of the times, drove him to inaugurate, with two stu- 
 dents in the summer of 1880, six in the winter holidays of 1880-81, 
 a system of Hebrew summer schools. Simultaneously therewith he 
 established, through his carefully prepared analyses and directions, 
 a scheme of teaching Hebrew by correspondence. In the summer 
 schools his principle of concentration on one theme for a long period 
 of time proved its practicabihty, and gave the teacher and his schools 
 a highly deserved success. In the correspondence schools careful 
 analyses, exphcit directions, and scrupulous care in conducting the 
 work gave this plan a permanent place in Dr. Harper's early teaching 
 schemes. 
 
 The teacher of Hebrew at Morgan Park within five years became 
 the teacher of pupils in Hebrew, not simply in America, but in Europe, 
 Asia, Africa, and the isles of the sea. His incomparable combina- 
 tion of the traits of the true teacher, exercised in so many places 
 and over so many men, has made him the pedagogical father of a 
 large number of the teachers of Hebrew, and of many who are filling 
 chairs in other departments, both in America and in foreign lands. 
 
 As a lecturer, especially on bibhcal themes, Dr. Harper won a 
 brilhant place. His teaching qualities expanded and made him, in a 
 true sense, a platform teacher. He took the driest themes, such as the 
 Minor Prophets, and made them live again, and deliver their sermons 
 to his audiences. In his every utterance, in the statement of his propo- 
 sitions, in the marshahng and cogency of his arguments, and in the 
 self-evident truth of his conclusions, he was always the teacher. 
 Underneath and permeating all his sterhng quahties as a scholar, 
 administrator, and leader of men, was the genuine teacher. 
 
IN THE FIELD OF SEMITIC SCHOLARSHIP 
 
 EMIL G. HIRSCH 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 The renaissance of Hebrew studies in America is due to the labors, 
 the zeal, and the enthusiasm of Dr. Harper, and to the original method 
 introduced by him. His name will be remembered by the side of the 
 great European Christian scholars who unsealed for the children of 
 the West the books of eastern Judaism. That roll of honor mentions 
 Jerome, Reuchlin, the Buxdorfs, Gesenius, Ewald. Of this company the 
 influence of none was more stimulating or extended to greater lengths 
 than that of the departed head of the Semitic Department of the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago. Today every university on this continent recog- 
 nizes the academic citizenship of Semitic philology and literature. 
 A quarter of a century ago this was not the case. Some attention 
 was indeed paid in the theological seminaries to the dialects in which 
 the Old Testament was written. But even there the harvest was 
 exceedingly meager. It was left for Dr. Harper to emancipate these 
 studies from the thraldom of obsolete methods. It was he who suc- 
 ceeded in vitaHzing Hebrew grammar and vocabulary, and thus 
 breathed the prophetic spirit upon what had been hopelessly regard- 
 ed as dry bones of phonology and accidence. With the intuition 
 that always characterizes original genius, he recognized that the dis- 
 tinction made between dead and living tongues was artificial. To 
 learn Hebrew the children of this generation should be led along no 
 other paths than they trod who acquired familiarity with its forms 
 and phraseology by intercourse with parents and neighbors that 
 spoke it. The inductive method, in other words, he applied to the 
 instruction in the idiom in which the great sages and singers, the 
 prophets and lawgivers, of Israel cloaked their message and expressed 
 their thought. Literature took the place of the audible word. Gram- 
 mar was learned in connection with the sentences recording the 
 Hebrew conception of creation. In this wise the organic unity of 
 
 196 
 
IN THE FIELD OF SEMITIC SCHOLARSHIP 197 
 
 the letter and the spirit was made apparent. The deadening suspi- 
 cion that the vital element had departed from the biblical chapters 
 was lifted. Creation took the place of imitation. The words of 
 the singers and teachers of ancient Israel took on the robustness 
 of life. The student 's soul felt their quickening breath even while 
 learning to stammer the syllables ministering to the thought. 
 
 Hebrew syntax had been a field almost entirely neglected. Few 
 were they who had ventured to approach it. In the syntactical struc- 
 ture of a language, more than in its formal architecture, comes to light 
 the trend of mind of the people speaking it. Dr. Harper was among 
 the few that understood this. He was the pioneer that blazed the path 
 for others in this region. To his memory both Jew and non-Jew owe 
 the greatest debt of gratitude. Jews certainly had not ceased cultivat- 
 ing acquaintance with the idioms of their sacred writings; but, some- 
 what impatient of the slower step of the grammarians, they had at- 
 tempted to fly when they should have walked. Grammar was not to 
 their taste. Though in mediaeval times the pathfinders in Hebrew 
 grammar were of their faith, the modern Jewish scholars relied upon 
 their Sprachgefiihl — their linguistic intuition — too boldly. The result 
 was that many of the niceties of Hebrew expression escaped their 
 quick eye. Even in Jewish circles the work of Dr. Harper, in his 
 textbooks in Hebrew, has brought about a better understanding. 
 Every line of Dr. Harper's various elementary guidebooks, as the 
 Germans would call them, throbs with the quickening spirit of the 
 trained and inspired, the thoughtful and philosophic, teacher. That 
 Old Testament studies have attained new dignity in this nation is the 
 fruitage of the work done by Dr. Harper in his classes and, for the 
 larger number of students that had to forego the rare privilege of sit- 
 ting at his feet, in his grammatical and lexicographical publications. 
 
 But grammar and vocabulary were only means to an end. The 
 understanding of the genius of Israel, of her contributions to the 
 world's culture, and of her civihzation, was the ultimate purpose of 
 even these preliminary efforts to master the accidence and syntax of 
 Old Testament Hebrew. To a certain extent Dr. Harper had to be 
 the intermediary between critical Germany and conservative Amer- 
 ica. Strange misconceptions prevailed in American churches con- 
 cerning the method and the aims underlying the new views on Old 
 
1 98 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 Testament authorship and composition that had lihered through 
 various channels more or less inadequate and incompetent. Alarm 
 was felt that religion Avas in danger. It was time that the real fac- 
 tors of the problems be made accessible. And to this task Dr. Har- 
 per devoted his rare powers of analysis and presentation, with the 
 zeal of the consecrated priest. His summary of pentateuchal analysis 
 in the earlier numbers of Hebraica deserves to be crowned as one of 
 the few productions to which it is given to direct into new hnes the 
 thoughts and convictions of a generation. After this series of essays 
 had appeared, none could arrogate to himself the right to speak in 
 terms of sneering intolerance about the method and ambition of the 
 "higher critics." Far from depriving Israel's hterature of worth 
 and dignity, Dr. Harper's calm and reverent survey of the field 
 showed higher criticism to be bringing out most clearly the intimate 
 relation of the biblical books to the genius of the people, the his- 
 tory of the people, the inner hfe of the tribes destined in the econ- 
 omy of Providence to be so guided as to become through their 
 own experience exponential of the eternal principles of justice and 
 righteousness underlying the universe. Not one jot or tittle of 
 the law was abrogated, as far as it held truth. On the contrary, 
 every atom of truth was given a new setting, which allowed of its 
 being grasped in a deeper sense than before. Not the Bible was 
 reconstructed, but the opinions advanced concerning it by uncritical 
 ages. 
 
 Dr. Harper, however, was not a mere transmitter of the views of 
 others. Valuable beyond expression though these labors were, under- 
 taken with a view of familiarizing thinking minds with the results of 
 criticism applied to biblical literature, they are eclipsed by his own 
 contributions of original weight. One may say that the Commentary 
 on Amos and Hosea is the fruit of his whole life. It has made a whole 
 library of introductions and separate interpretations unnecessary. 
 His views on the history of literary prophetism mark a new step for- 
 ward in this department of critical investigation. American Semitic 
 scholarship may point to this volume as its own credentials to recogni- 
 tion in the Areopagus of Semitic science. 
 
 That he never lost sight of the practical appHcation of the estab- 
 lished results of scholarship in the work of the rehgious schools is 
 
IX THE FIELD OF SEMITIC SCHOLARSHIP 
 
 199 
 
 demonstrated by his two books contributed to the series of "Con- 
 structive Bible StucUes." The master-hand is easily seen in these. 
 Fulness of literary reference and methodic grasp of the details are 
 joined to logical distribution of the material and pedagogical 
 division into chapters and paragraphs — virtues which render these 
 manuals remarkable, both for content and arrangement, among the 
 best handbooks as yet devised. 
 
 The Bible often refers to the effect of rain on dry land. Dr. Har- 
 per's life and influence have in very truth been like a quickening 
 shower. Where deserts used to pout, he awakened smiling fields. 
 The barren waste has become a Carmel, a plowed and fruitful slope. 
 
 !^ io"^ /for /^^^i^^^^yt^^re^v^.^^ 
 
 PICTURE TAKEN AT LAKE GENEVA, WIS., SUMMER, 1904 
 
AS AN OLD TESTAMENT INTERPRETER 
 
 PROFESSOR GEORGE ADAM SMITH, D.D. 
 Glasgow, Scotland 
 
 President Harper was so very much more than an author that his 
 literary work is in danger of being cast into the shade by his other high 
 and towering achievements. Indeed, it was a matter of surprise to all 
 who watched his absorption in practical affairs, and who knew the 
 thoroughness with which he labored at the details of business, that he 
 found any time at all for literary work. And one must confess that 
 the publication of his Commentary on Amos and Hosea, which of all 
 his literary works was the ripest result of his scholarship and may be 
 taken as representative of his authorship, was awaited by his friends 
 with some anxiety lest his undoubted abiHty to produce a great work in 
 his own subject should be found to have been seriously handicapped by 
 the heavy weights he was carrying in so many other enterprises. Since 
 1 89 1 the responsibilities he assumed were vast: he had to build a 
 great university from the foundation, and to start as a pioneer of edu- 
 cation in several new directions ; he had the care of great iinances, and 
 the trouble of innumerable personal relations of a more or less delicate 
 character ; and as his work grew, he had to do it in the eye, not only 
 of one of the largest and keenest commercial communities of our time, 
 but of the whole American nation. Yet our anxieties were ground- 
 less. His book, when it appeared, was recognized by scholars as an 
 adequate and exhaustive piece of work — one of the very best com- 
 mentaries of modern times, with no signs of haste or starvation about 
 it ; as learned as it was sane, as thorough in detail as it was balanced 
 in arrangement, as restlessly vigilant to all the innumerable questions 
 which a century of controversy has raised about its subject as it was 
 steady and clear in its grasp and vision of the whole. 
 
 On reading the Commentary for the second time — "commentary" 
 is an inadequate name for it, it is a history as well — I am impressed 
 with the fact that the very things which raised the anxiety of some 
 
AS AN OLD TESTAMENT INTERPRETER 201 
 
 observers, and which in a smaller man would certainly have imper- 
 iled the interests of his literary work, have been themselves the secrets 
 of its achievement. Dr. Harper has succeeded as an author upon just 
 the same virile qualities which have won him fame in other and very 
 different fields. His book is strenuous with these quaHties, and one 
 can see here all his busy practical occupations; the discipline and 
 experience he so bravely won among them, so far from disabling him 
 in its performance, have braced and trained him for its fulfilment. 
 
 His practical work was virtually that of a great architect; and its 
 success proves him to have possessed the genius and strength of such 
 a character. In addition to his power of vision, of foreshadowing a 
 large and beautiful result in his imagination, and to his power of inter- 
 preting the generally inarticulate instinct of the popular mind of his 
 day, an architect is great through a thorough apprenticeship in the 
 technical details of his craft; through his appreciation of the other 
 crafts that are contributory to his own ; through his business capaci- 
 ties (in this dififering from other artists) ; through his intelligence of 
 the needs of the very different interests and occupations in life for 
 which his art is to provide a habitation, atmosphere, and inspiration; 
 through his ability to work with men of all ranks in the social hier- 
 archy; through his sympathy with points of view utterly different 
 from his own, his patience in Hstening to all varieties of opinion, and 
 his power to bring the short and narrow designs of the many and the 
 partial into line with his own long views and comprehension of the 
 whole. In his social and educational organizations Dr. Harper 
 evinced all these qualities. He was a great architect. By a long 
 apprenticeship he had mastered, in a wonderful way, the work of a 
 teacher. Yet w^hile expert in what is sometimes supposed, though 
 falsely, to be one of the narrowest of subjects, he had not only mas- 
 tered the departments of scholarship contributory to it, but evinced a 
 sympathy with, and a comprehension of, the requirements and the 
 methods of every other department of university life; and he had, still 
 more widely, an inteUigence of the popular instincts and necessities 
 of his time. There is evidence in his lectures, collected under the 
 title of The Trend in Higher Education, that for this broad outlook 
 and sympathy he had found the inspiration in the very heart of his 
 own subject. The Old Testament is in touch with so many forms of 
 
202 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 life; it offers to the intellect so many issues and sympathies. And it 
 does not require Dr. Harper's expHcit acknowledgment of his debt 
 especially to those great teachers and publicists, the prophets and 
 the wise men of Israel, to let us see how much he owed to the htera- 
 ture, which formed his immediate professional duty, of his quick 
 instinct and wide comprehension of the inteUectual life and the popu- 
 lar needs of his own day. In his exposition of what education should 
 be he shows just that combination, which is found, say, in the books 
 of Deuteronomy and Proverbs, of high spiritual ideals with democratic 
 sympathies and care for the interests of the multitude. And to these 
 he added the prophets' own power of confident vision of great and 
 splendid results for the nation which worked for such ideals and 
 responsibilities. 
 
 To return to the Commentary: it also impresses itself upon one as 
 the product of the equipment, the experience, and the genius of a great 
 architect. I do not need to speak of the mastery of technical detail 
 which distinguishes it. Dr. Harper was a thorough Hebrew scholar; 
 and as he was also a finished and ardent teacher, it goes without saying 
 that the technical detail is always expressed and enforced whh clear- 
 ness and point. There is also full command of the higher critical, 
 historical, and rehgious questions. None of these have escaped him; 
 and in stating them he does a justice that is unusual to workers in the 
 same field. The arguments on all sides are fairly and exhaustively 
 stated. Where views have to be condemned or pruned, this is done 
 without prejudice or personal feeUng. The moral tone of the book is, 
 therefore, exceedingly high, and keeps the intellectual atmosphere clear 
 and cool. Equally conspicuous are the construction and proportion of 
 the whole. It would be difficult to find anything overdone or top-heavy. 
 There is no strain or warp in the architecture; no eccentricity either 
 in the main or the tributary lines of it. Dr. Harper never seeks after 
 novel effects, nor pants to outrace other scholars and occupy a more 
 advanced position than any of them has yet reached. Nor does he 
 fall into the opposite vice ; for while his survey of the literature of his 
 subject is vast, and he marshals his predecessors' opinions in great 
 numbers upon every question, his genius for organizing has enabled 
 him to do this without weariness or confusion to his reader. He avoids 
 needless controversy; and extreme or inaccurate opinions, after being 
 
AS AN OLD TESTAMENT INTERPRETER 203 
 
 fairly stated, fall away through the reasonable expression of the cor- 
 rect views. 
 
 One cannot read his general introduction to the volume, with its 
 history of the prophetic movement up to Amos, without great admira- 
 tion. Very few points have been missed; and the clearness, candor, 
 and justice of the whole are as conspicuous as its wealth of detail and 
 comprehensiveness. 
 
 But the whole book is at once a thesaurus of the present science 
 of its subject, and a trustworthy judgment upon this. It will long 
 endure as the standard work in the English language upon Amos and 
 Hosea ; and one hopes that its lamented author has been able to leave 
 behind him part at least of the continuation through other prophets. 
 
AS AN EDITOR 
 
 SHAILER MATHEWS 
 
 The University ofChicago 
 
 The Hebrew Student. 
 
 7 nwasTivr fsf^ -a n-ps v 
 
 naiTZiaf o\ '■hk i 
 
 President Harper's editorial career may well be divided into 
 two periods. The first was that of his Morgan Park and Yale pro- 
 fessorships. During that time he 
 founded two journals: in 1882, the 
 Hebrew Student, which became 
 successively the Old Testament 
 Student, the Old and New Testa- 
 ment Student, and the Biblical 
 World; and in 1884, Hebraica, 
 which subsequently became the 
 American Journal 0} Semitic Lan- 
 guages and Literatures. He plan- 
 ned the first pubHcation for the 
 
 purpose of popularizing Bible study, and 
 gathered about him a group of men, one 
 of whom, the lamented George S. Good- 
 speed, was to be a lifelong friend and 
 co-worker. It is difficult to see how, in 
 the light of President Harper's rapidly 
 increasing duties, the pubhcation of this 
 journal would have been possible with- 
 out Goodspeed's assistance. There were other associates in the labor 
 of love, but Harper and Goodspeed really carried the brunt of the 
 publication for years. In the very nature of the case, it was hardly 
 
 204 
 
AS AN EDITOR 205 
 
 possible that such a journal could be a financial success; but when- 
 ever a deficit came, President Harper in some way raised money to 
 meet the printer's bills. The policy of the magazine was progressive, 
 but cautious. It shared in Dr. Harper's developing confidence in the 
 trustworthiness of critical methods, but far more than that breathed 
 his enthusiasm and simple, unphilosophical religious faith. Its 
 early volumes possessed a large unity. The editors were endeavor- 
 ing to accomphsh a single end, and that permitted no dissipation of 
 energies. To get people to study the Bible by historical methods, and 
 to build up in their hearts a religious faith born of biblical study, was 
 task enough for the young pioneers. Except by a study of the style, 
 it is now impossible to tell just which paragraphs were from Presi- 
 dent Harper and which from someone else ; but his spirit runs through- 
 out the volumes. For he displayed during these years the same 
 capacity, which bore such fruit in his administrative career, to enhst 
 and unify the co-operation of men in any way in sympathy with him- 
 self. These volumes show further his singularly constructive and 
 irenic temper of mind. Forced, in the very nature of the case, to 
 a-rouse opposition, he devoted himself to the work of reassuring and 
 inspiring faith. He would never allow anything like personality or 
 rehgious controversy on the pages of any journal with which he had 
 to do. He recognized the assistance which archaeology can render 
 criticism, and during these years, as later, he constantly published 
 material which would present in popular form the results of excava- 
 tion. And in the last two or three years of his hfe he was able to 
 gratify his ambitions, not only to conduct independent excavations, 
 both in Babylonia and in Egypt, but to make this journal the organ 
 of such expeditions. 
 
 I did not know him during these early years, and so can speak 
 personally only of his later period, subsequent to 1894. By that 
 time he was already President of the University, and of necessity was 
 forced to rehnquish to other hands a large amount of editorial respon- 
 sibility. But in the case of the Biblical World and of Hebraica he 
 still was editor in fact as well as in name. During the early years of 
 the University he wrote a good proportion of the editorial matter, 
 and, what was more, exercised a very close supervision of the general 
 policy and plans of the pubHcation. For a number of years it was 
 
2o6 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 customary for him to hold an annual meeting of his associate editors 
 for the purpose of electing a secretary-editor, and outhning the 
 general poHcy of the magazine for the coming year. All of us who 
 ever attended these annual conferences look back upon them with sad 
 pleasure. It was not .the President of the University who then sat 
 at the head of t4ie table, but the enthusiastic popularizer of bibUcal 
 literature, a man possessed of a born editor's insight. 
 
 He knew his public as no one of us did. Anyone who cares to make 
 the investigation can recognize easily the four great transitions in 
 his editorial policy. First he was a Hebraist; then he was a student 
 of the Bible; then he was a student of all sacred hterature; and then, 
 just at the moment when the world of education began seriously to 
 take notice of the possibihty of religious education, he made the 
 Biblical World an organ for teaching as well as for study. How 
 great his influence in each of these four phases was, is obvious to 
 everybody, and it is easy to see that they had their counterpart in 
 the shifting of interest in the religious world. And each change of 
 pohcy originated with him. 
 
 He had to educate some of us — and, as it appears now in retro- 
 spect, with great patience and not without difficulty — into sharing 
 his point of view as to the true pohcy for the journal. Here again 
 George S. Goodspeed was an indispensable ally, for during the open- 
 ing years of the University he bore the brunt of the routine work on 
 the journal. He was so thoroughly in sympathy with President 
 Harper as never to miss the point of his chief's pohcy. Subsequent 
 to 1895, as the pressure of administrative duties increased. President 
 Harper's work can be said to have varied between general direction 
 of the editorial policy and detailed oversight. As a general rule, he 
 planned or approved the contents of each number, although he was 
 always ready to give his secretary-editor considerable freedom in 
 determining details. As his associates came to reahze his point of 
 view, he trusted them generously, though never relinquishing in the 
 shghtest degree final responsibihty. . His relations with the journals, 
 even after their number had been increased by the founding, at his 
 initiative, of the American Journal 0} Theology, never became per- 
 functory. In the very last weeks of his hfe he held conferences with 
 his associates to discuss matters of editorial policy, and only a 
 
AS AN EDITOR 207 
 
 short time before his death he suggested an elaborate symposium on 
 Maeterlinck's article on "Immortality." 
 
 Nor was his interest limited to such general matters. Till failing 
 health prevented it, he not only gave the final word as to what 
 should go into each number, but always expected also to approve 
 the final page-proofs. He was a purist in style, and would edit 
 manuscripts at certain points with rigor. As we look back over 
 the now rapidly accumulating volumes of the Biblical World, the 
 American Journal 0} Semitic Languages, and the American Journal 
 0} Theology, it is possible to see innumerable evidences of his edi- 
 torial care. Any one of us who has had to do with him in his editorial 
 capacity will be prompt to admit that those numbers with which he 
 had most to do, and those volumes whose policies he planned most 
 in detail, are the best which have been published. 
 
 His fertility of suggestion and the precision with which he fore- 
 cast tendencies in the religious field were amazing. The rest of us 
 co-operated, and as far as possible carried out his plans; but his 
 editorial conferences with the secretary-editor or with the board of 
 editors were frequent. For years he devoted a portion of one day in 
 every week to editorial conferences. I suppose that his little red note- 
 book, devoted to his editorial duties, contains enough plans never put 
 into effect to give distinction and vigor to half a dozen rehgious pub- 
 lications. In these conferences a man saw Dr. Harper's real self. 
 Those of us who came in contact with him in other relations will be 
 the first to admit that he was as much our superior in matters of 
 articles, and even type and cover-page, as he was in matters of univer- 
 sity policy and organization. Every man of us counts this intimacy 
 which he there gave us as the choicest in our memory. 
 
 But President Harper was not content with this pecuharly biblical 
 editorial work. For years he cherished an increasing ambition to 
 found a religious pubHcation on broader hnes. In 1903 he interested 
 a number of men of means in such a publication, and as a result 
 there was established a weekly publication of general character, called 
 Christendom. The career of that journal was too short to be even 
 checkered, but his heart was wrapped up in it, and its disappearance 
 was a bitter disappointment. He was the chairman of its editorial 
 committee, and remained in the same position in the case of The 
 
2o8 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 World To-Bay, with which it was merged. His faihng health, how- 
 ever, never permitted him to take as large a share in the editorial 
 pubhcation as he had hoped. But even here he showed the capacity 
 of the born editor, and I shall never forget the few but intense 
 hours we spent together in discussing the policy, and even minute 
 matters, of the two publications. 
 
 Of the great work which President Harper performed in the found- 
 ing of journals outside the field of his own study there is no adequate 
 space to speak. The experience which he had in the Hebrew Stu- 
 dent and its companion, Hehraica, led him, when he became President 
 of the University, to feel the importance of such journals to every 
 department of instruction and investigation, and to include them in 
 his first preliminary plans for the organization of the University. 
 The result appears in the long list of special journals pubhshed by 
 the University Press, each of which owes its existence, not only to the 
 zeal of the representatives of those departments, but to the President's 
 encouragement and support. 
 
 In the long perspective of his life Dr. Harper's editorial work does 
 not bulk as large as his work as a scholar, a teacher, and a creator of 
 an institution and of policy; but any one of us who knew him in his 
 editorial capacity will readily admit that he had the making in him 
 of one of the world's great editors. As it stands, there are men 
 throughout the country who owe more to him in this capacity than 
 in any other, and among the monuments he has left I am sure few 
 will be more lasting than the three journals of which he was both 
 founder and editor. 
 
IN THE POPULARIZATION OF BIBLE STUDY 
 
 CLYDE W. VOTAW 
 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 To those interested in religious study and religious work President 
 Harper was chiefly known by his activity in promoting the historical 
 study of the Bible. For a period of twenty-five years he devoted him- 
 self with great enthusiasm and unceasing labor to popularizing the 
 knowledge of the Bible which had been acquired by scholars during 
 the nineteenth century. He wished all to have the intimate acquaint- 
 ance with and love for the Bible which he had himself found in his 
 professional study. That was a worthy ambition, and in a large 
 measure he saw its realization. 
 
 President Harper began this popular Bible work in the year 1881, 
 at the age of twenty-five, two years after he became professor of 
 Hebrew in the Baptist Theological Seminary at Morgan Park, 111. 
 Here he was teaching Hebrew to seminary classes, but he saw an 
 opportunity and felt an impulse to arouse the ministers of Chicago, 
 and of the country at large, to a renewed study of Hebrew and the Old 
 Testament. He organized clubs of ministers for this purpose, he 
 conducted summer schools at several centers, and he prepared corre- 
 spondence courses for Hebrew instruction. His enthusiasm was con- 
 tagious. A kind of Hebrew revival took place in the theological 
 seminaries, among the professors as well as among the students; and 
 the ministers of many churches, denominations, and states were 
 stirred to vigorous hnguistic and historical study of the Bible. 
 
 Then the popular work grew in his hands. PubHc interest 
 increased. There arose a demand for similar means of studying the 
 New Testament in Greek, and later for the study of the English Bible. 
 Correspondence courses were prepared in these subjects also, summer 
 schools were multiplied, a monthly journal to lead the movement was 
 established. In ten years' time President Harper was the recognized 
 leader in America of scholarly Bible study among the people. Nor 
 
 209 
 
2IO THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 did his entrance upon the presidency of the University of Chicago in 
 1891 turn him aside from this popular work to which he was ardently 
 devoted. On the contrary, he continued his interest and his activities 
 in this direction, developing the various organizations, publications, 
 and methods by which the work was being done. No duty seemed to 
 the President more attractive, more promising, or more imperative. 
 Into this work he poured many thousands of dollars from his own 
 annual income, together with generous contributions from friends of 
 Bible study who caught from him the vision and enthusiasm for 
 advancing God's kingdom in this noble way. 
 
 From the beginning in 1881, throughout the twenty-five years until 
 his death, this extension among the people of a knowledge and appre- 
 ciation of the Bible was carried on in addition to his extraordinary 
 labors as an Old Testament scholar and teacher, first as professor 
 of Hebrew in the Baptist Theological Seminary at Morgan Park, 111., 
 for the years 1879-86, then as professor of Semitic languages and 
 (after 1889) of biblical hterature in Yale University for the years 1886- 
 91, and finally as professor and head of the department of Semitic 
 languages and literatures in the University of Chicago, in conjunc- 
 tion with the presidency. During the past fifteen years President 
 Harper accomplished the work of three average men. His active 
 mind, his inexhaustible enthusiasm, his absolute devotion to high 
 ideals and gigantic tasks, his tireless energy, and his extraordinary 
 physical strength, enabled him to achieve great results in scholarship, 
 in administration, and as a popular leader. 
 
 It is interesting to follow the development of the organization which 
 President Harper constructed for promoting Bible study among the 
 people. The foundation was laid in the Institute of Hebrew, which 
 he started in February, 1881, with the support of many of America's 
 best Hebrew scholars and teachers. By the end of its first year the 
 Institute of Hebrew had correspondence students in forty-four states 
 and territories, and in eight foreign countries. In the succeeding years 
 many hundreds of ministers and students reviewed or acquired Hebrew 
 under his direction. By 1889 the need for correspondence courses in 
 the Greek New Testament and the English Bible, as well as for other 
 methods of popularizing Bible study in addition to the correspondence 
 instruction, led to a reorganization of the Institute of Hebrew under a 
 
IN THE POPULARIZATION OF BIBLE STUDY 211 
 
 more comprehensive name, the American Institute of Sacred Litera- 
 ture. Professor Harper was elected principal of the Institute. The 
 official statement of its purpose read: "To promote the philological, 
 hterary, historical, and exegetical study of the Scriptures by means of 
 such instrumentahties as may be found practicable." 
 
 The next stage of development in this organization was reached 
 in 1895, when the board of directors was merged into a larger body 
 called the Council of Seventy, the active members of which were 
 teachers of the Bible in seminaries, colleges, and universities through- 
 out the country, and the associate members were ministers and reli- 
 gious workers of many denominations and hnes of activity. To this 
 Council was assigned the direction of the work of the American Insti- 
 tute of Sacred Literature, President Harper continuing as principal. 
 The Council of Seventy set forth the following declaration of prin- 
 ciples: "The Council does not stand for any theory of interpretation, 
 or school of criticism, or denomination; but for a definite endeavor 
 to promote the knowledge of the Word of God as interpreted in the 
 best light of today. From this point of view also the contributions of 
 other religious literatures are sought by the Council, that through the 
 study of these literatures the teachings of the Scriptures may be more 
 clearly understood. The Council is organized on the basis of a belief 
 that the Bible is a unique revelation from God, and it strives in a 
 constructive spirit to investigate the teachings of the Bible and to 
 extend its influence among the people. While, therefore, a large 
 Hberty is allowed to the individual teacher, the position occupied by 
 the Council is ahogether evangehcal." 
 
 The American Institute of Sacred Literature survives its founder, 
 and will continue its work. The only change necessitated by Presi- 
 dent Harper's death (and eiJected by himself last July) was the union 
 of the Institute with the University Extension Division of the Univer- 
 sity of Chicago, in order to guarantee its financial support and to give 
 it the added strength of affiliation with a regular educational institu- 
 tion. The chairman of the executive committee now in charge is 
 Professor Ernest D. Burton, head of the New Testament department 
 in the University of Chicago. 
 
 The financial history of this organization, if fully written, would 
 be of interest. Beginning without capital, the Institute has been 
 
212 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 sustained for twenty-five years by the income from its students, 
 supplemented by the gifts of those who have appreciated its work. 
 Among these President Harper himself was always the largest con- 
 tributor. Urged at times by his friends to lighten his heavy load 
 of responsibility by discontinuing the Institute, he answered that he 
 could almost as easily think of sacrificing one of his children. One 
 of the President's unfulfilled hopes was that the Institute might be 
 amply endowed, and thus the perpetuity of its work secured. Yet 
 the sensitiveness arising from his official relation to the University, 
 and his more personal relation to the Institute as its founder, kept 
 him from raising or accepting large sums of money for the latter. 
 In one notable instance he declined, for the reason just named, an 
 amount that would have constituted for the Institute an adequate 
 and permanent endowment. 
 
 The last stage in the development of the popular Bible study move- 
 ment took form in a new, distinct organization named the Religious 
 Education Association. It was founded by an important convention 
 for religious and moral education held at Chicago in February, 1903, 
 and attended by eminent representatives of the churches, the schools 
 and colleges, the religious press, the Y. M. C. A., and many other 
 institutions and agencies for religion and education throughout the 
 United States and Canada. The first president of the Association was 
 Dean Frank K. Sanders, of Yale University. President Harper, whose 
 ideals, organizing genius, energy, and influence had created this great 
 composite and complex organization, became chairman of the Execu- 
 tive Board, and continued in this office until his death. What the 
 Association has accomphshed for rehgious and moral education during 
 the three years of its activity is chiefly the product of President 
 Harper's remarkable visions, labors, and leadership. 
 
 Another line of popular work which President Harper built up 
 was that of Bible teaching through lectures dehvered in institutions 
 for general education, at local institutes held specifically for this pur- 
 pose in many cities, at summer schools wholly or partly conducted 
 for this purpose in many parts of the country, and other similar oppor- 
 tunities. This kind of work was in a sense the extension of divinity 
 school instruction to the people at large. Dr. Harper himself, while 
 professor at Yale University, gave weekly Bible lectures at Vassar 
 
IN THE POPULARIZATION OF BIBLE STUDY 213 
 
 College for a period of two years ; at another time he carried on a simi- 
 lar course at Wellesley College. He lectured also in many cities, 
 arousing interest in and enthusiasm for Bible study. For many years 
 he devoted his summers to teaching the Bible at summer schools 
 arranged under his direction, and at Chautauqua assembhcs. His 
 striking success in this work led to his appointment in 1885 as prin- 
 cipal of the Chautauc|ua College of Liberal Arts, and six years later as 
 principal of the entire Chautauqua System, an office which he retained 
 until 1898. It was an uncounted multitude of persons, many of them 
 already leaders in Bible study and religious work, who made Presi- 
 dent Harper's acquaintance during those Chautauqua summers, 
 imbibed his learning, caught his ardor, and went forth to imitate his 
 energy and devotion to the Bible. Some who knew him in those Yale 
 and Chautauqua years think they were the happiest of his life. 
 
 Further, the regular institutions of school and church were led 
 by President Harper to see a new ideal and to feel a new impulse for 
 Bible study. Many of the best colleges of America, one after another, 
 estabhshed chairs of bibhcal instruction for undergraduates, as a part 
 of the general training afforded by their curricula. It became recog- 
 nized that the general student, as well as the professional theological 
 student, was entitled to, and should receive, good college instruction 
 in the history, hterature, and teaching of both Old and New Testa- 
 ments. President Harper projected a series of textbooks for the study 
 of the Bible in colleges, and himself prepared two valuable volumes 
 of the series. Constructive Studies in the Priestly Element in ike Old 
 Testament (third edition, 1905), and Constructive Studies in the Pro- 
 phetic Element in the Old Testament (1905). 
 
 The Sunday school, too, received much attention in his thought and 
 work. He clearly saw the important place that it occupies in the 
 rehgious and moral education of the child, and the vital need of the 
 child for an early acquaintance with the Bible, that its ideas, its ex- 
 amples, its inspiration may become an essential factor in the personal 
 development. He accomplished much toward bringing about a better 
 knowledge of the Bible on the part of Sunday-school teachers, and 
 better Bible study on the part of the children. For the Sunday 
 school also he began the publication of a series of textbooks, several 
 volumes of which have already appeared. He was for nine years 
 
2r4 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 superintendent of the Hyde Park Baptist Sunday School, in the 
 vicinity of the University of Chicago, and led in working out prac- 
 tically some of the difficult problems of a regular Sunday-school cur- 
 riculum and of the reconstruction of methods necessitated by a higher 
 Sunday-school ideal. The plans of the ReHgious Education Associa- 
 tion in regard to Sunday-school improvement and progress were 
 expressive of his ideas and purposes in this direction. It was one 
 of President Harper's cherished but unfulfilled projects to estabhsh 
 in connection with the University, as a part of its School of Educa- 
 tion, a "model" Sunday school for experiment in realizing the best 
 ideas for this vital educational institution of the church. 
 
 The Divinity School of the University of Chicago, and indirectly 
 many other theological seminaries, felt the inspiration and force of 
 President Harper's clear, far-sighted, and incisive thinking upon the 
 subject of the instruction and training of young men for the ministry. 
 He loved the Bible, the young men, and the people to whom they 
 were to minister. To bring young men to understand and appre- 
 ciate the Bible was his first aim; his second was to prepare the young 
 men to bring the people to know and love and live the Bible. 
 
 Finally, all these fines of popular religious work were reinforced, 
 guided, and inspired by President Harper's monthly pubUcation, the 
 Biblical World. This magazine had grown up with him, and was 
 one of his chief joys. It has been the most constant and the most 
 complete exponent of his whole soul and his whole career. The year 
 1882 saw its beginning as a thin Httle quarto paper called the Hebrew 
 Student, designed to aid in the campaign for Hebrew study he then 
 had in progress. The next year it became a monthly, the number of 
 its pages was increased, and it was rechristened the Old Testament 
 Student. Thenceforth it contained editorials, articles, and studies, 
 not only upon the language of the Old Testament, but upon its history, 
 Hterature, and teaching as well. Six years later, in 1888, the maga- 
 zine had again outgrown its size and its name. The movement for 
 Bible study among the people had become widespread and influential. 
 The New Testament could no longer be absent from the periodical 
 that was voicing the ideas and principles of this movement. The peri- 
 odical was once more enlarged, and its name again changed, becoming 
 the Old and New Testament Student. The editorials, articles, studies, 
 
IN THE POPULARIZATION OF BIBLE STUDY 215 
 
 and book reviews now dealt with the whole Bible. The circulation 
 increased, and the Sludcnt accomplished great things in theological 
 seminaries, colleges, Bible classes, Sunday schools, the pastor's study, 
 and the home. The editor's name was known and his influence felt 
 in religious circles everywhere. His scholarship and his enthusiastic 
 activity for better Bible study assisted to make a new era in the prog- 
 ress of religious education. 
 
 One further stage in the development of this magazine was reached 
 in 1893. At that time it was adopted into the system of periodical 
 pubHcations inaugurated by the University of Chicago as a part of 
 its educational work. President Harper then found for it the name 
 which for thirteen years it has borne, the Biblical World. Until 
 his death he continued to direct its pohcy. As it had been the special 
 recipient of his thought and labor since he founded it in 1882, so 
 it continued to receive his guidance, express his spirit, announce 
 his plans, and publish the fruits of his studies. In the advance 
 made during the last twenty-five years in popular Bible study, and 
 indeed in the historical interpretation of the Bible by professional 
 scholars in America, the work done by President Harper through the 
 Biblical World has been no small factor. What man of the present 
 generation has seen more clearly and more effectively than he the 
 truth, the glory, the usefulness, and the power of the Bible ? Who 
 among us has done as much as he to make the Bible a hving book ? 
 Who has more truly exalted the Bible in the thoughts and hearts of his 
 fellow-men ? He subjected his Ufe to the truth and the leading of the 
 Bible, he devoted his Hfe to teaching the Bible to others. What he 
 gave in so many ways to the world was his own grasp and apprecia- 
 tion of God as he revealed himself in the Bible. President Harper's 
 supreme purpose in all his work was to inspire others to commit 
 their lives, as he had committed his hfe, to the love and will of God 
 — the God of Moses, of Samuel, of Amos, and of Isaiah, the God 
 supremely revealed in Jesus Christ. 
 
AS UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT 
 
 ALBION W. SMALL 
 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 One might go far astray in attempting to generalize Dr. Harper as 
 "the university president." Pioneer work of creating out of nothing 
 an institution with an individuaHty of its own is not the normal func- 
 tion of university presidents. Unless we assume the contrary, it 
 would evidently be jumping at conclusions to treat Dr. Harper's 
 career as typical, or even as decisive about the sort of administrator 
 he would be under ordinary circumstances. What we know is the 
 way in which he did his work as maker of the University of Chicago. 
 His associates often amused themselves with speculations about the 
 manner of man he might have been at the head of an institution of 
 the conventional sort. In such a situation his activities would neces- 
 sarily have been so otherwise adjusted that they might have given him 
 a quite different reputation. The man would have been the same, 
 but his tasks would have called for exercise of other modulations of 
 quahties. 
 
 It is one thing to administer and to develop an estabhshed organi- 
 zation. It is a radically different thing to evolve and to pursue a pro- 
 gram for a unique purpose. If that purpose is broad and deep and 
 prescient, to reahze it will require, not merely conservation, but con- 
 struction; not merely co-ordination, but creation; not merely respect 
 for precedent, but originality to supersede precedents and find sub- 
 stitutes for them. 
 
 The basis of Dr. Harper's work as President was a daring analy- 
 sis of the whole social situation in the United States. That analysis 
 did not go into all the particulars which would interest the socio- 
 logists. It went far enough to justify in Dr. Harper's mind pre- 
 cise convictions about some of the demands upon education that are 
 implicit in American democracy. 
 
 Most men tend either so to venerate the past that they are not 
 free, or so to disregard the past that they are not sane. Dr. Harper 
 
 2l6 
 
AS UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT 217 
 
 had a respect for the past that often seemed to verge upon rituah'sm. 
 At the same time his insight into the provisional character of 
 men's achievements prompted an independence of the past frequently 
 branded as iconoclasm. The resultant of these two factors of his 
 character was, on the one hand, indomitable confidence that great 
 things to do are always directly ahead, and, on the other hand, that 
 the way to do them is by using the experience of the past. 
 
 Dr. Harper's analysis of American conditions determined the main 
 plank of his working platform ; namely, that more and better educa- 
 tion is the primary condition of progressive democracy. Accordingly 
 the central ambition of his hfe was to do everything in his power to 
 make the educational element in our institutions adequate to the 
 needs of our situation. The ambition did not take this general form 
 until the problem of the presidency confronted him as a practical ques- 
 tion. The ambition did not cease to grow strong and clear and high 
 until his thoughts dismissed the interests of this world a few days 
 before his death. 
 
 Without tracing the influence of his apprentice years as student 
 and teacher of Semitics, it is easy to define the cardinal aim which 
 shaped his work at Chicago. His imagination had pictured the most 
 important contribution that could be made to American education — 
 a university which should be distinctive in its combination and 
 emphasis of three things. The first was investigation. Every 
 important subject within the possible realm of knowledge should be 
 regarded as a field for research, so far as it presented scientific prob- 
 lems. Not least among the problems which the University should 
 investigate was itself. It should never so far take itself for granted as 
 to presume that its methods were final. Education, from nursery to 
 laboratory, should be treated as a perpetual experiment, and methods 
 should be changed to meet either new conditions or better insight into 
 the conditions. The second trait of the University should be its 
 active ambition for human service. Knowledge for general use, not 
 for the culture of scholars, was the ideal. Scholarship should be 
 promoted as zealously as though it were an end unto itself, but the 
 final appraisal of scholarship should be, not its prestige with scholars, 
 but its value to human life. The University should be, not a retreat 
 from the world, but a base of operations in the world. The third 
 
2l8 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 distinctive trait should be accessibility. The University should have 
 more ways of entrance than older institutions had provided, and it 
 should have more direct channels of communicating the best it could 
 give to the world. Besides attempting to reach these special ends, 
 it should do its share of the conventional work of imparting knowl- 
 edge bv the best methods that had been discovered. 
 
 Dr. Harper neither believed nor desired that the University of his 
 ideal should maintain a perpetual monopoly of its merits. He saw 
 that American education was deficient in the particulars which his 
 ideal emphasized. He beheved that the most immediate means of 
 correcting the defects would be to prove the feasibihty of improvement 
 in a concrete case. He had no doubt that success by a single university 
 in showing a better way would presently affect the policy of all other 
 universities. To what extent this forecast has already been justified, 
 a member of the University of Chicago may not venture to judge. 
 
 Not least significant among the results of Dr. Harper's prelimi- 
 nary survey of social conditions was his conclusion about the desirable 
 location of the path-breaking University. For several years a plan 
 to plant a new university in an eastern city had been under con- 
 sideration. Men of accredited wisdom and large influence had shared 
 in shaping the project. There were encouraging grounds for hope 
 that sufficient money could be obtained. Presently it became neces- 
 sary for Dr. Harper to express his opinion about the scheme. At 
 this point his study of American tendencies registered a strategic 
 judgment. It involved a complicated and costly moral struggle, 
 threatening interruption and perhaps loss of valued friendships, to 
 have the courage of his convictions. It was even possible that differ- 
 ence of opinion might altogether divert from education the endow- 
 ments that were in prospect. In spite of personal preferences, 
 however, and in defiance of inveterate prejudice that dignified Ameri- 
 can leadership must center in the East, Dr. Harper reached the con- 
 clusion that the most promising place for a dynamic movement in 
 education was the Middle West. There are good reasons for the 
 behef that this proved to be the crucial test of Dr. Harper's fitness to 
 be put in charge of a great educational enterprise. 
 
 In recent years we have become familiar with reflections upon the 
 merits and demerits of the administrative type that is supposed to have 
 
AS UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT 219 
 
 supplanted the scholarly type in university presidencies. The delicacy 
 of our refinement and the nicety of our discrimination are reflected 
 in the current phrase "the educational boss." Both explicitly and by 
 implication Dr. Harper has been designated, oftener than any other 
 man, as a fair specimen of the type. So far as the facts in his case 
 affect the general question, the type is radically misunderstood, and 
 the epithets used to depreciate it are ignorantly misappHed. Dr. 
 Harper was essentially the leader in an expanding educational experi- 
 ment. He was the organizer and foremost observer in a co-operative 
 scientific investigation. His work as commissary general for the 
 enterprise was always rated by himself, and was always in fact, 
 subordinate and incidental to the controlling scholarly purpose to 
 increase knowledge in order to enrich life. Instead of displaying the 
 spirit of a despot, he was the most zealous and docile learner in the 
 whole organization. He was not merely tolerant of other views than 
 his own, but he never assumed the responsibihty of a decision about 
 a question of University interests, from the appointment of a docent 
 to the organization of a professional school, without attempting to 
 exhaust the evidence from every source that could shed light upon the 
 problem. When the story of Dr. Harper's life is told in detail, the 
 facts not merely about his departmental scholarship, but about his 
 whole administrative career, will have to be arranged around this 
 central proposition: His personality was a consistent reflection of 
 the faith, "The truth shall make you free." From first to last, in 
 spirit and in practice, his central allegiance was to the service of 
 truth. 
 
IN ASSOCIATION WITH HIS COLLEAGUES 
 
 ERNEST D. BURTON 
 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 President Harper was by nature and training a leader. Few men 
 of his generation have possessed in larger measure than he those qual- 
 ities which mark one as made for captaincy, and which make other 
 men wilhng and glad to enhst under his leadership. But his 
 leadership was always genial, never magisterial. Men followed him 
 instinctively and from preference, not under compulsion. He under- 
 stood men, he appreciated what was best in them, he loved compan- 
 ionship; his horizon was broad, and his insight keen; he was hopeful, 
 courageous to the point of daring, persistent and self-sacrificing. 
 Withal, he was intensely human. His best friends and warmest ad- 
 mirers recognized his faults. But they were the faults of a strong 
 man, fighting a strenuous battle in an imperfect world. None of them 
 was the fault of a weakling, and none of them sprang from self-seek- 
 ing. In all his ambitions he never intentionally injured another, 
 sought always those things that were helpful to others. 
 
 Dr. Harper was eminently a companionable man. He loved his 
 fellows, and he loved to associate them with himself in work and in 
 play, in planning and in executing. In the multitude of those enter- 
 prises in which he engaged as President of the University of Chicago, 
 and of its Divinity School, as head of the department of Semitic lan- 
 guages, as editor of the journals with which he was connected, in the 
 conduct of the American Institute of Sacred Literature, he dehghted 
 to work in association with others. Even in his study he enjoyed the 
 fellowship of another mind, and in authorship associated himself with 
 others, dividing work and responsibihty with them. With a keen dis- 
 cernment of the ability and character of other men, which enabled 
 him to recognize the particular work which each was adapted to 
 accomplish, his judgments were characteristically those of apprecia- 
 tion, not of depreciation. He usually rated a man higher than the 
 man himself did, and beUeved him capable of larger things than he 
 
IN ASSOCIATION WITH HIS COLLEAGUES 221 
 
 would himself have undertaken. As a rule, the outcome justified his 
 faith. And if sometimes the future behed his judgment, if some- 
 times a man proved unworthy of the confidence reposed in him, this 
 testified rather to President Harper's healthy faith in humanity than 
 to a judgment habitually faulty. 
 
 It was in no small measure this appreciative discernment of the 
 pecuHar strength of individual men that enabled him to associate with 
 himself in the various departments of the University, and the varied 
 forms of his activity, men of widely diverse temperament, tastes, and 
 even convictions. With each of them he had his point of contact and 
 sympathy. And men who would never have been drawn into co- 
 operation by any attraction for one another found themselves able, 
 through their common relations to Dr. Harper, harmoniously to 
 co-operate for a common end. 
 
 He was particularly successful in developing the abilities and am- 
 bitions of younger men. He would talk with them at length concern- 
 ing the possibilities of their own particular line of work and career, 
 often outlining plans that would require years to accomplish. Some- 
 times the young man himself failed to perceive the necessity of the 
 time element, and grew impatient at the President's apparent failure 
 to bring about the fulfilment of his own prophecies. With the man 
 of real ability and promise he had all the patience and faithfulness 
 of a father in correcting mistakes and imparting ideals and inspiration. 
 
 No one who has had the experience of being a member of one 
 of those groups of men, sometimes large, often small, that gathered 
 in the President's office or study, to confer and plan together with the 
 least possible formality, will ever forget how under his leadership hori- 
 zons were broadened, impossible tasks became wholly practicable, and 
 hard work a pleasure. 
 
 Most fertile in suggestion of new plans himself, most original in 
 devising new methods of work, he was at the same time most hospi- 
 table toward every suggestion put forth by his associates, and quick 
 to express appreciation of it. Most ready to discard an old and 
 favorite method of accomplishing a result, when that method had 
 outhved its usefulness or could be displaced by a better one; most 
 keen to perceive any change in conditions, demanding a correspond- 
 ing change in means or methods, he yet welcomed the sharpest criti- 
 
222 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 cism of new plans, and carefully weighed every objection. Invin- 
 cibly persistent when he was sure that he was right, willing to wait 
 weeks, months, years, if need be, for the fulfilment of his plans and 
 his dreams, but never wilHng to admit that what ought to be could not 
 be, there was yet nothing of obstinacy in him. The mere fact that 
 another disagreed with him, though that other was his warmest friend, 
 or one for whose opinions he had most respect, could not change his 
 own opinion, had Httle effect indeed upon that opinion. But he 
 could be dissuaded from immediate action by the dissenting judgment 
 of others, and argument or reconsideration sometimes led to a real 
 change of mind. 
 
 Nothing was more characteristic of Dr. Harper, nothing more 
 clearly marked him for leadership, than the largeness and boldness 
 of the plans that shaped themselves in his mind and often came to 
 expression in informal conferences with his colleagues. The demand 
 thus made upon those who were associated with him was large, but it was 
 never a mere imposition of burdens upon others. He always insisted 
 upon taking a full share of the load himself, and showed a real appre- 
 ciation of what he was asking of others. If the great burdens that 
 he bore sometimes made it impossible for him to perform all that 
 he undertook, or if plans in which others took a share with him some- 
 times had to be postponed again and again from sheer lack of time or 
 of opportunity to carry them out, he never despaired, .but cheerfully 
 set forward the date for the achievement of the effort, and pressed 
 resolutely and hopefully forward. 
 
 A man of large ambitions, he was singularly free from self- 
 seeking. For the University, for the Institute of Sacred Literature, 
 for the Religious Education Association, for the journals which he 
 edited, for all these he had great hopes and great ambitions. To 
 these, and the other agencies through which he could serve his 
 fellow-men, he gave himself in reckless self-forgetfulness and generous 
 self-sacrifice. 
 
 To work with such a leader was an education in all that makes 
 for noble leadership. To have worked with him is a precious 
 memory, and an inspiration to live earnestly and generously while 
 life lasts. 
 
HIS RELIGIOUS LIFE 
 
 PROFESSOR CHARLES RUFUS BROWN, PH.D., D.D. 
 Newton Centre, Mass. 
 
 The opportunity afforded the present writer is one of which any 
 friend of President Harper may well be proud, though it presents some 
 peculiar difficulties, owing to the remarkable combination of qualities 
 in his abounding personality, each of which seemed unfettered by the 
 others, but, when presented without the others, affords a one-sided 
 exhibit of his nature. It must be remembered also that with Dr. Har- 
 per the act that it seemed best to do was first done, and then justified 
 at the bar of reason and conscience. As Professor Small well says : 
 "The impulse of rehgion, rather than a theory of it, was the constant 
 undercurrent of his Hfe."^ Moreover, it is true that, while brave and 
 outspoken in the expression of his feelings and opinions, he was natu- 
 rally reticent on the subject of his personal relation to God. It is 
 necessary, therefore, to examine his character at certain special epochs, 
 and to quote some of his language uttered then, if we would discover 
 the highest rehgious motives that he cherished; and it will be need- 
 ful to take a general view of his Hfe in the length and breadth of his 
 activity, if we would avoid confusing him with the conventional saint. 
 
 In early childhood began that interest in the Bible which has been 
 a characteristic feature of President Harper's pubhc Hfe. This was 
 due in part to the unfeigned faith which dwelt, first, in his grandmother 
 Rainey, who was well known among the members of her denomina- 
 tion for her accurate knowledge of the Bible. Before William was 
 able to read, his helpful parents were drawn upon as readers of his 
 "good book" (a children's hfe of Jesus) to him, and before he was 
 ten years old, he had committed to memory large portions of Scrip- 
 ture. Sometime during his boyhood he found himself at variance 
 wdth some of the sentiments of his parents, who were United Presby- 
 terians, and he expressed a desire to join the Presbyterian church of 
 his native town. This desire may not have been particularly strong, 
 
 I In the Standard for January 20, 1906. 
 
 223 
 
224 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 and, at any rate, he was easily dissuaded by his father, who at that 
 time took a somewhat different view of such a matter from that which 
 commended itself to him in subsequent years. These details are 
 given in order to account for the impression of his aged mother that 
 he was "a good Christian boy from childhood," This was not, how- 
 ever, the view of the youth himself. On this point the writer is able, 
 upon unimpeachable testimony,^ to quote his own emphatic language 
 used in Granville, Ohio, in 1877, By his fellow-teachers there it was 
 taken for granted that he was a church member, as they were, and 
 nothing to the contrary appears to have been known till he himself 
 opened the question of "being a Christian" several months after his 
 arrival in the place ; and it came as a complete surprise to most, if not 
 all, of those that knew him best, when he arose in a college prayer- 
 meeting, near the end of January, 1877, and expressed a desire to 
 become a Christian, A few words should be quoted here from Pro- 
 fessor Chandler's letter, informing us that Dr, Harper added "that he 
 was not sure that he understood exactly what it was to be a Christian, 
 but whatever it was, he desired to be one. He made almost exactly 
 the same remarks at the next church meeting, a large gathering, just a 
 day or two later. Both these brief speeches were made in a very quiet 
 and natural way, with little display of emotion, so far as I could see. 
 What impressed me deeply was the moral courage required, in a 
 meeting where so many of his own students and colleagues were pres- 
 ent, to get up and make this simple statement and request, especially 
 in a community where it was assumed that every instructor was of 
 course a Christian and ex officio a religious worker. The natural 
 suggestion to a man in his position would have been to seek private 
 instruction of a clergyman, and to have it seem to be a mere change 
 of denominational relations. It seemed to me to be eminently char- 
 acteristic of Harper's honesty of 'mind and simphcity and directness 
 of method that he did just as he did." After this second meeting, he 
 stated to Professor Chandler, probably in these exact words: "I am 
 not a Christian, but I want to be one, and I mean to be one." He was 
 baptized in February, 1877. Perhaps fifteen years afterward, at a 
 
 2 That of Professor Charles Chandler, M.A., then of Denison University, now of 
 the University of Chicago, to whom the writer is deeply indebted for a long and 
 informing letter, mailed January 22, 1906. 
 
HIS RELIGIOUS LIFE 225 
 
 Denison banquet given in his honor in Cincinnati, he spoke of his love 
 for Granville, "because it was there that I became a Christian." The 
 present writer has the impression that, at a meeting in Northlield ten 
 or fifteen years ago, Dr. Harper gave an address upon his religious 
 experience, and students of his life would do well to look up the printed 
 accounts of that meeting. 
 
 The facts of the Granville period have been given in detail__^because 
 they furnish the key to his whole life and to his unique personality. 
 The clear, and bold, and unimpassioned statement of his new purposes 
 and hopes was characteristic of his later and more profound experi- 
 ences, particularly that of the Lakewood-Chicago period, March- 
 December, 1905, following the surgical operation of February, when 
 the real nature of his malady was discovered. Characteristic also 
 were his frequent conferences with his most trusted friends; for he was 
 in the habit of looking to such advisers in every exigency of life. Dur- 
 ing the Morgan Park days, at the opening of his campaign for Bible 
 study, perplexities abounded, and his friends were frequently sum- 
 moned to suggest the solution of problems, such as, e. g., ways and 
 means by which the week-end bills of the printing establishment might 
 be met. It was at one such interview, in 1883, that the writer first 
 entered into the depths of the nature of William R. Harper, and ob- 
 served the rare combination of vahant confidence and almost childlike 
 dependence that distinguished him. It was in these small circles that 
 the essentially social type of his manhood was manifest. Nothing 
 suited him better than to gather about him a small company of his inti- 
 mates at his home, or at the best table afforded by the place where he 
 was at the time, for the discussion of the plans that were uppermost 
 in his mind, and for the settlement of vexed questions of detail; and 
 his hospitality on such occasions w^as unbounded, his expenditures 
 lavish. The writer's mind recurs again and again to the joyous type 
 of man, represented frequently in the Old Testament, which was 
 illustrated so well in his table indulgencies, in his delight in his friends, 
 in his enthusiastic enjoyment of life, even in his desire to placate hostile 
 critics. With reference to one of these, who had spoken rather 
 sharply of something he had done, he once said to the writer: 
 "Brown, find out, if you can, just how he looks upon this matter." 
 
 It has been said that Dr. Harper was naturally reticent about his 
 
226 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 spiritual experiences, and it is probably true that very little of his time, 
 relatively, was devoted to contemplation; but testimony abounds of 
 his active co-operation with rehgious leaders in their work, and with 
 distressed souls in their search for light. It is clear that he felt con- 
 stantly his obligation to God for the right use of his time, but that 
 reason and conscience, rather than emotion, were controlhng; clearest 
 of all, that he appreciated the grandeur of duty and felt himself to be 
 the agent of the Infinite Worker. All this is brought out into such 
 bold relief by his acts and utterances during the last eventful year of 
 his life that we must pass on to this. 
 
 It was probably at Lake wood, N. J., in March of last year, that the 
 period of spiritual growth, culminating in the triumphant faith of the 
 last days on earth, may be said to open. Here, so far as is known, 
 began the intense mental struggle for personal light upon the final 
 problems of rehgion, sin and its forgiveness, our relation to Jesus 
 Christ and to God, immortahty. The writer does not know to how 
 many of his friends he revealed the movements of his mind at this 
 time. It is certain that some of them helped him to clarify his notions, 
 and that from that time to the end he gave the closest attention to what- 
 ever the chosen few could bring to bear upon the questions he had 
 raised. In the process he himself gave the most concentrated energy, 
 he was the calmest counselor, the most unmoved inspector of his own 
 mind ; and, finally, soon after Christmas time, the victory, the bright- 
 est victory of all, was achieved. It seems to his friends, as it did 
 to Harper himself, that his own conclusions were the clear state- 
 ments of ideas which had been at the basis of all his action, but 
 which there had been no time to formulate: God, the Spirit, the 
 Ultimate Force in the universe, and the Source of all life therein ; Jesus 
 Christ, his Son, the Revealer of God and the representative Man; a 
 sphere of enlarged work beyond, of the nature of which his soul had 
 no idea, but which he could enter with less hesitation than he did 
 upon his work at Chicago — these were the fundamental verities of his 
 thought. Perhaps the most marked token of the depth of his religious 
 experience was that his heart became so sensitive to the faults that 
 he had manifested. He would not assent to the characterization of 
 these in any other terms than such as his friends could but regard as 
 extravagant condemnation. 
 
HIS RELIGIOUS LIFE 227 
 
 On the afternoon of the twenty-ninth of December, as he lay in 
 the southwest chamber of the President's house, patiently waiting for 
 the end soon to come, and yet so conscious of the value of time that 
 the precious moments must be utilized, he called to him four out of 
 the multitude of his friends, took their hands as they sat about his bed, 
 and with perfect poise, in the full use of his superb mind, he calmly 
 talked with them about what he had styled the "deepest things." 
 And then he said: "Now let us talk with God; let us not be formal, 
 let us be simple." And when each in turn had prayed, he himself 
 offered a petition of wondrous clearness, simplicity, and affecting 
 power. Let us listen to a portion of his prayer ; "And may there be 
 for me a life beyond this life, and in that life may there be work to do, 
 tasks to accomplish. If in any way a soul has been injured, or a 
 friend hurt, may the harm be overcome, if it is possible ; and this I ask 
 in the name of Jesus Christ, Amen." The friends felt that the prophet 
 of God had been transformed into the high-priest of his sanctuary, and 
 that they, too, saw something of the Invisible. 
 
APPRECIATIONS 
 
 We are here' to mark the passing of a noble life — a Hfe dear to not 
 a few of us, and full of cheer and inspiration to every human being 
 who loves knowledge, who hopes for achievement, and who aspires 
 to service. It was a very long life — not a full hundred years of usual 
 accomplishment could measure it. It was a very rich life — ^joy, hap- 
 piness, and satisfactions that gold cannot buy, filled it to overflowing. 
 For him and for his service we rejoice and give thanks; for ourselves 
 we sorrow because we have lost sight of a friend, and the world of a 
 man. 
 
 Hidden deep down in nature's secrets are the rare qualities which, 
 assembled in just the proper proportions, make men. Scholars, 
 high-minded and serious of purpose, are many. Doers, active, con- 
 tident, and successful, are more numerous still. Men are harder to 
 come upon; and our friend was a man. He loved life and the joy of 
 living. His world was a good and a happy world, where the better 
 was constantly conquering the bad. 
 
 He hated cant and those petty appearances that are the garment 
 of hypocrisy. He knew the difference between public opinion, 
 founded on right reason, and the clamor of the mob, schooled or 
 unschooled, founded on prejudice and passion. He did not mistake 
 applause for approval. Neither the opposition of the unconvinced, 
 the sneer of the cynic, nor the cry of the self-seeker could move him 
 from his purpose. So it was that good things were done by him and 
 with his leadership. 
 
 He had a genius for friendship. Hooks of steel bound him to 
 those he cared for, and his carefree hours were his most delightful 
 ones. Study schooled his spirit; travel broadened it; human inter- 
 course deepened and enriched it. All that he was and had he gave 
 to his friends, and they returned the gift in fullest measure. 
 
 From boyhood to his closing hour on earth he served the higher 
 life. Eager in pursuit of knowledge, skilful in imparting it, and 
 
 ' This address was delivered by President Butler at the Harper Memorial Service, 
 held at Columbia University, N.w York, January 14, 1906. 
 
 228 
 
A PPRECIA TIONS 229 
 
 resourceful in applying it, he never lost sight of the main goal of his 
 life. The marshaling of human forces in a great university w^as always 
 subordinate with him to scholarly purpose. He often spoke of it so 
 to those to whom he could trust his inmost thought. 
 
 He died, they say, like a Spartan. How false! He died like a 
 Christian whose faith is real and not a thing of formulas alone. Brave, 
 patient, confident, enduring, he stood at his post of duty while the 
 shadows closed around him, and as Time's sun set he turned his face 
 to be illumined by Eternity's morning light. 
 
 As the years pass, the circle of real friends grows narrower. Those 
 who are left treasure always more highly the associations that remain. 
 They love to dwell upon the days that are gone, and to review in mem- 
 ory those acts and traits that were so abounding in grace and in 
 
 delight. 
 
 " I climb the hill: from end to end 
 Of all the landscape underneath, 
 I find no place that does not breathe 
 Some gracious memory of my friend." 
 
 Nicholas Murray Butler. 
 
 Columbia University, 
 New York Citv. 
 
 President Harper, like every great man, derived his strength from 
 the union of opposite qualities. No one virtue or ability, isolated and 
 unsupported, is enough to carry any man into lasting achievement. 
 But when, as in him, energy is combined with patience, and fearless 
 initiative with great sensitiveness, then we have not only a rarely sym- 
 metrical character, but extraordinary power to unite men of opposing 
 types in one great undertaking. Among these blendingsin President 
 Harper's nature none seems to me more noteworthy or more myste- 
 rious — for without mystery there is no deepness of soul — than his 
 warm personal loyalty to friends, while in the conduct of any enter- 
 prise his attitude toward individuals was as impersonal as the force of 
 gravitation. He cherished heart-felt devotion to certain associates 
 and friends, without allowing that devotion for a moment to sway his 
 judgment as to the ability and efficiency of those friends in any task 
 that was to be performed. 
 
 Of that personal devotion there could be no question. He was 
 
230 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 hungry for sympathy, for understanding, for love. He called intimate 
 friends to his side as he faced each new problem, as he entered each 
 new sorrow, as he faced the great crises of life. He shrank from being 
 alone, either physically or intellectually. He was companionable, 
 generous, grappling some men to him with hooks of steel, and binding 
 thousands in genuine friendship. He stood by his friends when they 
 were attacked, defending them all the more warmly because they were 
 deserted by others, and rescued many a man from defeat by believing 
 in the man's future victory. 
 
 Yet all of us were conscious that this power of personal attachment 
 was totally distinct from that mixture of prejudice, pride, blindness, 
 and caprice which often passes among men for friendship. Dr. Har- 
 per was fully alive to the failings of those he loved. He seemed 
 absolutely impartial in choosing his heutenants; he was incapable 
 of nepotism, and to strangers he may have seemed as impassive and 
 remorseless as a star in the wintry sky. His countenance never 
 betrayed his feeling on a public occasion. He had trained himself 
 not to utter his first thoughts, and never to make important utterance 
 without writing. His judgment of movements and men was abso- 
 lutely severed from personal preference or taste, and when he came 
 to act, he was as the "clear, cold, logic engine" which Huxley affirmed 
 an educated man should be. 
 
 Because he was a loyal, noble, self-sacrificing friend, but never 
 blinded by friendship, we admire and love him now. 
 
 William H, P, Faunce. 
 
 Brown University, 
 Providence, R. I. 
 
 On two occasions I had the honor and the very great pleasure of 
 being Dr. Harper's guest for a fortnight, and had then the opportunity 
 of seeing some sides of his character which might not be so conspicu- 
 ous in his public appearances. Of course, in common with everyone 
 who in any capacity came in contact with him, I was amazed at his 
 marvelous energy. From an early hour in the morning till late at 
 night he toiled with an alertness of attention and a concentration of 
 mind which would quickly have prostrated anyone possessed of a less 
 powerful physique. He turned easily from fine questions of scholar- 
 
APPRECIATIONS 23I 
 
 ship and criticism to matters of administration and to affairs calling 
 for knowledge of men, foresight, and sound judgment, and seemed 
 equally at home and equally master in all. Men who have so much in 
 hand and who are weighted with heavy responsibilities are apt to be 
 absorbed, impersonal, unattractive, friendless. But Dr. Harper's 
 broad human nature and geniahty could not be smothered under 
 multiplicity of business. In a moment he could throw aside his 
 olhcial attitude and become the entertaining and considerate friend. 
 I should suppose that even in hospitable America he can have had 
 few to rival him in courteous, genuine, thoughtful kindhness. And 
 nothing more clearly showed the largeness and strength of his nature 
 than the faculty for enjoyment which lived and flourished alongside 
 of his tremendous activities. He was no mere machine skilfully con- 
 trived for the production of fine and complicated work, but a human 
 being richly endowed with strong affections, and with a capacity for 
 interesting himself in everything that is associated with happiness and 
 progress. His life, though short, has embraced in it many lives, and,, 
 measured qualitatively, he has lived greatly. There radiated from 
 his personality an influence that could not but inspire and stimulate 
 those who came within his reach; and, apart from the important and 
 manifold results which have been secured by his special activities as a, 
 scholar, educationist, and administrator, his memory will be cherished,, 
 and his example will still attract all who have had occasion to admire 
 his unselfish and untiring devotion to the causes which promote 
 righteousness and progress among men. 
 
 Marcus Dods. 
 
 Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 
 I knew President Harper most intimately in the outgoings of his 
 mind and heart as a patriot and as a citizen of the w^orld. His con- 
 ception of patriotism was fundamentally rehgious. With soHcitude, 
 yet with courage and hope, he measured the forces working for secu- 
 larism against those working for a religious ideal of righteousness. 
 He believed that the last are greater than the first, but that their 
 victory is possible only through co-operative organization. He con- 
 ceived the Religious Education Association, brought together the 
 factors that founded it, and, while strength survived, was its inspi- 
 
232 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 rational head. He has bequeathed to his countrymen the principles 
 of this Association, which, if they be broadly and faithfully inter- 
 preted, shall perpetuate his spirit for generations to come. 
 
 He loved the world with Christlike catholicity. He respected 
 the varying faiths of men, and deplored racial and rehgious animosi- 
 ties. The Barrows Lectureship for India and the Far East seemed 
 to him an open door for the brotherly intercourse of all seekers after 
 God, and a selected means for the diffusion throughout the East of 
 knowledge of Jesus Christ as apart from local issues of ecclesiasti- 
 cism. I have reason to know his passionate longing to draw into 
 intelligent fellowship oriental and occidental minds. How impover- 
 ished are the country and the world by the death of William Rainey 
 Harper; yet how enriched are the country and the world by his hfe 
 of insight, unselfishness, and love ! Those with whom he lived in the 
 gentleness of his home felt that they had poured forth upon them the 
 fulness of his overshadowing love. Those that wrought with him in 
 the complex affairs of the University esteemed him wholly bestowed 
 upon themselves, as chief and counselor. Yet those who served 
 with him and under him in national and world-movements found 
 that clear, deliberative mind, that exhaustless heart, altogether given 
 over to the welfare of the kingdom of God. What a blessing to have 
 known him! What an inspiration to look forward to meeting him 
 again ! 
 
 Charles Cuthbert Hall. 
 
 Union Theological Seminary, 
 New York Citv. 
 
 My association with President Harper began at the time of his 
 Hebrew summer schools in New England, some twenty years ago. My 
 first impression, which has never changed, was that he was a genius 
 in organizing men and inspiring them with his ideals. The second 
 impression was that he was a man of colossal nervous and physical 
 energy. His powers of endurance seemed hmitless. The full weight 
 of the schools rested on his shoulders. After teaching daily an incred- 
 ible number of hours, he would spend as many more in soliciting 
 money to meet the expenses. That he could endure the strain was 
 due to his perfect self-control. He was master of his nerves. He 
 
A PPRECIA TIONS 233 
 
 had the Napoleonic power of throwing off worry in an instant, and 
 thus letting sleep "knit up the raveled sleave of care." 
 
 His great power of winning friends for his cause attracted many a 
 student to delightful work in the Semitic field, and made benefactors 
 feel honored and happy in their co-operation with him. But beyond 
 this he had great power of winning friends for himself. All admired 
 his many-sided activity, his pluck, his breadth of view, his great 
 endowments, natural and acquired. 
 
 Those who knew him loved him for his personal qualities. Cheer- 
 fulness was one of these. Too busy and too serious to be hilarious, 
 he always saw the bright side. His buoyant spirit could not be 
 suppressed. A second quality was ready recognition of the good 
 in others. Envy he seems not to have known. Conscious of his 
 own splendid powers, he ungrudgingly allowed to all men their dues. 
 
 He was of a most generous nature, a real philanthropist. He 
 had the ambition of making his University and all his enterprises 
 foremost ; but the ambition was laudable, for all his endeavors were 
 noble in their ends. To make men wdser and better he gave without 
 stint his splendid powers. 
 
 Of generous natures gratitude is a trait, and this Dr. Harper had 
 in a marked degree. Those who have ever done him a favor will 
 know what this means. During the World's Fair in 1893, even at 
 much inconvenience to himself, he placed his home at the service of 
 many who had befriended him. But those whom he befriended and 
 helped are, after all, vastly more than those who befriended him. IMul- 
 titudes, many of whom never saw him, love and revere his name. Of 
 all the great monuments to his memory, this reverent love is the most 
 beautiful. 
 
 David G. Lyon. 
 
 Harvakd Uni\'ersity, 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 In founding the University of Chicago, President Harper took 
 three of the best of the Clark faculty for heads of his departments, 
 and several others as professors. It was a severe blow^ to us then, 
 and, although we have been since often associated, neither of us could 
 ever quite forget this incident. But the men were all ideally devoted 
 
234 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 to science, and have been given larger opportunities than they could 
 have had here, which to a man they have almost ideally improved. 
 Despite this, I long ago came to admire President Harper's genius, 
 and yield to no man in appreciation of his masterly work and of the 
 great institution he has established. All the way from university 
 extension and summer schools for teachers to the very highest grad- 
 uate study and research, he has done pioneer and epoch-making work, 
 and made all universities his debtors for original plans, and has found 
 or made a way to the practical realization of many a scheme which 
 older and more conservative institutions piously wished to realize, 
 but could hardly have achieved in a generation. The influence of 
 all he did on the seaboard institutions will be a brilliant chapter in 
 the future history of higher education. The University of Chicago 
 as it is today, every feature of which had no existence a decade and 
 a half ago, save only in his own mind, is a marvel of American 
 sagacity and energy, and is without a parallel. Has anyone ever 
 shown greater gifts for organization; grown more rapidly in ofiice; 
 been more unselfish; shown more power of sustained and eft'ective 
 work; more admirably combined the enthusiasm of a scholar and 
 the talent of an administrator; given university work more new 
 ideals or greater inspiration ; or shown a more magnificent courage in 
 facing death in one of its most dreadful forms ? It is pathetic that he 
 could not have lived and labored another half generation. I marvel, 
 too, at the sagacity that selected a man then young, untried, and no 
 better known than scores of others. It recalls the choice of President 
 Eliot for his high office when a young assistant professor. I do not 
 know whether the founder of the University of Chicago feels compla- 
 cency in his selection, but he well might do so, for it showed singular 
 knowledge of men. President Harper's name and fame will forever 
 be a precious asset, not only for his University, but in the history of 
 higher education throughout the world. The pathos of it all is in 
 thinking what might have been, had he lived another fifteen years. 
 The best possible memorial to him will be to maintain the University 
 
 on the highest possible plane. 
 
 G. Stanley Hall. 
 
 Clark University, 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 
APPRECIATIONS 235 
 
 Dr. Harper's personality was so unique, and yet so many-sided, 
 that even those who did not intimately know him may possibly add 
 some thread of appreciation to the fabric of his fame. With my first 
 acquaintance with him, twenty years ago, he seemed to me compact 
 of vitahty, capable of endless endurance, and determined to win 
 whatever battle he might engage in. Industry never went farther, 
 nor economy of time. He believed in well stoking the engine and 
 then running at full speed. He accomplished more before most 
 people were up in the morning than these same people did through 
 all their day. 
 
 He was a born propagandist. His love for learning was not the 
 love of a recluse. He learned in order to teach others; indeed, he 
 never learned anything himself that he did not immediately set about 
 forming a class in that particular subject. Not only the subject- 
 matter interested him, but the method of imparting it. Pedagogics 
 were natural to him. How to get the most out of a teacher and out 
 of an hour were vital problems to him. And this pedagogic instinct 
 qualified him to launch a new university upon uncharted seas and 
 with new methods of navigation. 
 
 He was not born in Chicago, but he might well have been born 
 there ; for he wanted the earth. If he had had his way, I am not sure 
 that he would not have made his institution the University of the 
 World, embracing all grades of instruction from the alphabet to meta- 
 physics, and from the kindergarten to the mathematics of the double 
 stars. He would have had all the colleges of the country affiliated 
 with him, and there would have been branches in New York, Rome, 
 and Jerusalem. His executive powers were quite equal to his ambi- 
 tions. He could organize a machine to run the federal government; 
 indeed, his conception of a university was that of relatively independ- 
 ent, yet mutually related, parts, all under direction of one controlHng 
 mind, and all bent upon the highest measure of comprehension and 
 attainment. 
 
 He had great power of subduing to his own purpose and largeness 
 of view the ablest teachers, and of so inspiring them with his ideals 
 that they were wilHng to make great sacrifices to realize them. Yet 
 he was never obstreperous or violent. A sort of quiet intensity char- 
 acterized his electioneering. Before you knew it, he had carried you 
 
2^6 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 ■^ 
 
 off your feet. And this was peculiarly true in his dealing with rich 
 men. He got them to see things as he saw them. No element of 
 rudeness or personal antagonism was permitted to interfere with his 
 success. He sunk himself, for the sake of his great cause. Men 
 gave because they became persuaded it was a great thing to give. 
 I never knew him to cherish or to express animosity toward those 
 who had said hard things about him. He took it for granted that 
 they would come around right in due time. When I saw him two 
 weeks before he died, he told me that he had some courage yet. He 
 had been reading the Minor Prophets, and had got an outlook into 
 another world, where he hoped there was work for him, if no work 
 was left for him here. I am sure that in more ways than one his work 
 will follow him, and I am also sure that a milUon dollars cannot be 
 better spent than in erecting in the center of the great University a 
 great memorial library to President Harper. 
 
 Augustus H. Strong. 
 
 Rochester Theological Seminary, 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 The motives impeUing every evangelist impelled William Rainey 
 Harper. He trusted Christ, believed the Bible, and loved his fellow- 
 men. Experience, Christian experience, together with an unusual 
 capacity for self-impartation, explains his activities. He knew the 
 widespread indifference to biblical study — an indifference amount- 
 ing to practical disbehef of biblical truth. He recalled his own 
 experiences; he remembered how he came to commit his life to God 
 and Christ through a better understanding of the Scriptures. He 
 learned that the Bible was God's great gift to him; he knew that once 
 he had not thought so, because he had confounded the fact of revela- 
 tion with the method. His wide range of acquaintanceship with 
 young men in many schools, and, no doubt, too, a generahzation from 
 his own experience, made him feel that he was debtor to every man 
 who is ignorant of God's truth. He loved the Bible for what it is — a 
 record of the revelation of God in Israel and in Christ ; he placed ines- 
 timable value on the method of study that made him discover the 
 truth; his Christian altruism made it inevitable that he wished others 
 to share the joy of his discovery and experience. His Hfe's work, then, 
 was to save the Bible to some of his fellows — not for the Bible's sake, 
 
A PPRECIA TIONS 237 
 
 but for their sake. He wished them to have joy and peace and 
 righteousness in the Holy Spirit. The Bible is only an instrument — 
 the sword of the Spirit; biblical study is the swordsman's practice. 
 Moody and Harper alike believed this; both exalted the Scriptures; 
 both urged men to read and study them; both were mastered by the 
 same lofty aim, the salvation of men. Harper seldom addressed large 
 crowds ; he had not the orator's powers ; but he had the teacher's gifts. 
 He used all his wondrous powers of initiative in promoting the knowl- 
 edge of the Bible. By the printing-press, by summer assembhes, by 
 summer schools, by introduction of the Bible as textbook into acad- 
 emies, colleges, and universities ; by lectures, and by firing young men 
 with his own zeal. Harper has made the Bible a new book in American 
 life. In all probability the future historian of American Christianity 
 will find in Moody and Harper personifications of the religious forces 
 of the closing quarter of the nineteenth century. Both w^ere unpre- 
 tentiously Christian; both were aggressive bearers of good news; 
 both rejoiced in the hundreds of men who became Christian through 
 their teaching; both believed that they were doing God's work in the 
 world. If a man must be judged by the loftiness of his purposes and 
 by the efficiency with which he executes them, William Rainey Harper 
 will be adjudged a great gift of God to our churches. 
 
 Milton G. Evans. 
 
 Crozer Theological Seminary, 
 Chester, Pa. 
 
 As I look back upon the five years of my intimate association with 
 Dr. Harper here at Yale, I find that the characteristics which most 
 impressed me were the following: 
 
 His cordiality. I shall never forget the first time I saw and spoke 
 to him. We were both newcomers to New^ Ha^'en, and were about 
 to begin teaching the same classes, he in Hebrew and I in Greek. 
 I introduced myself to him on the street. How well I remember 
 the zest with which he spoke of the work which we were about to 
 begin. It was always a tonic to talk with him, and I can gratefully 
 testify that my association with him — like that of so many others — 
 was a powerful incentive to study and achievement. 
 
 His enthusiasm. It was contagious. The most indifferent pupil 
 could not wholly resist it. Half in jest and half in earnest, some 
 
238 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 of our colleagues spoke of the interest which he aroused in his courses 
 as a "Hebrew fanaticism." Those who before had ineffectually urged 
 men to study Hebrew now thought it was being overdone. That 
 Hebrew could be made interesting was a new idea — little short of a 
 revelation. But he made it so. 
 
 His invincible hopefulness. What most men thought impossible, 
 he deemed easy. Nothing could dismay him. Like the apostle, 
 he was often perplexed, but never in despair. This quahty made him 
 a man of vision, a seer, a dreamer of dreams — but what dreams! 
 And how he made his dreams "come true" ! 
 
 This hopefulness explained his indefatigable industry. Dr. 
 Harper was not a "grind." He was as fond of recreation and leisure 
 as any man I ever knew. He worked as he did, not for work's sake, 
 but from love of doing good. 
 
 His charity. While here at Yale, as afterward, he was vehe- 
 mently opposed and bitterly attacked on platforms and in journals 
 for popularizing modern methods and results of Bible study. I have 
 frequently heard him comment on these assaults, but I never heard 
 him speak a word of bitterness against any of his accusers. 
 
 Best of all. Dr. Harper was a friend. He had a God-given 
 genius for friendship. He was a great lover, and he won the love of 
 others as it is given to but few men to do. He was a man of deep feel- 
 ing and affection. I hope it may not be thought improper for me to 
 mention an incident in illustration. I had preached a sermon on 
 "Love" at the university convocation, and had ended it with Whittier's 
 words : 
 
 That Life is ever Lord of Death, 
 And Love can never lose its ovi^n; 
 
 and when, after the service, he and I retired to his private room, he 
 threw his arms around me and said, with deepest feehng: "That is 
 true; that is beautiful." 
 
 How Httle either of us then thought that he would so soon know 
 its truth and beauty as we can never know it here ! 
 
 George Barker Stevens. 
 
 Yale University, 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 
APPRECIATTONS 239 
 
 I am glad to avail myself of the courtesy of your columns to express 
 to my friends in the University my deep sense of personal loss in their 
 loss. It is hard to think of him as dead who was so pre-eminently a 
 life-giver. A great tree has fallen, in the shade of which many souls 
 found repose a'nd shelter. Such an event one finds it hard to fit into 
 one's thinking. It is so tragic and mysterious in its untimeliness ! 
 When such a heart stops beating, it seems strange that things go on 
 as before. It is as if the Twentieth Century Express, laden with a 
 country's life and wealth, were hurled into the ditch. Our lamenta- 
 tion itself is muffled. One says, as in the Hebrew elegy: "I was 
 dumb. I opened not my mouth; because Thou didst it." 
 
 He seemed to me great as a scholar. Administrative details did 
 not smother his passion for study. During the last quarter of his 
 teaching I attended his lectures on the Hebrew text of Micah and 
 Zechariah. How the ancient records seemed to glow under his 
 poetic touch ! A penetrating and fearless critic, he was at the same 
 time sane, devout, and constructive. I know little of such matters, but 
 I cannot doubt that he made positive and permanent contribution to 
 the interpretation of that difficult literature. 
 
 He was greater still as a teacher. He was not a mere psychical 
 accumulator of knowledge. Like the prophets of old, he had a bur- 
 den. He communicated his own thirst for knowledge. With some 
 persons the passion for learning is a kind of innocent inebriation in 
 which they indulge without enkindling other spirits. He possessed 
 marvelous capacity for inspiring enthusiasm. It must have been 
 nearly twenty years ago that I first saw President Harper. He was 
 teaching. the elements of Hebrew in a summer school at Newton Centre. 
 I dropped into his lecture-room, and the vision of the princely peda- 
 gogue, driving home and clinching the first principles of Hebrew 
 etymology, has never faded from my mind. He was a living embodi- 
 ment of Herbert Spencer's dictum: "It is only by varied iteration 
 that alien conceptions can be forced upon reluctant minds." He 
 imparted knowledge by a series of galvanic shocks ; like the French 
 writer who said: "I teach not, I awaken." 
 
 President Harper, however, was greatest as a creative genius. He 
 brought things to pass. It is comparatively easy to form a mental 
 image of the beautiful and the true ; but when we undertake to freeze 
 
240 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 our thought into pictured canvas, or sculptured marble, or intricate, 
 machinery, or enduring social organism, we experience friction at a 
 thousand unexpected points. In a civilization so complicated as ours, 
 when the material we mold seems so stiff to our handling, was ever 
 so much produced within so short a lifetime — an imperial university 
 with her quadrangle of stately buildings, all instinct with educational 
 life and purpose, the Oxford of the western world, bordered by the 
 oceanic verdure of the Midway, reminiscent of the noble personality 
 that brought her into being, and that finds within her walls its own 
 perpetual symbol and enshrinement ! 
 
 Edward Judson. 
 
 JuDSON Memorial Church, 
 New York City. 
 
 For eight years I worked with President Harper, and for the same 
 period was intimate with him as his physician. Therefore I knew 
 him as a superior, as a co-worker, and as a dear friend. I knew 
 him, perhaps, as well as anyone outside the immediate family. And 
 yet, as the years passed, each day in his presence brought to view to 
 be admired some new quality of the mind or heart. He was a rare 
 man, a masterful man. 
 
 For eight years he was interested in medical education and 
 research. He worked with the faculty of the affiliated school of 
 the University — Rush Medical College — to improve the methods of 
 medical education. As in other educational subjects, his grasp of the 
 subject was quick and ready. He seemed to stand on an eminence; 
 for his horizon was broad and comprehensive. Upon the old methods 
 of medical education he induced the faculty to graft new principles 
 and new methods, which were revolutionary, but were very soon 
 recognized by medical and other teachers as distinct advances in 
 medical education. In medical education alone the work of President 
 Harper will have a good influence for the next twenty-five years. 
 
 His energy was limitless and his endurance phenomenal. He did 
 not know the word "fail." Defeat was never accepted; a new point 
 of attack was made; and, if necessary, this was repeated time after 
 time, until success crowned the effort. 
 
 If work was to be done, he insisted upon its completion without 
 delay. At the work in hand he was initiative, constructive, methodi- 
 
APPRECIATIONS 241 
 
 cal, rational, and conclusive. When accomplished, one felt the work 
 was well done, and, at the same time, wondered at and admired the 
 ability of the man. 
 
 When work was completed, he became a delightful companion, 
 abounding in good cheer; a charming narrator of the stories of his 
 experiences, and a good auditor of the things he encouraged a com- 
 panion to relate of himself. As a friend he was considerate, generous, 
 and loving. He made many friends and a few intimates. To the 
 latter few he revealed his whole noble and pure soul. Those who were 
 near him during the last few months were fortified to witness his suffer- 
 ing by his fearless, patient, resigned, and cheerful attitude. His fatal 
 illness was a final battle, and, as in life, so in death he was victorious. 
 
 Frank Billings. 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 After the first sense of surprise that came to some of us, about the 
 time of the earUest organization of the Board of Trustees, when the 
 name of the young professor of Hebrew — who but a few years before 
 had left the Theological Seminary at Morgan Park — was presented 
 as the most suitable one for the presidency of the new college, we could 
 not help feeling that the traditions concerning profound learning and 
 wide scholarship as requisites for the college presidency were being 
 scattered to the winds in the selection of this — energetic, no doubt, but 
 — youthful specialist in a subject of minor importance. 
 
 But we were wrong in our impressions, for the change had already 
 begun, and the leading educational positions were even then being 
 rapidly filled by the new type of educators; and those who made the 
 searching and exhaustive inquiry before Professor Harper's name 
 was presented felt sure of their ground and their nominee. What a 
 glorious choice it proved ! Nay, more than that : is it not fitting and 
 proper to acknowledge now that this was a man raised up and equipped 
 by Providence for the accomplishment of a work so important, so 
 great, and so unique that without him it could not have been done ? 
 
 Our next surprise came when later we met Dr. Harper and learned 
 from him that, if his acceptance of the presidency necessitated his ceas- 
 ing to teach Hebrew, he would decline the proffered honor, notwith- 
 standing his appreciation of the greatness of the opportunity in the 
 sreneral work of education. 
 
242 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 After his acceptance of the leadership, and more especially when 
 the scope of the enterprise was enlarged to the university rank, his 
 rare powers as an organizer, his superb creative skill and initiative, 
 his steady, strong grasp of every situation, his mastery of detail, his 
 laboriousness incessant, his unwearied patience, his prophetic courage 
 and optimism, won the confidence and sincere admiration of his asso- 
 ciates on the board, who, closely as they might and did scrutinize new 
 measures, generally came to accept the President's conclusions. His 
 development was rapid. Within a few years he became famous, yet 
 unspoiled by fame ; later in a few swift strides he had achieved great- 
 ness, yet never man wore his honors with more meekness and sim- 
 plicity. But this simplicity of manner, with its accompanying friend- 
 liness, never for a moment led his intimates to undervalue his powers, 
 underestimate his greatness, or through familiarity forget respect. 
 
 How deeply attached to him thousands of men and women became, 
 is witnessed by the thousands of hearts, aching and bereft, that now 
 grieve over his death. He was full of kindness — a most thoughtful 
 kindness; and by his broad and ready sympathy that entered into all 
 that concerned his friends he bound them to him by imperishable 
 bonds. Incapable of personal resentment, he readily forgave injuries, 
 and was most appreciative of the love of his friends. In the many 
 shining qualities of this colossal figure, some of us will most cherish 
 that lovability through which he sought to live the Christ life among us. 
 
 Andrew Mac Leish. 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 I am not aware that any of those who during the last few weeks 
 have spoken or written of President Harper have noted how significant 
 for our knowledge of his character was the first year which he spent in 
 Chicago as President of the University — I mean the year 1891-92, 
 preceding the opening of the University. The clearness with which 
 he saw into the future in those days, as I look back to his forecasts 
 through these years of realization, he seemed to have drawn from 
 the prophets of old to whom he gave so much of his thought. That 
 constructive imagination which excited our wonder after the Univer- 
 sity was established was still more marvelous then. In later years the 
 memory of what had been done might well inspire him in laying great 
 plans for the future; but with a tangled swamp where the campus now 
 
APPRECIATIONS 243 
 
 lies, without a stone laid for a building, and no money for the buildings 
 themselves, with a faculty not yet chosen, how could any man forecast 
 the University as it is today ! And yet President Harper did it. Rarely 
 can the man who has the power to conceive large plans for the future 
 formulate the practical methods for bringing them to pass. But 
 President Harper combined these two equalities in an eminent degree. 
 To look over now the outhnes of his far-reaching plans for the Uni- 
 versity, as they were set forth in the University Bulletins of 1891-92, 
 seems like reading the history of what has been done, not the prophecy 
 of what was hoped for. These documents set forth the minutest 
 details of all the organizations which the University comprises today. 
 At no time in his life perhaps did his remarkable versatility, his indom- 
 itable energy, and his ability to turn quickly from one subject to an- 
 other, and grasp the essential points and the details of each, appear 
 so clearly as in the storm-and-stress period of the first year. During 
 these twelve months he was developing his general plans for the Uni- 
 versity, seeking material support for it, interesting prominent indi- 
 viduals, organizations, and students in the new institution, putting up 
 buildings, and choosing a faculty. He was equally interested and 
 equally the master in all these phases of his work. In choosing his 
 faculty he was only the scholar and the judge of men ; in laying plans 
 for the buildings he was the man of affairs. Throughout this period 
 perhaps his most marked personal qualities were his courage in the 
 face of disappointment and his modesty in success. He wanted strong 
 men for his faculty; but such men were at first naturally skeptical 
 about a university which existed on paper only. He wanted to interest 
 men of means in his plans ; but how could a professor of Hebrew from 
 another city come to Chicago and hope to interest practical men of 
 affairs ? Disappointments, cruel disappointments, at a moment when 
 time was most pressing, were inevitable. But these temporary fail- 
 ures never dimmed his courage, never called forth a word of bitterness, 
 never led him to lower his ideals. He bore them with the same forti- 
 tude as he bore the trials of the last year of his life. Those of us who 
 have followed the trend in higher education during the last fifteen 
 years, and have studied the part which the University of Chicago has 
 taken in directing it, have marveled at the comprehensiveness, the 
 originality, and the wisdom of President Harper's plans. Many of 
 
244 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 us have felt unconsciously, I presume, that these plans developed 
 in his mind, one after another, as the University grew. It is true 
 that his mind was always fertile, that it was always open to suggestion, 
 that he never obstinately clung to an arrangement when something 
 better presented itself; but those who read the six University Bulle- 
 tins of the first year will find all the fundamental new ideas for which 
 the University has stood set down there — the four-quarter system, the 
 setting off of the high-school and Junior College training from that of 
 the Senior College and the Graduate School, the integration of the 
 secondary school and the college, the concentration of a student's 
 attention on a small number of subjects, university extension, and 
 the conservation and strengthening of the small college. That a 
 scholar and teacher of Hebrew, who had had no administrative expe- 
 rience, should have enunciated these fundamental principles of educa- 
 tional reform reminds one again of the prophetic vision of his great 
 prototypes, the Hebrew seers. 
 
 Frank Frost Abbott. 
 
 The University of Chicago. 
 
 President Harper was not a cajoler nor a coercer, but a compeller of 
 men. His character was revealed by the motives to which he appealed ; 
 the tyrant threatens, the coward wheedles, the corrupt man bribes ; the 
 genuine leader arouses enthusiasm for ideals, individual and social. 
 
 Dr. Harper never stooped to unworthy coercion ; he neither flat- 
 tered nor bullied, nor even asked for personal loyalty. He always 
 exalted principles, measures, opportunities for self-realization and 
 service. He instinctively took toward one whom he sought to influence 
 a sympathetic attitude. "Have you thought of this unusual chance 
 to do a really great thing ?" "Have you laid your plans carefully ?" 
 "Do you see whither you are bound ?" "Are you reahzing your best 
 possibilities ?" were the questions with which he would open up a new 
 vista to someone for whom he proposed a course of action. Then 
 with magic wand he would conjure pictures of the possible; gradually 
 his irresistible enthusiasm would convert these into imminent realities, 
 and the witness of dreams would become the doer of deeds. 
 
 To many it seemed that in all this the masterful President often 
 played a part; to those who knew the secret of his power there was 
 never a question of his sincerity. For he first apphed to himself the 
 
APPRECIATIONS 245 
 
 method which he afterward brought to bear on others. He was never 
 satisfied until he had a clear mental picture, a definite plan. He 
 would grope for such clean-cut images; he welcomed baffling prob- 
 lems, almost it seemed at times, for the pure joy of finding a way out. 
 Gradually out of desultory talk or methodic canvass a leading idea 
 would emerge, difficulties would be swept away, and final formulation 
 would follow. Then, as he turned the new^ plan over in his mind, his 
 enthusiasm would rise, and his undaunted will would rush on to bring 
 the thing to pass. It was these vivid mental pictures which he could 
 so graphicaUy transfer to other minds, together with the compelling 
 feeling which turns thinking into doing. 
 
 Some men he took by storm in this way; upon others he brought to 
 bear the machinery of logic. His premises once granted, there was 
 little chance of escape. He seemed to detach himself from the process 
 much as though it w^re a kind of automatic force of which he and the 
 other were more or less helpless spectators. Even when one detected 
 a flaw, it was no easy task to make the point against the energetic, 
 sanguine President. Men entered his office antagonistic, irresolute, 
 despondent, only to emerge a little later convinced, determined, even 
 buoyant. 
 
 Thus the leader's dreams and desires, made vivid and convincing 
 to himself, worked his will in others. President Harper's philosophy 
 of personal influence is admirably summed up in a sentence of Arnold 
 Toynbee : "Apathy can only be overcome by enthusiasm, and enthu- 
 siasm can only be aroused by two things: first, an ideal which takes 
 the imagination by storm, and, second, a definite, intefligible plan for 
 carrying that ideal out into practice." 
 
 George E. Vincent. 
 
 The University of Chicago. 
 
 No one could long know Dr. Harper without being struck wath the 
 numerous and exceedingly varied interests which absorbed his atten- 
 tion. He was a professor of Hebrew, who apparently loved nothing 
 better than to teach his students in that and its kindred tongues. He 
 was profoundly interested in developing the study of the Enghsh 
 Bible. He was a keen and intelhgent critic of public education. He 
 grasped the university idea most comprehensively, and developed 
 a great university. He had a profound insight into the needs of medi- 
 
246 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 cal and legal education. He was exceedingly fond of editorial work, 
 and was the founder of many journals. He enjoyed social life in all 
 forms, and found a peculiar zest in the study of men. 
 
 In all these and many other ways Dr. Harper found an outlet for 
 his ever-abounding energy ; and in whatever way he was met by those 
 especially devoted to any one of these interests, he was alert, fully 
 posted, ready to meet any man on his own ground. 
 
 His sympathies were extraordinarily catholic. He seemed to have 
 no prejudices, and was always eager to get the other man's point of 
 view. This point of view he might or might not make his own, but at 
 least he felt that until he understood it he could not form a safe judg- 
 ment of his own. "Being all things to all men" he interpreted to 
 mean being able to understand how every man thought and felt; and 
 in the many expressions of human nature which thus came to him he 
 had a vivid interest. 
 
 Here, it seems to me, lay one secret of his power. He was on terms 
 of intelhgent sympathy with all sorts and conditions of men; and all 
 found him ready with counsel, with help, with very genuine and warm 
 fellow-feeling. His influence, therefore, was multiplied many times 
 over. It was like the day of Pentecost, as if each man heard him 
 speak in his own tongue, and each man was moved accordingly. 
 
 Here, too, lay the explanation of another fact, which was very ob- 
 vious especially in the last days. Many men, of many kinds, often 
 having little in common one with another, were alike in their warm 
 and strong affection for Dr. Harper. It was not mere friendship; it 
 was such love as man often has for man, binding together with 
 tender but strong ties which go to the depths of one's nature. His 
 hearty sympathy with so numerous forms of life and thought had 
 drawn to him the lasting affection of many men. 
 
 These are but some phases of one of the most complex characters 
 of our time, and one of the most lovable. 
 
 Harry Pratt Judson. 
 
 The University of Chicago. 
 
 A mind of large mold and wide purview ; a growing mind, enlarging 
 its horizon with every experience and readjusting itself with every 
 enlargement ; a comprehensive mind, broadly sympathetic with schol- 
 arly endeavor in manifold forms; a progressive mind, yet selectively 
 
APPRECIATIONS 247 
 
 conservative; almost radical in the field of its own scholarly labors, 
 markedly cautious in less familiar fields ; a courageous mind, confident 
 in its own powers and in the wisdom of its own conclusions, yet some- 
 times reserved and even hesitant in adventuring approved endeavor; 
 a leading mind, pushing out boldly on the educational frontier in some 
 quarters, yet led reluctantly in others; accurate and judicious in fore- 
 cast in the main, frankly and nobly reversing attitude in rare instances 
 of error of judgment ; tenacious of purpose, yet not without readiness 
 to yield to new light and declared conditions ; phenomenally quick to 
 perceive the essentials in new propositions and to measure the ratio of 
 values when contemplating new enterprises, but singularly apprecia- 
 tive of details in maturing plans and carrying out enterprises; recep- 
 tive to suggestions from all sources, but predisposed to remold them 
 into phases of its own; fertile in original devices; ingenious in forming 
 new combinations; resourceful in ways and means; prompt in deci- 
 sion; vigorous in action; diplomatic in intercourse; adroit in averting 
 obstacles; skilful in marshaling co-operative agencies; persuasive in 
 presentation; gifted with the power of clear and effective statement; 
 superabounding in contagious enthusiasm; magnetic in personality; 
 cheerful in spirit; patient under criticism; optimistic in outlook; 
 staunch in the defense and support of his co-workers; sympathetic 
 with the individual aspirations of colleagues and students — these seem 
 to me to be some, only some, of the marked characteristics of President 
 Harper. 
 
 T, C. Chamberlin. 
 The University of Chicago. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 EDGAR J. GOODSPEED 
 The University of Chicago 
 
 BOOKS 
 
 Elements of Hebrew. Chicago, privately printed, 1881, 42 pages; twentieth 
 edition, with Index, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1902, 200 pages. 
 
 Hebrew Vocabularies: Lists of the Most Frequently Occurring Hebrew Words. 
 Chicago, Max Stern, Goldsmith & Co., 1882, 125 pages; eighth edition. 
 New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898, xiii+176 pages. 
 
 A Hebrew Manual. Chicago, The Hebrew Book Exchange, 1883, 86 pages. 
 
 Lessons of the Elementary Course: The Hebrew Correspondence School, 
 Morgan Park, 111. Chicago, American Publication Society of Hebrew, 
 1883, 160 pages. 
 
 Lessons of the Intermediate Course: The Hebrew Correspondence School, 
 Morgan Park, 111. Ibid., 1884, 160 pages. 
 
 Lessons of the Progressive Course: The Hebrew Correspondence School, 
 Morgan Park, 111. Ibid., 1884, 168 pages. 
 
 Introductory Hebrew Method and Manual. Second edition, rewritten, ibid., 
 1885, 170 + 93 pages; fifteenth edition. New York, Charles Scribner's 
 Sons, 1904. 
 
 Elements of Hebrew Syntax by an Inductive Method. New York, Charles 
 Scribner's Sons, 1888, 177 pages; sixth edition, ibid., 1901. 
 
 An Introductory New Testament Greek Method, together with a Manual con- 
 taining the Text and Vocabulary of the Gospel of John, and Lists of 
 Words, and the Elements of New Testament Greek Grammar. (With 
 R. F. Weidner.) New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1889, xix + 520 pages; 
 eleventh edition, ibid., 1904. 
 
 The Utterances of Amos Arranged Strophically. Chicago, The University 
 of Chicago Press, 1898, 19 pages. (Reprinted from Biblical World, 
 Vol. X[ 1898], pp. 86-89, 179-82, 251-56, 333-38-) 
 
 The Prospects of the Small College. Chicago, The University of Chicago 
 Press, 1900, 46 pages. (Reprinted in The Trend in Higher Education, 1904.) 
 
 The Priestly Element in the Old Testament: An Aid to Historical Study. 
 For Use in Advanced Bible Classes. (Constructive Bible Studies, College 
 Series.) Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1902, 151 pages. (Re- 
 printed from Biblical World, Vol. XVII [1901], pp. 46-54, 121-34, 206-20, 
 
 248 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 249 
 
 366-81, 450-62; Vol. XVIII [1901], pp. 56-63, 120-30, 204-17, 297-307, 
 368-79, 468-87.) Revised and enlarged edition (with additional chap- 
 ters reprinted from Biblical World, Vol. XIX [1902], pp. 132-46, 199-208, 
 300-310, 443-55; Vol. XX [1902], pp. 48-57, 134-45), ^bid., 1905, viii + 
 292 pages. 
 
 The Structure of the Text of the Book of Amos. (University of Chicago 
 Decennial Publications, First Series, Vol. V.) Chicago, The University 
 of Chicago Press, 1904, 38 pages. 
 
 Religion and the Higher Life. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 
 
 1904, x+ 184 pages. 
 
 The Structure of the Text of the Book of Hosea. Chicago, The University of 
 Chicago Press, 1904, 51 pages. (Repr'mtedhom American Journal 0} Semitic 
 Languages, Yol.XVlI [1900], pp. 1-15; Vol. XX [1904], pp. 85-94; Vol. XXI 
 [1904], pp. 1-21.) 
 
 The Trend in Higher Education. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 
 
 1905, xii + 390 pages. 
 
 The Prophetic Element in the Old Testament: An Aid to Historical Study. For 
 Use in Advanced Bible Classes. (Constructive Bible Studies, College 
 Series.) Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1905, 142 pages. (Re- 
 printed from Biblical World, Vol. XXIII [1904], pp. 50-58, 132-41, 212-23; 
 Vol. XXIV [1904], pp. 47-58, 128-36, 201-15, 292-300, 361-76, 448-61; 
 Vol. XXV [1905], pp. 52-61.) 
 
 A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Amos and Hosea. (The International 
 Critical Commentary.) New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1905, 
 clxxxi + 424 pages. 
 
 Official Bulletins and Reports as President of the University of Chicago. Chi- 
 cago, R. R. Donnelley & Sons, 1891-92; The University of Chicago Press, 
 1892-1906. 
 
 Constructive Bible Studies: Primary, Secondary, and College Series. General 
 editor (with Ernest D. Burton). Chicago, The University of Chicago 
 Press. Five volumes ready. 
 
 Ancient Records. General editor. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. 
 Four volumes ready. 
 
 An Inductive Series of Text Books. General editor. American Book Co. 
 
 An Inductive Latin Method. (With Isaac B. Burgess.) 1888, xii-f-323 pages. 
 An Inductive Greek Method. (With W. E. Waters.) 1888, 355 pages. 
 An Inductive Latin Primer. (With Isaac B. Burgess.) 189 1, viii + 424 
 
 pages. 
 Eight Books of Caesar's Gallic War. (With H. C. Tolman.) 1891, viii-l-527 
 
 pages. 
 The iEneid of Vergil. (With Frank J. Miller. ") 1892, 461 pages. 
 
2 so THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 The i^neid (six books"), and Bucolics of Vergil. (With Frank J. Miller.) 
 1892, x + 564 pages. 
 
 Xenophon'sAnabasis (seven books). (With James Wallace.) 1893, 575 pages. 
 
 An Inductive Greek Primer. (With Clarence F. Castle.) 1893, 4^6 pages. 
 
 Exercises in Greek Prose Composition, Based on Books I-IVof Xenophon's 
 Anabasis, together with Inductive Studies in the Uses of the Greek 
 Modes. (With Clarence F. Castle.) 1893, 128 pages. 
 
 Inductive Studies in English. (With Isaac B. Burgess.) 1894, 96 pages. 
 
 A Teachers' Manual for an Inductive Latin Primer. (With Isaac B. Bur- 
 gess.) 1898, 25 pages. 
 
 Ten Orations of Cicero, vi^ith Selections from the Letters. (With Frank A. 
 
 Gallup.) 1898, 566 pages.; 
 Elements of Lat'n. (With Isaac B. Burgess.) 1900, 320 pages. 
 
 ARTICLES 
 Some "Hebrew" Facts. Hebrew Student, Vol. II (1882), pp. 33-36. 
 Is the Book of Jonah Historical? Old Testament Student, Vol. Ill (1883), 
 
 PP- 33-39, 65-73, 225-34. 
 The Purpose of Hebraica. Hebraica, Vol. I (1884), pp. 1-5. 
 Old Testament Studies: An Announcement. Old Testament Student, Vol. V 
 
 (1885-86), pp. 274-75. 
 A Book Study: First Samuel. Ibid., pp. 312-17. 
 A Book Study: Second Samuel. Ibid., pp. 343-47. 
 A Book Study: First and Second Samuel. Ibid., pp. 376-80, 407-11. 
 Notes for Beginners. Hebraica, WoL II (1885-86), pp. 178-82, 244-47. 
 A Chapter Study: Jacob's Blessing (^Gen. XLIX). Old Testament Student, 
 
 Vol. VI (1886-87), PP- 79-83- 
 A Book Study: I, Genesis I-XI; II, Genesis XII-L. Ibid., pp. 117-22, 164-66. 
 Bible Study in the Pastorate: Figures and Facts. Ibid., pp. 131-35. 
 The Study of the Bible by College Students. Ibid., pp. 192-202. 
 A Book Study: Exodus. Ibid., pp. 203-8. 
 Inductive Bible Studies: Introductory. (With Willis J. Beecher and G. S. 
 
 Burroughs.) Old Testament Student, Vol. VII (1887-88), pp. 21-23. 
 
 Books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles. (Inductive Bible Study, with Willis 
 J. Beecher.) Ibid., pp. 24-26. 
 
 The Psalms of David: First Period; Second Period; Third Period. (Inductive 
 Bible Studies.) Ibid., pp. 93-102. 
 
 Proverbs I-XXIV, XXV-XXXI, and the Book as a Whole. (Inductive Bible 
 Studies.) Ibid., pp. 128-33. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 251 
 
 Israel and Judah during the Dynasties of Jeroboam and Baasha; Israel and 
 
 Judah during Omri's Dynasty; Elijah, Elisha, and Their Fellow-Prophets; 
 
 Israel and Judah during the First Three Reigns of the Dynasty of Jehu. 
 
 (Inductive Bible Studies, with Willis J. Beecher.) Ibid., pp. 153-67. 
 Israel and Judah in the Reigns of Jeroboam II and Menahem. (Inductive 
 
 Bible Study, with Willis J. Beecher.) Ihid., pp. 195-98. 
 An Old Testament Librarj'. Ibid., pp. 223-25. 
 Isaiah I-XII. (Inductive Bible Study.) Ibid., pp. 290-96. 
 The Psalms of Asaph. (Inductive Bible Study.) Ibid., pp. 296-98. 
 The Psalms of the Sons of Korah. (Inductive Bible Study.) Ibid., pp. 298, 299. 
 Jeremiah. (Inductive Bible Study.) Ibid., pp. 328-30. 
 Forty Studies on the Life of Christ, Based on the Gospel of Mark. (Inductive 
 
 Bible Studies, Second Series.) Ibid., Vol. VIII (1888-89), PP- 3i~4°> 
 
 72-80, 112-20, 153-60, 193-200, 233-40, 273-80, 313-20, 351-60, 394-400. 
 Report of the Principal of Schools of the American Institute of Hebrew (1888). 
 
 Ibid., pp. 224-28. 
 Semitic Study in the University. Hebraica, Vol. V (1888-89), PP- 83-85. 
 The Pentateuchal Question. I, ibid., Vol. V (1888-89), PP- i8-73; H. ^^^'^■j 
 
 pp. 243-91; III, Vol. VI (1889-90), pp. 1-48; IV, ibid., pp. 241-95. 
 Saul, Samuel, David, and Solomon. (Inductive Bible Studies, Third Series.) 
 
 Old and New Testament Student, Vol. IX (1889-90), pp. 37-50, 103-11, 
 
 178-86, 233-42, 298-307, 353-64. 
 "Vale Rationalism." Ibid., pp. 52-54. 
 
 The Life and Times of the Christ, Based on Luke. (With George S. Good- 
 speed.) Ibid., Vol. X (1890), pp. 35-54, 109-17, 169-80, 228-36, 301-10, 
 
 358-66. 
 The Gospel of John. Theme: Jesus Manifested as the Son of God. Studies. 
 
 (With George S. Goodspeed.) Ibid., Vol. XII (1891), pp. 43-52, 102-11, 
 
 170-80 (also 181-83), 221-33, 289-303, 351-66; Vol. XIII (1891), 
 
 pp. 41-51. 108-19, 165-74, 234-45, 288-99, 358-69- 
 Biblical Terms in the Standard Dictionary of the English Language, editor in 
 
 charge of, 1893-95. 
 The First Hebrew Story of Creation. Biblical World, Vol. Ill (1894), pp. 6-16. 
 The Origin of Man and His First State of Innocence. Ibid., pp. 97-108. 
 Paradise and the First Sin: Genesis III. Ibid., pp. 176-88. 
 The Fratricide; the Cainite Civilization: Genesis IV. Ibid., pp. 264-74. 
 The Long-Lived Antediluvians: Genesis V. Ibid., pp. 440-48. 
 Hebrew Stories of the Deluge. Ibid., Vol. IV (1894), pp. 20-31. 
 The Deluge in Other Literatures and in History. Ibid., pp. 114-23. 
 Some General Considerations Relating to Genesis I-XI. Ibid., pp. 184-201. 
 
252 THE BIBLICAL WORLD 
 
 The Human Element in the Early Stories of Genesis. Ibid., pp. 266-78. 
 
 The Divine Element in the Early Stories of Genesis. Ihid., pp. 349-58. 
 
 A Theory of the Divine and Human Elements in Genesis I-XI. Ibid., 
 
 pp. 407-20. 
 The Foreshadowings of the Christ in the Old Testament. Ibid., Vol. VI (1895), 
 
 pp. 401-11. 
 Outline Topics in the History of the Old Testament Prophecy. Ibid., Vol. VII 
 
 (1896), pp. 39-45, 120-29, 199-206, 273-79, 352-58; Vol. VIII (1896), 
 
 PP- 37-45, 221-28, 280-88, 364-75. 
 Child Prophecies of Isaiah. Ibid., pp. 417-22. 
 The Statement at the Laying of the Corner-Stone of the Haskell Oriental 
 
 Museum. Ibid., pp. 85, 86. 
 The Address of Acceptance at the Dedication of the Haskell Oriental Museum. 
 
 Ibid., pp. 107-10. 
 The Work of Isaiah. Ibid., Vol. X (1897), pp. 48-57. 
 Suggestions concerning the Original Text and Structure of Amos 1:3 — 2:5. 
 
 American Journal 0} Theology, Vol. I (1897), pp. 140-45. 
 Shall the Theological Curriculum Be Modified ? Ibid., Vol. Ill (1899), pp. 45-66. 
 The Jews in Babylon. Biblical World, Vol. XIV (1899), pp. 104-11. 
 The Return of the Jew^s from Exile. Ibid., pp. 157-63. 
 The Priestly Element in the Old Testament, as Seen in the Laws. Ibid , 
 
 258-66. 
 The Utterances of Hosea Arranged Strophically. Ibid., Vol. XXIV (1904), 
 
 pp. 412-30. 
 Numerous Editorials in Hebrew Student, 1882-83; Old Testament Student, 
 
 1883-88; Old and New Testament Student, 1889-92; diud Biblical World, 
 
 1893-1905. 
 
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LAURENCE 
 
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 "I Have Witnessed Decided Beneficial Results from Its Use." 
 
 Wm. B. TowleS, M. D., forvierly Professor of Anatomy and Materia Medica of 
 
 the University of Vir- n,|-,-«im 1 IXUIM lIlATrW ^^^ marked in causing a disap- 
 ^mz«.- ''The effects of DUfritLU Lit fllA If AlfcK pearance of Albumin from the 
 urine, and in certain stages of Bright's Disease I have witnessed decided beneficial 
 results from its use." 
 
 "Results, to Say the Least, Very Favorable." 
 
 T. GriSWOld ComstOCk, A. M., M. D., St. Louis, Mo., says: "I have 
 made d„-.-~,-^ « ,-»--- i4fj«pro ^^ gynecological practice, in women suffering 
 use of DUfritLU LllfllAlfAICin from acute Uraemic conditions, with results, 
 to say the least, very favorable." 
 
 Additional medical testimony on request, ] r\ 
 
 For sale by the general drug and mineral water trade. 95 S 
 
 PROPRIETOR BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS, VIRGINIA. \V^i] 
 
 RhR£ 
 
Holds America's Highest Prize 
 
 Walter Baker & Co.'s 
 
 Breakfast Cocoa 
 
 Finest in the 
 World 
 
 46 
 
 HIGHEST 
 
 AWARDS IN 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 AND 
 AMERICA 
 
 Sold in _^-lb. and ^-Ib. Cans 
 
 WALTER BAKER & CO. Limited 
 
 Established 1780 DORCHESTER, MASS. 
 
 'T'O insure a healthful home and prevent sick- 
 ness, purify the cellar, closets, sinks, drains, 
 dusty or damp corners and cracks — nooks be- 
 hind plumbing, and every spot where disease 
 germs may develop, with 
 
 atts 
 
 THE HOUSEHOLD 
 
 DISINFECTANT 
 
 An odorless, colorless, liquid, which destroys foul 
 
 odor and Disease-Breeding matter. When diluted 
 
 with ten parts of water for household use, it costs less 
 
 than ^cents aquart. Sold everywhere in quart bottles. 
 
 Prepared only by Henry B. Platt, N. Y. 3 
 
 HAND SAP OLIO DOES, by a method of its own, what other soap 
 cannot do. If you want a velvet skin, don't PUT ON preparations, bat 
 TAKE OFF the dead skin, and let the new perfect cuticle furnish its own 
 beauty. 
 
 FINGERS ROUGHENED by needlework catch every stain, and look 
 hopelessly dirty. HAND SapOLIO will remove not only the dirt, but also 
 the loosened, injured cuticle, and restore to the fingers their natural beauty. 
 
 AFTER A REFRESHING BATH with Hand SapOLIO, every one 
 of the 2,381,248 healthily opened pores of your skin will shout, as through 
 a trumpet, **For this relief, much thanks.'* Five minutes with HAND 
 SapOLIO equals hours of so-called Health Exercises. Its use is a fine habit. 
 
 vose 
 
 PIANOS 
 
 have been established over 50 YEARS. By our system of 
 payments every family in moderate circnmstances can own 
 a VOSE piano. We take old instruments in exchange and 
 deliver the new piano in your home free of expense. 
 Write for Catalogue D and explanations. 
 
 VOSE & SONS PIANO CO., 160 Boylston St., Boston, IVlass.