OF THE 
 
 UNIVER.S ITY 
 Of ILLINOIS 
 
 e><sf? 
 
 (4352 « 
 
Heating ^ Piping Contractors 
 National Association 
 
 Engineering Standards 
 
 DEVELOPED BY THE 
 
 COMMITTEE ON STANDARDIZATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Heating and Piping Contractors 
 National Association 
 
 50 UNION SQUARE NEW YORK, N. Y. 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 1923 
 HEATING AND PIPING CONTRACTORS 
 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION 
 
fc *51 
 
 H352e 
 
 f 
 
 
 IT" 
 
 
 PART I 
 
 FIGURING RADIATION 
 
 0*0 
 
 0* 
 
 S' 
 
 £ 
 

 
Issued July 1925 
 
 ERRATA 
 
 Page I. 19th line insert after word “units” the words “per square 
 foot”. 
 
 Page II. 41st line “1.5 units” should read “1.55 units”. 
 
 Page III. 1st line “2 lbs.” should read “1 lb.” and “220°” should 
 read “215°”. 
 
 3rd line should read—(215'70) x 1.55 — 225 heat units 
 per sq. ft. of radiation. 
 
 18th line should read— 
 
 IT x 70 ^ .497 sq. ft. of 3 column 38" 
 
 (170-70) x 1.55 radiation. 
 
 Page VI. 43rd line “-[-10°” should read “-fT 0 ”. 
 
 45th line “33 l/3%” should read “25%”. 
 
 Page VII. 2nd line “15%” should read “10%”. 
 
 4th line “25%” should read “20%”. 
 
 o 
 
# 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 A LL rules for figuring radiation are based on the heat required 
 to make up the losses due to the transfer of heat through 
 'walls, windows, floors, ceilings and roofs; and the heat 
 required to bring the air that leaks in through cracks from the 
 outside temperature to the temperature desired in the room. 
 
 No matter what the rule used has looked like, if it had any 
 reason at all for its being used, it was based on a scientific law of 
 heat transfer. Every material has a definite rate of transfer or 
 loss, depending on the kind of material entering into its manu¬ 
 facture, and dependent on the temperature on both sides; in this 
 case, the temperature desired in the room and the temperature 
 outside. This transfer is also dependent on the velocity of the 
 wind, and on the moisture in the air. The leakage of air is 
 dependent on construction, and on wind velocity, pressure and 
 direction. 
 
 All of these heat changes have always been measured in British 
 Thermal Units called B.t.u.s and the B.t.u. method of figuring 
 radiation is simply a case of adding these losses together and 
 dividing them by the heat units given out by the radiator. When 
 one has used the Mill’s formula, or Carpenter’s Rule, or a 4, 4, 4 
 rule, or any one of the multitude of rules looking something 
 like these rules, he has used a B.t.u. method. It may have been 
 concealed in a short hand method devised by the author of the 
 rule to fit his particular conditions. 
 
 These rules have varied so much, the kinds of materials enter¬ 
 ing into construction have become so varied and complicated, the 
 conditions in different sections of the country are so widely 
 different, that the Committee on Standardization of your Asso¬ 
 ciation was given the task of examining the existing rules, the 
 existing constants, etc., and formulating new factors from which 
 all the members could safely and consistently figure the radiation 
 required. 
 
 I 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 In order to explain their task, let us take one of the well- 
 known old formulas for figuring radiation, such as Carpenter’s 
 rule. 
 
 W 
 
 (G + — + .02NC) X (T, — T 0 ) 
 4 
 
 Where G = 
 W = 
 .02 = 
 N = 
 
 (Ti —T 0 ) = 
 
 sq. ft. of glass 
 
 sq. ft. of exposed wall 
 
 specific heat of air 
 
 number of air changes per hour and C the cubic 
 contents of the room. 
 
 difference between the indoor and outdoor tem¬ 
 perature. 
 
 An examination of this formula will show how incorrect it is 
 for our present conditions. It can be seen from the formula that 
 the coefficient of transmission for glass was always 1, irrespective 
 of the kind of window; that the coefficient of transmission for 
 wall was always .25 irrespective of the kind of wall; .02 which 
 is the specific heat of air, is more properly .018; and that the num¬ 
 ber of air changes represented by N was purely guess work 
 and that this was the only variable factor in the whole formula 
 and was supposed to take care of exposures, window construc¬ 
 tion, inleakage and all the other factors that might in any way 
 influence the amount of heat required. Other formulas followed 
 along similar lines. This showed the necessity for providing a 
 method of figuring radiation that would take into consideration 
 the various types of construction and the differing conditions. 
 
 First a study was made of plain single glass, just glass, not 
 the air that came through windows—but how good an insulator 
 glass is. Each of twenty authorities gives a different value, and 
 each has different values for different conditions,—wet weather, 
 windy weather, or both. It is never very wet when very cold, 
 so that factor may be eliminated. It seemed that the conditions 
 on which the most reliable figures could be obtained were for dry 
 air with a 15 mile wind; and for single glass the best authorities 
 to date have figured that one square foot of glass transmits 1.1 
 heat units for each degree difference of temperature between the 
 air on one side and the air on the other side, with a 15 mile 
 wind velocity. In other words, if a room temperature of 70° is 
 required with 0° outside and a 15 mile wind, it is necessary to 
 take care of 1.1 X 70 equals 77 heat units every hour for each 
 square foot of glass, and as each square foot of 38", 3 column 
 radiation gives out 1.5 units for every degree difference between 
 the temperature in the radiator and the temperature of the room, 
 
 II 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 it will give, with 2 lbs. steam pressure,—220° in the radiator and 
 70° in the room, therefore 
 
 (220 — 70) X 1.5 = 225 heat units per sq. ft. of radiation. 
 
 So for each square foot of glass under these conditions, 77/225 
 or about 1/3 square foot of 38", 3 column radiation is required. 
 This method shows the correct procedure. In locations where 
 the difference in temperature between outside and inside is only 
 60°, multiply the 1.1 by 60 instead of 70; and similarly, if a 
 room temperature of 60° is required. 
 
 If hot water is the heating medium, we select the mean tem¬ 
 perature in the radiator to determine the square feet of radiation 
 required. If the piping system is designed for a 20° drop the 
 mean temperature in the radiator, which is the temperature we 
 use, will be 10° less than the maximum. As the maximum is 
 usually 180° the mean temperature in the radiator would be 
 taken as 170°. Then, with a 170° mean temperature, each square 
 foot of single glass would require for 70° difference 
 
 1.1 X 70 
 
 -= .513 sq. ft. of 3 column 38" radiation. 
 
 (170-70) X 1.5 
 
 With the rules most of us have been using, we never would 
 have known how to find the difference in radiation required for 
 these different conditions. 
 
 When by exhaustive examination the transmission coefficient 
 for glass had been determined, it was necessary to study double 
 glass and the effect of air spaces, skylights and wire glass; and 
 the further one departed from simple materials, the less there 
 seemed to be known about the subject. It is thought that the 
 factors finally selected are the best for the heating conditions 
 encountered and the best that our investigations have disclosed 
 to be in existence both in this and foreign countries. 
 
 In addition to glass, the heat transmission through walls was 
 considered and only a study of this subject will disclose the 
 enormous variety of materials that are used in construction and 
 how many combinations of these materials there are. When the 
 rules commonly used were made, brick was the usual construc¬ 
 tion and the formulas were based on this material. 
 
 Since that period a number of research laboratories and scien¬ 
 tific schools have determined the coefficients of transmission of 
 quite a number of simple materials. Their results were investi¬ 
 gated and the most accurately determined coefficients selected. 
 From these coefficients of transmission of the simple materials, 
 the coefficients of the compound materials were determined by 
 the reciprocal method, the results from which at times were 
 slightly modified to make the coefficients in the following tables. 
 
 Ill 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 The formula for obtaining a coefficient by the reciprocal method is 
 
 1 
 
 K =- 
 
 111 1 
 
 -1-1-b. 
 
 K x K 2 K 3 K n 
 
 Factors for most of the usual types of construction are given 
 in the following tables. 
 
 Note that floors and ceiling factors are different from those 
 of walls, due to the fact that heat travels upward and there is a 
 difference between the temperature of the air at the floor and 
 that at the ceiling. The square feet of radiation for walls, floors 
 and ceilings, doors, etc., are calculated in the same manner as 
 glass, that is, so many square feet times its factor K times the 
 difference in temperature (desired) inside the room and the out¬ 
 side temperature; this divided by the heat units given out by the 
 radiator per square foot at the room temperature, gives the radia¬ 
 tion for this particular part. 
 
 It is from this point on that the guessing of heating contractors 
 began. They knew that if they only took these two factors, wall 
 and glass, into consideration, they would inevitably get into 
 trouble, so they said: “There’s an air change; fresh air blows 
 in through cracks, how can I take care of this; walls are colder 
 too on the windy side of the house. Well, I guess this room has 
 one air change an hour or two or one and a half or something, 
 and to make myself safe, I’ll add 10% or 20% or 30% to the 
 whole thing to make sure.” 
 
 In order to eliminate the guess work from this part of the 
 calculations, we investigated the various methods of arriving at 
 the air inleakage or air changes in different types of rooms and 
 in rooms of different exposures. It is obvious that the only air 
 that could leak into the room, assuming normal construction, 
 was through the window cracks or through doors, and investiga¬ 
 tion showed that this idea was not new but that it had been 
 tested by various authorities and that there is some considerable 
 data on this subject, although the investigations are still being 
 carried on in a great many places. The tests that had been made 
 were sufficiently reliable to show that the amount of air change 
 in the room was practically not dependent upon the size of the 
 room at all, but on the amount of crack area around and across 
 the window and that leakage or inleakage varied with the type 
 of sash construction; being different for wood sash, metal sash, 
 fenestra, stationary sash, French windows, in very wide ranges. 
 However, there was enough similarity between all the tests that 
 had been made to warrant the assumption of a definite amount of 
 inleakage for each type, which we have incorporated into our 
 
 IV 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 calculations, and which is infinitely closer to the truth than the 
 average guess that all of us have used for so many years. 
 
 It was very easy to determine the amount of radiation required 
 to take care of the air that would leak into the room in an hour, 
 because the theory of the heating of air is an old and established 
 scientific calculation entailing no difficulty. In other words, it 
 is well-known that one heat unit will raise one cubic foot of air 
 at the temperature that is customary in heating, 55.2°, or that 
 one heat unit will raise 55.2 cubic feet of air 1° per hour. There¬ 
 fore, if 100 cubic feet of air leaks into a room and it is desired 
 to raise this 100 cubic feet of air from its temperature 
 outside (assumed to be zero) to the 70° to which the room is to be 
 warmed, multiply the number of cubic feet of air by 70 and 
 divide by 55.2 or multiply by .018. This gives the total number 
 of heat units required for the air inleakage, and this, divided by 
 the number of heat units given off by a square foot of radiation 
 gives the additional amount of radiation required by air changes. 
 
 In working on air changes due to inleakage, the most inter¬ 
 esting part of the investigation developed, i. e. that the direction 
 and velocity of the wind has a marked effect on the amount of 
 radiation required to heat a building. In fact, it developed that 
 the reason our buildings were usually not overheated even in days 
 of moderate temperature, and by moderate temperature we mean 
 around 15° to 20° above the outdoor temperature for which the 
 system was designed, was due to the fact that one mile of wind 
 velocity was practically equivalent to 1° drop in temperature. In 
 other words, for ease of calculation, a 15 mile wind with a 15° 
 temperature is equivalent to 0° with no wind. 
 
 It also developed that all the factors used in calculating radia¬ 
 tion, that is, glass and wall and inleakage, were all based on a 
 wind factor; that when 1.1 heat units per square foot of glass 
 was used as a factor for single glass, it was the transmission with 
 a 15 mile wind; and it was only due to the foresight or luck of 
 the early investigators that the heating systems that we installed 
 did not get us into an infinite amount of trouble. It is for the 
 reason that the equivalent temperature is often far below zero 
 due to high wind velocities that the exposure factors of 5 to 50 
 have been added as a regular thing to all of our calculations 
 for radiation. In Carpenter’s formula allowance for this con¬ 
 dition was made by increasing the number of air changes but 
 did not consider the effect of the wind on the wall and glass. 
 
 After this condition was discovered, it became necessary to find 
 the prevailing temperatures in the various sections of the country, 
 and the prevailing wind directions and wind velocities with these 
 temperatures. In order to accomplish this it was necessary to 
 obtain from the local Weather Bureaus and from the United 
 
 V 
 

 !’ 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 States Weather Bureau hourly records of temperature, wind 
 direction and wind velocity for various cities plotted over the 
 whole country. A number of representative cities were selected 
 and the months of January and February, the coldest months 
 for an average three year period, actually years 1918, 1919 and 
 1920. This work required the analyzing of nearly 90,000 records 
 and the results are extremely interesting. Every reading was 
 reduced to an equivalent factor, that is, if on the north side there 
 was a temperature at a certain hour of 10° with a wind velocity 
 of 15 miles an hour, the temperature was plotted as north minus 
 5°, then, by eliminating from this exposure the isolated and 
 scattered exceptional conditions, we were able to get a condition 
 that would prevail for a long enough period to influence the 
 heating, taking into account the fact that there is always a time 
 element in heating and that a particularly severe condition for 
 only a short period of time, say 1 or 2 hours, should not be 
 -calculated in figuring the radiation required for any building. 
 
 One of the other interesting facts that developed in the inves¬ 
 tigation of this subject, was that the blanket of air propelled 
 against a building was of such magnitude and volume that its 
 effect on inleakage was the same irrespective of its angle of 
 direction, that is, a northwest wind of certain velocity had as 
 much effect on inleakage and transmission on the north side of 
 the building as though the wind direction had been due north and 
 of equal velocity. We therefore took the equivalent temperature 
 as applying to three out of eight directions. For example, in 
 arriving at the exposure factor for north, the factors for north¬ 
 west and northeast were considered and the highest of the three 
 was used, etc. In this way the maximum number of exposure 
 constants required would be six, but in practically every case it 
 worked down to three and in exceptional cases four. 
 
 It is interesting to note that the northern exposure is not neces¬ 
 sarily the worst. The surrounding profile of the country or the 
 proximity of bodies of water seems to affect these conditions. 
 
 The other interesting point is that the base temperature we have 
 been accustomed to use, that is, 0°, in most cases is erroneous 
 when it is taken into consideration that all the factors of trans¬ 
 mission and infiltration are based on a 15 mile an hour wind 
 velocity and that this factor must be deducted in order to get a 
 true base condition. For instance, Chicago which has always been 
 figured with a -10° base temperature; under the new method of 
 allowance for the factors already included in all our coefficients 
 has a base temperature of +10° and, surprising as it may seem, 
 west is the worst exposure and affects southwest and northwest 
 to the same extent necessitating the addition of 33 1/3% to wall 
 and glass and infiltration on these points of the compass. North- 
 
 VI 
 

 'V 
 
 : v 
 
 p 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 east and east and southeast require no additional radiation beyond 
 the basic calculations, whereas south requires 15 % to be added 
 to compensate for severe southwest winds; likewise north requires 
 the addition of 25 % to compensate for severe northwest winds. 
 
 The formula, in which the coefficient and factors presented in 
 this handbook are to be used, is 
 
 (W+G + I) (Ti — T 0 ) E + O (Ti-Ta) 
 R 
 
 = sq. ft. rad. 
 
 Where 
 
 W^ — Net area in square feet of exposed wall X K 
 
 G = Area in sq. ft. of full frame opening of windows or 
 doors X K 
 
 O — Net area in square feet of roof, floor or any exposure 
 not included above X K 
 
 I = Lineal feet of window or door crack X infiltration in 
 cu. ft. per hour per lineal foot of crack as shown in 
 tables X .018 
 
 K is the coefficient of transmission as shown in the tables 
 for the particular material. 
 
 E is the exposure factor as shown in the tables for the par¬ 
 ticular locality and direction of exposure. 
 
 Ti is the desired room temperature. 
 
 T 0 is the base temperature as shown in the tables for the 
 particular locality. 
 
 T a is the temperature of adjacent spaces of a different tem¬ 
 perature from Ti. 
 
 R is the number of heat units emitted per hour by one square 
 foot of radiation as shown in the tables. 
 
 The application of the formula is shown on pages VIII 
 and IX. 
 
 VII 
 

 
 
 
 
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 /Vote •• Temperature of 
 
 ATT/C SPACE /S ASSUMEO 
 
 * to aa P4/LF the djfferewce 
 
 between room temperature 
 
 AAE> OUTS/&E TEMPERATURE . 
 
 
 23 
 

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30 
 
(7-24) First Revision of Page 31—Destroy Original 
 
 Copyrighted 1924, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association. 
 
 RADIATOR TRANSMISSION FACTORS 
 
 
 FOR ROOM TEMPERATURE OF 70° FAHR. 
 
 AND STEAM PRESSURE OF 1 LB. GAUGE 
 
 DIRECT STEAM RADIATION 
 
 (Standard 3 Col. 38" High) = 225 B.T.U. per sq. ft. 
 MULTIPLY BY THE FOLLOWING FACTORS FOR 
 THE EQUIVALENT OF 3 Col. 38" RADIATION OF 
 
 THE FOLLOWING TYPES. 
 
 WALL COIL .75 
 
 DOUBLE WALL COIL .90 
 
 CEILING COIL 1.00 
 
 WALL RADIATOR .82 
 
 DOUBLE WALL RADIATORS 1.00 
 
 WALL RADIATOR (Ceiling) 1.00 
 
 INCREASE SURFACE 
 INDIRECT STEAM RADIATION 50% 
 
 DIRECT INDIRECT STEAM RADIATION 25% 
 
 VAPOR RADIATION: Open return line vapor systems, 
 on which thermostatic traps are not used, require 10% 
 to 20% additional surface in each radiator to act as a con¬ 
 denser and prevent the flow of steam into the return main. 
 
 HOT WATER RADIATION: In figuring hot water 
 radiators, assume mean temperature of the water in the 
 radiators to be 170°. Under this condition the amount of 
 hot water radiating surface may be determined by adding 
 50% to the amount of steam radiating surface figured. 
 
 31 
 
RADIATOR TRANSMISSION FACTORS 
 
 7?o o Tempera TORE 
 
 Stpapi Pressure 
 
 3T£A^7 PaD/A T/O/V 
 O/RECT PaD/A TOR 
 
 (3 TA NO A PD • JCOJL . J 8 77 /&W) 
 Wall Co/l 
 Dgu&le Wall Co/l 
 Cs/l wg Co/l 
 Wall Rad/ator 
 
 Dqu&le Wall Pad/ators 
 
 Wall Pao/atop (Ce/l/no) 
 
 70 L 'Fa 
 
 I Pound Qauge 
 
 2253. TU. Psr * 
 
 3C03.TU.Psp * 
 2503.TU Psr# 
 ZJ?53TU.P£p* 
 273B.TU.Per <fi 
 225d.TU.Pzpf 
 225B.TU.PsRf 
 
 INCREASE SuRPACl 
 
 Ind/peg t Stea p? Pad/a t/on SO V* 
 
 D/rectJnd/rzct Steam Pad /at/on 25 % 
 
 Vapop Pad/at/on : Ope a/ return l/ne vapop 
 
 SrJTEM'S'j ONWn/CH THEP/yOS TAT/C TP A AS 
 APS A/OT USED, PEaUJPE /0 °/ 9 TO J?O 0 /» A DO/NONA/. 
 v5 UP PA CE /A/ EACH RAO/A TOP TO ACT AS A CONDEMTf^ 
 A NO PREVENT THE PLOW OP STEAM /A/TO THE 
 
 PE TURN A 4 A//V. 
 
 Hot Water Palo/at/on : I a/ p/o-ur/ng Pot 
 
 Water Pap/a tors assume mean temperature 
 
 OF THE water JN the RAD/A TOPS TO BE J 70 ° 
 
 The Amount op Hot Water Pao/a t/no surpace 
 MAY BE DETER M/NED BY ADD/NG S 0 */o TO THE 
 AMOUNT OPS TEAM PAJD/ATJNG SURFACE P/OUPED 
 
 31 
 

 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 .. ' oV 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 (F 
 
Copyrighted 1926, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Asssociation. 
 
 CONVERSION FACTORS 
 
 s 
 
 • P*4 
 
 *s 
 
 o 
 
 >» 
 
 © 
 
 u 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 0) 
 
 bo 
 
 d 
 
 Q- 
 
 ROOM TEMPERATURE 
 
 TEMP. 
 
 80 
 
 75 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 50 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 —5 
 
 1.219 
 
 1.104 
 
 1 
 
 .903 
 
 .811 
 
 .725 
 
 .646 
 
 .572 
 
 .498 
 
 0 
 
 1.228 
 
 1.111 
 
 1 
 
 .896 
 
 .801 
 
 .712 
 
 .628 
 
 .549 
 
 .472 
 
 +5 
 
 1.239 
 
 1.119 
 
 1 
 
 .892 
 
 .791 
 
 .698 
 
 .608 
 
 .525 
 
 .447 
 
 +10 
 
 1.253 
 
 1.123 
 
 1 
 
 .886 
 
 .780 
 
 .680 
 
 .586 
 
 .498 
 
 .415 
 
 + 15 
 
 1.269 
 
 1.13 
 
 1 
 
 .878 
 
 .765 
 
 .659 
 
 .569 
 
 .465 
 
 .375 
 
 +20 
 
 1.289 
 
 1.14 
 
 1 
 
 .870 
 
 .748 
 
 .634 
 
 .528 
 
 .427 
 
 .332 
 
 +25 
 
 1.312 
 
 1.151 
 
 1 
 
 .859 
 
 .728 
 
 .604 
 
 .489 
 
 .380 
 
 .277 
 
 +30 
 
 1.343 
 
 1.166 
 
 1 
 
 .845 
 
 .702 
 
 .566 
 
 .44 
 
 .312 
 
 .207 
 
 +35 
 
 1.380 
 
 1.183 
 
 1 
 
 .829 
 
 .669 
 
 .519 
 
 
 
 
 +40 
 
 1.433 
 
 1.21 
 
 1 
 
 .806 
 
 .627 
 
 .453 
 
 
 
 
 +45 
 
 1.504 
 
 1.243 
 
 1 
 
 .773 
 
 .561 
 
 .363 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FORMULA 
 
 ^ , Tr — Tb Ts 
 Factor = —- 7 ^ 7 - X 
 
 70 
 
 70 — Tb ~ Ts — Tr 
 Tr = Room Temp. 
 
 Tb = Base Temp. 
 
 Ts = 215° 
 
 To calculate amount of radiation required for other 
 room temperatures than 70° compute the amount for 
 70° and multiply by the factor shown corresponding 
 to room temperature desired and proper base tem¬ 
 perature. 
 
 32 
 

 if' 
 
 whtb'w 
 
 ^ SEP 211926 
 
 A- C. WiLLARD 
 
 A ns 
 
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR VARIOUS TEMPERATURES 
 
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(4-29) Second Revision Part 1, Page 33—Destroy First Revision 
 
 Copyrighted, 1929, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association 
 
 INFILTRATION 
 
 Type of Opening 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet per 
 Hour per 
 Lin. Ft. 
 Crack 
 
 Specific 
 
 Heat 
 
 Air 
 
 Factor 
 
 Double Hung Wood Sash 
 
 50 
 
 .018 
 
 0.9 
 
 Same with Metal Weather Strip 
 
 25 
 
 .018 
 
 0.45 
 
 Stationary Wood Sash 
 
 25 
 
 .018 
 
 0.45 
 
 Double Hung Steel Sash 
 
 100 
 
 .018 
 
 1.8 
 
 Same with Metal Weather Strip 
 
 50 
 
 .018 
 
 0.9 
 
 Rolled Section Steel Window 
 
 100* 
 
 .018 
 
 1.8 
 
 Residential Casement Windows,Wood 
 
 100 
 
 .018 
 
 1.8 
 
 Same with Metal Weather Strip 
 
 50 
 
 .018 
 
 0.9 
 
 Residential Casements, Steel 
 
 50 
 
 .018 
 
 0.9 
 
 French Doors 
 
 100 
 
 .018 
 
 1.8 
 
 Same with Metal Weather Strip 
 
 50 
 
 .018 
 
 0.9 
 
 Outside Doors, Residences 
 
 100 
 
 .018 
 
 1.8 
 
 Same with Metal Weather Strip 
 
 50 
 
 .018 
 
 0.9 
 
 Same with Storm Doors 
 
 50 
 
 .018 
 
 0.9 
 
 Same with Inner Vestibule Doors 
 
 50 
 
 .018 
 
 0.9 
 
 Outside Doors, Stores, etc. 
 
 200 
 
 .018 
 
 3.6 
 
 * Per foot of crack of ventilating sash. 
 
 Part I 
 
 33 
 
INFILTRATION 
 
 7 Y/=£ Of* CRSJV/f/O 
 
 K*| 
 
 pi 
 
 M 
 
 l 
 
 O 
 
 <5 
 
 Do U/ 5 LE /iUA/G Wo OD SAS/i 
 
 So 
 
 . 0/6 
 
 0-9 
 
 Sa/VE W/TH //fTAJL Wea. STft/P 
 
 ZS 
 
 .c/a 
 
 0.45 
 
 Sta 77 oma py Wood Sash 
 
 zs 
 
 .0/6 
 
 0.46 
 
 Dol/b/e/Zung Steel Sash 
 
 /oo 
 
 .0/6 
 
 /•a 
 
 SA/ 7 E W/TH //ETAL WEA.SrR/p 
 
 Jo 
 
 .0/6 
 
 0.9 
 
 / = £/vf r S 7 ~f?A Type Sash 
 
 /oo 
 
 .0/8 
 
 Ad 
 
 Ca CE/7EA/T W//VOOWS 
 
 /oo 
 
 .o/e 
 
 /6 
 
 Sa/ 7 E W/T/i P/E7AL WeaJZP/P 
 
 So 
 
 .0/6 
 
 0-9 
 
 SPEf/CH DOOPE 
 
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 .0/8 
 
 /• 6 
 
 S/J/ 7 E IV/ TH A/ETA/AWEA. JYf/P 
 
 So 
 
 .0/6 
 
 0.9 
 
 outs/ee Ojops 
 
 Zoo 
 
 S/6 
 
 J-6 
 
 SA/ 7 E /V/THT/EtftL WfA. S/A/P 
 
 /oo 
 
 . 0/3 
 
 /a 
 
 Sa//e /y/tp Stop /7 £00 p 
 
 /oo 
 
 .0/6 
 
 /a 
 
 SAME W/TP Ta/pea Wst Ooop 
 
 /oo 
 
 .0/6 
 
 A 6 
 
 $ 
 
 7 
 
(4-29) Second Revision Part 1, Page 34—Destroy First Revision 
 
 Copyrighted by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association, 1925 
 
 NOTES ON INFILTRATION 
 
 Storm windows, not a permanent part of the building, reduce 
 infiltration approximately 50%. 
 
 Fireplaces without dampers increase infiltration. 
 
 The factor in the last column on page 33 is the number of 
 B.t.u.s. per lineal foot of crack per hour per degree difference in 
 temperature. This should be multiplied by the total lineal feet 
 of crack to obtain the I used in the formula on page VII. 
 
 With three or more exposures and exceptionally good construc¬ 
 tion an arbitrary reduction not to exceed 25% of the total can be 
 made in the infiltration loss. 
 
 34 
 
« 
 
(10-25) First Revision Part 1, Page 34—Destroy Original 
 
 Copyrighted by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association, 1925. 
 
 NOTES ON INFILTRATION 
 
 Iff 
 
 To determine the lineal crack fpr fenestra sash add 
 
 the perimeter of the transormftr ventilator to the perimeter of the 
 
 masonry opening. / 
 
 Storm windows, not ^ permanent part of the building, reduce 
 infiltration approxir^tery^ 50%. 
 
 Fireplaces without dampers increase infiltration. 
 
 The factor in the last column on page 33 is the number of 
 B.t.u.s. per lineal foot of crack per hour per degree difference in 
 temperature. 'This \lhould be multiplied by the total lineal feet 
 of crack to obtain the I used in the formula on page VII. 
 
 With three eir inore exposures and exceptionally good construc¬ 
 tion an arbitral reduction not to exceed 25% of the total lineal 
 feet of crack can be made in the infiltration loss. 
 
 34 
 
- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • r .. V, ' i:x ciix\i 
 
 • • ' . •' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NOTES ON INFILTRATION 
 
 *}/ 
 
 To determine the lineal feet of crack for fenestra sash add 
 the perimeter of the transom oi^yentilator to the perimeter of the 
 masonry opening. 
 
 Storm windows, not a 
 infiltration approximately 
 
 Fireplaces without da 
 
 The factor in the 1 
 B.t.u.s per lineal foot 
 temperature. This shd 
 
 part of the building, reduce 
 
 ncrease infiltration. 
 
 m on page 33 is the number of 
 k per hour per degree difiference in 
 e multiplied by the total lineal feet 
 
 of crack to obtain the I used in the formula on page VII. 
 
 34 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EXPOSURE 
 
 
 > 
 
 v 
 
 P$ 
 
 *d 
 
 C 
 
 8 
 
 4> 
 
 CZ> 
 
 >* 
 
 8 
 
 P 
 
 I 
 
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 ti I 
 
 .2 3 
 
 5 I 
 
 * I 
 
 *2 § 
 
 o 
 
 /-v O 
 
 fs. bfi 
 
 tS .s 
 \ a 
 
 O S 
 
 CITY 
 
 Base 
 
 Temp. 
 
 POINTS OF COMPASS 
 
 N 
 
 NE 
 
 E 
 
 SE 
 
 s 
 
 SW 
 
 W 
 
 NW 
 
 Albany. 
 
 + 5 ° 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 + 30 ° 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 Birmingham. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 + 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.15 
 
 Boston... . 
 
 + 15 ° 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 Buffalo. 
 
 0 ° 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 + 10 ° 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 + 15 ° 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.20 
 
 Cleveland. 
 
 + 5 ° 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.15 
 
 Denver*. 
 
 + 20 ° 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 0 ° 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 Eastport, Me. 
 
 + 10 ° 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.45 
 
 Kansas City, Mo.. 
 
 + 15 ° 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.45 
 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 + 50 ° 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 Madison, Wis.... 
 
 + 5 ° 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 Memphis, Tenn... 
 
 + 30 ° 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.20 
 
 110 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 + 10 ° 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 + 45 ° 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 New York. 
 
 + 10 ° 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 + 30 ° 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 + 15 ° 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 Pittsburgh. 
 
 + 15 ° 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 
 + 25 ° 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 E0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 Providence, R. I.. 
 
 + 15 ° 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 Richmond, Va. ... 
 
 + 30 ° 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 Salt Lake City.... 
 
 + 25 ° 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 San Antonio, Tex. 
 
 + 45 ° 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.70 
 
 San Francisco.... 
 
 + 45 ° 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.15 
 
 St. Louis. 
 
 + 20 ° 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 St. Paul. 
 
 - 5 ° 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 Syracuse. 
 
 0 ° 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 Washington. 
 
 + 20 ° 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 * See Page 36. 
 
 35 
 
FEB 17 1928 
 A. C. VVii-.L.ArtO 
 
(10-25) Second Revision Page 35—Destroy First Revision 
 
 Copyrighted 1925, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association. 
 
 EXPOSURE 
 
 CITY 
 
 Base 
 
 Temp. 
 
 POINTS OF COMPASS 
 
 N 
 
 NE 
 
 E 
 
 SE 
 
 s 
 
 sw 
 
 w 
 
 NW 
 
 Birmingham. 
 
 +30° 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.15 
 
 Boston. 
 
 +15° 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 Buffalo. 
 
 0° 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 + 5° 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 +15° 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.20 
 
 Cleveland. 
 
 + 5° 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.15 
 
 Denver*. 
 
 +20° 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 0° 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 Eastport, Me. . . . 
 
 + 
 1—'' 
 
 o 
 
 ° 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.45 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 +15° 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.45 
 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 +50° 
 
 1.50 
 
 1J R 
 
 yrn 
 
 J.O 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 Madison, Wis. 
 
 + 5° 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.13^ 
 
 Ki y 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 Memphis, Tenn... 
 
 +30° 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.2<L 
 
 k/L0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 + 5°i 
 
 
 W 
 
 ho 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 New York. 
 
 +10°[ 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 +15°\ 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 Pittsburgh. 
 
 +15° 
 
 OO 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 
 +25° 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 +25° 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 San Ajitonio, Tex. 
 
 +45° 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.70 
 
 San Francisco.... 
 
 +45° 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.15 
 
 St. Louis. 
 
 +20° 
 
 1,30 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.30 
 
 130 
 
 St. Paul. 
 
 — 5° 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 Washington. 
 
 +20° 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 See Page 36. 
 
 35 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . • 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 . .. ••• ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S\ 
 
 
 
 
EXPOSURE 
 
 *See Page 36 
 
 35 
 
EXPOSURE 
 
 C/7-y 
 
 $ * 
 
 7^0/sY T S o z*' cTS 
 
 siS>*SS 
 
 /V 
 
 rtz 
 
 E 
 
 SE 
 
 s 
 
 Sto 
 
 w 
 
 HW 
 
 &/?*////£//Afi 
 
 i-Jo' 
 
 /•/5 
 
 A/S 
 
 bo 
 
 to 
 
 AO 
 
 (05 
 
 A/S 
 
 US 
 
 3oSrO/v 
 
 +15' 
 
 /•Jo 
 
 I/O 
 
 AO 
 
 AO 
 
 AO 
 
 /So 
 
 A So 
 
 A3o 
 
 o 
 
 o* 
 
 / 0 
 
 /O 
 
 / 0 
 
 AO 
 
 A2S 
 
 /.4o 
 
 b4o 
 
 !4o 
 
 Chicago 
 
 + I o° 
 
 Z25 
 
 /.O 
 
 AO 
 
 AO 
 
 ns 
 
 133 
 
 /■33 
 
 /■33 
 
 Glevsiaho 
 
 + 5* 
 
 US 
 
 1.06 
 
 /.oe 
 
 Ao 
 
 /■os 
 
 us 
 
 US 
 
 A/S 
 
 ArrHO/T 
 
 o* 
 
 I/O 
 
 /O 
 
 /-o 
 
 AO 
 
 A/O 
 
 jrc 
 
 A/O 
 
 A/O 
 
 A/jtw Yo/?/< 
 
 -MO* 
 
 /■So 
 
 125 
 
 Ao 
 
 Ao 
 
 AO 
 
 /■3J 
 
 /So 
 
 ASo 
 
 Ffr/lAOElfWA 
 
 +/f 
 
 120 
 
 I/O 
 
 A/0 
 
 AO 
 
 AO 
 
 AO 
 
 A 20 
 
 A20 
 
 P/TTS&UAGH 
 
 nr 
 
 Ido 
 
 f.o 
 
 AO 
 
 AO 
 
 /So 
 
 /.35 
 
 /.35 
 
 ASS 
 
 Saa/Fxaa&sco 
 
 •hs* 
 
 A 2o 
 
 120 
 
 A20 
 
 AO 
 
 AO 
 
 AO 
 
 AO 
 
 A/S 
 
 Sr 4ot//S 
 
 f2 0° 
 
 l-So 
 
 120 
 
 AO 
 
 no 
 
 A 20 
 
 bio 
 
 /■3o 
 
 ASo 
 
 Sr 7**4 01 * 
 
 -S c 
 
 A20 
 
 AO 
 
 A 0 
 
 AO 
 
 A 0 
 
 no 
 
 no 
 
 AXO 
 
 Wash/mgtow 
 
 + 20 * 
 
 120 
 
 AO 
 
 / 0 
 
 AO 
 
 A O 
 
 /0 
 
 A 20 
 
 /.zo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, -/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r M ■»* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 * 
 
 V ■ 
 
 ♦ 
 
NOTES ON EXPOSURE 
 
 g 
 
 H) 
 
 *E 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 tM 
 
 to 
 
 <u 
 
 Q 
 
 I 
 
 CO 
 
 ►» 
 
 On 
 
 1 
 
 *5) 
 
 o. 
 
 U 
 
 DENVER—Base temperature and exposure factors 
 based on actual Weather Bureau records but due to rapid 
 changes and high altitude square feet of radiation in 
 Standard Radiation Estimating Table are figured on 200 
 B.t.u. emission instead of 225 B.t.u. 
 
 36 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ; 
 
 ' 
 
 
 . 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(f'* 
 
ENCLOSED RADIATOR FACTORS 
 
 37 
 
(9 
 
ENCLOSED RADIATOR FACTORS 
 
 AfOT£: WH£K£ AFLAT J'MFL F / S F>L A C SO 
 OV£A COLL/FfA/ KAD/AT/O/V A GUF.VSO 
 OSFLFCTOF SHoyj- O 0£ fH STALLED as 
 SMO K//V. 
 
 W//EFE g-sl/lles. AA>i r sfowm TUEy A*E TO 
 £E F LULL LS/VGTH OF KAO/A TOR AMD OES/CrMSO W/TF 
 /yo T LESS TFAM k /tf*MSTAKEA FEK $ OF HEATJUO SVKF4CE 
 FDA /A/L£T } AA/D Z^MET AKEA FE/% $ OF ME A T//V& S UK FACE 
 Fort Q'CJ TLET. 
 
 38 
 

 
 
 
 
ENCLOSED RADIATOR FACTORS 
 
 39 
 
r 
 
ENCLOSED RADIATOR FACTORS 
 
 40 
 
<• 
 
 't' 
 
Copyrighted IQ24 , hy Heating and Piping Contractors National Associatit 
 
 HOW TO USE TABLE 
 
 Figure from the plans the number of square feet of wall 
 and glass and lineal feet of crack for each exposure. Find the 
 5 ) nearest corresponding quantity in appropriate column. Then 
 read horizontally to extreme left or right hand column for 
 square feet of radiation required. Add additional amount 
 for exposure as shown in upper right hand square of sheet. 
 
 For example, for New York City: 70 sq. ft. 12 inch plain 
 brick wall. Then reading down the column (Plain Brick 12") 
 nearest corresponding figure in table is 70.2 and then going 
 horizontally to extreme left or right gives 6 sq. ft. of 38" 
 3 col. radiation. If wall faces north multiply by 1.50 making 
 9 sq, ft. actually required. 
 
 If same wall has 30 sq. ft. of glass or door, nearest corres¬ 
 ponding amount under glass is 30.7 which equals 9 sq. ft. 
 times exposure as above equals 13.5 sq. ft. If window has 
 39 ft. of crack and is double hung wood sash without weather 
 strip the amount falls between 37.6 and 41.7 or 934 sq. ft. of 
 radiation. Multiplying by 1.50 for exposure equals 1434 sq. 
 
 8 feet of radiation. 
 
 The 3 quantities of radiation 9, 13.5 and 14.25 equal 36.75 
 or for simplicity 37 sq. ft. is the total amount of radiation 
 required for this exposure. 
 
 The 3 quantities for any one exposure can be added together 
 and then multiplied by the exposure factor to obtain the same 
 result. No exposure factor is to be used for roofs, floors, 
 ceilings or partitions or skylights unless skylights are vertical 
 or practically vertical. 
 
 Note: The exposure factor used in this example is for New York City. See 
 the estimating table for your city, or for city for which estimate is 
 desired, for exposure factor required. 
 
 This sheet is to accompany Heating and Piping Contractors National 
 Association Standard Radiation Estimating Table. 
 
 41 
 

 
 
 . 
 
INSULATION 
 
 8 
 
 ©> 
 
 UJ 
 
 Ih 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 ri 
 
 bO 
 
 c 
 
 ‘a 
 
 E 
 
 T2 
 
 
 
 CORK 
 
 
 TYPE OF WALL 
 
 THICKNESS 
 
 
 1" 
 
 1M" 
 
 2" 
 
 Brick Wall (with Insulation and 
 Plaster) 
 
 
 
 
 8" Brick. 
 
 .18 
 
 .14 
 
 .11 
 
 12" Brick. 
 
 .15 
 
 .12 
 
 .10 
 
 16" Brick. 
 
 .14 
 
 .11 
 
 .10 
 
 Brick and Hollow Tile (with Insula¬ 
 tion and Plaster) 
 
 
 
 
 4" Brick, 4" Tile. 
 
 .15 
 
 .12 
 
 .10 
 
 4" Brick, 8" Tile. 
 
 .14 
 
 .11 
 
 .09 
 
 4" Brick, 12" Tile. 
 
 .12 
 
 .09 
 
 .08 
 
 Standard Frame (with Insulation as 
 
 
 
 
 plaster base). 
 
 .13 
 
 .11 
 
 .09 
 
 Part I. 
 
 42 
 

 
 
 
 . 
 
 
Copyrighted, 1928, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association. 
 
 INSULATION 
 
 
 FIBRE 
 
 BOARD 
 
 
 
 TYPE OF WALL 
 
 THICKNESS 
 
 
 
 
 l A" 
 
 1" 
 
 
 
 Brick Wall (Furred, Insu¬ 
 lated and Plastered) 
 
 
 
 
 
 8" Brick. 
 
 .19 
 
 .15 
 
 
 
 12 " Brick. 
 
 .17 
 
 .14 
 
 
 
 16" Brick. 
 
 .16 
 
 .13 
 
 
 
 Brick and Hollow Tile 
 (Furred, Insulated and 
 Plastered) 
 
 
 
 4" Brick, 4" Tile.... 
 
 .15 
 
 .12 
 
 
 
 4" Brick, 8" Tile.... 
 
 .14 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 4" Brick, 12" Tile. . .. 
 
 .11 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 Standard Frame (Insulated 
 and Plastered — Fibre 
 Board used as plaster base) 
 
 .18 
 
 .14 
 
 
 
 Standard Frame (Fibre 
 Board replacing paper and 
 sheathing). 
 
 .27 
 
 .19 
 
 1 
 
 
 Part I. 
 
 43 
 
Copyrighted, 1928, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association. 
 
 INSULATION 
 
 
 CORK BOARD 
 
 | FIBRE 
 
 BOARD 
 
 TYPE OF 
 
 ROOF OR CEILING 
 
 THICKNESS 
 
 THICKNESS 
 
 1 " 
 
 i w 
 
 2" 
 
 V? 
 
 l" 
 
 Plaster Ceiling with 
 wood floor above 
 with insulation as 
 plaster base. 
 
 .15 
 
 .12 
 
 .10 
 
 .20 
 
 .15 
 
 Plaster Ceiling with 
 roof space above with 
 insulation as plaster 
 base. 
 
 .19 
 
 .14 
 
 .12 
 
 .28 
 
 .19 
 
 Tile or Slate Roof 
 with paper on wood 
 sheathing. 
 
 .17 
 
 .13 
 
 .11 
 
 .24 
 
 .17 
 
 Tile or Slate Roof 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on wood sheathing.. 
 
 .22 
 
 .16 
 
 .13 
 
 .36 
 
 .22 
 
 Shingle Roof on Sheath¬ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing and Studding .. . 
 
 .17 
 
 .13 
 
 .11 
 
 .24 
 
 .17 
 
 Part I. 
 
 44 
 

 
 t 
 

 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
Rolled^ Section 
 
 Strip Deducts 50'S 
 
 HEATING AND PIPING CONTRACTORS NATIONAL ASSOCIATION 
 
 STANDARD RADIATION ESTIMATING TABLE 
 
 SHOWING RADIATION REQUIRED FOR QUANTITIES INDICATED 
 
 Copyright 1927. by Hooting and Piping Contractor. Notional Association. For Othor Con.tructioo than that Shown Sea Heating and Piping Contractor Nal 
 
 I Association Engineering Standards. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 (Also MILWAUKEE, WIS. 
 
 TEMPERATURE FACTORS 
 Room Temperature 70°=T, 
 
 Base Temperature +10°=T„ 
 
 Base Temp. -fTO Equivalent to 
 Guarantee Temp, of —5° Outside 
 
 EXPOSURE FACTORS 
 N 1.25 S 1.15 
 
 NE 1.00 SW 1.35 
 
 E 1.00 W 1.35 
 
 SE 1.00 NW 1.35 
 
 3 Col 
 
 CLASS 
 
 INFILTRATION 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O U 
 
 T S 
 
 I D 
 
 E 
 
 W A 
 
 L L 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ROOF 
 
 Base Floor 
 
 Interm’e Floor 
 
 Ceiling 
 
 Partition 
 
 
 Tjp. 
 
 St’m 
 
 Rad 
 
 Win. 
 
 Sky 
 
 Rate per Lin. Ft. 
 
 Plain Brick 
 
 Brick and PI. 
 
 Brick Fur. 
 
 L. P. 
 
 Br. 4" Tile Pl. 
 
 Plain Cone. 
 
 Cone. Fur L. P. 
 
 F s?d me 
 
 Frame 
 
 No 
 
 Fl No 16 
 L. P. 
 
 T&G 
 
 1' Bd. 
 
 T&G 
 
 on 4 
 Cone. 
 
 Sh’gle 
 
 Sh’gle 
 
 Sh’g 
 
 L. P. 
 
 Cone. 
 
 Earth 
 
 Wood 
 
 Sleep. 
 
 ol 
 
 4'Cone. 
 3" Fill 
 
 1" Fin. 
 
 Double 
 
 Wood 
 
 Lath 
 
 Plas. 
 
 L&P 
 Wo. FI. 
 Over 
 
 Stud 
 
 L&P 
 
 1 Side 
 
 Stud 
 
 L&P 
 
 
 Kind 
 
 Door 
 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 8" 
 
 12" 
 
 16" 
 
 8" 
 
 12" 
 
 16" 
 
 8" 
 
 12" 
 
 16" 
 
 4" 
 
 8" 
 
 12" 
 
 8" 
 
 12" 
 
 16" 
 
 8" 
 
 12" 
 
 16" 
 
 
 Sh’g 
 
 Sh’g 
 
 
 
 2 Side 
 
 
 Thick. 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1.3 
 
 0 45 
 
 0 9 
 
 18 
 
 3.6 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 .26 
 
 38 
 
 29 
 
 .25 
 
 .27 
 
 .23 
 
 .21 
 
 .30 
 
 .26 
 
 .22 
 
 .60 
 
 48 
 
 41 
 
 .50 
 
 40 
 
 .34 
 
 .24 
 
 .31 
 
 .35 
 
 .30 
 
 .60 
 
 .40 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 “TlT 
 
 .20 
 
 .15 
 
 20 
 
 .49 
 
 .28 
 
 60 
 
 .33 
 
 
 K 
 
 225 1 
 
 66.0 
 
 78.0 
 
 27.0 
 
 54. C 
 
 108 
 
 216 
 
 25.2 
 
 19.2 
 
 15.6 
 
 22.8 
 
 17.4 
 
 15.0 
 
 16.2 
 
 13.8 
 
 12.6 
 
 18 0 
 
 15 6 
 
 13.2 
 
 36.0 
 
 28.8 
 
 24.6 
 
 30.0 
 
 24.0 
 
 20.4 
 
 14.4 
 
 18.6 
 
 21.0 
 
 18.0 
 
 36.0 
 
 24.0 
 
 18.0 
 
 9.3 
 
 3.9 
 
 6.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 6 0 
 
 14.7 
 
 8.4 
 
 18.0 
 
 9 9 
 
 
 K(T,-T.) 
 
 
 3.41 
 
 2.89 
 
 8.34 
 
 4.17 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.04 
 
 8.93 
 
 11.7 
 
 14.4 
 
 9.9 
 
 12.9 
 
 15.0 
 
 13.9 
 
 16.2 
 
 17. S 
 
 12.5 
 
 14.4 
 
 17 0 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.82 
 
 9.15 
 
 7.5 
 
 9.38 
 
 11.0 
 
 15.6 
 
 12.1 
 
 10.7 
 
 12.5 
 
 6.25 
 
 9.38 
 
 12.5 
 
 24.2 
 
 57.7 
 
 37.5 
 
 50.0 
 
 37.5 
 
 15.3 
 
 26.8 
 
 12.5 
 
 22.7 
 
 
 1 
 
 l 
 
 6.82 
 
 5.78 
 
 16.7 
 
 8.34 
 
 4.16 
 
 2.08 
 
 17.9 
 
 23.4 
 
 28.8 
 
 19.8 
 
 25.8 
 
 30.0 
 
 27.8 
 
 32.4 
 
 35. t 
 
 25.0 
 
 28.8 
 
 34.0 
 
 12.5 
 
 15.6 
 
 18.3 
 
 15.0 
 
 18.8 
 
 22.0 
 
 31.2 
 
 24.2 
 
 21.4 
 
 25.0 
 
 12.5 
 
 18.8 
 
 25.0 
 
 48.4 
 
 115 
 
 75.0 
 
 100 
 
 75.0 
 
 30.6 
 
 53.6 
 
 25.0 
 
 45.4 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10.2 
 
 8.67 
 
 25.0 
 
 12.5 
 
 6.24 
 
 3.12 
 
 26.8 
 
 35.1 
 
 43.2 
 
 29.7 
 
 38.7 
 
 45.0 
 
 41.7 
 
 48.6 
 
 53.7 
 
 37.5 
 
 43.2 
 
 51.0 
 
 18.8 
 
 23.5 
 
 27.5 
 
 22.5 
 
 28.1 
 
 33 0 
 
 46.8 
 
 36.3 
 
 32.1 
 
 37.5 
 
 18.8 
 
 28.1 
 
 37.5 
 
 72.6 
 
 173 
 
 113 
 
 150 
 
 113 
 
 45.9 
 
 80.4 
 
 37.5 
 
 68.1 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 13.6 
 
 11.6 
 
 33.4 
 
 16.7 
 
 8.32 
 
 4.16 
 
 35.7 
 
 46.8 
 
 58.6 
 
 39.6 
 
 51.6 
 
 60.0 
 
 55.6 
 
 64.8 
 
 71.f 
 
 50.0 
 
 57 6 
 
 68 0 
 
 25.0 
 
 31.3 
 
 36.6 
 
 30.0 
 
 37.5 
 
 44.0 
 
 62.4 
 
 48.4 
 
 42.8 
 
 50.0 
 
 25.0 
 
 ,37.5 
 
 50.0 
 
 96.8 
 
 231 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 150 
 
 61.2 
 
 107 
 
 50.0 
 
 90.8 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 17.1 
 
 14.5 
 
 41.7 
 
 20.8 
 
 10.4 
 
 5.20 
 
 44 7 
 
 58.5 
 
 72.0 
 
 49.5 
 
 64.5 
 
 75.0 
 
 69.5 
 
 81.0 
 
 89.5 
 
 62.5 
 
 72 0 
 
 85 0 
 
 31.3 
 
 39.1 
 
 45.8 
 
 37.5 
 
 46 9 
 
 55.0 
 
 78.0 
 
 60.5 
 
 53.5 
 
 62.5 
 
 31.3 
 
 46.9 
 
 62.5 
 
 121 
 
 289 
 
 188 
 
 250 
 
 188 
 
 76.5 
 
 134 
 
 62.5 
 
 114 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 20.5 
 
 17.3 
 
 50.0 
 
 25.0 
 
 12.5 
 
 6.24 
 
 53.6 
 
 70.2 
 
 86.4 
 
 59.4 
 
 77.4 
 
 90.0 
 
 83.4 
 
 97.2 
 
 107 
 
 75 0 
 
 86 4 
 
 102 
 
 37.5 
 
 47.0 
 
 54 9 
 
 45.0 
 
 56.3 
 
 66.0 
 
 93.6 
 
 72.6 
 
 64.2 
 
 75.0 
 
 37.5 
 
 56.3 
 
 75.0 
 
 145 
 
 346 
 
 225 
 
 300 
 
 225 
 
 91.8 
 
 161 
 
 75.0 
 
 136 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 23.9 
 
 20.2 
 
 58.4 
 
 29.2 
 
 14.6 
 
 7.28 
 
 62.5 
 
 81.9 
 
 101 
 
 69.3 
 
 90.3 
 
 105 
 
 97.3 
 
 113 
 
 125 
 
 87.5 
 
 101 
 
 119 
 
 43.8 
 
 54.7 
 
 64.1 
 
 52 5 
 
 65.7 
 
 77.0 
 
 109 
 
 84.7 
 
 74.9 
 
 87.5 
 
 43.8 
 
 65.7 
 
 87.5 
 
 169 
 
 404 
 
 263 
 
 350 
 
 263 
 
 107 
 
 188 
 
 87.5 
 
 159 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 27.3 
 
 23.1 
 
 66.7 
 
 33.4 
 
 16.6 
 
 8.32 
 
 71.4 
 
 93.6 
 
 115 
 
 79.2 
 
 103 
 
 120 
 
 111 
 
 130 
 
 143 
 
 100 
 
 115 
 
 136 
 
 50.0 
 
 62.6 
 
 73.2 
 
 60.0 
 
 75.0 
 
 88.0 
 
 125 
 
 96.8 
 
 85.6 
 
 100 
 
 50.0 
 
 75.0 
 
 100 
 
 194 
 
 462 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 300 
 
 122 
 
 214 
 
 100 
 
 182 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 30.7 
 
 26.0 
 
 75.1 
 
 37.6 
 
 18 7 
 
 9.36 
 
 80.4 
 
 105 
 
 130 
 
 89.1 
 
 116 
 
 135 
 
 125 
 
 146 
 
 161 
 
 113 
 
 130 
 
 153 
 
 56.3 
 
 70.4 
 
 82.4 
 
 67.5 
 
 84.4 
 
 99.0 
 
 140 
 
 109 
 
 96.3 
 
 113 
 
 56.3 
 
 84.4 
 
 113 
 
 218 
 
 519 
 
 338 
 
 450 
 
 338 
 
 138 
 
 241 
 
 113 
 
 204 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 34 1 
 
 29.0 
 
 83.4 
 
 41.7 
 
 20.8 
 
 10.4 
 
 89:3 
 
 117 
 
 144 
 
 99.0 
 
 129 
 
 150 
 
 139 
 
 162 
 
 179 
 
 125 
 
 144 
 
 170 
 
 62.6 
 
 78.2 
 
 91.5 
 
 r “75.o 
 
 93.8 
 
 110 
 
 156 
 
 121 
 
 107 
 
 125 
 
 62.6 
 
 93.8 
 
 125 
 
 242 
 
 577 
 
 375 
 
 500 
 
 375 
 
 153 
 
 268 
 
 125 
 
 227 
 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 37.6 
 
 31.8 
 
 91.8 
 
 45.9 
 
 22.9 
 
 11.4 
 
 98.2 
 
 129 
 
 158 
 
 109 
 
 142 
 
 165 
 
 153 
 
 178 
 
 197 
 
 138 
 
 158 
 
 187 
 
 68.8 
 
 86.0 
 
 101 
 
 82.5 
 
 103 
 
 121 
 
 172 
 
 133 
 
 118 
 
 138 
 
 68.8 
 
 103 
 
 138 
 
 266 
 
 635 
 
 413 
 
 550 
 
 413 
 
 168 
 
 295 
 
 138 
 
 250 
 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 40 9 
 
 34 7 
 
 100 
 
 50.0 
 
 25.0 
 
 12.5 
 
 107 
 
 140 
 
 173 
 
 119 
 
 155 
 
 180 
 
 167 
 
 194 
 
 215 
 
 150 
 
 173 
 
 204 
 
 75.0 
 
 93.8 
 
 110 
 
 90.0 
 
 113 
 
 132 
 
 187 
 
 145 
 
 128 
 
 150 
 
 75.0 
 
 113 
 
 150 
 
 290 
 
 692 
 
 450 
 
 600 
 
 450 
 
 184 
 
 322 
 
 150 
 
 272 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 44.3 
 
 37.6 
 
 108 
 
 54.2 
 
 27.0 
 
 13.5 
 
 116 
 
 152 
 
 187 
 
 129 
 
 168 
 
 195 
 
 181 
 
 211 
 
 233 
 
 163 
 
 187 
 
 221 
 
 81.3 
 
 102 
 
 1T9 1 
 
 97.5 
 
 122 
 
 143 
 
 203 
 
 157 
 
 139 
 
 163 
 
 81.3 
 
 122 
 
 163 
 
 315 
 
 750 
 
 488 
 
 650 
 
 488 
 
 199 
 
 348 
 
 163 
 
 295 
 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 47.7 
 
 40.5 
 
 117 
 
 58.4 
 
 29.1 
 
 14.6 
 
 125 
 
 164 
 
 202 
 
 139 
 
 181 
 
 210 
 
 195 
 
 227 
 
 251 
 
 175 
 
 202 
 
 238 
 
 87.5 
 
 109 
 
 128 
 
 105 
 
 131 
 
 154 
 
 218 
 
 169 
 
 150 
 
 175 
 
 87.5 
 
 131 
 
 175 
 
 339 
 
 808 
 
 525 
 
 700 
 
 525 
 
 214 
 
 375 
 
 175 
 
 318 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 51.2 
 
 43.4 
 
 125 
 
 62.6 
 
 31.2 
 
 15.6 
 
 134 
 
 176 
 
 216 
 
 149 
 
 194 
 
 225 
 
 209 
 
 243 
 
 269 
 
 188 
 
 216 
 
 255 
 
 93.8 
 
 117 
 
 137 
 
 113 
 
 141 
 
 165 
 
 234 
 
 182 
 
 161 
 
 188 
 
 93.8 
 
 141 
 
 188 
 
 363 
 
 866 
 
 563 
 
 750 
 
 563 
 
 230 
 
 402 
 
 188 
 
 341 
 
 
 15 
 
 lb 
 
 54.6 
 
 46.2 
 
 133 
 
 66.7 
 
 33.3 
 
 16.6 
 
 143 
 
 187 
 
 230 
 
 158 
 
 206 
 
 240 
 
 222 
 
 259 
 
 286 
 
 200 
 
 230 
 
 272 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 146 
 
 120 
 
 150 
 
 176 
 
 250 
 
 194 
 
 171 
 
 200 
 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 387 
 
 923 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 600 
 
 245 
 
 429 
 
 200 
 
 363 
 
 
 1G 
 
 17 
 
 58.0 
 
 49.1 
 
 142 
 
 70.9 
 
 35 4 
 
 17.7 
 
 152 
 
 199 
 
 245 
 
 168 
 
 219 
 
 255 
 
 236 
 
 275 
 
 304 
 
 213 
 
 245 
 
 289 
 
 106 
 
 133 
 
 156 
 
 128 
 
 159 
 
 187 
 
 265 
 
 206 
 
 182 
 
 213 
 
 106 
 
 159 
 
 213 
 
 411 
 
 981 
 
 638 
 
 850 
 
 638 
 
 260 
 
 456 
 
 213 
 
 386 
 
 
 17 
 
 T8 
 
 61 4 
 
 52.0 
 
 150 
 
 75.1 
 
 37.4 
 
 18.7 
 
 161 
 
 211 
 
 259 
 
 178 
 
 232 
 
 270 
 
 250 
 
 292 
 
 322 
 
 225 
 
 259 
 
 306 
 
 113 
 
 141 
 
 165 
 
 135 
 
 169 
 
 198 
 
 281 
 
 218 
 
 193 
 
 225 
 
 113 
 
 169 
 
 225 
 
 436 
 
 1039 
 
 675 
 
 900 
 
 675 
 
 275 
 
 482 
 
 225 
 
 409 
 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 I 64.8 
 
 54.9 
 
 158 
 
 79.2 
 
 39.5 
 
 19.7 
 
 170 
 
 222 
 
 274 
 
 188 
 
 245 
 
 285 
 
 264 
 
 308 
 
 340 
 
 238 
 
 274 
 
 323 
 
 119 
 
 149 
 
 174 
 
 143 
 
 178 
 
 209 
 
 296 
 
 230 
 
 203 
 
 238 
 
 119 
 
 178 
 
 238 
 
 460 
 
 1096 
 
 713 
 
 950 
 
 713 
 
 291 
 
 509 
 
 238 
 
 431 
 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 68.2 
 
 57.8 
 
 167 
 
 83.4 
 
 41.6 
 
 20.8 
 
 179 
 
 234 
 
 288 
 
 198 
 
 258 
 
 300 
 
 278 
 
 324 
 
 358 
 
 250 
 
 288 
 
 340 
 
 125 
 
 156 
 
 183 
 
 150 
 
 188 
 
 220 
 
 312 
 
 242 
 
 214 
 
 250 
 
 125 
 
 188 
 
 250 
 
 484 
 
 1154 
 
 750 
 
 1000 
 
 750 
 
 306 
 
 536 
 
 250 
 
 454 
 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 71.6 
 
 60.7 
 
 175 
 
 87.6 
 
 43.7 
 
 21.8 
 
 187 
 
 246 
 
 [302 
 
 208 
 
 271 
 
 315 
 
 292 
 
 340 
 
 376 
 
 263 
 
 302 
 
 357 
 
 131 
 
 164 
 
 192 
 
 158 
 
 197 
 
 231 
 
 328 
 
 254 
 
 225 
 
 263 
 
 131 
 
 197 
 
 263 
 
 508 
 
 1212 
 
 788 
 
 1050 
 
 788 
 
 321 
 
 563 
 
 263 
 
 477 
 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 75 0 
 
 63 6 
 
 183 
 
 91.7 
 
 45.8 
 
 22.9 
 
 196 
 
 257 
 
 317 
 
 218 
 
 284 
 
 330 
 
 306 
 
 356 
 
 394 
 
 275 
 
 317 
 
 374 
 
 138 
 
 172 
 
 201 
 
 165 
 
 206 
 
 242 
 
 343 
 
 266 
 
 235 
 
 275 
 
 138 
 
 206 
 
 275 
 
 532 
 
 1269 
 
 825 
 
 1100 
 
 825 
 
 337 
 
 590 
 
 275 
 
 499 
 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 78 4 
 
 66.5 
 
 192 
 
 96.0 
 
 47.8 
 
 23.9 
 
 205 
 
 269 
 
 331 
 
 228 
 
 297 
 
 345 
 
 320 
 
 373 
 
 412 
 
 288 
 
 331 
 
 391 
 
 144 
 
 180 
 
 210 
 
 173 
 
 216 
 
 253 
 
 359 
 
 278 
 
 246 
 
 288 
 
 144 
 
 216 
 
 288 
 
 557 
 
 1327 
 
 863 
 
 1150 
 
 863 
 
 352 
 
 616 
 
 288 
 
 522 
 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 81.8 
 
 69 4 
 
 200 
 
 100 
 
 49.9 
 
 25.0 
 
 214 
 
 281 
 
 346 
 
 238 
 
 310 
 
 360 
 
 334 
 
 389 
 
 430 
 
 300 
 
 346 
 
 408 
 
 150 
 
 188 
 
 220 
 
 180 
 
 225 
 
 264 
 
 374 
 
 290 
 
 257 
 
 300 
 
 150 
 
 225 
 
 300 
 
 581 
 
 1385 
 
 900 
 
 1200 
 
 900 
 
 367 
 
 643 
 
 300 
 
 545 
 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 85.3 
 
 72.3 
 
 209 
 
 104 
 
 52.0 
 
 26.0 
 
 223 
 
 293 
 
 360 
 
 248 
 
 323 
 
 375 
 
 348 
 
 405 
 
 448 
 
 313 
 
 360 
 
 425 
 
 156 
 
 196 
 
 229 
 
 188 
 
 235 
 
 275 
 
 390 
 
 303 
 
 268 
 
 313 
 
 156 
 
 235 
 
 313 
 
 605 
 
 1443 
 
 938 
 
 1250 
 
 938 
 
 383 
 
 670 
 
 313 
 
 568 
 
 
 25 
 
 For Methods of Using Table See Accompanying Sheet. 
 
 ; Figured on Bagig of K fid: 
 
 
INFILTRATION 
 
 Veather Strip Deduct* 50% 
 
 HEATING AND PIPING CONTRACTORS NATIONAL ASSOCIATION 
 
 STANDARD RADIATION ESTIMATING TABLE 
 
 right 1924, by Heating and Pipin 
 
 SHOWING RADIATION REQUIRED FOR QUANTITIES INDICATED 
 
 tractors National Association. For Other Construction than that Shown Sea Heating anil Piping Contractors Nation 
 
 TEMPERATURE FACTORS 
 Room Temperature 70°=T, 
 
 Base Temperature -j-5°=;T n 
 
 Base Temp. -f-5° Equivalent to 
 Guarantee Temp, of —10 Outside 
 
 EXPOSURE FACTORS 
 N 1.20 S 1.10 
 
 NE 1.00 SW 1.25 
 
 E 1.00 W 1.25 
 
 SE 1.00 NW 1.25 
 
 3 Col 
 38" 
 St’m 
 Rad 
 
 225 
 
 GLASS 
 
 INFILTRATION 
 
 Win 
 
 or Sky Rate per Lin. Ft. 
 
 Door L, e ht 25 50 100 | 200 
 
 3 i 0 45 0 9 18 36 
 
 1 1 
 
 71.5 
 
 29.3 58.5 
 
 117 
 
 23.4 
 
 OUTSIDE 
 
 WALLS 
 
 Plain Brick 
 
 8" 12" 16" 
 
 42 32 26 
 
 Brick Fur. L. P. 
 
 12” | 16" i 8" 
 
 38 29 25 27 
 
 12" 16" 
 .23 ! 21 
 
 18.8 
 
 17.5 
 
 12" 16" 
 .48 
 
 31 2 26.61 32.5 
 
 Cone. Fur L. P. 
 
 12" 16" 
 40 34 
 
 Frame' 
 
 Sh’g 
 
 F N™ e 
 
 L. P 
 
 Sh’gle Sh’gle 
 on Sh’g 
 Sh’g L. P. 
 
 Base^Floor Interm’e Floor Ceiling j Partition 
 
 Earth Sleep. 
 
 31 13 
 
 39.0 
 
 4"Cone.L .. i 
 4 3 - Fi || Double 
 
 Cone. | , » p in | Wood |! 
 
 20 
 
 ' Fil1 WJ 
 
 »Fi„. Wood 
 
 ■ -W | Tl5~l~20' 
 
 6.5 4.87 6.5 
 
 Lath L& P Stud Stud 
 and Wo. FI. L&P L&P 
 Plas. Over 1 Side 2 Side 
 
 Thick. 
 
 ~k~ 
 
 K(Tt-To) 
 
 T 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8.25 
 16.5 
 24.7 
 33.0 
 4.82 41.2 
 
 5.77 
 
 8.65 
 
 17.3 
 
 25.9 
 
 34.6 
 
 43.2 
 
 5.7 49.5 
 
 6.72 57. 
 7.68 
 8.64 
 9 60 
 
 50.7 
 
 59.1 
 
 67.6 
 
 76.0 
 
 84.5 
 
 86.4 
 
 100 
 
 115 
 
 129 
 
 144 
 
 90.7 
 
 99 0 
 107 
 115 
 123 
 
 92.9 
 
 101 
 
 152 124 155 
 
 20 1 
 
 21.1 
 22.0 
 23 0 
 24.0 
 
 • These Items Figured on Basis of K 
 
 
 For Methods of Using Table See Accompanying Sheet. 
 
PART II. 
 
 NET SQUARE FEET RADIATION LOADS IN 
 70° FAHRENHEIT, RECOMMENDED FOR 
 LOW PRESSURE HEATING BOILERS. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ : • " .•' ! ' . ■ 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 ALLOWANCES 
 
 T HE net loads recommended for direct cast iron column 
 radiation includes allowances for heat loss of piping 
 system, morning peak load and attention factor. When 
 the actual surface, in square feet, of the piping system ex- 
 ceeds 20 per cent of the direct cast iron column radiation 
 additional allowance should be made for the extra surface. 
 
 BOILER LOADS 
 
 The net loads recommended in chart for boilers is based 
 upon the use of bituminous coal having a heat value of 12,000 
 B. T. U. for sizes up to 520 square feet net load, and 11,000 
 B. T. U. for all ratings over 520 square feet net load. When 
 the coal to be used has a heat value less than 11,000 or 12,000 
 B. T. U. the direct cast iron column radiation shall be multi¬ 
 plied by the factor corresponding to the heat value of the 
 coal used. 
 
 Factors to be used in determining boiler size where the heat value 
 of fuel is other than 12,000 B. T. U. 
 
 Heat Value of Coal 
 
 In B. T. U. Per Lb. 
 
 Factor For Net Loads 
 
 Under 520 Sq. Ft. 
 
 12,000 
 
 1.00 
 
 11,500 
 
 1.04 
 
 11,000 
 
 1.09 
 
 10,500 
 
 1.14 
 
 10,000 
 
 1.20 
 
 Factors to be used in determining boiler size when the heat value of 
 fuel is other than 11,000 B. T. U. 
 
 Heat Value of Coal 
 
 In B. T. U. Per Lb. 
 
 Factors For Net Loads 
 
 Over 520 Sq. Ft. 
 
 11,000 
 
 1.00 
 
 10,500 
 
 1.05 
 
 10,000 
 
 1.10 
 
 9,500 
 
 1.16 
 
 9,000 
 
 1.22 
 
 8,500 
 
 1.30 
 
 8,000 
 
 1.38 
 
 I. 
 
FOREWORD. 
 
 to 
 
 £ 
 
 ‘So 
 
 O 
 
 >> 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 +-> 
 
 CO 
 
 <L> 
 
 Q 
 
 i 
 
 KH 
 
 <U 
 
 bJO 
 
 aj 
 
 Pi 
 
 *> 
 
 4> 
 
 Pi 
 
 U< 
 
 £ 
 
 RULES FOR COMPUTING NET BOILER LOADS FOR 
 EQUIVALENT DIRECT CAST IRON 
 COLUMN RADIATION 
 
 Direct Cast Iron Radiation 
 
 It is assumed that Direct Cast Iron Column Radiation will 
 emit 225 B. T. U. per hour per square foot of surface for steam, 
 and 150 B. T. U. per hour per square foot of surface for water, 
 therefore all radiation must be reduced to this heat emission 
 basis. 
 
 Rule for Computing Net Boiler Loads for Other Than Cast 
 Iron Column Radiation 
 
 Reduce to equivalent cast iron column radiation by adding 
 25% to pipe coils or cast iron wall radiators on side walls and 
 direct-indirect radiation, and 50% to indirect radiation without 
 fan. 
 
 Rule for Computing Net Boiler Loads for Lower Inside 
 Temperatures Than 70° F. 
 
 If building is to be heated to less than 70° multiply the 
 equivalent net C. I. column radiation load by the following 
 factors for proper net boiler load: 
 
 
 Steam 
 
 Water 
 
 70° 
 
 1 . 
 
 1 . 
 
 65° 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.03 
 
 60° 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.07 
 
 55° 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.10 
 
 50° 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.13 
 
 45° 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.17 
 
 40° 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 Rule for Computing Boiler Size for Hot Blast Coils 
 
 For computing boiler size to be used for Hot Blast Coils use 
 manufacturer’s condensation chart and figure .375 lb. of con¬ 
 densation per hour as equivalent to one square foot of direct 
 column radiation. 
 
 Rules for Computing Boiler Size for Unit Heaters 
 
 For boiler size to be used on unit heater for recirculating air, 
 base unit heater on amount of equivalent direct radiation 
 required. 
 
 Rule for Computing Boiler Size for Heating Water for 
 Domestic Use 
 
 When water for domestic use is heated by heating boiler, by 
 means of coil in firebox or steam coil in storage tank, size of 
 
 II. 
 
. 
 
 
 
Copyright 1928, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association. 
 
 FOREWORD. 
 
 cti 
 
 .s 
 
 [bp 
 
 'u 
 
 o 
 
 >> 
 
 o 
 
 u. 
 
 4-* 
 
 XIX 
 
 0 ) 
 
 <v 
 
 bJD 
 
 boiler should be increased, figuring each gallon of water tank 
 capacity as equivalent to two square feet of steam radiation 
 or three square feet of hot water radiation. 
 
 For example, a 160-gallon tank should be figured as equiva¬ 
 lent to 320 square feet of steam radiation or 480 square feet 
 of hot water radiation. 
 
 When water for domestic use is heated by submerged 
 heater with storage tank figure each gallon tank capacity as 
 equivalent to one-half square foot of direct radiation. 
 
 For submerged heaters without storage tank, size of boiler 
 to be increased as follows: For each gallon of water to be 
 heated per hour add four square feet of direct radiation. 
 
 Rule for Computing Net C. I. Column Radiation Equivalent 
 Load for Boilers Selected from Net Load Chart 
 
 EXAMPLE— 
 
 (1) 500 sq. ft. of direct cast iron column radiation in room 
 to be heated to 70° F. 
 
 (2) 500 sq. ft. of direct cast iron column radiation in room 
 to be heated to 50° F. 
 
 (3) 500 sq. ft. of cast iron wall radiation or wall pipe coils 
 in room to be heated to 50° F. 
 
 (4) 500 sq. ft. of gravity indirect radiation. 
 
 (5) 500 sq. ft. of direct-indirect radiation. 
 
 (6) 250-gal. hot water tank. Water to be heated with 
 steam coil. 
 
 (7) 500 sq. ft. of cast iron hot blast radiation, having a 
 condensation rate of 1.92 lbs. of steam per hour per 
 sq. ft. with incoming air at —10° F. 
 
 SOLUTION— 
 
 (1) 500 sq. ft. x 1.0. 500 sq. ft. 
 
 (2) 500 sq. ft. x 1.13. 565 “ “ 
 
 (3) 500 sq. ft. x 1.25x1.13 . 707 “ “ 
 
 (4) 500 sq. ft. x 1.5. 750 “ “ 
 
 (5) 500 sq. ft. x 1.25. 625 “ “ 
 
 (6) 250 gal. x 2 . 500 “ “ 
 
 (7) (500x1.92) divided by .375.2560 “ “ 
 
 C. I. column radiation equivalent load.6207 sq. ft. 
 
 CHIMNEYS 
 
 Due to the wide variation in boiler design, the length and 
 nature of the gas passage, the nature of the fuel burned and 
 the rate of combustion all of which affects directly the draft 
 pressure required, it is recommended that the chimney sizes 
 
 III. 
 

 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
FOREWORD. 
 
 03 
 
 .5 
 
 'So 
 
 o 
 
 4-> 
 
 in 
 
 a> 
 
 <U 
 
 bD 
 
 03 
 
 & 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 given by the various manufacturers for their boilers be used 
 for both round and square sectional cast iron boilers. It is 
 advisable that chimney have approximately 25 per cent excess 
 area of smoke collar on the boiler. 
 
 A poor draft means imperfect combustion, therefore it is 
 highly important that all boilers be attached to chimneys 
 providing sufficient draft to consume with proper combustion 
 the required amount of fuel per hour. 
 
 It is also important that the chimney be so located with 
 reference to adjacent buildings or objects nearby that draft 
 will not be interfered with. 
 
 Round flues will give a better draft than a square or other 
 rectangular shape, having the same cross-sectional area. 
 Round flues are recommended where it is practical to ob¬ 
 tain them. 
 
 To secure the most satisfactory draft conditions, the area 
 and the height of a chimney must be proportioned to the 
 size and character of heating appliance attached to it and all 
 flue chimney connections made perfectly tight. 
 
 To Determine Net Loads for Boilers Having a Grate Width 
 Other Than in Tables 
 
 EXAMPLE—To find the net load for a boiler 80 inches 
 long having grate 40^4 inches wide. 
 
 SOLUTION—Table (Page 8) gives net load for boiler 80 
 inches long and grate 40 inches wide and 41 inches wide. 
 Therefore, the 40}4 inch grate width will carry one fourth 
 the difference between the net loads given in table for grates 
 40 and 41 inches in width or in this case: 
 
 Net load for boiler with a 41 inch grate and 80 
 inches long is.3993 sq. ft. 
 
 Net load for boiler with a 40 inch grate and 80 
 inches long .3870 sq. ft. 
 
 Difference . 123 sq. ft. 
 
 in net load for 1 inch of grate width for a boiler 80 inches long. 
 Therefore, J4 inch in grate width would equal one fourth of 
 123 or 30.75 sq. ft. which added to 3870 sq. ft. gives net load 
 of 3900.75 sq. ft. for a boiler 80 inches long having a grate 
 width of 40/4 inches. 
 
 To Determine Net Load for Boiler Having a Length Other 
 Than Given in Tables 
 
 EXAMPLE—To find the net load for a boiler having a 
 length 81 inches and grate width of 40 inches. 
 
 IV. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FOREWORD. 
 
 SOLUTION—Table (Page 8) gives net loads for boilers 
 having lengths of 80 and 82 inches with grate width of 40 
 inches. Therefore, the boiler 81 inches in length will carry 
 one half the difference between the net loads given in the 
 table for the 80 inch length and 82 inch length or in this case: 
 
 Net load for boiler 82 inches long and 40 inch grate 
 
 is .3997 sq. ft. 
 
 Net load for boiler 80 inches long and 40 inch grate 
 is .3870 sq. ft. 
 
 Difference . 127 sq. ft. 
 
 for 2 inches in boiler length. Therefore, 1 inch in length 
 would equal one half of 127 sq. ft. or 63.5 sq. ft., which added 
 to 3870 sq. ft. gives a net load of 3933.5 sq. ft. for a boiler 81 
 inches long having a grate width of 40 inches. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 It is recommended that no boiler be installed having a 
 grate longer than 72 inches. 
 
 Also that in all installations of steam boiler that drain 
 valves be placed on the returns and that the condensation 
 from such returns be discharged into the sewer for a period 
 of from three days to one week after starting fire, thereby 
 clearing system of grease and dirt. At the end of this period 
 boiler should be thoroughly washed and blown out. 
 
 V. 
 
' 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
t» 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HI * 1 Mg C 
 
 
 
 
 
Past U. 
 
m 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 Issued July 1928 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Revised November, 1928 
 
 
 
 
 HEATING AND PIPING CONTRACTORS NATIONAL ASSOCIATION 
 
 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 
 
 
 For Straight Draft or Smokeless Type Cast I 
 
 ron Square Boilers 
 
 Grate length for all boilers is based on 
 
 entire inside length not exceeding 72 inches 
 
 
 Copyrighted 1928 by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NET SQ. FT. RADIATION LOADS IN 70° FAHRENHEIT 
 
 Boiler Length is 
 Between Outside 
 Face of Front and 
 
 GRATE WIDTH 
 
 GRATE WIDTH 
 
 GRATE WIDTH 
 
 GRATE WIDTH 
 
 14" 
 
 15" 
 
 16" 
 
 17" 
 
 Rear Sections 
 
 Steam 
 
 Water 
 
 Steam 
 
 Water 
 
 Steam 
 
 Water 
 
 Steam 
 
 Water 
 
 16 
 
 140 
 
 210 
 
 145 
 
 218 
 
 150 
 
 225 
 
 155 
 
 232 
 
 18 
 
 166 
 
 249 
 
 173 
 
 260 
 
 180 
 
 270 
 
 187 
 
 280 
 
 20 
 
 192 
 
 288 
 
 201 
 
 302 
 
 210 
 
 315 
 
 219 
 
 328 
 
 22 
 
 218 
 
 327 
 
 229 
 
 344 
 
 240 
 
 360 
 
 251 
 
 376 
 
 24 
 
 244 
 
 366 
 
 257 
 
 385 
 
 270 
 
 405 
 
 283 
 
 424 
 
 26 
 
 270 
 
 405 
 
 285 
 
 428 
 
 300 
 
 450 
 
 315 
 
 472 
 
 28 
 
 296 
 
 444 
 
 313 
 
 470 
 
 330 
 
 495 
 
 347 
 
 520 
 
 30 
 
 322 
 
 483 
 
 341 
 
 511 
 
 360 
 
 540 
 
 379 
 
 569 
 
 32 
 
 350 
 
 525 
 
 371 
 
 556 
 
 392 
 
 588 
 
 413 
 
 620 
 
 34 
 
 378 
 
 566 
 
 401 
 
 602 
 
 424 
 
 636 
 
 447 
 
 670 
 
 36 
 
 406 
 
 609 
 
 431 
 
 646 
 
 456 
 
 685 
 
 481 
 
 722 
 
 38 
 
 434 
 
 650 
 
 461 
 
 692 
 
 488 
 
 732 
 
 515 
 
 773 
 
 40 
 
 462 
 
 694 
 
 491 
 
 737 
 
 520 
 
 780 
 
 550 
 
 825 
 
 42 
 
 490 
 
 735 
 
 521 
 
 782 
 
 553 
 
 830 
 
 585 
 
 878 
 
 44 
 
 518 
 
 778 
 
 552 
 
 829 
 
 586 
 
 880 
 
 620 
 
 930 
 
 46 
 
 547 
 
 820 
 
 583 
 
 875 
 
 619 
 
 929 
 
 655 
 
 983 
 
 48 
 
 576 
 
 865 
 
 614 
 
 920 
 
 652 
 
 980 
 
 690 
 
 1035 
 
 50 
 
 605 
 
 908 
 
 645 
 
 968 
 
 685 
 
 1030 
 
 725 
 
 1090 
 
 52 
 
 631 
 
 946 
 
 675 
 
 1010 
 
 719 
 
 1080 
 
 763 
 
 1145 
 
 54 
 
 657 
 
 985 
 
 705 
 
 1060 
 
 753 
 
 1130 
 
 801 
 
 1200 
 
 56 
 
 683 
 
 1025 
 
 735 
 
 1100 
 
 787 
 
 1180 
 
 839 
 
 1260 
 
 58 
 
 709 
 
 1060 
 
 765 
 
 1150 
 
 821 
 
 1230 
 
 877 
 
 1320 
 
 60 
 
 735 
 
 1100 
 
 795 
 
 1190 
 
 855 
 
 1280 
 
 915 
 
 1370 
 
 62 
 
 761 
 
 1140 
 
 825 
 
 1240 
 
 889 
 
 1330 
 
 953 
 
 1430 
 
 64 
 
 787 
 
 1180 
 
 855 
 
 1280 
 
 923 
 
 1380 
 
 991 
 
 1490 
 
 66 
 
 813 
 
 1120 
 
 885 
 
 1330 
 
 957 
 
 1440 
 
 1029 
 
 1540 
 
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 4815 
 
 86 
 
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 88 
 
 2907 
 
 4360 
 
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 4800 
 
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 5025 
 
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 4640 
 
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 5107 
 
 92 
 
 3000 
 
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 3462 
 
 5193 
 
 94 
 
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 4780 
 
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Boiler Length is 
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 Rear Sections 
 
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Boiler Length is 
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 Part II. 
 
 13 
 

 PART III 
 PIPE SIZES 
 
( 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 On Pipe Sizes for Steam Heating Systems 
 and Hot Water Systems 
 
 T HE selection of proper pipe sizes for steam heating systems has 
 been a perplexing problem to heating engineers and contractors 
 for some years. No uniformity of practice is discernible and of 
 the numerous tables available to the industry many indefinite and 
 variable factors have entered into the calculations with the result 
 that a concerted effort has been made by committees of the Heat¬ 
 ing and Piping Contractors National Association and the 
 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers to study 
 the subject on a scientific basis. 
 
 For several years the American Society of Heating and Venti¬ 
 lating Engineers Laboratory has been investigating the flow of 
 steam in pipes and the capacity of pipes for steam heating work 
 with the result that the reports of its Technical Advisory Commit¬ 
 tee on Pipe Sizes have been used by the Heating and Piping 
 Contractors National Association Committee on Standardi¬ 
 zation and the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engi¬ 
 neers Guide Committee in the compilation of Standard Tables for 
 Pipe Sizes of Steam Heating Systems. 
 
 Where data have not been available from research work as in 
 the case of dry returns, standard formulae have been applied so that 
 the user of these tables may feel confident that the values given 
 may be applied with safety. 
 
 The information resulting from the cooperative effort of these 
 two organizations it is anticipated will provide engineers and con¬ 
 tractors with a standard method for selecting pipe sizes for steam 
 heating systems, that will result in the design of plants that are 
 scientifically correct. 
 
 STEAM HEATING PIPE SIZES 
 
 The principal factors upon which the determination of pipe 
 sizes for steam heating depends are: 
 
 Part III 
 
 I 
 

 : ,.V.- 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
 
 - ' : 
 
 ■ ■ •• 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 1. The equivalent length of the run from the boiler, or source of 
 steam supply, to the farthest radiator. 
 
 2. The total pressure drop, which may be allowed, between the 
 source of supply and the end of the return system. 
 
 3. The maximum velocity of steam allowable for quiet and depend¬ 
 able operation of the system. 
 
 4. Unusual conditions in the building to be heated. 
 
 LENGTH OF RUN 
 
 The length of run must not only include the actual linear feet 
 of straight pipe, but also the proper allowance for fittings, valves 
 friction and other items which cause drop in pressure. (See 
 Table 3). 
 
 PRESSURE DROP 
 
 There are, theoretically, several factors to be considered, includ¬ 
 ing: the initial pressure, the pressure required at the end of the 
 line, fluctuations in the initial pressure, the distance between the 
 low point of steam main and dry return and the water line of the 
 boiler (where the condensation is to be returned by gravity), and 
 any extra load on the system during heating-up periods. 
 
 With a high initial pressure it is theoretically possible to allow 
 much greater drops in pressure if there is sufficient distance be¬ 
 tween the low point of steam main and dry return and the water 
 line of the boiler. In attempting any very great drop in pressure, 
 the following practical difficulties present themselves: 
 
 1. If the system is designed to secure the same drop in pressure for each 
 unit of radiation (including those nearest, as well as those farthest from 
 the source of supply) the velocity necessary to equalize these drops in the 
 shorter runs will be so high that serious trouble will be encountered from 
 noise and the entrainment of the condensate. 
 
 2. If the system is so designed as not to equalize these pressures, the 
 condensate returning from radiators near the source of supply will be at 
 a correspondingly higher temperature than that from radiators farthest 
 from the source of supply, thus causing re-evaporation and pressures in 
 the return system with consequent backing-up from one radiator to an¬ 
 other, the holding-up of the return and the filling of the return lines, 
 with too large a percentage of steam instead of condensate. 
 
 It has been found, that while it may be theoretically possible to 
 design a system for relatively large pressure drops, it is generally 
 more satisfactory to design heating systems on the basis of a low 
 initial pressure and reasonably low total drops in pressure. The 
 matter of fluctuations in pressure should be taken into considera¬ 
 tion wherever the steam is to be supplied directly from the boiler, 
 to the radiators at boiler pressure and the system should be de¬ 
 signed to operate properly with the lowest pressure under which 
 the boiler may operate. 
 
 Part III 
 
 II 
 

 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ . > 1 ‘ i- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 In the matter of initial pressure and return of condensation it is 
 undoubtedly true that with a constant initial pressure (such as is 
 produced by a high pressure supply by means of a pressure reduc¬ 
 ing valve, or from the boiler direct where the pressure is main¬ 
 tained constant), somewhat higher drops in pressure and corre¬ 
 spondingly smaller pipe may be successfully used. It is also 
 undoubtedly true that, with mechanical circulation where a constant 
 vacuum is maintained, fluctuations in initial pressure and the 
 difficulties from high velocities are reduced, so that the pressure 
 drops may be higher and the pipe sizes smaller. 
 
 MAXIMUM VELOCITY 
 
 The capacity of pipe of a given size in any part of a steam or 
 vapor heating system depends on water of condensation present in, 
 as well as upon the available pressure drop through the pipe. 
 Where no water is present or where a limited quantity flows by 
 gravity in the same direction as the steam the available pressure 
 drop only need be considered. 
 
 Where water and steam flow counter to each other the velocity 
 of the steam must not exceed certain values above which dis¬ 
 turbance between the counter flowing steam and water may pro¬ 
 duce objectionable sounds, water hammer, or store water in some 
 parts of the system. The velocity at which such disturbance takes 
 place depends upon the size of the pipe, its location (whether 
 vertical or horizontal), its pitch and the quantity of water flowing 
 
 counter to the steam. *. 
 
 * 
 
 UNUSUAL CONDITIONS 
 
 Under this heading are the character and class of the building, 
 the periodicity of use and the degree of normal temperature to be 
 attained at the beginning of each period of use. 
 
 In public buildings, schools, offices, places of assemblage, and 
 such buildings (where the occupants are normally at rest) the 
 building should be heated to its required temperature at the be¬ 
 ginning of each period of use. In some buildings (especially of¬ 
 fices, schools and public buildings), the time between heating 
 periods is relatively short; whereas in others (such as churches, 
 theaters and places of assemblage), these periods are comparatively 
 long. In other buildings, where the occupants are moving about, 
 it is not always necessary for the building to be heated to the 
 required temperature at the beginning of its period of use. In 
 all cases heat given off by machinery, occupants and illumination, 
 also the heat absorbed by the contents of the building should be 
 taken into account. 
 
 Part III 
 
 III 
 

 .»ri i v t 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 All of the pipe sizes on supply and returns are directly and 
 materially affected by reaming or lack of reaming, by sharp turns, 
 elbows and unnecessary fittings and by those various other things 
 which enter into the installation of heating work. However, for 
 the average condition of installation, as practiced today, these 
 figures are apparently safe. 
 
 GENERAL DATA ON PIPE SIZE TABLES 
 
 The following Tables 1-13 have been compiled for use in de¬ 
 signing all type steam heating systems, and may be used, by those 
 experienced in the industry, with satisfactory results. The follow¬ 
 ing general principles should be followed: 
 
 1. The initial pressure should not exceed 16 oz. gage. 
 
 2. It is recommended that the drop in pressure in the mains and riser 
 to the farthest radiator should not exceed 1 oz. per 100 ft. of straight 
 pipe or its equivalent length, with a lower rate of drop for systems with 
 long runs. 
 
 3. In small installations, such as residences, where the longest actual 
 run is seldom over 200 ft. and where the firing periods extend over several 
 hours, resulting in boiler pressure, fluctuating from zero to about 1 lb., 
 the total pressure drop should not exceed 2 oz. for gravity systems. In 
 large buildings, where boilers are under the constant care of a fireman 
 and a uniform pressure is maintained, and where the water line difference 
 will permit, the total drop in pressure may range from 3 to 8 oz. depending 
 upon the equivalent length of the longest run. 
 
 4. The total allowable drop in pressure depends upon (a) the water 
 line difference, ( b ) the equivalent length of main and riser from the boiler 
 to the farthest radiator, and (c) the regularity of the pressure maintained 
 at the boiler or source of steam supply. 
 
 5. The water line difference or distance between the water line of the 
 boiler and the low point of steam main and dry return main should be not 
 less than 24 in., because of the heavy drop in pressure from condensation 
 in heating up a cold system. This difference should be increased 2 in. 
 for every ounce pressure drop in the system. If the total pressure drop 
 were 6 oz., the water line difference should be 6 X 2 + 24 or 36 in. 
 
 6. There should be a nearly uniform drop in pressure between the 
 source of steam supply and the farthest radiator on every riser. Care 
 should be taken however, to see that the maximum allowable velocity for 
 smooth operation is not exceeded. 
 
 7. In using this method of proportioning a system, care must be ex¬ 
 ercised to see that no pipe carrying condensate counter to the steam, is 
 loaded to a capacity above the maximum for the particular part of a 
 system in question as shown in Tables 5 to 13. 
 
 Part III 
 
 IV 
 
, 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
TYPICAL LAYOUTS 
 
 0 - 7 VJE PIPE STEAM SYSTEM 
 
 In. AIR 
 K r VALVE 
 
 € CM 
 
 CHECK VALVE 
 
 J** RISER NOT 
 DRIPPED 
 
 m 
 
 BOILER 
 
 
 ■* F ‘ .— 
 
 *'* <cv 
 
 RISER DRIPPED 
 
 hm/* 
 
 valve 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 i- rxA - 
 
 
 
 
 T‘ 
 
 AIR 
 
 VALVE 
 
 I I ^WET DRIP 1 ^_____ 
 
 TWO PIPE STEAM SYSTEM 
 
 Part III 
 
 V 
 
TYPICAL LAYOUTS 
 
 RETURN HEADER 
 
 vapor system 
 
 rumps 
 
 VACUUM SYSTEM 
 
 Part III 
 
 VI 
 

 c 
 
Description of Pipe Size Tables 
 
 T ABLE 1 gives the numerical value of the four factors of the 
 Babcock formula for various sizes and lengths of pipe and va¬ 
 rious initial pressures and pressure drops. 
 
 Table 2 is a basic table giving the theoretical capacities of pipe 
 in square feet of direct cast iron radiation (Based on Y± lb. steam 
 per hour per square foot) and the resulting velocity in feet per 
 second for various pressure drops in ounces per 100 ft. length of 
 pipe or equivalent length and with an initial steam pressure of 1 lb. 
 gage. 
 
 Table 3 gives the length of pipe in feet to be added to actual 
 length of run to obtain equivalent length. 
 
 Table 4 gives constant for calculating the capacity of pipe for 
 steam at initial pressure other than 1 lb. when the capacity at 1 lb. 
 pressure is known; also the constant for calculating capacity of 
 pipe of length other than 100 ft. when capacity of 100 ft. length 
 is known. 
 
 Table 5 is a pipe sizing table for small one-pipe gravity low-pres¬ 
 sure steam heating systems. This table was designed to meet the 
 requirements of those laying out small systems where the equiva¬ 
 lent length of run from the boiler or pressure reducing valve to 
 the farthest radiator is no greater than 200 ft. 
 
 Table 6 is for small two-pipe systems, and is similar to Table 5. 
 It gives values for parts of a two-pipe system. 
 
 Table 7 is a similar table for small vapor systems. 
 
 Tables 8 and 9 were designed for larger one and two-pipe low- 
 pressure gravity steam heating systems, respectively. 
 
 Tables 10 and 11 are for sizing pipe for vapor systems where 
 the equivalent length of run exceeds 200 ft. Table 10 is for sys¬ 
 tems up to 400 ft. equivalent length and is based upon a total pres¬ 
 sure drop of 2 oz. from the source of steam supply to the farthest 
 radiator. Table 11 is for larger systems where the equivalent 
 length of run from the boiler or source of steam supply does not 
 exceed 600 ft. It is based upon a total pressure drop of 4 oz. 
 
 Table 12 is a pipe sizing table for small vacuum pump systems 
 where the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of 
 steam supply to the farthest radiator ranges from 100 to 600 ft. 
 The table is based upon a total pressure drop in the entire equiva¬ 
 lent length from steam supply to farthest radiator of 4 oz. 
 
 Table 13 is similar to Table 12 and is for larger systems where 
 the equivalent length of run ranges up to 1200 ft. It is based on 
 a total pressure drop of 8 oz. in the entire equivalent length. 
 
 1 
 

 
FLOW OF STEAM IN PIPES 
 
 Table 1. 
 
 /7o>y of Sfear /77 7n P//oes 
 
 P- L oss /// Ppssso&e /// L os 
 
 c/~ 7//s/oe D/a Merer or P/Pr av toc/ics 9V m 07.0 1 PDd r 
 
 l—Le/vcrst or P/pe //v Poor V/7 * 36J L 
 
 D-Wo/c/ir or / Cu Pr opS/sam V( d / 
 
 tY-L bs or SrsAM per M/a/ 
 
 P-0.000/32 f/ r J 6 J ** * L 
 ( d/ Dd s 
 
 Pp/SSvp. 
 Loss /<v 
 Oes. 
 
 r Co/ / 
 
 P/pe S/ee 
 
 Zz/rrp/vAi 
 4 psa or 
 P/pe 
 
 So, /a/3 
 
 < 
 
 Co/ 2 
 
 SrsAPt 
 Press, 
 or Caca 
 
 Co/ 3 
 
 / rA/or// 
 or P/re 
 //v Pssr 
 
 Co/. 4 
 
 
 A/om/A/A/ 
 
 8cfUAL 
 
 /rrePKAi 
 
 0/AAtcrzA 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 070 r/T 
 
 l/OO 
 
 7*36 
 
 d 
 
 w 
 
 O 2P 
 
 7033 
 
 / 
 
 7049 
 
 0364 
 
 0 536 
 
 * 
 
 -70 
 
 0/07 
 
 2o 
 
 2 24o 
 
 O SO 
 
 7.333 
 
 7i 
 
 7330 
 
 /4?6 
 
 7/73 
 
 * 
 
 -o.s 
 
 0.770 
 
 40 
 
 7400 
 
 7.00 
 
 2774 
 
 /i 
 
 76/0 
 
 2036 
 
 7323 
 
 oo 
 
 0/93 
 
 60 
 
 / 290 
 
 z 
 
 3 076 
 
 2 
 
 2 067 
 
 J346 
 
 37/0 
 
 03 
 
 07 74 
 
 30 
 
 7/20 
 
 3 
 
 3 767 
 
 2i 
 
 2467 
 
 4733 
 
 6709 
 
 73 
 
 0.20/ 
 
 700 
 
 7000 
 
 4 
 
 4330 
 
 3 
 
 3063 
 
 7373 
 
 7/733 
 
 2 3 
 
 O 207 
 
 720 
 
 0 9/2 
 
 J- 
 
 4 363 
 
 3i 
 
 3.S4& 
 
 9337 
 
 76705 
 
 S3 
 
 0223 
 
 740 
 
 0 84/ 
 
 6 
 
 3323 
 
 4 
 
 4026 
 
 72730 
 
 2363/ 
 
 70 3 
 
 0.243 
 
 760 
 
 0793 
 
 7 
 
 4744 
 
 4i 
 
 4.406 
 
 74 947 
 
 32/34 
 
 743 
 
 0.270 
 
 780 
 
 0.74/ 
 
 3 
 
 6/42 
 
 4 
 
 4047 
 
 2 o 006 
 
 43 7/9 
 
 20 3 
 
 O 290 
 
 200 
 
 O. 7/0 
 
 /o 
 
 (■ /73 
 
 6 
 
 6 063 
 
 23S&6 
 
 77762 
 
 303 
 
 0 326 
 
 240 
 
 O 632 
 
 72 
 
 7434 
 
 7 
 
 7023 
 
 33 743 
 
 706276 
 
 40.3 
 
 0.343 
 
 300 
 
 0.473 
 
 /4 
 
 3/3 G 
 
 6 
 
 773/ 
 
 SO 02 7 
 
 747.382 
 
 SO 3 
 
 0383 
 
 340 
 
 0.436 
 
 /6 
 
 3.7oo 
 
 9 
 
 3. 74/ 
 
 62736 
 
 20/833 
 
 603 
 
 0.4/S 
 
 400 
 
 O 400 
 
 20 
 
 7727 
 
 /0 
 
 70 020 
 
 78 654 
 
 272492 
 
 743 
 
 0.442 
 
 440 
 
 0477 
 
 24 
 
 70 644 
 
 /2 
 
 72000 
 
 7/3.073 
 
 437403 
 
 700.3 
 
 0 So 7 
 
 400 
 
 0 447 
 
 23 
 
 //SO? 
 
 /4 
 
 73 230 
 
 737330 
 
 466.673 
 
 7243 
 
 0447 
 
 6oo 
 
 0 407 
 
 32 
 
 72 304 
 
 76 
 
 74250 
 
 732.645 
 
 3/6 872 
 
 7403 
 
 O 603 
 
 700 
 
 0 373 
 
 40 
 
 73746 
 
 
 
 
 
 /7S3 
 
 0.644 
 
 600 
 
 0.344 
 
 43 
 
 74069 
 
 
 
 
 
 200.3 
 
 O 60S 
 
 900 
 
 0 333 
 
 3o 
 
 79.444 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /OOO 
 
 0.3/6 
 
 760 
 
 274/2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7200 
 
 0.239 
 
 320 
 
 33 ?o8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /soo 
 
 02S3 
 
 ABO 
 
 47642 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2000 
 
 0.224 
 
 "‘1 lb. per sq. in. gage — 2.04 in. Vacuum, Mercury Column. 
 
 2 
 
. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 - . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2. Pressure Loss, Capacity in Square Feet of Equivalent Radiation and Velocity Relationship Based 
 on Table 1, for Various Pressure Drops with 1 Lb. Initial Steam Pressure. 
 
 
 PIPE SIZE 
 
 Pressure Loss in 
 
 r 
 
 Wi." 
 
 1M' 
 
 2" 
 
 2 W 
 
 i’ 
 
 3' A ’ 
 
 per 100 Ft. 
 
 Sq. Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq. Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq.Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq.Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq.Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq. Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq. Ft. 
 
 Velocit' 
 
 Ftper 
 
 l A 
 
 28 
 
 7.5 
 
 61 
 
 9 
 
 95 
 
 n 
 
 193 
 
 14 
 
 318 
 
 17 
 
 581 
 
 21 
 
 869 
 
 23 
 
 A 
 
 39 
 
 12 
 
 87 
 
 15 
 
 134 
 
 17 
 
 273 
 
 21 
 
 449 
 
 24 
 
 822 
 
 30 
 
 1228 
 
 33 
 
 l 
 
 56 
 
 17 
 
 122 
 
 21 
 
 190 
 
 24 
 
 386 
 
 31 
 
 635 
 
 36 
 
 1163 
 
 42 
 
 1737 
 
 47 
 
 2 
 
 79 
 
 25 
 
 173 
 
 30 
 
 269 
 
 34 
 
 546 
 
 43 
 
 898 
 
 50 
 
 1645 
 
 60 
 
 2457 
 
 68 
 
 3 
 
 96 
 
 28 
 
 212 
 
 38 
 
 329 
 
 42 
 
 668 
 
 53 
 
 1100 
 
 62 
 
 2014 
 
 74 
 
 3009 
 
 84 
 
 4 
 
 111 
 
 35 
 
 245 
 
 43 
 
 380 
 
 49 
 
 771 
 
 62 
 
 1270 
 
 72 
 
 2326 
 
 85 
 
 3474 
 
 97 
 
 5 
 
 124 
 
 37 
 
 274 
 
 47 
 
 425 
 
 55 
 
 863 
 
 69 
 
 1421 
 
 80 
 
 2600 
 
 95 
 
 3884 
 
 109 
 
 6 
 
 136 
 
 40 
 
 300 
 
 52 
 
 466 
 
 59 
 
 945 
 
 77 
 
 1556 
 
 88 
 
 2848 
 
 105 
 
 4255 
 
 118 
 
 7 
 
 147 
 
 43 
 
 324 
 
 56 
 
 503 
 
 66 
 
 1020 
 
 83 
 
 1681 
 
 95 
 
 3077 
 
 113 
 
 4596 
 
 128 
 
 8 
 
 157 
 
 47 
 
 346 
 
 61 
 
 538 
 
 70 
 
 1091 
 
 89 
 
 1797 
 
 102 
 
 3289 
 
 122 
 
 4913 
 
 136 
 
 10 
 
 176 
 
 52 
 
 387 
 
 68 
 
 601 
 
 79 
 
 1220 
 
 99 
 
 2009 
 
 114 
 
 3677 
 
 135 
 
 5493 
 
 151 
 
 12 
 
 192 
 
 58 
 
 424 
 
 74 
 
 659 
 
 87 
 
 1336 
 
 109 
 
 2201 
 
 125 
 
 4028 
 
 148 
 
 6017 
 
 167 
 
 14 
 
 208 
 
 63 
 
 458 
 
 80 
 
 711 
 
 94 
 
 1443 
 
 118 
 
 2377 
 
 134 
 
 4351 
 
 164 
 
 6500 
 
 180 
 
 16 
 
 223 
 
 70 
 
 490 
 
 86 
 
 760 
 
 100 
 
 1543 
 
 126 
 
 2541 
 
 144 
 
 4651 
 
 175 
 
 6948 
 
 192 
 
 20 
 
 249 
 
 75 
 
 548 
 
 96 
 
 850 
 
 112 
 
 1806 
 
 148 
 
 2841 
 
 161 
 
 5200 
 
 196 
 
 7768 
 
 215 
 
 24 
 
 273 
 
 82 
 
 600 
 
 106 
 
 931 
 
 124 
 
 1890 
 
 154 
 
 3113 
 
 177 
 
 5697 
 
 215 
 
 8510 
 
 238 
 
 
 
 PIPE SIZE 
 
 Pressure Loss in 
 Ounces 
 
 4' 
 
 5* 
 
 6' 
 
 8" 
 
 10* 
 
 12* 
 
 16* 
 
 per 100 Ft. 
 
 Sq.Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq.Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq.Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 Ft. per 
 
 Sq. Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq.Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq.Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 Sq. Ft. 
 
 Velocity 
 Ft. per 
 Second 
 
 l A 
 
 1229 
 
 26 
 
 2273 
 
 29 
 
 3731 
 
 35 
 
 7766 
 
 42 
 
 14,172 
 
 48 
 
 22,746 
 
 52 
 
 42,470 
 
 62 
 
 Vi 
 
 1738 
 
 37 
 
 3214 
 
 41 
 
 5276 
 
 49 
 
 10,983 
 
 60 
 
 20,043 
 
 72 
 
 32,168 
 
 76 
 
 60,061 
 
 88 
 
 1 
 
 2457 
 
 52 
 
 4546 
 
 49 
 
 7462 
 
 70 
 
 15,533 
 
 86 
 
 28,345 
 
 100 
 
 45,492 
 
 108 
 
 84,940 
 
 125 
 
 2 
 
 3475 
 
 74 
 
 6429 
 
 84 
 
 10,553 
 
 94 
 
 21,967 
 
 112 
 
 40,085 
 
 140 
 
 64,336 
 
 152 
 
 121,012 
 
 180 
 
 3 
 
 4256 
 
 91 
 
 7874 
 
 104 
 
 12,924 
 
 121 
 
 26,904 
 
 144 
 
 49,094 
 
 172 
 
 78,795 
 
 184 
 
 147,120 
 
 220 
 
 4 
 
 4914 
 
 105 
 
 9092 
 
 121 
 
 14,924 
 
 139 
 
 31,066 
 
 164 
 
 56,689 
 
 192 
 
 90,985 
 
 212 
 
 169,879 
 
 252 
 
 S 
 
 5494 
 
 118 
 
 10,165 
 
 135 
 
 16,685 
 
 156 
 
 34,733 
 
 184 
 
 63,380 
 
 224 
 
 101,724 
 
 240 
 
 189,937 
 
 280 
 
 6 
 
 6019 
 
 128 
 
 11,135 
 
 148 
 
 18,278 
 
 168 
 
 38,048 
 
 204 
 
 69,430 
 
 244 
 
 111,433 
 
 264 
 
 208,059 
 
 308 
 
 7 
 
 6501 
 
 139 
 
 12,027 
 
 160 
 
 19,742 
 
 174 
 
 41,096 
 
 220 
 
 74,993 
 
 264 
 
 120,361 
 
 288 
 
 224,729 
 
 336 
 
 8 
 
 6950 
 
 148 
 
 12,858 
 
 172 
 
 21,105 
 
 196 
 
 43,934 
 
 234 
 
 80,171 
 
 284 
 
 128,672 
 
 304 
 
 240,245 
 
 356 
 
 10 
 
 7770 
 
 166 
 
 14,376 
 
 193 
 
 23,597 
 
 216 
 
 49,120 
 
 268 
 
 89,633 
 
 312 
 
 143,860 
 
 340 
 
 268,603 
 
 400 
 
 12 
 
 8512 
 
 182 
 
 15,748 
 
 212 
 
 25,849 
 
 232 
 
 53,808 
 
 288 
 
 98,188 
 
 344 
 
 157,590 
 
 372 
 
 294,236 
 
 436 
 
 14 
 
 9194 
 
 196 
 
 17,009 
 
 224 
 
 27,920 
 
 260 
 
 58,120 
 
 316 
 
 106,056 
 
 372 
 
 170,217 
 
 404 
 
 317,815 
 
 474 
 
 16 
 
 9829 
 
 211 
 
 18,184 
 
 234 
 
 29,848 
 
 276 
 
 62,132 
 
 340 
 
 113,378 
 
 394 
 
 181,969 
 
 428 
 
 339,758 
 
 508 
 
 .20 
 
 10,989 
 
 235 
 
 20,331 
 
 260 
 
 33,371 
 
 316 
 
 69,466 
 
 380 
 
 126,768 
 
 444 
 
 203,448 
 
 480 
 
 379,861 
 
 568 
 
 24 
 
 12,038 
 
 249 
 
 22,270 
 
 280 
 
 36,556 
 
 332 
 
 76,096 
 
 412 
 
 138,859 
 
 484 
 
 222,866 
 
 520 
 
 416,117 
 
 624 
 
 Note 1 .—Capacities based on % lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation—steam and condensation flowing in same direction—actual 
 diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 2 .—For capacity of pipe with a given pressure drop, in a length other than 100 ft., multiply the capacity in this table for the given pressure 
 per 100 ft. drop by the factor tor required length, Column B, Table 4. 
 
 Note 3 .—For capacity with initial pressures other than 1 lb., multiply capacity given in this table by factor for the required initial pressure. 
 Column 2, Table 4. 
 
 Note 4 .—To determine pressure loss with a given capacity for other lengths of pipe than 100 ft., multiply pressure loss given in this table for 
 the given capacity by the required length of pipe and divide by 100. 
 
 Note 5.—Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 3.) 
 
 CAPACITIES AND VELOCITIES 
 
CONVERSION DATA 
 
 Table 3. Length in Feet of Pipe to be Added to Actual Length of 
 Run to Obtain Equivalent Length 
 
 Size op Pipe 
 
 St d. Elbow 
 
 Side Outlet 
 Tee 
 
 Gate Valve 
 
 Globe Valve 
 
 Angle Valve 
 
 Length in Feet to be Added in Run , 
 
 2' 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 2M' 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 3* 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 16 
 
 3X' 
 
 12 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 19 
 
 4' 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 22 
 
 5' 
 
 18 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 57 
 
 28 
 
 6' 
 
 22 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 70 
 
 32 
 
 7' 
 
 26 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 82 
 
 37 
 
 8* 
 
 31 
 
 63 
 
 12 
 
 94 
 
 42 
 
 9" 
 
 35 
 
 69 
 
 13 
 
 105 
 
 47 
 
 10' 
 
 39 
 
 76 
 
 15 
 
 118 
 
 62 
 
 12' 
 
 47 
 
 90 
 
 18 
 
 140 
 
 63 
 
 14' 
 
 53 
 
 105 
 
 20 
 
 160 
 
 72 
 
 MEASURED LENGTH. * m’rO" 
 
 Example of length in h-*-. 
 
 feet of pipe to be added ¥ 1 ■—V ^omLENriSNSm - 193 -0 
 
 to actual length of run. | ~ , l-.—J 
 
 Table 4. Constants for Various Lengths 
 VARIOUS INITIAL PRESSURES 
 
 8team Pressure 
 Gage 
 
 Lb. 
 
 Constant bt Which to Multiple 
 Capacitt or ant Pipe for 1 Lb. 
 Gaoe Steam Pressure to Obtun 
 Capacitt or Same Pipe tor Pres¬ 
 sure in Cot. 1 
 
 Length or 
 Pipe 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Constant bt Which to Multiple 
 Capacitt or J00 Ft. Pipe to Obtain 
 Capacitt or Same Sized Piph With 
 Same Pressure, and LENara as 
 Given in Col. A 
 
 CoL 1 
 
 CoL 2 
 
 CoL A 
 
 CoLB 
 
 0 
 
 0.92 
 
 20 
 
 2.240 
 
 1 
 
 1.00 
 
 40 
 
 1.580 
 
 2 
 
 1.03 
 
 60 
 
 1.290 
 
 5 
 
 1.11 
 
 80 
 
 1.120 
 
 10 
 
 1.24 
 
 100 
 
 1.000 
 
 15 
 
 1.35 
 
 120 
 
 0.912 
 
 20 
 
 1.45 
 
 140 
 
 0.841 
 
 30 
 
 1.63 
 
 160 
 
 0.793 
 
 40 
 
 1.79 
 
 180 
 
 0.741 
 
 50 
 
 1.94 
 
 200 
 
 0710 
 
 60 
 
 2.08 v 
 
 250 
 
 0.632 
 
 75 
 
 2.26 
 
 300 
 
 0.578 
 
 100 
 
 2.54 
 
 350 
 
 0.538 
 
 125 
 
 2.79 
 
 400 
 
 0.500 
 
 150 
 
 3.02 
 
 450 
 
 0.477 
 
 175 
 
 3.23 
 
 500 
 
 0.447 
 
 200 
 
 3.44 
 
 600 
 
 0.407 
 
 ... 
 
 
 700 
 
 0.378 
 
 
 
 800 
 
 0.354 
 
 
 
 900 
 
 0.333 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1000 
 
 0.316 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1400 
 
 0.267 
 
 4 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' ■ 'CAT ' ') ; .$* ■ ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
ONE-PIPE STEAM SYSTEM 
 
 Table 5. Pipe Sizes for One-Pipe, Gravity, Low-Pressure Steam 
 Heating System, where Equivalent Length of Run from 
 Boiler or Source of Supply to the Farthest Radiator 
 does not exceed 200 ft. 
 
 Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Inches 
 
 Supply Main Dripped 
 AND Branches to 
 Risers Dripped 
 
 Steam and Condensate 
 flowing in the same 
 direction. 
 
 Supply 
 
 Risers 
 
 I'p-Fced 
 
 Branches to 
 Supply Risers and 
 Radiators 
 
 Not Dripped 
 
 Wet 
 
 Return 
 
 Main 
 
 Dry 
 
 Return 
 
 Main 
 
 Radiator 
 Valve Sizes 
 and 
 
 Vertical 
 
 Connections 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D* 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 56 
 
 45 
 
 20 
 
 700 
 
 320 
 
 20 
 
 V / 4 
 
 122 
 
 98 
 
 55 
 
 1200 
 
 670- 
 
 55 
 
 l'A 
 
 190 
 
 152 
 
 ,81 
 
 1900 
 
 1058 
 
 v 81 
 
 2 
 
 386 
 
 288 
 
 165 
 
 4000 
 
 2300 
 
 165 
 
 2 M 
 
 635- 
 
 464 
 
 260 
 
 6700 
 
 3800 
 
 
 3 
 
 1163 
 
 799 
 
 475 
 
 10,700 
 
 7000 
 
 
 i'A 
 
 1737 
 
 1144 
 
 745 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 4 
 
 2457 
 
 1520 
 
 1110 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4546 
 
 
 2180 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7462 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 -- 
 
 r 's Not to be Re- 
 
 Copyright J Heating and Piping Contractors National Association l printed With- 
 1927 } American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers [out Special 
 
 [ J Permission. 
 
 •Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in 
 Column D. 
 
 Note 1 .—These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for de¬ 
 fective material or workmanship have been made. 
 
 Note 2 .—Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation 
 and actual diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 3 .—Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves 
 to determine equivalent length. (See Table 3.) 
 
 Note 4 .—Where it is necessary to drip a steam main, branch to riser or riser, same 
 should be dripped separately into wet return. 
 
 Note 5 .—Pitch of pipe should be not less than in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches 
 to radiators, at least J4 in. in 10 ft. 
 
 5 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
TWO-PIPE STEAM SYSTEM 
 
 Table 6. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam, 
 where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply 
 to Farthest Radiator does not exceed 200 ft. 
 
 Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Sizes 
 
 Inches 
 
 Supply Main 
 Dripped and 
 Branches to 
 Risers 
 Dripped 
 Steam and 
 Condensate 
 Flowing in 
 same 
 Direction 
 
 Supply 
 
 Risers 
 
 Up-Feed 
 
 Branches 
 
 to 
 
 Supply Risers 
 and Radiator; 
 Not Dripped 
 
 Return 
 
 Risers 
 
 Wet 
 
 Return 
 
 Main 
 
 Dry 
 
 Return 
 
 Main 
 
 Radiator 
 
 Supply 
 
 Valve 
 
 Radiator 
 
 Return 
 
 Valve 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D * 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 122 
 
 1 H 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 26 
 
 320 
 
 700 
 
 320 
 
 56 
 
 190 
 
 l'4 
 
 122 
 
 122 
 
 58 
 
 670 
 
 1200 
 
 670 
 
 122 
 
 386 
 
 i'A 
 
 190 
 
 190 
 
 95 
 
 1058 
 
 1900 
 
 1058 
 
 190 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 386 
 
 386 
 
 195 
 
 2300 
 
 4000 
 
 2300 
 
 386 
 
 
 2'A 
 
 635 
 
 635 
 
 395 
 
 3800 
 
 6700 
 
 3800 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1163 
 
 1129 
 
 700 
 
 7000 
 
 10,700 
 
 7000 
 
 
 
 3'A 
 
 1737 
 
 1548 
 
 1150 
 
 10,000 
 
 — 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2457 
 
 2042 
 
 1700 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4546 
 
 
 3150 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7462 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f ^ Not to be Re- 
 
 Copyright J Heating and Piping Contractors National Association l printed With- 
 1927 | American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers f o u t Special 
 
 v J Permission. 
 
 * Radiator branches more than 8 ft. iri length should be one size larger than shown in 
 Column D. 
 
 Note 1. —These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for de¬ 
 fective material or workmanship have been made. 
 
 Ncte 2 .— Capacities based on V\ lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation 
 and actual diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 3. —Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves 
 to determine equivalent length. (See Table 3.) 
 
 Note 4. —Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to 
 a supply riser, same should be dripped separately into a wet return or through an ade¬ 
 quate seal into a dry return. Never drip a supply pipe into a dry return except through 
 an adequate seal. 
 
 Note 5. —Pitch of pipe should be not less than J4 in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches 
 to radiators, at least J4 in. in 10 ft. 
 
 6 
 
« 
 
 ( 
 
TWO-PIPE VAPOR SYSTEM 
 
 I 
 
 Table 7. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Vapor! Systems, where 
 Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to 
 Farthest Radiator does not exceed 200 ft. 
 
 Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation 
 
 Pips 
 
 Size 
 
 Inches 
 
 Supplt Main 
 Dripped and 
 Branches to 
 Risers 
 Dripped 
 
 Steam and Con¬ 
 densate flowing in 
 same direction. 
 
 H 
 
 1 56 
 
 Supply Risers 
 Up-Feed 
 
 Branches to Supply 
 Risers and Radiators 
 Not Dripped 
 
 Return 
 
 Risers 
 
 C 
 
 D* * 
 
 30 
 
 56 
 
 26 
 
 190 
 
 450 
 
 Wet 
 
 Return 
 
 Main 
 
 Dry 
 
 Return 
 
 Main 
 
 F 
 
 700 
 
 G 
 
 320 
 
 \M 122 
 
 i y 2 190 
 
 122 
 
 190 
 
 58 
 
 95 
 
 990 1200 
 
 1500 1900 
 
 670 
 
 1058 
 
 2 
 
 386 
 
 635 
 
 386 
 
 63.5 
 
 195 
 
 395 
 
 3000 
 
 4000 
 
 6700 
 
 2300 
 
 3800 
 
 3 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 1163 
 
 1737 
 
 1129 
 
 1548 
 
 700 
 
 1150 
 
 10,700 
 
 7000 
 
 10,000 
 
 4 2457 
 
 2042 
 
 1700 
 
 5 4546 
 
 3150 
 
 6 
 
 7462 
 
 Different makes of supply and return valves, steam traps and other 
 specialties vary as to capacity, therefore use size as recommended for 
 any particular make. Vertical connections to be of same size as valve 
 and trap used. Return horizontal runout to be not less than % in. 
 
 1 Not to be Re- 
 
 Copyright J Heating and Piping Contractors National Association (printed With- 
 1027 \ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers f o ut Special 
 
 ( J Permission. 
 
 * Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in 
 Column D. 
 
 tThis table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight 
 pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. 
 
 N^te 1 .—These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for de¬ 
 fective material or workmanship have been made. 
 
 NAe 2. —Capacities based on l /\ lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation 
 and actual diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 3. —Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves 
 to determine equivalent length. (.See Table 3.) 
 
 Note 4. —Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to 
 a supply riser, same should be dripped separately into a wet return. The drip for a 
 vapor or vacuum system may be taken into a dry return through a steam trap. 
 
 Note 5. —Pitch of pipe should be not less than x /\ in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches 
 to radiators, at least in. in 10 ft. 
 
 7 
 

 
 
LARGE ONE-PIPE STEAM SYSTEM 
 
 Table 8. Pipe Sizes for One-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam 
 Heating Systems, where Equivalent JLength of Run from Boiler 
 or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 ft. 
 Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Inches 
 
 Equivalent Length or Pipe from Boiler to Farthest Radiator, 
 Including Main and Riser. (See Nole 4.) 
 
 Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped^- 
 Steam and Condensate flowing in samodirection. 
 
 Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop 
 
 1 
 
 Supply 
 
 Risers 
 
 Up-Feed 
 
 Maximum Capai 
 
 Branches to 
 Supply Risers 
 and Rad iators 
 Not Dripped 
 
 :ITIE3 
 
 Radiator 
 
 Valves and 
 Vertical 
 Connections 
 
 100 Ft. 
 
 200 Ft. 
 
 300 Ft. 
 
 400 Ft. 
 
 500 Ft. 
 
 600 Ft. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 /* 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 111 
 
 79 
 
 65 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 45 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 m 
 
 245 
 
 173 
 
 141 
 
 122 
 
 110 
 
 100 
 
 98 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 l 'A 
 
 380 
 
 269 
 
 220 
 
 190 
 
 165 
 
 155 
 
 152 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 2 
 
 771 
 
 546 
 
 446 
 
 386 
 
 345 
 
 315 
 
 288 . 
 
 165 
 
 165 
 
 2'A 
 
 1270 
 
 898 
 
 734 
 
 635 
 
 568 
 
 518 
 
 464 
 
 260 
 
 
 3 
 
 2326 
 
 1645 
 
 1342 
 
 1163 
 
 1040 
 
 948 
 
 799 
 
 475 
 
 
 3^ 
 
 3474 
 
 2457 
 
 2006 
 
 1737 
 
 1552 
 
 1419 
 
 1144 
 
 745 
 
 
 4 
 
 4914 
 
 3475 
 
 2828 
 
 2457 
 
 2196 
 
 2011 
 
 1520 
 
 1110 
 
 
 5 
 
 9092 
 
 6429 
 
 5250 
 
 4546 
 
 4062 
 
 3712 
 
 
 2180 
 
 
 6 
 
 14,924 
 
 10,553 
 
 8618 
 
 7462 
 
 6669 
 
 6094 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 31,066 
 
 21,967 
 
 17,935 
 
 15,533 
 
 13,880 
 
 12,682 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 56,689 
 
 40,085 
 
 32,730 
 
 28,345 
 
 25,334 
 
 23,144 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 90,985 
 
 64,336 
 
 52,530 
 
 45,492 
 
 40,660 
 
 37,145 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dry Return Main 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wet Return Main 
 
 
 JrlPE 
 
 Size 
 
 INCHE3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Equivalent Length op Run prom Boiler to Foot op 
 Farthest Riser in Feet 
 
 Equivalent Length op Run prom Boiler to Foot op 
 Farthest Riser in Feet 
 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 soo 
 
 600 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 1 I 00 
 
 600 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 0 
 
 p 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 V 
 
 IV 
 
 1 
 
 460 
 
 412 
 
 368 
 
 320 
 
 322 
 
 275 
 
 1400 
 
 1000 
 
 820 
 
 700 
 
 640 
 
 580 
 
 IX 
 
 962 
 
 868 
 
 770 
 
 670 
 
 579 
 
 480 
 
 2400 
 
 1700 
 
 1390 
 
 1200 
 
 1080 
 
 990 
 
 'A 
 
 1512 
 
 1362 
 
 1210 
 
 1058 
 
 909 
 
 757 
 
 3800 
 
 2700 
 
 2180 
 
 1900 
 
 1710 
 
 1570 
 
 2 
 
 3300 
 
 2960 
 
 2640 
 
 2300 
 
 1980 
 
 1630 
 
 8000 
 
 5600 
 
 4520 
 
 4000 
 
 3560 
 
 3240 
 
 VA 
 
 5450 
 
 4900 
 
 4380 
 
 3800 
 
 3300 
 
 2770 
 
 13,400 
 
 9400 
 
 7600 
 
 6700 
 
 6000 
 
 5300 
 
 3 
 
 10,000 
 
 9000 
 
 8000 
 
 7000 
 
 6000 
 
 5000 
 
 21,400 
 
 15,000 
 
 12,500 
 
 10,700 
 
 9400 
 
 8590 
 
 3)4 
 
 14,300 
 
 12,900 
 
 11,500 
 
 10,000 
 
 8600 
 
 7200 
 
 32,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 18,500 
 
 16,000 
 
 14,400 
 
 13,200 
 
 4 
 
 21,500 
 
 19,300 
 
 17,200 
 
 *15,000 
 
 12,900 
 
 10,700 
 
 44,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 25,500 
 
 22,000 
 
 19,900 
 
 18,300 
 
 r Not to be Re- 
 
 Copyright J Heating and Piping Contractors National Association I printed With- 
 1927 | American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Tout Special 
 
 L J Permission. 
 
 *Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in 
 Column 1. 
 
 Note 1 .—These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for de¬ 
 fective material or workmanship have been made. 
 
 Note 2. —Capacities based on % lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation 
 and actual diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 2. —Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves 
 to determine equivalent length. (See Table 3.) 
 
 Note 4. —Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run 
 from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. 
 
 Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in that corresponding Column 
 (B to G ) for supply mains; (L to Q) for dry return mains; (B to W ) for wet return 
 mains for sizing the entire run. 
 
 Risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the 
 boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each particular riser. 
 
 Determine the distance to the. farthest radiator then use the figures in the corre¬ 
 sponding Column (B to G ) for sizing each riser; providing the amount of radiation for 
 that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H. Where riser capacities are 
 found to be in excess of amounts in Column H, step up to necessary size indicated in 
 that column. 
 
 Note 5. —Where it is necessary to drip a steam main, branch to riser or riser 
 same should be dripped separately into wet return. 
 
 Note 6. —Pitch of pipe should be not less than $4 in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches 
 to radiators at least yi in. in 10 ft. 
 
 8 
 

 
 
LARGE TWO-PIPE STEAM SYSTEM 
 
 Table 9. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam 
 Heating Systems where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler 
 or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. 
 Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation 
 
 PlPB 
 
 Size 
 
 Inches 
 
 Equivalent Length of Pipe from Boiler to Farthest 
 Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4 -) 
 Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped— 
 Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction 
 
 Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop 
 
 Maximum Capacities 
 
 Supply 
 
 Risers 
 
 Up-Feed 
 
 Branches to • 
 Supply Risers 
 and Radiators 
 Not Dripped 
 
 Rad. Supply 
 Valves and 
 Vertical 
 Connections 
 
 Radiator 
 Return 
 Valves and 
 Connectioas 
 
 100 Ft. 
 
 200 Ft. 
 
 300 Ft. 
 
 400 Ft. 
 
 . 500 Ft. 
 
 600 Ft. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 ■H 
 
 /* 
 
 J 
 
 K 
 
 % 
 
 111 
 
 79 
 
 65 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 30 
 
 56 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 56 
 
 122 
 
 190 
 
 l X 
 
 245 
 
 380 
 
 173 
 
 269 
 
 141 
 
 220 
 
 122 
 
 190 
 
 110 
 
 165 
 
 100 
 
 155 
 
 122 
 
 190 
 
 58 
 
 95 
 
 122 
 
 190 
 
 386 
 
 2 
 
 2 'A 
 
 771 
 
 1270 
 
 546 
 
 898 
 
 446 
 
 734 
 
 386 
 
 635r 
 
 345 
 
 -568 
 
 315 
 
 518 
 
 386 
 
 635 
 
 195 
 
 395 
 
 386 
 
 
 3 
 
 3H 
 
 2326 
 
 3474 
 
 1645 
 
 .2457 
 
 1342 
 
 2006 
 
 llb3 
 
 1737 
 
 1040 
 
 1552 
 
 948 
 
 •1419 
 
 1129 
 
 1548 
 
 700 
 
 1150 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 . 
 
 4914 
 
 9092 
 
 3475 
 
 6429 
 
 2828 
 
 5250 
 
 2457 
 
 4546 
 
 2196 
 
 4062 
 
 2011 
 
 3712 
 
 2042 
 
 1700 
 
 3150 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14,924 
 
 31,066 
 
 10,553 
 
 21,967 
 
 8618 
 
 17,935 
 
 7462: 
 
 15,533 
 
 6669 
 
 13,880 
 
 6094: 
 
 12,682 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 56,689 
 
 90,985 
 
 40,085 
 
 64,336 
 
 32,730 
 
 52,530 
 
 28,345 
 
 45,492 
 
 25,334 
 
 40.660 
 
 23.144 
 
 37.145 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Inches 
 
 Dry Return Main 
 
 Wet Return Main 
 
 Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to 
 Farthest Radiator in Feet 
 
 Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to 
 Farthest Radiator in Feet 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 100 
 
 . 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 0 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 X 
 
 Y 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 460 
 
 962 
 
 412 
 
 868 
 
 368 
 
 770 
 
 320 
 
 670 
 
 322 
 
 579 
 
 275 
 
 480 
 
 1400 
 
 2400 
 
 1000 
 
 1700 
 
 820 
 
 1390 
 
 700 
 
 1200 
 
 640 
 
 1080 
 
 580 
 
 990 
 
 2 
 
 1512 
 
 3300 
 
 1362 
 
 2960 
 
 1210 
 
 2640 
 
 1058 
 
 2300 
 
 909 
 
 1980 
 
 757 
 
 1630 
 
 3800 
 
 8000 
 
 2700 
 
 5600 
 
 2180 
 
 4520 
 
 1900 
 
 4000 
 
 1710 
 
 3460 
 
 1570 
 
 3240 
 
 2 'A 
 
 3 
 
 5450 
 
 10,000 
 
 4900 
 
 9000 
 
 4380 
 
 8000 
 
 3800 
 
 7000 
 
 3300 
 
 6000 
 
 ;2770 
 
 5000 
 
 13.400 
 
 21.400 
 
 9400 
 
 15,000 
 
 7600 
 
 12,500 
 
 6700 
 
 10,700 
 
 6000 
 
 9400 
 
 5300 
 
 8500 
 
 3'A 
 
 4 
 
 14,300 
 
 21,500 
 
 12,900 
 
 19,300 
 
 11,500 
 
 17,200 
 
 10,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 8600 
 
 12,900 
 
 7200 
 
 10,700 
 
 32,000 
 
 44,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 18.500 
 
 25.500 
 
 16,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 14,400 
 
 19,900- 
 
 13,200 
 
 18,300 
 
 r > Not to be Re- 
 
 Copyright I Heating and Piping Contractors National Association I printed With- 
 1927 v American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers rout Special 
 l J Permission. 
 
 * Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column I. 
 
 Note 1 .—These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material 
 or workmanship have been made. 
 
 Note 2. —Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual 
 diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 3. —Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to deter¬ 
 mine equivalent length. (See Table 3.) 
 
 Note U -—Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler 
 or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. 
 
 Determine equivalent length of run, then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to G) for 
 supply mains; (AT to S) for dry return mains; (T to Y) for wet return mains; for sizing the entire run. 
 
 Risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source 
 of supply to the farthest radiatir on each particular riser. 
 
 Determine the distance to the farthest radiator, then use the figures in the corresponding Column 
 (B to GO for sizing each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts 
 shown in Column H. Where riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts in Column H, step 
 up to necessary size indicated in that column. 
 
 Note 5. —Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply riser, 
 same should drip separately into a wet return. A drip for a two-pipe system may be taken into a dry 
 return through an adequate seal. 
 
 Note 6. —Pitch of pipe should be not less than y± in. in 10 ft.: on horizontal branches to radiators 
 at least in. in 10 ft. 
 
 9 
 
LARGE TWO-PIPE VAPOR SYSTEM 
 
 Table 10. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe Vapor! Heating Systems, where 
 Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply 
 to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. 
 
 Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Inches 
 
 Equivalent Length or Pipe from Boiler to Farthbst 
 Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4.) 
 Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped— 
 Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. 
 Based on 2 oz. Total Pressure Drop 
 
 Maximum Capacities 
 
 SudoIv Risers 
 Up-Feed 
 
 Branches to 
 
 Supply Risers and 
 Radiators Not Dripped 
 
 Return Risers 
 
 100 Ft. 
 
 200 Ft. 
 
 300 Ft. 
 
 400 Ft. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G* 
 
 H 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 79 
 
 56 
 
 46 
 
 39 
 
 30 
 
 56 
 
 26 
 
 190 
 
 450 
 
 m 
 
 i X 
 
 173 
 
 269 
 
 122 
 
 190 
 
 100 
 
 155 
 
 87 
 
 134 
 
 122 
 
 190 
 
 58 
 
 95 
 
 990 
 
 1500 
 
 2 
 
 2 y 2 
 
 546 
 
 898 
 
 386 
 
 635 
 
 315 
 
 518 
 
 273 
 
 449 
 
 386 
 
 635 
 
 195 
 
 395 
 
 3000 
 
 3 
 
 3H 
 
 1645 
 
 2457 
 
 1163 
 
 1737 
 
 948 
 . 1419 
 
 822 
 
 1228 
 
 1129 
 
 1548 
 
 700 
 
 1150 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 3475 
 
 6929 
 
 2457 
 
 4546 
 
 2011 
 
 3712 
 
 1738 
 
 3214 
 
 2042 
 
 1700 
 
 3150 
 
 •- 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10,553 
 
 21,967 
 
 .7462 
 
 15,533 
 
 6094 
 
 12,682 
 
 5276 
 
 10,983. 
 
 Different makes of supply and return 
 valves, steam traps and other specialties 
 vary as to capacity, therefore use size as 
 recommended for any particular make. 
 Vertical connections to be of same size 
 as valve and trap used. Return hori¬ 
 zontal runout to be not less than % in. 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 >40,085 
 
 64,336 
 
 23,345 
 
 45,492 
 
 23.144 
 
 37.145 
 
 20,043 
 
 32,168 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Inches 
 
 Dry Return Main 
 
 Wet Return Main 
 
 Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to 
 Farthest Radiator in Feet 
 
 Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to 
 Farthest Radiator in Feet 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 / 
 
 J 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 1V 
 
 0 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 IX 
 
 355 
 
 745 
 
 320 
 
 670 
 
 285 
 
 595 
 
 248 
 
 520 
 
 1000 
 
 1700 
 
 700 
 
 1200 
 
 580 
 
 990 
 
 500 
 
 850 
 
 ' i X 
 
 2 
 
 1173 
 
 2680 
 
 1058 
 
 2300 
 
 943 
 
 2140 
 
 822 
 
 1880 
 
 2700 
 
 5600 
 
 1900 
 
 4000 
 
 1570 
 
 3240 
 
 1350 
 
 2800 
 
 2 y 2 
 
 3 
 
 4300 
 
 7800 
 
 3800 
 
 7000 
 
 3470 
 
 6250 
 
 3040 
 
 5480 
 
 9400 
 
 15,000 
 
 6700 
 
 10,700 
 
 5300 
 
 8500 
 
 4700 
 
 7500 
 
 3'A \ 
 
 4 
 
 11,100 
 
 16,700 
 
 10,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 8800 
 
 13,400 
 
 7880 
 
 11,7.00 
 
 22,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 .. 13,200 
 18,300 
 
 11,000 
 
 15,500 
 
 C Not to be Re- 
 
 Copyright J Heating and Piping Contractors National Association I printed With- 
 1927 | American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers f o u t Special 
 
 ^ J Permission. 
 
 * Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column G 
 
 t This table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight pressure or partial 
 vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. 
 
 Note 1 .—These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material 
 or workmanship have been made. 
 
 Note 2 .—Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual 
 diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 8 .—Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to deter¬ 
 mine equivalent length. (See Table 3.) 
 
 Note 4 .—Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler 
 or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. 
 
 Determine equivalent length of run, then use figures in corresponding Column ( B to E) for supply 
 mains; [J to M) for dry return mains; (N to Q) for wet return mains for sizing the entire run. 
 
 Risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of 
 supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. 
 
 Determine the distance to the farthest radiator, then use the figures in the corresponding Column 
 ( B to E) for sizing each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts 
 shown in Column F. Where riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column F, 
 step up to necessary size indicated in that column. 
 
 Note 6 .—Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply riser, 
 same should drip separately into a wet return. The drip for a vapor or vacuum system may be taken 
 into a dry return through a steam trap. 
 
 Note 6 .—Pitch of pipe should be not less than H in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators 
 at least in. in 10 ft. 
 
 10 
 
LARGE TWO-PIPE VAPOR SYSTEM 
 
 Table 11. Pipe Sizes Table for Two-Pipe Vapor! Heating Systems, 
 where Equivalent Length of Run from* Boiler or Source of 
 Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. 
 
 Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Inches 
 
 Equivalent Length op Pipe from Boiler to Farthest Radiator, 
 Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4 ) 
 
 Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped— 
 
 Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. 
 
 Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop 
 
 200 Ft. 
 
 300 Ft. 
 
 400 Ft. 
 
 500 Ft. 
 
 Maximum Capacities 
 
 Supply 
 
 Risers 
 
 Up-Feed 
 
 Branches to 
 Supply Risers 
 and Radiators 
 Not Dripped 
 
 Return 
 
 Risers 
 
 X 
 
 ill 
 
 79 
 
 65 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 26 
 
 190 
 
 450 
 
 IX 
 l 'A 
 
 245 
 
 380 
 
 173 
 
 269 
 
 141 
 
 220 
 
 122 
 
 190 
 
 110 
 
 165 
 
 100 
 
 155 
 
 122 
 
 190 
 
 990 
 
 1500 
 
 2 
 
 2'A 
 
 771 
 
 1270 
 
 546 
 
 446 
 
 734 
 
 386 
 
 635 
 
 345 
 
 568 
 
 315 
 
 518 
 
 386 
 
 635 
 
 195 
 
 395 
 
 3000 
 
 3 
 
 3'A 
 
 2326 
 
 3474 
 
 1645 
 
 2457 
 
 1342 
 
 2006 
 
 1163 
 
 1737 
 
 1040 
 
 1552 
 
 948 
 
 1419 
 
 1129 
 
 1548 
 
 700 
 
 1150 
 
 4914 
 
 9092 
 
 3475 
 
 6429 
 
 2828 
 
 5250 
 
 2457 
 
 4546 
 
 2196 
 
 4062 
 
 2011 
 
 3712 
 
 2042 
 
 1700 
 
 3150 
 
 14,924 
 
 31,066 
 
 10,553 
 
 21,967 
 
 8618 
 
 17,935 
 
 7462 
 
 15,533 
 
 6669 
 
 13,880 
 
 6094 
 
 12,682 
 
 56,689 
 
 90,985 
 
 40,085 
 
 64,336 
 
 32,730 
 
 52,530 
 
 28,345 
 
 45,492 
 
 25,334 
 
 40,660 
 
 23.144 
 
 37.145 
 
 Different maker of supply and return 
 valves, steam traps and other specialties 
 vary as to capacity, therefore ose size as 
 recommended for any particnlar make. 
 Vertical connections to be of same size 
 as valve and trap osed. Return hori¬ 
 zontal runout to he not less than % in. 
 
 
 Drt Return Main 
 
 Wet Return Main 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to 
 
 Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler 
 
 TO 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 Farthest Radiator in Feet 
 
 
 
 Farthest Radiator in Feet 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 0 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
 460 
 
 412 
 
 368 
 
 320 
 
 322 
 
 275 
 
 1400 
 
 1000 
 
 820 
 
 700 
 
 590 
 
 600 
 
 
 962 
 
 868 
 
 770 
 
 670 
 
 579 
 
 480 
 
 2400 - 
 
 1700 
 
 1420 
 
 1200 
 
 1020 
 
 860 
 
 I'A 
 
 1512 
 
 1362 
 
 1210 
 
 1058 
 
 909 
 
 757 
 
 3800 
 
 2700 
 
 2260 
 
 1900 
 
 1560 
 
 1300 
 
 2 
 
 3300 
 
 2960 
 
 2640 
 
 2300 
 
 1980 
 
 1630 
 
 8000 
 
 5600 
 
 4500 
 
 4000 
 
 3360 
 
 2800 
 
 ~FA 
 
 5450 
 
 4900 
 
 4380 
 
 3800 
 
 3300 
 
 2770 
 
 13,400 
 
 9400 
 
 7600 
 
 6700 
 
 5700 
 
 4800 
 
 3 
 
 10,000 
 
 9000 
 
 8000 
 
 7000 
 
 6000 
 
 5000 
 
 21,400 
 
 15,000 
 
 12,300 
 
 10,700 
 
 9300 
 
 7800 
 
 3'A 
 
 14,300 
 
 12,900 
 
 11,500 
 
 10,000 
 
 8600 
 
 7200 
 
 32,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 24,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 13,600 
 
 11,400 
 
 4 
 
 21,500 
 
 19,300 
 
 17,200 
 
 15,000 
 
 12,900 
 
 10,700 
 
 44,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 26,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 20,500 
 
 15,400 
 
 f Y Not to be Re- 
 
 Copyright) Heating and Piping Contractors National Association Iprinted With- 
 1927 ! American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (out Special 
 
 ^ J Permission. 
 
 * Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in 
 Column I. 
 
 tThis table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight 
 pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. 
 
 Note 1. —These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for de¬ 
 fective material or workmanship have been made. 
 
 Note 2. Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation 
 and actual diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 3 .—Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves 
 to determine equivalent length. (See Table 3.) 
 
 Note 4 .—Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from 
 the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main, 
 r / o eter ^! n S e Q u i va J en t length of run then use figures in that corresponding Column 
 to G) for supply mains; (L to Q ) for dry return mains; (R to IV) for wet return 
 mains] for sizing the entire run. 
 
 Risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the 
 boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. 
 
 Determine the distance to the farthest radiator then use the figures in the corre¬ 
 sponding Column (B to G ) for sizing each riser; providing the amount of radiation 
 for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H. Where riser capacities are 
 found to bo in excess of amounts shown in Column H , step up to necessary size indi¬ 
 cated in that column. 
 
 Note 5 .—Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch 
 to a supply riser, same should drip separately into a wet return. The drip for a vapor 
 0r vacuum system may be taken into a dry return through a steam trap. 
 
 Note 6. Pitch of pipe should be not less than X in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches 
 to radiators at least l / 2 in. in 10 ft. 
 
 11 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
VACUUM PUMP SYSTEM 
 
 Table 12. Pipe Sizes Table for Vacuum Pump Systems, where Equiva¬ 
 lent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest 
 Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. 
 
 Capacity in Sq. Ft . of Equivalent Radiation 
 
 • 
 
 Equivalent Length op Pipe from Boiler to Farthest Radiator. 
 
 
 
 Pipe 
 
 
 Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4.) 
 
 
 MAXIMUM CAPACITIES 
 
 
 Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped— 
 Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. 
 Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop** 
 
 
 
 
 Size 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 
 Supply Risers 
 
 Branches to 
 
 Supply Risers and 
 Radiators Not Dripped 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Up-Feed 
 
 
 100 Ft. 
 
 200 Ft. 
 
 300 Ft. 
 
 400 Ft. 
 
 500 Ft. 
 
 600 Ft. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 0 
 
 H 
 
 ;* * 
 
 X 
 
 l 
 
 111 
 
 79 
 
 65 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 56 
 
 26 
 
 l X 
 
 • 245 
 
 173 
 
 141 
 
 122 
 
 110 
 
 100 
 
 122 
 
 58 
 
 I'A 
 
 380 
 
 269 
 
 .220 
 
 190 
 
 165 
 
 155 
 
 190 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 771 
 
 546 
 
 446 
 
 386 
 
 345 
 
 315 
 
 386 
 
 195 
 
 2'A 
 
 1270 
 
 898 
 
 734 
 
 635 
 
 568 
 
 518 
 
 635 
 
 395 
 
 3 
 
 2326 
 
 1645 
 
 1342 
 
 1163 
 
 1040 
 
 948 
 
 1129 
 
 700 
 
 3H 
 
 3474 
 
 2457 
 
 2006 
 
 1737 
 
 1552 
 
 1419 
 
 1548 
 
 1150 
 
 4 
 
 4914 
 
 3475 
 
 2828 
 
 2457 
 
 2196 
 
 2011 
 
 2042 
 
 1700 
 
 5 
 
 9092 
 
 6429 
 
 5250 
 
 4546 
 
 4062 
 
 3712 
 
 
 3150 
 
 6 
 
 14,924 
 
 10,553 
 
 8618 
 
 7462 
 
 6669 
 
 6094 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 31,066 
 
 21,967 
 
 17,935 
 
 15,533 
 
 13,880 
 
 12,682 
 
 • - 
 
 
 10 
 
 56,689 
 
 40,085 
 
 32,730 
 
 28,345 
 
 25,334 
 
 23,144 
 
 . 
 
 
 12 
 
 90,985 
 
 64,336 
 
 52,530 
 
 45,492 
 
 40,660 
 
 •37,145 
 
 . 
 
 ........ 
 
 Pipe Size 
 Inches 
 
 Return Mains and Risers 
 
 Riser 
 
 Main 
 
 100 Ft 
 
 200 Ft. 
 
 300 Ft. 
 
 400 Ft. 
 
 500 Ft. 
 
 600 Ft. 
 
 J 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 0 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 
 .X 
 
 800 
 
 568 
 
 462 
 
 400 
 
 358 
 
 326 
 
 X 
 
 
 1400 
 
 994 
 
 810 
 
 700 
 
 626 
 
 570 
 
 i 
 
 ix 
 
 2400 
 
 1704 
 
 1387 
 
 1200 
 
 1073 
 
 976 
 
 IX 
 
 l'A 
 
 ' 3800 
 
 2696 
 
 2195 
 
 1900 ' 
 
 1698 
 
 1547 
 
 VA 
 
 2 
 
 8000 
 
 5680 
 
 4622 
 
 4000 
 
 3575 
 
 3256 
 
 2 
 
 2 y 2 
 
 13,400 
 
 9510 
 
 7745 
 
 6700 
 
 5990 
 
 5453 
 
 2'A 
 
 3 
 
 21,400 
 
 15,190 
 
 12,360 
 
 . '10,700 
 
 9565 
 
 8710 
 
 3 
 
 3X2 
 
 32,000 
 
 22,710 . 
 
 18,490 
 
 16,000 
 
 14,300 
 
 13,020 
 
 3H 
 
 4 
 
 44,000 
 
 31,220 
 
 25,430 
 
 22,000 
 
 19,660 
 
 17,910 
 
 Different makes of 
 supply and return 
 valves, steam traps 
 and other specialties 
 vary as to capacity, 
 therefore use size as 
 recommended forany 
 particular make. 
 Vertical connection 
 to be of same size as 
 valve and trap used. 
 Return horizontal 
 runout to be no less 
 than % in. 
 
 C Not to be Re- 
 
 Copyright J Heating and Piping Contractors National Association (.printed With- 
 1927 | American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers [out Special 
 
 V ' Permission, 
 
 * Radiator branches more than 8 ft. In length should be one size larger than shown in Column 1. 
 
 ** It is not generally considered good practice to greatly exceed 1 oz. drop in pressure in each 100 
 ft. equivalent length of run nor to exceed 1 lb. total pressure drop in any system. 
 
 Note 1 .—These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material 
 or workmanship have been made. 
 
 Note 2 .—Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual 
 diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 3 .—Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to deter¬ 
 mine equivalent length. (See Table 3.) 
 
 Note 4 .—Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler 
 or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. 
 
 Determine equivalent length of run, then use figures In corresponding Column (B to G) for sizing 
 the entire run. 
 
 Supply risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or 
 source of supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. Determine the distance to the farthest radiator 
 then use figures in that corresponding Column (R to G) for sizing each riser; providing the amount 
 of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H. Where riser capacities are 
 found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column H, step up to necessary size indicated in that 
 column. 
 
 Note 5 .—Return mains and risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent distance in 
 feet, from farthest radiator to the vacuum pump; using capacities in that corresponding Column 
 (Z, to Q) for sizing entire return riser (Column J ) and return main (Column A). 
 
 Note 6 .—Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same 
 should be dripped separately through a steam trap into vacuum return. Never drip a supply riser 
 into a vacuum return except through a steam trap. 
 
 Note 7 .—Pitch of pipe should be not less than 34 in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators, 
 at least 34 in. in 10 ft. 
 
 12 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
LARGE VACUUM PUMP SYSTEM 
 
 
 Table 13. Pipe Sizes for Vacuum Pump Systems, where Equiva¬ 
 lent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest 
 Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. 
 
 Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation 
 
 Pipe 
 
 Size 
 
 In. 
 
 Equivalent Length or Pipe from Boiler to Farthest Radiator, 
 
 Including Maim and Riser. (See Nate I>.) 
 
 Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped— 
 
 Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. 
 
 Based on 8 oz. Total Pressure Drop** 
 
 Maximum Capacities 
 
 Supply 
 
 Risers 
 
 UpTeed 
 
 Branches to 1 
 Supply Risers 
 and Rad iatore 
 Not Dripped 
 
 100 Ft. 
 
 200 Ft. 
 
 300 Ft. 
 
 400 Ft. 
 
 50p Ft. 
 
 600 Ft. 
 
 800 Ft. 
 
 1000 Ft. 
 
 1200 Ft. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 V 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 / 
 
 J 
 
 K 
 
 L* * 
 
 1 
 
 157 
 
 111 
 
 92 
 
 79 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 56 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 56 
 
 26 
 
 m 
 
 346 
 
 245 
 
 200 
 
 173 
 
 154 
 
 141 
 
 122 
 
 110 
 
 100 
 
 122 
 
 58 
 
 
 538 
 
 380 
 
 310 
 
 269 
 
 240 
 
 220 
 
 190 
 
 165 
 
 155 
 
 190 
 
 95 
 
 2 
 
 1091 
 
 771 
 
 630 
 
 546 
 
 487 
 
 446 
 
 386 
 
 345 
 
 315 
 
 386 
 
 195 
 
 2'A 
 
 1797 
 
 1270 
 
 1036 
 
 898 
 
 803 
 
 734 
 
 635 
 
 568 
 
 518 
 
 635 
 
 395 
 
 3 
 
 3289 
 
 2326 
 
 1896 
 
 1645 
 
 1470 
 
 1342 
 
 1163 
 
 1040 
 
 948 
 
 1129 
 
 700 
 
 3 X A 
 
 4913 
 
 3474 
 
 2838 
 
 2457 
 
 2196 
 
 2006 
 
 1737 
 
 1552 
 
 1419 
 
 1548 
 
 1150 
 
 4 
 
 6950 
 
 4914 
 
 4022 
 
 3475 
 
 3106 
 
 2828 
 
 2457 
 
 2196 
 
 2011 
 
 2042 
 
 1700 
 
 5 
 
 12,858 
 
 9092 
 
 7424 
 
 6429 
 
 5747 
 
 '5250 
 
 4546 
 
 4062 
 
 3712 
 
 
 3150 
 
 6 
 
 21,105 
 
 14,924 
 
 12,168 
 
 10,553 
 
 9433 
 
 8618 
 
 7462 
 
 6669 
 
 6084 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 43,934 
 
 31,066 
 
 25,364 
 
 21,967 
 
 19,638 
 
 17,935 
 
 15,533 
 
 13,880 
 
 12,682 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 80,171 
 
 56,689 
 
 46,288 
 
 40,085 
 
 35,836 
 
 32,730 
 
 28,345 
 
 25,334 
 
 23,144 
 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 128,672 
 
 90,985 
 
 74,290 
 
 64,336 
 
 57,516 
 
 52,530 
 
 45,492 
 
 40,660 
 
 37,145 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 240,245 
 
 169,879 
 
 138,381 
 
 121,012 
 
 107,389 
 
 98,500 
 
 84,849 
 
 75,917 
 
 69,671 
 
 — 
 
 
 Pipe Size 
 Inches 
 
 Return Mains and Risers 
 
 Riser 
 
 Main 
 
 100 Ft. 
 
 200 Ft. 
 
 300 Ft. 
 
 400 Ft. 
 
 500 Ft. 
 
 600 Ft. 
 
 800 Ft. 
 
 1000 Ft. 
 
 1200 Ft. 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 0 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 R 
 
 S 
 
 T 
 
 U 
 
 V 
 
 W 
 
 
 H 
 
 1130 
 
 800. 
 
 . 653 
 
 568 
 
 505 
 
 462 
 
 400 
 
 358 
 
 326 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 1977 
 
 1400 
 
 1143 
 
 994 
 
 884 
 
 810 
 
 700 
 
 626 
 
 570 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 3390 
 
 2400 
 
 1960 
 
 1704 
 
 1515 
 
 1387 
 
 1200 
 
 1073 
 
 976 
 
 m 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 5370 
 
 3800 
 
 3103 
 
 2696 
 
 2400 
 
 2195 
 
 1900 
 
 1698 
 
 1547 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 2 
 
 11,300 
 
 8000 
 
 6533 
 
 5680 
 
 5050 
 
 4622 
 
 4000 
 
 3575 
 
 3256 
 
 2. 
 
 23^ 
 
 18,925 
 
 13,400 
 
 10,940 
 
 9,510 
 
 8460 
 
 7745 
 
 6700 
 
 5990 
 
 5453 
 
 2A 
 
 3 
 
 30,230 
 
 21,400 
 
 17,460 
 
 15,190 
 
 13,510 
 
 12,360 
 
 10,700 
 
 9,565 
 
 8,710 
 
 3 
 
 3H 
 
 45,200 
 
 32,000 
 
 26,130 
 
 22,710 
 
 20,200 
 
 18,490 
 
 16,000 
 
 14,300 
 
 13,020 
 
 2> X A 
 
 4 
 
 62,180 
 
 44,000 
 
 35,950 
 
 31,220 
 
 27,800 
 
 25,430 
 
 22,000 
 
 19,660 
 
 17,910 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 109,300 
 
 77,400 
 
 63,200 
 
 54,920 
 
 48,800 
 
 44,720 
 
 38,700 
 
 34,600 
 
 31*500 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 175,100 
 
 124,000 
 
 101,200 
 
 88,000 
 
 78,200 
 
 71,700 
 
 62,000 
 
 55,410 
 
 50,450 
 
 Different 
 makes of sup¬ 
 ply and return 
 valves, steam 
 traps and 
 other special¬ 
 ties vary as to 
 capacity, 
 therefore use 
 size as recom¬ 
 mended for 
 any particular 
 make. Verti¬ 
 cal connec¬ 
 tion to be of 
 same size as 
 valve and trap 
 used. Return 
 horizontal 
 runout to be 
 not less than 
 M »n. 
 
 r Not to be Re- 
 
 Copyright) Heating and Piping Contractors National Association l printed With- 
 1927 | American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers [out Special 
 
 v J Permission. 
 
 * Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column L. 
 
 ** It is not generally considered good practice to greatly exceed 1 oz. drop in pressure in each 100 
 ft., equivalent length of run nor to exceed 1 lb. total pressure drop in any system. 
 
 Note 1 .—These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material 
 or workmanship have been made. 
 
 Note 2. —Capacities based on M lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual 
 diameter of standard pipe. 
 
 Note 3. —Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to deter¬ 
 mine equivalent length. (See Table 3.) 
 
 Note 4 . —Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or 
 source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. 
 
 Determine equivalent length of run, then use figures in corresponding Column (B to J) for sizing 
 the entire run. 
 
 Supply risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or 
 source of supply to the farthest radiator on each particular riser. Determine the distance to the 
 farthest radiator, then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to J) for sizing each riser; pro¬ 
 viding the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column K. Where 
 riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column K. step up to necessary size 
 indicated in that column. 
 
 t&Nole 6. —Return mains and risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent distance in 
 feet, from farthest radiator to the vacuum pump; using capacities in that corresponding Column 
 (O to W) for sizing entire return riser (Column M) and return main (Column N). 
 
 Note 6 . —Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same 
 should be dripped separately through a steam trap into vacuum return. Never drip a supply riser 
 into a vacuum return except through a steam trap. 
 
 Note 7. —Pitch of pipe should be not less than M in- in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators, 
 at least ^ in. in 10 ft. 
 
 13 
 

 1 
 
 ]%} 
 
 ^ FEB 17 1928 
 A. C. Wii_LAi 
 
 Ans. 
 
PART IV 
 
 STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF VALVES AND FITTINGS 
 AND MATERIALS 
 
(4-29) First Revision. Part IV, Page 1—Destroy Original 
 
 Copyrighted, 1925, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association 
 
 RADIATOR VALVES—ROUGHING-IN DIMENSIONS 
 
 
 STANDARD ROUGHING-IN DIMENSIONS 
 Angle Type Valves 
 
 Size 
 
 of 
 
 Valve 
 
 Dimension A 
 Steam and Hot- 
 Water Angle Valves 
 and Union Elbows 
 Effective 
 
 Jan. 1st, 1926 
 
 Dimension A 
 Modulating 
 Valves 
 Effective 
 
 Jan. 1st, 1926 
 
 Dimension A 
 Return Line 
 Vacuum Valves 
 Effective 
 
 Jan. 1st, 1925 
 
 w 
 
 2 M" 
 
 2 M" 
 
 3M" 
 
 y*r 
 
 2%" 
 
 2M" 
 
 
 1" 
 
 3" 
 
 3" 
 
 
 
 3V 2 " 
 
 & 
 
 CO 
 
 
 m 
 
 m" 
 
 3 H' 
 
 
 2" 
 
 4 M" 
 
 4 M" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tolerance 
 
 ±Vs" 
 
 ±V8" 
 
 
 Connecting ends shall be threaded and gauged 
 as to threading according to the American (Taper) 
 Pipe Thread Standard, ASA No. B2-—1919. 
 
 The standardization of the Roughing-in Dimensions of 
 Angle Steam and Hot Water, and Modulating Radiator 
 Valves was made possible by the cooperation of the Manu¬ 
 facturers Standardization Society of the Valves and Fit¬ 
 tings Industry. 
 
 Part IV 
 
 1 
 
Issued November, 1925. Part IV, Page 1 
 
 Copyrighted 1925, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association 
 
 RADIATOR VALVES—ROUGHING-IN DIMENSIONS 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 A 
 
 STANDARD ROUGHING-IN. 
 
 Angle Type Yj 
 
 DIMENSIONS 
 
 Size 
 
 of 
 
 Valve 
 
 Dimension A 
 Steam and Hot- 
 Water Angle Valvef 
 and Union Elbows; 
 Effective f 
 
 Jan. 1st, 192^ 
 
 Dimension A 
 Modulating 
 f Valves 
 
 'A Effective 
 
 Jan. 1st, 1926 
 
 Dimension A 
 Return Line 
 Vacuum Valves 
 Effective 
 
 Jan. 1st, 1925 
 
 W 
 
 to 
 
 2H" 
 
 3J4" 
 
 W 
 
 2|£" ^ 
 
 2 U" 
 
 
 1" 
 
 jS hi 
 
 3" 
 
 
 1 Va" 
 
 
 
 3 W 
 
 
 iy 2 " 
 
 
 vVr 
 
 3 %" 
 
 
 2" 
 
 \m- 
 
 4 M" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tolerance 
 
 ±Vs" 
 
 H- 
 
 \M 
 
 oo\ 
 
 
 The standardization of the Roughing-in Dimensions 
 of Angle Steam and Hot Water, and Modulating Ra¬ 
 diator Valves was made possible by the cooperation of 
 the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the 
 Valves and Fittings Industry. 
 
 Part IV. 
 
 1 
 
Issued April, 1929. Part IV, Page 2 
 
 Copyrighted, 1929, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association 
 
 WELDING NECK FLANGES 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 STANDARD WELDING NECK FLANGES FOR 
 STANDARD PIPE—Series 15 
 
 Size 
 
 A 
 
 Drilling 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 Std. 
 
 Pipe 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 m 
 
 4- M 
 
 2% 
 
 M 
 
 23 ^ 
 
 234 
 
 2}4 
 
 7 
 
 5% 
 
 4- M 
 
 2% 
 
 We 
 
 2% 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7J4 
 
 6 
 
 4- Ys 
 
 3% 
 
 M 
 
 2% 
 
 3% 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 734 
 
 8- M 
 
 434 
 
 We 
 
 3 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 8J4 
 
 8- M 
 
 5^6 
 
 We 
 
 3% 
 
 5We 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 9 M 
 
 8- M 
 
 6He> 
 
 1 
 
 3% 
 
 6M 
 
 8 
 
 13J4 
 
 ii H 
 
 8- H 
 
 8 
 
 134 
 
 4 
 
 8M 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 14 x 
 
 12- Vs 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
 4 
 
 1034 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 12- Vs 
 
 12 
 
 1M 
 
 434 
 
 12% 
 
 14 0.D. 
 
 21 
 
 18M 
 
 12-1 
 
 * 
 
 ' IVs 
 
 5 
 
 14%e 
 
 16 O.D. 
 
 23 % 
 
 21M 
 
 16-1 
 
 * 
 
 We 
 
 5 
 
 16M 
 
 18 O.D. 
 
 25 
 
 22M 
 
 16-1 Vs 
 
 * 
 
 We 
 
 5% 
 
 ism 
 
 *Orders or inquiries should specify diameter of bore “E” required. 
 
 Part IV 
 
 2 
 
( 
 
 <• 
 
 ( 
 
Issued April, 1929. Part IV, Page 3 
 
 Copyrighted, 1929, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association 
 
 WELDING NECK FLANGES 
 
 EXTRA HEAVY WELDING NECK FLANGES FOR 
 STANDARD PIPE—Series 30 
 
 Size 
 
 A 
 
 Drilling 
 
 D 
 
 *E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 . 2 
 
 6% 
 
 5 
 
 8- % 
 
 3% 
 
 214 
 
 Vs 
 
 2% 
 
 2% 
 
 2% 
 
 7% 
 
 5% 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 \CO 
 
 4% 
 
 2% 
 
 1 
 
 3% 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 s% 
 
 6 Vs 
 
 eo\ 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 5 
 
 314 
 
 
 3% 
 
 3% 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 7Vs 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 6%6 
 
 4%2 
 
 i% 
 
 3% 
 
 4% 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 9% 
 
 8- % 
 
 7%6 
 
 5%6 
 
 i% 
 
 3% 
 
 6% 
 
 6 
 
 12% 
 
 10** 
 
 12- % 
 
 8% 
 
 614 
 
 i% 
 
 3% 
 
 6% 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 12- Vs 
 
 10% 
 
 8 
 
 i% 
 
 4% 
 
 8% 
 
 10 
 
 17% 
 
 15% 
 
 16-1 
 
 12% 
 
 10 
 
 i% 
 
 4% 
 
 10% 
 
 12 
 
 20 % 
 
 17% 
 
 16-1% 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 5% 
 
 12% 
 
 14 O.D. 
 
 23 
 
 20% 
 
 20-1% 
 
 16% 
 
 * 
 
 2% 
 
 5% 
 
 14% 6 
 
 16 0.D. 
 
 25% 
 
 22% 
 
 20-1% 
 
 18% 
 
 * 
 
 2% 
 
 5% 
 
 16% 
 
 18 O.D. 
 
 28 
 
 24% 
 
 24-1% 
 
 21 
 
 * 
 
 2% 
 
 6% 
 
 18% 
 
 *Orders or inquiries should specify diameter of bore “E” required. 
 
 Part IV 
 
 3 
 
Issued April, 1929. Part IV, Page 4 
 
 Copyrighted, 1929, by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association 
 
 WELDING NECK FLANGES 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 EXTRA HEAVY WELDING NECK FLANGES FOR EXTRA 
 HEAVY PIPE—Series 30 
 
 Size 
 
 A 
 
 Drilling 
 
 D 
 
 *E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 2 
 
 6 34 
 
 5 
 
 8- 34 
 
 334 
 
 m 
 
 34 
 
 234 
 
 234 
 
 234 
 
 734 
 
 5% 
 
 8- % 
 
 4J4 
 
 2%6 
 
 1 
 
 334 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 834 
 
 6^8 
 
 8- %\ 
 
 5 
 
 234 
 
 
 334 
 
 334 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 7Vs 
 
 8- % 
 
 6% 
 
 3% 
 
 134 
 
 334 
 
 434 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 934 
 
 8- % 
 
 7% 
 
 4% 
 
 134 
 
 334 
 
 5% 
 
 6 
 
 12 34 
 
 10 34 
 
 12- % 
 
 8}4 
 
 5% 
 
 1%6 
 
 334 
 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 12- Vs 
 
 1034 
 
 7% 
 
 134 
 
 4 34 
 
 834 
 
 10 
 
 1734 
 
 1534 
 
 16-1 
 
 1234 
 
 934 
 
 lVs 
 
 4 34 
 
 1034 
 
 12 
 
 20 J4 
 
 17% 
 
 16-1 Vs 
 
 15 
 
 11% 
 
 2 
 
 534 
 
 1234 
 
 14 O.D. 
 
 23 
 
 2034 
 
 20-1 % 
 
 1634 
 
 * 
 
 234 
 
 534 
 
 14316 
 
 16 O.D. 
 
 2534 
 
 2234 
 
 20-134 
 
 1834 
 
 * 
 
 234 
 
 534 
 
 1634 
 
 18 O.D. 
 
 28 
 
 2434 
 
 24-134 
 
 21 
 
 * 
 
 2/4 
 
 634 
 
 1834 
 
 *Orders or inquiries should specify diameter of bore “E” required. 
 
 Part IV 
 
 4 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ?? 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
/or 'Duplicate. tTHCenlion 
 
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