L I. B OF ~THL UNIVLR'S-ft'Y OF ILLINOIS 630.7 rxo.49-60 AGRICULTURE NOTICE: Return or renew alt Library Materials! The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. The person charging this material is responsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for discipli- nary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161 O-1096 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Agricultural Experiment Station. URBANA, APRIL, 1900. BULLETIN No. 58. COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CORN-FODDER AND CORN STOVER. [For explanations of technical terms and information concerning the uses of food constituents the reader is referred to the appendix to Bulletin No. 43 ] In each of the following series of experiments four grade shorthorn steers were employed. They are designated in this Bulletin as No. i, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4. They were about two years old and weighed at the beginning and close of the experiments as follows: TABLE i. WEIGHT OF STEERS IN POUNDS. Date. Steer No. i. Steer No. 2. Steer No. 3. Steer No. 4. Average. February 22 1897 1018 1038 QO4 II 12 1018 March 27, 1897 IOOO 1015 885 1126 1007 In general the methods of feeding, collecting, sampling, and analyz- ing were the same as reported in Bulletin No. 43. Each experiment was conducted for a period of ten days, after one week of preliminary feeding. Two composite samples were made of feed, of refuse, and of dung from each steer, one set of samples being for a period of four days and the other for a period of six days. Data were thus obtained for determining the digestibility of the foods by each steer for those two consecutive periods, as well as for the full period of ten days. 362 BULLETIN NO. 58. [April, DIGESTIBILITY OF CORN-FODDER. In a former series of digestion experiments the digestibility of corn- fodder was studied, but, as stated in the report of that work (Bui. 43, p. 198), the results obtained were not entirely satisfactory. The most probable source of error was found to be the more or less imperfect mastication of the grain by the individual steers. Other slight errors TABLE 2. NUMBER OF POUNDS (BOTH FRESH AND DRY) OF CORN-FODDER FED, OF REFUSE, AND OF DUNG, FOR EACH STEER; AND ALSO THE PERCENTAGE COM- POSITION OF THE DRY MATTER. Date. Amounts, pounds. Composition of dry matter, percentages. 1897. . Fresh sub- stance. Dry matter. Ash. Pro- tein. Fat. Fiber. Carbo- hydrate extract. EACH STEER. Feed . . Feb. 2326 6s. 25 53-77 5 . 13 8. ii 2 IS 20.44 64 17 Feed . . Feb. 27-March 4 . . 99.25 81.481 5-09 7.90 2.03 21 . 15 63.83 STEER No. i. Refuse. Feb. 23-26 10.48 7. 516 6.21 S. IS .07 38.87 48.84 Refuse. Feb. 27-March 4 . . 17.91 13.013 6.32 5 23 1.05 38.68 48.72 Dung . . Feb. 24-27 81.72 13.833 1 2. O2 15.26 2.29 18.19 S2 . 24 Dung. . Feb. 28-March 5 . . 127.18 22.327 11.36 14.69 2.65 17-74 53-56 STEER No. 2. Refuse. Feb. 23-26. 21 ,4S 16.983 3.46 9.40 3.21 13.91 7O.O2 Refuse. Feb. 27-March 4 . . 29-49 23.189 3.22 8.90 2.91 17.21 67.76 Dung. . Feb. 24-27 58.89 10.995 13.68 13.28 i .27 20.93 50.84 Dung. . Feb. 28-March 5 . . 100.78 17.739 13.62 13-48 1.38 21 .46 50.06 STEER No. 3. Refuse. Feb. 23-26 0.77 7.082 6.84 6.51 1.28 33.97 51 .40 Refuse. Feb. 27-March 4 . . 14.02 10.056 5-91 6.08 1.24 36.34 50.43 Dung. . Feb. 24-27 87.64 15.865 II .75 13.88 2.82 20.66 SO. 89 Dung. . Feb 28-March 5 . . 128.73 23.7M II .52 13-39 2.8o 21 .91 50.38 STEER No. 4. Refuse. Feb. 23-26 14.67 10.858 6. ii S.Q4 I 19 35.05 51 .71 Refuse. Feb. 27-March 4 . . 21.38 15.873 6.19 5.66 1.07 37-45 49.63 Dune. Feb 24-27 76. s6 MI42 11.88 16 89 2.43 14.88 S3. 92 Dung. . Feb. 28-March 5 . . 123-33 23.428 u-33 M.38 2.33 15.61 56.35 were evidently caused by irregularities in voiding the dung, and by im- perfect methods for obtaining uniform samples of the corn-fodder. In the following work special precautions were taken to avoid these possible sources of error. In order to obtain uniform samples for feed- ing and for analysis the ears were all separated from the stover. To avoid as far as possible imperfect mastication of the grain the ears were iqoo. ] CORN-FODDER AND CORN STOVER. 3 6 3 ground to corn and cob meal. The stover was run through a cutting machine. To reduce the error due to irregularities in voiding the dung, the length of time occupied by the experiment proper was extended to TABLE 3. NUMBER OF POUNDS OF EACH NUTRIENT IN THE CORN-FODDER FED, IN THE REFUSE, AND IN THE DUNG, DURING A PERIOD OF FOUR DAYS; AND ALSO THE DIGESTION CO-EFFICIENTS. Dry matter. Ash. Pro- tein. Fat, Fiber. Carbo- hydrate extract. STEER No. i. Corn-fodder fed 53.77O 2.757 4. 361 i 157 10.993 34. 5O2 Amounts refused 7-5i6 .467 .387 .070 2.922 3.670 Amounts eaten 46.254 2.290 3-Q74 1.087 8.071 30.832 Dung excreted 13.833 1.663 2. Ill -316 2.517 7.226 Amounts digested .... 32.421 .627 1.863 .771 5-554 23.606 Per cent, digested .... 70.09 27.38 46.88 70.93 68.81 76.56 STEER No. 2. Corn-fodder fed 53.770 2.757 4.361 i . 157 10.993 34.502 Amounts refused 16.982 -587 1.596 546 2.363 i i . 890 Amounts eaten 36.788 2. I7O 2.765 .611 8.630 22.612 Dung excreted iQ-995 1.504 1.461 139 2.302 5.589 Amounts digested .... 25-793 .666 1-304 .472 6.328 17.023 Per cent, digested .... 70.11 30.69 47.16 77.25 73.33 75.28 STEER No. 3. Corn-fodder fed . . Amounts refused. Amounts eaten. Dung excreted. Amounts digested Per cent, digested 53.770 7.082 2.757 .485 4-361 .461 i-i57 .091 10.993 2.406 34-502 3-639 46.688 15.865 2.272 1.864 3.900 2. 2O2 i. 066 447 8.587 3-278 30.863 8.074 30.823 .408 1.698 .619 5-309 22.789 66.02 17.96 43.54 58.07 61.83 73.84 STEER No, 4. Corn-fodder fed 53.770 2.757 4.361 1. 157 10.993 34.502 Amounts refused 10.858 .663 .644 . 129 3.805 5-617 Amounts eaten 42.912 2 .094 3.717 1.028 7.188 28.885 Dung excreted 14.142 1.681 2.389 344 2. 105 7.623 Amounts digested .... 28.770 .413 1.328 .684 5.083 21 .262 Per cent, digested .... 67.04 19.72 35.73 66.54 70.72 73.61 ten days. Tables 2, 3, and 4 give the essential data of the experiments with corn-fodder. Considering the fact that corn-fodder is really not a single uniform food, but a combination of grain and stover, the results obtained are 364 BULLETIN NO. 58. I April, very satisfactory. Table 5 gives a general summary of the digestion coefficients as obtained from each animal for periods of four days, six days, and also for ten days, together with the averages for each period. TABLE 4. NUMBER OF POUNDS OF EACH NUTRIENT IN THE CORN -FODDER FED, IN THE REFUSE, AND IN THE DUNG. DURING A PERIOD OF Six DAYS; AND ALSO THE" DIGESTION COEFFICIENT. Dry matter. Ash. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Carbo- hydrate extract. STEER No. i. Corn-fodder fed 81.481 4 . I SO 6 4^7 i .655 17 2^6 C2 OO3 A mou n ts refused 13-013 .822 .681 .138 5-034 6-338 Amounts eaten 68 . 468 3.328 5.756 1.517 I 2. 2O2 45.665 Dung excreted 22. 327 2-53 6 3.281 591 3-96I 11.958 Amounts digested 46. 141 .792 2.475 .926 8.241 33-707 Per cent, digested 67.39 23.80 43.00 61.04 67.54 73.81 STEER No. 2. Corn-fodder fed 81.481 4. 150 6.4^7 1.655 17.236 52.003 Amounts refused. . . 23.189 .746 2.064 .674 3-992 15-713 Amounts eaten ^8 2Q2 3 .404 4. 37? .981 13 244 36 2QO Dung excreted 17.739 2-4*5 2.391 245 3.808 8.880 Amounts digested 40.553 -989 1.982 .736 9.436 27.410 Per cent, digested 69.57 2905 45.32 75.03 71.25 75.73 STEER No. 3 Corn-fodder fed 81.481 10.056 4 .150 594 6 -437 .612 1.655 I2 5 17 .236 .655 52 5 .003 .070 Amounts refused .... Amounts eaten 71-425 3 23.714 ! 2 .556 -732 5 3 -825 .176 i.53o 13 .665 5 .581 . 196 ii 933 -945 Dung excreted Amounts digested 47.711 .824 2 .649 .865 8 .385 34 .988 Per cent, digested 66.80 23 .17 45 .48 56.54 61 .74 74 .55 STEER No. 4. Corn-fodder fed 81.481 1:5-873 4 .982 .168 .655 6 -437 .898 1.655 .171 17 5 .236 -945 52 7 .003 -877 Amounts refused Amounts eaten 65 608 23-428 3 2 5 3 539 .368 1.484 .546 .938 ii _3 7 67 .291 .656 -635 44 13 . 126 .203 Dung excreted Amounts digested 42. 180 513 2 .171 30 -923 Per cent, digested 64 29 16 .19 39 .19 63.21 .62 70.09 For comparison the average of the four determinations of the digesti- bility of corn-fodder made in 1895 are also given. It is observed that, by grinding the ears of corn-fodder to corn and cob meal previous to feeding, the digestibility of the ration is much in- i goo. ] CORN-FODDER AND CORN STOVER. 365 creased. The digestibility of the total dry matter is increased from 61.5 to 67.5 per cent., making a net increase of 6 per cent. This gain is chiefly in the protein and carbohydrate extract, the digestibility of the protein being increased 6.1 per cent, and that of the carbohydrate ex- tract 8.4 per cent. These two nutrients constitute more than 90 per cent, of the total dry matter of the corn kernel. The experimental data here given confirm the suggestion made in Bulletin No. 43, page 200, that the individual differences in the ability of different animals to digest ordinary corn-fodder are due principally to the more or less incomplete mastication of the kernels. TABLE 5. DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS FOR CORN-FODDER. Duration of experiment. Animals employed. Dry matter. Ash. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Carbo- hydrate extract. Four days Steer No. i. . Steer No. 2. . Steer No. 3. . Steer No. 4. . 70. i 70. i 66.0 67.0 27.4 30.7 18.0 19.7 46.9 47-2 43-5 35-7 70.9 77-3 58.! 66.5 68.8 73-3 61.8 70.7 76.6 75-3 73.8 73-6 ; Average of four trials 68.3 23.9 43.3 68.2 68.7 74.8 Six days Steer No. i.. Steer No. 2. . Steer No. 3. . Steer No. 4. . 67.4 69.6 66.8 64-3 23.8 29. i 23.2 16.2 43-0 45-3 45-5 39-2 61 .0 75-0 56.5 63.2 67.5 71-3 61.7 67.6 73-8 75-5 74-8 70. i Average of four trials 67.0 23.1 43.3 64.0 67.0 73.5 Ten days Steer No. i. . Steer No. 2. . Steer No. 3. . Steer No. 4. . 68.5 69.8 66.5 65-4 25.3 29.7 21. I 17.6 44.6 46.0 44-7 37-* 65.2 75-9 57-2 64.6 68.1 72.1 61.8 68.8 74-9 75-4 74-3 71-5 Average of four trials 67.5 23.4 43.3 65.7 67.7 74.0 Average of four trials made in 1895. 61.5 19-4 37-2 72.4 66.0 65.6 As the value of corn-fodder as a food-stuff is governed by its digesti- bility it follows that by grinding the ears to corn and cob meal the value of corn-fodder is increased about 10 per cent., that is, to each 61.5 pounds of digestible matter in ordinary corn-fodder 6 pounds of digesti- ble matter are added by grinding the ears. As the ears constitute only about one-half of the edible portion of corn-fodder (52 per cent, in these experiments), it follows that the nutritive value of ear corn is in- creased nearly 20 per cent, by grinding. By reference to Bulletin No. 43, page 205, it will be seen that the nutritive value of shelled corn for hogs is increased nearly 10 per cent, by grinding. 3 66 BULLETIN NO. 58. DIGESTIBILITY OF CORN STOVER. By corn stover is meant corn-fodder less the ears ;thatis, the stalks with tassels, leaves, and husks, the ears only having been removed. The stover used in these experiments was run through a cutting machine be- TABLE 6. NUMBER OF POUNDS ( BOTH FRESH AND DRY ) OF CORN STOVER FED, OF REFUSE, AND OF DUNG, FOR EACH STEER, AND ALSO THE PERCENTAGE COM- POSITION OF THE DRY MATTER. Date. Amounts, pounds. Composition of dry matter, percentages. 1897. Fresh sub- stance. Dry matter. 1 Ash. Protein. Fat. ! 1 . ! Carbo- Fiber. hydrate extract. STEER No. i. Feed.... Feed.... March 16-19.. . . March 20-25.. 63-50 93.00 5L936 75-730 8.64 8.38 6.40 6. 3 6 1.04 99 33-53 33-71 50.39 50.56 Refuse . . Refuse . . March 16-19.. . . March 20-25.. 26.11 33-22 19. 121 25.128 6.85 6.05 5-05 4-72. -94 .88 38.45 39-58 48.71 48.77 Dung.. . . Dung.. . . March 17-20.. . . March 21-26.. . . 79-57 127.10 13.559 21.239 18.40 17.85 10.73 10.65 I .21 1-25 21.87 22.23 47-79 48.02 STEER No. 2. Feed.... Feed .... March 16-19 . . . March 20-25 . 64.00 90.00 52.345 73-094 ! 8.64 8.38 6.40 6.36 i .04 -99 33-53 33-71 50.39 50.56 Refuse . . Refuse . . March 16-19.. March 20-25.. . . 27.66 33.o8 20.853 25-358 6.67 6. 12 5-24 4.8 4 91 91 38.46 39-38 48.72 48.75 Dung Dung.. . . March 17-20.. . . March 21-26.. . . 70.70 103.10 12.793 18.940 17.99 : 18.67 ii .06 11.41 1.09 1.27 20.98 19.89 48.88 48.76 STEER No. 3. Feed,. . . . Feed .... March 16-19.. March 20-25.. - 64-25 95-00 52-549 77-154 8.64 8.38 6.40 6.36 I .04 99 33-53 33-71 50-39 50.56 Refuse . . Refuse . . March 16-19 March 20-25.. 25-53 32.69 19.469 25.I37 6.98 6.35 5-48 4.91 .85 -85 37.62 38.65 49.07 49.24 Dung... . Dung.. . . March 17-20.. . . March 21-26.. . . 77-83 117.63 14.490 21 .830 16.08 16.30 9-73 10.12 i .06 1.14 24.75 23-85 48.38 48.59 STEER No. 4. Feed.... Feed... March 16-19.. March 20-25.. 63.00 96.00 51-527 77.966 8.64 8.38 6.40 6.36 1.04 -99 33-53 33.71 50.39 50.56 Refuse . . Refuse . . March 16-19 March 20-25.. 25.19 31-25 18.166 23.143 6.75 5.98 5.01 4-33 .87 .85 37-97 39.28 49.40 49.56 Dung.. . . Dung.. . . March 17-20.. . . March 21-26.. . . 95-96 165.31 13.922 23.600 19.19 : 17.97 10.84 11.07 I. 10 I. IO 20.77 21.88 48.10 47.98 fore it was fed. The essential data from the experiments with corn stover appears in Tables 6, 7, and 8. Table 9 gives a general summary of the digestion coefficients for corn stover as obtained from each animal for periods of four days, six days, and ten days, and also the average of the four trials for each period. The results obtained are in close agreement with all of the /poo.] CORN-FODDER AND CORN STOVKK. 367 principal constituents. For comparison the digestibility of corn stover by cattle as determined by the Pennsylvania Experiment Station is given in Table 10 (See Pa. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 3). The average digestibility of the total dry matter is 62.0 per cent , TABLE 7. NUMBER OF POUNDS OF EACH NUTRIENT IN THE CORN STOVER FED, IN THE REFUSE, AND IN THE DUNG, DURING A PERIOD OF FOUR DAYS; AND ALSO THE DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS. Dry matter. Ash. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Carbo- hydrate extract STEER No. i. Corn stover fed 51 .936 4.486 3.326 .542 17.413 26. 169 Amounts refused 19. 121 1.309 .965 .180 7-353 9-3M Amounts eaten 32.815 3- T 77 2.361 . 362 10.060 16.855 Dung excreted 13.559 2.495 1-455 -163 2.965 6.481 Amounts digested 19.256 .682 .906 .199 7-095 10-374 Per cent, digested. . . . 58.68 21.47 38.37 54.97 70.53 61.55 STEER No. 2. Corn stover fed S2. 245 4- 521 3. 3S3 . 546 17. 550 26. 375 Amounts refused 20.853 1.390 1 .092 .189 8.019 10. 163 Amounts eaten .' 31 .492 3.I3I 2.261 357 9.531 I6.2I2 Dung excreted 12.793 J2-302 1.415 . 140 2.684 6.252 Amounts digested 18.699 .829 .846 .217 6.847 9.960 Per cent, digested .... 59.38 26.48 37.42 60.78 71.84 61.44 STEER No. 3. Corn stover fed s.2 S4Q 4 C7Q 3 ^65 548 17 618 26 47Q Amounts refused 19.469 1-359 i. 068 .166 7.324 9-552, Amounts eaten 33.080 3.180 2.2Q7 382 IO 2Q4 16 027 Dung excreted 14.490 2.329 I .410 153 3.586 7.012 Amounts digested 18.590 -851 .887 .229 0.708 9.915 Per cent digested .... 56.20 26.76 38.62 59.95 65.16 58.58 STEER No. 4. Corn stover fed 5 1 -5 2 7 4.451 3.299 .538 17 275 2S 064 Amounts refused 18.166 i .226 .910 .158 6.897 8.975 Amounts eaten 3S 361 3 22"? 2.389 380 10 ^78 l6.Q8Q Dung excreted 13.922 2.672 1.509 153 2.892 6.696 Amounts digested 19-439 -553 .880 .227 7.486 10.293 Per cent, digested 58.27 17.15 36 84 59.74 72.13 60.59 as determined by the Pennsylvania experiments, while our result gives 58.2 per cent. The average of both is 60. i per cent. Of the several constituents of the dry matter, the ash, protein, and carbohydrate ex- tract gave higher digestion coefficients in the Pennsylvania experiments, while the fat and fiber show higher coefficients in our results. 368 BULLETIN NO. 58. [April, TABLE 8. NUMBER OF POUNDS OF EACH NUTRIENT IN THE CORN STOVER FED, IN THE REFUSE, AND IN THE DUNG, DURING A PERIOD OF six DAYS; AND ALSO THE DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS. Dry matter. Ash. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Carbo- hydrate extract. STEER No. i. Corn stover fed 75-53 6.333 4.807 .747 25 461 38 182 Amounts refused 25. 128 i. 519 1.186 .222 9-945 12.256 Amounts eaten so. 402 4.814 3.621 . 525 1C ei6 Dung excreted 21 .239 3-791 2.263 .266 4.721 10.198 Amounts digested 29. 163 1.023 1.358 -259 10.795 15.728 Per cent digested. . 57.86 21.25 37.50 49.33 69.57 60.66 STEER No. 2. Corn stover fed 73.094 6.128 4.652 .723 24.64O 36.QCT Amounts refused 25.358 1.553 1.228 .230 9.987 12.360 Amounts eaten 47.736 4-575 3.424 -4Q3 M.653 24 5QI Dung excreted 18.940 3.536 2.161 .240 3-767 9.236 Amounts digested 28.796 1.039 1.263 -253 10.886 15-355 Per cent, digested .... 60.32 22.71 36.89 51.32 74.29 62.44 STEER No. 3. Corn stover fed 77- J 54 6.460 4.910 763 26 . 009 39.003 Amounts refused 25.137 1-595 1-235 .213 9-714 12.380 Amounts eaten 52.017 4.874 3.675 55 1^.295 26.623 Dung excreted 21 .830 3.558 2.210 .248 5.206 10.608 Amounts digested 30.187 i .316 1.465 .302 11.089 16.015 Per cent, digested 58.03 27.00 39.86 54.91 68.05 60.15 STEER No. 4. Corn stover fed 77.966 6. 537 4.962 .771 26.282 39.414 Amounts refused 23-143 1.384 i .003 .197 9.091 i i . 468 Amounts eaten 54.823 5-153 3-959 574 17.191 27.946 Dung excreted 23.600 4.241 2.613 .260 5- l6 3 11-323 Amounts digested 31-223 .912 1.346 .314 12.028 16.623 Per cent, digested 56.95 17.17 34.00 54.70 69.97 59.48 i goo. ] CORN-FODDER AND CORN STOVER. 369 TABLE 9 DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS FOR CORN STOVER. Duration of experiment. Animals employed. Dry matter. Ash. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Carbo- hydrate extract. Four days Steer No. i. . Steer No. 2. . 58.7 59.4 21.5 26.5 38.4 37.4 55-o 60.8 70.5 71.8 61.6 61 .4 Steer No. 3. . Steer No. 4. . 56.2 58.3 26.8 17.2 38.6 36.8 60.0 59-7 65.2 72. i 58.6 60.6 Average of four trials 58 1 23.0 37 8 58 9 69 9 60 5 Six days Steer No. i . . Steer No. 2.. 57-9 60.3 21.3 22.7 37-5 36.9 49-3 51-3 69.6 74-3 60.7 62.4 Steer No. 3. . Steer No. 4. . 58.0 57-0 27.0 17.7 39-9 34-0 54-9 54-7 68.1 70.0 60.2 59-5 Average of four trials 58.3 22.2 37.1 52.6 70.5 60 7 Ten days Steer No. i. . Steer No. 2. . 58.2 60.0 21.3 24.2 37-9 37-1 51.6 55-3 70.0 73-3 61 .0 62.0 Steer No. 3. . Steer No 4. . 57-3 57-5 26.9 i7-5 39-4 35-i 57.0 56.7 66.9 70.8 59-5 59-9 Average of four trials 58.2 22.5 37.4 55.2 70.3 60.6 TABLE 10. DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS FOR CORN STOVER. Duration of experiment. Animals employed. Dry matter. Ash. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Carbo- hydrate extract. Ten days . . . Steer No. i Steer No. 2 62.0 62.4 41.9 42.6 49-7 49-7 50.5 48.1 67.4 68.3 64.2 64.4 Average of two trials 62.2 42.3 49.7 49.3 67.9 64.3 Ten days . . . Steer No. i Steer No. 2 62.4 61.1 48.9 46.2 54-8 52.8 54-3 55-8 64.9 65.2 6 4-5 62.5 Average of two trials 61.8 47.6 53.8 55.1 65.1 63.5 Average for twenty days. . 62.0 45.0 51.8 52.2 66.5 63.9 370 BULLETIN NO. 57. \_March, /poo. SUMMARY. When the ears are ground to corn and cob meal, corn-fodder shows a higher percentage of digestibility than any other common coarse food stuff, the digestibility of the dry matter being 8 per cent, higher than timothy hay and 14 per cent, higher than clover hay (see Bulletin No. 43, page 205). The total digestibility of corn-fodder is increased 6 per cent, by grinding the ears to corn and cob meal previous to feeding ; while the value of the ears alone is increased nearly 20 per cent, by grinding. In both its composition and digestibility corn stover closely resem- bles timothy hay, and the edible portion of the stover has a nutritive value fully equal to that of timothy. CYRIL GEORGE HOPKINS, M. S., Ph.D., Chemist. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA