\
 
 LIB RARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 U N I VLR5 ITY 
 
 or ILLl NOIS
 
 A PMMAKY 
 
 ADDRESSED TO THE 
 
 CLERGY OF HIS DIOCESE, 
 
 CHARLES THOMAS, 
 
 ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Honlion, 
 RIVINGTONS, WATERLOO PLACE; 
 
 HIGH STREET, 
 
 TRINITY STREET, 
 
 CambriHge. 
 
 18G4.
 
 LONDON : 
 GILBERT AND EIVINGTON, PRINTEES, 
 
 ST. John's square.
 
 PRIMAEY CHARGE, 
 1864, 
 
 My Rev. and Dear Brethren, 
 
 We are assembled together for the first time 
 within these sacred walls under circumstances of no 
 ordinary interest to us all. Events, some of which 
 deeply concern the whole body of the Church, while 
 others specially affect our own diocese, have come to 
 pass since you were last here convened, and were 
 listening to words of fatherly instruction from one 
 who has now ceased from his labours, and has been 
 called, as we humbly trust, to enter into that rest 
 which remaineth for the people of Grod. 
 
 I can well divine the mingled feelings of regret 
 and gratitude with which you will each recur to this 
 topic, feelings in which I myself must claim to 
 share. There will scarcely be one among us who 
 will not be touched by the memory of some act of 
 personal kindness on the part of him who so lately 
 occupied the chair I now fill, of some lasting obliga- 
 
 A 2
 
 4 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 tion conferred, of some counsels of wisdom imparted 
 to us in a spirit of gentleness and love. I have 
 thus, as you see, sought to identify myself with my 
 clergy in thankful acknowledgments to that single- 
 minded and beneficent prelate under whose mild rule 
 you were in days past privileged to minister ; for it 
 is now nearly thirty years since I was called, by the 
 providence of God, to enter into a portion of liis 
 labours, and to take charge of a section ' of the Lord's 
 vineyard in the north of England over which he 
 before presided ; and having been twice appointed liis 
 successor in the episcopal office, while I look back 
 with grateful recollection to the valued aid which he 
 tendered to me, when a novice in the discharge of 
 its responsible duties, I cannot refrain from express- 
 ing my sorrow that the hke aid should no longer be 
 at hand, when I follow him in the more arduous and 
 trying position to which I am now called. 
 
 But besides these acknowledgments of individual 
 obligation, in which we shall cordially unite, let me 
 bear my willing testimony to the important services 
 Archbishop Sumner has rendered to the Church of 
 
 ^ That division of the archdeaconry of Eichmond, belonging 
 to the see of Chester, which was transferred to the see of Ripon 
 on its creation in the year 1836. It extends from the extreme 
 north-western point of Yorkshire to within nine miles of York, 
 and contains 123 churches, forming about one-third, in respect 
 of area, though not of population, of the present diocese of 
 Ripon. 
 
 uiuc
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 Christ, and more especially to the Church of England, 
 by his labours, whether literary or administrative. In 
 his work entitled *' A Treatise on the Records of the 
 Creation," and in his volume on " the Evidences of 
 Christianity," he has provided us with supports to 
 our faith, most seasonable in the present times of 
 trouble and rebuke, as has recently been attested by 
 one of the highest authorities of the Galilean Church ; 
 in his "Apostolical Preaching Considered," he has 
 set before us in an impressive manner what should 
 be the substance of our teaching from the pulpit, if 
 we would tread in the steps of those who were com- 
 missioned by our Lord Himself to proclaim His 
 Gospel to the world ; and in his ' ' Practical Com- 
 mentary on the New Testament" he inculcates the 
 doctrines and enforces the duties which he himself 
 preached and practised with blameless consistency 
 throughout the whole course of his ministerial life. 
 His administrative labours, during the twenty years 
 he presided over the Diocese of Chester, were signally 
 blessed by the largely increased provision for the 
 spiritual wants of its manufacturing districts, which 
 are still reaping the benefit of his exemplary zeal in 
 promoting the welfare of his flock. Cares and toils 
 of a diff'erent character awaited him in his last 
 province of ecclesiastical duty. But here also the 
 government of his Diocese and his Primacy in the 
 Church was signalized by the same spirit of gentle-
 
 6 PEIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 ness and love, the same spirit of unwearied devotion 
 to the functions of his sacred calHng, the same calm 
 and unruffled temperament which enabled him, 
 through grace, to pass unscathed through the trials 
 that beset him in his arduous path ; till at last he 
 was permitted to close his prolonged career of pious 
 usefulness amidst the affectionate and respectful 
 regrets of an attached clergy and a grateful Church. 
 To follow such a Primate is indeed no easy task ; 
 and I must entreat your indulgent interpretation of 
 my conduct, should I, in the course of my ministry 
 among you, fail to satisfy expectations which the 
 example of such a predecessor might not unnaturally 
 raise. At any period of our Church's history, it 
 must have been felt as a most solemn responsibihty, 
 to be invested with so weighty a charge as that 
 which now devolves upon me ; but with the prospects 
 before her, and under the conflict of opinion which 
 now exists, its gravity -will be the more profoundly felt. 
 My hope and humble confidence is, that He who 
 has laid the burthen upon me will enable me to 
 bear it ; and that in conscious weakness, I may be 
 able to realize that strength which is made perfect 
 in man's infirmity. 
 
 Diocesan sta- Postponing for the moment those mat- 
 tistics. ^gj.^ ^£ pubhc interest to the Church at 
 
 large to which I have alluded, I will proceed to set 
 forth, as clearly and concisely as I can, the present
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. Y 
 
 condition of our diocese, in some matters that con-, 
 cern its ecclesiastical statistics ; we shall then, if we 
 are once more permitted to meet here in solemn 
 assembly, have a starting-point from which we may 
 measm-e our progress in future years. 
 
 But, first, addressing myself to you, my Eeverend 
 Brethren, members of the Metropolitical Church of 
 Canterbury, let me record my grateful sense of the 
 obligation which this Cathedral owes to the Very 
 Rev. the Dean, for having himself undertaken, 
 at a great sacrifice of his very valuable time and 
 labour, to provide an afternoon Sermon each 
 Sunday. When almost every congregation in the 
 diocese has the advantage of a second sermon on 
 the Lord's Day, it is difficult to discover any valid 
 reason why the congregation assembling mtliin 
 these walls should be denied that privilege ; and all 
 honour be to him, who resolved that they should no 
 longer be debarred from it. I trust that a measure 
 which I have recently adopted may tend gradually 
 to lighten the Dean's labours in this respect ; and 
 that the Order of Honorary Canons, founded by me 
 a year since, may be available for this service, when 
 each is called in his turn to preach his annual 
 Sermon. The Cathedral bodies are generally exert- 
 ing themselves to provide additional spiritual in- 
 struction for the inhabitants of their respective 
 cities; and I should have been sorry, had that of
 
 8 PRIMAKY CHARGE. 
 
 Canterbury been backward in such a move- 
 ment. 
 
 Ruridecanai '^Gxt let me take this opportunity of 
 '^''*'°"' thanking my Rural Deans for the wilhng 
 aid they have afforded me in my endeavours to 
 ascertain the state of the diocese in respect of the 
 fabric of the churches and of the parsonage-houses. 
 Ruridecanai organization I have always felt to be 
 of great importance to a Bishop, for the efficient 
 administration of the affairs of his See ; and I sin- 
 cerely hope that Chapters will be regularly held 
 from time to time in each Deanery, for the dis- 
 cussion of subjects bearing upon the welfare of the 
 Church. It is through such organization that the 
 Bishop can most promptly and most surely ascer- 
 tain the views and opinions of his Clergy on matters 
 which are of interest to the Church at the moment : 
 tlii-ough this, the clergy may, from time to time, 
 receive communications from their Diocesan, and be 
 put in possession of his wishes and directions when 
 action shall be called for, or a public expression of 
 opinion be deemed desirable; and thus, taking 
 counsel together, they may be able to mature 
 measures advantageous to the diocese and the 
 Church. I am acquainted with some such signal 
 instances of important results from active local 
 exertions in single Rural Deaneries, that I cannot 
 refrain from pointing out to you what may be done,
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 9 
 
 if the leading persons, Clergy as well as Laity, 
 resolve to co-operate for the welfare of the Church 
 in each. The first example I will adduce is that of 
 the Deanery of Southwark, in the diocese of Win- 
 chester. Its total population was half a million, 
 and it contained sixty-three benefices, many of them 
 so poorly endowed, that ten of the number had 
 incomes averaging no more than 108/. a year each. 
 An Association was formed for the Augmentation of 
 Poor Benefices in the Deanery. The Association 
 raised 5000/. by donations and annual subscriptions ; 
 the several Incumbents, by sermons and other 
 means, 5000/. more ; grants from the Ecclesiastical 
 Commissioners doubled these sums ; and with a total 
 of 20,000/., the income of every Incumbent in the 
 Deanery, that was previously below that amount, 
 was raised to 200/. a year. The Association, 
 having thus accomplished its proposed work, has 
 lately, as I understand, been dissolved. In the 
 Deanery of Cambridge, a similar effort for another 
 object has met with the like success. The popula- 
 tion of the town and neighbourhood had so in- 
 creased, that a large proportion was beyond the 
 reach of proper parochial supervision by the exist- 
 ing staff of clergy. It was resolved that a -vigorous 
 effort should be made to render the ministrations of 
 the Church commensurate -with the wants of the 
 people ; and the result of this attempt to meet local
 
 10 PEIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 wants from local resources has been, the addition of 
 three Curates within the Deanery, so that there is 
 now one clergyman to every 1500 souls in the most 
 populous parish; the erection of a free temporary 
 church, with school attached ; the raising of funds 
 for building a free permanent church in one of the 
 most destitute districts; and an extra Service and 
 Curate provided by the offertory in another parish, 
 besides the awakening of a more general interest in 
 the spiritual welfare of the neighbourhood. 
 
 There can be no doubt that the increase of the 
 endowments of our poorer benefices is one of the 
 crying wants of our times. In this diocese, as far 
 as I have been able to ascertain, there are as many 
 as 21 benefices under 100/. a year, and 102 
 under 200/. a year ; and as the grants made by the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners to meet benefactions 
 for this purpose are open to all, I cannot but 
 earnestly hope that in our diocese this seasonable 
 aid may be largely sought for from that quarter. 
 This end would be much promoted did there exist 
 in this diocese a Society with the threefold object 
 of aiding in the increase of Church accommodation 
 by the building of new churches, or the enlargement 
 of old ones ; in the increase of the endowments of 
 poor benefices, and in the building of parsonage- 
 houses ; and it is my full intention, after consulta- 
 tion with the leading clergy and laity of the diocese.
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 11 
 
 to make a great effort for the establishment of a 
 Society for these three purposes. 
 
 The Keport of om- Diocesan Inspector D;ocesan 
 of Schools presents, I am happy to say, a ^^^^°°^®- 
 cheerful view of the state of education in the diocese. 
 There is a greater number of certificated masters, in 
 proportion to the uncertificated, than there was in 
 the previous year. There is a considerable improve- 
 ment in the standard of religious knowledge in our 
 Schools ; and this we may notice with the greater 
 satisfaction, as there was at one time much reason 
 to fear, that under the new regulations of the 
 Revised Code, the scriptural teaching in them might 
 labour under some discouragement. But although, 
 happily, we have not suffered in this respect, it 
 appears that the recent changes have led to an 
 almost total neglect of Geography, Grammar, and 
 History : so that, as regards the general training of 
 the mind, the pupils are suffering from the abandon- 
 ment of these branches of education in our Ele- 
 mentary Schools. The state of discipline generally 
 prevailing in them is said to be remarkably good ; 
 but the evil of removing children prematurely con- 
 tinues unabated, two-thirds of those in our Church 
 Schools being under ten years of age, and only one 
 in seventeen having reached the age of thirteen ! 
 The deficiencies of tliis scanty education can only 
 be supplied by the establishment of Night Schools,
 
 12 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 which have been tried in many quarters with very 
 beneficial results ; and it is gratifying to perceive 
 that there are 128 parishes where there are adult 
 Schools, in which the clergyman takes an active 
 part. As to the effect of the Revised Code on 
 School Funds, it is not easy at this early stage to 
 pronounce ; but I am glad to believe, that no 
 schools have as yet been closed from want of pecu- 
 niary means ; and the very valuable exertions of our 
 Diocesan Education Society, which has so largely 
 benefited our parishes, will, I trust, help to prevent 
 such a calamity. 
 
 Book-hawk- ^^ ^^ Satisfactory to find that successful 
 ^"^' Book-hawking Associations exist in the 
 
 diocese ; and it is to be wished that their operations 
 could be made coextensive with it. No doubt can 
 be entertained of the important influence they exert, 
 by offering wholesome and edifying literature where 
 immoral and irreligious publications might other- 
 wise find their way. Some very curious statistics 
 have been lately published, which hold out great 
 encouragement to such efforts. There is substantial 
 ground for believing that the sale of obnoxious works 
 is considerably on the decrease. It has been ascer- 
 tained that about three years ago, the circulation of 
 directly immoral publications was about fifty-two 
 thousand weekly, while at present it is estimated to 
 reach no more than nine thousand ; the abundance
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 13 
 
 of cheap literature of a wholesome kind having fairly 
 driven them from the field. The total number of 
 free-thinking serial publications which now exist 
 does not reach above five thousand weekly ; and it 
 is remarked by those who have had opportunities of 
 examining them, that they now adopt a tone un- 
 knowTi at a former period, and that they generally 
 attempt, as they express it, "to show that ra- 
 tionalism is not irresponsible ^" As to religious 
 literature, it occupies only a secondary place among 
 the weekly issues ; but in comparison with other 
 monthly periodicals, those on the subject of religion 
 far outnumber each of them : they amount to up- 
 w^ards of one hundred, and their monthly issue 
 reaches to nearly two millions of copies. Besides 
 this, there is a periodical republication of old standard 
 works, such as "Jeremy Taylor's Life of Christ," 
 "Pilgrim's Progress," the "History of England," 
 and a compendious " Gazetteer," with several others, 
 which supply the Book-hawker's store ; and of this 
 class of work, the issue is now four times as great 
 as it was in the year 1830. These certainly are 
 favourable symptoms, and will, I trust, induce us to 
 persevere in our endeavours to disseminate far and 
 wide among our people such wholesome reading as 
 may help to instruct the mind and edify the soul, 
 
 ^ These details are collected from the " Publishers' Cii'cular" 
 of May 16, 1864.
 
 14 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 and will stimulate you, my Reverend Brethren, in 
 your exertions for the establishment of Book-hawldng 
 societies where they are not at present existing. 
 The last report of the West Dartford and Kent 
 Suburban Book-hawking Society is especially cheer- 
 ing; for though it comprises no Inore than twenty 
 parishes, yet the sale of books and maps for the 
 present year amounts to above 300/., as against 
 184Z. the year previous. 
 
 Abstract of "'■ ^^^^^ ^^ tcudcr to you all my acknow- 
 Retunis. ledgmcuts for the punctuality and pre- 
 cision with wliich you have replied to my inquiries 
 respecting the state of your several parishes ^ I have 
 now on record the number of legally constituted bene- 
 fices, as well as of chapels of ease in the diocese ; the 
 number of resident incumbents, as well as non- 
 resident, and the various reasons for their non- 
 residence : I know how many parsonages there are, 
 and how many parishes are yet without glebe-houses ; 
 the rate of addition to the parsonage-houses within 
 the last three years being seven annually, so that it 
 would take twelve years to supply with residences 
 for the incumbents those eighty-four parishes which 
 are yet without them. I have ascertained the 
 number of sendees in each church, and the 
 number of churches in which there is one seiwice 
 only on the Sunday ; the periods at which the Holy 
 ' Appendix A.
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 15 
 
 Communion is administered in each parish, and the 
 number of communicants ; the number of schools in 
 the diocese for the education of the poor in the 
 principles of the Church of England, and the 
 number of candidates confirmed by myself since my 
 accession to the See. Should it please God to 
 permit me to meet you at another Visitation, I shall 
 hope to be able to report progress in several of these 
 particulars. There are still, I am sorry to say, 
 sixty-five churches in which the Holy Communion 
 is administered less than six times a year. I do 
 not by any means desire to fix this as an adequate 
 number ; but less frequent opportunities of partaking 
 of this blessed rite must surely be prejudicial to the 
 spiritual welfare of a congregation. If the inward 
 and spiritual grace of the Sacrament of the Lord's 
 Supper be the Body and Blood of Christ, verily and 
 indeed taken and received by the faithful therein 
 after a heavenly and spiritual manner ; if to 
 those who partake of it in sincerity and truth, re- 
 mission of sins be the necessary consequence ; if 
 the benefits they obtain thereby are the strengthen- 
 ing and refreshing of their souls ; if the sanctifying 
 grace of the Holy Spirit be there conferred ; if the 
 Holy Eucharist be a federal rite, in which, while 
 man renews his covenant with God, God renews His 
 covenant with man, giving him a fresh pledge of 
 future blessing, another earnest of final salvation ;
 
 16 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 and if the believer's union with his Sa\'iour be thus 
 more closely cemented, — it surely cannot be the 
 faithful pastor's wish to stint his flock of this rich 
 pasture. It will be yours rather to provide them 
 with their meat in due season ; and this spiritual 
 food, so supporting to their souls, you will not deny 
 them. I cannot but hope that those of my Keverend 
 Brethren to whom these remarks may apply, will 
 not think they have placed that holy ordinance on 
 a proper footing in their parishes until they shall 
 have succeeded in establishing what approaches 
 more nearly to a monthly communion. There are, 
 I find, forty-six churches in which there is only one 
 service on the Sunday. There may doubtless be 
 sufficient reason, in some cases, for such a state of 
 tilings, as there are several legally consolidated 
 parishes in the diocese ; but where it is possible 
 there should be two, I hope that nothing will pre- 
 vent the immediate establishment of a second. 
 Church 1 1^^^^ ^^^' ^^ ^^^ present moment, any 
 
 Missions. return of the parishes in which no appeal 
 is annually made in behalf of Church missions ; but 
 I am afraid there are still several in which the 
 important obligation of aiding to carry out the 
 Saviour's command, that the Gospel should be 
 preached to every creature, has not been pressed 
 upon the consciences of the people. I trust that 
 the Pastoral Letter on this subject which has been
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 17 
 
 circulated by the four Archbishops, will have its 
 effect, and that in every, parish an organized effort 
 will be made to assist in the maintenance and 
 multiplication of Christian missions. Whether we 
 regard the vast number of our OAvn poor who emi- 
 grate to distant lands, and who will lapse into 
 heathenism if they have not the ministrations of the 
 Church to foster the spirit of religion and keep them 
 stedfast in the faith; or whether we look to the 
 enormous pagan population over which the empire 
 of Britain extends, as well as the hundreds of 
 millions of heathen who are beyond it, and who 
 seem, in the name of the Saviour of the world, to 
 demand of us the communication of those principles 
 of light and life with which we ourselves are blessed ; 
 I know not how, in either case, any clergyman can 
 evade the solemn obligation which weighs upon him, 
 of calling upon his parishioners to aid one or other 
 of the Societies that further these objects. Let 
 each separate parish then raise its contribution for 
 the work ; and let one of the annual sermons de- 
 livered from your pulpit be in behalf of Church of 
 England Missions, so that no portion of our 
 Church, in this her day of trial, shall be found 
 heedless of this call to devotion to her Saviour's 
 service. 
 
 I perceive that there are 126 churches in which 
 the Sacrament of Baptism is not administered at the 
 
 B
 
 18 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 stated times, when the congregation are present at 
 the service. I am quite aware of the difficulty there 
 may be in restoring the order of the Church in this 
 particular, after long desuetude. But besides the 
 direct injunction of the Church, there are such 
 strong reasons in support of the practice prescribed, 
 that I would urge those of my Keverend Brethren who 
 do not follow the requirements of the Rubric, to use 
 their best endeavours to return to the regular usage. 
 Surely we cannot be justified in depriving infants, 
 at their baptism, of the united prayers of the whole 
 assembled congregation ; nor should we think it a 
 hght matter to deprive the congregation itself of the 
 benefit of being reminded from time to time, in the 
 language of the solemn service, how that baptism 
 doth represent unto them their profession, which is 
 to follow the example of our Saviour Christ, and 
 be made like unto Him, so that after the pattern of 
 His Death and Resurrection, they should die from 
 sin, and rise again unto righteousness, continually 
 mortifying all evil and corrupt affections, and daily 
 proceeding in all virtue and godliness of living. 
 The service is indeed a sermon which may well, 
 under God's blessing, awaken the conscious sinner 
 and the careless liver to a sense of their estrange- 
 ment from their Christian profession, and of peril 
 to their souls, should they persist in their ungodly 
 courses.
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 19 
 
 Much uneasiness has been felt from the candidates for 
 frequently repeated assertion that the num- ^°^^ orders. 
 ber of those who have sought Holy Orders within 
 the last few years has considerably diminished, and 
 that the proportion of candidates from the universities 
 has decreased. Some facts would seem to contradict 
 these statements; for between the years 1851 and 
 1861, according to the last census, the number of 
 clergy in England and Wales had risen from 17,621 
 to 19,195, giving an addition of 1574 during that 
 decade ; and out of 285 candidates ordained at 
 Christmas, 1863, 203 were from Oxford or Cam- 
 bridge, 22 from Dublin and Durham Universities, 
 the rest from Theological Colleges, from the London 
 University, and from St. Bees' and St. Aidan's, or 
 Literates. It is obvious, however, that the increased 
 number of poor benefices, and the opportunities 
 which are now constantly occurring of more lucrative 
 employment through competitive examination, or in 
 other ways, are calculated to influence unfavourably 
 the supply of candidates for the ministry ; and the 
 vast increase of new churches, to which deserving 
 curates are appointed as incumbents, as well as the 
 number of old churches in which the staff of curates 
 is increased, may also help to account for the diffi- 
 culty of procuring such assistants at the present 
 moment. But in spite of the undeniable increase 
 of the total number of clergy between the years 
 
 B 2
 
 20 PRIMARY CHARGE, 
 
 1851 and 1861, it is certain, from correct statistical 
 returns, that the number of candidates ordained as 
 deacons has diminished in the last ten years, on an 
 average of sixty-five per year. Tliis apparent in- 
 consistency between the known increase in the total 
 number of clergy since 1851, and the known de- 
 crease of the number of candidates for ordination in 
 the ratio above mentioned, during the same period, 
 can only be accounted for by the increased longevity 
 of the clergy between the years 1851 and 1861 ; a 
 fact which the carefully prepared tables I have in 
 my possession will clearly prove *. 
 Increase of the ^ow the fact of a large increase in the 
 Episcopate. ^^^^1^^^, ^f ^^16 Clergy in England and 
 
 Wales, together with the vast annual addition to 
 our population, forces the more strongly upon our 
 attention the need of some increase in the Episco- 
 pate. That some of our dioceses are too large for 
 effective Ecclesiastical supervision, has long been 
 felt ; and expression was given to that opinion a 
 few years since in a Memorial, signed by a large 
 body of persons of rank and consideration in the 
 country, distinguished by no special bias either in 
 religion or pohtics. There are two ways of supply- 
 ing the acknowledged want ; either by the Subdivi- 
 sion of Dioceses, or by the appointment of Suffragan 
 
 * Appendix B.
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 21 
 
 Bishops. The Diocese of Exeter, at the present 
 moment, most m-gently demands such rehef; as 
 well from the age and infirmity of the venerable 
 prelate who presides over it, as from some peculiar 
 circumstances, touching its extent, its form, and 
 population. It is much to be regretted, that all our 
 hopes of a separate See for Cornwall should have 
 been recently frustrated. No doubt there will be 
 difficulty in raising an adequate stipend for the new 
 Bishop ; but I confess that I have heard no suffi- 
 cient reason for the refusal, supposing this obstacle 
 to be overcome. The question of a Suffi:-agan Bishop 
 for the Diocese of Exeter, is, I believe, yet under 
 discussion ; and objections to the measure have been 
 raised which I conceive to be entirely groundless. 
 It is imagined that there might be a claim on the 
 part of the Suffi-agan to succession on the next 
 vacancy of the See. But the Crown would justly 
 repudiate any such pretension, as fettering the free 
 exercise of its patronage ; nor could it ever be asked 
 to acquiesce in the consecration of a clergyman with 
 right of succession, who was not of its own choice. 
 The Suffi-agan himself, at any rate, would never 
 venture to advance such a claim. He would pro- 
 bably be some dignitary of the Church, or well-bene- 
 ficed clergyman, who, on the death of his Principal, 
 would retire upon his preferment, still bearing the 
 Episcopal title, but ceasing to exercise any of its
 
 22 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 functions, unless invited to do so by some prelate 
 who sought his services on special occasions. The 
 status of such a person would be precisely analogous 
 to that of a retired colonial bishop, living in this 
 country; and the presence of such has frequently 
 proved beneficial in cases of emergency. 
 Society for ^^ ^ mcans of facilitating the attendance 
 Freedom"ff ^^ pubHc worsliip ou the part of our rapidly 
 Worship. increasing population, there has arisen an 
 Institution entitled " The National Society for Pro- 
 moting Freedom of Worship in the Church." I have 
 been repeatedly asked to give it my countenance, 
 but I have not, as yet, felt myself at liberty to do 
 so. I fully recognize the importance of having all 
 our churches open to the parisliioners without any 
 payment for their seats. Let them enjoy the ministry 
 of the Word as they do the ministry of the Sacra- 
 ments, without money and without price ; and if this 
 were all, I should entirely sympathize with the move- 
 ment. But I believe it transgresses these hmits, and 
 supersedes the ancient rule of the Church w^liich 
 assigns to the Churchwardens, subject to the control 
 of the Ordinary, the duty of seating each of the 
 parishioners, that is, of assigning to each inhabitant 
 or family certain places in the church to which they 
 may resort for public worship without let or hin- 
 drance, unless it shall be found necessary, for special 
 reasons, to make some different arrangement sane-
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 23 
 
 tioned by the churchwardens and confirmed by the 
 Ordinary. The privilege thus by law established 
 has in many instances been grossly abused, and an 
 illegal claim set up to a property in those seats, the 
 right of letting or of selling them having been 
 asserted, even though the party should cease to 
 reside in the parish. It is important, in the interest 
 of the parishioners themselves, that all persons 
 should be disabused of so erroneous an impression. 
 As soon as an individual ceases to reside in a parish 
 he ceases to be a parishioner, and ceases to have 
 any claim whatever to a seat in the parish church. 
 It then reverts to the churchwardens, who assign it 
 to some other party. All payments, therefore, for 
 the purchase of pews in parish churches, and all 
 rents demanded for the use of pews in the same, are 
 illegal, and cannot be enforced by law. Now this 
 new Society, if I am correctly informed, proposes 
 to deprive the churchwardens of that function of 
 their office which empowers them to seat the parish- 
 ioners according to the above regulations, and to 
 throw open every sitting in the church to the first 
 comer, whenever the congregation assembles for 
 public worship. This system is unnecessary where 
 the church accommodation is adequate to the popu- 
 lation, and all can without difficulty be seated ; it is 
 highly inconvenient where the number of inhabitants 
 exceeds the capacity of the church to accommodate
 
 24 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 them, and where confusion is Hkely to ensue from 
 the competition for places before the ser^dce begins. 
 In such a strugghng crowd the aged and infirm, who 
 need and value the pubhc ministrations of our 
 Church at least as much as any others, would find 
 it in vain to persevere, and would thus probably be 
 entirely debarred from enjoying the benefit of rights 
 v/hich they share in common with others. If the 
 Society would confine itself to efi'orts for estabhshing 
 the fi'eedom of public worship by abohshing all pay- 
 ments for seats, at the same time providing adequate 
 stipends for the clergy, without having recourse to 
 such means for their support, it should have my 
 willing countenance. 
 
 The issue of a Royal Commission to 
 
 Clerical Sub- ^ '^ 
 
 scription Com- considcr and revise the various forms of 
 
 missiou. 
 
 subscription and declaration required to 
 be made by the clergy has natm'ally attracted the 
 anxious attention of Churchmen to its proceedings. 
 The idea of abolisliing all clerical subscription has 
 met with very httle favour either from clergy or 
 laity. The Church has a right to exact subscription 
 from her ministers, and her lay members may reason- 
 ably demand it of them, as a secmity that their 
 teaching shall be in conformity mth her doctrines. 
 But the existing forms of subscription were too 
 numerous and complicated, and seemed fairly to 
 admit of some modification, without lessening the
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 25 
 
 moral obligation on the conscience of the subscribers 
 to maintain the tenets of our Church inviolate. The 
 labours of the Commission have been brought very 
 nearly to a conclusion, and I confidently anticipate 
 that the result will prove satisfactory to the members 
 of our Church in general. 
 
 The proposal made in the year 1863 for altering 
 the terms of subscription was couched in such lan- 
 guage as necessarily prevented me from acceding to 
 it. A promise of conformity to the Liturgy without 
 any declaration of agreement with its doctrines, 
 seemed to me to afford no sufficient security. If the 
 clergyman who promises conformity gives a conscien- 
 tious assent to the doctrine, why should he hesitate 
 to say so ? But if he be ready to promise to use 
 our formularies, while he disbelieves the truths they 
 enunciate, he is acting a dishonest part, and betray- 
 ing the trust reposed in him. A proposition, how- 
 ever, having been made to me to become a member 
 of a Commission instructed to report their opinion 
 how far the forms of subscription to our Articles and 
 Book of Common Prayer might be altered and sim- 
 phfied, consistently with due security to the declared 
 agreement of the clergy with the doctrines of the 
 Church, and their conformity to its ritual, I did 
 not hesitate to give it my ready assent. I could not 
 deny that the declaration of unfeigned assent and
 
 26 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 consent to all and every minute detail of ritual con- 
 tained in the Book of Common Prayer, as required 
 by the Act of Uniformity, might be felt to be a bur- 
 then on the consciences of many of our clergy, 
 although the Preamble of that Act, by speaking of 
 conformity only, might give some reasonable colour 
 to the less stringent interpretation of the words. 
 Then the fact that this declaration barred the way 
 to those only who were about to be instituted to a 
 benefice, so that persons might be elevated to the 
 highest offices in the Church without ever being 
 required to make it, seemed to call for the adoption 
 of some one Form of Assent and Subscription, which 
 should be common to all who are admitted to any 
 ecclesiastical preferment, while the ancient obliga- 
 tions of allegiance to Catholic truth were preserved. 
 Such has been the aim of the Commission, and I 
 trust that it has accomplished its object. 
 
 I now pass to that much agitated ques- 
 
 Burial Service. _ _ . ^ . 
 
 tion, the Revision of the Burial Service. 
 You are all, most probably, aware that some years 
 since a considerable body of the clergy, amounting 
 to about 4000, petitioned the Legislature for relief 
 from the grievance they felt in being compelled by 
 law to read the service over every corpse brought to 
 the churchyard for interment, excepting only those 
 of persons who had died unbaptized, had been ex-
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 27 
 
 communicated, or had laid violent hands upon them- 
 selves. The petitioners ', however, sought not the 
 remedy in the alteration of the Service, but in the 
 alteration of the Law : they asked relief, but not by 
 way of Kevision. Their testimony, therefore, can be 
 adduced only in proof of the existence of the grievance, 
 not as a necessary argument for the mutilation of 
 the Office. For my own part, I confess that I 
 entertain very strong objections to the changes 
 proposed to be introduced in it ; and I feel that I 
 owe it to you to state distinctly on the present 
 occasion the grounds of those objections. That 
 there are evils and inconveniences connected with 
 the present Burial Service, it would be in vain to 
 deny ; but as regards the proposed mode of palliat- 
 ing these evils, I believe the remedy to be worse 
 than the disease. Our office for the interment of 
 the dead seems to be as perfect a model of a service 
 for Christian burial as is to be found in any of the 
 liturgies of Christendom. It breathes throughout 
 a truly Christian spirit ; and I should indeed be loth 
 to be a party to the mutilation of that which has 
 such strong claims to our veneration and affection. 
 We are urged to blot out all words of hope from the 
 Office. But an order of Christian burial without 
 one single expression of hope touching him whose 
 
 ^ Appendix C.
 
 28 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 body we are committing to the ground, which ob- 
 serves a silence that is intended to render the ser- 
 vice suitable to the notorious profligate, however 
 unsuitable it may be to a devout member of the 
 Church, is an anomaly which will, I hope, never be 
 admitted. We are not, as I conceive, reduced to 
 any such necessity as tliis, in order to satisfy the 
 consciences of the clergy who use it. If, indeed, 
 the officiating minister can undertake to pronounce of 
 a sm'ety, that the party died a hardened and impeni- 
 tent sinner, a real difficulty presents itself, and the 
 grievance in this instance must be acknowledged. 
 But how very rarely is it given to man to have such 
 absolute assm'ance as this ! And if the minister have 
 it not, why should he grudge to a departed brother 
 the expression of a hope, however faint it may be, 
 that he will be accepted through the mercy of his 
 heavenly Father, and the merits of his Saviour ? 
 "Better to be charitable and hope the best," as has 
 been well observed, ''than raslily to condemn," if 
 not in the letter, at any rate in heart and spuit. 
 There are, sm'ely, different degrees of hope ; degrees 
 wliich range between the faintest and most feeble 
 feeling, and that which is akin to a confident assu- 
 rance : and, unless a clergyman is prepared to judge 
 before the tune, to arrogate to himself the gift of 
 discerning the thoughts and intents of the heart, 
 then in almost every case which comes before him,
 
 PHIMARY CHARGE. 29 
 
 he should be wilhng to give utterance to the hope 
 which the Church authorizes him to express. The 
 strongest argument however, to my own mind, 
 against the alteration of the Service, is its con- 
 sistency with the principles of Holy Scripture. We 
 find St. Paul addressing the whole body of the 
 Church of Corinth, without any exception, as saints ; 
 persons, that is to say, who having received the 
 grace of baptism, were thereby made members of 
 Christ, and were therefore to be treated and ad- 
 dressed as such, although some of them were known 
 to be living in open sin : so to be treated, because 
 he could not pronounce them reprobates, cut off 
 from communion with the body of Christ, and thus 
 deprived of all the rights and privileges appertaining 
 to this communion. The question then naturally 
 suggests itself, why should the conscience of a 
 minister of our Church in the present day be more 
 scrupulous than that of St. Paul ? Why should he 
 hesitate to utter an expression of the faintest hope 
 respecting those who die in a doubtful state, when 
 it is impossible for him to pronounce them of a 
 certainty to be for ever outcasts from the flock of 
 Christ, and from the household of God ? If we so 
 lower the tone of the Burial Service, as to suit the 
 ungodly as well as the godly, I know not where 
 we are to stop, or how we can with any consistency 
 refrain from dealing with all the other portions of
 
 30 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 the Book of Common Prayer in like manner. The 
 General Confession presumes that all who will use 
 it are penitent believers : are we prepared so to 
 remodel it, that it may also suit the impenitent and 
 unbelieving ? The same may be said of the Litany 
 and all other portions of the Daily Service, but it 
 is more especially true of the occasional offices of 
 the Church. They treat all whom they concern as 
 partakers of Christian membership ; and if the same 
 scruples which deter a clergyman from expressing, 
 in the Burial Service, a hope when certainty is un- 
 attainable, should operate in the use of the other 
 offices, then must they all be reformed to meet his 
 views, to the manifest depravation of the whole 
 teaching of the Church. Such a change, however, 
 I have ascertained to be repugnant to the feelings 
 of a large majority of the clergy ; and in opposition 
 to these dehberate convictions I do not think it 
 would be wise to attempt it. 
 
 Certain remedial alternatives have been suggested ; 
 but I cannot believe they will ever commend them- 
 selves to the members of the Church in general. A 
 second Service, to be used at the discretion of the 
 clergyman when he hesitates to use the present one, 
 would, in fact, invest each clergyman with authority 
 to sit in judgment upon every deceased parishioner, 
 before he was judged of the Lord. A double Ser- 
 vice, one to be used for communicants, the other for
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 31 
 
 non-communicants, is a project less objectionable, 
 possibly, than the former, but it would be beset 
 with difficulties, when carried out into practice, and 
 would prove a temptation to persons to become 
 unworthy communicants. The proposal which, as 
 far as I have had the opportunity of observing, 
 meets the views of the great majority of the clergy, 
 is embodied in a series of resolutions agreed to at a 
 meeting of the clergy of the Rural Deanery of Don- 
 caster, in my late diocese of York. They resolved 
 that it was not desirable, under existing circum- 
 stances, to urge any alteration of the Service itself ; 
 but that the grievance would be materially lightened 
 if certain additions were made to the first rubric in 
 the Office for the Burial of the Dead, so that after 
 the words "have laid violent hands on themselves," 
 there should follow these further exceptions, — " or 
 have died in the commission of a crime, or in the 
 open and professed avowal of unbelief, or have been 
 open and notorious evil-livers, without any one 
 being able to testify of their repentance." The 
 clergyman who, in accordance with this amended 
 rubric, should bury the corpse without reading the 
 Service, would be required to report the fact to the 
 Bishop within fourteen days ; and the Bishop's 
 approval would protect him from any proceeding by 
 law in consequence of the omission. This sugges- 
 tion has one recommendation, that it corresponds
 
 32 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 very nearly with the practice in the Koman Catholic 
 Church in France, which is not, that I am aware of, 
 attended with any inconvenience. I do not however 
 believe that it would be accepted by the legislature 
 of this country. Indeed, it is a matter of no small 
 difficulty to devise any measure which shall abate 
 the grievance as felt by the clergy, without violating 
 the feelings of the survivors, disparaging the charac- 
 ter of the dead, or destroying the symmetry of the 
 offices of the Church. But there are circumstances, 
 as I will proceed to show, under which the Service 
 might be omitted, without any such consequences, 
 and at the same time to the rehef of the ministering 
 clergyman. There seems to be some doubt whether, 
 in the present state of the law, it be permitted to inter 
 the corpse of a baptized person without the office, 
 unless he shall have died by his own hand, or been 
 excommunicated. If, however, it were understood 
 to be the law, or were made the law, that whenever 
 the friends of the deceased requested or consented 
 that the mere interment of the corpse should take 
 place, the clergyman would be at liberty to act 
 accordingly, several cases of scandal, and instances 
 of violence done to the consciences of the clergy 
 would be obviated. The corpse of a notorious 
 infidel was once brought to the gate of one of our 
 public cemeteries, when the son of the deceased, 
 stepping forward, charged the officiating minister
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 33 
 
 not to read over the body of his father a Service 
 of which the father did not beheve a word. Ghidly 
 as the clergyman would have assented to the 
 request, had he felt himself at liberty to do so, he 
 conceived that the law left him no alternative, and 
 the Service was read. Then I have heard publicly 
 cited the instance of a woman reproaching her 
 minister for giving Christian burial to her husband, 
 who had died an habitual drunkard. Here, again, 
 the scandal would have been obviated, had the inter- 
 position of the friends of the departed been sufficient 
 sanction for the omission of the Service. But we 
 may fairly ask whether the scandal of reading the 
 Service over persons who have led ungodly lives, 
 would be entirely removed by the obliteration of 
 every expression of hope ? They would still be 
 deemed worthy of Christian burial, and thus virtually 
 be included within the verge of that hope which some 
 would shrink from expressing. They would still, 
 though mentally consigned by the officiating minister 
 to perdition, be greeted by him, as he meets the 
 corpse, with language unmeaning, unless hope be 
 implied ; language in which the Church, in the use 
 of her Saviour's words of promise to the believer, 
 and of Job's confident assurance that through his 
 living Kedeemer he should in his flesh see G-od, 
 cheers the drooping spirit of the mourners, bids 
 them look beyond the grave, and anticipate a joyful 
 
 c
 
 34 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 resurrectiou for that body which is about to be 
 committed to the earth. And yet what a mockery 
 must not such words still be, when they issue from 
 the lips of one who believes the deceased to be lost ! 
 And T\ill not as reasonable a taunt be addressed by 
 the ungodly at the gi-ave-side of the careless sinner, 
 though the words of hope are no longer uttered ? 
 I am billing to beheve, that if the view I have taken 
 of this question were present to their minds, less 
 repugnance would be felt on the part of many of our 
 clergy and laity to the general use of the Burial 
 Service as it is ; and that persons would be less 
 scandalized when they hear words of faint hope 
 pronounced over those whose final salvation may be 
 doubtful. 
 
 Revision of This questiou of the revision of a single 
 iturgy. office in our Liturgy, naturally leads to the 
 consideration of its general revision. Now I am 
 quite prepared to agi'ee ^dth those who maintain 
 that resistance to reasonable change is really revo- 
 lutionary. The important question, however, still 
 remains, " What is reasonable change ? " It cannot, 
 I apprehend, be reasonable, if it be yielded to 
 clamour, and not to conviction : it cannot be reason- 
 able if it be demanded in opposition to scriptural 
 authority, or to the uniform expression of the mind 
 of the Church in agreement with it ; or if it be such 
 as to obliterate all traces of dogmatic Christianity
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 35 
 
 from our formularies. That this is the object of 
 some few of those who call for changes in the Book 
 of Common Prayer, I fear it is impossible to doubt. 
 But there are many others who desire it in the hope 
 of embracing a large body of Nonconformists within 
 the pale of the Church. This I have always held 
 to be a visionary expectation. The applications for 
 ordination on the part of Dissenting Ministers are 
 very frequent ; and that, not only without any altera- 
 tion in our Liturgy, but because there is none — yea, 
 even because the Church of England holds fast to 
 the doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration, have the 
 ranks of Dissent been abandoned, and the ministry 
 of our Church entered. As regards the distinctive 
 landmarks of the Gospel, I believe the Non- 
 conformist ministers and congregations in general 
 feel as deep an interest in preserving them, as we 
 ourselves, and would be as jealous of any surrender 
 on our part of the fundamental verities of our re- 
 ligion, as the most devoted members of our Church. 
 In proof and illustration of this, I may quote the 
 language of an address which I lately received from 
 a body of Nonconformists in a distant quarter of 
 the globe, expressive of their thankfulness for the 
 part I recently took in maintaining what they believe 
 to be Scriptural Truth, and promising their prayers 
 that light and wisdom and courage may be granted 
 me to defend that which we each believe to be 
 
 c 2
 
 30 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 of \ital consequence. Any proposal for a general 
 revision of the Liturgy would, I firmly believe, be 
 met with a strenuous opposition from the great 
 majority of the clergy of our Church, whatever 
 may be their peculiar bias on theological questions ; 
 so that I do not feel it necessary to enter further 
 upon the discussion of that question, than to 
 state that having expressed a willingness on my 
 own part, and that of many of my Right Reverend 
 Brethren, to consent to the appointment of a Royal 
 Commission for the revision of the Table of Lessons, 
 as well as for the consideration of some measure, 
 short of the alteration of the Burial Service, for the 
 relief of the consciences of the clergy, it is probable 
 that on the meeting of Parliament, Her Majesty's 
 Government may appoint a commission for these 
 purposes. 
 
 Essays and ^^^^ there are other topics engrossing 
 EviEws. ^YiQ thoughts of reflecting Churchmen which 
 cannot be so soon dismissed. There have existed 
 within the pale of our Church during the last two 
 generations, as is well known to us all, disciples of 
 two distinct schools of thought. Her arms have 
 happily been wide enough to embrace them both ; and 
 there never was a period within my own memory 
 when they were more willing, than during the last 
 few years, to dwell together in harmony, provoking 
 each other to good works, and serving their common
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 37 
 
 Master with persevering zeal and devotion. The 
 bias of the one section has ever been rather towards 
 the exercise of individual liberty in the interpreta- 
 tion of the Sacred Writings, with less reference to 
 the principles laid down by Church authority for 
 their guidance ; while the other looks to that autho- 
 rity for direction and aid in ascertaining the true 
 meaning of Holy Scripture : both, however, equally 
 anxious to maintain Holy Scripture to be God's 
 written Word, and receiving all the Canonical Books 
 of the Old and New Testament as ' ' the very pure 
 Word of God." Kecently, however, a third party 
 has arisen, small indeed in number, as I trust, 
 which claims to itself the right of maintaining, that 
 although our Holy Bible contains the Word of God, 
 that Word is not coextensive with the Sacred Volume ; 
 so that it is to be left to the conscience of each indi- 
 vidual to decide which is the Divine element, and 
 which the human, and to reject whatever does not 
 approve itself to his verifying faculty. Each person 
 is thus constituted a judge of that Word which our 
 Blessed Lord says is to judge him. It will at once 
 be seen that this new principle strikes at the very 
 root of all fixed doctrine as deducible from Holy 
 Scripture. For each minister and each lay member 
 of the Church mil feel himself at liberty to eliminate 
 from the authoritative rule of Holy Scripture all 
 such passages as are repugnant to his own views,
 
 38 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 feelings, and convictions. One \sdll repudiate the 
 doctrine of the congenital coiTuption of human 
 natui*e; another mil deny that it partakes of the 
 natui'e of sin ; a third, that it requires any vicarious 
 suffering to atone for it; a foui-th will treat, as a 
 fiction and impossibility, the union of the Di^dne 
 and human natures in Christ, and pronounce Him 
 mere man; so that it may well be asked, "What 
 mil become of Christianity if it is to be surrendered 
 at the caprice of every mind ? " 
 
 It may be urged, perhaps, that the Articles of our 
 Church will act as a check upon these dangerous 
 innovations. But how long mil those Aiiicles be 
 suffered to exist, when the basis on which they rest 
 has been sapped to its foundations ? Nothing mil 
 then be allowed to be dogmatically affirmed, of which 
 man's intuitive consciousness disapproves ; and thus 
 mil each distinctive doctrine of Christianity disap- 
 pear in its turn from the formularies of our Church ; 
 the residuum being a system wliich, under the name 
 of Christianity, mil be simple Deism ; that Christian 
 Deism, as it was called, which reared its head 
 towards the close of the seventeenth century. That 
 such tenets will ultimately triumph over the Revealed 
 Truths which our Blessed Lord has taught, and has 
 commissioned His Apostles to teach, we need feel 
 no misgivings whatever. As they have outlived all' 
 other assaults of a similar kind, so will they outlive
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 39 
 
 this ; the result of each attack having been a fresh 
 witness to the faithfulness of Him who has promised 
 that His Church shall prevail against all that would 
 undermine or overwhelm it. And with the view of 
 showing you how the present position of the Church, 
 in regard to those who are carping at her doctrines, 
 and impugning her behef, resembles that which is 
 recorded in her history at the period above alluded 
 to, it may be instructive to quote a passage written 
 more than 150 years ago, occurring in the 
 Charge of Dr. Waterland, entitled, " Christianity 
 vindicated against Infidelity." It is there stated 
 that Infidelity had taken deep root, and had been 
 cultivated ^itli care, had spread its branches wide, 
 shot up to an amazing height, and brought forth 
 fruit in great abundance ; that the Mosaic account 
 of the Creation was represented as mere allegory 
 and fable ; the inspiration of Holy Writ so ex- 
 plained as to amount to a denial of it ; the authority 
 of the present Canon of Scripture disputed ; the 
 spuriousness of several passages of it, and some 
 books of it, more than insinuated. Such were the 
 representations made in those days ; but they were 
 advanced chiefly by laymen, and not by those who 
 bore office in the Church. And yet, after the lapse of 
 a century and a half, has the Church, for her part, 
 spread her branches far and wide, shot up to an 
 unwonted height, and brought forth fruit in great
 
 40 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 abundance in distant regions where the preacher's 
 voice was never heard before, as fresh witness to the 
 vitahty of revealed rehgion, and its power in leaven- 
 ing the corruptions of the human heart. The glad 
 tidings of salvation are now proclaimed in an hundred 
 tongues in which they were never before that time 
 delivered ; and Christian Churches have been founded 
 among tribes and nations whose very existence was 
 unknown at that date. 
 
 Of the corresponding errors at the pre- 
 Hoiy Scrip- scut mouient, the one wliich it most con- 
 
 turc 
 
 cerns us to combat, is that with reference 
 to the Inspiration of Holy Scripture. 
 
 Now it certainly might have pleased Almighty 
 God to have communicated to us His Word and 
 will in some such supernatural manner as would 
 have conveyed it directly in every case from Himself 
 to the ear and heart of man, without the intervention 
 of any subordinate agency. There would then have 
 been no question as to the Divine and human ele- 
 ment ; no difficulties arising from various readings, 
 or multiphed translations. This course might have 
 been adopted ; but then one occasion for the exer- 
 cise of our faith, one of our appointed trials, would 
 have been denied us. On the contrary, it seemed 
 good to Him who best knows what mil suit our 
 condition, to ordain that man should be the instru- 
 ment and channel by which the revelation of Himself
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 41 
 
 and of His counsels towards fallen man should be 
 imparted. And in entrusting Prophets and Apostles 
 with this Divine commission, He did not divest each 
 individual of liis peculiar characteristics of tempera- 
 ment and talent ; but permitted them to remain and 
 to act in subservience to His gracious purposes, 
 purified and sanctified for His service. Thus do we 
 see that the ardent and earnest spirit of Saul, so 
 sigTially manifested before his conversion, and which 
 made him so zealous m an evil cause, yet dis- 
 tinguishes him, when, as the inspired Apostle Paul, 
 he boldly preaches the Word, undaunted by the 
 presence of his fiercest enemies; the spirit still 
 fervent, but now displaying its fervency in serving his 
 new Master. And in like manner, the natural tender- 
 ness and gentleness of John the Evangelist are con- 
 verted into a fountain of devout and holy love towards 
 his God and Saviour. These peculiar features of their 
 respective characters are decisively marked, in the 
 mode in which they communicate the heavenly mes- 
 sage with which they are entrusted, in the variety of 
 style, for which there would be no room, if every 
 single sentence and word were dictated by the Holy 
 Ghost. Thus far, at any rate, we must allow a 
 human element ; and thus we may be prepared to 
 acknowledge that those who were the appointed 
 channels of communication from God to man, were 
 not mere machines, like the hand which obeys to
 
 42 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 the very letter the will of the mind which directs it. 
 There is a wide difiference between the authority 
 which belongs to each portion of a generally inspired 
 book, and the dictation of every word by the Holy 
 Spirit. The former may be called a plenary in- 
 spiration of Holy Scripture, though not a verbal one ; 
 and all we would maintain under the title of plenary 
 inspiration is the universal authority of every portion 
 of it, as wi'itten under the Divine supervision, 
 securing the WTiters from error and falsehood : the 
 exact words being in some instances dictated, as 
 was the case mth the delivery of the Decalogue. 
 It seems to me that one passage, often quoted by 
 persons as their justification for saying that every 
 portion of the Canonical Books of the Old and New 
 Testament is not the Word of God, strongly sup- 
 ports • the \iew here taken. I refer to the 10th, 
 12th, 25th, and 40th verses of the seventh chapter of 
 St. Paul's First Epistle to the Corintliians. The 
 Apostle there draws a distinction between the precept 
 respecting marriage, which he repeats as a direct 
 commandment pronounced by the Lord Jesus Christ 
 during His lifetime, and such injunctions as he liim- 
 self gave them from his ovra judgment, but still a 
 judgment guided by inspiration, and therefore of 
 binding authority. He is not pointing to a difference 
 between a precept suggested to liim by the Holy 
 Ghost, and one prompted by his owa unassisted
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 43 
 
 reason. Where he is quoting the authority of the 
 Saviour, as he does in respect of the law of marriage, 
 from Matt. v. 32, he uses the expression, "not I, 
 but the Lord;" where he is dehvering his own 
 judgment, without being able to cite the direct 
 verbal authority of Christ, he adopts the term, ' ' I 
 speak, not the Lord." But lest we should imagine 
 that he takes upon himself thus to aftirm without 
 Divine illumination, in the one case he assures us 
 that he gives his decision as one that had obtained 
 mercy of the Lord to be found faithful, to be a 
 faithful dispenser of Divine truth through the grace 
 given to him ; in another (v. 40), he gives yet more 
 definite expression to this sentiment ; for having 
 pronounced her, who should remain a widow after 
 her husband's decease, happier, according to his 
 judgment, he adds, as the warrant for this his judg- 
 ment, SoKO) Se Acayoj, irvevixa ©eov e^eiv — not merely 
 "I suppose," "I think," but "I know;" " scio, 
 cognitum et perspectum habeo," that I am speaking 
 under Divine inspiration. A theory of complete 
 verbal inspiration is not at all essential to the main- 
 tenance of the position held by our Church, that the 
 Canonical Scriptures of the Old and New Testament 
 not only contain God's Word, but are God's Word 
 written. Nor are the teachers of our Church called 
 upon to lay do^vn any new theory of inspiration ; 
 but rather to invite all her true and faithful sons
 
 44 PRIMARY CHARGE, 
 
 and seiTants to adopt, ex animo, that declaration 
 which our Church puts into the mouth of each of 
 her ordained ministers, of unfeigned behef in all the 
 Canonical Scriptures of the Old and New Testament 
 as the written Word of God, and to teach their 
 people from it, as having that Divine authority. It 
 is eminently satisfactory to me to find that this view 
 of inspiration is in exact accordance with the opinion 
 which my venerated predecessor expressed to you 
 seven years ago. You may remember that he used 
 this apt illustration: "Take," said he, "for ex- 
 ample, the case of an earthly sovereign desiring to 
 issue a proclamation to his subjects, or to send a mes- 
 sage to a foreign potentate. He communicates his 
 intentions to one of his confidential servants, and 
 commands him to commit them to writing. But he 
 does not fail to overlook what is wi'itten before it is 
 made public. The minister indites the message in 
 words of his own ; but the sovereign makes sure 
 that the words correctly represent his intentions." 
 
 It may, however, be objected, — " If this be your 
 view of the authority of Holy Scripture, how will 
 you reconcile some of its statements with the more 
 recent discoveries of science?" I confess that, to 
 my own apprehension, far too much alarm has 
 been felt in some quarters from the supposed anta- 
 Thc Bible gonism between the Bible and Science. 
 and Science. ^^ gj^^^^j j beware of allowing our faith
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 45 
 
 to be disturbed by such considerations ; nor should 
 we suffer it to depend upon an issue on which God 
 never intended that it should rest. The Word of 
 God does not profess to teach us science ; the object 
 of revelation is not to instruct us as to the secrets of 
 nature, but to make us wise in matters pertaining 
 to our salvation. It is to teach those who feel 
 themselves to be fallen and lost creatures, that they 
 are not irrecoverably lost ; that God has sent His 
 Son as a Redeemer to atone for their sins, by His 
 Sacrifice on the Cross, and His Holy Spirit as a 
 Sanctifier, to cleanse the thoughts of their hearts, 
 and support them in their seasons of trial and 
 temptation. The Word of God may incidentally 
 touch upon subjects bearing upon physical science ; 
 but it never introduces them with the view of affirm- 
 ing scientific truth. The expressions connected 
 with it occur in the historic narrative, or in the 
 poetry of the Bible, and are intended to be such as 
 would be intelhgible to those for whose edification it 
 was written. No one now supposes that the Bible 
 contradicts the true system of the heavens, because 
 it is said in the Book of Joshua that the sun stood 
 still, and the moon stayed until the people had 
 avenged themselves of their enemies ; nor should 
 any of us be accused of den^dng its truth, because 
 we habitually speak of the sun rising and setting, 
 instead of expressing ourselves in the strict language
 
 46 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 of astronomy. Unless, therefore, the Word of God 
 distinctly enunciates a proposition to be received as 
 revealed scientific truth (and I know not where it 
 does so), we need not allow ourselves to be perplexed 
 by any apparent discrepancy between the two. 
 This, also, may well be taken into account, that 
 some branches of science, the conclusions of which 
 are supposed to be at variance with the statements 
 of Holy Scriptm-e, are acknowledged by theii* own 
 disciples to be in a very imperfect state, wliile 
 many of those conclusions are of an uncertain 
 and conjectural character, being still disputed by 
 persons learned in the same department. Those 
 who, hke myself, sat half a century ago at the 
 feet of the earher professors of Geology, will re- 
 member the many fluctuations of opinion as to 
 some of their tenets ; and may be pardoned, if 
 we hesitate to accept as indisputable, theories which 
 at present seem to rest on but doubtful founda- 
 tions. 
 
 To science I would not venture myself to address 
 any words of admonition. I would rather borrow 
 the eloquent and impressive language of one of the 
 most profound reasoners of this or of any other age ; 
 of one, who confesses that he has borne the burthen 
 of objections to the Christian system, and to each 
 of its essential dogmas ; who has experienced the 
 anxieties of doubt, but now comes forth to tell us
 
 PRIMARY CPIA.RGE. 47 
 
 liow he has escaped from those doubts, and what are 
 the grounds of his present convictions. Monsieur 
 Guizot, in the earher part of his recent work, 
 entitled "Meditations on Christianity," had spoken 
 of the great instincts of our nature, of the moral 
 problems that beset man's thoughts, the sublime 
 requirements which must be satisfied, if he would 
 have rest and peace ; such as the question as to 
 human liberty, the origin of evil, the imperfection of 
 the present state of things, and the final destiny of 
 man ; problems which God's Word alone has enabled 
 us to solve ; and in reference to these, he afterwards 
 says, — " Science is a splendid thing; it is also a 
 noble privilege of man, that God, in creating him 
 an intelligent and free agent, has given him a 
 capacity to desire, and to possess through study, the 
 truths of science, and even to attain them in a 
 certain measure, and in a certain sphere. But when 
 science attempts to exceed that measure, and to 
 quit that sphere ; when it ignores and scorns the 
 instincts, natural, universal, permanent instincts of 
 the human soul ; and when it essays to set up every 
 where its owai torch, in the place of that primitive 
 light which lights mankind, then, and from that 
 cause alone, science fills itself with error; and this," 
 he adds, " is the very case which called forth those 
 words of Jesus, * I praise Thee, Father, Lord of 
 Heaven and Earth, that Thou hast hidden these
 
 48 PEIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 tilings from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed 
 them unto babes ^.' " 
 
 Let science then pursue her own investigations, 
 and let us not be ever imagining that she entertains 
 designs hostile to God's Word, but in quietness and 
 confidence devote ourselves to the duties of our 
 holy calhng, in full assurance that our faith rests on 
 foundations which it is impossible that any human 
 efforts can subvert. There always have been those 
 — and I trust their number will be increased in con- 
 sequence of recent controversies — who have had 
 leisure to give profound attention to the study of 
 Biblical criticism, most necessary at the present day. 
 It is satisfactoiy to Imow that so many able pub- 
 hshed rephes, amounting already to about fifty, 
 have been given to the recent attacks made on 
 the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua. Thus 
 has argument been fairly met by argument ; and 
 upon a careful examination and re'sdew of the princi- 
 pal treatises, it is e"s^dent that some of the objections 
 to the authenticity and accuracy of the Five Books 
 of Moses, and that of Joshua, are so frivolous that 
 they in fact answer themselves ; others have been 
 answered long ago by able and learned critics \ and 
 many have been plainly refuted by modern authors. 
 
 * Guizot's Meditations on the Essence of Christianity, pp. 
 289, 290. 
 
 ' See Appendix D.
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 49 
 
 Others, again, which are founded merely on con- 
 jecture, are met by conjectures equally probable ; 
 wliile some may not yet have received their answer, 
 but are not therefore to be deemed unanswerable. 
 We may well afford to admit the difficulty, while 
 we calmly await the solution. It would indeed be 
 strange, if in documents more than three thousand 
 years old, with no contemporary history or literature 
 of any kind to illustrate them, and when it is im- 
 possible to call upon the authors for any explanation 
 of their own meaning, there should be nothing hard 
 to be understood, nothing which still baffled the 
 researches of the critic and the antiquarian. Rather 
 should we say that it would be an argument that 
 these books were the production of some cunning 
 impostor, if not a single difficulty presented itself in 
 their pages. Continued investigation may disclose 
 facts which will reconcile apparent inconsistencies, 
 while fresh arguments may demonstrate fallacies yet 
 undetected ; and it is remarkable that one vindica- 
 tion of the authenticity of the Pentateuch should 
 have arisen in a new and very unexpected quarter ; 
 a Mohammedan commentator on the Old Testament 
 having undertaken to refute the recent attacks on 
 the veracity of the Books of Moses. In India, the 
 scene of this TVTiter's labours, I regret to say, this 
 antidote to the evil resulting from these assaults on 
 Holy Scripture is much needed ; for they have
 
 50 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 already proved, and are still proving a serious hin- 
 di'ance to the propagation of the Gospel in India, 
 as well as in China : the Pundits welcoming the 
 "Critical Examination" as a valuable auxiliary in 
 their opposition to the diffusion of Christianity 
 among the natives. And well may they so deem 
 it : for blot the Pentateuch out of the Bible, and 
 a large portion of Holy Writ would be unintelligible ; 
 whereas the Canonical Scriptures, as they stand at 
 present, are a consistent whole, with the Five Books 
 of Moses forming the grand prelude to the Advent 
 of the Messiah. 
 
 It is my firm behef that if the negative school of 
 theology, which claims the right of handhng Holy 
 Scripture with the freedom that has been manifested 
 in the late attempts, shall pursue its course in the 
 same direction, and in the same spirit, it will before 
 long work out its owa condemnation. It must soon 
 exhibit the manifest consequences to which its 
 principles lead ; a negation of all that is distinctive 
 in Chi'istianity ; and then mil follow that which 
 has already to a large extent been witnessed in 
 Germany — a yearning after a definite system of 
 religious belief wliich shall meet the wants and 
 cra\ings of our fallen nature, and a return to that 
 belief which alone can satisfy them. 
 Judicial Com- Considerable alarm has been felt by 
 
 iTiittee of 
 
 Privy Council, manv members of our Church as to the
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 51 
 
 ultimate consequences that may result from the 
 recent decision of the Judicial Committee of the 
 Privy Council, touching the inspiration of the Holy 
 Scriptures and the eternity of suffering ; and there 
 has been much anxious questioning as to the fitness 
 of that tribunal, as at present constituted, for the de- 
 cision of cases involving the consideration of the doc- 
 trine held by the Church of England on these points. 
 There can be no doubt that the present Court of 
 Appeal in Ecclesiastical Causes is more unfavourable 
 to the Church than that for which it was the sub- 
 stitute. Wlien all appeals to Rome were for- 
 bidden by the 24thof Henry VIII., c. 12, a.d. 1533, 
 it was enacted that every cause ecclesiastical should 
 be finally decided in the Archbishop's Court ; ex- 
 cepting, that where the rights of the King were 
 concerned there should be a final appeal to the 
 Upper House of Convocation. Thus far, then, the 
 last resort in each suit was to a Court composed 
 solely of spiritual persons. In the next year a new 
 system was introduced. In the case of every appeal 
 in an ecclesiastical cause, a Royal Commission 
 under the Great Seal was to be issued, appointing 
 certain persons to hear and decide the same, no 
 further appeal from their sentence being allowed, 
 except that in extraordinary cases the King would 
 issue a Commission of Review to revise the sentence 
 delivered. This was the origin and constitution of 
 
 D 2
 
 52 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 the Court of Delegates ; and the power which for- 
 merly belonged to the Pope, and with wliich the 
 Archbishop was for a short time invested, thence- 
 forth rested with the Cro^vTi. But in the statute 
 constituting this Court of Delegates, a proviso was 
 introduced, that when any cause touching the law 
 divine or spiritual learning happened to come in 
 question, then it was to be declared and interpreted 
 by that part of the body politic called the Spiri- 
 tualty. In consequence of this provision, we find no 
 trace of any temporal peer, or judge of the common 
 law, being appointed to sit in the Court of Delegates 
 on such a case, till the beginning of the seventeenth 
 centuiy. At a later period, the Court used usually 
 to consist of about an equal number of bishops, of 
 judges of common law, and of civilians, or doctors 
 in civil and canon law ; and it continued to be the 
 ultimate Court of Appeal till the year 1832. An 
 Act was then passed transferring the final appeal in 
 such cases from the Court of Delegates to the Piivy 
 Council. The Privy Council, however, was before 
 long found to be a body too large to constitute a 
 proper tribunal for these purposes, and a statute 
 was passed in the following year, 1833, creating a 
 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the final 
 Court of Appeal in all matters which used to be 
 brought before the Court of Delegates ; but no 
 spiritual persons of the Privy Council were by law
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 53 
 
 appointed members of the Committee. This omission, 
 however, was remedied by the Church Disciphne 
 Act of 1840, which provided that when any cause 
 commenced under this Act should come before the 
 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, every 
 Ai'chbishop and Bishop of the United Church of 
 England and Ireland who is a Privy Councillor 
 should be a member of the Judicial Committee of 
 the Privy Council for that purpose. In spite of this 
 improvement, the constitution of this tribunal for the 
 final decision of causes involving questions of doc- 
 trine, cannot be deemed satisfactory. In the debate 
 which took place in the House of Lords on the 3rd 
 of June in the year 1850, with the view of amending 
 the Act of 1833, and repealing the Church Dis- 
 cipline Act of 1840, Lord Brougham, who was 
 himself the author of the former Act, is reported to 
 have said, that it was his Bill which constituted the 
 Judicial Committee ; it was he also who had abo- 
 hshed the Court of Delegates. He believed his 
 noble friend on the woolsack would agree with him 
 that the abolition of the old Court of Review did 
 take away from the Church, to a certain extent, the 
 security which she had possessed for the soundness 
 of her doctrines. He could not help feeling that 
 the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council had 
 been framed without any expectation that questions 
 like that (alluding to the Gorham case) would be
 
 54 PEIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 brought before it. It was created, he said, for cases 
 of a totally different kind; and he had no doubt 
 that if it had been constituted with a view to such 
 causes as the present, some other arrangement 
 would have been made. Another leading orator in 
 that debate (Lord Derby), evidently referring to the 
 Statute of Appeals in Henry VIII. 's reign above 
 quoted, said, ' ' Nothing was more certain than that 
 at the time of the Reformation it was intended to 
 confirm to the Church the fullest power of declaring 
 her own doctrines;" and in the year 1856 a reso- 
 lution was passed by the Lower House of Con- 
 vocation of the Province of Canterbury to the effect, 
 that "no arrangement would appear satisfactory 
 which did not give full secmity that all questions 
 involving points of doctrine should be dealt with, 
 under the authority of the Crown, by the Spiritualty, 
 assisted by such legal persons as might be deemed 
 necessary for the ends of justice." When we calmly 
 consider this important and difficult subject, we 
 shall at once perceive that Vvith the theological 
 question, there will always be a question of ci^dl 
 right also mixed up ; and shall acknowledge it to be 
 eminently desirable, if not absolutely necessary, that 
 points of law, strictly so called, should be decided 
 by those who have been thoroughly conversant with 
 the principles which ought to guide such decisions. 
 But where points of doctrine are involved, it is
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 55 
 
 equally reasonable that the legal members of the 
 Court should have the Spiritualty to guide them. 
 So, it may be argued, they now have, by the Act of 
 1840. But the anomaly of the present system is, 
 that whereas the Court of Appeal has to interpret 
 the teacliing of the Church (albeit of the majority of 
 that Court some may not even be members of the 
 Church of England, and all are sure to be laymen), 
 a binding decision may be given as to what is that 
 teaching, though all the ecclesiastical members of it 
 be adverse to that view. The Church thus seems to 
 be compromised by any such judgment (inasmuch 
 as some of its prelates were sitting on that tribunal), 
 although the voice of the Church in general might 
 be adverse to the decision at which the Court arrived. 
 For my own part, I have always considered that the 
 preferable system would be to have the Court com- 
 posed of laymen only ; that any question of doctrine 
 should be submitted to the Bench of Bishops for 
 their opinion ; but that this opinion should not be 
 absolutely binding on the Court as to the sentence 
 to be pronounced. Nor, mdeed, could it be ; be- 
 cause, besides the question of doctrine, there would 
 always remain the question of fact, whether or no 
 the language with which the accused was charged 
 was in truth repugnant to the terms in which the 
 Church had enunciated her teacliing. The Bench 
 of Bishops, in delivering their opinion as to the
 
 5Q PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 doctrine, would have absolved themselves from all 
 complicity with the judgment deUvered by the lay 
 Court, and could not be held responsible for any 
 sentence it might pass. I am well aware that there is 
 much difference of opinion upon this point ; but I have 
 felt it my duty frankly to state my own to you ; and I 
 mil not dwell fuiiher on this subject than to acknow- 
 ledge that, imperfect as the present constitution 
 of the Court must be allowed to be, I never would 
 consent to the exclusion of the ecclesiastical members 
 from it, unless some more satisfactory arrangement 
 were agreed upon. 
 
 Now as to the judgment itself which has. been 
 recently pronounced by that tribunal, it is appre- 
 hended that it will have a prejudicial influence, 
 as afl'ecting the doctrine of the Church of England. 
 But there are considerations which may tend 
 materially to allay such apprehensions. In the 
 first place it has been ruled by high legal authority 
 that the judgment in the two recent cases does not 
 necessarily, by implication or otherwise, fm*nish the 
 means of determining, in the abstract, any of the 
 legal questions raised by them ; and that it would be 
 impossible to attempt to derive from these decisions 
 any rule for the determination of hypothetical cases, 
 each of which must depend on its own circum- 
 stances ^ All that we can directly gather from these 
 * Appendix E.
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 67 
 
 two recent decisions is this, that the sentence of the 
 judge of the Court of Arches has been reversed; 
 that the two appellants have been acquitted; and 
 that if any clergyman were to re-affirm, in precisely 
 the same terms, what they were charged with 
 asserting in the very Hmited extracts brought before 
 the Judicial Committee, on the subject of Inspiration 
 of Holy Scripture, and the salvability of what the 
 writer considered as germinal and undeveloped souls, 
 he might possibly be borne harmless by the decision ; 
 but that no general conclusions as to future 
 decisions in similar cases can be drawn from the 
 tenor of these judgments. To the sentence pro- 
 nounced by the Court, however, our dutiful alle- 
 giance to the Crown requires us to pay implicit 
 obedience ; but this is wholly distinct from an acqui- 
 escence in the statements advanced as the ground of 
 recommendation to Her Majesty ^ Thus is their real 
 import so greatly narrowed that much of the appre- 
 hension prevalent on their first pubHcation will be 
 seen to be groundless. 
 
 Considering then that the consciences of the 
 Clergy will lead them to interpret in a natural sense 
 the language of our Article, when it speaks of the 
 Bible as " God's Word written," and that they can 
 scarcely forget the pledge they gave their Bishop 
 when he ordained them, that they believed all 
 the Canonical Books of the 'Old and New Testa- 
 ° Appendix F.
 
 58 PKIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 ment ; seeing also that, to be consistent, they must 
 deny an eternity of bhss to the saved, if they deny 
 an eternity of suffering to the lost ; I feel that we 
 have a very fair security that in future the peace 
 of the Church will not be disturbed by publications 
 such as were brought under the notice of the Court. 
 And this the rather, when we remember the form, so 
 unenviable to the acquitted, in which the acquittal 
 was pronounced, intimating, in not very obscure 
 terms, a moral, though not a legal condemnation. 
 " A few short extracts only," say the Judges, " were 
 before us, and our judgment must be confined to 
 the matter which is therein contained. If there- 
 fore the book, or these two essays, or either of them 
 as a whole, be of a mischievous and baneful ten- 
 dency, as weakening the foundations of Christian 
 belief, and likely to cause many to offend, they will 
 retain that character, and be liable to that con- 
 demnation, notwithstanding this our judgment 
 thereon." A wholesome warning this, which I 
 trust will deter the speculative spirits that are sure 
 to exist in so large a body of intelligent and educated 
 persons as the Clergy of the Church of England 
 from raslily obtruding their speculations upon the 
 public, without counting the cost both to themselves 
 and to many of their brethren, whose faith may be 
 imperilled by the suggestion of doubts, mthout any 
 clue to their solution. 
 
 I am quite willing to believe that the clerical
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 69 
 
 authors of their respective Essays and Reviews 
 would have refrained from pubHshing them, at any 
 rate in their combined form, had they been at 
 all aware of the severe shock they would thus 
 give to the great majority of their brethren in the 
 ministry, as well as to the body of the attached 
 lay members of our Church ; feelings shared also 
 by a large portion of pious Nonconformists, who 
 acknowledge the scandal and offence thus caused to 
 our common Christianity. For they, equally with 
 ourselves, devoutly cherish the belief that the Bible 
 is the Word of God, and would equally resist all 
 attempts to disparage its authority, and weaken its 
 hold upon the conscience. Indeed, I have good 
 reason to know that sympathy with our Church in 
 her present conflict with all who would undermine 
 her fundamental doctrines, and advance the cause of 
 infidelity, is not confined to our own country ; but 
 that in many distant parts of Christendom our 
 present attitude of resistance to these aggressions is 
 watched with keen and hopeful interest. Both in 
 the Eastern branch of the Church Catholic, and 
 among many devout Eoman Catholics in the West, 
 as also by numbers of the Protestant communities 
 in France and Germany, it is felt, as I have reason 
 to know, that our cause is common, as our danger is 
 common ; and apart from all narrow prejudice, they 
 bid us God speed in our efforts, as we contend
 
 00 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 earnestly for our common faith. This conjimctiire 
 of afiairs seems to di'iiw all more closely together ; 
 and will, I trust, lead us to co-operate in an en- 
 hghtened resistance to its adversaries. 
 
 It was the conviction that the Chm-ch of England 
 was on her trial, and that she was bound to adopt 
 all-la^'fiil means of vindicating herself in the face of 
 Chiistendom fi'om all comphcity with the en'oneous 
 and strange doctrines promulgated by some holding 
 office under her, which prevailed with me to sanction 
 the synodical condemnation of the book entitled 
 Essays and Eeviews ; a condemnation to which the 
 passage above quoted fi-om the Judgment almost 
 invited us. I fiiToly beheve the measm-e then 
 adopted by the Convocation of the Province of 
 Canterbury to have been lawful, sanctioned as it was 
 by the dehberate and unbiassed opinion of two of 
 the most learned members of the legal profession' ; 
 and I have never seen reason to repent the reso- 
 lution I then took. At the same time I should 
 strongly deprecate any tendency on the part of Con- 
 vocation to give itself to such proceedings, to the 
 neglect of those practically useful discussions in 
 which it is generally engaged. 
 
 Seeing then, my reverend and dear Brethi-en, that 
 we hve in times in which we are emphatically called 
 
 * Appendix G.
 
 PEIMARY CHARGE. 61 
 
 upon to prove all things, in order that we may hold 
 fast that which is good, it will not be unseasonable 
 to dwell for a moment upon some thoughts that may 
 serve as safeguards against the influence of plausible 
 objections to certain opinions and articles of belief 
 which we have been wont to hold sacred. Before 
 we give ear to the difficulties of belief in any 
 of these particulars, it will be well that we first fully 
 weigh the difficulties of unbelief. There are, no 
 doubt, things hard to be understood in the record 
 of some of God's dealings with man, as narrated 
 in the Bible ; there may be some seeming incon- 
 sistencies in matters which a Christian is called 
 upon to accept and believe. But is there nothing 
 strange, no apparent discordance in the system 
 which we are now invited to accept as an alternative ? 
 And if this be so, is it reasonable in those who have 
 hitherto listened to the teaching of the Church to 
 allow their attention to be engrossed exclusively by 
 these objections, without reckoning the contra- 
 dictions in which they will be involved by renouncing 
 their former convictions ^ ? 
 
 Let me illustrate this view by reference to the 
 conclusions which we shall be compelled to admit, if 
 we acquiesce in the positions lately maintained by 
 persons holding office in our Church. We have 
 
 * Appendix H.
 
 62 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 been wont to aclmowledge our Lord Jesus Christ as 
 a Teacher on whose guidance we may imphcitly 
 rely ; but if we embrace the new code of criticism, we 
 must beheve, either that He who knew what was in 
 man, and could read the thoughts and intents of the 
 heart, was ignorant w^hether Moses was the author 
 of the Pentateuch or not, and that, being ignorant 
 of it. He ventured to af&rm what He did not know 
 to be true ; or that, knowing it to be false. He did 
 not scruple to utter the falsehood. We must 
 believe that the Saviour of the world, having been 
 convicted of ignorance or error in that which He 
 undertook to teach, is still a Teacher on whom we 
 may rely ; or, that we can no longer depend on His 
 Word, and His Gospel may after all be a fiction. 
 We must believe that the holy prophet Samuel was 
 the author of a wilful fraud, and that the Israelites 
 quietly acquiesced in this fraud, although the forged 
 books contained threats and denunciations which 
 were little likely to prepossess them in favour of the 
 impostm'e ; and laid upon them a burthensome 
 ceremonial, to which they would never have sub- 
 mitted, but upon the clearest evidence that it was of 
 Divine authority. We must accept the Bible as a 
 book to be handled with just as much freedom, and 
 treated with as little reverence and respect, as any 
 volume of purely human composition, although its 
 effects in regenerating and converting himdreds of
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 63 
 
 millions of souls, and entirely changing the face of 
 society among the most cultivated people in the 
 world, prove it to be totally unhke any other book, 
 and to be, in truth, the Word of God, and not the 
 word of man. In reference to our Lord's ascription 
 of the Pentateuch to Moses as its author, it has 
 been argued, that as He is said to have increased in 
 wisdom, as well as stature, there must have been a 
 time when His \\dsdom was imperfect ; and that this 
 assertion may have been made previous to its 
 maturity. But, though it may not be easy to pro- 
 nounce the exact moment at which it reached per- 
 fection, we may be well assured that it must have 
 been before He began to teach. Otherwise, if He 
 has erred in one particular. He may have erred in 
 all. The mysterious connexion of the divine and 
 human nature in the Saviour, is beyond our com- 
 prehension; and it may be impossible for us to 
 understand how, in spite of that union. He was still 
 ignorant of the day on which the Son of Man should 
 come in the clouds, with great power and glory, to 
 summon before Him the quick and dead for judg- 
 ment. It is one thing, however, for an inspired 
 teacher to confess liis ignorance on a single point, 
 and quite another to profess knowledge, while he is 
 really ignorant, on a subject on which he undertakes 
 to teach. Where ignorance and error are detected 
 under such circumstances, confidence in the instruc-
 
 64 PBIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 tion of the teacher must be destroyed ; and if we 
 thus undermine the Saviour's authority, what sure 
 ground have we for beheving that He is accurate in 
 any other branch of His teaching ? "No one surely 
 in his senses," said Archbishop Whately, "could 
 really think that the God of Truth would send an 
 inspired prophet into the world, who should confirm 
 the people in their belief of a foolish legend inti- 
 mately connected with their religion ; a prophet who 
 could use such words as these, — ' Moses wrote of 
 Me, and if ye believe not his witness, how shall ye 
 believe in Me ? ' when, in truth, the pretended 
 writings of Moses were entitled to no credit at 
 alP." 
 
 And now, my reverend and dear Bre- 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 tlu*en, I must draw my remarks to a 
 conclusion. Glad should I indeed have been had I 
 found fewer subjects of somewhat painful interest 
 to dwell upon ; but my chief object has been to 
 abate the alarm which was not unnaturally felt, 
 when the recent judgment was supposed to have 
 so much wider a scope than proves now to have 
 been the case ; and to dissuade you from hastily 
 committing yourselves to any particular line of 
 conduct, in consequence of apprehensions which 
 have less foundation than you imagined. We 
 
 ' Abp. Whately.
 
 PRIMARY CHARGE. 65 
 
 might indeed have given our undivided attention to 
 the consideration of topics of a purely spiritual 
 nature in connexion with our ministerial duties ; 
 but in times like the present, when unbelief is 
 aggressive, it is well that we should try and ex- 
 amine the foundation on which our faith rests ; that 
 we should prove all things, hold fast that which is 
 good, and thus become proof against the shafts of 
 scepticism ; that we should furnish ourselves with 
 those weapons of argument with which faithful men 
 have in different ages of the Church encountered 
 the adversaries of revealed religion, so that we may 
 wax stronger and stronger in our convictions by 
 those means, as well as by the inward witness of 
 the Spirit, which is our abiding support and comfort 
 under every trial of our faith. And if the result of 
 this shall be to quicken us in the discharge of our 
 respective duties, we shall thus give the world the 
 best proof of the sincerity of our own belief, and of 
 the influence it is exercising on our hearts and 
 consciences. 
 
 But although we have entire confidence that all 
 will ultimately work together for good, still there 
 must be great tribulation before the final triumph ; 
 and if we see some tokens of its approach, let us not 
 think it strange concerning any trials that ' may 
 come, as though some strange thing had happened 
 to us. We should rather rejoice at such proofs of 
 
 E
 
 66 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 the truth of God's Holy Word, which warns us, in 
 hxnguage too plain to be misunderstood, that in the 
 last days perilous times shall come ; that men shall 
 depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing 
 spirits ; that the opposition to the doctrines which 
 our Blessed Lord and His Apostles taught, will 
 become more intense and more virulent as the day 
 of the Lord approaches. The signs of the times, 
 then, which multiply around us, should sei-ve but 
 for the more confirmation of our faith ; should 
 quicken within us more glowing hope, bidding us 
 lift up our heads, because our redemption draweth 
 nigher. These questionings of the cardinal doctrines 
 of the Gospel ; this denial of miracles, of the inspi- 
 ration of Holy Scripture, of the necessity of an 
 atonement for the sin of the world, and of the 
 eternity of the sufferings of the lost, will lead us 
 to look to the early conquests of Christianity, and 
 observe what sort of teaching it was that gained 
 these victories. It was surely no negative Christi- 
 anity which achieved these triumphs ; a system 
 that banishes from revelation its characteristic fea- 
 tures, proposing to the believer no positive creed on 
 which to rest beyond the existence of one God, and 
 the fact that the Man Jesus Christ Hved about 
 eighteen hundred years ago, and uttered some wise 
 sayings to which we should do well to take heed. 
 It was not merely a system of pure morahty which
 
 PKIMARY CHARGE. 67 
 
 turned the world upside down ; it was not the 
 preacliing of the mercy alone of God, without any 
 mention of His justice, and the impossibihty of His 
 clearing the guilty, who abide in impenitence. Such 
 a creed as this we may be sure would have been no 
 stumbling-block to the Jew, no foolishness to the 
 Greek. 
 
 The Christianity which solved the great problems 
 that have perplexed manldnd, even the wisest among 
 them, tlu'ough all ages ; which prostrated the idols 
 of Greece and Rome, and changed the moral and 
 social condition of the nations, turning them from 
 darkness to light, and from the power of Satan to 
 the worship of the Hving and true God, was preached 
 by those who taught the great doctrines of our holy 
 religion as they have been ever held by the Church 
 Catholic, and as they are now held by each branch 
 of that Church : the corruption of our nature by 
 the Fall ; the Incarnation of the Son of God ; re- 
 demption by His most precious blood ; sanctification 
 by the gift of the Holy Spirit ; the Word of Christ 
 and the Divinity of Christ confirmed by miracles ; 
 the Inspiration of Holy Scripture. These heaven- 
 instructed missionaries preached to the listening 
 nations the God of the Bible, not a god of man's 
 invention and imagination ; the Christ of the Gos- 
 pels, and not the Jesus of His modern biographer, 
 who pictures Him to his readers as half- sentimental 
 enthusiast, half-cunning impostor. Such was the 
 
 E 2
 
 68 PRIMARY CHARGE. 
 
 Gospel which Paul found to be the " Power of God 
 unto salvation," and in which hundreds of millions 
 of our brethren in the flesh have, by God's grace, 
 and of His free gift, found the hke. power to their 
 souls' health ; and this Gospel, reverend and dear 
 Bretlu-en, I trust we shall have grace to profess and 
 maintain through eiil report and good report ; not 
 seeking the praise of man, but the praise of God; 
 looking to what will please our adored Master, and 
 not what will please the world. These are not days 
 in which w^e are ever likely to be called to resist 
 unto blood : yet there may possibly be trials await- 
 ing us, even severer than this. But though it may 
 be our lot, in some way or other, to suffer for the 
 truth, I trust we shall never allow^ om'selves to 
 betray the truth by culpable indifference to its 
 value. Let us meanwhile pray that the Chm-ch 
 may come forth from her season of probation, 
 purified as by a refiner's fire : let us pray that 
 those who are leading the w^ay in the direction of a 
 negative Christianity, may see to what those prin- 
 ciples are inevitably tending, and in time retrace 
 their steps, as others have done before them; let 
 us pray that whatever burthen it may please the 
 Lord to lay upon us, we may be enabled to possess 
 our souls in patience, and by our preaching and 
 living, set forth the glory of Him who hath loved 
 us, and washed us from our sins in His o^ti Blood. 
 Amen.
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 Abstbact of Retuens from the Cleegt. 
 
 Legally constituted benefices in the diocese, including 
 36 united or consolidated benefices, which are held 
 by 363 incumbents : 20 of the incumbents holding 
 2 benefices by dispensation ...... 383 
 
 Chapels of ease ....... 14 
 
 Incumbents non-resident by licence .... 20 
 
 7 of these perform their own duty ; o of the 14 
 incumbents mentioned below reside altogether or 
 partially on their own preferment : all other in- 
 cumbents are resident. 
 Benefices held in plurality ..... 14 
 
 Glebe-houses (of which 8 are unfit for residence) . 302 
 
 Glebe-houses erected during the last 3 years . . 21 
 
 Parishes still without glebe-houses .... 84 
 
 Churches in which there are two full services . . 317 
 
 „ „ is only one ... 46 
 
 Churches in which the sacrament of Baptism is ad- 
 ministered at the stated times, when the congrega- 
 tion may attend the service ..... 220 
 
 Candidates for Confirmation confirmed by me since 
 
 my accession to the see ..... 8,537
 
 70 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Total niunber of communicants annually . . . 16,255 
 Parishes in which the Holy Communion is adminis- 
 tered weekly or offcener ..... 13 
 
 „ „ twice a month or offcener IJ; 
 
 „ „ monthly or offcener . 227 
 
 „ „ less than monthly . 143 
 
 „ „ six times a year . . 19 
 
 „ „ less than six times a year 65 
 
 Scholars in day schools ...... 32,315 
 
 Children in infant schools ..... 8,26-1 
 
 Parishes in which there are adult schools in which the 
 
 Clergyman takes an active part .... 128 
 
 Males and females in these adult schools . . . 3,025 
 
 Scholars, hoys and girls, in the Sunday schools . . 27,327 
 
 Churches consecrated during the last five years . . 11 
 Popvdation of the diocese according to the Census of 
 
 1861 530,863 
 
 Area of diocese ...... acres 914,170
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
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 72 APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 Memoeial. 
 
 To the Most Reverend the Archbishops and the Right Reverend 
 the Bishops of the Provinces of Ganterhury and York. 
 
 We, the undersigned, Clergymen of the Church of England, 
 desire to approach your Lordships with the feeHngs of respect 
 and reverence which are due to yoiu" sacred office. 
 
 We beg to express o\ir conviction that the almost indiscri- 
 minate use of " the Order for the Burial of the Dead," as prac- 
 tically enforced by the existing statute of the Law, imposes a 
 heavy burden upon the consciences of the Clergy, and is the oc- 
 casion of a grievous scandal to many Christian people. 
 
 We therefore most humbly pray that your Lordships will be 
 pleased to give to the subject now brought under your considera- 
 tion such attention as the magnitude of these evils appears to 
 require, with a view to the devising of some effectual remedy. 
 
 The above Memorial received nearly 4000 signatures in 
 the month of June, 1851 ; it was presented to the Archbishops 
 and Bishops ; and in February, 1852, the following answer was 
 received from his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury : — 
 
 " Lambeth, February V^th, 1862. 
 
 " Eet. Sir, 
 
 " I have recently had the opportunity which I expected, of 
 communicating to a lai'ge assembly of Bishops the Memorial re-
 
 APPENDIX. 73 
 
 specting the Burial Service which you transmitted to me, signed 
 by 4000 Clergy. 
 
 " The Bishops generally sympathize with the Memorialists in 
 the difficulties to which they sometimes find themselves exposed 
 with reference to the terms of that Service. 
 
 " But I am sorry to report, farther, that the obstacles in the 
 
 way of remedying those difficulties appear to them, as at present 
 
 advised, to be insuperable. 
 
 " I remain, Eev. Sir, 
 
 " Your faithful Servant, 
 
 "J. B. Cantuae. 
 " Rev. W. F. Witts."
 
 74 APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 In reply to a foimer statement of mine, that many of liis ob- 
 jections to the accuracy of the Pentateuch had been abeady 
 met by Archbishop TJssher and Bisliop "Watson, the author of the 
 " Critical Examination of the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua" 
 has asserted in the Preface to Part IV., p. 11, that he finds 
 nothing, or next to nothing, in these writers of the kind referred 
 to. I can only conclude that the author supposed I was referring 
 to "Ussher's Annals," and that he was not aware of the existence of 
 a posthumous work of the Archbishop's, entitled, " Jacobi Usserii 
 Chronologia Sacra, seu, Annorum et TraiSoTrotias Patriarcharum, 
 Trapoi/ctas Israelitarum in ^Egypto, Annorum etiam Judicum, 
 RegumJudteet Israelis, aTroSet^isClironologica. Opus posthumum, 
 hucusque aveKSorov.^^ Oxoniae, A.D. 1660. 
 
 Any one who will take the trouble to examine that volume 
 will discover a series of elaborate dissertations on subjects con- 
 nected with the early History of the Bible ; and in the Tenth 
 Dissei-tation, pp. 169 and 170, he will see the whole question re- 
 specting Hezron and Hamul, the descendants of Judah, elabo- 
 rately discussed. In the Eleventh Dissertation, pp. 184 — 187, he 
 will meet -with a complete answer to the objection fomided on 
 the recorded multiphcation of the descendants of Jacob prior to 
 the Exodus. The calculations contained in this pai-t of Disser- 
 tation XI. also solve the author's difficulties respecting the 
 number of Danites and Levites at the period of the Exodus. 
 Bishop Watson the author passes over very hghtly ; but, in 
 support of my own assertion, I will merely mention that the 
 author had been anticipated by the celebrated infidel, Thomas
 
 APPENDIX. 75 
 
 Paine, in the nine following objections ; all of which have re- 
 ceived their answer from Bishop Watson in the course of three 
 letters addressed to Tliomas Paine, occupying sixty pages in his 
 Apology for the Bible : — 
 
 (1) Founded on the occurrence of the name of Dan, Gen. 
 xiv. 14. 
 
 ^2) the allusion to the Kings of Israel, Gen. 
 
 xxvi. 31. 
 
 (3) the sun standing stiU, Josh. x. 13. 
 
 (^4) the expression " Unto this Day," Deut. 
 
 xxiv. 6. 
 
 (5) the bed of Og, King of Bashan, Deut. iii. 11. 
 
 (6) the slaughter of the Midianites, Numb. 
 
 xxxi. 
 
 (7) the difference between the Fourth Com- 
 mandment in Exodus and Deuteronomy, Exod. xx. 8 — 11 ; 
 Deut. V. 12—15. 
 
 (8) • the difference between the terms Nabi and 
 
 Roch, 1 Sam. ix. 9. 
 
 (9) the argmnent that the date of the writer of 
 
 the Book of Deuteronomy cannot be earher than the time of 
 Samuel. 
 
 And yet according to the author of the " Critical Examination 
 of the Pentateuch," Bishop Ussher and Bishop Watson say 
 nothing, or next to nothing, in the nature of an answer to his 
 objections.
 
 76 APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX E. 
 
 Opinion given ly Sir HoundeU Falmer and Sir H. M. Cairns 
 in Ansiver to certain Questions proposed to them hy Dr. 
 Pusey : — 
 
 "We are of opinion that the judgments of the Privy Council in 
 the recent cases of Dr. Williams and Mr. Wilson, do not, by 
 necessary implication, or otherwise, furnish the means of deter- 
 mining, in the abstract, any of the legal questions raised by the 
 present case. 
 
 "We understand these judgments merely as deciding — that, 
 in those particular cases, there was no offence against the law 
 pleaded or proved, unless the exact propositions stated by the 
 Lord Chancellor could be deemed to be embodied in the formal 
 and dogmatic teaching of the Church of England, so as to be 
 rigorously binding upon every Clergyman, which they were held 
 not to be. But it would be most \msafe, and, in fact, impos- 
 sible, to attempt to derive, from these decisions, any rule for 
 the determination of other hypothetical cases, each of which 
 (if it should ever assume a practical form) must depend upon its 
 own circumstances. 
 
 " This is the only answer we can give to the questions proposed 
 to us. 
 
 "EouNDELL Palmer. 
 " H. M. Caie^s. 
 
 " Lincoln's Inn, June 7tJi, 1864."
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 77 
 
 APPENDIX F. 
 
 Opinion of Sir Boundell Palmer and Sir H. M. Cairns as to tlie 
 value of the reasons given by the Judicial Committee of the 
 Privy Council in any particular case : — 
 
 " We are clearly of opinion that the 1st and 37th Articles 
 referred to in the 36th Canon simply affirm the proposition that 
 the cognizance and determination of all causes, ecclesiastical and 
 temporal, belong to the Sovereign, and to the com-ts established 
 and allowed by the Sovereign ; and that no other tribunal for 
 this purpose ought to be acknowledged either in or out of the 
 realm. 
 
 " The observancy of these Articles wiU of com-se involve, 
 among other things, obedience and respect to any judgment, 
 that is, to any sentence which the Sovereign may pronounce in 
 an ecclesiastical cause on the recommendation of the Judicial 
 Committee of the Privy Council ; but this is wholly distinct 
 from an assent to or acquiescence in the reasoning or statements 
 pursued or advanced by members of the Judicial Committee as 
 the grounds of their recommendation to Her Majesty. 
 
 " It is to be observed, that the Judicial Committee are not 
 under any obhgation that we know of to state to the public ' 
 what are the reasons for their recommendation to the Sovereign 
 in any particular case. The reasons may be inadequate to jus- 
 tify the recommendation ; different members of the committee 
 may express or act upon diffijrent reasons. The committee may 
 in one case base their recommendation on reasons widely differing 
 
 1 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 41 requires the nature of the report or recom- 
 mendation to be stated in open court.
 
 78 APPENDIX. 
 
 from the reasons on which they have previously based their re- 
 commendation in a case precisely similar. The Sovereign may 
 proceed upon the recommendation given without concurring in 
 the reasons assigned, if, indeed, reasons are assigned in the report 
 or recommendation to the Sovereign. But it is not necessary, 
 or even, as we believe, usual, to assign reasons in the report or 
 recommendation to the Sovereign : it is to the sentence of the 
 Sovereign, and to that alone, that the subjects of the Sovereign, 
 both lay and clerical, have to look ; and it is the sentence which 
 those who are affected by it have to obey. The sentence in the 
 case of Wilson v. FendaU is not before us, but we understand it 
 to be simply a sentence reversing a decree of the Court of Arches, 
 which had suspended the appellant on a charge of heretical teach- 
 ing or writing. 
 
 " We believe that these observations answer in substance all 
 the questions put to us ; but we add, by way of specific reply to 
 question four, that we are clearly of opinion that it is not in anyway 
 unlawful for clergymen, either singly or together, in their preach- 
 ing or otherwise, to affirm that the Church of England and 
 Ireland maintains, without reserve or qualification, the inspira- 
 tion and divine authority of the whole canonical Scriptures, as 
 not only containing but being the Word of God ; and further, in 
 the words of our blessed Lord, that the punishment of the cm'sed, 
 equally with the life of the righteous, is everlasting. 
 
 (Signed) "Kottndell Palmer. 
 
 " H. M. Caikns. 
 " 19a March, 1864."
 
 APPENDIX. 79 
 
 APPENDIX G. 
 
 Opinion of Mr. Molt and Sir Hugh M. Cairns as to the legality 
 of a Synodal Censure hy the Convocation of the Province of 
 Canterbury : — 
 
 " We are of opinion that the Convocation of the Province of 
 Canterbury is not estopped by the 25th of Henry VIII., c. 19, 
 or by any other statute, from expressing by resolution, or other- 
 wise, their condemnation or disapprobation of a Book, although 
 no special Royal Licence is given for the purpose. 
 
 " Exception was taken early in the last century to the pro- 
 posal of Convocation to pass Synodal censure on a sermon 
 preached by Bishop Hoadley ; but it was not alleged that they 
 were disabled by statute from so doing. 
 
 " John Rolt. 
 " H. M. Caiens. 
 
 " Lijicoln's Inn, June IQth, 1864." 
 
 APPENDIX H. 
 
 There are some thoughts in Coleiidge's " Aids to Reflection," 
 which follow out tliis idea in a veiy interesting and striking 
 manner. Sequelai to Aphorism IX., pp. 186 to 190. Ed. 
 Moxon. 1861. 
 
 GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PEINTEES, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, LONDON.
 
 ■^
 
 X 
 
 /^