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THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 LIBRARY 
 
 eai 
 
 THrUBRARy BTmr 
 JUN 2 7 1924 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
Return this book on or before the 
 Latest Date stamped below. 
 
 University of Illinois Library 
 
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 NOV 1 4 IS 
 
 OCT 29 
 
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 Bb2 
 
 L161— H41 
 
THE 
 
 AGAMEMNON OF AESCHYLUS. 
 
(Cambridge: 
 
 PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS, 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
THE 
 
 AGAMEMNON OF AESCHYLUS. 
 m 2 7 1924 
 
 BY ' 
 
 CLASSICAL EXAMINER TO THE UNIVERSITY OP LONDON. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: 
 DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. 
 LONDON: WHITTAKEB AND CO., G. BELL AND SONS. 
 I888 
 
'SSI 
 4 Za., p 
 
 a., I 
 
 ^ INTEODUCTION. 
 
 Professor Kennedy well sums up the drift and purpose 
 of the three great tragedies that form the trilogy of the 
 Orestea, by calling them " three acts, as it were, of one 
 plot." The Agamemnon^ he says^, is Hhe Crime ,' the 
 Choephoroe is *the Vengeance,' and the third, the Eu- 
 * menides, is 'the Avenger's Trial.' In all there is a moral 
 ^ purpose which is developed not only very finely, from a 
 ^ poetic point of view, but very powerfully as the theological 
 and philosophical teaching of an earnest, reverent, and 
 ^ religious mind. A fatalist by birth and education, a pre- 
 ^ destinarian by conviction, and a pessimist by the workings 
 of a naturally gloomy mind, he traces a whole chain of 
 family evils to ancestral crime. Originating in a delusion 
 or moral infatuation, dry], the subsequent crimes and woes 
 are with him the necessary effects of a cause. The murder 
 of Agamemnon by the hand of his wife, and that of Cly- 
 temnestra by the hand of her son, are but the results of 
 atrocities long before committed by Pelops and Atreus ; for 
 sin ever produces a brood * like unto itself ' (v. 735). 
 
 As in all works of the highest art it will be found 
 ^ that our admiration increases with further study, so it is 
 ^ especially true of the Agamemnon to say, that the more 
 carefully its plot and composition are studied, and the more 
 ^ pains are taken to master its many difficulties, the more 
 -J it will seem to develop new beauties and new points of 
 h interest in the characters of the principal actors. To 
 ^ understand the play rightly and thoroughly is, without 
 doubt, a high intellectual effort and exercise. The pride 
 of Agamemnon, the unrelenting vindictiveness of Clytem- 
 
 1 Introduction, p. 1, ed. 1878. 
 
 o5iv334 
 
 L 
 
6 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 nestra, and tlie undeserved misery of the captive Cas- 
 sandra, are all worked out with singular skill, power, and 
 consistency, subordinate to the general and main doctrine 
 of the play, tha t Crime will have its PunishmenL a nd con- 
 tempt of divine laws will be followed by a certain and 
 inevitable Nemesis. It is a grand moral lesson, in which, 
 although Fate and Destiny {dvdyKri) are prominent ideas, 
 Divine Justice is never lost sight of. The ethical bearing of 
 the play therefore was altogether on the side of natural 
 religion. 
 
 The following is a brief outline of the succession of 
 events. (1) A watchman on the palace roof sees the 
 beacon-light announcing the capture of Troy, and at once 
 gives information to the expectant queen, who busies her- 
 self with preparations for a general rejoicing. (2) The 
 chorus describes, not without forebodings of evil, the causes 
 of the expedition, the omens seen on the way, the sacrifice 
 of Iphigenia. (3) Clytemnestra narrates to the chorus the 
 stations of the beacon-lights, and expatiates on the relative 
 positions of the captured and the conquerors. (4) A choral 
 ode follows on the treachery of Paris, the grief of the 
 injured Menelaus, the sufferings and secret murmurs of the 
 people who are compelled to engage in a war for his selfish 
 ends. (5) A herald arrives, bringing a detailed account of 
 the events of the capture, followed by a narrative of dis- 
 asters from a storm in the return. Between the two 
 speeches, the queen makes a hypocritical protestation, 
 half suspected by the chorus, of her love for her lord. 
 
 (6) Another choral ode on Paris and the fascinations of 
 Helen, with reflexions on one crime begetting another. 
 
 (7) Agamemnon enters in a car with Cassandra, and 
 boasts of his success, and the vengeance that has at last 
 overtaken Troy. Clytemnestra addresses him with apparent 
 affection, and a contest between them ensues about his 
 walking on costly carpets into the palace. (8) The chorus 
 more plainly than before bodes evil, though present ap- 
 pearances seem favourable. (9) Cassandra utters wild 
 words, not understood by the chorus, and more and more 
 plainly foretells her own and the king's fate. (10) The 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 7 
 
 groans of Agamemnon being killed are heard within the 
 palace. The chorus hesitate as to what course they should 
 pursue, when Clytemnestra comes forth and avows the 
 deed. (11) Eecriminations ensue with the chorus, who 
 threaten vengeance. (12) Aegisthus asserts that the deed 
 was a just one, and that his own wrongs as well as Clytem- 
 nestra's have been avenged. The play concludes with an 
 assertion of his power and his determination to put down 
 opposition by force. 
 
 It has never been sufficiently observed, though it is a 
 fact of much importance and interest, that Aeschylus no- 
 where shows any knowledge of the Iliad and the Odyssey 
 in this trilogy. He followed epics which contained in full 
 the account of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, the early family 
 feuds of the house of Atreus, and the rape of Helen; as 
 well as others which described the return of the Greeks, the 
 storm off the Grecian coast, and the murder of Agamemnon. 
 These latter events are alluded to in the Odyssey, indeed, 
 as the detention of the fleet is slightly alluded to in the 
 second Book of the Iliad; but the poet did not take his 
 accounts from these sources. He followed poems which in 
 his time 'appear to have had both more popularity and more 
 authority, the Cypria (Kijirpia 'iirri) and the '^baroi. 
 
 The following extracts from Proclus' epitome of the 
 Cypria (p. 234, ed. Westphal) wiU make this perfectly clear 
 to the reader. 
 
 ** Paris, at the suggestion of Aphrodite, builds a fleet, 
 and Helenus (his inspired brother) utters predictions about 
 the coming marriage^. Cassandra foreshows the troubles 
 that will follow. Paris is entertained hospitably at Sparta, 
 in the palace of Menelaus^. He offers Helen presents at 
 the entertainment. Menelaus goes oft to Crete, charging 
 Helen to entertain her guests. During his absence the 
 lovers meet, and sail off after putting most of her property 
 on board 3. He arrives at Troy and there solemnises the 
 marriage*. The leaders of the Grecian fleet are summoned 
 
 1 SofKov 7rpo<f)ijTat, Ag, S99. Horace followed the same or a very 
 similar relation in Od. i. 15. 
 
 * Ag, 392. 3 Ag. 718. * Ag. 687. 
 
8 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 from the states, and meet at Aulis. Here a sacrifice is 
 offered, accompanied by a prodigy of a snake and a nest of 
 sparrows ^ Calchas the seer prophesies what will happen 
 from the omen. On the return of the fleet from Mysia, a 
 storm overtakes it, and the ships are dispersed. They meet 
 a second time at Aulis, where Agamemnon offends Artemis 
 by boasting of the death of a stag in hunting. The goddess 
 detains the fleet, and Calchas commands the sacrifice of 
 Iphigenia, who is brought to Aulis by her mother under 
 pretence of marrying Achilles 2." 
 
 From the '^octtol the poet took the account of the 
 second storm, and the murder of Agamemnon by Clytem- 
 nestra and Aegisthus. From the 'IXtou He pa is he borrowed 
 the allusion to the wooden horse and the sacrilege com- 
 mitted by Ajax in carrying off Cassandra and the Palladium 
 from the temple of Athena^. 
 
 The scene of the play is laid at Argos, which, some- 
 what strangely, the tragics identify with Mycenae. That 
 town had in fact been dismantled by the Argives ten years 
 before the acting of this play in 458 e.g. The Chorus 
 consists of twelve elders, who in the absence of the king 
 are Eegents, and have the care of the city delegated to 
 them as a Council of State, for which reason they call 
 themselves 'yalas fiovocppovpov epKos in v. 248, and they are 
 addressed by the queen as irpeo-^os 'kpyelojv in v. 829. 
 
 1 Iliad 11. 311. From this passage the word <rTpov0<av was im- 
 ported Into the play (v. 143), necessarily in later times, because it 
 is against the metre. 
 
 2 The subject of the Iphigenia at Aulis of Euripides 
 
 3 Proclus, pp. 239, 240. Agam. 332, 798. 
 
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 ot;8€ yap oStos SoXtW ari^v ai/r. V* 
 
 aXV c/xov CK TOiJS' cpvos dep^ev 
 
 tdfta Spd(ra<s, a^ta irda-x^v, 
 
 fxrjSev iv^AiSov fieyaXavx^^ro), 1505 
 
 OavaTco TLO-as airep rjp^€V. 
 XO. diJLrjxO'V^ ^povTiSos (TTeprjOels o"rp. ^ . 
 
 evTrdXafJLOV /^ept/xvar, 
 oTTtt rpdiriOfxaLf ttltvovtos olkov. 1510 
 
 ScSotKtt 8' OfJLppOV KTVTTOV So/XOCT^aX^ 
 
 Tov alfxarrjpov ij/aKas Se Xv^yct. 
 8iK>2V 8' €7r' dXXo TTpdyfxa OrjydveL pXd/Srjs 
 Trpos dXXats 6r]ydvai(n Motpa. 
 t(o ya, ya, cWc e8€fa), dvT. 
 •jrplv Tov8' €7ri8€tv dpyvpoTOLXpv 1516 
 
 Spoiras KarixovTa xa/^€wav. 
 Tts d 6di/ra)T/ vtv, Tts d 6prjin](T(DV ; 
 
 y a-v Td8' ep^at 1520 
 rXT^aeiy KTdvacr dv8pa rov wutt]^ 
 d7roK(j)KV(raiy ^vxfi t dxo-piv 
 Xdpi-v dvT epy(ov 
 fX€ydX<j)v dStKcDS iinKpdvaL; 
 Tts 8' i7nTvii[3Lov aivov iir dvSpl ^cto) [dvr. y'.] 
 ^vv SaKpvoL^ IdiTTayv 1526 
 dXyjOeCa <j)p€vwv 7rov7](T€L; 
 KA, ov (Te Trpoo-rjKU to fxiXrjfia Xiyeiv (Tip. t . 
 TOVTO* Trpos ^/ACOV 
 KdiTTreaev, ^tJ/acis Kal KaTa6d\[/oix€V, 1530 
 
ArAMEMNOT. 
 
 OV)(^ VTTO KXavOfJLWV TWV OtK0)V, 
 
 aAA' 'I<^ty€V€ta vtv aa"7ra(7ta)s 
 
 Ovyari^p, cos XP^> 
 Trarlp dvTLao-aora Trpos WKViropov 
 
 TTOpOjJievix dx^oiVf 1535 
 TTcpl X^^P^ /BaXovaa <^t\?;cr€t. 
 XO. oi'ctSos T7K€t To8' aj/T* dvetSovs. dvT. 6'. 
 
 SvcTfJia^a 8' €(TTt Kplvai* 
 
 cjiip^L cjiipOVT, €KTLV€L S' O KaLV(J)V. 
 
 fiLfivei Sc, fJiLfxvovTO<s iv ypovi!^ At09, 1510 
 
 Tra^ctv TO]/ cpfavra* Oicpnov ycap' 
 TLs av yovdv dpaiov iK^akoi S6p.o)v ; 
 KCKoWrjTaL yivos Trpos am. 
 KA» ^ts TwS' ivip-qs ^vv dXrjOeLo. avT. l. 
 
 ')(prjcriJi6v' €yo> S' ovv 1545 
 cv:: c iOiXd), SaLfJiovL tw IIActor^a/tSai/ 
 opKovs 6eiX€vrj, TaSe /x,€V (TTcpyeiV, 
 SvcrrXrjTd Tvep ovO** o Xoittov, lovt 
 iK TwvSe So/xcov aXX-^v ycvcai/ 
 Tpi/SeLv OavaTOLs avOevraLaiv* 1550 
 
 KTedvtDv T€ fiipos 
 ^aiov ixovcrrj ttSlv d7ro)(prj fioi 
 dXXrjXocftovov? 
 ixavias /x€Xd6p(ov dcjieXovcrrf, 
 
 Airis®os. 
 
 2 <fiiyyos evcjipov T^/^tcpas SLKrj(j>6pov 1555 
 <l>aL7]v av '^Srj vvv (SporSv rifjuaopovs 
 Oeovg dvtoOev yrjs cttotttcucit/ ax>7> 
 
 tSaJv VcjiaVTOLS ci/ TTCTrXotS 'Ep6Vt5o)V 
 
 Tov dvhpa TovZe Keifxevov ^tAo)? €/i,ol, 
 X^P^s Trarpwas iKTivovra fxrjxoivds* 1560 
 'Arpcvs yap dp^ayv rrjaSe yrjs, tovtov Trarrjpy 
 Traripa ®vi<TT7}v rov ifjuov, o5s TopdSs ffipdaaiy 
 avTov T dSeXcjidv, ap,<^tAeKTOS <Sv Kparct, 
 T^vSprjXaTTjcrev c/c ttoAcws t€ /cal 8o/>ta)i/. 
 
1570 
 
 54 AISXTAOT 
 
 Koi TrpocrrpoTratos co-rtas ftoXoSv TraXtV 1565 
 rXTjfJLOiV 0i;c(TT7^s fjLOipav rjvp€r acrc^aX^, 
 TO fiTj OavdiV Trarpioov alfxdiat TriSov 
 avTov' $€VLa rovSc SvaOeos irarrjp 
 *ATp€VS 'jrpoOvfJUD'i fxaXXov r) ^tXws Trarpt 
 Tw '/A<5, Kp€ovpy6v ^fiap -evdviim ayctv 
 8oK(or, 7rap€crx€ Satra TratSctW Kpeiov. 
 rd filv TToStjprj koX x^P^^ aKpovs KTcVas 
 tKpvTTT avoiOev avSpa/cas KaO-^fieuos* 
 aa-Yjfxa S' aTJTwv avrtV dyvoia Xa^wv 
 tcrOei popdv da-coTOV, cos opa?, yeVct. 1575 
 KaTTCLT cTTtyvovs cpyov ot5 KaraCa-Lov, 
 wfio)^€V, dfJLTTLTTTeL 8' aTTO (T^ay^s c/x-wi/* 
 /lopol/ 8' acjiepTOV IIcXoTrtSais eTrcux^rat, 
 XaKTLCTfJia SetTTVOV ^wSckcos Tt^cts dpav^ 
 ovTCDS oXlaOai irdv to IlXcto-^cVovs yeVos. 1680 
 CK TcuvSe o*ot TTCo-oi'Ta TovS' iSctv Trapa. 
 Kaya5 StKaios toiJSc tov <^ovov pa(f>evs' 
 rpLTOv yap ovTa /a' cttI Sck* a^Xto) -jraTpt 
 $vv€^€XavveL tvt66v ovt iv dTrapydvoiV 
 rpa^lvra 8' aWis 77 Sikt; Karrjyaye. ^ 1585 
 Kttt To{}8e TavSpos 7]il/dfji7]v dvpalos <I)V, 
 Trda-av $vvd\j/a? firjxo-v^v Svcr^ovXta^. 
 ovTO) KttXov 87/ KOL TO KarOaveLV c/^oi, 
 tSoVTtt TOVTOV rrjs Sikt;? cv epKecriv. 
 
 XO. Myi(T6\ vPplt,€lV iv KaKOLOTLV ov o-c^o).^ 1590 
 
 ot) 8* av8pa ToVSe <f>rj^ eKwv KaraKTaveiV, 
 fiovos 8' €7roiKTOv ToVSe jSovX^vo-ai ^dvov. 
 ov <^77jLt' aXiJ^ctv hUrj to aov Kapa 
 BrjfJLoppi(j>€LSy dd^ lo-Ol, Xeva-Lfiov^; dpds. 
 AI. (TV TavTa ^(ovets vepTepa Trpoo^y/xcvos 1595 
 KWTTT/, KpaTovvT(ov Tlov cTTt ^vy<3 8opos ; 
 yrcoo-ct, ycpwv wr, (o? 8t8ao-KCO-^at /3apv 
 T<3 TryXtKOVTO), a-03<jipoveLV elprjfxevov, 
 8CO-/JLOS Sc Ktti TO y:7pas at t€ v>70-Tt8cs 
 Svai 8t8do'K€tv e^oxoJTaTat </)pcva)i/ 1600 
 
ArAMEMNON. 65 
 taTpofxavT€L^, ov)(^ opas opwv ToiSc ; 
 7rpo5 KevTpa fxrj XaKTit^c, firj Traicras fioyfjs. 
 
 XO. yvvai, (TV TovS' t^kovtos Ik. fta^^s viov 
 oLKOvpos €vvr]V dvSpos alax^vova oifia 
 dvSpl (TTpaTrjy^ toi'S' cjSovXcvcras fiopov. 1605 
 
 AI. KoX ravTa raTrr) KXavjuarcDV dpxrjy^vy, 
 'Op^et Se yXdjo-crav Tiyv cmvTtav execs' 
 6 fiev yap ^yc iravr diro <l>9oyyrj<s X^P^» 
 (TV 8' i^opLva's vrjTTLOL^ vXdyfxaa-LV 
 a^€f KparrjOeis S' yficpcaTepos ^avu. 1610 
 
 XO. cJs 8?7 cru /;tot Tvpawo^ 'ApyctW ccrct, 
 OS ouS' C7rci8>7 T<58' i^ovXcvo-as fiopov 
 Spacrat to8' cpyov ot5k erXTys avroKTovcDS. 
 
 AI. TO yap 8oXajo'at -Trpog ywaiKos (racjim' 
 
 cy(o 8' ■Sttotttos ix6pds y TraXatycvT^s. 1615 
 efc TcDi/ 8€ to{j8€ ^77/xaT(oi/ TTCLpacrofxaL 
 dpx^LV TTokiTi^v* Tov 8€ /x^) TTeiOavopa 
 ^cvfoj jSapctats ovrt p-T^ cr€ipa<j)6pov 
 KpiOioVTa TTwA.ov aXA.' o Sva(j>LXi^s crKOT(a 
 Xt/xos fwotK05 fJiaXOaKov crcj> cTroi/^crat. 1620 
 
 XO. Tfc 877 ToV ai/8pa T0V8' aTTO l/^VX^S KttK^S 
 
 ov/c avTos T^vapt^cs, aXXa cn)i/ yvr^y, 
 Xwpas /xtao-p<a Kat ficwi/ ly^wptW, 
 €i<T€tv ; 'Opi(TTr]<s apd ttov pXiirei ^aos, 
 . oTTcos KaT€X6m hevpo irpevfJLiveL rvxo 1625 
 dfJi4>0LV yivrjTai roivSe 'irayKparrj^ <^ov€i;s; 
 AI. aXX' cTTcl 8oK€ts raS' ep8ctv kov Xeyctv, yvoJcrei 
 raxa. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 AI. eta 877, <^6Xo6 XoxLTaiy Tovpyov ovx ^Kd<s to8€. 
 XO. eta 8rj, ^t^os TrpoKWTTOV Tras rts €vrp€7rt4€Ta), 
 AI. aXXa Kayw firjv TrpoKWTros oi;k dvaLVOfiai Oavetv. 1630 
 XO. 8€xo/Jt€Vots Xeyets ^ai/cti/ crc- tt/v rvx'^yi' 8' alpovixeda. 
 KA. /X7]BaiX{os, t5 (^tXrar av8poji/, aXXa Spdcraifiev KaKa- 
 aXXa Kat Ta8' i^afirjcrai TroXXd Sv(rrrjVOV Oepov 
 TTfjiiov^s 8' aXts y' virdpx^i' ixrjSlv at/iaT(w/A€^a. 
 
5G AI2XTA0T ArAMEMMN. 
 
 irptv ^ra^ctv cp^avrcs* t apKCtv XP^'' Ta8' cos cTrpa^- 
 a/x,€v. 
 
 €t 8c TOL fxoxOdiV yivoLTO TwvS' ttXt?, ScxoLfi^S' av, 
 
 AI. dXXa T0i;cr8' c/^ol fiaralav yXwcro-av <S8' airavdicraiy 
 KaK^aX^iv hnj roiavTa, 8at/xovos Trctpco/ievovs, 1641 
 awcfypovos yvwfirjs 8' a/xctpTeiv, tov Kparovvra * 6 
 vjSpto-at. 
 
 XO. ov/c av 'ApyctW to8' €177, c^wra Trpocrcr alvciv KaKov. 
 AI. aXX' cyoj c' vo-ripaio-LV i^fiipais fiireifi crt. 
 XO. ovK, cav 8at/xa)v ^Op^crrrjv Zevp dirGvOvvy 
 
 AI. 0T8' cyci ^cvyovras avSpas iXiriSas mTovfiivovs. 
 XO. Trpacrcrc, Trtcwvov, niaCvvav rryv Sikt^v cttcI Trapa. 
 AI. to-^t /Jioi Swo-CDV OLTTOLva TrjoSe fiwpiaq x^P*-^' 
 XO. Kop/iraxTOV Oapa^v, aXcKTwp wore ^TyXctas TrcXa?. 
 KA. /iiy irpoTipriairis fiaraCoiv Td)v8' vXayfiaTm* eyco 
 icat <n) O-^a-oiiev Kparowrc rolvSe Sw/xaTwi' koXoUj, 
 
NOTES. 
 
 1-8. e.oOs >.y-Kal .Cv] Compare the openmg of Soph. 
 A4ax del ixh—Kal vw k.t.\., and mf. 654, 1246. A sta,te 
 iSirmaTe, and a special example is ej^ed xn xUus^^ 
 of it. ' I am ever asking of the gods a riddance ftom these 
 toils during the lon^tlm^-t-t^ear s watch. Or #oupa^ 
 may be in apposition to ■Kbv<^v, and ^re.as ix-nKO, may mean 
 ' lasting for a year,' i.e. that has already lasted so long. Cf. 
 Od. IV. 526, 4,i\a,Tae S' 8 y' els e^mvri^.— y k.t.X., keep- 
 i^ng which by night on the palace of the Atndae with head 
 on hand, like (with the vigilance of) ; ,^!I?oh 
 
 ,cotu<iue;'os, properly meaning ' sleepmg on watch which 
 taken literaUy would involve an absurdity,, is qualified by 
 whiol means in the wakeful position of one -ho 
 supports his head by his bent arm. II. x. 80, opBcoee^s 5 
 
 6 Su^dcrrasl The sun and moon seem meant, the 
 risin^-s and settings of which h^has had opportunities of 
 observing tiU he has learnt, as it were, the whole map of the 
 heaven^.^ As the poet nowhere uses a dactyl at the begm- 
 S of a verse (except here and there in a proper name), 
 the following line is probably not genuine. 
 
 8 M] 'And so now,'-'and accordingly now ' viz. 
 in the actual performance of the toUsome ™. ^^ftS 
 of.-T6 ,x6p.Bo\oy, 'the concerted signal of a hghted torch 
 (beacon).' \s a'rule, the article is used either with both or 
 with neither of two dependent nouns. But mf. 869 we have 
 Tai> (TTadfiuv Kim, and see also v. 1327. , „ . 
 
 10. he Kpare^] ' So strong m its belief,' so fcm in its 
 resolve is the manly-counseUing hopeful heart of a wo- 
 ^aan.' Her confidence in the result is expressed inf. 577. 
 Some refer (cparfi to the imperious order given to the watch- 
 man? "in thfepithet aV5p6%Xo. there P^^aps^-^mten- 
 tional ambiguity, 'form ng ^ts designs with the fiimnes^^^^^ 
 a man,' and 'having plans about a husband, the latter 
 sense understood by the spectators, but less obvious. 
 
58 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 12 — 18. eSr' dv 5e — /cXa/w r6re] This forms the prota- 
 sis and apodosis of a sentence, "which is somewhat involved 
 by the intermediate clause brav 5' aeLbeLv k.t.\, * And when- 
 ever (unable to sleep in my comfortless quarters, and fear- 
 ing, as holding a night-watch, the penalty of doing this) I 
 have a mind to sing by way of keeping myself awake, — 
 fall to tears from grief at the affairs of this house, now no 
 longer, as before, managed for the best.' He might have 
 said, orav, hdpoaov evvrjv ^x^^» q.beLV ^okQ, rbre K\aiu) ac.t.X. 
 Grief takes the place of joy in his heart, — he cannot be 
 merry if he would (see v. 619). 
 
 15. TO fjLrjf Lat. quominus, is often used nearly as a 
 synonym of dWe /xt}, e.g. inf. 552, 1567, and the sense here 
 is, *to prevent me from closing my eyelids soundly in 
 repose.' So inf. 1265, Sfifia (Tv/jL^dXo) rode. 
 
 16. orav de k.t.\.] *So, whenever I have a mind to sing 
 or hum (whistle) a tune, applying in my discomfort (iy) this 
 remedy of song against sleep,' &c. By evr^fiveiv, as inf. 386 
 and 1232, ixiadov evdrjaeiv Kbrtp, the notion is conveyed, by a 
 common metaphor from medicine, of shredding simples 
 into a mixture. — dvriiioKirov, literally * song-like,' or * taking 
 the place of song,' Hke avH^ovKos, Cho. 128, avrlfiLc^dos^ 
 Suppl, 266, here has the additional notion of juLoXirrj dvrl 
 virvov, — a distinct notion, indeed, but the double entendre is 
 very common in tragedy. 
 
 21. 7rvp6s] *But now may I get a lucky riddance from 
 my toils by the appearance of the beacon-light bringing 
 good tidings through the gloom of night.' The wish is no 
 sooner expressed than the light is seen (perhaps a sudden 
 blaze was really displayed in the theatre). The warder 
 greets it with a loud "hurrah!" (i'oO), and says that he in- 
 tends by that piercing shout {ropcos) to wake up the Queen, 
 that she may utter in the house the joyful (prop, sacrificial) 
 cry of thanksgiving at so auspicious an event. For oXoXv- 
 yiubs see inf. 578. The allusion is to the sacrifices the queen 
 orders to be performed in the city, inf. 87 — 96. 
 
 31. (ppoLjuiLop] As a prelude to, i.e. as the first of, the 
 dances that will be given in the city to celebrate the victory. 
 The warder, who was doubtless seen during this prologue 
 on the top of the stage-wall representing the palace of the 
 Atridae, here goes through some figures or steps of a dance, 
 such as is called Kbpda^ in comedy. 
 
 32. 6r](TofjLaL\ *I will reckon (lit. * score') this stroke of 
 luck in the fortunes of my masters, now that this beacon- 
 light has made me a throw of a sice with each of the three 
 dice,' which was the highest throw in playing the game. 
 
 34. yhoLTo 5' odv'\ The precise sense is, 'Well! I won't 
 say more about that, — I will only add. May I grasp the 
 friendly hand of my lord on his return,' viz. to put an end 
 
NOTES. 
 
 59 
 
 to the present misdoings in the house. So 5' odv is often 
 used, like the Latin ceterum, in the sense of 'be that as it 
 may.' See inf. 217, 246, 1545.— ^ao-rdo-at is properly to 
 hold in one's hand so as to feel and bear the weight of any 
 object. 
 
 36. ra S' &\\a\ * For the rest, I say nothing. There 
 is a weight (lit. ' a huge ox has set his foot ') on my tongue ; 
 the house itself, were it to get a voice, would give the plainest 
 account ; (I cannot,) for, willing as I am to speak to those 
 who have the knowledge, I purposely forget everything for 
 such as have not.' Similarly Herodotus has e/cwz/ eiriXrjdofiat 
 IV. 43, and totjtwv ixkv ckCju kirek-qdero iii. 75. — fiadoda-LV, 
 cf. 598. 
 
 40. The chorus of old men, the watchman having re- 
 tired into the palace, sing the anapaestic parodos as they 
 march in procession across the orchestra to their places at 
 the thymele or central altar, on arriving at which they com- 
 mence the first stasimon, v. 104, or rather, perhaps, a irpooL- 
 fjLLOP or introduction to the ode beginning at v. 155, composed 
 more or less in epic and dactylic rhythms. 
 
 44. TLfxrjs, though preceding 'Arpeiddu, seems the genitive 
 in apposition to it, ' a sturdy pair of Atreus' sons, (holding) 
 from Zeus an office of joint thrones and two sceptres (united 
 in one).' The two are spoken of, perhaps in reference to 
 the Spartan kings, as being virtually invested with one and 
 the same office. They are called KXeivop ^vybv in Eur. 
 Hel. 392. There is no allusion to this in the Iliad, and 
 generally, it is to be observed, this play is based on epic 
 poems entirely distinct from our Homer. We may compare, 
 however, II. xvii. 249, ot re Trap' 'Ar/oetS??? "AjyafxefwovL Koi 
 MeveXdcp drjfjLLa irivovcLV Kal (rrifxalvovaiv €KacrTos Xaofs, e/c 5^ 
 Albs TLJJL7} Kal Kudos OTrrjdei, 
 
 4:5, xtXioj'auraj'] The poets sometimes give this num- 
 ber, perhaps as a round one ; but Thucydides, i. 10, follow- 
 ing more nearly the "Catalogue" oi Iliad ii. says. Homer 
 ireTroirjKe xtXtwv Kal dtaKoa-iuu peQu. Euripides, Iph. Aul. 
 174, has eXdraLs xtXt<5?'au(Tti'. — For atpeiu gtoXov, a technical 
 term, derived from the notion of going ujp to the 'high seas,' 
 compare SuppL 2, (tt6Xov rjiiirepov vd'Cov dpQivr dirb irpoa- 
 TOfJilwp — NeiXou. — dpcoydv may stand in apposition to (rrbXov^ 
 though rather, perhaps, to the sentence itself. Cf. 218. 
 
 49. eKTrarioLS dXyecn] *In solitary grief for their 
 young.' Hesych. eKirdrLor rb ^^w irdrov. The birds, de- 
 prived of their young (perhaps by some creature of prey) 
 in their wild haunts, scream in distress, and some avenging 
 god punishes the transgressor for the wrong done. It is 
 not said that the unfledged young have been stolen by 
 human hand, though this may be meant. The word irapa- 
 Baaiv in v. 59 is used in reference to the transgression of 
 
m 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 Paris, who has carried off the bride from Menelaus' home. 
 The simile is good, because it is complete in all its parts, 
 viz. the robbery, the grief, the appeal to justice, and the con- 
 sequent vengeance. 
 
 54. defjLPLorifjpr] t6vov] Either * the pains bestowed on 
 their young, causing them to keep the nest,' or * the pains 
 bestowed on their unfledged (nest-keeping) young.' Hesych. 
 dejJLVLOTTiprj irdvov Aiax^^os 'Ayafxe/JLvopt. KaOoaov oi veovaol 
 ^TL TOLOVTol d<TLV ctJS TO, defJLvia T7)p€LV Kal Karex^iv, jJLTjd^iru} 
 irireffdaL dwd/xevou irbvov 5^, ra {top 2) irepl ttjp rpocpriv 
 avTiop, (This extract was probably made from the same 
 .sources as the Medicean Scholia.) 
 
 57. fj.€ToiKwp] The vultures themselves, i.e. the parent- 
 birds, seem to be meant, the reference being to the Athenian 
 custom of residents claiming the protection of the law 
 through their irpocrTdraL, or registered patrons. Some, how- 
 ever, understand it of the young birds which have been 
 removed and expelled from their home. 
 
 60. ovTOj 5^] Though the simile of the vultures was so 
 constructed that the terms of it suit the case of Paris, yet 
 for the sake of clearness the application of it is made direct 
 and explicit : * so the avenging sons of Atreus are sent by 
 Zeus to exact from the Trojans vengeance for one who was 
 the wife of many husbands.' The Zei>s of v. 56 is con- 
 trasted with the Zei>9 of v. 62, with the distinctive epithet of 
 ^hios. See inf. 353, Ala tol ^evLOP fiiyap aidovjuiaL, top 
 rdde irpd^apT Ac.r.X., and for the application of a simile, 
 V. 390, oTos Kal UdpLs iXOCtjp /c.r.X. 
 
 61. iir 'AXe^dvdpcp] For the dative see inf. 354. 
 
 62. iroXvdpopos] Helen was said to have had a number 
 of suitors and more than one husband. They are enume- 
 rated by ApoUodorus, iii. 10. 8, where they form together 
 a tolerably long list of twenty-eight. 
 
 64. Perhaps KOpLais ipepcLdofx^pov, which restores the 
 caesura and supphes a government of KoviaLs, which is now 
 a dative of place. — TrporeXeioLs, ' the onset,' a metaphor from 
 the preliminary rites of marriage. The meaning perhaps is, 
 that war was sent or threatened by Zeus before the marriage 
 was accomplished; cf. inf. 395. Eur. Iph. AuL Q4t. We 
 cannot tell how this subject of the Rape of Helen was 
 treated in the Cypria, which Aeschylus followed. Possibly 
 some ancient marriage-ceremony is alluded to, as the break- 
 ing of a spear- shaft over the head of a bride. Compare 
 Ovid, Fast, ii. 560, where the parting of a bride's hair with 
 the point of a spear is mentioned. Hesych. irporiXcLa' 
 7} irpb tQp ydfxwp 6vala, Kal eopTrj. r^Xos yap 6 ydfios, dTro 
 rov els TeXeLdrrjTa dycLP. Inf. 219, it means simply 6v(Tia 
 virkp rCiP prjQp, See also v. 699. In Iph, Aul. 433 irpore- 
 Xl^eip is to consecrate or dedicate by a marriage-rite. 
 
NOTES. CI 
 
 6'6. It is doubtful if this is the true reading. 
 
 Both grammar and metre point to Lavaols iirLdrjJovTas, the 
 future participle being hardly used like the Latin imposi^ 
 turns, but rather as the supine in -um with verbs of motion. 
 Cf. IL II. 39, d-f)(r€LV yhp 'ir ^fieWev iir dXyea re (TTOvaxas 
 re "^003(^1 re koX Aavaoiat 5ta Kparepds vfffxlvas. _ 
 
 71. iraodd^X^eCl The subject is uncertain ; the sense 
 may be either, ' Paris will not aUay the wrath of Zeus for an 
 unholy marriage by any tears or sacrifices,' or 'Agamemnon 
 wiU not appease Zeus for the impious slaughter of his 
 daughter.' The latter sense rather better suits airvpuiv 
 iepiv, meaning an irregular or unlawful rite, as not made 
 by a burnt-offering. It is called dvaU aSatros mf. 14b.--- 
 drevels, * intense,' or perhaps ' obstinate,' apphed to that 
 which will break rather than bend or stretch. 
 
 72 77/xeisl *We, the aged men of the chorus, taking no 
 part in the vengeance (i.e. in the expedition to exact it), are. 
 staying at home, supporting our feeble steps on staves. 
 Whether MraL (from drirr^s) or drirq. be read, ^ the sense 
 seems to be * non-avenging.' Hesych. aT^rar aSc/cot (per- 
 haps dirb^LKoi, * keeping away from the suit 
 
 75 We must suppose that each xopevrr^s carried a sticis: 
 (BaKTVP'^a) as he walked over the orchestra. There is an 
 allusion to the riddle of the Sphinx said to have been solved 
 by Oedipus, about walking on four, two, and three legs at 
 different periods of life, . 
 
 77. a^/do-o-w^'] ^liolding sway.' The vigour of youth, — 
 its marrow, as it were,-seems regarded as holding the seat 
 of life like the anima of Lucretius, m the centre ot the 
 breast.' The sense is, * as boyish strength and spirit, when 
 yet below the military age (Theb, 10), are as unfit for ser- 
 vice as the feebleness of those who are past it, so the very 
 old man supports his steps on a stick, and dreams by day 
 in his dotage like a mere child.' In the words "Aprjs ovk in 
 X^pq> and their correlative TratSos ovUv apeio^v, the military 
 -nkLKla or age of service is described. , 
 79. 0 d' v7ripyvP<^s is conjectural; some read t6^ 
 vTT^Wc., with no difference of meaning. (The Med h^B 
 
 and inf. 939, pi^V^ y^P oiicrvs <pv\\as lKeT es dofiovs. 
 
 82. clXa^.eVhke dXi^a, implies the wandering of a we^^^^^ 
 disordered, or dreamy mind. The precise idea conveyed by 
 *day-dream' is not certain; but it is capable of a fair ex. 
 T)lanation as a poetical phrase. In his waking hours the 
 Sd man is a. fuU of fancies and delusions as ordinary 
 dreamers are. Ct vvKTitpavr' dveipara, Prom, bid, 
 
 m dk K.T.X.] The Queen, aroused from her slum- 
 bers by the warder's cry (25), now appears on the stage., 
 She. is too much engaged in preparations before the palace 
 
62 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 to heed tlie appeal for information. The question here 
 asked, what message she has heard, is answered at length 
 V. 272 seqq. 
 
 87. duoo-KLveXs is doubtful, though the meaning is not 
 affected by the precise form of the word. Perhaps eeoaKvets. 
 Hesychius may even have had this passage in view, deoaKveX- 
 Oeo^s TLfxa. By ireplireiuLirra, which seems to agree with dijTj 
 implied in the verb, the offerings are meant which had 
 been previously sent round, or held in readiness by a state 
 order, for a general thanksgiving on the tidings of the ex- 
 pected victory. 
 
 88. The gods who guard the city are divided into su- 
 pernal and infernal, and again, those whose statues were 
 placed in the agora are distinguished from those who pre- 
 side over local country districts, — and this is expressed 
 according to the Athenian idea. Compare Theb, 261, iredio- 
 ydjiiOLS T€ Kayopds iirLdKbiroLS. 
 
 93. Hesych. avlax^'-' dmriWec. 
 
 95. addXoKTL] Prof. Kennedy well points out that this 
 epithet is probably added in reference to the use of incense 
 in magic and soiceYj.~—7rap'r}y opiate, like the modern medical 
 term * paregoric' for a soothing powder or draught, alludes 
 to the IXaaficl or propitiatory offerings. So Musaeus, 39, 
 TToWaKL Koi Tov ^/JWTtt TrapTjyopeecTKe dvrjXals. 
 
 96. (BaaLXeiup] The Med. has ^aaiXeii^, but * royal 
 essence from the stores' seems less natural' than 'essence 
 froin the stores in the palace.' By the word iriXavos any 
 sacrificial cake, oil, unguent or porridge was expressed. It 
 is used of congealed blood, iriXavos alfjLaT0o-<pay7]s, in Pers. 
 812, and generally, it is the Latm libum. 
 
 97 — 103. Xe^aaa — iraiujp re yeyov is a redundancy some- 
 times expressed by eTra or eXra after a participle. So in 
 Ar. Acharn. 24, wpLav rfKovre^ elra 5' (hjTLoupraij irQs 5oms; 
 Cho. 547, (hs dv doXip KreimuTes dpdpa rifiiov doXcp re kol Xtj- 
 ipeCja-LP. Translate, 'Of these matters' tell us what it is in 
 your power and what it is right to speak about, and so be- 
 come a healer of this anxiety, which, in the present ignor- 
 ance, at one time brings gloom on our minds, while at 
 another you show us a cheering hope arising from the sacri- 
 fices, to ward off insatiable care, the soul-consuming grief 
 on our hearts.' 
 
 98. aiv€7v] The old use of the word was * to mention,' 
 *talk about,' 'tell stories of,' &c. See inf. 1458. 
 
 101. The Med. has dyava 0a/mj eXTrls dfjuuvei, which 
 some retain, changing <paims into (paivova'. But dyauau 
 (pabcLS iXwid' d/uLtjueLif seems a more probable reading. 
 
 103. This verse is also corrupt in the Med., T-qv OvpLo- 
 ^dbpov XiJ7r7}s (ppha. 
 
 104. The ^7e^(bf, or leader of the Chorus, says that he 
 
NOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 can describe, as with authority, in the name of the rest, the 
 omens that appeared when the expedition set out to Troy 
 ten years ago, and which omens, having been but partly 
 favourable, give rise to apprehensions of harm that may 
 even yet have to be fulfilled. By these and similar bodings 
 the audience are led to anticipate the calamity which is 
 shortly to overtake a victorious chief returning in his pride. 
 
 ih, odLov Kpdros] * the victory portended by omens on 
 the way.'— e/creX^wj/, if a participle, means ' fulfilling' in the 
 sense of * pointing out the fulfilment of ;' if a genitive, dvdpes 
 iKTeXeis may mean *men of power,' *of office,' *of full 
 strength,' or * exactors of vengeance.' In favour of the 
 former meaning is Pers, 220, tol 5' dyad' iKreXij yej/iadai, 
 and ib. 230, €KT€\olto drj rot, xpTiard, 
 
 105. ^rt ykp /c.r.X.] * For still (i.e. old as I am, and too 
 old to fight, sup. 81) my time of hfe not having outgrown 
 all its strength inspires me with (lit. 'breathes over me') 
 the persuasion of song.' The following lines are partly 
 quoted by Aristophanes, Ban. 1276—89, from which Kal 
 X€pl irpdKTopc has been recovered for dUas irpaKTopi (a 
 reading resulting from an interpolated gloss), and yj^as 
 for rj^av, 
 
 114. dpyq,s, for dpyqeLs, implies that as the two eagles 
 were different in appearance, so the two leaders were differ- 
 ent in disposition, 'K-qixacn dcaffoi. Probably the ancient 
 epics related some quarrels between them, of which we have 
 indications in the angry dialogue between Agamemnon and 
 Menelaus in Iph, AuL 378 seqq. 
 
 117. epLKvfidda or ipLK^jfiova (so the MS. Flor.) agrees in 
 the feminine with yivvav, while pXa^^pra is perhaps the 
 neuter plural as if \aycj Kal ret. yepvifi/xara had preceded. 
 The hare * stopped from the rest of its course, ' i.e. from 
 finishing it, by the eagles pouncing upon it, portended the 
 check that was to be received in the affairs of Troy, when 
 the Trojans were exulting in the supposed return of the 
 Greeks. For the proper sense of pXdirreLu, * to stop on the 
 way,' see II. vi. 39, Soph. Aj. 456. 
 
 122. eddr)] * learnt the meaning of,' i.e. perceived that 
 the hare-eaters were the army-leaders. 
 
 125. aipel] (MS. dypel), for alprjcreL, as events prophe- 
 sied are often regarded as actually realised. Cf. Pind. 01. 
 VIII. 42, ILepyafios dfKpl reats, rjpWy xe/jos epyaaiais okia-KeTai. 
 
 126. TraVra 8k k.t.\.] *But (before that) all the herds 
 belonging to the people in front of the ramparts shall be 
 violently carried off by the fate of war.' This seems to 
 allude to the raids made on the Troad for the subsistence of 
 the army. An account of these had been given in the 
 poem of the Cypria (Proclus, p. 236, ^ireira riju x^P^^ ^^^i' 
 eXdduTes iropdovai Kal ras irepiolKOVs irbXeis). Thucydides also 
 
64 
 
 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 speaks of them l. 11, irpbs yewpyiav rpairdfxepoL teal Xriffrelav 
 T7js Tpo<p7}s diropig., and they are often alluded to in the Iliad. 
 
 129. olov fM-n'] Schol. fidvovfjLrj. *Only let not (i.e. care 
 must be taken lest) some jealousy on the part of the gods 
 throw a gloom on the great bit forged beforehand to curb 
 the pride of Troy by our armed hosts.' The language, being 
 oracular, is purposely turgid and obscure. The participle 
 (TTpariadkv is added^to show that the curbing-power, the 
 Greek forces, are on active service, which is the sense of 
 GTpoiTovffdaL, as Pindar uses ra^LovadaL, *to take one's place 
 in a regiment.' Some take irporvirlv to mean 'fore-stricken,' 
 i.e. by some premature calamity, such as the storm in the 
 return, inf. 631. 
 
 131. oUi^ yapl The anger of Artemis against the 
 eagles for destroying the hare was thought by Calchas to 
 portend her anger against the Atridae, and to require the 
 sacrifice of Iphigenia to appease it. These stories were vari- 
 ously told in the floating epics which formed the "Homer" 
 in the time of Aeschylus. Another version of the offence is 
 given in Soph. £L563 seqq., and another reason for the sacri- 
 fice in I:ph, Taur. 20. In the Cypria (Proclus, p. 235) it was 
 said that Apollo had offended the goddess in hunting when 
 the fleet had assembled for the second time at Aulis. 
 
 135. avTOTOKov] 'young and all,' Cf. avroxBovov, inf. 
 519. This fixes the meaning of Xaylvav yevvav sup. 117. 
 
 138 43. This passage is obscure, and perhaps in some 
 
 degree corrupt. The sense seems to be, that the affection 
 of the fair virgin goddess for the young of all wild animals 
 (here called d^pUaXa and dpoaoi, * little dewy things,' as 
 lambs are called epaaL in Od. ix. 222), causes her to ask 
 (viz. from her sire Zei>s TeXetos, inf. 946) that the events 
 portended by the eagles, partly good and partly bad, may be 
 accomphshed. This must mean, 'that the good may not 
 be accomplished without the attending evil,' viz. the woe 
 that awaits the victor. 
 
 143. The word arpovOCov, which could not be applied to 
 the eagles, seems to have crept in from some ancient gloss, 
 or from the narrative in II. ii. 311. 
 
 144; /caX^w] While she, the goddess, prefers her re- 
 quest to Zeus, I, the seer, call upon Apollo whom I serve, 
 that he may avert the dreadful sacrifice of a child which 
 she is demanding as the price for allowing the army to 
 leave her shores at Aulis; lit. 'that she may not cause a 
 calm that will long detain the Grecian ships, in her eager- 
 ness to obtain another sacrifice,' viz. resulting from that 
 of the hare, 'a lawless and impious one.' The dreadful 
 superstition, mere devil-worship, so touchingly described 
 below, and so celebrated in antiquity, is denounced by 
 Lucretius in one of his most splendid passages, i. 90, seqq. . 
 
NOTES. 
 
 65 
 
 147. o-ijfx^vTou, sup. 107, here means a quarrel between 
 two, husband and wife, who ought ^vfx<pvpaL, to grow to- 
 gether, as it were, and become one.—ixiixveL yap, i.e. for, if 
 the sacrifice is accomplished, a fearful retribution awaits 
 him from a crafty unforgiving wife, see inf. I'^^O.—oiKovbfxos, 
 an epithet to ixrjvLs, of course appHes to the queen who is 
 the keeper of the palace, oUoupb?, v. 1604. 
 
 155. Impressed with the idea, from the recollection of 
 what Calchas had long ago said, that some evil is bound to 
 befal the house, the chorus proceeds to speculate on the 
 proper title under which Zeus may be best invoked in order 
 to remove their secret and undefined fears. At the same 
 time they show themselves conscious that suffering for sins 
 committed is but part of an inevitable law. By oVrts ttot 
 'i(TTL (words applied to Zeus also by Euripides, Here, F, 1263 
 and Troad. 885) the doubts as to the personality of Zeus, 
 or rather, as to his separate existences as Zei)s 'Zwrrjp, ^^plos\ 
 'Eirij^iKLos, &c., are expressed. Here (at v. 167) the conclu- 
 sion is arrived at, that under the present circumstances of 
 a glorious victory it will be wisest on the whole to pray to 
 Zei)s 'EttluIklos, himself a conqueror over his predecessor on 
 the heavenly throne. 
 
 160. Tr\7)p Ai6s] 'except the bare name of Zeus,' viz. 
 without any specific attribute appended to it. *I cannot 
 satisfy myself,' he says, *by weighing all the known titles of 
 the god, how to refer my present anxiety to any one of 
 them, except only to Zeus, if I am to rid my heart truly 
 and indeed of this groundless burden of care.' 
 
 , "^^ seems better to read oi^O" 6s rots irdpoLdev than 
 
 01)5' 6(TTLs irdpoideu, because a definite being is meant, viz. 
 Uranus. ^ ' He was once great to (in the eyes of) those of old ; 
 but he will not now be reckoned as great, since he is gone 
 by; and he who next succeeded, Cronos, met with his con- 
 queror, and is gone. And as Zeus was his conqueror, and 
 now Agamemnon is a conqueror too, I will call on Zeus 
 to help me as the God of conquest.' 
 
 164, The MS. has ov8h Xi^ai. The reading vvp XeXi^e- 
 rat is a conjecture ; but it is likely that Hesychius had this 
 passage in view, XeX^^erar XexOw^rai. 
 
 167. ^ For the syntax compare Iph. Aul. 1468, vfiels 5' 
 i7r€V(p7jfi'qa'aT\ cJ vedpides, iraLdm rrj 'fjLrj GVixcf)opq. Atos KopTiv 
 "ApTefXLv. 
 
 170. rov Trddyj for rip irddei gives a better sense, *him 
 who has ordained that suffering should convey to men (Ht. 
 contain) a lesson by a right of its own,' i.e. by a peculiar 
 law or property, iradetv rbv dpddavra. Cf. Gho. 305. 
 
 172. ard^ei be /f.r.X.] *For as even in sleep there is 
 ever steaHng (Hke the trickling of the blood-drops) over the 
 heart an anxiety from the memory of past woes, so (by the 
 AG. 5 
 
66 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 quiet operation of conscience, and its offspring remorse) 
 wisdom comes to man against his own will; and so the grace 
 of the gods sitting on their awful thrones is forced upon 
 him.' This is an obscure and difficult passage, conveying 
 in mystical language the truth that man prefers to be 
 . fooHsh, but is taught, unwillingly as it were, by mental 
 suffering to be wise. In crra^et and irpo Kapdias (inf.^ 1090, 
 Cho. 384) there seems a notion of cares ever returning so 
 as to present themselves in front of the heart, irdpoidev 
 -TrpcSpas Kapdias. Grief is ever at the heart, says the poet, 
 even in the hours of sleep, and by this hard discipline men 
 are forced to obey. 
 
 176. piatos, a feminine form like i] dUaios, i) Kijptos, &c. 
 seems more probable than ^lclIcos, the MS. reading.— cA^a, 
 see on 1596. 
 
 177. Kol rbre /c.r.X.] The narrative is resumed from 
 V. 150; Calchas spoke and Agamemnon heard with dismay, 
 but without daring to disobey. But some considerable 
 interval of time is assumed between the appearance of the 
 eagles on the way and the detention of the fleet at Aulis. — 
 ypeywv, questioning, disparaging, making light of, nolens 
 artem obterere extispicum, Cic. de Div. i. § 29. ^ 
 
 180. ifjLiraioLS seems to mean ifiirea-ovaL, evils which had 
 suddenly come upon him. Cf. irpbairaia /ca/ca inf. 338. 
 But KaKCov ^/JLiraios dXrjrrjs in Od. xx. 379 means '^fiireLpos.— 
 (TVfiTTv^ojy, acquiescing in, not raising a storm against them, 
 as it were. . -, , .i 
 
 183. iraXLppdxOoLs, for irakLppSOoLS, is required by the 
 metre. The frequent currents to and fro in the Euripus, 
 caused by swells in the outer sea, are alluded to. See Eur. 
 Iph, T. 6. ^ . 
 
 186. dijc-opfzoL d'Xat] Men are kept wandermg about m 
 unknown seas from the difficulty of reaching harbours in 
 adverse winds. Such delays ' spare not the ship's tackle 
 cf. II. II. 135, /cat dr) dovpa ciariire veCov kol (TirdpTa XeXwrat, 
 
 192. d'XXo /JLTjxap] Some remedies had been tried, but 
 all had been found to fail. Compare dvaLap erepav, sup. 146. 
 Thus PpLdvrepov naturally means ' yet more grievous than 
 they.' This demand of Calchas was taken from the Gypria, 
 which Euripides also has followed in the IjpK AuL See v. 89, 
 KdXxas 5' 6 /zaVrts diropia KexpW^voLS dveiXev 'Icpiyiveiav ijv 
 ^aireLp' tyCb 'ApW/xiSt 6vcraL rfj rob' oUovari wedov. Ibid. 357, 
 KdXxas iu iepoh eXire ar)v dvaai nSprju 'Aprifxih. 
 
 194. irpocpipoji'] 'bringing forward,' 'alleging as the 
 cause.' Cf. II. lii. 64, /jltj fxoL diop ipard Trpbcpepe x/)U(T^7;s 
 'Acppodirrjs. . 
 
 198. dVa^ 5^] The oe resumes the nan-ative at v. 177, 
 interrupted by the long digression. 
 
 205. XLirdvavs] Hesych. 6 ttji^ vavv diroXeXoLirujs, If 
 
NOTES. 
 
 67 
 
 this be the sense, 'how am I to desert the fleet?' and not 
 rather (as Hermann takes it), * how am I to be deserted by 
 it?' the narrative goes on to say, that he will be true to the 
 expedition at any cost, since their desire is a natural one. 
 The difficulty and danger of refusing the demand of the 
 army for the sacrifice are well argued in Iph. Aul. 513—35 
 1260 seqq. and 1350. * 
 210. opyd irepLbpytas] *With eagerness and more than 
 eagerness.' Similarly inf. 1367, raS' av dcKaiojs ^f, vireodiKcos 
 [X€v odv, 
 
 213. rbOev seems here, as in Pcrs. 101, used for the 
 relative, ' a change of feeling from which he adopted new 
 sentiments (or a new resolve) to dare anything.' 
 
 _ 215. l3porois] A dative of reference, avrovs being im- 
 phed from it as the object of dpaa^'veu *For with mortals 
 a wretched infatuation, the first cause of all their woe, 
 hardens (emboldens) them to engage in disgraceful designs.' 
 So -irpibrapxos clttj, inf. 1163. 
 
 217. 5' oH See sup. 34. The sense is * there was a 
 hard struggle with himself; however, dare he did (or 'he 
 summoned courage at last') to become the slayer of his 
 own daughter to help on the war undertaken to avenge a 
 woman,'— such a war, for such an object, from the Greek 
 point of view, not justifying the tremendous sacrifice. 
 
 220^. K\7}d6uas] perhaps 'invocations of the name of 
 father.' But Lucretius, who seems to have known the pas- 
 sage or a similar one, gives a rather different rendering, 
 Nec miserae iwodesse in tali tempore quibat, Quod patrio 
 princeps donarat nomine regem, i. 93. 
 
 225. iravrl ^i/yct^i seems to refer to *to summon 
 
 all their courage and hold her with her head hanging over 
 the altar.' The Greek rite in their barbarous and brutal 
 blood-sacrifices was to hold the victim so that the blood 
 trickled down upon the altar. See Od. iii. 453, inf. 1249. 
 
 227.^ ctivkaKdvl This maybe either (1) the subject to 
 Karao-xecp, 'that a gag on her fair mouth should prevent her 
 from uttering a dying curse on the house,' or (2) some par- 
 ticiple like exoi^ras may be suppHed, ' that by keeping a 
 guard over it they should prevent,' &c., or (3) 4>v\aKd.y 
 Karaaxety d)d6yyov may = 0uXa|a6 cpdoyyov, or (4) <pv\aKau 
 may be m apposition to, or even a cognate accusative after, 
 KaTaorxecv 4>d6yyov. On the whole, the first seems the 
 simplest explanation. 
 
 230. KpbKov ^a0cts] The saffron-dyed veil (the Eoman 
 flammeolum), or the royal robe, KpoKo:r6p, KpoKb^airrov (Pers, 
 bbl), may be meant, but not the stream of blood though 
 inf. 1070 we have (in a different sense) KpoKo^a<f>^s arayihv. 
 Ihe sense is, that as she let fall her long veil to the ground 
 and so exposed her face, she threw glances on those around 
 
 5—2 
 
AGAMEMNON, 
 
 in appealing for pity. There can be no doubt, if only froni 
 the allusion in cbs iu ypacpacs, 'as is seen m pictures, that 
 the poet had in view some well-known representation ot the 
 scene, of which indeed a fresco-painting found at Pompeii 
 still exists, the details of which exactly agree with this 
 descr^iption.^^^^^_^ She looked as if she wished to speak, 
 but the gag on her imouth prevented her.—^Tre^, * she ap- 
 pealed for pity because she had often sung before them at 
 the airopdal in her father's halls.' ^ 
 
 236. Hesych. dTavpojros' d^vyos Kal irapdevos. ±ier 
 maiden character is contrasted with the apx^crrpiSes who 
 commonly performed on these festive occasions. 
 
 238. iraLCLva [iracQva) is Hartung's correction for aii^m. 
 The paean is called rpLrdairovdos because it was sung either 
 with the three libations, or at the third of them^ only, which 
 was to Zei>s SwTTjp, who is hence caUed rptros m SuppL ib. 
 See also Cho. 335, 569, and inf. 1357. 
 
 239 oiir eXdou] ' What foUowed next (viz. the death- 
 scene),*as I did not see it, so neither do I describe. But 
 what Calchas said must have come to pass ' (it is not m 
 vain that he practises his art). This is said, because the 
 story was that a stag was substituted for the maid at the 
 moment of the sacrifice: see Iph, T, 783, Iv\ A, 1587. 
 
 241 Mkcl U k.tXI It is here hinted, that as a deed 
 was done, so will suffering for it surely arrive m time, 
 though it is no use grieving about it till it has come.— eTrtp- 
 P^ireZ transitively, ' causes knowledge to come upon men 
 after suffering.' Cf. sup. 170. The reading kirel ov yevoir 
 dV U(TLs is somewhat uncertain, some having 'nXvoLs, the 
 MS. /cXi5ots. By X^acs it is meant, that grieving before- 
 hand is not likely to undo the evils in store for us. J^or 
 tdov, * 'tis all one with,' &c., see inf. 1374. 
 
 245. ij^ec, viz. to fJiiXKoi^^ *It will come with the bright 
 rays of the morning,' i.e. we shall know with the daylight 
 what our fortunes really are ; cf. 256. 
 
 247 rdoe] The old men speak of themselves as the 
 custodians of the state, and the most nearly related to it, 
 during the absence of the king. Schol. 3Ied. iireLdrj t^bvoi 
 yipovres ecbiiKarrov rrjp 'EXXctSa. 
 
 249. ijKO} (76i3i>f] Not 'I have come to pay respect 
 (as the chorus had before addressed the queen, v. 83),^ but 
 'l have come full of respect for your majesty. This is 
 at once a prelude to and an apology for asking for informa- 
 tion. The king and queen are regarded as having separate 
 thrones; and when the male throne (or throne of the male) 
 is empty, honour is to be paid to the occupant of the other. 
 See inf. 835. ^ , ^ >f 
 
 252. et TL KeZvbv is Prof. Kennedy's reading for etre 
 
NOTES. 
 
 69 
 
 KeZvov, and it gives a clearer meaning with very slight change, 
 * whether you are burning incense because you have actually 
 heard some good news, or, if not, because you hope to 
 hear, I should be glad to know; albeit, if you dechne to say, 
 I shall not be offended.' 
 
 255. eviyyeKos, with fxhv^ takes up and repeats with 
 emphasis the preceding word; 'good tidings, indeed, let us 
 hope the morn will bring from its parent night.' 
 
 262. eu (ppovovvTos] 'Your eye (viz. the tear in it) shows 
 you are right-minded and loyal.' Or perhaps, 'that you 
 take a right view' in rejoicing. Compare Gho. 761, dXX' rj 
 (ppovels €v t6l(tl vvv rjyyeXfJLcvoLs; where yrjOo^ay <pp€vl pre- 
 ceded. 
 
 263. Here also Prof. Kennedy improves the sense by 
 punctuating rl yap to irLarbv ; 'iari rCovhe aoi reicfiap ; * What 
 is your ground of confidence ? Have you any 'proof of the 
 victory you describe?' Eur. Iph. T. 808, ri (p-qs; ex^LS rt 
 TcDz/Se fxoL reKfJL'^pLOV] 
 
 266. ov bo^av /c.r.X.] 'I would not accept the mere 
 fancies of a mind in sleep.' Some translate, * I am not the 
 person to be thought a dreamer.' 
 
 267. ttTrrepos] 'a report not based on omens from birds.' 
 'Cf. Oed. Col. 97, ovk ^ad' ottws ov ttlo-toi^ vixCov irrepov 
 
 eicryjyay eis rod' dXaos. Propertius, iii. x. 11, 'tuque, o 
 cara mihi, felicibus edita pennis,' for ' fausto omine nata.' 
 
 268. e/^iwyUT^o-w] 'You greatly underrate (or disparage) 
 my understanding, as that of a mere child.' 
 
 269. Kal ireiropOrjTaLl The formula irCos Kal, ris ml, &c. 
 differs from kol ttQs, kuI tls, in asking a question without 
 irony or incredulity. We say, * When was the city taken ?* 
 The Greek question means, ' Very good ; the city has been 
 taken. When was it ?' 
 
 271. Kai TLs] The sense is, ' Surely no messenger could 
 come so soon as that !', viz. in a single night. Another 
 version, 'What messenger could attain such speed?', is 
 incorrect, since e^i/cec^at, irpoaLKeaOaL, take a genitive in 
 this sense. So in Cho. 1022, ro^y yap oijTLS irTjfxdrui/ 
 IT podi^erai, 
 
 279. irevKyj] Either this word is corrupt, or a verse has 
 dropped out like irpbs 'ndovyju [-rjyeLpe aeixvyju pd^Lu, ws idaiero] 
 TreTuKT}, &C. 
 
 281. 6 5^] viz. either Mount Macistus or the warder 
 stationed on it. ' He, without delay, and not overcome by 
 sleep, passed onwards his share of the message.' Some 
 translate, 'did not omit his part as a messenger.' But 
 irapUvai, like irapayyiWeLP, often means 'to let pass' and so 
 ' forward ' or ' admit ' a thing or person. 
 
 292. Tcop elprjfjiivojy] ' Than the stations before men- 
 tioned.' 
 
70 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 293. Hesych. VopyQins' \ifiv7]v ^aalv elvac iv Ko/3tV^y. 
 
 295. x/ooj/t^efiT^ai, ' to loiter behind,' is but a conjecture 
 for xctptT^^^^tt^' Aeschylus is rather fond of the former word, 
 which he uses similarly in Theb. 54, Kal rQvde irijffTLs ovk 
 6KP(i3 xponferai. 
 
 297. Kat 'ZapojvLKov] The sense is, uJare <p'\€yov<7av (viz. 
 T7]P \afJL7rdba or <p\6ya) virep^dWeLv Kal irpoiva, ' so that it 
 went even beyond the headland overlooking the Saronic 
 gulf as it blazed.' — Kdroirrov, Schol. Karb-^LOV. So K(irb\pLov 
 777s r^crSe, Hippol. 30, ArjjULrjrpbs TrpoaoxpLOP irdyov Oed. CoL 
 1600. 
 
 299. edr d^t/cero] So Hermann {etr' the MS.), ' then it 
 lighted (viz. as a lightning-flash strikes the earth) when it 
 had reached the summit of Arachnaeus, the watch-post 
 nearest to this city.' The same verb is used, though in the 
 present, in the very next clause, ' and after that it (once 
 more and for the last time) darts upon the roof of this 
 palace, tracing its descent all the way back from the beacon 
 , on Ida.' The succession of the stations is compared to the 
 generations in a pedigree. 
 
 305. Kal reXeuratos] ' The first in gains the prize, even 
 though he was the last to take up the race.' The runners 
 at the Lampadephoria are alluded to, who ran in relays, a 
 new hand taking up the torch of any one who had allowed 
 his to be blown out in the course. But another, and equally 
 probable, explanation is, ' the last is as much the victor in 
 the race as the first,' because here there was mere succession, 
 but no rivalry. 
 
 306. r^K/jLap tolovto] This is a reply to the question at 
 263. 
 
 311. Tpoiap] The fact of the capture is asserted for the 
 third time; cf. 258, 260. 
 
 313—16. o^os r /c.r.X.] *As, if you pour vinegar and 
 oil into the same vessel, you would say they stood apart in 
 no friendly way, so from the conquered and the conquerors 
 you may hear tones of two kinds (lit. separately uttered) 
 for the two different results.' The first of these tones only 
 is described, the oiinwy/xara of the conquered. Instead of 
 adding, * while the other party shout for joy,' she says, 'the 
 others, hungry and weary after the fight, sit down to a repast 
 on whatever they can get, and to sleep wherever they can 
 find shelter from the dew.'— In all this the queen is indulg- 
 ing her fancy as to the probable state of parties in the 
 captured city. 
 
 318. (pvTaXfJLLOJv] 'parents,' for tQv (pvadvruv. ^ The 
 .bodies of husbands, brothers, and old men are mentioned, 
 but the corresponding term, iratdes, is only added to the 
 last. 
 
 327. ws dvadaifJLova is the MS. reading, and may mean 
 
NOTES. 
 
 71 
 
 'now that at last the poor fellows are about to sleep the 
 whole night without having to keep watch.' Of. Pers, 596, 
 cJs ek{)d7) t^yov ctX/cas, ' now that the yoke of constraint is 
 removed.' Many, however, read cbs 5' evdaijuLoves, which is 
 nevertheless very weak. Besides, ev^aijxiav is heatus^ and the 
 sentiment ought to mean that rich men have nothing to 
 guard at night, which is absurd. If the victors were both 
 starved and tired out, they might be called dvadaifioyes even 
 though victors. 
 
 332. ^pojs dk K,T.\.] Some sage precepts are given about 
 the possible consequences of sacrilege. For in the old 
 epics the storm described inf. 632 was believed to have 
 arisen from the theft of the Palladium and the forcible 
 carrying off of Cassandra from the temple.— For the sub- 
 junctive ifXTriirTT} (rarely so found in the present) cf. Kvec^iarj, 
 sup. 129. 
 
 335. ea.Tepov ku^Xov]^ 'The other leg,' or Hmb, *of the 
 double course,' has an allusion to the stadium, which had 
 an *up' and a *down line' with a turn round the terminal 
 GT-rikf}. Here it is said that the army have arrived, and as 
 it were turned the point, but have yet to get home again. 
 
 336. aAC7rXa/c97Tos] 'erring against,' 'guilty in the sight 
 of, the gods.'— et /uoXot may either meanj *if they should 
 have returned to Argos,' or 'if they should have set out for 
 home.' Cf. V. 658. 
 
 338. irpbcTiraial 'new and sudden,' cf. e^Tratots KaKoTac 
 sup. 180. 'The evil arising from those slain' (including, 
 perhaps, Iphigenia) 'may be roused (as if to judgment) 
 against them, even if no sudden casualties arise.' The 
 meaning is not quite clear; but a nemesis is predicted, if 
 crimes that might lay dormant are brought up again by 
 fresh acts of sacrilege. Compare Iph. AuL 1186, where 
 Clytemnestra asks her husband, rt aoi Kareiu^ei. rdyadbv (Kpd- 
 ^ojy reKvov ; poarov irovrjpbu, oUodev 7' aiVxpcDs iiiv ; 
 
 341. yap] ('I say, with no wavering scale,) for many 
 are the blessings I have to be thankful for.' She antici- 
 pates that so much good fortune may meet with a reverse, 
 according to the ordinary Greek ideas about too much pros- 
 perity. The literal sense is, ' I have received a blessing in 
 many good things.' 
 
 342. /car' dv8pd] Though a woman, you speak as sagely 
 as a man, and obligingly, ev<pp6vo)s, as having compHed 
 with our request. 
 
 345. xctpts— TToi/H 'A return for our toils has been 
 achieved with honour,' or perhaps < not less in value, "equi- 
 valent to the work done.' See inf. 564. 
 
 347. KredreLpa] Like ddreipa the feminine of dorrjp, this 
 means ' giving possession of,' as if from kt-^tt^p * a getter.' 
 
 349. <jTeyavbv\ ' a close net,' as a tightly-built ship or a 
 
72 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 thick felt is said (rreyeiv, to be proof against wet or cold. 
 The metaphor is from a net set on stakes (inf. 1354) and 
 covered over at the top to prevent animals from leaping 
 out (inf. 1347). See Pers, 101, irapdyeL pporov els dpKvas 
 "Ara, Todev ovk iariv virep dvarov dXij^apTa (pvyelv. II. V. 487, 
 fjirjirdjs ws aT/'icrt Xipov oKovre iravdypov. — Hesych. ydyyafiov 
 Uktvov, 
 
 353. aldovfiai, 'I hold in awe.' This is more than cre- 
 ^ofjLac or cre^i^o) (sup. 249), the notion of deos being attached 
 to aiScus. — 'iE!,€VL0Vf cf. sup. 61. 
 
 354. iir 'AXe^dv^pu)] Usually an arrow is sent iirl gko- 
 nrov or eTrt CKeirov^ but the bow may be drawn eiri (tkottcp, so 
 that the point of the arrow is on the mark. Sup. 61 the 
 dative is used with ire/jLTret, since the accusative might also 
 mean * in quest of Paris.' In Soph. Phil. 197 we have iirl 
 ^poia relvai rd deQv djxdxora ^ekyj. 
 
 355. oTTws dv, with an optative, sometimes is as nearly 
 as possible an equivalent to ware, *so as that the weapon 
 might not fall vain either short of the mark or higher than 
 the stars.' A similar phrase is /ca^' virep^oXi^p ro^evaai, 
 Oed. Tyr. 1190. See inf. 760. 
 
 358. eiirelv] * so to say,' like tbs eTros etTreti', 'as the 
 phrase is.' But some construe eiirelv irdpeaTc tovto Kd^ix- 
 vevjai, 
 
 361. d^LovaOac may be either middle or passive, * con- 
 descend to care,' or *are to b.e thought to care.' — xapts 
 K.T.X., *by whom the reverence due to holy things was 
 trampled upon' and spurned. Cf. Cho. 630, to fxri 64julls 
 yap ov Xd^ iredoL irarov^evov. Inf. 1327, ot Trjs fxeXXovs 
 nXeos wedoL irarovvres. 
 
 365. iri^iavraL K.r.X.] This passage is obscure, but a 
 fair sense results from the slight changes of eyyovovs to 
 cKyovois and droXiiriTws for -wz^. The subject to 7re(pavTaL is 
 rb eXvai deovs. * But it is made known to the posterity of 
 those who have the spirit of warring presumptuously 
 against the gods beyond what is right, when their houses 
 teem with excessive wealth more than is good for them.' 
 It must be admitted that this is awkwardly expressed ; but 
 the doctrine, which has reference to Agamemnon's present 
 prosperity, is a favourite one with Aeschylus, that the envy 
 of the gods attends too great prosperity, and that the impiety 
 of parents (meaning here of Atreus, inf. 1569) is visited on 
 the children. The poet goes on to say, 4et a man's career 
 be free from harm ' (i.e. from doing and thereby incurring 
 harm), because mere wealth is no protection against the 
 penalty of impiety. — ^(ttcj is used, not etr], a command 
 rather than a wish, because a man's conduct is regarded as 
 in his own control. 
 
 370. It is uncertain whether dirapKe7v or iwapKeLv is 
 
NOTES, 
 
 73 
 
 meant, and whether the verb is here transitive or intransi- 
 tive. The context points to this sense, ' so that one who is 
 right-minded may be proof against evil in himself,Vand by 
 his own power of self-restraint. 
 
 375. ds a(pdv€Lav] — CoaTe acjjavLaaL avrbv. The phrase is 
 like Horace's injurioso ne pede proruas stantem columnam. 
 
 376. fBLdrat 8k k.t.X,] 'But that miserable Temptation 
 urges him on (in spite of his better judgment), itself the 
 offspring of an Ate (mental delusion, or hardening of heart) 
 that plans evils intolerable for those who come after. ' It 
 is exceedingly difficult to render these words, which some 
 think corrupt, though they satisfy the metre accurately. 
 The notion in the poet's mind was, that an infatuation 
 for sin makes men yield to temptation (Tret^cb), and forms 
 the TrpopovXevjjLa, or, as Aristotle calls it, the irpoaipea-LSt for 
 defying the laws of the gods. 
 
 381. x^^f^ov] Probably xp^<^ov is the true reading, the 
 allusion being to the testing of alloyed gold by the touch- 
 stone. 
 
 384. eTret] As Paris has been alluded to in the above 
 general remarks, the reference to him is now more direct, 
 ' for he is like a boy pursuing a bird, careless of the misery 
 he causes to the city.' In irpbarpLiJLiJia (a general term for 
 the infliction of punishment, From. 337) the application of 
 the pdaavos to the testing of the gold is elegantly implied. 
 — iudels, see on v. 17. 
 
 389. KaSaLpeX] viz. 6 deos. The term is probably from 
 * tugging down' in wrestling. — eTrtVrpo^oi', * conversant 
 with,' 'turning his attention to, such things.' 
 
 390. oLos /cat Udpts] In our idiom we should say, after 
 more or less pointed allusions, 'And that man is — Paris, ^ 
 
 393. The conduct of Helen, i. e. her part in the national 
 calamity, through its effect on Menelaus, is next de- 
 scribed. 
 
 401. aripoL] Some refer this to the impress on the 
 bed, others to the walks in company with a loving and 
 once loved husband. See v. 829. 
 
 402—3. This passage is in some way corrupt, and 
 cannot be certainly restored. If we read d\yL<XT^ for adc- 
 <7Tos (A for A), we get a good sense, 'seeing with deepest 
 pain that she has left him and is gone.' Hesych. d(f)€fievov 
 dTTocTTavra, where dcpei/mevov is probably the true reading. 
 In the present passage the MSS. have a0e/xeVcot'. 
 
 409. ax'yi'tats] 'In the loss which his eyes have suf- 
 fered, viz. of a loved object, all affection dies away.' Some 
 interpret, 'in the lack of living eyes the statues have lost 
 all their grace.' For dxwioc cf. Cho. 293, where it is ex- 
 actly the Latin inopia, 
 
 412. For bpdp some read 6pa, *in fancy sees,' but the 
 
74 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 expression seems hardly Greek; yet ZokCov must have rj 
 supplied by a very harsh ellipse. 
 
 415. oiradoLs appears to govern KeXeijOoLSy *on -wings 
 which attend on the ways of sleep,' in reference to the 
 phrase irrriva ovdpara. 
 
 418. TO irav be\ Aeschylus is very fond of this phrase 
 in the sense of omnino. Here it means 'generally,' or 
 from a national point of view, opposed to rd /car' oUovs axn- 
 
 424. avTL /c.r.X.] 'But now, instead of the men them- 
 selves, urns and ashes are coming into every one's home.' 
 Cf. Propert. iii. xii. 14, 'Neve aliquid de te flendum refera- 
 tur in urna : sic redeunt illis qui cecidere locis.' 
 
 428. jSapi) xpijyfxa seems to have a double meaning ; a 
 literal one from the simile of gold dust (i.e. worth 'to them 
 their weight in gold), and an ethical one = d\y€Lv6y. 
 
 430. €v6^Tov] * well-packed,' ' carefully stored in them.' 
 
 436. rd K.r.\.] *And other grievances there are 
 which they murmur about in secret; and thus it is that 
 pain spreads through the city, causing an ill feeling against 
 the Atridae, the principals in the suit,' i. e. the foreruost in pro- 
 moting the war. Compare TLpLajuov /uLcyas avrLdLKos, sup. 41. 
 
 441. eijfjLopcpoL] 'in their fair form,' as opposed to the 
 ghastly spectacle of burning bodies. — exovras, for KarexovrcLS, 
 * occupying it in death. ' 
 
 444. apas] The Athenian custom of solemnly cursing 
 the enemies of the state in public assembly seems alluded 
 to. Cf. Ar. Thesm. 332—50. Demosth. p. 270, ovx 'irvx^v 
 ^u, dXX' oh 6 drjfjLos Karaparat. The just indignation of 
 the people, says the chorus, calls forth the anger of the 
 gods against the Atridae as much as a formal imprecation 
 would have done. 
 
 445. f^ihet K.T.X.] ' There is an anxiety upon me that 
 expects to hear something gloomy.' 
 
 454. 6a(TOLs] The dative of the instrument, as an arrow 
 is sent by a bow. Here the lightning is said to dart from, 
 or to be hurled by, the eyes of Zeus, as if in jealousy when 
 a man is over-praised, or has won too high a reputation. 
 
 457. /uLifjr eirjp] As I would not be a destroyer of cities, 
 so neither may I myself see the light of life if made captive 
 by others. 
 
 462. eo-TL TL is Prof. Kennedy's probable correction for 
 cVri fJLTj, ' who knows if it be not sent by the gods merely to 
 deceive us?' 
 
 466. KafieLv] 'to be distressed by a change in the re- 
 port.' Either ware must be understood, as a correlative to 
 code, or the infinitive of exclamation was intended, 'to think 
 of one who has been fired in his heart by news through a 
 beacon-light should then suffer the grief of disappointment!* 
 See inf. 1640. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 75 
 
 467. a^x/^a] *the disposition.' This sense of the word, 
 as from dtao-u, occurs also Prom. 412, Cho. 619. *It is 
 natural to a woman's impulsive nature to assent to what 
 pleases rather than to (in preference to) that which is 
 certain.' Compare Pind. Pyth. iv. 140, Kipdos alprjo-at irpb 
 diKa9. Plat. Resp. ii. 1^361 e, eiraLvetv irpb diKaLoavpyjs d^LKiav. 
 
 469. The metaphor changes to a sudden invasion into 
 hostile territory. *Too credulous, the boundaries of a 
 woman's mind are encroached upon by a rapid raid; yet 
 by an equally rapid death perishes a report spread by a 
 woman.' Cf. Clio. 830, tj irpbs yvmiKuji^ deifxaTOvfievoL \6yoL 
 ireddpffioL OpcocTKOvcrL 6v7)(XK0VTe'i fxdr'qv^ On einv^ixeadaL^ *to 
 trespass or encroach on neutral ground ' (where €irl has the 
 sense oi reciprocity , as in ewiyaixLa and eTrt/xaxca), see Neio 
 Cratylus, § 174, 
 
 478. irrjXov ^\jpovpos] The sense is, that the dust and 
 the mud in close contact on his garment prove that the 
 messenger has come from a distance to report the news in 
 person. 
 
 481. d\X rj Ac.r.X.] The alternative is evaded as ill- 
 omened, *or he will crush all our hopes.' Compare the 
 aposiopesis in v. 549, 630. 
 
 486. Enter the herald, who commences by a prayer 
 and a thanksgiving, and a greeting to the palace. He 
 announces the approach of the king, whom he calls 'a 
 fortunate man' (513), by a tragic irony having poetic refer- 
 ence to the issue of the drama. 
 
 488. pay€L(T(2p] The expression is taken from an anchor, 
 the symbol of hope, torn away or broken by a storm. 
 
 494. yad'] For yeiada, the correction of Hermann for 
 TjXdes, which had crept into the text from an ancient gloss. 
 
 499. ijpcjs] The spirits of the mighty dead, invoked as 
 dai/jLoves and x^oplol, were held in great awe as powerful for 
 harm or good. Here it is acknowledged that they gave the 
 army a favourable voyage outwards, and they are implored 
 now to favour the return. See inf. 826. 
 
 503. (paLdpoLai] The ancients had a custom of placing 
 statues so that their faces (gilded, probably) reflected the 
 rays of the sun, and thus seemed to smile on the city by 
 their bright and cheery appearance. The word roLcride in- 
 dicates that such statues were seen on the stage, so placed 
 as to catch the morning rays. The same custom prevailed 
 with the Komans; cf. Cic. Orat. in Gatil. iii. § 4, * simula- 
 crum Jovis contra atque antea fuerat convertere.' De Div. 
 I. § 20, ' sancta Jovis species claros spectaret ad ortus.' 
 
 510. ^oofjLol] This apparently casual allusion to the 
 destruction of temples prepares the audience, like so many 
 other hints in the play, to expect a retribution on the 
 authors of it. 
 
76 
 
 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 515. avvTe\7]i\ *The associated citizens,' or *tlie citi- 
 zens together,' cuncti or universi cives. Cf. Soph. Oed. R. 
 222, pvu 5\ vo-repos yap dcrrbs els do-ro^s reXw. The sense 
 is, 'Neither Paris nor his fellow-citizens can boast that 
 they have done more than they have suffered, ' or that the 
 punishment has been inadequate to the offence. 
 
 517. ocpXujy yap k,t.\.] *For having been cast in a 
 suit both for rape and for theft ' (viz. of Helen's person as 
 well as of her wealth) *he not only lost the prize he had 
 carried off, but he laid low in utter destruction, land and 
 all, his ancestral hall. And so the sons of Priam have 
 paid the penalty of their sins in double the amount.' The 
 language is derived from the law-courts. A man who has 
 stolen goods is condemned to restore them, and to pay the 
 value of them besides as a fine. See Cho, 778, 8Ldvfj.a Kal 
 rpiirXa iraXip.TroLva deXojp dfi€L\p€L. 
 
 520. For the neuter rd dfxdpTia compare ra olKoipLa^ 
 *the reward of house-keeping,' Soph. Track. 542. 
 
 521. rwp dirb aTpaTov] 'of the army and from it.' The 
 idiom is very common, by which position in and motion 
 from are expressed by one and the same phrase. It is thus 
 that Homer has wpro 5' dp' evprjcpL, &g. Thuc. v. 34, rjdr] 
 7]k6ptoju avTOLS tQv diro QpaKTjs fierd Bpaaidov e^eXdouroJu crrpa- 
 
 TLCOTUV. 
 
 522. redrnvac] More usually redvavai, just as ecrrws is 
 more Attic than ea-rrjus. The full form being redv-qKevai, or 
 TedvrihaL, the open syllables were contracted, or a farther 
 elision took place. Another old form was redvdpievaL, for 
 redv7]epLevai. So redvdaLV in Thel. 802. Cobet, while he 
 cites from Mimnermus avriKa redvavai (Var, Led. p. 390), 
 calls the form *mera barbaries.' The chorus, in cautious 
 and veiled language, intimate that things have gone wrong 
 at home, and they are glad at the return of the king. The 
 herald shows some simplicity in not understanding why a 
 gloom had fallen on their minds; but the chorus (like the 
 warder, sup. 36) deems it safer not to be too explicit. 
 
 525. repirprjs k.t.X.] *A pleasing disease then was 
 this which you had upon you,' viz. if it caused you to shed 
 tears of joy now. The herald does not exactly see the 
 point, and he is put off by the general remark that it is 
 pleasing to love when one is loved in return. He under- 
 stands from this (528) that the presence of the army, was 
 much wanted and longed for by many at home. 
 
 530. It seems best to take arijyos arpaTL^ as a separate 
 clause in opposition. *What caused you to have this 
 gloomy feeling on you, so unwelcome to a returning host to 
 hear of ? ' 
 
 532. Koi TTcDs; /c.r.X.] 'Surely, in the absence of the 
 lords, you had not some that you feared' See inf. 1281. 
 
NOTES. 77 
 
 534. raCra] viz. ra ev iroWc? xpoi^y yevofieva. The ac- 
 cusative stands alone, of which there are many examples 
 (e.g. inf. 541, 1023), while the subdivisions rot fxeu and ra 
 dk have each their proper construction.— X^^eieu, 
 rightly say,' supply dV. Instances enough occur to l^istity 
 this omission of dV. See inf. 1133, 1347. Gho. o85, aX\ 
 VTreoToXfJiov dvdpbs (ppSvn/xa TLs'KeyoL; 
 
 538. Suo-auMas] 'comfortless bivouacs. —7rap9?^et9, pas- 
 sages along the deck,' which were <nrapval, 'scanty,^ be- 
 cause there was but just room to pass along the o-eXts or 
 deck-plank between the rowers' benches. any one did 
 not walk straight upon it, he was Hable to be killed by tail- 
 ing into the hold (Eur. Hec. 1026). Hesychius (perhaps 
 from this passage), <nrappds' airaviovSy dpaids, ^leffirapfxeyas. 
 
 539, 5'o^— ^e>os] 'In short, there was no evil we 
 had not to lament, or that we did not obtain for our daily 
 share ' 
 
 541. cTT^yos] Lat. horror, in the literal sense of bodily 
 shivering.— yap in the next line is equivalent to ^ireihT]. 
 
 545. Tieevres, in the masculine, agrees with dpoaoi by a 
 somewhat singular anomaly. See sup. 119, Xa-ytVaj/ 7^^^^ 
 BXaBhra.—Mripov, efferatam, shaggy as the fur ot wild 
 beasts. It is used in its more proper sense, 'full of wild 
 animals,' in Eur. Bhes, 289. But in PMloct. 698, evOvpov 
 TTodbs has a meaning more like the present. ^ ^rr* -d ^ 
 551. roi(TL fjL€v] This is opposed to i]/Mu de v. 55b. iiut 
 the construction is rather confused, purposely, perhaps, to 
 express emotion. 'Our toils are over, for the dead, so that 
 they have no care or deske to return to life; for the survi- 
 vors, so that the gain completely outweighs aU the suffer- 
 ing.'— t6 M^, i.e. uicrre fi^. Cf. sup. 15. Others make to 
 aiiTTOTe ixi\€LV the subject to irapolxeraL. , . , ^ , 
 
 555. Kai iroXKd xa^petf] 'I think we ought (not only 
 not to grieve, but) even to rejoice greatly at the results (at 
 our present circumstances).' Others translate, * I bid a 
 long farewell to these mishaps.' 
 
 558. ws, here for dxire, seems to mean, 'so that it is 
 likely that they (the returning host) have uttered a boast to 
 this very light of the sun, as they fly over sea and land, 
 We have taken Troy at last, and hung up the spoils in 
 the Grecian temples for a lasting memoriaV The herald 
 is conjecturing (as the queen did about the scenes m 
 the captured city, sup. 312 seqq.) what the army are doing 
 in their present joy ; and it may be inferred from Qumtus 
 Smyrnaeus xiv. 117, that songs of triumph and boasts ot 
 Grecian prowess attended the return. 
 
 561. Whether roZs KaO' 'EXXdSa be taken with Oeoh or 
 ddfJLOLs, the temples in the Troad must be meant, e.g. those 
 to Apollo and Athena, 
 
78 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 562. dpxatof] olim antiquum futurum, Hermann, who 
 compares Oed, Col. 1632, Us ixoi xepbs arjs iriarti^ apxalav 
 
 TGKPOLS. 
 
 564. TifiyaeraL] ' Due honour too shall be paid to the 
 grace of Zeus that has achieved this victory,' viz. as metos. 
 Cf.^sup. 345, where ovk dTcjuos may mean rcfiw ^xov(Ta irap' 
 
 566. vLK{i)fievos\ The chorus, who had been inclined to 
 despond, now acknowledges that a cheerful view is better 
 and more reasonable. 
 
 568. ti^Xuv] We may supply d/coOcrai, the reference 
 bemg to the longer narrative given in the queen's presence 
 mf, 619 seqq. Again, with ^fxe we may understand d/coi5- 
 (Tavra. The subject of irXovri^eLv is tre, 'that at the same 
 time you inform her, you should also inform (enrich) me.' 
 
 570. Clytemnestra, in a very artistic but somewhat 
 boastful speech, exults that her confidence in the capture 
 (sup. 10) was not misplaced, but that events have justified 
 it. She refers to the sacrifices and the joyful shout before 
 described, vv. 28, 87. 
 
 573. ^pvKro)pQ3v\ From <ppvKT(apol, keepers of the bea- 
 con-hghts. 
 
 575. atpeadai, *to be elated in heart.' See 467 seqq. 
 
 576. e<paLv6fj,7}p] *I was made out to be,' i.e. they 
 wanted to prove me, 'in error.' Cf. Ajax 1020, dovXos Xo- 
 yoL(TLP dvT^ ekevd^pov <paveLs. 
 
 577. vofxcpl Some understand 'law,' 'edict,' others 
 more correctly ' strain, ' because the 6\6\vyi) was properly 
 the cry of women at a sacrifice, though it is here spoken of 
 as shared in by the males. 
 
 580. KOLp.C)VTes\ 'as they watched the fragrant flame 
 burn itself out.' It appears from this that the shout was 
 raised not only at the fall of the victim, but as the last 
 flame disappeared on the altar. It was probably a cere- 
 mony at the concluding of the sacrifice, when the company 
 was dismissed. Cf. inf. 792. 
 
 583 — 7. 6'7rws 5e — ravr air dyy eCKov] This passage is 
 capable of two explanations; (1) 'But, that I may lose no 
 time in receiving my lord on his return with the greatest 
 honour, go and tell him to come at once;' (2) 'But I will 
 make all haste to give my lord the best possible reception 
 (oTTws dptara, quam optime) ; for what can be a more cheer- 
 ing sight to a wife? Tell him that, and to come as soon as 
 he can, for the city longs to welcome him.' The former 
 seems on the whole the best, and it is adopted by Professor 
 Kennedy. Of course, this is very hypocritically said, the 
 audience understanding very well what is meant by the 
 ' good reception ' in store for the king. 
 
 589. evpoi] Much difficulty has been felt about this 
 
NOTES. 
 
 79 
 
 optative. But the sense clearly is, 'Say to him too, If ay 
 
 you find your luife faithful as when you left her I ' The boast 
 following is of course meant to assure the herald. The 
 chorus (598) remarks that the address is all very well and 
 very specious, but it wants an interpreter, i.e. it has a 
 hidden meaning. 
 
 595. xaX/cos (3a(pds] The precise allusion to some 
 secret art or process of colouring metals is not known. 
 Some suppose 'dipping' or 'tempering' rather than colour- 
 ing (enamelling?) is meant. 
 
 598. ouTws, viz. dXrjdQs. — jxavBdvovTL^ 'to you who are 
 but a learner,' or wishing to inform yourself of her feelings. 
 The next verse is obscurely expressed. They might have 
 said TopoiaL §' epii-qvevaLv euTrpcTrcos, 'but speciously (i.e. not 
 truly) to those who can clearly explain it.' But the anti- 
 thesis is already taken up by avry] /^eV — av dL 
 
 603. ovK ead' ottws] The idiom is peculiar on account 
 of the omission of dV in a negative proposition. Compare 
 Cho. 164, OVK '^(TTLV odTLS ir\7}v ejuLov Keipairb vlv. From. 299, 
 OVK 'i(TTLV OTOJ fxeL^ovcL [xdlpav veifjLOLLijC rj <7ol. The meaning 
 here is, *I will tell you no lies, — Menelaus has not re- 
 turned.' Literally, ' I have no means of telling you false 
 good news for friends to have the benefit of it for long,' 
 i.e. since the truth will become known. The chorus re- 
 plies, ' Then I wish you would rightly tell me the good news 
 which is true, since these two things (/ceSm and oXtjOt]) if 
 separated, are not easily kept hidden,' but it soon becomes 
 known how the matter really stands. -The antithesis is be- 
 tween rd }pevdr} KoXd ' false good news ' and rd dXTjdij Kedva 
 ' true good news.' There is no material difference between 
 6 dyadbs dvrjp and dvrjp 6 dyaOos. See inf. 806. Others 
 regard /caXd and Kedvd as predicates, ' to make false news or 
 true news good by speaking of them. ' 
 
 611. ^Kvpaas] ' You hit it exactly ; it ivas a storm,' &c. 
 Cf. inf. 1165, TjjULaprov, rj KvpCj re ro^6T7]S tls ; — icprjiMLaoj, 
 see V. 1144. The word gives the notion of ominous or 
 oracular utterance. 
 
 613. (pans avrou] 'report about him,' as aoO ^d^cs, 
 'talk about you,' Aj. 998. 
 
 617. TTws yap Xeyets k.t.X.} * When you say (i. e. assent 
 to my saying, 610) there was a x^^A^a, in what way do you 
 mean that it came and ended ?' If the coming was by the 
 anger of the gods (viz. for sacrilege, inf. 632), the ending of 
 it, by which the army has returned safe, must have been by 
 some special favour of heaven (some rvxVi i^^- 647). 
 
 620. xwpis] The honour paid to the gods in acknow- 
 ledging blessings is distinct from, and not to be mixed up 
 with, supplications for the averting of woes. This doctrine 
 is enforced in the question ttws Kedyd roh KaKolai aufMixi^cj; 
 
80 
 
 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 V. 631. See also inf. 1042. Here the herald says, in the 
 same spirit, * 'Tis not meet to sully a day of good news by 
 the delivering of bad tidings.' 
 
 621 — 32. orav de k.t.X.] 'No! when a messenger 
 brings with sad face tidings of the losses of a defeated army, 
 demanding prayers and deprecation to the gods, — losses 
 which affect the city in public as well as in every private 
 home, by a double scourge of war, — then it is right and 
 meet that he should utter this dirge to the demons of ven- 
 geance ; for such words are suited to such woes ; but when 
 he comes as the herald of success to a city full of joy for its 
 present happiness, — how can he mix up evil with good by 
 speaking of a storm sent by the just anger of heaven (viz. 
 for misdeeds and sacrilege committed) ?' There is nothing 
 difficult in this passage if the tenor of it is rightly under- 
 stood. For the break of the construction in v. 630, see sup. 
 481, 549. 
 
 623. rvx^Lv] We may construe either urhi accidere, 
 (comparing Pro?7i. 354, (hs TrXeiGTOLai irrjixovas rvx^'^v^ drjfiLov 
 being an epithet to cXkos,) or ojcrre to drjfjLLou (rbv dijfxov) 
 Tuxeti/ avTov, 
 
 624. e^ayi^eiv, properly * to consecrate,' as i^ayiffra 
 means sacra in Oed. Col. 1526, here governs the genitive as 
 if the sense were ayiadevras iK dojuLuy. 
 
 632. 'Axcttots— ^ewj/ is Dobree's necessary correction for 
 
 639. The syntax seems to be ^vu ^dXy re rv(pQ, i.e. 
 rv(p(2pos. It is rather harsh, however we explain the ^vp. 
 By ^akri the surge and spray are meant, which beat on the 
 undecked ships (sup. 539) and sank them by filling them. 
 This account of the storm is taken from the old epic poem 
 (or poems) on the Eeturn of the Heroes (voaroL), It is men- 
 tioned in Eur. Hel. 766, Troad. 82, and described in terms 
 closely resembling the present account in Quintus Smyrnseus, 
 XIV. 516, 597, &c. It is also evidently referred to in the 
 opening of the Odyssey. 
 
 640. d(pavTOL] * Out of sight,' a euphemism for * sunk' 
 or * drowned.' Cf. v. 607. Thucyd. viii. 38, QrjpoLfxevqs fxkv 
 — dTTOTrX^ojp ev KeXrjTL dcfyavi^eraL. Iph. T. 764, tju 6' ip da- 
 Xdao-rj ypdjxixoLT d^yaviadr} rdde. Cic. de Div. i. § 28, ' quum 
 tu equo advectus ad quandam magni fluminis ripam pro- 
 vectus subito atque delapsus in flumen nusquam apparu- 
 isses.' — arpb^cp, *by the unsteady guidance of the unskilled 
 helmsman.' In this sense we have KaKia 7]pl6x^*^j^» Plat. 
 Fhaedr. p. 248 b, and ai^p tjploxolctl KOLKcfiaL II. xvii. 487. 
 Compare also Gho. 195, oLOLaip ip xei^awcri, vavriXiap dcKTjp, 
 <TTpo^oTuixe6\ 
 
 642. dpdoxjpl The bodies and broken planks floating on 
 the water are compared to flowers in a field. So Iplu Taur, 
 
NOTES. 81 
 
 300, dxrd' alfxarrjpbtf iriKavov e^avOciu d\6s. Lucret. v. 1441, 
 ' turn mare velivolum florebat navibu' pandis.' — ipenriots is 
 an obvious and probable correction for epEiir'nav. 
 
 644. (r/cd0os] ' uninjured in the hull ;' see inf. 983. 
 
 645. e^rirrjaaro] The notion is, that the Fates were 
 persuaded at the intercession of some friendly god to spare 
 the remnant of the army. Fortune herself is said to have 
 alighted on the ship, the electric phenomenon now called 
 St Elmo's fire, and not uncommon in the Mediterranean, 
 being taken for the visible interference of heaven. Both 
 Tvxv and Fortuna were venerated as powers able and willing 
 to save in a storm. See Find. 01. xii. 3. Hor. Od. i. 35. 6. 
 
 648. KVfxdTos ^d\r}v seems here to mean * breakers.' Cf. 
 V. 639. 
 
 652. povKoketv is not 'to beguile,' but ♦ to brood over,' 
 as mEum. 78, Kal firf wpoKajutve rbvhe ^ovkoXojjjulcpos ttovov. 
 
 653. KafxbvTo^'] ' which had suffered stress of weather. ' 
 So in Theh, 198, veCos Kafxovarjs ttovt'h^ irpbs KvjuarL. 
 
 655. TL fiTjp;] * Of course they do.' Supply oij, 'why 
 should they not?' s:'^ J > J 
 
 657. MefeXewf ydp] There is some ellipse, * (and all will 
 end well,) for Menelaus may be expected first and more 
 surely than the lesV—fxoXelu, in the sense of venturum esse, 
 is an example of a use not uncommon with an infinitive 
 aorist with verbs like fjceXXio, evxajmac, eXiri^o}. So inf. 970, 
 eijxofiai ireaelv, Thuc. ii. 80, eXiriba 5' ehac Kal l^aiJiraKTol 
 Xa^elv. But some translate 'that he has set out on his 
 return.' But see sup. 610, where so much had been stated 
 already. 
 
 659. 6t 5' odul '(He may, indeed, have disappeared al- 
 together) ; but if there is any ray of the sun that sees (knows 
 of) him alive and well, there is good hope that he will get 
 home again.' See inf. 1009. 
 
 663. TdX-qdril The strict truth of the account is again 
 insisted upon, though in v. 608 the herald had said oi5 ^evbri 
 Xeyco. 
 
 665. In a fine chorus, the subject of which was taken 
 directly from the Cypria, detailing the 'Eape of Helen' and 
 her fascinations, the joy of the Trojans at her arrival is 
 described, soon to be succeeded by grief. She is compared 
 to a lion's whelp, tame at first, but turning fierce and de- 
 structive to the family that reared it. 
 
 669. a>0tmfC77] an object of contest between two. 
 Deianeira is twice so called by Sophocles, Track 104 and 
 527. 
 
 671. eXeVroXis] * a hell to cities,' a play on the name 
 'EX^vrj' So Eur. Tro. 891, (pedye ii-fj a' eXrj irodup, aipet ykp 
 dudpuiv 6jLL^ar, e^aipei iroXas. Iph, Aul. 1475, dyer^ jme rdv 
 'IXlov Kal ^pvyQp eXeVroXtv, where Iphigenia is speaking of 
 
82 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 herself. We can hardly doubt that such allusions were 
 taken from the old epics. Compare with what follows Eur. 
 Tro. 808, ^LjjLoevTL 5' ctt' evpeirg, irXdrau ^ax^ae irovToiropov, 
 Kol vavder dvr)\f/aro vrjcop. 
 
 675. Kvpayo'i] Supply 'iirKevaav from the precedmg.— 
 Kar Ixvos, cf. Eur. Tro. 1002, ^irel dk TpoLau ^X(9es, 'Apyeioi 
 re GOV Kar t'xfos. Translate, *on the tracks of the lovers 
 who had already put to on the leafy shores of Simois their 
 bark that was never sighted by the pursuers.' See on 694 
 inf. The common reading de^tcpyWovs has been altered by 
 conjecture to aKpiTocpuWovs for metrical reasons. ^ 
 
 680. di ^pLv] This belongs to ^irXevaav KvvayoL The 
 pursuers sailed on account of one who was destined to be a 
 cause of bloody strife. Helen is elsewhere called ^pis, e.g. in 
 Eur. Hel 1135, perhaps by a play on 'Epivi^s, mf. 726. 
 
 681. KTjdos] In the double sense of 'a woe' and * an 
 alliance by marriage.' 
 
 686. rLopras'] ' Exacting punishment for their slight on 
 the laws of hospitality from those who were loudly cele- 
 brating the nuptial song which it then fell to the lot of the 
 bridegroom and his friends to sing.' For the double accu- 
 sative with irpdaaecreaL cf. inf. 785.— For iK<pdTOJs compare 
 the Homeric iKcpdadau 'iiros. Inf. 1449, eKvofiws vixvetv. ^ 
 
 694. 9? gives emphasis to ttoXi) in the compound, as m 
 the frequent combination rj iroXKd.—S)v, suorum, is inserted 
 on account of the metre. Some, retaining d€^L(pvXKovs in 
 V. 677, here read aiupa deal irdKLTau, 
 
 697. X^ouTos IvLV, ' ahon's whelp,' is Prof. Conington s 
 correction of Uovra ctlplv, to the improvement of both sense 
 and metre, here and in the corresponding verse 707. See 
 
 701. yepapols] 'the dehght of (dehghted m by) the old 
 men.' Usually, iTTLxaipetv is 'to exult over.' The simple 
 verbal xa/)r6f as well as iirixaprov is used by Sophocles 
 {Track. 1262). _ 
 
 702. eVxe] Used intransitively, as avLax^L sup. 
 
 ' Often was it held in arms like a young child.' Some trans- 
 late eo-xe Si/caz/, ' it had what was proper for a child.' 
 
 707. ^dos, iiidolem, ingenium, is Conington's correc- 
 tion of ^dos. See on v. 697. . x r 
 
 709. daaiiTLp] ' surfeit,' also Conington's conjecture tor 
 aTaLGLv. Dr Kennedy proposes davdroLcriv, which is very 
 ingenious ; but OavdroL, ' violent death' [Cho. 47), is perhaps 
 limited to the human subject.— d/cAei^o-ros, see mf. 9ol. bo 
 cLK\r)Tos UiraXebs in From. 1045, dfiLados ivvif^iropos Cho. 
 720 
 
 715. TrpoaedpicpOy), viz., 6 Xewi/, is Heath's emendation 
 of irpoaerpdcpv^ Some god, says the poet, caused the de- 
 structive beast to be reared and tamed m the family.— aras, 
 
NOTES. 
 
 83 
 
 cf. inf. 792, dV^s 6vr]\al, * sacrifices to the demon of de- 
 struction.' With Aeschylus, dri] is either a moral state 
 (infatuation), or personified as a power for evil, like 'Epii^ijs, 
 
 716. irdpavra] Hesych. TrapdxpVI^^^^ evdicos, irapavriKa. 
 ('In like manner) I might say that there came at first to the 
 city of Troy (with the arrival of Helen) a feeling of tranquil 
 calm (securitas), a display of gentle wealth, a soft darting 
 from fair eyes, a soul-consuming blossoming of love.' These 
 are eastern terms and metaphors by which the arrival of 
 Helen was first greeted. Soon after, like the lion's whelp 
 that turned fierce, she seemed to them to pursue an altered 
 course and to have brought a curse instead of a blessing on 
 Ilium. 
 
 718. Hesych, d'/cac/ca* tjctvxojs, juLaXaKcos, ^padews. 
 725. ^ej/Lov] Cf. 61, 353. — vvpLcpoKXavros, nyvipMs de- 
 flenda, 'bringing tears and sorrow on brides.' 
 
 727. The application of the remarks from this verse to 
 the end of the chorus, — on the danger of prosperity if 
 associated with crime, — may be meant to apply alike to 
 Paris, to Priam, and to Agamemnon. The poet rests the 
 doctrine on an 'old saw' (from Pythagoras, perhaps), as bpd- 
 aavTL iradeLv is called rpLyepuji^ fivdos, Cho. 306. 
 
 728. fxeyavTeKeadhra] ' That a man's fortune, when it 
 has grown great (gets full-grown), becomes a parent, and 
 does not die childless ; and that the offspring of good luck 
 to a family is, — no end of woe.' 
 
 732. TO hvaae^ks yap k.t.X.] Tor 'tis the deed of im- 
 piety (not mere wealth) that begets more to succeed it, like 
 to its own stock,' viz. impiety follows impiety. This is a 
 curious exposition of a very ancient doctrine of hardening 
 in crime. Prosperity may be harmless, if a right use is 
 made of it, but not if employed for the ends oidiTvpavvis, or 
 for selfish aggrandisement. 
 
 737. /caXXiTrats] sc. earl, for koXo^s Traldas €<pv(T€.— 
 aUl, viz. whether it has general good fortune or not, 
 
 741. pea 5' ^(pvaev] The present editor's correction, 
 adopted by Prof. Kennedy, for veapd 0dous. There was an 
 old maxim, Kopop vISpios vlop, Herod, viii. 77, and Pind. 01. 
 XIII. 9, v(3pLi', Kopov fiarepa dpaavpivdov. Sooner or later, says 
 the poet, when the time comes, KvpiLp kv ril^kpa, Suppl. 712, 
 pride and insolence will produce fruits, which end in the 
 two demons of destruction, Pride and Hardness of Heart 
 (dpdaos), both forms of Infatuation (dry]), taking possession of 
 a family. The MSS. give /meXabas dras eidojuevaj/, corrected 
 by Donaldson, Neio Cratylus, § 335. He compares Antig. 
 529, Tp€(piov du' "Ara KdiravaardaeLs dpbviov. These two are 
 called 'like their parents' as being equally foul in their 
 nature and disastrous in their action. 
 
 750. ^dedXa is Hermann's correction (it should rather 
 
 6—2 
 
84 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 be UeBXa, perhaps) for eV6'Xa. To the same critic is due 
 irpoaijULoXe for Trpoae^a in 752. Thus ^XSes had superseded 
 rjad' in v. 494. 
 
 754. irapdaripLov ahi^l 'wrongly stamped with praise' 
 (popular approval). Coins were so called when a mark was 
 stamped on them by the money-changers, as being below 
 the proper standard. Cf. Ar. Ach. 517, dvdpdpLa fiox6r}pd 
 7rapaK€K0fXfji€ua, drL/JLa Koi irapoLarjpLa- Hesych. TrapdaTjfiov' 
 dBoKifJLOv, Kt^drjXov. dirb to (L dcp' ov) koI vofiia/xdricv rd d- 
 pdrjXa irapdaTj/xa \eyeraL. 
 
 756. The King is now seen approaching as from the 
 country, in a mule-car, attended by Cassandra (inf. 1006) 
 and with great state. The chorus express a kind of half 
 allegiance ; they are cautious, they feel the victor has done 
 that which may bring a nemesis, and they avow their own 
 honesty and independence by openly stating that they never 
 fully approved of the expedition. 
 
 760. KaLpov] As in v. 356, this word seems to have 
 meant 'the mark in shooting,' whence Kaipov tvxglp, and 
 irXrjyT], ' a fatal wound,' inf. 1314. Here a metaphor 
 from shooting too high, virepaipeLV, is combined with one 
 from turning short (on the near side) of the terminal pillar 
 in the stadium, viroKapurTeLv. The sense therefore is, 'with- 
 out either exceeding or falling short of the due mean of 
 praise.' 
 
 . 761. The syntax is, to doKelp eTuac irpoTLovaLTov elvat, they 
 prefer the semblance of friendship, as shown by insincere 
 praise, to the reality of it, as shown by blame when it is 
 deserved. Thus dUyv wapa^dpTes means, 'when they have 
 been guilty of some injustice.' 
 
 764. Tras TLs /c.r.X.] He illustrates the hypocrisy of 
 false friends in seeming sad when they feel no sorrow. So 
 Juvenal, iii. 101, 'Jiet, si lacrimas conspexit amici, nec 
 dolet.'' 
 
 766. Kal K.T.\.] As they can affect grief, so they can 
 affect joy, and though inwardly sorry at the good luck that 
 has befallen their patron, they force their faces into an un- 
 willing smile. A powerful passage, the sentiment of which 
 is repeated in the fine lines 805 — 8 inf. 
 
 768. TrpopaToypwiiiwv] 'A judge of cattle' of course 
 means 'a judge of character.' Compare frag. 224, tovtoju 
 Ixw yap dv/uLov iinroyvLoixova. — Xadeip, viz. tovtou, 'eyes can- 
 not escape him that seem only (to regard him) from a kindly 
 intent, whereas they really flatter him with a weak and 
 watery friendship.' Wine was so called when mixed with 
 an undue proportion of water,— 'weak grog,' we should say.^ 
 Xen. de Eep. Lac. i. 3, oluov rj irdiiirav direxofM^vas rj vdapel 
 XpooP'^pcLs. The word aabcLv, it will be observed, ^applies 
 only to this clause. The full meaning is, rd doKovpTa de- 
 
NOTES. 
 
 85 
 
 Xeo-^at avTov ev(f)p6vm, ^pyqj aaivovTa, Cf. inf. 813, 
 doKovvras etvai mpra irpevfievels ifxoi. 
 
 114,, yeypa/LLiuej/os] ' depicted in unskilful outline' (i.e. in 
 unfavourable form). Cf. Eum, 50, elddif ttot' rjdr] ^lpcus 
 yeypafJLjuLhas belirvov (fyepovaas. 
 
 776. €K 6vg-lQv\ The clever emendation of Franz for 
 cKovaLov. The allusion is to the sacrifice of Iphigenia in 
 order to raise the hopes of the army, sup. 207. 'You 
 seemed to me to be steering a wrong course in your mind 
 when you brought to dying men assurance (encouragement) 
 from sacrifices.' — dpyaKovaL, 'dying off,' viz. by starvation, 
 sup. 181—6. 
 
 778. ovK d-rr' cLKpas] *Not from the mere surface, but 
 from the depth of my heart I say it, I give a welcome to 
 those who have ended their toil well. ' This is said with some 
 anabiguity, perhaps, meaning, 'if it is well,' the real end 
 being yet to come. It seems necessary to read iroi^ou for 
 
 TTOPOS. 
 
 781. diKaius] ' Honestly,' ' disinterestedly.' By aKat- 
 pus he means dSkwy, but purposely uses a milder term. 
 
 783. Agamemnon comes on the stage. His address, 
 one of ill-concealed pride and affected thankfulness to the 
 gods (825), is received by the queen with a speech of very 
 nearly the same length (49 to 45), a composition which is a 
 masterpiece of tragic art, from its plausible hypocrisy and 
 its well-disguised intention of revenge. 
 
 786. OVK airb yXibaarjs] Not, as in a human law-court, 
 hearing the cause from the mouths of advocates, but dealing 
 with it by the divine law of right and wrong. 
 
 789. \lyr](povs edevTo, 'voted for,' governs a secondary 
 accusative cpdopds, ' the destruction of the city,' as if e\pr]<p'i- 
 aravTo had been used. Precisely similar is Soph. El. 709 
 (Travres 8' 66' avro^s ol rerayixevoL ^pafByjs KXrjpovs '^irrfKav. In 
 ov dixoppoTrojs (sup. 340, Suppl. 599, 959) there seems an 
 allusion at once to the two urns of acquittal and condemna- 
 tion, and to the opposite scales of the balance. The mean- 
 ing here is, that the voters were all on one side, and only 
 hope was left in the other urn. There seems an allusion to 
 Pandora's crock, Hes. Oi^p- 96, /uloijptj 5' avrodL iXirU ev 
 appi)KTOL(JL dojULoicTL €v8ov ^juLLjiiv€ iridov viro xeiXecTi?'. 
 
 790. %e?Xos] This seems a necessary correction for 
 Xetpos, and indeed it gives an excellent sense in every 
 respect. 'Hope approached (came nearly up to) the in- 
 terior rim (brim, or lip of the vessel) of the urn which had 
 no votes dropped into it at all,' ov irX-qpovixhtji. Compare 
 Ar. Equit. 814, os eiroLijaev rrju ttoKlv 7][xCov jxearriv^ evpCju 
 
 791. eijcrTjfxos] Even yet the city shows by the smoke 
 that it has been taken and burnt. Suppl, 694, ^iia-nixov 
 
86 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 yhp oi} fxe \av0du€i. Eur. HeCo 1215, Karrv^ 5' ior'^M^' daTV 
 
 792 arr^s evrjXal are * sacrifices to Ate,' see sup. 71o. 
 The MSS. have ^i)e\Xai, 'storms of calamity,' which is 
 almost destitute of meaning. The correction is Hermann's, 
 and is adopted by Prof. Kennedy. , 
 
 793. airodos] See on 580, which shows the allusion 
 here is to the dying embers on an altar which are ex- 
 tinguished by pouring on some liquid scent. The wealth 
 of eastern cities in fragrant essences is further alluded to 
 in ttXoijtov trvods. . 
 
 796. €(ppa^dfie(rea] ' we made a fence round the city 
 by a vindictive net,' is the editor's correction for iirpa^d' 
 fxeada. See on 348. 
 
 798. Lirirov v€0(t<t6s] The troops that issued from the 
 Wooden Horse, and took Troy, are so described. The 
 horse itself is said to have * taken a leap into the city 
 at the setting of the Pleiades,' viz. at the end of autumn. 
 But the simile changes to a lion that has bounded aver 
 the fence of a sheepfold and glutted itself with blood. The 
 passage throughout is an exceedingly fine one. 
 
 803 TO crov] viz. the leader of the chorus, who had 
 addressed the king, sup. 761. The king expresses his 
 assent to the sentiments which he bears m mmd from 
 that address, and he says that true friends are rare, for 
 most men feel envy and jealousy at prosperity. Some here 
 regard cpiXov as a predicate, *to regard as a friend one 
 who is prosperous.' 
 
 807. bvdcfypwv ibs] « The venom of malevolence besetting 
 the heart doubles the annoyance to him who has got the 
 disease ' 
 
 814.' oix ^/cwj^] In the old epics which the Tragics 
 regarded as their Homer it had been said that Ulysses 
 feigned madness to excuse himself from joining the ex- 
 pedition to Troy. The story is alluded to in the Philoctetes, 
 1025, Q. Smyrnaeus, v. 192, and Od. xxiv. 117. It was 
 narrated in the Cijpria (Proclus, p. 235). 
 
 818 KOLvoifS dyCovas] He means that he will hold a 
 meeting (dyopd) of the citizens generally, and not a council 
 of chiefs, BovXt]. _ , r 
 
 823. 7^rj^Ji diroa-TpixpaL vSaov is Person's correction for 
 ir-ilfjiaros rpi^pai vdaov. The use of cautery and the knife 
 was common to the surgeons of the old time: ct. ^j. 582, 
 epvuelu iwoj^ds irpbs Top.(bvTL 7rif}fiaTL,—a> verse which shows 
 that the old belief in charms was beginning to disap- 
 pear. ^ ^ ■ , 
 
 825 de^LovaSat, like ^evovadai, olKeiovaeai, means to 
 make oneself friendly to' (or another friendly to oneself), 
 and hence it takes a dative in the sense of ' greeting.' It is 
 
NOTES. 
 
 87 
 
 rather a rare word. Rhes. 419, irvKvj]u djuLva-rtv cos (tv de^iov- 
 fxevoL. Iph. AuL 1473, kuI irarrjp e^os ii/de^jo^-ado) poiixbv, 
 826. 7rifjL\papT€s] See sup. 499. 
 
 829. (pCkdvopas, sup. 401, *my loving disposition.' — 
 Trpos vficis, viz. to avow it in public and to the other sex. 
 The boldness of the avowal (according to the rules of Greek 
 etiquette) she apologises for. After this short preface 
 she goes on at once to speak of herself, and dwells upon 
 that topic till nearly the end (876). 
 
 832. efxavTjjs] This genitive represents both rbv ifj^av- 
 T^s piov, and ovk d'Wwf irdpa dXX' dir^ ifMavTijs. 
 
 835. ^prjfjiov] See sup. 835. 
 
 836. iraXLyKdrovs, ' adverse,' takes its meaning mainly 
 from TTctXif. Properly it means * wrong-tempered.' Com- 
 pare 7ra\L/uL(pr]iuLos, iroKLvcTTOiieiv, Theh. 247. 
 
 837. 7jK€Lv] Bn^iplj KUKov ^epovra. — XdaKOvras, i. e. dy- 
 yiWouras. 
 
 839. The syntax el Myx'^vev — rhpiarai, is not usual, 
 but it is in no respect illogical. ' If he kept receiving as 
 many wounds as the current reports about him declared, 
 he has (by this time) more holes in him than a net. ' 
 
 842. cos €Tr\r)dvoj^] 'As still more reports said.' The 
 word is used of a majority in voting, inf. 1341. Suppl. 598. 
 
 845. For we should perhaps restore Xa^elv. 
 
 *Then, indeed, like Geryon the second with a triple body 
 (i.e. three lives) he might have boasted that he had had 
 three separate burials,' lit. coverings with a cloak of earth. 
 The verse wo\\7]v dvwdev is perhaps interpolated. It has no 
 great force, though some refer it to the queen's conscious- 
 ness of the intended murder. 
 
 849. Trpos pLav] for ^laLm. They took hold of my neck 
 perforce (against my will) to undo the noose from the beam 
 above. But the clause may also mean, 'violently seized 
 (encircled) by the noose.' 
 
 850. €K rCovbe] ' in consequence of this anxiety.' The 
 meaning is, that the reason why Orestes is not present to 
 greet his father is his removal out of harm's way by sending 
 him into Phocis, since if the father had died at Troy the 
 citizens might have risen against the son. Of course, the 
 pretext is altogether a feigned one. Other accounts, e.g. 
 Soph. El. 11, represented him as carried off on the occasion 
 of Agamemnon's murder. 
 
 854. dfX(pi\eKTa] * The evils of a disputed succession ' 
 (inf. 1563, dfjL(pL\€KTos Kparet), or perhaps, ambigua, viz. 
 the uncertainty of one of the two events happening which 
 are next mentioned. 
 
 857. coo-re] For coVrep, as in Theb. 13, 62. 
 
 859. ov doXoy (p^pei} A similar hypocrisy was shown 
 at v. 596. 
 
88 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 863. ras a^0t <tol\ 'which had been stationed in your 
 behalf,' or to give tidings about you. Cf. sup. 303. These 
 beacons had seemed to her 'ever neglected' and unattended 
 to ; she fancied (as she pretends) that Troy must have been 
 taken long ago, but that the watchmen had left their post, 
 and failed to transmit the signals. Cf. v. 281, 6 5' oUtl 
 fjLeWojv ovd' a(ppa(Jii6vo}^ virvLp vLKdo/mevos. 
 
 865. L'Trat /c.r.X.] ' I would often be roused by the mos- 
 quito humming with light strokes of the wing.' — opuxra, 
 * while I was seeing (seeming in my dreams about you to 
 see) more sufferings (more troubles and dangers befalling 
 you) than (could have happened) in the time while I was 
 asleep.' Aeschylus often dwells on the phenomena of 
 dreams, e.g. sup. 412, Cho. 525, Eum. 105, Prom. 493, to 
 which his Pythagorean philosophy attributed a supernatural 
 influence. Here he speaks of the measure of time between 
 the hours of sleep and that necessary for so many events 
 really to happen as were crowded into her dream. This is 
 expressed by 6 ^vpejjdoju xp^^os, the time commensurate with 
 the sleep. 
 
 869. ru)v (TTadfjiCju k^jvo] See on v. 8, Xajuirdoos rb av/mPoXou, 
 
 875. repTTvbv 5e] *And truly, 'tis delightful to have 
 got rid of all strain on the feelings at last.' This was a 
 Greek maxim, 'nothing so odious as constraint.' We have 
 no precise word to express that of which we feel and know 
 that it must be borne, whether we like it or not. Theognis, 
 v. 472, TTOLV yap dvayKolov irpdyfjL^ dvL7)pov 'i(pv. She here 
 refers to direvdrjTcp (pped, v. 868, a mind at last freed fxom 
 grief. 
 
 876. d^LLo] In the sense of cl^lop i]yov/jLaL, or tljulQ, the 
 verb is followed by a dative, as in Orest. 1209, koXoIctlv 
 v/jLcvaLoiaLV d^Lovfievt]. 
 
 879. jjLTj TideLs] The negative is affected by the impe- 
 rative, as sup. 493. ' That foot that has trampled on pros- 
 trate Troy' must not walk on vulgar earth, but garments of 
 precious dye must be laid down for its progress into the 
 palace. Agamemnon, conscious of the danger of provoking 
 the envy of the gods, first pleads humility (897), and then 
 economy (922); but both his objections are overruled, 
 partly by the half-disguised taunt (906), partly by the flat- 
 tery of the wife (941), who is probably not unwilling that 
 the gods should turn against him for this offence. — These 
 are exceedingly grand speeches, profound in meaning and 
 in the conception of two characters, both hypocritical, yet 
 striving to stand fair in each other's sight. 
 
 884. deXirrov] Ambiguously used, between *a home 
 he little thought for' (viz. where he will die) and ' a home 
 that hardly hoped for his return.' As -qyeladai takes the 
 dative of the person, the epithet belongs to bCofxa, 
 
NOTES. 
 
 89 
 
 885. rh 5' d'XXa] This too has a tacit reference to the 
 coming murder. — virvLi3, see sup. 281. — diKaicos /c.r.X., 'as 
 the justice of the gods and the decrees of fate combine to 
 bring about.' 
 
 889. fjLaKpdv] Either the adverb, or agreeing with 
 prjaiv imphed. — €mLcrijj.o)S, 'at reasonable length,* 'according 
 to my just deserts.' A wife, he says, is not a disinterested 
 person, and is sure to exaggerate her husband's merits. 
 Cobet { Var. Led. p. 307) overlooked this passage when he 
 said 'Veteres numquam ipx^p^evos aut ^px^adat aut quid- 
 quam hujusmodi dicebant.' We have d 5' epxof^eva fxoipa 
 in Soph. Track. 850. He is wrong also in rejecting iXevao- 
 fiai, which occurs Suppl. 516, and more than once in 
 Sophocles. 
 
 891. Kal rd'XXa] *For the rest,' viz. as regards your 
 order for the purple tapestries. So in Suppl. 240, Kal rikXa, 
 TTo'AX' iiretKciaaL blKatov rjv, d jxy] k.t.\. — djSpvve^ cf. 1176. 
 
 893. Trpoaxdvris] ' Do not grovel like slaves (after the 
 eastern fashion) when you open your mouths to address 
 me.' 
 
 895. Beovs tol] 'Gods, no doubt, it is right and proper 
 to honour by such things ; but that one who is but a mortal 
 should walk on embroidered patterns of beauty, to me 
 indeed is by no means without fear.' 
 
 898. /car' dpdpa] 'by the standard of a man.' See 
 sup. 342. 
 
 899. '7rodo\pri(rrpwv] He uses a purposely disparaging 
 term: 'Without foot-mats and your pictured robes Fame 
 finds a voice; and there is no gift of the god so great as 
 good sense.' 
 
 901. oXpiacLL xpv] The connexion seems to be, 'I may 
 not as yet be called happy, for I have not seen the end.' 
 The inference is, that nothing should now be done to en- 
 danger that happiness. The concluding verse adds little to 
 the argument, and is unusual in construction ; possibly it 
 is the addition of another hand. The sense seems to be, 
 ' But if I act in all things as in this matter, I have no fear 
 for the result. ' Hermann and others read irpdaaoLfxev, since 
 riv irpd^oj or el irpd^oj is the regular syntax. 
 
 904 seqq. The dialogue following is difficult through- 
 out, and various interpretations have found favour with 
 thoughtful scholars. And first, /jlt] irapd yvwiuLrjp may mean 
 either ' contrary to my will ' or ' contrary to your own con- 
 victions ; ' and the meaning of the next line must be decided 
 accordingly. Prof. Kennedy takes the latter view: with the 
 former the reply will mean, 'as for ivill (determination in 
 the matter), be assured that I shall not alter mine,' lit. 
 * weaken it,' as x^^P^ ^' diacpdepQ, Med. 1055. Prof. 
 Kennedy renders it, 'I shall not falsify.' 
 
90 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 906. The position of av might seem to indicate that it 
 belongs to ^pbeiv. But it is doubtful if eijxo/maL '^pdeiv dp = 
 OTL ^pdoLfjLL av can be defended, and 7/(/|aj dV, 'you would have 
 vowed,' gives a good sense, though the present infinitive 
 ^pheLv, te ita facturum, is a difficulty. Some make the verse 
 interrogative: 'Did you vow to act thus on some occasion 
 when you were in fear?' 
 
 907. The ye in this verse has no meaning unless in 
 combination with elVep (for which see Cho. 215, 490, 
 Suppl, 338). It follows that eLwep ye tls must be the sub- 
 ject to the verb, and we must read e^elirev, ' if any one ever 
 did make such a vow with a good knowledge of what would 
 befal him.' The meaning will thus be, ' the future is too 
 uncertain for any man to make such vows as you speak of.' 
 It is usually translated, 'Yes, I give this decision (or, de- 
 clare this vow) with good knowledge, if any one ever did.' 
 The ye could not occupy this place as a mere particle of 
 assent. 
 
 910. rov dvdpuTreLov] *If Priam would have done what 
 you decline to do, he had no such fear of the gods; and as to 
 human blame, pay no regard to that.' 
 
 912. *A man who escapes cpdbvos (ill-feeling of the 
 people) is one whom none envy or admire or care to 
 emulate.' Cf. 437, (pdovepbv 5' vir dXyos epirei irpodiKOLS 
 ^ArpeLdaLS. 
 
 915. -5 Kal <T^ K.T.\.] 'Are not you one of the 6\pioi, 
 and ought nol; you to yield, instead of holding in such 
 regard the getting the better in this strife ?' 
 
 916. "We might read irapels, 'giving over to me,' instead 
 of the imperative, with which the ye is not only unusual, 
 but has no clear meaning. 
 
 918. ^fjLpao-Lv] The sense is, ats i/uLpahova-L irodes. The 
 ap^vX-rj was used in driving or hunting, the eyu/3ds (calceus) 
 for ordinary walking. The verse is hard to translate; 
 'which serve my feet to tread in' is the simplest render- 
 ing. 
 
 921. ttoXXt; yap'\ His extravagance rather than his 
 pride is now the subject of his fear. 
 
 929. It would perhaps be better to accent o-ou, 'to obey 
 you (rather than my own convictions).' An enclitic word 
 seldom stands first after the caesura, though there are 
 examples of it. 
 
 933. K7]KLda, *a dye.' The sea-purple did not easily 
 fade, and if it looked dingy, it was restored by washing 
 and being exposed to the sun-light. See Eur. Hel. 180, 
 Hipp. 125 seqq. It is therefore irayKalvLaTos, lit. 'com- 
 pletely renewable.' The queen here answers the objection 
 at V. 922. 
 
 934. oLKOLs'] A necessary correction for oXkos, ' it is the 
 
NOTES. 
 
 91 
 
 privilege of our house to have store of these,' TuvBe being a 
 partitive genitive. 
 
 937. irpovv€xO€vros, sc. tov iraryjafiov, 'had it been de- 
 clared to me at the oracle for the family when I was plan- 
 ning some return for the getting safe back this precious 
 life.' — KdfJLLarpa, a rare word, occurs in Here. F. 1387. 
 
 939. <pv\\as] See v. 79. The reference is either gene- 
 ral or particular; 'when the stock remains, the verdure 
 comes,' or ' as the stock remained, the verdure came,' &c. 
 But the application of the simile in the next verse makes 
 the former more probable. Or the passage may be under- 
 stood thus : < as, while the stock remains, the green foliage 
 returns to shelter a house, so on your return to your 
 hearth you show the approach of the warm season (that 
 brings out the leaves) in cold, and coolness (a leafy shelter, 
 as it were) when the grapes are ripening,' viz. in mid- 
 summer. For the metaphor of a stock withering up or 
 breaking out into leaf, see Siippl. 97, Cho. 252. 
 
 946. ras ifjids evxds] This and the next verse are am- 
 biguously expressed, her real intentions being hostile. 
 
 948. The chorus, prepossessed with the idea that, with all 
 the seeming prosperity, something is wrong and some harm 
 imminent, ask themselves how this can be, when they have 
 already witnessed the king's safe return. Great prosperity, 
 it is true, is nearly allied to misfortune ; and if murder is 
 once committed, there is no remedy for it, as there is for a 
 famine or for goods thrown overboard at sea, which may 
 be replaced, or which are but a partial loss. 
 
 949. beHyfia] Many critics read dei/iia with one copy; 
 but the metaphor seems to be taken from the sacred myste- 
 ries, in which objects veiled to others were displayed to the 
 mystae in the higher initiation, thence called rd e-rroirTiKd. 
 So Arist. Nuh. 304, IVa /uLvarodoKo^ do/mos dvadeUvvTai, The 
 words ifJLtredios and irpoaTar-qpLov perhaps refer to the statue 
 of Demeter placed on a pedestal, eirl creavov ^ddpov (SefSQa-av, 
 Plat. Phaedr., p. 250 c, while the contrary idea in TrordraL 
 describes the vague and fleeting fears of a boding mind. 
 The poet, it is well known, got into serious trouble for 
 speaking too plainly about the Mysteries. 
 
 951. dK€Kev(TTos\ See v. 710. The ominous strain 
 that sounds in my ears is not that of a musician bidden to 
 sing and paid for his services. 
 
 952. dTTOTTTuo-at] * And why does not the confidence to 
 reject it, like some obscure dream, take its seat on the 
 throne of my heart?' 
 
 955. xpovos he /c.r.X.] 'Yet time has long gone by 
 (lit. past its youth) since the ships were tied together by 
 stern-ropes on the sea- strand after the naval host had 
 arrived at Ilium.' Compare Bum, 276, x/^ofos mdaipei 
 
92 
 
 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 iroLvra yr}pd(TKC*}p ojULOv, and Pers. 398, KcljTrrjs podidoos ^vvefi- 
 (SoXfj. The MSS. here give ^we/uL^oXois, corrected by 
 Schneider. 
 
 962. u/uLPcpdel] To avoid the v before fiv Mr Davies 
 ingeniously proposes /jLovcpdei, Yet /jLejuLurjadaL occurs in 
 Pers. 289. 
 
 966. (nrXdyxpa] *My heart does not vainly bode, 
 beating against a breast that has just reasons for expecting 
 the fulfilment of its fears. ' Such a passage cannot be ren- 
 dered more literally in our idiom. The word Keap is added 
 at the end, but it is a mere repetition of (rirXdyxva. The 
 imperfect knowledge of the physical action of the heart 
 induced the poet to speak of ' circling eddies ' in place of 
 our more explicit term ' circulation. ' 
 
 970. \pijdr}\ See v. 462, 'I pray that (my bodings) may 
 prove false contrary to my present fears (iXTLdos) and end 
 altogether in not being fulfilled.' (Or, ' in not being ful- 
 filled at all.') The words to ttSLv are supplied by Hermann, 
 one MS. (Farn.) having rot. For the aorist ireaeLu see on 
 657. 
 
 972. fjLeydXas vye'tas is the editor's conjecture for rds 
 iroXXds vyceias, which violates the metre. 'The limit of 
 prosperity is never reached, ' but people are insatiable for 
 more. See inf. 1302. The yap following refers to a senti- 
 ment suppressed (' yet such desire is unwise), for misfor- 
 tune is close at hand, like a bad neighbour separated only 
 by a party-wall, and as it were leaning against it.' 
 
 975. €v6vTropu}v] 'When in its fair course.' Thuc. vi. 
 44, (hs cKacTTOL evdvTrbpria-av (MSS. evTrbprjaav). The metaphor 
 passes to ships loaded with precious freights, of which the 
 sailors throw over a part, when they are on a sunken reef, 
 in order to lighten the vessel and so save the rest. Nothing 
 seems here wanting to the sense; yet the antistrophic 
 verse 992 indicates some lacuna. 
 
 979. 6kvos\ * the fear of the sailors,' a nominative ab- 
 solute; though perhaps, with Prof. Kennedy, we should 
 read '6kvlp, thus making Upios (the ship) the subject. — <j(f)ev- 
 dovas, jactura, 'by a well-calculated throw,' viz. of just so 
 much as was necessary to save the vessel. — a-Kdcposy 'the 
 hull,' cf. V. 644. 
 
 985. djuL(pLXa(pr)s] ' ample,' properly used of a spreading 
 tree. Herodotus applies the epithet to elephants of large 
 size. III. 114. 
 
 988. irpoTrdpoid' dvdpos] A wounded man looks down 
 and sees blood which has trickled to his feet. To raise it 
 again from the earth, says the poet, is more than any 
 charm or incantation can effect. For the sentiment, that 
 murder cannot be undone, compare Suppl- 437, Cho. 32, 
 Eum. 253. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 93 
 
 990. ol^k /f.r.X.] *Nay (had this been lawful or pos- 
 sible), Zeus would not, by way of precaution, have stopped 
 him (viz. Asclepius) who had found out the right way to 
 bring mortals back from the dead.' The legend is alluded 
 to in the opening verses of the Alcestis. 
 
 994 jULoipa] Some doctrine about Fate and Necessity 
 is here alluded to, the particulars of which have not come 
 down to us. The chorus seem to say, that appointed 
 (fixed or destined) fate prevents them from obtaining aid 
 from the gods in their present misgivings, viz. the aid of 
 oracles or omens. Had it been otherwise, their tongue 
 would have outstripped their feelings, and their bodings 
 would have found utterance; as it is, they brood and fret 
 {l3pifjL€L) darkly in minds that are kindled to a flame. Cf. 
 inf. 1227, irairaL, oXov rb irQp. Prof. Kennedy understands 
 ixdtpav €K OeCov to be the divinely-sent fear spoken of at the 
 beginning (948). 
 
 1002. /cojut^ou] * Take yourself in, too, Cassandra, 
 I say.' There is harshness in the speech, and cruelty in 
 the taunt, that she is a captive and therefore only a slave. 
 * Zeus in ids mercy ^ (she says; cf. v. 632) ' allows you to 
 share in the sacrifice with the rest of the household, taking 
 your place with other slaves at the family altar. ' 
 
 1008. TkrjvaL] 'Though he was sold as a slave (to 
 Omphale, Soph. Track. 252) he bore it, and took the yoke 
 when he could not help it.' The last clause is differently 
 read in MS. Flor., dovXeias .cidj-Tys pia, whence some read 
 dovXias fJi^d^7]S diyelv. 
 
 1009. et 5' odv\ ' (The fate is hard indeed), but if the 
 necessity of such a fortune does befal one, it is a great 
 advantage to have masters of ancestral wealth,' not up- 
 starts. This is a rather common use of ei ^ odv or rjv 5' 
 odv, though it is seldom rightly explained. See sup. 659. 
 
 1012. irapob ffTad/jLTjv] Supply xptDj/rat avTols, or some 
 epithet like ayvu^ixoves^ * harsh beyond measure.' — irap 
 TjfjLQvj * from us' (or wap T/Mi^', perhaps, *in our house') 'you 
 have just what is the customary, i.e. the average, treat- 
 ment.' 
 
 1014. Cassandra, showing no signs of understanding 
 what has been said, is advised by the chorus, in somewhat 
 kinder tones, to comply. *Now that you are fairly in the 
 snare (cf. v. 349) you will perhaps obey, if you are for 
 obeying; though perchance you will be disobedient.' See 
 inf. 1365. The di^ must be repeated with the last optative, 
 as in Oed, R. 937, oJSoio fxePf irQs 8' ovk dv; dcrx^XXois 5' fcrws. 
 The dv following evrbs only anticipates the construction, 
 and is repeated with the verb. Prof. Kennedy (Addenda ^ 
 p. 205) says du odo-a is suspicious, because odaa is not hy- 
 pothetic, but causal." 
 
94 
 
 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 1020. ra X^trra] * what is best under present circum- 
 stances.' Cf. From, 224, Kpanara drj fxoL tQ)v irapecTTUTuv 
 Tore i(paLP€T elvai. 
 
 1022. There seems emphasis on the pronoun, and the 
 words are pettishly said; ' I have no time to waste here at 
 the door (out of doors) in talking to this girl.' The syntax 
 is, ov axoky] ejxoL {iari) rpi^eLv dvpaia irapa rrjde. If ijuLoi had 
 preceded, (wVre e/me) dvpaiav rpi^eiv would have been the 
 ordinary idiom. — rd /mh yap, an accusative used by itself, 
 of which there are many examples, e.g. sup. 541, 803, 
 Soph. El. 92, 1364; Phil. 497; 'for, as regards the sacri- 
 fices at the central altar, the victims already stand to be 
 slaughtered for the fire.' A slight and not improbable 
 change would be ew iaxdpa irvpos. Cf. Eum. 108, /cat vvk- 
 TLdeixvoL beLTTV e7r' iax^pq, irvpos '^dvov. 
 
 1029. Topov'] See v. 599. The wild look of Cassandra, 
 who stands silent as if distraught, shortly to break out into 
 startling prophetic exclamations, moves the pity of the 
 chorus, who think she fails to understand. Not so Clytem- 
 nestra, who leaves her with a threat and a taunt and re- 
 enters the palace. She is compared to a young colt which 
 is not tamed till blood has been drawn by the hard bit, Xit^o- 
 KbXKriTov (TTo/uLLOj/y Soph. Track. 1261. 
 
 1038. KaivLo-ov] ' try on the new yoke.' So in Cho. 483, 
 fieixvv,(To 5' djuLcpL^XTjarpop cos e/catVicras. Eur. Tro. 889, tI §' 
 eaTLv ; e^xas cos eKalviaas deCov. 
 
 1042. ov TOLovTos] See on v. 620. Phoebus, the god of 
 joy and brightness, has nothing to do with sorrow and 
 death. It was on this principle that the Athenians removed 
 the bodies of the ancient dead from the island of Delos, 
 Thuc. III. 104. 
 
 1048. dyvLaTTjs, like dyvce^s, was a term applied to the 
 stone pillar (like the Hermae) set up as a symbol of Apollo 
 before the front of a palace, whence, together with his 
 sister, the moon-goddess 'ApreyCtis, he was called irpooTaTrj- 
 pLos. Here such a statue or emblem is seen and recognised 
 by Cassandra. She calls the god either dwoXkLcv e/x6s, ' my 
 destroyer,' a word of false analogy like eXevavs, sup. 671, or 
 she repeats the name with ardour and tenderness, ' my own 
 Apollo.' Cf. inf. 1177. But the former is more probable, 
 as there is a similar play on dyvidr and dyeiv, Eurip. frag. 
 PJiaeth. 15, 11, c5 naXXicpeyy^s "HXi', cos pC dirdoXecras kol 
 t6v5\ 'AttoXXco 5' ii^ ppoTois opdCos /caXeZ, octtls ra cnyu)VT 
 opojJLaT oT5€ dai/iiovoop. 
 
 1049. TO 8evT6pov] Her former grief was the punish- 
 ment inflicted for deceiving Apollo, inf. 1182, 1242. 
 
 1051. TTapov] So Orest. 1180, to awerou y olda arj 
 \pvxy irapov. But, as the Med. has Trap' ^v, the reading of 
 Schiitz is probable, dovXia, irep ev (ppevL 
 
NOTES. 
 
 95 
 
 1058. <7vvi<TTopa.] (viz. earl), *are conscious,' i.e. are 
 witnesses of it. The sentence is continued with the nomi- 
 native in V. 1065, the intervening line being a hasty reply 
 to the remark of the chorus. It was thought to be a cha- 
 racteristic of prophecy to know the past as well as to predict 
 the future. Cf. Prom. 844. 
 
 1060. The word iredov is clearly corrupt, and no satis- 
 factory correction has yet been suggested. Possibly (from 
 Eur. Ion 435) we should read ovk dwoppavTrjpLoVf *not a 
 place where the blessed water is stored.' 
 
 1066. Trpos irarpos] See inf. 1193, 1571. 
 
 1078. (patdpijuaaa] * After washing him in the bath 
 
 will you ?' She does not add, kill liim, because the 
 
 whole of her remarks at present are but allusive and obscure. 
 It is not till V. 1217 that she speaks plainly of Agamem- 
 non's death. The acting of this scene, with its wild ges- 
 tures and shrill excited tones, unintelligible in their import, 
 86(T(paTos KXayyrj inf. 1121, must have been one of harrowing 
 interest. 
 
 1031. alvLyfxaTOjp] ' after riddles.' — eirapy^/xoLs {Prom. 
 507), 'obscure,' a medical term for defect of sight. 
 
 1083. (paLverai] 'Presents itself to my view,' cpaprd- 
 ^erai. ' Is this (she asks) a death-snare ? No ! there is no 
 other net to catch him in but his own wife who is the cause 
 jointly with another (inf. 1622) of his death.' The garment 
 in which the king was entangled by his wife is thus de- 
 scribed: cf. V. 1353.— o-rdo-is /c.r.X., 'let the company of 
 Furies, allowing the family no rest, raise a cry over a victim 
 to be slain by stoning.' See v. 1594. 
 
 1090. KpoKo(3a4)r)s] The pallor of a dying or fainting 
 person is described by the blood-drop running to the heart, 
 and leaving the countenance.— /cat/ot a, Dindorf 's correction 
 of /cat dopia or dipla. Some critics also read irrwaLiioLS. The 
 sense appears to be, ' which from a fatal wound comes to an 
 end with the departed light of a life that has for ever set.' So 
 sup. 622, irrojaifJLOv (rrparou. 
 
 1095. €u TreirXoLffLu] ' See there ! she has got him fast 
 in his own robe, and is goring him with that black horn of 
 hers ! Now he falls in a vessel filled with water. Yes ! 'tis 
 the fate that befals him by a crafty murder in a bath that I 
 speak of.'— It will be observed (1) that it was the fate of 
 Cassandra not to be believed (inf. 1183), and (2) that she 
 speaks more and more plainly to the end, and yet the chorus 
 has no idea what she means. 
 
 1099. ypuofjLcovaKpos] 'afirst-rate judge.' See sup. 611, 768. 
 
 1102. diet KaKwv] 'through predictions of evil.' It is 
 because they predict evil that the art of seers is regarded 
 with dread. Cf. Soph. Track, 1131, r^pas rot Std k^kQv 
 idecFTTLaas, 
 
96 
 
 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 1106. Opoehl The MSS. give ro yap i/uLou 6pouj ird- 
 60s e7re7xea(ra, which has a syllable more than a doch- 
 miac verse should have, and more than the antistrophic 
 V. 1116. If we read dpoeTs, the reference will he to the con- 
 sciousness of coming harm the chorus had just expressed ; 
 * you speak of my fate adding it on to his.' Prof. Kennedy 
 W'Ould read dpocH—iireyx^aaf and in the next line a, Trot /^te 
 devpo K.T.X. 
 
 1113. *1tvv "Itw] The bird's note, as represented by 
 these sounds, was thought to be a lament for a lost child. 
 So in Soph. El. 148, a "Irvv, aiev "Itvv oXocpvperaL. 
 
 1117. KXavjuoLTuy d'rep] The 'absence of tears' per- 
 haps refers to the unconsciousness of woe ; or ' tears ' are 
 regarded as a human manifestation ; see Suppl. 572. 
 
 1123. 6povs 68ov] The idea of a boundary-road is mixed 
 up with that of a course or path of prophecy. So XoyiiJvj 
 6€(T<pdT(av odds in Ar. Equit. 1015, Eur. Phoen. 911. 
 
 1129. rpo(pah] Kivers were called KovporpocpoL, and Cas- 
 sandra who as a girl had drunk Scamander's stream hence- 
 forth as a spirit will haunt the dreary banks of Acheron. 
 
 1139. irpoirvpyoLl Either *in front of the walls/ or * in 
 defence of them,' which seems better. 
 
 1142* TO yLti}] qiwminus, as sup. 15, 552. — uairep ovv, *as 
 in fact of. Cho. 88, yj aty drljuLCos, Cjairep ovu dirdoXeTO irarTjp, 
 CTTeix^ ; 
 
 1143. /SaXw] It is certainly harsh to render this *I shall 
 throw myself on the ground,' though the word is clearly in- 
 transitive in 11. XXIII. 462, Xwirovs irepl rip/uLa ^aXojjaas, for 
 KajULTTToijaas. And so piirreLv^ teVai, and IdirTeLv are some- 
 times used, *to fling oneself.' Canter proposed 6eppi.ov ods, 
 which is ingenious ; but how can any one ' soon fling an in- 
 spired ear on the ground' ? 
 
 1144. eirecptjuiLco} is a metrical correction of the editor's 
 for i(f)r)/uLL(T(x). The sense too is much better, ' these new (or 
 further) bodings.' 
 
 1146. ^api/s ipLirlTjfcjv] See on v. 1444. 
 
 1149. Kai fx-qv'] 'well then,' viz. if you are still per- 
 plexed, 'my prophecy shall no longer look darkly from 
 behind a veil, like a newly-wedded bride, but it shall come 
 bright and clear, so as to be likely to reach your inmost 
 minds, like a wind that causes the waves to dash up against 
 the bright eastern sky.' The simile is a fine and an apposite 
 one ; a brisk wind clears the sky, and the dark heaving waves 
 are seen to roll against the light horizon. With iari^eLv 
 compare ^aoj <ppev(ov X^yovaa in v. 1019. 
 
 1153. rovde irrjjuLaTos] * a calamity far greater than this 
 present woe ' refers to the coming murder of herself and the 
 king, which is worse than the captivity. 
 
 1155. avvdpofjLOJs] poetically for eiro/jLcvoL, 
 
NOTES. 
 
 97 
 
 1160. KCofxos] The Athenian custom is alluded to, of a 
 party of revellers going from house to house and refusing to 
 leave (bvairefxirroL) till they have well drunk. To this per- 
 haps fjLoipav ovK evir^ixireKov refers in Eum. 454. 
 
 1163. iv ixipeC] * In turn,' a metaphor, perhaps, from 
 a tragic chorus. The theme of their song is the first family 
 crime (either that of Tantalus, inf. 1445, or the murder of 
 Myrtilus by Pelops, or the slaughter of Thyestes' children) ; 
 and the * bed of a brother hostile to the violator of it ' means 
 the vengeance taken by Atreus in revenge for the seduction 
 of his wife by Thyestes. The whole of this passage is one 
 of singular power and poetic beauty. 
 
 1165. ro^oTTys] Cf. v. 611. 
 
 1166. (fAehbiv] Hesych. 6 aXa^oov^ evrjdrjs. ' A lying 
 impostor (babbler) that knocks at every door.' She feels 
 keenly the incredulity shown to her predictions, inf. 1183, 
 and in the feeling it her punishment consisted. 
 
 1167. €K^apTvp€Lv is a technical word, equivalent to 
 our 'putting in an affidavit,' and making a declaration in 
 writing or otherwise where a witness cannot give his evi- 
 dence in person. So in Eum. 439, the garments produced 
 are said eKfxapTvpija-aL Xovrpwv <p6vov. Here the meaning is 
 'bear witness to me now, by taking an oath beforehand, 
 that it is not by mere hearsay (but by prophetic prescience) 
 
 that I know all about the ancient crimes of the family. '^ 
 
 The chorus, still perplexed at her words, ask what is the 
 use of an oat\ — how will that mend matters ? 
 
 1174. yuwf Kal /C.T.X.] The question may have been 
 suggested by the ambiguous words diroWoiv e^os, v. 1048. 
 
 1176. appvpeTaC] * feels delicacy ;' cf. 892. 
 
 1177. iraXaLffTT^s] 'a lover.' So Theocr. vi. 125, eh 
 5' eirl rdade, ^eptare, MoXaju dyxoLTo TraKaLcrrpas. — irvioov, 
 a change of metaphor, from the favouring gales of 
 love. 
 
 1178. vofiLji] 'in lawful union,' or rather, 'as is the 
 custom in regular marriage.' The Athenian wife was held 
 rod 7ratdoTroL€L<T6aL xctpiz/, to bear legitimate children, as 
 distinct from the concubine. Some here read ojulov. 
 
 1182. Wieseler conjectures -^aea—Korop, 'Were you 
 made acquainted with his anger against you ?' The MSS. 
 give rjada — kotcxj. Canter proposed dparos for duaKro^, 'how 
 were you unharmed by his anger ?' With the next verse, 
 on which the whole of Cassandra's preceding complaints 
 are made to turn, compare Virg. Aen. ii. 246, 'Tunc 
 etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futuris Ora, dei jussu non 
 unquam credita Teucris.' 
 
 1185. The prophetic inspiration comes still more 
 strongly over Cassandra, as the Greeks believed was com- 
 monly the case shortly before death. She now breaks out 
 
 AG. 
 
 7 
 
98 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 into impassioned exclamations— 5^66 there, the ghosts of 
 the murdered children / &c. 
 
 1190. Construe ujairepel TratSes, 'forms like children, 
 slain by their own kin.' 
 
 1192. cnrXdyxi'ci] the heart and larger organs, together 
 with the entrails. See 966, 1065. 
 
 1194. €K rQude] ' as a consequence of this.' Cf. v. 
 850, 1581. ^ . , 
 
 1199. ij.iar)rr)s, SO accented, is said to mean lewd. 
 MSS. fiLa-nrvs, ' hateful.' The sense is, * Little knows that 
 great admiral of the fleet and conqueror of Troy what 
 mischief this woman, like some lurking demon of evil, 
 will work for her own ends after aU her fine speeches. 
 Sup. 889, fJLaKpav yap e^ereivas.—Tev^eraL, perhaps from 
 rei^xw rather than from Tvyx^^vu- 717, 'eoiKev avrjp 
 
 6 ^€Pos r€vx€LP (f. rev^eLv) KaKOV. j^^esych. rev^ofievr)' ttolt]- 
 crovaa. Id. rev^bixeda' rvx^i^^v. Sup. 168, rei^^rai 4>P^v^v 
 rb irdv. This also gives a good sense here, ' what ends she 
 will attain/ or what is the real object of her speech, o?a 
 X^^acra oU (olW) re^^erau These ends were, revenge for 
 the loss of her daughter and the secure possession ot a 
 lover in Aegisthus. -i :i - xi 
 
 1204. llKijWav] As this monster was described m the 
 Arqonautica as well as in the Odysseij (see ApoU. ^hod. 
 IV. 923), there is no proof that Aeschylus here follows 
 
 T2OT. iirc^XoU^aTo] See sup. 28, 570, 578. The queen 
 is supposed to have just raised an exulting sacrificial cry 
 over the fall of her victim, which is now about to take 
 place. So €ho. 378, ecpvfivriaai yhonb /xoi irvpS. irevKdevO 
 oXoXvyabu dvdpbs OeLUO/uLivov yvvaiKos r oXXvfievas. 
 
 1210. op^oLou] See sup. 244, inf. 1374. The sense 
 is, "tis aU one now,' i.e. I care not whether you believe 
 me or not, for the end will come none the less. 
 
 1215. i^rjKaapi^pa] Not represented in mere likeness, 
 but according to the actual facts,— not in metaphors, as 
 before, but in very truth. . xi, ^ xi, t 
 
 1218. €V(pr}p.ou] Even now, when the death ot the king 
 is plainly declared, the still incredulous chorus only ex- 
 claim, 'Hush! don't say that.' To which Cassandra re- 
 plies in effect, ' Silence will not mend the matter. Lit. 
 'the 'healing god has no skill in this prediction/ to alter 
 or avert it. Cf. v. 1169. 
 
 1220. ITU (for TTws) seems a necessary correction, may 
 it not happen yet,' '• may it be long before that happens.' 
 
 1223. irapeaKbTrris or -eis seems corrupt. In the sense 
 of 'to see wrongly,' 'misunderstand,' this verb could 
 hardly govern a genitive. Hartung proposed TrapeKOTrr]^, 
 'you missed.' Cf. <ppei^Qp KCKoppivos, sup. 463. With this 
 
NOTES. 
 
 99 
 
 reading dpaicov will be necessary, ' the curse denounced in 
 my prophecy. ' See v. 1369. 
 
 1226. rd irvdoKpavTo] ' The oracles too are given in 
 Greek' (lit. know the Greek tongue), * and yet they are 
 hard to understand.' 
 
 1232. €vdr]a€Lv\ ' She boasts (openly avows) that she 
 will make one ingredient of her wrath the penalty for me.' 
 In requiting him for the sacrifice of her daughter, she 
 will not forget that vengeance is also due for my being 
 brought here. This is called evv7)s irapo\p{hvy}fxa in v. 1420, 
 *an additional pleasure from my union with him.' See 
 vv. 17, 386. The MSS. have evdijcreL, which was altered 
 by Hermann from the asyndeton in the following verse, 
 where others read KairevxeraL. — dy^yovcra, ' while she whets 
 a sword to repay him with murder for the bringing of 
 me.' 
 
 1237. <jh yueV] She here tears off and flings on the 
 ground — perhaps tramples on — some article of her pro- 
 phetic attire, the chaplet or the staff. The Cassandra of 
 Euripides (Tro. 451) seems founded on this passage, w 
 (TTi(p7j rod (piXTCLTov fxoL dsQp, dydXjJLaT evta, — lt air' ifiov 
 X/owros crwapay/xoLS. 
 
 1238. The MSS. reading dyaOu) 5' d/xeLi/zo/jiaL cannot be 
 corrected with certainty. But if Cassandra said dy wde, 
 * take me as I am,' or ' lead me this way,' addressed to some 
 real or imaginary bystander, the correction dyed' &8' would 
 account for the corruption. Most editors read eyed 5' d/j! 
 €\pofj,aL, which gives a simple and easy sense, and for 
 that reason was not at all likely to have been so strangely 
 corrupted. 
 
 1239. drrju] She calls herself a victim of evil, as 
 Antigone and Ismene are called by Creon 5v dra, ' two 
 pests,' in Antig. 533. But others read aTTjs or dVats. A 
 probable correction is dXkrjv tlv\ d\Xr]u dvr eixod, which 
 has a most appropriate emphasis. 
 
 1241. €iroirT€v<jas] ' After seeing me, even when clad 
 in this very garb, laughed to scorn with my family and 
 friends by my enemies with one consent,' i.e. without a 
 single voice being raised in my defence. The passage has 
 been altered in various ways, but without much improve- 
 ment to the sense. 
 
 1246. /cat vvvl 'And now, as ye see,' &c. Cf. v. 8. — 
 eKirpd^as, perhaps for oXeo-as, * having brought ruin on 
 me, though possessed of his own art' (sup. 1180). So 
 the verb is used in Oed. Col, 1658, Hec. 515, 'to finish' 
 or ' do for ' a person. Others render ' having unmade,' 
 Prof. Kennedy 'after making me a seer.' The position 
 of e/xe seems emphatic, 'the prophet who taught me too 
 to prophesy, and then caused my death.' Cf. 891, 905. 
 
 7-2 
 
100 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 1248. eiri^rivovl a board or block to cut meat upon 
 [^alveLv). Ar. Acli. 317, virkp ein^rjuov deX-rjacj t7]v K€(pa\7}V 
 ^X(^u Xiyeiu. — Koireia-qs, SC. c/xoO. Others read Ko-rrejaav or 
 KOTr€LO-ri.—irp6<T4)ayfia is a sacrificial term, implying the 
 cutting of the throat in order to let the warm blood fall 
 on the altar before dismembering the victim. Eur. HeL 
 1255, irpoacfyd^eTai fxeu alfxa irpQra veprepoLS. Hence ^e/),a$ 
 means ' life-blood,' and is not an otiose epithet. In Alcest. 
 845, irLvovra tv/jl^ov ttXtjo-Lov Trpo(7<pay/xdrojVf the meaning 
 clearly is ' fresh blood.' 
 
 1254. epLyKibcrojv] 'to put the finishing stone to the 
 fabric of these family woes.' So Eur. Here, F. 1280, dQf^a 
 OpLyKCoaaL KaKots. 
 
 1255. This verse, occurring in the MSS. after 1261, 
 was restored to this place by Hermann. Probably it had 
 been omitted, and was added in the margin of some 
 ancient text. 
 
 1257. KOiTOLKos, *at the house,' i.e. without entering 
 in (inf. 1284), is somewhat harsh, and KdrotKTos 'with 
 sighs and tears,' is Weil's probable correction. Cf. ^tolktov 
 inf. 1592. 
 
 1259. For eXxov a probable reading (Musgrave's) is 
 elXov, * the victors come off thus by the verdict of heaven.' 
 See sup. 786. ^. , 
 
 1261. irpd^o)] sc. djs 'eirpa^ev i} 7r6\is (1259). Similarly, 
 eirpa^av ws '^Kpavev, sup. 360. A hkely correction is ioma 
 Kdyui (Dindorf), to which irpd^u) may have been written 
 as a gloss. 
 
 1262. 'ix^ irpoaevveTreLv seems the most probable cor- 
 rection for ras \eyu3 irpoaevveTruj. Porson acutely proposed 
 rcto-S' e7cb, by the slight change of A to A, but eyw is 
 hardly used unless there is emphasis on the pronoun, and 
 ^X^ and \^yo} are occasionally interchanged in MSS. Cf. 
 Ajax 1381, cLpLdT' 'Odvo-aeO, iravr' a eiraLveaaL. 
 
 1265. (Tv/jLl3d\cx}] See v. 15. 
 
 1268. derjXdrov] An omen was derived from a victim 
 going quietly to the altar, as if submitting to a law of fate. 
 
 1271. Trpeo-jSeiyerat] 'Is put first (has the advantage) 
 in point of time,' viz. as having somewhat longer to live. 
 There is a play on 'first' and 'last,' as sup. 305, j/t/cf 5' 
 6 TTpcDros Kal reXevTOLos dpafuvv. It was a sort of maxim 
 that there was 'gain in dying last.' Hence Soph. El 
 1485, TL yap ^poruj^ dV ^i)u KaKOcs /uLefiLyfMei^oou 6v7](tk€lv 6 
 fiiXXtou rod x/><^^ou Kipdos (pepoL ; Orest. 789, ry x/^o^V 
 K€p8aueLS. 
 
 1274. ovdels dKO}j€L k,t,X.] *A poor consolation this, 
 to be caUed patient/ Such words are addressed only to 
 the miserable.' The chorus then offers the further con- 
 solation that to die with credit, and not as a criminal, 
 
NOTES, 101 
 
 is some satisfaction. Or e^/cXecDs may mean, * with credit 
 for courage in facing death.' 
 
 1278. 0eO] Our ' faugh!' an expression of horror and 
 disgust. Cf. sup. 1039—41. 
 
 1281. /cat TTiDs;] 'Surely not! The smell here is ot 
 sacrifices at the altar.' Usually 6fet is personal, and takes 
 a genitive with a neuter adjective, as ^5i> '6^eLv rcvos. But it 
 is used also impersonally with a double genitive, as 5^et 
 XiTOJvos fjLvpov. For /cat irQs see sup. 271, 532. 
 
 1287. Hesych. dvaoL^eLV (po^eladaL, viroTrre^eLu, and 
 dv(TOLtei' duffx^pe?, virovoei. Cf. Bhes. 805, ^^9756?/ buaoi^' ov 
 TToXefiLovs dpaaac rdde, i.e. dXXoL ^tXous. The simile here is 
 from a bird that fears a 'limed bush.' "Tis not without 
 cause that I suspect this house as a bird does a bush.'— 
 fiaprvpecre, see sup. 1155, 1167. The death of Clytemnestra 
 and Aegisthus by the avenging hand of Orestes, iroivdroip 
 ircLTpbs sup. 1252, is here predicted. The doctrine of irX-nyrju 
 dvri TrXrjyijs riveiv {Cho. 304) is carried out even to the equi- 
 valence of the sexes. 
 
 1291. Hesych. ein^evovaOaL' fxaprijpeadaL. In Suppl. 
 904, ov yap ^evovfxaL rovs deCbv avXrjropas, the sense is ' I do 
 not reckon as friends.' In Cho, 693, Kare^ev^fievov means 
 'entertained as a friend.' Like TroXe/^tDo-at and olK€Lu}(raL, 
 the primary idea was 'to make a guest friend/ and thence 
 came the idea of support in a civil cause. 
 
 1293. ov Oprjvov, for tj dprjvov, is Hermann's correction. 
 She has words yet to say, but not in lamentation for her 
 own fate. Compare Suppl. 108, ^(haa yoois fie rLfxQ. ^ The 
 passage following seems in some way corrupt, but it is not 
 easy to restore it. 'I offer my prayer to the sun against 
 my hated murderers, that they may both together pay to 
 my avengers the debt they owe for the death of a poor 
 slave, an easy victim.' The simplest correction would be 
 (Povevai rolah' ifiov riveiv dU-qv. When efxov had been cor- 
 rupted to bpLov, the words rots e^tots came in as a gloss or a 
 various reading, and bUyiv was omitted on account of the 
 metre. ^^ 
 
 1299. The MSS. give o-zctct rts avrpexpeiev. Photius has 
 Trp^xpac ' TO ofJLOLQcraL- AlffxvXos. Hence Prof. Conington 
 restored the dative, ' one may liken them to the outline of 
 a picture,' viz. because they are easily changed, 'while they 
 may be entirely wiped out, if unfortunate,' i.e. by death, as 
 a cartoon is expunged by a wet sponge. The technical 
 terms were (TKLaypa4)eLV and e^aXeicpeLv. Cf. Eur. Hel. 262, 
 etd' e^aXeL4>del(j\ cos dyaXp.', addts ttoXlv aiax^ov eUos avH tov 
 KaXov XdpoLV, 
 
 1301. raura] The context shows that the former fate 
 is meant, viz. the change from prosperity to adversity, 
 which is worse than death itself. The chorus enlarge on 
 
102 
 
 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 the sentiment, and say that men never know when they 
 have prosperity enough. Cf. sup. 972, Cho. 50, to 5' evrv- 
 Xe??/, t65' €v ^poTots Oebs re Kal 6eov irXeop, Here Wealth is 
 personified, and regarded as a visitor whom no one is dis- 
 posed to exclude from his mansion. 
 
 1311. eTTi/cpatVei] If so great and prosperous a king as 
 Agamemnon by his death is accomplishing the penalty of 
 other murders for those already slain, surely no one, being 
 a mortal, can say that he was born with a fate exempt 
 from all harm. — pporbs oju for ^poTwv is Bothe's correction. 
 
 1314. The voice of Agamemnon is suddenly heard, 
 calHng for aid within the palace. The chorus of twelve 
 elders are yet deliberating what is best to be done (a device 
 necessary to the plot, as giving space to complete the deed), 
 when Clytemnestra comes forth, carrying the blood-stained 
 axe, and justifying her conduct in a very grand and power- 
 ful but very vindictive address. 
 
 ih. 'iffuj] * In my inmost flesh,' * deep in my body.' So 
 sup. 1019, ^(T03 (ppepcop Xeyovaa, Usually, but not always, 
 the idea of motion attaches to this word. — Kaipiau, see on 
 V. 760. 
 
 1318. a dV TTws] There is an unusual ellipse of y. 
 
 1320. ^07]p] properly a cry for aid, here means 'help,' 
 ' rescue,' po-qdeiav. 
 
 1322. eXeyx^iv] *To charge them with the deed (when 
 caught) with the newly-stained (fresh-dripping) sword.' 
 
 1324. TO fxri\ i.e. ojVre firi. See v. 552. *It is the 
 critical moment, so that we must not delay.' Soph. El. 22, 
 ovK€T oKueiv Kaipdsj a\X' ^pywv aKjjLT}. 
 
 1326. irpdaaovres] A short way of expressing, * as 
 persons acting in a way that shows signs of a tyranny,' i.e. 
 of seizing the government for themselves. 
 
 1327. rrfs fieXKovs for pieWovarjs was recovered by 
 Hermann from the grammarian Trypho. 'The credit of 
 delay,' or 'the having it said that there was delay,' in the 
 action is spurned by the agents: cf. Cho. 630, Xa| ir^doL 
 irarovixevov. 
 
 1330. Treyoi] An ellipse of roG bpwfxhov must be sup- 
 plied. 
 
 1331. ToiovTos] viz. rrjv yj/cvpirjUj * like-minded.' Cho. 
 472, Kciyo), irdrep, roLcide. Eur. HeracL 266 and Orest. 1680, 
 Kciyo) roiovros. 
 
 1341. TrXrjOvi/ofjLaL] lit. 'I am in a majority,' i.e. my 
 mind inclines that way from every consideration, ' to know 
 certainly that the son of Atreus is as he is, ' dead or alive, 
 Kvpovvra 6irm Kvpet. See v. 842. 
 
 1346. apKuararov seems here used as an adjective, 
 though Trrjfxoi'rjs dpKvaraTou may be the true reading. For 
 the omission of dv see v. 535. — u^os, *to a height too high 
 
NOTES. 
 
 103 
 
 to leap out of,' like an animal canght in a stake-net. Cf. 
 sup. 850, 796. 
 
 1349. VLK7]S, if the true reading, must refer to Agamem- 
 non's gaining liis point in sacrificing Iphigenia, though we 
 have no account of a contest about it, beyond the dialogue 
 in Iph. Aul. 1100 — 1275, in which Agamemnon gets his own 
 way against the strong opposition and earnest pleading of 
 his wife. Heath proposed velK7]S, ' strife,' which is a rare 
 word, but has some authority. The sense is, 'this struggle 
 between us, though it has been long in coming to an issue, 
 has long had in view an old defeat.' Cf. Eur. EU 754, ^aa- 
 Kpav yap epirei yrjpvs, €/u<paP7js ye fxrju. 
 
 1353. djuL<pL^X7)(TTpov] Sup. 1085, aW dpKvs i] ^vvevvo'S. 
 The planting of a stake-net so as to surround wild animals 
 in a wood is alluded to. 
 
 1359. bpixaiveC] It is hard to render this word, which 
 expresses the workings of an angry and indignant soul ; 
 'he gasps out his life' is but an approximate version. Com- 
 pare II. XVI. 490, ws VTTo UarpoKXip Avdccif dybs do-n-Lo-rdcxJP 
 
 KT€lv6fJL€V0S fl€V^aLV€. 
 
 1363. The corn-crop, (TiropTjTos, before it has come into 
 ear, is said to be 'in the hiding-place of the sheath.' This 
 very splendid passage was happily restored by Porson, for 
 Aios POTcp ydv ei airoprjTds. 
 
 1365. xai'/ooir' dV] So sup. 1016, irddoC dv el ireLOoLO. 
 
 1366. ei 7}v /c.r.X.] 'Had it but been possible with any 
 decency to pour a libation on a corpse, that would have 
 justly been done to him, nay, more than justly: so many 
 are the evils in the house of which he has filled a bowl to 
 the brim, a curse to himself, and now drains it on his 
 return.' The particular custom alluded to is obscure ; liba- 
 tions were tasted before they were poured out, but here it is 
 said that Agamemnon drained the bowl dry, and so none 
 was left for a libation over his corpse. — dpaloov may, as its 
 place in the verse suggests, be a separate genitive after 
 7rXrj(Tas, but in either case it must mean 'fatal to him- 
 self.' 
 
 1372. ireLpdade] 'You are trying me,' viz. to make me 
 disown the deed ; ' but I glory in it.' 
 
 1380. ira(Taixeva\ 'having tasted' (waTeofjiaL). The 
 chorus supposes such a deed followed by such a speech 
 could only have proceeded from one distraught by having 
 swallowed baneful drugs. 'What poisonous plant had you 
 eaten, or what potion coming from the flowing sea had you 
 drunk, when you laid on your own head this incense for 
 immolation, and ceased to regard (were reckless about) a 
 people's curse?' So Clytemnestra is called 6v/jLa XevcLfxov, 
 sup. 1087; see also v. 1594. We may however construe 
 dpds with eiredov, and make rbu dpdpa the subject both to 
 
104 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 dirediKes and dir^Ta/jLes. And this is rather supported by 
 drjfjLodpovs ^x^'-^ ^P^^ below. 
 
 1388. fjLopov] She should have said Trjs 7rat56s, but 
 substitutes ^dvaev avrov iraida. 
 
 1395. Whether the genitive absolute be read, or the 
 dative after direCKetv, the participle here means 'I have 
 made up my mind that you shall rule me only when you 
 have conquered me by open force.' Madvig would read 
 irapecFKevadfievov, 'I tell you to threaten me if you are pre- 
 pared (determined) to get me in your power.' 
 
 1398. 6\j/€ yovv'\ The maxim ' never too late to learn' 
 is alluded to. Cf. v. 567. 
 
 1400. wairep odp] See sup. 1142. 'You utter haughty 
 words, as indeed your mind is maddened by your being a 
 murderess.' As the Eomans used /erooj, ' high-spirited and 
 fiercely defiant,' so irepicppiav has in some measure the sense 
 of irepLo-aa^ 'above the thoughts of ordinary mortals.' — 
 XtTTos, 'that a blood-spot yet unavenged is conspicuous on 
 your brow.' This was her boast; cf. sup. 1361. 
 
 1406. defjLLu] This declaration under an oath; lit. 'this 
 prophetic utterance.' What she does say is this: 'I swear 
 by the satisfaction I have now taken for my child, and by 
 the demon powers of destruction and revenge, that I fear 
 no retribution for the slaughter so long as Aegisthus stands 
 by me to uphold me in my bold avowal' (dpdaovs). This is 
 obscurely expressed, 'I have no expectation of fear that it 
 will set foot in my house.' For (f)6^ov we might read cpovou, 
 'I have no fear that a (pove^s (Orestes) will set foot in my 
 halls.' 
 
 1414. 'Kpvayf'c^wv] The concubinage with the daughter 
 of Chryses had been described in the poem of the Cypria 
 (Proclus, p. 236, ed. Westphal). 
 
 1417. The MSS. have vavriXwv and l(TTorpL^T]s, which is 
 not destitute of meaning, but it is more likely the poet 
 meant, ' sharing the ship's benches with the common sailors.' 
 So Juvenal, vi. 101, ' haec inter nautas et prandet et errat 
 Per puppim, et duros gaudet tractare rudentes.' 
 
 1418. iirpa^dTrjv] 'they fared as they deserved.' See 
 sup. 360. Orest. 538, dvydrrjp 5* ejurj davova'' ^irpa^ev hdiKa. 
 With ovTcos in the next verse supply '^irpa^ev. Cf. v. 675, 
 where ^irXevcrap is suppressed after ^irXeva-e. 
 
 1421. (piX-ijTojp] 'Dear to his heart.* Spite and jea- 
 lousy are combined in the use of the epithet. She adds, 
 ' and to me she has brought an additional pleasure to my 
 queenly estate /rom her union with him,^ viz. because I have 
 triumphed over a rival. See on 1252. But the meaning of 
 this verse is obscure. We may construe xXtS^j (or xXiSats) 
 rijs ifjLTjs evvrjs, ' to the high estate of my marriage ' as the 
 wedded queen of Aegisthus. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 105 
 
 1423. The chorus, shocked at the avowals they have 
 heard, and unwilling to live under the thraldom of tyrants 
 (sup. 1333), long for a speedy but painless death. The ex- 
 pressions of affection for Agamemnon are repeated in Cho. 
 48, 617, and inf. 1468. 
 
 1428. Perhaps tov ttoKKol tKolvtos. The article having 
 dropped out after the preceding tov, was supplied by /cat. 
 
 1433—7. This passage is corrupt beyond the hope of 
 restoration. 
 
 1440. et's 'E\eV?7i/] The queen seems to say that it was 
 by the decrees of fate, and not from the fault of her sister 
 Helen, that the family quarrel was brought to this issue. 
 
 1443. a^i^o-raroj'] * a grief without compare.' The word 
 is rare, but is applied, very appropriately, to the * incom- 
 parable Aeschylus,' in Ar. Nuh. 1367. 
 
 1444. 6s efMTTLTveLs] The metaphor is from a demon 
 leaping down from a height on some devoted head. See 
 V. 1146. Eum. 168, erepou ev Kapq, ijnaarop i/xov Traaerat. 
 — h(f)vioL(TL, poetice for diaaoLs. A similar form is rpt- 
 irdxvLov, 'thrice-gorged.' Cf. Cho. 568, where the third 
 family murder is compared to a third libation. The two 
 Atridae are described as ' descendants of Tantalus,' who 
 was their great-grandfather, in reference to the crime 
 against the gods committed by him. 
 
 1446. lo-oxpvxoi^] The dvbpo^ovKov Keap of Clytemnestra 
 is referred to. Cf. v. 11. 
 
 1450. Perhaps /ca/coz/ has been lost from the end of the 
 verse. ^ The demon, perched like a raven on the body of the 
 slain king, croaks a dismal strain, viz. of vengeance yet to 
 come, at was from him,' says the queen, 'that the passion 
 for blood (lit. ' blood-lapping,' an attribute of the Furies, 
 Eum. 255) is nourished in my inward parts.'— j/eiyo?t, supply 
 yaarpl, as Homer has veLalpji ev yacrrpl iroLyi) /3e\os, II. v. 539. 
 
 1457. OLKOL^ TOLdde] This is in some way corrupt ; Prof. 
 Kennedy reads on conjecture oiKovopLov. — aiveh, 'you speak 
 of,' sup. 98. The cognate aXvov means 'with a mention 
 of a calamitous fortune that allows the family no rest.' Cf. 
 V. 1086. 
 
 1470. It would be better to place only a comma at c/c- 
 TTveoiv, so that Ketaai koltup may have the construction of 
 a cognate accusative. 
 
 1474. avxeLs] ' you presume,' ' you confidently affirm.' 
 See sup. 489. — iirtXexdris, eTrL^paadrjs, * don't think that I am 
 Agamemnon's wife ; I tell you, it was the angry old demon- 
 spu-it of Atreus, likening himself to the wife of this dead 
 man, that gave him in payment of a debt, by sacrificing a 
 full-grown victim over tender infants' (the children of 
 Thyestes). Cf. Ijph, AuL 1169, /ca/c^s yvvaLKo^ pnadou 
 
 (TOLL T^KVa, 
 
106 
 
 AGAMEMNON, 
 
 1482. The chorus will not hold her altogether guiltless 
 of the murder, but they allow that she may have been aided 
 in it by the demon that haunts the family from its ances- 
 tral crimes. — ttw, said by Hesychius to be Doric (perhaps 
 Syracusan) for irov. It occurs in iriofxaXa, 'by no means.' 
 
 1488. ottol] ' The gloomy war-god is forced onwards 
 (in his career of destruction) by fresh floods of kindred 
 blood, to a pitch of horrors on reaching which he will let 
 satisfaction be paid for the congealed gore of the devoured 
 infants.' Lat. quo postquam ventum est, &c. Cf. Eur. El. 
 402, tacos yap dv juloXls irpo^aivova rj rvxv o-ratr] koXus, 
 
 1503 — 4. These verses seem but slightly corrupt, yet it 
 is not easy to restore them. The MSS. have avd^ia dpaaas, 
 which may have been a gloss on ^KdiKa or dje^Tj bpdaas. 
 
 1507. direp rjp^ev] ' what he set the example of.' 
 
 1508. creprideLs] 'Being destitute of any ready expe- 
 dient of thought.' 
 
 1512. \paKds\ The mer^ dropping ceases, and blood nov/ 
 comes as in a shower. So da-raKri \ei§iav baKpvov, Oed. Col, 
 1251. 
 
 1513. er}ydveL\ 'Destiny is whetting Justice for another 
 deed (business) of blood, on a new whetstone of harm. ' So 
 Justice is said to forge a sword, Cho. 635. Compare veaKo- 
 vrjTov alfjLa, Soph. El. 1394. 
 
 1516. irplv eindeLp] ' Or ever I had lived to see.' 
 
 1527. 7rovrj(TeL\ ' Will be afflicted in sincerity of heart ?' 
 For a like sentiment see sup. 761 seqq. 
 
 1530. The MSS. have KaTnreae KarSave, but both con- 
 text and metre seem to require ijixels. 
 
 1537. r}K€L rode, like the phrase tout' eKetvo, seems to 
 mean, 'here we have the application of the saw, reproach 
 for reproach, plunder for plunder, murder for murder J The 
 saying may be hard to interpret, but it is intended to fit 
 Clytemnestra. Cf. Cho. 301, dvrl fih ix^pds yXdocrirrjs ix^P^ 
 yXcoo-aa reXeiaOo:. The passage is variously understood, but 
 the above gives by far the best and simplest explanation. 
 It is intimated, that so long as the law of Eetribution lasts 
 (and last it will as long as Time itself), Clytemnestra must 
 expect vengeance to overtake her. 
 
 1541. d^ffixLov ydpl Tor 'tis a fixed law.' Cf. Suppl. 
 688, TpLTOV rob' ev deafiioLS Ai'/cas yiy pairrai ixeyLaToriiiov. 
 
 1542. yxivav dpalov'] * an accursed brood,' viz. of mur- 
 ders begetting murders. Cf. sup. 738 seqq. 
 
 1545. xP^<^/^^'^] The declaration of vengeance following 
 crime is so called, because it is accepted as a divine truth. 
 But, be that as it may, she says (sup. 34), she is willing to 
 enter into a compact with the demon of the family, that 
 iihQ shall bear the reproaches and all the possible conse- 
 quences of the murder, and he on his part shall leave off 
 
NOTES. 
 
 107 
 
 haunting this house, and go off to some other. She con- 
 cludes, that she can bear to live in poverty, if she succeeds 
 in removing from the house this fatal mania for mutual 
 murders. 
 
 1555. Aegisthus comes on the stage, and in an exulting 
 tone boasts of the just retribution he has exacted from one 
 whose father had deeply wronged him, and avows his deter- 
 mination to rule as a tyrant by force of hand and the 
 influence of wealth. From this point of view, the character 
 is held up as odious to the liberty-loving Athenian. Prof. 
 Kennedy dismisses his character in the play as ' merely a 
 contemptible and loathsome coward, gloating over the suc- 
 cess of his stealthy vengeance ' (Introd. p. xiv). 
 
 1556. Construe Tjhr) with cf)al'qv, vvv with cTroirTe{jeLv. 
 1562. <hs Topws (ppdaai] To give a full and clear account 
 
 of the story.— d/x(pi\€Kr OS tou, d/xcpLKoyoov, disputing about the 
 sovereignty, lit. 'being called in question (by Thvestes, who 
 had seduced his wife) in respect of the chief power. ' 
 
 1567. TO fxri] See v. 15.— avroD, 'there on the spot.' 
 Cf. 439, 1356. ^ 
 
 1573. ^KpvTTTe seems a necessary correction for ^epvirre, 
 'he minced,' comminuit. For the same story with slight 
 varieties is told of Astyages and Harpagus in Herod, i. 119, 
 where the point turns on the fingers and toes being covered 
 up and reserved to show to the horrified father who had 
 eaten the flesh of his own children. By avbpaKas Kad-^p.evos 
 we can only understand that Atreus sat apart from the 
 rest at the head of the table, and dviadev means that /row 
 that position he superintended and carried out the plan for 
 punishing his^ brother. Cf. Siippl. 95, avrbdev e^^irpa^ev 
 ^/XTras ebpdvw i(p' dyvCov. 
 
 1574. dcTT^fj.a avT(bv\ Portions of them which, being 
 cooked, were undistinguishable. 
 
 1576. eiTLyvovs] * Finding out too late the unhallowed 
 deed he uttered a groan and fell back vomiting from the 
 slaughter (slain limbs) of his children.' Cf. Antig. 960, ku- 
 vos eireyvio jxaviaLS -if/ajjcop rbv Qeov. 
 
 1579. Whether we retain dpq,, * with a curse,' or read 
 dphv, 'making the act of overturning the table at the same 
 time a righteous curse,' (viz. typical of the total subversion 
 and destruction of the house,) the general sense is the 
 same, viz. that retribution has overtaken Agamemnon 
 through the crimes of his father Atreus, and the ban 
 thereby brought upon the family. According to one ac- 
 count, Agamemnon was really the son of Pleisthenes 
 Atreus being only his putative father. 
 
 1581. €K rQvbe] 'for these reasons.' See v. 850. 
 
 1583. The words rpLrov iirl 5e/ca, 'the thirteenth child ' 
 are thought by some to be corrupt ; but we have not a full 
 
im 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 knowledge of the ancient legend, and there may have been 
 some mystical allusion in the number. Thus the child of 
 Harpagus was thirteen years old when killed and eaten by 
 his father, and the same number of his daughter's suitors 
 was said to have been slain by Oenomaus, Find. 01. i. 13. 
 For the use of eTrt, * besides,' cf. Iph. Aul. 1164, tIktoj V 
 iirt rpial irapdhoLai iraiba, aoi rovd*. 
 
 1586. dvpacos] He seems to mean, 'without having 
 directly had a hand in the matter.' See inf. 1622. It may be 
 that, as in Cho. 823, Aegisthus is supposed to have been 
 absent, and to have returned just at the present time. He 
 says, inf. 1615, that he was suspected, and perhaps he 
 thought it wiser to keep away. But he avows his share 
 in the plot ; and the chorus even charge him with being the 
 sole author of it (1592), and e/cco^/, deliberately and inten- 
 tionally. 
 
 1595. Aegisthus, bearded by the old men, and threat- 
 ened with the vengeance of the citizens, plays the bully, 
 and declares that he is and will be their master. He takes 
 a metaphor from the rowers in a trireme, where those of 
 the lowest bench, the daXa/xiTaL, are subordinate to those 
 above. But the steersman, who stood on the raised poop, 
 seems to be meant by ot e^rt ^vyQ. Compare Phoen. 74, 
 eTret 6' iirl ^vyots Kadeler dpxv^, and Ion 595, els rb irpQTOv 
 TToXeos op/jLTjdeis t^ybv. Sup. 176, ceXixa aefivop i]ii€vojv. 
 
 V 1598. elprjfxevov] an accusative absolute, 'when he has 
 been told to be discreet.' Thuc. v. 30, elpt^^ievov Kvpiov elvai 
 OTL av rb ttXtjOos rCov ^vixixax^v yprjcfyid-nTaL. — /cat rb yrjpcts, 
 'even old age (though slow to learn) is taught by imprison- 
 ment and the pangs of hunger.' 
 
 1602. iraiaas is quoted by the Schol. on Find. Fyth. 
 II. fin., the MSS. here giving Tr^as. The metaphor is from 
 an animal that kicks back and strikes against the goad, 
 and so gets worse wounded. 
 
 1603. roi)s riKovras the MSS., rouS' 7}Kovros Hermann. 
 The chorus now turns to the queen, and asks how she 
 could have committed such a crime (1) against a hero just 
 returned from the war, (2) against a husband to whom she 
 was bound to be faithful, (3) against a general of the 
 Grecian host. The argument is similarly pursued in Eum. 
 434, 595 seqq. 
 
 1610. d'^ei seems to be the middle future, tiU ductu- 
 rus es, *you think to lead us as you please, after you have 
 roused us by your silly barking.' But some take it pas- 
 sively, * Orpheus led, but you shall be led,' viz. to the 
 prison threatened at v. 599. Compare inf. 1650. 
 
 1612. ou5' iTTELdT] (MSS. ovk), ' not even when you had 
 planned the murder did you dare to execute it with your 
 own hand.' The negative is repeated, as in Dem. Androt. 
 
NOTES, 
 
 109 
 
 p. 603, €V Tttis oXiyapx^cLLS, ovd' dV w(Xlu 'ir' "Avdporiujvos rives 
 aiaxi-ov pe^LWKores, ovk 'iari Xiyetu KaKQs roi>s dpxovras. 
 Thuc. II. 97, fin., dXX' ou5" ev rfi 'Aaig. 'iOvos h 7r/)6s ^v ovk 
 '^cfTLV 6 TL bvvarbv ^KTudais 6fJioyvo}fiovov(TL iraaiv dvTLarrjvai, 
 
 1616. xPW^TOjp] So Electra says of the dead Aegis- 
 thus, r)ijx€ts TLS elvai Tolai xPVfJ-^^^*- (^Oiviav^ El. 939. 
 
 1618. The usual syntax would he ov fxr] ^ev^co, hut as 
 the negative is meant to apply to aeipacpopov, 'not as a 
 trace-horse,' the particles ov /x??, as inseparable, together 
 occupy this place.— /cpt^cD^'xa, 'barley-fed,' a word formed 
 like Xriixav, cpovdv, ro/xaf, &c., more usually occurring as 
 present participles. The literal meaning is ' to be in barley.' 
 
 1622. o-ui'] The question put is, 'Why, if you are so 
 bold and determined as you say, did you get a woman to 
 assist you?' The same taunt is expressed in Soph. El. 
 802, o avu yvvai^l rds /xa'xas iroLoiJiuLevos, 'who fights all his 
 battles by the aid of women.' 
 
 1627. Kod \^yeiv, 'and not (merely) to talk about it,' is 
 Hermann's correction of /cat "k^yeiu. — yvuaet rdx^, a com- 
 mon formula of threatening. So in CJw. 297, d 8k firjy rax' 
 daerat^ 'he shall soon know who is master.' 
 
 1631. BexofJLeuoLs] *We accept the omen (that you do 
 not refuse to die), and we are willing to take our luck in 
 the contest.' The MSS. have ipoij/jLcda, by a very common 
 confusion of at and e. 
 
 1633. Some construe TroXXa d^arrivov, 'is in many 
 ways a miserable harvest,' and the caesura of the verse is 
 rather in favour of it. But /cat rdde iroXKd {6vTa) also gives 
 a good and appropriate sense. 
 
 1634. fjLTj^ev] for firjdafjLQs, as sup. 1438. But a proba- 
 ble reading is fxriKer. 
 
 1635. o-retxe /cat <jb xol is Hermann's reading for 
 (Treixere 5' ot, and in the next verse '^p^avrer dpKeiv for 
 ^p^avra Kaip'ov. 'What we've done should satisfy,' ^ Prof. 
 Kennedy. Other plausible corrections are areLxeT i^drj 5' 
 (or Tjdr} xot 7.), and Terpwixevoi irplv iradelv. If Treirpojfxe- 
 povs is right, which may be doubted, * appointed homes' 
 must mean those assigned by some overruling destiny. 
 
 1637. If this verse refers, as it seems to do, to irioixovris 
 d'Xts 7' virdpx^L in 1634, we should perhaps read et 5e Kal 
 ix6x0o)v, K.T.X., 'if a sufficiency of these troubles (opposition 
 from the citizens) is also likely ever to come, we will rest 
 content with it (viz. we will not challenge more) now that 
 we have received a stroke from the heavy spur of the 
 family demon.' The figure is probably taken from cock- 
 fighting, to which there is a plain allusion in Eum. 828. 
 
 1640. dXXd K.T.X.] The infinitive of exclamation (sup. 
 466), 'To think that these men should thus cull the flowers 
 of vain speech against me ! ' 
 
110 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 1642. The words ff vppiaaL are wanting in the MSS. , and 
 supphed on Blomfield's conjecture. 
 
 1648. fxuplas] The folly of the chorus' complaints is 
 insisted on; cf. 1609, 1640, 1650. Clytemnestra leads 
 Aegisthus into the palace from the stage, irritated as he is 
 by the last taunt, and perhaps making some demonstra- 
 tion of revenge. Most tragedies end with a sententious 
 remark from the chorus, and this is the case in the Oedipus 
 Bex, where the concluding lines are, as here, trochaic. 
 The chorus however have here ' said their say,' and we 
 can hardly conceive a better ending to the tragedy than 
 that the king and queen should retire together masters of 
 the position, and leaving the chorus to carry out their 
 threats in their own way. 
 
 OAMBRIDGE: printed by C. J. clay, M.A. & SOKS, AT THE DNIVEKSITY PRESS. 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 41 — 4. Read (omitting with Boissonade 42) : 
 jjiiyas dpridiKos 
 diOpovop Aiodeu /cat dicrKrjTrrpop 
 TLiuLOLS oxvpov ^evyos 'ArpeLddu, 
 
 60. ijiraroL Xexewz/ can no more mean * above their 
 nests' than could summi nidorum. Omit these words, pro- 
 bably made up from a gloss virkp tQu Xex^w?/, and perhaps 
 from a misunderstanding of {^Traros x^pas Zei>s, 492. 
 
 70. There can be little doubt that dwijpuj/ iepQp refers 
 to some incident in the Cypria^ which is not elsewhere re- 
 corded. See Pind. 01. vii. 48. 
 
 104. 6'5toj/ repas, Margoliouth. 
 
 138. Perhaps, dirdXacs dpScroLac Xe7rro?s, *the tender tiny 
 young.' Mr Margoliouth proposes airaXd, ipsa tenera virgo, 
 and epTTCL for repirvd, 141. From Pollux, v. 15, ret irdv- 
 Toov tCov dypiojp reKva o^ptKLa ol TroLrjral kolKovctl koI Sppias, it 
 seems we should read drjpCov o^plklolcfl, 
 
 167. k\U^v, a. W. Verrall. 
 
 228. Place a full stop at olkols, as ending the anti- 
 strophe, and read 
 
 ^iq. xaXtz'WZ' 5' dvaTj^Lp fievei 
 KpoKov /3a0ots es iredov x^^^^^i " 
 ' with an effort that was voiceless from the constraint on her 
 mouth.' 
 
 326. Perhaps, vaiovcrip rjdT]' rCov 5' viraidpioju /c.r.X. with 
 <hs evdaifjiopeSf ' and rid at last of cold and wet they will sleep 
 as soundly as the wealthy in their palaces.' 
 
 340. JJ.7] dLxoppoircos] * without counterbalance of evil; 
 for I had rather have eo-OXd that I can enjoy than iaOXd that 
 are many.' (So the Schol.) 
 
 357. This passage has been mutilated. Perhaps, cr/o}- 
 ^p€L€ iredcp \ peXos €k x^pos rjXLdLUjdev {ijXLdLCo(Tav Porson. The 
 verb is transitive in Prom. 1061). 
 
 370, 388. Read wo-r' eTrapK^craL, and in the antistrophe 
 (with Weyrauch ap. Wecklein) rbv rdv^' i7ri<TTpo(pov. 
 
112 
 
 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 461. 5' iT-qrvfAos (with Auratus) ris otdev, d ti Oeiou 
 icTTL fMTj f{!dos, Margoliouth, 'whether a true report, who 
 knows? if it be not indeed a falsehood sent by the god on 
 purpose to deceive us.' 
 
 ^ 588. rjKeiv] 'to arrive with all speed (at the palace),' 
 imphed m h dSfioLs, Prof. Kennedy (p. 167), who calls this 
 "sheer nonsense," reads aVws fidXiar ipda/unop, 'say to the 
 city he has come supremely dear.' 
 
 589. Mr Margoliouth reads evpeiu, which is quite likely 
 to be right, Tn<TTi]p referring to the Queen simply as a care- 
 taker. <Keport that you have yourself been to the palace 
 and found everything safe as he left it sealed up.' She adds, 
 0^5' olda fi4fi\//LV (vulg. ripxpiv, and schol. rjbovfiv). 
 
 599. evirpeirQv \6yo3v, Margoliouth. The sense is, 'such 
 is her address to you, and if you would know the true 
 import of it, learn it by clear interpreters of specious 
 words,' i.e. from us, who know her insincerity. 
 
 639. The syntax seems to be x«A*wf t ^i;v Tixfxp ^d\y re, 
 'by a storm attended with a tornado and a furious sea.' 
 dfxppoKTVTTOL MargoHouth. 
 
 ^ 704. Bead ((yaLbpwirbv, irorl xetpa aaLvovra, 'he oft holds 
 it in his arms, bright-faced as a baby, and fawning on the 
 hand that feeds it.' Mr MargoHouth reads aabopra, but 
 retains (paidpcoTros, 
 
 797. 'Apyetov daKos must mean the Atridae, whose sym- 
 bol was the lion, and the leap over the wall must also (cf. 
 II. V. 161) refer to the lion, and not to the wooden horse. 
 Omit therefore 798 and transpose 799 and 800. 
 
 845. Bead e^rjiJxeL Xa^eiv, 
 
 876. Kead de^ioO, 'greet,' a fine emendation of Mr 
 Margoliouth's. It is addressed to the choragus, as 803. So 
 Soph. El, 976, iiraipoLS be^nbaerau 
 
 904. Kal p.7]v rdd' eke, Karsten (ap. Weckl.) and Margo- 
 liouth. 'Well, but to me (your loving wife) you are bound 
 to make this concession, even against your better judg- 
 ment' (Kal for ^77). etV^ fxrj for fir) eiirris seems indefensible. 
 
 906. eijxov or eu^at, Dr C. B. Scott, ' make such a vow 
 as that in a time of fear, not in a time of triumph.' The dV 
 must be taken with ^pbeLv, not with rjv^o). Compare ^y^/'^w 
 dv<j€Lv, Iph. T, 21. In the next verse it is quite necessary 
 to connect etirep ye. But the meaning and point are still 
 obscure. Dr Kennedy has e^eiTreh, 'Yes: skilled as well as 
 any man to speak this vow.' But ye is in the wrong place, 
 and indeed 'otiose' except in the combination eiirep ye. 
 (Prof. Kennedy merely affirms what I deny, "7e is properly 
 rendered yes, and its right place is after ei'5c6s." p. 198, ed. 2.) 
 
 921. The Schol. must have read o-w/^ara (pdeipeLj/ x^P^^ 
 {(pdelpeij/ rd (nbfxara rQp virb xelpa avrov, and ^deipeLv roiis virb 
 Xet/>a). The old reading, or an ancient variant, seems to 
 
NOTES. 
 
 113 
 
 have been x^P^^ Tpi^ovra wXovtop, 'wearing out the hand- 
 work of the loom.' Cf. 1354, irXovrov ecfxaros kukSp. A gloss 
 on rpL^oPTa, viz. woa-lu, expelled x^P^^* 
 ^ 934. ^ d'Xts 5' virdpxeh Prof. Kennedy. So 1634, iryjfxovrj^ 
 5* oKls y virdpx^L. 
 
 ^ 1078. \6yoLo-L (patdpijvaa-a, Margoliouth, i.e. alVois, and 
 this suits the metre better than XovrpoTo-L. So 1089, oif fie 
 (patdpijveL \6yos. But there the Schol. must have read ov 
 irecjialdpvvTaL, 'your meaning has not been made plain to 
 me' (ov <Teaa(f)'fivL(rTaL). 
 
 1106. TO yap ifiop Spoet irddos eTreyxiai, Margoliouth, 
 i.e. *she declares she will add my suffering as a further 
 ingredient in the bowl of family woes.' 
 
 1143. Eead (from Eur. Hec, 23, the metre, and the 
 necessary ^correspondence of fjLep and d^) adrop de SepjULo^s 
 (Trayopas ip 7rid(f ^aXelp, 'my father's sacrifices did not 
 prevent the city from falling, nor himself from shedding 
 
 oi)s 
 
 his hfe-blood.' The reading dep/nopovs, i.e. Oepfxop, came 
 from depfxop drayova irpbs corrected to depjuLoi^s araybpas ez/, 
 and dep/iopovs being mistaken for the nominative brought 
 the nonsensical reading iyuj 5e. 
 1178. Bead 7]\0€T7]p. 
 
 1223. 7] KdpT dKOjjup wapeKoiTTjs, i.e. 'you wrongly heard ' 
 Margoliouth. 
 
 1242. Mr Margoliouth suggests viro <pi\(op re KdxOpwp ov 
 dixoppoTTCJS ixadelp. 
 
 1261. The context requires iov^a Kdyd: rXyjaofxaL, as 
 Heath perceived, irpd^oj is a gloss from irpd^ao-ap, 1259. 
 
 1296. roLs ifxois is clearly a mere repetition which has 
 expelled the genuine reading, probably toi>s epiov TLfxabpovs 
 exOpoLs <pop€vo-LP d^LUP TLP€LP dLKTjp, 'that my avengers may 
 pay the murderers a fitting return for the death of a poor 
 captive. ' See 1251. 
 
 1329. The Schol. rightly read ri^xw Xiyup (iroiap eiirobp 
 PovXrjp GiTLT^xia). 
 
 ^ 1368.^ Perhaps, h (popais weaLbp 6'5e. Schol. Tjyovp ip 
 (popcp, which is only intelligible as a gloss on (popais. The 
 plural is used where more ^than one is killed, as sup. 434, 
 TOP 5' €P (popoLs KaXQs ireadpTf and 11. 521, &c. 'By his own 
 fate he has drained to the dregs a bowl that he had filled 
 with so many accursed deeds.' 
 
 1409. Perhaps, oij /ulol ^opop or oi) julol ^S^op k.t.X. The 
 latter is favoured by dpdaovs, 1412. 'Fear will not enter my 
 halls while he is there to give me courage.' In either case the 
 personification should be shown by the 
 
 1422. Musgrave, 'a new relish to the enjoyment 
 
 of my union with Aegisthus.' This gives the simplest and 
 best sense. 
 
/ 
 
 114 AGAMEMNON. 
 
 1429. Perhaps aTretpdapTj ^iov, 
 
 1444. By 8L(pvLoL(TL Mr Margoliouth thinks utriusque 
 sexus is meant. Perhaps the idea is yvvaiKb^ dvdp6^ov\oy 
 K^ap, snp. 11. 
 
 1472. w 8o\iip juLdpu) da/jLelsj Margoliouth, 
 
 1634. /jL7]K€d' aifiaTu^eSaf Auratus. 
 
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